Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2009 with funding from Mertz Library, The New York Botanical Garden https://archive.org/details/phytologia32glea 77 / .3^ . / PHYTOLOGIA Designed to expedite botanical publication Vol. 32 October, 1975 No. 1 NOV 10 1975 CONTENTS NEW YORK SEYMOUR, F. C., Panicum in Nicaragua v WILLIAMS, L. 0., A new Mexican Malaxis 31 NICOLSON, D. H., Emilia fosbergii, a new species 33 GILLIS, W. T., Bahama Polygalaceae and their Greater Antillean affinities -A preliminary treatment 35 BEAMAN, J, H., Nomenclatural notes on Hieracium (Compositae) in Guatemala 45 MOLDENKE, H. N., Notes on new and noteworthy plants. LXXXII. .... 46 I MOLDENKE, H. N., Additional notes on the genus Citharexylum. IX. ... 48 MOLDENKE, A. L., Book reviews 75 I I Published by Harold N. Moldenke and Alma L. Moldenke Kr 303 Parkside Road Plainfield, New Jersey 07060 U.S.A. Price of this number $2.00; per volume, S9.50 in advance or $10.25 after close of volume; 75 cents extra to all foreign countries PANICUM IN NICARAGUA Frank C. Seymour^ Recent collections in Nicaragua having added several species to the number previously known to occur there, a report of these additions is here presented. At the same time, citations are given of the specimens on which these and other reports of Panicxim in Nicaragua are based. Since the comprehensive treatment by Hitchcock in The Grasses of Central America in 1922, more recent papers by Swallen in Gramineae of Panama in 1943 and Grasses of Guate- mala in 1955, have added a number of new species to those known in Central America. Species known in some other part of Central America may at any time be found in Nicaragua. In the hope of extending the known ranges of such species, they have been included in the following pages, --the key for identi- fication and briefly in the annotated list. While primarily con- cerned with Nicaragua, this treatment serves for other parts of Central America, also. My thanks are expressed to the following persons and insti- tutions for the privilege of examining specimens in their her- baria. Dr. Reed C. Rollins, Director of the Gray Herbarium. Dr. Richard A. Howard, Director of the Arnold Arboretum. Dr. Daniel B. Ward, Director of the Herbarium of the Univer- sity of Florida. Dr. Willard W. Payne, Chairman of the De- partment of Botany of the University of Florida. Dr. Lyman B. Smith and Dr. David B. Dellinger of the United States National Herbarium. The genus Panicum L. in the subfamily Panicoideae may be described briefly as follows. Spikelets in racemes or more of- ten in panicles. Glumes herbaceous, the lower (outer) one shorter than the upper (inner) one. The upper glume about equal to the sterile lemma. Fertile lemma and palea hardened (indurated), nerveless. the lemma inrolled over the palea. Herbaceous annuals or perennials. ^Research Associate, Missouri Botanical Garden, and Visiting Associate Research Professor, University of Florida. 1 2 PHTTOLOGIA 761. 32, no. 1 As it is often difficult or impossible to tell whether lower leaves are different or similar to upper leaves, because the lower leaves may have fallen, that character, while fundament- al for classification in this genus and very useful when observ- able, has been subordinated in the following key. Blades described in the following pages are longest blades, unless otherwise stated. There is often wide variation in size on the same stem. ARTIFICIAL KEY TO SPECIES OF PANICUM known to occur in Central America. A. Longest blades (and usually others) 21-60 times as long as wide B. cp. p. 4 B. Spikelets hairy C. C. Spikelets 2. 1-2. 5 mm long; blades 23-24 times as long as wide, 3-5 mm wide, 7-12 cm long; lower sheaths villous; panicles 4-6 cm long 70. P. arenicoloide s Ashe C. Spikelets 3-3. 5 mm long; blades 30-40 times as long as wide D. D. Blades 5-10 mm wide, 15-40 cm long; sheaths pap- illose-hispid; spikelets sparsely hirsute 62. P. Rudgei R. & S. D. Blades 2-4 mm wide, 6-15 cm long; upper sheaths glabrous, lower sheaths hairy; spikelets papillose- villous 69. P. fusiforme Hitchc. B. Spikelets glabrous, at least in primary panicles E. E. Sheaths compressed, keeled; lower glume about 1/2 as long as spikelet; sheaths glabrous F. F. Blades 5-12 mm wide, 20-50 cm long; sheaths long- er than internodes; spikelets 1. 8-2. 2 mm long . . . 26. P^ rigidulum Nees F. Blades 1-5 mm wide, 5-15 cm long; sheaths shorter than internodes; spikelets 2. 2-2. 4 mm long; sterile palea enlarged, swelling spikelet 27. P^ hians Ell. E. Sheaths neither compressed nor keeled G. G. Spikelets 1 . 4- 1 . 6 mm long; panicle very narrow, few-flowered, 1-2 cm long; blades 2-4 mm wide or less, 4-15 cm long, usually with turned under (re- volute) margins, then 0. 3-0. 5 mm wide; upper sheaths glabrous 36. P. stenodes Griseb. G. Spikelets 2-6 mm long H. H. Fruit transversely wrinkled or ridged L Spikelets on 1 side of branches, 2»3 mm long; pedicels short; stems tufted, decumbent at base; blades 10-40 cm long J. 1975 Seymour, Panlcxm in Nicaragiia 3 Spikelets 2-2. 5 mm long; nodes glabrous; glumes and sterile lemma not papery . . . .1. P, geminatum Forsk. Spikelets 2. 8-3 mm long; glumes and sterile lemma pa- pery 2. paludi vagum H. & C. I . Spikelets not on 1 side of branches K . K. Spikelets 2. 2-2. 5 mm long; panicles open, 7-12 cm long, branches stiffly ascending, naked at base; longest blades 8-25 cm long; rootstocks extensively creeping 31. P. repens L. K. Spikelets 3-4. 2 mm long; stem 1-2. 5 m long; longer blades 25-60 cm long or longer L. L. Stems from short stout rootstocks; spikelets 3 mm long; blades 10-20 mm wide . 24. P. maximum Jacq. L. Stems from corm-like base; spikelets 3. 5-5 mm long M, ^.Sheaths glabrous; stems leafy; blades 3-12 mm wide; spikelets 3. 5-4. 2 mm long 28. bulbosum HBK. M . Sheaths densely papillose-pilose; stem almost leaf- less; blades 3-5 mm wide; spikelets 4. 5-5 mm long; fruit minutely ridged 29. ^ paucifolium Swallen H. Fruit not ridged; spikelets 3-6 mm long N. N. Spikelets 5-6 mm long; blades 2-8 mm wide, 10-30 cm long, 40-50 times as long as wide, margins ciliate; lower glume 1/2 as long as spikelet; annual 103. P. parcum H. & C. N. Spikelets 2-5 mm long O. O. Upper (and other) sheaths hairy, not only on or near margins ^ P. Spikelets 4-4. 2 mm long; blades 5-10 mm wide, 7-30 cm long; perennial . . . . 21. P^ lepidulum H. & C. P. Spikelets 2-3. 2 mm long, glabrous; lower glume acute Q. Q. Spikelets 2-2.2 mm long R. Panicles 8-20 cm long; blades 5-8 mm wide, 12-20 cm long; annual 18. P. cayennense Lam. Panicles 1 cm long; blades 1-2 mm wide, 3-8 cm long 35. P. stenodoides F. T. Hubh, Q. Spikelets 2. 5-3. 3 mm long S. S. Panicles 20-30 cm long; blades 3-5(-12) mm wide, 13-17 cm long; perennial 22. P. Ghie sbreghtii Fourn. S. Panicles 5-15 cm long; blades 4-10 mm wide, 8-25 cm long; annual . .10. ^ hirticaule Presl u PHTTOLOGIA Vol, 32, no. 1 O. Upper sheaths glabrous except sometimes on or near margins; perennial T. T. Stem fleshy, often 2 cm thick; spikelets 4-5 mm long; lower gliame 1/4 as long as spikelet; blades elongate 9. elephantipe s Nees T. Stem not fleshy, thinner; spikelets 2. 2-5 mm long U. U. Spikelets 2. 2-2. 8 nnm long; lower glume 1/2 as long as spikelet; panicles very narrow, few-flower«- ed, 3-8 cm long; blades 2-4 mm wide, 4-15 cm long; rootstock not creeping 25. P. tenerum Beyr. U. Spikelets 3-5 mm long; lower glume 2/3 to 3/4 as long as spikelet; panicles wider, many-flowered, 20-40 cm long; stem 1. 5-4 m long V. V. Blades 15-20 mm wide, 40-70 cm long, glab- rous, margins rough 30. P. Lundellii Swallen V. Blades 8-15 mm wide, 30-45 cm long W. W. Rootstock not creeping; spikelets 3. 5-4. 2 mm long; blades sometimes villous at base, scab- rous above . . . 32. P. ichnanthoide s Fourn. W. Rootstock creeping; blades glabrous above and beneath or pilose near base X. X . Panicle lax, slightly drooping, branches spreading; spikelets 3-4 mm long, few within 2 cm of main axis 33. ^ altum H. & C. X. Panicle stiffly ascending; spikelets 3.5-5 mm long, some usually near main axis . . . .34. Switch-Grass, P. virgatum L. A. Longest blades (and usually others) 2-20 times as long as wide Y. cp. p. 2 Y. Spikelets large, 3-6 mm long Z. cp. p. 6 Z. Spikelets or fruit hairy a. a. Stem hairy; spikelets 3. 5-4 mm long; blades hairy above and beneath b. b. Fruit finely transversely wrinkled; spikelets densely hairy; nodes bearded; blades 6-20 mm wide, 5-25 cm long; axis with conspicuous spread- ing hairs; annual 6. P. molle Sw ■ b. Fruit not wrinkled; spikelets papillose-hairy; nodes not bearded; blades 6-14 mm wide, 5-12 cm long; perennial . . 89. P. transiens Swallen a. Stem glabrous c. c. Blades pilose above and beneath; sterile lemma bearing 1 gland on each side of midnerve; spike- lets 3. 6 mm long, sparsely hispid 47. P. biglandulare Scribner & Smith 1975 Seymour, Panlcum in Nicaragua 5 c. Blades glabrous except sometimes ciliate margins; sterile lemma without glands; spikelets 3 mm long, glabrous or sparsely hairy; panicle 5-8 cm long; blades 10-15 mm wide, 6-12 cm long; cp. p. 14 87. P. Joorii Vasey Z. Spikelets and fruit glabrous d. d. Spikelets 4-6 mm long e. e. Spikelets 5. 5-6 mm long; blades 8-30 mm wide, 4-15 cm long, 5 times as long as wide, margins very harsh; lower glume 2/3 as long as spikelet; perennial 102. P. zizanioides HBK. e. Spikelets 4-4. 5 mm long; blades 4-10 mm wide, 10-30 times as long as wide f. f. Spikelets, some in lower half of panicle; terminal pan- icle 6-15 cm long, its branches solitary, stiffly as- cending; lower glume usually more than 3/4 as long as spikelet; blades 5-12 cm long, 10-12 times as long as wide 11. P. pampinosum H. & C. f. Spikelets few, borne near ends of branches; terminal panicle up to 20 cm long; lower glume about 1/2 as long as spikelet; blades 7-30 cm long, 14-30 times as long as wide 21. lepidulum H. & C. d. Spikelets 3-3. 6 mm long g. g. Larger blades 15-30 mm wide; panicles 15-30 cm long h, h. Lower glume obscure or at most 1/5 to 1/6 as long as spikelet; stem glabrous; nodes hairy 99. P. Tuerckheimii Hackel h. Lower glxime 1 / 3 to nearly as long as spikelet; spike- lets 3-3. 5 mm long, i. i. Lower and upper glumes blunt, nearly as long as spikelet; sheaths glabrous or pilose; spikelets 3-3. 5 mm long 61. glutinosum Sw. i. Lower glume 1/4 to 1/2 as long as spikelet; sheaths mostly papillose-hispid j. j. Panicle stiffly ascending, 23 cm long; lower glume 1/4 to 1/3 as long as spikelet; perennial . 63. P. Mertensii Roth j. Panicle drooping; nodes hairy; blades clasping stem; lower glume 1/3 tol/2 as long as spikelet; annual 17. P. sonorum Beal 6 PHYTOLOGIA Vol. 32, no, 1 g. Larger blades (2-)4- 1 0 (- 1 5) mm wide k. k. Sheaths glabrous; blades 5-10 mm wide 1. 1. Blades papillose-pilose or villous above, 8-10 cm long; spikelets 3. 5 mm long; panicle 5-8 cm long 20. P. sublaeve Swallen l. Blades glabrous, 5-12(-17) cm long; spikelets 3 mm long; panicle 10 cm long 8. P. aquaticum Poiret k. Sheaths hairy or merely papillose without hairs m. m. Stems creeping at base; blades 5-10 mm wide; sheaths papillose or papillose-pilose; perennial n. n. Blades 10-25 cm long; spikelets glabrous; pan- icleslO-20 cm long 3. P. purpura scens Raddi n. Blades 5-10 cm long; spikelets in primary pan- icles usually glabrous, those in secondary pan- icles usually papillose- villous; primary pan- icles 10-15 cm long 90. P. cordovense Fourn. m. Stems not creeping at base; panicles 20-30 cm long; blades 3-13 mm wide, 13-30 cm long; lig- ule 1.5-3 mm long o. o. Sheaths, stems and blades papillose-hispid; spikelets 3. 5-3. 6 mm long; blades 8-13 mm wide, 15-30 cm long; annual 19. hi spidifolium Swallen o. Sheaths, nodes, and blades hirsute; spikelets 2. 7-3. 2 mm long; longest blades 3-5(-12) mm wide, 13-17 cm long; perennial 22. P. Ghie sbreghtii Fourn. Y. Spikelets smaller, 1-3 mm long p. cp. p. 4 p. Spikelets (1-)1. 3-1. 9 (-2) mm long; sheaths slightly hairy to glabrous or hairy only on margins q. cp. p. 11 q. Spikelets or fruit hairy, sometimes only slighty hairy r. cp. p. 8 r. Ligule (2-)3-5 mm long; spikelets 1. 2-2 mm long; larg- er blades (2-)4-8 mm wide, (3-)4-8 cm long; blades hairy or at least puberulent beneath s. s. Spikelets 1-1.2 mm long; blades minutely hairy be- neath t. t. Spikelets 1 mm long 74. P^ Wrightianum Scribner t. Spikelets 1 . 2 mm long 73. P. longiligulattun Nash s. Spikelets 1. 6-2 mm long; blades hairy on both sur- faces; sheaths mostly shorter than internodes; nodes usually bearded u. Seymour, Panlcum in Nlcareigua 7 u. Spikelets. sparsely hairy or nearly glabrous; upper glumes and sterile lemma slightly surpassing fruit; upper blades (and others) 9-13 mm wide, 5-13 cm long; basal blades similar to upper blades 86. P. viscidellum Scribner u. Spikelets abundantly hairy; upper glume and sterile lennma scarcely equaling fruit; upper blades 5-10 mm wide, 4-10 cm long; axis of panicle pilose; basal blades different from upper blades v. V. Blades puberulent on both surfaces, short- villous also above and long-villous toward base; plant olive- green when dry 77. oli vaceum H. & C. V. Blades with long and short soft hairs above, with dense velvety pubescence beneath; plant light- or yellow-green when dry . . 79. P. lanuginosxim Ol. Ligule 0. 5 mm long or less or none w. w. Axis of panicle hairy (pilose); panicles 4-8 cm long; spike- lets 1.2-2 mm long; blades 3-15 mm wide, 2-12 cm long x. X. Sheaths glabrous except densely hairy collar; blades white-margined 5-12 mm wide, (4-)5-15 cm long; spike- lets crowded; lower glume minute; spikelets 1. 5 mm long; fruit bearing long hairs; perennial 60. P. arundinariae Trin. X. Sheaths hairy; spikelets hairy; blades not white-margin- ed y. y. Spikelets oblique on pedicels, 1 . 2-1 . 4 mm long; blades 8-15 mm wide, 2-6 cm long, papillose-hispid toward base, heart-shaped at base; panicles 5-7 cm long 101. P. hirtum Lam. y. Spikelets erect on pedicels; lower glume 1/3 as long as spikelet z. z. Spikelets 1. 5-1. 6 mm long, sparsely pilose; sheaths papillose-hispid; widest blades 5-10 mm wide, 2. 5-4. 3 cm long, 4-5 times as long as wide, heart- shaped and clasping at base, sparsely hairy .... 95. P. Blakei Swallen z. Spikelets 1. 9-2 mm long, with dense spreading hairs; sheaths conspicuously retror se-pilose; wid- est blades 3-8 mm wide, 4-12 cm long, 13-15 times as long as wide, long-ciliate on margins, not heart- shaped at base, pilose above and beneath 64. P. xalapense HBK. w. Axis of panicle glabrous Aa. Aa. Blades heart-shaped at base, clasping stem, 5-15 nrun wide Ab. 8 PHITOLOGIA Vol. 32, no. 1 Ab. Blades with white cartilaginous margins, 7-14 mm wide, 4-10 cm long; spikelets 1 . 6 - 1 . 8 mm long, hairy or nearly glabrous; sheaths usually longer than internodes, glabrous except on margins . . . 80. P. sphaerocarpon Ell. Ab. Blades without white margins, 6-12 mm wide, 7-13 cm long; spikelets 1-1.2 mm long, densely puberu- lent 8 1 . P. erectifolium Nash Aa. Blades not heart- shaped at ba se, not cla sping stem Ac. cp.p.7 . Ac. Fruit bearing long hairs; apikeiets 1. 5-1.8 mm long; sheaths shortei} than internodes Ad. Ad. Stem retroifseiy pilose (or almost glabrous), rooting at nodes; panicles 10-15 cm long; blades 10-25 mm wide, 5-15 cm long; sheaths pilose 48. P. Schiffneri Hackel Ad. Stem glabrous or nearly so, creeping at base; nodes hairy; panicles 3-8 cm; blades 7-19 mm wide, 6-11 cm long, falcate; sheaths hairy toward summit; spike- lets 1.8 mm long 49. P. Schmitzii Hackel Ac. Fruit glabrous; spikelets hairy Ae. Ae. Sheaths, at least upper ones, glabrous or with few hairs near base; stems erect or ascending or spread- ing, often tufted; spikelets hairy, 1. 4 mm long; blades with conspicuous white margins; blades 4-6 mm wide, 4-6 cm long; perennial . SZ. P, albomarginatum Nash Ae. Sheaths distincly hairy Af. Af. Widest blades 8-15 mm wide, 4-7 cm long, about 5-7 times as long as wide; spikelets 1. 5 mm long, pilose or nearly glabrous; stems deciimbent or creeping; annual 51. P. trichoide s Sw. Af. Widest blades 3-8 mm wide, 4-12 cm long, 13-15 times as long as wide, long-ciliate on margins; sheaths conspicuously retrorsely pilose; spikelets with abundant spreading hairs; stems erect or spreading 64. P. xalapense HBK. q. Spikelets and fruit glabrous (except sometimes scabrous keel) spikelets (1-)1. 3-1. 9(-2) mm long Ag. cp. p. 6 Ag. Spikelets attenuate at base, pear-shaped; blades 2-7 mm wide, 1-3 cm long, clasping at base, glabrous or sparse- ly pilose; panicles 2-5 cm long; lower glume acute, 1/2 as long as spikelet; annual . . 57. P. pyrularium H. & C. Ag. Spikelets not attenuate at base; blades (6-)7-20 times as long as wide, (2-)5-30 mm wide; spikelets (1-)1. 3-1. 9 mm long Ah. 9 1975 Seyaour, Panic up In Mlcaragvia Ah. Spikelets arranged along 1 side of branches, dense, nearly sessile; branches pilose with long (2-3 mm) scattered hair s; blades 7-15 mm wide, 6-13 times as long as wide Ai, Ai. Spikelets all on main branches Aj. Aj. Panicles 5-15 cm long; spikelets 3-1.5 mm long; larger blades 6-10 mm wide, 5-20 cm long; stems not more than 1 m long; sheaths longer than inter- nodes; axis of inflorescence hairy 39. P. pilosum Sw Aj. Panicles 25-45 cm long; spikelets 1.8-1. 9 mm long; larger blades 5-11 mm wide, 20-28 cm long; stems less than 1 m long . . . 43. P. hondurense Swallen Ai. Spikelets, some of them, on very short secondary branches, usually on lower side of main branches; per- ennial AJ<. Ak. Blades 15-35 cm long, 12-30 mm wide; panicles 20-45 cm long; lower sheaths shorter than inter- nodes Al. Al. Spikelets 1. 3 mm long; nodes hairy 40. P^ milleflorum H. & C. Al. Spikelets 1.8 mm long; nodes glabrous or sparse- ly hairy 97. ^ stagnatile H. & C. Ak. Blades 5-15(-20) cm long, 5-20 mm wide; panicles 5-30 cm long Am. Am. Nodes hairy; blades 5-10(3-13) mm wide, most- ly 5-8 cm long . . 38. ^ polygonatum Schradet Am. Nodes glabrous; larger blades 5-15 cm long; sheaths shorter than internodes An. An. Spikelets 2 mm long; blades 4-12 mm wide, 1. 5-6 cm long, with white undulate margins; annual Zi reptans L An. Spikelets 1-1.6 mm long; blades without white margins, nearly glabrous Ao. Ao. Blades narrowed toward base, 5-10(-15) mm wide, 5-12 cm long; spikelets 1-1.5 mm long; sheaths with dense hairy line on collar 42. P. laxum Sw. Ao. Blades heart-shaped at base, 7-20 mm wide, 5- 1 5 (-20) cm long, glabrous on both surfaces; spikelets 1.5-1. 6 mm long; perennia] . . . 41. P. boliviense Hackel Ah. Spikelets not on 1 side of branches, sometimes with long pedicels; infloresence open or contracted Ap. Ap. Ligule (2-)3-4 mm long; sheaths mostly shorter than internodes Aq. 10 PHYTOLOGIl Vol. 32, no. 1 Aq. Blades glabrous or scaberulous, strictly erect; sheaths about 1/2 as long as internodes; lower glume obtuse or rovuided, 2/3 as long as spikelet; stem erect 56. P, cyanescens Nees Aq. Blades hairy on both surfaces; lower glume almost acute, 1/3 as long as spikelet; stem creeping at base 86. viscidellum Scribner Ap. Ligule 0. 5 mm long or shorter or none Ar. Ar. Sheaths distinctly hairy (pilose) As. As. Spikelets 1. 5 mm long; longest blades 2-4 mm wide, 1. 5-2. 5 cm long, 6-7 times as long as wide; sheaths 0. 6-0. 8 mm thick, with stiff ascending or spreading hairs; spikelets 1. 5 mm long 55. P. parvifolium Lam. As. Spikelets 1. 9-2 mm long; longest blades 3-8 nrm wide, 4-12 cm long, 13-15 times as long as wide; sheaths retror se-pilose; spikelets 1. 9-2 mm long . cp. p. 9 64. ^ xalapense HBK, Ar. Sheaths, at least upper ones, glabrous except on margin* or collar or base At. At. Stems sprawling or clambering, often rooting at low- er nodes; sheaths shorter than internodes; perennial Au. Au, Spikelets 1.8-2 mm long; lower glume 1/2 as long as spikelet; blades 15-25 mm wide, 10-20 cmlong; fruit smooth; panicle 10-30 cm long 53. P^ Bartlettii Swallen Au. Spikelets 1. 2-1. 5 mm long; lower glume less than 1/2 as long as spikelet; basal blades similar to upper blades, not forming winter rosette Av. Av. Lower glume minute, nerveless; fruit with long appressed hairs; basal blades similar to upper blades, not forming winter rosette; upper blades 5-12 mm wide, 4-15 cm long; spikelets 1. 5 mm long, crowded 60. P^ arundinariae Trin. Av. Lower glume 1/5 as long as spikelet; fruit glabrous; blades 10-20 mm wide, (7-)8-15 cm long 52. P. trichanthum Nees At. Stems erect or ascending or spreading, often tufted Aw. Aw. Axis of panicle pilose; lower glume 1/3 to l/2as long as spikelet; fruit glabrous; basal blades dif- ferent from upper blades, forming winter rosette; stems in dense spreading tufts Ax. 1975 Seymour, Panlcum in Nicaragua 11 Ax. Spikelets 1. 3-1. 5 mm long; blades pilose on both surfaces 66. ^ strigosum Muhl. Ax. Spikelets 1. 5-1. 6 mm long; blades glabrous above, ciliate on margins 65. P. polycaulon Nash Aw. Axis of panicle glabrous; sheaths glabrous or with few long hairs near base Ay. Ay. Panicle very narrow, few-flowered; blades 2-4 mm wide or narrower, 4-15 cm long, usually with turn- ed under (revolute) margins, then 0. 3-0. 5 mm wide; panicle 1-2 cm long; spikelets 1.4-1. 6 mm long . . 36. P^ stenodes Griseb. Ay. Panicle open, many-flowered; blades 2-6 mm wide, 1 . 5-6. 5 cm long; panicle 2. 5-5 cm long; stems dense- ly tufted Az. Az. Spikelets 1 . 1-1.2 mm long 83. P. chamaelonche Trin. Az. Spikelets 1 . 5- 1 . 6 mm long 37. P. furvum Swallen p. Spikelets 2-3 mm long Ba. cp. p. 6 Ba. Stem-blades (2-)3-9 times as long as wide; perennial ex- cept P. alcobense which is uncertain Bb. cp. p. 13 Bb. Lagule of hairs (2-)3-5 mm long; sheaths hairy; spike- lets 1. 9-2.4 mm long, hairy; basal blades wider and shorter proportionately than upper blades Be. Be. Blades velvety-hairy; spring stems more than 75 cm tall; spikelets 2 mm long; larger blades 5-13 cm long; cp. p. 14 . . 86. P^ viscidellum Scribner Be. Blades somewhat villous; spring stems less than 50 cm tall; spikelets 1. 9-2 mm long; larger blades 4-7 cm long; cp. p. 7 77. olivaceum H. & C. Bb. Ligule very short, 0. 5-1 mm long, or none Bd. Bd. Lower glume 2/3 to 3/4 as long as spikelet; pike- lets 2-2. 7 mm long Be. Be. Blades 10-30 mm wide, 4-15 cm long, 4-5 times as long as wide, at least sparsely hairy; panicles 10-20 cm long; spikelets glabrous or sparsely hairy 59. ^ Sellowii Nees Be. Blades 5-10 mm wide, 4-7 cm long, 6-8 times as long as wide Bf. Bf. Spikelets hairy; blades 7-10 mm wide, 4-7 cm long, papillose-pilose; panicle 10 cm long or shorter; spikelets 2. 7 mm long . 96. P. pantrichum Hackel Bf. Spikelets glabrous; blades 5-10 mm wide, 4-6 cm long; plant glabrous 54. P. helobium Mez 12 PHYTOLOGIA Vol. 32, no, 1 Bd. Lower glvime not more than 1/2 as long as spikelet; spike- lets 2-2.7 mm long Bg. Bg. Spikelets sessile or almost sessile, glabrous, arranged along 1 side of branches; pedicels up to 1 mm long Bh. Bh. Fruit transversely wrinkled; larger blades 4-12 mm wide; lower glume rounded or truncate, 1/6 as long as spikelet; stem long- creeping ... 5. P. reptans L. Bh. Fruit not transversely wrinkled; lower glume acute, 1/3 to 1/2 as long as spikelet; stem decumbent at base, rooting at lower nodes Bi. Bi. Sterile lemma bearing 2 crater-like glands; pan- icles 3-14 cm long; spikelets 2 mm long; blades 8-18 mm wide, 1. 5-5 cm long 46. pulchellum Raddi Bi. Sterile lemma without glands; nodes hairy; spikelets 2. 5-2. 7 mm long; perennial Bj. Bj. Blades 1-5 cm long, 3-15 mm wide; panicles 1-5 cm long . . 44. P. stoloniferum Poiret Bj. Blades 5-11 cm long, 8-15 mm wide; panicles 4-11 cm long . . 45. P. frondescens Meyer Bg. Spikelets on pedicels, not on 1 side of branches; longest pedicels l-2(-3)mm long; panicle open Bk. Bk. Lower glume 1/5 to 1/4 as long as spikelet; longer blades 12-25 mm wide BI. BI. Spikelets 2. 3-2. 5 mm long; stem villous; blades hairy above and beneath 91. P. cayoense Swallen BI. Spikelets 2 mm long; stem papillose-pilose; blades usually hairy, very scabrous on margins and upper surface . .50. P. parviglume Hackel Bk. Lower glume 1/3 to 1/2 as long as spikelet Bm. Bm. Blades glabrous except on margins, or minute- ly or sparsely hairy; nodes hairy; spikelets 2. 7 mm long, sparsely hairy; blades 5 mm wide, 4-7. 5 cm long .... 92. P^ alcobense Swallen Bm. Blades abundantly hairy Bn. Bn. Panicle 10-15 cm long; sheaths usually much shorter than internodes; margins of glumes and sterile lemma sparsely pilose; spike- lets 2, 5 mm long 58. P. Haenkeanum Presl Bn. Panicle 1-8 (-9) cm long; spikelets 2-2.4 mm long Bo. Bo. Nodes hairy; spikelets glabrous, 2. 2-2. 4 mm long; blades hairy, 7-13 mm wide, 5-9 cm long; sheaths dense- ly hairy . . 93. P. ramipa rum Swallen 1975 Seymour, Panlcum in Nicaragua 13 Bo. Nodes glabrous; spikelets Z-2. 1 mm long Bp. Bp. Blades 6-12 mm wide, 2-7 cm long, hairy above and beneath; spikelets glabrous or sparsely pil- ose; lower glume 1/3 ' s long as spikelet .... 94. P. furtivum Swallen Bp. Blades 3-8 mm wide, 2-8 cm long, with very narrow white margins Bq. Bq. Blades glabrous above; stems not decumbent at base 84. P. lancearium Trin. Bq. Blades softly puberulent above and beneath; stems decumbent at base 85. P. patulum (Scribner & Merrill) Hitchc. Ba. Stem-blades 10-50 times as long as wide Br. cp. p. 11 Br. Blades 6 cm wide, 100 cm long, at middle of stem; nodes densely appressed-hairy; stem 1-2 cm thick 98. P^ grande H. & C. Br. Blades 0. 2-4 cm wide Bs. Bs. Spikelets or fruit hairy Bt. cp. p. 14 Bt. Spikelets attenuate at base, their hairs swol- len at base; blades 5-12 cm long, 10-15 (-17) times as long as wide; spikelets 2-2. 5 mm long; perennial Bu. cp. p. Bu. Spikelets 2. 4-2. 5 mm long; larger blades 8-12 cm long; autumnal blades flat .... 68. P. angustifolium Ell. Bu. Spikelets 2 mm long; branches appressed; autumnal blades rolled up Bv. Bv. Lowest internodes crisp-hairy; larger blades 4-6 mm long 67. P. aciculare Desv. Bv. Lowest internodes glabrous; larger blades 8-12 cm long; plants glabrous or nearly so 71 . P. neuranthum Griseb. Bt. Spikelets not attenuate at base; larger blades 2-20 cm long Bw. Bw. Ligule very short, inconspicuous, less than 1 mm long Bx. Bx. Spikelets 2 mm long; nodes, at least upper ones, bearded; sheaths, except sometimes the lowest, glabrous; long- est blades 5-20 cm long 72. P. nitidum Lam. Bx. Spikelets 2. 4-2. 8 mm long, glabrous or upper glume sparsely pilose By. FHITOLOGIA Vol. 32, no, 1 Ih By. Sheaths glabrous except densely ciliate margins; pan- icles 10-16 cm long; blades glabrous or sparsely his- pid, ciliate at base 88. ^ albomaculatum Scribner By. Sheaths papillose or papillose-hispid or papillose- pilose, as long or longer than internodes Bz. Bz. Blades 4-9 mm wide, 5-lOcmlong; spike lets 2.4 mm long; fruit glabrous 12. P. alsophilxrm Swallen Bz. Blades 9-18 mm wide, 13-22 cm long; spikelets 2. 9-3 mm long; fruit silky- villous 100. incumbens Swallen Bw. Ligule of hairs (2-)3-5 mm long Ca. Ca. Sheaths glabrous Cb. Cb/Spikelets 2 mm long, finely hairy; blades 3-6 cm long 76. P. multi rameum Scribner Cb. Spikelets 3 mm long, hairy; blades 10-15 mm qide, 5-12 cm long, glabrous; spikelets on border line for this place in key .... 87. Joorii Vasey Ca. Sheaths hairy; spikelets 1. 9-2.4 mm long; larger blades 5-13 cm long Cc. Cc. Blades velvety-hairy above and beneath; spring stems more than 75 cm tall; spikelets 2 mm long^ hairy or glabrous; cp. p. 11 86. P. viscidellum Scribner Cc. Blades somewhat villous or pilose; spring stems less than 50 cm tall; spikelets 2. 2-2. 4 mm long, papillose-hairy; larger blades 6-11 cm long Cd. Cd. Stems conspicuously hairy with long spreading hairs; autumnal stems prostrate; spikelets 2. 2-2. 3 mm long . 78. villo si s simum Nash Cd. Stems with appressed hairs; autumnal stems stiffly ascending 75. P. pseudopube scens Nash Bs. Spikelets glabrous c^- cp. p. 13 Ce. Nodes hairy Cf . Cf. Panicle 20-60 cm long; spikelets 2-3.2 mm long Cg. Cg. Fruit transversely wrinkled; lower glume 1/3 as long as spikelet; blades glabrous or nearly so, 10 mm wide, 30-50 cm long or longer; spikelets 3 mm long . . 24. P^ maximum Jacq. Cg. Fruit smooth; lower gliome 1/2 as long as spike- let Ch. Ch. Blades hairy on both surfaces, 3-5 (-12) mm wide, 13-17 cm long; spikelets 2. 7-3. 2 mm long 22. Ghies breghtii Fourn. 1975 Seymour, Panlcum in Nicaragua 15 Ch. Blades glabrous or nearly so on both surfaces, 15-40 mm wide, 30-60 cm long; spikelets 2 mm long . . . 23. P. hirsutum Sw. Cf. Panicle 2- 15 (-20) cm long ; blades hairy above and be- neath, 2-10 mm wide, 2 - 10 (-25 ) cm long Ci. Ci. Spikelets 1.8-1. 9 mm long, hairy; sheaths shorter than internodes; blades 9-13 mm wide, 5-13 cm long; branches of panicle hairy 86. P. viscidellum Scribner Ci. Spikelets 2. 2-3 mm long, 1/2 as long as spikelet or shorter Cj. Cj. Stems erect; spikelets 2.2 mm long; blades 5-8 mm wide, 12-20 cm long; annual 18. P. cayennense Lam. Cj. Stems spreading or decumbent or prostrate or clambering or erect, often rooting at the lower nodes; spikelets 2.4-3 mm long; blades 2-9 mm wide, 5-10 cm long Ck. Ck. Blades almost glabrous except on margins and near base; spikelets 2. 4-2. 5 mm long; sheaths usually longer than internodes; perennial . . 16. P. umbonulatum Swallen Ck. Blades hairy on both surfaces; spikelets 2. 5-3 mm long; sheaths shorter than internodes; per- ennial 13. P. venezuelae Hackel Ce. Nodes glabrous Cl. cp. p. 14 Cl. Panicles very narrow, few-flowered, 3-8 cm long; blades 2-4 mm wide, 4-15 cm long; spikelets 2. 2-2. 8 mm long; blades usually more than 20 times as long as wide; perennial 25. P. tenerum Beyr. Cl. Panicles many-flowered, usually wider; ligule 0. 2-1. 5 mm long Cm. Cm. Blades with narrow white margins; sheaths on main stem much shorter than internodes; pedicels short- er thanspikelets; blades 4-10 mm wide, 7-12 cm long; spikelets 2. 2-2. 4 mm long; perennial 15. P. guatemalense Swallen Cm. Blades without white margins Cn. Cn. Fruit strongly transversely ridged; longest blades9-20 mm wide, 9-26 cm long; spikelets 2.5-3 mm long; annual . . 4. P^ fasciculatum Sw. Cn. Fruit not transversely ridged Co. Co. Panicles 4. 5-5. 5 cm long; lowermost branch 1-1.5 cm long; sheaths glabrous except dense- ly hairy collar, mostly shorter than inter - nodes; blades 4-9 mm wide, 4-10 cm long . 14. P. breviramosum Swallen 16 PHYTOLOGIA Vol, 32, no, 1 Co. Panicles 8-20 cm long; lower glume 1/4 as long as spike- let, truncate or widely triangular; sheaths glabrous; spikelets 2. 5 mm long; blades 5-8 mm wide, about 10 cm long 7. P. chloroticum Nees ANNOTATED LIST OF SPECIES OF PANICUM known to occur in. Central America. References to Hitchcock on the following pages are to A. S. Hitchcock, Grasses of Central America, Contr. U. S, Nat. Herb. 24:557-802. 1922. Descriptive data are sometimes given, especially in cases where the information is not always found in other publications. 1. P. geminatum Forsk. , FI. Aegypt. Arab. 18.1775. Sheaths inflated. Similar to P. paludivagum. Guatemala, Salvador, Costa Rica, Panama. Nicaragua, Dept. Zelaya, Puerto Isabel, Atwood 2938 (SEY, SMU, BM, GH, F). Dept. Leon, Leon Viejo, Dudey 1522 (VT): Seymour 1557 (ENAG, SEY, MO, UC). Dept. Managua, Managua, Grant 1103 (GH). Sierras de Managua, Grant 1075 (GH), 1076 (GH). Without definite locality. Gamier 1494 (GH), 4424 (GH). 2. P. paludivagum H. & C. , Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 15:32, f. 13. 1910. Blades 3-6 mm wide. Florida, Texas, Mexico, Guatemala, S. A. 3. P. purpurascens Raddi, Agrost. Bras. 47. 1823. P. barbinode Trin. , Mem. Acad. St. Petersburg VI. Sci. Nat. 1:256. 1834. Parana Grass or Para. Similar in habit to Brachiaria plantaginea (Lank) Hitchc. British Honduras, Guatemala (FLAS), Honduras, Salvador, Costa Rica, Panama. Nicaragua, Dept. Zelaya, Corn Island, Seymour 4401 (SEY, F, MO, UC, NY, WDP). Dept. Chinandega, Chinandega, Baker 205 3 (GH). Dept. Managua, La Calera (ENAG). Dept. Rio San Juan, San Bartolo, Seymour 6143 (VT). Without definite locality. Gamier 1537 (GH), A- 1234 (GH). 1975 SttymoxiTf Panlcun in NicnrtiguA 17 4. P. fasciculatum Sw. , Prodr. Veg. Ind. Occ. 22. 1788. Zacate de Milpa. Nodes glabrous. Florida, Mexico (FLAS), in all countries of Central America, W. I. to S. A. Nicaragua. Dept. Zelaya, a lo largo Rio Grande, Molina 2343 Dept. Chinandega, Ameya, MHV 7177 (GH). Dept. Boaco, San Francisco, Seymour 6059 (ENAG, SEY, SMU, BM, GH, F, MO, UC, NY, WDP). Dept. Managua, Managua, Seymour 6106 (FLAS), Seymour 6290 (ENAG, SEY, SMU, BM, GH, F, MO, UC, NY, WDP, MICH). Tipitapa (ENAG). Dept. Rivas, Rivas 3905 (ENAG). Without definite locality. Gamier 1558 (GH). 5. P. reptans L. , Syst. Nat. ed. 10. 2:870. 1759. To prevent this species from being confused with P. repens L. , with similar name and some similar characters, note the follow- ing key. Both species are with creeping rootstocks or bases; spikelets glabrous; lowest glume truncate; basal leaves similar to upper leaves. A. Annual; fruit transversely ridged; spikelets secund; pedicels 1 mm long; blades 4-12 mm wide, 1. 5-6 cm long, 4-5 times as long as wide 5. P. reptans L. A. Perennial; fruit not transversely ridged; spikelets not sec und, long-pediceled; blades 2-5 mm wide, 8-25 cm long, 40-50 times as long as wide; lower glume 1/5 as long as spikelet 30. P. repens L. Texas to Florida, Mexico (FLAS), Costa Rica, Old World. Nicaragua, Dept. Matagalpa, Calabazas, Seymour 2577 (SEY, SMU). Dept. Boaco, San Francisco, Seymour 6058 (VT). Teustepe, Seymour 2415 (SEY, MO). Dept. Rivas, Rivas 3919 (ENAG). Without definite locality. Gamier 1 528 (GH). 6. P. molle Sw. , Prodr. Veg. Ind. Occ. 22. 1788; non Mx. , FI. Bor. Amer. 1:47. 1803. Spikelets and axis of inflores- cence with conspicuous spreading hairs. Mexico (FLAS), Guatemala, Salvador, Costa Rica, Panama, W. I. to Argentina. Nicaragua, Dept. Chinandega, Coseguina Volcano, Howell 10255 (GH). Dept. Managua, Tipitapa, Seymour 3433 (ENAG, SEY, SMU, BM, GH, F, MO, UC, NY, WDP,WIS,, MICH). Dept. Rivas, El Limon (ENAG); Sapoa, Seymour 1885 (SEY, NY). Without definite locality, Gamier 1534 (GH). 18 PHYTOLOGIA Vol, 32, no, 1 7. P. chloroticum Nees, in Trin. Gram. Pan. 236. 1826. Sheaths not noticeably inflated. Spikelets glabrous, about 2. 5 mm long. Mexico, Panama (GH). Nodes glabrous. 8. P. aquaticum Poiret, in Lam. Encycl. Suppl. 4:281. 1816. Mexico, British Honduras, Guatemala, Costa Rica (Brittonia 23: 293. 1971), Cuba, S. A. Nicaragua, Dept. Zelaya, Puerto Isabel, Seymour 2895 (LiNIAG, SEY, SMU, GH, MO). 9. P. elephantipes Nees, Agrost. Bras. 165. i829. Central America according to Hitchcock. Guatemala (GH), W. I. , S. A. 10. P. hirticaule Presl, Rel. Haenk. 1:308. 1830. Spikelets glabrous. Lower glume acute or acuminate. Mexico (FLAS), Salvador, Costa Rica, Panama, W. I. , S. A. Nicaragua, Dept. Managua, Managua, Seymour 2829 (SMU, BM), 3897 (VT), 6033 (ENAG, SEY, GH, MO) , 6275 (SEY), 6284 (ENAG, SEY, F, MO). Without definite locality. Gamier 4476 (GH). 11. P. pampinosum H. & C. , Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 15:66, f. 48. 1910. Blades 5-10 mm wide, 5-12 cm long, 10-12 times as long as wide. New Mexico, Arizona, Mexico, Guatemala. Nicaragua, without definite locality, Gamier 4421 (GH). 12. P. alsophilum Swallen, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 29:422. 1950. Guatemala. Nodes hairy. 13. P. venezuelae Hackel, Oesterr. Bot. Zeitschrift 51:368. 1901. Guatemala, Venezuela, Brazil. Nodes hairy. 14. P. breviramosum Swallen, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 29: 419. 1950. Guatemala. Nodes glabrous. 15. P. guatemalense Swallen, Journ. Wash. Acad. Sci. 23: 460. 1933. Guatemala. 16. P. umbonulatum Swallen, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 29: 420. 1950. Spikelets 2. 4-2. 5(-3) mm long. Nodes hairy. Guatemala, Honduras. 17. P. sonorum Beal, Grasses N. Amer. 2:130. 1896. Blades "elongate", 15-30 mm wide. Spikelets glabrous, 3-3.3 mm long. Yuma, Ariz. , El Salvador, San Salvador, where pro- bably introduced, according to Hitchcock. Nicaragua, Dept. Chinandega, Cosequina (ENAG). 18. P. cayennense Lam., Tabl. Encycl. 1:173. 1791. S. Mexico, British Honduras, Honduras according to Hitchcock, Costa Rica, Panama, W. I. , n. S. A. Nodes hairy. 19. P. hispidifolium Swallen, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 29: 424. 1950. P. hispidum Swallen, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 29: 269. 1949; non Forst. 1786; non Muhl. 1817. Spikelets at tips of branches. Blades 6-13 mm wide, 15-30 cm long. Honduras. Nicaragua, Dept. Managua, Tipitapa (ENAG). 1975 S03raaur, Panlcxa in Nicaragua 19 20. P. sublaeve Swallen, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 29:424. 1950. P. rigidum Swallen, Ann. Mo. Bot. Card. 30:215. 1943; non Balif. 1884. A few short hairs at tip of fruit are easily overlooked. From the original description: Sheaths longer than internodes; leaves with margins and lower surface glabrous, up- per surface pilose or villous; lower glxrme 1. 5 mm long, acute; upper glume and sterile lemma acute, exceeding fruit. Panama. 21. ^ lepidulum H. & C. , Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 15:75, f. 64. 1910. Mexico, Guatemala*, Nicaragua, Omotepe Is. ac- cording to Hitchcock; Panama ? 22. P. Ghie sbreghtii Fourn. , Mex. PI. 2:29. 1886. Spikelets glabrous. See Burkhart, Arturo, FI. Illustr. de En- tre Rios (Argentina) 2:309-310. 1969, where he says: spikelets 2. 7-3. 2 mm long; blades approximately 3-5(-12) mm wide, 13-17 cm long; ligule 1. 5-2. 5 mm long; panicles 20-30 cm long, (translation mine). Blades hairy on both surfaces. Nodes hairy. Mexico, Costa Rica, Panama, W. I. to Brazil and Bolivia, Ar- gentina. Nicaragua, Dept. Rivas, El Carabato (ENAG). 23. P. hirsutum Sw. . FI. Ind. Occ. 1:173. 1797. Nodes hairy. Honduras according to Hitchcock. Guatemala Costa Rica, Panama to Ecuador, Brazil. 24. P. maximum Jacq. . Coll. Bot. 1:76. 1786. Zacate de Guinea, Guinea Grass. Longest blades 30-50 cm long or long- er. Introduced from Africa. For fuller comment, see Wil- liams, L. O. , Phytologia 28:226. 1974. Nodes hairy. Florida, Mexico (FLAS), Guatemala, Honduras, Panama (FLAS), to Ecu Ecuador, Brazil. Africa. Nicaragua, Dept. Zelaya, between Rio Grande and Wenkala, Molina 2219 (GH). Dept. Matagalpa, Matagalpa, Zelaya 2307 (ENAG, SEY, SMU, BM, GH, F, MO, UC, NY, WDP, MICH). Dept. Leon, Momotombo, El Diamente (ENAG). Dept. Managua, La Calera (ENAG). Managua, Seymour 2448 (VT), Managua, Zelaya 735 (ENAG, SEY, SMU, BM, GH, F, MO), 2244 (ENAG, SEY, SMU, BM, GH, F, MO, UC, NY, WDP, MICH), 2246 (FLAS, B). 25. P. tenerum Beyr. , in Trin. Acad. St. Petersb. Mem. VI Sci. Nat. 1:341. 1834. North Carolina to Florida and Texas, British Honduras, W. I. 26. P. rigidulum Bose ex Nees in Mart. FI. Bras. 2(l):l63. 1829. P. agrostoides Bose ex Sprengel, PI. Pugill. 2:4. 1815. For discussion of name, see Voss, E. G. Rhodora 68:443. 1966. U. S. east of Rocky Mts. , Calif. , Vancouver Is. , Brit- ish Honduras. 20 PHTTOLOGIA Vol. 32, no. 1 27. P. hians Ell. , Bot. S. C. and Ga. 1:118. 1816. SE United States, SE of Rocky Mts. , New Mexico, Mexico, Guatemala, Honduras, Panama. 28. P. bulbosum HBK. , Nov. Gen. & Sp. 1:99. 1816. New Mexico, Arizona, Mexico, Guatemala, n. S. A. Nicaragua, Dept. Managua, Managua, Seymour 6274 (SEY). Tipitapa, Seymour 3439 (SEY, SMU). 29. P. paucifolium Swallen, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 29:417. 1950. Honduras. 30. P. Lundellii Swallen, Journ. Washington Acad. Sci. 28:9. 1938. British Honduras. 31. P. repens L. , Sp. PI. ed. 2, 1:87. 1762. Stems arising from horizontal creeping rootstocks; blades 2-5 mm wide, 12-20 cm long; spikelets 2. 2-2. 5 mm long; lowest glume truncate, 1/5 as long as spikelet. For fuller description, see Chase, Agnes, Manual of Grasses of the U. S. 697. 1951, where illustrated. See also P. reptans L. , p. 17, this article. Spikelets on pedicles. Nicaragua, Flint (GH). Specimen not seen. 32. P. ichnanthoides Fourn. , Mex. PI. 2:30. 1886. Blades 2. 5-3. 5 cm long. S. Mexico, British Honduras, Honduras. Nicaragua, Dept. Carazo, Jinotepe. Specimens not seen. 33. P. altum H. & C. , Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 17:488.1915. 2 specimens in the Gray Herbarium from Central America are Hitchcock 507, Panama; and Peck 123, British Honduras. Ac- cording to my measurements, spikelets on these specimens measure 2. 9-3. 9 mm long. British Honduras, Honduras, Costa Rica, Panama (USF). Nicaragua, Dept. Managua, Managua, Seymour 6094 (SEY, MO). 34. P. virgatiim L. , Sp. PI. 59. 1753. Reported in British Honduras, Belize. Rhodora 77:129. 1975. 35. P. stenodoides F. T. Hubb. , Proc. Amer. Acad. 49:497. 1913. British Honduras, Costa Rica, Panama, Trinidad, n. S. A.. 36. P. stenodes Griseb. , FI. Brit. W. Ind. 547. 1864. Guatemala, Costa Rica, W. I., n. S. A. Axis of panicle glabrous . Nicaragua, Comarca del Cabo, Bihmona, Seymour 5695 (VT). 37. P. furvum Swallen, Contr, U. S. Nat. Herb. 29:416. 1950. Guatemala. 38. P. polygonatum Schrader, in Schultes Mant. 2:256. 1824. S. Mexico, British Honduras, Guatemala (FLAS), Honduras, Salvador, Costa Rica, Panama, S. A. Nicaragua, Dept. Zelaya, "a lo largo del Rio Grande", Molina 2072 (GH), 2347 (GH). Bluefields, Seymour 4132 (VT). Nueva Guinea, Seymour 5384 (VT). Dept. Rio San Juan, Castillo, Nelson 5190 (SEY, SMU, BM, GH, F, MO). 1975 Seymour, Panlcum in Nicaragua 21 39. P. pilosum Sw. , Prodr, Veg. Ind. Occ. 22. 1788. Mexico, Guatemala (FLAS), Honduras (Hitchock), Panama (Fl-AS), W. I. , S. A. Nicaragua, Comarca del Cabo, Bihmona, Seymour 5702 Bilwaskarma, Seymour 5784 (SEY). [(SEY, SMU, GH). Cororia Bush, Seymour 3759 (VT). France ya Sirpi, Seymour 5635 (SEY, MICH). Miguel Bikon, Robbins 5862 (SEY, UC). Puente Pozo Azul, Seymour 4740 (VT, MO). Waspan, Seymour 3655 (VT). Dept. Zelaya, Bluefields, Dudey 662a (VT), 659 (SMU, BM.CH). Atwood & Moore 344 (SEY). Corn Island, Seymour 4296 (SEY, F). Madregara, Seymour 3256 (SEY). Puerto Cabezas, Svenson 4548a (SEY). Puerto Isabel, Atwood 2855 (BM, GH); Seymour 2897 (SMU), 2970 (SEY). Punta Masaya, Seymour 683 (F, MO), 684 (VT). 40. P. milleflorvun H. & C. , Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 17.494, f.70. 1915. The original description states that there are sec- ondary branchlets in the inflorescence, although this is some- times denied. British Honduras, Costa Rica (Brittonia 23:293. 1971), Panama to Brazil. 41. P. boliviense Hackel, Repert. Sp. Nov. Fedde 11:19, 1912. Mexico (FLAS), British Honduras, Guatemala, Costa Rica (Brittonia 23:293. 1971), Panama, Cuba to S. A. 42. P, laxumi Sw. , Prodr. Veg. Ind, Occ. 23. 1788. Mexico (FLAS), British Honduras, Honduras (Hitchcock), Sal- vador (Hitchcock), W. I. , S. A, Nicaragua, Comarca del Cabo, Bihmona, Seymour 5698 (SEY), Seymour 5700 (SMU, BM). Waspan, Seymour 3572 (SEY, SMU). Dept. Zelaya, a lo largo de Rio Grande, Molina 2184 (GH). Limbaika, Seymour 4920 (SEY, UC). Puerto Isabel, Seymour 2896 (ENAG, SEY, SMU, BM, GH, F, MO, UC, NY, WDP, MICH). Seymour 2965 (ENAG, FLAS). Punta Masaya, Seymour 685a (VT). Dept. Matagalpa, Matagalpa, Seymour 2165 (VT). Dept. Chontales, Acoyapa, Seymour 1756 (SEY, SMU). Santo Tomas, Seymour 6301 (SEY, GH). Dept. Rio San Juan, San Bartolo, Robbins 6219 (ENAG, SEY, F, MO, UC). San Juan del Norte, Seymour 5295 (ENAG, SEY, BM, MO, FLAS). Without definite locality. Gamier 4420 (GH). 22 PHYTOLOQIA Vol. 32, no. 1 43. P. hondurense Swallen, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 29:270. 1 948 . Honduras. 44. P. stoloniferum Poiret, in Lam. Encycl. Suppl. 4:274. 1816. Spikelets glabrous, sessile. S. Mexico, Guatemala, Honduras, Panama, W. I., S. A. Nicaragua, Dept. Zelaya, Madregara, Seymour 3105a (MO); Atwood 3215 (VT). Dept. Chontales, Santo Domingo, Seymour 3382 (ENAG, SEY, SMU, BM, GH, F, MO, UC, NY, WDP, WIS). Santo Tomas, Seymour 2753 (ENAG, SMU, BM, GH, F. MO, UC, NY, WDP, WIS). 45. P. frondescen_^ Meyer, Prim. FI. Esseq. 56. 1818. Spikelets sessile. S. Mexico, British Honduras, Guatemala, Costa Rica, Panama (USE), W. I., S. A. Nicaragua, Dept. Zelaya, a lo largo del Rio Grande, Molina 2266 (GH). 46. P. pulchellum Raddi, Agrost. Bras. 42. 1823. Blades ovate. Spikelets sessile, secund. S. Mexico, British Honduras, Guatemala, Costa Rica, Panama to n. S. A. Nicaragua, Dept. Zelaya, Molina 2260 (GH). Comarca del Cabo, Bilwaskarma, Seymour 4834 (VT). Dept. Matagalpa, Tuma, Seymour 4041 (VT). 47. P. biglandulare Scribner & Smith, U. S. Dept. Agr. Div. Agrost. Bull. 4:13, pi. 4. 1897. Guatemala. 48. P. Schiffneri Hackel, Ergeb. Bot. Exped. Akad. Wiss. Stidbras. 1 1. 1906. S. Mexico, Guatemala, Salvador, Costa Rica, Panama, W. I. to Brazil. Nicaragua, Sierra de Managua, Gamier A-1246 (GH). 49. P. Schmitzii Hackel, Ann. Naturhist. Hofmus. Wien. 17: 2 54. 1902. S. Mexico, Guatemala. 50. P. parviglume Hackel. Oestrr. Bot. Zeitschr. 51:429. 1901. Blade s 12-25 mm wide, 5-16 cm long . Mexico, Guatemala, Costa Rica. 61. P. trichoides Sw. , Prodr. Veg. Ind, Occ. 24. 1788. All Central American countries and Jamaica (Hitchcock). Nicaragua, Dept. Nueva Segovia, Ocotal, Rio Grande, Molina 2326 (GH). Ocotal, Atwood 760 (ENAG, SEY, SMU, BM, GH). Ocotal, Dudey 775 (ENAG, SMU, BM, GH, F, MO, UC, NY, WDP, MSU). Ocotal, Seymour 846 (ENAG, GH, F, MO), Dept. Managua, La Calera (ENAG). Managua, Gamier 1487 (GH). Tipitapa, Zelaya 39 (ENAG, SEY, SMU, BM, Dept. Masaya, Masatepe (ENAG). [gH. F. MO). Lake Masaya, Nichols 114 (SEY, UC). ’ 1975 Seymour, Panlcim in Nicaragua 23 51. P. trichoides Sw. , cont. Dept. Carazo, Jinotepe, Hitchcock 8693 (GH). Dept. Granada, Volcan Mombacho, Dudey & Moore 1971 (VT). Dept. Rivas, Ameyo (ENAG). La Virgen (ENAG). Penas Blancas, Seymour 1851 (ENAG, SEY, UC, Without definite locality. Gamier 4377 (GH). Ny, WDP). 52. P. tricanthum Nees, Agrost. Bras. 210. 1829. P. microspermum Fourn. ex Hemsley, Biol. Centr. Amer. Bot. 3:492. 1885. Axis of panicle glabrous. Mexico and W. I. to Paraguay (Hitchcock). Nicaragua, Dept. Zelaya, a lo largo del Rio Grande, Molina 2102 (GH). Siuna, Seymour 3187 (VT). Dept. Managua, Managua, Gamier 1553 (GH). Dept. Carazo, Jinotepe, Hitchcock 8669 (GH). 53. P. Bartlettii Swallen, Carnegie Inst. Washington Pub. 436:346. 1934. Similar to P. trichoides Sw. Main axis and branches indistinguishable, glabrous. S. Mexico, British Honduras, Guatemala. 54. P. helobium Mez in Elcman Ark. fdr Bot. 11:23, pi. 1, f. 6. 1912. Costa Rica, Brazil to Argentina. 55. P. parvifolitun Lam., Tabl. Encycl. 1:173. 1791. Axis of panicle glabrous. Costa Rica, W. I. to Paraguay (Hitchcock), Africa. Nicaragua, Comarca del Cabo, Bihmona, Seymour 5703 (ENAG, SEY, SMU, BM, GH, F, MO, UC, NY, WDP, MICH). Old Bridge, Seymour 5840 (SEY, SMU^ Puente Pozo Azul, Nelson 4726 (ENAG, SEY, NY ). Seymour 4739 (SMU, BM, GH, F, MO, UC). Waspan, Seymour 3659 (ENAG, SEY, SMU, BM, GH, F , MO, UC, NY, WDP, MICH), Dept. Zelaya, Limbaika, Seymour 4922 (VT). Puerto Cabezas, Svenson 4485 (VT). 56. P. cyanescens Nees, Agrost. Bras. 220. 1829. S. Mexico, British Honduras, trinidadto Brazil (Hitchcock), n. S. A. Nicaragua, Comarca del Cabo, Bihmona, Seymour 5757 (SEY, MO). France ya Sirpi, Seymour 5605 (ENAG, SEY, SMU, BM, GH, F, MO, UC, NY, WDP, MICH, FLAS). Old Bridge, Seymour 5839 (VT). Waspan, Seymour 3658 (VT). Dept. Zelaya, Tamla, Seymour 5976(SEY, SMU, BM, GH, MO). 57. P^ pyrularium H. & C., Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 17: 508, f. 95. 1915. Blades 2-7 mm wide, 1-3 cm long; spikelets 1. 5 nom long, attenuate at base, glabrous. Known only from type collection, Pittier 5416, Chiriqui, Panama. 2U PHTTOLOGIA Vol. 32, no, 1 58.1 P. Haenkeanvim Presl, Rel. Haenk. 1:304. 1830. Spikelets on pedicels. Mexico to Venezuela, Honduras, Costa Rica, Panama (Hitchcock). Nicaragua, Comarca del Cabo, Bilwaskarma, Seymour 4697 (VT). Waspan, Seymour 4665 (SEY, SMU, BM). 59. P. Sellowii Nees, Agrost. Bras. 153. 1829. S. Mexico, British Honduras, Guatemala, Honduras (FLAS), Salvador, Costa Rica, Panama, W. I. to S. A. Nicaragua, Comarca del Cabo, Waspan, Seymour 4665b (VT). 60. P. arundinariae Trin. ex Fourn. , Mex. PI. 2:25. 1886. P. virgultorum Hackel, Oesterr. Bot. Zeitschrift 51:369. 1901. S. Mexico, Guatemala, Honduras, Salvador, Gosta Rica, Pan- ama. 61. P. glutinosum Sw. , Prodr. Veg. Ind. Occ. 24. 1788. S. Mexico, Guatemala, Honduras, Costa Rica, W. I. to Para- guay. 62. P. Rudgei R. & S. , Syst. Veg. 2:444. 1817. S. Mexico, British Honduras, Costa Rica, Panama, Jamaica to Brazil (Hitchcock). Nicaragua, Dept. Zelaya, Ldmbaika, Seymour 4977 (SEY). 63. P. Mertensii Roth in R. & S. , Syst. Veg. 2:458. 1817. P. megiston Schultes, Mant. 2:248. 1824. Mexico, W. I. to Paraguay (Hitchcock), British Honduras (USF), Costa Rica, Panama, Cuba. Nicaragua, Dept. Zelaya, Bluefields, Atwood 4182 (ENAG, SEY, MO, UC, NY, WDP). 64. P. xalapense HBK., Nov. Gen. and Sp. 1:103. 1816. Included in P. laxiflorxun Lam. in Gray's Man. ed.8, 210. 1950. Chase separates these two species, treating P. laxiflorum as not in Central America. Axis of panicle pilose except in age. E. & s. U. S. , Mexico, Guatemala, Honduras, Costa Rica, W. I. Nicaragua, Comarca del Cabo, Bilwaskarma, Seymour 5853 (MO, VT). Dept. Jinotega, San Rafael del Norte, Miller & Griscom 134 (GH). 65. P. polycaulon Nash, Torr. Bot. Club Bui. 24:200. 1897. Florida to Mississipi, British Honduras, W. I, Nicaragvia, Comarca del Cabo, Bilwaskarma, Seymour 4605 (SEY, SMU, GH, F, MO). 66. P. strigosum Muhl. , in Ell., Bot. S. C. & Ga. 1:126. 1816. Axis of jjanicle pilose. SE U. S. , s. Mexico, Guatemala, Costa Rica, Panama, W. I, to Colombia. Nicaragua, Comarca del Cabo, Bilwaskarma, Seymour 4606, (VT), 4742 (SMU, BM, GH, F, MO, UC, NY, WDP). La Tronquera, Molina 14892 (GH). Waspan 2531 (ENAG). 1975 SeTBOur, Paulcun in Nicaragua 25 67. P. aciculare Desv. , ex Poiret in Lam. Encycl. Suppl. 4: 274. 1816. SE U. S. , W. I. , n. S. A. Reported in Central Am- erica by Hitchcock, p. 658. Occurrence here not confirmed. 68. ^ angustifolium Ell. , Bot. S. C. & Ga. 1 :129. 1816. N. J. to Fla. & Texas, Tenn. , Ark. Nicaragua, Dept. Jinotega, San Rafael del Norte, (Hitchcock). 69. P. fusiforme Hitchc., Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 12:222. 1909. SE U. S. , British Honduras, W. I. 70. P. arenicoloides Ashe, Journ. Elisha Mitchell Soc. 16: 89. 1900. SE U. S. , s. Mexico, Guatemala, Honduras, Cuba, n. S. A. Specimens not seen. Nicaragua, Comarca del Cabo, Bilwaskarma, Seymour 4607 (SEY, NY). Waspan, Atwood 3600 (SEY). 71. P. neuranthum Griseb. , Cat. PI. Cuba 232. 1866. Fla. , Miss. , Rexas, Mo. , British Honduras, W. I. 72. P. nitidum Lam. , Tabl. Encycl. 1:172. 1791. N. J. , Va. to Fla. , Mo. , Texas, s. Mexico, Gxiatemala, W. I. 73. P. longiligulatum Nash, Torr. Bot. Club Bui. 26:574. 1899. SE U. S. , Tenn. , Central America. Nicaragua, Comarca del Cabo, Bilwaskarma, Nelson 4629(SEY). Puente Pozo Azul, Seymour 4576 (SEY), 4743 (SEY). Dept. Zelaya, Siuna- Limbaika, Seymour 4976 (SEY). Tamla, Seymour 5978 (SEY), 5979 (SEY). 74. P. Wrightianum Scribner, U. S. Dept. Agric. Div. Agrost. Bui. 11:44, f. 4. 1898. E U. S. , British Honduras, Cuba. 75. P. pseudopube scens Nash, Torr. Bot. Club Bui. 26:577. 1899. SE U. S. , Mexico, Guatemala. 76. P. multirameum Scribner, U. S. Dept. Agric. Div. Agrost. Circ. 19:2. 1900. Mexico, Jamaica to Venezuela. Guatemala (US). 77. P. olivaceum H. & C. , Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 15:225, f. 234. 1910. Mexico, British Honduras, Guatemala, Honduras, Costa Rica, F*anama to Venezuela, n. S. A. Nicaragua, Dept. Zelaya, Macantaca Creek, Allen 6504 (GH). Puerto Isabel, Atwood 2941 (SEY, UC). Dept. Matagalpa, Santa Maria, Atwood 2080 (VT). Without definite locality. Gamier 4531 (GH). 78. P. villosissimum Nash, Torr. Bot. Club Bui. 23:149. 1896. E U. S. , e. Mexico, Guatemala, Honduras. 79. P^ la nuginosum Ell. , Bot. S. C. & Ga. 1:123. 1816. N. J. to Fla. , Tenn. , Ark. , Texas. Reported in British Hon- duras, Belize, Rhodora 77:128. 1975. 26 PHTTOLOQIA Vol. 32, no. 1 80. P. sphaerocarpon Ell., Bot. S. C. & Ga. 1:125. 1816. E U. S. , Mexico to Venezuela, Central America except not known in Salvador. Nicaragua, Comarca del Cabo, Bilwaskarma, Seymour 5852 (ENAG, SEY, SMU, GH, MO). Puente Pozo Azul, Seymour 4577 (SEY, SMU, BM, F). Waspan, 2538 (ENAG). Dept. Zelaya, Puerto Cabezas, Svenson 4484 (VT). Dept. Jinotega, San Rafael del Norte, Miller & Griscom 138 (US). P« erectifolium Nash, Torr. Bot. Club Bui. 23:148.1896. Blades glabrous, heart-shaped at base. For description, see Chase, Manual of Grasses of the United States, ed. 2, 665-666. 1950. Reported in British Honduras, Belize, Rhodora 77:128. 1975. 82. Pj_ albomarginatum Nash, Torr. Bot. Club Bui. 24:40. 1897. SE U. S. , Mexico (FLAS), Central America, Cuba (Hitchcock), British Honduras, Guatemala, Nicaragua (Hitch- cock), Cuba. Specimens not seen. Occurrence in Nicaragua not confirmed. 83. P. chamaelonche Trin. , Gram. Pan. 242. 1826. Axis of panicle glabrous. N. C. to Florida and La. , Isla de Pinos, British Honduras. 84. P^ lancearium Trin. , Gram. Pan. 223. 1826. Blades 3-7 rmn wide, 2-6 cm long. Lower glvune 1/4 as long as spikelet. Spikelets on pedicels. SE U. S. , British Honduras, W. I. 85. P^ (Scribner & Merrill) Hitchc. , Rhodora 8:209. 1906. P. lancearium Trin. var. patulum (Scribner & Merrill) Fern., Rhodora 36:80. 1934. Spikelets on pedicels. Blades 3-7 mm wide, 2-6 cm long. SE U. S. , British Honduras, His- paniola. 86. P. viscidellum Scribner, U. S. Dept. Agr. Agrost. Circ. 19:2. 1900. Nodes hairy. Mexico to Colombia (Hitchcock), Central America except not known in Salvador. 87. P^ ^oori^Vasey, U. S. Dept. Agr. Div. Bot. Bui. 8 !31. 1889. P. commutatum Schultes var. Joorii (Vasey) Fern. Rhodora 39:388. 1937. S U. S. to Nicaragua (Hitchcock). Nicaragua, Dept. Jinotega, San Rafael del Norte, reported by Hitchcock. 88. P. albomaculatum Scribner, U. S. Dept. Agr. Div. Agrost. Circ. 19:2. 1900. Mexico, Guatemala. 89. P^ t^^n^mnj_ Swallen, Jour. Washington Acad. Sci. 21: 436. 1931. Mexico, Guatemala. 1975 Seymour, Panlenm in Nicauragua 27 90. P. cordovense Fourn. , Mex. PL 2:26. 1886. Mexico to Brazil and Bolivia (Hitchcock), Costa Rica, Panama. 91. P. cayoense Swallen, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 29:418. 1950. British Honduras. 92. P. alcobense Swallen, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 29:423. 1950. Spikelets on pedicels. Known only from Cerro Alcoba, Jala pa, Guatemala. 93. P. ramiparum Swallen, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 29:423. 1950. Guatemala. 94. ^ furtivum Swallen, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 29:421. 1950. Spikelets on pedicels. Known only from Guatemala. 95. Blakei Swallen, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 29:422. 1950. Guatemala. Axis of panicle glabrous. 96. P. pantrichum Hackel, Verh. Zool. Bot. Ges. Wein 1915:72. 1915. Panama to Brazil & Bolivia (Hitchcock). 97. P. stagnatile H. & C. , Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 17:528, f. 141. 1915. Mexico and Central America (Hitchcock). Guatemala, Honduras, Panama. Nicaragua, Dept. Zelaya, Limbaika, Seymour 4921 (VT). 98. ^ grande H. & C., Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 17:529, f. 143. 1915. Central America to Brazil (Hitchcock). Hondur- as, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Panama, Trinidad, n. S. A. Speci- mens not seen. 99. P. Tuerckheimii Hackel, Allg. Bot. Zeitschr. 12:60. 1906. Spikelets and fruit glabrous. Mexico, British Honduras, Guatemala. 100. P^ incumbens Swallen, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 29: 417. 1950. Nodes hairy. Known only from Guatemala, 101. P. hirtiim Lam., Encycl. 4:741. 1798. Axis of panicle with long spreading hairs. Mexico, British Honduras, Trinidad, n. S. A. Nicaragua, Comarca del Cabo, Cororia Bush, Seymour 3760 (VT). Waspan, Atwood 3546 (ENAG, SEY, SMU, BM, GH, F. MO, UC). Waspan, Seymour 4664 (NY, WDP, MICH, MSU, B). 102. P^ zizanioides HBK., Nov. Gen & Sp. 1:100. 1816. S. Mexico, Greater Antilles to n. Argentina. Guatemala, Costa Rica, Panama (FLAS). Nicaragua, Dept. Zelaya, El Recreo, Peterson A9 (ENAG). Limbaika, Seymour 4927 (ENAG, SEY, SMU, BM, GH, F, MO, UC, NY, WDP, WIS). 103. P^ parcum H. & C., Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 15:68. 1910. Mexico (FLAS), Guatemala, Nicaragua (Swallen). 28 PHYTOLOGIA Vol. 32, no. 1 BIBLIOGRAPHY of literature most used in preparing this article. Hitchcock, A. S. & Agnes Chase, Tropical North American Species of Panicum, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 17:459-539. 1915. Hitchcock, A. S. , The Grasses of Central America, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 24:557-802. 1922. Swallen, J. R, , Gramineae of Panama, Ann. Mo. Bot. Card. 30:104-280. 1943. Swallen, J. R., New Grasses from Mexico, Central America and Surinam, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 29:395-428. 1950. Chase, Agnes, Manual of Grasses of the United States. 1950. Swallen, J. R., Grasses of Guatemala, Fieldiana 24: part II, 1-390. 1955. STATISTICAL SUMMARY of PANICUM in this article. Number of species previously known in Nicaragua 32 Number of species new to Nicaragua 16 Total number of species known in Nicargua 48 Number of additional species known in other parts of Central America 55 Total number of species known in Central America 103 ABBREVIATIONS which may not be already familiar. AMN, Atwood, John T. , Jr. , Steven A. Marshall and David A. Neill, collectors. Bth. , Bentham C. & S. , Chamisso & Schlechtendal F. T. Hubb. , F. Tracy Hubbard H. & C., Hitchcock & Chase R. & P. , Ruiz & Pa von R. & S. , Roemer & Schultes S. A. , South America W. I., West Indies 1975 Seymour, Panic um In Nicaragua 29 INDEX to species and synonyms of PANICUM in Central America. Numbers refer to pages in the Key except that the last num ber refers to the Annotated List. aciculare Desv. 13 25 agrostoides Sprengel = rigidulum albomaculatum Scribner 14 26 albomarginatum Nash 8 26 alcobense Swallen 12 27 alsophilum Swallen 14 18 altum H, & C. 4 20 angustifolium Ell. 13 25 aquaticum Poiret 6 18 arenicoloides Ashe 2 25 arundinariae Trin. 7 10 24 barbinode Trin. =purpurascens Bartlettii Swallen 10 23 biglandulare Scribner 4 22 Blakei Swallen 7 27 boliviense Hackel 9 21 breviramosum Swallen 15 18 bulbosum HBK. 3 20 cayennense Lam. 3 15 18 cayoense Swallen 12 27 chamaelonche Trin. 11 26 chloroticum Nees 16 18 cordovense Fourn. 6 27 cyanescens Nees 10 23 elephantipes Nees 4 18 erectifoli\im Nash 8 26 fasciculatvim Sw. 15 17 frondescens Meyer 12 22 furtivum Swallen 13 27 furvum Swallen 11 20 fusiforme Hitchc. 2 25 geminatum Forsk. 3 16 Ghiesbreghtii Fourn. 3 6 14 19 glutinosum Sw. 5 24 grande H. & C. 13 27 guatemalense Swallen 15 18 Haenkeanum Presl 12 24 helobium Mez 11 23 hians Ell. 2 20 hirsutum Sw. 15 19 hirticaule Presl 3 ig hirtum Lam. 7 27 hispidifolium Swallen 6 18 hispidum Swallen = hispidifolium hondurense Swallen 9 22 ichnanthoides Fourn. 4 20 incumbens Swallen 14 27 Joorii Vasey 5 14 26 lancearium Trin. 13 26 lanuginosum Ell. 7 25 laxum Sw. 9 21 lepidulum H. & C. 5 19 longiligulatum Nash 6 25 Lundellii Swallen 4 20 maximum Jacq. 3 14 19 megiston Schultes = Mertensii microspermum Fourn. = tricanthum milleflorum H. & C. 9 21 molle Sw. 4 17 multiramexim Scribner 14 25 neuranthum Griseb. 13 25 nitidum Lam. 13 25 olivaceum H. & C. 7 11 25 paludivagum H. & C. 3 16 pampinosum H. & C. 5 18 pantrichum Hackel 11 27 parcvim H. & C. 3 27 parvifolium Lam. 10 2 3 parviglume Hackel 12 22 patulum (Scribner & Merrill) Hitchc. 13 26 paucifolium Swallen 3 20 pilosum Sw. 9 21 polycaulon Nash 11 24 polygonatum Schrader 9 20 pseudopubescens Nash 14 25 pulchellum Raddi 12 22 purpurascens Raddi 6 16 pyrularium H. & C. 8 23 30 PHYTOLOGIA Vol. 32, no. 1 INDEX ramiparum Swallen 12 27 repens L. 3 20 reptans L. 9 12 17 rigidulum Nees 2 19 rigidum Swallen = sublaeve Rudgei R. & S. 2 24 Schiffneri Hackel 8 22 Schmitzii Hackel 8 22 Sellowii Nees 11 24 sonorum Beal 5 18 sphaerocarpon Ell. 8 26 stagnatile H. &: C. 9 27 stenodes Griseb. 2 11 20 stenodoides F. T. Hubb. 3 20 stoloniferiim Poiret 12 22 strigosum Muhl. 11 24 sublaeve Swallen 6 19 tenerum Beyr. 4 15 19 transiens Swallen 4 26 trichanthxim Nees 10 23 trichoides Sw. 8 22 Tuerckheimii Hackel 5 27 umbonulatum Swallen 15 18 venezuelae Hackel 15 18 villosissimum Nash 14 25 virgatum L. 4 20 virgultorxim Hackel = arundinariae viscidellum Scribner 7 10 11 14 15 26 Wrightianum Scribner 6 25 xalapense HBK. 7 8 10 24 zizanioides HBK. 5 27 A NEW MEXICAN MALAXIS Louis 0. Williams ^la^s pplla^ii L. Wms. sp. nov. Herbae perparvae terrestres unifoliatae usque ad 11 cm. altae. Folia late ovato-cordata acuta; inflorescentiae racemosae longe pedunculatae ; flores parvi virides; sepalum dorsale elliptico- ova turn acutum uninervium; sepala lateralia asymmetrica late ovata obtusa; petala dolabriformia subtrilobata uninervia; labellum trilobatum, lobus terminalis anguste triangularis, lobi laterales oblongo-lineares obtusi; columna generis. Very small terrestrial herbs to about 11 cm. tall; stems about 4-5 cm. long with a single sessile, deeply cordate leaf; leaf broadly ovate-cordate, acute, 20-27 mm. long and 16-22 mm. broad; inflorescence a long pedunciilate , several- flowered simple raceme to about 7 cm. long; flowers small, greenish, each flower subtended by a cucullate, ovate bract about 1 mm. long, pedicels slender, about 5 mm. long; dorsal sepal elliptic-ovate, acute, 1-nerved, about 3*5 mm. long and 1.5 mm. broad; lateral sepals asymmetric and broadly ovate, obtuse, about 2 mm. long and 1.5 mm. broad; petals dolabriform, subtrilobate , uninerved, about 2.5 mm. long and as broad across the lateral dolabriform lobes; lip trilobate, about 1.5 mm. long and 2.5 mm. across the extended lateral lobes, the apical lobe narrowly triangular, the narrowly oblong-linear basal lobes erect, obtuse, about 1 mm. long; column minute . Mexico; Ofelio, Cerro San Felipe, Oaxaca, August 22, 1970, Glenn~ET~Pollard M-112 (type, F). One of the smallest of the Mexican species of Malaxis and somewhat related to Malaxis ma.ianthemifolia Schlecht. & Cham. It is easily distinguished from all of the species that I know by the dolabriform petals which remind one of the petals in some species of Lepanthes. The curious petals, along with the single, cordiform leaf, the racemose inflorescence and the erect lateral lobes of the lip will help to distinguish it. The collector, for whom the species is named, is one of the most active students of the Mexican orchid flora. The illustration was drawn from the type and from photo- graphs provided by the collector. Miss Marion Pahl is the artist. 31 32 phytologia Vol. 32, no. 1 EMILIA FOSBERGII. A NEW SPECIES, Dan H. Nicolson Department of Botany, Smithsonian Institution The genus Emilia is paleotropical with about 45 species. All neotropical specimens of Emilia studied by the author (F, GH, K, L, MO, NY, US) were referable to three species. One species, coccinea (Sims) G. Don from eastern Africa, is only rarely collected as an escape from gardens at relatively high elevations (1-2000 m) or latitudes. This species has orangpLsh-red flowers which are only half enclosed by the invo- lucre, entire or partially shallowly dentate leaf margins, and elongate corolla lobes 1. 7-2.1 mm long. The second species, sonchifolia (L.) DC. ex Wight from South Asia, is commonly collected in lowlands (0-1000 m) . This species has light purple flowers which are completely enclosed in the involucre, strongly lyrate lower leaves, and short corol- la lobes 0.5-0. 7 mm long. The third and most frequently collected species, here first recognized as distinct from all previously described species, is commonly collected at middle elevations, 100-1500 m. This spe- cies has red flowers which are three-quarters enclosed by the involucre, coarsely dentate leaves, and corolla lobes 1.2-1. 4 mm long. This taxon passed in the early literature under the name Emilia coccinea or its synonyms, i.e., it was identified with an African species. For example, all specimens cited by Baldwin in his paper on the cytology of neotropical Emilia (Bull. Torrey Bot . Club 73: 18-23. 1946) as coccinea are JE. f osbergii (except one, Baldwin 4578, which is coccinea) . A major change occurred when Fosberg (Univ. Hawaii, Occas. Papers 46: 14. 1948) identified red-flowered Hawaiian collec- tions with Emilia javanica (N. Burm.) C.B. Robinson. Fosberg was challenged by Koster (Blumea 7: 290. 1952) who pointed out that the Hawaiian red-flowered element does not occur in Java. Fosberg (Occas. Papers Bishop Mus. 23: 136. 1966) reported dis- covery of Burman's types in Geneva and maintained his earlier identification while suggesting that Burman's description was incorrect in its flower color and locality. This amounts to identifying the neotropical taxon with a South Asian taxon be- cause the Hawaiian and neotropical materials are of the same taxon. Recently this identification has entered the neotropical literature (Vuilleumier , J. Arnold Arb. 50: 122. 1969, and Adams, FI. PI. Jamaica 757. 1972). The present author stepped into this quagmire in early 1974 while innocently identifying a drawing of an Emilia sent by Ms. Penny Honeychurch of Roseau, Dominica. Dr. F. Raymond Fosberg was able to show me, a non-asterologist , how to identify neo- 33 3U PHYTOLOGIl Vol. 32, no. 1 tropical specimens of Emilia in three minutes. I was astonished to find that no one had clearly elucidated these three taxa and suggested a joint paper. After annotating many specimens from the neotropics as javanica, 1 made a second error, investigat- ing what were the taxa in South Asia and the Pacific Islands. These studies have not been concluded but those who have taken an interest in the affair, F.R. Fosberg, C. Jeffery and C.D. Adams, have joined me in agreeing that the binomial javanica does not pertain to the neotropical taxon. L.O. Williams' kind invitation to contribute Emilia for the Flora of Guatemala prompts the validation of a name for this pre- viously unrecognized but commonly collected taxon. It is a pleasure to name the species in honor of my colleague, Francis Raymond Fosberg, who has had such a substantive part in the rec- ognition of the taxon. EMILIA FOSBERGII Nicolson, sp. nov. Emilia coccinea sensu auctt., non (Sims) G. Don: Britton & Wilson, Sci. Survey Porto Rico & Virgin Isl. 6: 321. 1926; Baldwin, Bull. Torrey Bot . Club 73: 18. 1946; Gooding et . al., FI. Barbados 436. 1965 (fig. 27, mislabelled sonchifolia , is this species). Emilia sagittata sensu auctt. pro parte, non DC.: Standley, Field Mus., Bot. 18: 1454. 1938; Alain, FI. Cuba 5: 239. 1962. Emilia javanica sensu auctt., non (N. Burm.) C.B. Robinson: Fosberg, Occas. Papers Bishop Mus. 23: 136. 1966; Vuilleumier, J. Arnold Arb. 50: 122. 1969; Adams, FI. PI. Jam. 757. 1972. Folia grosse dentata, 8-13 X 3-5 cm, inferiora petiolata, spathulata, superiora sessilia, sagittata. Pedunculi terminali, 15-30 cm longi, in 2-4 capitula terminans. Involucrum 11-15 mm longum, bracteis ca 7. Flosculi ca 50. Corollae typice later- iciae, 9-10 mm, involucra ca 2-3 mm excedens, lobis corollarum 1.1-1. 4 mm longis. Stamen cum parte superiora filamenti crass- ata, 0.5 mm longa, thecis 1.5-1. 6 mm longis, appendiculis anther- orum 0.3-0. 4 mm longis. Achenia 4.0 X 0.6 ram longa, costulis intermediis inter sulcis interne puberulentibus sed non per colore dif f erentibus . Holotype: Bahamas, New Providence, near Nassau, 26 Dec. 1902, A. H. Curtiss 6 (US-428506). Isotypes: F, GH, MO, NY, US. Datatypes (all in F, GH, MO, NY, and US): U.S.A., Florida, Lee County, vicinity of Fort Myers, in pineland, 21 Mar. 1916, Standley 66. CUBA, Santiago Province, vicinity of Bar- acoa, "rays deep crimson," 24-29 Jan. 1902, C_. L. Pollard et al. 17. JAMAICA, vicinity of Kingston, alt. 500 ft., 29 Jan. - 24 Feb. 1900, W. N. Clute 9. ST. CROIX, Constitution Hill, "flow- ers scarlet," 13 Dec. 1895. A. E. Ricksetter 150. BRAZIL, Amazonas, Manicore Municip. near Santa Fe, "flowers red," 8-11 Sep. 1934, A. Krukof f 6066 . BAHAMA POLYGALACEAE AND THEIR GREATER ANTILLEAN AFFINITIES — A PRELIMINARY TREATMENT William T. Gillis Department of Biology Hope College Holland, Michigan 49423 Folygala is one of the great taxonomic and nomenclatural horrors among West Indian plants. It not only is reported to have apomictic forms (Long and Lakela, 1971), and possibly has species which hybridize, but also demonstrates great variation in vegetative morphology. It is this latter trait which has led splitters among workers in the past to overdescribe taxa in West Indian members of the genus. In an effort to unravel taxonomic and nomenclatural prob- lems in Folygala for the Bahama flora which Mr. George R. Proctor and I are revising, I have made study among the Folygala species known from the Bahamas and adjacent regions, working largely with herbarium material. Most of the study has been carried out at the Field Museum of Natural History where I have examined the extensive and classic collections of N.L. Britton, C.F. Millspaugh, L.J.K. Brace, Percy Wilson, and J. and A. Northrop from the Bahamas. I should like to thank Dr. L.I. Nevling, Jr., Chairman of the Botany Department at the Field Museum together with other administration and staff personnel, for making these collections available to me. Furthermore, I acknowledge with appreciation curators and directors of the Gray Herbarium and Arnold Arboretum of Harvard University, the United States National Herbarium and the New York Botanical Garden Herbarium for the loan of specimens. Especially important have been specimens including types seen by S.F. Blake, who monographed U.S. and West Indian Folygala (1916) and who revised Folygala for the North. American Flora (1924) . I should also like to acknowledge with appreciation travel funds granted by Hope College for visits to herbaria in undertaking this study. Thanks are due Drs . John H. Beaman, Norton G. Miller, and Paul Van Faasen for their critical review of the manuscript and for helpful suggestions for its improvement. J.K. Small contributed the treatment of Folygala in Britton and Millspaugh's Bahama flora (1920). One might infer that he also influenced their use of the segregate genus Badiera for the one woody member of the alliance treated earlier by Blake (1916) as Folygala oblongata. Britton (1907, 1910) also revised the genus Badiera. As was common during that period of taxonomic history, no infraspecific categories were recognized; when a morphological segregate was found in an archipelago like the Bahamas, it was likely to be described as a new species, rather than being considered to be a form of a more wide-ranging species. 35 36 PHITOLOGIA Vol* 32, no, 1 Small's treatment of Potygala for the Bahama flora (1920) con- sisted of six species (including Badieva) . Herein, five of these are treated under different names from those in Bahama flora (ibid.) including one new combination. Other new combinations are made herein for related taxa occurring on islands in the Greater Antilles. KEY TO POLYGALA IN THE BAHAMAS A. Plants shrubby; calyx lobes unequal but all free; keel without a beak l.(Subg. Badieva) Polygala penaea (see key to subspecies below) . A. Plants herbaceous; calyx lobes uniform; keel with or without a beak or crest B. B. Leaves alternate; keel without a beak or crest; abaxial sepals connate 2.(Subg. Haheclada) Poly gala gvandi flora var. angnsti folia. B. Leaves verticillate; keel with a 2-many-lobed crest; abaxial sepals free (Subg. Polygala) . . .Q. C. Leaves in whorls of 4, 2-6 mm wide, 3. 5-7. 5 mm long. . .D. C. Leaves in whorls of 2-3, 1.5-2. 5 mm wide, 8 - 17 mm long h .Polygala spathulata. D. Capsule about as broad as long; lowermost leaves elliptic-obovate, often mucronate; upper blades linear; 2n = .. .3a. Poly gala boykinii var. boykinii . D. Capsule manifestly longer than broad; lowermost leaves subulate to linear or linear-lanceolate; upper blades few; 2n = 96 3b. Polygala boykinii var. sparsi folia. Polygala penaea L. Sp. PI. 2: 703. 1753. KEY TO SUBSPECIES OF POLYGALA PENAEA A. Leaves scabrous, papillose above and below, fruit hispidulous or pilosulous la .Polygala penaea L. subsp. penaea. A. Leaves glabrous to glabrate, not rough to the touch; fruit glabrous to appressed-strigillose or pubescent chiefly on the margin B. 1975 GiUls, Bahama Polygalaceaa 37 B. Leaves less than 5 mm broad Polygala penaea subsp . guantanamana . B. Leaves more than 7 mm broad C. C. Leaves lustrous on upper surface, revolute . .Ic .Polygala penaea subsp. portoriaensis . C. Leaves glabrous or glabrate on upper surface, not lustrous; leaves plane Ih .Polygala penaea subsp. oblongata. la. Polygala penaea L. subsp. penaea P. penaea L. Sp. PI. 2: 703. 1753. Badiera penaea (L.) DC., Prodr. 1: 335. 1824. Type: Habitat in America America meridionali. Lectotype: LINN (not seen). Polygala domingensis Jacq . , Sel. Stirp. Piet. 96. 1780. Badiera domingensis (Jacq.) DC., Prodr. 1: 335. 1824. Type : unknown . This is the form found in Hispaniola, both in Haiti and in the Dominican Republic. It differs from other subspecies by its scabrous, broad leaves. lb. Polygala penaea stat'. nov . Basionym: Badiera oblongata Britton, Bull. N.Y. Bot. Card. 5: 314. 1907. Polygala oblongata (Britton) Blake, Contr. Gray Herb. 47: 13. 1916. Type: Britton & Brace 578, Bahama Islands, New Providence Island, north slope of Blue Hills. Holotype: NY; Iso types: F-185945; US-655924, US-758265. Polygala dimorphophyllum Blake, Contr. Gray Herb. 47: 16. 1916. Badiera heterophylla Britton, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 42: 496. 1915, non Polygala heterophylla Scheele, Linnaea 17: 336. 1843. Type: Cuba, Oriente Province, deciduous woods. Sierra Nipe near Woodfred. 450-550 m. elevation. Shafer Z070 . Holotype: NY; Isotype: US-792308. Polygala punctifera Blake, Contr. Gray Herb. 47: 13. 1916. Badiera punctata Britton, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 42: 496. 1915, non Polygala punctata A.W. Benn., J. Bot. 17: 172. 1879. Type: Cuba, Oriente Province, near streams, Arroyo del Medio above the falls. Shafer 3644. Holotype: NY; Isotype: US-792655. Polygala diversi folia f. elliptica Chodat, Monogr . 2: 10. 1893. Type: Wright 1914, pro parte. subsp . (Britton) Gillis, comb, et 38 PHYTOLOGIA Vol. 32, no. 1 Polygala divevsifolia f. obovata Chodat. Monogr. 2: 11. 1893. Type: Wright 1914, pro parte. The present treatment recognizes the Cuban and Bahaman populations of this woody Polygala to be geographic sub- species of the inclusive and widespread Greater Antillean P. penaea. The only major difference from typical P. penaea is the lack of pubescence on the leaves and fruits in subsp. oblongata. It seems logical that geographic isolates in Cuba and the Bahamas should differ somewhat from the popula- tions on Hispaniola. The Bahama populations probably origi- nated from the Cuban ones, introduced through Andros Island or onto the Great Bahama Bank during the Pleistocene at a time when sea levels were 180 meters lower than at present and all of the Great Bahama Bank was exposed. The channel separating the Bahamas and Cuba (now about 190 km.) at that time was probably about 40 km. wide, thus increasing the likelihood of occasional dispersal of seeds from Cuba to the Great Bahama Bank. Once established on the Bank, the plant dispersed throughout the islands. As a geographic variant, this taxon is treated as a subspecies of P. penaea, the oldest name. Ic . Polyqala penaea subsp. ^ortojnaensis (Britton) Gillis, et stat. nov. comb . Basionym: Badiera portorioensis Britton, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 42: 494. 1915. Polygala portorioensis (Britton) Blake, Contr. Gray Herb. 47: 14. 1916. Type: Puerto Rico, Guanajibo, near Mayaguez . Britton, Cowell & Brown 4249. Holotyne: NY; Isotype: US-791496. This Puerto Rican subspecies differs from the typical stock on Hispaniola in having a lustrous upper leaf surface, revo- lute leaves, and glabrous fruits. Flowers and fruits are indistinguishable from Cuban and Bahaman forms. Because there are so few differences between this form and typical Polygala penaea, it seems appropriate to reduce this taxon to a subspecies of P. penaea. Id. Polj^gala penaea subsp. ou^^anarncma (Blake) Gillis, comb, et ^ stat. noV . Basionjnn: Polygala guantanamana Blake, Contr. Gray Herb. 47: 12. 1916. Badiera virgata Britton, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 37: 361, 1910, non Polygala virgata Thunb., FI. Cap. (Africa). Type: Cuba, U.S. Naval Station, Guantanamo Bay Britton 2086. Holotype: NY; Iso type: US-658842. 1975 Gillis, Bahana Polj-galaceae 39 This segregate from southeastern Cuba differs only in having narrower leaves than those of the other subspecies, but otherwise, it has similar flowers and fruits. 2. Poly gala grandi flora Walt. var. grandi flora. Basionym: Polygala grandiflora Walt., FI. Car. 179. 1788. The type of Walter's Polygala grandiflora should be at the British Museum (Natural History) . It has not been seen. Because populations in the Bahamas represent — in my opinion — a different variety, attention will be given to synonymy only for the variety in our flora. Polygala grandiflora var. angusti folia T. & G., FI. N. Amer. 1: 671. 1840 non P. angusti folia H.B.K. (= P. brizoides St. Hil.), non Gililo, FI. Lituan. Type: Dr. Leavenworth, s.n Lee to type: NY. Poly gala oubensis Chodat, Monogr. Polygal . 2: 62, t. 15, f 36. 1893. Type: Cuba, Wright 112. Holotype: Not seen. I so types: BM, GH. Polygala wrightii Chodat, Monogr. Polygal. 2: 67, t. 13, f 8-9. 1893. Type: Cuba, Wright 112. Holotype: Not seen. Isotypes: K, BM, GH. Polygala krugii Chodat, Monogr. Polygal. 2: 63, t. 15, f. 37-38. 1893. Type: New Providence, Bahamas. Eggers 4450 Holotype: Hb. Krug & Urb . at B (destroyed). Isotype: (fragment) NY. Polygala bahanensis Blake, Contr. Gray Herb. 47: 64. 1916 Type: Bahamas, New Providence, pine region, 13.5 km. (8.5 mi.) S.W. of Nassau, 12 April 1905. A.E. Wight 272. Holotype: GH; Isotypes: NY, US-225463. Polygala ownuliaola Small, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 51: 381. 1924. Asemeia avomilioola (Small) Small, Man. S.E. FI., p. 766. 1933. Type: Florida, dunes opposite Miami (now = Miami Beach), J.K. Small & G.K. Small 4568. Holotype: NY; Isotypes: NY, US-1841792. Polygala miamiensis Small ex Blake, N. Amer. FI. 25: 340. 1924. Asemeia miamiensis (Small ex Blake) Small, Man. S.E. FI., p. 767. 1933. Type: Florida, Everglades west of Miami, J.K. Small & G.K. Small 289. 9 November 1901. Holotype: NY. PHYTOLOGIA Vol. 32, no. 1 liO Polygala oovallloola Small, Bull. N.Y. Bot. Card. 3: 425. 1905. Type: Florida, Dade Co., Miami. Small & Nash, s.n. Lee to type: NY. Polygala flabellata Shuttleworth ex Gray, PI. Wright. 1: 41. 1852, pro syn. Polygala grandiflova var. legtophylla Chodat, Monogr. Polygal. 2: 57. 1893, non Poly gala leptophylla Burch, 1822. Syn types: Cuba, Wright 112. Holosyntype: Not seen; Isosyntype: GH. Dominican Republic, Sierra de Palo, Quemado, 500 m. Holosyntype: Not seen; Isosyntypes: BM, K (Not seen) . Polygala grandi flora var. orbicularis Chodat, Monogr. Polygal. 2: 57. 1893. Type: Dominican Republic, near Santiago to Cuesta de Piedra among grasses in calcareous soil; savanna near S. Carlon. Preneloup 1004. Holotype: Not seen. Polygala grandiflora leiodes Blake, N. Amer. FI. Polygalaceae 25: 339. 1926. Asemeia leiodes (Blake) Small, Man. S.E. FI., p. 766. 1933. Type: Florida, Lee Co., Ft. Myers vicinity, in pineland. Miss J.P. Standley 25. Holotype: US-569482; Isotype: NY. The whole complex of Polygala grandiflora needs thorough bio- systematic study. Typification of P. grandiflora Walt, needs to be carried out in order to determine whether, indeed, vari- eties such as those recognized herein differ from the type of the species. Further comprehensive study of variation through- out the range of the species is also needed. In a recent treatment of Polygalaceae of southeastern United States, Saulmon (1971), has treated the entire species complex as without infraspecific taxa. Varieties have been maintained at this juncture, but without substantial reason, to avoid conflict with nearby floras and other treatments (Long and Lakela, 1971; Leon and Alain, 1953; Miller, 1971) . Polygala grandiflora is variable, especially in vegetative characters. As treated herein, var. grandiflora has leaves greater than 0.8 cm wide (at the broadest point) and var. angustifolia has leaves narrower than this. It is likely that there is a range of variation in the wild within one taxon which spans this gulf . The type of P. grandiflora var. angustifolia at the New York Botanical Garden consists of four above-ground portions of plants and a 3-inch piece of lower stem and root. A hand- written label is glued over two of the former, indicating 197^ Gillis, Bahama Polygalaceae Ul that it is a Chapman collection from Florida, Below the two remaining specimens are the words (in a different handwriting) : "Florida. Dr. Leavenworth." All specimens appear to be iden- tical. Across the Chapman label, in Torrey's handwriting, are the words "angustifolia T. & G. Suppl . Vol. I." Someone else has later added in pencil "Evidently the two type col- lections of...." with an arrow pointing to the epithet. I believe that all specimens on the sheet constitute material examined by Torrey. In his publication, he gives the follow- ing citation: "Southern Florida, Dr. Leavenworth! Middle Florida, Dr. Chapman." Because of the association of the exclamation point (!) with the Leavenworth specimen, I believe it should be considered the lectotype. The collections of Wright from Cuba (no. 112) "prope villam Monte Verde dictam, Cuba orientali" have served as types of three different Chodat taxa: Potygdla wi^ightii^ P. crubens'is, and P. grandi flora var, leptophylla. Specimens available to Chodat have not been examined, but duplicates at the Gray Herbarium were studied. One (herein labeled "A") has a date of Jan.-Jul. 1859. A second (herein labeled "B") is marked "1856-7 in Cuba orientali." The third (herein labeled "C") is marked "1860-1864." "A" and "B" are indistinguishable to me. Blake annotated them both as P. angustifolia H.B.K. but they are also isotypes of both P. cubensis and P. wrightii. Blake labeled "C" as "cotype collection, P. grandi flora Walt. var. leptophylla Chod." It is odd that Blake should label this specimen as such when he cited it in his monograph (1916) as the type of P. aubensis . Chodat chose parts of Wright 112 as types for both taxa, so Blake is not totally wrong. He did, however, cite this differently from the way he annotated it! In addition to the two names mentioned above, Chodat also cited Wright 112 p.p. as P. angustifolia H.B.K. I have called "C" as iso type of P. aubensis. That certain of these other names listed above are S3^onymous is not a new treatment. Blake himself (1924) recognized the synonymity of P. krugii and P. bahamensis . Long (1970) has noted that P. coralliaola is the same as P. grandiflora var. angustifolia, etc. The synonymy given here is to be considered only a beginning; it is far from exhaustive. My purpose has been to deal with names in Britton and Millspaugh's Bahama Flora (1920) and to try to equate them to names in use elsewhere in the northern West Indies and South Florida in order to bring more harmony to all these floras. Many more names abound. Unhappily, many of these will some day be found to apply to this complex as well . Vol. 32, no. 1 U2 PHYTOLOGIA 3. Polygala boykinii. Nutt., J. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia 7: 86. 1834. 3a. P. boykinii Nut. var. boyk'in'i'i . Type: Boykin, s.n. Georgia. Holotype: PH. Polygala bicolor Hook., J. Bot. 1: 194. 1834. Lectotype: K. Polygala wilsonii Small in Britt. & Millsp., Bahama Flora, p. 216. 1920. Type: Bahama Islands, Cay Sal Bank, Anguilla Cays, Wilson SOSO. Holotype: NY; Isotypes: A, F-246435, NY. The typical variety of Polygala boykinii is found in the Bahamas only on the Cay Sal Bank where it was collected by Percy Wilson in 1909. It was described as new in the Bahama flora, but I have interpreted this collection as quite typical P. boykinii, having compared it to the type of the species at the Philadelphia Academy of Natural Sciences . Although it may be shown that the taxa in this complex have distinct geographical ranges, I have chosen to recognize them at varietal rank for the moment. Inasmuch as this is a preliminary treatment, I see no point in making mass trans- fers to subspecies when I have no evidence for their having a distinct geographical range. In his treatment of Polygalaceae in the southeastern United States, Saulmon (1971) has con- sidered no infraspecific taxa within this species. 3b. Polygala boykinii var. sparsifolia Wheelock, Mem. Torrey Bot. Club 2: 121. 1890. Polygala sparsifolia (Wheelock) Small, FI. S.E. U.S., p. 686. 1903. Type: A.H. Curtiss SOS, Florida, Cudjoe Key. Holotype: NY; Isotypes: US-7893, NY. Polygala praetervisa Chodat, Monogr. Polygal. 2: 140. 1893. Type: A.H. Curtiss SOS. Florida, Cudjoe Key. Holotype: Not seen. Isotypes: NY (2), US-7893. Polygala flagellaris Small, Bull. N.Y. Bot. Card. 3; 427. 1905. Type: Florida, Dade Co., pinelands near the Home- stead Road between Cutler and Camp Longview. J.K. Small & J.J. Carter 1078. Holotype: NY. Polygala wightiana Blake, Contr. Gray Herb. 47: 88. 1916, non P. wightiana Wall, ex Wight & Arnott, Prodr. FI. Pen. Ind . Or. I: 36. 1834. Type: Bahama Islands, New Providence Island, Adelaide, border of marsh in loamy sand and honeycomb limestone, 21 km. (13 miles) southwest of Nassau. A.E. Wight 79. Holotype: GH; Isotypes: F-225262, NY. 1975 Gill la, Bahama Polygalaceae U3 This variety has a number of distinctive characters that separate it from the typical variety. The two differ in size and proportions of the capsule, the shape of the lower leaves, and density of upper leaves, and in chromosome number (Lewis and Davis, 1962) . The typical variety has leaves along the stem of the inflores- cence. The lowermost leaf blades are elliptic to obovate, often raucronate at the tip and grade into linear leaves toward the apex. The capsule is nearly as broad as long. Lewis and Davis (1962) have found the chromosome number to be 2n = 28 . Chodat (1893) and Wheelock (1891) chose duplicates of the same collection as types of the two names Polygala praetervisa and P. boykinii var. sparsi folia, respectively. Although Chodat 's material has not been seen, it is likely that this is not a mixed collection, but rather that the two workers chose portions of the same gathering coincidentally, both recognizing it as different from previously-known taxa. On the other hand, variety sparsifolia has few leaves below the inflorescence. All leaves are more or less linear or linear-lanceolate. The chromosome number is 2n = 96, (Lewis and Davis, 1962), a likely polyploid with aneuploidy. It is possible that this form is apomictic. In the Bahamas P. boykinii var. sparsifolia is distributed throughout the archipelago, probably having migrated there from South Florida where its congeners are. 4. Polygala spathulata Griseb. Cat. PI. Cub. 13. 1866. Type: Cuba, San Juan de Buenavista, banks among tall grass in savannas. Wvight 1910. Holotype: GOET (Not seen); Iso types: BM, GH, K. This species of the Greater Antilles and the Bahamas remains nomenclaturally unchanged from the Bahama Flora (1920) . It is found on islands of the Great and Little Bahama Banks, probably having crossed from Cuba during low-water stages of the Pleistocene when Andros and Cuba were less than 40 km. apart. It is a small, tufted plant, often overlooked in the essentially woody flora of the Bahamas. hh PHITOLOQIA Vol. 32, no. 1 LITERATURE CITED Blake, S.F. 1916. A revision of the genus PolygaZa in Mexico, Central America, and the West Indies. Contr. Gray Herb. 47: 1-122 +2 tab. . 1924. Polygalaceae in N. Amer. FI. 25 (parts 4 & 5, in part): 305-379. Britton, N.L. 1907. Contributions to the flora of the Bahama Islands. Bull. N.Y. Bot. Card. 5: 311-318. . 1910. Studies of West Indian Plants - III. Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 37: 345-363. (15. The Genus Badieva DC., pp. 360-363.) and C.F. Millspaugh. 1920. Bahama flora. Privately published. 695 pp . New York, N.Y. Chodat, R. 1890-1893. Monographia Polygalacearum. I. Mem. Soc. Phys. Hist. Nat. Geneve Suppl . 1890 (7). 143 pp . + pi. 1-12. II. Ibid. Vol. 31 (2) xii + 500 pp, pi. 13-35. 1893. . 1896. Polygalaceae. Nat. Pflanzenfam. III. 4: 323-345. Leon, Hermano and Hermann Alain. 1953. Flora de Cuba, Contribu- cion No. 13. Dicotiledoneas . Malpighiaceae a Myrtaceae, Vol. 3. Lewis, Walter H. and Shirley A. Davis. 1962. Cytological observa- tions of PoZygaZa in eastern North America. Rhodora 64: 102-113. Long, Robert W. 1970. Additions and nomenclatural changes in the flora of southern Florida. I. Rhodora 72: 17-46. and Olga Lakela. 1971. Flora of Tropical Florida. University of Miami Press. Coral Gables, Fla. 962 pp . Miller, Norton G. 1971. The Polygalaceae in the southeastern United States. J. Arnold Arbor. 52: 267-284. Saulmon, James Garland. 1971. A revision of the Polygalaceae of the southeastern United States. Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation. Dept, of Biology, University of West Virginia, Morgantown. 186 pp . University Microfilms No. 71-26, 647. Wheelock, William E. 1891. The genus PoZygaZa in North America. Mem. Torrey Bot. Club 2(4): 109-152. NOMENCLATURAL NOTES ON HIERACIUM (COMPOSITAE) IN GUATEMALA John H. Beaman Michigan State University, East Lansing 48824 For several years I have had in progress a revision of the Mexican and Central American species of Hieracium . Although the study is nearly ready for publication, it appears that the Ccm- positae for the Flora of Guatemala will be published before my revision. Dr. Louis Williams and Ms. Dorothy Nash have therefore requested that the nomenclatural changes in Hieraaium which will affect the Flora be made in advance of its publication. These changes are: HIERACIUM FENDLERI Sch. Bip. subsp. OSTREOPHYLLUM (Standi. & Steyerm.) Beaman, comb, et stat. nov. H. ostreophyllum Standi. & Steyerm., Field Mus. Bof. Ser. 23: 104. 1944. Two subspecies are recognized, which may be distinguished as follows: Involucres sparsely to densely long-hirsute H. fendleri. subsp. fendleri. Involucres moderately to densely pubescent with gland-tipped hairs H, fendleri subsp. ostreophyllum Hieraaium fendleri subsp. fendleri occurs from the Black Hills of South Dakota southward into Mexico, reaching its southern limit in Michoacan; E, fendleri subsp. ostreophyllum is found in Jalisco, Mexico, and Huehuetenango and San Marcos, Guatemala. Hieraaium guatemalense Standi. & Steyerm. Field Mus. Bot. Ser. 23: 101. 1944, and H. aulmenicola Standi. & Steyerm., ibid. 100. 1944, I consider to be a single species. My revision will recognize the name H. guatemalense. Hieraaium stuposum Fries, Vet.-Akad. Forh. 146. 1856 (non H. stupposum Reichb. 1831), is apparently the earliest name for the species described as H, pringlei A. Gray, Proc. Amer. Acad. 19: 69. 1883, and H. jalisaense Robins. & Greenm., Proc. Amer. Acad. 40: 23. 1904, including also several infraspecific names under the latter which will be considered synonyms. NOTES ON HEN AND MDTEiraRTHy PLANTS. LXmi Harold N. Uoldenke CLERODENDRDU INESOIE f • PARVIFOLIDH Moldenke, f. oov. Haec forma a forma typlca speclel lamlnia follorua scnq;>er parvioribua plenmqua 2~>U om. longia 1—? cm. latia recedit. This fom differs from the typical form of the species in hav- ing its leaf-blades on the flowering and/or fruiting branches or branchlets uniformly smaller, usually only 2 — k cm. long and 1 — 2 cm. iride. The type of the form mas collected by N. Ylrosan (no. 683) in a rocky area near the Smithsonian CaBqp, Patanagala, Ruhuna Natio- nal Park, Eambantota District, Sri Laiika, on October 26, 1966, and is deposited in the Britton Herbarium at the New Toxic Botimical Garden. CLISODENDRUU LANKAVIEN5E var. ANDiAllANENSE Uoldehke, var. nov* Haec varietas a fozma typioa specie! laminis follorua perfecte elliptic is 6 — 25 cm. longls 2—10 cm. latis ad apicem basimque acutis vel ad apicem paxiUo subacvmlnatis et ndnutissime apict^* latis et oalicibus extus glandulis peltatis omatis recedit. This variety differs from the typical foxm of the species in having its leaf -blades perfectly elliptic, 6—2^ cm. long, 2 — 10 cm. vide, acute at both ends or slightly subacuminate and very minutely apiculate at the apex and the calyx in anthesis conspic- uously maiiced with crateidform glands on the outside surface. The type of this variety mas collected by Sulpiz Kux^ at North Cozbyna Cove, South Andaman Island, Andaman Islands, and is depos- ited in the herbarium of the Botanlsche Staatssammlung in Munich. CLERODENDRUM TERNATDM f . GLABRICALTX Moldenke, f . nov. Haec forma a foima typlca specie! caliclbus seiiper glabezvdmis recedit. This fom differs from the typical fom of the species in hav- ing its calyx, both in flamer and in fruit, completely glabrous. The type of the form mas collected by H. MersmtHler (no. $02) on northerly exposed slopes, along a stream, at Olifantsrivier, Kruger National Park, Transvaal, South Africa, on December 2, 1951. and is deposited in the herbarium of the Botanlsche Staats- sammlung at Munich. CLERODENDRUM TRIPHTLLUM f. ANGUSTISSIMUM Moldenke, f. nov. Haec forma a foxma typioa speclel foliis regulaxd.ter angust- issimls numerosis anguste oblongo-elllptlcls 3 — $ cm. longis 2 — It mm. latis ad apicem ai*gute acutis plerumque calloso-mucronulatis recedit. This fom differs from the typical fom of the species in hav- ing its very nunerous leaves regularly much naxromer and quite U6 1975 Moldenke, New & noteworthy plants li7 unifomi, narrowly oblong-olHptlc, 3 — 5 cb, long, 2 — U mn. wlda, regularly tapering to the very sharply acute and mostly callosa- iDUcroimlate apex. The type of the form was collected by T. J. Jenkins In the Boekenhouts Talley, probably in Pretoria district, Transvaal, South Ifrlca, on December 13, 1910, axxl Is deposited In my per- sonal herbarium at Plainfield, New Jez^ey. QMELINA ASIATICA f . LOBATA Moldenke, f. nov. Haec foma a forma typlca speclel Ismlnls foUona plusmin- usve trllobatls recedlt. This form differs from the typical form of the species in having Its leaf -blades more or less 3-lobed. The type of the fox* was collected by N. Wlrawan, R, G. Coo- ray, and N. Balakrlshnan (no. 899) at the Sad.thsonian Ca^p, Maral Vlllu, Wllpattu National Park, Sri Lanka, on June 30, 1969, and Is deposited in the Britton Herbazi.uD at the New York Botanical Garden. LEIOTHRII UIBRATILIS var. BREVIPES Moldenke, var. nor, Haec varletas a foma typlca species pedunculls ad anthesin 5 — 12 cm, longis recedlt. This variety differs frcn the typical form of the species In having its peduncles during anthesis and fruit only 5~12 cm. long. The type of the variety was collected by Bogner (no. 1017) on the cumbre of Auyan-tepul, at 2U00 meters altitude, Bolivar, Venezxjsla, on February 25, 1975, and is deposited in the herbariiim of the Botanlsche Staatssammlung at Munich. PAEPALANTHUS KAESTENII var. SUBSESSILIS (Moldenke) Moldenke, stat. nov. Paepalanthus subsessllle Moldenke, Phytologia 2: 232—233* 19U7. PAEPAIAKTHUS LODICULOIDES var. FLOCCOSUS Moldenke, var. nov, Haec varletas a forma typlca specie! pills floccosls perden- slssimls alb Is folios plemnque sub anthesin aequantlbus vel superantlbus recedlt. This variety differs frcm the typlcsd form of the species In having the tuft of white hairs at the apex of the stems extreme- ly dense, cottony, glistening white, and consplciious and usually equaling or surpassing the terminal leaves. The type of the variety was collected by Antoine M. Cleef, Jos4 Cuatrecasas, and Roberto JaramlUa Mejia (no. 9211i) on the PAramo de la Sama, between Sogamoso and Vado Hondo, ^ km. north- east of Laguna de Tota, BoyacA, Colcmbla, at 3500 meters altitude, on March 30, 1973, and is deposited in the herbarivm of the In- stitute de Ciencias Naturales of the Unlversidad Nacional de Col- ombia, BogotA, Colombia. The collectors describe the type local- ity as "Vertiente seco poco htJmido, con Oreobolus obtosangulus. U8 PHITOLOGIA Vol. 32, no. 1 Rhynchospora paramorgg, Espeletla congeatlflora y lyrls acutl- folia. Stiolo arenoso. Elerba azrosetada.” ADDinOJlAL NOTES ON THE GENUS CITHAREmOM. IX Harold N. Moldenke CITHAREXILUU B. Juss. Additional bibliograj^: Spaoh, Hiat. Nat, Veg. Phan. 9i 227. 18U0; Janssoniiia, Ittkrogr, Holz. Jav. 7^1*. 1926| Rohweder, Farin- 08. Veg. SalT. U [thesis]. 195U| Robweder, Abhandl. Geb. Ansi. UniT, Hanb. 61 [C Natnnriss. 13j: U. 19^6; Gibbs, Chenotax. Flow, PI. 3: 17^2—1755. 197Ui Moldenke, Phytologia 31: 1*1*8— U62. 1975j Molina R., Ceiba 19: 95. 1975. Gibbs (197U) reports saponins and tannins absent fron this genus or, in the former chemical, "probably absent". CITHAEEmUM BERUNDIERI B. L. Robinson Additional bibliography: Gibbs, Chemotax. Flow. PI. 3: 1753 & 175U. 197U; Moldenke, Phytologia 31: 339— 3la, 39U, & 1*58. 1975. Gibbs (1971*) reports cyanogenesis absent froa the leaves of this species, syrlngin doubtfully absent from its stems, and the HCl/methanol test giving negative results. Herbarium material has been misidentlfied and distributed in some herbaria as C_. caudatm L. Additional citations: MEXICO: Tamaulipas : Taylor L Taylor 7250 (N). CITHAREXILUM BRACHZANTHUM (A. Gray) A. Gray Additional bibliography: Moldenke, Phytologia 31: 3l*l— 3l*2, 393, & 391*. 1975. The Smith, Peterson, & Tejeda 1*121, distributed as £. brachy^ anthom, is actually C. racemosum Sessd & Moc. CITHAREIYLDM CADDATUM L. Additional & emended bibliography: Little, Woodbury, & Wads- worth, U. S, Dept, Agr. Agric. Handb. 1*1*9 [Trees P. R, & Virg, Isis. 2]: 851*, 858, 990, & 1000. 197l*S Moldenke, Phytologia 31: 31*3—31*7, 351, 352, 359 , 393, 39l*, & U59. 1975j Molina R., Ceiba 19: 95. 1975. Little describes the bark of this species as gray and slightly fissured and reports the vemacxilar name, "p6ndula de sierra", from Puerto Rico, The Taylor & Taylor 72$0, distributed as C_. caudatum, is actu- ally C, berlandieri B, L, Robinson, Additional citations: PUERTO RICO: E. L. Little 16315 (W— 2750089) . 1975 Moldenke, Notes on Clthare^yliaa h9 CITHiREXILDlf ELUFTICmf Sessi & Moc. Additional bibliography: Qlbba, Chenotax. Flow. FI. 3: 1752 — 1755. 197l»J Moldenke, Phytologla 31: 353 4 U51:. 1975. Glbba (1971:) rapoirta cTanogeneals and lefncoanthocjanln absent frta the leaves of this species, tannin probably absent, and syrlngin absent frcai the steals, while the Ehrlich test gives iMga- tlve resnlts In the leaves and the Jnglone test negative results (but bine fluorescence) In the bax^. CITUiEEXILnif FRmCOSlK L. Additional & emended bibliography: Little, Woodbury, & Wads- worth, U. S. Dept. Agr. Agrlo. Handb. l4li9 [Trees P. R. & Vlrg. Isis. 2): 851:, 990, & 1000. 197Uj Moldenke, Phytologla 31: 1:53, 1:57, & 1:59. 1975. Little and his associates (1971:) consider C. pentandrua Vent, as a synonTB of £• frutlcosua. but, having examined the type col- lection of Ventenat's plant, I cannot agree to this; at least, not to the typical fom of £• fmtlcosml The Correll 1:3327, distributed as £• fmtlcosua. Is actually better placed as var, subvlllosfi Moldenke. CITHAEmLDM FRUTICOSIX var. SUBVILLOSUM Moldenke Additional bibliography: Moldenke, Phytologla 31: 1:51 — 1:52. 1975. Correll describes this plant as a large shrub, 2.5 a. tall, and found it growing in coppices, flowering in August. Correll 1:3327 Is said to have had white corollas. ^Hditional citations: TURKS AND CAICOS ISLANDS: North Caicos: CorreU U3327 (N). CrrHAREHLUM FRDTICOSUM var. VULOSUM (Jacq.) 0. E. Schuli Additional bibliography: Janssonlus, Mll^ogr. Hols. Jav. 751:. 1926; Moldenke, Phytologla 31: i:52— U53, U59, & 1:62. 1975. CITHAREIILUM HEXANCULARE Oreeixn. Additional bibliography: Moldenke, Phytologla 31: 1:51:. 1975; Molina R., Ceiba 19: 95. 1975. CITHAREIILDM EIRTELLUM Standi. Additional blbllogra|dy’: Moldenke, Phytologla 31> 1:55 — 1:56. 1975; Molina R., Ceiba 19: 95. 1975. Molina R. (1975) records this species frcn Honduras, but probably the plant to irtilch he is referring will prove to be C. cooper! Standi. CKHAREXZLUM KUNTHUNUM Moldenke Additional bibliography: Moldenke, Phytologla 31: U61—U62, 1975. The Delgado 201, previously cited by me as C^ kunthlantai, ap- pears, Instead, to be C. subflavesceiM Blake. Vol. 32, no. 1 50 PHTTOLOGIA CITHAREmrai UETUk Hieron. Additional bibliograph7: Uoldenke, Phytologi* 31» U62. 1975. It should be noted here that the second Angeiy reference in the bibliography of this species (1971) ia dated "1970* on its title- page, but was not actually published until 1971. CITHAREXYLUM UNKESTERI Moldenke Additional bibliography: Moldenke, Phytologia 13: 295* 1966: Moldenke, R^sun^ Suppl. 17: 8. 1968; yoldenke. Fifth Sunn. 1: oU, 87, 90, & U33 (1971) and 2: 859. 1971; Ifoldenke in •Voodson, Schery, & Ann. Uo. Bot. Card. 60: 93, 101, & 11*5. 1973; Mol- denke, Phytologia 31: 3U5. 1975. Recent collectors describe this plant as a small tree, 7.5 — 15 m. tall, the trunk 10 — 26.5 cm. in diameter at breast height, the flower racemes [or "spikes"] pendent, and the fruit abundant, green, then turning bright-yellow and finally red when mature, subglobose, fleshy or succulent, slightly flattened laterally, the frulti^-calyz persisting on the old fruit-axie or rachis. Madrlz says that the fruit is borne "en racimos coilgantes". The species has been found growing in open meadows with relics of montane forest and in the cloudforest region on mountains, at altitudes of 2000—2800 meters, flower ijag in March and October and fruiting f^xm January to March and in June. Fosberg describes it as "common in forest filling deep ravine in pasture", while Stem &. Chambers tell us that it is "of fairly cam]iK>n occurrence" in Chirlqui, Panama. The vernacular name, "dama", is reported for it. The corollas were "white" on F. ^ Fosberg U3269 . Gib- son (1970) reduces the species to the synonymy of C. mocinni D. Don. Material has been mlsidentified and distributed in some her- baria as C. mocinni D. Don. On the other hand, the Hatheway & Schnell l^fo, distributed as £. lankesteri. is mocinni. Additional citations: HONDURAS: Moraz^: Williams & Molina R. 13703 (Ba). EL SALVADOR: Chalatenango : Tucker loU^ (la) . TiisTI RICA: Heredia: Lems s.n. [Jan. 29, 1961i] (N). San Jos6: F. R. Fosberg li3269 (W— 2680^2); Madrlz V, hO (N). PANAMA: Chiriqul: Stem & Chambers 98 [Tale wood no. 5l603] (E— 1739983) . CITHAEEmUM UDRIFOLIUM Hayek Additional &. emended bibliography: Praln, Ind* Kew. Suppl. li, imp. 1, U9 (1913) and I4, Jjnp, 2, U9. 1958; R. C. Foster, Con- trib. Gray Herb. 181:: 169. 1958; F. J. Macbr., Field Mus. Publ, Bot. 13 (5): 669, 670, 676—677, «c 680. I960; Moldenke, Phytolo- gia 13: 295. 1966; Moldenke, Fifth Summ. 1: IhO, I8l, & h29 (1971) and 2: 859. 1971. Macbrlde (I960) notes "Corollas lacking in type which resem- bles C. caudatum L. but leaves not revolute, rachis exceptionally thick and calyx 2-lobed ; it may be conapecific with C. re- ticula turn HBK to which in manuscript I had referred it; it 1975 Holdenko, Motes on Cltharexylua 51 may, however, as so often with northern species, be a southern developDent. Type [is] a shrub about 1 m, tall, the flowers greenish." He cites only Weberbauer 873 from Puno, Peru, CITHARSmUM LEMSII Moldanke, Phytologia 13; 209—210. 1969. Bibliography: Moldenke, Biol. Ibstr. $0: 7999* 1969; Uoldenke, Phytologia 13; 209 — 210. 1969* Hocking, Excerpt, Bot. A, 16; UUi. 1971} Moldenke, Fifth Sunm. 1; 87 (1971) and 2; 859» 1971i Heslop- Harrison, Ind, Kew, Suppl, 15* 33* 197U# Citations; COSTA RICA: Quanacasto* Laas 6U090302a (N — type), XCITHAREHLUM LEONIS Moldenke, Phytologia 31; 25—26. 1975. Synonymy: CithareTylum caudatum L . x £. tristachyum Turcz , ex Moldenke, Phytologia 31* 39U, in syn. 1975. Citharexylum tri- stachyum Turcz. x C. caudatum L, ex Moldenke, Phytologia 31* 39U— 395, in syn. 1975. Bibliography: Moldenke, Phytologia 31* 25 — 26, 3^*6, 380, Sc 39U. 1975. The specimen cited below was originally distributed by the collector as C, caudatum L., later re-identified and cited by me as C. tristachyum Turcz, It seems to me now most probable that it represents a natural hybrid between the two species. Citations: CUBA; Las Villas: Le6n & Clfaent 6683 (Ha — Isotype, N — tjpe), ” CITHAREXrLUM LIGUSTRINUM Van Houtte Additional synonyny: Baillonia spicata Bn, ex G. Klein, Handb, Pflanzenanal , 3 (2): 122li, 1932, Lippia llngustrinifolla El- Gazzar & Wats., New Phytol, 69* U83. 1970. Lippia ligus trinif olia Thiiret ex El-Gazzar 5c Wats., New Phytol. 69* U35. 1970. Citharexylum prlnglei Van Houtte, in herb. Additional 5c emended bibliography: Jacks, in Hook, f . 5c Jacks., Ind. Kew., imp. 1, 2: 80, 81, 5c 95. l89Ui Durand 5c Jacks., Ind. Kew, Suppl. 1, imp. 1, 50. 1901: Hfirissey, Compt, Rend. Acad. Sci. Paris 179* 11*19 — 11*20, 192**} Hfirissey, Bull. Soc, Chia. Biol. 7* 195 — 201, 1925; Hfirissey, Cham, Abstr, 19 * 81*3. 1925; HArissey, Joum, Pharm. 5c Chim., ser. 8, 1* 208—215. 1925; Wangerin in Just, Bot, Jahresber. 53 (2)i 61*5. 1925; Fedde 5c Schiist, in Juat, Bot. Jahresber. 53 (1): 1071 [1053]. 1932; G. Klein, Handb. Pflanzenanal. 3 (2): 1221*. 1932; Durand 5c Jacks., Ind. Kew. Suppl. 1, imp. 2, 50. 191*1; Jacks, in Hook. f. 5c Jacks., Ind. Kew., imp. 2, 2* 80, 81* 5c 95. 19l*6; Anon., U. S. Dept. Agr. Bot. Subj. In- dex 15* 11*354 & 11*355. 1958; Durand 5c Jacks., Ind, Kew. Suppl. 1, i®P. 3, 50, 1959; Bullock, Taxon 9* 99. i960; Jacks, in Hook, f, 5c Jacks., Ind, Kew., imp. 3, 2; 80, 81, 5c 95. i960; Moldenke, Phy- tologia 13* 295 — 296, 1966; Farnsworth, Blomster, Qulmby, 5c Scher- merh., Lynn Index 6* 263. 1969; El-Gazzar 5c Wats., Now Phytol. 69* 1*83 5c 1*85. 1970; Moldenke, Fifth Sumn. 1* 68 , 357 , 395, 1*29—1*31, 5c 1*31*— 1*36 (1971) and 2: 5U8 , 557, 558 , 859 , 5c 971. 1971; Fletch- er in Hillier, Man, Trees 5c Shrubs, ed. 2, 76 (1972) and imp. ed.. 52 PHYTOLOGIA Vol. 32, no, 1 76. 1972} Rouleau, Taxon Index Vol. 1 — 20, part 1; 88. 1972} Heg- nauer, Chemotax. Pfl, [Cham, Reihe 21]: 661. 1973} Moldenke, Phytologia 27: 363 & 361i (1973) and 30: 181, 1975. Fletcher (1972) describes a Citharexylum "splcatum Rtisby (bes- sonlanum)" as "Evergreen shrub with leathery, lanceolate leaves. The fragrant, white. Verbena-like flowers are produced in droop- ing spikes. Only suitable for the mildest gardens, Bolivia," His description applies to C_. ligustrinum, of which C_. bessonla- num Tod. is a synonym, of Mexico, but ^ splcatian Rusby, of Bo- livia, is a synonym of Aegiphila spioata (Rusby) Moldenke, not known from cultivation, not agreeing with his description, and with nothing at ail to do with Citharexylvia ligustrinum. Recent collectors describe ligustrinxm as a shrub or tree, 0.5 — 5 a. tall, mostly small, upright-branching, and evergreen, the leaves lustrous, the flowers with an agreeable odor, and the fruit abundant, orange-green to red, dark-red, or finally black- ish, They have found it growing in mesophytic pine and oak woods, in low evergreen forests of primaiy vegetation, in moist woods, on slopes, in ravines, on obsidian in Pinus pa tula woods, and a- long roadsides and trailsides, at altitudes of 1120—211:0 meters, flowering in March, July, and August, and fruiting in August, September, and November, Ventura A. refers to it as scarce or even rare in Veracruz, Mexico, Rzedowski says "f lores de color rijizo oscuro", but the specimens comprising this collection seen by me are only in fruit, so it seems obvious that he intended to say "frutos" instead of "flores". The corollas are said to have bean "white" on Ventura A. Il8l, "moradas" on Ventura A, 2035. and "lavender" on F\ Meyer 1:976 Hi JEi Moore Jr. 3251. while Peele refers to them as having the "corolla-lobes white suffused and fringed with violet". Meyers claims that the species is a "Native of Brazil", but this is en- tirely Incorrect: it is endemic to Mexico. HSrissey (1921:, 1925) reports finding baiUonioside and baillonigenol in the vegetative parts of this plant. Material has bean misidentified and distributed in some her- baria as £. poeppigii Walp. Additional citations: MEXICO: Hidalgo: ^ Moore Jr. 3251 (Ba)} Pringle 15608 (Bl— 11:9606, Tu— 98519, Tu— 13l:67lTr J. Rzo- dowskl 231:1:2 (Z), 28651 (Ml)} Vela G. 907 (Ip, Up) . Puebla: 7. ^ Rudd 2018 (Mi, W— 257l:7l6A) ; Vela G. 1086 (Ip) . Veracruz: Beaman & Alvarez del Castillo 56^3 (LdT; Ventura A, ll8l (Mi, Tu— 173837)7 2033 (Au— 291:786, Mi, N). CULTIVATED: France: F. G> Meyer 1:976 [U. S. Dept. Agr. PI. Introd, 21:1352] (Ba). Pennsyl- vania: Peele 621 [Longwood Gard, acc, 581:21] (Ba) , CITHAREXYLUM LUCIDUM Schlecht. & Cham. Additional & emended bibliography: Jacks, in Hook. f. & Jacks., Ind. Kew., Imp. 1, 1: 51i9 & 550. 1393} A. R. Northrop in J. I. Northrop, Naturalist in Bahamas 180 & 20l:. 1910} Jacks, in Hook, 1975 Moldenke, Notes on Clthaj^exylum 53 f. & Jacks., Ind. Kefw., imp. 2, 1; 5U9 & 550 (19U6) and imp. 3, 1: 5U9 & 550. 19^ j Moldenke, Phytologia lU: 507. 1967; Uoldenke, RAsumi Snppl. 16: 2. I960; Moldenke. Fifth Sunm. 1: 68, li27, U29, U32, U3li, U35, & U7U (1971) and 2: §59. 1971; Moldenke, Phytolo- gia 31: 359. 1975. The C. lucldum described by Northrop (1910) is certainly not the present species going under that name. Most probably it is the C. lucidum of Grisebach to which she is here referring, in part, at least, and this is now regazxied as a synonym of £. spin- osum L. The geographic distribution which she cites, however, is probably a combination of the ranges of the true lucldum Schlocht. St Cham, and of C_, caudatum L., fruticosum L., and C. spinosm L. Recent collectors describe the true £. lucldum as a shrvib or "shrubby plant", 5 a. tall, or a tree, 6 m. tall, with orange fruit and white flowers, and have encounteired it on the sides of arroyos in mixed forests and in primary vegetation in low ever- green forests, at 000 m. altitude, flowering in December and Jan- uary and fruiting in January and February. Ventura A. refers to it as "scarce". Material has been misidentifled and distributed in some her- baria as C. fruticosum L. Additional citations: MEXICO: Chiapas: F. Miranda 6318 (W— 25O8U72) . Veracruz: Beaman 5U09 (Ld); Beaman & Alvarez del Cas- tillo 5799 (Z); Ventura ^ 2957" (Au— 3039^3, Mi) . CITHAREXILUM LTCIOIDES D. Don Additional & emended bibliography: Jacks, in Hook. f. & Jacks., Ind. Kew., imp. 1, 1: 550. 1093; Prain, Ind. Kew. Suppl. U, i»p. 1, U9. 1913; Jacks, in Hook. f. & Jacks., Iixl. Kew., imp. 2, 1: 550. I9I46; Prain, Ind. Kew. Suppl. U, imp. 2, U9. 1958; Jacks, in Hook. f. St Jacks., Ind, Kew., imp. 3, Is 550. I960; Moldenke, Phytologia ll^: 507. 1967; Moldenke, Fifth Simun. 1: 68, U29, & 1:35 (1971) and 2: 859. 1971. Recent collectors describe this as a shrub, 1 — 2.5 m. tall, and have encountered it on hiUslopes, on igneous slopes with Yucca and Hyrt ill Qc actus geometrizam , in spiny matorral, and, according to Gonziiez Quintero, in "matorral crassicaule alterado" and on "ladera caliza con Tegetaci6n de Flourensia reslnosa", at alti- tudes of 1900 — 2900 meters, flowering in April, and fruiting in June, July, and September. Additional citations: MEXICO: Hidalgo: Diaz M. 3^ (Mi, N); GAiez Pompa 96I (Mi); GonzAlez Quintero 1099 (1^» 2338 (Ip), 2600 (Ip, Ml), 2725 (Mi), 3525 (Au— 256U56, Ip, Mi, ffs), s.n. [29 .IV. 1965] (Ws). CITBAHEmOM MACRADEMIIJM Greens. Additional Sc maended bibliography: Prain, Ind. Kew. Suppl. U, imp. 1, liP (1913) azKl li, imp. 2, U9. 1958; Moldenke, Phytologia PHITOLOGIA Vol, 32, no. 1 13: 296. 1966) Moldenke, R^sumfi Suppl. 16: U* 1968 j Gibson, Fieldiana Bot. 2h (9): 185. 1970j Moldenke, Fifth Sramn, 1: 87, 90, U32, ii3l4, & U7U (1971) and 2: 859. 1971} Moldenke in Woodson, Schery, it al., Ann. Mo. Bot. Gard. 6O: 93, 98, & ll*5. 1973} Mol- derike, Phytologia 31: 3kS, 3U6, 352, it 379. 1975. Recent collectors describe this species as a large tree, 6 — 20 m. tall, the trunk 20 cm. in diaioeter at breast height, the stems square, and the fruit pendulous, orange or bright-oraiige, "china^ white irtien nature" (according to Dwyer and his associates), at altitudes of 1000 — 2000 meters, flowering from July to September, and fruiting in March, August, and Noramber. Wilbur ic Stone re- fer to it as "occasional". The corollas are said to have been "white" on Dwyer k Htyden 7077 and A, Jla^nex 933. but on Croat & Porter 1^6^ it is merely stated that the "petals [are] white". The fruits are sometines erroneously referred to as "berries" instead of drupes. The Biu^ger 38U2 and Lent 2236, distributed as macradenium, are actually d onnell-smi thli Greem. Additional citations: COSTA RICA: Alajuela; A. Jim6nez 933 (N) . Cartage: Lems 6U09110303 [5158] (N); Wilbur k Stone IOI8I (Mi, N) . Puntarenas; Burger k Gentry 88OO (N). PAKAMA: Chiri- qu£: Croat k Porter 1563O (N); Dwyer k Hayden 7077 (Z), 7709 (Ld) . Cocii: ?J, Allen 2781: (E— 1213U99) . LOGALITT OF COLLEC- TION UNDETERMINED: Collector undetermined 9868 (N) . CITHfi-REXILUM MACROCHLAlffiS Pittier Additional bibliography: Moldenke, Phytologia 6: U60 — 1:61. 1959} Moldenke, R6siu&6 Suppl. 16: U. 1968} Moldenke, Fifth Suan. 1: 90, 115, k U3U (1971) and 2: 860. 1971} Moldenke in Woodson, Schery, & al., Ann. Mo. Bot. Gard. 60: 93 — 9li k 11:5 • 1973. Duke refers to this plant as a tree, leaning "over a rivery the trunk 10 cm. in diameter at breast height, and the branches arch- ing. The corollas are said to have been "irtiite" on Duke 13550. The Romero Castafieda TI)|T , distributed as C^ macr^VJamys , is actually £, mirifolim Moldenke . Additional citations: PANAMA: Darifin: J. A. Dtdce 13550 (Oh, W— 2629869, Z). CITHAREIILUM MACROPHYUUM Poir. Additional k emended bibliography: Jacks, in Hook. f. k Jacks., Ind. Kew., imp. 1, 1: 550 (1893), imp. 2, 1: 550 (I9U6), and Imp. 3, 1: 550. I96O} Veil! on, Revist. Forest. Venez. 5: 67. 1962} Mol- denke, Phytologia ll:: 507. 1967} Moldenke, R6sum6 Suppl. 16: 5* 1968} RoUet, Adansonia, ser. 2, 8: 5U2 k 5U9. 1968} J. A. Stey^ erm.. Act. Bot. Venez. 3 : 72 , 76, k 156. 19^} Moldenke, Fifth Summ. 1: 115, 122, 129, 131, 133, & 11:8 (1971) and 2: 860. 1971} Roth k M6rida de Bifano, Act, Biol. Venez. 7: 131. 1971} Moldenke in Woodson, Schery, k al., Ann, Mo. Bot. Gard, 6O: 9I: k 11:5. 1973} L6pez-Palacios , Revist. Fac, Farm. Univ, Los Andes 15: 17 — 1975 Uoldenke, Notes on Cltharejcylxaa 55 19. 1975. Recent collectors describe this plant as a tree, to 22 m. tall, with curved bole, slightly fluted at the base, the tnnk dlaineter 10 — 15 cm. [determined by measurement of 115 trees], the bark rather smooth, grayish-brown, very slightly fissured, the leaves thinly chajrtaceous, very si ightly scabrid, shining and medivun- green above, pale-green and dull beneath, the calyx pale-green, and the corollas [on Breteler 5039] palo-yellow. They have found it growing in primary forests, at 320 — 1200 meters altitude, flowering in March. The name, •'totumillo", is recorded for it. Wood vouchers have been taken fixm Breteler $039 [from a height of 0,3 — 1,1 m, from the base of the trunk] and from Uxur^a Fires 5181i7. L^paz-Palacios (1975) ccmments that "SeglSn registros, parece ser que el £, macrophyllnp es uno de los C_. que alcanza mayor parte, si no el mayor, en Venezuela; hasta 30 m. Ell material de herbario en flor es facilmente confundible con el poeppigii, y aun los mismos especialistas y botAnicos de nota ban caldo en esta confusi6n,,.,,Sln embargo, cuando estAn en fruto los dos taxa son inconfundibles; los fnitos maduros del £. poeplgil [sic] son rojos, muy Uamativos, vistosos y ornamentales , no llegan a 1 cm, de didmetro, son de £pice redondeado y secan en color caf4 o marrdn; los dal C_. macrophyllvm son amarillo verdosos, hasta 2 cm, de didmetro, apiculados en el &pice, y secan en negro o en castafio claro. Tales frutos son m£s ficiles de confundir con los del venezuelenae . Sin embargo, estos dos tUtimos taxa se dlferencian claramente por el indvmento del env^s de sus hojas: pubescent en el venezuelense , glabro o glabrescente en el macro- phyllm El Dr, Moldenke anota 'que las glindulas basales craterlmorfas son muy diferentes de las discoides aplanadas de otras especies del g4nero', pero esta caracterlstica no debe ser tan firme, pues, como hemos visto, las confusiones son frecuen- tes. He dejado sin considerar a Rodriguez & P4rez 26 Ui (MEIR), Rio San Pedro, 2(X) Km, al S, de Caicara. Edo. feollvar, como specimen denuo recognoscendum, por tratarse de material est^iil y muy incierto," Additional citations: VENEZUELA; Bolivar; Breteler 5039 (N — 2583U66A, W— 2583U67A) . BRAZIL: Pari; Mur(;a PireFTlSliTT^— 25I18597). Roralma; Prance, Forero, Pena, & Ramos I4.37O (Ld, N, S), CITHAREXYLUM MATLTIAE Moldenke Additional bibliography; Hocking, Excerpt. Bot, A, 7: U5U. 196Ui Moldenke, Phytologia 13: 297. 1966j G, Taylor, Ind, Kew, Suppl. Hi; 3li. I97OJ Moldenke, Fifth Sum, 1; 68 (1971) and 2; 860. 1971. CITHAREmUM MEHCANUk Moldenke Additional bibliography; Moldenke, Phytologla 6; li61i — ii65. 1959; Moldenke, Fifth Simm. 1; 68 (1971) and 2; 860. 1971. Vol. 32, no. 1 56 PHYTOLOGIA CITHAREmUM MICROPHYILUII (P. DC.) 0. E. Schnl* AddltlonELl bibliography: Jacks. In Hook. f. & Jacks., Ind. Eeir., Imp. 1, 1: 1206 (1893) wid Imp. 1, 2: 275* 189U; Durand & Jacks., Ind. Keir. Snppl. 1, Imp. 1, 116 (1901) and 1, Imp. 2, ll6. 19Uli Jacks. In Hook. f. & Jacks., Ind. Ketw., Imp. 2, 1: 1206 (I9I46) and imp. 2, 2: 275. 19li6j Durand & Jacks., Ind. Kew. Suppl. 1, Imp. 3, 116. 1959 J Moldenke, Phytologla 6: U65— U67. 1959; Jacks. In Hook. f. & Jacks., Ind, Kew., imp. 3, 1* 1206 (I960) and imp. 3, 2: 275. I960; Moldenke, Fifth Sumn. 1: 102 & U71 (1971) and 2: 531 & 860. 1971. CITHAREmUM IHRIFOLITJM Moldenke Additional bibliography: Moldenke, Phytologia 13: 297 — 298. 1966; Moldenke, R4sum4 St^pl. 16: 5* 1968; Moldenke, Fifth Suion. 1: 115 4 122 (1971) and 2: 860. 1971; Moldenke, Phytologia 28: U36 (I97I:) and 31: 382 & U57. 1975; Ldpez-Palacios, Revlst. Fac. Farm. Univ. Los Andes 15* lU 4 18~19. 1975* Recent collectors describe this plant as a shrub, 3 — U m. tall, or a tree, 12 m. tall, the bark pale-chocolate, the peti- oles salmon-color, the flowers fragrant, and the calyx green. The corollas on Romero-Castgdteda llljl are said to have been white when fresh. The species has been found growing in quebra- das, at altitudes of 600~2600 meters, flowering in July, August, and December, and fruiting in December. Ruiz-TerAn and his associates describe the species as an "ir- bol [or] arbolito inerme, perennifolio, U---8 m. Tronco irregu- larmente cillndrico, 20 — 25 cm de dlAmetro, Corteza pardo negruz- ca, fisurada. Madera fresca de color amarillo pAlido luego de e:q»slci6n al aire. Hojas verde obscuras, lucientes por la haz, mis Claras por el envAs. Corola bianco verdusula por fuera, blanca por dentro, con tomento crespo, bianco, en la garganta y 1/2 a 2/3 inferiores do los lobvilos, estos con aplce rojo vinoso en algxinas flores,” Of their no. 67UO they note ’^uestra de control, topotipo**. The vernacular name, ’’palcmero", is recor- ded. Material has been misidentified and distributed in some her- baria as C. macrochlamys Pittier. On the other hand, the Bret- eler U311:, cited below, is regarded by Ii6pez-Palacio8 as xC. hybridim Moldenke. This very careful contemporary worker as- seirts that in C. mirifolium the leaves are cos^letely glabrous beneath, while in xC. hybridum they have pubescence in the axils of the larger veins. He also asserts that £. mirifolium is an upland species, while xC, hybridum (like its supposed parents) is only found in the lowlands. Seteler describes his plant as a tree, 12 m, tall, the trunk 25 — 30 cm, in diameter at breast height, the bark fissured, the leaves papery or thin^oriaceous, smooth, glossy and medium-green above, paler and dviU beneath, the fruit subglobose-ellipsoid, laterally compressed, smooth, glossy, pale-green, brownish-tinged [probably immature] , He en- countered it at an altitude of 600 meters, fruiting in December, 1975 Uoldenke, Notes on Clthareagrlua 57 Ldpes-Palacloa annotated the United States National HerbariuM specljaen in 1972 as *Cith, aff. fruticosrm L, - probabiliter sp. nor," In his 1975 woric, under £. miij-foli\ntt, he comments that "En la descrlpcl6n qae hago para la H.ora conpleBiento la del Dr, Moldenke * • • • . .con datos nueyos, coino los de dimensions j carac- terlsticas florales, basados en observaciones pwrsonales y en ooleeclones hechas oonjantamente eon el Prof. Ruia-Terin. Q. Dr. Moldenke consideraba la especie sin glindulas, cnya presencia fue obsex’vada por nostros (Ruiz-Terdb y yo), al tieupo que observamos tambiAn la dantieulaci6n de las hojas j^ysnes," Cdaaantins -on my atata«ent that C. airlfolium is obviously closely related to £• fratlcosiai L.'Tlie says: **Yo la consider o macho afln a C_. reticulattm BBE al qua se asemeja machismo en los ojeoplares de herbario y del que apenas parece diferir en pequeflismos detallas. Bn el 7th Sumary [sic]....8e oitan cono looalidades para aste taron los Edos. Falc6n. kdrida y Trujillo. La cita de Falc6n estaba basada en Breteler U313i excluido de aqul por las razones que ya expus ieron an su debido lugar; tam- bi4n mis primeras dudas a este respecto se baseiMn en razones ecolfigicas: si el C. nirlfoliua, especie paraauna, pudiera pros- perar en las zonas bajas de Falc6n.'' The "Falc6n'‘, Venezuela, listed by me in my Fifth Sunmary (1971) for C. mirifoliua was indeed based on the above-mentioned Breteler collection and la therefore erroneous. Citharexylum rnlri- folium la not known from that state of Venezuela as of now. Additional citations: COLOUBIA: Bolivar: Rcnero CastaSeda ll)tl (W— 210U708). VENEZUBU: Mdrida: Rula-T9rln"& L^ez-PaIacios‘~5^ (N); Rulz-TerAn, Ldpez-Palacios , & Rodriguez SJkO (N). Trujillo: Aristeguieta 3690 (N); Ruiz-Tei4n & L6pez-Palacio8 7hS2 (Ld) . CITHAREirLUM MOCINNI D. Don Additional & emended synonymy: Cithare^iylam tomentostn SessS & Hoc. ex D. Don, Edirib. New Philos. Joum. il ( Jsin. — ^Mar .) : 238, in syn. 1331 [not C« tomentosua Humb. & Bonpl., 1321, nor H.bJc., 1817. nor ELotzsch & Karst., 19l*0, nor Kunth, 18U7, nor Poir., 1811 J . Citharexylum mocinnii D. Don ex Moldenke, Alph. List In- valid Names 58, in syn. 19U2j Gibson, Fieldiana Bot. 2k (9)* 181* 8l 190. 1970. Additional & emended bibliography: Jacks, in Hook. f. & Jacks., Ind. Kew., imp. 1, 1: 550 (1893), lap. 2, 1: 550 (19li6), and imp. 3, It 550. 1960j Moldenke, Phytoiogia 11* t 507—508. 1967} Molden- ke, R^simfi Suppl. 15: 3 (1968) and 16: 3. 1968} Gibson, Fieldiana Bot. 21* (9): 181* & 190. 1970} Moldenke, Fifth Summ. 1: 68, 83, 85, 87, 1*30, 1*31*, 1*36, & 1*37 (1971) and 2: 860. 1971} Farnsworth, Pharmacog. Titles 7 (10): v. 1972} Fong, TrojAnkova, TrojAnek, i Farnsworth, Lloydia 39s 11*7. 1972} Moldenke, Phytoiogia 23: 1*15 & 1*28 (1972) and 31s 1*62. 1975} Farnsworth, Pharmacog. Titles 7, Cum. Gen. Ind. [29]. 1975} Molina R., Ceiba 19: 95. 1975. It should be noted here that Gibson (1970) feels that C. Ian- 58 PHYTOLOGIA ¥ol. 32, no, 1 keaterl Uoldenke should be added to the aTnon^rmy of C_. moclnnl. Recant collectors describe C, nooinni as a slender tree, li---30 m, tall, or an eyergreen erect shrub, 2—6 m. tall, the trunk 15— 25 can. in diameter at breast height, the flowers "rerbenaceous", and the fruit "on long dangling spikes", orange or yellow-orange, black in drying. They have found it growing in pinsrwoods, oak woods, cloud-forests, and primary vegetation of deciduous woods, in forests and cutover cloud-forests, in hillside matorrel, on flat ground with pinewoods vegetation, along treils, at the foot of cascades, on hillsides with oak or with Liquidaaid)ar woods, on steep slopes with Quercus , Pirns, Liquidambar, Podooarpus , and Magnolia, or on steep heavily wooded slopes with Taxodlum, Ery- thrina. Piper, and Liquidanbar, at altitudes of 800 — 23^ meters, flowering frcm January to April and A\igust to October, and fruit- ing from January to April as well as in June and August. Hathaway & Schnell describe it as "common in open oak forests of the Lower Montane Moist Forest type", Ventura A. refers to it as "scarce", "very scarce", or "rare" in Veracruz, while Hin- ton refers to It as "rare" in M^jdoo state. The corollas are said to have been "white" on J, Rzedowskl 22113 and Ton 3555, "whitish" on Ventura A. 2729, "cream-color" on Ifeaver, Foster, &. Kennedy 1717, and "verduzca" on Ventura A, 1*820, Material has been misidentified and distributed in some her- baria as Cj. lankesteri Moldenke, but, on the other hand, the Wil- liams & Molina R, 13703, distributed as £. moclnnl, is actually C, lankesteri , Additional citations: MEXICO: Chiapas: E. W. Lathrop 6783 (Du— 586091)} Stone & Broome 2821 (Mi, M)j Ton 2^7^ (Mi)7^26 (Mi), 3555 (M17W.'~3595 (z), 3913 (Mi). Jalisco: R. MoVaugh 23221 (Ip). Mexico: Hinton 5393 (Se— 120068, Tu— II20I4I), BjUh (Se— 120067, Tu— 8U91U, Tu— 98518, Tu— 11201*0)} J. Rzedowskl 22113 (Ip, Ml, Mi). Nayarit: ^ McVaugh 12092 (^. Veracruz: Dorantes Lopez 550 (Ld)} Ventura A. 619 (Mi, Tu — 17811*8, Tu — 1801*87, Ws), 21*1*3 (N), 2729 (Au— 303171*, Mi, N), 3l4l:3 (Mi), 1*820 (Ml)} Weaver, Foster, & Kennedy 1717 (Mi). HICARAQIA: Jinotega: Molina R. 22923 7n,~ WsT, Matagalpa: Williana, Molina & 1H1- iiams 23^30 (N)} Williams, Molina R,, Williams, Qlbson, & Laskow- ski 27756 (N). COSTA RICA: Cartago: Hathaway & Schnell Il*8o (W— 25127^ CITHARSmOM MOCIMHI var, LONQIBRACTEOLATUM Moldenke Additional & emended synonymy: Clthare^^ltmi mocinnli var. longibracteatum Moldenke, Phytologia 6: 1*71, in syn, 1959} Gibson, Fieldiana Bot. 2lt (9): 181* & 190. 1970. Additional bibliography: Moldenke, Phytologia 13 : 298, 1966} Gibson, Fieldiana Bot. 25 (9): 181* & 190. 1970} Moldenke, Fifth Siam. 1: 68 , 78, 83, & l*3l* (1971) and 2: 86O. 1971} Moldenke, Phytologia 23: 1*28. 1972} Molina R., Ceiba 19: 95. 1975. 1975 Uoldenke, Notes on Cithaarejcylum 59 CITHAREXYLUy MONTANUM Moldenke Additional bibliography: Moldenke, Phytologia 11*: 508, 1967} Uoldanke, Fifth Sumin. 1: 115» 135» & 357 (1971) and 2: 860. 1971» The Barclay, Juajibioy, & Oaaa 3580, distributed as C_. aonta- nm, actually is the closely related £. subflavescena Blake. CITHAREmUM MONTANUM var. CHIMBORAZENSE Moldenke Additional bibliography: Moldenke, Phytologia 13: 298. 1966; Moldenke, Fifth Sunm. 1: 135 (1971) and 2: 860. 1971. CITHAREmUM ICNTEVIDEJeE (Spreng.) Moldenke Additional & emended synonymy: Cithareylum montevldanse Spreng. ox Tomlinson, Journ. Arnold Arb. Sk: 120. 1973* Cythai^gylon barfainerve Cham, ex Gilbert, Enum. PI. Montov. 1*5* 1873. Cythareiylon montoYidense Martlnez-Crovetto, Bonplandla 1: 196. 19o3 . Cytareiylun monte vidense (Spr.) Moldenke, Phytologia 26: 372, in syn. 1973. Additional & emended bibliogra];^i D. Hietr., Syn. PI. 1; 630. 1839; Vosquo, Ann. Sci. Nat. Paris, ser. 7, Is 336 Sc. 3hX — 3U3. 1885; Jacks, in Hook. f. & Jacks., Ind. Kow., imp. 1, It 5U9 Sc 823. 1893; Venturi & Lillo, Contrlb. Conoc. Aib. Argent. lOl*. 1910 ; Anon., Ind. Som. Ofr. Canje Jard. Bot. Monter. 3. 1935; Fodde St Schust. in Just, Bot. Jahrosber. 60 (2); 571. I9UI; San- tos Biloni, Suelo Argent. 3* 663 & 679. 19Ut; Jacks, in Hook. f. St Jacks., Ind. Kwr., imp. 2, 1: 5U9 & 823. 19U6; Cabrera, Man. Fl. Aired. Buenos Aires 390 St 391. fig. 11*5* 1953; Anon., 0. 3. Dept. Agr. Bot. SubJ. Index 15 s 11:355. 1958; Cain, Man. Veg. Anal, imp. 1, 226. 1959; Jacks, in Hook. f. Sc Jacks., Ind. Kow., lap. 3, 1: 51:9 & 823. i960; Martfnez-Crovotto, Bonplandla 1: 196. 1963; Angely, Fl. Anal. Paran., ed. 1, 578. 1965; Troncoso in Cabrera, Fl. Prov. Buenos Aires 5? 11:8 & 11:9, fig* 50. 1965; Moldenke, Phy- tologia lU: 508. 1967; Moldenke, Rfismd Suppl. 17: 9. 1968; Relt*, Sellowia 22: 31:. 1970; Angely, Fl. Anal. & Fitogeogr. S. Paulo, ed. 1, U: 830 St iv. 1971; Cain, Man. Veg. Anal., imp. 2 , 226. 1971; Moldenke, Fifth Sunm. 1: 11:8, 185, I88, 195 , 357, U26, 1:28, 1:30, 1:31, 1:31:, 1:73, Sc hlh (1971) and 2: 1:91, 617, Sc 86O. 1971; Anon., Biol. Abstr. 56 (8): B.A.S.I.C. S.53. 1973; K, E. Clauaen, Biol. Abstr. 56: 1:183. 1973; Tomlinson, Joum. Arnold Arb. 51:* 120. 1973; Farnsworth, Pharmacog. Titles 9 (3): vi. 1971:; H. 0. Gibbs, Chemotax. Flow. Pi. 1*: 1753—1755 St 2079. 1971:; Moldenke, Phytologia 28: 1J:8. 1971:: Troncoso, Darwiniana I8; 373 — 375 , 377, 378, Sc 1:08, fig. 26. 1971:; Moldenke, Phytologia 31: 1*58. 1975. Additional illustrations: Santos Biloni, Suelo Argent. 3: 663 St 679. I9IJ:; Cabrera, Man. Fl. Aired. Buenos Aires 390. fig. 11:5. 1953; Troncoso in Cabrera, Fl. Prov. Buenos Aires 5: li:9, fig. 50. 1965; Troncoso, Darwiniana 18 1 [361:], fig. 26. 1971:. Tomlinson (1973) points out that dioecism was reported for this species by ArechayaQ.eta in 1902. It has since also bean described for £. fmticosup L. Venturi & Lillo (1910) report the vernacular names, "agua^-guazd" , "tarum^ con espinas", and '’tarman espinudo” 60 PHYTOLOGIA Vol. 32, no. 1 for this species in Argentina and describe it as an "Arbol alnm- . dante no muy alto pero & veces grueso que vive en las isletas de bosques en el interior de Corrientes. La madera es blanca no nmy blanda. Es poco utllizado." The Angely (1971) reference in the bibliography of this species is sometimes cited as "1970", which is the title-page date, but the work was not actually Issued until 1971* Troncoso (196$) gives the distribution of this species as "Sur del Brasil, Paraguay, Uruguay y NE. argentino hasta las selvas en galerla del Delta y ribera platense; Isla de Martin Garcia. Gul- tivado en calles, parques y plaxas ccmo ornamental." She reports additional vernacular names for it in Argentina: "bianco grande" and "coronillo Colorado" and cites Cabrera I988 & 6359 in the San Isidro herbarium. Cain (1959) describes the species as a meso- phanerophyte mlcrophyll. Recent collectors describe the plant as a tree, 3 — U taill, with few spines and fragrant flowers, and have encountered it at the edges of woods, flowering in May and June, and fruiting in December. The corollas are described as having been "cream" colored on Chisholm s.n. and "yellow" on Clos 7357. while on Braoelln 1327 they are said to have bean "in bud 612 Carrot Red, open to flower 606/2 Chinese Yellow, RHS [Royal Horticultural Society] Colour Chart 1938—1*2". Gibbs (1971*) has found cyanogmesls, leucoanthoeyanin, and syrlngin absent from the leaves and stems of this species and re- ports the Ehrlich test, as well as the HCl/methanol test, gave negative resTilts in the leaves. Material of £. montovi dense has been mis identified and dis- tributed in some herbaria as C. spliiosum L . On the other hand, the ^ Moran 2775« distributed as £. montevidense, is actually C. lllcifolium H.B.K, Additional citations: BRAZIL: Rio Grande do Sul: Machado s.n. [Herb. Anchieta 20702] (B)} Rambo 8313 (B), 141*323 (b); Sehnem 6206 (B). URUGUAY: ^ lU Bartlett 21261* (N), 21330 (N). ARGEN- TINA: Corrientes: Krapovlckas, Crist6bal, Arbo, Marufiak, Marufiak, & Irigoyen 16851 (Ld, Ws) . CULTIVATED: Argentina: Cloa 735? [Herb, Lab. Bot. Spegaaz. 7II483] (Ba) . California: Bracelin 1327 (Ba)j Chisholm s .n, [3 June 1952] (Ba); Jerabek s.n. [Hun- tington Gardens, June 191*5] (Sd — 36517) . ^ypt: D^ s.n, [Spring 1868] (G*); Mahdl s.n, [11.5.1968] (Gz, Gz, Qz) . CITHAREIYLUM MUCRONATUM Foam, & Moldenke Additional bibliography: Moldenke. Phytologia 6: 1*80—1*81. 1959; Moldenke, Fifth Summ. 1: 85 & U30 (1971) and 2: 792 & 860. 1971 ; Moldenke, Phytologia 31: 3U6. 1975. Bunting & Licht describe this plant as a several-trunked tree, to 1* m, tall, the bark light-gray, the leaves light-green, and the corollas irtiitish. They found it in flower in April and re- port the local vernacular name, "pwmchil". They regard it as 1975 koldenke, Notes on Cltharexyltan 61 caudatom L., a spades to which it is certainly closely related and the Central Aaerioan representatiYes of which need more care- ful re-axaninatlon and comparison with typical West Indian mater- ial. It is very possible that C. fflacronattm shovild be reduced to yarletal or fora rack under G. caudatum . Additional citations i NICARAGUA: Chontales: Bunting L Licht 1120 (N, W— 251i290U). CITHAREXILUM IfZRIAirrHlW Cham. Additional synonymy: Cytareaylua aiyrianthia Cham, ex Reita, Rodriguesia 13: 271, si^al*. 1950. Cytharexylrm myrianthua Cham, ex Relta, RocLriguesia 13: 273 & 285, sphalm. 1950. Cytarexjltm mirlanthuD Cham* ex Souza Sobrlnho, Insula 6: 7, sphalm. 1972. Cythare:^um B^yrianthga Cham, ox Souza Sobidcho, Insula 6: 7, sphalm. 1972. Additional & emended bibliography: Jacks, in Hook. f. & Jacks., Ind. Kew., Imp. 1, 1: 51i9. 1893; Bi*iq. in Chod, 4 Hassl., Bull. Herb. Boiss., ser. 2. U: 1166. 190U; Briq. in Chod. & Hassl., PI. Hassler. 2: 502. 190Uj T. Peckolt, Bericht. Deutsch. Pharm. Gesel. lli: U75« I90U; Fedde 4 Schnst. in Just, Bot. Jahresber. 60 (2): 571. i9iil; Augusto, FI. Rio Grande do Sul 229 4 236. 19U6; Jacks, in Ho&• de dl4metro. Hojas 3~vez*tlcllada8 . Pedtinculos 3 — 5 cm., las zuioltas caedlzas y rojo amarlUentas; raclmos arqueadosj floras llgeramente pedlceladasj ramas color castafio. Corola blanca o blanca crea6sula. Drupaa Inmaturas rojo pdUdas. Planta muy ornamental durante la fructlf leaden" . In a letter to me, dated July 2, 1973, Ldpez-Palaclos says: •TJel material que le envlo hoy 3l5o correspoiKie exactamente a 2928 y 31^7 corresponde exactamente a 292U. Pero slnceramente no creo que estas plantas sean la una varledad de la otra. To las consldero especles dlferentes por las slguientes razones: 3156 (C . poeppigll Tfalp.) - Iibol medlano, 6—10 m.; Tall os j6- vsnes castaflos; Hojas caduoas, las adultas amarlllo rojlzas; In- florescenclas multifloras; Flores pedunculadas ; Corola de tubo largo y estrecho; Fruto maduro rojo, Aplce obtuso. 3157 (Clthar- exylum sp.) - ixbol mds alto, 12 — 15 m.j Tallos jdvenes verde os- curo; Hojas siempre verdes (perennes?); Inflorescenclas pauclflo- ras; Flores sSslles; Corola de tubo corto y ancho; Fruto maduro verde amarillente , dplce aplculado. Ignore si 3157 pueda ser nuevo o peirtenecer a ^ venezuelense Uoldenke, porque no conozco material tlplco de esta dltlmo taxon; pero si 3056 es C. poeppigll, con absolute seguirldad no se trata de una varledad slno de dos especles dlferentes ." I am regarding 3157 as C^ poeppigll and 2928 & 3156 as £, venezuelense . Dwyer (1971) cites Woytkovrakl 7116 from San Martin, Peru, while Macbrlde (i960) cites KLug 39 U3, Poepplg 2219, Schunke 365, Tess- mann 3U91, and Williams 261, Ul3, 7183, & 8030 from Loreto, Peru. Material Of typical £• poeppigll has been mlsldentlfled and distributed In some herbaria as £• poeppigll f . ancmalna Moldenke. On the other hand, the Murqa Plres 518U7 , dls tributed as C^ poep- pigll, Is actually £, macrophyllm Polr. Additional citations: COLOMBIA: Boyacd: Uribe Uribe U0U9 (N). Mdta: Barclay, Juajibloy, & Oama 3626 (W — 2702]^9), 3637 (W — 27021:27); Gar c la-Barrlga , Hashlmoto, & Ishikawa 18505 (N); Phll- Ipson, Idrobo, & Femdndez I38O (nJ; PlowiBan, Davis, & Jacobs 1:278 (Ld) . Putumayo: Soejarto. Vogelmann, Olday, & Hemdivlsz 12?^ (Oa) . VENEZUEU: Barlnas: Yemon 78 (W— 265)1208) . Bolivar: Rulz-Terdn k Ldpez-Palacios 11155 (Ld) . Mdrlda: L6pez-Palaclos & Bautista 3180 (I/i) . Tdchlra: L^pez-Palaclos 3157 (Ld); Steyer^ mark & Rifce~g6629 (N) . CITHAREXYLUM POEPPIGII f . ANOMALUM Moldenke This taxon is now regarded as synonymous with C^. venezuelense Moldenke, which see. 1975 Moldenke, Notes on Citharoxylvm 67 CITMREITLUM POEPPIQII var. C1LVESCEM5 Moldenk* Additional bibliography; Moldenke, Phytologia 13: 302. 1966| Uoidenke, Fifth Sumn, 1; Il5 (1971) and 2: 860, 1971# Moldenke, Phytologia 25: 228. 1973. Ldpez-Palacios describee this plant (on the basis of his no. 292li) as an "Xrbol de imos 12 m., con ramaificacidn a partir de los 3 n. Hojas opuestas con 2 o mAs glAndvilas en la base del Um- bo, cartAceas en los brotos jdvenes y con peclolo hasta 15 mm., limbos hasta do 27 x 13 cm. en la parte mAs ancha: en las ramas adnltas son coriAceas y mucho menores (16 x 7 cm.;, glabrae por la haz (a excepci6n de la nervadura) , piloso-velutinoaas por el envAs . Firutos sAsilea, obovoides ca, de 1.5 cm. de diAmetro, de color verde cuando jAvenes, amarillo verduzco cuando maduros y marr6n c\xando secos, nunca rojos". He found it growing at 180 m, altitude, in fruit in October. The very large fruit may possibly indicate a new variety for this plant, especially since the col- lector asserts that the mature leaves are like those of typical C. poeppigli , In fact he says that the plant represented by this number ( ^9^) is identical in all respects to his no. 3157 which I have deteniiined. as typical £. poeppigii . Additional citations: VENEZUELA: Barinas: L6pez-Palacios 292h (Z). CITHAREHLUM POEPPIGII var. MARGARITACEUK Poepp. & Moldenke Additional synonymy; Citharexylum poeppigii var. margaritacem "Poepp. ex Moldenke" apud J, F. Macbride, Field lius. Publ. Bot. 13 (5): 678. I960. Additional bibliography; R, C. Foster, Contrib, Gray Herb, 181:: 169. 1958; J. F. Macbr., Field Mus. Publ. Bot. 13 (5): 668, 670, & 678—679. I960; Moldenke, Phytologia li;; 509. 1967; Moldenke, Fifth Summ. 1; 115, 135, HiO, 11:8, 181, 1:31:, & 1:35 (1971) and 2; 860. 1971. Recent collectors have encountered this plant at 590 m. alti- tude, in fruit in September. Macbride (i960) asserts that the "authority of [the] variety [was] published incorrectly, as Poeppig and Moldenke". However, the taxon was first recognized as distinct by Poeppig and he pro- posed the epithet "margar Itac eum" for it on herbarium specimen labels, but then died before he had formally validated the name by formal publication. I later validated it by publication and by supplying a description in Latin as was required by the Internat- ional Botanical Code at that time . According to the very much respected taxoncmic botanist, H, A, Gleason, at that time Head Curator of the New York Botanical Garden and my superior and mentor, this situation Justifies the lixdcage of the surname of the original author of the epithet with the surname of the validator. This I did and this is the policy which he also consistently followed in his lifetime of publications on the Melastcmaceae and other groups of chiefly tropical South American plants . Additional citations: GQLCS£BIA: MAta: Gajxsla-Barriga, Hashlaoto. & Ishikawa 18$05 (W— 2569312A) . Vol, 32, no. 1 68 PHYTOLOGIA CITHAREXYLUM PTEROCUDUM Bonn. 3m. Additional bibliography: Moldenke, Phytologia 13: 303* 1966; Gibson, Fieidiana Bot, 2li (9)! 18U & 190 — 191« 1970; Moldenke, Fifth Summ. 1: 68, 78, 81, & h3S (1971) and 2: 860. 1971; Molden- ke, Phytologia 23: hX$ (1972) and 31: 337. 1975. Recent collectors describe this species as a small tree or shrub, 7 — 17 m. tall, the trunk to 30 cm. in diameter at breast height, and the fruit red-pink or orange. They have found it growing in chaparral, acahual, high evergreen woods, and rain- forests, on hilltops, and in deep black sandy soil with primary vegetation, at 20 — 1$60 m. altitude, fruiting in Febrtiaiy, April to June, and November. Martlnez-Calderdn refers to it as "abun- dant" in Veracruz, Mexico. The corollas are said to have been "blue" on Hinton 12631 Sc. 13738. Contreras 6916 was annotated by someone, perhaps the collector, in the Austin herbaritaa as "n. sp Gibson (1970) comments that the species is "Closely related to the Mexican C. affine D. Don. Moldenke separates the two by such tenuous characters as irtiether the branches are 'always alate* or 's(m>etime3 alate' and the leaf blades ' glandulif erous at the base' or 'usually not glandvilif erous at the base' . The only constant difference is the smaller size of the flowers of £, affine, in irtiich the corolla tube is only ca. k mm. long with lobes 2—3 buh. long [in C. pterocladum the tube is 5—^ nm. long and the lobes li — 5 Dun. long] . Because they are so much alike in every other re- spect, the flowers of both were examined for heterostyly but in both the stigma at anthesls is Just a little below the anthers." Additional citations: MEXICO: Chiapas: F. Miranda 773U bis (W— 2508U20). kichoacAn: Hinton 12631 (Se— 18721^, Tu— 98^), 13738 (Se— 187218, Tu— 112056), 13739 (Se— 187239, Tu— U2055). Veracruz: Calzada 28U (Ld), 355 (FtV; Martinez-CalderAn 2202 [Rec. Inf. D00U802] (Ml, Z); Sousa 3086 (Mi). GUATQiALA: El PetAn: Contreras 6916 (Au — 278537, Ld, Ld, Ld), s .n. [May 1967] (Ld). CITHAREXILUM PUNCTATUM Oreenm. Additional bibliography: R. C. Foster, Contrib. Gray Herb, 18U: 169. 1958; J. F. Macbr., Field Mus. Publ. Bot. 13 (5): 669, 670, 678, Sc 679. I960; Moldenke, Phytologia 11;: 509. 1967; Mol- denke, Fifth Summ. 1: ll;0, 181, 382, & 105 (1971) and 2 : 860. 1971; Troncoso, Darwiniana 18: 373, 375, & kOS, 197U. Ugent encotmtered this plant on a rocky slope with Solanum brevicaule, S. capsiclbaccatvin, S. acaule, Oenothera, Lig)inua, Chenopodltn, Salvia, Oxalis, Calceolaria, and non-tuberous Sola- num spp., at 3800 m. altitude, in fruit in April. Macbride (I960) says of it: "Distributed as £. ilAclfoliun HBK.; differs in smaller entirely glabrous leaves, not spinose-dentate; the strik- ing impressed punctation is diagnostic : a gnarled shrub, to 2 meters tall, of hi^ (3,300—3,800 meters) altitude." Ho cites 1975 Moldenke, Notes on Clthareyylim 69 only Weberbaxier 935 from Puno, Peru, asserting that the species is also found in Bolivia. Additional citations: BOLIVIA: Cochabaaiba: Ugent U750 (Ws). CITHAREIILDM QUERCIPOLIIJM Hayek Additional bibliography: J. F. Uacbr., Field Mus. Publ. Bot. 13 (5): 668 , 670, & 679—680. 1960j Moldenke, Phytologia Ui: 510. 1967j Moldenke, Fifth Sobbi. 1: ILO & U30 (1971) and 2 : 769 & 860. 1971. Macbride (I960) comments: "Outstanding in the large coriaceous spii^ serrate leaves ; seams probably [to be] an extreme var- iant of £. reticulatua HBK." Ho cites only Weberbauer U2U8 from Cajanarca, Peru, CITHAHEXTLDM QUITENSE Spreng. bonded synonyny: Clthareayltm molle H.B,K., Nov, Qen, & Sp. PI., ed, folio, 2: 208 — 209. l6l7 [not C, molle Jacq., 180U. nor Sallsb., 1796], Cltharexylon qui tense Spreng, in L., Syst. Veg., ed. 16, 2: 763. I&2J: Additional St emended bibliography: H.B.K., Nov. Gen, & Sp, PI., ed. folio, 2: 208—209 (1817) and ed. quarto, 2: 257—258. I8l8j Jacks, in Hook, f. & Jacks., Ind. Kew,, imp. 1, 1: 550. 1893; Barn- hart, Bull, Torrey Bot, Club 29: 590, 1902; Jacks, in Hook, f, & Jacks., Ind. Eew., imp. 2, 1: 550. I9U6; Anon., Commomr. Mycol. Inst. Ind, Fungi Petrak Ciai. Ind, 2: 279. 1957; Jacks, in Hook, f. & Jacks., Ind. Kev., Imp. 3» 1: 550. 1960j J. F. Macbr., Field Mus. Publ. Bot. 13 (5): 673. I960; Moldenke, Phytologia 13 : 303— 30li. 1966; Moldenke, Fifth Summ. 1: 135, U30, & U3ii (1971) and 2: 860. 1971; Moldenke, Phytologia 31: 3ii7. 1975. Recent collectors describe this plant as a tall shrub, sbout 3 m. tall, the buds rather dark-yellow, the corollas yello^sh- white, and have encountered it in thickets, flowering in January and fruiting in Febiruary and March. The H.B.K. references cited in the synonymy and bibliography above were authenticated by the late Dr. J. H. Barnhart (1902), Additional citations: ECUADOR: £1 Oro: Asplxmd 15682 (N). Guay- as: Asplund 15233 (N, ¥—265214:8), 15323 (N). CITHAREHLUM RACaS^SUM SessS & Moc . Additional bibliography: Moldenke, Phytologia 13: 301:, I966; Moldenke, Fifth Simm. 1: 68 & 1:71: (1971) and 2: 86O. 1971. Ssdth and his associates refer to this plant as a shrub, 2.5 m. tall, with orange-red "berries" [actually they are drupes], and encountered it in gravelly gray or brown soil in the thom-scrub- cactus formation, at 1000 m. altitude, fruiting in July. Additional citations: MEXICO: Puebla: Smith, Peterson, & Tejeda 1021 (N). “ CITHAREXZLUM RECDRVATUM Greenn. Additional St emended bibliography: Prain, Ind. Eew. Suppl. 1:, Imp, 1, 1:9 (1913) and Imp. 2, 1:9. 1958; Moldenke, Phytologia 9: 11— 70 PHYTOLOGIA Vol, 32, no, 1 12. 1959; Moldenke, Fifth Summ. 1: 87, 90, 357, 5c U37 (1971) and 2: 860. 1971; Moldenko in Woodson, Scher/, & al., Ann. Mo, Bot. Gard. k): 93, 99, & lii5. 1973; Moldenke, Phytologia 31s 351 & 352. 1975. Recent collectors describe this species as a tree, to 50 feet tall, with shiny, orange-colored fruits in July. The ^ lU Allen U730, M, ^ Davidson 899, ^ White 21]i, and Woodson, Allen, & Seibert~^70, distributed as £, recurvatum and previously so cited by me in previous installments of this series of notes, are all actually C. donnell-smlthil Greenm., iriiiie P, White 223 is £. viride Moldenke , Additional citations: PANAMA: Chiriqul: Blum & Dwyer 2577 (E— 131:0171) . CITHAREXTLUM REITZ II Moldenke This taxon is now kncnim as Verbenoxylnm reltzii (Moldenke) Troncoso, CITHAREXYLUM RETICULATDM H.B.K., Nov. Gen. & Sp. PI., ed. folio, 2: 203, 1817 [not C, reticulatum Cham., 1909, nor Donn, Sm., 1907] . Additional & emended bibliography; H.B.K., Nov, Gen, & Sp. PI., ed. folio, 2; 208 (l8l7) and ed. quarto, 2: 257. 1818; Jacks, in Hook, f. & Jacks., Ind. Kew., imp. 1, 1; 550 & 823. 1893; Barn- hart, Bull. Torray Bot, Club 29: 590, 1902; Jacks, in Hook, f, & Jacks., Ind. Kew., imp. 2, 1: 550 Sc 823. 19U6; Douin, Ann, Univ, Lyon, ser, 3, C,8: 82. 1951:; Jacks, in Hook, f, & Jacks., Ind, Kew., imp, 3, 1: 550 & 823. I960; J. F. Macbr., Field Mus, Pubi. Not. 13 (5): 669, 670, 677, Sc 680. I960; Moldenke, Phytologia 13: 30I:, 1966; Hocking, Excerpt, Bot. A. 11: 50U. 1967; MolderJce, Bi- ol. Abstr. 1:9: Ul99. 1968; Moldenke, Fifth Summ. 1: 135, lliO, 357, 1:30, & 1:36 (1971) and 2: 1:91, 766, 768, fit 860. 1971; L6pez- Palacios, Revist. Fac, Farm. Univ, Los Andes 15: 19. 1975; Molden- ke, Phytologia 3I: 381. 1975. It should be noted here that the H»b.K. corrected dates cited above have been authenticated by Barnhart (1902). Macbride (I960) cites Weberbauer 660h from Junln and Ferreyra 101:26 from Lima, Peru. However, I regard the Weberbauer collec- tion as representing ^ lauri folium Hayek. Douin (1951:) records C . reticulatum as cultivated in France . The L6pez-Palacios collection cited below is placed here ten- tatively, It is sterile and its leaves are much larger and dif- ferently shaped than those of Ferreyra 101:26 , previously cited as representing this species . L6pez-Palacio3 describes his plant as an "arbolito baho de unos 3 n. Hojas de enrSs glabro, except© en la nervadura. Ar4olas punteadas.** The Greeiman & Greenman 5227, distributed as C_. reticxilatum, is actually Aegiphila panamensis Moldenke, Additional citations: COLOMBIA: Antioquia: L<5pez-Palacios 3588 (Z). 1975 Moldenke, Notes on Clthareaylym 71 CITHAREJOLUM RETI FORME Engolhardt Additional bibliography: Uoldenka, Phytoiogla 7: 15. 1959; Moldenke, Fifth Summ. 1: 375 & 1*30 (1971) and 2: 860. 1971. CITHAREXYLUM RIGIDUM (Briq.) Moldanke Additional it emended bibliography: Briq. in Chod. & Hassl., Bull. Herb. Boiss., ser. 2, 1*: 1166. 190l*J Briq. in Chod. & Hassl., PI. Hassler. 2: 502. 190l*j Fedde & Schust. in Just, Bot, Jahresber. 60 (2): 571. 19l*l; Moldenke, Phytologia 13j 310. 1966; Moldenke, Fifth Summ. 1: ll*8, 185, i*3l*, & U36 (1971) and 2: 860. 1971. CITHAREmUM RKBACHII Moldenke Additional bibliography: Moldenke, P^J^^ologia 7: 17-18. 1959; Moldenke, Fifth Sunsn. 1; 135 (1971) and 2: 860. 1971. CITHARSmUM ROSEI Greem. Additional bibliography: Prain, Ind. Kew, Suppl. 1*, imp. 1, 1*9 (1913) and imp. 2, 1*9. 1958; Moldenke, Phytologia 13: 310 — 311. 1966; Moldenke, Fifth Summ, 1: 68, 357, & 1*36 (1971) and 2: 617 & 860. 1971. Recent collectors describe this plant as a shrub, 2 — 2.5 m. tall, and have encountered it in “ladera riolitica con vegeta- ci6n de matorral xarfifilo”, at 1700 meters altitude, flowering in June. The corollas are said to have been •Whitish" on J. Rzedowskl 10720, a collection exhibiting remarkably narrow leaves for this taxon. The Rzedowski 21*607, distributed as C. rosei, is actually var. pilosum Moldenke. Additional citations: MEXICO: Guanajuato: H. H. Rusby 1*3 (W — 2676521). San Luis Potosf: J. Rzedowski 10720 (Ip, Mi), 1071*0 (Ip, Ml, Ws). Zacatecas: ^ McVaugh 17670 (Ip). CITHAREmUM ROSEI var. DURANGENSE Moldenke Additional bibliography: Moldenke. Phytologia 13: 311. 1966; Moldenke, Fifth Summ. 1: 68, 357, & U36 (1971) and 2: 617 & 860. 1971. CITHAREXYLUM ROSEI var. PILOSUM Moldenke Additional bibliography: Moldenke, Phytologia 13: 311 — 312. 1966; Moldenke, Fifth Summ, 1: 68 (1971) and 2: 860. 1971. Rzedowski describes this plant as a shrub, 1.5 m, tall, and found it growing on "ladera caliza” with low matorral vegetation of Karwinskia and Condalia, flowering in September. The corollas are said to have been "white" on J, Rzedowski 21*607. Additional citations: MEXICO: Jalisco: R. McVaugh 17152 (N — type) . San Luis Potosi: £, Rzedowski 21*607 (Ip, Mi) . CITHAREXYLUM ROXANAE Moldanke Additional bibliography: Moldenke, Phytologia 13: 312. I966; 72 PHYTOLOGIA Vol. 32, no, 1 G, Taylor, Ind. Kew, Suppl, Hi: 3U, 1970j Moldanke, Fifth Summ. 1: 68 (1971) and 2: 860. 1971. Collectors describe this plant and its habitat as foUoirs: (1) shrub with many slender branches fanning out from the base, about l, S — 2 m, tail and 2 m. broad, the falling leaves turning reddish, the fruits maturing through brick-red to almost black, growing with low Altemanthera, Mimosa purpurascens, Jatropha vemicosa. Euphorbia, and Aralia scopulorum on steep north-facing slope near crest of ridge, on the south side of Valle de Los Encinos (south side of Cerro Giganta) , Sierra de la Giganta, altitude about 10^0 m. , lat. ca. 2603.5' N., long. 11103li' W,; (2) vlrgately branched, striate stems up to 2 m. long, the flowers dried up, apparently did not set fruit, near spring, with scattered Ficus palmer! , Celtis reticulata, Quercus tuberculata, Erythrina flabellifonnis , Mimosa puiyur asc ens , Eursera mic rophylla , Lophocereus schottii, Lemaireoc ereus thurberi, Hyptis emoryi, and Aloys ia barbata on north-facing canyon and ridge, south side of Valle de Los Encinos (south side of Cerro Giganta), Sierra de la Giganta, alt. about 780 — 900 m.j (3) shrub 3 m. tall with many slender broom-like branches terminating main erect stems, growing with Pachycormua, Franseria arborescens, Jatropha vernicosa, ar^d Schaefferia on steep talus on north-facing slope, peak south of Portezuelo de Peloteado (southwest of Notri), Sierra de la Giganta, altitude a- bout 950—1200 m., ca. lat. 250U9' N.. long. 111023' W. — at the Portezuelo de Peloteado (or de la Victoria), altitude about 8OO m., the rugged eastern escarpment of the sierra drops abruptly to the Gulf; to the west the sierra slopes gently to the Arroyo de Santo Do^ngo drainage . The dominant vegetation of the "porte- zuelo” is low Jatropha cuneata, with scattered Lemaireocereus thurberi and Mac haeroc ereus gummosus . The peaks to the north and to the south rise to 1200 meters or more. On steep north- and northeast-facing slopes at the base of cliffs are i!imo3a purpur- ascens , Lysiloma divaricata, Amyris, Jatropha vernicosa, Bernar- dia, Pachycormus, Karwlnskia, Alvordia, Franseria arborescens, and occasional Erythea brandegeei and Quercus tuberculata; (1;) spreading broom-like shrub, about 1.5 m. tall, the branches in 3's, flowers creamy-white, salverform, pubescent within, growing in steeper slopes, only a few shrubs seen, on gentle north-facing slopes of Cerro Gabildn, south of Portezuelo de Gabildn, altitude about 870 meters. Sierra de la Giganta, ca, lat. 25°50 3A' N.- long. 111025* W.; Portezuelo de GabilAn (altitude about 720 m.; lies between Cerro Gabilfin to the south and Ceiro Teombd to the north; the ascent from the west via Arroyo de los Dolores is grad- ual. To the east there is a precipitous drop into Cafion Gabilln. The sparse vegetation cover of the Portezuelo is comprtsed of Cercidium praecox, Opuntia cholla, and Machaeroc ereus gianmosus , as well as scattered Lemaireocereus thurberi, Pachycerevts, and 3 species of Bursera; the north-facing slopes of Cerro Gabilin first ascend gradually and then are broken by vertical cliffs; on 1975 Uoldenke, Notes on Cltharexylum 73 these slopes one finds Fouquleria dlguetli, Mimosa purpurascens, Lysiloma Candida (L. dlvaricata at the higher elevations), Bxirsera, Jatropha cvineata, J. vemlcosa, Pachycormiis discolor, Cordla brevlsplcata, and Alvordia glomerata. Moran refers to this obviously very rare and local species as a shrub, m, tall, and encountered it at liiOO meters altitude. Additional citations: MEUCO: Baja California: A« Carter lil23 (Au— 271010, Mi, W— 2539U96), U385 (Ml, N), 5083 (Au— 271008, Mi, W— 2539U97); Carter t Ferris hOOO (W — 2539U9^-— isotype) } Carter & Leal U682 (N, W— 2539198, Ws)} R_. Moran 11725 (Sd— 59507). CITHAREmUM SCABRUM Sessi & Hoc. Additional bibliography: Moldenke, Phytologia 13: 312. 1966; Moldenke, Fifth Sunm. 1: 68, U29, 1430, U32, 1433, 1436, & hlh (1971) and 2: 860. 1971. CITHAREXILL'M SCHDTTII Greenn. Additional synonymy: Cltherexylvm schottli Gr^emi. apud Roys, Ethno-bot. Maya 28I4 & 319, sphalm. 1931. Additional bibliography: Prain, Ind. Kew. Suppl. U, imp. 1, li9 . 1913; Roys, Ethno-bot. Maya [Tulane Dniv. Mid. Am, Res. Ser. Publ. 2;] 2149, 2Qh, & 319. 1931; Prain, Ind. Kew. Suppl. U, imp. 2, 149. 1958; Moldenke, Phytologia I3: 312. I966; Moldenke, Fifth Sunm. 1: 68, 87, 357, I43O. 1435, & h38 (1971) and 2: 860. 1971; Anon., Biol. Abstr, 56 (2;: B. A. S. I. C. S.52. 1973; Molderto, Biol, Abstr. 56: 653. 1973; Moldenke, Phytologia 25: 368, 1973; Hocking, Excerpt. Bot. A. 23: 293. 19714. The Limdells report finding this plant growing "in a dooiyaixi',' but whether wild or cultivated is not specified. The corollas are said to have been "pale-green" on Lundell & Lundell 7878. Roys (1931) records two Mayan names for this plant ^d cT^ scribes the native uses as follows: " 'Tatak-che' ... .[literally, clinging tree or that irtiich clings to a tree] ... .This vine..., is cooling. It is the ivy of Castile which winds about a tree; it pulls down a wall and disintegrates it. The Indian women employ the word tatakche to call to their husbands not to leave them, and it is a more decent expression than another one which they are accustomed to use. With it they cure sores, even though they are chronic, and it is necessary to learn the method of treatment, because it brings forth humors." This description is difficult to reconcile with that of C_. schottii, which is said to be a shrub or tree [Standi., p. 121il] • The description quo- ted above is taken originally frcm "Yerbas y Hechicerias del YucatAn" f, 357r. For "ixLm-che" Roys (1931) says "A certain plant or shrub.... This tree, iximche, is moderately cooling. It is thus named, which means maiae-tree, because it bears a fruit like maize. With it they cure a dangerous swelling called "chacmvilahkak in this land Dr, Standley reports that the U, S, National Herbarium has two plants from British Honduras accompanied by the name. PHITOLOGIA Vol. 32, no. 1 Ih ixim-che. One is C[a3earla] nltida, and the other is Andira iner- mis, H.B.K. Neither particularly resembles maize, but the former is a shrub or small tree. The Maya texts give ic-che as a syno- nym and prescribe an infusion of the young leaves taken internal- ly, or a decoction of them as a bath to cure asthma and coughs... The crushed leaves are also taken for cramps . . . .The crushed root is applied externally for syphilitic sores , erysipelas and the dangerous swelling mentioned above .... One text refers to the red part of the plant.” Roys seems to think that Cltharexy- lum schottii is the plant referred to here, but how it bears any resonblance to maize or could be called a vine is not clear to me. Additional citations; MEXICO; Yucatin; Enriquez 711 (W — 25971*76), 737 (W— 25971*78)} Gaumer 765 (Tu— 121*702); Lundell & Lundell 787i~'(N, Ks) , CITHAREXYLUM SCHOTTII var. PUBESCENS Moldenke, Phytologia 25*. 368. 1973. Bibliography; Anon., Biol. Abstr. 56 (2); B.A.S.I.C. S.52. 1973; Moldenke, Biol. Abstr. 56; 653 • 1973; Moldenke. Phytologia 25; 368. 1973; Hocking, Excerpt, Bot. A. 23: 293. 1974. This variety differs from the typical form of the sp)ecies in having its branchlets, peduncles, pedicels, flowering calyces, petioles, and lower leaf-surfaces uniformly short-pubescent. Citations; GUATEMALA: Sacatep6quez; Webster, Adams, Miller, & Miller 11813 (Mi — type, Z — isotjrpe) . CITHAREXILDM SCHULZII Urb. & Ekm. Additional & emended bibliography: A, W. Hill, Ind. Kew. Suppl. 8: 53. 1933; Fedde & Schust. in Just, Bot, Jahresber. 57 (2); 1*01. 1938; Moldenke, Phytologia 13; 312. 1966; Moldenke, Fifth Summ. 1; 102 (1971) and 2: 860. 1971. Liogier describes this plant as a low shrub, 0,5 — 1.5 ni. tall, much branched, the branches spreading, the flowers white and frag- rant, and the fruits red or red-orange. He encountered it in pine barrens, pine forests on limestone and bauxite, and among limestone rocks at the edges of cliffs or in e^qposed positions near the rim of gorges, at altitudes of 1000 — 1300 meters, flower- ing in February, and fruiting in February and July, Liogier 11*126 is accciiiF>auiied by a color photograph in the Britton Herbarium, Additional citations; HISPANIOLA; Dcminicim Republic; A. E. Liogier 13661 (N, Z), 13799 (Ld, N), U*126 (Ac, N), 17893Tn. W— 261*9065) ; Liogier & Liogier 1961*9 (N); Marcano s.n. [Herb. Jlm6nez 5267] (Ac, N, W). CITHAREXYLUK SESSAEI D. Don Additional & emended bibliography: Jacks, in Hook. f. & Jacks., Ind. Kerw., imp. 1, 1; 550 (1893) and Imp. 2, 1; 550. 191*6; Met- calfe & Chalk, Anat. Dicot. 1032. 1950; Jacks, in Hook, f, & Jacks., Ind, Kew., imp. 3, 1: 550. i960; Moldenke, Phytologia ll*: 510. 1967; El-Gazzar & Wats., New Phytol. 69: 1*83 & 1*85. 1970. [to be continued] BOOK REVIEIS Alma L. Ifoldenke "FERNS OF THE VICINITY OF NE^F YORK: Being Deecriptions of the Fern-plants Growing Naturally within a Hundred Hiles of Manhattan Island" by John Kunkel Small, 285 PP*, ill us.. Facsimile Edition for Dover Publications, Inc., New York, N. Y. lOOlIi. 1975- C3.50 paperbound. The original of this unabridged replication was published UO years ago. The author, then on the staff of the Hew York Botan- ical Garden, prepared this study for the grateful amateurs and pjrofessionals among the Torrey Botanical Club members for use in their field and herbarim studies. The illustrations are still of excellent help as are also the careful descriptions. At the back of the book are good full index, author citation list with dates and abbreviations, concise glossary', and a specially valuable comparison of the generic and specific names used herein with those of the 7th edition of Gray* s Man- ual (1908) and those of the 2nd edition of Britton & Brown’s Illustrated Flora (I913). Probably li more pages will be inter- leaved here by users who want to bring this material even further up-to-date taxoncoiically* This inexpensive edition' makes it easily possible for students and naturalists to have an extra copy for field use. "BIOMECHANICS" by R. McNeill Alexander, 62 pp., illus.. Chapman & Hall, London ECUP UEIE, Halsted Press of John Wiley & Sons., Inc., New York, N. Y. IOOI6. 1975. $3.ii5 paperbound. This is am interesting aind helpful addition to the "Outline Studies in Biology" edited by Prof. Ainsworth of the University of Leeds. These guidebooks develop their main value not be re- peating and telescoping texts but rather by svmmarizing the gaps in interdisciplinary fields between the standard texts amd the research papers for the student and the intelligent reader . This one covers the application of engineering principles of mechanics to animal locomotion, plant sap rising, stomata opening, and to cell part movements. "HANDBOOK OF PLANT AND FLORAL ORNAMENT: Selected from the Herbals of the Sixteenth Century and Exhibiting the Finest Examples of Plant-Drawing Found in those Rare Works , whether Executed in Wood-Cuts, or in Copperplate Engravings, Arranged for the Use of the Decorator with Supplementary Illustrations and Some Remarks on the Use of Plant-fomi in Design" by Richard 75 76 PHYTOLOGIA Vol, 32, no, 1 G. Hatton, ix & 539 PP», iUns,, Facsiinile Edition for Dover Publications, Inc., New York, N. Y. lOOllj. New printing of i960 edition. $5.00 paperbound. Originally published in 1909 as "The Craftsman's Plant-Book; or Figures of Plants", this attractive reproduction of 1200 figures of flowering and fruiting plants is now easily available to plant-lovers, botanists, bibliophiles, the herbalist-minded, art historians, as well as the varied designing craftsmen. The subtitle describes it well. "A2ERICAN MEDICINAL PUNTS: An Illustrated and Descriptive Guide to Plants Indigenous to and Naturalized in the United States Which are Used in Medicine" by Charles F. Millspaugh, xxii & 806 pp., iilus.. Facsimile Edition for Dover F^iblicatlons, Inc., New York, N. Y, lOOlii. 197U. $10,00 paperbound. The original, larger sized, 2-volumed work with I80 exquisite- ly colored eind accurately drawn plates was published in 1892 as "Medicinal Plants" and is to this day a highly creditable work be- cause the author was outstanding in personal endowment, medical training and skills, in artistic skills, and in field and pharma- ceutical botany. This single volumed replication is unabridged except for (1) the decrease in the margins, (2) a I/6 size re- duction of those 180 plates that even in their black/white form are still readily recognizable and very attractive, (3) the ad- dition of a new table of revised classification and nomenclature by F. S. Harrar, and (U) continuous pagination added next to the original . This is a model that the "herb-headers", naturopaths, etc. could well study for its careful scientific presentation if they insist on writing health caire information despite modem advances. "THE FILAMENTOUS FUNGI. Volume I. Industrial Mycology" edited by John E. Smith & David R, Berry, xli & 3U0 pp.. Ulus. Edward Arnold Publishers Ltd., London W1X8LL & Hals ted Press of John Wiley & Sons Inc., Mew York, N. I. 10016. 1975* $37.50. Twenty different authors , including the editors amd mostly from the British Isles — home of penicillin — have provided well plauined chapters of value and interest to mycologists, bi- ology teachers, advanced students and technicians in pharmaceu- tical biochemical and food research laboratories and industries. The first 5 chapters provide a solid academic treatment of the structxire, development, primary and secondary metabolic pathways and genetics of these multicellular fungi. Following are 11 chapters on the historical development of the fungal feimentation industry and present day commercial production of organic acids, enzymes, gibberillins, griseofulvins, terpenoids, the cultivation 1975 Moldenke, Book reviews 77 of edible mafihroonis, miUenla-old Oriental food fermentation processing, ergot alkaloids, myxotoxLns and fungal biodegredatlon. This is the first comprehe naive survey in this broad field, and is certainly a very good one. "A GUIDE TO THE MEDICINAL PLAliTS OF THE UNITED STATES" by Arnold & Connie Kroctmal, vl & 259 pp., illus.. Quadrangle: The New York Times Book Coapany, New York, N. Y. 10022. 1975. $U.95 paperback. This is the first paperback printing of the excellent original cloth hard-covered issue of 1973 listed at fl2.50. In PHTTOLOGIA 31 (li)i 365 it was recoraniended highly for its "interesting, valu- able and well documented information written by capable botanists long Interested in this field." It is indeed good that there is more call for this well illustrated boo^ since the book market is almost glutted with inaccui*ato, sloppy emd pseudo- scientific stuff. "FLC51A BALEARICA — Etude Phytog4ographique sur les Isles Bal4- ares" U volumes by Heman Knoche, 16U3 PP«# illus.. Reprint edition by Otto Koeltz Science Publishers, Koenigs tein D-62U, West Germany. 19 7U. Since these Spanish islands (with Mallorca, Minorca and Ibiza being the best known) in the westera Mediterranean Sea have pro- vided Interesting sites for exploration, salvage for shipwrecks, agriculture, vacationing, and thoroughfare between southern Eu- rope and northwestern Africa In both directions, it is not unex- pected that these Mediterranean islands have few endemic plants and many characteristic of the mediterranean area in general. The most extensive record of the most thorough plant collec- ting on these islands is this classic first published as foUcrws: Volume I (53U pp., illus.) 1921 and Volume II (551i Pp., illus.) 1922. Herein are recorded the full floristic data and the sever- al collections of a1 1 kinds of plants on all the islands. Volume in (xv Sc Ull pp., illus.) Partie G4n4ral 1923 is a very detailed phytogeographic, geological, and palaeophytological account with plant association relationships, cultivation influences, and a set of ccHnparisons and contrasts. Volume IV (100 pp., illus.) 1923 consists of a list of the hi plates, each usually with two fine old phot<^raphs of the individual plants or association groups . Anyone seriously or tempoi*arily interested in this whole mediterranean area can now fortunately have easier access to this fundamental study. Vol. 32, no, 1 78 PHYTOLOGIl "TREES OF PUEKTO RICO AND THE VIRGIN ISLANDS" 2nd Volume by El- bert L. Little, Jr., Roy 0. Woodbury St Frardc H. Wadsworth, xLv & 1021* pp., iUus., United States Goremment Printing Office, Washington, D. C. 201*02. 197U. I13.U5. Since this excellent study has been published as the Agricul- tural Handbook No. 1*1*9 by the United States Department of Agrioul- turo. Forest Service, it can be aaiiceted at a bargain price. The same is true of the few remaining copies of the earlier Yolxme entitled "Common Trees of Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands" by the first- and last-mentioned of the above authors. It is Agri- cultTire Handbook No. 21*9 (1961*) and sells for $8,50. To the 250 native and introduced species drawn, descrtbed, and supplied with other pertinent data (range, common names, syno- nymy, xiaos, effects) in Volume I has been added similar data and clear line drawli^s for U60 additional species and brief notes on 1*0 others in Volume 2, Agric\J.tural Handbook No. 1*1*9. Either volume may be used independently of the other. "THE CATHARANTHUS ALKALOIDS! Botany, Chaaistry, Pharmacology, and Clinical Use" edited by William I, T^lor Sc Norman E. Farnsworth, vii & 323 pp., lllus., Marcel Dekker Inc., New York, N. Y. IOOI6. 1975. $29.^0. This book is offset printed from the typed page as is the earlier similar work on the alkaloids of the related apocynaceous genus Vinca and like it is planned for research scientists and their advanced students in any of the fields indicated in the subtitle and in any interdisciplinary ones. What guarantees validity in these two studies is the synopsis of each genus and its species, range, synonymy, etc., by an out- standing taxonomic botanist accjuainted with the relevant litera- ture in history, medicine, etc. — Willi am T. Steam. With such boundary lines respected, the nine specialists, including the editors, discuss the biochemistry and pharmacology of Cj^ roseus and other species of lesser importance, the bis indole or dimeric alkaloid structure and biochemistry, tissue (caUus) culture, and their clinical aspects as "most valuable agents used in cancer chemotherapy", a palliative single agent in sev- eral advanced neoplasms, in combination chemotherapy. The index and the bibliographies give access to topics and to the numerous authors' citations. Excellent charts and molec- ular models add much to the understanding of this important study. "MALEZAS PREVALEHTES DE AMERICA CENTRAL: PREVALENT WEEDS OF CEN- TRAL AMERICA" By Joa< Guadalupe L. Garcia, Bruce MacBiyde, Antonio R. Molina & Olga Herrera-UacBryde, 11 St 162 pp., illus.. International Plant Protection Center, El Salvador, San Salvador St Oregon State University, Coivallis, Oregon 197? Moldanke, Book reviews 79 97331. 197U. This Is a ccnpletelj’ blllogual useful publication that shares the expected advantages and disadvantages of such an International effort. For 277 subtropical, tropical aixd temperate vlrtvially cosmopolitan weeds there are provided color pkhotographs, cooinon names and detailed identifiable descriptions. The plants are In- dexed bj all names, arranged by families and the fandlles by alpha- bet. The plants color photographed on a darker blue backgrouikl offer more color contrast than those on a red background — often of a same color intensity. A sky-blue background would have been more attractive, more affective In contrast and more natxiral. The de- tails of the plant structures should bo more distinct. The photo- graph labeled Lippia strigulosa (syn. Phyla reptans) actiially de- picts the related but distinct Phyla nodi flora, for which a syno- nym is Lippia nodi flora. A bilingual key to all these weeds will be published separately by the MacBrydes. The plants involved are obviously not in need of any protection. Where man has disturbed the ground and Its original plant and animal cover these "urchins take over", pro- tecting the soil beneath in what Is usually a most efficient man- ner. "PHYSICAL ASPECTS OF SOIL WATER AND SALTS IN BCOSISTaiS" edited by A. Hadas, D. Swartzendruber, P. E. Rijtema, U. Fuchs &. B. laron, xvl & U60 pp.. Ulus., Chapsan k Hall Ltd., London it Springer-Verlag, Heidelberg, Berlin, it New York, N. Y. 10010. 1973. 138.60. These useful papers were presented at the symposium sponsored by the International Society of Soil Sciences on "Soil Water Physics and Technology" in Israel in 1971: they are Incorporated as Volume U in the Ecological Studies series. They deal with theoretical and practical aspects of water flow In soils, energy of soil water as chemical potential, evapotransplratlon and crop- water requirements, and salinity control. Each paper provides its own bibliography, figures and neat presentation. The subject index reeks with sins of emission and comnrissionl "WILDFLCWERS OF THE SOUTHEASTERN UNITED STATES" by Wilbur H. Duncan & Leonard E, Foote, il & 296 pp., illus.. University of Georgia Press, Athena, Georgia 30^2. 197?. $12.00, Easier to cany about and to purchase than Rickett's beauti- ful Volume 2 of "Wild Flowei^ of the United States", less taxing intellectually than the now z*els8ued Small's classic "Flora of the South Eastern States", and sponsored by the Garden dub of Georgia and the country-bred Georgia Governor j. Carter, this 80 PHITOLOGIA Vol. 32, no. 1 c*r«full7 prepared (almost urikeyed) field guide will be a great help in Identifying U85 attractively photographed wildf lowers and even more than this number again of closely resembling spe- cies. '^he text gives for each species its conmon and scientific names, recognition characteristics, abundance, ecological and geographical distribution, flowering period, and often sclentliic names previously used. Special information is sometimes inserted to denote economic value." "METHODS OF STUDYING PLANT WATER RELATIONS" edited by Bohan Slavik, xvlil & Uii9 VP»f illus.. Academia Publishing House of Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences, Prague & Spxlnger- Verlag, Heidelberg, Berlin, & New York, N. Y. 10010, 197li. ♦31.20. In this exceptionally fine Ecological Studies series this is no. 9 and contlimes in the same tradition. For the methods and techniques carefully e3q>lained as to their theoretical basis, their really detailed descriptions of procedures and equipment, and the significance of their results, this book gives the most comprehensive treatment, omitting sensibly only peripheral interests already well covered in accessible literature. Its scope is from laboratory to field, from highly complicated to simple, from very precise to approximate. The following major topics are considered: (1) water in cells and tissues — often with a hydration deficiency which represents the driving force for water flux through all parts of the plant, (2) water content — froB long used drying techniques to root-bridging and newer physiological and biochemical testing of drought damage, (3) water exchange between plant roots and soil — as it normally moves frtm the latter to the former along a gradient of decreas- ing H2O potential, {k) liquid water movement in plants, and (5) water exchange between plant and atmosphere, checking stomat^ control, guttation and transpiration. Most of these papers have been translated from Czech, making them moz*e universally readable. Well over a tboiisand references are given in the bibliography. The many charts aiui diagrams add appreciably to comprehension and use. "GROWING VEGETABLES IN THE HOME GARDEN" by Robert E. Wester, ii & 123 pp., illus.. Facsimile Edition by Dover Publications Inc., New York, N. Y. lOOlli. 1975» ♦l.lS paperbound. Direct, simple, careful, and therefore helpful, this work was first published in 1972 as the Home and Garden Bulletin 202 of the United States Deparlment of Agriculture and is here neatly replicated. It covers effectively site selection and arrangement, soil preparation, seed selection and geimination, garden planting and care with practical directions for over SO vegetables » ^ PHYTOLOGIA Designed to expedite botanical publication Vol. 32 October, 1975 No. 2 CONTENTS JACKSON, J. D., ^ revision of the genus Archibaccharis Heering (Compositae-Astereae) 81 MOLDENKE, H. Additional notes on the genus Citharexylum. X. . . . 195 LIBRARY NOV 10 1975 NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN Published by Harold N. Moldenke and Alma L. Moldenke 303 Parkside Road Plainfield, New Jersey 07060 U.S.A. Price of this number $3.00; per volume, $9.50 in advance or $10.25 after close of volume; 75 cents extra to all foreign addresses A REVISION OF THE GENUS ARCHIBAGCHARIS HEERING. (COMPOSITAE - ASTEREAE) John D. Jackson Department of Botauiy, University of Minnesota, St. Paul Abstract Twenty-eight taxa of Arc hi bac charts are treated, these recog- nized as twenty-two species with nine varieties. The range of the genus is from northern Mexico to central Panama. Extensions of the known reinges are reported for many of the taxa. The genus is recircumscribed and divided into two sections. An older name whose validity was previously unrecognized is now cited for the type species of Archibaccharis. Two taxa eire accorded new status and one variety is placed in synonymy. One new combination is reported. One sjjecies and one variety are described as new. One name warn removed from the genus. Pistillate or staminate specimens of six taxa are described for the first time. One species is reported as prob- ably being monoecious. Chromosome data is provided for sixteen taxa. New evidence of evolutionary significance is reported. Taxonomic literature, vernacular naimes, geographical distri- bution, morphology, generic -intergeneric relationships, evolu- tion, cytological and pollen data are discussed. New keys, distribution maps and ecological data as well as floral and chromosome illustrations are included. Acknowledgements This paper is based on a thesis submitted to the Faculty of the Graduate School of the University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, in partial fulfillment of the require- ments for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. My work was completed under the direction of Dr, Gerald B, Own bey, my major professor. I am deeply grateful for his concern, support and advice on innumerable occasions through- out the study. I am indebted to the curators of the vearious herbaria who have generously loetned me specimens for study. I wish especially to thank the curators and/or directors of their respective institutions for courtesies extended to me during my visitsi Dr. Lewis 0. Willicims, Chicago Natureil History Museum, Chicago; Dr. Lorin I, Nevling Jr., Gray Herbarium, 82 PHITOLOGIA Vol, 32, no. 2 Haxvard University, Cambridge; J. P. M. Brenan and Dr. Raymond Haxley, Herbairium and Library, Royal Botanic Gaxdens, Kew, Richmond; J. E. Dandy, the British Museum, London; Mile. Alicia Lourteig, the Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris; Dr. C. E. B. Bonner, Conservatoire et Jardin Botaniques, Geneve. Mr. Richard Hanley assisted me with the Latin portions of the work which was reported in a preliminary publication. Permission was granted for use of the base maps, copyright by the University of Chicago Department of Geography. My wife, Helen, assisted me with the floral drawings and accompanied me on the second journey to Mexico and Central America. To all those who have provided help and encouragement, 1 express my sincere appreciation. Financial support for this study was supplied by the graduate school of the University of Minnesota, two grants from the Caroline M. Crosby Memorial Fellowship and one grant from the Society of Sigma Xi. Publication costs were met in part from the Junior F. Hayden Memorial Fund. Introduction The genus Hemibaccharis was described by Blake (1924) to encompeiss a group of species "perplexingly intermediate between Baccharis and Conyza" which had "long afforded difficulty to botanists." All of the species of Hemibaccharis were subse- quently transferred to the genus Arc hi baccharis by Blake (1926, 1927). Following preliminary survey of the literature by the writer in 1967, it was apparent that a considerable amount of basic work could be undertaken, which if successful, might establish a firmer foundation for retention of the genus Archibaccharis . Many taoca were represented in herbaria by a single or only a few collections. Fourteen new taoca described since Blake's work on Hemibaccharis had never been included in a key. The lack of either the pistillate or staminate specimens for many of the tauxa as well as the complete absence of any chromosome or pollen data made evident the need for further field work. New keys, the first distribution maps and new ecological data could now be prepared from the more recent and abundant collections avail- able. The need for the present revision was thus evident. My study of Arc hi bac c har i s is based on field and herbarium studies extending over more thar three years. The major descriptive portions of the work have been based on the study of my own specimens and approximately 1,900 specimens borrowed from nineteen herbaria in the United States and Europe, Two extensive field trips were made to Mexico and Central America in I968 and 1969. On the latter trip, seventeen taxa of the genus were collected. Gytologlcal and fruiting materials were collected and used in the determination 1975 Jackson, Revision of Arc hlbacchar is 83 of thirteen new chromosome counts. Pollen {grains were described and measured. During the summer of 1970» many historical type collections were personally studied at the follo^iing institutions: Gray Herbarium, Cambridge, Massa- chusetts; Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, England; British Museum, London, Engla^id; Museum of Natural History, Paris, France; Herbarium and Botanical Gardens, Geneve, Switzerland. The present revision treats all species and varieties of Archibaccharis insofar as Icnown. Further information of a basic nature is still needed for many of the taxa. It is also hoped that future investigations v;ill provide nev; information regarding hybridization, pollination, biological species limits and chemical constituents. Taxonomic History of Archibaccharis Because the range of the genus Archibaccharis is restricted mostly to the high regions of Mexico and Central America, no reference to any species now assigned to this genus is made in pre-Linnaean literature. The first descriptions of plants nov; referred to Archi- baccharis iifere supplied by Kunth (l820) when he described Baccharis serratifolia, B. mucronata and ^ micrantha. The The three species have since been shovm to be conspecific (Blake, 1930). Many additional species described later v;ere also placed in the Linnaean genus Baccharis because of the obvious morphological similarities to that genus. Other species now referred to Archibaccharis v/ere originally described under Conyza, Diplostephium and Pluchea. Hearing (I904) v/as the first to recognize the genus Archibaccharis . Blake (l924> PP» 543-554) circumscribed the same genus as Hemibaccharis but in doing so he overlooked Hearing's genus Archibaccharis . Blake was informed of his oversight by Dr. Johann Mattfeld of Berlin and Blal:e (I926, pp.1507-15095 1927j PP» 6O-6I) subsequently made the appropriate transfers from the genus Hemibaccharis to the genus Archibaccharis . Blake's early treatment included a key to ten taxa transferred to Hemibaccharis from other genera and six new species described by him. Two additional taxa were listed as doubtful. This early work v;as somev:hat limited because of the paucity of collections from Mexico and Central America. Blake probably deserves to be recog- nized as the first monographer of the genus since he v;as the first to bring together all of the previous information including most of that published by Heering even though that work was unknown to him. During the years 1929-1943, Blal:e described ten new taxa belonging to Archibaccharis . A. Blakeana was described by Standley and Steyermark (194O). The last species to be described before this writing was Vol. 32, no. 2 Sh PHYTOLOGIA A. lucentlfolla (Wllliaras, I962). The etymology of the two generic names applied to the group has been explained by their respective authors. Heering (1904, p. 39) observed that constant differences were found in the pistillate heads when compaxing the heads of some Bacchaxis species. He decided to name a new genus "since we cam imagine the completely dioecious Bacchaxis species to have evolved from similar forms." BlaJce (l924, p. 5^) proposed to call the genus Hemlbacchaxis "in allu- sion to the fact that the staoninate plamt is indistinguish- able from Bacchaxis. " The differences, as viewed by Blake, were to be found in the pistillate heads of Arc hi bac c har i s , referring principally to the constamt presence of the central disk flowers. The restudy of the taoca assigned to Archibacchaxls has resulted in the recognition of twenty-two species with nine varieties in the present work. Generic-Intergeneric Relationships and Evolution Arc hi bac c har i s is placed in the Tribe Astereae which is characterized by having all or only the central flowers tubular; the disk flowers axe commonly yellow amd the anthers axe basally blunt. The style branches axe hispidulous out- side amd the stigmatic lines reach neaxly to the apices. Archibacchaxls resembles both Gonyza and Bacchaxis in habit amd morphology. Gonyza is distinguished by its herbaceous habit and heterogamous, functionally gynomonoe- cious heads. The marginal flowers are filiform and pistil- late, The central disk flowers possess functional amthers amd fertile achenes. Bacchaxis is a normally dioecious genus composed mostly of shrubs. Ordinarily in Bacchaxis the pistillate heads axe composed entirely of fertile fili- form flowers with 5-10 nerves on the achenes. The stamlnate heads axe composed of disk flowers with functional amthers but abortive, reduced achenes, A few cases of exceptionaJ. heterogcimous heads have been reported, Gassini (l825» p. 479) reported subdioecious heads for Bacchaxis scopaxla Schwartz, a Jamadcam species. Several instances of the same kind were noted by Guatrecasas (1967, p. 8) during his recent investigations. My collections of Bacchaxis glutlnosa Pers. , Jackson & Sadtveit 1012 from Zunil, Guatemala showed am admixture of floral types on the stamlnate heads. The fill- form pistillate flowers appeaxed to be vestigial as they were small and possessed inane achenes. The disk flowers possessed typically functional amthers amd abortive, reduced achenes. Arc hi bacchaxis contains herbs, shrubs and vines and to a laxge degree is functionally dioecious. The pistillate heads are heterogamous in all species but one. In this respect they resemble those of Gonyza. The outer filiform pistillate 1975 Jackson, Revision of Archlbaccharis 85 corollas bear achenes v;ith 2-5(-7) nerves. The central disk flowers are small in number, l-15(-26), and are usually v/ith- out functional anthers and achenes. Exceptions are known and will be taken up later in this discussion. These distinctions of the pistillate heads, i.e., presence of disk flowers and number of achene nerves are rather constant features in the genus and are recognized in this study as being v;ell-def ined differences between Baccharis and Archi- baccharis. The staminate heads of Archibaccharis are often homogamous and identical to those of Baccharis but may be consistently or sporadically heterogamous, the loss of parts and function perhaps being variable in different populations. The fact that Baccharis and Conyza are morphologically very similar and that certain species which were discovered seemed to be confusingly intermediate between those two genera was recognized by several investigators. Bentham ( 1841 , p • 86 ) , in his description of ^ asperifolia noted that the female specimens called Conyza to mind. Hemsley (1881, p. 129) made a similar comment referring to his B. hieraciifolia. Heering (1904, p. 39) based his genus Archibaccharis primarily on constant subdioecious conditions he found in the heads of the species known to him as did Bla-ke (1924, p. 54-4) when he proposed the genus Hemibaccharis . Other than differences in the floral composition of the heads, the genus Archibaccharis generally has thinner leaves aJid its members appear to be less coarse than plants of Baccharis . For example, the phyllaries in Baccharis are usually thicker and coarser than those of Archibaccharis . The triplinerved character so frequently seen in the leaves of the species of Baccharis is seldom weakly suggested as in A. f lexilis or sometimes in ^ Schiedeana. As mentioned previously, Archibaccharis has exploited the scandent habit in several taxa. Sympodial stems are very pronounced in Section Hirtella (subscandent shrubs and scandent vines). This character is perhaps being utilized in a unique way by these taxa and is worth special consider- ation. The sharply fractiflex stems of taxa such as A. hirtella var. albescens and ^ Schiedeana appear to be a specialization for support in climbing. The sharp angles formed by the main stems and branches at the nodes (and on branches and branchlets) provide "hooks" which easily become interlocked on parts of adjacent plants. The plant is thus able to climb. Considerable effort is required to completely dislodge an Archibaccharis vine which is so entangled by several multi-directional series of these secured hooking devices. The main stems of ^ f lexilis differ in that they climb with a twining pattern but the branchlets are notice- ably fractiflex and probably aid in obtaining a purchase for climbing. As far as is known to the author, this fractiflex adaptation for climbing is unknown in the genus Baccharis . Because the habits of both Conyza and Baccharis sire 86 PHYTOLOGIA Vol. 32, no. 2 represented in Archibaccharis , that character seemed like a natural point of separation within the genus. Two sections have thus been created. The erect herbs and shrubs have been placed in the Section Archibacchaxis and the subscandent and scandent taxa have been placed in the Section Hirtella. Gonyza. Arc hi bac c har i s and Baccharis share portions of their ranges. Gonyza is a cosmopolitan genus known from both high and low elevations. Baccharis, the largest genus, is found in portions of Ilorth America and throughout Gentral and South America, also occurring at high and low elevations. Archibaccharis is known only from northern Mexico to central Panajna. It has been the author’s observation that Archi- baccharis appears to be found only on relatively recent volcanic soils at high elevations. Some of the author's collections of Archibaccharis point out the affinity for volcanic soils. ^ hirtella var. taeniotricha and A. Schiedeana were collected on the upper slopes of mildly active Volcan Pacaya in Guatemala where they were found to be covered with volcanic ash. ^ hirtella var. taeniotricha was collected on the edge of the crater of the inactive Volcan San Salvador in El Salvador. These plants were not in flower and were not distributed with my other collections. This information suggests that, as a group, Archibaccharis may differ markedly from either Gonyza or Baccharis in its physiological characteristics and perhaps also in its evolutionary potential. In general, Arc hi bac c har i s seems to prefer shady, moist conditions. Often the plants are found beside streamis or in dense shade. There are exceptions and some species show a broader range of habitat tolerance than others. Results of the present study provide new evidence that Archibaccharis has perhaps evolved from a herbaceous, probably erect, gynomonoecious ancestor. Morphologically, the genus Gonyza provides the nearest ancestral group. Gronquist (I963), while discussing the difficulties of a strict application of the monophyletic requirement, referred to the three genera also under discussion here as examples of evolutionary parallelism. To quote, "although I would not yet want to firmly be committed to this next statement, I suspect that the common ancestor to all species of Baccharis would be Archibaccharis , the common ancestor to all species of Archi- baccharis would be a Gonyza and the common ancestor to all species of Gonyza would be an Erlgeron. " A very similar statement was repeated in later discussion of the topic (Gronquist, 1968, p. 14). That is, gynomonoecious Gonyza-llke plants which are now extinct served as the evolutionary progenitors of the dioecious sexual system as now represented in the genus Baccharis. The characteristics of the heads found in the extant Archibaccharis taoca reflects the major evolutionary experiments one can easily imagine occurring in the evolution of a dioecious system. Vestigial rudiments of organs and function loss persist through the genus, furnishing 1975 Jackson, Revision of Archlbaccharis 87 evidence for suspected monoecious ancestry. The following examples were found: 1) Archibaccharis corymbosa, A. linearilobis and A. subsessilis uniformly have heterogamous heads on both pistillate and staminate plants. The outer filiform corollas have well-developed ligules in the three species. Of real significance is the pattern of evolutionary change shown by the numerical reduction of ray or disk flowers and loss of function in various floral organs of the heads, suggesting evolution to functional dioecism. The outer, more numerous filiform pistillate flowers of the pistillate heads possess fertile achenes. The less numerous central disk flowers have achenes which are abortive, being completely reduced to small knobs or are inane. The anthers of these flowers are non- functional. The outer, less numerous filiform pistillate flowers of the staminate heads have achenes that are perhaps fertile but more often are inane. The more numerous central disk flowers have functional anthers but the achenes are abortive and reduced to small knobs. Thus, in function the dioecious condition is nearly achieved but the heads of both pistillate and staminate plants strongly reflect monoecious ancestry by the presence of heterogamous heads and rudimentary organs which may occasionally function. 2) The central disk floviers on the pistillate heads of Archibaccharis asperif olia, A. caloneura, A. hieraciif olia var. hieracioides, A. serratifolia, A. sescenticeps and A . Standleyi var. aequivenia bear achenes which are apparently sometimes fertile. The anthers of these flowers were found to sometimes be functional or partially so in ^ hieraciifolia var. hieraciifolia and ^ f lexilis . 3) The sporadic occurrence of filiform pistillate flowers on the margins of the staminate heads is known (usually in small numbers) for the following taxa: Archibaccharis asperif olia, A. f lexilis, A. hieraciifolia var. glandulosa, A. hieraciifolia var. hieraciifolia, A. hieraciifolia var. hieracioides , A . irazuensis , A. Schiedeana, A. simplex, A. Standleyi var. aequivenia and ^ Stemdleyi var. Standleyi . The achenes of these flowers are apparently sometimes fertile. 4) Archibaccharis androgyna, as represented by all her- barium specimens and as indicated by my investigation of a Mexican population, appears to be functioning in a monoecious fashion with only heterogamous heads as in Conyza but in this case some evolutionary loss is shovm in the floral organs. The outer filiform pistillate flowers bear fertile achenes and the central disk flowers have functional anthers and abortive achenes which are reduced and inane. Abnormal intermediate flowers were also found on some heads. This species then presents a condition very close to the ancestral one, at least as the species is now known. 5) Archibaccharis peninsularis, a species which was known 88 PHYTOLOGIA Vol. 32, no. 2 -to Blake (1943) by only a single staminate specimen, presents a somewhat different condition. All of the pistillate speci- mens examined by the author (several recent collections) bear homogamous heads which are provided with flowers of an inter- mediate type. Although these pistillate flowers are unusual, they seem to be normal for this species. The 2-3(-5) nerved achenes are fertile but the corollas are tubular with five distinct and nearly evenly reduced lobes. Vestigial anthers remained in the tubes. These pistillate heads provide a curious comparison with those of the other taxa in the genus. It is as though in this species a reduced disk flower was selected to serve as the pistillate element. The filiform pistillate flowers throughout the genus are clearly zygo- morphic forms. Retention of these aberrant pistillate flowers with concurrent loss of all ray flowers from an ancestral heterogamous head may represent yet a different evolutionary experiment to achieve dioecism. The disk flowers of the staminate heads bear achenes which are apparently sometimes fertile. The anthers are fully functional and the lobes are of normal size. Only disk flowers were found on the stami- nate heads. Because of the general habit of the species, the number of achene nerves and the pattern of evolutionary loss shown in the heads, it was concluded that ^ peninsularis should be retained in the genus Archibaccharis . 6) Although it is perhaps of no direct significance to the evolution of the genus Archibaccharis , abnormal inter- mediate flowers were found on the pistillate heads of the following erect taxa: ^ asperifolia, A. caloneura, A. hieraciifolia var. hieracioides, A. pauamensis, A. serratifolia, A. sescenticeps and ^ simplex. The abnormal flowers of these taxa exhibited complexes of characteristics which gave them sin appearance "intermediate" between that of normal ray and disk flowers. The lobes were variously fused and reduced, usually with some form of zygomorphy. The number of corolla lobes varied as did the degree of fusion. Varying numbers of vestigial anthers were often found within the corolla tubes. That they were sometimes partially functional was evidenced by the presence of pollen grains in at least a portion of the anther sacs. The style branches were often mixed as to type, one as in the ray flowers and the other as in the disk flowers. The achenes were apparently sometimes fertile. Sketches of these abnormal intermediate flowers have been included with those of the normal flowers of a taxon. In this study these abnormal flowers have been interpreted as representing the products of irregular develop- ment sequences. Several examples of abnormal intermediate flowers have been reported in the genus Baccharis (Cuatrecasas, 1967, p. 8). The most primitive extant species of Archibaccharis would be suspected to be a rather small, erect, herbaceous plant and perhaps bearing eglandular pubescence. ^ simplex from 1975 Jackson, Revision of Archlbaccharia 89 the highlands of Puebla and Vera Cruz, Mexico is such a plant. The highlands of central Mexico may be the center of dispersal for the genus and its evolution may well be related to past tectonic events throughout its range. If the morphologic evidence provided by this study is accepted as reasonable to support the hypothesis that Conyza, Archibaccharis and Baccharis have indeed developed through parallel evolution and if our classification system is to attempt a real reflection of evolution, the retention of the genus Archibaccharis is perhaps justified. A case could easily be made for inclusion of this genus as a section of the genus Baccharis . The three genera could be united if one believed that differing reproductive mechanisms furnish little reason for separating otherwise similar groups. As pointed out elsewhere in this study, the three genera do not appear to differ in basic chromosome number or in pollen characters as viewed with the light microscope. The genus Archibaccharis should perhaps be regarded as a step in the evolution of Baccharis to achieve the dioecious condition. Species Concept Morphologically, the species and varieties of the genus Archibaccharis are quite distinct. The categories have been established on that basis and the morphological comparisons are supported with the geographic distribution patterns. No data have been accumulated on biological species limits which may only be assumed at present. Chromosome number proved to be of little value in establishing categories as all reports indicate identical haploid and diploid numbers. The level of variety in this study has been applied in two senses which were summarized by Davis and Heywood (1963, p» 100) . The term may designate consistent morphological variants of species which occupy a rather restricted geographical area or it may be applied to variations in taxa whose "precise nature is not understood" such as my use in the establishment of three varieties of Archibaccharis hieraciifolia. The latter use of the level of variety does not exclude the conditions of incipient species or the transfer of germ plasm between taxa. Information of this nature is not available for the genus Archibaccharis . Although minor vegetative variations were described, they were not recognized with formal or informal categories. Cytology Procedures and materials. In the field the buds were fixed in a solution of four parts chloroform, three parts absolute alcohol and one part glacial acetic acid. This 90 PHYTOLOGIA Vol, 32, no. 2 solution is a modified Carnoy's Solution used in the taxonomic laboratory at the University of Minnesota. The material was transported to the University of Minnesota Herbarium in screw- cap vials. Fruiting material was also collected. PMC's v;ere liberated from the small anther sacs by first soalcing them in acetocarmine for 15-30 seconds. Maceration v/as accomplished by drawing off the stain with filter paper and then soaking the anthers in 10^ HCL for tvjo and one-half minutes at room temperature. After the HCL was draivn off, the anthers vjere crushed in a drop of stain. The cover slip was carefully lifted and one drop of water-soluble Hoyer' s Medium was added. The cover slip was replaced and if addition- al spreading was required, pressure v;as applied to the surface of the cover slip vjith a dissecting needle. The slide was allowed to dry on a warming plate at about 26° C. The tech- nique described above was slightly modified from a method described by Beeks (1955)* To obtain chromosome counts of Archibaccharis Pringlei and A . Schiedeana, it was necessary to germing^te seeds to obtain meristematic root cells. The seeds germinated well in petri dishes without special treatment. Root tips were harvested at mid-afternoon and received cold pretreatment for twelve hours at ca. 6° C. They x^^ere changed to .002 oxyquinoline solution for four hours at about 52° C. The fixative used was the same modified Carnoy's Solution (4:35 l) referred to in the discussion of field fixation. The period of fixation was 1-2 hours at room temperature. The tips were then passed to Harmke's Solution for 12-15 minutes and received three water rinses in the vial. IN HCL was applied at 60O C in a pre-heated oven for ten minutes and then rinsed in water (Darlington and LaCour, I962) . Maceration was accomplished by razor blade in a drop of acetocarmine. The squash and mounting in Hoyer' s Medium was essentially the same as the technique described by the author for the preparation of the meiotic material. All mounts prepared in Hoyer' s Medium are very satisfactory and have cleared as they have aged. Discussion. A m.ajor collection and survey of chromosome numbers in the Tribe Astereae by several investigators has recently been in progress (Solbrig, et al . , I96O, 1964? 1969)* The modal number for the tribe is held to be x = 9 6y these investigators at both the generic and the species level. The first chromosome numbers for the genus Archibaccharis were reported as n = 9 (Solbrig, et al . , 1969» P* 349) • The widely distributed ^ asperifolia and ^ Schiedeana were the first taxa reported. The author's chromosome reports (Jackson, 1969) confirmed the counts of these two species and in addition established the first reported counts for thirteen other taxa of the genus. All taxa reported have a haploid number of n = 9 and the somatic counts of ^ Pringlei and ^ Schiedeana were reported as 2n = I8. 1975 Jaujkson, Revision of Archibaccharia 91 The author would like to tal:e this opportunity to record name changes in the original chromosome report (Jackson, 1969, PP* 435-436). The classification employed at that time was as understood according to Blake. Subsequent revision requires that the following changes be reported: 1) J ackson 1017 < Archibaccharis hieracioides Blai:e to A. hieraciifolia Heer. var. hieracioides (Blal:e) J. D. Jackson. 2) Jackson 1025 < Archibaccharis hirtella (DC.) Heer. var. intermedia Blake to A. hirtella (DC.) Heer. var. albescens J. D. Jackson. 3) Jackson 1030, Archibaccharis oaxacana (Creenm.) Blake to A. hieraciifolia Heer. var. hieraciifolia. 47- Jackson 1037 1 Archibaccharis serratifolia (H.B.K.) var. paniculata (J. D. Sm.) Blake to A. serratifolia (H.B.K.) Blake. 5) J ackson 1041, Archibaccharis torquis Blajce to A. Schiedeana (Benth.) J. D. Jackson. Jackson 1044, Archibaccharis prorepens Blake to Baccharis prorepens (Blake) J. D. Jackson. Although no instances of polyploid chromosome counts have been reported for Archibaccharis, representatives of tv;o collections studied are suspected of being polyploid indi- viduals. Breedlove 8515 (KIC’H) is quite similar to the other known specimens of ^ linearilobis except for very thick l-eaves, larger epidermal trichomes and extremely large heads and flowers. Camp 2680 (NY) shows the characters of A . hieraciifolia var. hieraciifolia but is similarly a giant form. The unusually large heads and flov:ers bear extremely large trichomes as do the stems. Camera lucida drawings of the chromosome figures are shovm in figures 1 and 2. Although the chromosome count of A. f lexilis was reported (Jackson, 1969) P* 435) "the nature of the preparation was such that a good camera lucida drawing vias not possible. The few meiotic cells in the anther sacs of the central disk flowers of the pistillate heads did not provide good subject material. Pollen Pollen grains were mounted in 85?^ lactic acid during the month of July, I969, to produce an expanded configuration for study. The length of the polar and equatorial axes were measured. Twenty-five measurements of each axis were completed on samples from each taxon. Five additional grains were measured from a different geographical location to provide verification. In some cases, only one sample was available for a particular taxon. The range of measurements obtained from the grains of each taxon are shovm in Table 1. 92 PHYTOLOGIA .4 I'x ‘ ^ V I Vol. 32, no. 2 \V^ % ^ /j VTi r'J f> : Fig. 1. Cajnera lucida drawings of chromosomes of Arc hi - bacchaxis taoca, all approximately X2200i (a) ^ asperifolia, anaphase II (Jackson 1027); (b) A. sescenticeps, diakinesis (Jackson 1047T; (c) A. subsessilis, metaphase II (Jackson 1033) i Cd) A. corymbosa, metaphase I (Jackson 1043T; (e) A. serratlfolia. anaphase I (Jackson lOd-ST; (f) A. androgyna , metaphase I ( Jackson 1034)1 (g) A. hleraciifolia var. hieracioldes. metaphase I ( Jackson lOI?) ; (h) A. hieraciifolia var. hieraciifolia. anaphase I (Jackson 1030). 1975 Jackson, Revision of Archlbaccharis 93 Fig. 2. Camera lucida drawings of chromosomes of Archi- baccharis taxa, all approximately X2200. (a) ^ hlrtella var. albescens, mitotic division of haploid micro spore (Jackson 1025)1 (b) A, hirtella var. hirtella, auiaphaise I (Jackson 10^); (c ) A. hirtella velt. taeniotrlcha. metaphase I (Jackson 1042) ; (d) ^ Schiedeana. mitotic metaphase of root cell (Jackson 1041) ; (e) ^ Blakeana. metaphase I (Jackson 1036) ; (f) ^ Pringlel, mitotic metaphase of root cell (Jackson 1031) . 9ii PHYTOLOGIA Vol. 32, no, 2 Table 1. Keasurements of Polar aiid Equatorial Axes Archibaccharis Pollen Grains (llicrons) Taxon Polar axis Equatorial axis A. simplex 20.5-24.4 22.7-27.2 A. campii 19.4-24.4 23.3-27.8 A. hieraciif olia 23.3-27.8 23.9-30.0 var. /^landulosa A. hieraciif olia 21.2-28.9 25.5-30.0 var. hieracioides A. hieraciifolia 23.3-28.3 25.5-31.0 var. hieraciifolia A. corymbosa 13.3-23.3 16. 7-25. 5 A. Standleyi var. Standleyi all preparations deformed pollen exhibited A. Standleyi 21.0-23.3 22.2-24.4 var. aequivenia A. subsessilis 16.7-19.0 19.0-23.3 A. linearilobis 22.2-28.9 24.4-32.1 A. sescenticeps 17.8-23.3 18.9-25.0 A. serratifolia 16.0-19.4 16.7-21.0 A. peninsularis 16.0-20.0 17.8-22.8 A. asperifolia 14.4-20.0 16.7-22.2 A. 8Uidrofcyna 16.7-22.0 17.8-24.4 A. caloneura 22.2-24.4 24.6-28.9 A. irazuensis 16.7-21.0 18.9-23.3 A. panamensis staminate plant unknovm 1975 Jackson, Revision of Archibaccharis 95 Table 1. Measurements of Polar and Equatorial Axes Archibaccharis Pollen Grains (Microns) (Continued from preceding peige) Taxon Tolar axis Equatorial axis A. Pringlei 16.7-18.9 18.9-21.0 A. Blakeana 16.7-20.5 IO.9-23.3 A. hirtella 15.0-20.0 16.7-21.0 var. albescens A. hirtella 13. 9-17. B 15.5-18.9 var. hirtella A. hirtella 16.7-19.4 18.9-21.0 var. intermedia A. hirtella 16.7-21.0 17.8-22.2 var. taeniotricha A. salmeoides 17.5-21.0 19.5-23.0 A. lucentifolia 25.5-32.1 28.9-35.5 A. flexilis 18.3-23.3 18.9-24.4 A. Schiedeana 15.5-18.9 17.8-21.2 The taxa in Table 1 have been grouped according to those believed to possess close genetic relationships. The grain sizes might prove to be statistically separable if one wished to perform the appropriate statistical tests. In nearly all cases, the taxa are readily separable utilising vegetative and floral morphology. Archibaccharis pollen grains are oblate spheroidal, amb type is angulaperturate (circular open); polar axis 13.3-32.1 microns, equatorial axis 15*5“35*6 microns, grain size from small to medium (Erdtman, 1952); tricolporate, rarely with four colpi, membrane smooth, colpi and pore margins smooth; exine echinate, tectate, finely scabrate (granular) with a few larger projections sometimes located irregularly between the spines, scabrations appearing larger on the spine bases; yellov; perine sometimes present. The general characteristics of Archibaccharis pollen grains do not seem perceptibly different from those of Conyza or 96 PHYTOLOGIA Vol. 32, no* 2 Baccharis when studied with the light microscope. Wodehouse ( 1935 ) F* 490) found few differences in "emphytic" characters of the pollen grains throughout the entire Trihe Astereae and further stated that this was in line with the close relation- ship believed to exist between all the species in the tribe. "The interrelationships of these species are so close that their differences do not come to visible expression." Taxonomic Characters The discussions and descriptions of taxonomic characters in this study are as they are known within the limits of the author's experience. Habit ; The species of Archibaccharis are herbs, erect shrubs, subscandent shrubs or vines. The genus has been divided into two sections on the basis of habit, separating the erect taxa from those which are subscandent or scandent. Subterranean Parts: All of the taxa collected by the author appeared to possess perennial underground parts. These were either fibrous root systems or rhizomatous. Stems; The vascular cambia of all of the members of the genus are quite active and develop a considerable amount of secondary wood during one growing season. Tall species such as Archibaccharis corymbosa and ^ asperifolia possess quite woody stems with large pith areas but by appearance pass very well for shrubs. Other than this no evidence was found to support observations on collector's labels which described the habit of these two species as "shrubs." Cross-sections of stems indicated only one season's cambial activity. These plants seem to be large herbs which resemble shrubs. In contrast, the stems of ^ subsessilis and ^ sescenticeps show continuous secondary thickening, persisting for several seasons. The sharply fractiflex (zig-zag) stems of many of the sub- scandent and scandent taxa provide an excellent diagnostic feature. Archibaccharis stems are generally striate but the angled or terete character is distinctive. The long inter- node is a useful mark for ^ Pringlei and Blakeana. Stem color is variable for most of the taxa but often one color predominates. The stems of ^ asperifolia are usually reddish- purple but green stems are known. The brown stems of A. f lexilis are very distinct. Leaves; Both sessile and petioled leaf conditions are found in the genus. The length of the petiole can be a very useful character when contrasting two species such as Arohi- baccharis corymbosa and ^ subsessilis, commonly confused because of similar head and floral characteristics. Taxa which consistently have sessile leaves also possess auriculate leaf bases. The leaf shapes are generally distinctive for the taxa. The bases and apices of the leaves also provide valuable 1975 Jackson, Revision of Archlbaccharls 97 features. The leaf texture is distinctive for some taxa although this chziracter may vary within a taxon. The leaves of Archi- baccharis lucentlfolla and ^ salmeoides are always thick and shiny when compared with most other taxa. The density of leaf pubescence may vary in one taxon or it may be quite consistent. The subglabrous condition is shown by Archibaccharis androgyna and ^ caloneura while in ^ Schiedeana the leaves may rarely be subglabrous but aire usually pubescent on both surfaces. For most of the taxa in the genus, the pubescence on the midribs and the major lateral veins (above and below) is noticeably thicker than on the adjacent surfaces. Pubescence » This characer is quite distinctive for most of the taxa. A variety of indumentum types is found through- out the genus, including glandular hairs. The hairs are usually small and the diminutive form of the descriptive terms describing them has often been applied. The indumentum types have been classified following the descriptions of Lawrence (1955)* The density of pubescence may vary from specimen to specimen within one taxon. The density and harshness of the pubescence on stems and leaves were found to vary greatly in single populations of Arc hi bac c har i s serratlfolia. These characters formerly were the basis for two vairletles of that species. Phyllarlesi The phylleiry shape is sometimes distinctive as in Archibaccharis salmeoides which hats ovate phyllarles. In the descriptions, only the phyllarles of the pistillate heads were detailed. Most features of those of the stamina te heads are identical in the same taxon except that they are somewhat broader and shorter. The phyllarles may beaor pubescence which is diagnostic. They may be puberulous an in Archibaccharis subsessills, glaindular an in the ^ hleraciifolia complex or glabrous an in A. caloneura. The shape of the phyllary apex may be consistent within one taxon or sometimes it is variable. As an example, those of Archibaccharis hleraciifolia var. hieracioides are always long- acuminate whereas in ^ llnearllobis they may be acute or acuminate. Pappus I The pappus color is often distinct for a taxon. The bristles of Archibaccharis corymbosa are alwaiys pink or red and in ^ Schiedeana the pappus is brown- tinged. Corollant The corolla color is often charaicteriBtlc of a taucon or a cluster of taxa. The members of the Archibaccharis hirtella complex always have purple flowers at maturity. A, corymbosa. at leant in nearly all known collections, con- sistently has pink flowers which become purple at maturity. More than one corolla color may be shown by one taxon as in ^ asperifolia where the flowers may be white or creamy- white. Some taxa present bi -colored corollas. A. salmeoides and 98 PHYTOLOGIA Vol. 32, no. 2 A . lucentifolia have filiform and disk corollas which are white below but purple or pink above. kost members of the genus possess puberulous hairs on their corollas. The amount and placement of the hairs on the tubes and throats may be a diagnostic aid. The hairs are nearly erect or antrorse cind often clavellate or subclavellate . The lobes of the disk corollas may have hairs on the inside and/or outside surfaces in some taxa v/hile these are lacking in others. The ligules of the filiform corollas appear always to be glabrous . Throughout the genus the ligules of the filiform corollas shov; various degrees of reduction. The ligules on these flowers of Archibaccharis corymbosa, A . subsessilis and A . linearilobis are always viell-developed on both staminate aiid pistillate heads. The heads have a very distinctive appearance due to the presence of these long ligules. The ligules were measured from the base of the ligular sinuses to the apex. The lobes of the disk corollas are usually of a constant sliape for a taxon although a closely related group of taxa may exhibit similar shapes. The number of lobes per corolla is normally five but abnormal numbers up to ten have been observed. Style Branches: The style branches of the filiform flowers shovj no differences which could be considered of great diag- nostic value vAen those of any of the taxa are compared. The style branches of the disk flowers have various shapes vjhich are valuable as taxonomic characters. The Archibaccharis hirtella complex usually shovjs rhombic-oblong style branches while those of ^ Schiedeana and closely related species possess linear or less often, oblong shapes. Achenes: Som.e of the achene characters are diagnostic for certain taxa. The compressed, oblong, elliptical or ovate shapes appear nearly universally throughout the genus. The color is uniformly iirhitish during immaturity to brown at maturity. The texture may vary from dull to very shiny and is distinctive for some of the taxa. The achene pubescence is nearly always hispidulous but in a few taxa such as Archi- baccharis peninsularis the hairs appear softer and have been termed hirtellous. In A. subsessilis, superficial glands are found on the surfaces of the achenes mixed with hispidu- lous hairs. The number of nerves per achene is fairly constant throughout the genus but some variation is shown. In the descriptions, only the number of nerves found on the fertile and inane achenes of the filiform flowers vjere recorded. In general, the achene detail in the descriptions was dravm from these floiijers found in the pistillate heads where it is most clear. 1975 Jackson, Ravlaion of Archlbaccharia 99 TerniinoloRy Recaunc of the complexities of the heads and floral organs of Archibaccharis. the following special terms employed eire defined. Abnormal intermediate flower; a flower appearing abnormal in that it beaxs a mixture of characters, some of which are usually associated with filifona ray flowers and some with disk flowers. Abortive; in general, achenes that are defective, barren or imperfectly developed; inare achenes and those reduced to small knobs or stipitiform shapes are termed abortive. Dioecious; sexes separated by virtue of being on different plants (in Baccharis, also in two different flower forms). Fertile; achenes that are full and completely formed, Gynomonoec ious ; when fully functional hermaphrodite and female flowers are borne on the same plant (in Conyza. also on the same heads). Heterogamous; composite heads bearing both filiform ray and disk flowers, the ligules of the ray flowers sometimes much reduced. Homogamous; composite heads bearing only one of the two types of flowers, i.e., either composed wholly of ray flowers or wholly of disk flowers. Inane; an achene which is fully formed or nearly so but is empty; regarded as an abortive type. Ligule; the spreading limb of the marginally located zygo- morphic ray flowers of composite heads. Flowers which exhibited very little ligule development but were clearly zygomorphic have been treated as "reduced" ligulate (ray) flowers; often referred to as "filiform ray flowers." Sterile; floral sex organs which are non-functional, pro- ducing no sexual products. Systematic Treatment ARCHIBACCHARIS Hearing. Archibaccharis Heering, Jahr. Hamb. Wissensch, Anst, 21, Beiheft 3; 40. 1904. Hemibaccharis Blake, Contr, U. S, Hat. Herb. 20; 5^-5^5. 192^. Perennial, ligneous, erect, rarely spreading herbs, shrubs or subscandent shrubs and scandent vines; ca. 1.5-100 dm tall; above-ground parts usually pubescent, the trichomes of various types. Rhizomes present or absent. As a genus, nearly totally dioecious but the heads often displciying a diminished gynomo- noecious condition, either sporadically or consistently. Stems essentially with ascending, rarely lar branches and branchlets at leant above, these often axillary bearing imma- ture leaves and inflorescences as well, straight to sharply fractiflex or twining, terete or angled, the bases 0.3-20,0 mm 100 PHTTOLOGIA Vol. 32, no« 2 in diam., graduating to ca. 1.0 mm near the inflorescences, usually striate, variously colored, usually pubescent at least above, rarely glabrous. Leaves alternate, sessile or with petioles 1.0-35.0 mm long; blades variously shaped, membra- naceous to coriaceous but usually chartaceous, cordate, sub- cordate, attenuate, cuneate or auriculate-amplexicaul at bases, acute or acuminate and sometimes falcate as well at apices, margins serrate, serrulate or merely denticulate distally, the teeth mucronate or mucronulate, rarely completely entire, the upper surfaced dark-green, dull or shiny, the mid- ribs and major lateral veins impressed or slightly prominent, the loviier surfaces lighter green or darker like the the upper surfaces, dull or shiny, the midribs prominent, the lateral veins slightly prominent. Inflorescences of terminal and axillary panicles which m.ay be cymose or corymbiform, the slender branchlets and peduncles subtended by small subulate or linear bracts, the lowest of v;hich are foliaceous. Heads hemispherical, discoid or disciform due to reduced ligules or distinctly radiate, receptacles nearly flat, alveolate, invo- lucres 3-6 seriate, graduate; phyllaries subulate, triangular, ovate or lanceolate to linear, not coarse, usually somewhat broader and shorter on the staminate heads but otherx;ise similar to those of the pistillate heads, margins usually narrow and scarious, short or long-ciliolate above and some- times lacerate as well, nearly vjhite, green-white or purple, centers 1-nerved, green, purple or red, obtuse, acute or acuminate at apices; flov/ers variously colored, bicolored in some taxa, the corollas puberulous, these hairs often clavel- late or subclavellate and nearly erect or antrorse, rarely hirtellous, pappus l-seriate, barbellate, often contorted at bases, rarely irregular, the apices usually dilated on the disk flowers and sometimes slightly so on the pistillate flowers, variously colored, achenes compressed, ovate, oblong or elliptical when fertile, sometimes inane, stipitiform or nearly totally reduced to small knobs, 2-5(-7) nerved, mostly trigonous, shiny to dull, hispidulous or rarely hirtellous. Pistillate heads; 3.5-15*0 mm high, nearly always heterogamous the outer flowers filiform, ^-127, the usually erect ligules well-developed or reduced, glabrous, the style branches linear or sublinear, flat with acute or obtuse apices and usually finely pubescent margins, achenes fertile; central disk flovjers l-15(-26), anthers usually sterile, rarely functional, style branches variously shaped, hispidulous, achenes usually abortive, inane or greatly reduced to stipitiform or small knobby forms, rarely fertile; abnormal intermediate flowers sometimes present; in one exceptional species the heads are uniformly composed of tubular intermediate appearing flowers bearing vestigial anthers. Staminate heads; 3.0-10.0 mm high, usually homogamous but always heterogamous in three species and sporadically so in many species; the outer flowers, when present, filiform, l-23(-29)j similar to those of the 1975 Jackson, Revision of Archibaccharis 101 pistillate heads but often reduced, achenes apparently fertile but sometimes inane; disk flowers 5~93i anthers functional, style branches variously shaped and hispidulous, achenes usually completely abortive and reduced to small knobs but sometimes inane, rarely fertile; abnormal intermediate flowers rarely present. Heads of the monoecious speclesi 3»^^~5.0 mm hi^h, heterogcimous, the achenes of the outer filiform flowers fertile, the anthers of the central disk flowers functional but the achenes abortive, greatly reduced to knobby or inane forms. Recorded chromosome numbers of the genus i n = 9i 2n = 18. Type species; Archibaccharis hieraciifolia Heering. Key to Sections of the Genus Archibaccharis A. Erect herbs and shrubs, the main stems essentially straight or obscurely fractiflex . . . Section I. Archibaccharis. AA. Subscandent shrubs or scandent vines, the main stems noticeably fractiflex or twining Section II. Hlrtella. Section I. Archibaccharis. Herbae et frutices erect! . Erect herbs and shrubs, the stems essentially straight or obscurely fractiflex. Tara in this section occur from northern Mexico including Baja California Sur to central Panama. Tyjje species; Archibaccharis hieraciifolia Heering. Key to the tara in Section Archibaccharis A. Stems glandular-pubescent above or at least with some glandular hairs on the branchlets auid peduncles; leaves sessile or with petioles and cuneate leaf bases B. Leaves with definite petioles, even though sometimes short G. Petioles short, 1. 0-2.0 mm long; leaf pubescence eglandular on the upper and lower surfaces; Oaxaca, Mexico 2. ^ campii GG. Petioles usually longer, 2.0-20.0 mm long; leaves glandular-pubescent on the upper and lower surfaces; central Mexico 3a. ^ hieraciifolia var. hleracioides (see BB, also sometimes with sessile leaves) 102 PHITOLOGIA Vol, 32, no. 2 BB. Leaves sessile, the bases auriculate-amplexicaul D. Apices of mature cauline leaves chiefly acute E. Leaf blades usually contracted abruptly but sometimes gradually below the middle to form linear or tapered petioliform portions 2. 0-9.0 mm wide, these usually narrower than the widest part of the blades; filiform flowers of the pistillate heads 59-73; Oaxaca, Mexico .... 3* iLj. hieraciifolia var. hieraciifolia EE. Leaf blades usually naxrowing slightly toward the bases appearing nearly linear throughout or with some of the leaves narrowing more abruptly just below the middle forming nearly linear petioliform portions 3 •0-12.0 mm wide, these much narrower than the widest part of tlie blades; filiform flowers of the pistillate heads 100-127; Guerrero, Mexico and Puebla, Mexico .... ...... 3b. ^ hieraciifolia var. glandulosa DD. Apices of mature cauline leaves chiefly acuminate 3a. ^ hieraciifolia var. hieracioides (see GG , leaves also sometimes with petioles) AA. Stems pubescent with eglandular hairs, subglabrous or glabrous above or if glandular-pubescent, the petioles short, (1.0-3. O) mm long and the leaf bases shallowly cordate; mature leaves always with definite petioles F. Stems thickly puberulous, glandular-pubescent, uni- formly villosulous or essentially glabrous above except for tomentulose hairs sometimes present on branches, branchlets and peduncles and/or the fili- form flowers consistently present on both pistillate and staminate heads, the ligules of these corollas well-developed, exceeding 1.2 mm G. Ligules of the filiform corollas well-developed on both pistillate and staminate heads, 1.2-2. 9 nun long H. Petioles short, 1 . O-3. 5(-^. O) nun long; leaf bases cordate or shallowly so, rarely rounded; corollas white, sometimes light-yellow, rarely purple; pappus bristles white or perhaps light- yellow I. Stems thickly puberulous above; leaf surfaces hispidulous 4. ^ subsessilis II. Stems glandular-pubescent above; upper and lower leaf surfaces glandular- 1975 Jackson, Revision of Archlbaccharls 103 pubeccop.t ‘y . lit'Carilobis HH. I'etiolcG longer, ( 2 .0-) 11 .0-lJy .0 nm long; leaf bases cuneate, less often rounded; corollas pink to purple, rarely v;hite; pappus bristles usually bright red or pink at least near the apices, rarely light-yellovj 6 . ^ corynbosa GG. Ligules of the filiform corollas on the pistillate heads (also staminate heads, if sporadically pre- sent in small numbers or perhaps these flov/ers are lacking on the stam.inate heads) not as well- developed, reduced, 0.1-1. 2 mm long J. Stems thickly pubcrulous above; lobes of the disk flov/ers on the staminate heads linear (those of the pistillate heads also linear vjhere l:nown) , 1. 6-3.0 r.m long K. Leaf blades ovate or lance-ovate, 4. 0-6.0 cm long; Honduras 7 . ^ Standleyi var . Standlcyi KK. Leaf blades lanceolate, lance-elliptic or lance-oblong, 6.0-16.0 cm long; southern Lexico and Guatemala . . . . 7a* Ai ^taaidleyi var. aequivenia JJ . Stems essentially glabrous above except for whitish tomentulose hairs sometimes present on branches, branchlets and peduncles or with whitish arachnose-tomentulose hairs above and on branches, branchlets and peduncles; lobes of the disk flovjors of the staminate heads variable, oblong, linear, triangular or merely acute, 0. 7-1*5 rnm long L. Tall herbs(?); stems terete, green or purple, shiny, essentially glabrous or v/hitish tomentulose hairs sometimes present; leaves chiefly elliptical, rarely ovate, the upper surfaces usually scabrous 8. _A^ asperifolia LL. Shrubs; stems usually angled, purple, dull, v/hitish arachnose-tomentulose hairs above; leaves chiefly oblong-ovate or ovate, the upper surfaces usually hispidulous, rarely glabrous 11. A_. sescenticeps FF. Stems tomentose, tomentulose, hispidulous, pilosu- lous-villosulous or pilosulous above but if stems are subglabrous or glabrous above, the leaves are also subglabrous or glabrous on both surfaces; filiform PHYTOLOGIA Vol. 32, no, 2 lOU flowers only sporadically present in small numbers (if at all) on the staminate heads, the lif^ules of these corollas on both pistillate and staminate heads (unless not knovm) always short or essentially vjanting, less than 0.8 mm long M. Stems distinctly pubescent above, usually for some distance below the inflorescences, the hairs some- times minute N. Erect shrubs; stems thickly or sparsely tomentose or tomentulose above, the hairs some- times shorter and harsher; hairs canescent, cinereous or sordid in color 12. serratif olia NN. Herbs and low spreading shrubs; stems pilosu- ous-villosulous, sparsely or densely pilosu- lous or hispidulous 0. Stems hispidulous above, sometimes with sparse pilosulous hairs P. Lov; spreading shrubs; stems white- hispidulous; upper and lower surfaces somewhat shiny, usually covered with white hirtellous and hispidulous hairs; pistillate heads homogamous with inter- mediate 5-lobed corollas; corollas on pistillate and staminate heads white becoming purple or rosy at maturity; Baja California Sur, Mexico 13. peninsularis PP . Herbs; stems hispidulous or sometimes with sparse pilosulous hairs, these usually sordid and the stiffen ones incurved; upper leaf surfaces some- what dull, glabrous or with scattered pilosulous hairs near the margins and apices; pistillate heads heterogamous, the corollas white; achenes glabrous; Puebla and Vera Cruz, Mexico 1 . ^ simplex 00. Stems always with softer, sordid or brown pubescence above, pilosulous-villosulous or quite densely pilosulous Q. Herbs; stems pilosulous-villosulous above; leaf blades elliptical-obovate or oblong-elliptical; lower leaf surfaces gray-green, dull; leaf apices short-acute or barely short-acuminate; Panama I4. panamensls 1975 Jackson, Revision of Arc hibacc hajrls 105 tiQ. Herbs(?)! stems densely pilosulous above; leaf blauies lance-ovate, lance- elliptic, merely ovate or elliptic; lower leaf surfaces light-green, dull; leaf apices long-acuminate; Costa Rica and Panama .... 15* irazuensls MM. Stems essentially glabrous or glabrescent with some hispidulous amd puberulous hairs on the branchlets auid peduncles; leaves shiny and subglabrous or glabrous on both the upper and lower surfaces R. Stems glabrescent above with some hispidulous and puberulous hairs on the branchlets and peduncles; leaves mostly oblong-ovate but some- times elliptical, pergamentaceous; pappus bristles on the disk flower of the staminate heads irregulan, composed of basally connate mixed groupings of regulax barbellate bristles and ligulate papillose structures 9. ^ caloneura RR. Stems essentially glabrous above as well as on the branches and peduncles; leaves narrowly lanceolate, thinly chartaceous; pappus bristles on all heads regulax, beixbellate 10. ^ andxogyna 1. ARGHIBAGGHARIS SIHPLEIX Blake, Journ. Washington Acad. Sci. 17 « 6l. 1927. Hemibacchaxis simplex Bleike, Gontr. U, S. Nat. Herb. 20 j 547-5^8. £]^ ^ 1927. Type; MEXICO 1 State of Pueblai woodlands axound Honey Station, no ele. cited, 25 Nov- ember 19031 Pringle 11821 (USl ; photo, MINI NYl UCJ ; isotypesi GHI MICHl MOI MSGJ TEXl UGl). Archibaccharis Schultzil Heer. , Jahr. Hamb. Wissensch, Anst, 21 I Beiheft 3* ^0, 1904. nom. nud. Erect or ascending ligneous herbs; ca. J.7-6 dm tall; the bases procumbent, rhizomatous. Stems slender, angled especially near the decuxrent leaf bases, the bases ca. 2.0 mm in diam. , graduating to ca. 1.5 nun above, the internodes 5.0-25.0 mm long, dull, brown below becoming purple above, glabrescent below, hispidulous or with sparse pilosulous hairs above, the hairs usually sordid and the stiffen ones incurved, often with subtuberculate bases. Leaves with short petioles, 2.0-5.0 mm long, puberulous; blauies oblanceolate, elliptic, oblong-elliptic or obovate, 4, 5-8.0 cm long, 1. 5-2.0 cm wide, thinly chartaceous or membranaceous, cuneate at bases, acute or short-acuminate at apices; margins distaJ-ly serrulate or merely denticulate, the upper surfaces dark-green, dull, glabrous or with scattered pilosulous hatirs near the margins and apices, the lower svirfaces 106 PHITOLOGIA Vol. 32, no, 2 lighter green, dull, glabrous or sparsely pubescent. Panicles corymbiform, the peduncles laix ajid pilosulous. Pistillate Heads; 6.0-8. 5 mm high, ca. 3.5 mm wide, phyllaries 4-5 seriate, the outer triangular, lanceolate and glabrous, the inner linear- lanceolate and glabrous; filiform ray flowers 34-48, pappus 4.4- 5.2 mm long, whitish or brown-tinged, corollas 3*3“^*0 mm long, white, the tubes puberulous, the ligules erect, 0.2-0. 3 mm long, densely puberulous with antrorse hairs which exceed the apices, achenes 0.9-1. 4 mm long, 2-3 nerved, shiny and glabrous; disk flowers l-5i pappus 4. 8-5. 8 mm long, corollas 4. 8-5. 6 mm long, white, anthers sterile, achenes abortive, inane or reduced to small knobs; abnormal intermediate flowers are sometimes present. Staminate Heads; ca. 8.0 mm high, ca. 6.0 mm wide, phyllaries ca. 5-seriate; filiform ray flowers occurring sporadically, 0-2 or perhaps more, vestigial, much smaller but similar to the filiform flowers of the pistillate heads; disk flowers ca. 32 » white, pappus 4. 2-4. 8 ram long, whitish or brown-tinged, tubes 2. 0-2. 2 mm long, sparsely puberulous, limb 3. 0-3* 8 mm long, puberulous, lobes triangular, 1.0-1. 9 mm long, dorsally puberulous, style branches linear-lanceolate, acute or barely acuminate, achenes inane. Pollen diaimeters (microns): polar, 20.5-24.4; equatorial, 22.7-27.2; Pringle 11821. Floral illustrations: Fig. J, Known only from the states of Puebla and Vera Cruz, Mexico, 2600-3030 m ele., (Fig. 8). Honey Station is a village situated on moist woodlands on an area of former volcanic activity. Obsidian fragments are abundant along the roadways. Current maps show Honey Station just over the border in the state of Puebla rather than in Hidadgo as recorded by Pringle. My visit to Honey Station was by automobile in mid- J auiuary , 1969. Specimens of A. simplex were not located despite a search which included all the woodlands immediately surrounding the villaige and a short journey along the River San Marcos. G. G. Pringle's collection was made in the month of November, a fact which may help explain the author's fail\ire. Certainly the habitat has undergone change since 1903. The clean pine stands were at least second growth as evidenced by the neatly planted rows. The Pringle collection of ^ simplex was originally distributed as Baccharis hieracifolia Hemsl., a species now known as A . hieraciifolia Heer. var. hieracioldes. The two taxa are perhaps closely related but differ particularly in leaf characters and pubescence. The range of ^ simplex may now be extended to the state of Vera Cruz. As represented in the Paris and Copenhagen Herbaria, Liebmann 425 belongs to this species. Liebmann 425 in the Gray Herbarium is ^ Schledeana. Heering (l904, p. 4l) had a Liebmann ^25 before him for which he suggested the name "Arc hi bac c har i s Schultzii . " Heering 's brief reference to "leaves sessile or short- stemmed" and bare leal surfaces indicates he probably was studying the plant later described by Blake as ^ simplex. Because the najne ^ Schultzii was published without description or diagnosis, it has been treated here as a nomen nudum. 107 3^975 Jackson, Revision of Archlbaccharla During my dissection of Pringle 11821, two vestigial filiform flowers with inane achenes were found on the margins of a staml- nate head. These flowers were smaller than those fertile flowers of the pistillate heads but were otherwise similaLT. MEXICO I State of Vera Cruz: peak of Mt. Orizaba, Liebmann 425. in part (C, fragments P). 2. ARCHIBACGHARIS CAMPII Blake, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington 55 J 115-116. 1942. Type: MEXICO: State of Oaocaca: lower slopes Mt. Zempoaltepetl, 19-2? Februciry 1937i Camp 2700 (NYl ; photo. MIN!; photo, and fragments, USI). Erect ligneous herbs(?); ca. 6 dm tall; subterranean parts and bases not seen. Stems obscurely fractiflex above, nearly terete or round-angled, 1. 2-3-0 mm in diam. above, the internodes I.O-3.O cm long above, barely shiny, purple or brown, the hairs weak and scattered below but becoming densely pilosulous above with some hirtellous and glandular hairs. Leaves with petioles mostly wanting, sometimes 1. 0-2.0 mm long, hirtellous-pilosulous ; blades elliptic -oblong or lance-oblong, 6.0-11.0 cm long, 2. 0-4.0 cm wide, thickly chartaceous, cuneate at bases, usually long-acumi- nate at apices but sometimes more abrupt, margins serrate or sim- ply denticulate, the upper surfaces daxk-green, dull, rather densely and evenly hirtellous with some pilosulous and hispidulous hairs, the lower surfaces lighter green, dull, sparsely hirtellous with some pilosulous hairs. Panicles convex, the peduncles with many stiff, glandular hairs mixed with hirtellous and pilosulous hairs. Pistillate Heads: 7. 0-8.0 ram high, 3-0-3-5 n® wide, phyl- laries 5-6 seriate, acute or obtuse, the outer lance-ovate, sparsely puberulous with some short glanduleir hairs, the inner linear- lanceolate and similarly puberulous; filiform ray flowers ca. 38» pappus 5*2-5»8 mm long, white, corollas 3*5“5-^ nun long, white, sparsely puberulous, the hairs denser near the apices, the ligules erect if present, ca. 0.6 mm long, achenes 1. 5-1.8 mm long, 2-3 nerved, somewhat shiny and hispidulous; disk flowers 2-4, pappus 4. 6-5. 8 mm long, corollam 5.^-5. 9 nim long, white, anthers sterile, achenes abortive, inane or reduced to small knobs. Staminate Heads : 7.5 nim high, ca. 8.0 mm wide; phyllaries 5-6 seriate; disk flowers ca. 42, white, pappus 4. 3-4.6 mm long, white, tubes 2. 2-2.5 n® long, sparsely puberulous, limb 2. 6-3. 4 ram long, puberulous below, lobes oblong, 1.6-1. 9 mm long, sparsely puberu- lous near the apices of the dorsal surfaces, style branches linear, acuminate or perhaps attenuate, achenes abortive, reduced to small knobs. Pollen diameters (microns): polar, 19.4-24.4; equatorial, 23.3- 27.8; Camp 2685. Floral illustrations: Fig. 3* Known only from the type locality in Mexico (Fig. 8). Mt. Zempoaltepetl is 3200 m at the top and is the highest mountain in the state of Oaxaca. Detailed information relative to the data on Camp's collection labels has been provided by Blake (1942). Camp’s labels read "top, middle to upper and lower slopes" of Mt. Zempoad-tepetl. "Top" indicated the last few hundred feet below Fig. 3. Floral illustrations of krc hi bac c har i s simplex and A, cajnpil. A. simplex (all from Pringle 11821 Jl ("aj b) pistil- late heads* “TaT filiform flower, (b) disk flower; (c , d) stani- nate heads: (c) filiform flower, (d) disk flower. ^ campii t (e, f) pistillate heads (Gamp 2700) « (e) filiform flower, (f ) disk flower; staminate heads: (g) disk flower (Gamp 2685) . Disk flowers are shown without anthers. 1975 Jackson, Revision of Archibaccharis 109 the summit while "upper slopes" described the region 5OO-IOOO feet below the summit and "middle" meant the region that extended several thousaJid feet below the upper regions. The stamina te specimen of ^ campii was collected on the middle slopes and the pistillate specimen on the lower slopes. The characteristics of this inadequately known species suggest that it is closely related to ^ hieraciifolla var. hieracioides. They differ in petiole length, pubescence and phyllary morphology. The plant probably has a herbaceous stem although this has yet to be verified. More material Is needed for study. MEXICO: State of Oaxaca: middle slopes, Mt. Zempoaltepetl , Camp 2685 (NY, photo., US). 3. ARCHIBACCHARIS HIERACIIFOLIA Heer. var. HIERACIIFOLIA. Archibaccharis hieraciifolla Heer. , Jahr. Hamb. Wissensch. Anst. 21: Beiheft Jt 40. 1904 (prim.). Type: MEXICO: State of Oaxaca: Sierra de San Felipe, ele. 2966 m, I3 Dec. 1895 1 Pringle 6257 (HBG; photo. MINI; isotypes: BMI FI GHI Kl MINI MOI MSC! NY! PI UC! USI). Baccharis oaxacana Greenm. , Proc. Araer. Acad. 40: 37. 1904. Hemibaccharis oaxacana (Greenm.) Blake, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 20: 546. 1924. Archibaccharis oaxacana (Greenm.) Blake, ibid. 23! 1508. 1926. Type: Pringle 6257. Erect ligneous herbs; ca. 3“11 dm taJ.1; glandular pubescent; the bases often procumbent, rhizomatous. Stems essentially straight but sometimes fractiflex, terete or angled near the decurrent bases of the petioles, the bases 2. 0-5.0 mm in diam. , graduating to 1. 0-4.0 mm above, the internodes 0.8-6. 5 cm long, dull or shiny, brown, red-brown, green or purple, glabrescent or densely whitish pilosulous below, densely glandular- pubescent above. Leaves sessile; blades narrowing abruptly or sometimes gradually towards the bases below the middle, elliptic, oblance- olate, ovate or obovate, 5.0-13.5 cm long, 2. 0-4. 5 cm wide, char- taceous, always aurlculate-amplexicaul at bases with the obtuse auricles sometimes wider than the linear or tapered petioliform portions which are 2.0-9. 0 mm wide, the older cauline leaves usually abruptly acute, subobtuse, barely acuminate or acute at apices, margins distally serrate, serrulate or merely denticulate, the upper surfaces dark-green, dull, glandulair-pubescent, the lower surfaces lighter green, glandular-pubescent with the shorter, erect glandular hairs often obscured by pilosulous-villosulous hairs or sometimes subglabrous. Panicles corymbiform or cymose on glandular-pubescent peduncles. Pistillate Heads : 7. 0-9.0 mm high, 4.O-5.O mm wide, phyllaries 5-6 seriate, long-acuminate, the outer subulate or perhaps lance-ovate and glandular- pubescent, the inner linear-lanceolate and glabrous; filiform ray flowers 59-73 1 pappus 5. 3-6. 6 mm long, white, corollas 3. ^-6. 6 mm long, white or green- white, puberulous above, the ligules erect, 0.2-0. 3 mm long, glabrous or puberulous near the bases, achenes 1. 0-1.4 mm long, 2- nerved, shiny and hlspidulous; disk flowers 2-11, pappus 5. 6-6. 8 mm long, corollan 5.^-7. 0 mm long, white or green-white, anthers sterile, achenes abortive, inane or reduced to smaJ.1 knobs. no PHYTOLOGIA Vol. 32, no. 2 Staminate Heads: 8. 0-9.0 mm high, 5.0-6.0 mm wide, phyllaries 4-5 seriate: filiform ray flowers occurring sporadically, 0-12 or perhaps more, pappus ca. 6.h mm long, corollas ca. 3.8 mm long, white or green-white, achenes perhaps fertile; disk flowers ca. 72, white or green-white, pappus 4. 6-6, 8 mm long, white, tubes 2.1-3. 5 mm long, sparsely puberulous, limb 2. 3-4. 5 mm long, puberulous, lobes oblong, 1.0-2. 2 mm long, puberulous, style branches linear-lanceolate, barely acuminate or narrowly acute, achenes abortive, inane or reduced to small knobs. Chromosome number: n = 9 (Jackson, 1969)1 Fig. 1. Pollen diameters (microns): polar, 23.3-28.3: equatorial, 25. 5-31. 0; Jackson IO3O1 Pringle 6257 . Floral illustrations: Fig. 4. Blake (1927) did not recognize ^ hieraciifolia Heer. as valid because Heering "gave no diagnosis." However, Peering explicitly compared differences of his species with Bacchaxis hieraciifolia Hemsl. , thus providing the diagnosis required by Art. 32 of the International Code (Stafleu & Voss, 1972, p. 37). Hearing's publication of this name is here regarded as valid. Archibaccharis oaocacana (based on Bacchaaris oaxacana Greenm. ) and ^ hieraciifolia axe competing names. Both names were applied to plants from the same collection, Pringle 6257 » and were pub- lished in the same year, 1904, Personal correspondence in 1973 with Dr. J. A. Leussink of the International Bureau for Plant Taxonomy and Nomenclature, Utrecht, Netherlands, has confirmed that Heering 's paper preceded the publication of Bacchaxis oaxacana Greenm. in 1904. My study of type photos of ^ hieraci- ifolia Heer. (furnished by the Hamburg Herbarium) and the type of B. oaxacana Greenm. show that these plants are members of the same taocon. The correspondence and photos have been deposited with the type collections at the University of Minnesota Herbarium A. hieraciifolia var. hieracioides and ^ hieraciifolia vax. glandulosa axe closely related to the present variety. The way in which the leaf blade is abruptly contracted to a petioliform portion is often a distinctive mark for var. hieraciifolia. How- ever, the leaves of Jackson 1029. taken from a clone of pistillate plants growing in open sun do not show this characteristic. A comparison of that collection with Jackson IO3O which was col- lected directly across the road will demonstrate considerable phenotypic plasticity. The plants from Jackson IO3O were found growing in shade conditions. The number of florets on the pistil- late heads may perhaps be used to separate var. hieraciifolia from var. glandulosa. The phyllaries in var. hieraciifolia seem less glandular-pubescent than the other two varieties and their apices are not as noticeably lax. AbnormaJ- intermediate flowers are sometimes found on the pistil late heads of this variety. Filiform ray flowers may often occur on the margins of the staminate heads. Camp 2680 (NY) from Zempoaltepetl , Oaocaca, may represent a form of the present variety. The giant features of this plant suggest that it may be polyploid. The staminate heads and flowers are extremely large as are the trie homes. 1975 Jackson, Revision of Ajchlbaceharls 111 d Fig. 4. Floral illustrations of Arc hi bacc haxi s hieraciifolia var. hieraciifolia (all from Jackson 1030). Pistillate heads: (a) filiform flower, (b) disk flower, (c) abnormal intermediate flower; staminate heads: (d) filiform flower, (e) disk flower. Disk flowers axe shown without anthers. 112 PHYTOLOGIA Vol. 32, no, 2 This variety of A^. hieraciifolia is knovm from the state of Oaxaca, Mexico (Fig. 8). The habitat has been described as on shaded slopes and sometimes in more open exposures at 2000- 2966 m ele. MEXIGOj State of Oaxacai 10 miles northeast of Ixtlin de Juarez along road to Tuxtepec, Breedlove 8034 (DS, F, MICH); Gerro de Sar Felipe, north of Oaxaca ( top ) , G'amp 2596 (NY); 11.2 miles north of Ixtlan de Juarez on the road to Tuxtepec, Jackson 1029 (B, BM, G, DS, F, G, GH, K, HIGH, MIN, MO, MSG, NY, P, POM, TEX, UG, US, WIS); directly across the road from the preceding collection, Jackson 1030 (B, BM, G, DS, F, G, GH, K, MIGH, MIN, MO, MSG, NY, P, TEX, UG, US, WIS); Sierra de San Felipe, Pringle 5669 (GH). 3a. ARCHIBAGGHARIS HIERAGIIFOLIA Heer. var. HIERAGIODES (Blake) J. D. Jackson, Phytologia 28(3) « 296-297. 197^. Baccharis hieraciifolia Hemsl. Biol. Gentr. Amer. 2« 129* 1881. Not. Lam. 1783. Hemibaccharis hieracioides Blake, Gontr. U. S. Nat, Herb. 20 j 547"! 1924. Arc hi baccharis hieracioides Blake, Journ. Wash- ington Acad. Sci. 17 1 6O-6I. 1927. Lectotypej MEXIGOi State of Mexico! Desierto Viejo, Valley of Mexico, 3 November I865 or 1866, Bourgeau 1230 (Kl photo, MINI j isolectotypesi GI GHI PI US I photo, of G isolectotype , GHI IlYI TEX I photo, and fragments from aJi undetermined herbarium, MSGI). Erect ligneous herbs; ca. 2.5-20 dm tall; glandular-pubescent; the bases often procumbent, rhizomatous. Stems straight or obscurely fractiflex, terete or sometimes angled near the decur- rent bases of the petioles, the bases 1.5-5. 0 nun in diam. , gradu- ating to I.O-3.O mm above, the internodes 1, 0-4.0 cm long, dull or shiny, purple, brown-purple, green, brown-green or brown, gla- brescent below then sparsely pilosulous or glandular-pubescent becoming thickly glandular-pubescent above with mostly glandular hairs. Leaves with variable petioles, 2.0-20.0 mm long and naked or often with narrow, quite obscure, decurrent green margins which may or may not continue to the junction of the stems and leaves, glandular-pubescent; blades variable, lanceolate, linear-lanceolate elliptic, oblong-elliptic, lance-ovate or ovate, 3.0-18.0 cm long, (l.0-)2. 0-4.0 cm wide, chartaceous or thinner, cuneate at bases but sometimes continuing decurrently to the stem with a narrow petioliform portion which varies in width from obscure to 7. 0-8.0 mm wide, the sessile leaves then obtuse at the stems or with an atiriculate-amplexicaul extension, acuminate at apices, or espe- cially older cauline leaves, rarely acute, margins distally ser- rate, serrulate, merely denticulate or rarely entire, the upper surfaces dark-green, dull, glandular pubescent, the lower surfaces noticeably lighter green, glandular-pubescent, the density of hairs varying, the shorter glandular hairs often obscured by pilosulous and villosulous hairs. Panicles loose and often corymbi form on glandular- pubescent peduncles. Pistillate Heads; 8.O-I5.O mm high, 5. 0-8.0 mm wide, phyllaries 4-5 seriate, long-acuminate and lax, the outer subulate, glandular- pubescent, the inner linear- 1975 Jackaon, Revision of A.rchibacchaLris 113 lanceolate and becoming glabrous; filiform ray flowers (l7-)56- 99, pappus 5*2-7.^^ nun long, white, corollas 5 •0-7.0 mm long, white or green-white, puberulous above, the ligules erect, 0.2- 1.6 mm long and puberulous, achenes 1.4-2. 6 mm long, 2-3 nerved, shiny and hispidulous; abnormal intermediate flowers axe some- times present; disk flowers 2-9(-22), pappus 5* 5-7. 8 nun long, corollas 6. 1-8. 6 mm long, white or green- white, anthers sterile, achenes inane, apparently sometimes fertile or reduced to small knobs. Staminate Heads » 8.0-10.0 mm high, 5*0-8. 0 mm wide, phyllaries 4-5 seriate; filiform ray flowers occurring sporadi- cally 0-4(-29)» pappus 3*0-6. 0 mm long, white, corollas some- times greatly reduced or nearly normal, 1.0-5. 5 lofig* white or green-white, achenes abortive, inane and somewhat reduced in size or apparently sometimes fertile; disk flowers 40-67, white or green-white, pappus 4. 0-7.0 mm long, white, tubes 1. 9-3*8 mm long, puberulous above, limb 3 *5-5 *3 long, puberulous, lobes oblong, 1.6-2. 4 mm long, puberulous on both surfaces, style branches linear-lcinceolate, barely acuminate or narrowly acute, achenes abortive, inane or reduced to small knobs. Chromosome number: n = 9 (Jackson, 1969), Fig. 1. Pollen diameters (microns): polar, 21.2-28.9: equatorial, 25*5-30*0i Jackson 1050. Lyonnet 400. Floral Illustrations: Fig. 5 <5: 6. Because of the great morphological similarities of ^ hieraci- oides. A. oaxacana and ^ glandulosa, the three species have been reduced to varietal level. The three taxa have similar flowers, overlapping floral measurements and identical pubescence. Blake (1924, p. 546) in discussing ^ hieracioides and ^ glandulosa. felt that "the two species may perhaps be identical but are best kept distinct until further evidence is available." var. hieracioides may be distinguished by its acuminate leaf apices. The author's field investigations revealed that the leaves of var. hieracioides may have naked petioles or possess a narrow green petioliform portion varying from scarcely noticeable to 7. 0-8.0 toia wide, including the midrib. In addition, clasping leaf bases are sometimes found as in var. glandulosa and var. hieraciifolia. Suggestions of such leaf bases are common. The three taxa are now varieties of ^ hieraciifolia, cf . discussion of ^ hieraciifolia. Pringle 7709 (US) and Bourgeau 1230 (US) which were cited by Blake (l924, p. 546) as ^ glandulosa have been cited in this paper as var. hieracioides. Pringle 7709 (US) was subjected to the cotton blue test. The results showed 85.4^ viable pollen. It does not seem that this specimen represents a hybrid between var. hieracioides and var. glandulosa. The three varieties are perhaps not completely genetically isolated. Hemsley (l88l, p. 129) cited two Bourgeau collections, 951 and 1230 as the types of his Baccharis hieraciifolia. In accordance with Chapter II, Sec, 2, Art. 7, Note 1 of the Code (Stafleu & Voss, 1972) Bourgeau 1230 has been selected to serve as the lecto- type. In fact, Bourgeau 951 was collected in the Forest of ScUi Nicolas, Valley of Mexico, while Bourgeau 1230 was collected nli PHITOLOGIA Vol. 32, no. 2 at Desierto Viejo, Valley of Mexico. Both collections belong to the present variety. Before Blake transferred all the species he had published under his genus Hemibaccharis (1924, p. 54?) to Archibaccharis , he applied a new najne to Hemsley's species when he published it as Hemibaccharis hieracioides. The epithet "hieraciifolia” had been used by Lajnarck as Baccharis hieraciifolia Lam. 1783 . Blake regarded Heering's Archibaccharis hieraciifolia as only a new combination and cited that name "as to synonym only." The present paper recognizes the validity of Heering's ^ hieraciifolia. This variety of ^ hieraciifolia sometimes shows filiform pistillate corollas on the edges of the staminate heads. The achenes of these flowers are apparently sometimes fertile as are the achenes of the disk flowers found in the centers of the pistillate heads. It was not uncommon to find abnormal inter- mediate flowers on the pistillate heads. Even entire heads were found to be abnormally intermediate, composed completely of abnormal flowers. Rzedowski 19442 (T£X) and Purpus 1498 (MO) exhibited such heads. From Guerrero, Hidalgo, Jalisco, Michoacar, Morelos, Sar Luis Potosi and Tlaxcala, Mexico (Fig. 8). Moist, shady woods on often steep, rocky and dry slopes, 2185-3800 ni ele. MEXICO: Federal District: Desierto de los Leones, Jackson 1045 (B, BM, G, DS, F, G, GH, K, MICH, MIH, MO, MSG, NY, P, POM, TEX, UG, US, WIS); Desierto de los Leones, Lyonnet 400 (BM, GH, K, MO, NY, us); Desierto de los Leones, Lyonnet 3026 (us) ; Desierto do los Leones, Rzedowski 15572 (MIGH); Desierto de los Leones, Steyermark 52254 (f). State of Guerrero: Teotepec, Hinton 11124 (k, MIGH, NY); Gerro Teotepec, Municipio of Talacotepec, Rzedowski 18138 (MIGH, MSG, WIS), State of Hidalgo: Gerro de las Ventauias, 6 km north of Pachuca, Rzedowski 18199 (MIGH, MSG, TEX, IrflS); Gerro de los Gavilanes, east of Estanzuela, Municipio of El Ghico, Rzedowski 22027 (MIGH, MSG); State of Jalisco: northern slopes of Nevado de Golima, above the sawmill called Piedra Ancha and just east of the first great canyon west of the sawmill site, McV augh 11611 (MIGH); northeastern slopes of Nevado de Colima, below Canoa de Leoncito, at head of Barranca de la Rosa, McV augh 13400 (MIGH). State of Mexico: Meson Viejo, Hinton 3271 (F. GH. K, MIGH, MO, us); slope west of Ixtaccihuatl , 6 km east of San Rafael, Municipio of Tlalmanalco, Holguin 210649 (MSG); Mt. Ixtaccihuatl, Jackson 1050 (F, GH, K, MIN, NY, P, US); Sierra de las Cruces, Pringle 7709 (f, P, POM, US); Mt. Ixtaccihuatl, Purpus 251 (GH, MO, POM, UG, US); Mt. Ixtaccihuatl, Purpus 1498 (1948?) BM, G, GH, DS, NY, P, POM, UG, US); moist barranca 3 km east of Sar Rafael, Rzedowski 19329 (MIGH); slope west of Ixtaccihuatl, 5 km east of San Rafael, Municipio of Tlalmanalco, Rzedowski 25444 (MIGH, MSG). State of Michoacant wooded slopes 8-10 miles north- west and west-northwest of Ciudad Hidalgo, among mountains west of Gerro San Andres and 6-7 miles north of village of San Pedro Aguaro, McV augh 9891 (BM, G, GH, MIGH, NY, TEX). State of Morelos: Lagunas de Zempoala, Lyonnet 8203 (US). State of San Luis Potosi: San Luis Potosi, d'Aoust 262 {p) . State of Tlajccadai north of f\ I 1mm d 5. Floral illustrations from the pistillate heads of Archibaccharis hieraciifolia var. hieracioides. (a) filiform flower (Jackson 1045J; (b) disk flower (Ja'ci^n 10^3) ; (c) abnormal intermediate flower (Rzedowski 131 I8jj TTT apices of abnormal intermediate flowers (Purpus 1498). Disk flowers are shown without anthers. 116 I 1 1mm Fig. 6. Floral illustrations from the staBinate heads of Archibaccharis hieraciifolia vax. hieracioides (all from Jackson 1045) . (a) abnormal, reduced filiform flower, (b) filiform flower, (c) disk flower. Disk flowers are shown without anthers. 117 1975 Jackson, Revision of Archibaccharia Gerro La Malinche, 7 km southwest of Rancho de Jesus, Municipio HuamaJitla, Rzedowski 2379^ (MICH, KSCJ. 3b. ARGHIBAGCHARIS HIERACIIFOLIA Heer. var. GLAIrt)ULC6A (Greenm.) J. D. Jackson, Phytologia 28(3)« 296. 197^. Baccharis glaxidu- losa Greenm., Proc. Amer. Acad. 40j 36- 37* 190^» Hemlbacchajls gland ulosa (Greenm.) Blake, Contr. U, S. Nat. Herb. 20j 5^. 1924. Archlbacchaxis glandulosa (Greenm.) Blake, Journ. Washing- ton Acad. Sci. 17 1 60. 1927. Type I MEXICO 1 Federal District! SerraJiia de Ajusco, 2895 ele., 7 December 1903. Pringle 8? 82 (GHl): isotypesi 3MJ Cl FI Kl MIGHl MINI MOl NTl PI POMl UCl USl). Erect ligneous herbs; ca. 4-5 dm tall; glandular-pubescent; the bases often procumbent, rhizomatous. Stems essentially straight but sometimes fractiflex, terete or sometimes angled neax the decurrent bases of the petioles, the bases 2. 0-3*5 nun in diam., graduating to I.O-3.O mm above, the internodes 0. 5-4.0 cm long, somewhat shiny below, rather dull above, brown, red-brown, green or purple, glabrescent below, thickly glandular-pubescent above. Leaves sessile; blades usually nairrowing very slightly towards the bases appearing nearly linear throughout or with some of the leaves narrowing more abruptly just below the middle forming a nearly linear or tapering petioliform portion much wider than the widest part of the blades, linear-lanceolate or sometimes elliptic, oblong-elliptic or ovate, 3* 5-9.0 cm long, 1. 0-2.0 cm wide, thickly chartaceous, adways auriculate-amplexicaul at bases with the usually broad, obtuse auricles often wider than the petioliform portions which are 3*0-12.0 mm wide, the older cauline leaves usually abruptly acute or rarely longer and barely acuminate or acute at apices, margins distaJLly serrate, serrulate or merely denticulate, the upper surfaces dark-green or nearly aill dark- purple, dull, glandular-pubescent, the lower surfaces lighter green, glaindular-pubescent with the shorter, erect glandulair hairs often obscured by pilosulous or villosulous hairs or sometimes subglabrousa PaJiicles corymbiform or cymose on glandular-pubes- cent peduncles. Pistillate Heaidsi 7.0-10,0 mm high, 4. 0-7.0 mm wide, phylleiries 4-5 seriate, long-acuminate, the outer subulate or barely linear-lanceolate ard glandular-pubescent, the inner linear-larceolate and becoming glabrous; filiform ray flowers 100- 127. pappus 5. 7-6. 6 mm long, white, corollas 3.6-6.I mm long, white or green-white, puberulous above, the ligules erect, 0. 3-0,9 mm long or often obscure, puberulous only near the bases, achenes 1,0- 1,6 mm long, 2- nerved, shiny and hispidulous; disk flowers 3-^5 . pappus 4, 7-6, 4 mm long, corollas 5.2-7,0 mm long, white or green- white, anthers sterile, achenes abortive, inane or reduced to small knobs, Stamlnate Heads i 7.0-10,0 mm high, 5* 5-8.0 mm wide, phyl- laries 4-5 seriate; filiform ray flowers occurring sporadic aJ.ly, O-3 or perhaps more, pappus 4, 7-6, 9 mm long, corollas 5*0-5. 6 ram long, white or green-white, achenes perhaps fertile; disk flowers 38-93. white or green-white, pappus 4, 4-6,1 mm long, white, tubes 2, 0-3,6 ram long, puberulous above, limb 3* 0-4, 7 mm long, puberulous. 118 PHTTOLOGIA Vol. 32, no. 2 Fig. 7. Floral illustrations of Archibaccharis hieraciifolia vax. glandulosa (all from Pringle 8782). Pistillate heads; (a) filiform flower, (b) disk flower; staminate heads; (c) filiform flower, (d) disk flower. Disk flowers are shown without anthers. 1975 Jackson, Revision of Archibaccharia 119 Fig. 8. Distribution of species and varieties of Archi- baccharis in Mexico. Open squares, ^ campii. Filled triangle, ^ hieraciifolia var. glandulosa. Circle, A. hieraciifolia var. var. hleracioides. Filled square, ^ hieraciifolia var. hieraciifolia. Open triangle, ^ simplex. 120 PHYTOLOGIA Vol. 32, no. 2 lobes oblong, 1.6-2. 2 mm long, puberulous on both surfaces, style branches linear-lanceolate, baxely acuminate or narrowly acute, achenes abortive, inane or reduced to small knobs. Pollen diameters (microns) t polax, 23.3~27.8; equatorial, 23*9- 30*0! Pringle 8? 82, Rzedowski 22020. Floral illustrations t Fig. 7. Archibaccharis hieracilfolia vax. glandulosa is morphologically very similar to two other varieties, var. hieracioides and var. hieracilfolia. The present variety is perhaps best distinguished by its usually thicker leaves, linear-lanceolate leaf shape ard a greater number of florets on the pistillate heads. The Puebla collection, Purpus 2792, possessed lower cauline leaves similar to those usually associated with var. hieracilfolia. BlaJce (1927, p. 60) erred in his reference to Pringle 6257. Indicating it was the type number of Baccharis glandulosa Greenm. That number is the type of ^ hieracilfolia Heer. Two collections cited by Blake (192^, p. 5^6) as ^ glandulosa have been cited in this paper as var. hieracioides since the dis- covery that this taocon can also sometimes possess aurlculate- amplexicaul leaf bases and acuminate leaf apices. Pringle 7709 (us) and Bourgeau 1230 (US) possess such characters. New col- lections are needed, particularly of var. hieracilfolia and var. glandulosa. litis & litis l660a from Gerro Gordo, D. F., looked like var. glandulosa except for slightly acuminate leaf apices. This may provide cause to suspect introgression. From Federal District, Guerrero, Mexico and Puebla (Fig. 8). Growing in shade and on damp, steep slopes, rocky cliffs or volcanic ash, 2812-3200 m ele. MEXICO I State of Guerrero i Petlacala, District Mina, Hinton 15405 (GH, us). State of Mexico: Grucero de Agua Blanca, Hinton 8823 (F, GH, K, HIGH, MO, US); Mt. Ixtaccihuatl , Purpus 296 (MO); slope north of Gerro Gordo, airound San Martin de las Piramides, Rzedowski 22020 (MIGH, MSG, WIS). State of Puebla: Boca del Monte, Purpus 2792 (BM, F, GH, MO, M, UG, US). 4. ARGHIBAGGHARIS SUBSESSILIS Blake, Brittonia 2: 339-340. 1937. Type: GUATEMALA: Dept. Quiche: on bushy slope, Nebaj, 1920 m ele., 20 November 1934, Skutch 1736 (aI photo, MINI; isotypes: BMl FI NYl USI). Erect shrubs; ca. 5‘'29 dm tall; rhizomatous. Stems straight below, straight or obscurely fractiflex above, terete, the bases 1, 5-7.0 mm in diam. , graduating to 1. 5-5.0 mm above, the internodes 0.5-4. 5 cm long, somewhat shiny, brown, yellow- brown, red-brown, greenish, whitish or purple, glabrescent below, thickly puberulous above, the weak brown and white or purple hairs often nearly erect and mixed with superficiai amber glands. Leaves with short petioles, 1.5-3.5(-4.0) mm long, puberulous; blades ovate, oblong-ovate, elllpticaLl, oblong-elliptic or lanceo- late, 3. 0-10.0 cm long, 2. 0-5.0 cm wide, firmly chartaceous, usu- aily shailowly cordate at bases, rarely rounded, long or short- 1975 Jackson, Revision of Archlbaccharis 121 acuminate at apices, margins distally serrulate or serrate, the upper surfaices dark-green or olive-green, dull, hispidulous ajid often with scattered or dense superficial amber glands, the lower surfaces lighter green, dull, sparsely hispidulous or sub- glabrous, often with scattered or dense superficial amber glands, the hairs denser than those on the upper surfaces. Panicles convex on densely puberulous peduncles, the hairs mixed with some superficial amber glands. Pistillate Heads t 4.0-6.0(-8.0) mm high, 2. 5-3. 2 mm wide, phyllaries 4-5 seriate, acute or acumi- nate, the outer triangular or oblong-lanceolate auid somewhat puberulous, these hairs mixed with superficial amber glands, the inner becoming linear-lanceolate and glabrous; filiform ray flowers 17-29 f pappus 3. 1-4. 3 nun long, white, corollas 3 *2-4. 2 (-4.8) mm long, white, green-white or sometimes purple, puberu- lous above, the ligules erect or obliquely reflexed, 1.2-2. 2 mm long, achenes 0.8-1. 7 nun long, (2-)3(-4) nerved, shiny and hirtellous with superficial whitish or light-amber glands; disk flowers 1-7, pappus J.0-k,2 mm long, corollas 3»3~^*^(“^«8/) long, white, green-white or sometimes purple, anthers sterile, achenes inane. Stamina te Heads; 4. 0-5.5(“6. 0) mm high, mm wide, phyllaries 4-5 seriate; filiform ray flowers 4-14, pappus 2. 2-3.4 mm long, corollan mm long, white, green- white or sometimes purple, achenes inane or apparently sometimes fertile; disk flowers 17-38 i white, green-white or sometimes purple, pappus 2.5-3«5 nun long, white, tubes 1.1-1. 9 mm long, puberulous above, limb 1.6-2. 5 mm long, puberulous with rather blunt hairs, lobes triangular or oblong, 1.2-1. 6 mm long, puberu- lous on the dorsad surfaces, style brauiches oblong, acute, achenes abortive, reduced to small knobs. Chromosome numberi n = 9 (Jackson, I969) , Fig. 1. Pollen diameters (microns); polcir, 16.7-19.0; equatorial, 19.0-23.3; Breedlove 8793. Jackson 1033. Floral illustrations; Fig. 9. The pistillate and staminate heeids of ^ subsessills are always heterogamous. In that character and in the possession of well-developed ligules on the filiform corollas this species resembles ^ corymbosa and ^ lineairilobis. Study revealed that despite the presence of ray and disk flowers on all heads, the species appears to be lairgely dioecious due to evolutionary loss. It is conceivable that the recognition of pistillate and stami- nate hecids was long prevented because of the mixture of floral types on all heads. This generic character was not described by Blake (1924, pp. 544-545). The wider stajninate heads appear to always possess a smaller number of filiform ray flowers (4-14) than the narrower pistillate heads (17-29). The achenes of the filiform ray flowers of the staminate heads are apparently rarely fertile. The staminate heads also have a greater number of disk flowers (17-38) than the pistillate heads (1-7). The anthers of the disk flowers are functional in the staminate heads but they aire sterile in the disk flowers of the pistillate heads. The aichenes of the disk flowers are abortive on both pistillate and 122 PHYTOLOGIA Vol. 32, no. 2 stamina te heads. Thus, the loss of flowers, flower parts and functions strongly suggests evolution of dioecious plants with unisexual flowers from gynomonoecious plants. Steyermark 3698I from Dept. San Marcos, Guatemala was reported by the collector as a sprawling vine. This was the only report of the scandent habit for this species. Otherwise, the charac- ters of the plant correspond well to those of ^ subsessilis. Steyermark 's collection may have been of an abnormal growth form. Heyde & Lux 3389 (GH, US), cited by Blake (1924, p. 548) as possibly being the staminate specimen of ^ salmeoides, has been cited in this paper as ^ subsessilis. Some representatives of that collection possessed the superficial amber leaT" glands and floral characters typical of this species. The exact position of Ht. Pasitar, Chiapas was not ascertained. Matuda collections of ^ subsessilis, A. Schiedeana and ^ ser- ratifolia from that location were not shown on their respective distribution maps in this study. From Chiapas, Mexico and Huehuetenango , Quiche and San Marcos, Guatemala (Fig. lO). GUATEMALA: Dept. Huehuetenango: one mile north of Santa Eulalia along road to San Mateo Ixtatan, Breedlove 8576 (DS, F, MICH): 4 miles east of San Mateo Ixtatan on road to Barrillas, Breedlove 8763 (DS, F); 5 miles north of Santa Eulalia along road to San Mateo Ixtatan, Breedlove 3793 (DS, F) ; above Macx, between Todos Santos and San Martin, Steyermark 51897 (F). Dept. Quiche: San Miguel Uspantan, Heyde & Lux 3389 (F, G, GH, K, US). Dept. San Marcos: along quebrada Ganjula, between Sibinal and Ganjula, Volcan Tacana, Steyermark 36046 (F); between Todos Santos and Finca El Porvenir, lower to middle slopes of Volcan Tajumulco, Steyerm^k 3698I (F); Puente de Nahuatl-aa, nean San Marcos, Standley 66251 (F); slopes of Gerro Tumbador, about 15 km west of San Marcos, Williams. Molina & Williaras 23055 (GH, ITl); near Aldea Fraternidad, between San Rafael Pie de la Guesta and Palo Gordo, west-facing slope of the Sierra Madre Mountains, Williams. Molina & Williams 25815 (F, G, IJY). MEXICO: State of Chiapas: slope 5 miles north of Ghamula Center along road to Ghenalho, Municipio of Ghamula, Breedlove & Raven 8l45 (F, MICH); 3.3 miles north of Ghamula on the road to Ghenalho, Jackson 1033 (a, B, BM, G, DS, F, G, GH, K, MIGH, MIN, MO, MSG, Iff, P, POM, TEX, UC, US, WIS); Ht. Pasitar, Matuda S-35 (HIGH); Mt. Ovando, Matuda S-50 (MICH); Mt. Pasitar, Matuda 0741 (MICH); Paraje Shahleh in Municipio of Tenejapa, Ton 562 (PS. MSG, Iff, WIS); slope in the Paraje of Matsab, Municipio of Tenejapa, Ton 1965 (DS, high); slope in the Golonia 'Ach’lum, Municipio of Tenejapa, Ton 1995 (DS, MIGH). 5» ARGHIBACGHARIS LINEARILOBIS J. D. Jackson, Phytologla 28(3): 300-302. Fig. 2i 1974. Type: GUATEI^U: Dept. Huehue- tenango: steep, rocky slopes along road to San Juan Ixcoy, Sierra Cuchumantanes, 3700 m ele. , 12-23 Jeuiuary 1966, Molina, Fig. 9. Floral illustrations of Arehibacchaxis subsessilis and A. linearilobis. A. subsessilis (all from Jackson 1043J ; (a, ^ pistillate heads i (a) filiform flower, (b) disk flower; (c , d, e) staminate headsi (c) filiform flower, (d) disk flower, (e) abnormal intermediate flower. ^ linearilobis (all from Molina. Burger & Wallenta 16446 » (f , g) pistillate heads: (f) filiform flower, (g) disk flower; (h, i) staminate heads: (h) filiform flower, (i) disk flower. Disk flowers are shown without aJithers . PHITOLOGIA Vol 32, no, 2 12li Fig. 10. Distribution of Archibaccheiris subsessilis in Mexico and Guatemala. 1975 Jackson, Revision of Archlbaccharls 125 Burp;er & Wallenta 16^1^6 (F! photo. MINI ; isotypei NYl ). Known only from the type location (Fig. 12). Although reported as herbaceous, this species may be a woody shrub. Ca. 15 dm tall, densely glandular pubescent above; leaves ovate, oblong-ovate or elliptical, 3. 5-6.0 cm long, 1. 5-3.0 cm wide, short-acuminate at apices: pajiicles convex, the pistillate heads ca. 6.0 mm high, the staminate heads ca. 7.0 mm high. Pollen diameters (microns) i polar, 22.2-28.9: equatorial, 24.4-32.1; Molina, Burger & Wallenta 16446. Floral illustrations! Fig. 9. 6. ARGHI3ACGHARIS GORYMBOSA (Bonn. Smith) Blake, Journ. Washing- ton Acad. Sci. 17i 60. 1927. Diplostephium corymbosum Bonn. Smith, Bot. Gaz. 23i 8. 1897. Hemibaccharis corymbosa (Bonn. Smith) Blake, Gontr. U. S. Hat. Herb. 20i 553. 192^. Type! GUATEMALA! Bept. HuehuetenargO! Hacienda de Ghancol, 3355 m ele, , 2 January I896, Nelson 3639 (USl ; photo. MINI; isotype; GHI), Erect ligneous herbs; ca. 1.5-20 dm tall; pubescence soft and variable; rhizomatous. Stems straight below, obscurely fracti- flex above, terete, the bases 1. 5-4.0 mm in diam. , graduating to 2.0- 4.0(-4.5) mm above, the internodes 1.0-5- 0 cm long, rather dull, tan, dark-brown, gray or grayish-purple, glabrescent below, villosulous above. Leaves with petioles (2-) 11-15 nun long, hirtellous; blades oblong, elliptic or more rarely with linear or obovate shapes, 5.0-12.0 cm long, 1, 0-4,0 cm wide, chartaceous but sometimes thickly so, cuneate at bases, less often obtuse, acuminate at apices, margins distadly serrulate or serrate, the upper surfaces dark-green, dull, hirtellous, usually with super- ficial amber glands, the lower surfaces lighter green, dull, velutinous but with varying density, these hairs mixed with superficial amber glands. Panicles rather flat or rounded on villosulous peduncles. Pistillate Heads ! 5. 0-7.0 mm high, 2.5- 4.0 mm wide, phyllaries 4-5 seriate, the centers green or red, acute or obtuse, sometimes acuminate, the outer subulate and densely villosulous, the inner linear-lanceolate and becoming glabrous: filiform ray flowers 27-3^(-^0), pappus 3.2-3.9 nun long, white below, bright red or pink near the apices, rarely yellow- tinged, corollas 3* 8-5. 2 mm long, of varying shades of pink to purple at maturity, sometimes white below but rarely entirely white, the ligules erect or obliquely reflexed, 1.6-2. 8 mm long, achenes 0. 9-1.4 mm long, 2-4 nerved but mostly trigonous, shiny and hispidulous, these hairs sometimes sparse and mixed with superficial amber glands; disk flowers l-3(-^)» pappus 3.2- 3.9 mm long, corollas 3*^-^. 2 mm long, of varying shades of pink to purple at maturity, rarely white, anthers sterile, achenes abortive, inane or reduced to small knobs. Staminate Heads! 5. 0- 8.0 mm high, 3* 0-5.0 mm wide, phyllaries 3“^ seriate; filiform ray flowers 12-23, pappus 2.7-3.^ long, corollas 4. 0-4. 8 mm long, of varying shades of pink to purple at maturity, rarely white, achenes often full, perhaps fertile; disk flowers 29-38, of varying shades of pink to purple at maturity, rarely white. 126 PHYTOLOGIA Vol. 32, no. 2 pappus 3. 0-3. 7 mm long, white below, bright red or pink near- the apices, rarely yellow- tinged, tubes 1. 5-2.0 mm long, puberulous above, limb 1.9-2. 4 mm long, sparsely puberulous, lobes oblong or merely acute, 1.0-1. 2 mm long, sparsely puberulous on the dorsal surfaces, style branches oblong, abruptly acute or shortly acuminate, achenes abortive, reduced to small knobs. Chromosome number: n = 9 (Jackson, I969) , Fig. 1. Pollen diajneters (microns) 1 polar, 13.3-23.3; equatorial, 16.7-25.5; Jackson 1043, Williams, Molina & Williams 22998. Floral illustrations: Fig. 11. This species may now be retained in the genus Archibaccharis with more certainty. Blake (l924, p. 553) expressed some doubt as to his placement of this species in Archibaccharis due to the apparent lack of a staminate specimen. My exaimination of the type specimen. Nelson 3639 (US), indicated that the disk flowers of the heterogajnous heads bore functional aJithers and very proba- ly was a functional stajninate plant. As with ^ subsessilis and A. lineairilobis. the heads on both pistillate and staminate plants are always heterogamous, possessing both ray and disk flowers. These heads should probably be regarded as possessing more primitive chaxacters than the taxa in which only the pistil- late plant remains with heterogajnous heads. The pattern of evo- lutionary loss in ^ corymbosa parallels that found in the above mentioned species, cf. the discussion of ^ subsessilis. Williams. Molina & Williams 23158 from Gerro Mania Tecum, Dept. Totonicapan, was reported as having flowers white or reddish. All other collections examined had flowers of shades from pink to purple, apparently to purple at maturity. During my examination of Jackson 1043 a form was found which possessed a long, rigid, black, often branched pubescence on the staminate heads. The style branches of both the filiform ray flowers and the disk flowers as well as the anther sacs of the disk flowers exhibited this character. From Ghimaltenango, Huehuetenango, Quezaltenango, San Maxcos, Totonicapan and Sacatepequez (Fig. 12). Collected in moist, mountainous forests and open, dry mountainsides, 2400-3700 m ele. GUATEMALA: Dept. Ghimaltenango: Santa Elena on Cerro de Tecpan, Jackson 1043 (A, B, BM, G, DS, F, G, GH, K, MICK, MIN, MO, MSG, NY, P, POM, TEX, UG, US, WIS); Volcan de Agua, Johnston 581 (F ) ; Santa Elena, Skutch 173 (NY, US); buena vista above Tecpan, Skutch 772 (DS, GH, US ) ; Gerro de Tecpan, region of Santa Elena, Standley 58673 (F, GH); Gerro de Tecpan, region of Santa Elena, StaJidley 61029 (f). Dept. Huehuetenango: from Hacienda de Ghancol, Nelson F 576068 (F) ; mountains near Hacienda de Ghamcol, Nelson 3644 (GH tracing, US); Sierra de los Cuchumantanes, along road beyond La Pradera, km 32, Standley 81782 (F). Dept. Quezaltenajigo: Gant5n La Esperainza about 6 km from San Juan Ostuncalco, Molina. Burger & Wallenta l664l (F, NY); mountains southeast of Palestina, on old road to San Juan Ostuncalco, St^dley 84311 (F, G); Volcam Sainto Tomas, Steyermaxk 34809 (F, US ) ; about 5 km north of Ostuncalco, Williaims. Molina & Williams 25474 (NY), Dept. Sacatepequez: slopes of Volcan de Agua, above 1975 Jackson, Revision of Archibaccharis 127 Santa Maria de Jesus, Standley 65208 (F). Dept. San Marcosi indicated by personal correspondence with Dr. Dorothy Nash, Field Museum, Chicago, W illiajn.s . Molina & irfilliams 25925 (F). Dept. Totonicapan: forest of Maria Tecum, Molina, burger & Wallenta 16397 (F, NY); region of Chiu Jolom, mountains above Totonicapan, on road to Desconsuelo, Standley 84409 (F); about 10 km airline south of Totonicapan, Williams, Molina k Williajns 22916 (NY); Cerro Maria Tecum, 10-20 km east of Totonicapan, Williams. Molina k W illiains 23158 (BH, UC). 7. ARCHIBACCHARIS STAraLEYI Blake var. STAfiDLEYl , Journ. Washing- ton Acad. Sci. 19* 271. 1929. Type: HONDURASi Dept. Comayagua: vicinity of Siguatepeque, ele. 1080-1400 m, 14-27 February 1928, Standley 56193 (US! ; photo. MIN! ; isotypes: F! fragments, G!). Erect shrubs; ca. 4-12 dm tall; rhizomatous. Stems obscurely fractiflex, terete or round-angled, the bases 1. 5-3*2 mm in diam. , graduating to ca. 1.0 mm above, the internodes 7.0-22.0 cm long, somewhat shiny, brown or purple, puberulous below, thickly puoeru- lous with incurved brown hairs above. Leaves with petioles 1.0- 3.0 mm long, puberulous; blades ovate or lance-ovate, 4. 0-6.0 cm long, 1.5-2. 5 cm wide, firmly chartaceous, rounded or subcordate at bases, long or short-acuminate and sometimes falcate at apices, margins distally serrulate or crenate, rarely subentire or entire, the upper surfaces dark-green, dull, densely hispidulous with antrorse hairs, the lower surfaces lighter green, dull, very sparsely hispidulous and dotted with superficial ajnber glands. Panicles convex on densely puberulous peduncles, the hairs mixed with superficial ajnber glands. Stajninate Heads: 4. 0-7.0 mm high ca. 3*0 nim wide, phyllaries 4-6 seriate, acute or acuminate, the outer triangular or oblong-lanceolate, puberulous, the inner linear-lanceolate and with few hairs; filiform ray flowers 2-5. pappus 2. 8-4. 2 mm long, white, corollas 2. 6-3. 9 nim long, white, the ligules erect, 0.7-1. 2 ram long, achenes inane or apparently sometimes fertile, 0.0-0. 9 mm long, 3“^ nerved, somewhat shiny and hispidulous, the hairs often irregularly mixed with whitish glandular hairs or superficial whitish glands; abnormal inter- mediate flowers may be present; disk flowers 7-15. white, pappus 3.4-4. 6 mm long, white, tubes 1.7-2. 2 mm long, puberulous above, limb 1.9-'^. 3 mm long, puberulous, lobes linear, I.8-3.O mm long, sparsely puberulous on the dorsal surfaces with some superficial whitish glands near the apices, style branches oblong or barely subc lave Hate , acute, achenes abortive, stipitiform. Pollen dicimeters (microns): all preparations showed grains with abnormal forms although the protoplasts stained well; Standley 56193. Standley 56356. Floral illustrations: Fig. 11, A. Standley var. Standleyi is still inadequately known. The pistillate plant has not been collected. This species is very closely related to ^ Standleyi var. aequivenia from southern Mexico and Guatemala. The two taixa 128 PHYTOLOGIA Vol. 32, no. 2 differ in leaf morphology, number of florets on the stamina te heads and perhaps also in the size of the plants. ^ subsessllis from southern Mexico and Guatemala also shares chajracters with these tcLxa. The admixture of floral types on the staminate heads reported by Blake (l929f P« 27l) has been confirmed. The completely formed filiform ray flowers, though few, sometimes appear to be fertile. In addition, abnormal intermediate flowers were found. Known only from the type locality in Gomayagua, Honduras (Fig. 13). Collected on brushy and open rocky banks, 1080-1400 m ele. HONDURAS I Dept, Gomayaguaj vicinity of Siguatepeque, Standley 36356 (F). 7a. ARGHI3AGCHARIS STANDLEYI Blake var. AEQUIVENIA Blake, Brit- tonia 2 1 1937. Archibaccharis aequlvenia (Blake) D. Nash, FieldiaJia 36(9)1 73* 1974. Typei GUATEKALAi Dept. Suchitepequezj roadside bank, Finca Moca, 937 m ele., 4 January 1935* Skutch 2056 (AI ; photo. MINI; isotype: Fl). Erect shrubs; ca. 19 dm talLl; the subterratneam parts and bases not seen. Stems obscurely fractiflex, terete or round- angled, 1,5-4. 5 nun in diam. above, the internodes 5*0-3^*0 cm long, barely shiny, brown, red-brown or dark gray-green, thickly brown or whitish puberulous above. Leaves with short petioles, 1.0- 3.O mm long, sometimes sessile, puberulous, often with pilosu- lous hairs; blades lanceolate, lance-elliptic or oblong-elliptic, 4.0- 16.0 cm long, 1.5-3«5 cm wide, thinly chartaceous, cuneate or narrowly obtuse at bases, long-acuminate or often falcate at apices, margins distally serrulate, the upper surfaces dark-green, dull, finely hispidulous, the hairs often directed antrorsely and dotted with superficial amber glands, the lower surfaces lighter green, dull or somewhat shiny, sparsely hispidulous and often dotted with superficial amber glands. Panicles convex on densely puberulous peduncles. Pistillate Heads; 4. 5-5*0 mm high, 2. 5-3*0 mm wide, phyllaries seriate, acute or acuminate, the outer narrowly triangular or oblong and puberulous, sometimes mixed with superficial amber glands, the inner lanceolate or linear-lanceo- late and essentially glabrous; filiform ray flowers 26-3I, pappus 2. 9-3*7 mm long, white, corollas 2. 7-3*0 mm long, white, puberulous above, the ligules erect, 0,4-1, 0 mm long, achenes 1.4-1. 6 mm long, 3-5 nerved, dull and hispidulous or perhaps sometimes hirtellous and with scattered superficial glands; disk flovjers l-3i pappus 2. 8- 3*6 mm long, corollas 3*2-3*5 nim long, white, anthers sterile, achenes inane or apparently sometimes fertile. Staminate Heads : ca. 8.0 mm high, 6.0 mm wide, phyllaries 3~^ seriate; filiform ray flowers 1 or more, pappus 2.8 mm long, corollas 2.2 mm long, white, achenes inane or apparently sometimes fertile; disk flowers 22-25 1 white, pappus 3*2-3*^ nun long, white, tubes 1.5-1 *7 nim long, puberulous above, limb 1. 9-2.6 mm long, puberulous, lobes linear, 1.8- 2. 3 nun long, sparsely puberulous on the dorsal surfaces, style 19 7< Jackson. Revision of Archibaccharis 129 Fig. 11. Floral illustrations of Archibaccharis corymbosa, A. Standleyi vax. Stamdleyi and ^ Standleyi var. aequivenia. A. corymbosa (all from Jackson 104'3yi (a, b) pistillate heads: filiform flower, (b) disk flower; (c , d) stamina te heaxis: (c) filiform flower, (d) disk flower. ^ Standleyi var. Standle^ (all from Standley 56356): (e, f, g) staminate heads: (T) fili- form flower, (f) disk flower, (g) abnormal intermediate flower. A. Standleyi var. aequivenia: (h, i) pistillate heauis (Skutch 205^) « (hj filiform flower, (l) disk flower; (j, k) staunlnate heads (Natuda ^Oll): (j) filiform flower, (k) disk flower. Disk flowers are shown without anthers. 130 PHYTOLOGIA Vol. 32, no. 2 Fig. 12. Distribution of species of Archibaccharis in Guate- mala. Square, ^ corymbosa. TriaJigle, ^ lineairilobis. 1975 Jackson, Revision of Archibaccharis 131 Fig. 13. Distribution of varieties of Archibaccharis in Mexico and Guatemala. Triangle, ^ Staridleyl var. aequlvenia. Circle, A. Standleyi var. Standleyi. 132 PHTTOLOGIA Vol. 32, no. 2 branches oblong or just linear, acute but sometimes obtuse, achenes abortive, inane or reduced to small knobs. Pollen diameters (microns) i polar, 21.0-23.3! equatorial, 22.2-24.4; Matuda 4011. Floral illustrations! Fig. 11. The stajninate specimen of ^ Standleyi var. aeguivenia, unknovm to Blake, may now be described. These heads appear to be at least sporadically heterogajnous. A. Standleyi var. aeguivenia is closely related to ^ Standleyi var. Standleyi from Honduras. The two taxa perhaps represent distinct biological species. The evidence currently available seemed insufficient to justify this decision. Pubescence found on the two taxa is very similar. They differ vegetatively mainly in leaf characters. The leaves of var. aeq uivenia are much larger, thinner and lanceolate with rounded or subcorda.te bases. In the var. Standleyi the leaves are shorter, thicker and ovate or lance-ovate with strong lateral veins on the lower leaf surfaces. The bases are nearly cuneate or narrowly rounded. Pistillate specimens of var. Standleyi are unknown (only tlriree stajninate specimens were available ) , A comparison of staminate head floral characters found them to be nearly indistinguishable except the head.s of var. Standleyi had 7-15 disk flowers, those of var. aeguivenia 22-25. This may provide a strong case for biological distinctness if further studies provide statistically significant differences. There is a need to demonstrate that the few known staminate specimens of var. Standleyi are not aberrant. These specimens were examined and found to possess abnormal pollen grains. They were deformed and could not be measured although the protoplasts appeared to stain well with cotton blue. New collections of both taxa are needed. The heads from a pistillate specimen of Matuda 0700 from Mt. Ovando, Chiapas possessed central disk flowers bearing apparently fertile achenes but sterile anthers. The contents of one boiled achene appeared to be fully developed. From Chiapas, Mexico and Quezaltenango and Suchitepequez, GuatemaJ-a (Fig. I3). Collected along roadside banks and on high barranco, 937-1300 ele. GUATEMALA! Dept. Quezadtenango! high barranco adong Rio Samala, between Santa Maria de Jesus and Gadahuachem, Steyermark 33893 (F). MEXICO! State of Chlapasi Mt. Ovando, Matuda 0700 (MICH, us); Mt. Ovando, Matuda 4011 (GH, MICH, MO, NY); Mt. Ovando, Matuda I6236 (US ) ; Cerro del Boqueron, Purpus 6687 in part (BM, F, GH, MO, UC, US). 8. ARGHIBACGHARIS ASPERIFOLIA (Benth.) Blake, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 23 « 1509. 1926, Baccharis asperifolia Benth. , PI. Hartw. 86. 1841, Conyza asperifolia Benth. & Hook., Hemsl. Biol. Gentr. Amer. Bot. 2*! 126, 1881, Hemibaccharis asperifolia (Benth.) Blake, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 20i 552. 1924. Type! GUATEMALA! Dept. 1975 Jackaon, Revision of Archlbaccharla 133 GUATEIlALAi mountains of Mixco, 18^+0, Hartwe^ 5Q9 (K! ; photo. Illill ; isotypesj fragments, BM?1 GHl K1 ilY! P! ; photo. TEX!). Baccharls scabridula T. G. Brandeg., Univ, Calif. Publ. Bot. 6i 77. 1914. Typei lEXIGOi Gtate of Ghiapasj collected in the high region of Gerro del Boqueron, August 1913 f Pur pus 6665 (UGl ; photo. MIN! ; isotypesj BMl F! GH! HOI NY! USiX Erect ligneous herbs (?)i ca. 10-30(-65) dm tall; roots fibrous. Stems straight below, usuaJ-ly obscurely fractiflex above, terete, usually glaucescent at least below, the bases '^.0-12.0 mm in diain. , graduating to 1. 0-4,0 mm above, the internodes 2. 0-8.0 cm long, shiny, usually red-purple or dark-purple but sometimes green, glabrous usually to just below the Inflorescences, often whitish tomentulose but sometimes subglabrous. Leaves with peti- oles 2.0-15.0(-20) mm long, essentially glabrous below, puberu- lous or subglabrous above; blades usually elliptical or lance- elliptic but sometimes obovate, oblanceolate, rarely ovate or oblong-ovate, 2,0-14.5 cm long, 1. 0-5.0 cm wide, chartaceous or thickly so, attenuate, cuneate or variously obtuse at bases, acumi- nate, short-acuminate or rarely obtuse at apices, margins distaJ-ly serrate, serrulate or merely denticulate, rarely entire, scabrous or with some pilosulous hairs, the upper surfaces dark-green, dull, usually scabrous but sometimes puberulous or thinly hirtellous, rarely subglabrous, the lower surfaces lighter green, dull, often with pilosulous and hirtellous hairs, rarely subglabrous. Panicles convex or pyramidal on subglabrous to tomentulose peduncles, the hairs sometimes crisped. Pistillate Heads i 4.0-5.5(-7*5) rom high, 3. 0- 4.5 (-6.0) mm wide, phyllaries 4(-5) seriate, acute or rarely acuminate, the outer and inner ones linear-lanceolate, glabrous; filiform ray flowers 25-55(“69), pappus 2.4-3. 6(-4,0) mm long, white, rarely brown-tinged or rufous, corollas 1.9-3*0(-3*6) mm long, white or creeim-white, puberulous above, the ligules erect, 0.1-0. 6 mm long, achenes 0. 9-1. 5(-1.6) ii™ long, (2-)3(-4) nerved somewhat shiny and hispidulous; disk flowers 1-7, pappus 2. 4-3. 4 (-4.1) mm long, corollas 2. 8-4.l(-4.6) mm long, white or cream- white, anthers sterile, achenes inane or apjjarently sometimes fertile; abnormal intermediate flowers sometimes present. Staml- nate Heads > 4.0-5.5(-7.0) mm high, mm wide, phyl- laries ca. 4 seriate; filiform ray flowers occurring sporadically, 0-4, pappus Ca. 2.2 mm long, corollas 1. 6-2.0 mm long, white or cream-white, achenes inane or apparently sometimes fertile; abnormal intermediate flowers sometimes present; disk flowers 22- ^(-56), white or cream-white, pappus 2.3-3*3(“3*7) mm long, white, rarely brown-tinged or rufous, tubes l.l-1.8(-2.2) mm long, puberu- lous above, limb 1.5-2. 9 mm long, puberulous, lobes triangular or oblong, 0,8-1. 5 mm long, sparsely puberulous on the dorsal surfaces, style branches oblong, barely lanceolate or linear, acute, achenes abortive, reduced to smaJ.1 knobs. Ghromosome number 1 n = 9 (Jackson, I969), Fig. 1; n = 9 (Solbrig et al., I969). Pollen diameters (microns) 1 polar, 17.8-20.0; equatorial., 20.0- 22.2; Jackson 1039. Standley 6IO5I. Floral, illustrations I Fig. Id. 13U PHITOLOGIA Vol. 32, no. 2 Archibacchaxis asperifolia is usually distinct with its com- bination of usually elliptical leaves with scabrous upper surfaces and terete, shiny, purple or green glabrous stems with noticeably ascending branches above. A. asperifolia was observed by the author throughout much of its range. This species appears to possess herbaceous stems which develop considerable woody tissue in one growing season. The stem becomes rather woody and rigid. Stem cross-sections taken from larger specimens indicated only one yeax's growth. In contrast, ^ sescenticeps, a closely related species, cleanly possesses periennial stems. Examples were examined which exhibited several seasons accumulation of wood. As with other Archibaccharis taxa, this species presented many examples of sporadically occurring filiform ray flowers on the stajninate heads. Abnormial intermediate flowers were found on both staminate and pistillate heads. Although the vegetative and floral chaxacters matched very well with those of ^ asperifolia, the large pistillate and staminate heads found on Rzedouski 2198 from Tlalmanalco, State of Mexico, probably represents an extreme variation of the species. Stajninate specimens from a Htlller collection, probably from Vera Cruz, were similarly large. In fact, BlaJce had made a pencil note on the Mtlller sheet (NY), "probably, but heads very laxge," giving his response to the handwritten label on the sheet, "Baccharis asperifolia. " From Jalisco and San Luis Potosi, Mexico, south to northern Nicaragua, a widespread species (Fig. 15). Collected in high, damp forested zones and on rocky slopes, 1260-3900 m ele. One collection was taken from the cinder cone of Volcan Atitlan in Guatemala. The author has not infrequently noted this species along roadsides in rather open exposures throughout much of its distribution. GUATEMALA: Dept. Alta Verapaz: southeast of Coban adjacent to gravel road to San Juan Chajnelco, Jackson 1039 (F, GH, K, MIN, HO, NY, P, us); near Coban, Standley 69218 (F , NY); region of Chelae, northeast of Carcha, Standley 70^00 (F); Coban, von Ttlrckheim 385 (BM, GH, K, MICH, NY, P, US); Coban, von Ttlrckheim II 1637 (BM. G, F, G, GH, MICH, MO, NY, UG, US). Dept. Baja Verapaz; mountainside north of divide north of Santa Rosa, Standley 69925 (F, NT). Dept. Ghimaltenango: Volcano Chimal- tenango, Kellerman 6ll7 (F); Volcan de Fuego, Salvin & Godman s.n. (K); Chichavac, Skutch 331 (DS, MICH, NY, US); region of Santa Elena, Gerro de Teepan, Standley 61051 (F, GH, ^lY); bax- ranco do la Sierra, southeast of Patzun, Standley 6l674 (f). Dept. El Progresso; between Galera and summit of Volcan Siglo, Steyermark 43091 (F, GH); hills north of Finca Piamonte, between Finca Piamonte and summit of Volcan Santa Luisa, Steyermaxk 43565 (F ) . Dept. GuatemaULa: San Rafael, Holway 46 (GH); Volcan de Pacaya, above Las Calderas, Standley 58427 T?) : hills south of Mixco, W illiams & Molina 11769 (f ) . Dept. Huehuetenango; along road to Huehuetenango, 7 miles south of San Juan Ixcoy, Municipio of San Juan Ixcoy, Breedlove 8516 (DS, F, MICH); between San 1975 Jackson, Revision of Aix:hibacchari3 135 Martin and Todos Santos, lielson 361? (US); neax Chiantla, along the river and east of town, St^dle.y 82493 (?')• Dept. Ciuezal- tenaxgo: Palmar, Skutch l^t44 (GH); slopes of Volcan de Santa Maria, above Palojunoj, Standi ey 6734<. (P'); mountains above Sein Juan Ostuncalco, on road to Palestina, Stand ley 85230 (F', USJ; mountains about 4 km north of Olintepeque, W illiauns, Molina i Williajns 22866 (GH, HY). Dept, quiche: no specific location, Aguilar 1198 (F). Dept. Sacatepequezi Volcan de Agua, Kellerman 7423 (F) ; slopes of Volcan de Agua, north of Santa Maria de Jesus, Standley 39376 (F, HY). Dept, San Maxcosj above Rio Tacana, near San Antonio, Standley 66114 (F, GH); upper south-facing slopes of Volcan Tajumulco, between Las Ganojas and top of ridge, 7 miles from San Sebastian, Steyermaxk " 3883 (F); about 6 km (airline) north of San Marcos, Williajns, Molina & W illiams 23866 (UC); outer slopes of Tajumulco Volcano, about 8-10 km west of San Marcos, Williams, Molina, W illiams. Gibson & Laskowski (BM, GH); road to Tajumulco Volcano, near San Andres, Williams Molina. Williams, Gibson & Laskowski 27031 (NY), Dept, Solola: Volcan Santa Clara, Steyermark 4t^893 (F ) , Dept, Suchitepequez: south side of cinder cone of Volcan Atitlan, Skutch 213^ (F, GH, US), Dept, Totonicapanj about 8-10 km (airline) south of Totonicapan, Williams, Molina & Williams 22923 (GH, HY), Dept, Zaicapa: along Rio Repollal to summit of mountain, Steyermark 42330 (P"', us), HOIlDUItAS : Dept, Morazan: Mt, Uyuca, Williams, Molina & Merrill 13592 (F, GH; ; drainage of the Rio Yeguare, Williams & Molina 17170 (G, GH); Gerro de Uyuca, along trail from Las Flores to La Labranza, Standley 23911 (pO* MMXIGG; State of Ghiapasi along the road just above Tenejapa Center, Municipio of Tenejapa, Breedlove 6893 (DS, F, MICH); Titotole, Linden 426 (G, P); Mt, Ovando, Sscuintla, Matuda 16251 (MO, US); Paraje Matsab, Municipio of Tenejapa, Ton 309 (DS. MSG, HY, WIS); Paraje of Matsab, Municipio of Tenejapa, Ton 1270 (DS, MICH). State of Jalisco I northern slopes of Nevado de Colima, above the sawmill called Piedra Ancha and just east of the first great cainyon west of the sawmill site, McVaugh II69I (MIGH); stream bed, Arroyo del Notoguio, Sam Sebastian, Mexia I67O (A, BM, DS, F, G, GH, MIGH, MIN, HO, irY, UC, us); caiions between Mascota and San Sebastian, Nelson 4033 (GH). State of Mexico; Mt. Ixtaccihuatl , Deam s.n, (GH); Mes6n Viejo, Temasc al tepee , Hinton 3266 (F, GH, K, MO, MIGH, NY); Cumbre-Gavia locality, Temasc alte pec , Hinton 8836 (GH, K, MICH, NY, US); Salto de Agua, Purpus 1300 (BM, F, GH, MO, NO, POM, UC, US). State of Michoacani 10 miles north of west of Ciudad HidaJLgo and a few miles north of village of San Pedro Aguaro, MeVaugh & Wilbur 9932 (MICH, US). State of Oaxacai Sta, Ines del Monte, Zimatlan, Gonzattl I330 (GH); Sierra de San Felipe del Agua, Jackson 1027 (b. BM. G, DS, F, GH, K, MIGH, MIN, MO, tiSC, IfY, P, POM, TEX, UC, US, WIS); Barranca del Ranchi to, Pet- lacala, Mexia 9092a (F, GH, NY, UC, US); Sierra de San Felipe, Pringle 6031 (BM. GH, K, HIGH, MIN, HO, MSG, NY, P, US); Sierra de San Felipe, Smith 262 (F, MO, NY, US); Sierra de San Felipe, Smith 306 (BM, NY) ; El Punto, 28 km northeast of Oaxaca, along the 136 PHYTOLOGIA Vol. 32, no, 2 road to Ixtlan de Juarez, Rzedowskl 19236 (DS, MICH, TEX). State of Pueblai woodlands near Honey Station, Pringle 15008 fGH, MICH, MIN, MSG). State of San Luis Potosii d'Aoust 278 (P). State of Vera Gruzi Vera Cruz, Sartorius s.n,, P5617O (P). NIGARAGUAi Dept, Jinotegai San Rafael del Norte, Miller & Grlscom 24 (US); San Rafael del Norte, Miller & Griscom 8^ (US) . 9. ARGHIBAGGHARIS GALONEURA Blake, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington 55« 117-118. 1942. Type! MEXIGOi State of Oajcaca: lower slopes, Mt. Zempoaltepetl, 19-27 February 1937, Gajip 2701 (NYI ; photo. MINI; photo and fragments, USI). Erect shrubs; ca. 15-25 dm tall; the subterranean parts and the bases not seen. Stems straight or nearly so, terete or sub- terete, 1.5-4. 5 mm in diam. above, the internodes I.O-3.O cm long above, somewhat shiny, brown or dark-purple, glabrescent above with a few hispidulous and puberulous hairs on the branches and branchlets. Leaves with petioles 3 •5-10.0 mm long, sparsely hispidulous; blades mostly oblong-ovate but sometimes elliptical, 3*5-8. 5 cm long, 2. 0-3.5 cm wide, pergajnentaceous , cuneate, attenuate or barely obtuse at bases, long or short-acuminate and straight or falcate at apices, margins usuaily serrate or serru- late nearly to the bases but sometimes merely denticulate, sparsely hispidulous, the upper surfaces dark-green, somewhat shiny, subglabrous with a few hirtellous hairs, the lower surfaces dark-green but lighter than the upper surfaces, shinier than the upper surfaces, essentially glabrous. Panicles convex on antrorsely hispidulous peduncles. Pistillate Heads t 5* 0-6.0 mm high, 4.0- 4.5 mm wide, phyllarles 5-6 seriate, acute or obtuse, the outer ovate or triangular-ovate and glabrous, the inner linear-lanceolate and glabrous; filiform ray flowers 20-24, pappus 3»^-^»0 mm long, white, corollas 2. 0-2. 7 mm long, white, hirtellous, the hairs denser near the apices which they may exceed, the ligules erect, obscure, 0.1-0. 2 mm long, achenes 1.2-2. 0 mm long, 2-3 nerved, somewhat shiny and hispidulous; disk flowers 2-4, pappus 3»7-4.2 mm long, corollas 3* 8-4. 5 mm long, white, anthers sterile, achenes abortive, inane but sometimes apparently fertile or reduced to small knobs; abnormal intermediate flowers sometimes present, St^inate Heads i 5 *0-6,0 mm high, 4, 0-6.0 mm wide, phyllaries 5-6 seriate; disk flowers 24-36, white, pappus 3* 0-4. 2 mm long, white, irregular, composed of basally contorted and connate mixed groupings of regular, very slender barbellate pappus bristles and papillose structures which are ligulate, linear-lanceolate or attenuate to long slender or obtuse apices, the papillose structures usually covered with minute glandular structures, tubes 1. 5-2.4 mm long, puberulous above, limb 1.9-2. 9 mm long, puberulous, lobes lance-oblong, 1,6-2,! mm long, the dorsaJ surfaces obscurely puberu- lous, style branches linear, acute achenes abortive, completely reduced to small, glabrous knobs. Chromosome number; n = 9 (recorded on Breedlove 7798 as repre- sented in the University of Michigan Herbarium). Pollen diameters (microns); polar, 22.2-24.4; equatorial. 1975 Jackson, Revision of Ajxhlbaccharls 137 24.6-28.9. Breedlove 7798; Gamp 2698. Floral illustrations j Fig. 14. The glabrous features of ^ caloneura perhaps relate it to A. asperifolia and ^ amdrogyna. The most recent collection of this species, Breedlove 7798 rMICH), a staminate specimen from Chiapas, was distributed as ^ androgyna. The irregular pappus of the disk flowers found on the staminate heads make this species unique among all Archlbaccharls taixa. A new collection site was established in Oaxaca for A. caloneura with the discovery that Jurgenson 372. on loan from Kew Royal Botanic Gardens, belonged to this tajcon. That particu- lar specimen was cited long eigo as being Conyza asperifolia (Benth. & Hook., 1881, p. 126). Abnormal intermediate flowers were found on the pistillate heads of Jurgenson 372. From Chiapas and Oaxaca, Mexico (Fig. l6). This erect shrub was reported as being collected on steep, moist slopes and in high, wooded areas, 2800-2900 m ele. MEXICO j State of Chiapas; northeast slope of Zontehuitz near the summit, Municipio of Chamula, Breedlove 7798 (MICH). State of Oaxaca: middle slopes, Ht. Zempoaltepetl, Gamp 2698 (NY); Sierra San Pedro Holasco &c., Jurgenson 372 (kJ^ 10. ARGHIBAGGHARIS ANDROGYNA (T. S. Brandeg. ) Blake, Gontr. U. S. Hat. Herb. 23« 1509. 1926. Baccharis androgyna T. S. Brandeg., Univ. Calif. Publ. Bot. 61 77. 1914. Hemi baccharis androgyna (T. S. Brandeg.) Blake, Gontr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 20: 552. 1924. Type: MEXICO: State of Chiapas: Gerro del Boquer6n, September 1913» Pumus 6666 (UC! ; photo. MINI ; isotypes: A! BM! FI GH! MOI Iff! usTTT Erect shrubs; ca. 6-24 dm tall; above-ground parts glabrate with any pubescence light-colored except in one form with a fine, black glandular pubescence on the upper portions of the stems, phyllaries and floral organs; roots fibrous. Stems essentially straight, terete, shiny, the bases 1.6 cm or less in diam. , gradu- ating to 2.O-5.O mm in diam. above, the internodes 10.0-33.0 mm long, green, brown or reddish-brown, glabrous. Leaves with short petioles, I.O-3.O mm long, glabrous; blcides narrowly lanceolate, 5. 0-12.0 cm long, 0.7-2. 5 cm wide, thinly chartaceous, cuneate or narrowly obtuse at banes, gradually long-acuminate and often falcate at apices, margins distally serrulate, glabrate, the upper surfaces dark-green but often colored with red, shiny, glabrate, the lower surfaces dark-green but lighter than the upper siirfaces, shiny, glabrate. Panicles convex, arranged on glabrous peduncles. Heads ; 3.4-5. 0 mm high, 3. 2-4.0 mm wide, phyllaries 4-5 seriate, acute, the outer triangular, oblong or less often ovate and glabrous, the inner linear or lineair-lanceolate and glabrous; filiform ray flowers 17-30, pappus 1.8-3.4 ram long, white, corollas 1. 7-3.0 mm long, white, puberulous from near the baises to just below the ligules or on the lower two-thirds if the ligules are 138 PHYTOLOGIA Vol. 32, no. 2 absent, the ligules erect when present, 0. 5-0.9 mm long, achenes iiua long, 2-3 nerved, somewhat shiny and hispidulous; disk flowers 1-15, white, pappus 2.4-3. 6 mm long, vjhite, corollas 3.2- 4.3 mm long, the tubes puberulous above, the throats very short, lobes oblong, 1.1-1.? mm long, glabrous, anthers functional at least in some populations, perhaps not in others, style branches oblong or subclavellate , acute, achenes abortive, inane and reduced or completely reduced to small knobs. Chromosome number: n = 9 (Jackson, I969), Fig. 1. Pollen diairieters (microns): polar, 16.7-22.0; equatorial, 17.8-24.4; Jackson 1034, Ton 706. Floral illustrations: Fig. 14. Vernacular names: "Gopalilla" in department liuehuetenango , Guatemala. A. androgyna may be closely related to ^ asperifolia and A, caloneura. Blake, (T924, p. 552) after study of one specimen from the type collection, regarded the species as polygamodioecious and noted "the staminate plant is unknown." All heads on the the type collection were heterogaraous , appearing like the usual Archi- baccharis pistillate head. The anther sacs of the disk flowers seem to be sterile. A thorough search by the author through a population of A. androgyna near Navenchauc, Chiapas, Mexico in late December, 1968 revealed no "staminate" plants. Rather, all the plants appeared to be completely capable of the monoecious condition in that all heads contained both filiform ray flowers with fertile achenes and disk flovjers bearing functional anthers and abortive achenes. The disk flovjers in the heads varied in number from few to many, even when hecids on the sane plant were compared. Attempts to identify staminate and pistillate plants failed. Chromosome counts were obtained from the anther sacs of the disk flowers. During the dissection of Jackson 1034 some abnormal flowers were found. Seven lobes were counted on one disk flower. Another flower appeared to be partly disk flower and partly filiform ray flower. Abnormal intermediate flowers were also found during the dissection of Steyermark 36214 from department San Marcos, Guate- mala. The fact that ^ androgyna appears to at least sometimes be functionally monoecious further justifies its retention in the genus Archibaccharis. The flowers do show some evolutionary loss and the stems are woody perennials, a habit not usually associated with the genus Gonyza. the only other genus to which this species could reasonably be referred. Steyermark 51922 from Huehuetenango , Guatemala appears to be a locaJ. form of this species. The specimens were in fruit and nearly all floral material had been lost. In this form, a thin, black, apparently glandular pubescence was found on the upper branches, peduncles, dorsal and ventral phyllary surfaces, ray and disk corollas, style branches and on the fertile achenes where it was intermixed with the hispidulous hairs typical of the species. Steyermark had made a note on the sheet, "crushed leaves with the Fig. 14. FloraJ. illustrations of Archibaccharis asperifolia. A. caloneura and ^ androgyna . A. asperifoliai b) pistil- late headsj (Jackson 1027;! (a; filiform flower, (b) disk flower; (c, d, e) staminate heads: (c) abnormal intermediate flower (Hinton 3266); (d) filiform flower (Pringle I5OO8); (e) disk flower (Jackson 1027 ) . A, £aloneurai (f , g, h; pistillate heads (Gamp 2701) : ^f) filiform flower, (^gj disk flower, (h) abnormal intermediate flower; staminate heads: (i) disk flower (Gamp 2698) . A. ajidrogyna: (j) filiform flower (Jackson 10'34yi abnormaJ. intermediate flower (Steyermark 36214) , (T) disk flower (Jackson 1034) . Disk flowers are shown without amthers. phttologia Vol. 32, no. 2 lUo oJ O •H u 0) << o hD •H Distribution of Archibaccharis asperifolia in Mexic Jackson, Revision of Archibaocharls Fig. 16. Distribution of species of Archibecoharis in Itexico and Guatemala. Circle. A^ androEffia. Triangle, A^ caloneiga. PHYTOLOGIA Vol. 32, no. 2 lli2 odor of dill." This characteristic was verified by the author when the Navenchauc population was studied. From Chiapas, Mexico as well as Huehuetenango and San Karcos, Guatemala (Fig l6). This perennial shrub grows in moist woods and along shaded, moist cliffs, 700-2812 m ele. GUATEMALA: Dept. Huehuetenango: above Macx, between Todos Santos and San Martin, Sierra de los Cuchiunantanes , Steyermark 51922 (F, us); along quebrada Ganjula, between Sibinal and Canjula, Volcan Tacana, S teyermark 75976 (F); between La Vega ridge along Rio Vega and northeast slopes of Volcan Tacana, to 3 miles from Guatemala-Mexico boundary in vicinity of San Rafael, Steyermark 3617O (F); sane location as preceding, Steyermark 36214 (F, GH ) . ^MEXICO: State of Chiapas: on moist, steep slope along Mexican highway #190, 2 km west of Navenchauc, Breedlove 7988 (F, MICH); steep, moist, rocky hillside, ca. 1 km west of Navenchauc, along Mexican highway #190, Jackson 1074 (A, B, BM, C, DS, F, G, GH, K, MICH, MIN, MO, MSC, NY, P, POM, TEX, UC , US, WIS); Municipio of Zinacantan, northwest side of Cerro Huitepec, Laughlin 511 (DS, MSG, NY, WIS); Pinuela, Mount Ovando, Matuda 5004 (f7 UG ) ; Cerro del Boqueron, Purpus 668? in pant (NY ) ; Municipio of Tenejapa, Steep slope in the Paraje Matsab, Ton 706 (DS, MSG, NY, WIS). 11. ARGHIBACCHARIS SESGENTICEPS Blake, Gontr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 235 1509. 1926. Hemlbaccharis sescenticeps Blake, Gontr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 20: 552. 1924. Type: MEXICO: State of Mexico: in moist, open woods and along creeks, Mt. Ixtaccihuatl, 2135-2440 m ele., November 1905i Purpus 1501 (US! ; photo. MIN! ; isotypes: BM! C! DS! F! GH! MO! POM! UC! ). Erect shrubs; ca. IO-5O dm tall; roots fibrous. Stems straight below, usually obscurely fractiflex above, usually angled, glau- cescent, the bases '^.0-20.0 mm in diam. , graduating to 2. 0-7.0 mm above, stout, the internodes 1.5-5-5 cm long, dull, purple, gray- purple or green-brown, glabrous below, becoming thinly axachnose then whitish or gray arachnose-tomentulose above. Leaves with usually long petioles, 5.0-35.0 mm long, puberulous with some arachnose hairs below, arachnose above; blades usually oblong- ovate, ovate or rarely elliptical, 6.0-14.0 cm long, 2. 0-6. 5 cm wide, usually chartaceous but sometimes membranaceous, obtuse or cuneate at bases, acuminate at apices, margins distally serrate, glabrous or hispidulous, upper surfaces dark-green, dull, hispidu- lous or sometimes glabrous, lower surfaces lighter green, dull, usually glabrous but sometimes subglabrous with puberulous and arachnose hairs. Panicles pyramidal on arachnose-tomentulose peduncles. Pistillate Heads: 4. 0-6.0 mm high, 2. 5-4.0 mm wide, phyllaries ca. 4-seriate, acute, sometimes acuminate, linear or linear-lanceolate, the outer ones sometimes with scattered puberu- lous hairs, rarely arachnose; filiform ray flowers 21-46, pappus 2. 5-3. 2 mm long, white, corollas 1.8-2. 5 nini long, creamy-white, puberulous above, the ligules erect, short, 0.1-1. 4 mm long. 1975 Jackson, Revision of Archibaccharis 1U3 glabrous, achenes 0.8-1. 3 nun long, 2-3 nerved, somewhat shiny and hispidulous; disk flowers l-3» pappus 2.5“3*2 mm long, corollas 2. 3-3.6 mm long, creamy- white, anthers sterile, achenes inajne or apparently sometimes fertile; abnormal intermediate flowers sometimes present. Staminate Heads i 4. 0-5.0 mm high, 2. 5-3*5 nun wide, phyllaries ca. ^seriate; disk flowers 17-29f creamy-white, pappus 2. 1-3*0 mm long, white, tubes 1. 3-2.0 mm long, puberulous above, limb 1. 2-2.1 mm long, puberulous, lobes usually oblong or merely acute but sometimes linear, 0.7-1. 3 mm long, the dorsal surfaces glabrous or with a few puberulous hairs, style branches oblong or linear, acute, achenes abortive, inare or reduced to small knobs or sometimes apparently fertile. Chromosome number; n - 9 (Jackson, I969), Fig. 1. Pollen diameters (microns) i polar, 17.8-23*3; equatorial, 18.9-25*0; Jackson 1047, Purpus 1501 * Floral illustrations; Fig. 17. Archibaccharis sescenticeps is distinguished by its angled, purple, glabrescent, stout, arachnose-tomentulose stems. Exami- nation of wood accumulation in older stems clearly show the per- ennial nature of the species. The floral morphology appears to differ little from that of ^ asperifolia. a more widespread species with which it is partially sympatric and whose stems have not been shown to be perennial. The specimens cited by Blake (1924, p, 552) when he first described ^ sescenticeps have been seen by the author with the exception of Nelson 4055 (bS). As represented in the Gray Her- barium, the specimen of that collection lacks arachnose-tomentu- lose hairs on essentially glabrous, terete stems and has been cited in this paper as ^ asperifolia. Abnormal intermediate flowers were found on the pistillate heads of some specimens. From Mexico, D. F. and the states of Guerrero, Hidalgo, Mexico amd Michoacan (Fig. 18). This perennial shrub has been collected in oak woods, on granitic slopes, pine forests, pine-covered slopes, moist barramcas ard slopes, 2IOO-35OO m ele. flEXICO; Federal District; Contadero, Lyonnet 375 (BM, GH, K, HO, NY, us). State of Guerrero; at amd just below summit of Cerro Alquitran, 17-18 km by road west of Mexican Highway ;i'95 and Mazatlan, Anderson & Laskowski 4411 (HIGH); about 10 km west of Ghilpajicingo , Feddema 2759 (MIGtl); Teotepec locality, Gadeana District, Hinton 11138 (G, K, HIGH, P, US); Teotepec locadity, Galeana District, Hinton 14784 (F, GH, MO, US); top of Sierra Madre near Ghilpancingo, Nelson 2203 (US); Garrizal, 9 km west of Gamotla, Municipio of Ghichihualco , Rzedowski 18014 (HIGH, MSG, WIS); same location as the preceding, Rzedowski 18015 (DS, HIGH, MSG, WIS); El Asoleadero, 15 km west of Gamotla, Municipio of Ghichihualco, Rzedowski 18079 (DS, HIGH, MSG, WIS); more or less 2 km northeast of Gampamento El Gallo, western spur of Gerro Teotepec, Rzedowski & HcVaugh 194 (HIGH, MSG). State of Hidalgo; near Real del Monte above Pachuca, Sh^p 441078 (NY). State of Mexico, Desierto Viejo, Berlandier II67 (BM); San Nicolas near lUi PHTTOLOOIl Vol. 32, no. 2 Fig. 17. FlbraJ. illustrations of Archibaccharis sescenticeps and ^ serratifolia. A, sescenticeps'i (all from Jayson 1047J» (a, b, c) pistillate heads^ (a) filiform flower, (b) disk flower, (c) abnormal, intermediate flower; (d, e) staminate heads (d) disk flower, (e) apices of abnormal intermediate flowers. A. serratifolia: (f, g) pistillate heads (Jackson 1048): (f) fili- form flower, (g) disk flower, (h) abnormal intermediate flower (Jackson 1037 )i (i) apices of abnormal intermediate flowers, ( Jackson 1048); staminate heads: (j) disk flower (Pringle 11288) . Disk flowers axe shown without anthers. 197$ Jackson, Revision of Archibaccharis LU5 Fig. 18. Mexico. Distribution of Archibaccharis sescenticeps in 1U6 PHYTOLOGIA Vol, 32, no, 2 Mexico, Bourp;eau 97 Q in part (C, G, Gh, K, P, US}; collines near Haromas, Valley of Mexico, Bour^eau 1092 (P); south Mexico, San IJicolas, Valley of Mexico, Bourpieau 1228 (O, GH, K, NY, P, US j ; Amecajneca, Goodding; 2159 (UG J ; Gomunidad locaLlity, District of Temascal tepee , Hinton 2461 (GH, UG, US); 18 miles west of Mexico Gity on Highway 15i Hunsaker II (TEX); Meson Viejo, along Mex- ican Highway >^^130, Jackson 104? (B, BH, G, DS, F, G, GH, K, HIGH, MIN, MO, MSG, NY, P, TEX, UC , US); San Rafael, Municipio of Tlalmanalco, Jimenez 199 (MSG ) ; Gontreras, Matuda 18622 (iTY); around Amecauneca, Matuda 25740 (lIY); San Rafael, foothill east of Ixtaccihuatl, Matuda 27568 (nY ) ; 3 east of San Rafael, munici- pio of Tlalmanalco, Rzedowski 19347 (MIGH, MSG, WIS); Propae las Haromas, Woronow & Juzepczuk 1049 (US). State of Michoacan: ca. 18 miles south of Patzeuaxo, King & Soderstrom 5210 (HIGH, NY, TEX, UG). 12. ARGHIBAGGHARIS SERRATIFOLIA (H.B.K.) Blake, Gontr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 26; 236. 1930. Baccharis serratifolia H.B.K. , Nov. Gen. & Sp. 4i 59. 1820. Type: MEXIGO: State of Guana- juato: on steep slopes between Santa Rosa and Los loaxes, 2600 m ele., September, no year given, H.B.K. 31 (Pl)* Baccharis mucronata H.B.K. , Nov. Gen. & Sp. 4: 60. 1820. Hemibacchaxis mucronata (H.B.K.) Blake, Gontr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 20: 550-551* 1924. Archibaccharis mucronata (H.B.K.) BlaJee, Gontr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 23« 1508. 1926. Type: MEXIGO: State of Guanajuato: growing with H.B.K. no. 31» H.B.K. 32 (Pl ; photo., msg: ). Bacchants micrantha H.B.K., Nov. Gen. k Sp. 4: 60. 1820. Type: MEXIGO: State of Guanajuato: near Guanajuato, ca. 2000 m ele., September, no year given, H.B.K. 33 (P!)* Pluchea floribunda Hemsl. , Diag. PI. Mex. 2: 32-33* 1879* Type: MEXIGO: State of Vera Gruz: Mirador, Linden 1171 (Lecto- type: as part of a mixed sheet including Galeotti 2308. also A. serratifolia. K1 ; photo., MIN!; isolectotypes: G! Pl). Diplostephium panic ulatum Donnell Smith, Bot. Gaz. 23: 8-9* 1897* Hemibaccharis mucronata paniculata (Donn. Smith) Blake, Gontr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 20: 551* 1924. Archibacchanis mucronata paniculata (Donn. Smith) BlaJte, Gontr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 23: 1508- 1509* 1926. Archibaccharis mucronata var. paniculata (Donn. Smith) Blak.e, Amer. Journ. Bot. 15: 64. 1928. Archibaccharis serratifolia var. paniculata (J. D. Sm. ) BlaJee, Joum. Washington Acad. Sci. 21: 328. 1931* Type: GUATEMALA: Dept. Huehuetenango between San Martin and Todos Santos, 2I8O-2656 m ele., December I895i Nelson 3629 (US! ; photo., MIN!; isotype: GHl). Erect or raxely arching shrubs; 5“30 4m tall; above-ground parts with variable pubescence which is whitish, canescent, cinere ous or sometimes sordid; roots fibrous, the plants sometimes rhi- zomatous. Stems straight below, straight or obscurely fractiflex above, usually angled but sometimes terete, the bases 1.5-10.0 mm in diam. , graduating to 1. 0-4.0 nun above, the internodes 1. 0-7.0 1975 Jackson, Revision of Archlbaccharls 1U7 cm long, dull, reddish-brown, brown, gray-brown, dark-purple, n.'ddish-piirple or reddish, glabrescent below, densely or sparsely tomentose or tomentulose but sometimes with shorter, somewhat harsh pubescence, these hairs always present for a considerable distance from the stem apices. Leaves with petioles, 0. 7-15*0 inm long, rarely lacking, tomentose or puberulous; blades variable, ovate, lance-ovate, lanceolate, oblong-ovate or elliptical, ^.5- 17.0 cm long, 1 .5-5*0(-7.5) cm wide, chartaceous but often thickly so, usually abruptly cuneatc at bases, rarely attenuate or obtuse, long or short-acuminate or acute at apices, margins distally ser- rate, serrulate or merely denticulate, hispidulous or with less harsh hirtellous or pilosulous hairs, upper surfaces dark-green, somewhat glossy or dull, hirtellous or hispidulous, sometimes pilosulous, often with a mixture of hair types which vary in length, density and texture, lower surfaces lighter green, some- what glossy or dull, densely tomentose, tomentulose, hispidulous, pilosulous, hirtellous or with mixtures of these hairs which may vary greatly in length, density and texture. Panicles pyramidal on tomentose, tomentulose, pilosulous or sometimes hirtellous peduncles. Pistillate headsi 4. 0-5.0 mm high, 2. 5-3*5 wide, phyllaries 4-5 seriate, acute or obtuse, linear or linear-lance- olate, the outer ones sometimes sparsely puberulous, the inner ones glabrous: filiform ray flowers 18-40, pappus 1.7-3* 0 long* white, corollas 1.8-2. 8 mm long, creamy-vfhite or white, puberu- lous near the apices, the ligules erect or obliquely reflexed, 0. 3-0.8 mm long, glabrous, achenes 0.7-1 *4 mm long, 2-nerved, somewhat shiny, hispidulous or subglabrous; disk flowers 1-6, pappus 2. 2-3*2 mm long, corollas 2. 4-3*5 nim long, creamy-white or white, anthers sterile, achenes inane or apparently sometimes fertile; abnormal intermediate flowers sometimes present. Staml- nate Headsi 4. 0-5.0 mm high, 2. 5-^*0 mm wide, phyllaries 4-5 seriate; disk flowers 16-45, creamy white or white, pappus 2.0-3.0 mm long, white, tubes 1.0-1. 8 mm long, puberulous above, limb 1.2- 2.4 mm long, usually puberulous, lobes triangular, oblong or rarely linear, 0.7-1. 3 n™ sparsely puberulous or glabrous, style branches oblong or barely lanceolate, short-acuminate or acute, achenes abortive, inane or reduced to small knobs. Chromosome number: n = 9 (Jackson, I969). Fig. 1, Pollen diameters (microns) 1 polar, 16.0-19.4; equatorial, 16.7-21.0; Breedlove 7579. Hinton 8663, Jackson 1037. Jackson 1048. Floral illustrations I Fig. 17. Vernacular names 1 "Hierba del carbonero" was the name reported by Blake (1926, p. I508) as applied in the Valley of Mexico. Fur- ther, "a decoction of the flowers is reported to be used as a remedy for catarrh." My study of the collections of this species did not reveal the source of Blake's information. Archibaccharis serratifolia is a species which is extremely variable in its vegetative characteristics. The species may be distinguished by its dull stem which is noticeably pubescent with usually light-colored hairs for a considerable distance below the PHYTOLOGIA Vol. 32, no, 2 lii8 inflorescences . The present treatment of this species includes the name A. serratifolia var. paniculata as a synonym. Blake's (1924, p. 5467 separation of two varieties of this species was justified by the amount of pubescence on stems and leaves as well as the harshness of the upper leaf surfaces. He regarded var. pani- culata as a more "southern form" (BlaJce, 1924, p. 551 )• After my investigations of three populations in Mexico and Guatemala, little correlation was found between densely tomentose plants and upper leaf surfaces which were soft. In general, the older, lower leaves tend to become harsher, apparently with age. Her- barium studies also supported these observations. Plants from Mexico and Guatemala were often equally tomentose. Although extreme forms of this species appear quite distinct, no techni- cal differences were found in floral structures. On the whole, it seems best to treat all specimens as belonging to a single species which is extremely variable in form and amount of pubes- cence. Some populations of this species showed abnormal intermediate flowers on the pistillate heads. From Ghihuaiiua and Nuevo Le6n, Mexico, extending to southern Guatemala (Fig. 20). The habitat of this perennial shrub has been described as on brushy slopes, in moist thickets, in pine, oak and fir forests, on dry exposures and rocky slopes, 384-2850 m ele. GUATEMALA I Dept. Chimaltenango; San Martin, Chite Verde, Johnston 176? (F); plains near Tecpan, above Tecpan, Skutch 759 (a, DS, MICH, US); Barrarco de La Sierra, southeast of Patzum, St^dley 61606 (f). Dept. Escuintla: no location, Aguilar 1759 (F ) ; Morillo, Morales 885 (US). Dept. Guatemala; along F.D.R. Highway 21 km northwest of Guatemala City, Molina, Burger & Wallenta 15984 (f). Dept. Huehueteneuigo; no location, Skutch 1643 (aT F, NY, us); mountains west of Aguacatan, on the road to Huehuetenango, Standley 81324 (f); along road I3 km west of Huehuetenango, near Puente de Xinaico, Standley 81483 (F). Dept. Jalapai Volcan Jumay, north of Jalapa, Steyermark 32426 (F); between JaDapa and Montaila Miraunundo, Steyermark 32876 (F). Dept. Quezaltenangoi about 4 km north of Olintepeque, Williams, Molina & Williams 22860 (GH, NY). Dept. Quiche; pine forest of Pascual Abaj, west of Ghichicastenango, Molina, Burger & Wallenta 16277 (F). Dept. Santa Rosa; Gasillas, Heyde & Lux 4251 (F, GH, K). Dept. Sacatepequez; Gerro de la Gruz, above Antigua, Jackson 1037 (F, G, GH, K, MIN, NY, P, US); slopes of Volcan de Agua, south of Santa Maria de Jesus, Standley 59496 (F, NY); Finca El Hato, northeast of Antigua, Standley 61232 (F, MIGH); near Anti- gua, Standley 6l752 (F, MIGH) ; Gerro de la Gruz, above Antigua, Standley 63327 (F, GH). MEXIGO; State of Ghiapas; along road to Pinola, 2 km southwest of Aguacatenango, Municipio of Garranza, Breedlove 7922 (F, MIGH); 3 miles south of Aguacatenango along road to Pinola Las Rosas, Municipio of Venustiano Garranza, Breedlove & Raven 13136 (DS, MIGH); on trail from Zinacantan 1975 Jackson, Revision of Archibaccharis U9 Center to Ixtapa near Paraje Vo 'bits, Municipio of Zinacantan, Laupihlln 2405 (MICH); tit. Pasitar, Hatuda Ovhu (MICH, MO). State of Chihuahua j quicorlchl , Rfo Mayo, Gentry 1999 (a, BM, F, K, MO); southwestern Chihuahua, Palmer 277 (GH, K, US); south- western Chihuahua, Palmer 281 (BM, GH, K, MY, US). State of Durango I Espinazo, near the dedication monument, 20 miles east of the Sinaloa state line, 'Weber & Gharette 11788 (MICH). Fed- eral District; baxranca neax Santa Fe, Valley of Mexico, Bour- geau 1096 (C, G, GH, MSG, K, P, UC, US); Lomas de Mixcoac, Lyonnet 2992 (US); Angostura, Lyonnet 3417 (US); mountainside above Tlalpam, Pringle 11288 (GH, MICH, US); mountains above Eslaba, Pringle 11482 (C , F, GH, K, HO, US). State of Guana- juato; Cerro Grande, axound San Diego, Municipio of Acambaxo, Rzedowski 21384 (MICH, MSC). State of Guerrero; Sierra Madxe del Sur, Distrito Hina, second ridge west of Petlacala, Mexla 9053 (F, G, GH, K, MO, NY, UC); Carrizal, 9 km east of Camotla, Municipio of Ghichihualco, Rzedowski 18031 (MICH, MSC, TEX) ; El Asoleadero, 15 km east of Cajnotla, Municipio of Ghichihualco, Rzedowski 18059 (MICH, MSC, TEX). State of Hidalgo; Real Del Monte, El Sanate, Ehrenberg 401 (P). State of Jalisco; ca. 28 road miles west of Ayutla, and about 70 miles northwest of Autlan, Gronquist 9792 (MICH, ^NY, TEX, US); Sierra de Manantlan, 15-20 miles southeast of Autlan, near Aserrando El Guaxton, McVaugh 13852 (MICH); Rio Blanco, Palmer 737 (GH, MO, NY, P) ; shaded canyons neax Guadalajaxa, Pringle 2364 (BM, F, GH, K, MICH, MO, MSG, irY, P, UC, US); 5 east of Rancho del Mortero, Municipio of Mezquitic, Rzedowski 17693 (MICH). State of Mexico; forest of San Nicholas, Bouxgeau 969 (GH, K, P, US); Rancho San Lorenzo neax town of Valle de Bravo, Dodds & Simpson 39 (MIGH); Meson Viejo, District of Temascaltepec , Hinton 2730 (BM, GH, K, us); District of Temascaltepec, Ocotepec, Hinton 2898 (BM, GH, K, NO, NY, us); 2.5 miles northeast of Temascaltepec, along MexicaJi Highway #130, Jackson 1048 (B, BM, G, F, G, GH, K, MIGH, MIN, MO, MSC, NY, P, TEX, UC, US, WIS); Salto de Agua, Puxpus 1502 (F, GH, MO, NY, UC US); Mt. Ixtaccihuatl , Puxpus 1579 (F. GH, MO, NY, us); Valley of Mexico, Reiche 2 (bS); Valley of Mexico, SchaJfner 787 (K, P). State of Michoacan; Ciuinceo, vicinity of Morelia, Arsine 3241 (MICH, MO, P, US); Loma Santa Hcuria, vicinity of Morelia, ^sene 36^ (bS); Cerro Sax Miguel, vicinity of Morelia, Ar sene ‘^96 (MO. P, US); 5 miles north of Patzcuaxo, Gronquist 9725 (NY) ; Zitacuaxo-Guaxoro locality, Zit^uaxo Dis- trict, Hinton 13430 (G, K, MIGH, NY, P, UC, US). State of More- los; Sierra de Ocuila riornbo Mexicapa, Lyonnet 2857 (US). State of Nuevo Leon; Dulces Nombres and just east of border into Tamau- lipas, Meyer & Rogers 2966 (BM, G, GH, K, MO, US). State of Oaxaca; mountain slopes neax Tlaxiaco, trip into the Mlxteca, Gamp 2211 (NY); Sierra de Sam Felipe del Agua, north of Oaxaca, Jackson 1026 (B, BM, C, F, GH, K, MIGH, MIN, MO, MSC, NY, P, UC, US, WIS); Sierra de Clavellinas, Smith 260 (MO, IfY, UC, US). State of Puebla; barrancas neax Hacienda Alamos, route to Vera Cruz, Arsene 2090 (MO, NY, US); Maxzaxilla, vicinity of Puebla, 150 PHITOLOGIA Vol. 32, no, 2 Arsene L Ilicolas 5491 (GH, mo, us): sajiie location as the pre- c ed inp; .~Hic o 1 as s . n . , P42170 (P). State of San Luis Potosi: Alvarez, Palmer T^(l3M, F, GH, MO, MSG, HT, UC); region of San Luis Potosi, Parry 4 Palmer 338 (BII, GH, K, HO, HY , UC); region of San Luis Potosi, Parry & Palmer 339 (3H, F, GH, K, iiO, NY, P, us); Sierra de Alvaxez, southeast of Galera, xlzedowski 564? (MSG); San Luis Potosi, Schaffner 359 (BH, G, F, G, GH, HIGH, NY, P, UG, us). State of Sinaloa: along route no. 40, 4 miles west of El Palmito, Powell a Sdirionson 923 (iiIGH, TEX). State of Vera Gruz: Orizaba, Botteri IIO6 (kJ; Orizaba, Botteri 1139 (K, P) ; Orizaba, Mohr 1114 (US ) ; Orizaba, Mtlller 677 (p); Orizaba, MUller 1015 (NY, P); Orizaba, Schaffner 333 (GH. Pj. State of Zaca- tecas: Puerto de la Paja, 20 kia to the west-souttwest of Valpa- raiso, along the road to Huejuquilla, Rzedowski 17537 (MIGH). 13. ARGHIBAGGrlARIS PENINSULARIS Blak.e, Journ. Washington Acad. Sci. 33: 267-268. 1943. Type: MEXIGO: State of Baja Gali- fornia Sur: in small canyon in shade, rocky talus slopes under oaRs, Arroyo Hondo, Sierra Giganta, ele. not given, I3 December 1938, Gentry 4120 (DSJ ; photo. MINI ; photo, and fragments, USl ; isotypes: GH! MO! UGl). Spreading, often pendent shrubs; 5-15 dm tall; above ground parts mostly hispidulous with whitish hairs; the subterranean parts and the bases not seen. Stems essentially straight, subterete, angled slightly by lines decurrent from the leaf bases, 1. 0-4.0 mm in diam. above, the internodes I.O-I5.O mm long, somewhat shiny, the main stems and older branches purple- brown or dark-purple, glabrescent below, thickly hispidulous above, the younger branches brown-green or green, thickly hispidu- lous. Leaves with petioles bearing decurrent, narrow margins vfhich may or may not continue to the bases, 3»0“9*0 iiua long, densely hispidulous below and on the margins; blades broadly elliptical or obovate, 2. 0-5.0 cm long, 1.5-2. 5 cm wide, char- taceous or thicker as in parchment, cuneate at bases, these con- tinuing decurrently for varying distances on the petioles, obtuse, acute or sometimes emarginate at apices, margins distally often coarse-serrate, sometimes seirulate, hispidulous, upper surfaces dark-green, somewhat shiny, sparsely hirtellous with some hispidu- lous hairs or subglabrous, lower surfaces lighter green than the upper s'urfaces but dark, often as shiny as the upper surfaces, sparsely hispidulous. PaJilcles flat or convex on densely hispidu- lous peduncles. Pistillate Heads: ca. 5.0 mia high, 3*6 ™ wide, phyllaries ca. 5-seriate, obtuse, the outer ones ovate or oblong- ovate and sparsely hirtellous on their bases, the inner ones oblong, oblong-ovate or just obovate, glabrous; filiform flowers 25-3I1 pappus 2.4-3. 0 mm long, white, corollas 2. 0-2.7 mm long, tubes white, the lobes or reduced lobes white but becoming purple or rosy at maturity, the tubes slender, puberulous above, the throats represented by a noticeably constricted, glabrous portion 0.6-0. 8 mm long, the lobes nearly equally reduced and similar to 1975 Jackson, Revision of Archibaccharis 151 those of the disk flowers of the stajninate heads, 0.4-0. 6 mm long, nearly equal with little suggestion of zygomorphy, oblong or sometimes triangular, the apices thickly subglandular or witn elongated setae, anthers present but completely vestigial within the tubes, style branches oblong, obtuse but sometimes short- acute, achenes 0.9-1. 2 mm long, 0.4-0. 5 nun wide, 2-3(-5) nerved. Staminatc Heads i 5.0-5. 5 nun high, 2. 3-3. 5 mm wide, phyllaries 4-5 seriate; disk flowers 5-20, tubes white, the lobes or reduced lobes white but becoming purple or rosy at maturity, pappus 2.5- 2.8 mm long, white, tubes 1.2-1. 8 mm long, glabrous except for a few nearly erect hairs near the apices, limb 1.3-2. 2 mm long, puberulous, lobes linear or barely linear-lanceolate, 1.1-1. 5 nun long, puberulous dorsally near the apices, style branches oblong or linear, short-acute or obtuse, achenes inane or apparently often fertile, 0.8-1. 2 mm long, 2-3 nerved. Pollen diameters (microns): polar, 16.0-20.0; equatorial, 17.8-22.8; Carter 5087. Garter 4761. Floral illustrations: Fig. 19. Blake (l943, p. 267) referred this plant to the genus Archi- baccharis. The type collection. Gentry 4120 , was composed solely of staminate plants with heads completely of normal disk flowers, a characteristic of the genus Baccharis as well as Archibaccharis. The nature of the habit and the thin leaves led Blake to place the plant in Arc hi bac c har i s . Recent (1951-1967) collections of exceptionally fine specimens of ^ peninsularis have been provided principally by Annetta Carter from the University of California. Through these collec- tions, the first pistillate specimens and additional staninate specimens were made available for study. Study of the heads of the available pistillate specimens has proven them to be different from any known taucon of Archi- baccharis. These heads are composed completely of "intermediate" flowers. The tubes are slender as are the noticeably constricted throats which bear five reduced lobes. Vestigial anther sacs were found within the tubes and the achenes were fertile with 2-3(-5) nerves. The disk flowers of the staminate heads contained functional anthers and apparently often fertile achenes. It does not seem impossible that some populations are composed solely of function- ally staminate plants, a fact which might account for the com- pletely staminate nature of all known sheets of the tyi)e collec- tion. Garter & Moran 5367 (UC) from Canada del Encinal was a collection of both pistillate and staminate plants, the achenes of the latter apparently fertile. The species appears to be sub- dioecious. Because of the intermediate floral condition of the pistillate heads, number of achene nerves, apparent subdioecious nature of the species and general habit of the species, it is the author's opinion that this species should be retained in the genus Archi- baccharis for the present. known only from Baja California Sur in the Sierra de la Giganta Fig. 19. Floral illustrations of Archibaccharis peninsularis. A. pajiajiensis and ^ irazuensis. A. peninsulairist pistillate heads* (a) filiform flower, vestigial stamens not shown, (Garter & Sousa 5183) , (b) disk flower (Carter 508? ) . A. panamensis* Tall from Allen 751) « (c, d, e) pistillate heads* (c) filiform flower, (d) abnormal intermediate flower, (e) disk flower. A. irazuensis * (f, g) pistillate heads* (Standley & Valerio 43502) * (f) filiform flower, (g) disk flower; staminate heads * (h) fili- form flower (Willicims & Molina I3865) , (i) disk flower (Pittier 14078) , Disk flowers ajre shown without anthers. 1975 Jackson, Revision of Archibaccharis 153 * 3 0) Xl rH W O • 3 tio (0 ^ c fc. "H of Arc hi bac c haxl s in Mexico and Central America. Triangle, PHYTOLOG lA Vol. 32, no. 2 l$h region (Fig. 20). The habitat of this perennial shrub has been described mostly as on or neasr steep, rocky cliffs, steep slopes or on rocks, 400-111 m ele. MUXIGO: State of Baja California Surt steep, north-facing slope, GaRada de Tripui southwest of Puerto Gscondido, Sierra de la Giganta, Garter 42 5 5 (OG); vicinity of Rancho Agua Escon- dido, in a canyon on the western slope of the Sierra de la Gig- anta a few miles from the crest, G arter 4761 (GH, hICH, UG); near base of lowest main cliffs on north-facing slope of Gerro Gabilan, south of Portezuelo de Gabilan, Garter 508? (UG); on steep north- facing slope near crest of ridge, south of Valle de Los Encinos (south side of Gerro Gigauitaj, Garter 4 Ferris 7998 (UG); Canon del Gayuco, east base of Gerro de la Giganta, Sierra de la Gig- anta, Garter & Kellogg 'jl23 (EM, GH, HIGH, UG ; ; Gerro del Baorreno, south side of Valle de Los Encinos (south side of Gerro Giganta). Geirter & HoraJi 5734 (UC); GaSada del Encinal, south side of Valle de Los Encinos ( south side of Gerro Giganta), Gaxter & Moran 576? (BM, high, UG); steep, north-facing slopes neair base of cliffs, southwest of El Agua je , between Arroyo Hondo and Arroyo de las Palmas, northvjestern slopes of Gerro Giganta, Garter & Sousa 3183 (UG ) . 14. ARGHI3AGGHARIS PANAI'lENSIS Blake, Ann. Ho. Bot. Gard. 28i 472- 474. 1941. Type! PAHAI’iAj Province of Code, vicinity of El Valle, 100-800 m ele., 3 September 1938 » Allen 731 (USl ; photo., MINJ TEXl : isotype: GHl). Erect ligneous herbs; ca. 13 dm tall; the subterranean parts and bases not seen. Stems essentially straight but perhaps obscurely fractiflex near the inflorescences, terete or sometimes slightly angled, I.O-3.O nun in diara. above, the internodes 1.3- 4.3 cm long above, somewhat shiny, brown, pilosulous-villosulous above, the hairs sordid or brown. Leaves with short petioles, I.O-3.O mm long, puberulous below; blades elliptical-obovate or oblong-elliptical, 3-3-9. 3 cm long, 2.0-3.0 cm wide, thinly char- taceous, ciineate at bases, short-acute or barely short acuminate at apices, margins distally denticulate, pilosulous, upper sur- faces dark-green, dull, evenly puberulous with scattered sub- sessile glands, lower surfaces gray-green, dull, densely pilosu- lous with scattered subsessile glards. Panicles laoc and loose on pilosulous-villosulous peduncles. Pistillate Heads: ca. 3-0 nun high, 2. 3-3-0 nun wide, phyllaries ca. 4 seriate, acute or acumi- nate, the outer ones linear-subulate and entirely puberulous, the middle ones narrow and nearly linear, puberulous only near the apices, the inner ones narrovi auid nearly linear, glabrous; fili- form ray flowers 18-24, pappus 3- 0-3- 2 nun long, white, corollas 2. 3-2. 8 mm long, white, densely puberulous near the apices, the ligules erect, 0. 8-1.0 mm long, glabrous, achenes scarcely mature but presumably fertile, 1.5-1. 6 nun long, 4-7 nerved, somewhat shiny, densely hirtellous; disk flowers 1-2, pappus ca. 3-8 nun long, corollas ca. 4.6 mm long, white, the throats nearly absent. 1975 Jackson, Revision of Ai^hibaccharis 155 the expansion at that point {jradual or abrupt by nearly a right- angle to the tubes, the lobes linear, ca. 1.8 miu long, sparsely puberulous on their dorsal surfaces, anthers sterile, style branches oblong or lance-oblong, acute, achenes inane, otarii- nate heads unknoun. Floral illustrations: Fig. 19. Archibaccharls panamensis shares many characteristics with A. irazuensis from Costa Rica. However, the filiform corollas of ^ panamensis have well -developed ligules when compared with those of ^ irazuensis. The tv:o species also differ in leaf characters. They have been collected at much different ele- vations. The stamina te specimen of ^ panamensis is unknown. My exam- ination of the apparently fertile achenes of the filiform ray flowers of the pistillate heads indicated 4-7 nerves. This character may tend to break down a usual distinction between Archibaccharis and Bacchaxis. Abnormal intermediate flowers were found on the heads examined. From Panama, known only by a single collection from the type locality (Fig. 21). There were no ecological notes on the collec- tor's label other than the ele. , 100-800 m. Two specimens from the type collection were the only ones available for study. 15. AHGHIBAGGHARIS IRAZUIJHSIS Blake, Journ. Washington Acad. Sci. 17: 60. 1927. Hemibaccharis irazuensis Blctke, Gontr. 0. 3. Nat. Herb. 20i 551« 1924. Type: GOSTA RIGA: Prov. San Jose: Laguna del Reventado, Volcan de Irazu, 2300 m ele., 1 January 1901, Pittier 14079 (USl ; photo. FiIlJ! 1 isotypes: FJ G! GHl US! ;. Erect ligneous herbs(?); ca. 10-20 dm tall; the subter- ranean parts and the bases not seen. Stems essentially straight but sometimes obscurely fractiflex above, terete, 1. 0-4.0 mm in diam. above, the internodes 0-11. 3 nun long above, purple or sometimes brown, somewhat shiny, glabrescent below, quite densely sordid-pilosulous above. Leaves subsessile or the petioles 2.0- 7.0 mm long, sordid-pilosulous; blades lance-ovate, lance-elliptic, ovate or elliptic, 5 >0-12. 5 cm long, 1,5-3* 5 cm wide, chartaceous, sometimes thickly so, cuneate or obtuse at bases, long-acuminate at apices, rarely subacute, margins distally serrulate or denticu- late, rarely completely entire, sordid-pilosulous with some his- pidulous hairs, upper surfaces daxk-green, dull, sordid-pilosulous with some hispidulous hairs, lower surfaces lighter green, dull, sparsely pilosulous. Panicles convex on rather flat on sordid- brown, pilosulous peduncles. Pistillate Heads : 6. 0-7.0 mm high, 3. 0-5.0 mm wide, phyllaxies ca. 5- seriate, acute or acuminate, the outer ones oblong-lanceolate and puberulous, the inner ones linear-laJiceolate and becoming glabrous; filiform ray flowers 32- 48, pappus 2. 9-3* 9 nun long, brown-tinged, corollas 2. 4-2. 8 mm long, white, puberulous nearly to the bases, the ligules erect, 0.2-0. 4 (-0.8) mm long, puberulous, achenes 1.0-1. 8 mm long, 2(-3) nerved; 156 PHYTOLOGIA Vol. 32, no. 2 disk flowers (0-)4-5, white, pappus 2. 7-3 -8 mm long, corollas (l.0-)3. 6-4.0 mm long, white, anthers sterile, achenes abortive, inane or reduced to small knobs, Staminate Heads : 5* 0-7.0 mm high, 4. 0-5.0 mm wide, phyllaxies ca. 4-5 seriate; filiform ray flowers occurring sporadically, 0-7, pappus 2.4-3. 2 mm long, corollas often reduced, 1.6-2. 2 mm long, white, achenes perhaps sometimes fertile; disk flowers 20-33» white, pappus 3 *5-4. 5 nun long, brown- tinged, tubes 1.2-1. 8 mm long, puberulous, limb 2.1- 3.2 mm long, puberulous, lobes oblong or triangular, 1.0-1. 4 mm long, sparsely puberulous on the dorsal surfaces, style branches lineaJT, acute, achenes abortive, inane or reduced to small knobs. Pollen diameters (microns) i polar, 16.7-21.0; equatorial, 18.9-23.3; Pittier 14078. Pittier 14079. Floral illustrations! Fig. 19. This species is perhaps closely related to ^ panamensis but is distinguished by its larger pubescence, floral morphology and leaf characters, ^ asperifolia bears some superficial resem- blance to the present species, especially in its purple stem and rough upper leaf surface. The staminate heads of the present species may sporadically possess a few filiform pistillate flowers on the edges of the staminate heads. Pittier 14078 was collected at the same time and place as the type collection, Pittier 14079. It may have been intended that the pistillate plants belong to 14079 and the staminate plants to 14078. The holotype, Pittier 14079 (bS) is a pistillate specimen. From Gartago and San Jose, Gosta Rica and Ghiriqui, Panama (Fig. 2l). The habitat of this species has been described as in moist, shady forests, on wet banks and on open hillsides, 1500- 3000 m ele. GOSTA RIGA! Prov. Gcirtago! at Gartago, Oersted 10.981 (C); Laiguna del Reventado, Volcan Irazu, Pittier 14078 (f, GH, US); slopes of Volcan Irazu around Hotel Robert, Williams & Molina 13865 (GH, mo), Prov, San Jose! Rfo Burris, southern slope of Volcan de Irazu, Standley 35404 (US); Las Nubes, Standley 38396 (US); Gerro de las Vueltas, Standley & V alerio 43502 (GH, US ) . PANAMA! Prov, Ghiriqui! open hillside, Volcan de Ghiriqui, Davidson 991 (F, GH, US). 1975 Jackson, Revision of Archibaccharls 157 Fig. 21. Distribution of species of Archibaccharis in Central America. Square, ^ irazuensis. Circle, ^ panamensis. Vol. 32, no. 2 158 PHYTOLOGIA Sectior. II. Archibaccharis Section Hirtella J. D. Jackson, sec, nov. Fruticibus subscandentibus vel vineis sceaidentibus caulibus vulgo fractiflexus vel raro volubilibus. Subscauident shrubs or scandent vines, the stems usually noticeably fractiflex or if twining, fractiflex at least in the branchlets. Taxa in this section occur from Nayarit auid Hidalgo, Mexico to Dept. Chiriqui, Panama. Type species; Archibaccharis hirtella (DC.) Heering, Key to the Taxa in Section Hirtella A. Plants subscandent; leaves sessile with green petioliform portions, the bases auriculate-amplexicaul ; stems noticeably fractiflex and angled B. Lower cauline leaves usually widening abruptly (often nearly truncate j above the petioliform portions; upper leaf surfaces hispidulous; leaf apices usually long- acuminate; apices of the filiform corollas of the pistil- late heads with ligules 0. 5-1.0 mm long with rather well- developed adjacent teeth; southern Chiapas, Mexico to Dept. Sacatepequez , Guatemala 16. ^ Blakeana BB. Lower cauline leaves widening more gradually above the petioliform portions; upper leeuf surfaces hirtellous; leaf apices short-acuminate; apices of the filiform corollas of the pistillate heads with minute ligules auid adjacent teeth, these difficult to discern even with mag- nification; known only from Oaixaca, Mexico 17. ^ Pringlei AA, Plants scandent; leaves with definite petioles, even though sometimes short; stems fractiflex or twining, aingled or terete G. Leaves coriaceous or thickly chartaceous, subglabrous, upper and lower surfaces shiny, the hairs sparse on the midribs auid veins D. Pistillate heads 5. 0-6.4 mm high, staminate heads 3 .5“^ .5 nun high; pappus brown- tinged or red-brown; Vera Cruz, Mexico and Dept. Alta Verapaz, Guatemala 18. ^ salmeoides DD. Pistillate heads 7. 0-8.0 mm high, staminate heads 5. 5-6. 5 nun high; pappus white; Honduras ....... 19. ^ lucentifolia GG. Leaves thinner in texture, membranaceous to thickly chartaceous, rarely subglabrous, pubescent between the veins on the upper and lower surfaces although sometimes sparsely so, rarely shiny on either leaf surface 1975 jAokson, R0TI0IOQ of Archltxiccharla 159 E. Main stems usually sharply fractlflexj pistillate heads 3. 5-5-5 dub high, staminate heads 3.0-6.0(-7.0) mm high, mature disk flowers of both pistillate and staminate heads creaim, idiitish, green-white or green- white becoming purple at maturity F. Plants slender, older stems not deeply sulcate; leaves elliptical, variously ovate or lauiceolate and obtuse or attenuate at bases} glands on leaf surfaces stalked if present; style branches of disk flowers usually rhombic -oblong and acute or acuminate, at least not oblong or linear G. Stem pubescence eglanduletr H, Stem pubesence above distinctly brown or sordid; pilose or pllosulous .... 20. hirtella var. taenlotricha HH, Stem pubesence above whitish or with only a suggestion of brown; pilose or pllosulous I. Leaves usually elliptical but some- times oblong-ovate or ovate and acumi- nate or just acute at apices; lower leaf surfcices evenly stipitate-glandu- lar and sparsely pllosulous, the glands amber; Oaxaca, Mexico .... 20a. A. hirtella var. aJLbescens II . Leaves usually ovate and long— acumi- nate at apices; lower leaf surfaces lacking stlpitate amber glands, pllosulous with perhaps some hlrtel- lous hairs; Vera Cruz, Mexico . . . 20b. ^ hirtella var. intermedia GG. Stem pubescence glandular . 20c. ^ hirtella var. hirtella FFo Plants stout, older stems often deeply sulcate, becoming hollow in pith region; leaves chiefly broaxily ovate and cuneate, cuneate-rounded or subobtuse at bases and usually with scattered superficial amber or whitish glands on both sur- faces; style branches of disk flowers oblong or linear, acute 2I. ^ Schiedeana KE. Main stems twining, the striations usually appearing twisted, sordid- brown or dark-brown; heads somewhat larger, pistillate heeids 5«5“7.0 mm high, staminate heads 5. 0-7. 5 mm high; flowers white, green- white light-cream or rarely with a suggestion of pink; style branches linear or rarely oblong * * A. flexilis 160 PHYTOLOGIA 7ol, 32, no. 2 16. ARGHIBAGGllARIS BLAKSAllA Standi. & Steyerm. , Field Mus. Bot. 22i 296-297. 19^0. Typej GUATET'lAlA: Dept. Sacatepequez; neax Antigua, brushy slope, I5OO-I6OO m ele., November 1938- February 1939, Stauidley 58597 (FJ ; photo. MIN!; isotype: Gh!). Subscandent shrubs; ca. 15-30 dm tall; above-ground parts with whitish or brown pubescence; roots fibrous. Stems fracti- flex, obtusely 4-5 angled below, the younger portions subterete or sometimes sharply angled, flexuous, glaucescent, the bases ca. 7-0 mm in diam. , graduating to 2. 0-4.0 mm above, the inter- nodes 1.0-10.0 cm long, somewhat shiny, gray-green below, red- brown or gray above, glabrescent below, villosulous above. Leaves sessile, the narrow petioliform portions 2.0-10.0 mm wide, often lacking on immature leaves; blades often widening abruptly on the older cauline leaves, sometimes widening gradually below the middle especially on younger leaves, ovate, oblong-ovate or broadly ovate, rarely orbicular, 5»5-15.5 cm long, (2-)4.0-8.5 cm wide, thinly chartaceous, auriculate-amplexicaul at bases, usu- ally long-acuminate at apices, sometimes falcate, margins dis- tally serrate, undulate or merely denticulate, hispidulous, upper surfaces dark-green, dull, sparsely hispidulous, lower surfaces lighter green, dull, subglabrous with some hispidulous and vil- losulous hairs. Panicles convex on villosulous peduncles. Pistillate Heaids: 4. 0-6.0 mm high, 0-^,0 mm wide, phyllaries 5-6 seriate, acute, the outer ones narrowly triangular or oblong and sometimes puberulous along their entire length, the middle ones linear-laJiceolate and puberulous near their apices, the inner ones linear-lanceolate, glabrous; filiform ray flowers 30-53 > pappus 2. 9-3* 3 long, white, corollas 3 *0-3 *3 long, green- white, finely and sparsely puberulous, the ligules short, 0.5- 1.0 mm long, usually with a central, larger tooth, the ligular sinuses often bear 1-2 separate or fused lateral, long, erect, linear or subulate lobes, these not exceeding the ligules, achenes 1.2-1. 4 mm long, 2-3 nerved, shiny and usually finely and sparsely hispidulous; disk flowers I-3, pappus 2. 9-3* 8 ™ long, corollas 3*^3*8 mm long, green-white, anthers sterile, achenes abortive, reduced to small knobs. Staminate Heads: 4. 0- 6.0 mm high, ca. 4.0 mm wide, phyllaries 4-5 seriate; disk flowers 17-25, green-white, pappus 3*0-3*^ loJ^Si white, tubes 1.0- 1. 3 mm long, subglabrous, limb 2.1-3-2 mm long, subglabrous with antrorse hairs, lobes triangular or merely acute, 0.6-0. 9 mm long and with a few scattered hairs on the dorsal surfaces, style branches linear or barely linear-lanceolate, long-acuminate or acute, achenes abortive, reduced to small knobs. Ghromosome number: n = 9 (Jackson, I969), Fig. 2. Pollen diameters (microns): polar, 16.7-20.5; equatorial, l8.9-23.3j Jackson IO36. Williajas, Molina & Williams 22998. FloraJ. illustrations: Fig. 22. Archibaccharis BlaJceana is a weak:-stemmed scrambler, dependent on adjacent plants for much of its support. In most of the floral and vegetative characters as well as habit, Blakeana matches ^ Pringlei from the state of Oaocaca, 1975 Jackson, Revision of ATChibaccharis 161 Mexico, very closely. When one has both species in hand, they seem distinct although this is difficult to convey. The petioli- form portion of the usually broader leaves of ^ Blakeana are consistently narrower than those parts of the leaves from A. Pringlel, especially when upper leaves are compared. The basal portions of the leaf blades of the older cauline leaves (above the petioliform part) are often very wide and nearly truncate in A. Blakeana. These leaves of ^ Pringlei narrow gradually to the petioliform portion by a more cuneate form. Also, when the leal apices are compared, ^ Pringlei presents a short-acuminate form in contrast to a long-acuminate form in ^ Blakeana. The leal texture is consistently thinner in ^ Blakeana although both species have chartaceous leaves. They were described as "thickly" and "thinly" chartaceous. The pubescence maty be helpful, being usually shorter, less dense and generally rougher to the touch on the upper leaf surfaces of ^ Blakeana. The most useful dis- tinguishing feature is perhaps found on the apices of the fili- form corollas of the pistillate heads. The ligules and teeth are markedly better developed on ^ Blakeana corollas when com- pared to those of ^ Pringlei. There would seem to be a close genetic relationship between these species. In these species, the differences noted seem sufficient to justify the assumption of genetic isolation until this can be tested. From Chiapas, Mexico and Chimaltenango, Quezaltenango and Sacatepequez, Guatemala (Fig, 23). A. Blakeana has been col- lected in moist woods, barrancas and thickets, I5OO-3OOO m ele, GUATEMALA I Dept. Chimaltenango 1 Finca La Alameda, near Chimaltenango, Standley 59106 (F) ; same location as the preceding, Standley 79838 (F) . Dept. Guatemala! 10 km south of San Rai- mundo, Styidley 62895 (F). Dept. Quezaltenangoi mountains above Rio Samala, 2 km west of Zunil, Williams. Molina & Williams 22998 (^^y). Dept. Sacatepequez! Cerro de la Cruz, Antigua, Jackson 1036 (a, B, BM, C, DS, F, G, GH, K, MICH, MIN, MO, MSC , IRf, P, POM, TEX, UC, US, WIS)j along road to Finca El Hato, above Antigua, Jackson IO38 (a, B, DS, F, G, GH, K, MICH, MIN, HO, IRf, P, POM, TEX, us); above Pastores, Standley 608I7 (F, GH, US); Finca El Hato, Styidley 61197 (F); barranca above Duenas, Standley 63227 (F) . MEXICO! State of Chlapas! Mount Ovando, Hatuda 0706 (MICH. US). 17. ARCHIBACCHARIS pringlei (Greenm.) Blake, Gontr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 23! 1508. 1926. Baccharis Pringlei Greenm,, Proc. Amer. Acad. 4l! 259-260. 1905* Hemlbaccharis Pringlei (Greenm.) Blake, Gontr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 20"! 5^7. pi . U8~ 1924. Type! MEXICO! State of Oaxaca! wet ravines. Sierra de San Felipe, 2285 m ele., 11 December 1895» Pringle 7014 (GHl ; photo. MINI). Subscandent shrubs; ca. 30 dm tall; above-ground parts with white pubescence; roots fibrous. Stems fractiflex, terete or 5-angled, flexuous, glaucescent, the bases ca. 6.0 mm in diam. , graduating to 2.O-3.O mm above, the internodes 1.5-10.0 cm long. 162 PHYTOLOGIA Vol. 32, no. 2 somewhat shiny, claj-k-brown below, villosulous with some hirtel- lous hairs above. Leaves sessile, the petioliform portions 1.0- 2.5 wide, often lacking on immature leaves; blades usually wideni'ng :gradually below the middle on all cauline leaves, ovate, 4.0-14.0 cm long, 2. 0-7.3 cm vride, thickly chartaceous, auricu- late-ajnplexicaul at bases, short-acuminate at apices, margins distally serrate, hispidulous with some hirtellous hairs, upper surfaces dark-green, dull, quite evenly and somewhat densely hirtellous, sometimes finely arachnose as well, lower surfaces lighter green, dull, sparsely hirtellous and sometimes with fine arachnose hairs. Panicles convex on villosulous peduncles. Pistillate Hoads; 6. 0-6. 5 nun high, ca. 4.0 mm wide, phyllaries 4-5 seriate, acute or rarely obtuse, the outer ones long- triangu- lar, linear or barely linear-lanceolate and puberulous near the apices, the inner ones linear or linear-lanceolate and becoming glabrous; filiform ray flovjei's 35-^+0, pappus 2.7-3. 3 nun long, white, corollas 3*2-3.? nun long, green-white, sparsely puberulous a,bove but sometimes to the bases, the ligules extremely minute with 2-3 upper teeth, usually with 2 smaller, shorter teeth adja- cent to tl>3 ligular sinuses or sometimes i;ith only one lower tooth, achenes 1.1-1. 3 nun long, 2-nerved, shiny and hispidulous; disk flowers l-3(-26), pappus 3* 2-3* 5 nun long, corollas mm long, .green- vfhite , anthers sterile, achenes abortive, reduced to small knobs. Stamlnate Heads; 4. 0-5.5 nun high, 4. 0-5.0 mm wide, phyllaries 4-5 seriate; disk flov/ers 12-29 > green-white, pappus 3.2-3.? nun long, white, tubes 1.1-1. 3 nun long, subglabrous, limb 2. 2-2. 9 nun long, subglabrous or very sparsely puberulous, lobes triangular, 0.6-0. 9 nun long, the dorsal surfaces with a few hairs at their apices, style branches oblong-lanceolate or just oblong, long-acuminate, achenes abortive, reduced to small knobs. Chromosome number; 2n = 18 (Jackson, I969), Pig. 2. Pollen diameters (microns); polar, l6,?-l8.9; equatorial, 18.9-21.0; Jackson 1031. Floral illustrations: Fig. 22. Archibaccharis Pringlei is a weak-stemmed scrambler and its long distal portions are dependent upon other plants for support. Jackson IO3I probably represents the first-known collection of the pistillate specimens of ^ Pringlei. This species was first placed in the genus Bacchairis by Greenraan (I9O5) and then in the genus Archibaccharis by Blake (I926) on the basis of a single stamlnate specimen. These judgements were confirmed by the structure of the pistillate heads. ^ pringlei is closely related to ^ Blake ana from southern Mexico and Guatemala. The two species are identical in habit but differ somewhat in pub- escence, leaf morphology and the structure of the pistillate cor- olla, cf. the discussion of ^ Blakeana. Although Sierra de San Felipe del Agua was ascended twice by the author via the eastern and western slopes, ^ Pringlei was located in only one barranca on the western slope which is known locally as "Rincon de la Guerta," which literally means "corner 1975 Jackson, Revision of Archlbaccharis 163 Fig 22. Floral illustrations of Axchibaccharis Blakeana auid A, Pringlei. A. Blakeana (all from Jackson 103b j ; (a, b) pistil- late heads: (atj filiform flower, (b) disk flower; stajninate heads: (c) disk flower, ^ Pringlei (all from Jackson 1031: (a, b) pistillate heads: (dj filiform flower, (e) disk flower; stajninate heads: (f) disk flower. Disk flower are shown with- out anthers. I6h PHYTOLOQIA Vol. 32, no. 2 Fig. 23. Distribution of species of Axchibaccharis in Mexico and Guatemala. Circle, ^ Blakeeina. Triangle, ^ Pringlei. 1975 Jackaon, Revlalon of Archlbaccharla 165 or narrow valley of the orchard." Apparently the ratio of disk flowers to filiform ray flowers in the pistillate heads is quite variable. Extremes from 0-^ were found when the filiform ray flowers were counted. The disk flowers varied from 1-26. The variation was often great even when heads on the same plart were compared. In all cases, the achenes of the disk flowers appeared abortive and their anther sacs were sterile. The achenes of ^ Prlnglei were germinated without difficulty in petri dishes at room temperature. Some plants were kept in flower pots (sterile potting soil) where they survived for sev- eral months with little growth in height. Others were trans- planted to garden soil (June -September, Minnesota) in moist, shady conditions where they appeared healthy but grew little in height. These plants succumbed to the first frost conditions. It was the author's purpose to observe the development of the broad petioliform portion of the leaves. The seedlings possessed naked petioles devoid of the lateral green margin ard only aifter some time did they develop the green petioliform part of the leaf which is so characteristic of this species. Known only from the type location in Oajcaca, on Sierra de San Felipe del Agua, north of the city of Oaxaca (Fig. 23). This perennial shrub was collected in a shaded, moist barranca and in adjacent drier, exposed areas, 2100-2285 m ele. MEXICO! State of Oaraca: Sierra de San Felipe del Agua, Jackson 1031 (A, B, BM, G, DS, F, G, GH, K, MICH, MIN, MO, MSC, NY, P, POM, TEX, UC, US, WIS). 18. ARGHIBAGCHARIS SALMEOIDES Blake, Journ. Washington Acad. Sci. 17 1 6l. 1927. Hemlbaccharls salmeoldes Blake, Gontr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 20; 548. £l^ ^ 1924. Typei GUATEMALA! Dept. Alta Verapaz! Coban, 1350 m ele., February 1907» von TUrckheim n l64l (USl ; photo. MINI UGl ; isotypes: Cl Gl GHl usTTi Scandent vines; height unknown; above-ground parts brown-pub- escent where hairs are present; subterranean parts and the bases not seen. Stems fractiflex but not sharply so, terete, I.O-5.O mm in diam. above, the internodes 0.7-12.0 cm long, somewhat shiny, brown or gray-brown, glabrescent below, hirtellous with some pllosulous hairs above. Leaves with petioles 2.O-I3.O mm long, pllosulous with a few hirtellous hairs; blades narrowly or broadly elliptic, lance-elliptic, barely lance-ovate or more broadly ovate, 5 .0-9.0 cm long, 1. 5-6.0 cm wide, thickly chcir- taceous or coriaceous, cuneate or obtuse at bases, long or short- acuminate at apices, margins subentire or dis tally denticulate, subglabrous, upper surfaces dark-green, shiny, subglabrous, lower surfaces lighter green than the upper surfaces but dark, shiny but duller than the upper surfaces, subglabrous or rarely with scattered pllosulous hairs. Panicles rounded or sometimes pyramidal on peduncles bearing hirtellous and sometimes 166 PHYTOLOGIA Vol. 32, no, 2 piloGulous hairs. Pistillate Heads i 4. 0-6. 4 mm higii, '],,0-k.0 mm wide, phyllaries ca. 5-seriate, acute, the outer ones ovate becoming lance-ovate and sometimes pilosulous, the inner ones linear-lanceolate and glabrous; filiform ray flowers 8-22, pappus 1.0-4. 0 mm long, brown-tinged or red-brown, the regular bristles often mixed with short, hyaline setae, corollas 2. 6-2. 9 nun long, orobebly whitish to yellow-brown below but tipped with pink or purple, puberulous above, the ligules sometimes greatly reduced, 0. 2-0.7 nun long, achenes 1.0-1. 9 nun long, 3(“^) nerved, somewhat shiny and hispidulous; disk flov/ers 1-4, pappus 1.4-7. 6 mm long, corollas 1.9-4. 4 mm long, probably whitish to yellow brown below, the lobes tipped with pink to purple, anthers sterile, achenes abortive, stipitiform or reduced to small knobs. Staminate Heads; mm high, ca. 1.5 nun wide, phyllaries ca. 4-seriate; disk flowers ca. 24, probably whitish to yellow-brown below, the lobes tipped with pink to p'orple, pappus 1.9-2. 4 mm long, brown-tinged or red-brovm, the regular bristles often mixed with short, hya- line setae, tubes 3. 2-1. 8 mm long, thickly puberulous to the bases, limb 1.5-3. 9 nun long, puberulous mostly below, lobes barely elliptic or lance-ovate, the bases usually narrower ttian the broadest point of trie lobes, 1.2-1. 4 mm long, the apices sparse3y puberulous, style branches rhombic-oblong, lance-ellip- tic or rarely subclavellate , short-acute, achenes abortive, reduced to small knobs. Pollen diameters (microns): polar, 17.5-21.0; equatorial, 3Q. 5-23.0; Linden 1132. Floral illustrations: Fig. 24. Archibaccharis sa3jneoides resembles ^ lucentifolia from Honduras quite closely. The two species perhaps differ in habit, especially dependency for support, but this remains to be veri- fied. The heads, phyllaries and flowers of ^ salmeoides are smaller thaui those of lucentifolia. The morphology of the disk flowers appears to differ consistently. In addition, the terminal branchlets are sharply fractiflex in the Honduran species while only slightly so in the few available collections of ^ salmeoides. Color differences also exist which may or may not prove to be reliable. The type collection of ^ salmeoides , von TtlrckJaeim II 1 641 , was actually a mixed collection. That number, as represented by specimens from the F, MICH and MO Herbaria is ^ Schiedeana. Further, von Ttlrckheim II 1404, cited below, is also ^ Schiede- ana as represented in the Gray 33erbarium. The staminate specimens of ^ salmeoides may now be described for the first time. Old, previously unidentified collections by Linden and Galeotti from Vera Cruz, Mexico proved to be of this species and provided both pistillate and staminate material. Known only from the type location, Gob^, Guatemala and now from Vera Cruz, Mexico (Fig. 25). It is presumed that this species may be found in the moist woods surrounding Goban, Guate- mala (author visit). The Linden and Galeotti collections from Vera Gruz, Mexico had no ecological notes except 1150-1000 m ele. 1975 Jaclison, Revision of Archibacchaids 167 GUATEMALAi Dept. Alta Verapazi Coban, von TUrckheim II 1404. in part (BM); von Ttirckhelm II l657 (C , NY); Goban, von Ttlrckhelm 4159 (GH). MEXICOi State of Vera Cruzi peak of Orizaba, Gal- eottl 2179 (G): Cordillera, Vera Cruz, Galeottl 2321 (G, P); Tototsinapa, Linden 1132 (G, K, P). 19. ARCHIBACCHARIS LUCENTIFOLIA L. Wms. , Fieldiana 29(7) i 388- 389. 1962. Typei HONDURAS: Dept. Morazan, 2000 m ele., 25 March 1951, Williams & Williams 1^97 (F! ; photo. MIN! ; iso- types: GHI USlJT Scandent vines; height unknown; above-ground parts mostly brown-pilosulous but usually with some white-tomentulose and villosulous hairs where hairs are present; subterranean paxts and the bases not seen. Stems fractiflex, the branchlets strongly so terete, 1. 5-3*0 mm in diam. above, the internodes 1. 0-6.0 cm long above, baxely shiny, red-purple, sometimes green or gray-brown, glabrescent below, pilosulous and often with tomentulose hairs mixed with some villosulous hairs above. Leaves with petioles 2. 0- 8.0 mm long, pilosulous; blades ovate, elliptic, oblong-ellip tic or lance-elliptic, 3*0-12.0 cm long, 3*0-4. 5 cm wide, cori- aceous, cuneate or somewhat rounded at bases, acuminate or acute at apices, maxgins entire, distally denticulate or serrulate, upper surfaces dark-green, shiny, subglabrous with some tomentu- lose and pilosulous hairs, lower surfaces lighter green than the upper surfaces but dark, somewhat shiny, sparsely pubescent. Panicles convex on peduncles with mostly pilosulous peduncles, these hairs often mixed with tomentulose and villosulous pub- escence. Pistillate Heads : 7. 0-8.0 mm high, ca. 4.0 mm wide, phyllaries ca. 5“seriate, mostly obtuse or sometimes acute, the outer ones ovate or ovate-oblong and essentially glabrous, the inner ones linear-lanceolate and glabrous; filiform ray flowers 10-14, pappus 4. 4-4. 6 mm long, white, corollas 3 *1-3 *7 mm long, white below but tipped with purple, thickly puberulous near the apices, the ligules erect, 0. 3-0.6 mm long, glabrous, achenes 1.0- 1. 5 mm long, 3-rierved, baurely shiny and hispidulous; disk flowers 2, pappus ca, 4.2 mm long, corollas 4. 0-5.4 mm long, white below but the lobes becoming purple, anthers sterile, achenes abortive, inane or stipltiform. StaJiinate Heads: 5.5- 6.5 mm high, 3*5-^*0 ni™ wide, phyllaries ca. 5-seriate; disk flowers ca. 12, white below but the lobes becoming purple, pappus 3.6-4. 0 mm long, white, tubes 2. 0-2. 5 nun long, puberulous below, limb 2.O-3.O mm long, puberulous below, lobes triangulair, rarely two are fused nearly to their bases, 1.6-2. 2 mm long, the apices finely puberulous, style branches clavellate or nearly oblong, acute or short-acuminate, achenes abortive, reduced to small knobs. Pollen diameters (microns): polar, 25.5-32.1; equatorial, 28.9-35*5; Williams. Molina. B^^er & Wallenta 17004. Williams & Molina 13732. Florail illustrations: Fig. 24. 168 Fig. 24. Floral illustrations of Archibacchaxis salmeoides and ^ lucentifolia. A. salmeoides i (a, b) pistillate heads (von Turckheim l64l) j TaT filiform flower, (b) disk flower; staminate heads'! (^c) disk flower (Linden 1132). A. lucentifolia; (d, e) pistillate heads (Molina, VJilliaJis, Burger & Wallenta 16990) t (d) filiform flower, ^e) disk flower; stajninate headsi (f ) disk flower (WilliaJiis. Molina, Burger & Wallenta 17004) . Disk flowers axe shown without anthers. 1975 Jackson, Revision of Archibaccharis 169 ^^stribution of species of Archibaccharis in Mexico and Central America. Circle, A. salraeoldes. Trians-l p . a lucentifolia. — 170 PHYTOLOGIA Vol. 32, no. 2 VernaculaLT names: "Amargoso" in Dept. Morazan, Honduras. Archlbaccharis lucentlfolla strongly resembles ^ salmeoldes from Guatemala and Mexico in its vegetative characters. They differ somewhat in the pubescence of the upper branches and ped- uncles. Consistent distinctions axe found in the heads and flo- ral characters. ^ salmeoides is perhaps a stouter plant. Addi- tional collections of both species Eire needed. In the original description of ^ lucentlfolla, Williaons (1962, p. 388) cited a Williams & Molina collection without number as the type. Dr. Williams has confirmed that an oversight did occur in his publication (personal communication). The type collection is correctly W illiams & Williams 17^97 . the holotype housed at the Field Museum, Chicago. Apparently a recording error occurred on the US isotype as it was dated "25 March I96I." The holotype is dated "25 March 1951 •" Williams (1962, p. 388) referred von TUrckheim II ll64 (US) to A. lucentlfolla L. Wms. Because that collection number is un- known to the author and von TUrckheim II l64l (US) was annotated as lucentlfolla L. Wms.," the latter number appears to be the one Dr. Williams intended to cite, a specimen properly referred to ^ salmeoides. In fact, von TUrckheim II l64l is the type collection of ^ salmeoides . Known only from the type locality (Fig. 25). This scandent vine has been collected in wet cloud forest on Mountain La Tigre and adjacent mountains above San Juancito, 1800-2100 m ele. HONDURAS: Dept. Morazan: on mountain La Tigre, southwest of San Juancito, Molina. Williams. Burger & Wallenta 16990 (F, NY); same location as the preceding, Molina, Williams. Burger & Wal- lenta 17004 (BM, F, GH, NY ) ; on mountain La Tigre, between Juti- apa and Quebrada La Tigre, southeast of Sam Juancito, Molina 20289 (BM); in San Juancito Mountains above San Juancito, Wil- liams & Molina 13732 (BM, F, GH, US). 20. ARGHIBACCHARIS HIRTELLA (DC.) Heering var. TAENIOTRIGHA Blake, Journ. Washington Acad. Sci. 24: 434. 193^- Type: GUATEMALA: Dept. Chimaltenango : cypress woods, Santa Elena, 2400-2700 m ele. , 24 February I933, Skutch 276 (US! ; photo. MIN! ; isotypes: A! DSl MIGHI). Scandent vines; ca. '}0-60 dm tall; above-ground parts sor- did or brown-pilosulous, the hairs spreading; roots fibrous. Stems usually fractiflex, terete but sometimes angled, the bases 5.0-10,0 mm in dlam. , graduating to 1. 0-4.0 mm above, rather slender, the internodes 1, 0-6.0 cm long, gray-brown or brown below, brown above, glabrescent below, becoming thickly pilosu- lous above. Leaves with short petioles, 1. 0-8.0 mm long, pilosu- lous; blades ovate, oblong-ovate or elliptical, 2.5-10.5 cm long, 1. 5-4.0 cm wide, thickly chamtaceous, chartaceous or submembra- anaceous, obtuse at bases, acuminate or just acute at apices, margins distally serrate, serrulate or merely denticulate, pilosu- lous, with some hispidulous hairs, upper surfaces dark-green. 1975 Jackson, Revision of Archibaccharis 171 shiny, often densely pilosulous with some hispidulous hairs, some- times sparsely so, lower surfaces dark-green, pilosulous but usu- ally with some hirtellous hairs. Panicles rather loose and small on densely pilosulous peduncles. Pistillate Heads; ^.3-5-5 mm high, 2. 0-2. 5 mm wide, phyllaries ca. 5-seriate, acute, the outer ones larceolate and pilosulous, the inner ones linear-lanceolate, essentially glabrous or sparsely pilosulous; filiform ray flowers 10-18, pappus 2. 7-3. 3 mm long, brown-tinged or white, corollas 1.9-2. 8 mm long, green-white becoming dark-purple especially above at maturity, puberulous above, the ligules erect, 0. 3-0.6 mm long, glabrous, achenes 0.8-1. 5 mm long, 3-4 nerved, shiny and finely hispidulous; disk flowers 1-2, pappus 2. 6-3. 6 mm long, corollas 3.O-3.9 mm long, green-white becoming purple especially above at maturity, anthers sterile, achenes abortive, inane. Staminate Heads; 3. 0-4. 5 mm high, 2. 0-2. 5 mm wide, phyllaries ca. 4-seri- ate; disk flowers 15-25, green-white becoming purple especially above at maturity, pappus 1.4-2. 8 mm long, brown-tinged or white, tubes 1. 4-2.0 mm long, puberulous above, limb 1.2-2, 2 mm long, puberulous especially below, lobes oblong or barely linear, 0,9- 1.3 mm long, the dorsal surfaces glabrous or rarely sparsely puberulous, style branches rhombic -oblong or subclavellate , shortly acuminate or acute, achenes abortive, reduced to small knobs. Chromosome number: n = 9 (Jackson, 1969)1 Fig. 2. Pollen diameters (microns): polar, 16.7-21.0; equatorial, 17.8-22.2; Jackson 1042, Steyerm^k 43081. Floral illustrations: Fig. 26. Archibaccharis hirtella var. taeniotricha is closely related to ^ hirtella var. hirtella and its varieties, var. intermedia and var. albescens. These taxa are very similar in habit and floral morphology. Future studies may more fully justify the elevation of each of these varieties to species status. I suspect they may represent distinct biological entities. A. hirtella var. taeniotricha is distinguished by its densely brown-pilosulous stems and leaves bearing eglandular hairs. Two collections cited by Blake (l93^i P. ^3^) as ^ hirtella var. taeniotricha have been cited in this paper as representing a new taxon, ^ hirtella var. albescens. Pringle 4988 and Smith 259 from Sierra de Glavellinas, Oaxaca as well as my own collection from Sierra de San Felipe del Agua, Oaxaca belong to this new variety which is distinguished from Blake's var. taeniotricha by the presence of glandular hairs on the under leaf surfaces and the color of the stem pubescence. Skutch's notes on the label of the type collection indicated that this species is "sometimes epiphytic and rooted on moss- covered trunks." This condition was not observed by the author when a collection was made at the type location or in an El Salvador population. From Chiapas, Mexico; Ghimaltenango, Guatemala, El Progresso, Jalapa, Quezaltenango, San Marcos and Solola in Guatemala as well as San Salvador, El Salvaxior (Fig. 27). The habitat of this 172 PHYTOLOGIA Vol, 32, no. 2 climbing vine has been variously described as on moist, wooded slopes, in thickets, in ravines and in cloud forests, I2OO-38OO m ele. EL SALVADCRj Dept. San Salvadori Volcan San Salvador, from Finca Las Brumas to the peak of the volcano, Carlson 460 (F, UC). GUATETIALAi Dept. Ghimaltenangoi Santa Elena on Gerro de Tecpan, Jackson 1042 (B, BM, G, F, G, GH, K, HIGH, MIN, MO, MSG, NY, P, UG , US ) ; Santa Elena, Skutch 769 (K) ; region of Los Positos, above Las Gadderas, Stardley 80177 (F» G). Dept. Guatemala 1 LaJce Amatitlan, Kellerman $313 (f); Volcan Pacaya, Kellerman 6363 (F, us). Dept. El Progressoi neeir summit, between Galera and summit of Volcan Siglo, Steyermark 43081 (F, NY); hills between Finca Piamonte and slopes southeast of Finca Piamonte, Steyermark 43392 (F, ITY). Dept. Jalapai Volcan Jumay, north of Jalapa, Jesus, Los Majadas and summit of volcano, Volcan Santa Maria, Steyermark 33972 (F). Dept. San Marcos; along road between San Sebastian at km 21 and km 8, 8-I8 miles northwest of San Marcos, Steyermark 35660 fF); along Quebrada Ganjula, Volcan Tacana, Steyermark 36o4l (F, MIGH). Dept. Solola; near NaMuala, Sierra Madre Mountains, Williams, Molina & Williams 23186 (NY). MEXICO: State of Chiapas: near Zinacantan, Laughlin 2239 (DS, MIGH); ridge north of Glinica Yerba Buena near Pueblo Nuevo Solista- huacan, Municipio of Pueblo Nuevo Solistahuacan, Raven & Breed- love 1998$ (MIGH); in Paraje Shohleh, Municipio of Tenejapa, Ton 560 (MIGH. OT). 20a. ARGHIBAGGHARIS HIRTSLLA (DG.) Heering var. ALBESCENS J. D. Jackson, Phytologia 28(3): 298-300. Fig. 1. 1974. Type: MEXICO: State of Oaxaca: oak woods. Sierra de Glavel- linas, 2812 m ele., 18 October 1894, Pringle 4988 ! isotypes BMJ G1 GHl KJ MIGHI MOI MSGJ NYI PI POMI UGJ). Known only from Oaxaca, Mexico (Fig. 27). This vairiety is a scandent vine closely allied with Arc hi bac c har i s hirtella (DC . ) Heering var. taeniotricha Blake. Ga. 50~70 dm tall, sordid-pilosulous hairs below becoming whitish above on the branches and leaves; leaves elliptical but sometimes oblong-ovate or ovate, 3. 5-6. 5 cm long, 1.0-2. 5 cm wide acuminate or just acute at apices, the lower surfaces pilosulous and rather evenly stipitate -glandular ; panicles small and close, the pistillate heads mm high, the stamlnate heads 3.5-4.0 mm high, the phyllaries glabrous. The specific epithet ’’albescens” refers to the sordid hairs on the lower parts of the plant which become whitish above. Chromosome number: n = 9 (Jackson, I969), Fig. 2. Pollen diameters (microns): polar, 15.0-20.0; equatorial, 16.7-21.0; Jackson 1025. Smith 259. Floral illustrations: Fig. 26. 1975 Jackson, Revision of Archlbaccharls 173 20b. ARGHIBACGHARIS HIRTELLA (DC.) Heering var. INTERMEDIA Blake, Journ, Washington Acad, Scl, 2ki kjk, 193^« Typei MEXIGOi State of Vera Gruzj shaded baJiks near Orizaba, 1313 ele., 25 January l895i Pringle 6l08 (USl ; photo. MINI; isotypest BMI Gl FI GHI Kl HIGHI MINI MO! MSCI NYI PI POMI UGl). Scandent vines(?); ca. 6-15 dm tall; above-ground parts brovmish-pilosulous, the hairs spreading; the subterranean parts and the bases not seen. Stems essentially straight but some- times obscurely fractiflex, terete, 0.5-3»0 1^^ diam. above, the internodes 0,5-5«0 cm long above, somewhat shiny, brown- purple becoming brown then green on the branches and branchlets, glabrescent below, pilosulous or minutely pubescent above. Leaves with short petioles, 2. 0-4.0 mm long, pilosulous, blades usually quite broadly ovate, 2. 5-5*0 cm long, 1. 5-3*0 cm wide, chartaceous, obtuse or subcordate at bases, usually long-acuml- nate but sometimes long-acute and often falcate at apices, mar- gins distally serrate, serrulate or merely dentic\ilate except for entire apices, sparsely hirtellous, upper surfaces dark- green, somewhat shiny, subglabrous, lower svirfaces dark-green, barely lighter color than the upper surfaces, somewhat shiny, sparsely pilosulous with some hirtellous hairs or subglabrous. Panicles usually small and rather loose on pilosulous or minutely pubescent peduncles. Pistillate Heads; 4, 0-5.0 mm high, 2.0- 2.5 nun wide, phyllaries 5-seriate, acute, the outer ones ovate and sometimes sparsely pilosulous, the inner ones linear-lanceo- late and glabrous; filiform ray flowers 19-24, pappus 1.8-2. 5 mni long, brown- tinged, corollas 1,2-1.? mm long, green-white becom- ing purple at maturity, rather thickly puberulous above, the ligules erect, 0,1-0. 4 mm long, glabrous, achenes 0,9-1. 3 n™ long, 2-3 nerved, shiny and finely hispidulous; disk flowers 2-3, pappus 2. 2-2. 6 mm long, corollas 2. 3-2. 8 mm long, green- white becoming purple at maturity, anthers sterile, achenes inane, Staminate Head.si ca, 4.5 mm high, 2. 0-2. 5 wide,' phyl- laries ca. 4-seriate; disk flowers I3-I6, green-white becoming purple at maturity, pappus 2. 3-2.5 n® long, tubes 1,2-1. 5 nun long, puberulous above, limb 1. 6-2.0 mm long, puberulous below, lobes oblong, barely linear or sometimes narrowly triangular, 1.0-1, 2 mm long, the dorsal, surfaces glabrous, style branches rhombic -oblong or lance-elliptic, acuminate, achenes abortive, reduced to smeill knobs. Pollen diameters (microns) 1 polar, 16.7-19.4; equatorial., 18.9-21.0; Pringle 6IO8. Floral illustrations! Fig. 26. The leaf morphology of the few known specimens of veir. intermedia seem to be distinct from ail other varieties of Archibaccharis hirtella. The leaves are quite smail, ovate and nearly aiways coarsely serrate with rather long, entire acuminate or acute apices. The plants bear eglandular pub- escence throughout. The floral morphology and probably aiso the habit closely relate the present variety to the other varieties of ^ hirtella. The general. api)earaLnce of the speci- mens indicate that var. intermedia is a vine or at least a PHTTOLOGIA Vol. 32, no. 2 17U scraunbler. PrlnKle 9853 and Nelson 1471 i referred to ^ hirtella var. intermedia by Blake (193^. p. ^3^) have been cited as ^ Schiedeana in the present treatment. From Vera Cruz, Mexico, known only from Orizaba, the type location (Fig. 2?). The only available ecological information was provided by C. G. Pringle, "shaded banks near Orizaba, 1313 m ele." MEXICO: State of Vera Cruz: Orizaba, Botteri 1170 (BM, G, P. K). 20c. ARCHIBACCHARIS HIRTELLA (DC.) Heering var. HIRTELLA, JaJirb. Hamb. Hissensch. Anst. 21: Beiheft Ji 41. 1904. Baccharis hirtella DC., Prodr. 5» 418. I836. Hemibacchaxis hirtella (DC.) Blake, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 20: 549. 1924. Type: MEXICO: without definite locality, between Apapulco and the city of Mexico, 17912i Haenke s.n. (G-DCl ; photo. GH! TEXl : isotypes: fragments, F?l PI; photo, of P isotype, MINI). Scandent vines; ca. 20-80 dm tall; glandular-pubescent; roots fibrous. Stems fractiflex, terete, the bases 3 •0-15*0 mm in diam., graduating to I.O-3.O mm above, rather slender, the inter- nodes 1. 0-9.0 cm long, dull, gray, gray-brown, red-brown, brown or green, the branchlets usually green, glabrescent below, glandular-puberulous above, the sordid or purple hairs often thickly glandular. Leaves with short petioles, 1. 0-6.0 mm long, glandular-puberulous with some pilosulous hairs; blades elliptic, lanceolate, lance-ovate or ovate, 2. 5-7. 5 cni long, I.O-3.O cm wide, thinly chartaceous or membranous, attenuate or obtuse at bases with ragged margins on the winged portions, acuminate at apices, margins distally serrate, serrulate or merely denticu- late, sparsely pilosulous and glandular puberulous, sometimes with hispldulous hairs, upper surfaces dark-green, dull, usually thickly glandulcLT-puberulous with scattered pilosulous hairs, lower surfaces lighter green, barely glossy, usually glandular- puberulous with scattered pilosulous hairs. Panicles small and convex on chiefly glandular-puberulous peduncles. Pistillate Heads: 3.5-4. 5 mm high, 2.O-3.O mm wide, phyllaries ca. 4-seri- ate, acute, the outer ones ovate or lanceolate and glandular- puberulous, the inner linear-lanceolate and becoming glabrous; filiform ray flowers 17-3^» pappus 1.8-2. 4 mm long, brown- tinged or white, corollas 1. 4-2.0 ram long, green-white or becoming dark-purple especiaily above at maturity, usuetlly thickly puberu- lous above with few hairs below, the lig\iles erect, 0.3-0. 7 mm long, glabrous, achenes 0.8-1. 4 mm long, 3-4 nerved, shiny and finely hispidulous; disk flowers I-3, pappus 2. 0-2.4 mm long, corollas 2. 2-3.0 mm long, green-white or becoming dark-purple especially above at maturity, anthers sterile, achenes inane. Stamlnate Heads: 3* 0-^.0 mm high, 2.O-3.O mm wide, phyllaries ca. 3-seriate; disk flowers 18- 36, green-white or becoming dark- purple especially above at matiority, pappus 1, 8-2.4 ram long, brown- tinged or white, tubes 1.0-1. 8 mm long, puberulous above, 1975 Jackson, Rovlsion of Archlbacoharls 175 limb 1.2-1. 8 mm long, puberulous below, lobes oblong or barely linear, 0.9-1. 2 mm long, glabrous except for occasional short hairs near the apices, style branches rhombic-oblong, short- acuminate or acute, achenes abortive, reduced to small knobs. Chromosome number j n = 9 (Jackson, 1969) » Fig. 2. Pollen diameters (microns) » polar, 13.9-17.8; equatorial, 15.5-18.9* Rzedowski 21690* Matuda 257^9. Floral illustrations! Fig. 26. Archibaccharis hirtella var. hirtella may be separated from the other varieties of the species by the presence of glandular- puberulous hairs on the upper portions of the stems, petioles, leaf blades and phyllaries. Blake (1924, p. 549) cited Baccharis scandens Less., B. Schiedeana and ^ Thomasii Klatt as species synonymous with B. hirtella DC. His placement of these names was based mostly on study of original descriptions. Of those listed, Blake did view the isotype of ^ scandens Less, at the Gray Herbarium and noted its glandular-puberulous character. The names listed above were not removed from synonymy. The types of these names have been studied by the author and have been determined to be conspecific with Archibaccharis Schiedeana, a species lacking glandular hairs. Information provided by the Haenke collection as represented at the Field Museum, Chicago, indicated the date of collection as "1791" and a number "1228," perhaps the collection number. The fragments on the sheet match the holotype of var. hirtella very well and the date correlated with Haenke 's journey from Acapulco to the city of Mexico (Hemsley, I88I, pp. 119-120). Collectors have reported var. hirtella to be a shrub. My collection from Meson Viejo, state of Mexico, was clearly a vine. Known from Mexico, D, F. , Guerrero, Morelos and Oaxaca, Mexico (Fig. 27). Collected on rocky slopes, in pine-oak woods, in open woods and hillsides and on moist slopes, 6OO-32OO m ele. MEXICO! Federal District! Eslaba region, Lyonnet 3009 (US); Lomas de Mixcoac, Lyonnet & Elcoro 1739 (US); mountains above Eslaba, Pringle 11483 (c. F, GH, K, MICH, MO, MSC, US); Canada of Contreas, Pringle 13986 (G, GH, MICH, MIN, MSC, UC, US). State of Guerrero! ca. 10 km west of Camotla, Municipio of Chichihualco, ca. 40 km west of Chilpancingo, Feddema 2747 (MICH); top of Sierra Madre near Chilpancingo, Nelson 2238 (gH, us); Cerro Alquitran, cerca de Mazatlan, Municipio of Chilpancingo, Rzedowski 23688 (MICH, MSC); Carrizal, 9 km west of Camotla, Municipio of Chichihualco, Rzedowski 18048 (DS, MICH, MSC), State of Mexico! Sacromote Hill, near Amecameca, Beau- champ s.n, MO93366I (mo); San Nicolas, Valley of Mexico, Bour- geau 955 (G, us in part, K, P) ; same location as the preceding, Bourgeau 957 (C, G); foothill, Mt. Ixtaccihuatl, Deam s.n. US398950 (GH. US); jungle, Amecameca, Gooddlng 2173 (OH, MO, NY, POM , UC ) ; Los Hornos locality. District of Temascal tepee, Hinton 2110 (BM, G, K, mo, us); same location as the preceding, Hinton 2832 (bM, G, K, NY); Meson Viejo, along Mexican Highway #130, Vol 32, no, 2 Fig. 26. Floral illustrations of the varieties of Archi- baccharis hirtella, A. hirtella var. taeniotricha (all from Jackson 1042) > ^stillate heads: (a) filiform flower, (b) disk flower; stajninate heads: (c) disk flower. ^ hirtella var. albescens (all from Jackson 1025) « pistillate heads: (d) fili- form flower, (e) disk flower; stajninate heads: (f) disk flower. A. hirtella vax. intermedia (all from Pringle 6IO8) : pistillate head.s: (g) filiform flower, (h) disk flower; stajninate heads: (i) disk flower. A. hirtella var. hirtella: (j, k) pistillate heads (Purpus 1499T»' (j) filiform flower, (k) disk flower; stajni- nate heads: (l) disk flower (Jackson 1046) . Disk flowers are shown without ajithers. 1975 Jackson Revision of Archlbaccharia 177 squar^nrSSiiiS hlrtella. 178 PHYTOLOOIA Vol, 32, no, 2 Jackson 1046 (a, B, BH, C, DS, F, G, GH, K, MICH, MIN, HO, HSC , NY, P, POM, TEX, UC, US, WIS); San Rafael, Hunicipio of Tlaman- alco, behind the paper factory, Jimenez s.n. MSG 217 564 (MSC); Cerro de Venacho, Valley of 'Mexico, Matuda 18800 (NY ) ; Dinamo de Contreras, Valley of Mexico, Matuda 18675 Ozumba, Valley of Mexico, Matuda 25839 (iff, US); Cerro of the pines. Valley de Bravo, Matuda 27346 (NY ) ; along brooks, Mt. Ixtaccihuatl , Purpus 18 (GH, mo, pom, UC, us); open woods and hillsides, Mt, Ixtacci- huatl, Purpus 1499 (BM, F, GH, MO, NY, P, POM, UC, US); 3 km southwest of Meson Viejo, Municipio of Temascal tepee , Rzedowski 21690 (DS, MICH, MSG, TEX). State of Morelos; Huichilac -Cuerna- vaca, Juzepczuk 820 (us); Valley de Tepeite, Lyonnet 1482 (US), State of Oaxaca; between Llano Grande and Pinotepa, Nelson 2336 (GH, us). 21. ARCHIBACGilARIS SGHIEDEAIfA (Benth.) J. D. Jackson, Phytologia 28(3)1 297* 1974. Bacciiaris scandens Less,, Linnaea 5» 146. 1830. Not Pers. I8O7. Baccharis Schiedeana Benth, in Oerst. Nat. For. KjSbenhavn Vid, Medd, 1852; 83. 1852. Type; B, destroyed (D. E, Meyer, per. comm.). Lectotype; MEXICO; State of Vera Cruz; Jalapa, Aug, , no yeax cited, Schiede 318 (GH! ; photo, mini). Baccharis eleg^is var. SeemcUinii Schultz Bip. , Seem. Bot. Voy. Herald; JOJ. I856 . Type; MEXICO; Sierra Madre, N, W, Mexico, Seemaxn 2015 (KI ; photo. MINI; isotypes; GH! Kl). Baccharis Thomaisii Klatt, Abh. Naturf, Ges, Halle 15; 326, 1881. Type; MEXICO; State of Vera Cruz; Orizaba, 1866, Thomas s.n. (P1 ; photo, MINI). Hemi baccharis torquis Blake, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 20; 550* pi. 51« 1924. Archlbaccharis torquis Blake, ibid. 23* 1508. I926T Type; COSTA RIGA; Prov, of Sam Jose; "hospice des alienes," San Jose, November 1892, Tonduz 1535 (USI ; photo. MIN! UC!; isotypesi FI G! GH! NY! Pi). Scandent vines; ca. 20-100 dm tall; pubescence whitish or sordid; roots fibrous. Stems fractiflex, terete but the older portions sulcate between striations and hollow, lacking pith, the bases 0,3-1. 0 cm in diam. , stout, the internodes 0, 8-8.0 cm long, dull, gray, green or brown below, gray-green or brown above, glabrescent below, persistently pilosulous or puberulous above. Leaves with petioles 1,0-11,0 mm long, pilosulous; blades mostly ovate, lamce-ovate or raxely elliptical, 2. 5-10*5 cm long, 1,0-5. 5 cm wide, submembranaceous or thinly chaxtaceous, cuneate-rounded or cuneate to subobtuse at bases, acute to acumi- nate at apices, margins distally serrate to rarely entire, the upper surfaces dark-green, usually dull, evenly but thinly pilosulous amd with scattered superficial whitish or amber glands, rarely subglabrous, the lower surfaces duller and lighter green and evenly pilosulous with scattered superficial glands. Pani- cles small and rounded, sometimes cymose, on pilosulous or puberu- lous peduncles. Pistillate Heads; 4, 0-5*5 high, 2. 5-3*5 inm wide, phyllaries 5(-6) seriate, acute, the outer ones lanceolate 1975 Jackaon, Revision of Arc hib ace haria 179 and pilosulous, the inner ones lauiceolate and glabrous: filiform ray flowers (l7-)28-30(-50) , pappus 2.0-3.1 mm long, brown- tinged, corollas short, 1. 1-2.0 mm long, creeun, whitish, green- white or green-white becoming purple at maturity, sparsely puberulous above, the ligules, if present, 0.1-0, 5 mm long, achenes 1.0-1. 3 mm long, 2-3(-5) nerved, shiny and hispidulous; disk flowers 1-3, pappus 2.4-3. 8 mm long, corollas 3*0“4.0 mm long, anthers sterile, achenes inane. Staminate Heads > 6.0 (-7.0) mm high, 2. 5-3*5 mm wide, phyllaries ca. 5-seriate; fili- form ray flowers rarely present, reduced but apparently with fertile achenes; disk flowers 7-23 i cream, whitish, green-white or green-white becoming purple at maturity, pappus 2. 3-4.0 mm long, brown- tinged, tubes 1.3-2. 7 mm long, puberulous above, limb 2.O-3.4 mm long, puberulous below, lobes linear, 1.4-2. 7 mm long, the dorsal surfaces glabrous or sparsely puberulous near the apices, style branches oblong or linear, acute, achenes abortive, reduced to smaJ.1 knobs. Chromosome number: 2n -• 18 (Jackson, I969) : n = 9 (Solbrig et al., 1969). Pollen diameters (microns): polar, 15.5-18*9: equatorial, 17*8-21.2; Jackson 1041, Smith P2045. Floral illustrations: Fig. 29* Vernacular names: "Cana cillo," (Dept. Chiquimula) "Culebrina" (Dept. Guatemala) eind "Te Silvestre" (Dept. Retahuleu) , Guatemala. Although no specimens from Honduras are known, the species may be expected there. This species has been commonly confused with Archibaccharis hirtella var. hlrtella. The two taxa may be separated by pubescence, the upper stems and branches of ^ Schiedeana hairy but eglandular; ^ hirtella var. hirtella puberulous with glandu- lar hairs. The entire ^ hirtella complex may be distinguished from ^ Schiedeana by the shape of the style branches on the disk flowers: ^ Schiedeana are always oblong or linear with acute apices and those of the ^ hirtella complex are usually rhombic - oblong (at least not oblong or linear) with short acuminate apices. On collector’s labels, the habit of ^ Schiedeajia has been variously described as "shrub, vinelike, subscandent shrub, recurved shrub and tall herb." The author has studied popu- lations in Mexico, GuatemaJ-a and El Scdvador, In the early growth stages, the plant is weakly erect, without support, and has the appearance of a weak shrub or tall herb. In later stages, however, the plant is clearly a perennial woody vine, dependent for its support. No exceptions were seen. The three binomials, Baccharis scandens Less., ^ Schiedeana Benth, and B, Thomasii Klatt were erroneously included by Blake (1924, p. 52+9) in his list of synonymy under Hemi baccharis hirtella. That species was based on Baccharis hirtella DC. and as is indicated in the previous paragraph is distinct from A. Schiedeana. All these types were unknown to Blake except the iso type of ^ scandens Less, , examined in the Gray Herbarium (Blake, 1924, p. 549) * Blake's (1926, p. I5O8) Archibaccharis 180 PHYTOLOGIA Vol, 32, no. 2 torquis has similar chairacteristics and may now be referred to A, Schiedeama. The name Bacchaxis Schiedeana was published by Bentham (I852), His intention was to rename _Bj_ scandens Less,, a name he must have recognized as a later homonym for B, scandens (Ruiz. & Pavon) Pers,, as he cited Lessing (l83077 Article 32 of the International Code (Stafleu & Voss, 1972, p. 3?) states a name is validly published when accompanied by "a reference (direct or indirect) to a previously and effectively published description or diagnosis of it." Thus, the epithet "Schiedeana" is regarded here as new and the oldest legitimate neime. Two sheets of Oersted ^ (C) marked as "type of ^ Schiedeana" represents the collection referred to only vaguely by Bentham when he listed the location. Article 7 of the International Code (1972, p. I9) states that "a new name or epithet published as an avowed sub- stitute (nomen novum) for an older name is typified by the type of the older name," Therefore, the Oersted collection cannot typify the name ^ Schiedeana. The type collection of B, scandens Loss,, Schlede 318, must also serve as the type of the epithet "Schiedeana" in its new combination in the genus Archi- baccharis. Presumably the holotype of ^ scandens was destroyed during World War II in Berlin where it was stored with other Gompositae collections (Sleumer, 19^9). According to Dr, D. E. Meyer (litt, July 1970) the holotype is not now in the Berlin- Dahlem Herbarium. A stem fragment of a pistillate plant bearing leaves and flowering heads (GH) has therefore been designated the lectotype, Baccharis elegyis var. Seemannii. which Blake (l924, p. 553 and 1926, p. 1509) from the original description regarded as doubtfully belonging to the genus Hemibaccharis may be typified. The holotype, Seemann 2015 (k) bears a note stating merely "Sierra Madre, N, W, Mexico." But reference to Seemann 's Jour- nal (1856) suggests the specimens maj have been collected in the vicinity of Tepic, NaLyarlt, The general characteristics agree well with those of ^ Schiedeana. The type of Baccharis Thomasii was cited by Klatt (I88I) as "DC. no, 13^b," This specimen could not be located in the Prodromus Herbarium for the author. Possibly Klatt 's number referred only to his chronological placement of the specimen before him within the Candolle number sequence. A specimen from the Draike Herbarium, Paris, determined as ^ Thomasii by F, W. Klatt is undoubtedly the holotype. This is clearly A. Schiedeana. From Nayarit and San Luis Potosi south to Chiapas, Mexico, Guatemala, El Salvador, Costa Rica and northern Panama (Fig, 28), Collected in moist forests and thickets, mostly along streams and on slopes, 6OO-3IOO m ele, COSTA RICAi Province of Alajuelai La Patlma de San Ramon, Brenes 5824 (F); between Alajuela and Grecia, Brenes 17507 (F, M); Volcan de Poas, Holway 366 (GH, MIN); Monte Aguacate, Oersted ^ (C, K, sketch GH); Zarcero, Smith H56 (F, MO); Zar- cero. Canton Alfaro Ruiz, Smith P2045 (GH, UCTT” Province of 197$ Jackson, Revision of Archlbaccharls 181 Gaxtagoi Cartago, Oersted 10.988 (C); El Muneco on Rfo Navarro, Standley & Torres 51182 (US). Province of Herediai north of Heredia, Brenes 1'3239 (F); between Poas and Barba volcanoes, Skutch 3^4- (a, K, mo, NY, US). Province of Sail Josei between Santiago and Pichacho Mondongo, Brenes 16958 (F); Guadeloupe near San Jose, Greenman & Greenman 5^32 (MO); San Jose, Holway 253 (GH, min); near the mental hospital, San Jose, Plttier 1496 (gH) : vicinity of La Verbena, Standley 32212 (GH, US); between San Pedro Montes de Oca and Curridabat, Standley 41288 (K, US); along Rio Blanco, northeast of El Copey, St^dley 4l900 (US); vicinity of San Sebastian, south of San Jose, St^dley 49318 (GH); San Jose, Tonduz 1549 (F, GH, K, P, NY, US). EL SALVADORi Dept. Ahuachapan: neeir Ataco, Standley & Padilla 2661 (F); vic- inity of Apaneca, Standley & Padilla 299^ (F) . GUATEMALA; Depti Alta Verapazi Goban. Jackson 1041 (B, BM, G, F, G, GH, K, MIN, MO, NY, P, us); between San Gristobal Verapaz and Ghixoy, Steyer- mark 43902 (F); Goban, von Ttlrckheim 1350 (F, G, GH, K, P, NY, us) . Dept. Ghimaltenango; between Ghimaltenango and San Martin Jilotepeque, Standley 80898 (F). Dept. Ghiquimulai Gerro Brujo, S teyermark 30937 (F). Dept. Guatemala; near Finca La Aurura, Aguilar 72 (f) ; Volc^ Pacaya, Standley 58417 (F, MO); south of San Raimundo, Standley 6286? (fJ^ Dept. Huehuetenango; east of San Rafael Petzal, Standley 82861 (F, NY). Dept. Jalapa; between Jalapa and Paralso , Standley 77314 (F); northwest of Jalapa, Standley 77509 (F, G) . Dept. Jutiapa; Volcan Suchitan, S teyermark 31945 (F) . Dept. Quezaltenango; Golumba, Holway 826 (gH; ; Golomba, Skutch 1324 (a, F); Finca Helvetia, Skutch 1403 (a, F); near Calaliuache, Standley 67121 (F, MIGH); near El Muro, Standley 67167 (F, NY); Volc£n Santa Maria, S teyermark 33549 (F), Dept. Quiche; Finca San Francisco, Skutch 1868 (A, F, NY, US). Dept, Retalhuleu; near Ghivolandia, Styidley 87211 (f); Puebla Nuevo, Strieker 228 (US). Dept. Sacatepequez; Guesta de las Ganas, Standley 58857 (F, GH); near Antigua, Standley 61747 (F, GH), Dept. San Marcos; south of San Marcos toward Gastalia, Williams. Molina & Williams 26176 (F, G). Dept. Santa Rosa; near El Molino, Styidley 78383 (F). Dept. Suchitepequez; Finca Moca, Skutch 2118 (A. F, US) . MEXIGO; State of Ghiapas; Gham- ula, Breedlove 7151 (DS, F, MIGH); Rayon, Breedlove 11969 (DS, MIGH); Ghamula, Breedlove & Raven 13742 (HIGH , NY ) ; along Mexi- can Highway #195 i 21 miles north of Highway #190, Jackson 1032 (a, B, BM, G, DS, F, G, GH, K, MIGH, MIN, MO, MSG, NY, P, POM, TEX); Mt. Ovando, Jackson 1035 (F, GH, MIN, NY, US); Siltepec, Matuda S-39 (MIGH, MO, US); Mt, Pasitar, Matuda 15^ (MIGH), State of Guerrero; mountains west of Gerro Teotepec, Rzedowski & MeV augh 15 (MIGH); along road to Taxco, Rzedowski 25226 (MSG). State of Hidalgo; Ghapulhuacan, Kenoyer 733 (F. MO); around Palomas, Rzedowski 23339 (MIGH, MSG, WIS); Ghapulhuacan, Sharp 441767 (nY). State of Jalisco; Sierra de Manantlan, MeVaugh 13880 (mIGH); south of Talpa de Allende, MeVaugh 21348 (mICH). State of Mexico; Nanchititla locality, Temeiscal tepee , Hinton 3089 (F, GH, K, MIGH, MO, NY, US); northeast of Temasc al tepee , Jackson 1049 (B, BM, G, F, G, GH, K, MIGH, MIN, MO, MSG, NY, P, 182 PHYTOLOGIA Vol. 32, no. 2 Fig, 28. distribution of Archibacchairis Gchiedeana in ilexico and Central Anerica 1975 Jackson, Revision of Archibacebarla 183 UC, us), state of Morelos: above Cuernavaca, PrltiAle 9853 (F , GH, K, MO, irf). State of Nayarit: east of Jalcocotan, ncVaugh 1'3339 (MIGH); Teplc, Palmer 1846 (F, GH, IIY, US). State of Oaxaca: Cerro de San Felipe, Conzatti 704 (GH); Oaxaca, Gon- zatti & Gonzalez ^ (GH, US); valley of Oaxaca, Nelson 1471 (GH, US) . State of Puebla: Huauchinauigo, Fr8derstr8m & Hulten 741 fF, IIY). State of San Luis Potosi: Xilitla, Rzedowski 9984 (MICH, WIS). State of Vera Cruz: Orizaba, Bllimek 518 (K, P); Orizaba, Botteri 490 (F, K); Orizaba, Botteri ll44 (BM, G, K, P). Valley of G6rdoba, Bourfteau 1637 (G, GH, K, P , US ) ; Orizaba, M tiller 264 (K , NY , P) ; Zacualpan , P'^pus 2198 (UC ) ; near Rancho Viejo, Pi^pus 14086 (a, F, MICH, US ) ; near Jalapa, Rose & Hay 6132 (US): Orizaba, Schaffner 335 (P). PANAMA: Dept. Chiriqui: pastures around El Boquete, Pittler 2855 (C, GH, NY, P, US); Volcan Ghiriqui, Terry 1363 (F, GH). 22. ARGHIBAGGHaRIS FLEIXILIS BlaRe, Journ. Washington Acad. Sci. 17: 60. 1927. Hemibaccharis flexilis Blaike, Gontr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 20: 549. 1924. Type: GUATEI-IALA: Dept. Alta Verapaz: Coban, 1350 m ele,, Febr''"""' icin'? r,. tt iAtA (usJ ; photo. MINI ; iso types: Scandent twining vines; ca. 40-80 dm tall; sordid-pilosulous or sordid-pilose; rhizomatous. Stems noticeably twisted, fracti- flex only in the branches and branchlets, terete, the bases 2.5- 8.0 mm in diam., graduating to 1.0- 3.0 mm above, slender, the internodes 2.0-14.5 cm long, dull, brown, daxk-brown or reddish on the older portions, the branchlets usually green, glabrescent below, pilose or pilosulous above. Leaves with petioles 2.0-15.0 ram long, pilosulous, blades elliptic, ovate-elliptic or lance- elliptic, 3*5-13*0 cm long, 1.5-4. 5 cm wide, submembranaceous, rarely chartaceous, cuneate or narrowly obtuse at bases, acumi- nate at apices, maxgins distally serrate or serrulate, hispidu- lous, upper surfaces dark-green, shiny, spaxsely pilosulous or subglabrous, the hairs stiff at their bases, lower surfaces dark-green, shiny but less so than the upper surfaces, sparsely pilosulous but usually denser than the upper surfaces. Panicles small, compact and convex on pilose or pilosulous peduncles. Pistillate Heads: 5»5-7.0 mm high, 2. 5-3*5 mm wide, phyllaries 5-seriate, acute, the outer ones ovate, then linear-lcinceolate, these usually sordid-puberulous, the inner ones chiefly linear and glabrous; filiform ray flowers 16-25, pappus 2, 9-4. 3 nim longi brown or yellow tinged, corollas 3*0-4.! mm long, white, green- white, light-cream and sometimes with a suggestion of pink, gla- brous above, then thickly puberulous bands above the middle, gla- brous below, the ligules erect, variable in length from essen- tially lacking to 0. 1-1.0 mm long, glabrous, achenes 1. 1-1.7 mm long, (3-) 5 nerves, dull, finely hispidulous; disk flowers 1-4, pappus 2. 8-4, 6 ram long, corollas 3*8-4. 8 mm long, white, green- white, light-cream and sometimes with a suggestion of pink, anthers usuadly sterile but apparently sometimes partially func- tional, achenes inane. Staminate Heads: 5 *0-7 *5 inm high, 2.5“ 18U PHITOLOQIA Vol. 32, no. 2 3.5 mm wide, phyllaries 5-seriate; filiform ray flowers occurring sporadically, 0-8, pappus 2. 7-3*0 n™ lor^gi brown or yellow- tinged, corollas 2. 4-3. 7 mm long, white, green-white, light-cream and sometimes with a suggestion of pink, achenes apparently fertile; disk flowers 10-21, white, green-white, light-cream and some- times with a suggestion of pink, pappus 3*0-4, 4 mm long, brown or yellow- tinged, tubes 1.4-2. 9 nun long, puberulous above, limb 2. 5-3* 6 mm long, puberulous, lobes linear, 2.2-3* 0 mm long, the dorsal surfaces puberulous, style branches usually linear, rarely oblong, acute, achenes abortive, inane or reduced to small knobs. Chromosome number: n = 9 (Jackson, I969). Pollen diameters (microns): polar, 18.3-23*3? equatorial, 18.9-24.4; Williams, Molina & Williams 23702, Williams. Molina k Williams 26063." Floral illustrations: Fig, 29* Archibaccharis flexilis shares some vegetative characters with ^ hirtella var. taeniotricha and some floral characters with ^ Schiedeana. A. flexilis is a taill vine which is found suspended high in the trees. This species is distinct from all other taxa of Archibaccharis with its brown, twining, twisted stems and thin, shiny leaves. Reports of "arching shrubs" on collector's labels may indi- cate that ^ flexilis can be found as a weak, erect plant with- out support in early growth stages, cf. discussion of ^ Schiede- ana. The author's collection, Jackson 1040, was found with the plants first prostrate, spreaxiing rhizomatously on the forest floor. The plants rose shairply as scandent, twining vines high into the trees. Jackson 1040 was collected when the plants were in the bud stage. The anther sacs in at least some of the disk flowers of the pistillate heads were found to be paxtiaTlV functional. Few anther sacs were available but a chromosome count was obtained. Good illustration of these chromosomes was not possible. Known from Chiapas, Mexico through Guatemala, El Salvador, Nicaragua and Costa Rica (Fig. This woody vine has been collected mostly in wet thickets and moist, cloud forests, 500- 3000 m ele, COSTA RICA: Province of Alajuela: Colinas de San Pedro de Ramon, Brenes 20333 (F, NY); upper limit of tropical zone, region of Zaxcero, Smith H.13 (F, MO); Zapote, Smith H479 (f); Tapera de Zaxcero, Smith: NY1229 (F, GH, NY); Gerro del Esirito Sauto, Nciranjo locality, Canton Naranjo, Smith P2411 (GH, K, UC). EL SALVADOR: Dept, Santa Ana: Cordillera Miramundo, mountain of Montecristo, Molina. Burger & Wallenta I6865 (F, GH). GUATEMALA: Dept. Alta Verapaz: .3 miles south of Coban ^ong road #17, Jackson 1040 (A, B, BM, C, DS, F, G, GH, K, MICH, MIN, MO, MSC, NY. P, POM, TEX, UC, US, WIS); near Goban, Standley 69340 (F, GH); near Sam Jose, southeast of Tactic, Standley 69673 (F); Saquija, 43 km northeast of Coban, Standley 70201 (f) ; above Tamahu, Standley 70926 (f); Goban, von Ttirckhelm 854 (US); Cob^, von Ttlrckheim 8405 CF. GH, K, NY, UST? Dept. Chimaltenango: 1975 Jackson, Revision of Archibaccharie 185 Quisache, Standley 62291 (Fi MICH, l^Y). Dept, (^uezaltenangoj Finca Azucena, above Golomba, Standley 68019 (F); region of Las Nubes, south of Saui Maxtfn Chile Verde, Standley S^^l? (F); along road above Santa Marla de Jesus, Standley 84861 (F ) ; along old road between Finca Pirineos and Patzulin, Standley 86836 (F), Dept. Sacatepequezi hills of Finca Carmona, southeast of Anti- gua, Standley 63698 (F, GH, US); slopes of Volcan de Agua, above Santa Maria de Jesus, Standley 65058 (F). Dept, San Marcos i lower to middle slopes of Volcan Tajumulco, between Todos Santos and Finca El Porvenir, Steyermark 36998 (f); Volcan Tajumulco, between Finca La Patria and "Todos Santos Grande," Steyermaxk 37700 (f); on slopes of Cerro Tumbador, about 15 km west of San Marcos, Williams, Molina & Williams 23062 (NY); near Aldea Fraternidad, between San Rafael Pie de la Cuesta and Palo Gordo, Williams. Molina & Williams 26O83 (NY). Dept. Suchitepequezi south slope, Volcan Atitlan, Skutch 1482 (A, F, US); southern slopes of Volcan Zunil, vicinity of Finca Las Nubes, along Quebrada Chita, east of Pueblo Nuevo, Steyermark 35399 (F). MEXICO j State of Chiapas 1 Mt. Ovando, Matuda 2639 (GH. MICH, NY, US); Mt. Ovando, Matuda 4005 (MICH, NY); Mt. Ovando, Matuda 16235 (mo, us). l-flGARAGUAi Dept. Granadai forest on Mombacho Volcano, Williams & Molina 20049 (F, NY). Dept. Jinotegai Oco- tillo near St. Lantenia, Cordillera CentraJ. de Nicaragua, Williams. Molina, Williams, Gibson & Laskowski 27840 (UC). Dept. Matagalpai road to Aranjuez, Cordillera Central de Nicaragua, Williams & Molina 20146 (F , ^ ) ; between Disparate de Potter and Aranjuez, Cordillera Central de Nicaragua, Williams. Molina & Williams 23702 (GH, Iff); near Jinotega Rock Quarry, 5 km north of Sta. Maria de Ostuma, Cordillera Central de Nicaragua between Matagalpa and Jinotega, Williams. Molina & Williams 23943 (GH, NY); about 6-10 km northeast of Matagalpa, road to El Tuma, Williams. Molina & Williams 24050 (H^); road to La Fundadora, north of Sta. Maria de Ostuma, Cordillera Central de Nicaragua, Williams. Molina & Williams 24896 (NY). Excluded Names The holotypes for the binomials listed below were personally studied by the author. Archibaccharls prorepens Blake, Journ. Wash. Acad. Sci. 24i 432-433* 193^* This is Baccharis prorepens (Blake) J. D, Jackson, Taxon 19(2) « 262-263. 1970. Convza Thesiifolia H.B.K., Nov. Gen. & Sp. 4i 75* 1820. This binomial was cited by Blake (l924, p. 554) as possibly belonging (from description) to Hemibacchar is . My examination of the holo- type at the Paris Museum of Natural History indicated that this plant is actually a species of Conyza. Fig. 29« Floral illusti'atioric of Az'cniuaccliaris Lichiedeana and A. flexilis. A. Schiedeaiia: (a, L; pistillate heads (Tonduz (a) filiform flower, (Ti) disk flower; staminate heads; (c 5 filiform flower (Strickei- 228 ), (d) disk flower (Pittier & Tonduz 1599) . ^ flexilis (all from von Tdrckheim II 1636) : (e, fj pistillate headsl (e) filiform flower"^ (f ) disk flower; (g, h) staminate heads: (g) filiform flower, (h) disk flower. Disk flowers are shown without auithers. 1975 Jackson, Revision of Archibac charis 187 Fig. 30. Distribution of Archibaccharis flexilis in Mexinn and Central America. 188 PHYTOLOGIA Vol, 32, no. 2 Index to Exsiccate This index lists all collections seen and classified during the preparation of this paper. A dash ( ) appeairs where col- lection numbers were not available. Numbers in parentheses indicate the number of the taxon in this paper to which the collections were referred. Abbott, Ruth 0. 186 (12). Aguilar, J. I. 72, 266 (2l); 1198 (8); 1759 (12). Allen, P. H. 751 (l4). Anderson, W. R. & C. U. Laskowski. 4411, 4412 (ll). Aoust, Virlet d*. , , (8); 262 (3a); 317 (8). Arsene, Bro. G. , , , , , , 2090, 2267, 3241, 3646, 5296, 72or'(i2yr & Bro. Nicolas. 5^91 (l2). Aschenborn. (12); 6O3 (20c). Bates, G. L. (20c); 5 (8). Beauchamp, B. , (20c). Berlandier, J. L. II67 (ll). Bernoulli, G. & Gario. 1375 (22). Bilimek. 516 (21); 586 (8). Botteri, M. (Zl) ; , , (12); 389, 490, 866 (2l): 1106, 1139~T12); 11^4irT2lTril70 (20b). Bourgeau, M. (12); 951 (3a); 955 (8, 20c); 957 (20c); 969, 970 (11), I2TT 1092 (11); 1096 (12); 1228 (ll); I23O (3a); 1637, 2993 (21). Breedlove, D. E. 6893 (8); 7151, 7538 (2l); 7579 (12); 7680 (21); 7798 (9); 7922 (12); 7988 (lO); 8O34 (3); 8516 (8); 8576, 8763, 8793 (4); 11969 (21); 12830 (8); 8145 (^) ; 13136 (12); 13742 (21). Brenes, A. M. 3882 (22); 5824, 5876, 13239 (2l); I688I (22); 16957, 16958, 17507 (21); 20333 (22). Gamp, W. H. 2211, 2394 (12); 2396 (8); 2596 (3); 2685 (2); 2698 (9); 2700 (2); 2701 (9). Garlson, M. G. 460 (20). Garter, A. 4355, 4761, 5087 (I3). & L. Kellogg. 3123 (13). & R. Ferris. 3996 (I3). & R. Moran. 533^, 5367b (13). & M. Sousa S. 5183 U3)* Gonzatti, G. 704 (2l); 1330 (8); I33I (12). & V. Gonzalez. 44 (2l); 997 (20a). Cooper, J. Z. 5836 (2l). Gronquist, A. 9725, 9792 (l2). Davidson, M. E. 991 (l5). Beam, C. G. (8); (12); , (20c). Dodds, D. & R. F. Simpson. 39 (12) . Ehrenberg, K, 401 (12); 1408 (20c). Endres. 98 (22). Feddema, G. 2747 ( 20c); 2759, 2783, 2791 (H); 2811, 2817 (12). FrCderstrCm, H. & E. Hulten. 741 (2l). 1975 Jackson, Rervislon of Archlbaccharls 1B9 Galeotti, H. 2179 (l8); 2210 (2l); 2308 (12); 2321 (l8). Gentry, H. S. 1999, 2876 (12): 4120 (13). Ghiesbreght, A. 524 (I2). Goodding, L. N. 2159 (ll); 2173 (20c). Gray, A. (12). Greenman, J. K. & H. T. Greenman. 5^32 (2l)a Haenke, T. (20c). Hahn, L. r2l). Hartweg, T. 589 (8). Heydc & Lux. 3389 (4); 4251 (12). Hinton, G. D. 2110 (20c); 2461 (ll); 273° (12); 2832 (20c); 2898 (8, 12); 3O89 (2l); 3266 (8); 3271 (3a): 8663 (12); 8823 (3b); 8836 (8); 13430 (12); 14784 (ll); 15405 (3b); 11124 (3a): 11138 (11). Holguin, 0. (3a). Holway, E. W. D. Z1 (l2); 32, 46 (8); 253, 366, 403, 446, 826, 3673 (21): 3756 (20c). Humboldt, A., A. Bonpland & K. S. Kunth. 3I, 32, 33 (l2) . Hunnewell, F. W. 16775 (2l): 17276 (8). Hunsaker, D. (H). litis, H. & litis. l660a in part, perhaps taixon 3b. Jackson, J. D. 1025 (20a): 1026 (12): 1027 (8): 1029, IO3O (3): 1031 (17): 1032 (21): 1033 (4); 1034 (10); 1035 (21); 1036 (16); 1037 (12); 1038 (16); 1039 (8); 1040 (22); 104l (2l); 1042 (20); 1043 (6); 1045 ba); 1046 (20c); 1047 (ll); 1046 (12); 1049 (21): 1050 (3a). & Saltveit, M. IOO7 (12) ; 1017 (3a): 1018 (ll). Jimenez R., C. (20c); 199 (H). Johnson, H. 25 (2I) . Johnston, J. R. 581 (6); I767 (12). Jony, P. L. 3538 (12). Jurgenson. 372 (9). Juzepczek, S. 820 (20c), Kellerman, W. A. 5313 (20); 6ll7, 63II (8); 6363 (20); 7423 (8). Kenoyer, L. A. 733 (2l). Kerber, E. 241 (12). King, R. M. & T. R. Soderstrom. 5210 (ll). Laughlin, R. M. 511 (lO); 2239 (20); 2405 (12). Liebmann, F. M. 52 (2l); 56 ll2)i 425 (l, 2l). Linden, J. J. , 426 (8); 11 32 (18) ; 1171 U2). Lyonnet, P. E. 375 (ll); 400 (3a); 823, 1482 (20c); 2857, 2992 (12); 3009 (20c); 3026, 3027 (3a): 3042, 3043 (12); 3203, 3220, 3221 (3a); 3416, 3^17 (12). & J. Elcoro. 1958, 1739 (20c). MacDaniels, L. H. 351, 856 (2l). Mackenzie, W. 4 (ll). Matuda, E. S-35 (4); S-39 (2l); S-50 (4); 0?00 (7a); O7O6 (16); 0711 (22); 0741 (4); 0744 (12); 0786, 1544 (21); 2639, 4005 (22); 4011 (7a); 5004 (lO); 16235 (22); I6236 (7a); I625I (8); 18622 (11); 18626 (12); 18661 (3a); I8675 (20c); I8678 ^2); 18742 (11); 18745 (12); 18762 (11); I88OO, 18855, 25749, 25839 (20c); 25844 (3a); 27568, 25740 (ll); 27033 (12) ; 273^ (20c); 190 PHTTOLOGIA Vol. 32, no. 2 27632 (12); 28081 (3a); 2819I (8); 28197 (20c). McVaugh, R. 9891, 11611 (3a); II69I (8); 13339 (2l); 13^00 (3a); 13586, 13852 (12); 13880 (21); 14089, 20578 (12); 21348 (21). & W. N. Koelz. 1175 (12). & R. L. Wilbur. 9932 (8). Keyer, F. G. & D. J. Rogers. 2966 (l2). Hexia, Y. I67O (8); 9053 (l2); 9092 (8). Miller, W. DeW. & L. Griscom. 24, 86 (8). Mohr, C. , 1114 (12). Molina R. , A. 20289 (l9). & W. G. Burger & B. Wallenta. 15984 (12); l6l24 (8); TS277 (12); 16397 (6); 16446 (5); l664l (6); I6865 (22); 16990 (19). Morales, R. 885 (12). MUller, F. 677, 1015, 1051 (12); II68 (2l); 1853 (8). Nelson, E. W. (6); 1471 (2I); 2203, 2204 (ll); 2238, 2336 (20c); 3617 W; 3629 (12); 3639, 3644 (6); 4055 (8). Nicolas, F. , , , (l2). Oersted, A. S. (l sir . 42, 43 (21); 54 (15); 61 (21). Orcutt, C. R. 4259 (l2). Palmer, E. I68, 277, 281, 737 (l2); 1846 (2I). Paray, L. 1101 (3a, ll); IIO3, IIO6 (3a). Parry, G. G. & E. Palmer. 338, 339 (12). Powell, A. M. & J. Edmondson. 923 (12). Pittier, H. 1496, 2855 (2l); 14078, 14079 (l5). Pringle, G. G. , 2364 (I2); 4988 (20a); 5312 (3a); 5669 (3); 6051 (8); 6lo'rT20b); 6257 (3): 7709 (3a); 7014 (17); 8782 (3b); 9853 (21); 11288, 11482 (l2); 11483 (20c); 11821 (l); 13986 (20c); I5OO8 (8). Purpus, G. A. 18 (20c); 20 (ll, 12); 36 (3a); 74 (ll); 204, 251 (3a); 296 (3b); 1498 (3a); 1499 (20c); 15OO (7, 8, 11, I5); 1501 fll); 1502 (12); 1503 (11); 1579 (12); 2189, 2198 (21); 2792 (3b); 6665 (8); 6666 (10); 6687 (7a, lO); 14086 (21 ). Quintero, L. G. 1577 (2l). Raven, P. H. & D. E. Breedlove. 19985 (20). Reiche, G. 3 (l2). Rojas, R. T. 53 (21). Rose, J. N. & R. Hay. 6I32 (2l). Ruiz & Pavon. (l2). Rzedowski, G. G. 5647, 5952, 8047, 8493 (12); 9984 (21); 15572 (3a); 17537, 17693. 18001 (12); 18014, I8OI5 (ll); I8O3I (12); 18048 (20c); I8059 (12); 18079 (ll); I8I38, 18199, 19168 (3a); 19236, 19237 (8); 19239 (3a); 193^7, 193^8 (ll); 19442 (3a); 21384 (12); 21690 (20c h 21704, 21705 (11); 21984 (8); 22020 (3b); 22026, 22027 (3a); 23339 (2l); 23673 (ll); 23688 (20c); 23794 (3a); 25226 (21); 25444 (3). ^ & R. McVaugh. 15 (21); 194 Ul). S^Tle. , (21). Salvin & Godnian. (8). Sartorius, G. (8) . Schaffner, W. (3b); 270 (20c); 287, 333 (l2); 335 (2l); 359 (12). 1975 Jackson, Revision of Archibaccharls 191 Gchiede, G. J. W. 3I8 (2l). Schmitz. 391 (20c), Seemann, B. 2015 (2l). Seler, E. 1415, 14^M+ (12). Sesse, II., Ilocino 4 I iaJ-daiiado lectae. 2653 (12); 2636 (20c); 2722 (12); 2727, 2809 (20c); 3120, 3I85 (12); 3201 (20c). Sharp, A. J. 4/|1078 (ll); 441767 (2l). Sketch, A. F. 173 (6); 276 (20): 331 (8); 759 (12); 769 (20); 772 (6); 1324, 1403 (21); l^i44 (8); 1482 (22); I6OI (8); 1643 (12); 1736 (4); 1868 (21); 2056 (7a); 2118 (2I); 2134 (8); 341+4 (21). Smith, A. ’ (22); A276 (21); A579, HI3 (22); H34, H56 (2l); H479 (22TrP2045, P2164 (2I); P24411, 10047 (22); 10085a (21). Smith, G. L. 259 (20a); 260 (12); 262, 3O6, 3I5 (8); 627 (12). Solis R. , F. 604 (21). Standley, P. G. 25911 (8); 32212, 32790, 33258 (2l); 35404, 38396 (15); 41288, 41329, 41617, 41900, 42901, 49318 (21); 56193, 56356 (7); 58417 (21); 58427 (8); 58597 (I6); 58673 (6); 58857 (21); 59106 (16); 59376 (8); 59496 (12); 6O817 (16); 61029 (6); 61051 (8); 61197 (16); 61232, 61606 (12); 61674 (8); 61747 (21); 61752 (12); 62291 (22); 62867 (21); 62895, 63227 (16); 63327 (12); 63698 (22); 6505& (8); 65208 (6): 65968, 65978, 66114 (8); 66251 (4); 67121, 67167 (21); 675^6 (8); 68019 (22); 68052 (8); 68430 (21); 69218 (8); 69340, 69673 (22); 69925 (8); 70201 (22); 70400 (8); 70926 (22); 7731^. 77509. 78383 (21); 79838 (16); 8OI77, 8O66I (20); 80898 (21); 81324, 81483 (I2); 81782 (6); 82495 (8); 82861 (2I); 83563 (8); 83617 (22); 84311, 84409 (6); 84861 (22); 85124, 85208, 8525O, 85333. 96310 (8); 86836 (22); 87211 (21); 86949 (8). & E. Padilla V. 266I, 2998 (2l). & R. Torres R. 51162 (2l). & J. Valerio. 43502 (I5); 44037 (2l). Steyermark, J. A. 30937, 31945 (2l); 323^5 (20); 32426 (12); 32841 (20); 32876 (12); 33321, 33549 (21); 33893 (7a); 33972 (20); 34355 (22); 3^09 (6); 35399 (22): 35660 (20); 35885 (8); 35976 fll); 36041 (20); 36046, 36059 (4); 36170, 36214 (10): 36981 (4); 36998, 37700 (22): 42550 (8); 4308I (20): 43091 (8); 43392 (20); 43565 (8); 43902 (21); 46893 (8); 51897 (4); 51922 (10); 52254 (3a). Strieker, R. 228 (2I). Terry. I363 f2l). Thomas. (21). Ton, A. S. 509 (8): 560 (20); 562 (4): 706 (10); 1270, 1327, 1704, 1906 (8); 1965, 1995 (4). Tonduz, A. 1535, 1549 (21). von TUrckheim, H. 385 (8); 728, 854 (22); I35O (2l); 1354 (8); 1404 (18, 21); I636 (22); I637 (8); l64l (18, 21); I657, 4159 (18). Weber, W. A, & L. A. Gharette. 11788 (12). Williams, L. 0. & A. Molina R. II769 (8); 13732 (19); I3865 (15); 15373, 17170 (8): 20049, 20146 (22). & A. Molina R., W. G, Berger, B. Wallenta. 17004 (19). Vol. 32, no. 2 192 PHYTOLOGIA Williams, L. 0. & A. Molina R., E. D. Merrill. 15592 (8). & A. Molina R., T. Williams. 22818, 228^3 (6); 22860 (12); 22866 (8); 22916 (6); 22923 (8); 22998 (l6); 23055 (4); 23062 (22); 23111 (4); 23158 (6); 23I86 (20); 23702, 23943, 24050, 24896 (22); 25474 (6); 25815 (4); 25866 (8); 26O83 (22); 26176 (21). & A. Molina R., T. P. Williams, D, N. Gibson, G. Laskowski. ^773 (8); 26806 (4); 27051 (8); 27840 (22). & R. P. Williams. 17497 (19). Woronow, G. & S. Juzepczuk. 1049 (ll). Literature Cited Seeks, Richard M, 1955* Improvements in the Squash Technique for Pleint Chromosomes, El Aliso 3(2) » 131~133» Bentham, G, l84l. PI. Hartw, 86. . 1852. Oerst. Nat. For. Kjttbenhavn Vid. Medd. 1852: 83. Brandegee, T. S. 1914. Plauitae Mexicanae Purpusianae, VI. Univ. Calif. Publ. Bot. 6: 77. BlcLke, S. F. 1924. Hemibaccharis , a New Genus of Baccharidinae. Gontr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 20; 543-554. . 1926, Archibaccharis. In "Trees and Shrubs of Mexico," Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 23: 1507-1509. , 1927. New Asteraceae from Costa Rica. Journ. Washington Acad. Sci. 17: 59-61. . 1928. Review of the Genus Diplostephium. Amer, Journ. Bot. 15: 64, . 1929. New Asteraceae from the United States, Mexico and Honduras. Journ. Washington Acad. Sci. 2: 339-340. . 1930. Notes on Certain Type Specimens of Asteraceae in European Herbaria. Contr, U, S. Nat. Herb. 261 227-263. . 1931. Nine New American Asteraceae, Journ. Washington Acad. Sci. 21: 328. • 1934. New Asteraceae from Guatemala collected by A. F. Skutch, Journ. Washington Acad. Sci. 24: 433-435. . 1937. New Asteraceae from Guatemala and Costa Rica Collected by A. F. Skutch. Brittonia 2i 339-341. . 1941. Woodson & Schery - Flora of PanaJtia. Ann. Mo, Bot. Card. 28: 472-473. . 1942. Five New Asteraceae from Oaxaca Collected by W. H. Camp. Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash. 55: II5-II8. . 1943. Ten New American Asteraceae. Journ. Washington Acad. Sci. 331 267. 193 1975 Jackson, Rerision of Arohlbaccharla Cassini, H. 1925. I^ict. Sci. IJat. 37j 479. Cronquist, A. I963. The Tajconomic Significance of Evolutionary Parallelism. Sida li IO9-II6. . 1968. The Evolution and Glassification of Flowering Plants. Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston. 396 pages. Guatrecasas, J. 1967. Revision de Las Especies Columbianas Del Genero Baccharis. Academia Columbiana De Ciencias Exactas, Fisicas & Naturales, 8(49) « 8. Darlington, G. D. & L. F. LaCour. I962. The Handling of Chromo- somes. George Allen & Unwin Ltd., London. 263 pages. Davis, P. H. & V. H. Heywood. I963. Principles of Angiosperm Taoconomy. D. Van Nostrand Co., Princeton, New Jersey. 558 pages. DeCandolle, A. P. I836. Prod. 5« 418. Erdtman, G. 1952. Pollen Morphology and Plant Taxonomy. Alm- qvist and Wiksells, Uppsala, Sweden. 539 pages. Greenman, J. T. 1904. Central American Spermatophytes. Proc. Amer. Acad. 40 1 36-37. . 1905. Descriptions of Spermatophytes from the South- western United States, Mexico and Central America. Proc, Amer. Acad. 41 J 259-260. Hearing, W, 1904. Die Baccharis - Arten des Hamburger Herbaurs. Jaihr. Hamb. Wissensch. 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ADDITION/IL NOTES ON THE GENUS CITHAREXYLUM . X Harold N. Moldenke CITHAREXYLUM SESSAEI D. Don Additional bibliography: Moldenka, Fifth Summ, 1: 68, U30, U35, Sc U36 (1971) and 2; 787 & 86O. 1971^ El-Gazzar, Egypt, Joum, Bot. 17: 75 & 78. 197Uj Moldenke, Phytologia 32; 7li. 1975. Additional citations; MEXICO: Michoacln: Hinton 15678 (Se — 117IM) . CITHAREXYLUM SHREVEI Moldenke Additional bibliography: Moldenke, Phytoiogia 13: 313. 1966; Moldenke, Fifth Summ, 1: 68 (1971) and 2: 861. 1971. CITHAREXYLUM SOLANACEUM Cham. Additional & emended bibliography: Jacks, in Hook. f. & Jacks., Ind. Kew., imp, 1, 1: 550 (1893) and Imp. 2, 1: 550. 19U6j Rambo, Sellowia 7: 260 & 288. 1956; Jacks, in Hook. f. & Jacks., Ind. Kew., in^). 3, 1; 550. I960; Angely, FI. Anal. Paran., ed. 1, 578. 1965; Moldenke, Phytologia 13 : 313* 1966; Reitz, Sellowia 22: 3l*. I97O; Angely, FI. Anal. & Fitogeogr. S. Paulo, ed. 1- iii 830 it iv, 1971; Moldenke, Fifth Sumn. 1; 11:8, 357, it U36 (1971) and 2; 861. 1971; Moldenke, Phytologia 27: 161 (1973) and 32; 62. 1975. The Angely (1971) reference in the bibliography of this species is sometimes cited as "1970", the title-page date, but was not actually published vintil 1971. Recent collectors describe this species as a treelet or shrub, 2 m, tall, with fragrant flowed. The corollas are described as having been "white" on Hatschbach 17570 St 25611. The species has been found growing along roadsides and in secondary forests, flow- ering in October and fruiting in March. Material has been misidentifLed amd distributed in some herbaj> ia as Aeglphila obducta Veil, or as Clthare^tylum glaziovli Moldan- ke. On the other hand, the Hatschbach 2576o, distributed as C. solanaceum, is actually C^ myrianthum Cham. Additional citations; BRAZIL: Paranl: Hatschbach 17570 (Ft, W— 2536539), 25611 (N, W— 2706929); Hatsohbach & Gulmaraes ^5l8 (Ac); Lindeman & Haas 533 (N); Reitz & Klein''l77^0 (n. W— 251:8338). Rio Grande do Sul: Rambo 5U617 (B); Sehnam 7953 (B) . CITHAREXILUM SOLANACEUM var. INSOLITUM Moldenke AdditloiMd bibliography; Moldenke, Phytologia 7: 30—31, 1959; Moldenke, Fifth Sm. 1: 357 (1971) and 2: 861. 1971. CITHAREXYLUM SOLANACEUM var. MACROCALYI Moldenke Additional bibliography; Moldenke, Phytologia 13: 313, I966; Moldenke, Fifth Summ. 1; 11:8 (1971) and 2: 961. 1971. 195 196 PHITOLOGIA Vol, 32, no. 2 CITHAREXIUJM SPATHUUTmi Moldenke Sc Lundoll Additional aynoqyBQr: CltharexyltBn brachyanthnm glabrum Hitchc . Sc Moldenke ex Correll & Johnston, Man. Vase. !pIL. T^. [Contrib, Tex. Res. Found. Dot. 6:] l8lli, in syn. 1970. Additional bibliography; Moldenke, Phybologia 13; 313 « 1966 j Correll & Johnston, Man, Vase. Pi. Tex, [Contrib, Tex, Res. Found, Bot. 6;] 1811;. 1970; Moldenke in Correll & Johnston, Man. Vase, PI. Tex. [Contrib. Tex, Res, Found, Bot, 6;] 1337 & 1338. 1970; Moldenke, Fifth Sum. 1; 55 & U32 (1971) and 2; 569 & 861. 1971. Recent collectors describe this plant as a slender openly branched shrub, U feet tall, the branches long, slender, flexible, and the fruit orange-red, globose, 6—7 mn. in dlamter. They found it growing in brush on sandy plains and on grarel hills, fruiting in November. The fruits are soraetlnes Inaccurately de- scribed as 'n^erries", but actually are dnqpes. A popular name recorded for the species Is "Mission flddlewood". Material has been misidentifled and distributed in some herbar- ia as "Rhaanaceae" . On the other hand, the Aralza 19, distributed as £• spathulatun, is actually C. braciyanthum (A. Gray) A. Gray. Additional citations; TEXAS; Hidalgo Co.: Lundell & Lu^ell 12689 (Mi, N) * Starr Co,; Lundell & Lundell 12675 (Mi, n); Rose 4 Russell 2U36U (N). CITHAREHLUM SPIMOSUM L. Additional & emended synonymy: Citharexylum teres Jacq., Sel- ect. Stlrp. Amer, Hist. 185, pi. II8. 1763. C^itharezylum cinereum Jacq. ax J. F. Gmel. in L., Syst. Nat., ed. 13, bap. 1, 2; 1789 [not C. cinereun Donn. Sm., 1907, nor L., 1763, nor Se8s6 & Moc., 1831, nor Sprang,, 1893, nor Cithareaylon cinereum L., 1851, nor Spreng., 1851]. Cltharej^ylum laevigatun Hostm. ex Griseb., FI. Brit. W, Ind, U97, in syn. I86I. Citharexylum quadrangulare Schau, apud Griseb., FI, Brit. W, Ind, i;97, in syn. 1861. Citharexylum cinereum "sensu Mayc." apud Gooding, Loveless, 4 Proctor, FI. Baxbados 355. 1965. dtharecylum quadrangr^are Jacq. apud Uphof, Diet. Econ. M.., ed. 2, 133, sphalm. 1958. Citharexylum cinereum Lam. apud L6pez-Palacio8, Revlst. Fac. Farm. Unlv. Los Andes 15: 21, in syn. 1975* Citharexylum aponosum L. ex L6pez-Palacios, Revist. Fac. Farm. Unlv. Los An- des l5: 15, sphalm. 1975. Additional 4 emended bibliography: J. F. C^el. in L., Syst. Nat., ed. 13, Imp. 1, 2; 9U3 (1789) and ed. 13, imp. 2, 2; 9U3. 1796; Raeusch.. Norn. Bot., ed. 3, 173* 1797; Desf., Tabl. £col. Bot., ed. 1, $k, 1801;; Willd., Enum. PI. Hort. Berol. 2; 650. 1809; Desf., Tabl. &0I. Bot., ed. 2, 65. 1815; Pers., Sp. PI. 3: 357. 1819; Vesque, Ann. Sci. Nat. Paris, ser. 7, 1: 3l;0 4 3l;l, pi. 15, fig. 6. 1885; Jaeks. in Hook, f • 4 Jacks., Ind. Eew., Imp. 1- 1; 5U9 — 550. 1893; Solered., Syst. Anat. Dicot. 712 4 716. 1899; D. H. Scott in Solered., Syst. Anat. Dlcot., transl. Boodle 4 Frltsoh, 1: 63O 4 63I;. 1908; A. R. Northrop in J. L. 1975 Moldonke, Notes on Cltharaxylun 197 Northrop, Naturalist in Bahajnas 180 & 20U. 1910} Pariter, Forest FI. PunJ., ed. 2, 1x0$. 192li} WUder, Frag. Path 206 & 386. 1932} Makins, Ident. Tj*ees & Shrubs 89 & 258, fig. 77 C. 1936} Moldarv- ke, Carnegie Inst. Wash. Publ. 522t 190. 191^0} Moldenke in Lun- dell, FI. Tex. 3 (1): 73. 19U2} Jacks, in Hook. f. & Jacks., Ind. Kew., i»p. 2, 1: 5U9— 550. 19U6| yetcalfe t Chalk, Anat. Dicot. 1033. 1950} Cabrera, Nan. FI. Aired. Buenos Aires 391. 1953} P«Jr- ker. For. Fl. Punj., ed. 3, 576. 1956} H. St. John, Nomencl. PI. 123. 1958) R. y. Carleton, Ind. Coanion Names Herb. PI., imp. 1, 88. 1959} yoldenke, Kiytologia 6: U63. 1959} Jacks, in Hook. f. & Jacks., Ind. Kew., imp. 3, Is 5U9 — 550. I960} J. F. yacbr.. Field yus. Publ. Bot. 13 (5)5 67U & 675. I960} R. y. Carleton, Ind. Conmon Names Herb. PI., imp. 2, 88. 1962} Maheshmari, Fl. Delhi 278. 1963} Srinivasan & Agarwal, Bull. Bot. Surv, India $i 80. 1963} Little ic Wadsworth, Coomon Trees Puerto Rico [U. S. Dept. Agr. Agric. Handb. 2U9:] U80. I96U} Juri, Jain, linker jee, Sarup, & Kotwal, Rec. Bot. Surv, India 19: I08. I96U} Gooding, Loveless, & Proctor, Fl. Barbados 356. 1965} D. A. Harris, Dniv. Calif. Publ. Oeogr. 18: [PI. Anlm. & Man Outer Leeward Isis.] U2, Ui, 1^1, 4 153. 1965} Troncoso in Cabrera, Fl. Prov. Buenos Aires 5s II48. 1965} Burkill, Diet. Econ. Prod. Malay Penins. 1: 567. 1966} Datta 4 Majumdar, Bull. Bot. Soc. Bengal 20: 102. 1966} S. V. Ramaswaad, Study Flew, PI. Bangalore [thesis] xxv. 1023-“102ii, 4 1390. 1966} J, A. Steyerm., Act. Bot, Venez. 1: I8I4, 1966} Ber- haut^ Fl. S6n6gal, ed. 2, 112 4 127. 1967} Moldenke, Ph^ologia Hi: 510—511. 1967} Moldenke. R6sum6 Suppl. 1^: 8 (1967), 16: 7 & 9 (1968), and 17: 7 & 8. 1968} A. Love, Taxon 17 : 576. 1968} Up- hof. Diet. Econ. PI., ed, 2, 133. 1968} Comer 4 Watanabe. lUus- tr. Guide Trop. PI, 753. 1969} Kunkel, Arb. Exot. 1: 86 — 87. 1969} A. L. Moldenke, Phytologia I8: 11^. 1969} El-Gazzar 4 Wats., Now Phytol. 69: U83 ft U85. 1970} Aogelyf Fl, Anal. 4 Fito- geogr. S. Paulo, ed. 1, U: 83O 4 iv. 1971} Moldenke, Fifth Suoan. 1: 92, 95, 100, 102, lOU, 106—109, 111, 112, 122, 129, 132, 133, 203, 2m, 228, 272, 280, 299, 350, 357, 1*27—1:37, & U7k (1971) and 2: $26, 775, 861, 4 969. 1971} A. L. Moldenke, Phytologia 23i 318. 1972} Rouleau, Taxon Index Vol. 1-20, part 1: 88, 1972} Tomlinson 4 Fawcett, Jovtra. Arnold Arb, $3: 386—389. 1972} R. R. Rao, Stud. Flow, PI. Mysore Dist. [thesis] 2: 7li7. 1973} Wedge, PI, Names, ed. 1, 7. 1973} El-Ga*zar, Egypt. Joum. Bot, 17: 75 A 78. 197U} R. D. Gibbs, Chemotax. Flow. PI. Ui 1753, 175U, 4 2079. I97U} Howes, Diet. Useful PI. 96. 197U} Le6n 4 Alain, Fl. Cuba, imp. 2, 2: 299 — 301. 197U} Little, Woodbury, 4 Wadsworth, Trees P. R. 4 Virg. Isis. 2 [U. S. Dept. Agr. Agric. Handb. Iiii9]: xil, 85U, 858, 859, 99U, 995, 1000 lOOU, 4 1021, fig. 680. 197U} Mol- deidce, Phytologia 28: 1*31*, Im, 4 1*1*8. 1971*} Troncoso, Darwinians 18: 373. 1971*} Wilder, Frag. Oard. 206 4 386. 1971*} Ldpez-Palac- ios, Revist. Fac, Farm, Univ. Los Andes 15: 12, 15, 17, 18, 4 20— 21, [fig. 2], 1975} Moldenke, Phytologia 31: 337, 338, 359, 380, 382 , 391*, 1*51, 1*55, & 1*57 (1975) and 32: 53 4 60. 1975. Additional illustrations: Vesqae, Ann. Sci. Nat. Paris, ser. 7, 1: pi. 15, fig. 6, 1885} Makins, Ident. Trees 4 Shrubs 89, fig. 77 198 PHTTOLOGIA Vol. 32, no. 2 C. 1936} Corner & Watanabe, lilustr. Guide Trop. PI. 753* 1969} Kunkel, Arb. Exot. 1j 87. 1969} Little, Woodbxiry, & Wadsworth. Trees P. R. & Virg. Isis. 2 [U. S. Dept. Agr. Agric. Handb. IUi9]: 8^9, fig. ^0. 197li} L6paz-Palacios, Revist. Fac. Fann. Univ. Los Andes 1$: [fig. 2] (as "C. fruticosua") . 1975. Recent collectors describe this plant as a shrub, 10 feet tall, or a small tree, 15 — UO feet tall, the petioles orange, tan at the base, the flower-buds pinkish, the flowers small or "tiny" and sweetly fragrant, and the fruit orange, turning black. They have found it growing at the edge of mangrove swamps, on dry hillsides above the sea, in thickets at the edge of sea-cliffs, on dry shrub-covered slopes, and in seasonal secondary deciduous forests, at altitudes of 20 — 1550 feet, flowering in January, May, July, August, and November, and fruiting in January, Jtaly, August, and November. Wilbxir and his associates refer to it as "a ccEimon tree" on Dominica. The corollas are described as "white” on all the flowering specimens cited below except on St. John s.n., where they are described as "pink". In addition to the vernacular names previously reported by me, the following are also recorded: "arbre i. cithare", "bellas ombre", "bois-guitare", "bois-guitare quadrangulaire", "boia-guittare" , "bois-guittare qpaadrangulaire", "cotlette", "nh8i", "old-woman* s- bitter", "totmo", and **white fiddle wood". It should be pointed out again that the many names applied to this species, and to other species in this genus. Implying a use in the manufactiire of fiddles or violins seem to be mis-applied. The original French indigenous name in the French West Indies seems to have been "bols fidSle", meaning a wood which can be relied on, but which was corrupted in English to "fiddle wood" and perpetuated in the sci- entific generic name, the recommended coomion name for the genus, 2md numerous vernacular appellations. Its Indochinese name, "nh8i", according to Crevost & Petelot (19 3U), is applied thera, again, because of its siqiposed (?) use in ma^ng musical instruaents ["Bon pour la lutherle"]. Sykes speaks of the loaves of £. spinosum being "frosted" in New Zealand (North Island), by which statement he probably means that they are killed by unseasonable frosts, implying that the tree itself may sxirvlve temperatures leading to frosts. Leaves on yotmg sterile shoots are coarsely and irregularly few-toothed, as is well shown on Rulz-TerAn & L8peg-Palaclos 9891, on Moldenke , Moldenke, & Jayasuriya 28llt.37~' in the excellent illustration by Crevost & Petelot (193li) . This fact seems to be the basis for the plant being so widely misidentified in horticul- t\ire, especially in Asia and Africa, as C. subserratum Sw. [now known as C. fmtlcosum var. subserratum 7^.) Moldenke] . Crevost & Petelot"Tl93ii^ assert that it is "assez frequent dans les jar- dines de Hwioi" [Vietnam]. Kunkel (I969) reports it as cultiva- ted in several parks on Gran Canaria in the Canary Islands. Ma- heshwarl (1963) describes it as a small tree, the "Leaves ovate, elliptic or lanceolate, glossy, tapering at [the] ends, subcoria- ceoua. Flowers white, fragrant, in long, drooping racemes. 1975 Uoldenke, Notes on Clthareiylum 199 Planted In the laims or gardens along the side-lanes of New Delhi [India] and in hedges". He asserts that in India it la called "fiddle wood" and blooms fras September to November. He cites Maheshwari U66. Srinivasan & Agarwal (1963) record it frcm La- hore. Punjab, and Ehandala (Bombay). Paid, and his associates (196u) speak of a C. subs erratum as cultivated in India, but I suspect that they are hei^ again referring to ^ spinosm . Harris (1965) reports £, spinosum from mixed evergreen decid- uous forests on Antigua. Parker (l92U) comments that the species is "Very variable in its habitat but not armed as the specific name suggests, Ccomonly grown in gardens in the plains [of Pun- jab] and usually called £, subserratua, Sw., which is a shrub from the West Indies . The wood is said to be specially suitable for making violins whence the generic and English names" (1) He notes that it flowers in Punjab from August to November. Gooding and his associates (1963) report finding it "in woods and gullies and widely cultivated" in the Barbados . Uy wife and I foiond it cultivated as a street tree in Honolulu, Hawaii, and as specimen trees in the Botanical Garden in Sri Lanka . Sivarajan notes that in Kerala it is "never seen in fruit, probably dioecioxis". Datta St Majumdar (1966) assert that in Bengal it flowers from May to June. Burkill (1966) affirms that it "has been cultivated for a nunber of years in the Botanic Gardens, Singapore, and grows satisfactorily" there. My wife and I did not see it on our recent visit to that garden. Jafri & Ghafoor, in their as yet unpublished part of the Flora of Pakistan, affirm that this species was originally impoi*ted from the Barbados, cite Saida s .n. frcm a cultivated tree in Karachi, and assert that the species is "sometimes cultivated in our gardens for its scented flowers", blooming there from August to November. Again, my wife and I did not see it on our visit to Karachi. Raeuschel (1797) gives its native origin as "Martin[iqae]". DinsiBore reports that C. spinosum is "a fairly common but not abundant tree found throu^out iiie Island [Little Tobago] but never in thick stands or more than a few trees together. Grows to about fifty feet tall but most much shorter. Found in wind- swept areas as well as protected forest. Flowers shortly after the rains start at the end of [the] dry season in April, ai i the trees on the island flowering at approximately the same time. Flowers white, Fnilt an orange beriy [actually it is a drupel], ripe in August, September auid October, Fed on extensively by mockingbirds, thinishes and tanagars. Sheds leaves late in dry season." Uphof (1968) asserts that its wood is strong and red- dish, used for general building purposes, windows, doors, and beams, and "for gviitars by the natives", Ruiz-Terdn and L6pe2-Palacio8 describe what may be this spe- cies in Venezuela as an "Arbol inerma, 8—10 mj tronco cillndii— CO, tortuoso, 15“20 cm. da diAmatroj copa amplia, muy irregular^ hojas simples, opositidecusadas, verde intensas, lucientes por la haz, verde claras, sublucientes por el envAs) drupas subma- 200 PHYTOLOGIA Vol. 32, no. 2 turaa globoso-ovoidea, lisas, lucientas, glabraa; espficia modera- daaente frecuentej alt. 100-U50 m." Love (1968) reports the chromosome number as 2n ■ 76, based on Mehra & Gill 1177, cultivated in India. Scott (i908) reports that the development of the stonatal apparatus in £. splnosum is of the cruciferous type. Gibbs (197U) reports syringin absent from the stems of this plant and assearts that the HCl/methanol test gives only negative results. Northrop (1910) misidentified that plant in the Bahamas as C. lucidum Cham. St Schlecht, of Mexico, based on her own collections, and gives this species the remarkable general distribution of "Andros, Cuba, Jamaica, Windward Islands, Mexico, Central America, and South America". Seaver St Waterston (19U0, 19U2) describe the fungus, Aacospora eithare::qrli Seav. St Waterst., from dead leaves of spinosum in Bermuda. Its erompent black peritheeia are thickly scattered over both surfaces of the leaves. They also found Penzigia ber- ■ndensis growing abundantly on dead twigs of C. spinosum and Auricularia polytricha (Mont.) Saco, on old stumps. It should be noted here that the Angely (1971) reference in the bibliography above is sometimes cited as "1970", the title- page date, but was not actually published until 1971. The Mell & Mell 2lt7, cited below, was erroneously cited by mo in 1959 as C. macrophyllxm Poir. Gooding and his associates (I968) cite Herb. Barb. Mus. 227 St 228 from the Barbados islands. Material of C. spinosum has been misidentified and distributed in many herbaria as £. subserratum Sw., £. fmticosum L., and even as Cordia sp. On the other hand, the Chippendale 23682, distribu- ted as £. spinosum, is actually C. affine D. Don/ Gas tony, Jones, St Norris U27 is C_. caudattm L.; ^ ^ Heller lUi21 and C. R. Prop- er 950^ are £. fruticosim L.; Tackholm & Elsayed 3.n.~T2l47^/ 1962] is C, hidalgense Moldonkej Din s.n. [spring I968] is C. montevldenae (Spreng.) Moldenke; Hunger Filho 3.n. [Julho 1928] is ayrianthum Cham.; and Batanouny s.n. and Tackholm & Elsayed s.n. [lL/il/19^] are not verbenaceous . Little"" ?6o)i6 and TMck- hola & Elsayed s.a. [22/11/1961] are a mixture of C. spinosum and something non-verbenaceous . AddiUonal citations: VIRGIN ISUNDS: St. Croix: Uttle 2601*8, in part (N, W— 2690U2la) . LEESIARD ISLANDS: Dominica: Oilli8"5IIl9 (Ft— 9528)1 Nico^on ^83 (¥—21*68595), 1900 (1^21*68591:) i Stem & Wasshausen 2]*36 (w-^2^S^li5) , Wilbur, Dunn, Hespenheide, St Wiseman 7379 (W— 253liSo), 8236 (Au— 272130, N, W— 2579006) 8263“(W— 2?7ff999). WINDBARD ISUNDS: St. Lucia: G. R^ Proctorin23 (W— 2581*990)} Sauer 1*323 (Ws). St. Vincent: Sauer 1*265 {Ws)« TRINI- DAD AMD TOBAGO: Uttle Tobago: Di^ore JJDJ*0 JJD»U7 (Ws). YENSZDELA: Palo6n: Rnla-TerAn St L6pe«-Palacioe 10231 (Ld) . “ fto be continued] 7^/ 3 PHYTOLOGIA Designed to expedite botanical publication Vol. 32 November, 1975 No. 3 CONTENTS GILLIS, W. T., & PROCTOR, G. R., Bark characters of some Bahama trees and shrubs ! 201 STERN, K. R., Cytogeography of Dicentra eximia (Ker) Torr 214 MOLDENKE, H. N., Additiorwl notes on the genus Citharexylum. XI 218 MOLDENKE, H. N., Additional notes on the genus Pitraea. Ill 227 MOLDENKE, H. N., Additional notes on the genus Cornutia. Ill 232 KING, R. M., & ROBINSON, H., Studies in the Eupatorieae (Asteraceae). CXL VIII. A new species of Lomatozoma 246 KING, R. M., & ROBINSON, H., Studies in the Eupatorieae (Asteraceae). CXLIX. A new genus, Osmiopsis 250 KING, R. M., & ROBINSON, H., Studies in the Eupatorieae (Asteraceae). CL. Limits of the genus Koanophyllon 252 KING, R. M., & ROBINSON, H., Studies in the Eupatorieae (Asteraceae). CLI. A new genus, Grisebachianthus 268 KING, R. M., & ROBINSON, H., Studies in the Eupatorieae (Asteraceae). CLII. A new genus, Imeria 271 KING, R. M., & ROBINSON, H., Studies in the Eupatorieae (Asteraceae). CLIII. A new genus, Lorentzianthus 273 KING, R. M., & ROBINSON, H., Studies in the Eupatorieae (Asteraceae). CLIV. A new genus, Chacoa 275 KING, R. M., & ROBINSON, H., Studies in the Eupatorieae (Asteraceae). CL V. 4 new genus, Idiothamnus 277 KING, R. M., &. ROBINSON, H., Studies in the Eupatorieae (Asteraceae). CL VI. Various new combinations 283 WILLIAMS, L, O., A new Costa Rican Clidemia 286 MOLDENKE, A. L., Book reviews 288 Published by Harold N. Moldenke and Alma L. Moldenke 303 Parkside Road Plainfield, New Jersey 07060 U.S.A. LIBRARY OCT ‘Ml 197S Price of this issue, $2.50; per volume, $9.50 in advance or $10.*25 after close of volume; 75 cents extra to all foreign addresses NEW YORK jtijurflfiiliif tTi liiiT >'.i BARK CHARACTERS OF SOME BAHAMA TREES AND SHRUBS William T. Gillis Departnnent of Biology Hope College Holland, Michigan 49423 and George R. Proctor Science Museum Institute of Jamaica Kingston, Jamaica During visits to the Bahama Islands and the Turks and Caicos Islands in pursuit of our work in revising the Bahama Flora, the authors have made collections of wood as well as herbarium specimens. These wood samples have been deposited in the Wood Laboratory at Harvard University. Herbarium voucher specimens for these wood samples have been deposited in the her- baria of the Arnold Arboretum and of the Institute of Jamaica. Because of the diagnostic value of differing bark charac- teristics, we have felt that it would be useful to publish illustrations of some of the wood samples which we have deposited at Harvard to demonstrate these bark patterns. For a number of the species involved, this is undoubtedly the first occasion on which their woods have been placed on permanent file; moreover, this photographic record of the bark characteristics is also the first for a number of the included species. Some of the bark patterns show a natural blotchiness; others are mottled due to the presence of undetermined crustose lichens. Nevertheless the general bark patterns — smooth or furrowed, light or dark — is apparent. All figures except No. ^8 are to the same scale. The sample of Pisoidia pisoipuZa in Fig. 1 is two inches (5.1 cm) in diameter. The two samples in Fig. 8 are nearly three inches (7.5 cm) in diameter. Of some interest is the difference in bark patterns among members of the same family: Fig. 1 shows (except for ChxysophylZum) members of the Leguminosae; Fig. 4 (with the exception of Evythrox- ylian) all Euphorbiaceae; the three specimens to the right in Fig. 6 {Stvumpfia^ Evithdlia, and Guettarda) are all Rubiaceae. Nomenclature follows Britton and Millspaugh (1920) as modified by Gillis (1973 and 1974) . The degree of hardness varied considerably among the samples. We made no attempt to measure this variation quantitatively. Qualitatively, however, it was evident that' the 201 202 PHYTOLOGIA Vol. 32, no. 3 softest wood was that of CaZotvopis procera, the whole sawing pro- cess having been accomplished in four strokes of the saw. The hardest woods were those of Sur-Lana mavit'ima and Krugiodendron fevvexm, the latter being known as "ironwood" in the Bahamas. Milky sap gushed from the cut surface of Euphorbia gymnonota , covering the saw and sawyer with its sticky effluvium. We wish to acknowledge field assistance from Mr. George N. Avery and Mr. Errol Scott, and co-operation from Dr. Elizabeth Wheeler of the Harvard Wood Laboratory. Photographs were taken by Mr. John J. Lupo of the Harvard University Biological Labora- tories . We wish to acknowledge with appreciation a generous, anony- mous grant to the Arnold Arboretum of Harvard University under which auspices the first author worked during this study. Further, we are indebted to a grant to us from the National Geographic Society for florlstic and phytogeographic examination of the southern Bahamas and the Turks and Caicos Islands, under which auspices we traveled to the research site. LITERATURE CITED Britton, N.L. and C.F. Millspaugh. 1920. The Bahama Flora. Privately published. Reprinted 1962 without change of pagination. Hafner Publishing Co. New York. 625 pp. Gillis, William T. 1973. Name changes for the seed plants in the Bahama Flora. Rhodora 76: 67-138. . 1974. Phantoms in the flora of the Bahamas. Phytologia 29: 154-166. 1975 Gillia & Proctor, Bark characters 0) 0) QJ a o O c C c <0 0) > > H H O o o a CO CO CO to u u CO Li to CO to CO CO to •H 3 73 0 0 T3 o CL 3 CL 3 3 3 3 3 3 C to 00 C 00 oo 00 00 00 00 00 00 •H CO (0 CO CO cO CO > CO CO CO CO CO CO CO U t2 l-l C c c 0) a; C2 Oi c C C C £2 c o M o M M o M z 2: M 2: IH IH M M M M T3 o O O 3: On in i-H iH CM ro CJs O iH SO CM 00 O 00 Ov M tn u O z CO Xi 32 CO s ►J M u u C Oh O w •H ■U cm U o 0) u Oh 1— 1 Q) C3N Hd" fH o to o o o O CO 0) CO •H o U •H CO O a) CO CO to CO •H CO •H 1 CO CO X •H CO u c ■M c Li Xi 0) O X M u 00 CL M CO o 0) (U •H U U o u Li rH O O 0) •H ^ B CO CO J3 •H u X u s a O U tH O CL CL iH iH 6 Li iH a *o >» CL ij CO 3 3 i3 CO CO cO o to o O &■ CO O a <3 r«^ a rS « V a 3 o> +5 CD o 3 'a E Cl o to fQ 00 t» CO •ri •ri (0 « •ti V Cl o ex CO T*^ o 0) •H 1 •ti ?H c» c o K o O CO O X5 o o <3 o eo fH Lf fH U !h •4d to to o ex o o CO Cl +i •4^ (U 0) c s r*«A sx o c O SX a o 3 35 « « a o o O S s 3 w OQ oq OQ Co O O f5 bj bi bi 203 20U PHYTOLOGIA Vol. 32, no, 3 CkO CO) &0 m VO csj 00 ^ VO in iTi lo to Lo in m m m in CM CN CM CSl CM CM CM CM CM CM CM m m m o> o^ o> CM CM CM CM CM CM CM (y\ CO 00 m vD ON o^ CO ON C7N cd cd co (U a 0 a 3 3 3 60 60 bO s: 3. 3 w 0 3 60 0) hJ septentrional'is Rhamnaceae 11982 29527 New Providence StvKrnpfia mapitimu Rubiaceae 12149 29529 Swn-cma mcvri.tima Surianaceae 11888 29507 TeTftftno.'L'LcL oatuppci Combretaceas 11985 29517 Zccnthoxy Ziffn fZccoiffn Rutaceae 12091 29532 1975 Glllis & Proctor, Bark characters 205 CO 3 &0 CO C 206 PHYTOLOGIA Vol 32, no. 3 1975 Glllls & Proctor, Bark characters 207 208 PHTTOLOGIA Vol. 32, no, 3 Fig. 1975 Gillis fit Proctor, Bark characters 209 210 PHITOLOGIA Vol. 32, no, 3 Fig. 1975 Gillis & Proctor, Bark characters 211 212 PHTTOLOGIA Vol, 32, no. 3 1975 Qillis & Proctor, Bark characters 213 CYTOGEOGRAPHY OP DICENTRA EXIMIA (KER) TORR. KINGSLEY R. STERN Department of Biological Sciences, California State University, Chico, California 95929 ABSTRACT Determinations of chromosome numbers from 8 populations of Dicentra eximia (Ker) Torr. throughout its natural distri- bution are reported. INTRODUCTION The fumariaceous genus Dicentra Bemh. comprises some 20 species of herbaceous perennials and annuals, distributed throughout the north temperate zone in Asia, and eastern and western North America, primarily in moimtainous regions (Stem, 1961; 1967). Best known among the North American represent- atives are the relatively small, early spring-flowering D. cucullaria and D. canadensis, the larger D. eximia, of the Appalachian region, and its western counterpart, D. formosa. D. eximia and D. formosa are well-known ornamentals, having been under cultivation in North America and Europe for more than 150 years. The two species appear to be closely related, and a number of artificial hybrids between certain forms of D. formosa and D. eximia have been produced (stem and Ownbey, 197iT -incompatible clones of the two species cross freely when grown together, but the widely disjunct distribu- tions preclude the likelihood of natural hybrids occurring, and none is known. Chemical and slight palynological differ- ences between the two species have been demonstrated (Pahselt and Ownbey, 1968; Stem, 1962), and different chromosomal races of D. formosa have been identified (Stem, 1968). This study was undertaken to determine if similar chromosomal races occur in D. eximia. MATERIALS AND METHODS Live plants were obtained throughout the natural range of D. eximia in the Appalachian region during the summer of 1963. These were transported to the west coast and maintained under field conditions in Chico, California, and Pullman, Washington. Over several seasons, flower buds were harvested and fixed in a 3:1 mixture of 100% ethanol and 99^ propionic acid, and stored, under refrigeration, in 50% ethanol. Chromosome counts were obtained from one to several buds taken from the trans- planted specimens. All cytological observations reported here were made on propionocarmine squashes of microsporocytes. Slides were subsequently made permanent and have been retained by the author. Voucher specimens have been deposited in the Herbarium, University of California, Berkeley. The distribu- tion map (Pig. l) is adapted from Stem (l96l), and is based on examination of some 300 herbarium specimens from approxi- 21]i 1975 Stern, CTtogepgraphy of Dlcentra exlmla 215 mately 50 herbsiria, as well as on field studies. The latter indicate that numerous original localities of the species have now been lost to the encroachments of civilization. The large black dots superimposed on the overall distribution in- dicate the original locations of the live materials from which chromosome counts were obtained. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The basic chromosome number for Pi centra appears to be jc = 8, with a series of polyploids having been reported in the sub- genus Dicentra, to which D. eximia belongs. (Por a survey of chromosome numbers for the genus, see Stem, 1968; Stem and Ownbey, 1971). Bowden (l945) first reported the chromosome number for D. eximia as n = 8, based, evidently, on a specimen acquired from a nursery. D. eximia differs from D. formosa with regard to cytology in that no deviation from ^ = 8 apparently occurs throughout its natural distribution (Table 1). This affords little basis for conjecture about the pos- sible evolution of the species. However, a synthesis of in- formation available from gross morphology and anatomy, seed dispersal ecology, and chemistry, suggests the species occu- pies a position among the more primitive members of the genus (Berg, 1969; Pahselt and Ownbey, 1968; Stem, 196l). ACKNOWLEDGEMENT This investigation was supported by the National Science Foundation through Grants GB-635 and GB-4498 as part of a larger study. VOUCHER SPECIMENS MARYIAND: Allegany Co.: e bank Wills Crk. Gorge, vie. "The Narrows," W. Cumberland, Stem 2022. NORTH CAROLINA: Burke Co.: ravine below Wiseman's View, 4.6 mi s of Linville Palls P. 0., Stem 2014. TENNESSEE: Polk Co.: Hiwassee R. Gorge, ca. 0.5 mi w of Reliance, Stem 2010. Sevier Co.: ca. 1 mi e of w boundary of GSMNP, Tenn. State Hwy. 73, Stem 2011. VIRGINIA: Bedford Co.: Sharptop trail. Peaks of Otter, Stem 2020. Augusta Co.: St. Mary's R. Valley, ca. 6 mi sse of Greenville, Stem 2021. Wythe Co.: 1.9 mi n and w of Sylva- tus. Stem 2019W. WEST VIRGINIA: Randolph Co.: 2.6 mi e of entrance to Platrock Wildlife Management Area, Monongahela Natl. Forest, Stem 2027. REFERENCES Berg, R. Y. 1969. Adaptation and evolution in Dicentra (Pumariaceae) , with special reference to seed, fruit, and dispersal mechanism. Nytt Mag. Bot. 16: 49-75. Bowden, W. M. 1945. A list of chromosome numbers in higher plants I. Acanthaceae to Myrtaceae. Amer. J. Bot. 32: 81-92. Pahselt, D. , and M. Ownbey. 1968. Chromatographic compari- son of Pi centra species and hybrids. Amer. J. Bot. 55: 334-345. 216 PHYTOLOGIA Vol. 32, no. 3 Stem, K. R. 1961. Revision of Dicentra (Pumariaceae) . Brittonia 13: 1-37. . 1962. The use of pollen morphology in the tajconomy of Dicentra. Amer. J. Bot. 49: 362-368. 1967. A new species of Dicentra from Burma. Brit- tonia 19: 280-282. . 1968. Cytogeographic studies in Pi centra I. Dicen- tra formosa and nevadensis. Amer. J. Bot. 55: 626—628. , and M. Ownbey. 1971. Hybridization and cytotaxonomy of Dicentra. Amer. J. Bot. 58: 861-866. TABLE 1. Chromosome numbers in natural populations of Dicentra eximia Collection Chromosome No. No. of counts Stem 2010 n = 8 18 Stem 2011 n = 8 9 Stem 2014 n = 8 18 Stem 2019W (a white-flowered form) ^ = 8 16 Stem 2020 n = 8 13 Stem 2021 n = 8 20 Stem 2022 n = 8 24 Stem 2027 n = 8 9 Pig. 1 . Distribution of Dicentra eximia. Large black dots indicate populations from which chromosome counts have been obtained. 1975 Stern, Cytogepgraphy of Dlcentra exlmla 217 ADDITIONAL NOTES ON THE GENUS CITHAEEIYLOlt. XI Harold N. Noldenke CITHAREHLak SPINOSUM L. Additional bibliography: Moldenke, Phytologia 32: I96 — 200. 1975. Additional citations: VENEZUELA: Sucre: Ruiz-TerAn & Ldpez- Palaclos 9891 (Gz, Kh) . GUIANA: Mali & MeU 2U7 (N, W— 1U81569) . INDIA: Indore; Solankl 8.n. [20.10,68] (Oa) . Kerala: SiTarajan IO8U (Ld), CULTIVATED: Egypt: Collector undetermined s.n. [Nov, 1933] (Gz); Mahdi Ih (Gz, Oz), s.n. [I3AA96U] (Gz, Gz),~8.n. [12/7/1961:] (Gz, Gz, Gz); V. TacSolm s.n. [22/9/1959] (Gz). 8.n. [2/11/1959] (Gz); Tackholn & Elaayed s.n. [22/11/1961], in part (Gz, Gz, Gz, Gz, Gz ) . Hawaiian Islands: Moldenke & Moldenke 28107 (Ac, Gz, Ld); ^ ^ Saint John s.n. [May 20,“l9l:5] (Ba). India: Jyr s.n, [Oct, 1926] (PdTI New Zealand: ^ Sykes 1:50/61: I^z-— 11:9898) . Pakistan: Qureshi 3.n. [ 23 .H *1965] (Kh, Kh, Kh). Singapore: Kiah S.171: (Ba); ^ Shah MS .1230 [U. S. PI. Introd. 75] (Ba), Sri Lanka: Herb, Roy, Bot, Gard. Perad, s.n, [April 1880; 11] (Pd), 8.n. [April 1887; 111 (Pd), 8.n. [River Drive, May 1391:] (Pd), 8.n. [seeds frora S. Am.] (Pd); Moldenke. Moldenke. & Jayasuriya 28136 [B.275] (G*. Pd. W--276il:05) . 2811:3 [E.229) (Ac, Pd. W— 276l3aET. dTHAREHLUM STANDLEH Moldenke Additional & emended bibliography: Moldenke, Phytologia U: 1:3 St 68 (1952) and 7: 1:6— 1:7. 1959; Moldenke, RAsumA 35, 1:6, St U:7. 1959; Moldenke, Phytologia 13: 315. 1966; Moldenke, Fifth Suam. 1: 87 (1971) and 2: 861. 1971. CITHAREIZLUM STANDLEYI var. MSnCANUM Moldenke Additional bibliography: Moldenke, Phytologia 13: 315. 1966; Moldenke, Fifth STman. 1 : 68 (1971) and 2: 861. 1971. Addltioxial citations: MEXICO: Colima: ^ McVaagh 15551 (K). CITHAREHLUM STENOPHILLUM Urb. St Ekm. Additional bibliography: Fedde St Sehust. in Just, Bot. Jahres- ber. 57 (2): UOl. 1938; Moldenke, Phytologia 13: 315. 1966; Mol- denke, Fifth Simm. 1: 102 (1971) and 2: 861. 1971. CTTBAREXILUM STEIERMARKTI Moldenke Additional bibliography: Moldenke, Phytologia 13: 3l5. 1966; Gibson, Fieldiana Bot. 21: (9): 185 & 191. 1970; Moldenke, Fifth Sunn. 1: 78 (1971) and 2: 861. 1971; Moldenke, Phytologia 23: U15. 1972. Gibson (1970) cites only Steyexvark 311:33. the type coUec- 25F 1975 Moldenke, Notes on Cltharexylian 219 tlon, and comments that "It should be noted that the specimen from Zacapa, Steyeraark U28U5» la atypical. Although Moldenke previously identified it as C. craaslfolium Greem. the lower leaf surface is not densely pubescent, but is minutely and ob- scurely puberulent. Some of the leares are three times as long as broad, as in £. caudatum L., but they are shojrt-acuminate at the apex and the rachis of the inflorescence is puberulent as in C. steyenaarkii. It may be that C_. ateyermaricll is only a glab- rate form of C. crassifollum, or both may represent only a broad- leaved form 6F~ C. caudatum L.** CITHARmLDM SUBERDSUM Loes, Additional bibliogx^pliy: J. F. Macbr., Field Mus. Publ. Bot. 13 (5): 670 & 680. 1960; Moldenke, Phytologia 13: 315. 1966; Moldenke, Fifth Summ. 1: lUO (1971) &Qd 2: 861. 1971. Macbrlde (I960) cites ohly the type collection from Apurlmac, Peru, CITHARmLlW SUBFLAVESCENS Blake Addltiozxal synonymy: Cltharexylum subflavescens H.B.K. ex Moldenke, Phytologia 26: 371, in syn. 1973. Cltharejqrltm subflavescens Moldenke, Phytologia 31: 39U, In syn, 1975. Additional bibliography: Anon., U. S. Dept. igr. Bot. SubJ. Index 15: 11:355. 1958; Moldenke, Phytologia ll*: 511. 1967; Dwyer, Raymondlana Ut 70. 1971; Moldenke. Fifth Sunmi. 1: 115, 122, 357, U27, & U35— U37 (1971) and 2: 861. 1971; Moldenke, Phy- tologia 28: U36 (1971:), 31: 382 , 381:, 391:, & 1:62 (1975), ai*i 32: U9, 57, i 59. 1975; Lipez-Palacios, Revist, Fac, Farm. Dniv. Los Andes 15: 16 i 21—22. 1975. Recent collectoi*8 desczi-be this species as a small tree, 22 m, tall, the trunk 25 — 80 cm. in diameter at breast height, the crown ample, the leaves opposite, without glands, dark-green and shiry above, yellow ferruginous-pubescent beneath, the calyx aiwi fruitlng-caiyx light-green, and the fruit green or shiny- green whan immat\ire, turning dark-blue, purplish-red, red, or purple when mature. The corollas are described as "white" on Espinal T. & Ramos 3811: and Ferreyra & Acleto 1520$, but as "yel- low" on Garcia-Baiiga 1753$. It has been found growing in woods, on wooded slopes, and in "overcast vegetation on steep slopes at side of waterfall", at altitudes of 1020—2700 meters. Addition- al reported vernacular names for it are "cafesdn" and "gavllAn". Roiz-TerAn & L6pez-Palaclos describe the species as an "Xrbol erecto, Inexme, perennif olio . Tronco cilindrico. Corteza pardo- grlsAceo-rosAcea, ligeramente flsurada y escamosa. Hojas sim- ples, opositidecusadas, coxiAceas, verde intensas, lucientes, por la haz, densamente pardoamarillento-tcnentosas por el anvAs. Racimos axLlares, alargados, con floras hermafroditas muy fragrantes (a bazmln) . CAliz verde amaiillento. Corola blanea. Drupes obovoideas, 12 — 1$ cm. de diAmetro, rojo esclaratas.” JimAnez says "corteza viva formada de varies capites da color a- 220 PHTTOLOGIA Vol. 32, no. 3 naranjado pAlido y crana. Hojas opuestas con reborde estipular, de 30~35 cm. de largo j 10 — 12 cm. de ancho; con 15 — 17 pares de nervlos laterales." Ldpez-PauLaclos (1975) comments that '*7a se habl6 de la poslble coespeclflcidad entra este taxon y el C_. konthlanum. Las dlfeir- enclas obserradaa en ejemplares de herbarlo no me convencent el color del Indumento (bianco suclo en konthlanum y oUvdceo en C. subflaTescens ) y la preaencla o aosancla de glindulas, no me perecen lo suflclentemente constantea. Sin embargo, qoddense las costas como estdn. Bemardl reglstra para \in ejenplar de Mdrlda una altora de 30 Los troncos de los ejen^lares de Tru- jillo son los mis gruesos del gfinero que yo he visto en Venezuela (70—80 cm. de DJLJ*.)** Dwyer (1971) cites ffoytkowskl 8207 from Amazonas, Peru, Material has been misldentlfled and distributed In some herbar- ia as Polyosma sp. On the other hand, the Barclay, Juajlbloy, 4 0€una 3189, distributed as £. subflavescens, is the type collection of C. bullatum Moldenke. Additional citations: COLOMBIA: Cauca: Espinal T. & Ramos 381^ (Ft). Cundlnamarcat Barclay, Juajlbloy, & Gama 35^0 — 27021031} Garcla-Barr^a 13^76 (N) , 17535 (N) } Idrobo & Hem^dez 1551* (N) } Soejarto 3i*o (OaV. Valle del Cauca: Jlm6ne2 SAA .l6^6~TLd) « VENEZUELA: Aragua: Rulz-Terdn & L6pez-Palaclos 10180 (Ac) . Fed- eral District: Delgado 201 (W — 1778780) . Merida: L8pez-Palaclos 301U (bd) . Trujillo: Collector undeslgnated 10769 (Vi); Ruiz- Ter4n & L6pez-Palacloa 7616 (Ld). PERU: Amazonas: Ferreyra & Ac- leto 15205 (Ca— M25l213i . CITHAREHLUM SUBTHIESOIDEDM PitUer Additional synonyny: Aeglphlla subthyrsoldexaa Plttler ex Mol- denke, Phytologia 25* 23^7^^ri3^. 1973* Additional bibliography: Plttler, Man. FI. Usuel. Venez. 326 & 1*23. 1926; Fedde & Schust. in Just, Bot. Jahresber. 58 (2): 329* 1938; Hansford, Sydowla 10: 6I. 1957} Hansford, Sydowia Ann. Mfc., ser. 2, Beih. 2: 686. 1961; Moldenke, Phytologia 13* 316. 1966; Dennis, Kew Bull. Addlt. Ser. 3* 258. 1970; Moldenke, Fifth Sun. It 115, 122, & U36 (1971) and 2: 861. 1971; Moldenke, Phytologia 25: 235 (1973) and 31: 3U5, 3U9, 382, & Ua. 1975} L6pez-Palacioa , Reilst. Fac. Farm. Univ. Los Andes 15: 1, U, & 22, [fig. 3]» 1975. Illustrations: Ldpez-Palacios, Revlst. Fac. Farm. Univ. Los Andos 15: (fig. 3]. 1975. Recent collectors describe this plant as a vlnlng shrub or a tree, 3.5 — J* m. tall, the leaves firmly membranous, dull-green above and dull paler-green beneath, or dark-green on both sur- faces , and the fruit ”orange-ollve-green'* . They have encountered it on dry reforested north-facing slopes, at altitudes of 500—900 m., flowering in June, and fnxltlng in August. The corollas az*e said to have been "greenish-yellow" on ^ St eye mark 86308. 1975 Uoldenke, Notes on Cltharexylum 221 Dennis (1970) records the fungus, AsterldleUa vllls var. car- acasensls Hansf. from C_. subtbyrsoldeum in Panama, but C. sub- thyrsoldef does not occur in Panaina as far as I am aware. His "record" is apparently an erroneous transcidption of Hansford’s record of this fungus on C. caudatiai L. in Panama [on Stevens 979] , but Hansford also records it froo Venezuela on the basis of Taaayo 2395* L^pez-Palacios (1975) comments that this is an "Arbolito bonito. Parece ser el dnico del gfinero que no (me) ha dado problemas, pues hasta la fecha no ha sido confundido con ningdn otro Los ajemplares del Fendler han sido colocados txadic- ionalmente en Aragua a causa de un r6tula impreso que Fendler agreg6 a sus exsicatas con la invariable leyenda 'Prope Colo- niam Tovar' . Sin embargo, en GH exLsten 2 pliegos de este 8U2 en uno de los cuales se encuentra la citada leyende impresa, y en otro, en manuscrito: 'Valley of Macarao 3500 23/8 - 55 h/7 -56', indicacidn clara de dos colecciones en Macarao, una en 1855 y otra en 1856 Exciuyo, pues, a Aragua y rofiero el No 81t2 de Fendler a Macarao, em el Dro, Federal," Additional & emended citations: VENEZUELA; Federal District: Fendler 8U2 (Q, 0, K)) ^ Steyermark 86308 (N) . Lari: Steyemark, Delascio, Dunsterville, & Dnnsterville 1036U3 (N, W — 2621901) . laracTiyi Curran 216 ( N) . aTHAREHLUM SUBTRUNCATDM Moldenke Additional bibliography: Moldenke, Phytologia 7» 55 — 56. 1959} Moldenke, Fifth Summ. 1: US (1971) and 2; 861. 1971. CITHAREUIUM SULCATUM Moldenke Additional bibliography: Moldenke, Phytologia 13: 316. 1966; Acosta-Solls, Divis, Fitogeogr. Ecuad. 78. 1968; Moldenke, Fifth SxMn. 1; 115 (1971) and 2: 861 & 968. 1971; Moldenke, Phytologia 22; 6. 1971; Hocking, Excerpt, Dot. A. 21; 30, 1972; Moldenke, Biol. Abstr, 5U: 6295. 1972, Recent collectors describe this plant as a tree or large shrub, to 5 ffl. tall, the (immature) fruit green, tinged with purple, and have encountered it at the borders of pastures in the subp^rano, at 2700—2975 meters altitude, in fruit in May and November. Acosta-Solis (1968) records the vernacular name, "cogollo morado", and cites Acosta-Solis 6670 from Ecua- dor, Additional citations: COLCSIBIA: Cundinamarca: Barclay, Jua- Jibioy, 8l Ga^ 3376 (W — 2702205); Humbert, Idrdbo, & JaraniUo 27577 (pT. CITHAREXYLUM SULCATUM var. HIRTELLUM Moldenke, Phytologia 22: 6. 1971. Bibliography: Moldenke, Fifth Sum. 2: 861 Sc 968. 1971; Mol- denke, Phytologia 22: 6. 1971; Hocking, Excerpt. Bot, A.21: 30. 1972; Moldenke, Biol. Abstr. 5Uj 6295. 1972. 222 PHYTOLOGIA Vol. 32, no. 3 Citations; COLOMBIA: Cauca; Espinal T. & Ramos 328 U (N — type) . CITHAREmUM SVEHSONII Moldenke Additional bibliography: Moldenke, Phytologia ?: 58 — 59 • 1959* Moldenke, Fifth Summ, 1: 135 (1971) and 2: 861. 1971. CITHAREmUM TECLENSE Standi. Additional bibliography: Fedde & Schust. in Just, Eot. Jahres- ber. 58 (2): 329. 1938; Moldenke, Fifth Summ. li 8U, 357, & U32 (1971) and 2; 861. 1971. CITHAREXILUM TEENATtat Moldenke Additional bibliography; Moldenke, Phytologia 75 60 — 61. 1959; Moldenke, Fifth Summ. 1: 95 & U27 (1971) and 2: 861. 1971; Le6n & Alain, FI. Cub., imp. 2, 2; 298 & 299. 197U. CITHAREmUM TETRAMERUM T. S. Brandeg. Additional bibliography: Moldenke, Phytologia 13: 316. 1966; Moldenke, Fifth Summ. 1: 68 (1971) and 2; 861. 1971. The Q6net Pompa 961, distributed as C_. tetramemm, is actual- ly C. lycioides D. Don. CITHAREmUM TRISTACHTUM Turcz. Additional synonymy: Cithare^ylum cordatum Hort. ex Moldenke, Phytologia 26: 371, in syn. 1973 [not £. cordatum Stevens, 1961]. Additional & emended bibllogz^phy: Jacks, in Hook. f. & Jacks., Ind. Ketir,, imp. 1, 1: 550 (1893) and imp. 2, 1: 550. 19l;6; Anon., U. S. Dept. Agr. Bot, Subj. Index 15: 1];355. 1958; Jacks, in Hook, f, & Jacks., Ind. Kew., imp. 3, 1: 550. I960; Moldenke. Phytologia ll;; 511. 1967: Hocking, Excerpt. Bot. A. 13: 569. i960; Moldenke, Biol. Abstr. 49: 2769. 1968; Moldenke, Fifth Suam. 1: 95, 100, 107, 357, U27, & 437 (1971) and 2; 861. I97I; C. D. Adams, Flow. PI. Jamaic. 633 &■ 308. 1972; AlemAn Frias, Aurich, Ezcurra Ferrer, Gutierrez VAzquez, Horstmann, L6pez Rendueles, Rodriguez Graquitena, Roquel Casabella, & Schreiber, Die Kulturpfl. 19: 422. 1972; Farnsworth, Phaimacog. Titles 8 (8): vi. 1973; Le6n & Alain, FI. Cuba, imp. 2, 299 & 301. 1974; Little, Woodbuiy, & Wadsworth, Trees P. R. ic Virg. Isis. (D. S. Dept. Agr. Agric. Handb. 499:] 858 & 1000. 1974; Moldenke, Phytologia 31: 343, 380, 394, & 395 (1975) and 32; 51. 1975. Recent collectors describe this plant as a small tree and have encountered it in thickets and on steep wooded hillsides, at altitudes of 1000 — 3000 feet, flowering in January and from July to October, fruiting in January and October. The corollas are said to have been "cream" -colored on Proctor 27582 . Adams (1972) states that in Jamaica the species is "Local azKl uncon- non.......on banks, mostly loose shale". Little and his assoc- iates (1974) exclude it from Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands. Gillis 9849 gx^nm from seed securwd in Cuba. The C. cordatum of Stevens, referred to above, is a synonym 1975 MoMenJce, Notes on Cithare3(ylvffli 223 of C. caudatum L« Adams (1972) cites from Jamaica: Adams 7729, Harris 6724, Jamaican Plants 1433, Proctor 27582 and affirms that the spe- cies growB also in Cuba. The Le6n 4 Clement 6683, previously cited me as C. tri- stachym. is now the type collection of leods Moldenke, while ^ain 4 Chryeogone A .1075, Cl&aent 2849, ^ Harris 6724, Hart 6li0, Hioram al96, Le^ 3914 4 iLOjil, Le^n 4 Clement ^37, Le6n 4 JosA 1:107, C. V. Moi^n 4083, C » R. 0i^tt~ 3lUi, Sha- fer 7937 4 1^86 are C, tristachym f . urban! i {o . E . Schuls) Uoldenke . Additional citations: CUBA: Oriente: Le6n 12235 (W— 2289312) . JAIOLTCA: MacFadyen s.n, (Pd); G. R, Proctor 27582 (Mi, N) ; lunck- er 18324 (Bl—l 31160)7" CULTIVATED: Florida: Gill is 9849 [U. S. PI. Introd. M-4661] (Ba); Woodbury 4 Buswell s.n. ^August 13, 1946] (Ws). CITHAREmUM TRISTACHIUM f. URBANII (0. E. Schulz) Moldenke, Phytologia 31: 2$. 1975. Synonymy: Citbarexylum urfaanil 0. E. Schiilz in Fedde, Repert. Nov. Sp. 5: 193 — 19U. 1908. Citarexylum Tirbanii 0. E. Schulz apud Alain in Le6n 4 Alain, FI. Cuba, imp. 1, V: 30I, in syn. 1957. Citharexylum urban! 0. E. Schulz ex Moldenke, R6sum< 259, in syn. 1959. Bibliography: 0. E. Schulz in Fedde, Repert. Nov. Sp. 5: 19 3~ I9I:. 1908; Praln, Ind. Kew. Suppl. 4, imp. 1, 49. 1913| Moldenke, Prelim. Alph. List Invalid Names IB. 1940; Moldenke, Known Geogr. Dlstrib. Verbenac., (ed. 2], 15. 19U2; Moldenke, Alph. List In- valid Names 15. 1942; H. N. 4 A. L. Moldenke, PI. Life 2: 87. I9U8; Alain in Le6n 4 Alain, Fl. Cuba, Imp. 1, 4: 3OI. 1957; Prain, Ind. Kew. Suppl. 4, imp. 2, 49. 1958; Moldenke, R4sum4 259. 1959; Le6n 4 Alain, Fl. Cub., Imp. 2, 2: 301. 1974; Molden- ke, Phytologia 31: 25, 380, 4 395. 1975. Recent collectors descidbe this plant as a shrub or small tree, 6— 15 feet tall, with orange-colored fruit, and have en- countered it among limestone rocks, on limestone hills, and in "lime rock thickets", at altitudes of 300—600 meters, flowering from June to October, and fruiting in February, August, and November. The corollas are said to have been "white* on Shafer 7937. All the specimens cited belcsr were previously cited by me as typical £, tristachyum Turcz. The form differs, however, from the typical fom of the species in having the lower surface of its leaf -blades more or less pilose— pubescent, sometimes quite densely so over the whole lower surface, but at other times apparently wearing off everywhere except along the midrib or in the vein-axils. Citations: CUBA: Las Villas; Le6n 14031 (Ha, N); Le6n 4 Cle- ment 5U37 (Ha, N) ; Le6n 4 Jos6 4107 (Ha, N) ; C, Morton 4o53 22h PHYTOLOGIA Vol. 32, no. 3 (W— 1783U52) ; Shafar 12086 (N, N) . Orients; Alain & Ch^sogone A .107$ (N)j Cl&nent 28U9 (Ha, N)j Hloraa la96 (Ha, N, N); Le6n~ 391U (Ha, N); Shafer 7937 (N). JAMAICA: ^ Harris 6724 (B— type, B — isotype. B—photo of type, E — photo of type, F~14589U — iso- type, F — lo$311 — isotype, K — ^photo of type, N — isotype, N — isotype, N — photo of type, N — photo of Isotype, S — photo of type, S — ^photo of isotype, ¥ — photo of type, Z — photo of type, Z — ^photo of iso- type)! Hart 640 (F— 393694. N. ¥—1323184); C. R. Orcutt 3144 (¥— 147833017“ CITHAREXYLUM DLEI Moldenke Additional bibliography: J. F. Macbr., Field Mus. Publ. 5ot. 13 ($): 679# I960; Moldenke, Phytologia 13: 317* 19^} Moldenke, Rfisum^ Suppl. 17: 12. 1968; Moldenke, Fifth Suma, 1: 11$, 140, & 148 (1971) and 2: 861. 1971. Recent collectors describe this species as a tree, 8—10 m. tall, the corollas white, and the fruit red. They have encoun- tered it at 740 m. altitude, flowering in April and fruiting in May. Additional citations: PERU: Cuzco: Vargas C. 1$338 (¥ — 2446617). BRAZIL; AmazSnas; Ducke 470 (E— 11$7$46). CITHAREULDM ULEI var. CALVESCEN5 Moldenke Additional bibliography: Moldenke, Phytologia 13* 317. 1966; Moldenke, Fifth Sum. 1* 148 (1971) and 2; 861. 1971. CITHAREmUM VALLEIBE Moldenke Additional bibliography; Moldenke, Phytologia 7: 68 — 69. 19$9; Moldenke, Fifth Sum. 1: 11$ (1971) and 2: 861. 1971. CITHAREmUM VEHEZUELENSE Moldenke Synonymy: Cithareaylm poeppigii f • ancmalm Moldenke, Fhyto- logia 8: 4$9. 1963. Cithare:yl)m poeppigii f. anomala Moldenke apud L6pez-Palacios, Revist. Fac. Farm. Univ. Los Andes 14* 21, sphalm. 1974. Additional bibliography: Moldenke, Phytologia 7* 69 — 70 (19$9), 8: 4$9 (1963), and 13* 302. 1966; Moldenke, Fifth Sunm. 1: 122 (1971) and 2; 860 & 861. 1971; Molderice, Phytologia 28: 436. I974j L6pez-Palacio8, Revist. Fac. Farm. Univ. Los Andes 14* 21 (1974) and 1$: 11, 12, 17, 19, 20, & 22—24, [fig. 4]. 197$; Moldenke, Phytologia 21: 349, 382, it 394 (197$) and 32* $$ & 66. 197$. Illustrations: L6pez-Palaclos, Revist. Fac. Farm. Univ. Los Andes 15: [fig. 4]. 197$. Recent collectors describe this as a tree, 7 — 1$ m. tall, with opposite or ternate leaves and with racemes axillary in the axils of the upper leaves and of the same number as the subtending leaves, at altitudes of 180— 2$0 m., flowering in June, and froitij^ in June and August. L6pez^alacioa says of this species: "Hojas slempre verdes (perennifolioT) . Flores fragantes en antesis, 848lles o con peciolos obsoletos, los que en fruto Uegan hasta 1 mm. Inflor- 1975 Moidenke, Notes on Clthareatylvm 22$ escencias paucifloras, Fmto aplculado, verde cuando imaturo, amariilo verdoso cuando maduro." He reduces C. poepplgil f. anotnalum Uoldenke to the synonymy of this taxon and this is prob- ably correct. He fotmd it to be "muy abundante tanbi^n a lo largo de la carretera entre Punta de Piedra y Santo Domingo, Edoa. Barlnas y Tdchira". His spelling of the form epithet as credited to me is erroneous (the generic name is neuter, not feminine) and his citation of the publication of it as being in volume •♦9" of Phytologia is also incorrect. Concerning it he says (1975)* "He •xzu&inado la poblacl6n del Llano venezolamo y he encontrado qae la Uamada forma ainamala aparece en los irboles en el lado por donde reciben el vientol Simplemente las f lores expuestaa al viento del Llano, que en Spocas es muy fuei*te, se alargan y se aplanan hasta el punto de hacerlas aparecer diferentes a las del otro lado, que oonservan la forma tlpica. "Por lo expuesto rechazo esta forma y c eo que no tenga vali- dsz, ya que serla una inconsecuencia colocar la mi tad un Irbol en un taxon y la mi tad restanto en otro. Hay ejemplares de herbario en flor mviy similares a £. macrophyllum . . . Jlun el mismo Dr, Mol- denke a veces ha dudado sobre su interpretacl6n y yo llego a creer que bajo poeppigll f , anomala se han colocado especlm- enes de otras especies, como C_. macrophyllum y £, venezuelense . "Si estudiamos cuidadosamente la estrictura de los calices, la nervadura, y el peculiar desprendlmiento de los esterigmas de las hojas viegas, es a este dltimo taxon (C. veaezuelense) al que corresponde el tipo de £. poepplgii f . ancmala, y alii lo coloco sinonlmia," He also reviews in detail the checkered history of Ldpez- Palacios 292U, 3156, & 3283 ♦ He finally compared these with the type of C, venezuelense in the Gray Herbarium (idiich he found to bear two labels, one asserting that it was collected at Colonia Tovar, and the other that it was collected "Cetus: Caracas & La Guaira"). He conclxides that "Sin embargo, saquS en claro que el material por ml colectado era sin lugar a dudas coespeclfico con el de Fendlsr, y tambi4n algliln otro material que tanto el Dr. Uoldenke como yo habiamos considerado que pertenecla a C_. poep- pigii f . anomala, a saber: Bemardi 21h2, tipo de la forma aca- bada de citar (detezminacidn del Dr, Uoldenke) y Rulz-Terin 1177 ( dsterminaci6n mia), que igoaimente concuerdan con el tipo de C. venezuelense." The vernacular name, "oreja de burro", has been recorded for C. venezuelense. Uaterial has been misidentified and distribu- ted In some herbaria as C. dryanderae Uoldenke. Additional citations: VENEZUELA: Apure: L6pez-Palacios 2928 (Ac, Ld) . U6rida: L^z-P^aoios i Bantista 3283 (Ld) . ~ TAchlra: L6pei-Palacios 3156 (Ld, Z). CITHAREHLIM VIRIDB Uoldenke Additional bibliography: Uoldenke, Phytologla 7* 70 — 71. 1959 J 226 PHITOLOGIA Vol. 32, no. 3 Moldenke, R^sumS Suppl. 16: 3 & U* 1968) Gibson, Fieldiana Bot. . 2U (9): 139. 1970; S£ez T. & Nasser C., Ravist. Biol. Trop. 18: 136. 1971; Farnsworth, Pharmacog. Titles 6 (9): iii. 1971; Molden- ke, Fifth Sianm. 1: 79, 87, & 90 (1971) and 2: 861. 1971) Farns- worth, Pharmacog. Titles 6, Cum. Gen. Ind. [31]* 1973) Moldenke in Woodson & Schery, Ann. Mo. Bot. Gard. 60: 93, 99 — 100, & lii^. 1973; Moldenke, Phjrtologia 31: 31:6— 3U8, U51i, & h$9 (1975) and 32: 70. 1975. Recent collectors describe this species as an arborescent shrub or tree, 2.3 — 3 m. tall, the trunk 3—6 inches in diameter, the crown full and spreading, the leaves firmly membranous, rich- green above, paler-green beneath, the flowei^ sweet-scented, the calyx green, the corolla-lobes spreading, the fruiting-pedicels white, the fruiting-calyx light-green, and the fruit orange or bright-orange. The corolla is uniformly described as irtiite (e.g., Cooper in .3Qli, Skutch U3l5. Steyenaaric Ul825) . Jim6nez M. says of the fruit; "anaranjados primero, lurgo parde osctoto”. Collectors have encountered the plant in cacao plantations, clearings, forests, embankments on streamsides, the forested edges of creeks in tropical rainforests and moist secondary for- ests, in very moist habitats penrtly in the shade along roadsides, and "Infrequent" in secondgrowth, at altitudes of sealevel to 1500 meters, flowering from December to Apzd.1 and in June, and fruiting in February, July, August, and Decaaber. The fruits are referred to as "berries" by Woodson & Schery, by actually are drupes. Skutch 1:315 in Missouid. Botanical Garden herbarlun exhibits one binary leaf. The species is certainly very closely related to £. cooperi Standi. The two taxa may be distli^guished as follows: Leaf-blades subglabra te, pulverulent, or merely puberulent on the lamina beneath, moi^ or less distichously short-pubescent only along the midrib. viilde Leaf-blades rather densely velutinous over the entire lower surface C. cooperi Gibson (1970) conments that "A plant of Costa Rica and Panama, C. viride Moldenke, is very much like £. hexangulare and may prove synonymous with it. The type of £, virlde. Cooper & Slater 1$7, from Panama, is a fruiting specimen, and the 8pecies~'wa8 de- scribed without flowering material. Later collections of flower- ing material identified by Moldenke as C_. virlde differ from C. hexangulare only in their slightly broader calyces. Although the leaves of C. viride are described as densely puberulent beneath, leaves of the type specimens are essentially glabrous beneath and only very minutely pubescent along the lower part of the costae and in the axils of some veins." Material of viride has been misldentlfied and distributed in some herbaria (and even cited by me in previous publications) as £. caudatnm L., C^ cooperi Standi., C. hlrtellum Standi., and C. Integer rimum (Kuntze) Moldenke. On the other hand, the Molina R., Williams, Burger, 4 Wallen ta 171:78, distributed as C. viride. 1975 Moldenke, Notes on Cltharexylum 227 Is actually C. hexangulare Greeon. Additional citations: GUATEMALA: Isabal: £, ^ Steyem^k lil825 (N). COSTA RICA: Guanacaate: Brenes 12322 (N) ; Jial^z M, (W — 2751901). San Josfi: Molina R., Burger, Jimfine^, & Wal- Teijba 180U5 (N)j Skutch U315 (E— 1157^7. n). PANA^'dA: Bocas del Toro: G. P. Cooper 35ir (F^7925U. F— 579523, K, N, N—photo, W— 1521573, W— 1521^80, T— 119751, Z— photo). Chiriq^: P. H. Allan 3^1 (E— 1572261, N, N); Cooper & Slater 201 (N); Dwyer i Hayden 7762 (E— 1926253); ^ White 223 (£—11901^; Woodson & Schery 755 (E — 120ii855, N) . ProTince undetermined: Stoiic U2 [Western Panama] (Mi, W— II6683O). CITHAREHLUM WEBERBAUERI Hayek Additional synonymy: Citharexylum webercaueri Hayek ap\id Hocking, Excerpt. Bot. A .11: SOU, sphalm. 1967* Additional & emenied bibliography: Prain, Ind. Kesr. Suppl. U, Imp. 1, U9 (1913) and lap. 2, li9. 1958; F. Macbr., Field Mus. Publ. Bot. 13 (5): 668 , 671, & 68O— 681. I960; Moldenke, Phyto- logia 13: 317. 1966; Hocking, Excerpt. Bot. AJ.1: 50U. 1967; Mol- denke, Biol. Abstr. 1;9: ]il99* 1968; Moldenke, R tevant. Notes Edible PI., imp. 1, U5U. 1919} Grenz., Ann. Mo. Bot. Gard, 13j 7U 5c 88. 1926; Wangerin in Just, Bot, Jahresber, 65 (1): 1170 [366], 1932} Metcalfe 5c Chalk, Anat. Dicot. 1035 & lOltO. 1950} Darlington 5c Wylie. Chrem. Atlas 32U, 1956} Lanjouw, Intemat, Code Bot, Norn., ad. 0. 2U9. 1956} Anon., Taxon 119. 1958} Bullock, Taxon 7* 10. 1958} R. C. Foster, Contrib, Gray Herb, l81tJ 169. 1958; Rickett 5c Stafleu, Taxon 8: 301. 1959} J* F. Macbr., Field Mus. Publ. Bot. 13 ( 5)* 661—662. I960; Ccu:o, Kurtz- iana 1; 271—282, 1961; Burkart, Excerpt, Bot, A. 5s lj67. 1962; Hocking, Excerpt. Bot, A, 5s k2 ^962) and A. 6; 533. 1963} Mel- chior in Engl., Syllab, Pflanzenfam., ed. 12, 2: U37. 1961;} Lan- ^ouw, Intemat. Code Bot, Norn., ed. 10, 305. 1966} Hocking, Ex- cerpt. Bot. A. 13s 569. 1968} Bolkh., Grif, MatveJ., 5t Zakhar., Chrom. Numb, Flow, PI. 711;. 1969} Anon., Biores. Index 6s 6u22» 1970} Feldbian 5c Garcia, Plant His. Rep. 5Us 722—723. 1970} G. Taylor, Ind. Kew, Suppl, ll;s 105. 1970} Heusser, Pollen 5c Spores Chile 62, pi. 59-671. 1971} Moldenke, Fifth Summ. Is 139, 1U7, 181, 191, 195, 356, 396, 399, & ];2U (1971) and 2 s 600, 603, 611;, 681, 688, 703, 5c 857. 1971} Hedrick, Sturtevant Notes Edible PI., Imp. 2, U51;. 1972} F. Perry, Fla. World 305 5c 318. 1972} Stafleu, Intemat, Code Bot. Nom., ed, 11, 325. 1972; Altschul, Drugs 5c Foods 21;5. 1973} Rouleau, Taxon Index Vols. 1-20, part Is 73* 1973} Troncoso, Darwinlana l8s 361 — 361; 5c IJJ., fig. 19 5c 20. 1971;} Moldenke, Phytologla 28: l;5i; (1971;) and 31s 381;, 385, 387, 391—391;, U06, Un, 4 Ul2. 1975. Additional illustrations; Caro. Kurtziana 1; fig, 1, 1961; 1975 Moldenke, Notes on Pltraea 231 Heusaar, Pollen & Spxjrea Chile pi, 59“671» 1971 J Troncoso, Da3>- winiana l8: 362 & 363, fig. 19 & 20. 197U. Troncoso (I97li) says of this plant’s natural geographic dis- tribution: WAmfirica teaplada: PerlS, Chile, Bolivia y Argentina, en la Argentina ocupa el oentro, norte y noroeste del pala,” She cites Venturi 859U from Jujuy, ^ ^ Bartlett 19370 from Uendoza, and Ragonase 2270 from Santa Fe, Argentina, all deposited in the San Isidro herbarium, ^ CArdenaa 3712 from Potosi, Bolivia, and H. H. Ruaby 2531 from Tacna and Pfiater 9360 fit)m Antofaigaata, Chile. She conmenta that "Segfin algunos coleccionlstaa (Eyerdam, in ached.) loa tub6rculos son comestibles. Ciei*tos autores le seflalan propiedades medicinales (Dominguez: 212. 1905). Ha aido regia trada como plants invaaora y en Chile se la considers maleza (cfr. Caro: 280. 1961)," Altachul (1973) also reports the tubers edible, based on Eyerdam 2U6U6. Feldman & Gracia (1970) report the plant as host to the alfalfa mosaic virus, Covas & Schnack (19li6) report the chromosome number as 2I4., but Darlington fit Wylie (1956) report the number as U4. Houaser (1971) describes the pollen as "Monad, isopolar, radlosymietric; tricolporate, colpi lengthy, narrow, constricted at the equator, pore area poorly defined, biilging aomewhatj sub- prolate-prolate, amb sub triangular; ezine ca 1.5 P thick, clear- ly tectate, more or leas psilatej U3 — 60 x 3U — iiop" based on "G. Geisse, Illapel (Coquimbo), 1893, SGO U2505. Distribution; Province of Antofagaata-^antiago." Gay (181;9) saya "keyen oncontr6 esta planta cerca de Copiapo" and "Eeta planta muy escaisa se cz*ia en los lugares secos de la provincia de Copiapo". Uacbride (I960) says "Tuber edible, white (Eyerdam) at the end of a long string of fibrous roots, the flowers fragrant (Balls) j corolla white, the tube purpliah (Met- calf) J and cites Scolnik 1032 frcm Ica and Eyerdam 2U6U6, Metcalf 30350* Raimondi 1813, Rusby 2531, and Shepard 269 from Tacna, Peru, giving the overall distribution as "Chile; to Argentina". Voss (1895) describes the plant as "Staude, 30-U5 cm hoch; Blutezelt: August bis Herbst; Pflanze nit knoUi^em, kriechendem Erdstamm, kahl, mit endstandigen Blutenahren; Bluten hellrosenret, mit felnam Orangenduft. — HEibacha, xuiter leichter Schutzdocke in Jedem beaseren Gartenboden uberwinternde und durch ihre knolligen Erdatame lelcht zu vemehrende Pflanze f& sonnige Standorte in Landschaftsgarten. Anzucht aus Samen." According to Rshnelt (1932) the German common name for the plant is "glatte Priva", Recent collectors describe this plant as a veiy harcfy perenni- al herb, 25 — 50 cm, tall, erect, and have found it growing in cultivated ground at 1100 m, altitude. Zollnor describes it as a weed in fields in Tarapaci, Chile, while Garcia refers to it as abundant in wet places in Santiago del Estero, Argentina. The corollas are said to have been "lilac" in color on Krapovlckaa & Crist6bal 206J45, "white" on ^ Meyer 3883 and Villafafle inc, and "white to pinkish-white" on Eyerdam 2li6i»6. It has been found in anthesis from December to March. 232 PHYTOLOGIA Vol, 32, no, 3 Material has been mis identified and distributed in some herbar- ia as *' Labia tae** . The Herb, Inst, Miguel Lillo 98621 collection, at least insofau* as the United States National Herbarium specimen of it is concerned, is a mixture with a species of Marsyplanthes . Additional citations: CHILE; Tacna; gyerdan 2l|^6 ( Ba) . Tara- pacA: Zollner 3071 (Ac). ARGENTINA; Catamarca; Brizuela 5U0 (Ms — 3hX99)TWrTliTil., Realea 823 (N), 978 (N)} Ylllafafte 1119 (N) . C6rdoba; GutiArrea 116 (Tu — 77309). Mendoza: Lourteig 937 [Herb, Inst. M. Lillo nlgoU] (N)} Ylllafafie 990 (Au— 121515) . Salta; Kraporickas & CriBt6bal 206U5 (hd)j ^ Meyer 3883 [Herb, Inst, Miguel Lillo 35686] (E — 2655607). Santiago del Estero; Cuezzo 2337 (Au~121516)j P. Garela 262 (N). MOUNTED CLIPHNGS: Miers, Trans. Linn, Soc. LondTlBoTT 2’/: 101. I87O (W) . ADDITIONAL NOTES ON THE GENUS CORNUTIA. Ill Harold N. Moldenke CORNUTIA Plum, ex L., Sp. PI., ed. 1, imp. 1, 2; 628. 1753j Oen. PI., ed, 5, 276, 175ii [not Conmtia Bum, f., 1768], Additional & emended synonymy; Comuta Plum, ox L., Gen, PI., ed. 6, 316, I76U. Comvtla Scop., Introd. Hist, Nat, 170 & 179. 1777. Hosts Jacq., Hort. Schoenbr. 1; 60, pi. 111:, 1797 [not Hosta Pfeiff., I966, nor Tratt., I8ll*, nor Yell., 1871*]. Comutla [Plum, ex L.] L. apud Dalla Torre & Harms, Gen. Siphonog., imp. 1, 1*32. 1901*. Additional & emended bibliography; L., Grit, Bot, 92 & [280], 1737i L., Gen. PI., ed. 1, 2l*, 25, 366, [385], & [390]. 1737; L., Meth. Sex. Gen. PI. 15, 92, & [280]. 1737; L., Gen. PI., ed. 2, 303 & [535] (171*2), ed. 3 ["2"], 233 & [1*19] (17U3), and ed. 1*, 233 & [1*1*8], 1752; L., Sp. PI., ed. 1, Imp. 1, 2: 628. 1753; L., Gen, PI., ed. 5, Imp. 1, 276 & [501]. 175u; Adana., Fam, PI. 2: 12, 196, & 199. 1763; L., Gen. PI., ed. 6, 316 & [587]. 1761*; [Retz.], Noo. Bot. 151* & [281*]. 1772; Planer, Gatt. Pfl. 2: 557 & 1057. 1775; Scop., Introd. Hist. Nat. 170 & 179. 1777; Reichard in L., Gen. PI., ed. 8 , 318. 1778; J. F. (knel. in L., Syst. Nat., ed. 13, imp. 1, 2: 890 & 91*6. 1789a Haonke in L., Gen. PI., ed. 10 ("8"], 2: 551* & 79I*. 1791; Schrob. in L., Gen. PI., ed. 9 ["8"], 2: l*ll*— 1*15 & 81*9. I79I; J. F. Gael, in L., Syst, Nat., ed, 13, imp, 2, 2i 890 & 91*6. 1796; Raeusch., Norn. Bot., ed. 3, 173 & 383. 1797; Batsch, Tabl. Aff. Reg. Yeg. 193. 1802; Deaf., Tabl. Ecol. Bot., ed. 1, 51*. I80I*; Willd., Enom. PI. Hort. Berol. 2 : 652. 1809; Desf., Tabl. £col. Bot., ed. 2, 61*. 1815; H.B.E., Nov. Gen. L Sp. FI., ed. folio, 2 : 200—201 (1817) and ed. quarto, 2: 21*7—21*8. 1818; Pera., Sp. PI. 3* 358—359. 1819; J. E. Sn., Gramm. Bot. 98 & 223. 1821; 1975 Moldenke, Notes on Comutla 233 Endl., Qen. PI. 635 & 638. 1838} Spach. Hist. Nat. Veg. Phan. 9: • 227. 18U0: Voigt, Hort. Suburb. Calc. U73. 18U5} W. Griff., Notul. lii 173. 185U} Schnitzleln, Icon. Fam. Nat. 2i 137 Varbenac . [2] St [3]. 1856} Ettinsh., Blatt-Skel. Dikot. pi. 32, fl«. 8. 1861} Pfeiff., Noa. Bot. 1: 1671. 18 7U} Barnhart, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 29: 590. 1902} Dalla Torre & Hams, Gan. Siphonog., imp. 1, U32. 190U} L., Sp. PI., ed. 1, Imp. 2 Sc 3, 2: 628. 1907} Solered., Syst. Anat. Dicot. Erganz. 255* 1908} Goyena, FI. Nicarag. li 568. 1911} E. D. Kerr., Philip. Joum, Sci. 19* 376 Sc 377. 1921} Wan- gerin in Just, Bot. Jahresber. 53 (2): 6U5. 1925} Benoist, Arch. Bot. Caen 5, Mem. 1: 258. 1931} Stapf, Ind. Lond. 6: U79. 1931} Benoist, Bois Guyan. Fran?. 25o . 1933} L., Sp. PI., ed. 1, imp. U, 2: 628. 193U} Moldenke, Brittonia 1: 260 Sc UTl. 193U} Fletcher, Kew Bull, Uisc. Inf, 1938: U3iA. 1938} Moldenke, Prelim, Alph. List Invalid Names [1], h, 10, Hi, 23, 2li, 27, Sc 28. 19U0} Hill Sc Salisb., Ind. Kew. Suppl. 10: 61, llii, & 2lili. 19li7} Metcalf^e Sc Chalk, Anat. Dicot. 1035—1037 Sc lOU, fig. 2li8 G. 1950} Petelot, PI. M6d. Cambod. Laos Sc Viet. 2 [Archiv, Recherch. Agron. Sc Past. Viet, 18]: 250. 1953} Anon., U. S, Dept. Agr. Bot, Subj. Index 15: lli356. 1958} Cuatrecasas, Revist. Acad, Coloob. Cienc. 10: 235. 1958} H. St. John, Nomencl. PI, 123. 1958} L., Sp. PI., ed. 1, imp. 5, 2: 628, 1959# L., Gen, PI., ed. 5, iap. 2, [Cramer Sc Swann, Hist, Nat, Class. 3]: 276 Sc [501]. I960} J. F, Macbr., Field Mus. Publ. Bot. 13 (5): 611, 69O, Sc 713. I960} Hartl, Beitr. Biol, Pfl. 37: 293. 1962} Dalla Torre Sc Haims, Gen. Siph- onog., imp. 2, li32. 1963} Melchior in Engl., Syllab. Pflanzenfam., ed. 12, 2: Ii35. 19^} F. A. Barkley, List Ord. Fam, Anthoph. 76, 155, & 17li. 1965} Airy Shaw in J. C. Willis, Diet. Flow. PI., ed. 7, 285 & 557. 1966} Fosberg Sc Klawe in Bowman, GalApagos I88, 1966} G6mez Pompa. Estud. Bot. Reg. Misantla 93. 1966) Anon., Bi- ol. Abstr. I48 (Hi): B.A.S.I.C. B.8. 1967) Dandy, Reg. Veg. 51: [Ind, Gen, Vase. PI.] Ii2, 121, Sc 122. 1967} Hocking, Excerpt. Bot, A, 12: ii25 — li26. 1967} J. Jim4ne», Archiv, Bot, & Biogaog, lUl. Ii3: Hi. 1967} Moldenke, Phytologia Hii Ii20— li29. 1967) Mol- denke, RAsumi Suppl, 15: 3, 15, & 20 (1967), 16: L, 5, 20, 23, Sc 29 (1968), and 17: 8, 1968} Acosta-Solis, Divis. Fitogeogr. Ecu- ad. 63. 1968) Moldenke, Biol. Abstr. Ii9: lil99. 1968} Steam, Humb. Bonpl, Kunth Trop, Am. Bot, 16. 1968} Dphof, Diet. Econ. PI., ed. 2, l51i Sc 51il. 1968} Anon., Tonrey Bot, Club Ind. Am. Bot. Lit. 3: 306 Sc 308. 1969} Dandy, Taxon I8: li69. 1969} Molden- ke, Phytologia 18: 505. 1969} Gibson, Fieldiana Bot. 2U (9): 179 Sc 195 — 198, fig, 37. 1970} Soukup, Raymondiana 3: 26 Sc li9. 1970) Angely, Fl, Anal, Sc Fitogeogr, Est, S, Paulo, ed. 1, U : 826. 1971} Balgooy, Blumea Suppl. 6: [PI, Geogr, Pacif.] 200. 1971} Farnsworth, Pharmacog. Titles 6 (9): iii. 1971} Moldenke, Fifth StBm. 1: 5, 69, 79, 81, 83—85, 87, 89, 90, 92, 95, 100, 102, 105, 108, no, in, n6, 122, 123, 132, 133, 135, uo, Hi8, 361, 362, 378, 385, U20, Sc li69— UTl (1971) and 2 : 528—531, 533, 727, 758, 787, 875, & 876. 1971} SAez R. & Nasser C., Revist, Biol. Trop. 18: 137. 1971} Moldenke, Phytologia 21: 102, 387, & 505 (1971), 22: 282 (1971), and 23: 319, lil5, 1:30, U5U, & 505. 1972) 23k PHITOLOGIA Vol. 32, no, 3 C, D. Adams, Flow. PI. Jam. 627, 636, & 811, l972j Airy Shaw in . J. C. Willis, Diet. Flow. PI., ed. 8, 293 & 571. 1973; Altschul, Drugs & Foods 2U5 — 2U6 & 351* 1973# Anon., Biol. Abstr. 56 (3): B.A,S,I,C. S,59. 1973# L6p«z-Palacios , Pittiera 5^ 18* 1973# L6- pez-Palacios, Revist, Fac. Fann, Univ. Los Andes 9 (13) J 18. 1973# Moldenke, Biol. Abstr. 56: 12U3. 1973# Moldenke in Woodson, Schery, & al., Ann. Mo. Bot. Card. 60: U3, 125-130, & IkS, fig. 13. 1973; Moldenke, Phytologia 25: 227, 238, & 505 (1973), 26: 502 ^973), 27: 507 (197U), and 28: U32, 1*35, U*9, & 508. 197U; Hocking, Ex- cerpt. Bot, A, 23: 291. 1971*; H. R., Biol. Abstr. 57: I90I*. 1971*; Lasser, Braun, & Steyera., Act. Bot, Venez. 9: 36, 1971*; Le6n & Alain, FI. Cuba, imp. 2, 2: 280 & 313—311*, fig. 135. 1971*; Little, Woodbury, & Wadsworth, Trees P, R, & Virg. Isis. 2 [U. S, Dept. Agr. Agric. Handb. 14*9]: xLi, 851*, 862, 863, 993 — 995, 997, 1001, 1001*, 1007, 1012, 1011*— 1016, 1020, & 1023, fig. 682. 1971*; Molina R., Ceiba 18: 66, 1971*; J. F. Morton, 500 PI. S. Fla. 63. 197!*; L6pez-Palacios , Revist. Fac. Farm. Univ, Los Andes 15: 21* & 96. 1975; Moldenke, Phytologia 31: 239 & 378. 1975; Molina R., Ceiba 19: 95. 1975. It should be noted that Cornu tla Bum. and Comutia Bum. f . are synonyms of Premna L., while Hosta Pfeiff, and Hosta Veil, are synonyms of Clavija Ruiz & Pav, in the Theophrastaceae {Myr- sinaceae) and Hosta Tratt. is a valid consezved genus in the Convallariaceae . While Aiiy Shaw (I966) credits one of the Hosta homonyms to Pfeiffer, consultation of Pfeiffer's work (I87I*) shows that Pfeiffer plainly credits the name to Velloso' s "Flora Flioainensis" . It is also worth recording here that the H.B,K. reference dates given in the above bibliography have been authenticated by Barnhart (1902), The Endlicher (1838) reference cited above is often cited as "1836-1856", but the pages involved here were actu- ally issued in I838, The Angely (1971) reference is sometimes cited as "1970", the title-page date, but the volume involved was not actually published until 1971. Dalla Torre & Hams (1901*) assert that the genus Cornutia com- prised 1* or 5 species from tropical America only, while Le6n & Alain (I97I*) raise the estimate to about 11. I recognize 26 val- id taxa, 12 of which are of specific rank. Macbrlde (I960) informs us that "Plumler's name [for the genus] (as decreed by modem savsmts, validated by Linnaeus) records the botanical observations of an early seventeenth century Canadian physician, Jacques Philippe Conmt" — actually Comut was a French physiciaui ■nho traveled in Canada and wrote on Canadian plants. CORNDTIA AUSTRALIS Moldenke In Fedde, Repert, Spec, Nov, 1*0: 171— 172. 1936. Additional bibliography: Moldenke, Phytologia 7: 381. 1961; Moldenke, Fifth Summ. 1: 11*8 (1971) and 2: 875. 1971. CORNUTIA AUSTRALIS var. OCCIDENTALIS Moldenke, Castanea 10: 1*5. 191*5. 1975 Moldenke, Notes on Comutia 235 Additional bibliography: Moldenke, Phytologia 7: 381. 1961 j Moldenke, Fifth Svam, 1: 135 (1971) and 2: 875. 1971. CORNUTIA COERULEA (Jacq.) Moldenke in Fedde, Repert, Spec. Nov. liO: 189—190. 1936. Additional & eti ended synoryniy: Comutia pyramidata Ait., Hort. Kew. 2: 353. 1789 [not C_^ pyramidata L., 1753, nor Le6n, 1953, nor Sprang., 1825, nor WiUd., 1821]. Hostana caerulea Jacq. ex Pere., Sp. PI. 3: 358—359. 1819. Additional bibliography; Desf., Tabl. ficol. Bot., ed. 1, 5U. 180U| Willd., Enum. PI. HOrt. Berol. 2; 652. I809l Deaf., Tabl, ficol. Bot., ed. 2, 61i. I8l5i Pers., Sp. PI. 3s 358—359. I8l9j Sprang, in L., Syst, Veg., ed, 16, 1: 39. 1825| Voigt, Hort, Sub- urb. Calc. U73. I8ii5j Anon., Biol. Abstr. Ii8 (li;)s B,A,S.I,C. B,8. 1967; Hocking, Excerpt, Bot. A, 12; U26. 1967; Moldenke, Phytolo- gia lU; U21. 1967; Moldenke, Biol. Abstr. h9: U99. 1968; Molden- ke, R68um4 Suppl. 16 : 23. 1968; Molden^, Fifth Summ. 1: 100, 361, Sc 170 (1971) and 2; 528 , 529 , 531, & 8^. 1971; A. L. Moldenke, Phytologia 23: 319. 1972. An unidentified editor of "Biological Abstracts" (1967) indexes a paper on Hosta caerulea Tratt. under Verbenaceae even though the abstract itself definitely states that it refers to the "liliace- ous" genus Hosta 1 Desfontaines (1815) reduces Hosta coerulea Jacq. to the syno- r^ymy of Comutia pyramidata L., while Steudel (1821) does the very opposite; he reduced £, pyramidata L. to the synoryny of C, coerulea. Actually, it is C_. pyramidata Ait. which is conspecific with and a synonym of C_. coerulea. CORNUTIA GRANDIFOLIA (Schlecht. St Cham.) Schau. in AJX)., Prodr. 11: 682. I81i7. Additional synonyry; Hosta grand! folia Schlecht. ax Benth., Bot. Voy. Sulphur 15U. I8li6. Comutia grandlflora Schau. ex Mol- denke, Prelim. Alph. List Invalid Names 23, in syn, 19U0; J. F, Morton, 500 FI. S, Fla. 63. 1971;. Comutia gr^difol^ (C. k S.) Lehaver ex Fosberg Sc KLawe in Boieaan, Gal^p. 188. 196^. Comutia grandls Moldenke, Fifth Summ, li li70, in syn. 1971. Comutia grandlflora (Schlecht, St Cham.) Schau, ex Moldenke, Phytologia 26: 372, in syn. 1973. Comutia grandlflora (Sw.) Schaw ox Moldenke, Phytologia 26; 372, in syn. 1973. Additional bibliography: Metcalfe Sc Chalk, Anat. Dlcot. 1036 & 1037, fig. 2U8 G. 1950; Fosberg & Klawe in Bowman, OalAp. 188. 1966; Gomez Pompa, Estud. Bot, Mlsantla 93. 1966; Moldenke, Risu- m4 Suppl. 15; 3, 15, k 20 (1967) and 16; U & 20. I968; Moldenke, Phytologia lU; U20--li2li k U26. 1967; Gibson, Fieldiana Bot, 2l* (9): 196 — 198, fig. 37. I97O; Farnsworth, Pharmacog, Titles 6 (9): lii. 1971; Moldenke, Fifth Sum. li 69, 79 , 81, 83—85, 87, 90, 92, 361, 362, U07, U70, k UTl (1971) and 2; 529—531 k I97I; siez R, k Nasser C., Revist, Biol. Trop. 18; 137. 1971; Moldenke, Phytologia 21; 102, 387, & UU9 (1971) and 23: Ul5. 1972; 236 PHYTOLOGIA Vol. 32, no. 3 Altschul, Drugs & Foods 2U5» 1973i Farnsworth, Pharmacog. Titles 6, Cum. Gen. Ind. [3$]. 1973i Moldenke, Phytologia 25* 227. 1973j Moldenke in Woodson, Schery, & al., Ann. Uo. Bot. Gard. 60: 126- 129 Sc 11:5. 1973| J. F. Morton, 500 PI. S. Fla. 63. 197Ui Molina R., Ceiba 19: 95. 1975. Additional Illustrations: Gibson, Fieldiana Bot. 21* (9): 197, fig. 37. 1970. Recent collectors describe this plant as a bushy, regtilar, secondary tree, 3~16.5 m. tall, or a shrub, 2 — 5 tall, the base of the trunk to U5 cm. in diameter, divided near the base into 2 tnmks 5*— 25 cm. in diameter at breast height | bark ru- gose and cork-like, cream-gray to pale-brownj branches square when young; leaves with a brownish aspect, soft-velvety; peti- oles tinged violet; flower-buds purple or dark-violet; flowers fragrant, in dense terminal panicles; fruit dark-purple or purple-violet to violet-purple or blackish-blue. A wood sample accompanies Stork U526. Collectors have encountered this plant in black sandy soil or the deep sand of acahual in primary vegetation, in forests, high forests, rainforests, cloud forests, and mixed forests, on hill- sides and forested rocky hills, on steep heavily wooded slopes with Plmia and Quercus, on north-facing hillslopes, in moist thickets at the edge of forests, in secondary vegetation of high evergreen woods, on lakeshores and in p>oorly drained soil by lakes, in riparian vegetation and unoccupied clearings, and in areas of half -shade with sun part of each day, at altitudes of 80—2150 meters ("more conmon at UOOO— 5000 feet"), flowering from March to November, and fruiting in June and from August to November. Andrew & Alison Moldenke describe it as "a small tree escaped in hedgerows, with magenta fruit". g6d6z Pogqa reports it growing in association with members of the Lauraceae . In Costa Rica it sometimes grows as a fence tree bordering coffee plantations . A pollen slide has been made from Allen 1637 by W. H. Lewis and is deposited in the Paiynological Laboratory of Washington University and at the Missouri Botanical Garden. Martinez Calderdn refers to the species as "scarce" in Vera- cruz, Mexico, while Rosas R. describes it as a "regularly abun- dant tree" there. Yuncker (I9U0) describes it as a "Small tree about 2.5 meters tall, the branches strongly U-angled. Leaves densely hairy; flowers violet. In thickets on the foothills." The cultivated plants in Florida, cited below, were raised there from Mexican seed. Additional vernacular names reported for this plant are "lengua de vaca", "murci4lago", and "pavUla". The corollas are said to have been "blue" o** P; Allen 1637, Breedlove 11:927, Buden 69, Contreras 7807, Cruz C. 238, Dwyer, Durkee, Croat. & Castillon 1:571. Molina R. 20562 & 22950, Tyson, Fosberg , & al. 3973, "light-blue" on Gentle 7968, "purple- blue" on Bunting & Licht 977, "purple" on P, H. AHen 1795, A. Jlmfaez M. 1:007« Martl!nez-Calder6n 1723, Rosas R. 131:3, Stork 1975 Uoldenke, Notes on Comutla 237 U526, and WlUlans, Molina R», & yfllllama 23UiO, "dark-purple" on Stork 3009, "lilac" on Beaman 60UI & 6I68, "violet" on Contreras 885^2 and A, Jia4nea M, 3980, "dark-violet" on Storic U113, "lavender-violet" on Hunter & Allen 537, "blue-violet" on Contre- ras U728, and "reddish-violet" on Rodi^guez U27» Oibson (1970) reduces var. purptisi Moldenke and var. quadran- gularis ^rst. & Moldenke to synonymy xinder typical £, grandlfol- ia. Standley (192U) separates C, grandifolia from the Central American and Mexican form of C^. pyramidata as follows: "Corolla minutely glandular-piabei*ulent, the tube 2 mm, thick or less £. pyramidata Corolla villosulous, the tube about 3 mm. thick . £. grandifolia" Material of typical C^ grauidlfolia has been misidentified and distributed in some herbaria as var. intermedia Moldenke, var, quadrangular la jjfrst, & Moldenke, and var, normalis (Kuntze) Mol- denke [which, in spite of its misleading epithet, is not the typical fora of £, grandifolia] , C, Tllacina Moldenke, aind even Aegiphlla sp. The Hunter & Allen 537, cited below, was previous- ly cited by me as var, intermedia, but I now feel that it is bet- ter regarded as representing the typical form of the species. On the other hand, the Almeda 321, C. W_. Dodge 10723, Jlm6nez ^ 17U. Lent 871. Molina Williams, Burger. & Wallenta 17627. Terry & Terry 1379, Ton 25Ui, Tyson 1266, Tyson & Lazor 5U30, Ven- tura A. 1^517, Wedel 2173, and Williams. Molina r7, Williams, 4 Gibson 28871, distributed as typical grandifolia, are actually var, intermedia Moldenke, Conrea A, 4 Stimson 19, Croat lii910, J» A, Duke ^80. Bainger li85, Jimlnez M, 3^63# Llesner 8U7, L. A, M. Riley 120, and Tyson 12 7U are var. normalis (Kuntze) Moldenke, Ton 3070 is C_. latlfolia (H.B.K.) Moldenke, £. ^ Dickson 1316 is C, lilac ina Moldenke, and Glllis 81i6U, Pane ho 17oti, and ^ W, Read 1260 are C^ lilac tna var. velutina Moldenke, and Tyson 2033 is something in the Rubiaceae. Additional citations: ME3CEC0: Chiapas: Breedlove lli927 (W — 2514:608); 0^ ^ Clarke 306 (N, Wa)j Ton 21:92 (N) , Oaxaca: Chave- las P, 4 P6rez J, 230 (Ip) ; Liebmann 1130^ (Ba) . VERACRUZ: Bea- man 601:1 (Ac), 6168 (Ac); Martinez-Crovetto 1723 [Rec, Inf, D002161:] (Mi), 201:7 [Sec. Inf. D0039l:5] (Mi); Cruz C. 238 (Ip); Moldenke 4 Moldenke 2229 (Ac, Z — photo, Z — photo); Rosas R, I3IO (Ac, Mi); Sousa 271:8 (W— 2631:501) . GUATEMALA: Alta Verapaz: Contreras 1:728 (Au— 278579, Ld), 7807 (Au— 278861:, Ld, W— 255871:5) . El Pet4n: Contreras 21:37 (Au— 228®!, 8852 (Ld, Ld); C. ^ Lun- dell 161:50 (Au— 228038); Ortiz 1318 (N) . BRITISH HONDURAS; GenUe 7968 (Au— 2214:26, Mi) . NICARAQUA: Matagalpa; Bunting 4 Ucht 977 (N, W— 251:2891:) ; MoUna R^ 20562 (N), 22950 (N); WilllaM. Molina R,. 4 Williams 23)4:0 (n) . COSTA RICA: Alajuela; A, Jimenez M. 238 PHYTOLOGIA Vol. 32, no. 3 3980 (N), ii007 (N)} Stork 1013 [A. F. Smith 13] (N). Cartago: . Rodriguez U27 (Tu--132385) ; Stork U526 (N); Taylor & Taylor llli65 (n) . San Jos4; K. GodfreyTT^lTTl— 18206$7) j Stork 3009 (N) . PANAMA: Cocl6: P. Allen 1637 (E— 118956U), 179$ (E— ll89U09)j Dwyer, Durkee, Croat, & Castlllon U$71 (E — 1983$$6); Hunter & Al- len $37 (W— 1976138) i Kirkbrlde 1073 (£—1982891); Tyson. Foaberg, & ^ 3973 (N, W— 273021*9). CULTIVATED: Florida: Buden ^ (Ws). CORNUTIA CffiANDIFOLLA var, INTERMEDIA Moldeidce in Fedde, Repert. Spec. Nov, 1*0; 167 — 168, 1936, Additional bibliography; Moldenke, Phytologia 11*; 1*23. 1967; Moldenka, R4suo6 Suppl, 1$: 3 (1967) and 16; 1*. 19^; Gibson, Fieldiana Bot. 21* (9): 196 4 198. 1970; Moldenke, Fifth Suam, 1; 79, 83, 8$, 87, 90, & 362 (1971) and 2: 876. 1971; Moldenke, Phytologia 2$; 227. 1973; Moldenke in Tfoodson, Schery, 4 al,, Ann. Mo. Bot. Gard, 60; 126, 127, 4 ll*$. 1973. Recent collectors describe this plant as a large shrub or tree, l.$ — 3 m. tall, the trunk or stems 2.$ — 1$ cm, in diameter at breast height, the leaves villous, the flowers with the scant of lavender (Lavendula) , and the fruit blue-purple, lilac, or "flushed lilac". They have encountered it along roadsides, on rivezt>anks and beaches, in roadside thickets, cloud forests, rainforests, and remnant montane rainforests, along streams and rivers, in secondary forests, in dense partially disturbed for- ests with Inga, Quercus, and Orchidaceae, and on steep heavily wooded slopes with Taxodium, Erythrina, Piper, and Liquidambar, at altitudes of 16 — 216$ meters, flowering fran December to August, fruiting in February, J*ine, July, and November. The ver- nacular name, "musciallago" [meaning "bats"], is recorded, Ven- tura A, refers to it as "very rare" in Veraceuz, Mexico. Jlmlnez M. found it "en borde de bosque con raaas arqueadas. El par apical de hojitas de cada rama no florecida tiene color pdrpurea. Ramas reci4n cortadas huelen a Lippia dulcia [■Phyla scaberrlma (A. L« Juss.) Moldenke]. Usado muy a menudo cht Kuntae 1332, L. M. Riley 120, Woodson, Allen, & Seibert 758 & 1737. and Woodson & Schery 1002, "blue-violet” on Liesner 8U7, and "purple" on Con?ea A. & Stimson 19, Porter, Crosby. & Baker 5152. and Tyson 1260, 127117 & 187ha. Material has been misidentified and distributed in some herbar- ia as typical C_. grand! folia (Schlecht, & Cham.) Schau., C . "grandiflora (S. St C.) Schau.", and pyr ami data L. On the other hand, the P^ ^ Allen 1637 St 1795. distributed as this variety, are actually typical C^ grandlfolia (Schlecht. St Cham.) Schau., Blackwell, Correa A., & Rldgway 27^7, Dwyer & Kirkbride 7U26, Lewis, Escobar, MacBryde , Oliver, & Ridgway 2016, and Lewis, Mac- Bryde, Oliver, & Ridgway VJkS are var. intermedia Moldenke, and Duke lijli^U is G. microcalycina var . pulverulenta Moldenke . Additional citations; COSTA RICA: Puntarenas: Jim6nez M. (N) . PANAMA; Canal Zone; Correa A. & Stimson I9 (E — 1897U32, Mi, N, W— 26U0353); Croat m910 (N); Dwyer 1073 (E— 1810409, W— 2^1394) ; Sbinger 465 (E— 1822489) , Stem, Chambers, Dwyer, & Ebinger 56 (E— 1757557); lyson IO6O (E— 1813010), 1260 (E— 181 7317), 1274 (E— 1812259), 1874a (E— 1817313). ChiriquI; Dwyer & Kirkbride 7462 (E— 1894007, Oh, W~2545709) J Woodson, Allen, & Seibert 412 (B— 11 70528) . Cocl4; Woodson, Allen, & Seibert 1737 (E — 1170860). Los Santos: Duke 12446 (E — 1908629)} Lewis, Mac- Bryde, Oliver, & Ridgway 1620 (N) . PariamA; Duke 5680 (E — lSl4l65) } Porter, Crosby, & Baker 5l52 (Ld); Woodson, Allen, St Seibert 758 (E — 1170413)} Woodson & Schery 1002 (E — 1205057^ . Veraguas: Duke 12364 (E — 1908621); Liesner 847 (W — 2745304). Province undeter- mined; Riley 120 (E— 1636525) . CORNUTIA GRANDIFOLIA var. PDRPUSI Moldenke in Fedde, Report. Spec. Nov. 40: 169. 1936. Etaended synonymy; Hosta longifolla H.B.K., Nov. Gen. & Sp. PI., ed. folio, 2; 201. 1817. Additional & emended bibliography: H.B.K., Nov. Gen. St Sp. PI., ed. folio, 2: 201 (1817) and ed. quarto, 2; 247. 1818; Barnhart, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 29s 590. 1902; Moldenke, Phytologia 14; 421, 422, Sc 424. 1967} Gibson, Fieldiana Bot. 24 (9): 196. 1970; Moldenke, Fifth Summ. 1: 69 & 470 (1971) and 2; 530 & 876. 1971. It should be noted here that the H.B.K. reference dates given above have been verified by Barnhart (1902). Gibson (1970) reduces this tajcon to the synonymy of typical C. grandlfolia (Schlecht. & Cham.) Schau. Material has been misidenf- tifled and distributed in s<»!ie herbaria as Aeglphila sp. 1975 Voldenke, Notes on Cornutia 2la Additional citations; LOCALITI OF COLLECTION UNDETERMIira); Fournier s.n, [acquis en Janvier 1885] (P, P, P, P» P, P); Herb, Mus , Paris a .n, (P) . CORNUTIA GRAIiDIFOUA var. QUADRA NCULARIS Jfrst. & Moldenke ex Mol- denke in Fedde, Repert. Spec. Nov. UO; 168. 1936. Additional synonymy: Comutia grandifolia var. quadrangularie Moldenke ex Gibson, Fleldiana Bot. (9): 196. 1970. Additional bibliography: Moldenke, Ph^ologia U;: i|22 & U2U. 1967j Gibson, Fieldlana Bot. 2h (9)» 196. 1970; Moldenke, Fifth Sunan. 1; 87, 1^70, & U71 (1971) and 2; 876. 1971; Moldenke, Phy- tologia 32: 237. 1975. Gibson (1970) reduces this taxon to synonymy under typical C. grandifolia (Schlecht. & Cham.) Schau. The Rodriguez U27, dis- tributed as this variety, actually is typical £, grandifolia and it is possible that the variety should be reduced to form rank. CORNUTIA GRANDIFOLIA var. STORKII Moldenke in Fedde, Repert. Spec. Nov. liO; 169 — 170. 1936. Additional bibliography: Moldenke, Phytologia Hi; U2i;. 1967; Gibson, Fleldiana Bot. 21^ (9): 196. 1970; Moldenke, Fifth Summ. 1: 87 (1971) and 2: 876. 1971. Gibson (1970) reduces this taxon to synonymy under typical C. grandifolia (Schlecht. & Cham.) Schau. and it is, indeed, possible that form rauak is all it deserves. CORNUTIA JAMAICENSIS Moldenke in Fedde, Repert. Spec. Nov. UO; 191—193. 1936. Additional bibliography; Moldenke, Phytologia ll^; UPU &, 1*29. 1967; Moldenke, Fifth S\nnm. 1; 100 (1971) and 2; 876. 1971. CORNUTIA LATIFOLIA (H.B.K.) Moldenke in Fedde, Repert. Spec. Nov. UO; 179—181. 1936. Einended synonymy: Hosta latifolia H.B.K., Nov. Gen. & Sp. PI., ed. folio, 2: 201. 1817 [not H. latifolia (Miq.) Matsum., 1905]. Comutia pyramidata Spreng. in L., Syst. Veg., ed. 16, 1: 39. 1825 [not pyraMdata Ait., I789, nor L., 1753, nor Le6n, 1953, nor Willd., 1821) . Additional & emended bibliography: H.BJt., Nov. Gen. & Sp. PI., ed. folio, 2: 201 (l8l7) and ed. quarto, 2: 2U8. I818; Barnhart, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 29 » 590. 1902; Moldenke, Phytologia lU: U2U— U25 ic U28. 1967; Gibson, Fleldiana Bot. 2U (9): 196 & I98. 1970; Moldenke, Fifth Summ. 1; 69, 79, 81, 362, & U70 (1971) and 2t 530 & 876. 1971; Moldenke, Phytologia 32: 237. 1975. Recent collectors describe this plant as an arborescent shrub, 1 — 6.5 m. tall, with an unpleasant fetid odor, the trunk 3—12 cm. in diameter at breast height, the stems square, glaucous, the older portions becoming corky, gray, panicles 2.5 x 7 dm., imd stamens 2. They have encountered it in low forests, clearings, on slopes with Liquidamhar and Erythrina, and in grazed thorn- PHYTOLOGIA Vol. 32, no. 3 2h2 acnib forest with Acacia dominant, at an altitude of 1000 meters, flowering in May and from August to October, and fruiting in Sep- tember. Andrew & Alison Moldenke describe the inflorescences as blue. The corollas are said to have been "blue” on Ortiz 1095, •’bluish" on Contreras bOl^l, "lavender" on Ton 3070, "lavendei>- blue" on Gllly & Hernandez X. 109, and "light-purple" on Roe, Roe, & Mori 133lt, while Sorensen reports the "petals dusty-blue with yellow spot in throat". The vernacular name, "expangage", is re- corded for it. Sorenson also reports that "pollination or visi- tation [is] made by [a] large black butterfly with [a] scarlet jagged band across [the] base of [the] wings". Gibson (1970) reduces this taxon to the synonymy of her all- inclusive C. pyramldata L. and the two taxa are certainly very closely related. Cytologic studies will have to reveal exactly how close the relationship is , Material has been misidentif iod and distributed in some herbaria as £, grandifolia (Schlecht. & Cham.) Schau., C, pyramidata L., C. pyramldata var. isthnica Mol- denke, C. pyramldata var. "ismithia Moldenke", and even as Labia tae sp. On the other hand, the Gentle 16, Lundell & Lundell 7888, and Matuda 3398, distributed and previously cited by me as C. latifolia, seem actually better placed as C. pyramidata var. isthmica Moldenke. It should be noted that the revised H.B.K. reference dates given above have been verified by the work of Barnhart (1902). Additional citations: MEXICO; Chiapas; Ton 3070 (N) . Tabasco; Gilly & Hernandez Xolocotzi 109 (Au) . Veracruz: Moldenke & Mol- denke 2235 (Ac). YucatAn: Enriquez 68 (W — 2597U86)| Roe, Roe, & Mori 133U (Ld) . GUATEMALA; El PetAn: Contreras 60la Iau~WB'5U2, W— 2558711); Ortiz 1095 (N), 1330 (N). BRITISH HONDURAS; C_. LundelJ. U33 (N); Sorensen 7067 (W — 262U961i) . CORNUTIA UTIPOLIA f. ALBA Moldenke, Phytologia 2; 131. I9li8. Additional bibliography; Moldenke, Phytologia llii U25. 1967; Gibson, Fieldiana Bot. 2U (9): 196 & 198. 1970; Moldenke, Fifth Sunim. 1; 69 (1971) and 2; 876. 1971. Chavelas and his associates describe this plant as a rare shrub, 2m. tall, growing in acahuales and pastizales of Panicum maximum, Apeiba tiborbou, Cochlospermtim vitifolium, Spondlas mombin, Scheelea liebmanni, and Guazxima ulnri. folia in deep well- drained soil, flowering in November. They record the vemac^llar name, "hoha de lara". and distributed their material as typical C. latifolia (H.B.K.) Moldenke. Additional citations; MEXICO: Veracruz; Chavelas, Esparza, & Ac eves ES .21106 (Ip) . “ CORNUTIA LILACINA Moldenke in Fedde, Report. Spec. Nov. UO; l8l — 183. 1936. Additional bibliography; Moldenke, Phytologia 11*; 1*22 & 1*25. 1975 Uoldenke, Notes on Comutla 2U3 1967; Oibson, Fieldiana Bot. 2U (9): 196. 1970; Moldenke, Fifth Summ. 1: 79, 83, 81i, & U7-0 (1971) and 2: 876. 1971; Moldenke, Phortologia 28: U32 (197li), 31: 378 (1975), and 32 : 237. 1975. Recent collectors describe this as a "regular” shrub, U m. tall, with purple fruit, and have found it growing in moist and roadside thickets, at 900 m. altitude, flowering in June, and fruiting in September. The corollas are said to have been "violet" in color on Molina R. 83. Gibson (1970) reduces the taxon to synonymy under ^ pyr ami data L., a West Indian plant. Material has been misidentified and distributed in some her- baria as C_. grandlfolia (Schlecht. &. Cham.) Schau. On the other hand, the Molina R. 20562 & 22950, distributed as lllacina, actually are grandlfolia, while Molina R. lh}77, li|)i36, illli37, & 22h62 are £. lllaclna var. velutlna Moldenke. Additional citations: GUATEMALA: Escuintla: Cox 935 [Herb, Cox 981] (Oa). HONDURAS: Cortes; J. D. Dickson 1316 (W— 2700696) . MorazAn: Molina R. 83 (Ba) , CORNUTIA LILACINA var, VELUTINA Moldenke in Fedde, Repert, Spec. Nov. UO: 183. 1936. Additional bibliography; Moldenke, Phytologla lU; 1*25 — U26. 1967; Gibson, Fieldiana Bot. 21; (9): 196. 1970; Moldenke, Fifth Summ. 1; 79, 83, & 81; (1971) and 2: 876. 1971; Moldenke, Phyto- logia 31; 378 (1975) and 32; 237. 1975. Recent collectors describe this plant as a small, weak, pubes- cent tree, 3 — 5 m. tall, or a large, tall shrub, 2 — 3 m. tall, with large woolly leaves that are fragrant when bruised, and flowers in terminal panicles, also fragrant when bruised, showy over a long period during the summer. They have encountered it in mixed woods and in open weedy meadows and roadsides, at alti- tudes of 620— 1300 meters, flowering from June to August. Molina R. reports it as "frequent", "common in cutover pine forests", and "common in secondary forests" in Honduras. Pfeifer refers to it on the label of his collection as a "vine to 30 ft.", but surely this must be the result of a secretarial error in trans- criptionl The corollas are said to have been "blue" on Pfeifer liibO Sc 1729. "lilac" on Molina R^ 11^366. Ii4i36. & 1U;37. "violet" on Molina R. 22l;62, Pancho I60U, and ^ ^ Read 1260, and "lavender- blue" on GiUls 81;^. Read reports that this plant grows well in dry limestone soils. Gibson (1970) reduces it to the synonymy of C. pyr ami data L. Material has been misidentified and distributed in some herbar- ia as £. grandifolia (Schlecht, & Cham.) Schau., lilacina Mol- denke, and ^ pyramidata L, Additional citations; HONDURAS; Comayagua; Molina R. Iii366 (N) . CopAn: Molina R^ 26232 (N) . Distrito Central; Pfeifer 1729 (¥). El Parafso; Pfeifer U;60 (W) . Lampira: Molina R. 1298I (N). MorazAn: Molina R.~lU36 (N), liai37 (W— 2567913, ¥—2^^1377 2Uh PHYTOLOGIA Vol, 32, no. 3 Ocotepeque: Molina R. 22U62 (N) . Tegucigalpa; Barkley & Boghdan 39UOO (Z). CULTIVATED: Florida; Gillis 8h6k (Ac, Ba, Ft); Pane ho 160U (Ea) ; ^ ^ Read 1260 (Ba— Ft— 2196) . CORNUTIA MICROCALYCINA Pavon & Moldenke ex Moldenke in Fedde, Repert, Spec. Nov. liO; 173 — 175* 1936. Additional synonymy; Comutla microcalycina Pav. ex Moldenke apud J. F. Macbr., Field Mus. Publ. Bot. 13 (5)s 690. I960. Comutia microcalicyna Pav. &. Moldenke apud Acosta-Solis, Divis. Fitogeogr. Ecuad. 63, sphalm. 1968. Comutia microcalycina Mol- denke. Fifth Sianm. 1; U70, in syn. 1971. Cornutia microcalycina (Pav.) Moldenke, Fifth Summ. 1: 1^70, in syn. 1971 • Additional bibliography; J. F. Macbr., Field Mus. Publ. Bot. 13 (l5)t 690. i960; Fosberg & Klawe in Bowman, Gal4p. 188. 1966; Moldenke, Phytologia lli; U26— U28. 1967; Moldenke, R6suml Suppl. 15: 20 (1967), I6: h (1968), and 17: 8. I968; Acosta-Solis, Divis. Fitogeogr. Ecuad. 63. 1968; Moldenke, Fifth Summ. 1: 89, 90, 116, 122, 135, lUO, U69, & U70 (1971) and 2: 530 & 876. 1971; Moldenke in Woodson, Schery, & ad., Ann. Mo. Bot. Gacrd. 60j 129— 130 & ll;5» 1973; Lasser, Braun, & Steyerm., Act. Bot. Venez. 9: 36. 197U; Moldenke, Phytologia 28; 1^35 & Ui9 (197U) and 32: 2ii0. 1975; L6pez-Palacios , Revist. Fac. Fairm. Univ. Los Andes l5: 2U. 1975. Recent collectors describe this plant as a shrub, U m. tadl, or tree, 6 — 7 m. tall, the leaves '•membranous" or "thick-papery", soft, dull pale-green or medium-green above auid psiler beneath, lightly tcmientose on the venation beneath, the calyx paile-green, auid the fniit subglobose-ovoid, pale-green when young, glossy ' ' ‘ ’ ■ L6pez-Palacio3 describes it as Hojas de env6s tomentoso- velutinoso" and foimd it to be "Abundante en la zona desde el nivel del mar hasta IhOO m," Others speak of encountering it in open fields and in secondary regrowth at altitudes of I50 — 580 meters, flowering from May to August, and fruiting from July to September. The corollas are said to have been "purple" on Breteler U023 and Curran I60, "blue-purple" on L6pez-Palacios & Bautista 3169, "blue" on Aristeguieta 3255 and L6pez-Palacios 3090, and "purple-lilac" on Stern & al. hTl- Stem and his associates speak of it as a "vine on tree", but this is probably an error in observation. A wood sample accompanies Breteler U023« The vernacular name, "anime de pierra caliente", has been recorded for the plant. Lasser and his associates (i97U) speak of it as being cultivated in Venezuela. Acosta-Solis (1968) cites his no. 5211 from Ecuador. The Castafteda 5565 and Gilmartin 597, distributed as typi- cal C_. microcalycina, are actually var. pulverulenta Moldenke. Additional citations: PANAMA: Dari4n; Stem, Chambers , Dwyer, & Ebinger U71 (E — 175755U) . COLOMBIA: Bolivar: Curran 160 (Ws) . 197$ Moldenke, Notes on Comutla 2U5 VENEZUELA.; Barinas: Arlsteguleta 32$$ (N); Breteler h023 (N, N, W— 2I166O02, W— 2li66003), U605 (W— 258296U); L6p9z-Palaclo8 309O (Ld) . M6rida: L^pez-Palacios & Bautista 316? (Ld) , 3^06 (Ld) . CORNUTIA MICROCALICINA Veir, ANOMALA Moldenke in Fedde, Repert, Spec. Nov. liO; 176. 1936. Additional bibliography: Moldenke, Phytologia lU: U26. 1967) Moldenke, Fifth Summ. 1: 89, 90, & II6 (1971) and 2: 876. 1971) Moldenke in Woodson, Schery, & al., Ann. Mo. Bot. Card. 60: 130 & Ui5. 1973. Bnended citations: PANAMA; DariSn: Goldman 18 96 (W — 7l6l5Ii) . CORNUTIA MICROCALYCINA var. PULVERULEWTA Moldenke in Fedde, Rep- ort. Spec. Nov. UO: 175—176. 1936. Additional bibliography: Moldenke, Phytologia lii: li26— U28. 1967) Moldenke, Fifth Summ. 1: 90, II6, 135, & li69 (1971) and 2: 876. I97I) Moldenke in Woodson, Schery, jc al., Ann, Mo, Bot. Card. 60: 130 & lli5. 1973) Moldenke, Phytologia 28: U35 (197U) and 32: 2^0. 1975. Recent collectors describe this plant slb a bush, 3 ni» tall, a half -shrub, or a shnib, 2.5 — 7 m. tall, or even a small tree, 1*— 9 m. tall, odorous and very meduUose, the trunk to 15 cm. in diameter at breast height, the bark gray aind with fine fissures, and the fruit blue or puiple. They have encountered it on river- banks, in secondary forests, or in very advamced secondary rain- forests, at altitudes of 50 — 980 meters, flowering in January, February, April, and from Jvily to September, and fruiting in February and from July to September, Jdtiva & Epling refer to it as "common” and as "common in clearings". Duke reports that it is one of the medicinal plants of the Bayano Cuna Amerinds, while Castafleda says that it is used "para alxuyentar los piojos en nidos de gallinas". Vernacular names recorded for it are "culapo", "malasap", "nacedero", and "samula". The corollas are said to have been "blue" on J^tiva & Epling 2103 & 231x9 snd L6pez-Palacios 3587, "violet" on jAtiva & Epling U70 & 7U9, "lilac" on Castafleda 5565, and "puiT)le" on Barclay & al. 3159, Lewis L al. 5502, and Little & Dixon 21051. Material has been misidentified and distributed in some herbar- ia as C^ grandlfolla var. normalis (Kuntze) Moldenke, C. mlcro- calycina Pac. & Moldenke, and C. odorata var. colombiana Moldenke. Additional citations: PANAMA: Cocl6: Lewis, Porter, Duke, it Baker 5502 (Z) . Dari6n: J. A. Poke 1^51 (E— 1908li;3) . COLOMBIA: Antioquia: L6pez-Palacio8 35^7 (Ld) Meta: Barclay, Juajibioy, & Gama 3159 (W— 2702290) . Narifio: Castafleda ^^65 (N) . ECUADOR: Es- meraldas: jAtiva & Epling U70 (N), 7li9 (1^ N, W— 2707200), 2103 (N, S, W—2600856T, '2~lli9 (E— 2165237./ N. S, W--26008U3) ) A. J. Gilmartin $91 (N)) Little & Dixon 21051 (N, W— 26Ui7la) . [to be continued] STUDIES IN THE EUPATORIEAE (ASTERACEAE ) . CXLVIII. A NEW SPECIES OF LOMATOZOMA. R. M. King and H. Robinson Department of Botany Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C. 20560 The genus Lomat ozoma was described by Baker in Martius Flora Br as iliens is in 1876 and has been regarded as monotypic since that time. The genus has been re- cognized most readily by a rather superficial character of the type species, the bipinnately dissected leaves. A second species of the genus described here, has leaves only shallowly Lobed but agrees in all basic characters of the genus, the prismatic achenes, the scarcely differentiated carpopodia, and the very short setae of the pappus. The new species differs from the type species of the genus by the shallowly lobed leaves, the blunt phyllaries that Lack glands on the outer surface and the achenes that have setae on the upper parts of the ribs. The carpopodium of the new species differs in minute details, being narrower with a few more scLerotized cells and being borne immediately below the setiferous part of the achene. In L. artemis- iif olia Baker the carpopodium is separated from the setiferous area by a very short glabrous zone. Lomatozoma ander sonii R.M.King & H. Robinson, sp. nov. PTantae erectae frutescentes usque ad A dm altae muLto ramosae. Caules teretes vix striati. CauLes foLia et pediceLIi glandulis stipitatis minutis dense obsiti. Folia opposita distincte petioLata, petiolis ^-LI mm Longis ; laminae plerumque 1. 5-2.8 cm longae I. ^-2. 5 cm latae utrinque vadose 3-6 Late Lobatae base truncatae apice obtusae. Inf Lorescentae Laxe cymosae, ramis uLtimis ca. L cm Longis. CapituLa ca. 7 mm aLta 3 mm Lata; fLores ca. 25; squamae invoLucri ca. 25 imbricatae ca. i4-seriatae L-5 mm Longae obLongae tri- nervatae apice obtusae extus glabrae margine anguste scariosae et minute glanduLif er ae . CoroLLae ca. 3.5 mm Longae anguste infundibuLares , tubis ca. 0.5 mm Longis, Lobis ca. 0.5 mm Longis extus pauce setiferis- et stipitate glanduLifer is ; filamenta in parte super- iore ca. 300^, Longa; appendices antherarum ovato- obLongae ca. 300|j, Longae et L75|j, Latae. Achaenia ca. L.8 mm Longa in costis breviter setifera; carpopodia minuta sessiLia, ceLLuLis L-2-seriatis ; setae pappi 2U6 1975 King & Robinson, A new species of Lomatozoma 2h,l ca. 20 pLerumque 0.4-0. 8 mm Longae dense scabridae. Grana poLLinis ca. 20|j, diam. TYPE: BRAZIL: Goias : Serra dos Pirineus. ca. L5 km N of Corumba de Goias; elevation L250-L300 meters, L4 May 1973. William R. Anderson 102 58 (HoLotype US). Acknowledgement This study was supported in part by the National Science Foundation Grant BMS 70-00537 to the senior author . 21i8 phytologia Vol. 32, no. 3 uNiito si»rr» 275547r) KATKSNAI iiCflBARluM Lomatozoma andersonii R.M.King & H. Robinson, HoLotype, United States National Herbarium. Photos by Victor E. Krantz, Staff Photographer, National Museum of Natural History. 1975 King & Robinson, A new species of Lomatozoma 2h9 Lomatozoma ander sonii R.M.King & H. Robinson, Enlargement of heads . STUDIES IN THE EUPATORIEAE ( ASTERACEAE ) . GXLIX. A NEW GENUS, OSMIOPSIS . R. M. King and H. Robinson Department of Botany Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C. 20560 The distribution of various characteristics among the West Indian Eupatorieae indicates hybridization has occured between two genera that would not otherwise seem closely related, Koanophy lion and Ghr omolaena . The results are apparently widespread in dilution of characters among some species of both genera. In a species from Haiti, the recombination of characters is such that they cannot be tolerated within either parent genus. This species is the basis for the new genus, Osmiopsis described here. The plants have the habit and involucre of Chromolaena and the species has previously been placed in Chromolaena by the authors (King & Robinson, 1970). However, the flowers have broad glandulif erous corolla lobes, short anther appendages and enlarged tips on the style branches that are like Koanophy lion and unlike Ghromolaena . The hybrid origin of Osmiops is and some other West Indian intermediates is based on circumstantial evidence of character distribution. Evidence would indicate further that such hybrids were totally viable and capable of further evolution, but that the hybridizations all apparently date from some earlier period and are not continuing at this time. Osmiopsis R.M.King & H. Robinson, genus novum Asteracearum’. PLantae frutescentes vel scandentes mediocriter ramosae. Gaules teretes vel parum anguLosi. Folia opposite petioLata, Laminis LanceoLatis vel lobatis laevibus base trinervatis supra sparse glandulif eris et minute puberuLis subtus saepe dense glandulo-punctatis non pubescent ibus . Inf lorescentiae thrysif ormes , ramis oppositis erecto-patentibus corymbosis; squamae involucri imbricatae i»-5-seriatae omnino deciduae; receptacuLa plana vel leniter convexa glabra; f lores 18-26; corollae infundibulares extus et intus laeves extus glanduliferae , cellulis elongatis, parietibus sinuosis, lobis aequaliter- aliter triangular ibus vel latioribus extus dense gland- uliferis; filamenta in parte superiore brevia, cellulis plerumque quadratis, parietibus leniter noduliferis; cellulae exotheciales subquadratae , appendicibus anther-^ arum breviter oblongis latioribus quam longioribus; styli inferne glabri non nodulosi, appendicibus stylorum anguste 2^0 1975 King & Robinson, Genus Osm^opsis 25l Linearibus breviter papilLosis apice vix veL distincte cLavatis sublaevibus. Achenia prismatica 5-costata sparse gLanduLifera veL minute spicuLifera; carpopodia breviter cylindrica, ceLLuIis superf iciaLibus distinctis subquadratis minutis ca. 9-seriatis, parietibus sub- incrassatis; setae pappi 25-30 uniseriatae scabridae superne sensim Leniter veL distincte incrassatae, celLuLis apicaLibus acutis. Grana poLLinis 20-22ij, diam. minute spinuLosa. Species typica Eupat or ium plumer ii Urban & Ekman The genus is monotypic. Osmiopsis plumer ii (Urban & Ekman) R.M.King & H. Robin- son, comb. nov. Eupator ium plumer ii Urban & Ekman, Arkiv. Bot. 23A ( L L ) : 52 . 1931. Haiti. Osmiops is plumer ii is similar in aspect to two Haitian species of Koanophy Lion and they are sometimes confused in herbaria. The Koanophy LLon species, K. se LLeana (Urban) K. & R. and K. phanioides (Urban & Ekman) K. & R. differ by having 8- L2 flowers per head and involucres with some spreading persistant bracts at the base. Reference King, R. M. & H. Robinson L970. Studies in the Eupator- ieae (Compos itae ) . XXIX. The genus, ChromoLaena . PhytoLogia 20:196-209. Acknowledgement This study was supported in part by the National Science Foundation Grant BMS 70-00537 to the senior author . STUDIES IN THE EUPATORIEAE (ASTERACEAE ) . CL. LIMITS OF THE GENUS KOANOPHYLLON. R. M. King and H. Robinson Department of Botany Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C. 20560 An initial attempt to delimit the genus Kpanophyllon (King & Robinson, 1971) used a rather narrow concept for the genus while acknowledging numerous related species in the West Indies. Various additions to the genus (K. & R., 1972, L97^a, 1974b) have all continued to be within the narrow interpretation. A final analy- sis of the related groups has indicated that a broader concept of Kpanophyllon is preferable. The new complete list of species is included here with indications of some of the closely related genera. In the broadened concept of Kpanophyllon certain characters are given less importance . Tne Inflorescence of the typical element was pyramidally paniculate but in the majority of added species they are corymbose. The anther appendage was usually short and with a median groove but in the broader concept the appendage is often short but most often not grooved. Still, numerous characters remain which help to distinguish the genus. Species of Kpanophyllon have comparatively short-pet iolate leaves except for K. consanquineum of Brazil. The character is particularly notable in com- parisons with many members of the Hebeclinium relation- ship. The leaves of Kpanophyllon are glandular punct- ate as are the corollas and involucres. Only in K. pr inoides have no glands been seen on the leaves under the binocular microscope. The character of glands on leaves and corollas is particularly notable in compari- sons with the genus Cr itonia . The leaves are almost always opposite with subopposite and ternate leaves found only K. myrt illoides . The receptacle of Koano- phy lion is bare without either paleae or hairs. The base of the corolla is broadly tubular and scarcely distinct from the limb. The nectary is usually quite large exdending upward partly into the broad tubular corolla base. The corolla lobes are relatively broad and often broader than long with numerous glands clustered on the outer surface. The corolla lobes have no hairs or only a few short hairs. The anther collars have the walls of the cells unornamented or weakly ornamented. The strongest annular ornamentation is in K. albicaule. The style base is slender and 2^2 1975 King it Robinson, Genus Koanophyllon 253 smooth and the style tips are often but not always knobbed. The carpopodium has small cells with slight- ly thickened walls and the pappus when present is per- sistent with often incrassate setae. As presently recognized the genus contains a num- ber of unique species and species groups. In the typical element in Central America are K. stand ley i having no pappus and K. ravenii having a very short pappus, in Brazil is K. baccharif olium having more strongly hastate bases on the anthers, in Bolivia is K. jugipaniculatum with its unusually large pinnately veinea leaves, in Brazil is K, thysanolepis with its large coarse heads and partially dentate ^yllaries and also in Brazil is K. myrt illoides with its unique phyllotaxy . Of particular concern in the genus are the vari- ations in the involucre. Most species have eximbricate phyllaries and some are as marked in this character as any Gyptoid genera. The species with subimbricate rounded phyllaries seem to be scattered through the genus. In the typical element the progression from eximbricate species to the strongly subimbricate con- dition in K. pittier i is so gradual that taxonomic subdivision above the species level is impossible. The Colombian K. mesoreopolum may be related to this series. Completely different relationship is evident in the scandent K. tetrantheruri of Jamaica with its very diffuse panTcle and four flowers per head. Two species in Haiti, K, selleanum and K. phanioides , differ from the genus Osmopsis only in one significant tech- nical feature, the persistent outermost bracts of the involucre. The last two species seem to be part of the taxonomically difficult group in the West Indies derived from hybridization between Chromolaena and Koanophyllon. In all the species of Koanophyllon with subimor icate involucres the phyllaries are relatively broad and blunt. The more acute forms of Gr isebach- ianthus and the more elongate involucres of Lorentz- lanthus and Fleischmanniopsis seem to represent yet more separately derived but related types. Some of the genera related to Koanophyllon have been mentioned in previous papers of this series. Sphaereupator ium of South America and Mexianthus and Neohintonia of Central America are all notable For the spherical form of the inflorescences and the latter two have only one flower in each individual head. Eupatoriagtrum of Central America is distinct by the heads with ca. 300 flowers and prominent paleae. In the West Indies Gr isebachianthus can be distinguished from Koanophyllon by the tomentose leaves and stems combined witn the imbricated acute-tipped phyllaries. 251l PHTTOLOGIA Vol. 32, no. 3 Osmops is is technically PraxeLoid by its totally deciduous involucre. Related South American genera include Ophryosporus of the classical genera, the more recently described Badilloa and Vittetia , and the genera Chacoa , Lorentzianthus and Idiothamnus described in accompanying papers. Ophryosporus differs from Koanophyllon by the anther appendage almost totally vestigia 1 , the phyllaries few and totally eximbricate, and the corolla base narrower. Badilloa has broader strap-shaped style branches and mostly larger pollen. Vittetia was originally thought of as Gyptoid because of its extremely papillose style branch. The genus is further distinguished from Koanophyllon by the very narrow base of the corolla. Id iotnamnus is distinct by the paleaceous receptacle and has a rather distinctive habit with large pinnately veined ascending leaves. Chacoa differs from Koanophyllon by narrow based corollas and one of the species has distinctly alternate leaves. The monotypic Lorentzianthus has strongly sub- imbricate elongate involucres and has long-pet iolate leaves similar to members of the Hebeclinium relation- ship. There are some species of St omatanthes that have corollas resembling Koanophyllon and confusion might result if style bases are not observed carefully. Our expanded concept of the genus indicates that it contains the following 109 species. Th species preceeded by an asterisk (* *) have not previously been placed in the genus. * ^ognophyllon adamant ium (Gardn. ) R.M.King & H. Robin- son, comb. nov. Eupator ium adamant ium Gardn. in Lond . J. Bot. 5:977. 1896 . Brazil . Koanophyllon a Ibicaule (Schultz-Bip. ex Klatt) K. & R. , ir'hytologia 22C3):199. 1971. Eupator ium a Ibicaule Schultz-Bip. ex Klatt, Leopoldina 20:89. 1889. Mexico . * a t r og 1 a nd u 1 o sum (Alain) R.M.King & H. Robinson, comb. nov. Eupator ium atroglandulosum Alain, Contr. Ocas. Mus . Hist. Nat . Col . ' de Ta Salle* Habana 18:3. 1960. Cuba. Included here on basis of description; see Alain 1960. * Koanophyllon ayapanoides (Griseb. ) R.M.King & H. Rob- inson, comb. nov. Eupatorium ayapanoides Griseb. , Cat. PI. Cub. 196. 1866. Cuba. 1975 King & Robinson, Genus Koanophyllon 255 * Koanophyllon bacchar if oLium (Gardn. ) R.M.King & H. R^DTns^n^ comb. nov. Eupator ium bacchar if oLium Gardn., Lond. J. Bot. ^:II6. Brazil . * Koanophyllon barahonense (Urb. ) R.M.King & H. Robinson, co^r ''rio^. ^tTupaTorTum barahonense Urb., Fedde Repert. 17 : 10. 1921. Hispaniola . * Koa nophy 1 1 on br e v i f 1 or urn (Alain) R.M.King & H.Robin- sonTcomB . nov. Eupator ium brevif lorum Alain, Contr. Ocas. Mus^ Hist . C^l"! ’ de la Salle’ Habana. Included only on basis of description; see Alain 1960. Cuba. * Koanophyllon bullescens_ (B .L. Robinson) R.M.King & H. RoDTnson7 comb. nov. Eupatorium bullescens B.L. Robinson, Contr. Gray Herb. n. s . 51 : 533 . 1916. Cuba . * koanophyllon cabaionum (Urb. & Ekm. ) R.M.King & H. RobTnson7 comb. nov. Eupatorium cabaionum Urb. & Ekm., Arkiv. Bot. (Stockh.) 23A (11):65. 1931. Haiti. * Koanophyllon calcicola (Urb.) R.M.King & H. Robinson, comb, nov ."Eu^t orl[um ca Icicola Urb. Symb. Ant. 5:529. 1908. Hispaniola. Koanophyllon ce It idif olium (Lam. ) K. & R. Phytologia 22(3) : 19T^ 1971. Eupatorium ce It idif olium Lam., Encyc . 2:906. 1788. Syn. Eupatorium plicata Urban, Symb. Antill 5:523. 1906. Colombia , Ecuador , Guatemala?, Jamaica, Lesser Antilles, Peru, Venez. * Koanophyllon chabrense (Urban & Ekman) R.M.King & H. )inson, comb. nov. Eupatorium chabrense Urban & Ekman, Arkiv. Bot. (Stockh.) 23A(11):58. 1931. Haiti . * Koapophyllon cha Icepritha les (B . L . Robinson ) R.M.King ST'h . RoSTns on , comb. nov. Eupator ium cha Iceorithales B . L. Robinson , Contr. Gray Herb. n. s . 77:10. 1926 . Cuba . * Kpa_hpphy 1 Iph c le me n t i s (Alain) R.M.King & H. Robinson, comb. nov. Eupatorium dementis Alain, Contr. Ocas. Mus . Hist. Col . * de la Salle* Habana 18:9. 1960. Cuba . PHYTOLOGIA Vol. 32, no, 3 256 * KoanophyLLon consanguineum (A . P.DecandoILe ) R.M.King ™~¥~HTRoBinson , comb. nov. Eupatorium consanguineum A. P. DecandoLIe, Prodr. 5 ; L66 . L836 . Brazil. KoanophyLLon couLter i (B . L. Robinson) K. & R. , PhytoLogia 22 (3 ) : L^9. L97L. Eupatorium couLteri B.L. Robinson, Proc. Amer. Acad . 36:477. L9()L . Guatema La . * KoanophyLLon cubense (A . P.DecandoLLe ) R.M.King & H. T?oBTnson7 'comB'I nov. Eupatorium cubense A.P. Decan- doLLe, Prodr. 5:L72. L836 . Cuba . * KoanophyLLon cynanchif pLjum (A . P.DecandoLLe ) R.M.King & H. Robinson, comb. nov. Eupatorium cynanchif oLium A . P .DecandoLLe , Prodr. 5 : L72 . L836 . Cuba. * KoanophyLLon deLpechianum (Urban & Ekman) R.M.King & H. Robinson, comb. nov. Eupatorium deLpechianum Urban & Ekman, Arkiv Bot. (Stockh.") 23A (LL ) :60. L93L. Haiti. Koanojj:\y LLpn doLichoLepis (Urban) R.M.King & H. Robin- son, comb. nov. Eupator ium viLLosum var . doLicho- Lepis Urban, Fedde Repert. L7:52. L92L. Puerto Rico . * Koa npp,hy L L p^n dpLphinii (Urban) R.M.King & H. Robinson, comb. nov. Eupat orTum doLphinii Urban, Symb. Ant. 5:522. L908. Jamaica. * KoanophyLLon droseroLepis (B . L . Robinson ) R.M.King &. H. Robinson, comb. nov. Eupatorium droseroLepis B .L .Robinson, Proc. Amer. Acad. 5^ : 2A3 . L9L8 . Puerto Rico. KoanophyLLon dukei K. & R. PhytoLogia 28(L):68. L974. Panama . KojanophyLLon .eitejiii R.M.King & H. Robinson, sp. nov. PLantae frutescentes erectae usque ad L.5 m aLtae mediocriter ramosae. CauLes teretes striati fuLvi dense hispiduLi. FoLia opposita breviter petioLata, petioLis 2-3 mm Longis ; Laminae Late ovatae L . 5-2 . 5 mm Longae L. 2-2.0 mm Latae base cordatae trinervatae veL quinquenervatae margine serruLatae apice acutae veL minute acuminatae supra gLabrae Lucidae subtus gLanduLo- punctatae in nervis et nervuLis minute puberuLae. Inf Lorescentiae corymboso-panicuLatae , ramis uLtimis L-6 mm Longis minute puberuLis et gLanduLif eris . Capit- uLa 6-7 mm aLta; squamae invoLucri ca. 20 eximbricatae 197$ King & Robinson, Genus Koanophyllon 257 Lanceolatae pLeruraque ^4-5 mm longae extus minute puber- uLae vel subglabrae bicostatae apice anguste acutae veL acuminatae margine non scariosae; receptacuLa plana glabra. Flores ca. L7 in capituLo; coroLIae ca. 3.5 mm Longae pLerumque tubulosae extus pLerumque glabrae,^ lobis ca. 0.^ mm longis aequilateraliter triangular ibus extus dense glanduLifer is ; filamenta in parte superiore brevia O.I mm Longa; thecae ca. L.L mm Longae; appendices antherarum obLongo-ovatae ca . 0.2 mm Longae; appendices styLorum fiLiformes Leniter mamiLLosae apice vix cLavatae. Achaenia L.5-L.8 mm Longa sparse gLanduLif era ; carpopodia brevia Lata, ceLLuLis ca. 8-seriatus sub- quadratis L0-L6p, diam, parietibus incrassatis; setae pappi ca. 30 ca. 3. 0-3. 5 mm Longae inferne remote scabridae apice Leniter incrassatae, ceLLuLis apicaLibus subacutis veL obtusis. Grana poLLinis 20-22g, diam. TYPE: BRAZIL: Goias : Municipio de CaLdas Novas: at headwaters of the creek, Rio Quente, at the hotel, "Pousada do Rio Ouente", L3 km WSW of city of CALDAS NOVAS. 17^ 48’S. ^48^ i45’W. 2L Dec 1974. Heringer & Eiten L4 L55 (HoLotype US). The new species is of a habit similar to many West Indian members of the genus but the only species with similar appearance in Brazil is K. myrtilLoides . The Latter species happens to differ rather strikingly by its phyLLotaxy which is unique in the genus. In K. eitenii the Leaves are opposite but in K. myrtilLoides the Leaves of the main stems are ternate while those of the branches become subopposite or alternate. * Koanophyllon ekmanii (B . L . Robinson ) R.M.King & H.Rob- inson, comb7~no^ Eupator ium ekmanii B .L. Robinson, Contr. Gray Herb, n . s . 77 : l5 . 1926 . Cuba. * koanophyllon f LaviduLum (Urb. & Ekm. ) R.M.King & H. Robinson, comb. nov. Eupator ium f LaviduLum Urb. & Ekm., Arkiv. Bot. (St octch . ) 23A ( LL ) 1 . 1931. Haiti . Koanophyllon fiexile (B .L. Robinson) K. 8i R. PhytoLogia 22(3 ) : 150. L97L. Eupatorium flexile B . L . Robinson , Proc. Amer. Acad . 55:14. T^L^"! Peru. * kpanoph^LLpn f us cum (N.E. Brown) R.M.King & H. Robin- son, comb, nov, Eupatorium f us cum N.E. Brown, Trans. Lin. Soc. ser.2 6 :39. l90L. VenezeuLa. 258 PHYTOLOGIA Vol. 32, no. 3 * iSSJJQSfiiiyi-iSil (Urb. ) R.M.King & H. Robinson, comb. nov. Eupat or ium gabbi i Urb., Fedde Re pert. L7:50. L92L. Hispaniola. * KoanophyLLon gibbosum (Urb.) R.M.King & H. Robinson, comb. nov. Eupat or ium gibbosum Urb., Fedde Repert. L7:^9. L92L. Hispaniola. * Kq a n o ph y j-_I Qtj ^ra^iAi^aul^ (Sch.-Bip. ex B . L. Robinson) R.M.King & H. Robinson, comb. nov. Eupator ium gracilicauLe Sch.-Bip. ex B .L. Robinson, Proc. Amer . Acad . ^2:39. L906. Mexico. * Ko a n ophy j- L p.n g^a^iJ^ijjej^ (Urb.) R.M.King & H. Robinson, comb. nov. Eupator ium gracilipes Urb., Symb. AntiLL. 5:522. L908. Jamaica. * (Urb.) R.M.King & H. Robinson, comb. nov. Eupatorium gundiachii Urb., Symb. AntiLL. 3:399. L903. Cuba. 'LLon hammat oc Ladum (B . L . Robinson & N.L. Britton) rrJOCing^TrrRobTnsoniT^omb. nov. Eupator ium ha mma toe Ladum B.L. Robinson & N.L. Britton, Proc. Amer. Acad. 54:2^6. L9L8. Jamaica. * KoanoplwJAo^ h^^dw^rejn^ H7KTng~8ni.Robinson, warense G.R. Proctor & U 09 . r97L. Jamaica. (G.R. Proctor & C.D. Adams) comb. nov. Eupator ium hard- C.D. Adams, PhytoLogia 2L: R. * j, Holotypr * ■ cii.-rZe-. rail 'i*rS 1 1/? n U-. HistLy. ^ ^ Photographer, National Museum of Natural I 1975 King & Robinson, Genus Koanophyllon 267 STUDIES IN THE EUPATORIEAE (ASTERAGEAE ) . GLI . A NEW GENUS, GRISEBAGHIANTHUS . R. M. King and H. Robinson Department of Botany Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.G. 20560 Eight species of eastern Guba form a distinct endemic element recognized here as a new genus Gr isebach- ianthus . The genus has the general habit and floral characters of the related Koanophy lion but seems unique- ly specialized in the tomentose stems and Leaf under- surfaces and in the strongly subimbricate phyllaries. The phyllaries are particularly notable in being more Like some Vernonieae than like any of the related Gritonioid forms. It is the phyllaries that most clear- ly distinguish the genus from all members of Koanophy Lion including some having similar habits and some few having different types of subimbricate involucres. The genus can also be distinguished from most of Koanophy Lion by the corolla lobes being narrower than Long. Gr isebachianthus R.M. King & H. Robinson, genus novum Asteracearum (Eupatorieae ) . PLantae frutescentes pauce ramosae. GauLes teretes minute striati. Gaules et folia subtus dense tomentosa vel villosa. Folia opposita plerumque breviter petiolata; lamina ovatis vel deltoideis supra subglabra vel sparse pilifera utrinque glandulo-punctata base saepe trinervata. Inf lorescentiae corymboso-paniculatae , ramis inferior- ibus oppositis saepe recte patentibus. Gapitula in glomerulis irregular ibus congesta; squamae involucri subimbr icatae 4-5-seriatae partim deciduae tomentosae vel villosae et glandulif erae ; receptacula plana et glabra; f lores 12-60; corolLae infundibulares extus et intus laeves, cellulis elongatis, parietibus sinuosis, lobis longioribus quam latioribus extus glandulifer is ; filaments in parte superiore distincta, ce llulis inferioribus subquadrat is , parietibus leniter ornatis; cellulae exothecia libus subquadratae , appendicibus antherarum ovatis vel brevioribus; styli inferne glabri non nodulosi, appendicibus stylorum anguste linearibus breviter papillosis apice clavatis sublaevibus. Achaenia prismatica 5-costata superne sparse setifera et glandulif era ; carpopodia breviter cylindrica, cell- ulis superf icialibus distinctis subquadratis minutis ca. 8-10 seriatis, parietibus subincrassatis ; setae 268 1975 King & Robinson, Genus Grlsebachlanthus 269 pappi 20-30 uniseriatae ve I subbiser iatae scabridae superne Leniter incrassatae, ceLLuIis apicaLibus s.ub- acutis. Grana poLIinis I8-20^x diam. minute spinulosa. Species typica : Eupator ium plucheoides Griseb. The species of Gr isebachianthus may be determined with the following key. 1. Leaves with petioles 5-10 mm long -- G. carst icola 1. Leaves subsessile, petioles usually less than 5 mm long 2 2. Heads with 30-60 flowers 3 2. Heads with 10-27 flowers 5 3. Anther appendage about half as long as wide, often strongly bilobed; leaves mostly pinnately veined G, libanotica 3. Anther appendage about as long as wide, scarcely bilobed; leaves usually prominently trinerved from near base ^ Stems and undersurfaces of leaves brownish tomentose ; leaf undersurface not closely reticulated; heads with 36-60 flowers G. plucheoides Stems and undersurfaces of leaves whitish tomentose ; leaf undersurface with prominent close reticulations; heads with 30-^40 flowers G. hypoleucus 5. Leaves with short tomentum below; heads with 10-12 flowers G. nipens is 5. Leaves densely tomentose below; heads with 12-27 flowers 6 6. Stems and undersurfaces of leaves brownish tome tomentose; leaves broadly ovate to ovate- elliptical; phyllaries mostly obtuse G. lanatanif olius 6. Stems and undersurfaces of leaves whitish or grayish tomentose; leaves ovate to oblong- ovate; phyllaries often acute 7 270 PHITOLOGIA Vol. 32, no. 3 7. Leaves rough on upper surface G. mayarensis 7. Leaves shiny on upper surface G. hoLquinensis Our studies of the genus indicate that it contains the following eight species. Gr isebachianthus car st icqla (Borhidi & Muniz) R.M.King STTlTKobin^n, comb. nov. Eupator ium car sticola Borhidi & Muniz, Acta Bot. Acad. Sci. Hungar. 18: 1973. Gr isebachianthus holquinensis (B . L. Robinson ) R.M.King snrrRobTns^n^ cornF?~novT Eupator ium holquinense B .L. Robinson, Contr . Gray Herb. n. s'! 77 : 18 . 1^26. Much of the material in herbaria under the name E. hypoleucum belongs here. Syn? Eupator ium Keterophyllum A. Rich, non Eupatorium heter ophyllum D.C. Gr isebachianthus hypoleucus (Griseb.) R.M.King & H. Rob- inson, comb. nov. Eupatorium hypoleucum Griseb., Mem. Amer. Acad. n.s. 8:512. 1863 . Gr isebachianthus lantanif olius (Griseb.) R.M.King & H. Robinson, comb. nov. Eupatorium lantanif ol ium Griseb. Mem. Amer. Acad. n.s. 8:511. 1863 . Gr isebachianthus libanotica (Sch.-Bip.) R.M.King & H. Robinson, combTHrio^rr^upator ium libanot icum Sch.-Bip., Journ. Bot"! 1:23^4. 1863 . syn. Eupatorium ret iculatum A. Rich, non E. ret iculatum Desv. Gr isebachianthus mayarens is (Alain) R.M.King & H. Robin- son, comb. nov. Eupatorium mayarense Alain, Contr. Ocas. Mus . Hist. Nat. Col. *de la Salle* Habana 18:5. 1960. Gr isebachianthus nipensis (B .L. Robinson) R.M.King & H. Robinson, comb. nov. Eupatorium nipense B.L. Robin- son, Contr. Gray Herb. n.s. 77 :25 . 1926 . Gr isebachianthus plucheoides (Griseb.) R.M.King & H. Robinson, comb. nov. Eupatorium plucheoides Griseb. , Mem. Amer. Acad. n.s. 8:511. 1863 . Acknowledgement Supported in part by the National Science Found- ation Grant BMS 70-00537 to the senior author. STUDIES IN THE EUPATORIEAE (ASTERACEAE ) . CLII . A NEW GENUS, IMERIA . R. M. King and H. Robinson Department of Botany Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C. 20560 The tribe Eupatorieae is not particularly well represented in the Guayana Highlands Region of northern South America. Some widely distributed forms such as Chromolaena are known and there is an endemic genus , Guayania , having five species mostly from the Venezeulan state of Bolivar. An additional distinctive species occurs farther south in the southernmost part of VenezeuLa on the mountain now known as NebLina. The plant originally described as Eupator ium memorabile is unlike other members of the tribe but similar to many other plants of the tepuis in the rigid- ly branched habit and coriaceous leaves. The hairs of the stems and leaves have prominent enlarged bases, the crowded somewhat persistent bases forming a papillose cover on the young stems. The involucres are similar in aspect to Chromolaena but the outer bracts tend to persist indefinitely with the fleshy bases rotting rather than dehiscing. The species has a particularly prominent hirsute receptacle. The prominent callus on the outer surface of the corolla lobes is another feature suggesting relation to Chromolaena . A rather unique feature of the species seems to be the cellular structure of the achene walls where the cell walls are thickened without trace of the punctations seen in most members of the tribe. The species is treated here as a distinct genus showing a combination of Chromolaena and Critonioid characters. The coarse habit is entirely distinctive and the hirsute receptacle provides distinction from more closely related forms. In naming the genus Imer ia we have chosen to honor the original name given to Neblina by Spruce. The name Imeri has been used by some for the mountains to the south of Neblina- Imeri but there can be no doubt as to which mountain Spruce originally applied the name. Imeria R.M.King & H. Robinson, genus novum Asteracearum Ctlupator ieae ) . Plantae erectae frutescentes grossae mediocriter ramosae. Caules teretes hirsuti glabres- centes, basibus pilorum multicellularibus distincte incrassatis aliquantum persistentibus . Folia opposita breviter distincte petiolata; laminae ovatae vel 271 272 PHYTOLOGIA Vol. 32, no. 3 elLipticae coriaceae margine integrae apice breviter acutae supra grosse pilosae et gLanduLif erae subtus sparse pilosae et dense glandulif er ae , nervis pinnatis. Inf Lorescent iae corymbosae; capituLa in ramis congesta sessilia. InvoLucri squamae imbricatae 4-5-seriatae valde inaequales exteriores subper sistentes interiores deciduae; receptacuLa dense setifera. Flores ca. LO in capituLo; coroLLae anguste infund ibulares glabrae, lobis angustis intus Laevibus extus superne vaLde mamilLosis et scLeroidis; filamenta in parte superiore subincrassata , ceLLuIis oblongis annulate ornatis; celLuLae exotheciales subquadr atae ; appendices anther- arum oblongo-ovatae Longiores quam Latiores; styLi_ inferni glabri non noduLosi; appendices styLorum Lineares Leniter mamiLLosae; achaenia prismatica inferne non angustiora, costis pLerumque 7-9, parietibus ceLLuLarum incrassatis non punctatis; carpopodia breviter cylindri- ca, celLuLis subquadratis 5- 6-ser iat is , parietibus valde incrassatis; pappus setiformis 1-2-seriatus persistens, setis ca. 50 remote scabridis apice subcLavatis, celL- uLis apicalibus subacutis vel obtusis. Grana pollinis ca. 27-30M- diam. Species typica : Eupator ium memorabile Maguire & Wurdack The genus is monotypic. Imer i a me mor ab i 1 i s (Maguire & Wurdack) R.M.King & H. Robinson, comb. nov. Eupator ium memorabile Maguire & Wurdack, Mem. N. Y. Bot. Card . 9(3 ) :366 . 1957. Venezeula . Acknowledgement This study was supported in part by the National Science Foundation Grant BMS 70-00537 to the senior author . STUDIES IN THE EUPATORIEAE (ASTERACEAE ) . CLIII. A NEW GENUS, LORENTZ lANTHUS . R. M. King and H. Robinson Department of Botany Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C. 20560 The Eupatorieae of the KoanophylLon relationship are most numerous in the Central American and West Indian region but also show some diversity in the south- eastern parts of South America. In the area of southern Brazil, Bolivia and Northern Argentina there occur a few species of Koanophyllon, the single species of Sphaereupator ium and Vittet ia and two species of Chacoa . A single species of the eastern edge of the Andes in Argentina and adjacent Bolivia represents another mem- ber of this relationship recognized here as the genus Lorentzianthus . The new genus differs from all the associated relatives by the prominent stramineus multi- seriate phyllaries in a strongly subimbricate involucre and by the easily deciduous setae of the pappus. Only some more tropical members of Koanophyllon of this relationship have subimbricate phyllaries in 3 or rare- ly ^ series; and most related genera have notably stout pappus setae that spread at maturity. The usually pyramidal inflorescence of Lorentzianthus also presents a rather unique appearance. The single species recognized in the genus has an essentially continuous range from Santa Cruz in Bolivia southward through Jujuy, Salta, and Tucuman to Cordoba in Argentina but the plants have not previously been recognized as identical. The Bolivian material which sometimes has narrower more nearly entire leaves has been recognized under the name Eupat or ium santacruzense Hieron. Two unvalidated names, Eupator ium nemorense Schultz-Bip. and Eupat or ium erythrolepis SchuLtz-Bip. , have also entered tne literature on tne basis of Bolivian material of the species. Lorentzianthus R.M.King & H. Robinson, genus novum Aster- ac¥arum rEupator ieae ) . Plantae erectae frutescentes usque ad 3-4 m altae mediocriter ramosae. Caules teretes vel obscure sexangulares dense puberuli. Folia opposita distincte anguste petiolata; laminae ovatae trinervatae subtus glandulopunctatae nervuLis distinctis dense reticuLatis. Inf lorescent iae pyramidaliter corymboso-panicuLatae , pedicellis tenuibus ; squamae 273 27li PHYTOLOGIA Vol. 32, no, 3 invoLucri subimbricatae ca. 5-seriatae vaLde inaequi- Longae ovatae veL oblongo- Lineares stramineae glabrae 2-4-costae apice rotundatae margine Late scariosae; receptacula parum convexa epaleacea glabra. Flores ca. l0-i2 in capitulo; corollae anguste infund ibulares extus plerumque in lobis glandulif erae , tubis medio- criter angus t ior ibus , lobis late triangular ibus laevi- bus ; filamenta antherarum in parte superiore non praesertim elongata, cellulis inferne subquadrat is ; parietibus vix ornatis; appendices antherarum ovato- oblongae longiores quam latiores; styli inferne glabri non nodulosi, appendices stylorum lineares sublaeves apice vix latiores; achaenia 5- costata plerumque superne et in costis setifera; carpopodia minuta brevia; cell- ulis minutis subquadratis 2-3-seriat is ; pappus seti- formis uniseriatis facile deciduus tenuis scabridus apice non incrassatus, cellulis apicalibus argute acutis. Grana pollinis ca. 20-22(0, diam. Species typica : Eupator ium viscidum Hook. & Arn. The genus contains the following single species. Lorentzianthus yiscidus (Hook. & Arn.) R.M.King & H. Robinson, comb. nov. Eupator ium viscidum Hook. & Arn. in Hook. Comp. Bot. Mag. 241. 1835. Acknowledgement This study was supported in part by the National Science Foundation Grant BMS 70-00537 to the senior author . STUDIES IN THE EUPATORIEAE (ASTERACEAE ) . CLIV. A NEW GENUS, CHACOA . R. M. King and H, Robinson Department of Botany Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C. 20560 Among the southernmost members of the KoanophylLon relationship are two species of the Chaco region of Paraguay and Argentina here recognized as a new genus, Chacoa, The two species differ from each other in a number of details but both have a markedly eximbricate involucre and a narrow basal tube on the corolla. The latter character is of particular significance in view of the characteristically broad tubes on the corollas of Koanophyllon. The long-petiolate leaves are also unusual in the Koanophyllon complex, being notable in_ K. consanquinea and in Lorentzianthus yiscidus , both in tlie area of Bolivia and southern Brazil southward. Chacoa seems to represent one of the extreme develop- ments of the Koanophyllon complex at the southern end of its range. The narrow corolla tube is found in one other Brazilian member of the Koanophyllon complex, Vittet ia . The latter genus is most distinct in the strongly papillose style branch and for that reason was at the time of description placed near Gyptis . Vittet ia differs further from Chacoa by the essentially sessile leaves, the slightly subimbricate involucre and the rose colored corollas. V it te t ia seems more closely related to other elements of the genus Koanophyllon than to Chacoa. Chacoa R.M.King & H. Robinson, genus novum Asteracearum TEupatorieae ) . Plantae frutescentes erectae mediocriter ramosae. Caules teretes vel obscure sex- angulares puberuli vel hispiduli. Folia opposita vel alternata distincte anguste petiolata; laminae ovatae vel deltoideae base trinervatae supra et subtus glandulo- punctatae. Inf lorescentiae cymosae vel subcymosae, pedicellis brevibus vel longior ibus ; squamae involucri eximbricatae ca. 2-seriatae subaequilongae lanceolatae vel lineares herbaceae vix scariosae; receptacula parum convexa glabra epaleacea. Flores ca. 20-^5 in capitulo; corollae albae infundibulares extus plerumque in lobis glanduliferae vel minute spiculiferae , tubis angustis vel perangustis, lobis triangular ibus vel late triang- ularibus laevibus ; filamenta antherarum in parte 275 276 PHTTOLOGIA Vol. 32, no. 3 superiore non praesertim eLongata, celluLis inferne subquadratis , parietibus vix ornatis; appendices antherarum ovat o-obLongae Longiores quam Latiores; styLi inferne gLabri non noduLosi, appendices stylorum Lineares sublaeves apice parum Latiores; achaenia 5- costata glandulifera vel setifera; carpopodia minute breviter cylindrica, ceLLuLis minutis subquadratis 6-8-ser iatis ; pappus setiformis uniseriatis persist- entis, setis scabridis apice non veL vix incrassatis, ceLLuIis apicalibus argute acutis. Grana poLLinis ca. 22|i diam. Species typica : Eupatorium pseudoprasif oLium Hassl. The two species of Ghacoa show numerous differences of which the following are most notable. 1. Leaves alternate; heads with 30-^45 flowers; achenes minutely glanduLif er ous .... C. mikaniff olia 1. Leaves opposite; heads with ca. 20 flowers, achenes setiferous G. pseudopras iif olia Ghacoa mikaniifplia (B .L. Robinson) R.M.King & H. Robin- son, comb. nov. Eupator ium mikaniif olium B.L. Rob- inson, Contr. Gray Herb, n.s"! 104 : 22 . 1934. Cjia c o a _p s e ud o pr a s i i f p 1 i a (Hassl.) R.M.King & H. Robin- son, comb. nov., Eupator ium pseud opr as iif olium Hassl., Fedde Repertnr5T”25~! 1919 . Acknowledgement This study was supported in part by the National Science Foundation Grant BMS 70-00537 to the senior author . STUDIES IN THE EUPATORIEAE (ASTERACEAE ) . CLV . A NEW GENUS, IDIOTHAMNUS . R. M. King and H. Robinson Department of Botany Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C. 20560 In the efforts to reach a final resolution of the tribe Eupatorieae the value of the new approach is shown again in a group of four species related to Koanophyllon. Also, the remarkable insight of B.L. Robinson is shown regarding three of the species which he noted as similar in spite of their totally different geography. The fourth species of the genus from Venezeula was originally described as Eupator iastrum c lavisetum by Badillo on the basis of the paleaceous receptacles. ^The paleaceous condition proves to be characteristic of all four species and they are segregated here as a new genus, Idiothamnus . The genus is in the Critonioid relationship close to Koanophyllon and Eupator iastrum and has the paleae as in the latter. Eupator iastrum differs, however, by the 200-300 flowered heads, the short anther appendages and the hollow stems. It is likely that Id iothamnus and Eupator iastrum are more closely related to Koano- fhyllon tVian to each other and they have apparent ly eve loped paleaceous receptacles separately. Paleae are present on the receptacles of all four species of Idiothamnus but these are least prominent in I. lilloi. The genus can be recognized also by the characteristically elliptical pinnately veined leaves with acuminate bases and tips. The predominent ly ascending position of the leaves in dried specimens also lends to the distinctive appearance. Idiothamnus R.M.King & H. Robinson, genus novum Aster- acearum (Eupatorieae). Plantae frutescentes. Caules teretes minute puberuli. Folia opposita breviter petiolata; lamina elliptica base cuneata apice acuminata subtus glandulo- punctata nervis secondariis pinnatis. Inf lorecent iae corymbosae, ramis patentibus vel erecto- patentibus. Involucri squamae 2-3-seriatae subin- aequales; receptacula paleacea. Flores 10-20 in capitulo; corollae anguste infundibulares epilosae, lobis longe triangular ibus laevibus extus glanduliferis ; filamenta in parte superiore brevia, cellulis inferior- ibus quadratis, parietibus non vel pauce ornatis; 277 278 PHYTOLOGIA Vol. 32, no. 3 appendices antherarum ovatae Longiores quam Latiores; styLi inferne glabri non noduLosi, appendices styLorum filiforraes sublaeves apice vix cLavatae laeves; acbaenia 5-costata sparse setifera inferne angustiora; carpopodia parva brevia cylindrica veL obturacuLif ormia , ceLIuLis minutis subquadratis 6-7-seriatis ; pappus setiformis uniseriatis persistens patentescens, setis interdum subincrassatis 20-30 apice pLerumque cLavatis, celluLis apicaLibus acutis. Grana poLIinis ca. L8-22p diam. Species typica: Eupator ia strum c La visetum Badillo The geography of the new genus is perplexing with its wide dispersion of localized species. Id iothamnus pseudorgya lis occurs in the ranges near Rio de Janeiro; TT orgyalioides is known only from near Tarapoto in Peru ; lilloi is known only from the eastern slopes of the Argentine Andes from Salta and Tucuman; and I. clavisetus has been found only in the Costal Range of north-central Venezeula. This suggests either a distribution mechanism superior to that of most Eupator- ieae or it is the remnants of a much wider distribution in the past. The habit of the plants suggests more of a woodland habitat than in most members of the tribe. Such an ecological difference could help explain the distribution. The four species can be distinguished as follows : 1. Leaves serrate; heads with ca. 12 flowers. ... 2 1. Leaves entire; heads with 18-20 flowers; phyllaries with 2~^ ribs 3 2. Branches puberulous ; phyllaries ovate to oblong with 6-8 ribs, tips usually not reflexed; pappus with ca. 30 setae I. pseudorgyalis 2. Branches tomente llous ; phyllaries mostly lance- olate with 2-U ribs, with reflexed tips; pappus with ca. 20 setae _I. lilloi 3. Branches of inflorescence usually spreading at right angles; phyllaries sharply pointed with tips often dentate; with the outer surface nearly glabrous I. orgyaloides 3. Branches of inflorescence ascending; phyllaries with short-pointed mostly entire tips, with outer surface puberulous I. c lavisetus 1975 King & Robinson, Genus Idiotl^ianjius 279 The genus contains the following four species, Idiothamnus clavisetug (Badillo) R.M.King & H. Robinson, comb. nov. Eupa t or ia strum clavisetum Badillo, Bol. Soc. Venez. Cien. Nat. 5T238 . 19^3 . Idiothamnug lilloi (B . L. Robinson ) R.M.King & H. Robinson, comb. nov. Eupator ium lilloi B.L, Robinson, Contr. Gray Herb. n. s . 90:27. 1930. IdAQthanapus .orgyaAoide^s (B . L. Robinson) R.M.King & H. Robinson, comb. nov. Eupator ium orgya loides B.L. Robinson, Proc. Amer. Acad. 55:29. 1919 . Idioth_amnus _Pseu_dQrgy_a lis R.M.King & H. Robinson, sp. nov. Plantae frutescentes erectae pauce ramosae. 1-2 m altae? Petiolae 1. 0-1.5 cm longae ; laminae 12-20 cm longae 9-9 cm latae base sensim anguste cuneatae margine serrulatae apice anguste acuminatae supra sparse pilosae subtus pilosae et glandulo- punctatae . Inf lorescent iae late corymbosae usque ad 7 cm altae et ll cm latae, ramis ultimis plerumque 1-2 mm longis . Capitula ca. 6 mm alta; f lores ca, 12 in capitulo; squamae involucri ca. 15 inaequales 2-5 mm longae 2-3 seriatae ovatae vel lanceolatae apice acutae vel subacutae margine parce vel non scariosae extus 6-8 striatae exteriores minute puberulae ; paleae linear i- lanceolatae ca. 5 mm longae. Corollae 3.5 mm longae, lobis ca. 0.5 mm longae et 0.9 mm latae; filamenta in parte superiore ca. I75p, longa ; thecae ca. I mm longae, appendicibus ca. I75p, longis et 150m. latis. Achaenia ca. 2 mm; cellulae car popodiorum 10-12^1 diam; setae pappi ca. 30 ca. 3 mm longae. TYPE: BRAZIL: Brasilia. Riedel sn. (Holotype GH ) Photographs of Eupator ium orgya le from the DeCandolle herbarium show a plant resembling Austro- eupator ium inulaef olium (H.B.K.) K. & R. and there is a name E. duodecimif lor'um Sch.-Bip. nom. nud. published by Baker (1876) in the synonmy of E. orgya le . On this topic B. L. Robinson (1930) says,” The sheet in the Prodromus Herbarium representing DeCandolle *s E. orgya le bears unfortunately mixed material. The specimens to which is attached the label of Blanchets no. 1923, mentioned in the original diagnosis, is wholly at variance with DeCandolle ’s description for it has deltoid-ovate 3-nerved leaves rounded or subcordate at base instead of the ovate- lanceolate pinnately nerved leaves cuneate at base called for by the diagnosis. On the same sheet is a very poor specimen from Rio de 280 PHYTOLOGIA Vol. 32, no. 3 Janeiro presumably coLLected by Lund. This seems to have furnished most of the characters set down by DeCandoLle and may be regarded as the type. DeCandoLLe seems to have been in error in stating that the heads were sessile and 6-flowered. At all events, in authentic material of E. duodecimif lorum Sch.-Bip., which appears to represent the Lund element in E. or^yale and to correspond with the essentials of its original diagnosis, the heads are about 12-f lowered and are shortly, but clearly pedicellate.” The view of B . L. Robinson is not accepted here as further reading of the diagnosis and study of the microfiche of the DeCandolle herbarium provide too much evidence to the contrary. The two specimens in the DeCandolle herbarium labelled as Lund and Blanchet both have the abruptly narrowed bases of the Austro- eupatorium type. THi“ misshapen fragment apparently cited by B . L. Robinson is mounted slightly apart from either of the plants cited by DeCandolle and there is no indication of origin. What can be seen indicates that this is also not the species generally known as E. orgyale but the important consideration is that it was not cited by the original author and should not be selected as the type. It is further noteworthy that DeCandolle probably did intend his description to apply to the Austro- eupator ium like plants. He saic3 the leaves were”late ova to- lanceolatis” and the term ovate was not used elsewhere in the Eupatorieae unless the leaf were more abruptly narrowed below. DeCandolle in "basi cuneatis” was probably referring to the cuneately winged petiole, and the trinervate condition of the leaf is not clear since all secondaries are equally ascending. A final consideration would be DeCandolle ’s reference to "invol. squamis 2-ser. oblongis obtusis” and "Invol. albida”, appropriate characters for Austroeupator ium but not acceptable for the Brazilian species of Idiothamnus . DeCandolle probably was incorrect in his statement about 6-flowered heads as both Baker and B. L. Robin- son commented. References Baker, J. G. 1876. Compositae ^ Martius, Flora Brasil- iensis. 6(2):l-398. Robinson, B. L. 1930. Records preliminary to a general treatment of the Eupatorieae, VIII. Contr. Gray Herb. n.s. 90:3-36. 1975 King & Robinson, Genus Idiothamnus 281 l \ k^rkert* kerli Idiothamnus pseudorgyalis R.M.King & H. Robinson, Holotype, Gray Herbarium. Photos by Victor E. Krantz, Staff Photographer, National Museum of Natural History. 282 PHTTOLOGIA Vol. 32, no. 3 Idiothamnus pseudorgya lis R.M.King & H. Robinson, Enlargement of heads. STUDIES IN THE EUPATORIEAE (ASTERACEAE ) , CLVI. VARIOUS NEW COMBINATIONS. R. M, King and H. Robinson Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C. 20560. The continuing studies in the Eupatorieae have shown the need for the following new combinations in various genera. Chromolaena heterosquamea (Urb. & Ekm. ) R.M.King & RTRoBThsorTi comST n^. Eupator ium heterosquameum Urban & Ekman, Arkiv. Bot . CS tockh . ) . 23A ( 11 ) ; 54. 1931. Dominican Republic. Chromolaena mendezii (DC.) R.M.King & H. Robinson, comb nov. EupatorTum mendezii DC., Prodr. 5: 160. 1836. Mexico. Chromolaena sinuata (Lam.) R.M.King & H. Robinson, comb nov. EupaTorTum sinuatum Lam., Encyc. 2: 407. 1788. West Indies. Chromolaena st ill ingiae folia (DC.) R.M.King & H. Robin- son, comb. nov. Eupator ium stillingiae folium DC., Prodr. 5: 160. 1836 . Mexico. Four species are added to Chromolaena , 2 from Mexico and 2 from the West Indies . TKe four species belong technically in the subgenus Osmie 11a which lacks papillae on the inner surface of the corolla lobes. The species have imbricate or totally decidu- ous phyllaries, have linear non-clavate style branches and elongate anther appendages. The 2 species from the West Indies have variation in persistance of the phyllaries and have a habit similar to some of the Koanophy lion species in the area. Some intergeneric hybridization seems to be involved between Chromolaena and Koanophy lion throughout the range of the subgenus Osmie 11a and one Haitian species originally placed in the subgenus is such a mixture of the generic charact- ers that it has since been treated as a monotypic genus, Osmiops is K.& R. The removal of Osmio^s is plumeri from Chromolaena leaves the two additions in this paper as the only members of Chromolaena subgenus Osmiella in the West Indies, and these from a distinct ive element probably worthy of a separate subgenus. 283 Vol. 32, no. 3 281i PHTTOLOGIA Ayapana stenolepis (Steetz) R.M.King & H, Robinson, comF7~nov'^ Eupator ium stenolepis Steetz in Seemann, Bot. Voy. HeraTd 1^8 , 1854, Bolivia, Panama . The combination is necessary for this name that takes priority over Ayapana pyramidalis (KLatt) K.& R. The older name is based on a Panamanian type while the KLatt name was based on boLivian material. Ageratina oaxacana (KLatt) R.M,King & H, Robinson, comb nov. Eupatorium oaxacanum KLatt, Abh. Naturf, Ges. HaLLe L5: ylW. LM2, Mexico. A dupLicate of the type has been seen in materiaL obtained on Loan through the kindness of the Museum NationaL d’Histoire NatureLLe in Paris. A second immature specimen anotated by B.L. Robinson "Trapiche de La Concepcion de ComaLtepec, SaLLe-Mexico” (BM) has aLso been seen. Disynaphia praeficta (B . L . Robinson ) R.M.King & H. Robin son, comb. nov. Eupat or ium praefictum B.L. Robin- son, Contr. Gray Herb. n.s. 68l 30. 1923. BraziL The species has the 5-fLowered heads and the crowded spiraLLy inserted Leaves that are typicaL of the genus. The achene is unusuaLLy denseLy setiferous Crqnquist ianthug ca LLacatens is (Hieron.) R.M.King & H. Robinson, comb. nov. Eupatorium ca LLacatense Hieron., EngL. Bot. Jahrb. 36 : 468 . L905 . Peru. The species seems more herbaceous than others present Ly known in the genus. Cr itonie LLa LeucpLithP.gena (B . L. Robinson ) R.M.King & H. Robinson, comb. nov. Eupat or ium LeucoLithq- fenum B .L. Robinson, Contr. Gray Herb. n.sT ST5: 37 L928. CoLombia. HebecLjLnium .kiLL.ipii (B .L. Robinson) R.M.King & H. Rob- inson, comb. nov. Eupat or ium kiLLipii B.L. Robin- son, Contr. Gray Herb. n.s. 77: 2L. L926. CoLombia . 1975 King & Robinson, New combinations 285 The species of Cr itoniella was recently transfer- red into Hebeclinium even though the lack of convexity of the receptacle was noted (King & Robinson, 1975). The distinctive species has been reexamined and proves to be a Critonie Ila though the style branch is thicker than in other members of the genus. Examination of another Colombian species shows that it should be added to the genus Hebeclinium. Reference King, R. M. and Robinson, H. 1975. Studies in the Eupatorieae (Asteraceae ) . CXLVII. Additions to the genera Amboroa , Ayapanopsis , and Hebeclinium in South Amer ica . Phytologia 31: 311-316. Acknowledgement This study was supported in part by the National Science Foundation Grant BMS 70-00537 to the senior author . A NEW COSTA RICAN CLIDEMIA Louis 0. Williams Clidemia strigtmocaljx L. Wms. sp. nov. Fruticuli epiphytici ramosi, caiilibus gracilibus setoso- pubescentibus; folia ovata acuta 3-5-plinervia petiolata, petiolis setosis; inflorescentia pauciflora cymosa aut ramosa aut imiflora; hypanthium dense setosum; calyx 4-lobatum, lobis lineari-subiAatis setosis; petala obovata obtusa asymmetrica ; antherae 8; fructus deside ratur. Small epiphytic, much-branched shrubs probably less than 5 dm. tall; stems slender, mostly less than 1.5 mm. in diameter, densely covered with closely appressed stiff setose trichomes about 0.5-1 mm. long, becoming glabrous with age; leaves mostly broadly ovate, acute, 3-5-plinerved, ciliate, glabrous above or nearly so, appressed setose pubescent below on the nerves and also with obscure hairs on the surface and on the setose hairs, petioles to 10 mm. long, setose, blades of a pair usually some- what anisophyllous , 1.5-3 cm. long and 1-2 cm. broad or sometimes smaller; inflorescence 1-3-flowered axillary or terminal cymes or racemes, these shorter than the subtending leaves; hypanthium obovate, becoming hemispheric at maturity, densely covered with reddish spreading setose hairs to about 3 mm. long; calyx lobes 4, linear-subiilate , 3-4 mm. long, each with several setose hairs to 2 mm. long; petals narrowly obovate, obtuse, asymmetric, about 4 mm. long and 2.5 mm. broad, pale violet; anthers 8, similar, oblong and about 2-2.5 mm. long, short-spurred dorsally at the attachment; mature fruits not known, probably fleshy. Costa Rica: epiphytic shrublet, four pale violet petals, sepals~and fruit dark violet- red; disturbed primary forest high over Rio Grande de Orosi, 8 km. south of Tapanti, province of Cartago, 7 May 196?, Roy W. Lent 932 (type, F; EAR, US; MICH). A stricking species of Clidemia somewhat related to _C. reitziana Cogn. & Gleason but with very much smaller leaves, different pubescence on the stems and leaves and different flora detail. 286 1975 Wllliaxaa, A new Ooeta Pioan Clldemla Clidemia striphnocalyx. A, a branch; B, a flower from the side; C, calyx and ovary from above BOOK REVIEWS Alma L. Uoldenke "BOOK OF VEGETABLE GARDENING” by Joan Lee Faust, 282 pp., illus.,. Quadrangle/The New York Times Book Company, New York, N, Y. 10022. 1975. $9.95. This popular book offers in attractive, colorful and efficient format for some 56 common vegetables and herbs: common and sciei>- tific names; colored illustrations; planting instructions in reference to seed, soil, area and location; description of growth, cutting and harvesting; major pests and diseases. The several black/white photographs are of first quality, the more numerous color illustrations by Allianora Rosse may seen to many more pleasing but only so superficially. Closer scrutiny reveals leaf structure to be recognizable, while flowers and in- florescences are virtually amorphic color dabs. The globe arti- choke's composite head is rendered in an unfamiliar deep blue. The line drawings of weeds Just look weedy. There are far su- perior drawings and photographs long in print, as, for instance, those exquisite ones in the "Oxford Book of Food Plants" and in many Department of Agriculture publications. It seems pointless to add more unless they are better. "Perhaps the most distinct scent of all belongs to sage, the fragrance from the foothills of the West". The sage that is Salvia officinalis (illustrated) is a native of mediterranean Europe and a mint; it certainly should not be confused with the sagebiush of our dry western scrublands, a composite, Artemisia tridentata, when it comes to stuffing the Thanksgiving turkey or Christmas goosel There are helpful general sections on planting and stretching the growing season, mulching, composting, watering, winter pre- parations and sources of help. "EXPLORING CRATER LAKE COUNTRY" by Ruth Kirk, iv & 76 pp., illus.. University of Washington Press, London & Seattle, Washington 98105. 1975. IU.95 papeibound. The interesting accurate text and the beautiful color and black/white photographs make this book a lovely souvenir. This account of the geology, plant and animal life, Indian and early settlement days, and descriptions of the scenic highlights is published with the cooperation of the Crater Lake Natural His- tory Association. 288 PHYTOLOGIA Designed to expedite botanical publication Vol. 32 December, 1975 No. 4 CONTENTS DIETERLE, J . V. A., Parasicyos maculatus, a new genus and species of Cucurbitaceae from Guatemala 289 MELCHERT, T. E., New combinations in the Coreopsidinae 291 MATTEN, L. C., LACEY, W. S., & EDWARDS, D., Discovery of one of the oldest gymnosperrn floras containing cupulate seeds 299 BARKLEY W., F. A., A note concerning two flowering plants 304 REED, C. F., Betula uber (Ashe) Fernald rediscovered in Virginia 305 CUATRECASAS, J., Miscellaneous notes on neotropical flora, VIII 312 ROBINSON, H., & NICOLSON, D. H., Tagetes ernestii (Tageteae: Asteraceae) a new species from Oaxaca, Mexico 327 ROBINSON, H., Studies in the Senecioneae (Asteraceae). VII. Additions to the genus Roldana 331 MOLDENKE, 11. N., Notes on new and noteworthy plants. LXXXIII . . . 333 MOLDENKE, H. N., Additional notes on the genus Cornutia. V 337 MOLDENKE, H. N., Additional notes on the genus Avicennia. V 343 MOLDENKE, A. L., Book reviews 371 Published by Harold N. Moldenke and Alma L. Moldenke T 303 Parkside Road Plainfield, New Jersey 07060 U.S.A. LiaRAR Price of this number $2.00; per volume, $9.50 in advance Q)T^1 6.^5 after close of volume; 75 cents extra to all foreign countries NEW YORK PARASICYOS MACULATUS , A NEW GENUS AND SPECIES OF CUCURBITACEAE FROM GUATEMALA Jennie V. A. Dieterle University of Michigan Among specimens assembled for an enumeration of the Cucxirbitaceae of Guatemala are several collections of a distinctive but apparently undescribed plant which does not fit readily into any of the genera so far recognized in the family. Its characters of united stamen filaments and solitary pendulous seeds ally it with genera in the tribe Sicyoideae in Cogniaux's (1916) arrangement, or the trilae Slcyoeae in Jeffrey's (1961, 1964), where, because of its clustered fruits and lack of nectariferous foveolae on the receptacle tube, it seems most closely related to Microsechium and Sicyos. However, it differs from Microsechium in having 5-petalled (not 4-petalled) staminate flowers, completely (not partially) connate filaments and spherically grouped (not radiately free) anthers. Its moderately large, rather fleshy fruits are markedly different from the dry, thin- walled, small fruits of Sicyos. Because of the difficulty in assigning the new plant an appropriate place in the family, I am proposing the following new genus: PARASICYOS Dieterle, gen. nov. Herba scandens rtionoecia; floribus staminatis in paniculas disp>ositis, corollis usque ad basim 5-partitis, petalis 5, sepalis 5, receptaculi foveolis nectariferis aibsentibus; staminum filamentis in columnam connatis, antheris ad apicem columnae sessilibus, sublibris; fructibus camosis, monospermis, indehiscentibus ad apicem jsedunculi aggregatis; seminibus solitariis ex apicibus loculorum fructuum pendentlbus. PARASICYOS MACULATUS Dieterle, sp. nov. Herba monoecia scandens glabra; caules graciles, parce ramosi, sulcati; folia simplicla, membranacea, ambitu suborbicularia vel ovoidea, ca 0-15 cm. longa, supra viridia et scabridula, subtus pallidlora et laevia, lobis 3(-5) late triangularibus, lobis lateralibus plerumque subauriculatis, sinu basilare rectangular! vel elliptlce; p>etioli graciles, ca 3-4 cm. longi; cirrhi inaequaliter 3-partiti; flores starai- nati parvi, flavo-vires, in paniculas 10-20 cm. longas digest!, panicu- larum ramif icatione in pedunculo alta; pedicelli 5—9 mm. longi, graciles, persistentes, post anthesln paulo increscentes; calycis tubus campanu- latus; dentes subulati; corolla ca 5-8 mm. diametro, intus rainutissime papillosa, extus glabra, segmentis ovato-triemgularibus, Integris; columna staminea gracilis, glabra, ca 1.5 mm. longa; antherarura loculi sigmoideo-f lexuosi; flores pistillati ignoti; fructus ovoidei, in sicco ca 3-4.5 cm. longi, carnosi, indehiscentes, inermia, primum viridia pallidomaculati , demum rubelli viridimaculati, in pedunculo commune 2-allquot subcapitati; semlna solitaria, compressa, ambitu elllptica, 1.5-2 cm. longa. 289 290 PHYTOLOGIA Vol. 32, no, U Herbaceous vines, monoecious, glabrous; stems slender, sulcate, sparingly branched; tendrils usually 3-fid, proximally and unequally branched, the peduncle about as long to twice as long as the neighbor- ing petiole. Leaves petiolate, membranaceous, suborbicular to ovate in outline, 8-15 cm. long, usually 3-lobed, the lobes triangular, the lateral lobes smaller and subauriculate, the basal sinus deeply (i rectangular to ovate, the upper surface deep green and scabridulous, the lower surface lighter green and smooth; margins denticulate to entire. Staminate flowers: panicles 10-20 cm. long, the branches few and borne on the upper third or less; pedicels slender, 5-9 mm, in length, long persistent after anthesis; perianth 5-merous, pale yellowish green; receptacle tube campanulate, not pitted with nectariferous foveolae; petals triangular to ovate-triangular , separate to the base, entire, more or less patent, the corolla up to about 8 mm. across, minutely papillose inside; sepals dentiform; stamens united, the filaments connate into a slender column, the anthers sessile at its apex but more or less free along their upper length; thecae sigmold-flexuous. Pistillate flowers not seen. Fruits 1-seeded, unarmed, fleshy, ca 3-4.5 cm. in length when dry, indehiscent, green with light green spots, later brick-red with green spots, clustered 2 to several on a common peduncle about 3.5—5 cm. long. Seeds solitary, pendant from the apex of the fruit locule, ca 1.5-2 cm. long, elliptic in outline, compressed. Type: Williams, Molina, Williams & de Molina 40205, Guatemala, Alta Verapaz, approx. 15032' N, 90°15* W, alt. l,200^m., cut-over and second growth forest, hills north of San Pedro Carcha, 28 January 1969 (holotype F; isotype MICH). Bibliography Cogniaux, A, 1916. In Engler, Pflanzenr. IV, 275, I: 1. Jeffrey, C. 1961. Notes on Cucurbitaceae, including a proposed new classification of the family. Kew Bull. 15: 341. 1964. A note on pollen morphology in Cucurbitaceae. Kew Bull. 17: 475. New Combinations in the Coreopsidinae T. E. Melchert Botany Department, The University of Iowa, Iowa City Transfers from Cosmos to Bidens As a result of revisionary studies of the Mexi- can Coreopsidinae it has become evident that the primary reason Bidens and Cosmos appear to intergrade is due to the a priori inclusion of all annuals with beaked or rostrate achenes within Cosmos (sections Eucosmos and Klibea , Sherff 1955) . Three of the five Bidens species traditionally included within Cosmos , C. exiguus , C. blakei and C. steyermarkii , occur in Guatemala. To allow their placement within Bidens in my treatment of this genus for the Flora of Guatemala , three new transfers are proposed below. Since the specific epithets steyermarkii and exiguus were used previously in Bidens (B. steyermarkii Sherff 1944 and B. exigua Sherff 1920) , the names alata and and rostrata are chosen for these two taxa, respectively. 1. BIDENS ROSTRATA Melchert, nom. nov. Cosmos exiguus A. Gray; S. Wats. Proc . Am. Acad. 22:429. 1887. Type: Mexico: Jalisco, among grass and rocks, Rio Blanco near Guadalahara, June-Oct. 291 292 PHITOLOGIA Vol. 32, no, U 1886, Edward Palmer 559 (Holotype GH, Cotypes NY, Phila, US, UV) . Not Bidens exigua Sherff 1920. The specific epithet rostrata was chosen because the blackish achenes of this species bear an elongate, flattened, olivaceous rostrum. 2. BIDENS ALATA Melchert, nom. nov. Cosmos steyermarkii Sherff, Field Mus. Publ. Bot. 22:438. Type: Guatemala: Chiquimula, Montana Castilla, vicinity of Montana Cebollas, along Rio Lucia Saso, 3 mi. s.e. of Quezaltepec, 1200-1500 m, Nov. 6, 1939, J. A. Steyermark 31341 (Holotype F, Cotype GH) . Not Bidens steyermarkii Sherff 1944. The name alata was chosen because the achenes of this species, which are flattened and rostrate, have thick, stramineous, wing-like margins formed from coalescent tuberculae. 3. BIDENS BLAKEI (Sherff) Melchert, comb nov. Cosmos blakei Sherff, Bot. Gaz. 82:334. 1926. Type: Guatemala: Retalhuleu, Jan. 1871, Bernoulli and Cario 1476 (Holotype Kew) . 1975 Melchert, New combinations 293 New Combinations in the B. pilosa Complex With the exception of a few rarely collected endemics, the vast array of square- stemmed , white- rayed Bidens annuals found throughout Mexico and Cen- tral America have traditionally been treated as part of a single, highly variable species, B. pilosa . In his treatment of Bidens for the flora of North America, Sherff (1955) , using herbarium materials only, recog- nized six loosely defined, ray-size and leaf-form varieties within B. pilosa . In a recent, yet unpub- lished, Ph.D. thesis, Robert Ballard (1975) , combining evidence from field, cytogenetic, comparative bio- chemical and hybridization-breeding system studies, concluded that the Mexican "B. pilosa" populations conservatively include 5 specific and 6 subspecific taxa. Five of these taxa (3 species, 2 varieties) are known from Guatemala. In order that Ballard's treatment can be followed in the Flora of Guatemala , the following three new combinations are presented with his consent. 1. BIDENS ODORATA var. CALCICOLA (Greenman) Ballard, comb . nov . Cosmos pilosus H.B.K. Nov. Gen. & Sp. 4:241. 1820. 29U PHITOLOGIA Vol, 32, no. U Bidens exar istata DC. Prodr. 5:600. 1836. TYPE: MEXICO: Tamaulipas: between Victoria and Tula, Nov 1830, Berlandier 2220 (Holotype: Geneva, Cotype: Paris, GH) . Bidens brachycarpa DC. Prodr. 5:600. 1836. TYPE: MEXICO: Tamaulipas: Tampico, 1827, Berlandier 5 (Holotype: Geneva, Cotype: Paris). Bidens rosea Schultz-Bip. in Seem. Bot. Voy. Herald 308. 1856. Bidens rosea var. calcicola Greenman, Proc . Am. Acad. 41:264. 1905. TYPE: MEXICO: Morelos: At an altitude of about 1225 m, on limestone hills, Yantepec, near Cuernavaca, 21 Oct 1902, Pringle 11340 (Holotype: GH! ) . Bidens pilosus var. S brachycarpus O.E. Schulz, Symb. Ant. 7:138. 1911. Bidens pilosa var. calcicola (Greenman) Sherff, Bot. Gaz. 80:337. 1925. Bidens orendainae M.E. Jones, Contr . W. Bot. 18: 82. 1933. TYPE: MEXICO: Jalisco: Orendain, 27 Nov 1930, Jones 27770 (Holotype: POM! isotype: RSA! US!). Bidens barrancae M.E. Jones, Contr. W. Bot. 18:82. 1933. TYPE: MEXICO: Jalisco: La Barranca, Guadalhara, 23 Nov 1920, Jones 27757 (Holotype: POM! ) . Uelchez^, New cooblnatlons 295 BIDENS ALBA var. RADIATA (Schultz-Bip . ) Ballard, comb. nov. Coreopsis leucanthema L. Cent. I. 29 (Excl. syn. Tournef.) 1755. Coreopsis coronata L. Sp. PI. ed. 2. 1281. 1763. (ex syn. Vaill. and Plum., but not to descr. or type locality.) Coreopsis leucantha L. Sp. PI. ed 2. 1282. 1763. Kerneria tetragona Moench, Meth. 595. 1794. (ex descr.) Bidens leucantha Willd. Sp. PI. 3:1719. 1804. Kerneria leucantha Cass. Diet. Sci. Nat. 24:398. 1822. Bidens abortive Schum. & Thonn. Beskr. Guin. PI. 381. 1827. (ex descr.) Bidens adhaerescens Veil. FI. Flum. 348, pro parte. 1827 . Bidens striata Sweet. Brit. FI. Card. pi. 237. 1828. Bidens oxyodonta DC. Prodr. 5:600. 1836. Bidens leucantha B Meyen & Walp.; Walp. Nova Acta Acad. Leop. -Carol. 19 (Suppl. 1):271. 1843. Bidens pilosa f. radiata Schultz-Bip. Flora 27: 673. 1844. (ex syn. B. leucantha Willd., excl. Krauss' spec.) Bidens pilosa var. radiata Schultz-Bip. in Webb 296 PHTTOLOGIA Vol. 32, no« U & Berth. Phyt. Canar. 2:242. 1844. TYPE: not exactly stated, but somewhere in America. Bidens pilosa var . B leucantha Harv. ; Harv. & sound. FI. Cap. 3:133. 1864. Kerner ia pilosa a radiata Lowe, Man FI. Madeira 1:474. 1868. Bidens pilosus a leucanthus 1. subsimplicif olicus Kuntze, Rev. Gen. 1:322. 1891. (nomen nudum.) Bidens pilosus a leucanthus 2. ternatus Kuntze, Rev. Gen. 1:322. 1891. (nomen nudum.) Bidens pilosus a leucanthus 2. f. polosior Kuntze, Rev. Gen. 1:322. 1891. (nomen subnudum. ) Bidens pilosus a leucanthus 4. subbi ternatus Kuntze, Rev. Gen. 322. 1891. (nomen nudum.) Acocotli quahuahuacensis Hernandez; Altam. Mat. Med. Mex. 2:154. 1898. Bidens pilosa var. humilis Walp.; Reiche, Anal. Univ. Chile 112:153. 1903. Bidens leucanthema E.H.L. Krause in Sturm, FI. Deutsch. ed. 2. 13:159. 1905. Bidens pilosa subvar. a radiata Pitard: Pitard & Proust, lies Canar. 226. 1908. Bidens wallichii var. albif lora Maxim.; Matsum. Ind. PI. Jap. 2:631, as syn. 1912. 1975 Melchert, Now coobinations 297 Bidens pilosa var. albif lora Maxim.; Makino, Iconogr. PI. Nippon 15:pl. 58. 1912. 3. BIDENS BIGELOVII var. ANGUSTILOBA (DC.) Ballard, comb. nov. Bidens anthr iscoides var. angustiloba DC. Prodr. 5:601. 1836. TYPE: MEXICO: Berlandier 1010 (Holotype: Herbarium of the British Museum, Cotype: Herb. Drake, Paris) . Bidens duranginensis Sherff, Bot . Gaz. 70:90. 1920. TYPE: MEXICO: Durango: west side of Iron Moun- tain, vicinity of city of Durango, April-Nov 1896, Palmer 756 (Holotype: GHI Isotype: US! MO! F! NY! C! ) . Bidens bigelovii var. pueblensis Sherff, Bot. Gaz. 88:287. 1929. TYPE: MEXICO: Puebla: vicinity of Puebla, Oct. 1908, Arsene 7211 (Holotype: US) . Bidens amphicarpa Sherff, Bot. Gaz. 88:290. 1929. TYPE: MEXICO: Lower California: 23 Jan 1899, Brandegee s.n. (Holotype: UC, no. 134269). Bidens oligocarpa Sherff, Bot. Gaz. 92:206. 1931. TYPE: MEXICO: Sonora: Sonora, 1890, Lloyd 409 (Holotype: GH! ) . 298 PHTTOLOGIA Vol. 32, no. li Literature Cited Ballard, Robert E. 1975. A biosystematic and chemosystematic study of the Bidens pilosa complex in North and Central America. Ph.D. dissertation, Univ. of Iowa, Iowa City. Sherff, E. E. 1955. Cosmos p. 130-137. Bidens p. 111-116. In E. E. Sherff and E. J. Alexander, North American Flora, Series II, part 2. Acknowledgement This study was supported by funds provided by National Science Foundation grants GB-3851 and GB- 6684X. DISCOVERY OF ONE OF THE OLDEST GYMI'IOSPERM FLORAS CONTAINING COPULATE SEEDS Lawrence C. Matten, William S. Lacey, and Dianne Edwards Department of Botany, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, Illinois School of Plant Biology, University College of North Wales, Bangor, Wales Botany Department, University College of South VJales and Monmouthshire, Cardiff, Wales Abstract. A number of petrified and compression speci- mens of stems, fronds, and seeds have been found in the Uppei Old Red Sandstone of southwest Ireland. To date, the seeds are the second oldest to be discovered. The seeds, identi- fied as Hydrasperma , are cupulate and suggest the possibility that abscission between the seed and its cupulate stalk accounts for non-cupulate remains of this genus. In 1973, remains of a number of petrified seeds were co] lected from the Upper Old Red Sandstone of Kerry Head, Ireland (1) . The Upper Old Red Sandstone transgresses the Devonian- Mississippian boundary (2) and the seeds are probably lowest Mississippian (Tournaisian) in age. Only one other seed Ar chaeospe rma arnoldii , is older than the seeds from Kerry Head ( 3) . TKree of the seeds were found attached to cupules and all are referable to a single species, Hydras^erma tenuis Long (4) . In association with the seeds are petrified remain of stems and fronds of primordial gymnosperms that are referi to the group generally called seed ferns. The Hydrasperma seeds are radiospermic and orthotropous (Fig. 1) . The integument is fused to the nucellus up to the level of the plinth forming ridges on the ovular surface. Th eight integument segments are free above the plinth, extendin about 1 mm and not forming a micropyle. The total length of the seed is up to 3.5 mm and the width up to 1 mm. The cupule of Hydrasperma consists of terete dichotomizi axes that appear to oe a ^it on a larger morphologic entity, perhaps a lateral branch system or megaphyll. The base of th cupule is a single terete axis that dichotomizes at least three times producing eight separate and terete to oval (in transection) lobes. The cupule lobes bear and surround a pai of seeds (Fig. 2) . 299 300 PHTTOLOGIA Vol, 32, no* U ^^9* 1- Hydrasperma tenuis from Kerry Head, Ireland. A-F represent serial transections of a cupulate specimen (Southern Illinois Paleobotanical Collection, B7. 16-21) . The darkened portion represents the seeds. G represents a longisection through a cupulate specimen (SIPC B7 Is) . 1975 llatten, Lacey, it Edwards, Gynuiospem flora 301 Fig. 2. Reconstruction of cupules of Hydrasperma tenui^ 302 PHTTOLOGIA Vol, 32, no, U Besides the oldest seed, Archaeosperma , and Hydrasperma, only nine other structurally preserved species of cupulate seeds are known (5) : Gnetopsis elliptica , Lagenos toma lomaxi , Sphaerostoma ovale , Calathospe rmum scoticum, Tyliosperma orbiculatum, Geminitheca scotica , Calathospe rmum f imbriatum, S tamnos toma huttonense , and Eurystoma angulare. Of these, Calathospe rmum has many seeds per cupule, Sphae ros toma , Lagenos toma , and Tyliosperma have one seed per cupule, and Gnetopsis , S tamnos toma , Geminitheca , and Eurystoma have two to four seeds per cupule. In addition, compressions of the oldest seed, Archaeosperma , show two seeds per cupule (6) . Of the three groups of cupulate seeds, the one with two to four seeds per cupule appears to represent the most primitive condition. The oldest seeds (stratigraphically ) occur in the group (Archaeosperma, Hydrasperma , S tamnos toma, Eurystoma) . The cupular units are generally terete and show little or no fusion of parts. Long (5) interprets the cupule in this group as representing only part of a frond. The evolution of the cupulate seed in this group is thought to have occurred in the following manner: 1) fertile, lateral branch system became overtopped. The lateral branch system consisted of axes branching in several planes. The seed- bearing portion of the system consisted of axes with terminal ovules and sterile units. 2) Accretion of the sterile units around a few ovules (2-4) resulted in early cupular units (Hydrasperma , Eurystoma) . 3) Planation (having the cupular units develop at the same level and to the same degree) and some webbing followed (S tamnos toma, Archaeosperma) . 4) Parallel to the cupule development was the planation and webbing of the remainder of the lateral branch system to form the frond. The frond thus developed simultaneous with or immediately after the appearance of the cupule. It should be noted that Long (5) interprets the Calathospe rmum cupule as representing an entire frond. This is not surprising as the contemporaneous development of cupules in several genera probably indicates a polyphyletic origin of this organ. In addition to the primitive nature of the cupule in Hydrasperma , the seed shows a number , of primitive characters. The most obvious is the lack of a definite micropyle. This condition is also present in Genomosperma kidstoni . The presence of free integument lobes above the level of the plinth is a second primitive character. The occurence of Hydrasperma tenuis seeds without cupules in the Scottish lower Carboniferous leaves several unanswered questions. Is it possible that the Irish cupulate Hydrasperma and the Scottish non-cupulate Hydrasperma are different taxa? If not, did the Hydrasperma seeds have a natural means for dispersal? Such a means would be abscission of the seed stalk. This would help explain the difference between the Irish and Scottish specimens. The possibility of abscission then leads one to the natural question about how many other non-cupulate lower Carboniferous seeds are really 1975 Uattan, Lacey, & Edwarda, Qymnojipera flora 303 the abscissed part of a cupular complex. In our opinion, Genomosperma is a likely candidate. The petrified seeds from Ireland have thus helped us visualize some of the problems involved in the interpre- tation of the early evolution of the seed. In addition, the petrified remains of seed fern stems and petioles (now being studied) may help us reconstruct one of the earliest seed plants to inhabit our green Earth. REFERENCES AND NOTES 1. The impetus for the collecting trip was the find of some petrified remains from this area in the collections of the Royal Scottish Museum. We would like to thank Dr. C.D. Waterston, Department of Geology for the loan of the specimen and for his help during the initial phase of this work. 2. M.F.H. Khan, Proc. Roy. Irish Acad. 57, 71 (1955); P.R. R. Gardiner and R.R. Horne, Geol. Sur . Ire . Bull. 1, 335 (1972); R.A. Gayer, K.C. Allen, M.G. Bassett, D. Edwards, Geol. J. 8, 345 (1973) . 3. J.M. Pettitt and C.B. Beck, Science 156, 1727 (1967). 4. A.G. Long, TrcUis. Roy Soc. Edin. 67, 401 (1961). 5. A.G. Long, Trans . Roy. Soc.~EdTn_^ 66, 345 (1966). 6. J.M. Pettitt and C.B. Beck, Univ. Mich. Contr. Mus. Paleont. 22, 139 (1968). A NOTE CONCERNING TWO FLCWERII*} PLANTS Fred A. Barkley W. Departamento de Biologla, Unlversidad Nacional Autonoma, Tegucigalpa, Honduras In the preparation of a new edition of the "Orders and Families of Anthophyta" two taxa were encountered which the writer con- siders are sufficiently distinctive to be considered as families. Since the Trriter does not want new names to appear in this edition, these two names are presented here. LIRIODENDRACEAE fam, n,. Order Magnoliales. Arbor; foliis altemls, truncatla; floribus solltarlis, ternlnalibus ; fructlbus samarls. Trees with leaves alternate, lobed, broadly truncate at apex; flowers solitary, terminal; sepals three, petaloid; petals six, upright; stamens numerous with extrorse anthers; fruit a cone of many samaroid carpels; testa adherent to the endooarp, arilloid. An old taxon, with a single genus in the modem flora: Liriodendron L., previously assigned to the Magnoliaceae Juss. SALAZARIACEAE fam« n.. Order Lamiales. Frutex; ramis cylindricis ; caulls ramlficatxis Intrieatis; corolla bilablata; stamina quatuor; calyx bHobulatus , vesicarius non gibbosus , inaperto post anthesln. Shrubs with cylindric, intricately branched stems that become spiny-tipped; leaves small, oblong, short-petioled; flowers perfect, subsessile in the axils of the upper bract- like leaves, purplish, gamopetalous; corolla bilabiate; stamens four; calyx two-lobed, not gibbous, inflated, closed after an thesis, then more than 12 mm in diameter. In chaparral of desert washes, rocky ravines, clay flats, and hillsides, Utah to southern California, western Texas and northwestern llexico. Monotypic : Salat aria Torrey (Sail tar la A • Gray) , with a single species: Salazar ia mexlcana Torrey. 301: Betula uber (Ashe) Fernald Rediscovered in Virginia Clyde F, Reed Reed Herbarium, Baltimore, Maryland Fellow, Smithsonian Institution After several visits to the Sugar Grove - Rye Valley Area of Smyth County, Virginia, the author has been able to relocate the type locality OF Betula user (Ashe) Fernald. On a trip from August 14 through August 16, 1975 IN an area which took me from Trout Dale to Sugar Grove, over Iron Mountain in Grayson County and then down Dickey Creek to Sugar Grove to Sugar Grove, Teas and the Old Rye Valley Station area (now Sugar Grove), the AUTHOR CAME TO THE CONCLUSION THAT THE ORIGINAL LABEL WAS EITHER INCORRECT OR TOO GENERAL. In SOME RESPECTS IT HAS PROVEN BOTH. Betula uber (Ashe) Fernald, according to data on the label, selected by Mazzeo (1974) AS the lectotype, is given the following type locality: "On bank of stream, small tree, at foot of mountain, 20-25 fT. TALL, Dickey Creek, end of Florence Maybrick tract, 4 mi. south of Rye Valley Station. Smyth Co., Virginia. January 14 (corrected to June by Fernald in 1945)» 1914". These SPECIMENS WERE NAMED BeTULA LENTA VAR. UBER ASHE IN 1918 (RhODORA, 20 1 64. 1918). When Fernald (1945) raised the variety to a species, he cited another SPECIMEN, LABELLED "ALONG CrESSY CrEEK. H.B. AyRES", WITHOUT DATE, BUT IT WAS EITHER COLLECTED AT THE SAME TIME AS OR EARLIER THAN THE SPECIMENS CITED BY Ashe. Whether Ayres collected all the specimens cited by Ash^ or whether Ayres AND Ashe collected them together, is not clear. The description of Betula lenta VARo uber appears ABRUPTLY AT THE END OF AN ARTICLE DEALING WITH A VARIATION OF Betula papyr i fera from North Carolina, which is discussed at length in a MANNER typical. of AsHE. ThEN, WITHOUT ANY INTRODUCTION OR DISCUSSION, EITHER BEFORE OR AFTER, AT THE END OF THIS ARTICLE, APPEARS THE DESCRIPTION AND LOCAL- ITY DATA GIVEN ABOVE FOR B. LENTA VAR. UBER. "UbER" MEANS FRUITFUL, REFERRING TO THE MANY SPENT FRUITING CONES ON THE TWIGS OF THE TYPE SPECIMENS. SiNCE ALL SPECIMENS ARE IN FULL GREEN-LEAF AND THE FRUITING CONES ARE DEAD-RIPE, DROPPING SEEDS, THE DATE OF COLLECTION IS SURELY JuNE , NOT JANUARY. Horace Beemer Ayres (Amer. ivtN of Science, 1: 12. 1906; 2: 17« 1910; 3^ 24. 1921), BORN IN AlLAMUCHY, NeW JERSEY, SePT. 20, 1856, AND RECEIVING HIS B.So DEGREEE AT LaFAYETTE COLLEGE IN 1878, WAS A GEOLOGIST AND TIMBER INSPEC- TOR, MAINLY IN THE ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT OF THE NORTHERN PACIFIC RR« Co.; HE LIVED IN Kimberly, Minnesota most of his life and worked from there. He ALSO worked for THE Ml NN. & PACIFIC RR., THE St. PaUL AND D. RR. At SOME TIME HE WAS A FIELD ASSISTANT TO THE U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY AND A FOREST EXPERT TO THE Bureau of Forestry, USDA; he was supt. of Kimberly Explor. Co. As FORESTRY ASSISTANT TO SOUTHERN APPALACHIAN FORESTRY, HE PUBLISHED "ThE SOUTH- ERN Appalachian Forests" with W.W. Ashe in 1905» also worked on Cascade Mt. forests, northern Rocky Mrs. forests, and the Jack Pine in the Great American Desert. See references for additional publications of H.B. Ayres, All of these have been seen by the author in the Eisenhower Library, Geology section, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland. 305 306 PHYTOLOGIA Vol. 32, no, U Florence E. Maybrick in 1914 resided in Grayson Co., Virginia, and ALONG WITH CaRRIE E. RoGERS, Wm. E. M| LNE AND S.V. HaYDEN, AS CO-TRUSTEES, OWNED ABOUT 150,000 ACRES OF LAND IN GrAYSON, WyTHE AND SmYTH COUNTIES, Virginia, from Iron Mountain, along both sides of the New River, ending TO THE north AT THE FOOT OF THE MOUNTAINS ON CrESSY AND DiCKEY CrEEKS. ThIS SAME TRACT OF LAND GRANTED TO GeORGE LaWRENCE BY LETTERS PATENT OF COMMON- WEALTH OF Virginia on 13 July, 179^. Other lands purchased by Florence E. Maybrick in I9I6 from Albertina W. Coe, widow of John W. Coe, and family; OR SOLD TO June L. Harman of Speedwell' in I916 for operating and removing TIMBER, BARKS AND PRODUCTS FOR 10 YEARS. On August 15, 1975» after much searching along Cressy Creek, about 1.5 MILES SOUTH OF SuGAR GrOVE P.O., ALONG FlAT RiDGE ROAD (Rt. 601), ON THE LANDS OF Garland Ross, Ray Haulsee and Virgie Haulsee, I found a small grove of BeTULA user, about 10 TO 12 TREES, 17-21 FEET TALL, WITH ALL THE MAJOR BRANCHES HIGH UP IN THE TREES, PRACTICALLY BRANCHLESS FOR THE FIRST 12-15 FEET. MoST OF THE TREES ARE VERY NEAR THE BANK OF CrESSY CrEEK, WHICH AT THIS POINT IS ABOUT 12 BEET ACROSS, ROCKY AND WITH WATER ABOUT 1 FOOT DEEP IN PLACES. A FEW OF THE LARGER TREES ARE 10-15 FEET FROM THE BANK. AlL THE TREES ARE IN AN AREA ABOUT 6O-7O FEET LONG AND 15 FEET WIDE, AND MAINLY ON THE WEST OR SOUTH SIDE OF Cressy Creek. The soil is acid, pH about 6.7, overlying reddish clay, now COVERED WITH THIN HUMUS AND ALLUVIUM. A FEW LARGE TO MEDIUM BOULDERS ARE IN THE GROVE. SPECIMENS COLLECTED AT THIS TIME DO NOT HAVE CONES AND THE YOUNG CATKINS HAVE NOT APPEARED YET. AlL TREES SEEM TO BE STERILE. From the specimens collected August 15, 1975» the following additional OBSERVATIONS AS TO THE DESCRIPTION AND ANATOMY OF BeTULA UBER CAN BE MADE. Betula uber (Ashe) Fernald, Rhodora, 47: 325> pi-* 974, figs 1-5« 1945* Syn.: Betula lenta var. uber Ashe, Rhodora, 20; 64. 1918. Small slender trees 5-9*9 tall, 7*35 - 21 cm. DBH, with blackish- brown RATHER THIN (2-4 MM. THICk) TRUNK BARK, RELATIVELY SMOOTH; INNER BARK LIGHTER, AROMATIC WITH FLAVOR AND ODOR OF BIRCH OR WINTERGREEN OIL; TWIG BARK BLACKISH, SMOOTH, WITH OCCASIONAL LARGE ROUNDISH LENTICELS; INTERNODES ON MAIN TWIGS ABOUT 2 CM. APART, THOSE ON ULTIMATE SHORT-SHOOTS VERY CLOSE, PRACTICALLY CONTIGUOUS, WITH FEW (2-7) LEAVES PRODUCED PER YEAR; BUDS 4-6 MM. LONG, SCALES OVATE IN LOWER HALF, BECOMING GRADUALLY TO ABRUPTLY POINTED, CHESTNUT-BROWN WITH A WHITISH TO LIGHT TAN FRINGE OF SCALY HAIRS ALONG UPPER margin; leaves dark green on upper surface, lighter green beneath, suborbi- CULAR, OVATE OR SHORT ELLIPTIC, SUBCORDATE OR SOMETIMES OBLIQUE AT BASE, ROUNDED OR VERY OBTUSE AT APEX ; BLADES GLABROUS, 2-5 CM. LONG, 2-4 OM. BROAD, UPPER SURFACE SMOOTH WITH SCATTERED WHITE HAIRS 1-2 MM. LONG ALONG THE VEINS, THE HAIRS MORE NUMEROUS ON UNDERSURFACE ALONG THE VEINS; PETIOLES 0.5-1. 5 CM. LONG, WITH TAWNY TO WHITISH HAIRS 1-2 MM. LONG, WITH A SLIGHTLY HAIRY DEEP SINUS WHERE PETIOLE ENTERS LEAF -BLADE; MARGINS IRREGULARLY SERRATE WITH 3-6 PAIRS OF PRIMARY VEINS, THE APICES OF TEETH POINTING FORWARD OR SLIGHTLY RE- CURVED TOWARD MAIN AXIS OF LEAF, THE MAIN TIPS ENDING THE PRIMARY VEINS WITH 1-2 SMALLER TEETH BELOW THEM; TEETH RATHER DELTOID WITH THE APEX SOMETIMES ABRUPTLY pointed; PISTILLATE AMENTS COMPACT, ELL I PSO I D-SUBC YL I NDR I C , SESSILE, ERECT, 1 -1 ,5 CM. long; FERTILE BRACTS CORIACEOUS, STRONGLY RIBBED, GLABROUS, THE BROAD AND LOW MIDDLE LOBE AND THE BROAD LATERAL LOBES SUBEQUAL; SAMARAS BROADLY CUNEATE, 1 .5 -2. 1 MM. LONG, ABOUT 1 MM. BROAD, DARK BROWN, THE WING BROADENED UPWARD AND NARROWER THAN TO NEARLY AS BROAD AS THE NUTLET. yo7 lianks of Cressy Creek, 1.5 ougar Grove P.O., along Flat kldge ;ioad (ht. 601), at foot of mountain, in small grove of 10-12 trees, Smyth Co. , Va. Aug. 15, 1975 Clyde F. deed Coll 1 1975 R«6d, Betula uber 98151 HERBARIUM OF CLYDE F. REED Betula uber (Ashe) Fernald 308 PHITOLOGIA Vol. 32, no. li Locality: Banks of Cressy Creek, 1.5 miles south of Sugar Grove P.O., ALONG Flat Ridge Road (Rt. 6OI), at foot of mountain, in small grove of 10- 12 trees. August I5, 1975- Clyde F. Reed 98151* This most probably the type LOCALITY, NOT THE REFERENCE TO OiCKEY CrEEK, AS CITED BY MaZZEO (197^)* Sections of the wood show diffuse porous arrangement of the vessels, the VESSELS BEING SOLITARY OR IN PAIRS. MORE DETAILED COMMENTS ON THE WOOD ANATOMY WILL BE DISCUSSED LATER. Other plants collected on August 15j 1975 in the close vicinity of Betula uber along Cressy Creek include: Magnol i a eraser i . Pyrular i a pubera. Campanula pi varicata, Betula lenta, Betula allegheni ens i s, Amelanchi er arborea. T SUGA CANADENS 1 S , RHODODENDRON MAX I MUM, T I L I A AMER I CANA, Pi NUS Rl Gl DA. IVteN I - SPERMUM CANADENSE , ClETHRA ACUMI NATA, MaGNOL I A ACUMI NATA, I SOTREMA MACROPHYLLA AND Ox YDENDRON ARBOREUM. In NEARBY PASTURES WERE EuPHORB I A LATHYRUS , ErOD I UM C I CUTAR I UM AND CuPHEA PET I OLARI S. Betula uber (Ashe) Fernald is most probably a hybrid between Betula al- LEGHEN I ENS I S X PUMI LA VAR. GLANDUL I FERA, ALSO KNOWN AS BeTULA X PURPUS I I ScHNEiD (Illus. Handb. Laubholzk., 1: 102. 1904), THE PuRPUs Birch or Minne- sota Birch. Betula X purpus i i Schneid. (as B. lutea x pumi la) was named for J.A. Purpus of the Darmstadt Botanical Garden, Germany, who cultivated this HYBRID from MATERIAL FOUND BY HIS BROTHER IN MICHIGAN (LiTTLE, 19535 Po 70)* B. X PURPUS I I IS A HYBRID BETWEEN A TREE SPECIES (B. ALLEGHENI ENSI s) AND A SHRUB SPECIES (B. PUM I LA ) . AND PROBABLY ACCOUNTS FOR THE SHRUB-LIKE APPEARANCE OF THE LEAVES AND TOP OF TREE ON A TREE-LIKE TRUNK. B. UBER HAS INHERITED THE W INTERGREEN ODOR OF B. ALLEGHEN I ENS I S AND THE LEAF CHARACTERS OF B. PUMI LA. The hybrid nature of B. uber is further justified by its sterility. Although THE SPECIMENS COLLECTED BY ASHE IN 191^ SHOW MATURE CONES, ALL THE SPECIMENS COLLECTED BY THE AUTHOR ON AUGUST 15, 1975 NOT ONLY DEVOID OF SIGNS OF CATKINS OR CONES, BUT NO SOARS ARE TO BE FOUND ON TWIGS SEVERAL YEARS OLD. OnE WOULD NOT EXPECT ALL HYBRIDS TO BE FERTILE OR STERILE. ThERE MAY BE MORE PLANTS IN THE VICINITY, MAYBE ON DiCKEY CrEEK. B« X PURPUS I I IS FOUND IN ONTARIO, Michigan, Wisconsin, Minnesota, Illinois and Indian, mainly in wet areas, as TAMARACK SWAMPS. ThE DESCRIPTION OF B. X PURPUS I I SCHNEID. IN TrEES AND Shrubs of Minnesota, p. 101-102, with illustration, fits the description of Betula uber extremely closely, if fact, I would go so far to say Betula uber (Ashe ) Fernald i s B. X purpus i i Schneid. In the illustration of plants col- lected ON Cressy Creek August 15, 1975 by the author, there is indication of ONE LEAF AS TO ITS BEING POINTED. AlL THE OTHER LEAVES ARE NOT TRULY ROUNDED AT THE APEX, BUT THE TWO SIDES SEEM TO MEET UNEVENLY AS I F A COMMON POINT COULD NOT BE REACHED; NO TWO TIPS ARE THE SAME. Another hybrid, Betula X sandberg i Britton (Bull. Torr. Bot. Club, 31: l66. 190^)5 KNOWN TO BE FERTILE TO A LIMITED DEGREE IS ALSO FOUND IN THE TAMARACK SWAMPS OF MINNESOTA, SASKATCHEWAN AND MONTANA. It ISA HYBRID BETWEEN THE TREE SPECIES, BeTULA PAPYRI FERA , AND THE SHRUB SPECIES, BeTULA PUMI LA VAR. GLANDUL I FERA, AND PROGENY SEGREGATE INTO FORMS MORE OR LESS RESEMBLING ONE OR THE OTHER PARENT. ALSO NOTE DESCRIPTION AND ILLUSTRATIONS IN ROSENDAHL AND Butters, p. 100-101. 1975 Reed, Betula uber 309 Another hybrid, Betula X jacki i ScHNEin, between B. lenta and Betula pumi la . ALTHOUGH said TO BE A HYBRID KNOWN ONLY IN CULTIVATION, COULD WELL BE A P 88IBLE EXPLANATION FOR BeTULA UBER, SINCE UBER HAS MANY CHARACTERISTICS OF B. LENTA, ESPECIALLY THE BLACK NON-PEELING BARK, BLACKISH TWIGS AND INFREQUENT ACUMINATE LEAVES. In conclusion, it seems to me that Betula uber is a hybrid between B. lenta OR B, ALLEGHENIEN8I8 AND B. PUMI LA VAR. GLANDUL I FERA . OR POSSIBLY SOME OTHER VARIETY OR FORM OF B. PUMI LA. ALL THE ABOVE HYBRIDS BEING BETWEEN A TREE SPECIES AND A SHRUB SPECIES, WITH B. UBER SHOWING MANY FEATURES OF BOTH TYPES OF GROWTH. For THE HYBRIDS, BOTH B. X PURPU8 I I & B. X JACKI I PREDATE B. UBER. WiTH CONTROLLED HYBRIDIZATION, THE EXACT CROSS SHOULD BE ABLE TO BE OBTAINED. ALSO CONPARISON OF B. UBER WITH LIVING AND HERBARIUM SPECIMENS OF THESE HYBRIDS MAY PROVE B. UBER TRUE ANCESTORS. Because H.B. Ayres lived in Minnesota and did extensive work on the Flathead Forest Reseave in Montana, I think Ayres may have planted the trees ON Cressy Creek and perhaps elsewhere, when marking forest tracts, as the Maybrick tract, this location being the northern limit of that land tract on Cressy Creek. Perhaps, he did put a tree on Dickey Creek which was more fertile, BUT those now on Cressy Creek seem to be sterile, and to have been for some time. The fact that there is only one specimen collected and deposited by Ayres at Gray Herbarium without a date makes me believe that Ayres planted the TREES. Also since Ayres along with Ashe wrote a book. The Southern Appalachian Forests in 1905» I believe the trees were planted there at this or other EARLIER TIMES AND THEN REVISITED BY ASHE IN 1914. ThE FACT THE AshE MAKES NO MENTION OF THE PLANT FOR FOUR YEARS AFTER HE COLLECTED IT, AND THEN PLACES IT ON Dickey Creek, not Cressy Creek, where Ayres had said his was found, makes ME BELIEVE ASHE DID NOT KNOW WHERE THE TREES REALLY WERE. HOWEVER, THERE IS THE CHANCE THAT THERE WAS, AND MAY STILL BE, A TREE ON DiCKEY CrEEK. I WISH TO THANK THE FOLLOWING PEOPLE WHO HAVE BEEN VERY HELPFUL IN MY FINDING THE LOCALITY FOR BeTULA UBER, AS INDICATED BY ASHE AND AyRES. Mro Jo Richard Campbell (Marion, Va.), whose father, and later he, owned THE LUMBERING RIGHTS TO PORTIONS OF IRON Mt. , PiNE Mt. AND OTHER TRACTS IN Smyth and Grayson Counties. In addition to lumber taken to the Rye Valley Station area to the Teas Extract Co. where tannic acid was extracted from hemlock bark and chestnut wood, spruce, chestnut-oak and other timbers were ALSO made into LUMBER. Mr. CaMPBELL PROVIDED ME WITH MUCH VALUABLE DATA CON- CERNING THE Marion & Rye Valley RR started about 1888 for the purpose of get- ting OUT IRON ore and MANGANESE. SoME MANGANESE ORE, BUT NO IRON ORE, WAS FOUND, AND THE RAILROAD GAVE UP. LaTER, WITH MORE FUNDS, A CORPORATION CALLED THE Marion & Rye Valley and Virginia Southern RR was founded, and the railroad BUILT ALONG OlCKEY CrEEK TO TrOUT DaLE AND BEYOND, IN ALL ABOUT 30 MILES OF TRACK, FOR THE PURPOSE OF BRINGING THE TIMBERS DOWN FROM IRON AND Pi NE MtS . TO Sugar Grove or Rye Valley Station. Mr, William Howard Teas, a young chemist FROM Pennsylvania was sent by the American Leather Co. to run the Extract Co., which later was called the Teas Extract Co., and the area or town thereabout CALLED Teas, Virginia (now as area to the northwest of Sugar Grove along Rt. 601). According to Paul Sexton (Rural Retreat in Wythe Co.), whose father was 310 PHTTOLOGIA Vol« 32, no, U THE LAST SUPERVISOR AT THE TeAS EXTRACT Co., THE EXTRACTION OF TANNIC ACID CEASED ABOUT 1922 AFTER THE ChESTNUT BLIGHT DESTROYED MOST OF THE TREESo BE- CAUSE OF THE DECLINE IN PRODUCTION THEREAFTER, THE COMPANY MOVED TO NaSHVILLE, Tennessee, where he and his father worked for many yearSo Later, Paul returned AND IS NOW RETIRED IN RuRAL ReTREAT, VirGINIAo BiRCH BARK WAS ALSO EXTRACTED FOR Oil of Wintergreen ( Betula alleghen i ens i s )o After the extract company moved AWAY AND THE LUMBERING COMPANY MOVED TO WEST VIRGINIA, THE MaR I ON AND RyE Valley RR<, continued to operate as a passanger and freight railroad until about 1932. In 1933-1935» a large CCC camp was located in Sugar Grove and helped to remove the RR ties and bed, and Rt. 16 WAS built on top of most of the railroad BED FROM Sugar Grove to Trout Dale along Dickey Creek, The Rye Valley Station FRONT WAS REMOVED, AND NOW IS THE FRONT OF A VACANT STORE IN SuGAR GrOVE, DuR I NG THE PRIME YEARS OF EXTRACTION OF TANNIC ACID ABOUT 250 MILLION BOARD FEET OF BOTH HARD AND SOFT WOODS (mAINLY SPRUCe) WERE CUT OFF IRON Mt, BaLSAM FIR WAS PLENTIFUL THEN, AND WAS TAPPED (bY PUNCHING THE BLISTERS UNDER THE BARK ) FOR BALSAM SAP, Clara Hill Carner, historian for Smyth County, Virginia, and founder of THE Historical Society of Smyth County, has provided me with much history ABOUT Rye Valley, where early settlers found a type of wild rye growing. She also introduced me to the Smyth County Centennial Volume produced in 1932 by Mr, Wilson. (Smyth County was established in 1832; previously it had been part OF Fincastle Co. in revolutionary days, and later part of Washington and Wythe Count i es J . Sena Ward, who resides in the Sugar Grove-Teas area along Rt.,601, NORTHWEST OF SuGAR GrOVE , IS WRITING A HISTORY OF RyE VaLLEY AND LOANED ME PHOTOS OF THE MaR I ON & RyE ValLEY RR., THE LeaD M| NE (1902) AND THE TeAS Extract Co, (191^)" The Lead Mine area is still owned by relatives of Sena Ward. Also the wild rye is still growing on property owned by Sena Ward. The lead obtained here was used by Indians for arrowheads, and later for bullets BY THE SETTLERS, It IS INTERESTING TO NOTE THAN BRICKS TAKEN FROM THE LEAD MINE RECENTLY BEAR THE IMPRINT OF A TIGER. Dr, ScHIFF, SON-IN-LAW OF SeNA Ward, on the staff of George Washington University, has found the name of the COMPANY ON ONE OF THE BRICKS. Ray Haulsee and Virgie Haulsee, on whose land the Betula uber location is situated, along Cressy Creek, 1,2-2 mi. south of Sugar Grove on Flat Ridge Road (Rt. 601 ). Ray Haulsee land is on both sides of the road, south of the United States Forest Work Camp, and Virgie Haulsee land is to the west and SOUTH OF Cressy Creek, The lower portion of the Virgie Haulsee land was pur- chased Nov. 21, 19^7 from J.T. Hutton (widower) consisting of three tracts FROM the James Land, part of the Blankenbeckler land and the Warfield Church Lot, which is "on the waters of Slemps Creek, beginning on south side of Slemps Creek road in edge of Sugar Grove". (Cressy Creek runs into Slemps Creek BEFORE GOING ON TO THE HOLSTON RiVEr), (DeED BoOK 99 j P o 241 ). On OCTOBER 17> 1949j the land was deeded to J.W, Haulsee and Fay W. Hutton "for Fay W. Hutton to care for and provide J.W. Haulsee and Maggie Haulsee with necessities of life ETC.", THE LAND TO BE KNOWN AS THE JOHN HaULSEE FaRM, (DeED BoOK 107, P. 59). The UPPER AREA WHERE BeTULA UBER IS FOUND NOW BELONGS TO GaRLAND Ross WHO PURCHASED IT FROM ClARA BrOOKS StONE ET VIR; 'tHIS LAND BEING THE SAME LAND CONVEYED TO J.W, HaULSEE FOR LIFE WITH REMAINDER TO ClaRA BrOOKS BY FaY W. Hutton et vir (John), May 25, 195^"« Rest of land to J.W. Haulsee by A.M, Haulsee et al, April 21, 1921, (Deed Book 174, p, 523). Other references to THIS LAND, SEE OeED BOOK 129, P. 110. 1975 Reed, Betula uber 311 References Ashe, W.W. Notes on Betula. Rhodora, 20: 63-64. 1918. Avres, H.B. Washington Forest Service. 19th Ann. Report, U.S. Geol. Surv. , 1897-1898. Part V: 283-313, 2? pl. Washington. 1899. The Flathead Forest Reserve. 20th Ann. Report, U.S. Geol. Surv, 1898- 1899. Part V: 245-316, 38 pl. Washington. I9OO. (Flathead Forest Reserve, Montana). The Lewis and Clark Forest Reserve, Montana. 21st Ann. Report, U.S. Geol. Surv., 1899-1900. Part V: 27-80, pl. ii-xxxii, 4 maps. Washington. 1900. Timber conditions in the pine region of Minnesota. 21 st Ann. Report, U.S. Geol. Surv., 1899-1900. Part V: 673-71 1 > map. Washington. I9OO. Avres, H.B. and W.W. Ashe The Southern Appalachian Forests. 291 pp., 37 pl. Washington Govt. Printing Office. 1905. Circuit Court Records, Smyth County Court House, Marion, Virginia. Deeds Books 39, p. I89. 1914; Book 40, pp. 543-544. I916; Book 41, p. 243. 1916. Fernalo, M.L. Contributions from the Gray Herbarium of Harvard University — CLIX. Some North American Corylaceae (Betulaceae). I. Notes on Betula IN Eastern North America. Rhodora, 47: 303-329> illus. 1945. Gray's Manual of Botany, 8th Ed., p. 536. American Book Co., N.Y. 1950. Johnson, A.G. Betula lenta var. uber Ashe. Rhodora, 56: 129-131. 1954. Little, E.L. Checklist of the Native and Naturalized Trees of the United States. USDA, Agric. Hands. 41: 65-66. 1953. Mazzeo, P.Mo Betula uber — What is it and where is it7 Virginia J. Sci., 22: 105. 1971. Notes on the Distribution of Betulzceae (Birch Family) in Virginia. Jeffersonia: a newsletter of Virginia botany, 7= 2-4. 1973. Betula uber — What is it and where is it? Castanea, 39(3) ^ 273-278, FIG. 1, A-B. 1974. Rosendahl, C.O, and F.K. Butters Trees and Shrubs of Minnesota, pp. 101-102, ILLUS. Univ. Minn. Press. 1928. MISCELLANEOUS NOTES ON NEOTROPICAL FLORA, VIII. by Jos6 Cuatrecasas Department of Botany, Smithsonian Institution Washington, D.C., 20560 As in the former notes of this series, these are des- criptions of new taxa in the Ccmpositae, preliminary to the publication of forthccming monographs in preparation. See PHYTOLOGIA 31 (4): 317, 1975. The basic work for these notes has been partially sponsored by the National Science Foundation (Grant GB. 32086). ESPELETIA CLEEFII Cuatr. sp. nov. Caulirosula aspectu alba vel albida. Caulis columnaris simplex erectus 1-2 m altus cum foliis marcescentibus den- sissime crasseque tectus. Folia coriacea flexibilia, adulta rigida, utrinque albo vel cinereo-lanata adulta viridi-alba, 32-44 cm longa. Lamina sessilis 26-34 x 3.6-6 cm, (5.5:1-7:1) anguste elliptica seu lineari-elliptica, sublanceolata vel oblanceolata, apice acuta basim versus gradatim attenuata usque ad 1-1.7 cm lata, basi triangular! et in vaginam amplectentem ampliata; margine in- tegra revoluta; supra spisse albo vel griseo lanata, pilis longis in pluri-spiram contortis sed extreme antrorso, valde adpressis tecta, tantum costa insuper cum pilis parallelis sericeis densis adpressisque conspicua; subtus alba vel viridi- alba, costa elevata basim versus valde incrassata et basi dilatata striato-sulcata, nervis seciuidariis pr eminent ibus 5-8 (-10) mm inter se distantibus in angulo (4o°-) 50-6o° ascendent ibus, prope marginem curvatis et in reticulum cum nervis minoribus anastemosantibus, nervis tertiis transverso- ascendentibus irregularibus preminentibus sed paulo distinctis cum nervulis minoribus reticulm minutum elevatum formantibus, alveolis profundis fundo glabro; costa c\am pilis pluri- spiraliter crispis dense compress is, insuper rectis elongatis antrorsis sericeis superficiem nitidam conspicuam formantibus; reliqua nervatio cum dense indumento lanato albo, pills patulis multi-spiram contortis intricatis, instructo, tecta sed plus minusve conspicua. Vagina late oblonga, 6-7.5 cm longa 3*5-6 cm lata; apice obtuse triangulata basim versus gradatim lev- iterque dilatata, crassa, argute parallele multi-nervata, abaxiale densiuscule sericeo-barbata pilis teneris antrorsis 15-18 mm longis adpressis tecta, adaxiale glabra, apice sicut basim laminae (costae dilatatae) utrinque denssisirae crasseque congests lanata et lanato-barbata. Folia juvenilia et gemmae terminates magis dense crasseque lanatae insuper aspectu 312 313 1975 Cuatrecaaas, L'lscellaneous notes villoso-sericeae albae vel pallide aioreae. Inflorescentiae thyrsoides corymboide panicTilatae, axillares folia rcsvilarum paulo (0- 1/5) excedentes . Axis robustus erectus 30-50 cm longus; pars proximalis vegeta- tiva 2/3 - 1/2 totitis longitudinis aequans, 1-3 (-4) paxibus foliis sterilibus instructus ; folia decvissata basi connata proximalia juxta basim inserta linearia vel oblanceolato- linearia acutaque, 14-24 x 1.5-1. 8 cm, deorsm attenuata et in vaginam crass iusciile membranaceam 3-5 cm longam am- lectentem ad basim tubulosam producta, aJLtera sursiim grad- atim breviora 11-5 x 1 cm; pars fertilis 15-2? capitiila ferens, tria in cyma terminali semper instructa cetera in 3-4 paribus ramis oppositis angulo acuto ascendentibus, erectis, disposita. Rami, 2-3 pares proximales saepe cymam 3-capit\iliferam producti interdimi infimi 5-capitulifera, distales 2-1 capitula ferentes. Internodia proximalia 5-10 cm longa, cetera surstmi: 2.5-4 cm, 1. 5-3*3 cm, 1. 5-1*8 cm et teminalia (pedicellus centralis) 2-4 cm longa. Rami (in- florescentiae partiales) internodia valde excedentes, prox- imales distales attingentes vel leviter breviores . Pedicelli elongati erecti 2-7 cm longi. Bracteae subtendentes fertiles lineares vel triangulato-lineares acutae basi amplectentes saepe connatae, quam internodia longiores sed quam rami breviores vel subaequales; inferiores 5-12 x 1-1.5 cm, ceterae sursum 3*5-6 X 1-1.5, 2. 5-5*5 X 1-2 cm, 1.5 x 1.8 cm. Axes rami pedicellique dense crasseque flavo-lanati, pilis longissimis flexuosis valde intricatis tecti insuper pl-us minusve barb\alas lan\igineas vel floccosas formantibus. Folia indxmiento albicanti illi foliorum rosTilarum. Bases axiijm inter vaginas foliorum arete cempressi densissime crassissime albo longi-lanati . Capitula radiata erecta vel inclinata, 143-258 (-346) flores ferentia, ligulis amotis 15-22 mm diam, circulo ligularum 24-30 ram, disco 12-15 mm diametienti. Involucrum cupulatum dense crasse intricate flavescenti-lanatum. Phyllaria sterilia exteriora plerumque quatuor 10-13 (-l6) x 10-6 ram, ovata vel subrotundata basi subcordata apice subite cuspidata vel breviter acuminata acutaque, densissime longeque lanata, interiora 4-6 (-10), plerimique 10-6.5 x 7-2.5 mm longi ovata a vel ovato- acuminata acuta extus lanata vel praecipue siirsum villoso-lanata. Hiy2J.aria fertilia externa herbacea inf erne crassiora 8-6.5 x 3*5-2 ram, ovato-ac\miinata vel anguste oblonga aciraiinata vel acutata plur- inervata amplectentia extus lanata vel lanato-villosa pilis sursum flexuosis 3 nm, interiora magis tenera membranacea maxgine late scariosa amplectentiaque 7-6 x 2-1.4, rostro-dorsale brunnescente villoso-barbata vel ciliato-barbata pilis 2-1 mm longis, dorso spars is minutis glandvilis . Receptaculm moderate convexum sub- glabrum tantum sparsissimis minutis obsoletis pilis 0.1-0. 2 ram. Paleae subs car iosae hyalinae 8-10-nervatae costa elevata, anguste oblongae triangulato-acutatae amplectentes dorso sparsis minutis glandulis pediculatis, subapicem apieeque brunnescenti-barbatae vel ciliato-barbatae pilis fexuosis 0. 5-1*5 nun. 311 PHYTOLOGIA Vol. 32, no. ii Flores radii feminei 37-60 in capitulo, 3-seriati. Corolla lutea 7-12 mm longa, tubo angnsto 1-2 ram longo dense piloso pilis patulis vel subpatulis obtussis cras- siusculis 0.2-0. 3 (-0.5) nira, sparsis vel copiosis, et pilis ascendentibus longioribus subacutis vel acutis vel subobtusis usque ad 0.8 (-1) mm longis praecipue ad basim interdimi ad apicem copiosis vel densis, plus glandulis pediculatis sparsis; lamina linearis vel oblongo-linearis 5-7 nervata obtuse 3-(ientata, basi acute aperta, extus minutis glandulis sparsis basi parce pilosa adaxiale glabra minutissime velutino-papillosula, 1.5-2. 5 mm lata; stylus 3.5-6 mm raraulis 0.8-1. 5 mm; achaenia exrteriora 2-2.4 X 1.3-1.8 mm ovato-triangulata apice subtruncata dorso piano- convexo, interiora 2.5-3"2 x 0.8-1. 2 mm oblonga quad- rangulata vel subquadrangulata. Flores disci pseudohermaphroditi 98-I78 (-268) in capitulo. Corolla lutea 5-6 mm longa, tubulo 2-2.3 mm copiose vel tantura sursun parce piloso, pilis crassiusculis basi incrassatis (subconicis ), apice obtusis, vel subobtusis, 0.1-0. 3 (0.4) mm plus alteris longioribus subobtusis vel sub- acutis usque 0.8 ram, et parcis glandulis captitato-pediculatis minutis intersparsis ; limbo tubuloso vel sursum leviter am- pliato, basi parcis vel raris pilis brevivus et sparsis glandulis, lobis triangularibus subacutis margine incrassatis papillosisque extus sparsis glandulis globosis subsessilibus rare rarissimis (1-2) pilis minutis 0.2-0. 3 mm obsitis. Anterae 1.8-2. 2 mm longae appendice apicali 0.45 mm ovata subacuta. Stylus conico-clavatus 5-6 mm longis. Nectarium tubulosimi inaequaliter dentatum 0. 5-0.8 mm longura. Rudimen- tum ovarii 0.2-0.25 mm altum. Typus : Colombia, Boyacd: Sierra Nevada de Cocuy: Boquer6n de Cusiri, 4300 m, vert. W, superpdramo cerca del limite con pdramo propiamente dicho, vegetaci6n seca en suelos pedregosos, caulirdsula l-2m, flores amarlUas, "frailej6n", 6 Oct. 1972, A.M. Cleef & P. A. Florschutz 5922; holotypus, US; isotypi, COL, U. Other collections: Colombia, Arauca, Sierra Nevada del Cocuy: cabeceras de Quebrada El Play6n, Patio Bolos 4250 m, superpdramo seco, cerca limite del pdramo, cualirdsula I.5 m, flores amaril- las, "frailej6n: 12 Mar. 1975^ A. M. Cleef 9100 (paratypus, US; isoparatyi, COL, U). Id. id. El Play6n, Hoya San Jos6 cerca La Botella, pdramo hiiraedo con Chusquea sp., 3550 m, 2 km WNW de finca El Play6n, caullr6sula 1 ra, hojas ver- dosas, llgulas amarillas, 9 1973, A. M. Cleef 101l4 (US, COL, U); id. id Q. El Play6n, Hoya San Luis, 3500 m, vegetaci6n paramuna seca sobre morrenas, caulirr6sula 1 ra flores amarillas, 13 Mar 3500, A. M. Cleef 9170 (US, COL, U); id. id. Hoya San Luis, 3860 m, pdramo relativ- amente seco, asoc. con Chusquea, Vaccinirm floribudum y cript6gamas, suelo arenoso, caulir6s'ula 1 m. hojas verdosas, ligulas amarillas, 11 June 1973, A. M. Cleef 10179 (US, COL, U) 1975 Cuatrecasas, Miscellaneous notes ESPELETIA Al^TEl^IANA Cuatr. sp. nov. Caulirosvila visu viridi-cinerea, caule 10 cm diam usque ad 2 m alto cum foliis marcescentibus spisse obtecto. Rosula foliorum densa circa 6o-70 cm diametro. Folia coriacea crassiuscvila rigidvila utrinque lanata s ess ilia, adilLta 40-50 cm in tota longtudine, 6.5-10.5 cm lata. Lamina anguste elliptica vel anguste obovata apice subite vel gradatim attenuata semper acuta deorsum plus minusve longe gradatim angustata ad basim subite vel grad- atim contracta, 32-43 cm longa (6.5- )7-9*5 (-10.5) cm lata (3:l-5:l) margine Integra valde rigideque revoluta, costa ampla rObusta supra sursura fere plana deorsum leviter carinata basim versus svilcato-striolata, subtus valde prominenti semitereti, lateraliter sulcata, nervis secun- dariis 7-10 mm inter se distantibus abaxiale prominent ibus bene conspicuis inaequaliter parallelis angulo 55-60° (50-65°) ascendent ibus, prope marginem arcuatis anastcmo- santibus, nervis tertiis abaxiale conspicuis oblique transversis cum nervis minoribus etiara prominent ibus reticulm minut'um bene elevatum formatibus ; adaxiale superficie crasse densissime adpresseque albo-lanata pilis 5-10 mm longis basi crassiuscula patula ceterum bi-spiraliter contortis sed extreme valde longo subrecto vel arcuato horizontale subadpresso in foliis vetustis saepe congeste crasse crispolanato; abaxiale pilis sim- ilibus sed magis contortis intricatisque lanam magis moUem floccosam formantibus, reticulo obtecto, fundo alveolorum pilis brevibus sericeis copiosis obsitis, costa etiam lanata saepe insuper villoso-baxbvilata in- structa. Vagina crassa coriaceae late trapezialis vel ovata vel late semiovata 6-8 (-9) cm longa 6-8 cm lata, mxilti par all eli - ner vat a , adaxiale glabra, abaxiale den- sissime longeque albo-fulvido-barbata pilis tenuissimis subsericeis rectis antorsis 15-20 mm longis valde ad- pressis instructa. Geraae inflorescentiae et folia Juv- enilia densissime albo-villoso-lanata et insuper albo- villoso-barbata superficiebus adaxialibus plus minusve sericeis . Inflorescentiae thyrsoides axillares saepe numerosae, maturitae folia rosularia aequilongae vel breviores . Axis 30-47 cm longus robustius cuius erectus, dimidia vel tertia (vel quanta) parte proxiraali vegetative 12-23 cm longa aphylla, longe crasseque albo-lanato-barbatus ; pars distalis fertilis ramosa bracteata 19-13 (-5) capitula ferens, tria in cyma terminali semper instructa, cetera in 4-3 (-2-1) paribus ramorum oppositorum ascendentivim disposita; internodia longitudine pairon decrescentia [(12-)8-3-5 cm], terminale seu pedicellus centralis 3-5 >5 cm longus. Rami proximales infimi cyma 3-capitulifera instructi in toto 14-27 cm longi, alter! etiam cymosi aut monocephali ceteri monocephali, omnes s\irsum gradatim breviores et internodia valde (saepe duplo) superantes. Rami intermedii monocephali 315 316 PHYTOLOGIA Vol, 32, no. U (=pedicelli) erecti maturitate l4-7 cm longi, pedicelli infimi ad 10 cm longi supremi 3-5-6 cm long!. Rami pedicellique robustiusculi striati crasse moUeque crispo et barbato- lanati albi vel sursvun ochroleuci. Bracteae subtendentes foliaceae oppositae sessiles basi breviter connatae, lineares acutae infimae 20-10 x 2. 5-1- 5 cm s-ursnm gradatim breviores late ovato-lanceolatae amplectentes, supremae 3-2-5 x 1-5-1 mm Cannes longiores quam internodia sed valde minores quam pedicelli, textnrae et indumento foliis similiter, lana dense moUe longe albo-barbata tectae. Capitnla radiata latiuscula suberecta vel cernua, 200-400 flores ferentia, ligulis amotis 2-2.5 cm diametientia, circulo ligulartm 26-35 mm, disco 18-22 mm diametro. Involucrum cup- ulatum dense canescente lanatum, expansimi 35-45 mm diametro. Phyllaria sterilia herbacea crass ins cula, exteriora 4 vel 3, ovata plus minusve acuminata subacuta, longe dense crass eque lanata, 15-20 x 8-12 mm, intus acumine utrinque longe lanato- villoso excepto glabra inconspicueque nervata, interiora 5-12, 1-2-seriata, ovato-oblonga vel sublanceolato-oblonga, apice acuta, 15-9 X 9-4 mm, extus lanata vel lanuginosa sed intima utroque latere glabrescentia. Phyllaria fertilia exteriora herbacea lanceolato-oblonga vel oblonga acuta 12-8 x 5 -5-2.8 mm, dorso sursumque villosa et barbata pilis 2 mm longis et glandulis breviter pediculatis obovoideis copiosis, interiora amplectentia subscariosa 8-7-5 x 2.5-2 mm, tantum dorso apicale barbata pilis 1-1.5 mm, et glandulis obovoideis praedita. Receptaculum convexum glabrum 10-13 mm diametro, 2-3 mm altum. Paleae 6.5-7 x 1.8-2 mm, scariosae subhyalinae ovali-oblongae acutae basi incrassatae, plurinervatae costa magis notata, amplectentes, distale brunneo-barbulata ciliataque pilis ad 1 mm longis et sparse minuteque subgloboso-glandulatae . Flores radii feminei 50-105 in capitulo 3 (-4) seriati. Corolla lutea 8.5-12 mm longa, tubo 0.8-1. 3 mm densiuscule patulo- piloso pilis obtusis vel obtusiusculis 0.2-0. 5 mm longis raro raris pilis longioribus vel acutis obsitis ; lamina lineari- oblonga apice obtusa vel subtruncata plerumque 3-d.entata dentibus obtusis, 5-9-nervata plerumque duobus nervis robustioribus, adaxiale glabra, abaxiale sparse vel copiose minuteque ped- iculato-glandulosa, et ad basim sparsis pilis obtusis brevibus. Stylus 3-5-5 mm longus ramis linearibus 1-1.2 mm longis. Achaenia exteriora late obovoidea triangulata subtruncata dorso leviter convexo, 2.5 x 1.6-1. 8 ram, interiora magis oblonga subquadr- angulata, 2.7-3 x 1-1.6 mm. Flores disci pseudohermaphroditi 152-337 in capitulo. Corolla lutea 6.5-7 mm longa tubulo 2. 3-2. 8 mm longo sparse vel copiose piloso, pilis patulis crassiusculis obtusis 0.2-0. 5 mm longis et parcis glandulis, limbo tubuloso ampliato, leviter in- fundibuliflormi basi parcis pilis vel glandiilis; lobis 1 mm altis triangularibus margine adaxiale papillosis extus saepe parce barbulatis pilis tenuibus acutis leviter flexuosis antrors.isl mm longis, et glandulis breviter pedlcilLatis 1975 Cuatrecasas, Miscellaneous notes 317 obovoideis sparsis munitis . Anterae 2. 2-2. 5 mm longis sagittatis appendicibus ovato-oblongis 0-5 mm longis. Stylus 6.5 mm, sursum papilloso-hispidulus . Nectajcium 0.7-1. 2 mm tubxilosum dentatijm. Typus : Colobia, Boyacd: Alto de Mogotes, carretera Vado Hondo-Labranzagrade 3300 ra, supdramo con gramineas y muchas hierbas, suelo arenoso, cualiT6sula 1 m (pocas veces 2 ra) tronco 10 cm diara, floras araarillas, 2 Apr 1973^ Antoine M. Cleef 9296; holotypus, US; isotypi, COL, U). Other collections: Vado Hondo, Siberia entre Pefla Arnica! y Alto de Mogotes, pdramo relat. seco 500 m S-SE de Laguna Grande, 3330 m alt., assoc, con Chusquea y Calaraagrostis effusa, caulir6sula 0.5 m, hojas verdosas, llgulas araarillas, 10 Apr 1973, A.M. Cleef 9556 (us, COL, U). Pefla Arnica!, N de Vado Hondo, 3630 m, pdramo hiinedo con Chusquea, Calaraagrostis e Hypericum sobre lajas, caulir6s\ila 1 m, flores araarillas 6 Apr 1973, A.M. Cleef 9^53, 9^53A (US, U, COL) Espeletia annemariana is dedicated to firs . Annemarie Cleef, enthusiastic and efficient field collaborator of Antoine M. Cleef in his pararao ecologic studies. ESPELETIA AJMEMARIANA VAR. RUPICOLA Cuatr. var. nov. Laramina foliorum elliptica vel obovato-elliptica apice subite acutata apiculata, basim versus attenuata, basi valde contracta brevissime subpetiolata, 22-25 x 7 -8-8. 5 cm (2.6:1- 3:1), nervis secundariis 5-9 distantibus angulo 55-65°, utrinque densissime crasseque lanata. Vagina foliorum 6-6.5 X 5-5 cm. Inflorescentiae quam folia valde breviores, circa 21 cm longae, 2/3 parte vegetativa exfoliata, 1/3 dis- tal! parte thyrsoide 5-capit\ilifera, dense crasseque lanatae insuper villoso-barbatae . Capitula 2-2.5 cm diaraetientia, circ\iLo ligularum 30 ram, disco 17 mm diara. Phyllaria sterilia 9-10, ovato-oblonga attenuata acuta 15-10 x 9-3 mra, extus dense longeque luteolo-lanata, interiora oblonga; fertilia exteriora 9-8 x 4-3.5 mm oblonga acuta, interiora 8 x 2.5 mm, dorso antrorso-piloso margine hyalina apicem barbulata and sparse glandulif era . Paleae 6.5 x 1,8 mm subite oblongo- acTjminatae dorso apice fusco-ciliato-barbatae et sparse gland- uliferae. Flores radii feminei circa 72, 3-4-seriati, corolla 8-8.5 mm tubo 1.2-1. 5 ram piloso et glanduloso, lamina 1.8 mm lata 7-nervata abaxiale copiosis glandulis subsessi!ibus . Achaenia 2. 2-2. 3 x 1.5-1. 6 mm, obovato-triangulata, interiora 2.5 X I.5-I mm oblonga quadrangulata . Flores disci I86, corolla 6 mm tubo parcis pi!is et glandvilis, lobis 0.7-0. 8 mm altis abaxiale copiosis glandvilis subglobosis breviter pedictilatis . Typus: Colombia, Boyacd: Pefla Arnica!, N de Vado Hondo, crece en grietas de rocas, 36OO m, cau!ir6su!a I.5 m, f!ores amari!!as, frai!ej6n, 6 Apr 1973, Antoine M. Cleef 9466; holo- typus, US; isotypi, COL, U. Vol, 32, no. U 318 PHYTOLOGIA ESPELETIA CAB KERENS IS Cuatr. sp. nov. Caiilirosiila visu albo-cinerea vel viridi-cinerea, caule brevi, rosula lata. Folia coriaceae firma utrinque spisse lanata, pseudopetio- lata 61-65 cm longa. Lamina anguste lineari-lanceolata apicem versus gradatira angustata, acuta, basira versus sine sensu attenuata et in pseudopet iolum angustata 47-50 cm longa 4-4.5 cm lata (10:1-12:1) margine integerrima revolutaque, costa valde robusta supra plana sursum parum notata; subtus crasse eminent! argute costulato-striata sulcataque, nervis secundariis adaxiale invisibilibtts abaxiale bene notatis, prominentibus inaequaliter parallelis inter se 5-10 ram distantibus angulo 40-50° ascendentibus , prope marginem arcuato anastcxnosatis, nervis tertiis parum distinctis oblique transversis cum nervulis minoribus reticulima elevatum minutum formantibus; utrinque albida vel viridi-albida vel viridi-cinerea adaxiale pilis densis patulo-arcuatis splratim contortis lanato-intricatis sed extremis subrectis subparallelis superficiem leviter sericeam formantibus, abaxiale crassius vellerea pilis patulis inferne erectis plurispiraliter flexuosis, intricatisque lanam mollem insuper plus minusve barbulatam formantibus ; reticulo occulto alveolis profundis cum pilis tenuibus minutis praeditis ; costa densissime induta pilis valde longis (l5-20ram) geniculato- arcuatis extremis subparallelis insuper ad modum fibras long- itudinales adpressas formantibus. Pseudopet iolus 6-8 cm longus, 0.8-1 cm crassus, costa robusta costulato-sulcata, angustissime cum margo laminae revoluto decurrentique marginatus, utrinque densissime lanatus basi triangulate ampliatus et in vaginam latam productus . Vagina crasse coriacea trapezialis, 7-8 cm longa circa 6.5 cm lata argute paralleli-multinervata abaxiale dense longeque serlceo-barbata pilis tenuissimis antrorsis 15-20 mm longis, adaxiale sursum dense villoso-barbata tertio inferior! glabra apice utrinque congeste lanata. Inflorescentiae thyrsoides axillares rosula foliorum duplo longiores . Axis circa 120 cm longus, moderate robustus erectus vel praecipue sursum paulo flexuosus; dimidia pars proximalis vegetativa circa 60 cm longa, simplex, exfoliata; dimidia pars superior fertilis ramosa circa 43 capitula ferens, tria in cyma terminal! semper instructa, cetera in 6 paribus ramorum oppos- itorum ascendentium graciliimi erectorum vel flexilium disposita. Internodia longitudine sursum decrescentia (v.g.:30, 13, 8, 4, 3 cm, terminale (pedicellum) 2.5 cm). Rami proximales Infer- iores saepe thyrso 7-capituiifero (30-36 cm longi) instruct!, alter! thryso 5 capitulis (17-21 cm), ceteri cyma simplice (10-6 cm), distales monocephali (3-2 cm); omnes (inflorescentiae partiales) internodia paulo excedentes, ad summam habitu laxe graciliter pyramidali. Pedicelli vel pseudo-pedicelli 1-3 cm. erecti vel flexuosi. Bracteae subtendentes oppositae infer- iores foliaceae 16-20 cm longae 1 cm latae oblanceolato-lin- eares acutae basi amplectentes breviter connatae, indumento lanato denso albo clnereo instructae. Ceterae pares bractearum minores sursum valde decrescentes 9-1 cm longae 1-0.5 cm latae. 1975 Cuatrecasas, yiacellaneous notes 319 triangulari-lineares quam rami valde breviores, supremae aequilongae exceptae, comes dense adpresseque lutescente vel aureo-lanatae et vellereo-barbatae, distales aureae vel lutescentes . Axis dense adpresseque albo vel cinereo- lanatus plus minsve barbatus, rami crassiore moUiterque intricato-lanati sursum sicut involucra indumento aureo tecti. Capitula radiata erecta vel cernua 85-126 floras fer- entia, ligulis amotis 20-25 mm diam, circulo ligularum 24-30 mm, disco 10-13 nm diametro. Involucrum cupulatum dense aureo-lanatum . Phyllaria sterilia crassiuscule herbacea 7-10, exteriora plerumque quinque 17-15 x 7-5 mm, oblonga apice paiilo attenuata subite acutata vel subacuta, extus crasse intricato-lanata, intus glabra, viridvila apice lanuginoso excepto, interiora 15-13 x 6-4 mm, etiam oblonga acutataque, extus lanata. Phyllaria fertilia exteriora herbacea 12-10 x 4-3*5 mm, oblonga acuta herbacea basi incrassata dorso villoso-lanata, cetera 8-7 x 2.5 mm scariosa amplectentia, 5 nervata pilosa costa villosula extreme dorsals lanuginoso-barbata. Receptaculimi convexum sublabrum 7-8 mm diametro. Paleae scariosae ovales apice triangulate, 7-7*5 x 2-3 mm, pluri nervata costa dorso eminent i basi incrassata ceteris nervis minus conspicuis dorso ad apicem barbulatae pilis flexuosis acutis erectis 0*25-0*4 mm. Flores radii feminei 29-38 in capitulo, 2-3 seriati. Corolla lutea 12-13 mm longa, tubo 0.7-0. 8 mm dense pilosulo pilis 0.2-0.3(-0.5) mm antrorsis vel patulis, basi cras- sioribus apice angustiori obtuso, subobtuso vel superioribus acutis plus glandtilis minutis intersparsis ; lamina lineari vel lineari-elliptica 2-2.4 mm lata apice obtuso breviter 2-3-dentata, 4-7 nervis 2 magis robustis notatis, abaxiale sparsis minutis glandiilis circa basim pares pilosula, adaxiale glabra minute mamillato-velutina, stylus 5-6.5 mm longus ramis lance-linearibus crassiuscvilis 2 mm longis . Achaenia exteriora 2-2.3 x 1.5 mm ovata apice truncato- emarginata triangulata dorso piano- convexo, interiora 2.5 X 0.8-1 mm oblonga quadrangulata vel sub-quadrangiolata. Flores disci pseudohermaphroditi 56-88 in capitulo. Corolla lutea 7 mm longa, tubulo circa 2 mm longo siirsum copiose piloso pilis antrorsis acutis supremis ad 0.7 mm longis et raris glandulis globosis subsessilibus interspar- sis, limbo tubviloso basi tantum paulo pilosulo, lobis trian- gularibus 1-1.2 mm longis marginibus incrassatis extus glandulis globosis sparsis et parcis pilis flexuosis acutis 0.2-0. 3 mm longis munitis ; antherae 2. 7-2. 8 mm longae appendice apicali oblongo-subtriangulata 0.6-0 *7 mm longa; stylus 9 extremo longe papilloso breviter incisus . Nectarium tubulosim 1 mm altum inaequaliter dentatvun. Rudimentim ovarii brevi, 0.2 mm. alto. Typus : Colcmbia, Cundinamarca : Cabrera, subiendo al Alto de Sxmapaz, planada paramuna de Hoyerlas, 3200 m alt. 320 PHYTOLOGIA Vol« 32, no, caulirrosuletum con tallo m'uy corto, grandes inflorescencias con laniULa dorada, 23 Febr 1970, Lorenzo Uribe Uribe 6400. Holotypus US; isotypi COL. ESPELETIA TAPIROFHILA Cnatr. sp. nov. CaulirosiLLa lata visu viridi-cinerea vel viridi-alba, viilgo 1-2 m interdum usque ad 5 m alta, caule simplici recto cum foliis marcescentibus vel vaginis foliorum valde adpressis spisse obtecto. Folia coriacea firma utrinque congeste lanata sessilia 53-55 cm in toto longa. Lamina oblanceolato-linearis apicem versus angustata, acuta, deorsum gradatim attenuata, 45-48 cm longa circa 4.5 cm lata (9:1-10:1), supra basim 1.2-1. 5 cm lata, margine revoluta Integra tantum dentibus callosis minusculis remotis adaxiale cimi indumento occultis, supra viridi-cinerea vel viridi-grisea pilis longis (5-10 mm) inf erne spiraliter contortis superne rectis antrorsis den- sissimis adpressisque superficiem fere laevem formantibus tantum costa plana conspicua; subtus costa elevata carinato- cost\ilata striataque rigida deorsum robusta dense adpresseque albido lanata, nervis secundariis prcminentibus 7-9 inter se distantibus angulo 45-55° ascendentibus circa marginem furcatis anastcmos antibus, nerviis tertiis subpr eminent ibus cum minoribus similibus in reticulum elevatimi densum anastomosatis . Nervi secundarii reticuloque densis pilis longis patulis pluricontortis intricat is simis indumento albo vel cinero-lanato instructis, alveolis profundis pilis albis minutis copiosis vel densis munitis . Vagina coriacea oblongo-trapezialis 6.5-7 x 5 cm, adaxiale apicem excepta glabra abaxiale denssissime adpresse longeque barbata pilis tenuibus antrosis ad 2 mm longis . Folia valde juvenilia et gemma terminalis nitentis dense crasse ad- presseque albo-sericea. Inflorescentiae thyrsoides axillares rosula foliorum duplo vel sesquilongiores . Axis 68-88 cm longus robustus erectus striatus, 2/3 vel dimidia parte proximal! vegetativa 48-66 cm longa duobus paribus foliorum sterilivim instructa intermodiis proximalibus 22-27 cm longis foliis lineari-lanceolatis acutis supra basim leviter angustatis, inferioribus 4 cm supra basim axi adnatis, 18-22 cm longis x 2-2.3 cm latis, vagina circa 5 cm longa per parem inferne tubiLLoso-connataintus glabra extus longe piloso barbata et minute diluteque glandulosa, altera folia paulo breviora tubulo vaginae minor!. Dimidia vel tertia pars distaJLis fertilis ramosa bracteataque, 13-16 capitula ferens, tria in cyma terminal! semper instructa, cetera in 3-4 paribus ramorum oppositorum patulo-ascendentium disposita; internodia longitudine sursum decrescentia (sequentia, v.g. 15, 9, 5 et 3.5 cm) terminale (pedicellus centralis) 3-4 cm. Rami proximales interiores cyma 3-capitulifera instruct! 11-13 cm in toto longi, alter! 3-2 capituliferi 8-11 cm longi, distales monocephali 4-6 cm longi, omnes internodia paulo excedentes vel infimi conspicue breviores . Pedicelli vel pseudopedicelli sicut 1975 Cuatrecasaa, Miscellaneous notes 321 rami striati robustiusculi erecti 2.5-3 *5 cm longi. Bracteae subtendentes oppositae, lamina elongate ovato-triangulari acuta supra basim dilatata basi contracta et in vaginam araplectentan breviter per parem connatam productae, inferiores 9-10 x 2.5 cm sursum gradatim minores suprema circa 2 x 0.7 nm, notate nervatae, margine revoluta dentibus cal 1 os is remotis cum indumento adaxiale ocultis inferiores in textura folia vege- tativa similares, ceterae virides abaxiale deorsum laxe longeque villoso-barbatae pilis rectis inferne crassiusculis ascendentibus 5-10 mm longis, sursum plus minusve lanuginosae, utrinque copiose minuteque glandulif erae . Axis dense albo- lanatus pilis tenuibus crispis densis tectus insuper pilis longiorib\is (usque ad 20 ram) ascendentibus barbulis elongatis gossypinis instructis, basi dense albo-villoso-barbatus pilis tenuibus 10-20 mm longis parallelis vel intricatis . Rami ram\fLi pedicellique dense crasse molleque albo vel flavo- lanati . Capitula radiata cernua vel nutatia 166-212 flores ferentia, ligulis amotis 20-25 ram (in sicco), circ\ilo ligiiLarura 32-35 nm, disco 15-18 ram diametientia. Involucrum cupulatum viridulum moderate villoso-sublanuginosura. Phyllaria sterilia 9-10 herbacea 18-10 x 12-4 ram, ovato-triangularia vel ovato- oblonga acutata exteriora acvminata abaxiale copiose vel densiuscule villosa et glandvilifera pilis antrorsis inferne 5 mm superne 2 ram longis acutis sursum plusrainusve flexuosis intricato-barbatis, glandulis colimmaribus 0.02-0.05 nm longis patulis, adaxiale precipue dimitia parte et sixrsm copione minuteque gland\alifera, acumine etiam glandulifera et villoso lanuginosa. Phyllaria fertilia exteriora 12-8 x 5-2.5 nm oblonga acute attenuata abaxiale villosa et glandulifera adaxiale sursum etiam copiose breviterque glandulifera. Recep- taculum circa 8 mm diam, plano-convexum parcis minutis pilis acutis 0.5 Dim. Paleae membranaceae 7 x 3 nm ovales sub- acutae vel subobtiisae, valde amplectentes costa subcarinata marginibus latis hyalinis, nervis 5-6 lateralibus plusminusve notatis, abaxiale costa antrorso pilosula subapice densiuscule barbulatae pilis rigidulis flexuosis 0.3-0. 8 ram et glandulis breviter pediculatis copiose intersparsis . Flores radii feminei 60-74 in capitulo, 3-seriati. Corolla lutea interd-um rosea (9-) ll-l4 ram longa tubo 1-1.2 mm longo sursum densiuscule patulo piloso et glandulis pilis crassiuscialis obtusis 0.2-0. 7 nm, parcis acutis, et glandulis breviter pedicu- latis intersparis; lamina linearis 9 nm lata obtuse 2-3-dentata, 5-8-nervata, abaxiale glandulis minutis subsessilibus sparsis . Stylus 5 nm longus ramis late linearibus 2 ram. Achaenia ex- teriora 2-2.5 X 1.3-1 -5 nm obovata triangularia apice tj-uncata basi attenuata acuta, dorso convexo, interiora 2.8-3 x 1 mm, oblonga quadrangulata . Flores disci pseudohermaphroditi IO6-I38 in capitiolo. Corolla lutea 7-8 mm longa, tubulo 2-3 mm sursum sparse pilosa pilis 0.1-0. 3 nm longis et glandulis pediculato-columnaribus 322 PHYTOLOGIA Vol. 32, no. U spars is, limbo tubuloso-infimdibuliformi inf erne spars is glandiilis et basi copiose breviterque pilosulo, pilis crassiusculis obtusis 0.1 -0.4 mm et sparse glanduloso, lob is triangularibus 1.2-1. 3 mm altis margine incrassatis papillosisque abaxiale copiosis glandulis subglobosis subsessilibus ornatis, sed hand pilis. Stylus circa 8 mm. Nectarium tubulosum 0.? mm longum, apice 5-<3.entatum dentibus incrassatis . Typus : Colombia, Meta: Hoya del Rio Nevado, Puerta de Las Dantas; frailej6n caracteristico en el llmite entre bosque y pdramo, crece frecuente en lugares protegidos, 3400 m alt. caulirr6sula 2 m, tambi^n unos de 5 m, flores amarillas a veces algunas inflorescencias con llgulas rosadas, 25 Jan 1973, Antoine M. Cleef 8301; holotypus US; isotypi COL, U. ESPELETIA GRANPIFLORA H. & B. var BOYACANA Cuatr. var. nov. Caulirosula visu albo-cinerea caule usque 1.3 m alto. Folia anguste elliptico-lanceolata basim contracta pseudo- petiolo bene signato, utrique albo-lanata vel flavescente lanata. Lamina 19-32 x 4-8 cm, 4:1-6:1 (-7:1), nervis 6-10 ram inter se distantibus angulo 45-50° ascendentibus . Petiolus 2-3.5 cm longus 6-9 mm latus. Vagina 5 •5-7*5 X 4.5-7 cm. Inflorescentiae robustae 4o-83 cm longae quam folia duplo longiores vel ultra, parte vegetativa elongata 2-5 paribus foliorum sterilium late linearium sessilium amplectentium, parte fertili 7-21 capitula ferenti thyrsoide ramosa bracteataque 1-5 paribus ramorum 1-3 capituliferorum instructa; axis dense albo-lanatus et plus minusve barbatus, rami bracteae involucraque dense longeque luteolo-villoso- lanata et saepe insuper barbata. Capitula ligulis amotis, in sicco, 2.5-3 -5 cm diam. Phyllaria sterilia 22-20 x 17-15 mm ovata vel ovalia obtusa vel subobtusa, fertilia exteriora l8-7 X 11-5 mm oblonga obtusa vel subobtusa dense lanata interiora acutata. Flores 322-342 in capitirlo, radii 100-106, disci 220-236. Corolla radii 12-15 mm longa tubo 3-4 mm densiuscule piloso, pilis crassiusculis obtusis basi in- crassatis ad 0.5 mm et glandulis intersparsis, lamina lineari abaxiale sparsis glandulis subsessilibus . Achaenia exteriora 2-2.2 X 1.3 mm obovata triangulata basi subacuta, interiora 2. 2-2. 4 X 0.8-1 ram quadrangulata laterale ccmpressa. CoroUae disci tubo et basi limbi copiose pilosae et sparse glandiilosae, lobis extus glandulis sparsis et saepe parcis pilis . Typus: Colombia, Boyacd: NW-W de Duitama, Pdramo de La Rusia, Serrania Negra ver S, 3900 m alt, pdramo humedo con dcminAncia de chusque, caulirrdsula hasta I.3 m, flores amarillas, ''frailej6n", 10 Dec. 1972 Antoine M. Cleef 6955; holotypus, US; isotypi U, COL. Other collections: Same locality and collector n° 6955-A, paratypus, US; isoparatypi COL, U. Boyacd: pdramos EW de Bel4n, 2.5 km SE de Lagima Grande, Hoya El Pdlpito, cerca Llano de Paja 3750 m, p^amo 1975 Cuatrecasas, Miscellaneous notes 323 relativamente seco, pedregoso, caulirr6sula 0.5,hojas oscuro- grisdceas, llgulas amari 1 1 as , "frailejon", 6 May 1973, A. M. Cleef 9785 (COL, U, US). Id. NW de Bel4n, Quebrada liinas, Hoya de CuchlUa Larga, Alto de Las Cruces, 3900 m, pAramo htliinedo, asociado con chusque, caulirr6sula 75 cm, hojas grisAceas, llgulas amari 11 as , "frailejAn:, 4 May 1973, A. M. Cleef 9729 (COL, U, US). ESPELETIA GRANDIFLORA H. & B. var CAYETANA Cuatr. var. nov. Caulirosula visu albo-cinerea caule usque 2 m alto. Folia late elliptico-lanceolata acutissima circa basim subite attenuata in pseudopet ioliim bene contracta, utrinque albo-lanata. Lamina 30-35 x 9. 5-10. 5 cm (3:1-3. 6:1), nervis 8-13 mm inter se distantibus angulo 45-50° ascendentibus . Petiolus 3. 5-4. 5 cm longus usque ad 7-8 ram latus. Vagina 7.5-8 X 5-6.5 cm. Inflorescentiae robustae l/3 folia excedentes, 54-57 cm longae, 2-3 paribus foliis sterilibus, inferioribus ad basim rosularibus similibus petiolatis lamina 27-20 x 6-3.5 cm, alteris late linearibus 15-14 X 2. 5-1 cm, internodio inferior! 32-33 cm altero 9-12 cm; parte fertili densiusc\ile 7-10 capitulifera, cyma terminali 3 capitulis et 2 paribus ramulorum instructa; rami comes monocephali vel inferiores 2-3-cephali; axis dense albo- lanatus insuper albo-barbatus, rami bracteae involucraque dense longeque lutescente villoso-lanata et barbata. Capitula ligulis amotis in sicco 25-35 mm diam. Phyllaria sterilia exteriora (30- ) 26-18 x (20- ) l4-ll mm, ovato- acuminata vel ovato-attenuata dense villoso-lanata et barbata, fertilia I8-II X 11-6 mm ovato-oblonga acuminata vel saepius oblonga acutaque, villoso-lanata et sparse glandulosa praecipue sursum. Flores 168-315 in capitulo, radii 6O-87, disci 108-228. CoroUae radii 20-23 mm longae tubo 3-4 mm brevissimis sparsis pilis crassis obtusis 0.01-0.05 mm, et glandulis minutis 0.01-0.025 mm. CoroUae disci 9 mm subglabrae, tubo 4 mm sursum parcis vel parcissimis pilis papilliformibus crassis obtusis 0.005-0.02 mm et raris glandulis . Lobis baud pilis vel gland\ilis conspicuis . Achaenia exteriora 3-3*2 x 2. 5-2. 2 ram obovato-triangularia basi attenuata obtusa dorso plano-convexo, interiora 3*4-3 -6 X 1-1.2 ram oblonga quadrangulata . Typ\is : Colcanbia, Cundinarnarca : PAramo entre Cogua y San Cayetano, a 2 km S de Laguna Seca, vert. E del filo del Santario, valle abrigado 365O m, matorral de subpAramo con Epatorium tinifolivnn, Rapanea, Berberis y I^ypericum, cavli- rosula 2 m, hojas grisaceas, llgulas amamillas, I7 Oct 1972, Antoine M. Cleef 6508; holotypus US; isotypi COL, U. Vol, 32, no. U 321 PHITOLOGIA ESPELETIA GRAKDIFLORA H. & B. var. MIRADORENSIS Cuatr . nov. var. Caalirosula visa albo-cinerea vel viridl-cinerea caule circa 1.5 m alto. Folia elliptico-lanceolata acuta deorsum attenuata cuneata in petiolum longum contracta utrinque cinereo-lanata. Lamina adulta robusta rigida 35-38 x 8-8.5 cm, (4.2 :l-4.6 ;1) , nervis 6-10 mm inter se distantibus angulo 50-55° ascendentibus . Petiolus 8-11 cm longus valde rob\istus rigidusque 10-12 ram crassus basi triangulare ampliatus . Vagina 9-10 x 7 cm coriacea adaxiale glabra, ad apicem utrinque dense crasseque lanato barbata. Inflo- rescentiae ad circa 90 cm longa rosulam duplo excedentes, axe robustissimo dense albo crispo-lanato, ultra dimidia parte inferior! vegetativa 2 paribus foliorum sterilium ferenti; folia proximalia circa basira nascentia circa 32 X 4.5 cm, longe petiolata vaginataque, vaginis basi in tubxim (3 cm altum) connatis, altera paulo breviora sed sessilia, omnia cinerea dense floccoso-crispo-lanata; pars fertilis thyrsoide ramosa bracteataque 19 capitula in 5 paribus ramorum instructa ferens, ramis inferioribus 3-cephalis sursum monocephalis, omnis lutescenti-lanata. Capitula ligulis amotis in sicco 30-35 mm diam. Phyllaria sterilia 26-20 X l8-8 mm, ovato-oblonga et oblonga acutata vel subobtusa crasse lanata, fertilia 20-16 x 8-6 mm, oblonga subite acutata extus villosa sursum lanuginosa. Flores 171 in capitulo, radii 50, disci 121. CoroUae radii 16-17 mm longae tubo 4.5-5 -5 mm subglabro sparsissimis pilis papil- liformibus (0.05-0.1 mm) et glandulis minutis, lamina linear! 2-3 mm lata extus glandulis minutissimis (0.02 mm) sparsis. Achaenia triangulata apice emarginato-cordata 3.5 X 2. 7-2. 3 mm, intima quadrangulata 3"8 x 1.6-1. 8 mm. CoroUae disci 11 mm longa subglabra sparsis glandulis et raris pilis minimis papilliformibus . Typus; Colombia, Cundinamarca ; PAramo de Sumapaz, Alto de Lagunitas, El Mirador, 5 km S de San Juan, limit e de un pantano con pAramo seco, 3560 m alt. ca\ilirr6s-ula 1.5 m, hojas anchas, grisAceas verdosas, llgulas amarillas, 28 Jan 1973, Antoine M. Cleef 8421; holotypus, US; iso- typi, COL, U. ESPELETIA GRANBIFLORA H. & B. var. SUBRTVALIS Cuatr. nov. var. Caulirosiila visu albo-cinerea vel viridi-cinerea ca\fLe ad 1 m alto. Folia anguste elliptica sublanceolata vel oblanceolata apice acuta deorsum attenuata et in longum petiolum contracta, utrinque albo vel cinereo-lanata. Lamina 32-35 X 5. 2-6. 3 cm (6:1) nervis 7-10 mm inter se distantibus angulo circa 50° ascendentibus. Petiolias 8-l4 cm longus robustus rigidus 7-10 mm crassus basi triangulare ampliatus. Vagina 6.5-8 x 4. 5 -6. 5 cm. Inflorescentiae robustae ad 80 cm longa tertio vel duplo folia excedentes, dimidia parte inferior! vegetativa vel paulo breviori, 1-2 paribus foliorum sterilium brevipetiolatorum vel subsessilium vaginis longe 1975 Cuatr^casaa, Miscellaneous notes 325 connatis ferenti; pars fertilis usque 27 capitula ferens, thyrsoide ramosa bract eataque ad 5 paribus ramorun 5-1 capituliferorvun instructa; axis dense albo-lanatus et plus minusve floccoso-barbulatus, rami bracteae involucra- que dense crasse lutescente crispo-lanata. Capitiila ligulis amotis in sicco circa 2.5 cm diam. Phyllaria sterilia l8-15 (-12) x 10-5 (-3) ovato-oblonga subobtusa dense crispo-lanata interiora acutata, fertilia oblongo- ovata acutata 12-8 x 5-2.5 nm extus lanata et sparse glandulosa. Flores 144-275 in capitulo, radii 4l-85, disci 103-190- Corolla radii 12-15 mm longa tubo 0.8-1. 5 mm, densis pilis brevibus crassis subconicis obtusis 0.1-0. 2 mm et glandulis sparsis obsito, lamina oblonga circa 3 nm lata extus glandiilis subsessilibus vel breviter pediculatis sparsis. Achaenia triangulata 2.6 x 1.3 mm, interiora quadrangulata 2.7 x 1 mm. CoroUae disci 7-8 mm, apice tubi et basi limbi parcis pilis brevissimis (0.05-0.2 ram) crassis obtusis et parcis gland\ilis breviter pedic\ilatis, lobis abaxiale sparsis glandiilis . Typus : Colcmbia, Meta: Pdramo de Sumapaz, Cerro Nevado del Sumapaz, pdramo propiamente dicho, seco, con Calamagrostis effusa, vertiente SW hacia el Alto del Buque, 3650 m alt, cavilirr6s\ila 1 m, hojas grisdceas verdosas, ligulas amarillas, "frailej6n", 29 Jan 1972, Antoine M. Cleef 1372; holotypus, US; isotypus, COL, U. Paratypus : id. Cerro Nevado del Sumapaz, limite con el superpdramo, ver- tiente W-NW, 4o6o m alt, asociado con Chusquea, en vellecito abrigado, caulirr6siila 0.50-I m, hojas grisdceo-verdosas, ligulas amarillas, I8 Jan 1973, A.M. Cleef 8054 (COL, U, US). ESPELETIA GRANDIFLORA var. ATTENUATA Cuatr. nov. var. Caulirosula usque ad 2 m alta. Folia attenuato-lanceolata, lanceolato-linearia quam var. grandiflora angustiora usque basim gradatim angustata pseudopetiolo brevi vel obsolete. Lamina 21-38 x 22-4.5 (-4.7) cm, ratio 7:1-10:1 (-11:1) supra basim 7-12 mm lata, pseudopetiolo obscuro l-3(-4) cm, vagina (5-)6-7.5 X 4-5.6 cm, nervis secundariis 4-7(-9) inter se distantibus, angulo 40-50°(-60°) ascendentibus . Inflores- centiae thyrsoides quam rosula sequi-vel usque duplo longae, 50-76(-105) cm altae, 7-23 capitiila ferentes, 1-4 paribus foliorum sterilium, cyma terminali 3-1 cephali et 3-5 paribus ramorum fertillum. Rami 1-2 inferiores 3-2-cephali, alteri monocephali, interdvrai annes monocephali. Capitiala in sicco ligulis amotis, (20-)25-35 nm diam. Riyllaria 5-7 exteriora 2I-I5 X 11-5 mm, aliquando 10-12 adittionalia 2-seriata 15-10 x 5-3 mm, ovato-triangulata vel ovato-oblonga; phyllaria fertilia exteriora l4-10 x 6-2.5 mm oblongo-attenuata acuta extus dense lanata; paleae 8.5 x 3 mm anguste ovales acutae extreme barbate et minutis glandulis . Receptacxilvun IO-I6 mm diam plano-convexo glabro. Flores (l33-)l57-296 in capitulo. 326 PHYTOLOGIA Vol, 32, no, li radii (45-)63-106, disci (88-)94-200. CoroUae radii (10-)13-17 mm longae, tubo 1-2.5 mm longo dense piloso pilis crassiusciilis obtusis interdum acutis patule curvato-ascendentibus et parcis glandulis obovoideo-oblongis minute pediculatis; lamina linearis 1.8-2. 6 mm lata abaxiale glandulis oblongo- obovoideis, clavatis 0.025 mm; corollae disci 8-8.5 nrni longa tubulo et basi limbi copiosis pilis subacutis vel obtusis vel acutis deorsm incrassatis 0.1-0. 4 mm et parcis glandulis, lobis copiosis glandulis obovoideis, subclauatis 0.025 mm. Achaenia oblonga 2.4 x 1.8 mm triangulata basi obtusiuscula, intima 3x1 mm, quadrangulata. Typus : Colombia, Cundinamarca : Macizo Bogotd-Sumapaz : Pdramo de Chisacd, around Laguna de Chisacd, 3700 m alt, caulirosula with short stem, leaves grayish green, heads yellowish, ligules yellow, 29 Dec. 1959> Cuatrecasas & Jaramillo 25748; holotypus US, isotypus COL. Other collections: Id. around Laguna Negra, 3700-3720 m, caxilirosula 1 m, leaves white, inflorescence yellowish, involucres yellowish, ligules and disc corollas yellow, anthers brownish, 11 Sep. I96I, Cuatrecasas & Jaramillo 25908 (paratyes, US, COL), Id. Alto de Caycedo pdramo 3800-3820 m, stem 0.5 m, chromosome nvimber n=19, Jan 9^ 19^9? Cuatrecasas 27094 (US, COL). ESPELBTIA KLLLIPII var. CHISACAM Cuatr. var. nov. Capitula ligulis amotis 3 -5-4 cm diametro. Circulus ligularum 40-55 ram, discus 22-25 ram diametro. Hiyllaria sterilia externa latiora, ovata vel oblongo-ovata, obtusa vel subacuta, 33-24 X (23-)19-13 mm, 5-8 medialia 24-20 x l4-6 mm oblongo-ovalia vel oblongo-elliptica obtusa vel subacuta, et 0-15 interiora 20-11 X 10-4 mm tenuiora oblonga acutata vel subacutata. Corollae radii (20-)24-27 mm longa lamina 2.5-3 *5 mm lata, tubulo 1.5-2(-3.5) ™i longo. Corollae disci 9-12.5 mm longa. Inflores- centia praecipue 5, interdum 7 vel 3 capitulis. Lamina foliorum 35-45 X 3-5-6 cm, basi usque ad 1.6-1 cm lata angustata oblonga saepe magis acuminata nervis lateralibus 5-8 (-10) mm distantibus angulo 50-6o°(-70°) ascendentibus . Typus : Colcmbia, Cundinamarca: PAramo de ChisacA, UW end of the high plateau of Macizo de Bogotd-Sumapaz, 3680-3700 m alt, trunk 50 cm high, rosette very broad, inflorescences pale yellowish, rays and disc corollas yellow, I6 Sept I96I Cuatrecasas & Jaramillo 25986; holotypus, US; isotypi: COL, US. Other collections: Id. pAramo de ChisacA, open hill at the lePt side of the road, 3680-3700 m, trunk 60 cm high, 8-9 inflores- cences pale yellow, rays and florets yellow, I6 Sep I96I, Cuatrecasas & Jaramillo 25988 (paratype US, COL, P) ; id. near the lake 3650-3700 m, cauliros\ila, stem up to 1.5 m high, covered with marcescent leaves, rosette and inflorescences grayish white, heads yellowish whitish, 29 Dec 1959> Cuatrecasas & Jaramillo 25744 (paratypes, US, COL, P); Id. loc. 1-2 m tall, chrcmoscsne nmber n=19, abundant, I8 June 1965, King, Guevara & Forero 5659, 5658 (F, NY, US). TAP.ETES ERNSTII (TAGETEAE: ASTEKACEaE) , A NEW SPECIES FROM OAXACA, MEXICO Harold Robinson and Dan H, Nicolson Department of Botany Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C., 20560. The most recent major work on the genus Tagetes is an unpublished thesis (Neher, 1965, University of Indiana) which recognized 40 species. Study of the Neher keys and descriptions and review of specimens in the U. S. National Herbariiam (US) convinces us that a collection, W. R. Ernst 2219 (Fig. l) from Oaxaca, represents a new species. The unique feature of the new species is the heteroraorphic pappus with partial or complete fusion of squamae. The pappus may be interrupted by one or two subulate squamae or by a single division but it often is completely undivided, forming a continuous sheath around the base of the corolla (Fig. 2). This completely fused and truncated pappus is characteristic of the inner disk flowers. Outer disk flowers usually have one subulate squama, sometimes two. Ray flowers usually have two subulate squamae . The only two species of Tagetes reported (Neher, 1965) as lacking subulate squamae in either the disk or ray flowers are T. linifolia Seaton and T. hartwegii Greenman, both of Mexico. In T. linifolia the ray flowers lack subulate squamae and the disk flowers have them, just the opposite of the new species. In T. hartwegii the disk flowers have the unique character of typically being completely epappiferous . The new species also differs from T. linifolia and T. hartwegii by having upper leaves more often alternate, in having branches bearing several heads, and in having strikingly smaller ray corollas (6-8 ram long vs. 10-16 mm) . Both T . linifolia and T . hartwegii are known only from their type localities, T. linifolia from Esperanza on Mt . Orizaba, Puebla, and T. hartwegii from the Bolafios Valley in northern Jalisco. If one emphasizes the size of ligules, as Neher (1965) did by making it the opening character in his key to the subgenus Tagetes, the new species would seem most similar to T. jalis- censis Greenman which is distributed from northern Mexico to Costa Rica. This species differs not only in having the pappus of all flowers with subulate squamae, but in having a more fusiform involucre, fewer disk flowers (only 10-12 vs. 25), larger achenes (8-10 mm long vs. 5-7 mm), and shorter peduncles (2-4 cm long vs. 5. 0-7. 5 cm). We name the new species in honor of the collector, Wallace 327 328 PHYTOLOGIA Vol. 32, no, U Roy Ernst, our former colleague (cf. Thomas & Shetler, 1973). This new species was found in the process of identifying, labelling and distributing the materials from Dr. Ernst's collecting trip to Oaxaca in January-February, 1966. Tagetes ernstii H. Robinson & D. H. Nicolson, species nova. "?Tantae"'^ffrutescentes usque ad 0.7 m altae, perennes (?) plerumque glabrae. Caules teretes vel leniter sexangulares . Caules majores et rhachides foliorum pilis minutis perbrevis uniseriatis pauciseptatis eglandulosis sparse obsiti. Folia inferiora opposita superiora alternata profunde pinnatifida plerumque 3-5 cm longa, pinnis plerumque oppositis utrinque 3-5 anguste ellipticis 7-15 nim longis et 1. 5-3.0 mm latis argute serratis apice breviter acuminatis margine inter dentes prominente uniglandulopunctatis, punctis minoribus interioribus in pinnis majoribus. Inflorescentia corymbosa, pedunculis elongatis 5.0- 7.5 cm longis infeme pauce bracteatis superne glabris sub involucris sensim distincte incrassatis, bracteis subbasalaribus 0.5-1. 2 cm longis pectinatis vel pinnatis aristiferis. Involucra late fusiformia vel cylindrica 1.3-1. 5 cm longa ca. 3.5 nim lata 5-lobata, lobis ca. 1.5 mm longis latioribus quam longioribus apice breviter acutis, punctis glandulosis in valvis omnino biseriatis interne elongatis ad 1 mm longis. Flores ca. 30, radiis 5; corollae radiorum 6-8 mm longae aurantiacae, tubis 3-4 nim longis, limbis subquadratis leniter bilobatis 3-4 nim longis et latis. Flores disci ca. 25; corollae 6. 5-8.0 mm longae superne rufescentes extus glabrae, lobis linearibus ad 2.5 mm longis margine et intus setiferis; filamenta in parte superiors 0.6-0. 7 mm longis; thecae ca. 1.8 mm longae; appendices antherarum ca. 0.4 mm longae et 0.15 mm latae. Achaenia subfusiformia 5-7 mm longa superne 0.5-0. 7 mm lata plerumque in costis minute set if era; carpopodia minuta; squamae pappi 1-3 in floribus radiis 1-2 subulatae 6-7 mm longae, in floribus disci plerxunque 0-1 subulatae, squamis brevioribus 2. 5-3. 5 mm longis omnino 1 saepe integris indivisis apice vix lobatis minute scabrellis extus sparse scabrellis. Grana pollinis 25-27 p in diametro. MEXICO: Oaxaca: near San Lorenzo, northeast of Mitla, pine-oak-manzanita woodland, rays orange, disc brown, 19 January 1966, W. R. Ernst 2219 (Holotype: US-2725920; Isotypes: to be distributed) . Literature Cited Neher, R. T. I965. Monograph of the genus Tagetes ( Compositae) . 306pp. Ph.D. Thesis, Indiana University, Bloomington. Thomas, J. H. and Shetler, S. G. 1973. Wallace Roy Ernst, 1928- 1971. Madrono 22: 207-213. 329 1975 Robinson i Nlcolson, Tsgetos ernestU MixKO ernit.t Hoioiypt UNIttO •>725HJ0 % V V HSTtOKA^ MtnRAWUM ... Robinson & Nicolson, Holotype, Figure 1. I#£2if2 photo by Victor E. Krants, United States »*f j^^eum of Natural History. Staff Photographer, Nationa 330 PHYTOLOGIA Vol. 32, no. U Figure 2. Heads and achenes from the holotype of Taget_e_s emstii, the achenes vdth pappus squamae united, fused and truncate or with 1 or 2 subulate squamae. STUDIES IN THE SENECIONEAE (ASTERACEAE) . VII. ADDITIONS TO THE GENUS ROIDANA Harold Robinson Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C. 20560. In the recent resurrection of the genus Roldana La Llave & Lagasca (Robinson & Brettell, 1974) 48 species were recognized with 7 described as new. One new species and two new combinations are offered here with corrections on other recent work in the genus . A recent paper by Williams (1975) includes references to some species of the genus Roldana . One of these, R. greenmanii Robinson & Brettell is simply and rather needlessly transferred to Senecio but the other cases are more complicated. Senecio orogenes is a new species proposed by Williams related to R. schaffneri (Sch.Bip.) R.& B. The Williams species was described from Nicaragua but seems to represent an extreme form which occurs throughout the range of R. schaffneri . Specimens seen include, Molina 24049 from Honduras, Matuda 734 from Chiapas, and Matuda 1381 from Veracruz. A number of inter- mediate forms have also been seen from southern Mexico and a separate species status does not seem to be warranted. Rold^a petasioides (Greenm.) H. Robinson, comb. nov. Senecio petasioides Greenm. in J.D. Smith, Bot. Gaz. 37: 419. 1904. I accept Williams' suggestion that the name Roldana petasites (Sim)R.&B.is misapplied to the this Central American species. I would go further and suggest R. petasites might be the proper name for the Mexican species known as R. sartorii (Hemsl.) R.& B. However, the reasoning of Williams cannot be followed regarding number of flowers or leaf pubescence in either species. His conclusions place great reliance on an unreliable illustration and they are inconsistent with either R. chiapensis R.& B. which he synonymizes or with the type description of R. petasioides itself. The concept accepted here excludes R. chiapensis which completely lacks the tomentose leaf undersurface characteristic of R. petasioides . Roldana quezaltica (Williams) H. Robinson, comb. nov. Senecio quezaIticus~irrWilliams, Phytologia 31: 446. 1975- The species is related to R. aschenbomiana (Schauer) R.& B. but Williams gives none of his reasons for the distinction except perhaps geography. The species is accepted here somewhat hesit- antly on the basis of two specimens ( J .D .Smith 2362 ; Slcutch 319) 331 332 PHYTOLOGIA Vol. 32, no. li both from Guatemala, having leaves which are broadest distinctly below the middle and which have rather coarse sparse pubescence on the undersurface. A specimen from Oaxaca, Mexico, distributed by the New York Botanical Garden as Senecio acutangulus (Berto.) Hemsl. vel. aff., differs from that Guatemalan species by the more acute phyllaries without discolored tips and by the mottled surface of the stems. The stems resemble those of R. hartwegii (Benth.) R.& B. of western Mexico but the corollas of the later have pubescent basal tubes. The Oaxaca material seems to represent an undescribed species in the group with subcymose inflorescences. Roldana subcymosa H. Robinson, sp. nov. Plantae herbaceae usque ad l^S^nPaltae pauce vel non ramosae breviter rhizomat£)sae; radices fibrosae. Caules sparse floccoso-tomentosi distincte striati nigro-maculati . Folia alternata longe petiolata, petiolis usque ad 7 cm longis, laminis oblongo-orbiculatis 6-15 cm longis 5-15 cm latis breviter dentatis 10-14 angulatis et minute denti- culatis apice obtuse acutis base cordatis supra sparse breviter pilosis subtus minute floccose albo-tomentosis, nervis palmatis vel subpalmatis. Inflorescentiae terminales subcymoso-paniculatae, bracteis plerumque minutis, pedicellis ultimis 5-11 mm longis sparse puberulis, squamis subinvolucri 3-4 minutis angustatis, Capitula subcylindrica 11-12 mm alta 4-5 nmi lata, squamae invol- ucri 8 anguste oblongae 7-8 mm longae plerumque 1.5 mm latae extus glabrae margine et ad apicem late scariosae apice anguste rotundatae. Flores flavi; flores radii (l-)3j tubis angustis ca. 4 mm longis glabris, limbis anguste ellipticis ca. 6 mm longis ca. 2.5 mm latis; flores disci 7-8; corollae ca. 8 mm longae, tubis ca. 3-5 mm longis glabris, faucis anguste infundibularibus ca. 2 mm longis, lobis ca. 2.5 mm longis ca. 0.6 mm latis; thecae antherarum ca. 2 mm longae, appendicibus 0.4 mm longis. Achaenia cylindrica ca. 2 mm longa glabra; carpopodia subcylindrica, cellulis ca. 10-seriatis quadratis vel brevioribus; pappus 5-6 ram longus facile deciduus 2-3-seriatus, cellulis apicalibus setarum angustis argute acutis. Grana pollinis ca. 35 p diam. MEXICO: OAXACA: In a moist ravine in pine-oak-alder zone well up in the Sierra Madre del Sur, about 125 km south of Oaxaca, on the road to Puerto Angel. Elevation about 2400 m. Plants single- stemmed, to 1.5 m, from a very short, thickened, fibrous-rooted rhizome-caudex. Heads yellow (not orange or golden), with (l-)3 rays and 7-8 disk flowers. Growing with #10887, S. roldana DC. var. roldana, which however is larger (to 2.5 m) and coarser with bright orange-yellow, discoid heads that have 17-18 flowers. November 7, 1970* Cronquist and Fay 10888 (Holotype US). Robinson, H. and Brettell, R. D. 1974- Studies in the Senecion- eae (Asteraceae) . V. Phytologia 27: 402-439. Williams, L. 0. 1975. Tropical American Plants, XVIII. Phytologia 31: 435-447. NOTES ON NEW AND IWTEWORTHI PUNTS. LXXmi Harold N. Uoldenke UNTANA EITENORUM koldenke, sp, nov, Herba perenna, ramia erectls solitariis vel paucis ca, 1b. altls tetragonls longitudinal 1 ter sulcatls ublque alb Ido-pllo aul la, narglnlbua obtusla, Intemodlla elongatls; follls deciiaaato- opp>o8ltl8 brevlter p>etlolatla; petlolls longls dense rlgldo-plloslsj lamlnls follorum elUptlcis vel elUptlco-ovatls chartacels U.5 — 8 can. longls 2.5 — U.5 cm. latla ad aplcom acumln- ato-aeutls, marglnlbus serratls, ad basin cuneatls supra scabrls et pustulato-pUosls aubtus dense villosulo-plloslsi Infloires- centlls axillarlbus brevlssimis capltato-splcatls . Perennial herb from a woody rootstock j stems ei^ct, solitary or few, to about 1 m. tall , obtusely tetragonal, conspicuously longi- tudinally sulcate, whltlsh-pUosulous throughout with weak. Irreg- ular, and someirtiat twisted halrsj principal Intemodes mostly elongate, 7“~l5 or wore cm. long{ leaves decussate-opposite, char- taceous, dark In drying; petioles very short, mostly 5—8 long, densely whlte-pllose with rigid antrorwe sharp-pointed halrsi leaLf-blades elliptic or elllptlc-ovate, l4.«5**^ cm. long, 2.5— 4.5 cm. wide, acute or acuminate at the apex, regularly antrorsely serrate along the margins, cuneate Into the petiole at the base, decidedly scabrous above with pustulate-based stiff but appressed idiltlsh hairs which soon rub off, densely riUosulous beneath with grayish-brown spreading hairs which are longer and wide-spreading along the primary and secondary venation, the iflininfl punctate; inflorescence axillary, shorter than the subten- ding leaves, mostly 1.5 — 3 cm. long In all, mostly two per node but occasionally also a much abbreviated branchlet frcm the same node and with a pair of diminutive leaf-like bracts and a pair of reduced Inflorescence-heads at Its apex; bractlets lanceolate, the lowermost about 1 cm, long, the vpper smaller, all very long caudate-acmainate at the apex and densely s^ressed-pilose with stiff, antrorse, white, sharp-p>ointed hali^ on the back; corolla hypocratarlform, about equaling the subtending bractlet, mostly Ulao-colored (or some with the limb white), with or without a ring of golden-yellow siround the throat entrance. The type of this speoles was collected by Szechlal Paulo Herin- ger and George Eiten (no. Tl|1fl5) along a roadside through a parti- ally cleared cerradSo In a region of rolling terrain with parti- ally cleared cerradSo, xeranoinphic tree-woodland on uplands, and narrow gallery forests along brooks, 12 km. due west of Caldas Novas anri 5*1 km. north of the entrance to the hotel "Pousada do Rio Quente**, along the side road from the hotel to the main Moridnho-Caldas Novas highway several km. west of the foot of the west slope of the Serra de Caldas, Muniolplo de Caldas Novas, OolAs, Brazil, on December 23^ 197U, and is deposited in the 333 33U PHYTOLOGIA Vol, 32, no, U United States National Herbaxim at Washington. It is named in honor of George and Liene T, Eiten, ifho are doing such noteworthy botanical work in various parts of Brazil and whose collection labels give such valtiable details on the geography, geology, topography, and ecology of the regions where each plant was col- lected. LANTAN&. mCBANTHA f. EHENORUk Uoldehke, f . nov. Haec forma a forma typlca specie! coroUis scarlatlnis vel aurantiaco-lutels recedit. This form differs froa the typical form of the species in haw- ing its corollas scarlet or orange-yellow. The type of the form was collected by George and Liene T . Eiten (no, 5629) — in whose Joint honor it is named — in an area once covered by gallery forest, now cleared and forming a brushy field with shrubs to 2 m, tall plus a thick growth of molasses- grass , at an altitude of 575~625 meters, at the Fazenda Caiqpininha just north of Rio Moji-Guagu, 3.7 km, north-northwest of Padua Sales and about 27 km. noirthwest of Hoji-^rlm, in the "Campos das Sete LagSas", Munlclpio de Mojl-Gua^u, Sfo Paulo, Brazil, on July 31, 196U, and is deposited in the United States National Herbarluz at Washington. The oollectors describe the plant as a shrub 1,5 m. tall. UPPIA BRADEANA Uoldenke, sp. nov. Frutex; ramls ramullsque gracillbus tetragonls longitudinal- iter sTilcatis ubique puberulis; nodis crmsslusculls annolatis ; follls decussato-oppositis breviter petiolatls; petiolis gracil- limis 2~7 mm. longis dense puberulis j laadnis foliorum elllpti- cis cm. longis 2.5~ii cm. latis ad aplcem acutis ad basin plusminusve attenuato-acutis marglnibus serrulatis supra scabri- dis subtus in retlculo venamm venulaiumque pubezoillsj Inflores- centibus axLUaribus numerosis; pedunculis fllifoimibus 2—5 pcz* a-Killa 2 — 2.5 cm. longis dense puberulis; oapltuiis subglobosis 1 — 1,5 cm. longis latlsque; bracteio follacels ovatis 7—10 mm. longis acutis ca, 5 mm. latis adpresso-pllosis longe clllatis. Shrub; branches and branchlets slender, tetragonal, rather deeply longitudinally sulcate, the angles rounded, rather densely puberolent throughout; nodes thickened, annulate; leaves decus- sate-opposite, short-petiolate; petioles very slender, 2—7 mm, long, densely puberulent; leaf-blades elliptic or slightly oval- elliptic, U— b cm. long, 2,5— U cm, wide, abruptly acute at the apex, sex*ruiate along the oiarglns, somewhat attenuate-acute at the base, soabridous above, puber^ent beneath on the entire vein and veinlet reticulation; inflorescence axillary, abundant; peduncles very slender or filiform. 2—5 (mostly U) per node, mostly 2—2.5 (occasionally to U.5; cm. long; heads subgloboae, about 1—1.5 cm, long and wide, densely mariy-flowered, conr- spicTiously bracteate; bracts mesdbranous, ovate, conspicuous, im- bricate, 7 — 10 mm. long, about 5 mm, wide at the base, acute at the apex, ajfpressed-pllose on the back with antrorse haizw, the 1975 Moldonke, New & noterworthor plants 335 ■argins iong-ciUatej corolla hypocraterifonn, its slender tube subequaling the subtending bract, the limb about $ ma, wide. The t3npo of tbis species was collected by Apparicio Pereira Duarte (no, 7850) at Engenheiro Dolabela Granjas Reunidas, Minas Gerais, Brazil, on May 2, 1963, and is deposited in the Britton Herbarium at the New York Botanical Garden. It is named in honor of ny late friend and colleague, Alexandre Curt Bi*ade (1881-1967), distinguished student of the Bx^zilian flora. LIPPIA BHADEANA var. VELlfTINA Moldenke, rar. noT. Haec varietas a forma typica specie! raaulls densissime albido- piloais Tel -viUosulls et foliis lanceolatis supra dense adpresso- pilosls subtus densissime albido-tcaentosis recedit. This vaidety differs from the typical form of the species in having its branchlets very densely white-pilose or white-villosu- lous and its leaf-blades narrow-lanceolate, gradually attenuate to the apex, densely appressed-pilose above with antirorse hairs and very densely white- tomentose beneath. The type of the variety was collected (probably) by Johann OBanuel Pohl between 1817 and 1621 somewhere in either Goiis, Minas Gerais, or Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, and is deposited in the herbarium of the Botsmlsche Staatssaomlung at Munich. PaaiNA QUADRIFOLU var. WARNECKEANA Moldenke, var. nov. Haec varletas a forma typica speclel laminls foliorum subtus eglandulosis x^cedit. This variety differs from the typicsQ. form of the species in having the lower leaf-surface without glands. The type of the variety, bearing the cheironymous name, Premna wameckeana Giirko n. sp., was collected by Otto Wamecke (no, 290) — in whose honor it is named — • at Lome, Togoland, in or b^ore 1902 and is deposited in the herbarium of the Botanische Staatssammlung at Munich. PRaillA RICHARD6II Moldenke, ap. nov. Frutez, ramis gracllibus ublque poberulis et aureo-reslnosis long itudinali ter striatls; foliis decussato-opposltis longepeti- olatls} petiolis gracllibus 2.5 — 7 cm. longis ubiqae poberulis; laminls foliorum ovatis 8 — 12 cm. longis U — 8 cm. latis ad apl- cem acuminatls ad basin tnincatls vel subtruncatis integerrlmis supra glabrls subtus secus venos primazias secundarlasque plus- minusve pilosulls; inflorescentibus termlnalibus pyraaddato- paniculatis oa. 15 cm. longis ad basin usque ad 8 cm. latis non corymbiformlbus • Large spx'eading shrub; branches very slender, densely puberu- lent throughout, longitu^anlly striate, covered throughout with abundant often glistening-golden resinous glands; leaves decus- sate-opposite, long-petlolate; petioles very slender, 2.5—7 cm. long, densely puberulent throughout; leaf-blades ovate, thin- membranous, 8--12 cm. long, U — 8 cm. wide, rather long-ac\iminate or even subcaudate at the apex, entire, truncate or subtruncate 336 PHTTOLOGIA Vol, 32, no, U at the base, glabrous above, more or less pilosulous beneath along the liurger parts of the primary and secondary veins, more abundantly so when young and then somewhat obscurely puberulent on the laminai inflorescence apparently terml.nal, pyranddal- paniculate, not at all corymbifom, about 15 cm. long and to 8 cm, wide at the base, with 1 or 2 pairs of branches at the base, many-flowered; peduncles very slender, about 5 cm. long, densely puberulent and more or less glandular; rachis very slender, densely pubeimlent throughout, the sympodia numerous; pedicels subobsolete; calyx caiipanulate, pale-green, densely puberulent, about 1.5 mm. long and 2 mm. wide, its rim truncate or sub trun- cate; corolla small, hypocrateriform, idiite. The type of this species was collected by M. Richards (no, 210U9) — in whose honor it is named — among large rocks on the top of Eimiramatonge Mountain, at an altitude of UOOO feet, in the Ruaha National Park, Tanzania, on January 25, 1966, and Is deposited in the Britton Herbarium at the New York Botanical Garden. SYNQONANTHDS CAULESCENS f . LONGIPES Moldenke, f . nov. Haec forma a foimia typical specie! pedunculis usque ad 30 cm. longis differt. This form differs from the typical form of the species in hav- ing its peduncles daring anthesis and fruiting up to 30 cm. in length. The type of the form was collected by H, S. Irwin, R, Souza, and R, Reis dos Santos (no. 8730) on e creek-bank in bximed^over cerrado near Sobradinho, Distrito Federal, Brazil, at an altitude of 1100 meters, on Septeniber 27, 1965, and is deposited in the Britton Herbarium at the New York Botanical Garden. The collec- tors describe the plant as erect and to "25 cm." tall (but this is obviously inaccurate since some of the peducnles alone measure to 30 cm. in length) . PAEPALANTHUS FASCICULIFER var, CAPILLIFOLIUS Moldenke, var. nov. Haec varietas a forma typica specie! recedit foliis capillaceo- filiformlbus glabris vel subglabratis, pedunculis solitariis multistriatis , et vaginls glabris multi striat is . This vai*iety differs from the typical form of the species in having its leaves filiform or thread-like, 1 mm. or less in width throughout, glabrous or subglabrate, the peduncles solitary, many-ribbed, the sheaths glabrous and many-striate, etc. The typo of the variety was collected by Gert Hatschbach (no. 36839) on "canqpo corrego barrancos arenosos" at Chapada dos Vea- dairos, Municipio Alto Paraiso, GoiAs, Brazil, on May 25, 1975, and is deposited in my personal herbarium at Pladnfield, Now Jersey. ADDITIONAL NOTES ON THE OQIUS CORNUTIA. V Harold N. Uoldenke Harbarliun aci^njnas eanployed in this and In all of the other inataUaents of these "Additional Notes" are explained in full in m7 "Fifth Sumnary", pp. 795 — 801 (1971) &nd its supplenents , OORNUTIA OBOVATA Drb., Symb. Ant. 1: 395. 1899. Additional bibliography: Moldenke, Phytologla lU; U27. 1967» Moldonke, Fifth Summ. 1: 10^ (1971) and 2: 876, 1971} Little, Woodbtuy, & Wadsworth, Trees P, R, & Virg, Isis. 2 [U, S. Dept, Agr. Agrlc. Handb. I4li9]: rli, 85U, 862, 863, 997, 1001, lOlU, i 1015, fig. 682. 197U. Illustrations: Little, Woodbury, & Wadsirorth. Trees P. R. it Viiig. Isis. 2 [U. S, Dept, Agr, Agric. Handb, lUi9]: 863, fig. 682. 197U. Gregory describes this as a tree, 30 feet tall, the trunk 8 Inches in diaoeter at breast height, and the flowexe "bluish", blooming profusely in JxQy and with both Immatiire and mature fruit in September, His no, 50 is said by him to be the "first record [of this species] for the forest service" , Little and his associates (197U) record the additional vernacular nans, "copA Jlguezdlla", and refer to the species as "This rare anall tree known only from Puerto Rico Rare and local in moist limestone and Cordillera forests at 1,000 — 3,000 feet ailtitude in central mountains of Puerto Rico, Discovered by Sintenis in 1885 on Monte Torrecillo near Barranquitas and found there afterwards by one of the authors. Rediscovered in 1938 at Rio Abajo Forest and near San Sebastian, One tree was found in Guajataca Forest in I9U0 and later years." Additional citations: PUERTO RICO: L, E, Gregory LEG ,50 [Herb, Forest Serv, 99U32] (W — 2761802), LEG .l^lTTnerb , Forest Serv, 99U33] (W--2761801) . CORNDTIA ODORATA (Poepp, & Endl.) Poepp. ex Schau, in A. DC., Prodr. 11: 681. 18U7. Additional & emended bibliography: Ettingsh., ELatt-Skel. Dl- kot. pi. 32, fig. 8. 1861} Stapf, Ind. Lond. 6: U79. 1931} Hill & Sallsb., Ind. Kew, Suppl. 10: 61 & 2i:li. 19h7} Cuatrecasas, Rervist. Acad, Colomb. Cienc, 10: 235. 1958} J. F, Macbr., Field Mus, Publ, Bot, 13 (5): 690 fit 691. I960} Moldenke, Phytologla ll*: U27— U28, 1967} Moldenke, RSsunA Suppl. 16: 5 fit 29. 1968} Moldenke, Fifth Su*. 1: 116 123, 135, IhO, 362, U70, fit 1*71 (1971) and 2 : 530, 727, 787, & 876, 1971} Altschul, Drugs & Foods 21*6. 1973} Ldpea- Palacios, Pit tiara 16, 1973} Ldpes-Palaoios, Revist, Fac, Farm. Unlv. Los Andes 9 (12): 18 (1973) and 15: 2l*. 1975} Moldenke, Pl^ologia 32: 21*5. 1975. Additional illustrations: Ettingsh., Blatt-6kel. Dlkot. pi. 32, 337 338 PHYTOLOGIA Vol. 32, no, U fig, 8 [as Vltex umbrosa] , 1361, Martin and his associates describe this plant as a small tree, U~d m, tall, the leaTss strongly and pleasantly aromatic. In addition to months previously recorded by me in this series of notes, it has been found flowering in August, The corollas are described as having been "blue-violet" on Martin, Plowman, & Lan- Cam 1729 and as "violet" on their no, 1193* These collectors re- port that the leaves are macerated in water in Peru and used to wash the head in the treatment of earache, while the sapwood is heated in water and the water then dropped into the eyes in the treatment of eye-ache. The vernacular name, "oquera", is ire- ported for it, Macbride (I960) calls it "A bush of stream banks, to over 2 meters tall, the large panicles of pale violet flowers with a strong lavender scent sometimes a tiree, 8 meters high," He also comments that "Northern forms with appressed or denser or less indment have been given taxonomic standing; the specific status of this entity is open to review," Additional citations: ECUADOR: Los E£oa: Harll^ 37$ (N) , PHID: Loreto: Martin, Plowman, & Lau-Cam 1193 (0a)» 1729 (Oa) . CORNDTIA ODORATA var. CALVESCES3 Moldehke in Fedde, Repert. Spec, Nov, UO: 179. 1936# Additional bibliography: Moldenke, Phytologia 11;: li27* 1967; Moldenke, R4sum4 Suppl, 16: $, I968; Moldenke, Fifth Sunn, 1: II6 & 123 (1971) and 2: 876. 1971; L6pez-Palacios, Pittiera $: 18. 1973; Ldpez-Palacios, Revlst. Fac. Fam, Univ. Los Andes 9 (13)* 18 (1973) and 1$: 2U. 197$. L6pez-Palacios (197$) says that these plants are "Son arboll- tos llamativos por su folia je, que por lo general es de un olor repugnante y viroso, y tienen hermosas flores azules,..,A oril- las de la carreteira, en la bajada de la Colonia Tovar hacia El Lim6n, en el Distrito Federal, he visto unos ejemplares j6venes de hojas muy grandes, hasta de 53 cms, ( Ldpez-Palaclos 3009, MEHF) quo creo scan £, odorata var, calvescens , pero que atin no he z^gistrado en mis trabajos porque en la Ipoca en qae los vi (Dlolerabre 27*-72) esiaban muy J6venes y se encontraban estSrlles," Steyermark describes it as a tree, 1$ m. tall, the leaves mem- branous, dull-green above and gray-green beneath, ai^i the fruit dxjll-lavender . He found it growing at altitudes of 37$ — 700 meters, in fruit in Augxist, Additional citations: VENEZUELA: Zulia: J. A. Steyermark 9990U (Ld, N). GORNUTIA ODORATA var. C0L(^IANA Moldenke in Fedde, Repert. Spec. Nov. UO: 173 — 179. 1936. Additional bibliography: Moldenke, Phytologia lU* U28. 1967; Moldenke, Fifth Sums. 1: 116 (1971) and 2: 876. 19*^; Moldsidce, Plytologia 32: 2U$. 197$. Recent collectors describe this plant as a shrub, 3 m. tall, or a tree, to 1$ m, tall, the "ramas muy largas y grandes", in- florescence temlnal, the calyx reddish-purple, the filaments 1975 Uoldenke, Notes on Comutla 339 and iinthers purple, the fruit at first green, later t\iming pink, and have encountered it at the borders of fl^as, flowering and fruiting in July, at 2CXX) meters altitude. The corollas are said to have been purple on Barclay, Juajibioy, &. Gama 3596 and pale- blue on Uribe Uribe 3787. The Barclay, Juajibioy, & Gama 3169 > distributed as this varie- ty, is actually C. mlcrocalycina var. pxilveiulenta Moldenke. Additional citations: COLMCBIA: Cundinaoarca: Barclay, Juajib- ioy, L Gama 3596 (W— 2702113) . Tolima: Uribe Uribe 3787 (E— 19882ij9) . CORNUTIA PUBESCE3.] 342. 1917; Bowman, Proc. Am. Philos. Soc. 56: 597, 621, 653, 4 659. 1917; A. Chev., V6g. Util. Afr. Trop. Fran<;. 9; 42. 1917; Heyne, Nutt. Plant. Nederl.-Ind., ed. 1, 4: 123—124 4 xii. 1917; Wells, Philip. Joum. Sci. A-12: 111. 1917; Schneid., Bull. Philip. For. Eur. 14: 207. 1918; Stone, Ann. M\is. Colon. Marseille 26: 66. 1918; Vaui Tieghem 4 Constantin fil4m. Bot., ed. 5, 2: — . I9I8; Knowlton, C. S. Geol, Surv. Bull. 696: 108 — 109 4 678. 1919; Sturtevant, Notes Edible PI., Imp. 1, 79* 1919; W. H. Br. 4 Fisch., Bull. Philip. Dept. Agr. Bur. Forest. 22: 7, pi. 5, 37, 4 38. 1920; Chardon, ^ycologia 12: 318. I92O; Paranjpye, Agric. Jotim. India 15: 350. 1920; Brandis, In- dian Trees 5l4. 1921; Cockayne in Engl. 4 Drude, Veget. Erde 14: 45, 51, 52, 56, 62, 65, 66, 310, 4 320, pi. 4, fig. 5. 1921; Collins, Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. Wales 46; 376—392. 1921; Fox- worthy, Mai. For. Rec. 1; 82. 1921; Hubert, Ver. Util. Mat. Med. 114 — 121. 19 21; Kanehira, Formos. Woods 165. 1921; Lowe, Mias. State Geol. Sui^. Bull. 17t 238. 1921; Troup, Silvicult. Indian Trees 2: 697 4 779 — 780. 1921; Becking, Berger, 4 Meinderama, Tectona 15: 561 4 584. 1922; Berger, Tectona 15: 312. 1922; ^ould, M6m. Acad. Roy. Eelg. Cl. Sci. [Coll. 8], ser. 2, 6: 1 — 52. 1922; Gamble, Man. Indian Timb. 511 4 546. 1922; C. S. Sarg., 3U6 PHYTOLOGIA Vol. 32, no, U Man. Trees N. Am., ed. 2, imp, 1, 2: 865 — 86? & [899], fig* 765* 1922; DeWild., PI, Bequaert. 2: 123* 1923; Von Faber, Bericht. Bot, Geselch, Ul: 227 — 23li. 1923; Wangerin in Juat, Bot, Jahres- ber. 51 (1): 553 & 555. 1923; Kanehira Philip. Woods Ui. 192li; Pilgrim. Indian For. Rec. 10 : 238, 1921;; Sakaguchi, Gen. Ind. Fl, Okin. lo, 192li; Groom & Ball, in Wanning & Vahl, Oecol, PI., imp, 2 , 235—238 & U08. 1925; Haines, Bot. Bihar & Oris. 1; lli3. 1925; Toro, Mycologla 17: 139. 1925; Wangerin in Just, Bot, Jahresber. 53 (2): 6Uli St 6U5. 1925; Jansonnlus, Mlkrogr. Holz, Java Us 75ii — 758, 760, 762—765, & 829— 8U5. 1926; PitUer, Man. PI. Usual. Venez. 286 & U16. 1926; C. S. Sarg., Man. Trees N. Am., ed. 2, imp. 2, 2: 865—867 & [899], fig. 765. 1926; Wangerin in Just, Bot. Jahresber. U6 (1): 717, 718, & 859. 1926; Heyne, Nutt. Plant, Nederl.-Ind., ed. 2, 1325 & 1326, 1927; Parsatharathy Iyengar. BtiU. Madras Gov. Mus., n. ser,. Natl, Hist, Sect. 1: 185 — 188. 1927; Stevens, Ann, Mycol. 25? u50. 1927; Blatter, McCann, & Sab- nis, Joum. Indian Bot, Soc. 7 * 70 — 96. 1928; Sasaki, List PI, Fonnos. 3U9 & U23. 1928; Wangerin in Juat, Bot, Jahresber. I4.9 (1); 522 (1928) and 50 (1); UU. 1929; Blatter & al., Joum. In- <^an Bot. Soc. 2; 2U. 1929; Foxworthy & Woolley, Mai, For. Rec, 8: 7. I93O; Freyberg, Leopold. Ber, Kais. Leopold, Deutsch. Akad, Naturf, Halle 6: 69—117. 1930; Irvine, PI, Gold Coast xjcviii, xlviii, Ixvi, Ixxix, St UU, fig. 17. I93O; Wangerin in Just, Bot, Jahresber. 5l (l)s 222, 237, & 339. 1930; Alston in Trimen, Handb, Fl. Ceylon 6: Suppl. 233. 1931; Benoist, Arch. Bot. 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I97I4; Troncoso, Darwiniana I8: 296 & UOo. I97I4; Anon., Aff. Staff Publ. N. I. Bot. Gard. Addend. 2. 1975; Anon.- Naturalists Direct. U2 : 60. 1975; Ascher, Gviide Bot. Period. 2 (8): 186. 1975; Cloudsey & Thompson, Terrest. Environ. 36—37. 1975; D. S. & H. B. Correll, Aquat. & Wetl. PI. SW. U. S. imp. 2, 2: 1392— [I39I4] , I7I4I, 17143, & 1759, fig. 653. 1975; [Farnsworth], Phamacog. Titles 7, Cum. Gen. Ind. [15]. 1975; Jaeger & Moldenke, Phytologia 30: U05. 1975; Mennii^er, Fantastic Trees, imp. 2, 22, 261, 262, 288, & 29U. 1975; Moldenke, Phytolo- gia 29: 505 (1975), 30; 15 Sc 506 (1975), and 31: 239 , 371:, 375, 377—3814, 387, 389, 391, 393, I4O3, & 506. 1975; Molina R., Ceiba 19: 95. 1975. Type species: Avicennia officinalis L. Horau Adans. is placed in the synonyny of Laguncularia Gaertn. of the Combretaceae, by Jackson (1893, 19U6, 19o0)~and~the only binOTdal published in it is a transfer from Laguncvtlaria, but Airy Shaw (1966) and Dandy (1967) affirm that it actually belongs in the synonyny of Avicennia. Padmanabhan (1962) comments that "Avicennia has been separated from the Verbenaceae on the basis of wood anatomy, articulate branches, imbidcate scale-like prophylla, the free central pla- centa tion, and the pendent oxi;hotropous ovules", but "The author has re-examined the question, and has come to the conclusion that 'the morphological modifications and degree of aggressiveness in the haustorlal activity of Avicennia appear to be more of a quan- titative variability than of a qualitative one .a summation of embryological characters does not warrant the creation of an Independent monotypio family to accomodate the genus Avicennia'". On the other hand, however, it should be pointed out again that the Avicenniaceae , as a separate family, has been accepted 1975 Uoldenke, Notes on Avlcennla 357 by many distinguished botanists in the past, including taxonomists, plant BO]:*phologists, wood anatmists, and ecologists, and is being accepted today by an ever-increasing ntmiber of careful woricers . Among these may be mentioned Saint-Hllalre (1826), Ehdlicher (1838, 18U1), Mlquel (18U5), Schnltileln (1856), Bocquillon (1862), Elchler (1875), Van Tieghem (I898), Warning (1912), Small (1913, 1933), Van Tieghem & Constantin (1918), Record i Mell (192ii)- Rec- ord (1934), Frey-Wyseling (1935), Pulls (1937), Croixat (1944), Buswell (1945), Erdtman (1945, 1952, 1961), Alain (1946), Hodge i Gutierrez Villegas (1948), Barkley (1948, 1949), Den Berger (1949), Angely (I960, 1970), Allan (I96I), Hepper (1963;, Gooding, Loveless & Porter (1965), Aiiy Shaw (I966, 1973), Duke (1969), D. S. & H. B. Correll (1972), Aubriville & Leroy (1972), Letouzey (1972), Jafri (1973), Uukherjee & Chanda (1973), Sowunsi (1973), Villlers U973), Rouleau (1974), Tiickholm (1974), Troncoso (1974), etc. Dancfy ( 1967) says "Avicenniaceae , olim Verfaenaceae* . Airy Shaw, in the 7th and 8th editions (19^, 1973) of Willis' "A Dictionary of Flowering Plants", not only adopts it as a valid family, but re- lates it to the Salvadoraceae rather than to the Verfaenaceae. Van Tieghem & Constantin (1918) actually create an order, Avicenniales, for it. Including in the order also the Symphoremaceae and Haraan- dlaceae, and this classification is followed by Gibbs (1974), who notes that if the Avicenniaceae really belong in an order of the Santallneae, as Van Tieghem & Constantin maintained when they cre- ated the Order Avicenniales , then *hre might expect its members to have acetylenic compounds, but I have no information on this point. Barkley (1965) rightfully keeps Avicenniaceae as a separate family. He classifies it, along with the Symphoremaceae , Globular- iaceae, l^oporaceae, Tetrachondraceae , Salaginaceae, and Lamiaceae, in the Order Lamiales (Order 83), but places the Verbenaceae, along with the Phrymaceae, Cordiaceae , Ehretiaceae, Chloanthaceae , Stil- baceae, and Duokeodendrac eae , in a separate Order Verbenalee (Or- der 61) . He lists Hila Iran thus as a valid genus, but in my opin- ion its characters are not sufficient to warrant its segregation from A vicennia . Bharucha (1947) tells us that although A vicennia differs eco- logically from land plants, it does not seem to differ phFsiolog- ically from them during the first 8 days of germination. Dieffenbach (1843) places the genus Avlcennla in the Myoporineae ( ^(yoporaceae) ; Goyena (1911) regarded it as comprising the Tribe Aviceni^s Ueisn. Duke (1969) enumezates the following contras- ting characters between the Avicenniaceae and the Verfaenaceae i In the Avic ennlaceae ; germination phanerocatylar, one cotyledon con- duplicate about the other, slightly unequal, broadly reniform, subcordate, sometimes eaarginatej eophyU-s supracotyledonary, op- posite, decussate with the cotyledons, entire, lanceolate to ovate, weakly penninerved. In the Verbenaceae; germination phanerocotylar, the cotyledons ovate, entire, subtriplinerved. 358 PHITOLOaiA Vol, 32, no. U short-petioledj eophylls sx^jracotyledonary, opposite, decussate with the cotyledons, more often dentate than the metaphylls; in- dument often diagnostic, e.g., the punctate glands of Tectona im- part a red-spotted outline of the seedling to the newspaper in which it is pressed. Ifokherjee & Chanda (1973) hare reviewed the ”bio synthesis of Avicenntft L. in relation to taxonomy" and conclude that "The com- mon mangiwe genus Avicennia is provided with some typical char- acters like differential wood anatomy, articulate branching, free-central placentatlon, 3^olporate pollen with lolongate ora and reticulate sxirface pattern, etc. These characters suggest that it should not be retained in Verbenaceae. The collective morphological (gross and pollen), and anatomical characters found in combination in Avicennia are not encountered in any other man- grove species. Avicennia happens to be the only verbenaceous member which serves as a major constituent of mangrove community. Gross and pollen morphological characters, typically found in Avi- oennia are not exhibited in any other member of V eibenaceae . It's affinity with Verbenaceae was drawn from the assvmption that Avi- cennia originated from tropical East Asian and Malaysian Symphor- emoideae consisting of Congea, Symphoreaa and Sphenodesme [now constituting the Symphoremaceae ] during Tejrtiary Period and later flourished in the tropical coastal regions. Considering the a- bove factors it seems that the segregation of Avioeimla to form a family for itself is Justified." These authors state that "The characteristics of wood anatoeay of Avicennia is [sic] different from the arboreal verbenaceous meadbers . Although ecologically Avicennia is regarded as an im- portant constituent of mangrove comnmnity, it has practically no anatomical reseidblancs with any other mangrove species ... .The characteristic vessels, fibres, ray and wood parenchyma, etc., of Avicennia present a distinct variability in wood anatomical structures from the scanty arboreal Verbenaceae. Moreover, the general outline of Avicennia stem is ribbed hexagonal while oth- er verbenaceous members have either square or round or triangu- lar ribbed stem. This may also be regarded as a criterion for segregation. Pollen morphologically Avicennia is distinctly dif- ferent fircm all other verbenaceous members. The presence of tri- colporate aperture with lalongate ora idiich are confined within the limits of colpi coupled with reticulate surface ornamentation are absent from other members (170 species from 55 genera) of Verbenaceae ..... .Pollen morphologically Avicennia pollen types are regarded as more advanced than any other verbenaceous member so far as primary and secondary characters, i.e., aperttiral con- figurations and surface patterns are concerned, as 3^olporate composite aperture with lolongate ora is considered to be more advanced than 3~^elpate or 3~’Colporate with lalongate ora ...... Regarding surface pattern, it is considered that these '^pes which serve to provide maximum protection to gemplasm are prim- 1975 Uoldenke, Notea on Avicennla 359 itive. Thus, the line of evolution is considered to run from grains with excrescences to grains without excrescences or testTm." Bullock (1958) accredits the name, Avicennlaceae , to Schnitzl., Ic. Fam, Nat. 2: pi. 107 (185^), which is correct, but in his later (1959) work he credits it to Endl., Ench. Bot. 311; (18U1). Eiidliaher, however, in the reference cited, proposed an "Avjcennieae" , not an Avicennlaceae . Salnt-Hilaixe (1826) similarly recognized the family status of the group, but did not propose the actual name which we must use for it now. It was Schnitzleln who actually first proposed the name with the proper family termination as now accepted. It is, therefore, Schnitzleln' s name which should appear as authority for the name, not either Saint-Kilaire's xu)r Ekidlicher's . Plant anatomists tell me that the anatomical wood characters of Avicennla are quite unique; embryologists and morphologists stress the very different ovary characters; ecologists stress the habit and habitat, Palynologlsts have recently done considerable work on the pollen of the genus. For instance, llukherjee (197U) says "It may be postulated that the 3-colporate aperture with lalongate ora encountered in verbenaceous Avicennla in the coiirse of evolution perhaps broke into two lalongate ora which got separated and gave rise to such apertural conditlon[s] as are found in the grains of Hyoporaceae, This may give rise to apar* tural types encountered in Phrymaceae or perhaps the Avicennla pollen gave rise to the vestigeal type of di-orate condition en- countered in Phrymaceae which ultimately culminated in Myopora- ceae. This theory is strengthened by occasional presence of la- longate ora in Phryma, Punt (1967) ,,.,*i8 of the opinion that palynologlcally the trend of evolution in cosqjoslte apertural type runs from lalongate to lolongate ora to dl-orate condition. Moreover, s\irface of pollen grains of Avicennla, Phryma and Hyo- porum, Eremophlla and such other genera possess the same type of pattern. The morphological similarity between l^yoporaoeae and Avicennla as was suggested by Wemham (1912) is also in favo\ir of the theory based on pollen morphology." Crolzat (I9l4i) was of the opinion that Avicennla is "absolute- ly'," not a manber of the Verbenaceae, but is "a strange child of the PipteiTocarpaceae and the Ancistrocladaceae", Chapman (1970) proposes the following ecologic group terms: Alliance Avlcennletalia; Order Avicennion occidentalia (Associa- tions Avicennietum nitldae and Avleennietum africanae) and Order Avicennion orientalis (Associations Avicennietum marinae, Avi- cennietum resiniferae, Avicennietum albas, Avicennietum officin- ale. Avicennleto albae-A, marinae, and Avicennleto-Sxcoecarle- txmi) . Fryns-Claessens & Cottham (1973) repoi*t that Avlcennia p>lants have dismesoperigenous type stcsiata in their leaves. Backer & Bakbuiten (1965) report that in Java Avicennla trees are some- times deliberately planted between and along coastal fishponds. 360 PHITOLOGIA Vol. 32, no. U Gobel (190^) affirms that "Avlcennla forms, as it were, the transition amongst mangroves to the viviparous plants in which the fruit-wall is not bored through on the mother-plant; its seedlings are set loose, sometimes invested by the fruit-wall, at other times without it. They have stiff upwardly curved hairs upon their hypocotyl, and these serve for the first fixation in the mud." Ven Katesan (I966) describes the "seeds of Avicennia" as "semi-viviparous" * He reports that in India the local species are occasionally used as rough walling, fuel, and a good fodder and that they are "non-copping". Navalkar (1956) reports that in the same country the growing leaves are fed upon by "cows, bulls, and buffalo". Thanikaimoni, in a personal communication to me, asserts that in parts of the Indian coast the leaves are so completely cropped that identification of the plants is often rendered very difficult. Photographs illustrating the browsing of Avicennia plants by goats at Mizny, Gujarat, India. Photograpli by courtesy of Dr. G Thanikaimoni, Institut Fran9ai8, Pondichery, July 23, 1975 1975 Moidenke, Notes on Avlcennia 361 Other authors hare described the seeds as without endosperm and vlrlparous, with eplgeal gemination, Hepper (1963) speaks of the embryo as viviparous. Baker (1900) refers to "the plmule growing out before the seed falls"- Ten & Keng (1969) maintain that "Avl- cennla seeds are viviparous, exhibiting eplgeal germination. The well-developed embryo posawsses a pair of leathery, conduplicate cotyledons. Leaves show typical xerophytlc features. Stomata are Often of the c ary ophyllac ecus type, and confined to the lower sur- face. Petioles are characterized on the adaxial surfaces by grooves which are lined by glands and trlchomes . Three b\indles form the vascular supply of the petioles. Young stesis exhibit anomalous growth in the form of Included phloem arranged In con- centric rings, Phellogen arises subepidermally . In the vasc\ila- ture of the h-lobed corolla, 3 species have U traces each supply- ing cone corolla-lobe: In A, officinale [sic], an additional trace runs into the posterior corolla-lobe. This suggests that the li-lobed corolla Is probably derived from a 5-lobed form. The ovary Is bilocular at the basal in the upper level only a U-angled central axis is present. The incompletely free-central placenta tion is probably a modification of the axile placenta ti on," Martin (19li6) confirms the absence of endosperm. Rendle (1967) speaks of the stem increasing "in thickness by repeated production of new cambiums and concentric with the original one" and comments on the "unus\ial embryology" described by Treub (1883) • Letouzey (1972) says for ^ africana that "cette graine gerae sur I'arbre mSk&e, ccmme chez les vrais palltuviers ." Villi era (1973) reports for what he calls A« germinans: "A. germinans est une plante vivipare: I'embryon se d6veloppe dans le frxdt; il est d4jlt unde plantule quand il se s^pare de I'arbre." let in spite of all the above testimony, Uphof (19U1) makes the amazing statement that there is to vlvipary in Avlcenniai Williams (I9U9) avers that in Zanzibar memben of this genus are known as "mchw" and that the trunks are vised for fuel in llme-buming operations in less inundated sites. BurkiU (1966) gives the following brief review of the taxono- my and economic value of the genus: "The species of the Indian and Pacific Oceans have yellow flowed, while those of the Atlan- tic have white ones; there are other differences in the ovary and the embryo which marke them off into two botanical groups, but in general appearance they are very similar. The Asiatic species run into one another, and the views which have been published on their definition are most difficult to bring into line. The last, and probably the best on the Malayan species, is that to be found in Watson’s accovint of the Mangrove forests ( 1928), He recognized four species: Ridley had recognized five, his fifth, A. aphaerocaiT>a, being represented by a Penang plant which Watson considers not to differ from A. intermedia . Bakhulzen (...,1921), on the other hand, collected all the Malayan plants known to him into two species, and Merrill ( 1923) followed him. The simpler division of Bakhulzen and Merrill admits A. marina as a 362 PHYTOLOGIA Vol. 32, no. k tree with flowers only half a centimeter across (2/10 in.), and holds A. officinalis to be a tree with large flowers, 1 — 1 1/2 cm. across (I4/IO — in»)i Bakhulzen supplements this by differences in the amount of siliy hair on the ovary and in the stigma* Ridley's and Watson's A. officinalis is the same species as Bakhulzen's and Merrill's; their other species are put into Bakhuizen's ^ marina, but, of this, varieties are freely recognized. "Against Bakhuizen's classification one obvious objection is found in the dissimilarity of the habitat of the Red Sea plant, which is the original ^ marina, on the shore of a very saline sea, and his A. marina var. alba, which is found aw^ from the salt water, up creeks into which an abundance of fresh water de- scends. This plant will here be called A« ailba, as it seems best to regard it as a species, rtatson gives its flowers as the least of the four in Malaya, but the flowers of A. intemedla and ^ lanata are only a trifle larger. The fruit of ^ offic- inalls is the largest and thickest through; the others consti- tute a series from A. marina to it. "It is useless to endeavoiir to assign much of what has been written on the utility of Avicennias to particular species, and it will not be atterapted here. The Malays smd Javanese call all the species ' api-apl' , and as showing that this name is an old one, it may be added that it is used in the form of 'afi-afi' in Madagascar. The Siamese call all 'sama tale' . Apparently the Semang vise 'itil' for any of them, and 'ki balanak' is a comprehensive Sundanese name. "The timber (Foxworthy 1921) is haoxi and moderately heavy; very coarse-grained; brittle, but difficult to split; the sap-wood pale grey; the heart-wood, when present, olive- brown to pui*pie; and it is interesting that when freshly cut the heart-wood floats, but the sap-wood sinks. As the trees are usually crooked, no length of timber can be got. It gives indifferent firewood. Writers such as Low and McNair did not refer to it whan calling 'api-api' a very good or excellent firewood, for indeed it is not liked because it cannot be split, though the uame 'api-api' may indicate firewood. It is used, however, when better is not easily procurable. It bums smoulderingly. The fisher-folk like it for smoking fish, to which it is said to give an agreeable flavour. It is used, al- so, for smoking rubber. "Foxworthy summed up regarding it; 'altogether it is a very unsatisfactory wood — the least useful of the mangrove-swamp woods — and the tree is usually considered as a weed in the swamp. The durability is said to be poor, though beetles rarely at- tack it. Foxworthy & Woolley ( ....1930) showed this by experi- ments. It is used for rice-mortars and has been suggested for paving-blocks (Schneider 1918); but the last seams unreason- able. 1975 koldenke, Notes on Avicennla 363 "Its strMcture is jxjcuiiar, by reason of an irregxuar layering, which one writer has ti*ied to connect unsuccessfully with the periodicity of spring and neap tides (see Gamble.... 1922.... and Baker... 1916} . Baker, coomenting on the structure, compares it to 3'*ply wood on account of the crossing of the grain, and he adds that though it will not split radially it is more easy to split tangentially than any timber known to him. The Australian abor- igines, taking advantage of this, made shields from it. Baker de- clares that it is Impossible to kill the tree by ringing it, as a result of the structure of the stem. "This stinicture has been described In considerable detail by him (op. clt.) and by Jansonnius (....1926...). Older writers have said that the baik seinres as a tanning agent In India and else- where; but in reality it is of little use in tanning. Pilgrim (.. I92U...) says of the genus in Tenasserim: 'the bark will make leather, but its analysis always gives poor figures for tannin- content (2.5 to 5 psr cent) ....Baker.. ..similarly gives the tannin- content as low. Nevertheless, Gerlnl (...1911...) says that nets are dyed brown with its bark; to which statement it may be added that further investigation is indicated. "The fruit may be eaten at times, Bakhuizen quotes an Arab au- thor, who says that it causes dizziness. Rumpf recorded it as a famine-food of Celebes -- not the whole fruit, but the seeds, which are boiled and soaked in water for a fortnight to remove their acrid! -ty as far as possible, before they are eaten. K. Hey- ne (....1927..), after repeating this, adds that the fruit may be eaten even in normal times by the fishe3>-folk of Celebes, and in Java. About Batavia, the fruit is boiled and then sun-dried..., Ridley records, against a specimen of ^ officinalis , that it may be eaten in Singapore, Watt...., without giving precise informa- tion about localities, says that the kernels are bitter but edible: presumably he meant that they are eaten in India. Baker says that the aborigines of Australia freely eat the fruits roasted. "ibout the Red Sea and the Persian Gulf, where fodder is a thing of much value, the leaves of A. marina are eaten by camels Paranjpye (....1920...) says that branches of Avicennla are cut and fed to cattle in the Ratnagiri district of the west coast of India. He calls the species ^ officinalis, probably meauiiig eith- er of the two which mey occur there. It is not known that Avicen- nia leaves are used elsewhere, but it is interesting to know that ilisy can be used..... Baker.... says that cattle eat the leaves of the Australian Avicennla, or Grey Uangrove, with great relish. "A green, bitter and someidiat aromatic resin oozes from the bark. This resin is medicinal round about the Indian Ocean. An Arab writer calls it sm aphrodisiac, and adds that it may also be applied for toothache. In western Java it is considered a con- traceptive, and is taken over indefinitely long periods ... .This use is given also by Ridley as known among the Malays... but in his prescription the abortlent Juice of a young pineapple is associa- ted. Watt.... says that the roots possess aphrodisiac properties. He says that unripe seeds are used as a poultice to hasten boils 36U PHYTOLOGIA Vol. 32, no, and abscasses to maturity. His information is given under the name A. tomentosa, but may apply to any one of the Indian species. "The ash, after burning the wood, is used as soap in India .... and Baker tells us that early settlers used it similarly in Aus- tralia. There is a large amount of alkali in it, Baker gives an analysis. Wood- tar was made from it experimentally by Wells, and reported on (1917) •” Brown (I969) reports that "the respiratory gaseous exchanges of detached whole mangrove seedlings of the genera Avicennia, Bruguiera, and Rhizophora in a range of O2 concentrations from 0,21 percent (air) were markedly reduced by the presence of e^ temal 002» Aerobic respiration decreased steadily for 16 days but the respiratory quotient (RQ) remained at unity. In anoxia OO2 output fell to half that in air. Ethanol accumulation was negligible but, relatively, acetaldehyde values were higher than in older tissues. Lactate accumulated initially but later decreas- ed. On return to air CO2 output was elevated above control values in a pattern resembling the previous lactate accumulation. The extent of the burst was too great, and the RQ too low, to bo ex- plained entirely by lactate oxidation. In 5 or 10 percent O2 the CO2 outputs were below those in inoxia and the RQ eventually rose to I.I4 suggesting the induction of fermentation. The absence of ethanol, acetaldehyde or lactate indicates that CO2 was released from reactions other than those in the Einbden^eyerhof pathway. Tissue slice CO2 outputs decreased with lowered O2 concentrations and the RQ was always above unity except in air. The burst on re- t\UTi to air was absent, suggesting that slicing affects decarbox- ylation mechanisms," Stace (1966) checked the leaf epidermeO. characters of 8 man^ grove genera in the Combretaceae, Rhizophoraceae , and Avicennia- ceae with each other and with non-mangrove genera in the same or reputedly related families. He states that "mangrove genera share a number of common features, but are easily separated into 3 groups coinciding with the 3 families. Differentiation by epi- dermal characters thus clearly parallels that by characters moi^ usually used in plant taxonomy." Gibbs (1975) reports the presence of lapachol (a l,U-naphtha- quinone) and tannins, but the absence of leucoanthocyanins and the absence or probably absence of saponins. Gessner (1967) states that Avicennia species store less water in their leaves than do Rhizophora species. Removal of all pneu- matophores caused no visible harm to the plants even after many months. Pneumatophores similar to those in Avicennia are seen also in Sonne ratla. Breen & Hill (I969) investigated the events that led up to the mass mortality of mangroves in the Kosi estuary in 1965 and have concluded that flooding of the estuary following the closure of the mouth for 5 months was responsible. "Avicennia marina, will, how- ever, probably make a comeback and remain there." Uacbride (i960) says for the genus Avicennia as a whole that 1975 Moldenke, Notes on Aviceranl* 365 "The dark brown hard wood is very durable . The name recalls Ibn Slna, erudite Persian" physician of Bokhara, bom in 900, died in 1037, whose "Q\ian um" (canon of medicine) was a synthesis of all the medical knowledge and wisdom available at the beginning of the 11th century in that part of the world. Thomson (196U) avem that the leaves, flowers, and fruits of Avicennia are eaten by hoatzins (Opist hoc emus hoatzin) in north- ern South America, Van Steenis (I969) claims that the stratigraphic distribution of Avicennia pollen in northern South America and in Nigeria goes back to the Upper liiocenej Muller (1961i) reports it in the Lower Miocene of Borneo, while Fosberg (I969) tells us that the Middle Miocene in Borneo has "Avicennia type" pollen well preserved in fossil form. In this connection it should be recalled that A, eocenlca Berry is described from the Eocene of Tennessee, ^ ge]>- minans (L.) L, from the Pleistocene of Trinidad, A, lanceolata (Engelh.) Moldenke from the Tertiary of Colombia, ^ miocenica Berry from the Miocene of Colombia, and ^ nitidaformis Berry from the Eocene of Mississippi. Caratini, Blasco, & Thanikaimoni (1973) comment that "The mangroves are [form] tidal forests which occupy an exacting lit- toral habitat, almost invariably salt or brackish water and coastal silt: clay and sand in various proportions, in excep- tional cases sand only. Their distribution is restricted to tropical shores The presence of pollen grains of Rhizophora- ceae, Nypa and Sonneratia in a given sediment imply the occur- rence of a mangrove (forest] in the immediate vicinity. Palyno- logical studies (Muller, I96U) have revealed the presence of man- groves in the Quaternary and Tertiary periods. Such studies not only give us an idea of the palaeoclimate but sometimes even per- mit us to locate the ancient shore lines ... .Three principal vege- tation zones can be recognized in the mangrove region of Picha- v«u:am [India] viz. Rhizophora zone, Avicennia zone and back- mangrove [a bushy formation of mostly halophyte shrubs] . The pollen analysis of recents (sic) sediments from this region gives an Image of the vegetation quite different from the actual flor- istic composition. The extent of this deviation seams chiefly due to the over^representation of the pollen grains of Rhlzophor- aceae and Sonnerat laceae , under-representation of the pollen grains of Avicennia, absence of the pollen grains of several man- grove species and the presence of a number of allochthonous pol- lens which constitute nearly 2$ percent of the total pollen grains extracted frem the sediments." Cooke (1961) records the fungus, Schizophyllum coimiune, from Avicennia stems; other workers have found meBA)ers of the genus attacked by Leptosphaerta avicennlae, Mycosphaerella pneumato- phorae , and Sphaeicnema avicennlae . Rogerson (1971) adds Macro- phema sp., Rhabdospora avicennlae, and Zalerion varium to the list, while Kohlmeyer (1966) lists Pi dyao sphaer ia enalia, Lul- PHITOLOGIA 366 Vol, 32, no, U worthla sp., Parllopaycea lentlf eras , Torpedospora radlata, Culcl-n talna achraspora, and Phcma sp. Rehn Jt Wnmm (1973) report that Spbaeroma terebrans, wood-boring Isopod, is destroying the prop roots of red mangroves (Rhizophora mangle) along the southwestern coast of Florida to such an extent that the Ten Thousand Islands and mangrove fringes of the mainland are steadily shrinking. What effect this will have on the Avicen- nia canmunitles of the region is not yet obvious. Mangroves of the Florida Keys (on the east coast) are as yet free of this wood borer. It is probably worth recording here that the original notation by Llnnaexis relating to Avlcennia (1735) reads "Avicennia Qepa HM," Planer (1775) lists the German vernacular name, "Avioennie", One of the earliest references to Avlcennia is that of P, Hermann (}726) who records it as "BULATWAFLA Tambul pro Tembul Avicennae. Betre. Garc, Be tele Vid, fol, 32," The Endlicher reference cited in the bibliography of this genus is often cited as "1836-1856", but the pages involved here were ac- tually issued in 18 38, The Foreman (1972) reference has "1971" on its title-page, but was not actually issu^ \mtil 1972, The Angely (1971) reference is often cited as "1970", but was not actually published until 1971f the Etaould (1922) reference has "1921" on its title-page;. The Schumann & Lauterbach (1900) reference bears a "I9OI" date on its title-page, but was received in the New York Botanical Garden library on July 12, 1900, The Palisot de Beauvois, FI. Oware reference is often cited as "1805" or "I809", but actually was published in 1806; similarly, the W, Griffith (I8U6) reference is often cited as "1851". the title-page date, but pages 1—162 actually appeared in IBI^, pages 163 — 358 in 18U7, and only pages 359 — 510 in 1851. ViUiers (1973) asserts that "Avlcenia" is used by Linnaeus in his Sp. PI. 1: 110 (1753) and "Avicenna" on page 116 of the same work, but I fail to find either word used on the pages specified. Clarke St Hannon (1970) report that the tolerance of Avlcennia and Aegiceras seeds and seedlings to seawater in the SY^uoy, Aus- tralia, region is greater than that of Tidglochin, Sporobolus, and Juneus, but less than that of ArthocncBma and Suaeda of common mangrove formation genera there. Huxley & Bramwell (1973) report that in southeastern Asian mangrove formations the carnivorous mudsklpper. Pert ophthalmodon schlosseri, makes its home in the firmer mad within the fringe of the Avlcennia zone. Ogura (I9U0) asserts that, unlike those of Urandra, but like those of Sonneratla, the aerial roots of Avlcennia are essentially dissimilar in structure (cortex and vascular bundles) to the sub- terranean ones. The thick aerial root of Taxodim is also similar but is formed by an abnormal growth of the dorsal part of the sub- terranean root. "These aerial roots of Sonneratla, Avlcennia and Taxodif are believed to be developed for respiration and are called in general, since Goebel (1886), as respiratozy roots, though 1975 Moldenke, Notes on Avlcennla 367 recently Troll and Dragendorff (1931) describe them as organa, which funaish the places for branch roots." Port (i960) reports that Avicennia is associated with Rhizoph- ora and Acanthus on the west coast of yalabar and is a common shrub there. In the edaphic forests on Coco Island inward from the beach there is an edaphic mangrove swamp in the lower ground and on the ridges, including Avicennia, Rhizophora, Bruguiera, Ceriops, and Aegiceras. It occurs in the edaphic tidal forests in the Ganges delta and in the mouths of other rivers; also with Ceriops roxburghiana in the low edaphic mangrove forests along the edges of waterways in river deltas on the east coast of India, and a little on the west coast on soft tidal mud submerged by salt water at evertide, forming dense forests of low trees lO — 20 feet tall. It is coBimon also in the Sunderbans forests and the south- ern part of the Ganges delta whez^ the mangrove formation has much fresh water carried in from the rivers and is composed most dense- ly of Rhlzophoraceae . The edaphic mangrove forests of Bombay Presidency include Avicennia officlns, such as Batls maritlaa and Salic or nia pereimis and salt^iarsh grasses. Where the ground level is low there may be little undergrowth, but typ- ically the dense stand of salt-marsh plants aaoog the pnemato- phores of the Avicennia is charactei*istio . The 'Avicennia-salt- marsh associes* is best developed on land which is not regvilarly flooded by the tide. The Avicennia ti^es are not rapidly replaced by natural regeneration and as they die the forest becomes more and more open, with an increase in the salt-marsh vegetation or an invasion of species fixm the Conocarpus associes which often adjoins the inner edge of the Avicennia zone. If the trees dis- appear entirely an open salt^narsh or meadow may take the place of the mangrove swamp.... The semi -mangrove, Conocarpus erectus. 368 PHTTOLOGIA Vol. 32, no. U though not always abxindant, is the aost characteristic species in [the ' Conocarpus transition associes]; it occupies a zone seldom reached by the tides, immediately behind from the Avicennia assoc- ies . Like the Avicennia zone, the Conocarpus associes is an open stand of tress and shrubs ifith an undergrowth of low-grcming salt- marsh plants .On parts of the Florida coast there is a very tall luxuriamt mangrove forest [the 'mature mangrove forest assoc- iation' ] in which about 60 percent of the tall trees are Rhlzoph- ora and about 30 percent Avicennia The main line of.,.succe3- ion appears to bo from the 'pioneer Rhlzophora family' to the 'mature Rhlzophora consocies' and from this through the 'Avicennia- salt-marsh associes' and the ' Conocarpus Transition Associes' to 'hammock forest', the climatic climax of the region..,, it will be evident that great changes in the environment take place during the coTirse of the succession. Owing to the interaction of the vegetation and its habitat, the ground level rises. In the pio- neer stage the vegetation is almost continually under water, but in the later stages the frequency of submergence diminishes till in the Avicennia and Conocarpus stages tidal flooding becomes quite infrequent. Accompanying these changes in the relative lev- el of the land and water there are changes in salinity. The aveir- age salinity reaches a maximum in the Avicennia stage and after- wards decreases until it approximates to the value for inland soils. In none of the mangrove communities is salinity constant. It varies most in the Avicennia consocies where the ground and surface water is only occasionally renewed by the tide. Here the salinity may rise to very high levels in dry weather, while aXter heavy rain it may fall very low. Apart from the remarkable abil- ity of the seedlings to establish themselves under tidal con- ditions, and the plant's tolerance of prolonged flooding at all stages of its development, the faculty of growing in media of high and often variable salini-ty is the chief physiological character- istic of mangroves . let since Rhlzophora and even Avicennia grow naturally where the ground water is apparently perfectly fresh... it may be concluded that at least the American mangroves are salt- tolerant and not salt-demanding, that is to say they are faculta- tive rather than obligate halophytes. This view is supported by a cei*taln amount of eiq)eirimental evidence. Von Faber (1923; also in Schimper, 1935) disagrees with this view, but the eastern (Old World) mangroves to which he refers are possibly different in this respect . . . .In the Cameroons Rhlzophora mangle forms the pio- neer community on the seaward fringe and Avicennia grows further inland. Still further from the shore the mangrove passes into a brackish-water ccmmunity dominated by a species of Pandanus in which palms (Raphia sp., CalaHias sp., Phoenix reclinata) are com- mon.....In Ualaya the pioneers are not species of Rhlzophora, but Avicennia alba and ^ intermedia, or sometimes, on deep mud rich in organic matter, Sonneratla griffithli. These pioneer forests establish themselves on shoals or sandbanks out at sea which are exposed at neap tides, or along the seaward edge of existing for- 1975 Uoldenke, Notes on Avlcennla 3^9 ests. iTlcennla Intemedla grows on a comparatively firm clayey substratum which is easy to walk on, ^ alba and Sonneratla on softer auad blacker mud. On the clay soils the Avicennla is nor- mally succeeded by Bruguiera caryophylloidss , but where Sonnerat- ia is the pioneer, Rhizophora mucronata usually follows on The Bruguiera caryophylloides type tof iM^rove forest] .. .occurs at a higher level than the preceding and forms a nearly continu- ous belt behind the Avicennla forest along the west coast of the Malay Peninsula, interrupted only by small stretches where Avi- cennia forest merges directly into Rhizophora forest. The soil is a firm stiff clay above the reach of the ordinary tides and flooded only during the day or two before and after the spring tides. This type is found chiefly on the sea-face and is usually absent both on shoals and in river forests. Chapman (197u) discusses the phytogeography of mangroves and points out that the American Rhizophora mangle occurs in the Fiji- an, Tongan, and New Cailedonlaui islands but not the American spe- cies of Avlcennia and nowhere between these islands and the Amei^ lean. "Unless ocean curi^nts across the Pau;ific cairried the viviparous Rhizophora seedlings from Centrail America to Fiji they could only have arrived there by the agency of primitive man con- veying theni. This is not inconceivable since Heyerdahl has airgu- ed that voyages did take place between America and Polynesia. In such event, however, one would have expected some of the inter- vening Islands to have received seedlings. It is difficult to accept the viewpoint that originally they occiirred there and have since disappeaned. The second feature of interest is the absence of the other New World mangrove with viviparous seedlings (Avi- cennla nitida) from Fiji and Tonga and the Intervening islands . If ocean currents were responsible for Rhizophora mangle in these islands there seems no reason why Avlcennla nitida should not be there also. This could form an argument in favour of human trans- port, but this then raises the question why Rhizophora seedlings should have been conveyed and not Avicennla seedlings. The auaswer could be found in the uses of the two plants by the pidmitive peoples of Central America. It is possible that the eatrly natives did recognize the vailue of Rhizophora bark for the purpose of tanning rope, fishing nets and sails and took the seedlings with them on that accoiint. Avicennla has no such useful function and therefore wo\ild be left behind. Transport also must have taken place very early before New World speciation had occurred because [the Pacific coast] Rhizophora harrlsonii has not yet bean coixied from Oceania." The ^ ^ King 15$0 and A. Gentry a.n. [August U, 1967] , dis- tributed as Avicennla, az^ actually Laguncularia racemosa Gaertn. f. The genus Aganon Raf., often classified here as a synonym, is apparently neither avicenniaceoua nor verbenaceous . Balakrish- nan NBK.382, Bembower 72, and Tyson 538U are also neither avicen- niaceous nor verbenaceous. Bontla daphnoides L. is sometimes PHTTOLOGIA 370 Vol, 32, no, li distributed in some herbaria as an Avicennia, but it belongs in the Myoporaceae, Excluded species are: Avicennia agallocha Puri, Indian Forest Ecol. 232, sphalm. i960 ■ Ere oec aria agallocha L., Euphoiblaceae Avlcetmla latifolla Hornem. ex Moldenke, Phytologia 7: lUi, in syn. i960 » something in the Hyrtaceae Avicenn-ia fflucronata Cloudsley & Thompson, Terrest, Environ, 36, sphalm, 1975 ■ Rhizophora mucronata Lam,, Rhi z ophor ac eae AVICENNIA AFRICANA P, Beauv,, FI. Oware 1: 79—80, pi, U7. I8O6. Additional & emended bibliography: P, Beauv,, FI, Oware 1: 79 — do & 99* pl. U7. 1806; lioUer, Denkschr. Wien. Akad, 36: 352. 1876; C. B. Clarice in Hook, f., FI. Brit. India U* 60U. I885j Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. 2: $02. 1891; Jacks, in Hook. f. & Jacks.. Ind. Keir., Imp, 1, 1: 2Bk» 1893| J. G. Baker in Thiselt.-Dyer, FI, Trop. Afr. 331 — 332. 1900 ; Durand & Jacks,, Ind. Kew. Suppl. 1, ijap, 1, U8. 1901; Bull. Imp. Inst. Gr. Brit. 11: Iil7. 1913; deWild., PI. Bacpiaert. 2: 123. 1923; Wangerin in Just, Bot. Jahresber, $1 (1); $$$ [^21], 1923; Janssonius, Mikrogr. Holz. Jav, 830. 1926; Irvine, PI. Gold Coast xxviii, xlviii, Ixvi, s and small shrubs cultivated in temperate zone gardens# He advocates the use of plant names "in the strange and wonderful language known as Botanical Latin" as much more useful than the assorted, area-limited and variable common names. In the glossary "tuber" is too loosely defined to Include enlarged root as well as enlarged underground stem. This book first appeared in 1972 in hard cover abroad. 373 1975 koldenke. Book reviews "PESTICIDES: An Auto-Tutorial Approach" by George W, Ware, xv & 191 pp., iUua., W. H. Freoaan & Co., San Francisco, CallT. 9moU. 1975. ¥5 .95 paperbound. This book Is made by offset pxrlnting of neat typewritten script and should be helpfvil to folks interested in qualifying for pesticide applicator and slailar certification, who cure isolated from other study matezial and who also ne^ this catechetical approach. "ORHillENTAL GRASSES: Decorative Flcmts for Hone and Garden" by Mary Hockenberzy Meyer, vii & 136 pp.. Ulus., Charles Scribner's Sons, Inc., New Tork, N. I. 10017. 1975* $9.95* This is an attractive, competently prepared, overpriced, izz- troductory horticultural publication that presents under a hun- dred grasses (exclusive of the baaboos, but inclusive of a ferw purportedly grass-like plants such as Liriope aruscari, Ccurex pendula, Acoznis granlneua, etc.) for American gardezu. Some of these grasses have long been favorites in the British Isles mainly as well groomed sp>eclmen plants. To them are added sug- gestions for water gardens, greund coveze, screens, borders cuid rock gardens and their cultiue. The bulk of the text is devoted to landscape descriptions of these oraaoentals, some of which are Illustrated with recogniz- able line drawings and mediocre black/i^te and color photogarphs. There are good suggestions for dried arrangements. "ANNUAL REVIEW OF PLANT PHTSIOLOOr" Volume 2$ edited by Winslow R. Briggs, Paul B. Green & Russell L. Jones, vi & 627 pp., illus.. Annual Reviews Inc., Palo Alto, California 9U3^. staden^^*^ U.S. or |15.50 elsewhere j $12.00 & $12.50 for This year's choice of carefully presented and well docmaented papers Include those on: Cell organization re the C]^ syndrome. Phloem transport and uptake mechanisms. Bioenergetics re chloro- plasts, Hetabolloa re N2 fixation, circadian rhythyms, protein turnovers, aromatics and auxin. Development re tissue culttires, controlled seed germination, plant hormones. Isozymes arid ab- scisio acid, Phytotoxins produced by plant parasites, and Physi- ology of mycozThiza, There are separate cumulative indexes for authors aiul for chapter titles in Volumes 21 to 25 and separate author and a detailed — except for plant names, coiomon or scientific — subject indexes. With all the interdisciplinary research now being coiKlucted, this is a regretted omission. For all level biology students, teachers, technicians, re- searchers, field collectors, etc., reading the prefatory chapter entitled "Reflections and Speculations" by F. W. Went can be a 37h PHITOLOGIA rewarding, thooght-provoking experience Vol. 32, no. ii "THOREAU COUNTRY) Photographs and Text Selections from the Works of H. D, Thoreau" by Herbert W« Gleason, edited by Mark Silber, xv & 143 PP«# iUus., Sierra dub Books, San Fran- cisco, California 9UlOU. 197^. $32.50 clothboTind, $9*95 paperbound, both oversize. How beautiful for both text and duotone photographs in this economy editionl How much more attractive can the de luxe edition be? "Thoreau Coxmtry" — Concord, Massachusetts, and its environs — is shown in a fullpage map made by Gleason In 1906 and marked with the localities mentioned by Thoreau In his "Journals'*. After an appreciative introduction by Paul Brooks entitled "Thoreau* s Joyitil Search for Truth" the book is sectioned for the foxnr seasons. Under each are wonderfully descriptive and/or meditative excerpts from Thoreau* s writings and well matched photographs selected from the long lost glass slide and negative collection of the Rev. Hezt>ert W. Gleason, who thus recorded his following of Thoreau* 8 trail. Indexed at the end are the lid textual sources and the lid photograph dates and locations . Those idx>8e task it was to make the selections from such rich word and picture source materials must have had a pleasurably satisfying and a concommitantly frustrating experience. "SCIENCE AND THE EVOLUTION OF PUBLIC POLICI" edited by James A. Shannon, xvii & 259 pp., illus.. Rockefeller University Press, New Toxic, N. I. 10021. 1973* $11.00. This important, needed analysis consists of a dozen papez^ carefully considered at a lecture-seminar series supported by the Commonwealth Fund, the National Science Foundation and the Rocke- feller Ikiiversity. It considers the following topics: ptizpose (social) and utility of science, development of scientific knowledge and goals (with concommitant priori-^ problems), the university fz^ the scientific azid the technological aspects and their snppox*t. Their flnazx:ial funding staxt^ed as federal mi 11- tazy gzrants in the plysical and biomedical scleziees with uneven "excess" spilling over into industzdal research azid developmeixt pi*ograms. A moz^ reliable evaluation of scientific intezpreta- tion and z^search (and zzot exclusively 'federal sciezice*) and the concommitant funding of it is what these scientlst-administratoz^ authozrs advocate. But the policy setters azid purse string holders may not find the actual reading too conducive to continue or to coiqplete: it Just does not hold onto one's attention. A pity* 375 1975 Moldenke, Book reviews •ALL ABOUT WEEDS" by Edwin RoUln Spencer, xrii & 333 PP«, illua., Facelnile Edition for Dover Publications, Inc., New York, N. T. lOOlii, 197li. $3.00 paperbound. In 19U0 the first edition of "Just Weeds" appeared. In 1957 the expanded second edition appeared and also entitled "Just Weeds". This new Dover replication of the 1957 edition is dedi- cated to the memory of the naturalist-educatoi^author who might not have appreciated the altered title which unfortunately im- plies too much. The text presents interestingly many of the common weeds of lawn, yard, garden, meadow, pasture, grain and other crop fields, waysides, and waste places in spring, surnner, autumn and winter. It describes them well, explains their sci- entific axid common names, repwrts folklore, medicinal and other uses, their origins, ranges, aid control problems. For 102 of them there are accurate, easily recognizable line drawings by fimia Bergdolt. The book still states that Verbena urticifolla is from Trop>- Ical America where it does not even grow. Sapcmaria officinalis is described as with large rose-colored flowers, but they are typically pale pink — like seme roses, of co\]r8eI "CACTI and Their Cultivation" by Margaret J. Martin, P, R, Chap- man & H. A. A\iger, 205 pp., U plates, Charles Scribner's Sons, New Toik, N. T. 10017. 1975. $U.95 paperbound. This oarefoUy and enthusiastically prepared guide to cactus raising for the serious horticultural hobbyist first appeared in 1971 in a hardcover edition from Winoheeter Press . It was then entitled "CACTI & THEIR CULTIVATION" with the first two authors listed in reverse order. The book is veiy well Illustrated with 93 [unfortvinatly un- mmibered] black/white photogprapha . Appropriately the first one contrasts the areoled spiny succulent cactus stem with the never areoled but still spiny succulent eupborb stem. It describes the growing and origin of hundreds of cacti. In the glossary "cleistogamous" is misspelled In an otherwise clean text. "ANNUAL REVIEW OF PHITOPATHDLOOY" Volvmie 13 edited by Kenneth F. Baker, George A. Zentmeyer & Ellis B. Cowling, ill & U12 pp., illus,- Annual Reviews, Inc., Palo Alto, Caxifomia 9U306. 1975. $15.00 in U.S., $15.50 elsewhere; $12.00 & $12.50 for students . As usual, these fine papers have been selected by a rotating ed- itoirial com^ttee of the American Phytop>athologlcal Society, thus virtually guaranteeing an ever and ever increasing theoretical sci- ence basis for understanding of the who, idiat, idiere, when and why in all phases of "squirt-gun botany". In the stlmiilating autoblo- gr^hical prefatory chapter, "Fungi and Fungicides: The Story of a 376 PHITOLOGIA Vol. 32, no. U Nonconformist", James G. Horsfall relates how this series of papers became the eleventh member of Annual Reviews under his init- ial editorship. There are particularly interesting papers on: appressoria in endoplytic parasites, predictive systems, host specificity in plant viruses, variation and speciation in Fusarium, meteorological factors in the epidemiology of rice blast, and pathogenesis in nematode-infected plants. In the last-mentioned there is a phenom- inal set of fine time-lapse micrographs showing Trichodorus slmilis feeding on a root hair of Nicotlana tabacum, the woric of U. Vyss in Film E 20k$ at the Institut fur den Wissenschaftlichen Film, Gottingen. "THE NATIVE ORCHIDS OF THE UNITED STATES AND CANADA excluding Florida" by Carlyle A. Luer, 363 pp.. illus.. New York Botan- ical Garden, Bronx, New York 10U58. 1975 • $1*0.00 oversize. "Dedicated to the lovers of orchids throughout the world", this wondrously made and scientifically valuable work is the 1975 ccm- panion volume to the well reviewed 1972 [1973] volume on "The Na- tive Orchids of Florida". To acquaint readers and/or browsers of many ages, skills and interests "with this one small vulnerable facet of our magnificent out-door heritage, .....to preserve pic- torial records of all our native orchids because of the ever- increasing dangers of their eventual extermination by over- eaqpanding 'civilization' and efforts to 'Improve' the land", and to urge amateur oiv:hld enthusiasts to became observers rather than collectors — these the author claims are the major purposes for these books. "Each genus is treated as a chapter in which all the species are described, discussed and illustrated by [accurate] line drawings made from living plants and by reproductions in color of 35 Eodachrome and Ektachrome transparencies. Without exception each species has been photographed in its native habitat" yielding over 600 exquisite photographs on 97 plates in full color. Detailed geographic distribution maps cover the lli6 species and varieties. What a gift to send or to receive I "PLANNING FOR MAN AND NATURE IN NATIONAL PARKS: Reconciling PerpetTiation and Use", by Richard R. Forster, 85 pp«, illus.. International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources, Merges, Switzerland. 1973* Paperbound. This unique, valuable report "sets forth principles and guide- lines for preparing management programnes . • • .upon which normal administration and development decisions can be based." It is presented with great concern, skill and convincing accuracy. PHYTOLOGIA Designed tu expedite botanical publication Vol. 32 December, 1975 No. 5 CONTENTS ST. JOHN, H., The variability of the Hawaiian Maile (Alyxia olivaeformis), Apocynaceae 377 STEVENS, W. D., Notes on the genus Matelea {Apocynaceae S. L.) 387 ROBINSON, H., Considerations on the evolution of lichens 407 ROBINSON, H., A new species of Barnadesia from Ecuador (Mutisieae: Asteraceae) 414 ROBINSON, H., & BRETTELL, R. D., Studies in the Heliantheae (Asteraceae), V. Two new species of Aspilia from South America 419 ROBINSON, H., Studies in the Heliantheae (Asteraceae). VI. Additions to the genus, Calea 426 ROBINSON, H., A new name for the moss genus, Thyridium 432 MOLDENKE, H. N., Additional notes on the genus Avicennia. VI 436 MOLDENKE, H. N., Notes on new and noteworthy plants. LXXXIV . . . 457 MOLDENKE, H. N., Additional notes on the Eriocaulaceae. LVH 458 MOLDENKE, A. L., Book reviews 471 Published by Harold N. Moldenke and Alma L. Moldenke 303 Parkside Road Plainfield, New Jersey 07060 U.S.A. LIBRARY JAN 8 1h7o Price of this number $2.00; per volume, $9.50 in advance or $10.25 y after close of volume; 75 cents extra to all foreign ad|^^^ YORK BOTANICAL GAPr The Variability of the Hawaiian Maile (Alyxia olivaeformis) j Apocynaceae Hawaiian Plant Studies 49 by Harold St. John (Bishop Museum, Honolulu) The "maile" or Alyxia olivaeformis Gaud, was a favorite native plant of the old time Hawaiians, and it still is to their modern descendants and to the other local Hawaiian residents of whatever race. The flowers are inconspicuous, and the leaves of the vine are rather small, and of ordinary appearance, but the whole plant has a perfume. A fresh and grow- ing plant has a very faint sweet odor, but if the herbage is crushed, the odor soon intensifies and spreads, and is long lasting. The smell is very like that of new-mown hay (containg Anthoxanthum odoratum L.), or like that of the gas phosgene. It was, and is, a Hawaiian tradition at any special gathering to decorate the friends or guests with leis of "maile" The leis are made by cutting vigorous, straight, young branches of the "maile" and stripping them. If the but end of the cut stem is held in the teeth, then with strong fingernails of the two hands by one long stroke, the epidermis, bark, and all the leaves attached can be stripped from the wooden core. This process bruises the tissue and starts the strengthening of the perfume. The contacted herbage is then pulled out to its original length. It is then pliant and is easily twined into a lei. An account of this traditional use was given by Neal (1938: 13-14), as follows: " From a Hawaiian versed in native lore, I learn that the old-timers distinguished five different forms of maile. Maile laulii is fine leaves, maile ha^iwale is brittle, maile launui is large- leaved, maile maluhea is sweet smelling, and maile pakaha has blunt oval leaves. They represent five minor sister goddesses of the hula. Laka, goddess in chief of the hula, was always offered a prayer at the beginning and end of a day's ses- sion at the hula school, and as she was believed to be present in her favorite plants — among 377 378 PHYTOLOGIA Vol. 32, no. 5 them mailej ieie, ti, ohia lehua, ilima these plants were gathered and placed on her altar in the school hall before classes met. The following is part of an altar prayer to Laka: Here am I, oh Laka from the mountains. Oh Laka from the shore Reside in the wild-twining maile And the goddess-enwreathing ti. Thou are Laka, The god of this altar; Return, return, abide in the shrine!" The early botanical explorer Charles Gaudichaud-Beaupre^ in 1819 collected the "maile" and gave it its scientific name, Alvxia olivaeformis . The plant is a low, straggling vine, but it is not uniform in appearance. It varies mostly in its leaves which are 2, 3, or 4 at a node, and from very narrow to almost round. All botanists who have studied it have agreed that there is but one native species in Hawaii, yet there is a conspicuous variability in the number, size, and shape of the leaves. The Hawaiians have recognized and named several of the varieties. Neal stated that their total was five varieties, three of which had special leaf shapes. People continually bring sarrples of maile to the Bishop Museum and ask for the scientific names of the several kinds that they have gathered. When told that these kinds are all of one species, thsy are incredulous and dis- appointed. They depart dissatisfied. There is some variability due to age or position, and one can sometimes find leaves of more than one shape on a single plant. However, if mature, flowering or fruiting branches are taken, they regularly have leaves of a single characteristic shape. Asa Gray in 1888 described one kind as a variety; and W. Hillebrand in 1888 added two more varieties. After a review of the problem, a classification has been devised, and it is here presented. Since there are no differences in the flowers or fruits, and since there is variability in the leaf characters, the kinds here described and named are judged to be formae. Key to Alvxia olivaeformis and its forms A. Blades elongate lance-linear, less than 7 mm wide, 4. 9-5.1 cm long f. linearis . A. Blades broader, B. Blades elliptic, C. Blades narrowly elliptic. 1975 St, John, Vouriability of Hawaiian Kaile 379 D. Blades rounded elliptic, E. Blades 2i5-4-times as long as wide. f. anqusta . E. Blades 2-times as long as wide. f. elliptica . D. blades fusiform elliptic, f. cuneata . C. Blades broadly elliptic, F. Blades narrowed at each end, G. Blades twice as long as wide. f. olivaeformis . G. Blades thrice as long as wide. f. fusiformis . F. Blades rounded at one or both ends, H. Blades suborbicular elliptic, 0.8-3 cm. long. . . f. myrti Hi folia . H. Blades narrower, I. Blade apex subacute, f. subacuta . I. Blade apex obtuse, J. Blade base cuneate. f. obovata . J. Blades broadest near the base, K. Blades 1.6-5. 3 cm long, 11-36 mm. wide. f. rotundata . K. Blades (4.5-) 5-9 cm long, 19- 43 mm wide. f. ampla . B. Blades broadest near the base, L. Blades lanceolate f. lanceolate . L. Blades ovate to ovate lanceolate, f. ovata . Alyxia olivaeformis Gaud., forma olivaeformis, Bot, Voy* Uranie 451, 1829; H. Mann, Am. Acad. Arts Sci . Proc. 7: 197, 1867; Wawra, Flora 57: 365, 1874; Hillebrand, FI. Haw. Is. 298-299, 1888. Gynopoqon olivaeformis (Gaud.) K. Schum. , (as oliviformis) . Engler's Nat. Pf lanzenfamilien IV, 4(2): 151, fig. 56F, 1895; Heller, Minn. Bot. Stud. 1: 877, 1897; Hochreutiner , Candollea 5: 179, 1932; Degener, PI. Hawaii Nat. Park 249, pi. 71, 1930. Hawaiian Name: maile. PI. 1, fig. f. Original Diagnosis: "pedunculis axillaribus solitariis, 2-4-floris; foliis ternis, elliptico- oblongis, utrinque acutis, membranceis; fructibus olivaeformibus . " Expanded Diagnosis of Holotype: Leaves ternate; blades elliptic, twice as long as wide, acute at each end, 3. 9-4. 3 cm long, 17-18 mm wide. Expanded Description: Leaves opposite or ternate, 2.6-7 cm long, 10-32 mm wide. 380 PHYTOLOGIA Vol. 32, no. 5 Holotype: lies Sandwich = (Hawaiian Islands) , C. Gaudichaud (P) . Type examined. Kauai: Power Line Trail, L. H. MacDaniels 704; and eight others. Oahu: Koolau Range, Halawa, St. John 20,382; and fourteen others. East Maui: Haleakala, Faurie 457. Hawaii: Manuka, G. W. Russ; and three others. Forma amp la forma nova. A. sulcata H. & A., Bot. Beechey Voy. 90, 1832. Hawaiian Name: maile lau-nui = (large leaved maile) . PI. 1, fig. 1. Diagnosis Holotypi: Foliis oppositi s, laminis 5-6.3 cm longis 2. 3-3. 4 cm latis ellipticis apice rotundata . Diagnosis of Holotype: Leaves opposite; blades 5-6.3 cm long, 2. 3- 3. 4 cm wide, elliptic, the apex rounded. Expanded Description: Blades (4.5-) 5-9 cm long, 1.9-4. 3 cm wide. Holotypus: Kauai, Hoolulu Valley, Napali Coast, Dec. 5, 1964, S. Carlguist 1,659 (BISH) . Kauai: Wahiawa Bog, B. C. Stone 1,663; and one other. Oahu: Koolau Range, Palolo-Olympus Trail, D. W. Garber 284. East Maui: Nahiku, H. L. Lyon. Hawaii: Glenwood to Olaa, W. M. Giffard 321: and one other. Forma angusta forma nova. PI. 1, fig. b. Hawaiian Name: Maile lau-li^i = (small leaved maile). Diagnosis Holotypi: Foliis oppositie vel ternatis, laminis anguste ellipticis 1.4-2. 5 cm longis 5-8 mm latis marginibus revolutis. Diagnosis of Holotype: Leaves 2-3 at a node; blades narrowly elliptic, 1.4-2. 5 cm long, 5-8 mm wide, the margins revolute. Expanded Descritpbion : Blades 0.5-4. 3 cm long, 5-12 mm wide. Holotypus: East Maul, Auahi, 3,000 ft alt., Feb. 1953, J. F. Rock 27.000 (BISH). Oahu: Koolau Range, W. Hillebrand & J. M. Lydgate; and one other. 1975 St. John, Variability of Hawaiian Maile 381 Waianae Mrs.: Puu Kumakalii, F. R. Fosberg 13,649. Molokai: Makalelau, C. N. Forbes 125. Mo.; and one other. East Maui:Auwahi, L. W. Bryan; and one other. West Maui: Olowalu Valley, Forbes 2, 288a. M. Forma cuneata, forma nova PI. 1, fig. d. Diagnosis Holotypi: Foliis oppositis, laminis 2.2- 5.5 cm longis 8-13 mm latis anguste ellipticis basi cuneata . Diagnosis of Holotype: Leaves opposite; blades 2.2-5. 5 cm long, 8-15 mm wide, narrowly elliptic, cuneate at base. Expanded Description: Blades 2. 2-6. 5 cm long, 8-26 mm wide. Holotypus: Oahu, Waianae Mts., Puu Hapapa, 1,800 ft. alt., G. Spence 44. (BISH) . Kauai: Kokee, A. M. Alexander & L. Kellogg 5,247. Oahu: Koolau Range, Aiea Trail, M. Kerr; and four others. Waianae Mts., Kamananui, 1,500 ft. alt., B . C . Stone 889; and two others. Molokai: Manawai-Kahananui ridge, 600 m alt., F. R. Fosberg 13,388; and two others. East Maui: Auwahi, C. N. Forbes 1.978.M.; and one other. A plant of this forma, with blades partly white, mostly with white margins, or one half white, or with a broad white longitudinal stripe, and the drupes with white stripes, was collected above Kunia, Waianae Mts., 3,000 ft. alt., Oct. 5, 1974, by Walter Pomroy. This is, of course, a freak, but it is the sort of mutant that is sought by horticulturists. For ■ ' ■ "orma nova. Diagnosis Holotypi: Foliis oppositis, laminis 1.2-3. 2 cm longis 8-13 mm latis. Diagnosis of Holotype: Leaves opposite; blades 1.2-3. 2 cm long, 8-15 mm wide. Holotypus: West Maui, Olowalu Valley, lateral ridge. May 16, 1920, C. N. Forbes 2. 388b. M.. (BISH). Kauai, Alakai Swamp, B. C. Stone 1,544; and one other. Oahu: Kawailoa, Forbes 2,091.0; and one other. East Maui: Ulupalakua, G . C . Munro ; and one other. Lanai: W. Hillebrand & J. M. Lydgate. 382 PHYTOLOGIA Vol. 32, no. 5 Forma fusiformis forma nova PI. 1, fig. n. Diagnosis Holotypi: Foliis oppositis vel ternatis^ laminis ellipticis vel oblanceolatis , triplo longior- ibus quam lateralibus, 3-6 cm longis 14-28 mm latis basi cuneata. Diagnosis of Holotype: Leaves opposite or ternate; blades elliptic to oblanceolate, thrice as long as wide^ 3-6 cm long, 14-28 mm wide, the base cuneate. Expanded Description: Blades 2. 5-8. 5 cm long, 11-32 mm wide. Holotypus: Hawaii Island, Puna, July 7, 1915, Forbes & Thurston 1,045.H. (BISH) . Kauai, Kokee, St. John et al. 10,694; and one other. Oahu: Koolau Range, Wailupe, D. W. Garber 181; and five others. Waianae Mts., Makua, St. John 17,663. East Maui: Nahiku, H . L . Lyon . Hawaii: Kilauea, F. R. Fosberg 33,276; and five others . Forma lanceolata (Hbd.) comb. nov. A . oli vaefo^ i s Gaud., var. lanceolata Hbd., FI. Haw. Is. 299, 1888. PI. 1, fig. e. Original Diagnosis: "Leaves ovate-lanceolate, acute, often emarginate at the base, binate, ternate or quar- ternate, 1^-1 3/4^ X 6-8^ Peduncles umbellately 3-5- flowered. Lobes of corolla \ the length of the short tube. Drupes oblong, 8-1*', obtuse at both ends." Expanded Description: Blades 2-5 cm long, 10-22 mm wide. Holotype: West Maui, Kaanapali, woods, W. Hillebrand (B) . Type destroyed. Isotype (BISH) . Kauai, Waininiua trail, 3,500 ft alt., A. K. Chock 900. Oahu: S. Opaeula Gulch, Koolau Mts., 500 m alt., F. R. Fosberg 8,847; and nine others. Waianae Mts.: eight others. Molokai: Mts., above Puu Kolekole, C. N. Forbes 201. Mo. West Maui: mauka of McGregor, O. Degener et al. 22,073. Forma linearis forma nova PI. 1, fig. a. Diagnosis Holotypi: Laminis lancei-linearibus 3-6 1975 St. John, Variability of Hawaiian Maile 303 cm longis 5-7 (-9) mm latis ambitu acutis. Diagnosis of Holotype: Blades lance-linear, 3-6 cm long, 5-7 (-9) mm wide, acute at each end. Holotypus: Oahu, Koolau Range, Palolo, Kaau-Waiomao Ridge, 1,800 ft alt., Dec. 5, 1943, H. St. John 20.370 (BISH) . Oahu: U. S. Exploring (Wilkes) Expedition, (the part with the elongate leaves) , (US) . Forma m^rtillifolia (Gray ex Hbd.) comb nov. A. olive!^omi^s Gaud . . var. nlyrti Hi folia Gray ex Hbd., FI. Haw. Is. 299, 1888. A. myrtillifolia (Gray ex Hbd.) L^vl., Fedde Repert. 10: 155, 1911. PI. 1, fig. g. Original Diagnosis: "Leaves in whorlst of 3 and 4; small oblong or obovate, 4-9''^ 2-4'', obtuse at both ends or contracted at the base, sometimes orbicular. Peduncle umbellately 4-5-f lowered. Calyx and corolla mostly 5-lobed. Drupe short ovoid, 4-6''." Expanded Description: Leaves in whorls of 3-4 or opposite; blades broadly elliptic, 0.8-3 cm long, 5-15 mm wide. Specimens Cited: "Lanai I E. and W. Mauil" Lectotype: W. Maui, Waikapu, W. Hillebrand (B) . Isotype (BISH) . Kauai: Alakai Swamp Trail-, M. R. Crosby & W, R. Anderson 1,991. East Maui: s. slope Haleakala, C. N. Forbes 2,123.M and two others. Lanai: Poomai, G. C. Munro 91: and three others. Hawaii: Kanehaha, Kona, Forbes 250. H. Forma obovata forma nova Pl.^TT^fi^. f. Diagnosis Holbtypi: Foliis oppositis vel ternatis, laminis 2. 1-3. 5 cm longis 14-24 mm latis. Diagnosis of Holotype: Leaves opposite or ternate; blades obovate, 2. 1-3. 5 cm long, 14-24 mm wide. Holotypus: Hawaii Island, kipuka in Flow of 1855, June 7, 1915, C. N. Forbes 749. H. (BISH). Forma ovata (Hbd.) comb. nov. PI. 1, fig. n. A. olivaeformis Gaud., B var. ovata Hbd., FI. Haw. Is. 299, 1888. ' Original Diagnosis: "Leaves mostly opposite. PHYTOLOGIA Vol, 32, no, 5 381i rarely ternate, broadly ovate or rhomboidal and mostly obtuse, Ik - 2' X 3/4 - 1^'. Drupes ovoid or obovoid, about 6^' long. - A. sulcata Hook. & Arn." Revised Diagnosis: Blades ovate, but narrowed to the apex . Holotypus; Hawaiian Islands, Oahu Island, "on both ranges." ^illebrandlj (B) . Type destroyed. Isotype (BISH) . Isotype examined. Kauai: Halemanu, D. Herbst 1,028; and one other. Oahu: Koolau Range, Kipapa Gulch, St. John 11,678; and eleven others. Waianae M^s.: Mt. Kalena, M. L. Grant 7,436. Molokai: Halawa, Forbes 48 2. Mo. East Maui: Kipahulu, St. John & R. J. Catto 17,802. West Maui: Puu Kukui, M. R. Crosby & W. R. Anderson 1,870 ; and one other. Hawaii: Waiakea to Olaa, Forbes 566. H; and one other. Forma rptundata forma nova Hawaiian Name: maile pakaha = (greedy maile) . PI. 1, fig. k. Diagnosis Holotypi: Laminis late ellipticis obtusis 1.6- 3. 6 cm longis 12-23 mm latis. Diagnosis of Holotype: Blades broadly elliptic, obtuse, 1.6- 3. 8 cm long, 12-23 mm wide. Expanded Description: Blades 1.6-5. 3 cm long, 11-36 mm wide. Holotypus: Oahu, Koolau Range, Pupukea Trail, in trees, 1,400 ft alt., 26 June 1964, M. R. Crosby & W. R. Anderson 1,567 (BISH) . Kauai: Kaholuamanoa, A. A. Heller 2,344; and five others . Oahu: Koolau Range, Lanihuli summit, E. H. Bryan Jr.] and six others. West Maui: Olowalu, C. N. Forbes 2,385.M. Lanai: Mahana, G. C. Munro 59; and one other. Though he accepted only the species (as Gvnopoqon olivaeformis (Gaud.) Heller), Degener (1930: pi. 71) gave a detailed drawing of a specimen from Hawaii which seems to represent our forma rotundata . Although no specimens of this forma from the island of Hawaii have been examined, it may well occur there, as it is presently known on the islands of Kauai, Oahu, Maui, and Lanai. Forma subacuta forma nova PI. 1, fig. m. 197$ 385 St. John, Variability of Hawaiian fiailo Diagnosis Holotypi: Foliis ternatis, laminis late ellipticis subacutis 2. 7-4. 3 cm longis 18-30 mm latis Diagnosis of Holotype: Leaves ternate; blades broadly elliptic, but subacute, 2. 7-4. 3 cm long, 18-30 mm wide. Expanded Description: Leaves ternate to opposite, 2-5.4 cm long, 12-30 mm wide. Holotypus: Island of Hawaii, Kiipu, June 26, 1915, C. N. Forbes 940. H. (BISH) . Kauai: Mts. above Ka Loko Reservoir, Forbes 521. K. Oahu: Koolau Range, Waialae-iki, 1,800 ft alt., B. C. Stone 1,205-A; and ten others. Waianae Mts., Piko Trail, Mokuleia, R. J. Baker and two others . Lanai: Puu Aalii, 900 m alt., F. R. Fosberg 12,513 and six others. Hawaii: Kipuka Puaulu, J. F. Rock 12,589; and four others . All the specimens cited in this study are in the Bishop Museum, Honolulu, unless otherwise indicated. Bibliography Degener, Otto, 1930. Ferns and Flowering Plants of Hawaii National Park, 1-312, pi. 1-95, figs. 1-45. Neal, Marie C., 1938. Maile. Paradise of the Pacific 5(20): 13-14, ill., February. Legend Plate 1, Formae of Alyxia olivaeformis Gaud., from the holotypies. a, forma Ijnearis ; b, c^, forma anqusta ; d, forma cuneata; e . . forma lanceolata ; _f, forma olivaeformis : g_, forma myrti Hi folia ; h, forma fusiformis ; _i, forma elliptica : j_, forma obovata; k, forma rotundata ; 1, forma amp la ; m, forma subacuta ; n, forma ovata . 386 PHYTOLOGIA Vol. 32, no, 5 Plate 1 Variabilitgr of Alyxla olivaefonnls yrr NOTES ON THE GENUS MATELEA (APOCYNACEAE S.L.) Warren Douglas Stevens Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824 While preparing a revision of Matelea subgenus Diotyanthus, I included in ray studies three species which I now exclude from this subgenus. It seeras raore appropriate to publish the treatraents of these three species here than as part of the revision of the sub- genus. One of the species is described as new and one is provided with a new corabination. Notes concerning two species of Matelea raore distantly related to subgenus Diotyanthus are also provided. In referring to the descriptions given here, it will be help- ful to raake note of certain usages of terminology. (1) The description of the indumentum has been simplified and, to a certain extent, generalized by the convention of referring to all trichomes as either short, glandular , or long and modifying these terms as appropriate. These trichomes are all uniseriate and multicellular and can have straight or uncinate tips. Short trichomes are less than 0.1 mm long, typically about 0.05 mm. Glandular trichomes are the same length to slightly shorter than the short trichomes and have a short stalk, an inflated middle, and a short apiculum. The inflated part typically collapses on drying, giving these the appearance of capitate glandular trichomes. Long trichomes are more than 0.1 mm long, typically much more. (2) The leaves are described essentially according to Hickey (1973). This terminology is likewise employed to describe the shape of the bracts, calyx lobes, and corolla lobe apices. The leaf length has been considered to be the length of the midrib and the leaves are described on the basis of the largest leaf of each specimen examined. (3) I have considered the corolla lobes to be distinct from the limb. The corolla, then, is composed of the tube, the limb, and the lobes. (4) Measurements of the pollinia are taken in the normal orientation they assume when removed. The length of the pollen sac is taken from the point of attachment of the corpusculum to the tip, including, therefore, the translator arm or caudicle. MATELEA SEPICOLA W. D. Stevens, sp. nov. Type: Stevens 1436 (MSG, holotype) . Matelea sepioola W. D. Stevens; species insignis corolla parva urceolata (2. 5-4. 5 mm e basi ad sinum) habenti paginam interiorem glabram et lineas parallelas verticales intra tubum et lobis coronarum crasse laminaribus rhombeis (in aspectu 387 388 PHYTOLOGIA Vol. 32, no. 5 lateral!) unusqulsque adnato corollae secus medium paginae dor- salis et gynostegio a septo tenui adaxiali dignoscenda. Plants twining vines. Stems essentially herbaceous and lacking bark except with a woody caudex with thick corky bark, with dense short and glandular trichomes and moderately dense to dense, most- ly straight long trichomes to 3 mm long. Leaf blade wide-ovate or occasionally ovate or very-wide-ovate, 35-85 (-105) mm long, 23- 85 mm wide, indumentum of dense, or occasionally sparse above, un- cinate long trichomes, surface pusticulate to minutely pusticulate or occasionally nearly smooth, smaller veins often slightly to sharply raised below, apex acuminate to attenuate, base lobate, lobes convergent to divergent, with 0-3 (-5) acropetiolar glands, margin often slightly thickened and revolute; petiole (19-) 28-72 (-88) ram long, with dense short and glandular trichomes and sparse to dense, mostly uncinate long trichomes. Inflorescence a simple, or more often a compound, condensed, helicoid cyme; primary pedun- cle mostly 2-4 mm long, but occasionally with an inflorescence branch originating at or near the base of the apparent peduncle (Figure 2B) , with dense short and glandular trichomes and moder- ately dense to very sparse or even absent, straight or uncinate long trichomes; bracts linear to lorate or lanceolate, 1-2 mm long, abaxial surface with dense short and glandular trichomes and moderately dense to dense, straight or uncinate long trichomes, adaxial surface glabrous; pedicel 1.5-3, 5 mm long, with indumen- tum of peduncle. Calyx lobes narrow-ovate, 3-5 mm long, 1.5-2. 5 mm wide, apex attenuate, with one gland below each sinus, abaxial surface with sparse to moderately dense uncinate long trichomes, adaxial surface glabrous. Corolla urceolate, base to sinus length 3-5 mm, limb slightly reflexed and slightly revolute; lobes 2.5- 4.5 mm long, apex acute to obtuse, slightly reflexed and slightly revolute; glabrous within, indumentum outside of moderately dense straight long trichomes on limb and lobes; tube with a pair of ridges inside opposite each corona lobe; with reddish-brown ver- tical lines within tube, these becoming circular and reticulated on limb and lobes but partially obscured by the green or green- ish-brown background. Corona lobes 1. 5-3.0 mm long, shape elab- orate but basically thickly laminar and rhombic in lateral view, adnate or tightly connivent along axis to corolla (between ridges) for part of length but tip free above, adnate to gynostegium along axis by a narrow wall, loosely to tightly appressed side to side, lateral tips sometimes slightly thickened, giving a trilobed ap- pearance from above. Gynostegium 1. 5-3.0 mm high and 1. 5-2.0 mm wide at apex, slightly stipitate, apex broadly and shallowly con- cave and slightly convex and bilobed in center, corpuscula slight- ly exceeding convex center, terminal anther appendages covering nearly half of apex. Corpusculum sagittate, 0.20-0.25 mm long, 0.08-0.09 mm wide, pollen sacs obliquely obovate, 0.62-0.72 mm long, 0.34-0.43 mm wide. Follicles fusiform, (44-) 54-74 mm long, 12-20 mm wide, green with white stripes, with dense short tri- chomes and occasionally very sparse glandular trichomes, with 22- 1975 Stevens, Notes on Uatelea 389 37 (-48) projections, these thick, straight or arcuate, to 4 iran long. Mature seeds unknown, immature seeds obovate, to 4 mm long, to 3 mm wide, irregularly toothed distally, both sides verrucate to rugose, dark brown; coma to 30 mm long, white. Figures 1 and 2. The six known collection localities range from southern Sinaloa through Nayarit to Jalisco. Figure 3. The four localities in Nayarit and Sinaloa are apparently at elevations of 30 m or less ' and the two in Jalisco at about 1300 m. Flowering Augus t-October . Mature-sized fruit collected in September and November and old dehised fruit collected in June and September. The known habitats are fencerows, roadsides, and thickets, hence the origin of the epithet . Woodson recognized this as an undescribed species by his un- dated annotation "Matelea (Macroscepis) n. sp." on Ferris 5506 at DS, but annotated another collection, .Pringle 5429 at F, as Matelea reticulata (Engelmann) Woodson, probably because the label determination was "Gonolobus reticulatus, Engelm., (with short peduncles)." Matelea reticulata is quite a different species both in morphology (Woodson [1941] placed it in his sub- genus "Eumatelea") and in range, being found in northeastern Mexico and adjacent United States. As certainly as this species is distinct from Matelea reticulata^ it also does not belong to the subgenus Macroscepis y even as Woodson conceived it. The six species Woodson referred to subgenus Macroscepis form a highly unnatural assemblage, of which the type element probably deserves generic status. There are at least two other distinct groups represented in the subgenus, but all the other species are probably appropriately placed in the genus Matelea. Matelea sepicola appears to have closer affinities with subgenus Dictyanthus than with any species Woodson included in subgenus Macroscepis. Despite the differences in corolla shape, urceolate rather than campanulate, and the proportionately broader corona lobes, the flowers are much like those of subgenus Dictyanthus, especially with respect to the position and mode of adnation of the corona lobes. The vegetative features, including the indu- mentum, and the nature of the fruit are identical with those of the subgenus Dictyanthus and distinct from most of the rest of Matelea. Until Matelea is better studied, however, I prefer not to assign this species to any of Woodson's subgenera. SPECIMENS EXAMINED. MEXICO. SINALOA: ca 2.0 mi SW of Hwy 15 along rd to Chametla, ca 5 mi S of Rosario, 10 Sep 1973 (fl & fr) , Stevens 2028 (MSC). NAYARIT: vicinity of San Bias, first hill on old Spanish rd to Tepic, 13 Oct 1925 (fl), Ferris 5506 (DS, US); Tuxpan, Palapar Redondo [labelled as State of Jalisco], 20 m, 6 Nov 1926 (fr), Mexia 1060 (UC) ; Acaponeta, 23-30 June 1897 (fr). Rose 2122 (US). JALISCO: hills near Tequila, 26 Sep 1893 (fl & fr) , Pringle 5429 (F, MO, US); ca 6.9 mi SW of Hwy 15 along rd to Ameca, near dirt rd leading N, 23 Aug 1971 (fl) , Stevens 1426, Figure 1. Matelea sepioota (drawn from Stevens 1436). A. section of flowering stem, x 0.4; B-C. flowers, x 2.3; D. pollinium, x 16; E. fruit, x 0.4; F. caudex , x 0.4. 1975 Stevens, Notes on Natelea 391 Figure 2. Mdieteo. SBpiooZd. A. inflorescence, note parallel lines within corolla, Stevens 14S6; B. inflorescence, note shape and method of adnation of corona lobes, Stevens 1436; C. inflo- rescence, one petiole removed, note inflorescence branch origi- nating near base of apparent peduncle, Stevens 2895; immature fruit, Pringle 5439 (F) . 392 PHYTOLOGIA Vol. 32, no, 5 type of Matelea sepicola (MSC) , 2 Sep 1973 (fl), Stevens 1895 (MSC) . Matelea altatensis (Brandegee) Woodson, Ann. Missouri Bot. Card. 28: 236. 1941. Gonolobus altatensis Brandegee, Zoe 5: 244. 1908. Type: Bvandegee s.n.^ 10 Sep 1904 (UCl holotype; MO, 2 specimens, fragments of holotypel). Plants twining vines. Stems woody below, with thin to thick corky bark, sometimes with a weakly developed woody caudex with thick corky bark, herbaceous and lacking bark above, with sparse to dense short, glandular, and long trichomes, long trichomes to 3 mm long and mostly straight. Leaf blade wide-ovate or rarely very-wide-ovate, (35-) 45-75 (-87) mm long, (25-) 35-77 mm wide, with sparse glandular trichomes and sparse to occasionally dense, mostly uncinate long trichomes, surface pusticulate, especially above, apex acute to attenuate, base lobate, lobes mostly conver- gent, with (0-) 2-5 acropetiolar glands, margin occasionally somewhat thickened and revolute; petiole 25-52 mm long, with sparse to dense short, glandular, and long trichomes, long tri- chomes mostly uncinate. Inflorescence a simple, or more often a compound, condensed, helicoid cyme; primary peduncle (15-) 30-135 mm long, with sparse to dense short, glandular, and long trichomes, long trichromes straight or uncinate; bracts linear to lanceolate, 1. 5-4.0 mm long, with indumentum of leaves; pedicel (6-) 12-28 mm long, with indumentum of peduncle. Calyx lobes lanceolate to ovate or occasionally elliptic, (2-) 4-6 mm long, 1.5-2. 5 mm wide, apex acute to attenuate, with one gland below each sinus, abaxial surface with sparse glandular trichomes and sparse to dense, mostly uncinate long trichomes, adaxial sur- face glabrous or with scattered glandular trichomes. Corolla shallowly campanulate, nearly rotate, base to sinus length 4-6 mm, limb not distinct, margins slightly or not at all revolute; lobes (2-) 4-7 mm long, apex acute to obtuse or rounded, slightly reflexed, margins slightly revolute; indumentum within of dense short trichomes except glabrous between corona lobes and espe- cially dense around corona lobes and in a line above them, indu- mentum on outside of glandular and straight long trichomes, occa- sionally distal half of lobes nearly glabrous; tube convoluted with the raised parts opposite the corona lobes, forming shallow pockets between them, with the corona lobes in distinct pockets in the base of the raised parts; pale greenish-white or some- times also tinted yellowish, especially at base, with very faint to moderately dark green reticulations, mostly drying pale brown. Corona lobes ca 2 mm long, basically triangular in outline above, appressed side to side, adnate to gynostegium and adherent but not adnate to corolla. Gynostegium ca 2 mm high and ca 2 mm wide at apex, not markedly stipitate, apex flat or slightly convex, with a low ridge from each corpusculum to center, this formed from adjacent margins of terminal anther appendages which nearly 1975 Stevens, Motes on Uatelea 393 Figure 3. 39k PHYTOLOGIA V0I4 32, no, 5 or completely cover apex. Corpusculum sagittate, 0,20-0.26 mm long, 0.15-0.18 mm wide, pollen sacs obliquely obovate, 0.78- 0.88 mm long, 0.28-0.35 mm wide. Follicles fusiform, with a distinct basal flange on one side and apex often long and thin, 60-100 mm long, 13-20 mm wide, striped and mottled light and dark green, glabrous or with sparse short trichomes, with 18-34 (-44) arcuate to hooked projections to 8 mm long. Seeds obovate, 4-5 mm long, ca 2 mm wide, with a raised margin, this coarsely toothed, especially distally, inside this margin slightly convex and sparsely verrucate on one side, the other side slightly con- cave, verrucate, and with a narrow ridge from apex to near center, dark brown; coma ca 35 mm long, white. Figure 4. Matelea altatensis has been collected from northern Sonora to central Sinaloa, but is to be expected farther south, southern Sinaloa being rather poorly collected. Figure 3. Most of the collections have been on the coastal plain at elevations of less than 50 m, but the northernmost localities are more inland and apparently up to about 500 m. This species is found in dry thorn forests in heavy clay soils or occasionally in sandy washes. Flowering specimens have been collected from late July to mid- September and the two collections with nearly mature fruit were made in September and the one specimen with completely mature fruit was made in February. Only two of the 12 collections of this species have been made since the 1940 's and it is probably not at all common. Particu- larly with the increased development of irrigation systems, the coastal plains of this part of Mexico are rapidly being cleared for agricultural purposes, especially for growing cotton. Suit- able habitats for Matelea altatensis are already difficult to find near highways. Although Woodson (1941) Included this species in his subgenus Diatyanthus , it lacks the major character that has been used to distinguish this group, the adnation of the digitate corona lobes to the corolla. The corona lobes of this species (in shape, size, and position) are much like those of Matelea tubenosa and M. hemsleyana^ but in these species the corona lobes are adnate for their full length to the corolla. The corona lobes of M. altatensis are appressed to or perhaps even connivent with the corolla and it may be a small step to complete the adnation. Three other characters can more readily be used to distinguish this species from subgenus Diatyanthus . 1) This is the only species either included in or closely related to the subgenus in which the terminal anther appendages essentially cover the style apex. In dried flowers these appendages often shrink somewhat, leaving an uncovered spot in the center of the style apex, but because of the drying, become bright white and easily observable (Figure 4D) . In fresh flowers the appendages are translucent and more difficult to see. 2) Also unique is the distinct basal 1975 Stevens, Notes on llatelea 395 Figure 4. Matelea altatensis . A. old inflorescence, Stevens 2062; B. fruit, Wiggins S Rollins 269 (MO); C. inflorescence, Wiggins & Rollins 140 (ARIZ); D. flower, Wiggins & Rollins 140 (A). 396 PHYTOLOGIA Vol, 32, no. 5 flange on one side of the follicle (Figure 4B) . 3) This species differs from those I have included in subgenus Diatyanthus, but compares with a few species closely related to the subgenus in having an inflorescence which is, or at least can become, a com- pound rather than a simple cyme. Again I prefer not to assign this species to any of the existing subgenera. Within the geographic range of Matelea altatensisy there are two somewhat more distantly related species of Matelea which could be confused with it in fruiting condition. Matelea pringle-ii which may actually be restricted to Baja California, differs in having longer, thinner, and straight rather than arcuate projections and lacks a basal flange. Matelea oaudata differs in having shorter and thicker follicles and again lacks the basal flange. Matelea oaudata also tends to be shrubby rather than viney. SPECIMENS EXAMINED. MEXICO. SONORA: Torres, 6 Feb 1903 (fr) Coville 1627 (US); 0.2 mi N of Km marker 2231 and ca 0.2 mi N of side rd to Querobabi, Hwy 15, 28 July 1969 (fl). Mason 2895 (ARIZ CAS, NY); Bacum Station, near Rio Yaqui, 30-40 m, 7 Sep 1935 (fl) Pennell 20207 (GH, MICH, NY, PH, US); ca 2.2 mi NE of Hwy 15, ca 6.9 mi SE of Ciudad Obregon, 12 Sep 1973 (fl & fr) , Stevens 2062 (MSC); 27 mi W of Hermosillo on rd to Kino Bay, 720 ft, 28 Aug 1941 (fl), Wiggins & Rollins 140 (A, ARIZ, DS, MO, ND, NY, TEX, UC, US); 5 mi N of Suhuoral, 18 mi W of El Camino National (Hermosillo-Guaymas) , 3 Sep 1941 (fl & fr), Wiggins & Rollins 259 (A, ARIZ, DS, MO, 2 specimens, ND, NY, UC, US). SINALOA: vicinity of Culiacan, Yerba Buena, 10 Sep 1904 (f 1) , Brandegee s.n.y type of Gonolobus altatensis (MO, 2 specimens, fragments of UC specimen, UC); Culiacan, 17 Sep 1904 (fl), Brandegee s.n. (POM); Culiacan and vicinity, volcanic cerro and valley, 150- 500 ft, Sep 1944 (fl). Gentry 7065 (GH) ; Maraton, 12 mi W of Culiacan, 100 ft, 21 Sep 1944 (fl) , Gentry 7086 (GH, MICH, NY); Los Mochis, July 1912 (fl), Tays s.n. (US). STATE UNKNOWN: without locality and date (f 1) , Sesse^ Mooino, et al. 1201 (F, fragment, MA, not seen, photo from F neg. 41451 at MSC), 2570 (F, fragment, MA, not seen, photo from F neg. 41452 at MSC). MATELEA ASPERA (Miller) W. D. Stevens, comb. nov. Cynanchum asperum Miller, Card. Diet., ed. 8, no. 6. 1768. Type: Houstoun s.n. (BM, not seen, holotype, photos from BH neg. 5251 at MICHl & USl). Gonolobus littoralis Decaisne in deCandolle, Prodr. 8: 596. 1844. Type: Galeotti 1545 (Pi holotype; Gl isotype; F, fragment of G isotypel photo from F neg. 26924 of G isotype at MOl). Vinoetoxioum littorale (Decaisne in deCandolle) Standley, Contr. U.S. Natl. Herb. 23: 1188. 1924. Vinoetoxioum megaoarphum Brandegee, Univ. Calif. Publ. Bot. 4: 381. 1913. Type: Purpus 6014 (UCl holotype; Fl G, 2 1975 Stevens, Notes on Matelea 397 specimens, 1 a fragment of F specimen! GH! MO, 3 specimens, 2 are fragments, probably of UC specimen! NY! P! isotypes). Matelea megaaarpha (Brandegee) Woodson, Ann. Missouri Bot. Card. 28: 236. 1941. Pachystelma cordatum Brandegee, Univ. Calif. Publ. Bot. 7: 330. 1920. Lectotype: Purpus 8508 [UC no. 204968, not Purpus 8008 of protologue] (UC! lectotype, mixed with sterile Matelea sp.). Diatyanthus brachistanthus Standley, Publ. Field Columbian Mus., Bot. Ser. 8: 38. 1930. Lectotype: Heyde & Lux ex J. D, Smith 6346 (F! lectotype, mixed with a sterile, probably apocynaceous , vine, photo from F neg. 51447 at F!; G! GH, mixed collection! K! MO! NY! US, 2 specimens, 1 a mixed collection! isolectotypes) . Plants twining vines. Stems woody and with thick corky bark below, at least at the base, herbaceous and lacking bark above, with dense short and glandular trichomes and dense to essentially absent, mostly straight, long trichomes to 2 mm long. Leaf blade ovate to wide-ovate or occasionally narrow-ovate or very-wide ovate, 31-98 (-122) mm long, 18-75 (-102) mm wide, indumentum above of sparse to moderately dense uncinate long trichomes and short trichomes on major veins, indumentum below of moderately dense to dense uncinate long trichomes, surface pusticulate to smooth, smaller veins slightly raised below or not, apex acumi- nate to attenuate, base lobate, lobes convergent to widely diver- gent, with 2-8 acropetiolar glands, margin often slightly thick- ened and revolute; petiole 15-70 mm long, with dense short and glandular trichomes and dense to essentially absent, mostly un- cinate long trichomes. Inflorescence a simple, or more often a compound, condensed, helicoid cyme; primary peduncle 3-31 (-65) mm long, with dense short and glandular trichomes and dense to essentially absent, straight or uncinate long trichomes; bracts linear to lanceolate or lorate, 2-5 (-6) mm long, abaxial sur- face with dense short and straight or uncinate long trichomes, adaxial surface with sparse short trichomes or glabrous; pedicel 5-13 mm long, with indumentum of peduncle. Calyx lobes lanceo- late to narrow-ovate or rarely ovate, (3.5-) 5-10 mm long, (1-) 2.0-3. 5 (-4) mm wide, apex attenuate, with one or occasionally two glands below each sinus, abaxial surface with sparse to dense straight or uncinate long trichomes, surface often pusticulate, adaxial surface glabrous. Corolla shallowly campanulate, nearly rotate, base to sinus length 4-9 (-11) mm, limb broad, hardly distinct from short tube, margin slightly revolute; lobes 3.5- 8.0 mm long, apex rounded or occasionally acute or obtuse, plane to somewhat reflexed, margin slightly revolute; indumentum with- in of dense, very small short trichomes except glabrous at base between corona lobes and especially dense in lines above corona lobes, glabrous outside or with sparse to moderately dense short and sparse straight long trichomes on distal part of limb and base of lobes, with shallow pockets alternate with corona lobes; 398 PHITOLOGIA Vol, 32, no. 5 Figure 5. Matetea aspera (drawn from Stevens 1296). A. section of flowering stem, x 0.4; B-C. flowers, x 1.6; D. pollinium, X 12; E. base of stem, x 0.8. 1975 Stevens, Notes on Matelea 399 Figure 6. M. aspera PHYTOLOGIA Vol. 32, no. 5 liOO background color very pale green (drying cream-white) to deep brownish-green, reticulations from essentially absent on the palest backgrounds to dense on the darker backgrounds, retic- ulations purple to brownish-purple. Corona lobes (1.5-) 2-3 (-4) mm long, ovate in outline from above, inflated, with a small tooth on the inner surface, lower half adnate to the corolla, free above, adnate to base of gynostegium, connate at base and forming a fleshy disc partially distinct from the lobes. Gynostegium (1.5-) 2-3 (-3.5) mm high and (1.5-) 2-3 mm wide at apex, slightly and shortly stipitate, anther wings prominent, apex essentially flat, terminal anther appendages covering ca half of apex. Corpusculum sagittate, 0.23-0.29 mm long, 0.20- 0.26 mm wide, pollen sacs obliquely obovate, 0,89-1.04 mm long, 0.34-0.43 mm wide. Follicles fusiform, 62-87 (-113) mm long, 12-18 (-27) mm wide, apparently dark purplish-red or nearly black when mature but drying to lighter colors, with moderately dense to dense short trichomes, with 18-34 (-46) projections, these straight or slightly arcuate, mostly thick and blunt, to 5 or rarely even 7 mm long. Seeds obovate, 4-5 mm long, 2. 0-3. 5 mm wide, with a raised, radially-grooved margin, this entire or irregularly toothed, especially dis tally, one side convex and shallowly to deeply verrucate to rugose, other side concave and deeply rugose, with a shallow ridge from apex to near center, dark brown; coma 25-30 mm long, white. Figure 5. Occurring from Jalisco and Colima southeastward to central Nicaragua. Figure 6. The areas where this species has been collected are rather widely spaced northwest of the Isthmus of Tehuantepec but are more continuous southeastward. Found from sea level to about 1000 m. Tolerant of a variety of substrates, including limestone-derived soils and beach sands, and a variety of communities, including pine forest at the highest elevations, but most commonly collected in disturbed thorn forests with clay soils. Flowering mostly June-October . Mature-sized fruit col- lected July-March. Matelea aspera has a greater geographic range than most species of Matetea and is quite variable in appearance. Most of the variation, however, is in the size and coloration of the corolla. There is nearly a three-fold difference in the range of the corolla sizes; the largest-flowered specimens are found in the Pacific coastal lowlands of the Isthmus of Tehuantepec, and the plants from the mountains of Chiapas southeastward are rather uniformly small-flowered. Corolla color varies con- siderable, even within populations, but the palest corollas with faint or no reticulations are all found on Mexican plants and again the plants from the mountains of Chiapas southeast- ward are rather uniformly dark-colored. The northwestern part of the range tends also to have more substantially woody plants while plants in the southeastern part of the range tend to peren^nate from near ground level. Most of the other characters 1975 Stevens, Notes on ^atelea UOl of the species have less well-marked regional variation, and the corona, in particular, appears to be remarkably uniform through- out the range. This is the type species of Woodson's (1941) Matelea subgenus Paahystelma. The previous two species, Matelea sepicola and M. altatensis, could be loosely allied with M. aspera, but the other two species Woodson included in the subgenus appear to be more distantly related. I am reluctant to add M. sepicola and A/. altatensis to subgenus Paahystelma primarily because all of these species have clear affinities with subgenus Matelea sect. "Retiaulatae" and subgenus Heliostenma. An adequate assessment of the subgenera of Matelea must await careful studies of more of the constituent species. The type of Cynanchum asperum is apparently from a specimen cultivated by Miller from seeds sent from Veracruz by Houstoun in about 1730. I have seen only photographs of the holotype, but Dr. Garrett E. Crow compared the specimen, at BM, with samples of my material and confirmed its identity. Through an apparent printer's error, the protologue of Paahystelma cordatum gives the type collection as Purpus 8008, but the UC accession number given corresponds to the marked type specimen, Purpus 8508. Unfortunately, Purpus 8508 is a mixed collection. The majority of the sheet is Matelea aspera, but there is a sterile shoot and an isolated leaf of a second species of Matelea. The sterile specimen apparently did not influence the type description and I have therefore chosen the fertile ele- ment as the lectotype. It is interesting to note that even the fertile element has only very immature flower buds; this might explain why Brandegee failed to recognize that his new genus and species were the same as Vincetoxiaum megaaarphum, which he had described seven years earlier from another Purpus collection from a nearby locality. In the case of the mixed collection of Diatyanthus braahistan- thus , it appears that Standley based the vegetative aspects of the description on the sterile, probably apocynaceous , vine and based the description of the inflorescence and flowers on the element representing Matelea aspera. The name could probably be rejected on the basis of Article 70 of the International Code of Botanical Nomenclature (Stafleu et al., 1972), but on the basis of Standley 's apparent intent, I have chosen to follow Article 9 and designate the fertile element as a lectotype. SPECIMENS EXAMINED. MEXICO. JALISCO: steep ravines in gorge of Rio Cihuatlan, below bridge 13 mi N of Santiago, Colima, 175- 200 m, 3 July 1957 (fl), McVaugh 15942 (MICH, 2 specimens); mountains 3 mi above (S of) La Huerta, rd to Barra de Navidad, 500-550 m, 3 Oct 1960 (fl & fr) , MaVaugh 19805 (MICH, 2 sped- PHYTOLOGIA Vol. 32, no. 5 I1O2 mens) ; near new rd ca 25 km NVJ of Rio San Nicolas and 20 km SE of Tomatlan, 90-150 m, 11-12 Dec 1970 (fr) , McVaugh 25Z14 (MICH, MSC) ; 0.5 mi N of La Resolana, 22 mi SSW of Autlan, ca 1000 ft, 11 Aug 1949 (fl), Wilbur & Wilbur 2252 (MICH). COLIMA: Paso del Rio, Nov 1906 (fr) , Emrick 224 (F) ; Colima, Aug 1897 (f 1) , Palmer 164 (MICH, US). MEXICO: Dist. Temascaltepec , Bejucos, 610 m, 26 Aug 1932 (f 1) , Hinton 1476 (GH, US); Dist. Temascaltepec, Chorrera, 7 Mar 1934 (fr) , Hinton 5741 (K) , 19 Aug 1935 (fl), Hinton 8189 (K, US). VERACRUZ: "dunes de Vera Cruz," June-Oct 1840 (fl), Galeotti 1545, type of Gonolobus littoralis (F, frag- ment of G specimen, G, photos from F neg. 26924 of G specimen at MO & P) ; "E. Vera Cruz," 1730 (f 1) , Houstoun s.n., type of Cyn- anohum asperum (BM, not seen, photos from BH neg. 5251 at MICH & US); vicinity of Palmar, ca 3200 ft, 3 Sep 1935 (fl) , MacDaniels 452 (F) ; Banos del Carrizal, Aug 1912 (fl), Purpus 6014, type of Vineetoxiaum megaoarphum (F, G, 2 specimens, 1 a fragment of F specimen, GH, MO, 3 specimens, 2 are fragments, probably of UC specimen, NY, P, UC) ; Acaxonica, Aug 1919 (fl), Purpus 8508, lectotype of Pachystelma oordatim (UC, mixed with sterile Matelea sp.); ca 4.5 mi W of Palmilla along hwy through Huatusco, 10 Aug 1971 (fl), Stevens 1406 (MSC). OAXACA: on Hwy 190, 1.5 mi SE of Niltepec, ca 50 m, 11 July 1972 (f 1) , Denton 1776 (MICH, MSC, WTU) ; 9 mi W of Zanatepe [Zanatepec] , 17 Aug 1971 (f 1) , Dwyer et al. 755 (MO); 5 mi E of Temascal (10 mi W of Veracruz border), ca 45 ft, 25 Oct 1963 (fr) , Jansen s.n. (MICH); along Hwy 190, 2 km S of Niltepec, 50 m or less, 17 July 1959 (fl) , King 1726 (TEX), 1752 (TEX), 1755 (MICH, NY, TEX, US); along Hwy 190, 2 km E of Zanatepec, 50 m or less, 21 July 1959 (fl) , King 1892 (MICH, NY, TEX, UC, US); Santa Efigenia, 500 ft, 18 July 1895 (fl) , Nelson 2824 (GH) ; 70 km (by rd) SE of Pinotepa Nacional on rd to Puerto Escondito, ca 150 m, 23 July 1965 (f 1) , Roe et al. 521 (WIS) ; near bridge ca 4.0 mi SE of Zanatepec on Hwy 190, 21 July 1971 (fl), Stevens 1296 (MSC); along Hwy 131 ca 3.6 mi N of river bridge near Juchatenango, 27 July 1971 (fl) , Stevens 1262 (MSC). CHIAPAS: slopes on bank of Rio Lagas 4 mi SW of Soyala [?Soyal6] along rd to Pan American Hwy, 3400 ft, 26 July 1964 (fl), Breed- love 6557 (DS, F, MICH, US); slopes S of Tapanatepec, near Oaxaca-Chiapas state line, 200 ft, 25 Aug 1967 (f 1) , Clarke 462 (DS); Miramar, 11 Aug 1937 (f 1) , Matuda 1624 (MEXU, MICH, 2 spec- imens, MO, NY); Aguas Calientes, Escuintla, 21 June 1947 (fl) , Matuda 16628 (F, MO); Jalapa, Triunfo, Escuintla, 900 m, 10 July 1948 (fl & fr) , Matuda 18102 (F); Playa Cintalapa, Escuintla, 2 June 1949 (fl) , Matuda 18657 (F) ; Valley of Jiquipilas, 2200-2800 ft, 16-18 Aug 1895 (fl). Nelson 2927 (US, mixed with Matelea quirosii) ; plains near Monserrate, July 1925 (fl), Purpus 10222 (US); rocky plains, Monserrate, June [?1930] (fl), Purpus 10615 (UC) ; Monserrate, June [?1930] (fl), Purpus 10628 [in part] (US); rocky plains, Monserrate, June-July [?1930] (fl), Purpus 10628 [in part] (UC) . STATE UNKNOWN: without locality and date (fl), Sesse^ Mocifio, et al. 1200 (F, fragment, MA, not seen, photo from F neg. 41465 at MSC), 8568 (MA, not seen, photo from F neg. 41466 1975 btevens. Notes on Uatelea U03 at MSC) . GUATEMALA, EL PROGRESO: along rd between San Ger6nlmo and Morazan, near Baja Verapaz line, 1000 m, 9 Oct 1942 (fl), steyermark 52232 (F, MO). GUATEMALA: 10 km NE of Motufar, rdslde, 15 July 1970 (fl), Harmon & Duyer 2066 (UMO) , QUICHE: without precise locality, 1942 (fl), Ignacio A. 1262 (F) . SANTA ROSA: plains of Llano Entero, SE of Chiquimulilla, ca 150 m, 30 Nov 1940 (fr), Standley 78852 (F) ; region of La Morenita, NE of Chiquimulilla, ca 400 m, 1 Dec 1940 (fl), Standley 78871 (F); along Avellana rd, S of Guazacapan, ca 150 m, 6 Dec 1940 (fr), Standley 79422 (F). SOLOLA: Atitlan, 600 m, Feb 1894 (fl), Heyde S Lux ex J. D. Smith 6246, lectotype of Dictyanthus braohi- stanthus (F, mixed with a sterile, probably apocynaceous , vine, photo from F neg. 51447 of F specimen at F, G, GH, mixed collec- tion, MO, NY, US, 2 specimens, 1 a mixed collection). EL SALVADOR. MORAZAN: along ditch to reservoir, Monte Cristo, 9 Dec 1941 (fl). Tucker 497 (UC) . SAN MIGUEL: NW of Hacienda Potrero Santo, ca 0.1-0. 8 km, S side of Lake Olomega, 13° 17' N, 88° 04' W, ca 60 m, 2 Feb 1942 (fr). Tucker 881 (UC). SAN SALVADOR: San Salvador, 1922 (f 1) , Caldertn 781 (US). DEPART- MENT UNKNOWN: between San Sabastian and Aculhuaca, 1922 (fl), Calderbn 1182 (US). HOHDURAS. CHOLUTECA: vicinity of Pespire, 160-200 m, 18-27 Oct 1950 (fl), Standley 27100 (F) , 18-27 Oct 1950 (fr), Standley 27181 (F) . COPAN: along Copan river between Sta. Rita and Jaral, 700 m, 21 Aug 1971 (fl), Molina R. 26209 (F, US). EL PARAISO: drainage of Rio Yeguare (ca 87° W, 14° N) , entre Mata Indio y Lizapa, 950 m, 25 July 1951 (fl), Molina R. 4065 (F, GH, US). MORAZAN: drainage of Rio Yeguare (ca 87° W, 14° N) , Yeguare River, 2600 ft, 16 July 1948 (fl). Classman 1919 (F, ILL, MIN, NY); drainage of Rio Yeguare (ca 87° W, 14° N) , along Jicarito Creek, near Jicarito, 950 m, 13 Aug 1947 (fl), Molina R. 481 (F) ; vicinity of El Zamorano, 780-900 m, 3-17 Aug 1947 (fl), Standley 11592 (F) , 11648 (F) , 11726 (F) ; above El Zamorano, rd from Jicarito toward El Pedregal, ca 875 m, 14 Aug 1947 (fl), Standley 12226 (F) ; vicinity of El Zamorano, ca 800 m, 6 Oct 1948 (fl), Standley 12878 (F) ; near Santa Clara, valley of Rio Yeguare, E of El Zamorano, ca 850 m, 19 Oct 1948 (fl) , Stand- ley 12187 (F) ; trail from La Quince, El Zamorano, to El Jicarito, 800-900 m, 15 July 1949 (fl), Standley 21286 (F) ; near El Jicarito, along rd toward El Pedregal, ca 900 m, 24 July 1949 (fl), Standley 21627 (F) ; vicinity of El Zamorano, 800-850 m, 26 July 1949 (fl), Standley 21726 (F) ; region of Rio de Orilla, SE of El Zamorano, 900-950 m, 11 Aug 1949 (fl), Standley 22446 (F, GH) ; along Quebrada El Gallo above El Jicarito, 900-1000 m, 12 Aug 1949 (fl) , Standley 22517 (F); vicinity of El Zamorano, 800- 850 m, 16 Aug 1949 (fl), Standley 22686 (F) ; along rd from El Zamorano toward Chaguite, ca 800 m, 5 Aug 1950 (fl), Standley 26279 (F, GH, US); mountains above El Jicarito, 950 m, 21 Aug 1951 (fl), Standley 28628 (US); Camino Sn. Antonio, 850 m, 21 Oct 1943 (fl), Valerio R. 1245 (F, MO); vicinity of El Zamorano, along rd to Chaguite, ca 2200 ft, 23 July 1962 (fl & fr), V/ehster et al. 12522 (MO); drainage of Rio Yeguare (ca 87° W, 14° N) , ca PHYTOLOGIA Vol. 32, no. 5 UOU 3 km E of Chaguite, 850 m, 25 Sep 1949 (fl), W'ltl'lams 16873 (F, GH) . VALLE: Salamar Beach, 2 km E of San Lorenzo, Fonseca Gulf, 0 m, 3 Oct 1968 (fl), Molina E. S Molina 22782 (DS, F, G, 2 spec- imens, MO, NY); San Lorenzo, 20 m, 13 Sep 1945 (fl), Valerio R. 3473 (F, 2 specimens, GH, MO); lower slopes of El Tigre volcano, above Ampala [Isla El Tigre], 50 m, 16 Sep 1935 (fl). West 3537 (GH) . NICARAGUA. GRANADA: "Grenade de Nicaragua," Autumno 1869 (fl), L^vy 1071 (P) . LEON: Volcan Santa Clara near Hwy 26 [Volcan Rota?], 600 m, 19 July 1970 (fl) , Davidse & Rohl 2407 (MSC) . CHINANDEGA: Ameya, near sea level, 19-21 June 1923 (fl), Maxon 7159 (US); vicinity of Chichigalpa, ca 90 m, 12-18 July 1947 (fl), Standley 11217 (F) , 11395 (F) , 11474 (F) , 11526 (F) . DEPARTMENT UNKNOWN: "Leoncia 2.," 16 Oct 1927 (f 1) , Chaves [Chdvez] 325 (US). Matelea prostheaidiscus Woodson, Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 28: 223. 1941. Prostheoidisaus guatemalensis J. D. Smith, Bot. Gaz. (Craw- fordsville) 25: 150, pi. 12. 1898, non Matelea guatemal- ensis (K. Schumann) Woodson. Type: Heyde & Lux ex J. D. Smith 3845 (US! holotype). Heretofore this peculiar species has been definately known only from Guatemala and Nicaragua and its mature fruits were un- known (cf. Standley & Williams, 1969). A number of fruiting col- lections from Mexico appeared to be similar, but it was not until 1 had grown to flowering two Mexican collections (from seeds of MeVaugh 24439 and McVaugh 25388), and later collected flowering material myself, that I was able to confirm that they were con- specific with the type material. Because this significantly amp- lifies the known range of the species, I have provided a list of specimen citations. Woodson (1941) included this species in his subgenus Tbatia, but I can find little justification, other than in the shape of the pollinia, for this disposition. Although I believe that cer- tain elements of Woodson's concept of Matelea, especially his subgenus Pherotriahis and the type element of his subgenus Macro- saepis, warrant generic status, I am tentatively willing to ac- cept that this is a proper species of Matelea, but probably standing apart from any of Woodson's subgenera. There is little point, however, in formally proposing additional infrageneric taxa until this most complex genus is better understood. SPECIMENS EXAMINED. MEXICO. JALISCO: steep mountain ravines, near hwy to Autlan, 9-10 rd mi N of Bahia Navidad (2-5 mi above edge of coastal plain), 350-400 m, 10 Nov 1960 (fr) , McVaugh 20945 (MICH); steep mountainsides 2.5-4 mi above (N of) La Cuesta, rd to Talpa de Allende, 800-1000 m, 20-21 Nov 1960 (fr), McVaugh 21196 (MICH); steep hillsides ca 12-13 km SW of Pihuamo, 500-600 m, 19 Nov 1970 (fr), McVaugh 24439 (MICH, 2 specimens. 1975 Stevens, Notes on Uatelea U05 MSC); Mpio, de Cabo Corrientes, steep rocky valley of Rfo las Juntas, 10-13 km SE of Tuito, 250-330 m, 14-16 Dec 1970 (fr), McVaugh 25388 (MICH, MSC); along Hwy 110 ca 5.0 mi NE of Rio Tux- pan bridge and ca 2.0 mi NE of Huizache, steep hills SE of hwy, 28 Aug 1973 (fl), Stevens 1811 (MSC). GUERRERO: Dist. Mina, Cutzamala, 28 Jan 1935 (fr), Hinton 7290 (US); La Correa, 50 m, 2 Oct 1898 (fr), Langtass^ 398 (US). OAXACA: Dist. Jamiltepec, de Rio Verde a Jamiltepec, 50 m, 4 Dec 1921 (fr), Conzatti 4395 (US). CHIAPAS: Jilguero, Escuintla, 250 m, 7 Nov 1949 (fr), Matuda 18702 (F) . GUATEMALA. HUEHUETENANGO: Paso del Boqueron, along Rio Trapichillo, below La Liber tad, 1200-1300 m, 21 Aug 1942 (fl), Steyermark 51149 (F) . SANTA ROSA: Cerro Gordo [2.5 leagues NW of Cenaguilla, according to type description], 360 m, Sep 1892 (fl), Heyde 8 Lux ex J. D. Smith 3845, type of Prosthec- idisaus guatemalensis (US). EL SALVADOR. AHUACHAPAN: vicinity of Ahuachapan, 800-1000 m, 9-27 Jan 1922 (fr), Standley 19916 (US). NICARAGUA. MANAGUA: Managua, 16 Oct 1927 (fr), Chaves [Chavez] 348 (F, US). Matetea congesta (Decaisne in deCandolle) Woodson, Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 28: 224. 1941. Gonolobus aongestus Decaisne in deCandolle, Prodr. 8: 597. 1844. Type: Gateotti 1528 (P, not seen, holotype). Vinoetoxiaum aongestum (Decaisne in deCandolle) Standley, Contr. U. S. Natl. Herb. 23: 1189. 1924. Woodson (1941) placed this species in his subgenus Macroscepis. As noted above, subgenus Macrosaepis is a heterogeneous group. This species would seem to be more appropriately placed in sub- genus ChthamaZia. Since most of the available material has been examined, I am including a list of the specimens. SPECIMENS EXAMINED. MEXICO. NAYARIT: mountains 10 mi SE of Ahuacatlan, on rd to Barranca del Oro, slopes S of divide, 1100- 1300 m, 11-12 Aug 1959 (fl), Feddema 385 (MICH); near hwy 12 mi SE of Tepic, nearly S of Cerro Sangangiiey, ca 1000 m, 16-18 Aug 1959 (fl), Feddema 554 (MICH); slopes and barrancas leading down to lake NE of Santa Maria del Oro, ca 1000 m, 18-20 Aug 1959 (f 1) , Feddema 661 (MICH) ; ca 10 mi SE of Ahuacatlan along rd to Barranca del Oro, 26 Aug 1971 (fl), Stevens 1462 (MSC). JALISCO: Mpio. de Zapopan, Rio Blanco, barranca, 1460 m, 5 Aug 1967 (fl), Diaz Luna 302 (MICH); steep rocky hills 2 mi NW of Tequila, 1200 m, 3 Sep 1960 (fl), McVaugh 18628 (MICH); barranca near Guadalajara, 11 Sep 1890 (fl), Pringle 3569 (F, GH) ; near Guadalajara, 25 Aug 1893 (fl), Pringle 4489 (ENCB, F, G, 2 specimens, GH, K, MICH, MSC, PH, UC, US), 9 Aug 1902 (fl), Pringle s.n. (US). MICHOACAN: lower N-facing slopes of Cerro Santa Maria, 8-10 km SW of Jiquilpan and 5 km NE of Quitupan, Jalisco, ca 2000 m, 5-7 Aug 1959 (fl), Feddema 92 (MICH); Mpio. Apatzingan, above Acahuato, 3200 ft, 17 Aug 1941 (fl), Leavemvorth & Hoogstraal 1683 (F) . MEXICO: Dist. Temascaltepec, Tejupilco, 1340 m, date not given (fr), Hinton 5060 (K) . GUERRERO: Dist. Montes de Oca, Vallecitos, U06 PHYTOLOGIA Vol. 32, no. 5 20 Sep 1937 (fl), Hinton 1'1Z94 (F, GH, US); near Tierra Colorada, 16 Aug 1947 (fl), Rowell et al. 17M763 (F, TEX). OAXACA: Pacific slopes of Sierra Madre del Sur, along rd to Puerto Angel (Mex. Hwy 175), 16 mi S of San Miguel Suchixtepec, 1550 m, 16 July 1968 (fl), Anderson & Anderson 4812 (MICH); Santa Ana Cuyamecalco, 5500 ft, 15 Aug 1895 (fl). Smith 617 (GH) ; ca 4.9 mi SW of Sola de Vega along Hwy 131, 26 July 1971 (f 1) , Stevens 1248 (MSG) . The problems associated with Sesse and Mocino collections have been greatly lessened by Dr. Rogers McVaugh’s unpublished notes on the subject and by reference to the Field Museum photographs of the Sesse and Mocino herbarium, kindly made available to me by Dr. McVaugh and Dr. Lorin I. Nevling, Jr., respectively. I am also indebted to the curators of the cited herbaria for allowing me to examine their material. Field work for my studies has been aided by a grant from the Latin American Studies Center, Michigan State University, and by the University of Michigan Herbarium. Figures 1 and 5 were prepared by Judy Appenzeller, supported by NSF Grant GJ-573. Dr. Richard Harris, University of Michigan, kindly reviewed my Latin diagnosis. Dr. John H. Beaman has been continuously helpful in reviewing various aspects of my work. LITERATURE CITED Hickey, L. J. 1973. Classification of the architecture of dicotyledonous leaves. Amer. J. Bot. 60: 17-33. Stafleu, F. A., C. E. B. Bonner, R. McVaugh, R. D. Meikle, R. C. Rollins, R. Ross, J. M. Schopf, G. M. Schulze, R. de Vilmorin, & E. G. Voss (eds.). 1972. International Code of Botanical Nomenclature. Regnum Veg., vol. 82. Utrecht. Standley, P. C. & L. 0. Williams. 1969. Flora of Guatemala. Asclepiadaceae. Fieldiana, Bot. 24(8): 407-472. Woodson, R. E., Jr. 1941. North American Asclepiadaceae. I. Perspective of the genera. Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 28: 193— 244. CONSIDERATIONS ON THE EVOLUTION OF LICHENS Harold Robinson Department of Botany Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C. 20560. To the casual observer the taxonomic study of lichens does not seem much different from that of other groups of plants. The process of cataloguing phenotypes has produced listings of families, genera, and species. The variations and functions of lichen structures have been studied. Ecological tolerances have been recorded. Phytogeographical data have been plotted. Chemical characters have been used exten- sively. There is one difference in lichen taxonomy, however, that affects the interpretation of all the other aspects. In lichenology there is no direct knowledge of progeny or genetics. Concepts of popul- ations are reconstructed entirely from examination of static characters of individual specimens with no proof that "species” reliably reproduce their own kind. Until recently not a single lichen had been carried through to a second generation experimentally. For the valid work of cataloguing phenotypes there is no need to know precise relationships, but recently lichenologists have begun to speculate on the origins of some species. Most important of these is the suggestion by Poelt (1972) that some sorediate and isidiate species would always be the derivatives of non-sorediate and non-isidiate apothecial forms and they could never be ancestral to such forms. Such a concept is the ultimate result of the belief that every phenotype in lichens is the monophyletic result of oneway mutations. Unsaid but implied by such a concept is the presence of unseen tendencies among the vast majority of lichens to produce these recurring mutations. One would suspect that there is an easier explanation for the manner that sorediate, isidiate, and chemical characters recur in so many different combinations in lichens. An answer to the recurring characters of lichens might be found in sexual reproduction and hybridiza- tion. Lichens do possess structures for a sexual life cycle. The question remains, why do lichens have sexual reproduction and how much does it function? Part of the answer is found in the same basic reasons why any organism has sexual reproduction: sex allows favorable mutations to come together in one individual and allows elimination of unfavorable mutations. The non-sexual organism is barred from gaining any favor- U07 U08 PHYTOLOGIA Vol. 32, no. 5 able mutation, even one in a close relative, or reject- ing deleterious genes , except by separate and rare mutations. Animals, plants and even bacteria have all developed ways of trading genetic material and they have maintained these systems with very few exceptions. Sexual reproduction and recombination of genes has played a major role in evolution of other groups, and it seems likely that it has done the same in lichens. The theoretical life-cycle of the lichen is well known. The various structures such as pycnidia, spermatia, trichogynes , ascogenous hyphae and asci are in all mycological texts. The apothecia and perithecia of lichens are the most obvious aspects of the life- cycle but the most functionally important are the pycnidia and trichogynes. Sorediate and isidiate lichens that lack apothecia may have pycnidia. What would happen if the spermatia from a sorediate lichen managed to reach the trichogyne of an apothecial specimen? Would plants that differ only by sorediate or isidiate conditions or by a few chemicals or by ecological tolerances (Culberson, 1969) be unable to fertilize each other? The biological barriers to fertilization need not be closely correlated with other characters . SOREDIATE A SOREDIA t SOREDIATE PLANT PYCNIDIA t PLANT APOTHECIAL PLANT ISIDIATE PLANT — SPORES - t APOTHECIA TRICHOGYNE t APOTHECIAL PLANT PYCNIDIA ISIDIA t t ISIDIATE PUNT It is true that sorediate, isidiate, and apothecial lichens are all capable of perpetuating themselves indefinitely without interbreeding with each other, and perhaps, for the most part, they do. It might be difficult for spermatia of one lichen to reach the trichogyne of another lichen even when the two were entangled on the same twig. Still, if it happened only once in a million years it would provide a simple explanation for the recurring combinations of lichen characters. There is no reason why hybrids in lichens would produce any strange or unknown combinations of char- acters. The plants studied by lichenologists are all 1975 Robinson, Evolution of lichens U09 supposedly haploid. The only truly hybrid cells in the lichen are in the ascogenous hyphae and the spores already have the resegregated genes of the next gener- ation. If single gene differences were involved or two genes that were closely linked then the spores would give rise to plants exactly like the two parents. If more characters are involved and they are not closely linked on the same chromosome then recombina- tions of parental genotypes can occur. What is most important to recognize is that two genotypes can come from the same ascus and innumerable "species” might come from the spores of the same apothecial plant without any indication unless their precise origin were traced. The spores could give rise to perfectly recognizable and even ecologically distinct forms . Culture of lichen spores could furnish proof of the presence of hybridization. An initial study of this type has shown minor variations in progeny of Cladonia cristatella Tuck. (Ahmad jian, 1964). Proof might be obtained without culturing if the interbreed- ing species have an observable spore difference. For the present, however, the best evidence of hybridiza- tion in lichens is indirect. Poelt (1972) bases his concept on the phenomenon of species pairs. Actually, the situation in some lichen groups is far more complex. In some cases lichen species can be presented in an interrelated checkerboard pattern. Each species differs from two others by a single character. Often more characters Species A Species C sorediate non- sorediate chem X chem X Species B Species D sorediate non-sorediate chem Y chem Y PHYTOLOGIA Vol. 32, no. 5 aio and more species are involved in such interrelation- ships. Such patterns are common enough in some lichen groups that it has hardly seemed necessary to wait for a specimen to describe some of the species. Such patterns often involve only chemical and no sorediate or isidiate forms. No one seems to have looked fully at the implications of such patterns. Even if one assumes the non-sexual origin of such patterns through mutations the probability of getting all four types is no greater than the probability of getting at least one of the types twice. Given the frequency of such A c \ / / V B \ D \ \ / patterns it is inevitable that some of the species involved are polyphyletic . This is true no matter what the mechanism of origin. The concept of species in lichenology would need reevaluation in any case. It seems unlikely that individual mutations are the source of the variants in the checkerboard pattern and I suggest that they are the products of hybridiza- tion and resegregation of genes. Complete checker- board patterns could be interpreted to mean that inter fertilization was possible in the group of species involved. More important from the viewpoint of true phylogeny would be the groups in which such species clusters did not occur. One excellent study (Culberson & Culberson, 1973; Culberson, 1973) provides evidence on the character stability in one group of apparently closely related species of lichens. The study of the Parmelia hypotropha - P. perforata group (now Parmotrema hypotrophum (Nyl . ) Hale and P. perforatum (Jacq. ) Mass 1975 Robinson, Evolution of lichens Ull see Hale, 1974) is complicated by the difference in ecological tolerance that correlates with the differ- ence between chemical species. Still, it is evident that the chemically distinct forms must not have produced any recombinations during the post-glacial period in which they have had their present distribu- tions. There is no such evidence for isolation between sorediate and non-sorediate forms which are sympatric and which could hybridize without producing any new combinations of characters. The study shows the fallacy of previous tendencies to value sorediate differences more than chemical differences. The study is flawed only by the acceptance of the Poelt idea that sorediate species are necessarily derived from chemically identical apothecial species by "the production of soredia and the subsequent suppression of sexuality”. The present view of lichen speciation would still accept mutation as the original source of chemical and structural characters but not as the source of most of the nijmerous present combinations of these charact- ers. The present view would not require much less stability of lichen "species” in nature than is generally suspected, but it would suggest that when changes do occur they are mostly from hybridization rather than from mutation, and that some "species” may have originated more than once. One can visualize the evolution of lichens being as in other groups of plants, the gradual different- iation of interbreeding populations containing many genotypes. Such lichen populations would include apothecial, sorediate, and isidiate forms along with many chemical variants. Many seeming parallelisms would be the result of genetic recombination, and actual mutation would play a lesser role. Eventual biological isolation would tend to restrict the chemical variations available in any evolving group since only certain variations would be available within the interbreeding group. The apothecial, sorediate, and isidiate variations of lichens would be more consistently maintained in the populations than would the chemical variants because of the reproductive requirements involved. Any completely sorediate and isidiate forms would require apothecial forms for their sexual reproduction and for the result- ing potential for genetic recombination and acceler- ated evolution. Of course, there might be cases where sorediate forms have become isolated and are really vegetatively reproducing dead-ends with all possible interbreeding apothecial forms extinct. 112 PHYTOLOGIA Vol. 32, no. 5 Apothecial forms of lichens also have a more basic dependence on sorediate and isidiate forms. It would seem that such forms would be the only source from which spores from the apothecia could obtain the lichen symbiont, Trebouxia . This would seem particularly true of soredia. It would require sorediate forms to be present in all populations. Such sources of soredia need not be related closely to the apothecial form and probably often are not as evidenced by the wide distribution of algal species in lichens (Ahmad jian, 1960). The only requirement would be that the hyphae from the spores would be faster growing or possess some other biological advantage over the hyphae already present in the sorediiim. One can speculate that the extinction of some particularly vulnerable soredial lichen might result in the extinction of many other species that depend on it as a source of Trebouxia . Almost certainly the long evolutionary history of lichens has produced some careful balances between the populations of apothecial and sorediate forms and undoubtedly the hybridizationa and recombina- tions play a major role in maintaining this balance. Literature Cited Ahmad jian, V. 1960. Some new and interesting species of Trebouxia , a genus of lichenized algae. Amer. JouF! Bot . : 677-683. . 1964. Further studies on lichenized fungi. The Bryologist 67: 87-98. Culberson, W. L. 1969. The use of chemistry in the systematics of lichens. Taxon 18: 152-166. . 1973. The Parmelia perforata Group: Niche characteristics of chemical races, speciation by parallel evolution, and a new taxonomy. The Bryologist 76: 20-29. Culberson, W, L. and C. F. Culberson 1973. Parallel evolution in lichen-forming fungi. Science 180: 196-198. Hale, M. E. 1974. New combinations in the lichen genus Parmotrema Massalongo. Phytologia 28: 334- SW. 1975 Robinson, Evolution of lichens U13 Poelt, J. 1972, Die taxonomische Behandlung von Artenpaaren bei den Flecten. Bot. Not is, 125: 77-81, Acknowledgements I wish to thank Drs , Mason Hale and Ted E^slinger for reading an earlier version of the manuscript and for making some corrections, I also wish to acknow- ledge a review by Dr, William Culberson which pointed out the need for some revisions. A NEW SPECIES OF BARNADESIA FROM ECUADOR (MUTISIEAE: ASTERACEAE) Harold Robinson Department of Botany Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D,C. 20560 The genus Barnadesia is distributed through the north and central Andes of South America with the greatest number of species in the area of Peru. Two recent treatments have appeared, a monograph of the genus by Chung (1965) recognizing 19 species, and a treatment of the Peruvian species by Ferreyra (1964) which recognized 4 new species of which 3 were not included in the Chung monograph. Ferreyra 's fourth species, B. wurdackii is evidently the same as and takes priority over B. chachapoyensis Chung. An additional species has been collected by R.M. King in southern Ecuador which is described here as new. Barna^s^^ ( subg . Penthea) kiuigij. H. Robinson, sp. nov. Plantae frutescentes usque ad 1 m altae mediocriter ramosae. Caules superne dense fulvo- hirtelli inf erne glabrescentes rubescentes striati, spinis axillaribus plerumque duplicibus 2-10 mm longis. Folia plerumque 3-5 in fasciculis alternatis subsess- iles obovata plerumque 15-25 mm longa 8-15 mm lata Integra base breviter cuneata apice minute et argute apiculata supra sparse sericea subtus dense fulvo- sericea, nervis secundariis utrinque plerumque 2 valde ascendentibus . Capitula 2-3 in fasciculis cymosis ca. 4 cm longa; involucra cylindrica 2. 5-3.0 cm longa ca, 1 cm lata; squamae involucri ca, 45 rubescentes 2-27 mm longae 1-2 mm latae 7-9-seriatae extus sparse puberulae apice leniter reflexae, squamis inferioribus ovatis vel lanceolatis apice acutis pungentibus, squamis superioribus linearibus apice peranguste acutis. Flores marginales ca. 13; corollae lavandulae extus dense albo-sericeae , tubis ca. 20 mm longis, limbis exterioribus oblongis ca. 11 mm longis et 2 mm latis apice anguste quadrilobatis , lobis ca. 1 mm longis, lobis marginalibus ca, 0.4 mm latis, lobis mediis ca. 0.2 mm latis, limbis interioribus setiformibus ca. 9 mm longis; filamenta non connata ca. 1,5 mm longa; thecae ca, 5 mm longae; appendices 414 1975 Robinson, A new species of Barnadesla U15 antherarum ca. 2.5 nun longae; achaenia albo-sericea ca. 1 nun lata; setae pappi ca. 20 plumosae plerumque 10-12 mm longae base breviter connatae. Flores disci 3; corollae ca. 12 mm longae irregulares extus albo-ser- iceae in faucis dense sericeae intus in faucis pauce setiferae, tubis ca. 4 mm longis, limbis plerumque quadrilobatis , lobis ca. 2 mm longis, limbis interior- ibus perlinearibus ca. 9 mm longis; filaments ca. 4.5 mm longa; thecae ca. 4 mm longae; appendices anther- arum ca. 3 mm longae; achaenia ca. 1.8 nun lata; setae pappi ca. 20 spiniformes variabiliter incrassatae reflexae vel contortae glabrae usque ad 10 mm longae base late et irregular! ter connatae. Grana pollinis ca. 45u diam. psilolophata . TYPE: ECUADOR: Prov. Azuay : along the road to Gir6n, ca. 13 kms generally SW of Gir6n. Elev. ca. 6300 ft. One armed shrub ca. one meter tall, open sun, flowers lavender. Feb. 3, 1974. R. M. King 6685 (Holotype US). Barnadesia kingii superficially resembles B. spinosa L.f. of Colombia but that species is in the subgenus Barnadesia which differs by the elongate connate anther filaments of the marginal flowers. The new species keys in the Chung treatment to B. lehmannii from which it differs by the broader obtusely tipped phyllaries. The species may also be close to B. hutchinsonii Ferreyra but the latter differs most notably by the larger heads with more rows of phyll- aries. The new species is most distinctive in the small heads with slender-tipped phyllaries in 7-9 series and in the pappus of the disk flowers which consists of stout glabrous recurved or contorted segments. The short obovate leaves have more promin- ent lateral veins and denser sericeous pubescence on the upper surface than in most related species. Acknowledgement The specimen was collected during field work supported by the National Geographic Society. References Chung, In-Cho 1965. Revision of Barnadesia (Compos- itae-Mutisieae). 86 pages, published by author, Chicago, Illinois. U16 PHYTOLOGIA Vol. 32, no. 5 Ferreyra , R. 1964. Revision de las especies peruanas del genero Barnadesia ( Compos itae ) . Public, del Museo de Historia Natural "Javier Prado" serie B. 18: 1-35, pi. 1-14. 1975 Robinson, A new species of Barnadesia U.7 UNITCO STATCS HAJtCtHAl MlHeAPIUM ISHKMMMBBI PHYTOLOGIA Vol. 32, no. 5 lil8 Barnadesla kingii H. Robinson, enlargement of head and flowers. STUDIES IN THE HELIANTHEAE (ASTERACEAE) . V. TWO NEW SPECIES OF AS PI LI A FROM SOUTH AMERICA H. Robinson and R. D. Brettell Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C. 20560 Among the species placed in the genus Aspilia are a few with peculiar black spots scattered through the leaf and in the involucral bracts. These spots are distinct from the bruises that often occur in pressed leaves at the bases of the stiff hairs. One species in particular, A. verbesinoides (DC. ) Blake of Trinidad, has been noted for such black markings and A. nigropunctata Blake of Trinidad is regarded as a synonym. Colombian and Bolivian material has now been seen representing two related undescribed spec- ies. The two new species are named for their collectors . ^_pilia _arc^(^i H. Robinson & R. D. Brettell , sp. nov. Plantae herbaceae perennes usque ad 1.5 m altae pauce ramosae. Caules subtiliter hexagonales fulvi sparse antrorse scabridi. Folia opposita, petiolis 1, 5-4.0 cm longis, laminis ovatis 9-13 cm longis 3.5- 5.0 cm latis base acuminatis fere ad basem trinervati margine serrulatis apice breviter acuminatis supra et subtus antrorse pilosis subtus pallide viridibus sparse minute nigro-punctatis . Inflorescentiae pler- umque trifidae brevipedicellatae , pedicellis 0. 7-1.7 cm longis dense puberulis. Capitula 1 cm alta 0.8- 1.0 cm lata; bracteae involucri exteriores anguste oblongae vel ellipticae 1.5 cm longae 3-4 mm latae breviter acutae dense puberulae; bracteae interiores 5 late oblongae vel obovatae 6-7 mm longae 3. 5-4.0 mm latae apice obtusae extus scabride puberulae 2-3 lineariter nigro-punctatae , paleae ca. 7 mm longae anguste oblongae flavae in medio extus anguste alatae distincte nigro-lineatae superne vix constrictae apice fuscae distincte breviter oblongae 1 mm longae et latae obtusae. Flores radii 5? steriles; corollae minute usque ad 2 mm longae. Flores disci ca. 17; corollae sordide viridescentes vel nigrescentes ca. 5 mm longae inf erne glabrae, tubis ca. 1.5 mm longis, faucis ca. 2.5 mm longis anguste infundibularibus , U.9 U20 PHITOLOGIA Vol. 32, no, 5 lobis ca. 1 mm longis 0.5 mm latis extus puberulis; thecae antherarum ca. 1.4 mm longae nigrescentes , appendicibus ca. 0.3 mm longis anguste ovatis intus pallescentibus extus nigrescentibus ; achaenia ca. 7 mm longa obovata quadrangularia usque ad 2.5 mm lata subtiliter rugosa sparse minute puberula superne valde constricta, coronis ca. 1 mm longis et latis breviter fimbriatis. Grana pollinis 23-25 li diam. dense hispidula. TYPE: COLOMBIA: Intendencia del Choco: Headwaters of Rio Tutunendo, east of Quibdo, herb 4 ft., flowers greenish. May 20, 21, 1931. W. A. Archer 2173 (Holotype US); Tutunendo, 20 kms . north of Quibdo ; altitude about 80 meters. May 19, 20, 1931. W. A. Archer 2148 (US); Between La Oveja and Quibdo, ''Botoncilla” Good liver remedy. April 1,2, 1931. W. A. Archer 1704 ( US ) . The new species has the heads in groups of three as in A. verbesinoides (DC.) Blake, but the latter differs by the outer phyllaries not being longer than the inner, the outer surface of the inner phyllaries being glabrous, the rays being larger, the disk corollas not being blackened with age, and the lower epidermis of the leaf not being as loose but instead having closer reticulations of the veins evident. Asalia St ejLnbach,ii H. Robinson & R. D. Brettell , sp. nov. Plantae herbaceae perennes 0.5 m altae pauce ramosae. Caules tetragonales vel hexagonales fulvi sparse antrorse scabridi. Folia opposita, petiolis 1.0-6. 5 cm longis, laminis ovato-lanceolatis 7.0-12.5 cm longis 3. 0-4. 5 cm latis base breviter acuminatis fere ad basem trinervatis margine minute serrulatis apice anguste acuminatis supra et subtus scabride pilosis subtus parum pallidioribus sparse minute nigro-punctatis . Inf lorescentiae plerumque simplices longae pedicellatae , pedicellis plerumque 4.5-7. 5 cm longis dense puberulis. Capitula 1.0-1. 5 cm alta; bracteae involucri exteriores 5-6 lanceolatae 12-15 mm longae 3-4 mm latae extus scabride puberulae interne nigro-lineatae superne intramarginaliter nigro-punct- atae; bracteae interiores ca. 7 oblongo-orbiculares 7-8 mm longae 4. 0-5.0 mm latae margine sensim latae scariosae apice vix apiculatae extus glabrae vel sparse puberulae nigro-lineatae superne nigro-punct- atae; paleae ca. 5 mm longae 1.5 mm latae anguste oblongae flavae in medio nigro-lineatae superne 1975 Robinson £r. Brettell, Now species of Aspilia lai constrictae apice distincte oblongae 1 mm longae 0.5 mm latae obtusae, Flores radii ca. 10 steriles; corollae ca. 7 mm longae pallide flavescentes glabrae, tubis ca. 1 . 7 mm longae, limbis ellipticis 5-6 mm longis ca. 3.5 mm latis inf erne intramarginaliter nigro-lineatis . Flores disci ca. 30?; corollae flavae vel superne fuscae 4. 0-4. 5 mm longae inferne glabrae, tubis ca. 1 . 5 mm longis, faucis ca. 2 mm longis anguste infundibularibus , lobis ca. 0.7 mm longis et 0.6 mm latis extus minute puberulis; thecae antherarum ca. 1.5 mm longis nigrescentes , appendicibus ca. 0.3 mm longis ovatis nigrescentibus ; achaenia ca. 3 mm longa obovata subquadrangularia usque ad 1.3 mm lata subtiliter rugosa sparse minute puberula superne valde constricts truncata, coronis perbrevis vix fimbriatis. Grana pollinis ca. 23 p, diam. hispidula. TYPE: BOLIVIA: Depto. Cochabamba: Prov. Chapare, Todos Santos, elev. 300 mtrs, Herbacea 0,50 mtrs., f lores anaranjado amarillento. Oct. 27, 1966. R. F. Steinbach 446 (Holotype WIS ; isotype frag. US). Aspilia steinbachii differs from both A. archeri and A. verbesinoides by usually having singTe heads at any node . THe~species differs further from A. archeri by the closer reticulations on leaf under- surf ace , by the more lanceolate outer phyllaries, by the glabrous outer surface of the inner phyllaries, by the larger and more numerous ray flowers and by the yellower disk flowers . U22 PHYTOLOGIA Vol. 32, no. $ Aspilia archeri H, Robinson & R. D. Brettell , Holotype, United States National Herbarium. Photo by Victor E. Krantz, Staff Photographer, National Museum of Natural History. >^4 197^ Robinson & Brettell, New species of Aspllla U23 Aspilia archeri H. Robinson & R. D. Brettell . Enlargement o£ head. Vol. 32, no. ^ Aspilia steinbachii H. Robinson & R.D.Brettell Holotype, University of Wisconsin Herbarium, ’ 1975 Robinson & Brettell, Now species of Aspilia U2$ Aspilia steinbachii H. Robinson & R. D. Brettell . Enlargement of head. STUDIES IN THE HELIANTHEAE (ASTERACEAE ) . VI. ADDITIONS TO THE GENUS, GALEA Harold Robinson Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C. 20560 One new species has been encountered among collections from Ecuador and the generic limits between Galea and the segregates Geissopappus and Tyleropappus are reevaluated. CA^a king^:^ H. Robinson , sp. nov. PTantae frutescentes usque ad 4 dm altae multo ramosae. Caules teretes striati dense pilosae glabres- centes rubescentes. Folia opposita, petiolis 3-7 mm longis; laminae late ovatae vel deltoideae plerumque 2.0-5. 5 cm longae 1.2-4, 5 cm latae fere ad basem trinervatae base truncatae vel late rotundatae margine serratae vel crenato-serratae apice late acutae vel breviter acuminatae supra dense scabrellae subtus plerumque in nervis dense hirsutae. Inf lorescentiae subumbellatae , pedicellis usque ad 1 cm longis dense puberulis. Capitula 10-14 mm alta 8-10 mm lata; squamae involucri ca. 20 flavescentes in apicem brunnescentes ca. 4-seriatae valde inaequilongae 2-8 mm longae 2.0-2. 5 mm latae oblongae apice late rotundatae et subscariosae extus glabrae; paleae 6-7 mm longae ca. 2.5 mm latae margine scariosae superne plus minus ve laciniatae apice anguste acuminatae. Flores radii 6-8; corollae flavae ca . 8,5 mm longae glabrae, tubis ca. 4 mm longis, limbis ellipticis 4,5 mm longis et 1.5 mm latis. Flores disci ca, 20; corollae aurantiacae ca. 7 mm longae glabrae, tubis 3 mm longis, lobis ca, 2 mm longis et 0.5 mm latis; filamenta ca. 2 mm longa , in parte superiore ca. 0.4 mm longa; thecae ca. 2 mm longae; appendices anther- arum ca. 0.4 mm longae. Achaenia prismatica ca. 2,5 mm longa superne setifera; squamae pappi ca. 25 ca, 6 mm longae late lineatae apice filiformes. Grana pollinis ca. 25n, diam. spinosa. TYPE; ECUADOR: Azuay : along the road to Giron, ca. 10 kms NE of Girdn. Elev. ca. 8600 ft,, locally abundant, ca. 1/3 meters tall, open sun, ray flowers yellow, disc flowers orange-yellow. February 3, 1974. R. M. King 6681 (Holotype US); Azuay: Banos near Cuenca, Eiev. JdOO meters, July 18, 1939. Penland & Summers li26 1975 Robinson, Additions to Calea U27 1067 (US). The new species is most closely related to Calea huigrensis Blake, also of E^cuador. The Blake species , from the region of Chimborazo, differs by the entire margins of the leaves and the mearly scabrellous rather than hirsute undersurfaces of the leaf veins. Blake’s original description cites heads with 3 rays but more recent collections seem to have mostly 5 or 6 rays. The number of rays is still less than is usual in C. kingii and the limb of the rays is only about 3 mm Tong. Calea jelskii Hieron. of northern Peru is also closely related but differs by the heads with narrower more coriaceous phyllaries and 3-4? rays. The genus Calea shows great variation in habit. The more familiar type, represented by the Ecuadorian species, is shrubby with subumbellate inflorescences. In Brazil, in contrast, there are some reduced tuber- ous forms with single long-pedunculate heads and there are various herbs with alternate or verticillate linear leaves. The genus has seemed a likely candidate for subdivision, but a basic unity is found in the broad inner phyllaries with many parallel resin ducts, in the rounded or slightly prismatic achenes , and in the pappus of 10 or more separate lobes or awns. The corolla lobes also are usually very elongate compared with those of closely related members of the Helianth- eae. In final analysis the genus Calea seems readily acceptable if it is simply expanded to include one unnatural segregate. The genus Geissopappus Benth. shares all the basic characters of Calea~e^xcept one, there are no paleae on the receptacle . Because of the lack of paleae Geissopappus was placed in the artificial tribe Helenieae by Bentham (1873) but that author did recog- nize the similarity of the genus to Calea . Geissopap- pus is typified by G. caleoides (DC. ) Benth. and is essentially a new name for Scho'mburgkia DC. horn, illeg . Four species of very different habits are placed in the genus, including G. polycephalus Baker, a shrubby plant with herbaceous triangular-ovate leaves and numerous heads on short lateral branches, and G. gent- ianoides (DC. ) Baker, a plant with a basal tuber, mostly subbasal coriaceous leaves and few heads on long erect peduncles. It seems obvious that the genus is unnatural. The lack of paleae also proves an unworkable character when some species of Calea are considered. Calea hymenolepis Baker has been included in that genus though it has only 1 or 2 paleae per head inside the outermost flowers. The conclusion at U28 PHYTOLOGIA Vol. 32, no. ^ this time is to reduce the genus Geissopappus to synonymy under Galea . Of the following four species only one has previously been placed in Galea. Galea bahien^^ (Mattfeld) H. Robinson, comb. nov. Geissopappus bahiensis Mattfeld, Notizbl. Bot. Gart . Berlin 9 : 390 . 1925. Galea caleoides (DC.) H. Robinson, comb. nov. 'Schomburglcia caleoides DC., Prodr. 7: 294. 1838. Galea gentianoides DC. , Prodr. 5: 672, 1836. Galea polycephala (Baker) H. Robinson, comb. nov. Geissopappus polycephalus Baker in Mart., FI. Bras. 6 73): 579 . 1§'84'. ~ In 1931 Greenman named a new genus, Tyleropappus , from Cerro Duida in Venezuela. On the basis of pappus structure and lack of paleae Greenman correctly related the genus to Geissopappus . Examination of type material of Tyleropappus shows that it shares all the basic features of Galea except habit. A style illustrated by Greenman seems to show hairs on the shaft, but no such hairs have been seen under the microscope. It is the habit that seems to provide a basis for continuing to recognize the genus Tylero- pappus . Galea has mostly opposite leaves with a few species such as C. hymenolepis having alternate leaves, but none have the leaves in a dense spiral like those of Tyleropappus . One other genus, Brasilia Barroso, is in the close relationship of Galea. Habit and most features of Brasilia are as in typical Galea , but the pappus is distinctly different, having the segments fused into a basal tube that is densely hispid on the outer surface. Examination of specimens and photographs shows that the single species, B. sickii Barroso, is the same as Eupatorium robustum Glaziou, n.sp.?. Bull, Soc. Bot. Fr^ 1 vi . mdm. 3: 384, 1909. Names in the Glaziou list are usually treated as nom. nud. and it seems best to continue the practice for this question- marked name. Acknowledgement The R.M.King collection from Ecuador was collect- ed during field work supported by the National Geo- 1975 Robinson, Additions to Calea graphic Society. Ref rences Barroso, G. M, 1962. Dm novo g^nero de Compositae Arq. Jard, Bot . Rio de Janeiro 17: 19-20. (1959-1961). Bentham, G. 1873, Notes on the classification, history, and geographical distribution of Compositae, J. Linn, Soc. , Bot. 13: 335-577, Greenman, J, M, 1931, Compositae— a new genus, in Gleason, H. A., Botanical results of the Tyler Duida expedition. Bull. Torrey Bot, Club. 58: 486-487, pi. 39-40. h29 U30 PHYTOLOGIA Vol. 32, no. 5 Galea kingii H. Robinson, Holotype, United States National Herbarium. Photo by Victor E. Krantz, Staff Photographer, National Museum of Natiral History. 1975 Robinson, Additions to Galea U31 Galea kingii H, Robinson, enlargement of heads. A NEW NAME FOR THE MOSS GENUS, THYRIDIUM Harold Robinson Department of Botany Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C. 20560. The name Thyridium Mitten has been used for more than a hundred years for a distinctive moss genus in the family Calym- peraceae . It now appears that the same name has been in use for a genus of fungi. The recent publication by Holm (1975) shows that the valid publication of the fungus genus Thyridium is previous to that o-^ the moss . The fact that the fungus name is in active use seems to preclude any possibility o'f’ conservation for the moss genus. There is no extant alternate name available for the moss genus and the following new genus name and new combinations are provided here . Mitthyridium H. Robinson, nom. nov. for Thyridium Mitten, J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 10: 188. 1868. not Thyridium Nitschke, Pyr. Germ. 110. 1867. Lectotype species, present designation: Syrrhopodon fasciculatus Hook . & Grev . The genus contains the following 35 species. Mitthyridium adpressum (Broth.) H. Robinson, comb. nov. Syrrhopodon adpressus Broth., Oefv. Finsk. Vet. Soc. Foerh. 40: 16^ 1898. Mitthyridium binsteadii (Th4r. & Dix.) H. Robinson, comb. nov. 5yr?hopodorr'bTnste'adii Th4r. & Dix., J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 43: 302. 1916'. Mitthyridium ca.rdoti_i (Fleisch.) H. Robinson, comb. nov. Thyridium -cardotii Fleisch., Musci FI. Buitenzorg 1: 220. 1904. Mitthyridium chenagonii (Ren. & Card.) H. Robinson, comb. nov. Syrrhopodon chenagonii Ren. & Card., Bull. Soc. Roy. Bot. 29 (1): 175. 1890. Mitthyridium const rictum (Sull.) H. Robinson, comb. nov. Calymperes constrictum Sull., U.S. Expl. Exp. Wilkes Muse i 6 . 3 A . 1859. Mitthyridi-um crassum (Broth.) H. Robinson, comb. nov. Syrrhopodon crassus Broth., Oefv. Finsk. Vet. Soc. Foerh. 40: 166. 1898. h32 U33 1975 Robinson, A new name for Thyridium Mitth^idium cuspi^tum (Fleisch.) H. Robinson, comb. nov. ~~~^Thy ridium" cu spidatum Fleisch., Musci FI. Buitenzorg 1: 235- 1904. rSyrrhopodon cnspidatus Besch., 1901 nom. nud . 1 . Mitthyridium cyrtophyllum (Besch.) H. Robinson, comb. nov. Syrrhopodon cyrtophyllus Besch., Ann. Sc. Mat. Bot . ser. 6, 9: 347. 1880. (Hook. & Grey.) H. Robinson, comb. nov. ,tus Hook. & Grev., Edinburgh J. Sci. 3: 225. 1825. Mitthyridium flavum (C.Miill.) H. Robinson, comb. nov. ^^rhopodon *"lavus C.Miill., Bot. Zeit . 13: 763. 1855- Mitthyridium fasciculatum yyrrhopodon fasciculi Mitthyridium fleischeri (W.Schultze-Motel) H. Robinson, comb. nov. "" Thyridium fleischeri W.Schultze-Motel, Willdenovaa 7: 366. 1974. Mitthyridium geheebii (Par.) H. Robinson, comb. nov. Syrrhopodon geheebii Par., Ind . Bryol. 1248. 1898. pSyrrhopodon gracilis Geh., 1889 horn, illeg.]. Mitthyridium glaucinum (Besch.) H. Robinson, comb. nov. Syrrhopodon glaucinus Besch., Bull. Soc . Bot. France 48: 14. 1901. Mitthyridium jungquilianum (Mitt.) H. Robinson, comb, nov, Syrrhopodon .jungqu il ianu s Mitt, in Doz. & Molk., Bryol. Jav. 1: 57. 1856. Mitthyridium let est ui (Th6r. & P.Varde) H. Robinson, comb. nov. Thyridium letestui Th4r. & P.Varde, Bull. Soc. Bot. France 72: 353. 1925. Mitthyridium leucoloma (C.Miill.) H. Robinson, comb. nov. ~^rrrhopodorPTeurol oma C.Miill., Bot. Jahrb. 5: 86. 1883. Mitthyridium luteum (Mitt.) H. Robinson, comb. nov. Thyridium luteum Mitt . , J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 10: 188. 1868. M it thy rid ium mnii (Fleisch.) H. Robinson, comb. nov. Thyridium manii Fleisch., Musci FI. Buitenzorg 1: 235. 1904. [Syrrhopodon manii C.Miill., 1898 nom. nud . 1 . Mitthyridium megamorphum (Fleisch.) H. Robinson, comb. nov. Thyridium megamorphum Fleisch., Bot. Jahrb. 55: 30. 1917. PHYTOLOGIA Vol. 32, no. 5 U3li Mitthyridiiun micro-undulatum (Drx.) H. Robinson, comb, nov, ~ Byrrho^odon micro-undulatus Dioc., Ann.' Bryol . 2: 7. 1929. Mitthyridium obtusifolium (Lindb.) H. Robinson, comb. nov. Syrrhopodon obtusifolius Lindb., Oefv. K. Vet. Ak. Foerh. 21: 605. 1865. Mitthyridium papuanum (Broth.) H. Robinson, comb. nov. Syrrhopodon papuanus Broth., Oefv. Finsk. Vet. Soc. Foerh. 37: 156. 1895. Mitthyridium paryifolium (Bartr.) H. Robinson, comb. nov. Thyridium parvifolium Bartr., J. Washington Acad. Sci. 46: 393. 1956. Mitthyridi^ paryulum (Jaeg.) H. Robinson, comb. nov. Thyridium parvulum Jaeg., Ber. St. Gall. Naturw. Ges. 1877- 1878: 415. 1880 (Ad. 2: 679) (Syrrhopon parvulus Thwait . & Mitt., 1873 hom. illeg.1 . M it t hy r id ium p_e i^ndujL at um (Broth.) H. Robinson, comb. nov. Syrrhopodon perundulatus Broth, Schum. & Lauterb., FI. Deutsch. Schutzgeb. Sudsee 83. 1900. Mitthyridium pungens (Dioc.) H. Robinson, comb. nov. ByrnhopodorPpurrgens Dix., Bull. Torrey Bot . Club 51: 231. 1924. Mitthyridium repens (Harv.) H. Robinson, comb. nov. ByTrhopodon repens Harv. an Hook., Icon. PI. Rar. 1: 22. 1836. Mitthyridium samoanum (W.Schultze-Motel) H. Robinson, comb. nov. Thyridium samoanum W.Schultze-Motel, Willdenowia 7: 367. 1974. Mj-ttjayridijm subJTascjLc^^at^ (Hampe) H. Robinson, comb. nov. Codonobl epharon subfasciculatum Hampe, Linnaea 40: 303. 1876. Mitthyridium subflavum (Ren. 8t Card.) H. Robinson, comb. nov. Bynrhopodon subflavus Ren . & Card . , Bull . Soc . Roy . Bot . Belg. 35 (1): 310. 1897. Mitthyridium subobtusifolium (Broth. & Par.) H. Robinson, comb. noaTT Byr?Hopo36n~suE6*E'tusifolius Broth. & Par., Oefv. Finsk. Vet. Soc. Foerh. 53A" (ll) : 13 . 1910. Mitthyridium undulatuloom (Broth. & Geh.) H. Robinson, comb. nov. Syrrhopodon undulatulus Broth. & Geh., Oefv. Finsk. Vet. Soc. Foerh. 42: 96. 1900. 1975 Robinson, A new name for Thyrlclium li35 Mitthyridium undulat^ (Doz. & Molk,) H. Robinson, comb. nov. Codonobl epharoun undulatum Doz. & Molk., Ann. Sc. Nat. Dot. ser. 3, 2: 301. 1844. Mitthyridium vriesei (Lac.) H. Robinson, comb. nov. Sv?rhopodon vriesei Lac., Nat. Verb. K. Ak. Wetensch. Amster- d^ 13: ^ . 1872. Mitthyridium wallisii (C.Miill.) H. Robinson, SyrujTopodon wallisii C .Miill . , Linnaea comb . nov . 38: 555. 1874. Literature Cited Holm, L. 1975. Nomenclatural notes on Pyrenomycetes . Taxon 24 (4): 475-488. ADDITIONAL NOTES ON THE GENUS AVICENNIA. VI Harold N. Moldenke AVICENNIA L. Additional & emended bibliography: Emould, M&a. Acad, Roy. Belg. Cl. Scienc., ser. 2, 6: [3], 5, 7, 8, 10, 12, 2k — 29, & fig, 15 — 17, 30, 37, 38, 1:0, U2, & 1:3 • 1921j Zahran, Bull, Inst, D6sert Egypt. 15: 7 — 12. 1967} Tackholm it Bouloa. Suppl, Notes Stud, FI. Egypt [Publ, Cairo Univ, Herb. 5s] 8. 197a} Moldenke, Phytologia 32: 3l:3--370. 1975. It is worth noting that Tackholm & Boulos (1971:) also accept the Avicenniaceae as a distinct family. Their work, cited above, bears the date "1972” on the title-page, but was not actually pub- lished until 197k • AVICENNU AFRICANA P. Beauv. Additional bibliography: Erdtman, Pollen Morph, it PI, Tax., ed, 3, liUS, 1971} J. it E. Kohlmeyer, Mycologla 63: 85l. 1971} Bazilov- skaya. Res tit. Resur. 8: 31:8. 1972} Letouzey, Man. Bot. Forest. Afr. Trop. 2 (B): 362 it 361:. 1972} Moldenke, Phytologia 23: 1A9. 1972} Rouleau, Taxon Index Vol. 1-20 part 1: 1:2. 1972} "M, D. S.", Biol, Abstr. 56: 6077. 1973} Moldenke in Woodson, Schery, it al., Ann, Mo. Bot, Gard. 60: 152 — 151:. 1973} Sowuml, Qrana 13: 11:9 & [187]. 1973} Villiers in Aubr6v. & Leroy, Fl. Gabon 22: 61: — 67, pi. 16, 1973} Villiers, Ann. Fac, Sci, Cameroun H:: 3 — 1:5. 1973} Farnsworth, Phamacog. Titles 9 (3): iil. 1971:} "J. S, J.”, Biol. Abstr. 58: 3271. 1971:} Moldenke, Phytologia 32 : 361 & 370. 1975. Additional it emended illustrations: P, Beauv., Fl. Oware 1: pi. k7 [in color], 1806} Irvine, PI, Gold Coast, opp, Iviii, 1930} Aub^v., Fl. For. Cot. Iv., ed. 2, 3: pl. 338. 1959} Hepper in Hutch, it D8Q.2,, Fl. W. Trop, Afr., ed. 2, 2: kk9, ^‘ig. 309. 1963} Giglioli & King, Joum, Appl, Ecol, 3: U, 13, &. opp, 2. 1966} Letouzey, Man. Bot. Forest, Afr. Trop. 2 (B): 361:. 1972} Villiers in Aubr6v, it Leroy, Fl. Gabon 22: 65, pl. 16. 1973. Recent collectors describe this plant as a tree or shrub, 2— 22 m. tall, with numerous pnevmatophores , which, according to Jenik (1967) are exactly similar to those seen in Laguncularia ra- cemose Gaertn. The corollas are said to have been "white with yellow center" on Morton A»k9k, while Irvine (1961) describee them as "dull-white, thin purplish stripes inside". Other collec- tors say "corolla-lobes wlite, pubescent Inside". Irvine (1961) reports that the flowers are "bird-pollinated" . This is interes- ting because the American species, great nectar-producers, are ob- viously insect-pollinated, Avlcennla africana has been collected in anthesis from Septem- ber to July and in fruit in January and April. Sowunmi (1973) de- scribes the pollen, on the basis of "Ikorodu I966, Okafor and Macaulay, FHE", as follows: "Pollen grains isopolar, radially sym- 1:36 1975 Uoldenke, Notes on Avlcennla li37 metrical; 3-colporate; perltreme-subprolate (P 31*2 i O.l^ hm, E 25.21 2,0 .;m). SexLne subtectate, reticulate. NPC: 3145- Colpl provided with granulate membranes which often protrude very con- spicuously beyond the surface of the grain, especially after ace- tolysis. Apocolpium diameter 6.8 |/m. Ora more or less circular, faintly delimited. (The apertures in this species could not be measured as they were not well displayed). Exine 1,6 |-m thick, tapering towards the apertures. SexLne reticulate, Imri 0,5 wide, supported generally by one, but sometimes by two i*ow8 of bacula. Lumina 1.0 | pl. ll: & 15. 1921; Janssonius, Mikrogr. Holz. Jav. 832, fig. 296. 1926; Janssonius, Key Javan. Woods 211:, fig. 296. 1952; Chowdhury & Ghosh, Indian Woods It pl. C. 1958; Chandhri, Veg. Act. Geobot. 10; ph, 2. 1961; Brunig, Malayan For- est, 32: 151. 1969; Comer & Watanabe, Illustr. Guide Trop. Pl. 750. 1969; Grtimnwr, Pfl. & Tiere Trop. Geb. 135. 1969. The illustration labeled as ^ alba by Jafri (1966) is actually a depiction of A. marina var. aoutissima Stapf & Moldenke and the 1975 Moldenke, Notes on Avlcennla aJ43 plant which he describes as being very common in the Karachi area of Pakistan is also A. marina var, acutisslma. The true A. alba is not known from present Pakistan (but does occur in what is now Bangladesh). The ^ resinifera of Griffith (185U), on the other hand, actually is ^ alba. The illustration given by Meljer (1968) as ^ alba actually depicts ^ marina var, rumphiana (H. iiallier) Bakh. It should also be noted here that Blume's original description of ^ alba is often cited as •'1825", but was not actually published until 1826. It is also worth noting here that the "A. tomentosa Roxb." is usually regarded as a synonym of ^ officinalis L., but Kun (1877) maintains it as a taxon different and distinct from A. officinalis . He and some other authors irtio use this homonym probably are referring to A. alba. The reference, "Rheed. U. t. ii5", is sometimes cited for~~I.~aIEa, but I am unable to find any such illustration of A . alba in the works of Reede tot Drakestein. Comer & Watanabe (I969) describe A. alba as a "Mangrove tree with peg-like pneumatophoies . Leaf dark green above, silvery grey beneath. Flowers U — 5 'wide, in spikes, yellow". Recent col- lectors describe it as a gregarious shrub or tree at water fringes, 15 — 70 feet tall, the trunk 1 — 5 feet in girth, with aerial roo'ts above the water surface, the bark surface subject to tide action black smd rough, above tide action gray or pinkish-gray and smooth or dark glaucous-brown, lenticellate, the lenticels small, the soft wood whitish, the leaves glaucous beneath, the inflorescence inde- termina-te, in spike-heads, the peduncles broim-tomentose, the flowers fragrant, the cal^ green, the petals U, the stamens U, al- ternating with the petals, the filaments short, orange-yellow, the anthers cream-colored or darker colored and turning black, the pis- til very light-yellow, the stigma bifid, and the fniit glaucous- green, the sutures on both sides of the pericaxp purplish. The corollas are said to have been "orange" in color on Orolfo 690, "orange-yellow" on Chai S.2676ii, 3.2753$, & S.299Uii, and "yellow" on Chai S .30626 . Chai S .29936 exhibits some leaves like those of var. latifolia Moldenke on the same branch with typical ones. Wood vouchers accompany ^ King 5$88 & 5601 and Chai 3.2676U & S. 30667. The species has been found in flower from Msocch to June, as well as in August, December, suid January. Raghaven & Arora (1958) and Cave (1959) repwrt the haploid chromosome number as 33 and the diploid number as 66, but LiJve (1968) reports n - 30, baaed on Ghosh E.331 from Jaabu Island, Orissa, India. An additional vernacular name reported (besides those previously reported by me) is "bAen" . A very detailed de- scription of the wood anatony is given by Janssonius (1926) . Burkill (1966) calls the species "A tree attaining, not infre- quently, a height of 70 feet, and sometimes more, which likes rich soil and takes possession of newly foimed mud-banks, genejrally where it obtains a good deal of fresh water from a river flowing to the PHYTOLOGIA UlUi Vol. 32, no. 5 sea past it; Inland it occxirs on the banks of such a river. Out- side of lialaya, it extends fron India to Polynesia." Fig« 1* ^ alba, showing trunk and pneumatophores good friend, Paul Chai, in a letter to me dated May 25, 1973t asserts that "I found in Sarawak that some individuals of all three species alba, A. marina and A. officinalis) occurring hare possess stilt roots. Those individuals were found to be confined to soft mud(^ soil,. ...Unlike the stilt roots of Rhiaophora, stilt roots of Avlcennia are more slender and soft. They arise in the same way as aerial roots which extend and reach the mud eventual- ly." To see exan5)les of this condition, see the figure 5 here and the similar figure to be presented in my discussion of A. marina. These are probably the "aerial roots above the water level" referred to by some collectors. I am grateful to Paul Chai for his permission to use the photographs here presented, in all cases depicting trees growing in Sarawak. 1975 Moidenke, Notes on Avlcennla hh$ Gaussen and his associates (1965) refer to A. alba as a "coloni- zer on mangrove deltas". Chandhri (1961) reports that it "secretes hygroscopic salts which have the ability to absorb water from the Fig. 2. A, alba forest with Sonneratia alba in foreground atmosphere and so replenishes its water supply during the night and cooler parts of the day when the relative humidity is high; it grows in pure mangrove forests in protected creeks and the mouths of rivers in shallow seas". Chapman (1970) proposes the ecologic associations Avicennietum sG.bum and Avicennieto albae - A. marinae. Stone (1970) gives a good description of this species as it oc- curs in Guam: "A tree (ours rather small) of the saline and seaward margin of mangrove swamps j leaves oblong-elliptic or lanceolate, acute or rarely obtuse, acute at base, medium or olive green above, white beneath, 3 — 16 cm, long, 1.5 — 5 cm. widej flowers 10 — 30 per spike, yellow, paired, spikes 2 — 3 cm, long; corolla U — 7 mm. long, 5 — S mm, wide; stamens 1,5 — 2 mm, long; style obsolete; stigma e- PHYTOLOGIA Vol. 32, no. 5 Ui6 rect; ovary short-puberulent distallyj fruit floating" . He gives its overall distribution as "Malaysia and adjacent Pacific is- lands" and comments that in Guam it is "Connnon in the Apa mangrove areas, apparently absent elsewhere associated with Rhizophora and Bruguiera. The corolla is dark yellow — nearly orauige, A pioneer species, its seedlings often standing out to sea in suit- able locations, but like ail mangroves absent on svirf-swept rocky or sandy coasts." Gaussen and his associates refer to it as a "colonizer of intertidal zones and estuaries". Fig. 3. A, alba forest Navalkar found that in the Indus delta and the Sundribans del- ta, India-Bangladesh, the mangrove succession is governed by the disintegration of rock, soil salinity, soil humidity, and biotic factors. He recognized the following seven stages in the succes- sion; (1) Avlcennia alba Association (Optimum Stage); (2) Avicennia alba and Acanthus ilicifoliua Stage. In these two stages the soil is blackish or grayish, composed of clay and sadt, is always inun- dated and swampy, lying between low and high tide marks. (2a) Ceriopa candolleana and Acanthus ilicifolius Stage, marked by cut- ting and burning by man; high level of ground water mingles with creek water; there are areas where sweet water mingles with creek water. (3) Avicennia alba Stage, at a greater distance from shore and weathered rocks; marked by an inclose in anthropozoic biotic factors. (U) Sesuvium portulacaistrum Stage, at a still greater distance from the shore"! ($) Sesirvium portulacastrum and Aeluro- pus repens Stage, with an increase in height above the sea level and decreasing salinity. (6) Aeluropus repena and Paspalum vagin- 1975 Lioldenke, Notes on Avlcennla atum Stage, with still greater increase in height above sea level and decreasing salinity. (7) Clerodendrvm inerae Stage, with in- creasing aridity and very little salinity. Fig. U. ^ alba trees Puri & Jain (1957) have studied the mangrove vegetation in the Poona region on the west coast of India and have recognized there a number of plant communities that are really edaphic or blo-edaphic in nature. Puri found that in the mangrove associations of the In- dus delta there are 279 species of plants in 18U genera and 6l families, while in the Sundribans delta there are 30U species in 230 genera and 72 families. Richards (196li) affirms that "In Kalaya the pioneers (in the man- grove association] are not species of Rhlzophora [as they are in the Nerw World], but Avlcennla alba and A^ intermedia, or sometimes, on deep mud rich in organic matter, Sonneratia griffithli. Those pio- neer forests establish themselves on shoals or sandbanks out at sea PHYTOLOGIA Vol, 32, no. 5 UU8 which are exposed at neap tides, or along the seaward edge of exist- ing forests . Avicennia intermedia grows on a comparatively firm Fig. Avicennia alba, showing stilt-roots. [Fig. 1 — 5 photo- graphs by Paul Chai, Office of the Conservator of Forests, Sarawak, taken September lU, 1971, June 29. 1973, August 11, 1973, and October 16, 197tt] 1975 llolderJce, Notes on Avlcennia clayey substratum which is easy to walk on, A. alba and Sonneratla on softer and blacker mud. On the clay soils the Avicennia is normally succeeded by Brxiguiera caryophylloides , but where Jonner- atia is the pioneer, Rhizophora mucronata usually follows on..... The east coast of Sumatra, according to Troll & Dragendorf (1931), is fringed with an almost unbroken mangrove belt which in places is several kilonieters wide. The dominant species in the pioneer zone is Avicennia alba, often associated with Sonneratla alba. Further inland these give way to species of Rhizophora, Bruguiera, Xylocarpus , etc . and at the landward edge of the swamps there is generally a zone of the palm Nipa frutlcans with which Sonneratla acida is often associated On the Malayan coasts [the].... Bjjecies growing on land flooded by 'medium high tides' [are] Avi- cennla alba, A. intermedia, Sonneratla griffithii and, on rtver banks, Rhizophora mucronata." Chai (1972) reports that in Sarawak Sonneratla alba is "A pio- neer species colonising newly formed mud flats along sheltered sea shores and estuaries. Avicennia alba may also come in at the same time or immediately after." Avicennia alba, he says, is a "Small to huge tree —70 ft. tall and 7 ft. girth. Bark dark brown to black. Not buttressed but may develop slender, soft stilt roots. Leaf lanceolate or ell iptic-ob ovate with tapering basej lower leaf surface whitish, salt being excreted from this surface. Fruit glaucous, green, leech-shaped. Occurrence. Another pioneed spe- cies colonising newly formed mud flats as Sonneratla alba. Often gregaidous along low convex banks of the rivets: near the sea but is later replaced by Rhizophora apiculata and Bruguiera parvif xora . Rare inland." He says that it grows in Watson's Inundation Class 2 — inundated by mediun high tides (flooded U5 to 59 times per month). A. marina normally grows in this same inundation class in Sarawak J but A. officinalis grows only in Class 3, inundated by nonaal high tides only ( flooded 20 to li5 times par month) . Navalkar (1961) asserts that "From the point of exchangeable bases, which are far more important in determining associations than the pH, CaC03, humus etc., three different types of soils have been distinguished so far as the mangroves of the Western coast of India are concerned, j)articuiarly for Bombay and Salsette Islands and the sxirroundlng area. Elach type of soil is character- ised by its own peculiar flora as : (a) Ca-kg soil with Avicennia alba as the dominant plant to the extend of excluding competitors j Ca-Na soil characterised by Acanthus ilicifolius vegetation is almost in pure stage} (c) Ca— K soil characterised by Suaeda f ru— ticosa vegetation and a few associated plants. The high osmotic pressure in the cell sap of the leaves of Avicennia alba Bl. due to higher chloride content than in any other mangrove species, may account for the dominance of Avicennia alba near the foreshores of Bombay and Salsette Islands." Navalkar (19U0) has found that osmotic pressure of this man- PHYTOLOGIA Vol. 32, no. 5 h^O grove's ceil sap varies directly with tide and temperatvire and in- versely with humidity and rainfall. Its physiologicsil anatcmy has been studied and reported on by UuUan (1932). ihiri (I960) reports that Navalkar found an osmotic pressure in Avicennia alba of 38.60? atmospheres, while Sen Gupta found it to be 111. 29 atmospheres. He found the species' geographic distribution in India to be confined to the East Coast (like ^ marina) , in con- tradistinction to A, officinalis which he found on both the West and East Coasts, the Indus delta, the Sundribans, Chittagong, Burma, and the Andaman Islands. In the "Low mangrove forest" it grows in as- sociation with Ceriops ro^daurghiana, Aagialitis rotundifolla, and Excoecaria agallocha , while in the "Tree mangrove foi^st" on the river deltas of the East Coast it grows with Rhizophora conjugata, Kandella rheedii, Bruguiera gymnorhiza , Carapa moluccensis, Ceriops candolleana, etc. Ten & Keng (1969) assert that intermedia was suggested to be a natural hybrid of A_, alba and ^ officinalis, by Griffith (cf . Ridley, 1923) . However, seedlings of this species are uniform, and do not reveal any hybrid nature. Although the pollen grains exhib- it intermediate characters between A. alba and A. officinalis, they are mostly well-filled, rather than empty, thus suggesting that it is a distinct species." I regard it as A. marina (Forsk.) Vierh., although perhiaps a small-leaved form worthy of varietal or form rank. Backer &. Bakhuizen van den Brink (196$) differentiate A. alba from ^ marina as follows: ^ alba — "Flowers in 10— 3-flowered spikes j flower-pairs, at least in the lower part of the spike, con- spicuously distant} adult spikes 1 1/2 — 3 cm long} style absent or very short (1/U — 1 1/2 mm)} stigmas erect diiring anthesis. Leaves oblong or lanceolate, rarely elliptic, from an acute, rarely broadly cuneate base, with an acute, rarely obtuse tip, white be- neath, 3 — 16 cm by 1 1/2 — 5 cm." ^ marina — "Flowers in 2 — 12- flowered heads} lowermost flower pair sometimes distant from the other ones, but nevertheless the inflorescence not spiciform} adult heads 1/2 — 1 1/2 cm long} style robust, c. 1 1/2 mm long} stigmas recurved. Leaves elliptic-oblong or oblong-obovate, from an acute base, with an obtuse or rounded tip, greenish white beneath, 3—9 cm by 1 l/U — k 1/2 cm." Both of these species are distinguished by having the "Expanded flowers 5 — 8 mm across} corolla from the base of the tube up to the tops of the segments measuring li — 7 mm} segments subequal} stamens (inclusive of anthers) 1 1/2 — 2 mm long} ovary glabrous in the lower half, in the upper half or apically densely covered with up- ctirved, appressed, short hairs} style short (at most 11/2 mm) or nearly absent} stigmatic lobes equal." In contradistinction, ^ officinalis is characterized by the "Expanded flowers 10 — 1$ mm across} corolla frean the base of the txdoe up to the tops of the segments measuring ? — 10 mm} posterior segment broadest, shallowly bilobed} stamens (inclusive of the an- 1975 MoldenLe, Notes on Avicennla U51 there) 3 1/2 — li 1/2 mm long; ovary densely apjprcssed-pubescent throughout; style svibulate, pubescent throughout or at least at base, 3 — h mm long; stigmatic lobes much shorter than the rest of the style, often unequal." It might also have been mentioned that In A. officinalis there are 5 flbrovascvilar bundles leading Into the corolla, while the other two species have only Ii. Burk (1966) asserts that he feels Bakhuizen van den Brink was in error in reducing A. alba to varietal rank under A, marina (Forsk.) Vierh. because of the "dissimilarity of the habitat of the Red Sea plant, which is the original A. marina, on the shore of a very saline sea", while ^ alba "is found away from the salt water, up creeks into which an abundance of fresh water de- scends it seems best to regard it as a species." Watson (1928) asserts that its flowers are the smallest of all the Malay- an species, but the dimensions for ^ marina and ^ lanata Rldl. are only a trifle larger. Shah & Patel (1970) reduce ^ alba to synonymy under ^ marina var. acutisalma Stapf & Moldenke, but by this they doubtless mean the alba" of Jafri (1966) and Stewart (1972), not of Blv®e, Kuntze (I89I), in proposing his new species, ^ splcata Kuntze, says; "Inflorescentiae diatiche spicatae, novelise longe conicae demum dissitiflorae axi villoso vix foveato. Fructus longus (1: 1 1/2 — 2) e basi ovodea ac\3minat\as . Singapur. Hierzu ^ of- ficinalis 'S. Kurz* FI. Burma non L., femer ^ alba Miq. p. p. und A. officinalis var. alba Clarke p. p.; non A vie . alba Blume. Weder Blume noch Clarke geben die oben beschriebenen Merkmale an und Miquel hat die 2 scharf und leicht zu unterscheidenen Arten confundirt. Im Kew Herbar fand Ich diese Art von Birma (Griffith 6071) , Malaya (Maingay 1209) , Java (Horsfield 31) » Borneo'~(Bec- cari 1770) . Diese Art ist nur mit lanzettlichen unterseits weisslich schwach behaarten Blattein und entsprechenden schwach behaarten Bliithen bekannt; die Inflorenzaxis ist aussergewohriLich behaart, rostfilzig. Ich fand die Art als Baum und Strauch, mit gelblichen CoroUen; die in der Frucht entwickelten Kelmblatter sind dunkelgriin mit braunbebaarter hypocotyler Axe." I have seen 3 of the 5 collections, including the type, which he cites and find them to be typical ^ alba Blume . Nakanishl (1965) has found that the flowers of Avicennla alba contain "sterols, phenolics and no alkaloids. LD^o greater than 1000 mg/kg" and that the flowers exhibited activity against Bacillvis subtilis and S taphyloc oc cus aixreus, but no activity against Proteus vulgaris or Escherischla coli. They showed no antitianor activity against the Yoshlda sarcema. The stems gave a positive alkaloid test and equivocal stereols and phenolic tests; they exhibited the same toxicity as the flowers and the same negative results against Yoshlda sarcoma, and had the same anti- microbial activity as the flowers. The leaves gave equivocal al- kaloid and sterol tests and positive tests for phenolics, showed the same toxicity as the flowers and stems and no activity against U52 PHYTOLOGIA Vol. 32, no, $ the Yoshida sarcoma and the same antimicrobial resiuts as the stems and flowers, Willamen & Li (1970) report the presence of an vin- named alkaloid in the leaves and stems, Ctiadra reports that wood of this species is used for firewood in Sabah, Shah (1962) and Santapau & Shah (1969) record it from Salsette Island, Santapau (1967) from Saurashtra, and Rao, Aggarwal, & liukherjee (1963) frxm Ramaswaram Island, India, Prain (I9O8) re- ports finding it on riverbanks in the Sundribvms, describing it as "A shrubj leaves acutej capsxiles narrow’*, Navaliar (1956) records it from Bomba7 and Salsette Islands, where, he affirms, it grows in association with Ceriops candolleana and Acanthus ilicif olius , Brunig (1969) records it from Sarawak, Sebastine & Ellis (1967) cite Sebastine 1061;6 from Madras, India. Bakhxiizen van don Brink gives its overall distribution as from Sind to Malacca, the Malayan Archipelago, the Philippines, New Guinea, Polynesia, and China [the ’’Sind" record is erroneous, being based on specimens which prove to be A, marina var, acutissima] , He cites the following; INDIA: Falconer 21^, GREATER SUNDA ISLANDS: Borneo: Boschwezen 1971:} Labohm 1961:, Celebes: Rachmad 357} Teijamann 13766 Van Vuuren |8. Java: Backer 1172, II9I. 1719, 1720, 1721, 1722, 2112, 2699, 7293. 2114:3 « Hallier f. 163; Koorders 969I:, 9695 , 9696, 131:78, 22009, 22022, 21:112, & 2^613; Scheffer n, Sumatra: Gusdorf 8} Koorders 10591 & 10592; Lorzing 6029 & 7285, LESSER SUNDA IS- UNDS: Bali: Becking 39. PHILIPPINE ISUNDS: Mindanao: Hutchinson 391:7. Cooke (1958) records the species frcm Salsette Island and from Konkan, India, citing Bhide s .n,, Ganime s.n., Ryan s.n., and Stocks s.n. He gives its overall distribution, as known to him, as "India in tidal creeks; Malaya, S. E. Asia, N, Australia", Stewart (1972) recoixis it fran tidal mangrove swamps of Sind and Baluchistan citing Jafri s.n,. Steam 19, and HB, 20683, but the plant here re- ferred to is actually A, marina var, acutissima. On the other hand, it seems likely that the "Avicennla tomentosa Ro:db," of Mukherjee & Chanda (1973) from the Sundribuns of Bengal is actually ^ alba Blume . Material of ^ alba has been misidentified and distributed in some herbaria as ^ marina (Forak.) Vlerh. On the other hand, the Backer 15321: and Dill 2l:,~ distributed as ^ alba, are actually A, marina (Forsk.) Vierh. and Steam 19 is ^ marina var, acutissima Stapf & Moldenke. Additional citations: INDIA: Andhra Pradesh: Thanikaimonl s.n, [Tanam, I5«3.7l:] (Ld), West Bengal: Prain s.n, [August 5, 1902] (Pd), BURMA: Tenasserim: Falconer 21J. (Pd, Pd). THAILAND: R, M, King 5588 (W— 2U3581:2), 5^ (W— 2U35928) . MALAYA: Malacca: W. Griffith ^ (Pd). GREATER SUNDA ISLANDS: Java: Koorders 9696 p (Pd), 22009 g (Pd) . Sabah; Cuadra A ,1232 (W— 2l8tLOi:) ; Orolfo 69O (¥—16714:91). Sarawak: Chai & ^ S, 26 761: (Ld), S ,27535 (Ac), 1975 Moidenke, Notes on Avlcennla a53 S .29936 (Ld), S.299U1 (Ld, Z), 3.30626 (Ft, Ld) , 3.3066? (Ld) . NEW GUINEA: PapxiA: Gill s.n. [Port Moresby, 6 April 1970] (E— 2035070) . AVICENNIA ALBA var. lATIFOLU Moldenk* Additional bibliography: Moldenke, Phytologia 15: 71. 1967. Recent collectors describe this plant as a shrubby tree, 20 — 25 feet tall, with a short bole about 5 feet tall and 6 inches in diameter at breast height, 13 inches in girth, branching low, the crown spreading, the bark greenish-gray-brown, smooth, or black and pinidLsh-mottled with the basal part blackish throughout, the under bark green, the inner bark cream-colored, lenticela many, small, leaves subcoriaceous, with gray matted hairs beneath, peduncles and petioles of younger leaves brown- tomentose, corollas orange-yellow, pistil greenish, fruit light-green, with a velvety surface. They have encountered it at sealevel on the edges of the mangrove association inundated only by high tides, flowering in June, Paul Chai writes me, in a letter dated 3eptember lU, 1971, that his no. 3.299U6, cited below, "was collected recently. It has much broader leaves than 3.27535. S .29936, 3 .299U^ and 3 .30626 [=A. alba Blums] . It has lenticillate bark surface throughout the main trunk, another feature which is not found in the other four nimbers. It is possible that the tree is still at a relatively younger stage. The leaf size puts it quite nicely with A. alba Bl. var, la tl folia." Material of this variety has been misidentified and distributed in seme herbaria as A. marina (Forsk.) Vierh. Additional citations: GREATER 3UNI1A I3LANDS: Sarawak; Chai 3 . 299I16 (Ld, Z) . NEW GUINEA: Papua; Gill s.n. [Port Moresby, 6 April 1970] (E— 203U;37); Havel NGF .17393 (W— 2U8U7U9) . AVICEimU BALANOPHORA Stapf & Moldenke Additional bibliography: Moldenke, Phytologia 7: 159 — I6O. 1960j R. Good, Geogr. Flow. PI, 2lil. 196Ui V, J. Chapm., Trop. Ecol, 11: 5, fig. 3. 1970. AVICENNIA BICOLOR Standi. Additional bibliography: Fedde i Schust. in Just, Bot, Jahres- ber. 53 (1): IO68 . 1932; I. M. Johnst., Sargentia 8; 260. 19U9; Bascope, Bernardi, Jorgensen, Hueck, Lamprecht, & Martinez E., Mangl. Am. [Inst. Forest. Latinoam. Invest. Capac. Descrip. Arb. Forest. 5**], i®P« 1, 16. 1959; Moldenke, Phytologia lli: 310. 1967; Moldenke, R^sumS Suppl. 16 : 3. 1968; Bascope Bemardl, Jorgensen, Hueck, Lamprecht, Martinez E., Mangl. Am. [inst. Forest. Latino- am. Invest. Capac. Descrip. Forest. 5!], i®P* 2, 16. 1970; V, J. Chapm., Trop. Evol. 11: 5, fig. 3. 1970; Gibson, Fieldiana Bot. 2h (9): 176 — 177. I97O; Moldenke in Woodson, Schery, & al., Ann. Mo, Bot. Sard. 6O: 150 & 151i. 1973; "H. R.", Biol. Abstr. 57: 190li. I97U; Molina R., Ceiba 19: 95. 1975. Duke says of the Avlcennla population in Panama; "Holdridge and PHYTOLOGIA Vol. 32, no. 5 h^h I believe there are two species in Darien, this is a larger tree with larger leaves and more pronounced white beneath". He reports this tree to 75 feet tall, the diameter of the tnink at breast height to lU inches, "often hollow and often with projections similar to the pencil roots", the pencil roots (pneumatophores) ranging from 2 to 5 inches in height. Other collectors refer to it as a tree, 3 — 13 m. tall or more, the trunk 10--30 inches in diameter, with somewhat rough brown bark, and have encountered it in mangrove swamps and along the outskirts of the tidal belt, in flower in April, August, and November to January. Additional citations: HONDURAS: Valle: Molina R. 2m57 (N) . PANAMA: Dari4n: Duke (Ac). Casaya Island: Duke 10372 (Oh, W— 1908630). PEARL ISLANDS: San J036: ^ Johnston 12^9 (E— I5911ii7, W— 202li28U). AVICENNIA ELLIPTICA Holm in Thunb., PI. Bras. Dec. 3: 37. 1821. Synonymy: Avlcannia olllptica Thunb. ex Schau. in A. DC., Prodr. 11: 700, in syn. I81i7. Bibliography: Thunb., PI. Bras. Dec. 3s 37. l821j Jacks, in Hook, f. 4 Jacks., Ind, Kew., imp. 1, 1: 2$h» 1393; Moldenke, Prelim. Alph. List Invalid Names 19^0; Moldenke, Alph, List Invalid Names 19U2; Jacks, in Hook, f. i Jacks., Ind. Kew., imp. 2, 1: 25U. 19U6; Moldenke, RisumI 235. 1959; Jacks, in Hook, f. Sc Jacks., Ind, Kew., imp. 3, Is 25U. I960; Moldenke, Phytologia 7: 166 & 206 (i960) and lUs 328, 1967; Moldenke, Fifth Summ. 1: 392. 1971; Moldenke, Phytologia 30s 1$ (1975) and 31s 383, 381i, & 393. 1975. In my publications previous to 1975 I regarded ^ elllptica as a synonym of A. germlnans (L.) L., as was done by some previous authors, and specimens were so annotated by me in various herbar- ia. It seems to me now, however, liiat the very long-, narrow-, and smooth-leaved population in northeastern Brazil is suffici- ently distinct to warrant the resurrection of Holm's specific name for it. According to Gardner the species is "a large tree" and according to Curran it lives "in fresh water" . Vasconcales Sobrinho found it in flower in July and reports the vernacular name, "mangle", for it. His photograph no. 135 shows the tree in situ. Jackson (1893) regarded it, curiously, as a sjmonym of the Asiatic ^ officinalis L., a completely untenable disposition. It is very probable that many of th ijL other collections cited by me in Phytologia T: 206 (I960) and the 5 cited in Phytologia Iki 328 (1967) as A, germinans from Brazil will prove on re- examination to be A, elliptica Holm, A. elliptiga var. martii Moldenke, or ^ germinans var, guayaqiiilensis (H.B.K.) Moldenke, It is not now feasible for me to borrow back these specimens for re-examination . Citations: BRAZIL: Bahia: Blanc he t s.n. [Bahia 1832] (M) . Pari: lU ^ Cxirran 16 (F — 7UOU65, S, W— 1617777) . Pernanhuco; G^ Gardner 1101 (Bm, Cb, Cb, Ed, Ed, K, K, N, P, P, S, V, V, V, V, W — 10661i9l), s.n. [Pernambuco, 111,1837] (N); VasconcaCLes So- 1975 Moldenke, Notes on Avicennla U55 brlnho 28? [photo 135] (N, N, N — photo). State undetermined: Westin s.n, (N — photo of type, Th — typo, Z — photo of type). AVICENNIA ELLIPTICA var. MARTII Moldenke, Phjrtologia 30: 1$. 1975. Bibliography: Moldenke, Phytologia 7: 20U — 206 (I960), lU: 328 (1967), 30: 15 (1975), and 31: 383 & 38U. 1975. This variety differs from the typical form of the species in having leaves whose blades are more broadly elliptic, 7 — 13 cm. long (including the petiole), 2 — 3.5 cm. wide, arvl very sharply and conspicuously acute or acuminate at box the apex and base. Lanjouw & Lindeman describe this plant as a tree or shrub with pale-yellow flowers, called "parwa" in Surinam, and found it growing on mud banks, flowering in September. Drouet refei^ to it as a tree to 10 m, tall, bordering tidal flats. Martius found it growing in river forests at the mouths of maritime streams, flowering in March, August, and September. In my publications previous to 1975 I regarded this plant as merely an anomalous form of A^ germinans (L.) L. and herbarium specimens are so annotated by me in various herbaria. I feel now that it is, rather, a variety of the northeastern South American A« elliptica Holm and it is very probable that seme other of the many collections cited by me in Phytologia 7: 2oU — 206 (I960) and liii 328 (1967) as ^ germinans may prove, on re-examination, to be A. elliptica var. martii instead. Citations: SURINAM7~LanJouw & Lindeman 301 (N, Ut--17661b) . BRAZIL; Cear4: Drouet 2lih2 (E— 11105U6, F— 857li71, F— 9li93U2, N, N, S, Sp— 3751ii, W— I59U8U8). ParA; Ducke 98I8 [Hert . Rio Jan. 5U07] (N); Martius 261ili (Mu— 1070), s.n. [Mart. 1820] (Mu— 1072), 8 .n. [Rio Toncatins, Aug,] (Mu — IO71) , s.n. [sylvis ripariis ad ostia fluv. maritimorum. Sept.; N. Y. Bot, Card. Type Photo. Coll. Neg., new ser. 8922] (Mu — IO69 — type, N — photo of type, Z — isotype, Z — photo of type). AVICENIOA EOCEKICA Berry Additional bibliography; Lamotte, Geol. Soc. Am, Mem. 51: [Cat. Cenoz. PI. N, Am.] 80. 1952; Moldenke, Phytologia 7: I6I — 162. I960; Moldenke, Fifth Summ. 1: 375 (1971) and 2: 839. 1971; Mol- denke, Phytologia 32: 365. 1975- AVICENNIA EUCALYPTIFOUA Zipp. Additional synonymy; Avicennia marina var, resimifera Perry ex Moldenke, Phytologia 26: 370, in syn, 1973 [not ^ marina var, resinifera (Forst.) Bakh., 1921]. Additional, bibliography: Prain, Ind. Kew. Suppl. L, iop. 1, 21. 1913; Fedde 5c Schust, in Just, Bot. Jahresber. 56 (2): 285* 1937; Prain. Ind, Kew. Suppl. 1:, imp. 2, 21. 1958; R. Qo^, Geogr, I’low, PI. 2iil. I96U; Moldenke, Phytologia 15 » 71. 1967; V. J. Chapm., Trop. Ecol, 11: 5, Fig. 3. 1970; Moldenke, Fifth Summ. 1: 31]*, 329, 331, 333, 33a, 338 , 3^0, 3Ui, 3li9, 391, 5c 393 (1971) and 2: 839. 1971; Muidierjee, Joum. Palynol. 9: 178, I80, 5c I8I, fig. 5 — PHYTOLOGIA Vol. 32, no. 5 8. 1973 j Mukherjee -& Chanda, Geophjrt. 35 86, text fig. 1, & pi. 1, fig. 2. 1973; Fosberg, Proc. Soc. Internat, Coral Reef Sympos. 1; 395 . 197lij l^ukherjee. Role Paljmol. Tax. l^op. 2, fig. 3. 197Ui Mukherjee, Science & Cvilt. UO: 332. 197U» Moldenke, Phortologia 3l! 391. 1975. Additional illustrations; Mukherjee, Joum. Palynol. 8: 180, fig. 5 — 8. 1973i Mukherjee & Chanda, Geoph(yt. 3! 86, text fig. 1, & pi. 1, fig. 2. 1973j Mukherjee, Role Polynol. Tax. Myop. 2, fig. 3. 197U. Recent collectors describe this plant as a small tree, 2 — 23 m. tall, with a "good straight bole” 1 — 10 m. tall, the trunk di- ameter at breast height 2 — 35 cm., with pneumatophores present, the bark smooth, greenish-brown to gray or gray-brown, the wood white or creauny-white, the crown dense, with drooping foliage, the leaves elliptic, varying from green, light- or dull-green to bright glossy-green or olive-green above, conspicuously paler or white (or ”pale sordid-gray”, ”pale silvery-green”, ”gray-brown” , or ”gray-green") beneath, the flowers faintly fragrant, the sta- mens dark, the anthers black, and the fruit silvery olive-green. The corollas are said to have been ”yellow” on Kimul NGF. 36270, ”yellow-orange" on Kumul NGF. 362 71 & NGF. 362 72, "pale-orange” on Darbyshire 782, "orange” on Gillison NGF. 2 2163, and "cream, yel- low inside" on Streimann & Lelean NGF .l8It6^ ♦ Collectors have found the plant growing on coastal mudflats at the edge of the mangrove formation at sealevel, in mangrove swamps, near highwater mark in mangrove forests, in the mangrove littoral with Ceriops and Lumnitzera, or dominating the upper man- grove area, flowering in September and December. The vernacular name, "suari", is recorded for it. Pollen-grains of ^ eucalyptifolia are illustrated by Mukher- jee (197U) to bolster his theory of the evolution of the Phiyma- ceae from the Avicenniaceae and of the l^oporaceae from the Phiy- maceae . They are also illustrated and described by Mukherjee & Chanda (1973) based on Versteeg 1893 from New Guinea. It is of interest to note that the pollen characters given for A. eucalyp- tifolia are said to be the same as for ^ marina, A. officinalis, and what is probably ^ alba — of all three species it has by some botanists been considered a variety. Material of ^ eucalyptifolia has been misidentified and dis- tributed in some herbaria as A. marina (Forsk.) Vierh. Additional citations; MOLUCCA ISLANDS; Tanimber: Neth. Ind. Forest Serv. bb.2U33l| (N). WESSEL ISUNDS; Latz 3391 [HerbTTiorth. Austr. 36913] (Ld) . NEff GUINEA; Papua; Brass 218 hi (W— 2195758) j Darbyshire 782 (Ba)j Gill s.n, [6 April 1970] (Ba)j Gillison NGF. 22163 (Muli Kumul NGF. 362 70 (Mu), NGF. 36271 (Mu), NGF. 36272 (Mu)j Streimann & Lelean NGF.18U66 (Mu). AUSTRALIA; Northern Tei^ ritory: Gill s.n. [25 March 1970] (Ft— 9739). Queensland; Gill 1 (Ft— 97IW,TTFt— 9683), 10 (F-t— 973U), s.n. [25 March 197CT TLd), s.n. [29“March 1970] (Ft— 9679), s.n.TlO March 1970] (Ft, U57 1975 Uoldenke, Notes on Avicennla Ft—9678, Z) . Western Australia; ^ ^ Per^ 2$h7 (W— 2156513) . [to be continued] NOTES ON NEW AND NOTEWORTHY PLANTS. LXmV Harold N, Moldenke LIPPIA POSSENSIS Moldenke, sp. nov. Frutex 2 m. altus; ramis densissime hirsutis perdense foliosis; foliis sessilibus suborticulatis vel orbiculato-ellipticis 2 — 2.5 cm. latis longisque crassis ad apicem rotundatis vel subacutis ad basin rotundatis marginibus totaliter regxilariterque serrulatis supra perspicue rugosis adpresso-villosulis subtus bullatis ubique villosulis margine ipse subinvoluto; inflorescentiis axillaribus ad apicem ramulorum aggregates spicatis patentissimis vel recurva- tis 3 — 5 cm. longis densissime multifloris 1.5 — 2 cm. latis; bracteis numerosissimis foliaceis pxirpureis lanceolatis ad apicem attenuatis venosis densissime villosulis. Shrub to about 2 m. tall; branches very densely hirsute with wide-spreading whitish hairs, mostly hidden by the very ntunerous, crowded, mostly temate, overlapping, sessile, reflexed leaves which are sxaborbicular to orbicular or rarely orbicular-elliptic, 2 — 2.5 cm. long and wide, rounded or rarely subacute at the apex, rounded at the bsise, the total margins abundantly and very regular- ly serrulate with small bluntish spreading or slightdy antrorse teeth, conspicuously rugose above with the entire vein- and veinlet-reticuiation sunken, appressed antrorsely villosulous es- pecially on the central section and at the basal part of the leaf, conspicuously biJJLate and rather densely villosulous throughout beneath, the rather long whitish hairs especially abundant on the larger venation, the ultimate veinlets extending conspicuously to each tooth-sinus but not to the tooth-apex; inflorescence axillary, crowded at the tip of the branches, spicate, the spikes wide- spreading or recurved, very densely flowered and very densely bracteose; bractlets lanceolate, purple-violet, very numerous, im- bricate, hiding the flowers, about 1 cm. long and about 5 nm. wide at the base, attenuate to the apex, very densely villosulous throughout; corolla hypocrateriform, light-lilac, the tube white within. The type of this handsome species was collected by I. & G. Gotts- berger (no. 138-25771) "No sop4 da Serai Geral do Golds - Cerrado, na encosta da serra - reglffo roxoso com cerrado e vales secos", in the Municlpio de Posse, Golds, Brazil, on July 25, 1971, and is de- posited in Hiy personal herbarium at Plainfield, New Jersey. Con- cerning the flowers, the collectors say "pd talas das f lores recdm abei*ta8, lilAs claro com tubo intemamente branco, as mais velhas violAceas es cures ". PHYTOLOGIA Vol. 32, no. 5 U58 PETREA MARTIANA var. GLABRESCENS Moldenke, var. nov. Haec varietas a forma typica specie! foliis maturis supra glabrescentibtis non scabris recedit. This Veiriety differs from the typical fom of the species in having at least its mature leaf -blades glabrous or glabrescent and not at aJI scabrous or even scabrellous above. The type of the variety was collected by Adolfo Ducke (no, lii291) "ad marginem silvae ultra f lumen CurucambA” at Obidos, ParA, Brazil, on June 9, 1926, and is deposited in the Britton Herbarixjm at the New York Botanical Garden, ADDITIONAL NOTES ON THE ERIOCAULACEAE , LVII Harold N. Moldenke In this, as in all previous installments of ray series of "Additional Notes", the herbarium acronyms employed are those listed and e:q)lained by me in my "Fifth Sxmimary 2: 79^ — 801 (1971) and its supplements. ERIOCAULACEAE Lindl. Additional synonymy; Erlocauleae Mart,, Nov, Act, Acad, Leo— pold.-Carol. Nat. Cur. 17 (1): 3 & 71. 1835. Eriocaulaceae (L. C, Rich.) A. Rich, ex Malme, Bih. Svensk Vet.-Akad. Handl. 27 (3), no. 11: 26. 1901. Additional & emended bibliography: P, Herm., Mus. Zeyl., ed, 1, 7—8 & 20 (1717) and ed. 2, 57. 1726; Michx., FI. Bor .-Am., ed. 1, imp. 1, 2: 165—166 & 335 U803) and ed. 2, 2; 165—166 & 335. 1820; Bojer, Hort. Maurit. 361, 1837; Ueisn., PI. Vase. Gen. 1; h06 — U07. loU2; Hook, f . & Benth, in Hook., Niger FI. 5U7 — 5ii8 & 582. I81i9; Miq., Stirp. Surin. 221, pi. 65b. 1850; Miq., Naturk. Verh. Holl. Maatsch. Wet. Haarl., ser. 2, 7s pi. 65. 1851; F. Gerard, Nouv, Fl. Osuel. & MAd. 730. 1853; Welw., Apont. $h2» 1858; Paine, Ann. Rep, Univ. N. Y. 18: [PI. Oneida Co,] ll«.6, 1865; Welw., Trans, Linn. Soc , Lond. 27 (1): U7, 75, & 90. 1869; Kom, in Warm., Vidensk. Meddel. Naturh. Foren. Kjobenh. 23: [309] — 316. I87I; V, A. Pouls., Vidensk. Meddel. Naturh. For, Kj^enh, kO [ser, U, 9]: 221—283, pl. 6—12. 1388; Dalla Torre & Harms, Gen, Siphonog.. imp. 1, 53. 1900; Malme, Bih. Svensk Vet. Akad. Handl, 27 (3), no, 11; 26—33, pl. 2, fig. 3. 1901; N, L. Britton, Man., ed, 1, imp, 1, 236—238, 1067, IO68, & IO78 (1901) and ed, 1, imp. 2, 236 — 238, IO67, IO68, & 1078. 1902; Diels, Fl. Cent .-China 236. 1902; Post & Kuntze, Lexicon 8, 28, 51, 102, 175, 188—189, 203, 216, 219, 223, 293, 312, 328, 337, 361, 383, la2, U31, I4li5, I466, U76, 526, 536, 5U6, 560, 563, 568 , 569, & 596. 190li; J. C. Willis, Man. & Diet. Flow. Pl., ed. 2, 368 & U98. 1901;; N. L. Britton, Man., ed. 2 , 236—238, 1099, 1975 Moldenke, Notes on Erlocaulaceae hS9 & 1101 (1905) and ed. 3, 236—238, 1099, 4 HOI. 1907; J. C. ffilUs, Han, 4 Diet. Flow. PI., ed. 3, imp. 1, 378 & 512. 1908; H. Leconte, Bull, Soc. Bot. France 571 — 573 ^908) and 55^ 596 & 61i3 — 6I48. 1909; Dunn & Tutcher, Ken Bull, Uisc. Inf. Addit, Ser, 10: 291—292. 1912; J. C. Willis, Uan. & Diet. Flow. PI., ed. 3, imp, 2, 378 4 512. 191ii; Fedde 4 Schust. in Just, Bot. Jahresber. h6 (2): 3 — 5. I92U; Hattfeld in Just, Bot. Jaiiresber, li6 (1): 362, 1925; J. C. Willis, Diet. Flow. PI., ed. 5, 250—251 4 U8l. 1925; Wangerin in Just, Bot. Jahresber. U6 (1): U02 (1925) and U6 (1): 810, 1926; Fedde 4 Schust. in Just, Bot. Jahresber. U7 (2): 12, 1926; Pittier, Han. PI. Usuel. Venez . 3lili 4 Uil. 1926: Fedde in Just, Bot. Jahresber. (2): 596 (1929) and U7 (2): 319. 1929; Fedde 4 Schust. in Just, Bot. Jaiiresber. I47 (2): 12. 1929; J. C, Willis, Diet. Flow. PI., ed. 6, imp. 1, 250—251 4 U8l. 1931; J. Hutchinson, Fam, Flow. PI., ed. 1, 2: 65—67 4 236, fig. 21. 193li; Moldenke, Phytologia 2: lii2. 19U6; Moldenke, Lilloa 13: 9 — 10. 191:7; Moldenke, Phytologia 2: Ul3 4 511. 19U8; J, C. Willis, Diet, Flow, PI., ed. 6, imp. 2, 250 — 251 4 U8l (I9I18) and ed. 6, imp. 3, 250 — 251 4 U8l. 1951 ; M. R, Henderson, Malay. Wild FIs. Monocot., imp. 1, 212, fig. 127. 1951*; Petelot, PI. M6d. Camb. Uos 4 Viet. 3: 267 (1951*) and 1*: 10, h9 , 58, 113 , 208 , 209 , 4 295. 1951*; Roh- weder, Farinos, Veg, Salv, I6 4 179, pl. 6, fig. 29, 30, 4 32 [thesis], 1951*; J. C. Willis, Diet. Flow. PI., ed. 6, imp. U, 250— 251 4 1*81. 1955; Rohweder, Abhandl. Geb. Ausl. Univ. Hamb . 61 [C Naturwiss, 13]: 16 4 179, pl. 6, fig. 29, 30, 4 31. 1956; J. C, Willis, Diet. Flow. Pl., ed. 6, imp. 5, 250—251 4 1*81. 1957; J. Hutchinson, Fam, Flow, Pl., ed, 2, 2: 57U — 576, fig. 361*. 1959; Soukup, Biota 2: 300—303. 1959; J. C. Willis, Diet. Flow. Pl., ed. 6, imp. 6, 250 — 251 4 I*8l. I96O; Anon., Pl. Highlands Ham- mock St, Park 1*. 1962; Dalla Torre 4 Hams, Gen. Siphonog., imp. 2, 53. 1963; Prain, Bengal Pl., imp. 2, 1: 121 (1963) and imp. 2, 2: 81*7—81*9 4 985. 1963; H. P. Riley, Fam. Flow. Pl. S. Afr. 199. 1963; J. Hutchinson, Gen. Flow. Pl. 1: Ul 4 502. 1961*; Punt, Reg. Veget. 36: 9. I96I*; Shah 4 Patel, Bull. Bot. Surv, India 12: 27. 1970; Malhotra, Bull. Bot. Surv. India 13: 262. 1971; Ualhotra 4 Moorthy, Bull. Bot, Surv, India 13: 31i*. 1971; Saucena, Bull, Bot, Surv, India 13: 89. 1971; Shetty 4 Vivekanathan, BviH. Bot. Svtrv, India 13: 21, 23, 4 1*0. 1971; Stieber, Castanea 36: 277. 1971; Vajravelu 4 Joseph, Bull. Bot. Svirv. India 13: 271. 1971; Frohne 4 Jensen, System, Pflauizenr, 218 , 263 , 4 290, 1973; Hartley, Dun- stone, Fitzgeradd, Johns, 4 Lamberton, Lloydia 36: 235* 1973; Hocking, Excerpt, Bot, A, 21: 211. 1973, J. Hutchinson, Fam. Flow. Pl., ed, 3, 32, 632, 636, 638 — 61*2, 61*8, [655], 657, 710 — 712, 916, 920, 923, 930, 939, 91*0, 91*1*, 91*9, 951, 956, 957, 962, 961*, 4 967, fig, 36I* 4 361*a. 1973; Vartak, Bull. Indian Nat. Sci. Acad. 1*5: 21*9. 1973; H. Walt., transl. Wieser, Veget. Earth [Heidelb. Sci. Lib. 15:] 77 4 23l*. 1973; Anon., Biol. Abstr. 58 (7): BJL.SJ.C. E.108 4 E.222. 1971*; Ayensu, Rep, Endang. 4 Threat. Pl. Sp. 56 , 81, 107, 127, 130, ll*2, 11*3, U*3, 4 151. 1971*; El-Gazzar, Egypt. Joum. Bot, 17: 82, 1971*; Farnsworth, Pharmacog. Titles 9 (1): x. 1971*; R. D. Gibbs, Chemotax. Flow. Pl. 2: 1122 (1971*), 3: 1877, I88O— 1883, 1886, 1887, 1391*— 1896, U60 PKYTOLOGIA Vol, 32, no. S 1911, & 1914 (197ii), and U: 2118 — 2219. 197Ui Greenslet in Foley, Herbs for Use & Delight [192]. 197U} M. R, Henderson, Malay, Wild FIs. Monocot., imp. 2, 212, fig. 127. 197U} Hocking, Excerpt. Bot. A. 23: 290 — 293 i 31i;. 197li} Kulkami & Desai, Joum. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 71: [80]--3U, fig. 1—19. 197lii Le6n & Alain, FI Cuba, ijnp. 2, 1: 278— 28U, U23, U26, U28, & h3$—h}6, fig. 112 & 113. 197liJ Lieth, Phenol. & Season, Model. liiUi. 197k} Michx., FI. Bor.- Am., ed. 1, imp. 2, 2 [Ewan, Class. Bot. Am, 3] s 16^ — 166 & 335* 1974J Moldenke, Biol. Abstr. ^7: 3780 (197U) and 58: 381ili. 197U; Shah & Yogi, Journ, Bombay Nat, Hist. Soc. 71: 62. 197U} Soukup, Biota 10: 231. 197Uj J. A, Steyem., Biotropica 6: 7 & 10, 197U} Widder, Excerpt. Bot. A.2U: 329. 197U; Anon., Naturalists Direc- tory li2: 60. 1975i Anon., Off. Staff Publ. N. Y. Bot. Card. Ad- dend, 2.. 1975; Anon., Taxon 2U: 173. 1975; Asher, Guide Bot. Period. 2 (8): 5U. 1975; D, S, & H. B, Correll, Aquat. & 7/etland PI. SW. U. S., Imp. 2, 1: 21 & 588— [59ii], fig. 301— 30ii (1975) and 2: 1751. 1975; Duncan & Foote, Wildfls. SE. U. S. 3, 5, 2U0, [2la], 286, & 287. 1975; R. & A. Fitter, Wild FIs. Brit. 4 N. Eu. 260, 261, & 330. 1975; Jaeger & Moldenke, Phytologia 30: U05. 1975; Marquis, Who’s Who East, ed. 15, 503. 1975; Moldenke, Biol, Abstr. 59: 6926 & 69 3U. 1975; Moldenke, Phytologia 30: 15 — 62, 71—125, 251—280, 317—343, 506—509, 511, & 512 (1975), 31: 26, 27, 229, 232, 233, 360, 374—376, 378—392 , 396—398, 400, & 402—408 (1975), and 32: 47 & 336. 1975; Molina R., Ceiba 19: 24. 1975; Shah, Biol. Abstr. 59: 6329. 1975. The Lecomte reference in the above bibliography is sometimes cited as "I908", but the "Index Kowensls" dates the latter pages of this volume as published in 1909, although the papers them- selves wore presented in sessions of the socie'^ held in the lat- ter months of I908, The Endlicher (1836) reference is often cited as "I836 — 1856, but the pages involved here were actually issued in 1836. The Meisner (1842) reference is sometimes cited as "1836 — 1843", but the pages here involved were issued in 1842. According to Hutchinson (1959) the family is also referred to in Vol. i, p. 30, of his 1959 work, but I fail to find it men- tioned on that page. The Fitter work, also cited above, is dated "1974", but was not actually published until February 17, 1975. Malme’s work (1901) is sometimes erroneously cited as "1903" . Gibbs (1974) found silica-bodies in one species of this family and p-coumaric acid, sinapic acid, ferulic acid, and flavanols also present. Riley (1963) comments that "the family seems to be of no par- ticular importance economically" . The sale of dried Syngonanthus inflorescences in Brazil is, in fact, the only economic use I know of for members of the group, BLASTOCAULON Ruhl. Additional & emended bibliography: J. Hutchinson, Fam, Flow. PI., ed. 1, 2: 67 & 234 (1934) and ed. 2, 2: 576 & 749. 1959; Hocking, Excerpt, Bot, A. 21: 211. 1973; Moldenke, Phytologia 29: 281 (1974) and 30: 85 & 506. 1975. 1975' Moldenkn, Notes on Eriocavilaceae BLASTOCAULON RUPESTRE (G. Gardn.) Ruhl, Additional bibliography: Hocking, Excerpt. Bot. A. 21; 211. 1973; Uoldenke, Phytologia 29: 82 (197U) and 30: 85. 1975. CARPTOTEPALA Moldenke Additional bibliography: t-iocking, Excerpt, Bot. A. 21: 211. 1973; J. Hutchinson, Fam, Flow. PI., ed. 3, 710, 1973; Uoidenke, Phytologia 29: 281 & 506. 1971;. CARPTOTEPALA JENMANI (Gleason) Moldenke Additional biLliography: Hocking, Elxcerpt, Bot. A. 21; 211. 1973; Moldenke, Phytologia 29: 82, 197li. COMAOTHERA L. B. Sm. Additional & emended bibllograp^^; Moldenke, Phytologia 2: 371— 373 & 381 (19U7) and 3: 32 & U2. 19li8; Moldenke, llph. List Cit. 1^; 98Ii. 19U9; Moldenke, Known Geogr. Dlstrib, Verbenac., [ed, 2), 65. 66, 90, 203, & 212. 19U9; E. J. Salisb., Ind. Kew. Suppl. 11; 2iUi. 1953; J. Hutchinson, Fam, Flow, PI., ed. 2, 2: 576 &. 755. 1959; Tamayo, Bol, Soc. Venez. Cienc, Nat. 22: Ul, 88, & 1U9» 1961; Hocking, Excerpt. Bot. A. 21; 211. 1973; J. Hutchinson, Fam. Flow, PI., ed. 3, 710. 1973; Heslop-Heirrison, Ind. Kew. Suppl. 15: 3li. 197li; Moldenke, Phytologia 29: 28l & 506. 197U. COMANTHERA KEGELIANA (Kom.) Moldenke Additional & emended bibliography: Moldenke, Phytologia 2: 371— 373 & 381 (19ii7) and 3: 32 & U2. I9U8; Moldenke, Alph. List Cit. U: 98U. I9U9; Moldenke, Known Geogr. Distrib, Verbenac., [ed, 2], 65, 66, 90, 203, & 212. 19U9; E. J. Salisb., Ind. Kew. Suppl. 11: 2lJi. 1953; Tamayo, Bol, Soc. Venez. Cienc, Nat. 22: Ul, 88, & 1U9. I96I; Heslop-Hairison, Ind. Kew, Suppl. 15: 3U. 197U; Moldenke, Phytologia 29: 82—33. 197U. The illustration given by Taunayo (I96I), p. 1U9, labeled "Syn- gonainthus adcurimensis Moldenke” [a synonym of Comamthera kegelia- na] actually represents typicaC. Syngonanthus caulescens (Poir.) Ruhl. It obviosly is not a photograph of Taunayo 323U on which S. akurimensis was based. ERIOCAULON Gron. AdditionaQ. synonymy: Randiaila Petiv. apud Lam., Encycl, M6th. Bot. 3; 276, in syn. 1789. Eriocaxilum Hook, f, ex Post & Kuntze, Lexicon 203, in syn. I90U. Eriocaulon [Gronovius] L. apud J. D. Small, FI, Miami 37. 1913. Eriocaulon Mart, ex Moldenke, R6ffum6 285, in syn. 1959. Eirocaulon N. E, Br. ex Moldenke, Phytologia 31; 397, in syn. 1975T Additional & emended bibliography; Lam., Encycl. M4th. Bot. 3: 275—276. 1739; Michx., FI. Bor .-Am., ed. 1, imp. 1, 2: 165— 166 & 335 (1803) and ed. 2, 2: 165—166 & 335. 1820; Bojer, Hort. Uaurit. 361. 1837; Keisn., PI. Vase, Gen, 1: U07. 18U2; Hook, f, i Benth. in Hook., Niger FI. 5U7 — 5U8 4 582. 18U9; Paine, Ann. Rep, Univ. N. Y, 18: [Pi. Oneida Co,] IU6, 1365; Kom. in Warm., U62 PHITOLOGIA Vol. 32, no. 5 Vidensk. Heddel. Nat\u*h. Foren. Kjobenh. 23: 31^ — 316. 1871; Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. 2: 7U6. 1891; Dalla Torre & Harms, Gen. Siphonog., imp. 1, 1900; Diels, FI. Cent .-China 236. 1902; Post & Kuntze, Lexicon 5l» 203, 216, 328, 383, 1:76, $26, 5UU, & 569. 190U; J. C. Willis, Kan. & Diet. Flow. PI., ed. 2, 368 (190U) and ed. 3, imp. 1, 378. 1908; H. Lecomte, Bull. Soc. Bot. France 55: 571—573 (1908) and 55: 591:, 595, 599, 601, & 6U3— 6ii8. 1909; Dunn & Tutcher, Kew Bull. Misc. Inf. Addit. Ser. 10: 291 — 292. 1912; J. C. Willis, Man. & Diet. Flow. PI., ed. 3, imp. 2, 378. 19lU; Fedde & Schust. in Just, Bot. Jsdiresber. I46 (2): 3» 192li; J. C. Willis, Diet. Flow. PI., ed. 5, 251. 1925; Wangerin in Just, Bot. Jahresber. It6 (2): Ii02 (1925) and U6 (1): 810. 1926; Fedde L Schust. in Just, Pot. Jahresber. hi (2); 12 (1926) and hi (2): 12. 1929; Fedde in Just, Bot. Jahresber. ij6 (2): 596 (1929) and hi (2): 319. 1929; J. C. Willis, Diet. Flow. PI., ed. 6, imp. 1. 251. I93I; J. Hutchinson, Fam. Flow. PI., ed. 1, 2: 67 &■ 236. 193a; J. C. Willis, Diet. Flow. PI., ed. 6, imp. 2, 25l (19i:8) and ed. 6, imp. 3, 251. I95I; K. R. Henderson, Malay. Wild FIs. Konocot., imp. 1, 212 fig. 127. 19^h; Petelot, Pi. M6d. Camb. Laos & Viet. 3: 267 (195u) and h: 10, h9, 58, 113, 208, 209, &. 295. 1951i; Roh- weder, Farinos. Veg. Salv. 16. 19Shi J. C, Willis , Diet. Flow. PI., ed. 6, imp. li, 251. 1955, Darlington & V/ylie, Chromos. At- las, ed. 2, imp. 1, 3I4O. 1956; Rohweder, Abhandl. Geb. Axisl. Univ. Eamb. 61 [C Naturwiss. 13]: 16. 1956; J. C. Willis, Diet. Flow. Pi., ed. 6, imp. 5, 251. 1957; J. Hutchinson, Fam. Flow. PI., ed. 2, 2; 576 & 760. 1959; Soukup, Biota 5; 300— 3OI. 1959; J. C. Willis, Diet. Flow, PI., ed. 6, imp. 6, 251. I960; Anon., PI. Highlands Hanmock St, Park U. 1962; Dalla Torre & Harms, Gen, Siphonog., imp. 2, 53. 1963; Prain, Bengal PI., imp. 2, 2: 6hl — 8h9 & 985. 1963; H. P. Riley, Fam. Flow. PI. S. Afr. 199 & 260. 1963; Punt, Reg, Veget, 36: 9. 1961;; Malhotra, Bull. Bot. Sui^r, India 13: 262, 1971; Malhotra &. Moorthy, Bull. Bot. Surv. India 13: 311:. 1971; Saxena, Bull. Bot. Surv. India 13: 89. 1971; Shetty & Vivekanathan, Bull. Bot, Surv. India 13: 21, 23, & 1:0. 1971 ; Vajravelu & Joseph, Bull. Bot, Surv. India 13; 271. 1971; Hartley, Dunstone, Fitzgerald, Johns, & Lamberton, Lloydia 36; 29U. 1973; Hocking, Excerpt. Bot. A. 21: 211. 1973; Vartak, Bull. Indian Nat, Sci. Acad, 1:5: 21:9. 1973; H. Walt., transl. Wieser, Veget. Earth [Heidelb, Sci. Lib. 15:] 77 & 231:. 1973; Anon., Biol. Abstr. 58 (7): BJl.S.I.C. E.IO8 & E.222. 1971:; Ayensu, Rep. Endang. & Threat. PI. Sp. 56, 107, 11:3, & l5l. 1971:; Farnsworth, Pharmacog, Titles 9 (1): x. 1971:; R. D, Gibbs, Chemotax. Flow, PI. 2; 1122 (I97I:), 3: 1883 (1971:), and 1:; 2119. 1971:; M. R. Hen- derson, Malay, Wild FIs. Monocot., imp. 2, 212, fig. 127. 1971:; Kulkami & Desai, Joum. Bcanbay Nat. Hist. Soc. 71: [80] — 81:, fig. 1—19. 1971:; Le6n & Alain, FI. Cuba, imp. 2. 1: 279—281, fig, 112. I97I:; Lieth, Phenol. & Season. Model. W:. 1971:; Michx., FI. Bor .-Am., ed, 1, imp. 2, 2 [Ewan, Class. Bot, Am. 3]: 165—166 & 335. 1971:; Moldenke, Biol. Abstr. 57: 3780. 1971:; Shah & Yogi, Joum, Bombay Nat, Hist. Soc, 71: 62. 1971:; J. A. Steyerm., Biotropica 6: 1 & 10. 1971:; Anon., Taxon 21:: 173. 1975; D, S, & H. B. Correll, Aquat, & Wetland PI, SW, U. S., imp. 1975 Voldenke, Notes on Eriocaulaceae U63 2, 1: 580—593, fig. 301—303 (1975) and 2: 1751. 1975; Duncan «. Foote, Wildfls. SE. U. S. 3, 2JiO, [2ia], 286, & 287. 1975; R. & A. Fitter, md FIb . Brit. & N. Bu. 260, 261, & 330. 1975; Moldenke, PhQTtologia 30 : 71—72 , 77 , 78 , 81—83 , 85 , 90 , 91, 99, 110, 111, nil, 115, 117, 118, 121, 122, 12U, 252, 25U— 256, 259, 262—267, 269—275 , 279 , 280 , 323 . 329 , 330, 332 , 333 , 337—339, & 3la— 313 (1975) and 31: 26, 229 , 360 , 375 , 376, 378 , 381, 383 , 301, 388— 391, 397, 390, UOO, & UOU. 1975; Molina R., Ceiba 19: 2h. 1975; Shah, Biol. Absti-. 59: 6329. 1975. The Lecomte (1909) reference in the above bibliography is scoe- tlmes cited as "l908", but according to the "Index Kewensis" the latter pages of this volune did not appear until 1909, although the material on them was presented in sessions of the society in 1908. The Kndlicher reference (I836) is often cited as "1836-1856", but the page involved here was actually published in 1836. The Keisner reference (18U2) is sometimes cited as "1836-18143", but the page involved here was actually issued in I8ii2, The Fitter work is dated "197U", but was not actually published xintil February 17, 1975. Malme's work (1901) is sometimes erroneously cited as "1903". Fedde (1929) asserts that the genus is mentioned on page "827" of the work cited, but I have not been ad^le to find it on that page. It is worth noting that Post & Kuntze (190li) list a Section E^ueriocolon Bail!, as a synonymy of Section Eueriocaulon Kom. Gibbs (I97U) reports that advoiinuii is doubtfiilly accianvilatod by plants of this genus, that saponina are absent or probably absent, tannins are absent, 6-hydroxy 1-flavonol quercetagetin is present in sOTie species but absent in others, patulin is present, and quercetin is present in at least one species; erioflavonol, he aif firms, may also be present. Riley (I963) reports the sporophyte chromosome numbers for members of this genus as 32 L 36; Sriocau- lon cinereum, however, is said to have I8 as the 2n count, ERIOCAULON ABYSSINICUM Hochst. Additional bibliography: Hocking, Excerpt, Bot, A. 21: 211, 1973; Moldenke, Phytologia 29: 87 & 231. 197U. ERIOCAULON ACHITON Korn. Additional bibliography: Venkatareddi, Bull. Bot, Surv, India 12: 220. 1970; Moldenke, Plytologia 29: 87. 197U. Venkatareddi (1970) refers to this species as "Occasional", flowering in August and September, citing his no, 99102 . Vartak found it growing on moist cliffs, flowering and fruiting in Sep- tember. The Schmid 80 from Annan, previously cited by me as E. achiton, appears, instead, to be ^ boni H. Lecomte. If this is~tr^e^ then ^ achiton is not now known from Indochina. Additional citations; INDIA: Maharashtra: Vartak RD.1 (Ld) . My- sore: Bogner U9U (Mu), Vol. 32, no. 5 U6U PHITOLOGIA ERIOCAULON ALPESTRE Hook . f . & Thcms . Additional bibliography: Dunn & Tutcher, Kew Bull. Misc. Inf. Addit. Ser. 10: 292. 1912; Moldenke, Phytologia 29: 88 &. 221. 197U. ERIOCAULON ALPINUM Van Royen Additional bibliography: Moldenke, Phytologia 2^: 233 & 21^7. 1973. Croft & Lelean refer to this plant as being an herb having "medlun-green leaves and Drown inflorescences, foming hard cush- ions", in Papua. They encoimtered it at 3600 m. altitude, flower- ing in June. Additional citations: NEW GUINEA: Papua: Croft & Lelean LAE. 61U7U (W— 271^.753) . ERIOCAULON ANGUSTIFOLIUM Kbm. Additional bibliography: Moldenke, Phytologia 29: 89. 197U. Hatschbach encountered this plant in "campo, nas rochas sub- mersas de riacho", flowering and fruiting in May, Additional citations; BRAZIL; Golds: Hatschbach 368 ij. (Z) . ERIOCAULON AQUATICUM (J. Hill) Druce Additional bibliography: Collett, FI. Siml. 5U9. 1902; Knoche, FI. Balear., ed. 1, 162 & 393. 1923; J. Hutchinson, Fam, Flow. PI., ed. 2, 2: 760. 19^9; Hocking, Excerpt. Bot. A.21: 211. 1973; R, D, Gibbs, Chemotax. Flow. PI. 3: 1883 (1971a) and 1;: 2119. 1971a; Knoche, FI. Balear., ed. 2, 3: 162 & 393. 1971a; Moldenke, Phytologia 29: 281—282 (1971a) and 31: 388 & 397. 1975; Ross- Craig, Drawings Brit. PI. Ind. 16. 1971a; R. & A. Fitter, Wild FIs. Brit. & N. Eu. 260, 261, & 330. 1975. Additional illustrations; J. Hutchinson, Fam. Flow. PI., ed. 3, 712, fig. 36lAa. 1973; R. & A. Fitter, Wild FIs. Brit. & N. Bu. 260, 261, & 330. 1975. Hutchinson (1959) says that this taxon is referred to in Vol. 1, p. 30, of his cited 1959 work, but I fail to find it mentioned there. The Fitter woric cited above is dated "1971a", but was not officially published until Februarj'" 17, 1975. Gibbs (1971a) rep)orts tannin present in this species, by cyano- genesis, leucoanthocyanin, and mucilage absent. EEIOCAULON ARENICOLA Britton & Small Additional bibliography: Moldenke. Phytologia 21a: 31a3. 1972; Le6n & Alain, FI. Cuba, imp. 2, 1; 280 & 1a23. 1971;. Morton found this plant in flower auid fruit in February. Additional citations: ISLA DE PINOS: C. V. Morton 10076 (W— 2351393) . ERIOCAULON ATRATUM Korn. Additional bibliography: Moldenke, Phytologia 29: 85, 91 — 92, 98, 205, & 232 (1971a) and 30: 121a. 1975. Fbiended citations: SRI LANKA: Jayasurlya & Sumlthraarachchl 1567 (N); Moldenke, Moldenke, Jayasurlya, & Sumithraarachchl 1975 Moldenke, Notes on Eriocaulaceae 28271a (W— 2765378) , 28280(W— 2765386) . Ii65 EKIOCAULON AUSTRALE R. Br. Additional bibliography: Dunn & Tutcher, Kew Bull. Uisc. Inf. Addit. Ser. 10: 291 & 292. 1912; Moldenke, Phytologia 29: 92 (I97li) and 31: 391. 1975. Latz describes this plant as an "erect broad-leaved sedge, rare" and found it growing in seepage au-eas of sandstone, flowering and fruiting in October, Dunlop found it growing in 10 cm. deep water of a freshwater pool in clay soil, flowering in April. Additional citations: AUSTRALIA: Northern Territory: C. Dunlop 3]iJb8 (Ld). AUSTRALIAN ISLANDS: Wessel: Latz 3U07 [Herb. North. Terr. 36931] (Z). ERIOCALXON BAURI N. E. Br. Additional synonymy: Eirocaulon baurii N, E. Br. ex lioldanke, Phytologia 31: 397, in syn. ±975. Additional bibliography: Moldenke, Phytologia 29: 93 & 233 (197U) and 31: 397. 1975. Bayliss encountered this plant in marshy ground and describes it as having "erect stems of ^ite flowers in small clumps" . He found it at 8000 feet altitude, flowering in Jainuary. Additional citations: LESOTHO: Bayliss BS .5382 (N) . ERIOCAULOH BEOTHAl'J Kunth Additional bibliography: Koldenke, Phytologia 2U: 3U6. 1972. Hinton found this plant growing "by water", at altitudes of 1000 — 2510 meters, flowering in May, The Edw. Palmer Itlt, Skutch 617, and Townsend & Barber 117, dis- tributed as E, benthami, seem, rather, to represent ^ ehrenberg- ianum Klotzsch. Additional citations: MEHCO: M4xico: Hinton 627 (W— l82207li) , 3U88 (W— 1636282), 3630 (W— 1822099), hSk9 (W— 1^33296). E31I0CAUL0K BIFISTULOSUM Van Heurck L Muell.-Arg. Additional bibliography; Lieth, Phenol. & Season. Model. UiUi. 19 7U; Moidenke, Phytologia 29: 282. 19 7U. Wingfield enco\intered this plant at 7110 feet altitude in Tan- ganyika. Maiaisse (197U) asserts that in Zambia it flowers in February and March, while the very similar ^ setaceum L. does not flower until May. Material has been misidentified and distributed in some herbar- ia as E. setaceum L. Additional citations; TANZANIA: Tanganyika; Wingfield 59lt (N) . ERIOCAULON BILOBATUM Morong Additional bibliography: Moidenke, Phytologia 26: 17 — 18. 1973. Additional citations; MEXICO; Jalisco; Pringle 3855 (W — 937181— isotype), 6299 (W— 25U686, W— 937155). Vol, 32, no. 5 U66 PHYTOLOGIA mCX3ADL0N BOIEAIANDK Ruhl. Additional bibliography: Cooke, FI. Presid. Bombay, ed. 1, 2; 850 (1908), ed. 2, imp. 1, 3: 362 (1958), and ed. 2, imp. 2, 3: 362. 1967j Moldenke, Pl^'tologia 29*. 9U. 197U. Cooke (1906) informs tis that at the time of the writing of his Flora he had seen no specimens of this species and none were in the Kew herbarium. ERIOCAULON BONI H. Leconte Additional bibliography: Moldenke, Phytoiogia 29: 9U. 197U. The Schmid 80, cited below and here illustrated, was previously erroneously cited by me as ^ achiton Kom., a species which it closely resembles. It seems to me now, however, that it represents Leccmte's E. bonl, a species hitherto known to me only frm the original description. In the illustration presented herewith and drawn by Charles C. Clare, Jr., in October, 197$, the following is the legend: A - Habitj B - Flower-head} C - Involucral bractlet, exterior view} D - Receptacular bractlet, exterior view} E - Stam- inate floret, sepals ranoved} F - Sepal of staminate floret} G - Pistillate floret, sepals removed} H - Sepal of pistillate floret; J - Petal of pistillate floret} K - Gynoecium} L - Seed. The specimen was collected on schist at about hOO meters alti- tude in the Dak Dam mountains, J. Jeng Drom region, southern Annara. Additional citations: INDOCHINA: Annam: Schmid 80 (N, N — floral drawings, Z — floral drawings). EEIIXAULOH BREVISCAPUM Korn. Additional bibliography: Woodr., Journ. Bcmib, Nat. 13: U29. 1901} Cooke, FI. Presid. Bombay, ed. 1, 2: 8U2 & 8i4i (1908), ed. 2, imp, 1, 3: 353 & 356 (1958), and ed. 2, imp. 2, 3: 353 & 356. 1967} Mol- denke, Phytoiogia 29: 95 (197li) and 30: 262. 1975* Cooke (1906) cites only Talbot 1379 & 1609 from Bombay and states that when he wrote his Flora there were only those two sheets rep- resenting the species in the Kew herbarium. He describes the spe- cies as "Rare" at 2000 feet altitude, flowering from December to February. ERIOCAULON BRCTffNIANlDJ Mart. Additional bibliography: J. Grab., Cat. PI. Bomb. 231. 1839} Shetty & Vivekanathan, Bull. Bot. Surv. India 13: 23 & UO. 1971} Mani, Ecol. & Bioge gr. India [lilies, Monog. Biolog. 23:] 187 & 7Ul. I97U} Moldenke, Phytoiogia 29: 282. 197ii. Cramer describes this plant as having "Heads flattened, up to 1.2 cm. in diameter, ashy-grey. Anthers grey" and found a "single tree [sic]" in the open "ly drain along borders of tea field". Additional citations: SRI lANKA: Cramer 3809 (W — 2766813)} Mol- denke, Moldenke, Jayasuriya, & Sumithraarachchi 28 293 (E» W — 2765UOI), 28296 (W — 2765398)1 Sumithraarachchi k Jayasuriya DBS. 190 (LdK 1975 Moldenke, Motes on Eriocaulacoae U67 E. F, H. J. L h68 PHYTOLOGIA Vol. 32, no. 5 ERIOCAULON BROVTNIANUM var. LATIFOLIUM Moldenko Additional bibliography: Moldenke, Phytologia 29: 282. 1971;. Additional citations: SRI LANKA: Moldenke, Moldenke, Jayasuriya, & Sumithraarachchi 28297 (¥—276^397). 28306 (W— 276539071^ ERIOCAULON BUERGtKIANUM Korn. Additional bibliography: Dunn & Tutcher, Kew Biill. Misc. Inf. Addit. Ser. 10: 292. 1912j Moldenke, Phytologia 29: 97. 197U. ERIOCAULON CARAJENSS Moldenke Additional bibliography: Moldenke, Biol. Abstr. ^7: 3780. 197lij Moldenke, Phytologia 29: 98. 1971*. ERIOCAULON CARSONI F. Muell. Additional bibliography: Moldenke, Phytologia 21*: 3l*9. 1972. Henry describes this plant as an "erect herb with globular heads, rare in moist clay at edge of lagoon" and found it in flower and fruit in June. Additional citations: AUSTRALIA: Northern Territory: N. Henry 125 (Ld, Z). mOCAULON CEYLANICUM Korn. Additional synonymy: Syngonanthus argenteus Benth., in herb. Additional bibliography: Moldenke, Phytologia 29: 85, 86, 91, 98—99. 105. 205, & 232. 19 7U. Cramer describes this plant as having "heads snowy white, up to 1.5 cm. in diameter" and encountered it in open marshy grouM among short grass, at 2760 meters altitude, flowering in August, where, he says, it was "common". Koyama describes it as "white- headed pipeworts occasional in wet depressions in wet black Pata- na grasslands with Gentianella" and found it growing at 7000 feet, flowering in March, The Koyama collection, cited below, was previously erroneously cited by me as E. dalzellii Korn. Additional citations: SRI LANKA: Cramer 3133 (W— 2713 359) J T. Koyama 13516 (N). mOCAULON CINEREUM R. Br, Additional synonymy: Eriocaulon seiboldianum Sieb . Sc Zucc . a- pud Saxena, Bull. Bot. Surv. India 12: 62, sphalm. 1970. Additional & emended bibliography: Dalz. & Gibs., Bomb. Fl. 279. 1861; VToodr., Joum. Bomb, Nat, 13: 1*29. 1901; Collett, Fl. Siml. 51*9— *550, fig. 180. 1902; Diels, Fl. Cent .-China 236. 1902; Cooke, Fl, Presid. Bombay, ed, 1, 2: 81*2 & 81*5 — 31*6. 1908; Dunn & Tutcher, Kew Bull, Misc. Inf. Addit. Ser, 10: 292. 1912; Cooke, Fl, Presid. Bombay, ed. 2. Imp. 1, 3: 351* & 357 — 358. 1958; Prain, Bengal PI., imp. 2, 2: 81*o & 985. 1963; Cooke, Fl, Presid. Bombay, ed. 2, imp. 2, 3: 351* & 357 — 358. 1967; Malhotra, Bull. Bot. Surv. India 13: 262. 1971; Moldenke, Phytologia 29: 282 (1971*), 30: 279 St 280 (1975), and 31: 397. 1975. Elnended illustrations: Collett, Fl. Siml. 550, fig. 180. 1902, 1975 Moldenke, Motes on Eriocaulaceae U69 Cooke (1906) cites onlj' Stocks 3 .n. and Talbot 1290 from Bom- bay, givinc the general distribution of the species as "Through- out India; Ceylon, China, Japan". In Bombay he reports it as being "Rare". Siddiqi, in his as yet unpublished discussion of the family in Pakistan, cites Burtt & Kami B.I3OO and Siddiqi 8 .n. , both in the liawalpindi herbarium, from Hazara and Kashmir in Pakistan, occiirring as a weed in ricefields at 5000 — 6000 feet altitude, flowering in August and September. He records the chromosome count as n ■ 9« Henry describes it as a "small e- rect herb, globular heads, rare" aind encountered it in moist clay at the edge of lagoons, flowering auid fruiting in June. He com- ments truly that the species is "close to ^ pygmaeum Soland." Elliott k Nakanine foiind it "common" in rice "^ddies on Okinawa, while in Australia Must found it as an herb to 5 cm, tall in san- dy soil along roadsides, the white flowers appearing in May. Additional citations: INDIA: Maharashtra: Vartak RD.28 (Ac). SRI UNKA: Moldenke, Moldenke, & Albert 28320 (W— 2765U11) . RYU- KYU ISLANDS: Okinawa: Elliott & Nakamine 628 (W— 259181aOA) , AUS- TRALIA: Northern Territory: N. Henry 126 ITierb . North. Terr. 31675] (Ac, Gz, Ld); Must 1212 (Ld) . ERIOCAULON CIPOENSE Alv. Silv. Additional bibliography: Fedde & Schust. in Just, Bot. Jahres- ber. U6 (2): 3. 192U; Moldenke, Phytologia 29: 101. 197U. mOCAULON COLLINUl; Hook. f. Additional bibliography: Shetty & Vlvekanathan, Bull. Bot, Surv. India 13: UO. 1971; Vajravelu k Joseph, Pull. Bot. S\irv. India 13: 271. 1971; Mani. Ecol, k Biogeogr. India [lilies, Monog. Biolog, 23:] 187 & 7U1, I97U; Moldenke, Phytologia 29: 282. 197U, Sumithraarachchi k Waas encountered this plant in a permanent pool of water, most parts of the plant covered by the water. Shatty k Vivekanathan (1971) report it as "common in marshy places in grassland" and also as "rare" in the same habitat elsewhere, at 2000 — 2075 meters altitude, flowering in April and November, and cite their nos . 261i8ii k 27403, Vajravelu k Joseph (1971) describe it as a "Small herb in tufts in marshy places, peduncles few to many, heads globose, ashy black" and cite their no, I6I89. Additional citations: SRI LANKA: Moldenke , Moldenke, Jayasuriya, k Sumithraarachchi 28271 (W— 2765U15) , 28272 (W— 2765377), 28283 (W— 2765381;), 28287 (E, W— 2765380), 28307 (E, W— 2765391); Sum- ithraarachchi k Jayasuriya DBS ,205 (Z), DBS .261; (Z) . ERIOCAULON COLLINUM var. NANUV Moldenke Additional bibliography: Moldenke, Phytologia 29: 102, 1971;. Additional citations: SRI LANKA: Moldenke, Moldenke, Jayasuriya, k Sumithiraarachchli 28281; (W — 2765383X1 ERIOCAULON COMPRESSUM Lam, Additional k emended bibliography: Michix., FI. Bor .-Am., ed. 1, imp. 1, 2: 16$ (I803), ed. 2, 2: 165 (1820), and ed. 1, imp. 2, 2 U70 PHYTOLOGIA Vol. 32, no. 5 [Ewan, Class Bot. Am. 3] J 165. 197iii Moldenke, Phytologia 29: 282 & 286 (197U) and 30: 57 & 255. I975i D. S. & H. B. Correll, Aquat. & Wetland PI. SW. U. S., imp. 2, 1: 590-592, fig. 302 (1975) and Imp. 2, 2: 1751. 1975. The Porters report this plant as common on tho wet sandy banks of canals in cypress swamps . Additional citations: FLORIDA; Lake Co.: Porter & Porter 10770 (N). ERIOCAULON COKPRESSUM var. HARPERI Moldenke Additional bibliography; Moldenke, Phytologia 29: lOU. 197U. Additional citations: FLORIDA: Wakulla Co.: Moldenke & Molden- 29U08 (Gz, Ld). ERIOCAULON CRASSISCAPUM Bong. Additional bibliography: Korn, in Warm., Vidensk. Meddel . Nat- urh. Foren. Kjb'ben. 23: 3l5. l871j Malme, Bih. Svensk Vet.-Akad. Handl. 27 (3), no. 11: 32. 1901 j Moldenke, Phytologia 29: 90 &. 105 a97U) and 30: 269. 1975. Komicke (1871) cites Warming s.n. from "In ripas ad lacum Lagoa Santa, Februario", while Malme (1901) cites Llndberg 570, Mos6n 1738, and Regnell III ;1269 from Minas Gerais, Brazil. Malme’ s work is sometimes erroneously cited as "1903". ERIOCAULON CRISTATUll Mart. Additional bibliography: Dunn & Tutcher, Kew Bull. Misc. Inf. Addit. Ser. 10; 292. 1912; Moldenke, Phytologia 29: 282 (197U) and 31; 389 & 390. 1975. ERIOCAULON CRISTATUM var. BREVICALYX C. H. Wright Additional bibliography’’; Moldenke, Phytologia 2li.: 3^2 — 353 (1972) and 31: 390. 1975. Hu encountered this plamt "on rocks of slow-flowing stream, in bright sun" and describes it as having a "rhizome 5 — 10 cm. long, forming a mat over the rock surface". He found It in flow- er in November, but misidentified it as Eriocaulon "sebacctan L." Citations: HONGKONG ISUNDS: High: S. Y. Hu B^6 (W— 27313U3) . ERIOCAULON CUBENSE Ruhl. Additional bibliography; Le6n & Alain, FI. Cxiba. imp. 2, 1; 280 & ii23. 197U; Moldenke, Phytologia 29: 105. 197U. ERIOCAULON CUSPIDATUM Dalz. Additional bibliography: Woodr., Joiu:n. Bomb. Nat. 13: U29. I9OI; Cooke, FI. Prosid. Bombay, ed. 1. 2: 8U2 &. 8U7 — 81;8 (1908), ed. 2, imp. 1, 3: 351^ & 359—360 (1958), and ed. 2, imp. 2, 3: 35U & 359—360. 1967i Moldenke, Phytologia 29: 106. 19 7U. Cooke (1908) cites Dalzell s .n.. Law s.n.. Stocks s.n., and Talbot 1083 from Bombay, where he says the species flowers in November. He gives its general distribution as only "India (W. Peninsula)". [to be con-tinued] BOOK REVIEWS Aina L. Uoldenke "THE WILD FLOWERS OF BRITAIN AND NORTHERN EUROPE" text by Richard Fitter & Alastair Fitter, illustrations by Marjorie Blarney, 336 pp., illus., Charles Scribner's Sons, New York, N, Y. 10017. [197U] 1975. $10.00. For the native and the established introductions of flowering plants (except for high alpines, grasses, sedges and rushes) of the northwest quadrant of Europe there are over 1200 colored illxxs- trations with visually 7 to 9 on the right hand page while on the matching left hand page are listed common and scientific names ajid other pertinent data not obviously duplicated in the neighboring illustrations . This delightful book is crammed — but intsrestingly, attract- ively, helpfully and accurately — with botanical information through very simple, quick-working keys and/or page flipping. The artist has drawn and tinted the plants accurately and beautifully fr(»i live specimens mshed to her from all over Britain and adja- cent covered areas over three years of blooming seasons. In fact, she only took up painting in 196$ as a mature adult. During World War II she trained as a professional photographer. Evidently her eyes (and brain, etc.) have been as critically sensitive to details as were her cameras. The fact that some few colors not consistently natural is probably due to printing rather than to the painting. The authors, irtio are ardent conservationists, suggest that we "Take the book to the plant, not the plant to the book" when making identifications . This book would be a Joyful companion or reminder of a quick trip in or through this area of the world. "FUNDAMENTALS OF PHOTOGRAPHY" by C. B. Neblette, vii & 351 PP., illus.. Van Nostrand Reinhold Company, Toronto, London, Mel- bourne, Cincinnati & New York, N, Y. 10001. 1970. $12.50, The author is Dean Eineritue of the College of Graphic Arts and Photography in the Rochester Institute of Technology, neighbor to the Eastman Kodak Research Laboratory. And for any reader who might not know, this fact mediates excellence. The text is geared to a serious college level approach. The first 8 chapters deal with the nature, history and uses in ovir world and beyond. Basic chemistry, physics and mathesiatics are assumed and are used ef- fectively. The next 15 chapters deal with the practice of photo- graphy — light sources, optics, lenses, cameras, negative materials and processing, direct or reversal positives and their printing, color photography, slides, and projection. Explanations and diagrams on levels far from simple are nevertheless clearly liTl Vol. 32, no. 5 h72 PKYTOLOGIA developed. The printed photographic plates indicate great skill — for instance, in the frontispiece which demonstrates hoir "infra-red radiation photography made many ancient illegible manuscripts decipherable". "THE DICTIONA.RI OF ROSES IN COLOUR" 2nd Impression, text by S. Millar Gault & Patrick M. Synge, photographs by Ernest Crowson, xlv &. I9I pp., illus., Michael Joseph Ltd,, Lon- don WC 1B3EF. 1975 • X 7.75 oversize. So broad in scope, so careful in preparation, so accurate in its botanical and historical information, so helpful in horticul- tural practices and principles, so breathtakingly exquisite in its photography — this publication surpasses qualitatively and quantitatively any recent rose publication worldwide. This beautifully presented study was first published in 1971 as a companion voliune to '"The Dictionary of Gaixien Plants in Colour" and, like it, was sponsored by the Royal Horticultural Society. In addition, it was jointly sponsored by the Royal National Rose Society, whose president, Frank M. Bowen, has sup- plied the Foreword. The first author presents the modern shrub roses, the floribundas, and the hybrid teas. The second author presents the history of rose culture, the species naming and descriptions, specializing in the old garden and climbing roses. The very special quality of the 506 color photographs is the re- sult of the authors* close supervision of only one very highly skilled photographer, his typically using only one camera, his carefully checking light conditions and film sensitivity resul- ting in colors that are so satisi^ingly true to life. After an interesting history of rose culture, the introduc- tion treats effectively cultivation, pruning and training, tools, propagation, pests and diseases, and plants associated with roses . Then follow the color plates and then the horticviltural names, sources, types, introduction, use, and special informa- tion, all concisely presented. "THE BIOCHEMISTRY OF GREEN PLANTS" by David W. Krogmann, xtl & 239 H*., illus., Prentice-Hall Inc., Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey 07632. 1973. $11.95 clothbound. 1971. $6.95 paperbound. This good text is the sixth title in the "Foundatior^s of Mod- ern Biochemistry Series" and it concentrates effectively on wide- spread phytochemical activities such as photosynthetic C metabo- lism, photosystems I and II, chloroplast development, and hormonal controls , The glossaries are incanpletely and carelessly presented but the source references are well supplied. PHYTOLOGIA Designed to expedite botanical publication tVol. 32 January, 1976 No. 6 CONTENTS PANIGRAHl, G., Taxonomic notes on certain taxa of Asiatic Angiosperms .473 NEVLING, L. I., Jr., A new species of Funifera ( Thymelaeaceae ) 480 MOLDENKE, H. N., Notes on new and noteworthy plants. LXXXV 483 MOLDENKE, H. N., Additional notes on the Eriocaulaceae. LVIII 487 Index to authors in Volume Thirty-two 506 Index to supraspecific scientific names in Volume Thirty-two 506 Publication dates 512 JAN 20 PT8 - ■ botanical gard»^ Published by Harold N. Moldenke and Alma L. Moldenke 303 Parkside Road Plainfield, New Jersey 07060 U.S.A. Price of this number $1.50; per volume, $9.50 in advance or $10.25 after close of volume; 75 cents extra to all foreign addresses ^ TAXONOMIC NOTES ON CERTAIN TAXA OP ASIATIC ANCIOSFTTIMS C.Panigrahi Indian Liaison Officer at the Royal Botanic Gardena, Kew. During my studies In the Indian flowering plants, some of the results obtained on the taxonomy, id entity and nomenclature of certain taxa of Asiatic angiosperms are published here for practical reasons. The types mentioned have been studied except where Indicated to the contrary. EUSTERAUS Rafin.(l836) ( Lablatae). El-Gazzar & L.Wat8on(l967) from their studies involving 37 species belonging to the genera Pogostemon De8f.(l8l5) and Dyeophylla Bl.(l836) divided them into two distinct groups, ^oup 1 comprising 26 species and Croup 2,11 species. They transferred four species of Dysophylla Bl, including the type species D.euriculata (L.)B1, to Fogostemon Deaf., representing the species of Croup 1 and kept apart the 11 species of Croup 2 to represent the genus Dysophylla auctt. .non Bl.(l826), Since the type species of Dysophylla Bl. was transferred to Pogostemon Desf., Airy Shaw (1967) proposed conservation of the new genus Dysophylla Il-Gazzar & L. Watson ex Airy Shaw with D.quadrifolia(Benth. )E1-Cazzar & L. Watson ex Airy Shaw as the type species. While doing so, he argued why the generic name Chotekia Opiz A Corda is not available for the species of the section VERTICILTiATAE Benth. ( 18^8) , but did not say why Eusteralis Rafin. (I836) , a validly described genus, could not be used instead. His formal proposal No.200( see Taxon 16:190,1967) for such proposed conservation, has, it is understood , been rejected. Airy Shaw (19735397,447) POT considers Dysophylla El-Cazzar A L. Watson ex Airy Shaw as congeneric and synonymous to Eusteralis Rafin. It is pertinent to point out that Rafinesque's description and comments on the genus Eusteralis with E.pumila (Crah.)Rafin. as the type and sole speci -ies, leave no doubt as regards its suitability to include the species of the section VERTICILLATAE sensu Benth. However, in consideration of the very brief description of the genus Eusteralis Rafin. ,when publi- shed, the following emended description is furnished ( see El-Cazzar A liTli PHYTOLOGIA Vol. 32, no. 6 L,Watson,1967: 18?) : Leaves Terticillate,3-10 in a whorl, linear, sess- -ile and usually glabrous; calyx tubular, 5-dentate; corolla subequa- lly quadrif id ; stamens 4,equal,ex8erted;filaments bearded; anthers terminal, unilocular and transversely dehiscent ;helophytic herbs," with stems generally aerenchymatous and crystals usually present in the calyx. This resuscitation of the genus Eusteralis Rafin. necessitates the transfer of seventeen species of Dysophylla . mainly from the Ind- -ian region, to Eusteralis and of one species to the genus Pogostemon Desf. The nomenclatural check up has resulted in proposing a new name (nom.nov.) for Dysophylla stellate auctt..non Benth.(l830) and which is named here as Eusteralis deccanensis as the species is endemic in South India, 1. BIJSTERAIIS PUlCLi ( Grab.) Rafinesque ,Fl.Torull. 2: 95(1836/37) . Mentha(?) pumila Grsih. in Edinb.New Phil. Joum.4-393(l828) . Type: Nepal," the seeds of this plant were obtained from Nepaul by Capt .Macgill sent to us in 1827. ^he seedlings were kept in the stove and never transplanted.... ~ ~ .Dec. Jan." .Graham s.n, ( not seen) . Dysophylla crassicaulis var .p'junila (Grah. )Hook.f . ,Fl.Brit.Ind.4 : 640 (1885). Clarke 2369I B collected from Madhya Pradesh, Raipur, Chumba, 915 on 15 Oct, 1874 and identified with D. crassicaulis Benth . var . amoena C.B. Clarke, represents a mere variant of E, pumila. Distribution: India,Nepal, 2. EUSTERALIS STELTjATA (Lour.) P ani gr ahi . c omb . no v . Mentha stellata Lour. .FI. Cochin. 2: 36l( 1790) ,nop Buch.-Ham.ex Roxb. (1832). Type: " Habitat loca humida inculta in Cochinchina" .Loureiro s.n. (BM) .Dysophylla verticillata Benth. L Wall, Cat, no, 1544 » 1828, nom.nud.) in Wall,Pl.Aslat.Rar.l:30(l830) ,et Lab, Gen, et Sp. 1:159 (1852-36) ;Hook.f. , FI. Brit.Ind.4=639(l885). Type: Bangladesh. Sylhet, Wallich 1544. 1(K -WALL. ) . Mentha verticillata Roxb.L Hort.Beng. :44 1814. nom.nud.].Fl.Ind. 3: 5(1832). non Linn. ( 1759) .nee D.Don (l825). Type: East India. Roxburgh 159(K). Dysophylla atellata(Lour.)Benth. 1976 Panigrahi, Tajconcmic notes U75 in Wall, , PI. Asiat.Rar. 1:30(1830) , pro pairte, ,incl.typo ,excl. descript, et et synon.; Li Hsi-Wen in Aota Phytotax.Sin.l3(l) : 75 ( 1975) .non Benth. (1832-'36). D.benthamiana Hance in Ann.Sci.Nat,V,Bot.5!23l4.(l866) ; Merrill in Trans. Amer. Phil, Soc .New Ser, 24(2) :342(l935) .Type: "In stagnls circa Cantonem,m.Aug.a.l864,Sam£aon ( Herb.No.ll448)(BM,K). D.raaoalsaima Benth. in Wall.Cat.No.l543»pro parte, 1828, et Wall., PI. Asiat.Rar, l:30(l830) in synon, nom.nud. Distribution: China, Japan, Ponnosa , India, Nepal, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Viet Nam, Java, Australia, Bentham(l830) made, what we may now call a new combination .Dysophylla 3tellata( Lour. )BenthFi.'~. based on Mentha stellata Lour. ( 1790) and identi- fied Wallich 1542 (K-WALL) with it and described it. He also mado,vlewMfc as above, another new combination .D.verticillata (Roxb.) Benth. based on Mentha verticillata Roxb.(l8l4) and referred to it Wallich 1544 and furnished a description. Since Roxburgh's name was not validly published until I832 and even then was a later homonym for Mentha verticillata L. ( 1759) .D.verticillata Benth. must be considered as a ifP*noT.{.rdating from I83O ( see 'Note' under Art. 72 of the Internat- ional Code of Botanical Nomenclature, 1972) , In l832-36,’h-head; C - Involucral bractlet; D - Receptacular bractlet; E - Starainate floret; F - Sepals of staminate floret; G - Staminate floret with sepals re- moved; H - Pistillate floret; J - Pistillate floret, showing style-branches and stignas; K - Gynoecium; L - Petal of pistil- late floret. The ttpe of this interesting species was collected by Gert Hatschbach (no. 368OU) on a sandy campo at "Rod. GO-12, km 5“10 a Sul de Alto Paraiso", GoiAs, Brazil, on lleiy 2h, 1975, la deposited in my personal herbarium at Plainfield, New Jersey. ADDITIONAL NOTES ON THE ERIOCAULaCEAE . LVIII Harold N. Moidenke ERIOCAULACEAE Lindl. Additional bibliography: Korn, in Warm., Vidensk. Vleddel, Nat. Foren. Kjdbenh. 23: [309] — 315* 1871; Fedde in Just, Bot, Jahres- ber. U6 (2): 596, 62U, 651, k 8IO. 1929; lloldenke, Phytologia 32: U58— U70. 1975. It should be noted here that Fedde (1929) refers to page "827" in his work as mentioning Eriocaulon, but I fail to find any reference to this genus, nor to tne family, on this page. U88 PHTTOLOGIA Vol. 32, no, 6 ERIOCAULON Gron. Additional bibliography: Schnitzl., Iconogr, 1: pi, U6, fig, 1 — 7, 18U5} Fedde in Just, Bot, Jahrosber, lib (2): 596, 1929; Kol- denke, Phytoiogia 32: i;6l — U70, 1975» Fedde (1929) asserts that there is a reference to this genus on page '*827*' of his cited work, but I fail to find it there. ERIOCAULON DALZELLII Kom. Additional bibliography: Woodr., Joum, Bomb. Nat, 13: 1:29, 1901; Cooke, FI, Presid. Bombay, ed, 1, 2: 8Ul &. 8U3 (1908), ed. 2, imp. 1, 3: 353 & 355 (1958), and ed. 2, imp. 2, 3: 353 & 355. 1967; Moldenke, Phytologia 29: 106, 197, & 283 (197li) and 32: i;68. 1975. Cooke (1903) cites only Dalzell s .n. and Stocks s.n, from Bombay, "in streams", flowering from October to December, and gives the overall distribution as "India (W. Peninsula)", He conments that "The specific name rivulare originally given to the plant by Dalzell (1851) was changed into Dalzellii by Koer- nicke (l.c.) on account of the name rivulare having been pi*e- occupied by Don (181|9) . But Don's plant is now ^ latifolium. Smith (1809), so that Dalzell' s name has been restored," This action, however, is not in accord with the present edition of the International Code, so Kornicke's name is again being adopted by me. The ^ Koyama 13516, previously cited by me as ^ dalzellii, seems better placed as E, ceylanlcum Korn, Additional citations: INDIA: Maharashtra: Vartak RD.19 (Z). ERIOCAULON DECANGULARE L. Additional synonymy: Randiala aunericana procerior Petiv, a- pud Lam., Encycl. M6th, Dot, 3: 276, in syn, 1789. Globulciriae affinis aquatica, caule tenui aphyllo gramineo, capitulls albi- cantlbus parvis globosis, foliis paucis humis trails graminels Gron. apud Lam., Encycl, M5th. Bot. 3: 276, in syn. 1789. Eriocaulon cvilmo decangular!, foliis long is laevibus erectis Walt, apud Lam., Encycl, M6th, Bot. 3: 276, in syn. 1789. Erio- caulon noveboracense , capitulo alba globoso s, Globiilaria ameri- cana statices baud absimilis, cauliculis lana atro-rubente refertis Pluk, apud Lam., Encycl. Ll6th. Bot. 3*' 276, in syn, 1789. Eriocaulon cnimn stria to longissimo, foliis ensiformibus brevibus prostratls, capitulo globoso Lam., Encycl. Li^th. Bot. 3: 276. iW. Additional bibliography: Mlchx.. FI. Bor .-Am., ed. 1, imp. 1, 2: 165 (1803), ed. 2, 2: 165 (1820), and ed. 1, imp. 2, 2 [Ewan, Class. Bot. Am. 3]: 165. 1971*; Moldenke, Phytologia 29: 283 (1971*), 30: 57 (1975), and 31: 375 & 376. 1975; D. S. & H. B. Cornell, Aquat. & Wetland PI. SW. U. S., imp. 2, 1: [589] & 590, fig. 301 (1975) and imp. 2, 2: 1751. 1975; Duncan & Foote, Wild- fls. SE. U. S. 21*0, [2la], 286, & 287. 1975. 1976 lloldenke. Notes on Eriocaxilacoae U89 Additional illustrations: Dime an &; Foote, Wildfls . SE. U. S. [2U.] (in color), 1975. The illustration given by the Corrells (1975), purporting to represent the typical fom of this species, seems, rather, to be of f, parviceps lloldenke. It is worth mentioning here that the involucral bractlets on Koldenke & Moldenke 299it9 are conspicuously long-pilose I Lamarck (1789) calls this species "joncinelle d6cangulaire" and "joncinelle tardive". Additional citations: NEW JERSEY: Burlington Co.: Moldenke St lloldenke 29139 (ki, SI, W) . GEORGU: Bulloch Co.: Moldenke St ~ Moldenke 299li9 (Gz) . Jekyll Islaind: Moldenke 4 Moldenke 29883 (Gz). FLORIDA: Levy Co.: Moldenke & lloldenke 29U$8 (Ld, Tu) . Nassau Co,: Moldenke & lloldenke 29866 (Ld) . ERIOCAULON DECANGULARE f . PARVICEPS Moldenke Additional bibliography: Moldenke, Phytologia 29: 283. 197U; D. S. Sf H. B. Correll, Aquat, & Wetland PI, SW. U. S., imp. 2, 1: [589], fig. 301. 1975. Additional illustrations: D, S. & H, B. Cornell. Aquat. St Wetland PI. SW. U. S., imp. 2, 1: [589], fig. 301 [as E. decan- gtil^e] . 1975. AdSitional citations: NICARAGUA: Cabo Gracias a Dios: Bunting & Licht U38 (W— 251i2882) . ERIXAULON DEIGIfTONII Meikle Additional bibliography: Moldenke, Phytologia 26: 1^58. 1973; Heslop-Karrison, Ind. Kew. Suppl. 15: 5l. 19 7u. ERIOCAULON DEPRESSUII R, 3r. ex J. E. Sm. in Rees, Cyclop. 13: Eriocaulon. 1809. Additional bibliography: Moldenke, Phytologia 29: 19ii. 197U; Hesloi>-Karrison, Ind, Kew, Suppl. 15: 51. 197ii. ERIXAULON DIAKAE Fyson Additional bibliography: Malhotra & Moorthy, Bull. Bot, Surv, India 13: 3lU. 1971; Moldenke, Phytologia 29: 19U & 236. 1971. Malhotra St Moorthy (1971) cite their nos. 122U80, 123257, St 123507. The Vartak RD.8 St RD.ll, distributed as typical ^ dlanae, seem better placed as var. longibrac teat urn Fyson, while RD.5 & RD.6 are better regarded as representing var, richaixiianun Fyson. Additional citations: INDIA: Maharashtra: Vartak RD.h (Z), RD.7 (Z), RD.9 (Ac), RD.IO (Z) . ERIOCAULON DIA^Ji.E var. LONGIBRACTEATUM Fyson Additional bibliography: Moldenke, Phyi-ologia 29: 19ii. 197U. Additional citations: INDIA: Maharashtra: Vartak RD.8 (Ac), RD.ll (Ac). Ii90 PHITOLOGIA Vol. 32, no, 6 ERIOCAULON DIANAE var, RICHARDIANUM Fyson Additional bibliography; Koldenke, Phytologia 29; I9U. 197li» Material of this variety has been distributed in sane herbaria as typical ^ dlanae Fyson, Additional citations; INDIA; Maharashtra; Vartak RD,5 (Z) , RD,6 (Z), ERIOCAULON DIOECUM Ruhl, Additional bibliograpliy; Le6n & Alain, FI, Cuba imp. 2, 1; 280 & U23, 197U; Moldenke, Phytologia 29; 283, 197h. ERIOCAULON EBERHARDTII H, Leconte Additional bibliography; Moldenke, Known Geogr. Distrib, Ver- benac,, [ed, 2], 136 & 20U. 19U9j Moldenke, Phytologia 26; 23, 1973. ERIOCAULON ECKENOSPERMOrDEUM Ruhl, Additional bibliography: Moldenke, Known Geogr, Distrib. Ver- benac., [ed. 2], li3 & 201;, 19U9i Moldenke, Plrytologia 2I4.! 3^8. 1972; Le6n & Alain, Fl. Cuba, imp. 2, 1; 281 & U23. 197i|. ERIOCAULON ECHINOSPERMUM C. Vfright Additional bibliography: Le6n & Alain, Fl. Cuba, imp. 2, 1; 279—280 & U23. 197li; Moldenke, Phytologia 29; 283 (197U) and 31: 397. 197^. Elonan encountered this plant in mud at the edge of water of small lakes in pinelands, flowering in March, and fruiting in No- vember. The United States National Herbarium specimen of what appears to be an isotype has its label "corrected” by someone to "3237" and to "3238", but obviously in error. The specimen on the sheet seems definitely to be part of TEright's no, 3738 collection. Additional citations; CUBA: Pd.nar del Rio: Ekman I8l27 (W — 1302883), 18767 (W— 1302001;) ; £. Wright 3738 (W— 936259— isotype) . ERIOCAULON ECHINULATUM Mart. Additional bibliography; Dunn & Tutcher, Kew Bull, Misc, Inf. Addit. Ser, 10: 291 & 292. 1912; Moldenke, Phytologia 29! 19^ • 197U. ERIOCAULON EHRENBERGIANUM KLotzsch Additional synonymy; Eriocaulon ehrenb ergianum "Klotzsch ex Koern," apud Molina R., Ceiba 19: 2U. 197$. Eriocaulon ehrenb ergianum Korner ex Moldenke, Phytologia 31 ! 397, in syn. 197$. Additional bibliography: Moldenke, Known Geogr. Distrib. Ver- benac., [ed. 2], 30, 3$, &. 201;. 19l;9; Moldenke, Phytologia 21;: 358 (1972), 31: 397 (1975), and 32: U65. 1975; Molina R., Ceiba 19: 21;. 1975. Recent collectors describe the flower-heads of this species as white and have found the plant growing "on open marsh plains", in springy bogs, and in the pine-oak zone at ll;50 m. altitide, where 1976 Moldenke, Notes on Erlocaulaceae h91 It was abundant in the sedge mats near streams, flowering in June, July, and November, and fruiting in June and July. Schaffner 226 is a mixture with E. microcephalum H.B.K. Additional citations: MEXICO: Chihuahua: Townsend & Barber 117 (W — 3l470Ui, W — 568113). Federal District: F. Salazar s.n, [Xochi- milco, Nov. 1912] (W— 10114287) . Hidalgo: Pringle 8969T^ l|6lii60). Jalisco; Edw. Palmer UU (W— 145263. W— 9371^1i) . M4x1co: Denton 1912 (Mi); Schaffner 226, in part (’.V--39719I4) . GUATEMAU; Chimaltenango : Skutch 617 (W — 1587618). ERIOCAULON EKMANNII Ruhl. Additional bibliography; Moldenke, Known Geogr. Distrib. Ver- benac., [ed. 2], h3 St 20U. 19U9; Moldenke, Phytologia 2hi 358. 1972; Le6n & Alain, FI. Cuba, imp. 2, 1: 280—281 & I423. 197U. ERIOCAULON ELENORAE Fyson Additional bibliography; Moldenke, Phytologia 29: I96. 197U; Shah & Yogi, Journ. Bombay Nat. Hist, Soc. 71: 62. 197U. Additional citations: INDIA; Maharashtra; Vartak RD»12 (Z) . ERIOCAULON ENSIFORME C. E. C. Fischer Additional bibliography: Moldenke, Known Geogr. Distrib, Ver- benac., [ed. 2], 126 & 2OI4. 19U9; Vajravelu & Joseph, Bull. Bot, Surv. India 13: 271. 1971; Moldenke, Phytologia 26: 2>-2U. 1973. Vajravelu & Jospeh (1971) describe this plant as a •‘Conimon herb in marshy places with long ensiform leaves, peduncles solitary, very long, heads ashy” and cite their no. 15562 from Coimbatore, India. ERIOCAULON EPAPILLOSUM Ruhl. Additional bibliography: Moldenke, Known Geogr. Distrib. Ver- benac., [ed. 2], 76 & 20U. 19 U9; Moldenke, Phytologia 21:; U58. 1972. ERIOCAULON ESCAPE Hansen Additional bibliography: Heslop-Harrison. Ind. Kew, Suppl. 15: 51. 197U; Moldenke, Phytologia 29: 196. 1974. ERIOCAULON EURYPEPLON Korn. Additional bibliography: Cooke, FI, rresid, Bcmbay, ed, 1. 2: 851. 1908; Moldenke, Known Geogr, Distrib. Verbenac., [ed. 2], 126 & 20U. 19U9; Cooke, FI. Prasid, Bcsnkay, ed. 2, imp, 1, 3: 363— 361: (1958) and ed. 2, imp. 2, 3: 363—361:. 1967; Moldenke, Phytologia 21:: 1:59. 1972. Cooke (1908) says "Koemicke gives 'Eiast Indies' as the habi- tat of the plant which is stated to have been collected by Huegel no, 1886 (Hb. Vindob, et Zuccarini), no precise locality having been mentioned. Ruhland. .. .gives East Indies, Malabar, Konkan, &o. as the habitat, and Stocks, Huegel, ic. as the collectors, but there is no mention of the whereabouts of the sp>ecimans said to have been collected by Stocks. None of these are to be found U92 PHITOLOGIA Vol. 32, no. 6 in Herb. Kew., and as Stocks almost invariably sent his collec- tions to the Kew Herbarium, I think it probable that Ruhland has made a mistake in his citation. There is, as far as I know, no evidence of the existence of the species in the Bombay Presiden- cy." On the contrary, I have seen a specimen of Stocks , Law, &c. 3 .n. from "Malabar, Concan ficc." in the Berlin herbarium and have one in my personal herbarium. ERIOCAULON FABERI Ruhl. Additional bibliography: Moldenke, Known Geogr. Distrib. Ver- benac., [ed. 2], 132 & 20]1. 19U9} Moldenke, Phytologia 2li: kS9 • 1972. ERIOCAULON FISTULOSUM R. Br. ex J. E. Sm. in Rees, Cyclop. 13*. Sriocaulon. 1809. Additional bibliography: Moldenke, Known Geogr. Distrib. Ver- benac., [ed. 2], 153 & 20U. 19U9} Moldenke, Phytologia 2U: 1972; Heslop-Harrison, Ind. Kew. Suppl. 15: 51* 197U* ERIOCAULON FLUVIATILE Trimen Additional bibliography: Moldenke, Phytologia 29: 196 — 197 & 227 (197ii) and 31: 390. 1975. Hu describes what appears to be this species as a "very deli- cate herb" and encountered it in an abandoned ricefield, flowering and fruiting in August, and identified it as ^ setae eum L. He also found it growing in "shade, on rock of a stream, flowers white", in anthesis in November. Vartak refers to it as growing in "liquid mud". Additional citations: IlfDIA: Maharashtra: Vartak RD.Jit (Z) . SRI LANKA: Bogner 568 (Mu); Moldenke, Moldenke, Jayasuriya, & Sumithraarachchi 28279 (W— 2765387), 23281 (W— 2765385), 28292 (W— 2765U02) . HONG KONG: S. ^ Hu 8529 (W— 267588U) , 10873 (W— 2730973) . ERIOCAULON FRIESIORUM Bullock Additional bibliography: Moldenke, Known Geogr, Distrib. Ver- benac., [ed. 2], 118 & 20I4.. 19U9; Moldenke, Phytologia 26: 2U. 1973. ERIOCAULON FULIGINOSUM C. Wright Additional bibliography: Le6n & Alain, FI. Cuba, imp. 2, 1: 280 & li23. 197U; Moldenke, Phytologia 29: 283 (197U), 30: 35 (1975), and 31: 397 & 398. 1975. Ekman found this species growing in moist places in pineland savannas. In addition to the months previously reported, it has been collected in anthesis in April and December and in fruit in April, September, October, and December. Material has been rais- identified and distributed in some herbaria as ^ schiedeanum Kom. On the other hand, the Britton, Britton, & Wilson 15008, distributed as E. fuliginosum, is actually E. pinarense Ruhl. 1976 Moldenke, Notes on Eriocaulaceae li93 Additional citations; CUBA; Las Villas; Canbs $68 (W— 1515676) . Oriente; Acufla 12379 (W— I88O969). Pinar del Rio; Ekman I786I4 (W— 1301997) . BELIZE; Gentle 993 (W— 1^88375) • ERIOCAULON FULVUM N. E. Br. Additional bibliography; H. Lecorate, Bull, Soc. Bot, France $$: 601. 1909; Uoldenke, Phytologia 29: 197. 197U. ERIOCAULON FUSIFORME Britton & Small Additional bibliography; Uoldenke, Knoirn Geogr. Distrib, Ver- benac., [ed. 2], U5 & 20ii. 19U9; Uoldenke, Phytologia 2U: U60. 1972} Le6n & Alain, FI. Cuba, imp. 2, 1; 280 & U23. 197U. FJIIOCAULCK GAilBLEI C. E. C. Fischer Additional bibliography; Uoldenke, Known Geogr. Distrib. Ver- benac., [ed. 2], 126 & 20li. 19U9} Uoldenke, Phytologia 26; 2li. 1973} Uanl, Ecol. & Biogeogr. India [lilies, Uonog, Biolog. 23:] 187 & 7la. 197U. ERIOCAULON GIBBOSUl! Korn. Additional bibliography: Uoldenke, Piv’^ologis 29: 197 (197U) and 30: 37. 1975. Malme (1901) cites Malme 1572 & 1572* from Uato Grosso, Bra- zil, His work is sometimes erroneously cited as "1903". ERIOCAULON GLAUCUU W. Griff. Additional bibliography; Uoldenke, Known Geogr, Distrib. Ver- benac., [ed. 2], 129 &■ 20li. 19U9} Uoldenke, Phytologia 2li: li6l. 1972. ERIOCAULON GUZIOVII Ruhl. Additional bibliography; Uoldenke, Known Geogr. Distrib, Ver- benac., [ed. 2], 76 & 20li. 19U9} Uoldenke, Phytologia 2U: U6l. 1972. EKIOCAULON GRAPHITINUU F. Uuell . & Tate Additional bibliography; Wangerin in Just, Bot. Jadiresber. Ii6 (1): U02. 1925} Fedde in Just, Bot. Jahresber. 1|6 (2): 596. 1929} Uoldenke, Known Geogr. Distrib. Verbenac., [ed. 2], 153 & 20U. 19U9} Uoldenke, Phytologia 2U: U6I. 1972, ERIOCAULON GUADAUJARENSE Ruhl. Additional bibliography: Uoldenke, Known Geogr. Distrib. Vei^ benac., [ed, 2], 30 & 20h. 191:9} Uoldenke, Phytologia 26; 25. 1973. Pxdngle found this plant growing in "wet places", flowering and fruiting in November. Additional citations: UEXICO: Jalisco: Pringle 173U (W — 937153— isotype) . ERIOCAULON GUIANEIBE Korn. Additional bibliography: Uoldenke, Known Geogr. Distrib, Ver- Ii9h PHITOLOGIA Vol. 32, no. 6 benac., [ed, 2], 63, 66, 68, & 201*. 19U9} Moldenke, Phytologia 21*: U61. 1972. ERIOCAULON HAMILTONIANUM Mart. Additional bibliography: Moldenke, Phytologia 29: 198 — 199« 1971*. The Vartak RD.30, distributed as ^ hamiltonianum, seems actu- ally to be ^ humile Moldenke . ERIOCAULON HANANOEOOENSE Masamune Additional bibliograpi^: Moldenke, Known Geogr. Mstrib. Ver- benac., [ed. 2], 13U Sr. 201*. 19l*9j Moldenke, Phytologia 21*: 1*62. 1972. ERIOCAULON HELEOCHARIOIDES Satake Additional bibliography: Moldenke, Known Geogr. Distrib. Ver- benac., [ed. 2], 13l* & 201*. 19U9i Moldenke, Phytologia 2l*: 1*62. 1972. ERIOCAULC*! HERZOGII Moldenke Additional bibliography: Moldenke, Phytologia 26: 2$, 1973; Heslop-Harrison, Ind. Kew. Suppl. 15 : 51 • 1971*. ERIOCAULON HETERODOXUM Moldenke Additional bibliography: Moldenke, Known Geogr. Distrib. Ver- benac., [ed. 2] , 66 & 201*. 19l*9; Moldenke, Phytologia 21*: 1*63. 1972. ERIOCAULON HETSIOGYNUM F. Muell. Additional bibliography: Moldenke, Known Geogr. Distrib. Ver- benac., [ed. 2], 153 & 201*. 19l*9; Moldenke, Phytologia 21*: 1*63. 1972. ERIOCAULON HETEROLEPIS Steud. Additional bibliography: Cooke, FI. Presid. Bombay, ed. 1, 2: 851 (1908), ed. 2, imp. 1, 3: 363 (1958), and ed. 2, imp. 2, 3: 363. 1967; Moldenke, Phytologia 29: 199. 1971*. Cooke (1908) says "Plant collected by Polydore Roux near Bcm- bay (fide Steudel) . The species depends altogether on the descrip- tion by Steudel, who may or may not have had Roux's specimens. Koernicke states.... that he has seen no specimens of the plant and considers the species a very doubtful one which may have been de- scribed under another name, but, curiously enough, he has made a variety to this doubtful species in Miq. Ann. Mus. Lugd. Bat. v. 3 (1867) p. 239, which he names var. nigricans , a Java plant, which he fully describes. Ruhland. .. .copies Koernicke' s description of the Java plant (var. nigricans) , and assigns it to ^ heterolepis as a typical description of that species." ERIOCAULON HETEROLEPIS var. NIGRICANS Korn. Additional bibliography: Cooke, FI. Presid. Bombay, ed. 1, 2: 1976 Uoldenke, Notes on Elriocaulaceaa U95 851 (1908), ed. 2, imp. 1, 363 (1958), and ed. 2, imp. 2, 3: 363. 1967; Moldenke, Phytologia 29: 199. 197U. The Kuntze 5686, cited below, was previously erroneously cited by me as ^ hookerianum Stapf. Kuntze enco\intered it at 5300 feet altitude, flowering and fi*uiting in August. Additional citetions; GREATER SUNDA ISLANDS: Java: Kuntze 5686 (N). ERIOCAULON HETEROPEPLON Alv. Silv. Additional bibliography: Fedde & Schust. in Just, Bot. Jadires- ber. U6 (2): 3. 192ii; Moldenke, Phytologia 26: 25. 1973. EKIOCAULON HETEROPETALUM Ruhl. Additional bibliography; Moldenke, Phytologia 2h: 1*63 — 1*61*. 1972; Le6n & Alain, FI. Cuba, imp. 2, 1; 28l & 1*23. 1971*. ERIOCAULON HOOKERIANUM Stapf Additional bibliography: Moldenke, Phytologia 29: 200 (1971*) and 31: 389 & 390. 1975. Andrew describes this plant as an "erect grasslike herb 15 cm. tall, the leaves and stems light-green, the flower-heads white". The Kuntze 5686, cited by me as E. hookerianum in a previous installment of these notes, proves actually to be ^ heterolepls var. nigricans Kbm. Additional citations: INDIA; Uttar Pradesh: Shiyarajan £ (Z) . GREATER SUhIDA ISLANDS: Papua: Andrew LAE. 57132 (Mu) . ERIOCAULON HUMBOLDTII Kunth Additional bibliography; J. A. Steyerm., Biotropica 6: 7 & 10. 1971*; Moldenke, Phytologia 29: 200 (1971*) and 30: 57. 1975. Ruiz-Terdn & Ldpez-Palacios describe this plant as am "Hierba morichalera, con rdsula de 1*0 — 50 cm. de lairgo. Hojas de unos 1*0 cm. de largo. Escapos de 60—80 cm., cillndricos, verde in- tensos [or] claros a verde amarillentos , lucientes, glabros, 1- c4failos. Capitulos terminales, subglobosos o hemisf^ricos, de ± 10 mm. de didmetro. Flores blancas a bianco grislceas." Additional citations: VENEZUELA: Bolivar: Ruiz-Ter4n & L6pez- Palacios 11160 (Ld, Mi). BRAZIL: Roraima: RuZz^TerAn & Ldpez- Palacios 11056 (Tu) . ERIOCAULON HUMILE Moldenke Additional bibliography; Moldenke, Phytologia 21*: 1*65. 1972. Material of this species has been misidentified amd distribu- ted in some herbaria as E. hamiltoniainum Mart. Additional citations: INDIA: Maharashtra; Vartaik RD.16 (Ld) , RD.30 (Ac). ERIOCAULON INFIRMUM Steud. Additional bibliography; Hairtley, Dunstone, Fitzgerald, Johns, & Lamberton, Lloydia 36: 235. 1973; Farnsworth, Pharmacog. Titles 9 (1): x. 1971*; Moldenke, Phytologia 29: 200 & 231 (1971*) h96 PHYTOLOGIA Vol. 32, no, 6 and 31: 389. 1975. The Santapau 96II & 9630, previously cited by me as ^ infir- mvun, seam better placed as ^ qulnquangulare L. ERIOCAULON INFIHMUM var. PUBERULENTUM (Moldenke) Van Royen Additional bibliography: Hartley, Dunstone, Fitzgerald, Johns, & Lamberton, Lloydia 36: 235* 1973i Moldenke, Phytologia 2U: U66. 1972. Hartley & his associates (1973) found this plant growing on open springy banks and cite their no, 10393 from New Guinea, Croft and his associates describe it as an erect herb, 10 cm, tall, the leaves somiglossy mid-green, and the flowers white, and encountered it in saturated swamp margins at 2100 m, altitude, flowering in December, Additional citations: NEW GUINEA: Papua: Croft & al. LAE,60807 (Mu, ff~-27U0755) . ERIOCAULON IMSULARE Ruhl. Additional bibliography: Moldenke, Phytologia 2U: 1:66, 1972; Le6n & Alain, FI. Cuba, imp. 2, 1: 28l & 1:23. 1971:. ERIOCAULON INTRUSUM Keikle Additional bibliography: Moldenke, Pt^ytologia 26: 1:59. 1973; Heslop-Harrison, Ind, Kew, Suppl. 15: 51. 1971:. ERIOCAULON IRREGULARE Meikle Additional bibliography: Moldenke, Phytologia 26; 1:59. 1973; Heslop-Harrison, Ind, Kew, Suppl, 15: 51. 1971:. ERIOCAULON JAUENSE Moldenke Additional & emended bibliography: Anon., Ind, Bot. Guay, Highl, 8, 1972; Moldenke in Steyena,, Maguire, & al,, Mem, N, Y. Bot, Gard, 23? 81:9 — “52, fig, 5. 1972; Moldenke, Phytologia 29: 201. 1971:. ERIOCAULON JOHNSTONII Ruhl. Synonymy: Eriocaulou Johns toui Lorence, in herb. Additional bibliography: Moldenke, Phytologia 29: 201 (1971:) and 30 : 339. 1975* Lorence describes this plant as a semi-aquatic herb growing in gravelly beds of small streams, the roots and sometimes also the leaves submerged in the water, the leaves shiny-green, and the in- florescence waxy grayish-white. He refers to it as common in up- land marshes and along streams, at 2000 feet altitude, in an area of 175 inches of rainfall per year. He found it in flower and fruit in December, Additional citations: MASCARENE ISLANDS; Mauritius: Lorence M.33 (Mu, Z). ERIOCAULON JORDANI (Moldenke) Meikle Additional bibliography: Moldenke, Phytologia 26: 1:59. 1973; 1976 Moldenke, Notea on Erlocaulaceae L97 Heslop-Harriaon, Ind. Kew, Suppl. 1$: 51, 197li. ERIOCAULON KORNICKIANUl' Van Heurck L Muell .-Arg . Additional bibliographiy: Ayensu, Rep. Endang. &. Threat. FQ.. Spec. 56, 107, lli3, & 151. 197lij Uoldenke, Phytologia 29*. 202. 197hi D. S. & H. B. Correll, Aquat. & Wetland PI. SW. U. S., Imp. 2, 1: 590 (1975) and Imp. 2, 2: 1751. 1975. ERIOCAULON LACUSTRE Ruhl. Additional bibliography: Moldenke, Phytologia 2h: U69. 1972j Le6n & Alain, FI. Cuba, Imp. 2, 1: 28l & li23. 197U. ERIOCAULON LANCEOUTUU liiq. Additional bibliography: Woodr., Journ. Bomb. Nat. 13: 1^29. 1901; Cooke, FI. Presid. Bombay, ed. 1, 2: 8U2 & 81i5 (1908), ed. 2, imp. 1, 3: 35U & 357 (1958), and ed. 2, imp. 2, 3: 351 & 357. 1967; Moldenke. Phytologia 29: 202. 197ii. Cooke (1908) cites only Stocks s .n. and Talbot 29U7 from Bom- bay, India, where, he says, it is "Rare" and flowers in October and November. He gives its overall distribution as onlj' "India (W. Peninsula)". ERIOCAULON UTD’OLIUU J. E. Sm. Additional & amended bibliography: Hook, f, & Benth. in Hook., Niger FI. 5U7. I81i9; Moldenke, Phytologia 29: 202. 197U. The Dalziel 1112, distributed as ^ latlfolium, is actually Mesanthemum radio ans (Benth.) Korn. ERIOCAULON LEUCOiELAS Steud. Additional synonymy: Erlocaulon horsley-konde var. megaloceph- ala Fyson apud Kulkami & Desai, Journ. Bombay Nat. Hist, Soc . 71: 81i, sphalm. 197li. Additional bibliography: Kulkarni & Desai, Journ. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 71: 82— OU. 197U; Moldenke, Phytologia 29: 202 (197U), 30: 77 & 78 (1975), and 31: 397. 1975; Shah, Biol. Abstr. 59: 6329. 1975. Additional citations: irJDIA: Madras: Bembower 536 (Ihi). ERIOCAULON UGULATUM (Veil.) L. B. Sm. Additional synonymy: Paepalanthus kunthii Korn, ex Moldenke, Phytologia 30: 258, in textu. 1975. Additional bibliography: Moldenke, Phytologia 29: 203 ^ 206 (197li), 30: 81, 256, & 258 (1975), and 31: UOU. 1975. Einygdio and his associates describe the plant as having "flores verdosas", but the heads are really ver:,' imnature on their specimen. Malme (I9OI) cites Mos^n 767 from "in stagnis" in Min- as Gerais, Brazil, His work is sometimes erroneously cited as published in "I903". Additional citations: BRAZIL: Minas Gerais: Ehiygdio, Duarte, Becker, & Silva Santos 3678 (N) . Vol, 32, no, 6 li98 PHYTOLOGIA ERIOCAUION LINEARE Small Additional bibliography: Anon,, Biol. Abstr, 58 (7): E,222, 197lii Moldenke, Biol. Abstr. 58: 38Uli. 197U; Moldenke, Phytologia 29: 283— 28U & 287. 197U. Additional citations: ALABAMA: Covington Co.: R, Krai 36821 (Mu). ERIOCAULON LINEARIFOLIUM Korn. Additional bibliography: Moldenke, Phytologia 29: 201:, 197U. Hatschbach has collected this plant in flower and fruit in Ju]y. Additional citations: BRAZIL: GoiAs: Hatschbach 3U577 (Ld) . ERIOCAULON LONGICUSPE Hook. f. Additional bibliography: Moldenke, Phytologia 29: 205 . 1971:. The United States National Herbarium specimen of our Ceylonese collection of this plant exhibits very small basail leaves — they are only about 1 cm, long and 2 mm, wide and are recurved. The Vartak RD.13, distributed as longicuspe, seems to be E, ritchleanum Ruhl, instead. Additional & emended citations: SRI LANKA: Moldenke, Moldenke , Jayasuriya, & Sumithraarachchl 28301 (W — 2765393) j Sumlthraa- rachchi & Waas DBS. 300 (Z); ^ C. Wheeler 12176 (Z) ERIOCAULON LONGICUSPE var. ZEYLANICUM Moldenke, Phytologia 31: 26. 1975. Bibliography: Moldenke, Phytologia 31: 26. 1975* Citations: SRI LANKA; Jayasuriya 1520 (Z — type). ERIOCAULON LUZULAEFOLIUM Mart. Additional & emended bibliography: Woodr., Joum, Bomb. Nat. 13: i:29, 1901; Cooke, FI. Presid. Bombay, ed. 1, 2: 81:2 & 81:8. 1908; Dunn & Tutcher, Kew Bull. Mlsc, Inf, Addit. Ser. 10; 292. 1912; Cooke, FI. Presid. Bombay, ed. 2. imp. 1, 3: 351: & 360. 1958; Prain, Bengal FI., imp. 2, 2: 81:8, 81:9, & 985. 1963; Cooke, FI. Presid, Bcsnbay, ed. 2, imp. 2, 3: 351i & 360. 1967; Moldenke, Phytologia 29: 205—206 & 221. 1971:. Emended illustrations: Schnitzl,, Iconogr. 1: pi. 1:6, fig, 2 & 5. 181:5. Cooke (1908) cites only Stocks s .n. frcan Bombay, India, and gives the overall distribution of the species as ’’Throughout In- dia; Ceylon". ERIOCAULON MAGNUM Abbiatti Additional bibliography: Moldenke, Phytologia 29: 207 (1971:) and 30: 256. 1975. Additional citations: ARGENTINA: Corrientes: Krapovickas , Cristdbal, Schinini, Arbo, Qiuirfn, & GonzAlez 26265 (Ld) . ERIOCAULON MALAISSEI Moldenke Additional bibliography: Heslop-Harrison, Ind. Kew. Suppl. 15: 1976 Moldenke, Notes on Erioca\ilaceae li99 $1. 197U; Leith, Phenol. & Season. Model h39 . 197li; Moldenke, Pnjrtologia 29: 28U. 197U. ERIOCAULON MANFEENSE Meikle Additional bibliography: Moldenke, Phytologia 26: li60. 1973 j Heslop-Karrison, Ind. Kew. Suppl. 1$: 51. 19 71^. ERIOCAULON MELANOCEPHALUM Kunth Additional bibliography: Le6n & Alain, FI. Cuba, lap. 2, 1: 281 & li23. 197ki Moldenke, Biol. Abstr. 58: 3aUi. 197U; Moldenke, Phytologia 29: 28U (197U), 30: 35 (1975), and 31: 397. 1975. Killip found this plant growing in a lagoon near sealevel, flowering and fruiting in October. He misidentif led it as var. longipes Griseb. because the United States National Herbarium sheet of £, Wright 32UO w'as mis-labeled ”32ltl", the type collec- tion of the variety. The plant on the sheet is definitely the short-pedunculate form and therefore belongs to Wright’s 32l;0 collection. Additional citations: CUBA: Pinar del Rio: Killip 32380 (W — 1712989); £. Wright 321:0 (W— 1a6U22). ERIOCAULON MELANOCEPHALUM var. LONGIPES Griseb. Synonymy: Eriocaulon melanocephalum var. longipes Moldenke, Biol. Abstr. 58: 38U:, sphalm. 1971:. Additional bibliography: Moldenke, Biol. Abstr. 58: 38U:. I97I:; Moldenke, Phytologia 29: 281: (197U) and 31: 397. 1975. It is very probable that this taxon should be reduced to form status, since it probably occurs only when the water level rises beyond the normal. The Killip 32380, distributed as this variety, actually rep- resents the typical E. melanocephalum Kunth. ERIOCAULON MICROCEPHALUM H.B.K. Additional bibliography: Soukup, Biota 2: 301. 1959; Moldenke, Phytologia 29: 208 (1971:) and 3O: 26, 31, 76, & II8. 1975. Recent collectors have found this plant growing in springy places at altitudes of 2100 — 6650 meters, flowering and fruiting (in addition to months previously reported in these notes) in April. Cleef describes it as a "planta arrosetada" or "hierba pequefla, arrosetada, floras blancas" and encountered it in "vege- taci6n paramuna muy hiSmeda. . . .con Carex jamesonii, Valeriana cf. plantaginea, Alchemilla paludlcola y Breutelia, asociados con rastrojo de Senecio reisslanus”, "pantano con Chusquea, Werneria articulata y Sphagnum spp.", "turbera. . . .con rastrojo de Senecio f los-f ragrans , asociado con Pleurozium schreberi", "turbera con muchos bri6fitos, Senecio f los-f ragrans, Puya goudotiana. Geranium y Calamagrostis effusa", and "vertiente paramuno, poco hfinedo con Calaunagrostis ef fusus , Espeletia grandi flora, Hypericim sp . y bri6f itos" . Schaffner 226 is a mixture with E. ehrenbergianum Klotzsch. 500 PHYTOLOGIA Vol, 32, no, 6 The Standley & Valerio U3637 & U3830, Taylor & Taylor 11738, and wmiains , Jimenez & Williams 2Uh72, distributed as E. micro- cephalum, are actually Paepalanthus kupperi Suesseng. Additional citations; MEXICO; Hidalgo; lU ^ Moore Jr. 2800 (W— 19li5879), 333li (W— 19l;5933) . Mixico; Pringle ^llIlTTw— 251782, W--937183), 7361 (W— 1638161), 13228 (W— li6l82U) ; Rose & Painter 7929 (W — Ii5l^U7’5 ; Schaffner 226, in part (W — 39719^;) • COLOMBIA; Cundinamarca; Cleef 3197 (Ut — 31666O) , Ulll (Ut — 316657), 5198 (Ld), 8311 (Ut--3166U2); Cleef & Jaramillo ^ 3076 (Ut— 316663). ERIOCAULON MINIMUM Lam., Encycl. M6th. Bot. 3: 275. 1789. Additional bibliography; Lam., Encycl. M6th. Bot. 3i 275. 1789; Moldenke, Phytologia 29: 208, 231, 235, & 236. 19 7U. Lamarck (1789) describes this plant as "Eriocaulon culmis seta- ceis, foliis ensiformibus, capitxilo minimo subgloboso". He con- tinues: '*An Eriocaulon sexangulare. Buna. Fl. Ind. t. 9. f. h> Je ne trouve pas dans les angles des tiges, autant de ressource que Linn4, pour distinguer les esp^ces de ce genre; en effet, dans presque toutes, les angles dont il s'agit sont peu 6lev6s, & en outre separ^s par des cabbeliu*es, de manietre qu'il est diffi- cile d*en bien distinguer le nombre. "L'espece dont je traite ici est fort petite, ne s'eleve qu'a un pouce & demi de hauteur, & me paroit assez bien rendue dans la figure cit4e de M. Bunnan; raais je doute que ce soit Eriocaulon sexangulare de Linn6, car il dit dans son Flora Zeylanica (p. 20. no. 1*9.), qne les folioles de son calice commiui sont orbiculSes, ce qui n'est pas vrai pour cette espece. ”Sa racine, qui est fibreuse, pousse des feuilles Stroites, ensifonnea, gramin6es, concaves en dessus, & a peine longues d* un pouce, Les tiges sont s^tac^es, n' ont qu* un pouce & demi ou rarement deux pouces de longueur, viennent en faisceau, St sont envelopp^es chacune A leur base par une feuille coutre & vaginale. L4s tetes de flaurs sont fort petites, comma globuleuses, glabres, St ont un calice commun d' environ sept folioles oblongues, ovales & obtuses. Cette petite plante crolt dans 1' Indie, & m'a At6 communiquAe par M. Sonnerat" . He calls the plant, in French, "joncinelle naine'*. Sumithraarachchi and his associates found this plant growing along roadside streams and at the edge of a waterfall and describe the flower-heads as gray or brownish and the plants 3 — U inches tall. The found it in flower and fruit in March and April. Additional citations: SRI LANKA: Sumithraarachchi & Jayasuriya DBS.20U (Z), DBS. 298 (Ld). ERIOCAULON MINUTISSIMUM Ruhl. Additional bibliography: Moldenke, Phytologia 2li: 14.78. 1972; Le6n & Alaim, Fl. Cuba, imp. 2, 1: 280 & U23. 197li. ERIOCAULON MINUTUM Hook. f. Additional bibliography; Woodr., Jouni, Bomb. Nat. 13: U29. 1976 I'oldenke, Notes on Eriocaulaceae 501 1901; Cooke, FI. Presid. Bombay, ed. 1, 2: 8U2 & 8U6— 3U7 (1908), ed. 2, ijnp. 1, 3: 35U & 359 (1958), and ed. 2, imp. 2, 3: 351i & 359. 1967; Moldenke, Phytologia 29*. 208—209. 197U. Cooke (1908) cites only Stocks s .n. from Bombay, India, where he says the species is "Rare" and gives the overall distribution as "India (W. Peninsul.a)" . The Vartak PJ).l6, distributed as ^ minutum, appears actually to be ^ hmile Uoldenke. ERIOCAULON MEERRILRJK Ruhl. Additional bibliography: Moldenke, Phytologia 2U: 1:73 — U79. 1972; Le6n & Alain, FI. Cuba, imp. 2, 1: 280 & U23. 197U. ERIOCAULON MISSIONUK Castell. Additional bibliography: Moldenke, Phytologia 2U: U79. 1972; Hocking, Excerpt, Pot. A. 21: 211. 1973. ERIOCAULON MODEST UM Kunth Additional bibliography: Korn, in Warm., Vidensk. Meddel. Naturh. Foren. KJobenh. 23: 3l6. 1871; Moldenke, Phytologia 29: 209 & 289 (197U) and 30: 323. 1975. Kornicke (1371) cites several unnmbered Warming specimens as follows: "In lacu Lagoa Santa, et in udis ripae et in lacu ipso abundans Febr., Aprili, Majo, Novembri (Wrmg.). In solo minus aquoso folia breviora, in aqua ipsa longiora fluitantia evadunt (Wrmg,)." He describes these new collections as "In specimine quodam perigonii masculi exterioris partes (semper vel cito?) ima basi excepta liberae. In flosculo masculo aliquo perigonii in- terioris partes U, tria minora; stamina 7; octavum enim quarto petalo oppositum deost." Malme (1901), whose work is sometimes erroneously cited as "1903", cites Malme 2hh from Rio Grande do S\il and Mo34n 1058 & 1059 from Minas Gerais, Brazil. He encountered the plant in swamps in association with Xyris macrocephala Vahl. Mos^n fovind it "In ripa inteixium inundatata". ERIOCAULON MODESTUM var. BREVIFOLIUM Moldenke Additional bibliography: Moldenke, Phytologia 29: 209. 197U. In view of Warming's comments, quoted directly above, based on firsthand observation in the wild, it is probable that this taxon should be reduced to form status . Additional citations: BRAZIL: Distrito Federal: Irwin, Souza, & Reis dos Santos 11677 (W — 2759066) . GoiAs: Irwin, Grear, Souza, & Reis dos Santos 13U98 (W — 2759067) . ERIOCAULON MOLINAE L. 0. Williams Additional bibliography: Moldenke, Phytologia 25: 126. 1973; Heslop-Harrison, Ind. Kew. Suppl, 15: 51. 197U; Molina R., Ceiba 19: 2U. 1975. Additional citations: HONDURAS: MorazAn: Williams & Correll 29289. in part (W— 2566500) , Vol. 32, no, 6 502 PHITOLOGIA ERIOCAULON MOllTANUM Van Royen Additional bibliography: Hartley, Dunstone, Fitzgerald, Johns, & Lamberton. Lloydia 36: 226 & 23^. 1973} Farnsworth, Pharraacog. Titles 9 (1;: x. 197U; Moldenke, Phytologia 29: 210, 1971;. Hsurtley and his associates (1973) found this plant ”Fonning cushions in secondary alpine meadows” and cite their no, 11259 from New Guinea. Croft and his associates describe it as a "cush- ion plant, leaves glossy mid-green, flowers white, fi*uit brownish” and encountered it in alpine grassland peat bogs, at 3300 m. al- titude, flowering and fruiting in Deceanler. Additional citations: NEW GUINEA: Papua: Croft & al, LAE .60671 (Mu, W— 2710738) . ERIOCAULON NAJIUM R, Br, Additional bibliography: Moldenke, Phytologia 2ki 1:82, 1972, Parker describes this plant as an herb to k cm. tall, growing in clumps, and found it in moist disturbed sand areas, flowering and fruiting in July, Additional citations: AUSTRALIA: Northern Territory: Par- ker 13U (Ld), , ERIOCAULON NEGLECTUM Ruhl. Additional bibliography: Moldenke, Phytologia 29: 211 (I97li), 30: 37 (1975), and 3I: 381:. 1975. ERIOCAULON NEPALENSE Prescott Additional bibliography: Collett, FI. Siml. 51:9 & 550, 1902} Moldenke, Phytologia 29: 211. 1971:. Collett (1902) gives the overall distribution of this species as •'Kangra to Sikkim, UOOO — 6000 ft.", says that it blooms frcm August to October, and cites it from Khasia. ERIOCAULON NILAGIRENSE Steud. Additional bibliography: Shetty & Vivekanathan, Bull, Bot, Surv, India 13: 23 & 1:0. 1971} Moldenke, Phytologia 29: 281: (1971:) and 31: 389. 1975. Shetty & Vivekanathan (1971) refer to this plant as "common in marshy places in grassland", at 2575 meters altitude, flowering in November, and cite their no, 26528. Additional citations: SRI LANKA: Moldenke, Moldenke, Jayasuriya, & Sumlthraarachchl 28269 (W~27651a7y. 28270 (W— 2765la6), 28273. ' in part (W— 2765376), 28271: (W~2 765375) . ERIOCAULON NILAGIRENSE f . PARVIFOLIUM Moldenke Additional bibliography: Moldenke, Phytologia 29: 212 (1971:) and 31: 389. 1975. Stone encountered this plant in "very moist grass-obscured rivulets in pa tanas in open patches of disturbed ericaceous for- est", on the Horton Plains, at 2350 meters altitude, and comments that this is "a large species often embedded in dense mats of a small Panicum sp., occasionally in small open pools, the scapes 1976 Uoldenke, Notes on Erlocaulaceae $03 green, the flowers grayish-white". This is exactly in the habi- tat in which my wife smd I found the plant in great abundance during our exploration of the Horton Plains. He collected it in flower in April, Additional citations: INDIA: Uttar Pradesh: Shlvarajan 1 (Ac). SRI LANKA: Moldenke, Moldenke, Jayasuriya, & Sumithraarachchl 28275 (W— 276^37li) , 2^276 (w— 2765373— laot^) . 28278 (W— 2765388), 28286 (W— 276^381) , 28 298 (W— 2765396), 283OO (W— 2765 39W, 23302 (W— 2765389); ^ C. Stone 11278 (W^=^2756570) . ERIOCAULON NOVOGUINEENSE Van Royen Additional bibliography: Moldenke, Phytologia 21^: U8li. 1972; Hartley, Dunstone, Fitzgerald, Johns, & Lamberton, Lloydla 36: 235* 1973; Farnsworth, Phannacog. Titles 9 (1): x. 197U. Hartley and his associates (1973) foimd this plant "Forming cushions in secondary alpine meadows" and cite their no. 12998 from New Guinea. ERIOCAULON ODORATUM Dalz. Additional bibliography: Woodr., Joum. Bomb. Nat. 13: li29. 1901 ; Cooke, FI. Presid. Bombay, ed. 1, 2: 8U2 fit 8UL (1908), ed. 2, imp. 1, 3: 353 fit 355—356 (1958), and ed. 2, imp. 2, 3: 353 & 355—356. 1967; Moldenke, Phytologia 29: 213 & 238. 197U. Cooke (1908) cites Dalzell 3 .n.. Stock s .n., Talbot 1837, 29^8, fit 29li9, and Woodrow s .n. from Bombay, where, he says, it flowers in September. He gives its overall distribution as "India (W. Peninsula)" and comments that "The plant is described by Dalzell as smelling strongly of chamoniile ." ERIOCAULON OLIVACEUM Moldenke Additional bibliography: Moldenke. Phytologia 2li: U85. 1972; Le6n fit Alain, FI. Cuba, imp. 2, 1: 28O fit U23. 197U. ERIOCAULON OUVSRI Fyson Additional bibliography: Moldenke, Phytologia 2U: li85 (1972) and 31: 389. 1975. Additional citations: INDIA: Uttar Pradesh: Shivarajan 3 (Z) . ERIOCAULON OREADUM Van Royen Additional bibliography: Moldenke, Phytologia 2li: U85. 1972; Hocking, Excerpt. Bot. A. 21: 211. 1973. Henty describes this plant as an herb, 8 cm. tall, with brown- ish heads, and found it growing on low mounds in savannas with Melaleuca, flowering in June. Citations: NE'W GUINEA: Papua: Henty ?)GF.U9668 (Mu, Z) . ERIOCAULON ORIZETORUM Mart. Additional fit emended bibliographer: Collett, FI. Siml . 5U9 fit 550. 1902; Prain, Bengal PI., imp. 2, 2: 8U8 fit 935. 1963; Molden- ke, Phytologia 29: 213. 197U. Collett (1902) gives the overall distribution of this species PHYTOLOGIA $oh Vol. 32, no, 6 as "Gcirhwal to Sikkim, below 6000 feet" amd the time of flowering as August to October. ERIOCAULON OVOIDEUM Britton & Small Synonymy: Eriocaulon evoideum Britton & Small ex Alain, Contrib, Ocas, Mus, Hist. Nat, Coleg. La Salle 7: hi, sphalm. 19U6. Additional bibliography: Le6n & Alain, FI. Cuba, imp. 2, 1: 280 & 1:23, 197Uj Moldenke, Phytologia 29: 213. 19 7U. Recent collectors have encountered this plant in white silice- ous sand on white sand savannas, flowering and fruiting in Febru- ary and April. Killip 1U:059 is a mixture with E, sclerocephalvnn Ruhl. Additional citations: CUBA: Oriente: Le6n & Seifritz 17U96 (W— 178U920). ISU DE PINOS: Killip 1:1:059. in part (¥—2176133) . ERIOCAULON PALMERI Ruhl. Additional bibliography: Moldenke, Phytologia 21;: 1:87. 1972, Additional citations: MEXICO: Durango: Edw, Palmer 172 (W — I68915I: — iso type) . ERIOCAULON PANAMENSE Moldenke Additional citations: Moldenke, Phytologia 21:: 1:87. 1972. Recent collectors have encountered this plant on plateaus and in marshes, at altitudes of 1000 — 1500 meters, flowering in Febru- ary and May, and fruiting in Febimary. They describe it as 3 — 6 inches tall, the flowers white. Additional citations: PANAMA: Chiriqul: Coniiian 2678 (W — 18231:66) } Davidson 657 (W—1 766806) . ERIOCAULON PANCHERI H. Lecomte ex Guillaum. & Beauvis., Ann. Soc, Bot. Lyon 38: 111:. 19lli» Additional bibliography: Guillaum. &. Beauvis., Ann. Soc, Bot. lyon 38: 111:. 1911:i Guillaum, & Beauvis., Sp. Montrouz, 1:0, 1911t; Moldenke, Phytologia 21:: 1:87. 1972; Heslop-Harrison, Ind. Kew. Suppl. 15: 51. 1971:. ERIOCAULON PARAGUAYENSE Korn. Additional bibliography: Moldenke, Phytologia 29: 213. 1971:. Malme (1901), whose work is sometimes erroneously cited as "I903", cites Malme ll:56b from "Loco aperto, uliginose, gramino- so" in Mato Grosso, Brazil, ERIOCAULON PARKERI B. L. Robinson Additional bibliography: Moldenke, Biol. Abstr, 58: 3814:. 1971:; Moldenke, Phytologia 29: 213 — 211j & 216. 1971:. ERIOCAULON PELLUCIDUM Michx. Additional bibliography: Michx., FI. Bor .-Am., ed. 1, imp. 1, 2: 166 (1803) and ed. 2, 2: 166. 1820; A. St.-IIil., Voy. Distr. Diam. 1: 393. 1833; A. St.-IIil., Linnaea 16: Litt. 188. 181:2; Paine, Ann, Rep. Univ. N. Y. 18: [PI. Oneida Co.] 11:6. 1865 ; 1976 Uoldenke, Notes on Erlocaulaceae 505 Rand & Redfield, FI. Mt. Desert 162. 189U} Collett, FI. Sijnl. $h9. 1902; Gibbs, Chemotax. Flow. PI. }: I883. 197U: Uichx., Fl, Bor.- Am., ed. 1, imp. 2, 2 [Ewan. Class. Bot. Am. 3J: 166. 197U; Mol- denke. Bioi, Abstr. 58: 38U4. 197U; Moidenke, Phytologia 29: 28ii (I97U) and 31: 376, 1975; D. S. & H. B. Correll, Aquat. & Wetland PI. SW. U. S.. imp. 2, 1: 592 (1975) and imp. 2, 2: 1751. 1975. Gibbs (197a) reports tannin present in idiat he calls E. septan- gxilare, but cyanogenesls, leucoanthocyanin, and mucilage absent. Whether he is referring here to ^ pellucidum or to ^ aqxiaticum (J. Hill) Druce is not clear, but presumably it is to this com- moner of the two species. Additional citations: NE'ff JEPJSEY: Ocean Co.: Moidenke & Molden- 28550 (E, Gz, Mi, SI, W, Ws). ERIOCAULON PERUVIANUM Ruhl. Additional bibliography: Soukup, Biota 2: 301, 1959; Moidenke, Phytologia 2h: U91. 1972. ERIOCAULON PINARENSE Ruhl. Additional bibliography: Moidenke, Phytologia 2U: U92. 1972; Le6n &. Alain, Fl. Cuba, imp. 2, 1: 28l & U23. 197U. Material of this species has been misidentified and distribu- ted in some herbaria under the name, E. scirpoides Griseb, Additional citations: ISLA DE PINOS: Britton, Britton, & Wil- son ]^008 (W— 79321^5, W~10l49199). ERIOCAULON PRINGLEI S. Wats. Additional bibliography: Moidenke, Phytologia 2li: U93. 1972. Pringle found this plant grovring in wet places on plains, flowering in October. Additional citations: MEXICO: Chihuahua: Pringle 2018 (W — U528U — isotype, W — 93713U — isotype). ERIOCAULON PSEUDOCOMPRESSUM Ruhl. Additional bibliography: Le6n & Alain, Fi. Cuba, imp. 2, 1: 280 & U23. 197U; Moidenke, Phytologia 29: 281i. 197U. This plant has been encountered in the Eleocharis belt around lagoons near sealevel, flowering and fruiting in December. The Marie-Victorin 58316, distributed as ^ pseudocompressum , actual- ly is Paepalanthus pungens var. brevlfolius Moidenke, Adaitional citations: CUBA: Pinar del Rio: Ekman 11221 (7^ — 1301977); Killlp 32372 (W— 1712982). ERIOCAULON PYGMAEUM Soland. Additional bibliography: Heslop-Harrison, Ind. Kew, Suppl. 15: 52. 197U; Moidenke, Phytologia 29: 220 (197li) and 32: U68. 1975. Latz describes this plant as an "erect ephemeral with whitish heads, locally common in damp sand in bed of river near waterhole" and found it in flower and fruit in February. He comments that "ex description, sane male sepals are united" . In habit it strongly reminds one of the dwarf forms of E. cinereum R, Br. as 506 PHYTOLOGIA Vol. 32, no. 6 well as E. humile Moldenke of India. Additional citations: AUSTRALIA: Northern Territory: Latz 2203 [Herb. North. Terr. 3UUi7] (Z), 2227 (Ld) . •'ERIOCAULON QUINQUANGULARE" Bojer, Hort. Maurit. 361. 1837. Bibliography: Bojer, Hort. Maurit. 361. l837j Jacks, in Hook, f., Ind. Kew., imp. 1, 1: 879 (1893), imp. 2, 1: 879 (19l;6), and imp. 3, 1: 879. I96OJ Punt, Reg, Vegat. 36: 9. 196Uj Moldenke, Phytologia I8: U29 & U33* 1969; Anon., Taxon 2U: 173. 1975* Jackson (1893) avers that this binomial belongs in the synony- my of Paepalanthus repens (Lam.) Kom., a species native to His- paniola and erroneously attributed to Mauritius by Lamarck and most subsequent authors. Index to authors in Volume Thirty- two Barkley, F. A., 30I; Beaman, J. H., kS Brettell, R, D., I4I9 Cuatrecasas, J., 312 Dieterle, J, V, A., 289 Edwards, D., 299 Gillis, IV. T., 35, 201 Jackson, J. D,. 81 King, R. M., 2h6, 250, 252, 268, 271, 273, 275, 277, 283 Lacey, W, S., 299 Matten, L. C., 299 Melchert, T, E., 291 Moldenke, A. L., 75, 288, 371 mi Moldenke, H, N., 1;6, U8, 195, 218, 227, 232, 333, 337, 3l;3 U36, U57, 1^58, U83, U87 Nevling, L. I., Jr., U8O Nicolson, D. H.. 33, 327 Panigrahi, G., U73 Proctor, G. R., 201 Reed, C. F., 305 Robinson, H., 2I4.6, 250, 252, 268, 271, 273, 275, 277, 233 327, 331, U07, iai;, hl9, h26 h32 Seymour, F. C., 1 Stern, K. R., 211; Stevens, W. D., 387 St. John, H., 377 Williams, L. 0., 31, 286 Index to supraspecific scientific names in Volume Thirty- two Abies, 63 Acacia, 2U2 Acanthaceae, 215 Acanthus, 367, Ul;6, hh9, li5l Acocotli, 296 Acorus, 373 Acrostic hvnn, U39 Aegialitis, 1;50 Aegiceras, 366, 367 Aegiphila. 52, 70, 195, 220, 21;0 Aeluropus . l4l;6 Aganon, 369 Ageratlna. 28h Alchemilla, U99 Aloys ia, 72 1976 Index $07 Altemanthera, 72 Alvordia, 72, 73 Alyxia, 377-380, 382-386 Amanita, 371 Amboroa, 285 Amelanchler, 308 Amyrls, 72 Anclstrocladaceae , 359 Andira , 7U Anopheles, ii38 Anthoxanthum, 377 Apelba, 2U2 Apocynaceae, 377, 387 Aralia, 72 Archaeosperma, 299, 302 Archibaccharls , 81-99, 101- 187, 189, 191-193 Artemisia, 288 Arthocnetnxun, 366 Asclepiadaceae , 203, U06 Ascospora, 200 Asemela, 39, UO Asparagus , U39 Aspllla, U.9-li25 Asteraceae, 192, 2U6, 250, 252, 265, 266, 271, 273, 275, 277, 283, 285, 327, 331, UU, Ul9, U26 Asteraae, 81, 193, 19U Asterldlella, 221, U39 Ateramnus , 203, 209 Auicennla, 3U2 AuricTilarla, 200 Austroeupatorium , 270, 280 Avlcenla, 3ii3, 366 Avicenieas, 357 Avicenna, 3ii3, 366 Avlcennla, 3U3, 3U5, 3U7, 3U9, 351, 353, 355-370, Ii36-U57 Avlcenniaceae, 356, 357, 359, 361i, U36, U38, U56 Avlcenniales , 357 Avlcennleae, 359 Aviclnnla, 3U3 Avincennia, 3U3 Avucenula, 3U3 Ayapana , 281i Aya panops is, 285 Baccharis, 82-86, 88, 89, 91, 96, 106, 109, no, n2-nu, 117, 132-13U, 137. 1U6, 151. 155, 161, 162, 17U, 175, 178-180, 185, 193 Bacillus, U5l Badiera, 35-38 BadlUoa, 251^ Balllonla, 51 Bamadesla, Ulli-lil8 Bastelia, 227, 230 Bat Is , 367 Berberls, 323 Beniardia, 72 Betula , 305-3n betulaceae, 3n Bldena , 291-298 Blastocaulon, U61 Bontia, 203, 207, 369 Boraglnaceae, 203 Bouchea, 227, 229, 230 Brasilia, U28 Breutelia, U99 Bruguiera, 35U, 367, 369, Ui6, UU9, U50 Bulbophyllum , li39 Bursera, 72, 73, 203, 213 Burseraceae, 203 Byrsonima, 203, 208 Calamagrostis, 317, U99 Calamus , 368 Cal a thospennum , 302 Calceolaria, 68 Calea, U26^U31 Calotropis , 202, 203, 208 Calymperaceae, 1^32 Calymperes, U32 Campanula, 308 Campoloclinium , 265 Capparidaceae , 203 Capparis , 203, 207 Carapa, U50 Car ex, 373, U99 Carptotepala, U61 508 PHYTOLOGIA Vol, 32, no, 6 Cartelia. 227, 229 Casearla, 7h Castela, 227-229 Castelia, 227-229 CastelUa, 227 Castilleja, 230 Catharanthus , 78 Ceiba, 65 Celastraceae, 203 Celtis , 72 Cercldium, 72 Ceriops, 367, Ui6, li50, li5l, 1456 Chacoa, 25ii, 275, 276 Chenopodium, 68 Ohioan thaceae , 357 Chotekia, Vf3 Chromolaena. 250, 253, 271, 283 Chrys ophyllum , 201, 203, 206 Chthamalia, U05 Chusquea, 3II4, 317, 325, h99 Citarexylum, 223 C itharecylum , I96 Citharexylon, 59, 61;, 65, 69, 196 Cithare:{ylum, I48-7I, 73, 7h, 195-200, 218-227 Cladonia, 1;09 Clavlja, 23I4 Clerodendrum, 1;6, Ui7 Clethra, 63, 308 Clldemia, 286, 287 Coccoloba, 203, 211 Coccothrlnax, 203, 210 Cochlospermiim, 2U2 Ccananthera, U6l Combretaceae, 203, 205, 356, 361; Compositae, ii5, 81, 193, I9I4, 201;, 251, 280, 312, 328, la5, la6, 1;29 Condalia, 71 Congea, 358 Conoblepharon, l;3i4, li35 Conocarpus, 203, 207, 367, 368, 1;39 Convallariaceae, 231; Cooyza. 82-87, 89, 95, 132, 137, 185 Cordla, 73, 203, 210 Cordlaceae , 357 Coreopsldinae, 29I Coreopsis, 295, U21; Coma, 3I43 Cornu ta, 232 Cornu tla, 232-2U5, 337-3142 Cornytia, 232 Cory lac eae, 311 Cosmos , 291-293, 298 Crltonla, 252 CritonieHa, 281;, 285 Cronqulstianthus , 281; Cmssopetalum, 203, 212 Cucurbltaceae, 289, 290 Chile Italna, 366 Cuphea, 308 Cynanchum, 396, UCO. Cytarexllum, 71 Cytare:cylum, 61, 61; Cytarexylun, 59 Cytharexllum , 61 Cytbiarexylon, 59 Cytharexylum, 61 Dalbergla, 1439 Dicentra, 211;-217 Dictyanthus, 387, 389, 391;, 397V 1401, 1;03 Didymosphaeria, 365 Diplostephium, 83, 125, II46, 192 PlpterocatT^aceae, 359 Disynaphia, 28 IT* Drypetes, 203, 209 Duckeodendraceae , 357 Dyssophylla, 1473-1479 Ehretiaceae, 357 Eirocaulon, I46I, 1;65 Eleocharis , 1;39, 505 anilia, 33, 3h Epatorium, 323 Eremophila, 359 Erigeron, 86 1976 Index 509 Erlocaulaceae, U58, hS9, U6l, I163, U67, li69, I187, U89, U91, li93, U95, ii97, U99, 501, 503. 505 Eriocauleae, Ea’locaiilon, Ii6l-it70, Li87-506 Eriocaxilou, li96 Eriocaialxan , li6l Erlthalla, 201, 203, 211 Erodlvnn, 308 Erythea, 72 Eiythrlna, 58, 72, 238, 2ia Ery throxylaceae , 203 Erythroxy lum , 201, 203, 209 Escherischia, li5l Espeletla, 312, 315, 317, 320, 322-326, li99 Eucosmos, 291 Eueriocaulon, 1^63 Eueriocolon, Ii63 Eupatorias trum , 25U, 277-279 Eupatorieae, 2ii6, 250-252, 265, 268, 271, 273, 275, 277, 280 283 Eupatoriopsia, 2U8 Eupatorium, 251, 25U-265, 269, 270, 273, 27ii, 279, 281, 283, 28U, U28 Euphorbia, 72, 202, 203, 209, 308 Euphorblaceae, 203, 201;, 370 Euiyatoma, 302 Eusterialis, U73-U78 Excoecarla, 370, U50 Ficus, 201;, 212 Fimbristylis, li39 Flagellarla, 1;39 Fleischmanniopsis, 253 Flourensla, 53, 62 Fouqxiierla, 73 Franaeria, 72 Fumariaceae, 215, 216 Funlfera, 1;80, I18I Fusarlum, 376 Geissopappus, 1;26-1;28 Gani nltheca, 302 Genomosperma, 302, 303 Gentianella, 1;68 Geranium, 1;99 Globularlaceae, 357 Globulairiae , 1;88 Gmellna, i;7 Gnetopsla , 302 Gochnatla, 201;, 210 Gonolobua , 392, 396, 1;02, 1;05 Gramlneae , 1, 28 Grisebachlanthua , 253, 268-270 Guaplra , 201; , 213 Guayanla, 271 Guazuma, 2l;2 Guettarda, 201, 201;, 211 Gynopogon, 379, 381; Gyptls, 275 Halodendron, 3U3 Kamnandiaceae , 357 Hebeclada, 36 Hebeclinlum, 252, 251;, 281;, 285 Hellantheae, Ul9, 1;26 Hellostemma, UOl Hemibaccharis, 82-81;, 99, 105, 109, 112, 111;, 117, 125, 132, 137, 11;2, 11;6, 155, 161, 165, 171;, 178-180, 183, 185, 192 Hleraclum, 1;5 Hilairanthus , 357 Hlrtella, 5^, 86, 101, 158 Horau, 3li3, 356 Hosta, 232, 23li, 235, 21;0, 2la, Hostana, 235 l^drasperma , 299-302 liypericim, 317, 323, li99 H^npt-ls , 72 Ibatla, UOl; Idlothamnus, 251;, 277-282 Imeria, 271. 272 Inga, 238 Irene , 1;39 Irenlna, 1;39 Isotrema, 308 Jatropha, 72, 73 Juncus , 366 Junlperus , 62 Kandelia, 1;50 EarTTlnskia, 71, 72 Kemeria, 295, 296 510 PHYTOLOGIA Vol, 32, no. 6 Klibea, 291 Koanophyllon, 250-268, 273, ill, 283 Kruglodendron, 202, 201;, 212 Labiatae, 232, 239, 2I;2, 1;73, kl9 Lagenostcma, 302 Laguncularia, 356, 369, 1;36, U39 Lamlaceae , 357 Lamiales, 301;, 357 Lantana, 333, 33U Lauraceae, 201;, 236 La^v^endu^, 238 Legumlnosae, 201; Lelothrix, Ul Lemalreocereus , 72 Lepanthes, 31 Leptosphaerla, 365 Leucaena, 20l;, 206 Lippla, 51, 79, 238, 331;, 335, 1;57,' i;83 Liquidambar, 58, 238, 2U1 Liriodendraceae, 30I; Liriodendron, 301; Liriope , 373 Lcmatozoma, 2l;6-2l;9 Lophocereus , 12 Loranthua , 1;39 Lorentzianthus , 253, 2^1;, 273” Liilworthla, 365-366 Liinmltzera, 1;56 Lupinua , 68 Lysiloma, 72, 73, 201;, 206 Machaerocereua , 72 tlacrophoma, 365 Macroscepis, 389, UOl;, U05 Magnolia, 58, 308 Magnolialea , 30I; Malaxia , 31, 32 Malpighiac eae , 203 Manilkara, 20h, 211 Maraypiainthea , 232 Mabelea, 387, 389-UOl, 1;03-U05 Mauri tia, 65 Melaleuca, 503 Melaa tcmac eae , 67 Meliola, 1;39 Meniapermum, 308 Mentha, l;7l;”U76, l;78 Mesanthemum, 1;97 Mexianthua , 253 Microaechium, 289 Mlkania, 265 Mlmoaa, 72, 73 Mltthyridium, U32-U35 Moraceae, 201; Mutiaieae, UlU, Ul5 l^coaphaerella, 365 Myoporaceae, 203, 357, 359, 370, u56“' My oporineae , 357 Ityoporum, 359 l^rsinaceae, 20l;, 231; I^raine, 20k, 201 t^rtaceae, 201;, 215, 370 Myrtillocactua, 53 Nectandra, 201;, 212 Heohintonia, 253 Micotiana, 376 Nipa, Ul;9 Nyctaginaceae, 201; Nypa, 365 Oenothera, 68 Opiathocomua, 365 Ophryoaporua , 251; Opuntia , 12 Orchidaceae, 238 Oreobolua , l;7 Ormocairpum, 1;39 Osmiella, 283 Osmlopals, 250, 25l Osmopaia, 253, 251;, 233 Oxalia, 68 Oxydendron, 308 Pachycereua, 12 Pachycormus, 72, 73 Pachystelma, 397, i;01, 1;02 Paepalanthus , kl, 336, 1;81;, 1;85, U97, 506 Palmafi, 203 Pandanua , 368, 1;39 Panicoideae, 1 1976 Index 511 Pan! cum, 1-28, 2U2, 502 Paras icyo3. 289 Parllomyces. 366 Parmelia, UlO, I4I2 Parmotrema. iilO, lil2 Paspalum , ii39, lj[i6 Penthea, lilU Penzigla, 200 Perlophthalmodon, 366 Petraea, 228 Petrea, 228, U58 Phelloderma . 227, 229, 230 Pherotrlchis. kOh Phlloxerxts . k39 Phoenix. 368, li39 Phoma, 366 Phryma, 359 Phiymaceae. 357, 359, U56 Phyla. 79, 238 Phyllanthus . 20U, 209 Phymatodes . ii39 Pinaceae, 20li ^nus, 52. 58, 63, 20k, 210, ~23^ 308 Piper. 58, 233 Piqueria. 261i Piscidia. 201, 20U, 206 Pitraea. 227-229, 231 Pleurozium. k99 Pluchea ,~~?3. IU6 Podocarpus. 58 Pogostemon. k73, U7U, k79 Polygala, 3$-kk Polygalaceae. 35, 37, 39, kl, k3, Ui Polygonaceae. 203 Premna. 23k, 335 Priva. 227, 229, 230 Pros thee idiscus , l^Oli, k0$ Proteins. [t5l Psidium. 20U, 208 Puya. U99 Pyrenomycetes . ii35 Pyrularia. 308 Quercua. 58, 63, 72, 236, 238 Racka . 3li3 Racua, 3li3 Randiala. Ii6l, I488 Rapanea, 323 Raphia, 368 Reticula tae. UOl Reynosla, 201^, 212 Rhabdospora. 365, k37 Rhannaceae , I96, 201; Rhizophora. 36k, 366-370, U38, k39, kkk, kk6, kk7, kk9, U50 Rhizophoraceae. 36k, 365, 367, 370 Rhododendron. 308 Rhyne hospora. U8 Roldana. 331, 332 Rubiaceae. 203-205 Rutaceae. 205 Salazarla, 30U Salazariaceae. 30U Salicornia, 367 Salizaria, 30U Salvadoraceae. 357 Salvia, 68, 288 Salzmanna, 3U3 Santalineae , 357 Saponaria. 375 Sapotaceae, 203, 20U Schaefferia, 72 Scheelea, 2li2 Schizophyllum, 365 Schonburgkia. U27, li28 Selaglnaceae. 357 Senecio. 331, 332, k99 Senecioneae. 331 Sesuvium. Ii38, kk6 Sicyoeae. 289 Sicyoldeae, 289 Sicyos, 289 Slmaroubaceae, 229 Solanum, 68 Sonneratia, 361i-366 . 368 . 369. “CTf, U.7, kk9 Sonneratlaceae. 365 Sphaereupatorium . 253, 273 Sphaeroma, 366 Sphaeroneraa, 365 Sphaerostoraa. 302 Sphagnun, U99 512 PHYTOLOGIA Vol. 32, no. 6 Sphenodesme, 358 Spondlas , 2h2 Sporobolus , 366 Stamnostoma, 302 Staphylococcus , U5l Stilbaceae, 3^7 Stomatanthes , 25U Strumpfia, 201, 20$, 211 Suaeda, 366, Ui9 Suriana, 202, 20$, 210 Surianaceae, 20$ Symphorema, 358 Symphoremaceae , 357, 358 Symphoremoideae , 358 Symphyopappus , 265 Syngonanthus , 336, U60, U6l, I186 Syrrhopodon, U32-li35 Tageteae , 327 Tagetea , 327-330 Taxodium, 58, 238, 366 Tectona, 358 Termlnalia. 20$, 208 Temstroemla, 63 Tetrachondraceae , 357 Theophrastaceae. 23i; Thymelaeaceae , ij,80 Thyridium. Ix22-h3$ Tilia, 308 Torpedoapora. 366 Trebouxia, Ul2 Trlchodorus, 376 Triglochln. 366 Tsuga, 308 Tyleropappus . U26, Ii28 Tyliosperma. 302 Urandra, 366 Vaccinlum, 31i; Valeriana. k99 Verbena. 52, 229, 230, 375 Verbenaceae. 235, 356-358 Vernonleae. 268 Verticillatae. i;73 Vinca, 78 Vincetoxicum. 396, UOl, k02, h0$ Vitex. 338 Vittetia. 2$h, 273, 275 Werneria. k99 Xylocarpus . Ui9 lyrls, hB~ 501 Yucca, 53 Zalerion. 365 Zanthoaylum . 205, 207 Publication dates Vol. Vol. Vol. Vol. Vol. Vol. 31, no. 5 — August 11, 1975 31, no, 6 — August 29, 1975 32, no, 1 — October 16, 1975 32, no. 2 — October 25. 1975 32, no, 3 — October 29, 1975 32, no, U — November 13, 1975 Naw York Botanical Garden Ubrar 3 5185 00288 4078 N. MANGHFRIFR