PHYTOLOGIA

An international journal to expedite botanical and phytoecological publication

Vol. 53 March 1983 No. 1

FIFTIETH JUBILEE YEAR

CONTENTS

REVEAL, J. L., Significance of pre-1753 botanical explorations
in temperate North America on Linnaeus’ first edition
OR SI CELEN: LLANIAPIINY 4 be CR bats, WOMEN A hae ee l

New ronan
BOTANICAL GARDEN

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SIGNIFICANCE OF PRE-1753 BOTANICAL EXPLORATIONS IN
TEMPERATE NORTH AMERICA ON LINNAEUS' FIRST EDITION
OF SPECIES PLANTARUM

James L. Reveal

Department of Botany, University of Maryland,
College Park, MD 20742, U.S.A.

INTRODUCTION

When Carl Linnaeus pub-
lished the first edition of
Species plantarum in 1753 he
discussed some 889 species of
vascular plants from temperate
North America, here defined as
the present-day continental
United States and Canada. The
information relative to these
plants came from the efforts
of men and women who either
visited the New World or who
lived there and collected
plants as amateur or profes-
sional naturalists.

In a few instances they
were gentlemen correspondents
of Linnaeus' or were men in
Europe who never traveled but
supplied Linnaeus with collec-
tions sent by others. A few
were chance collectors, some
gathered plants as a hobby,
and others to gain political
favors. Occasionally a collec-
tor was a person trained in
medicine and used that know-
ledge to search for promising
plants that might be used in
the treatment of maladies.
More often collectors were
members of the clergy who
collected potentially import-
ant horticultural plants for
their gentlemen supporters in
Europe. This led not only to
the discovery of many import-
ant ornamental trees and
shrubs, but many New World
plants of agricultural import-

ance. The early Spanish ex-
plorators discovered a rich
array of. grains, Truits and
vegetables that eventually
found use in European culture
and cuisine. The more notable
were maize, potato, tomato,
various squashes and of course
a non-food plant, tobacco.

The early explorers who
ventured into the New World
were mainly interested in the
riches of gold and silver.
Even through natural history
was of relatively minor con-
cern, surprising numbers of
books were published treating
the native flora and fauna of
the newly discovered lands.
In 1526, Oviedo y Valdes pub-
lished a book on the natural
history of the West Indies
based on his own observations
in the Caribbean and Central
America. Nicolas Monardes who
never left Europe, published
his book, in parts, on the
natural history of the New
World from 1569 to 1574. Both
men were knowledgable physi-
cans and as such were particu-
larly interested in medicinal
plants and their local uses.
Monardes' book was rewritten
and published in Latin by
Carolus Clusius in 1574. John
Frampton translated that work
into English and published it
in 1577:

The exotic vegetation of
the new lands across the ocean

The present paper was the subject of a presidental address
to the Botanical Society of Washington, December 1982. The
research reported here was supported by National Science Founda-
tion grant DEB80-04628, the United States Fish and Wildlife
Service's Office of Endangered Species, and the University of

Maryland.

This is Scientific Paper No. A3369, Contribution No.

6441 of the Maryland Agricultural Experiment Station.

2 PHYTOLOGIA

proved exciting to the Euro-
pean naturalists, and a source
of considerable confusion.
Species somewhat similar to
those in Europe which proved
to be useful were often con-
sidered to be the same spe-
cies, even if they were not,
so as to encourage their use
in the medical trade. Plants
which were the same, but were
of no use or interest to the
European physicans, were ei-
ther ignored or taken to be a
different species. It is well
to remember that in the late
1500s, the concept of species
was esseni€ally that proposed
by the ancient Greeks, chiefly
Pliny, and the unique New
World species were proving
difficult to fit inte. Pliny's
scheme of the vegetable king-
dom.

Plants which were of po-
tential economic importance
were sometimes ignored or not
used by the Europeans. Maize
was not used extensively in
Europe as a table food, and is
even today largely considered
an animal fodder. Potato was
not considered fit for the
tables of the aristocratic,
and was shunted off to the
slaves of the New World or the
poor of Europe. For some
economically important plants,
tradition indicated they were
poisonous such as was the case
with the tomato up to the end
of the last century. Some
plants, because they were used
by the "heathens", were con-
sidered unchristian for if God
had intended christians to
have such foods, they would be
found in Europe!

Jose d'Acosta, a mission-
ary, lived in Peru from 1569
to 1588. His notes originally
were published in 1589 and
then expanded into a four-
volume work in 1590. These
volumes were translated into
French, Flemish and German
around 1600, and then into
English in 1604. His exact

Vol. 53, Now. 1

observations are still a major
source of information on the
uses of plants by the native
people of South America. d'A-
costa, like Ovieda and Monar-
des, talked of maize, cassava
and potato among other spe-
cies. He also noted the heavy
use of chili peppers, and
reported that the Peruvian
Indians were exceedingly fond
of garlic which had been in-
troduced into the New World by
the Europeans. He called at-
tention to the fine grapes in
the New World, and introduced
several kinds into Europe.

Collectors to temperate
North America came only a few
years after those that visited
the more tropical regions.
Early French explorers gather-
ed plants and sent seeds and
fruits back to France where
they were soon flourishing in
the gardens. Many of these
species were gathered in what
is today southeastern Canada.
There was a desire on the part
of the French to introduce
plants not only of medicinal
but of potential horticultural
value as well. Many temperate
conifers and hardwoods were
ideally suited to the French
climate and quickly were adop-
ted, unlike the more tropical
species.

By the start of the 17th
century interest in plants was
beginning to slowly move away
from the rigidness of the Dark
Ages and into a more enlight-
ened period. The nearly 500
species of plants described by
Dioscorides in his work on
materia medica were destined
to give way to over 6000 spe-
cies in the works of the Bau-
hin brothers, and especially
Gaspard Bauhin. They describ-
ed several new species from
the New World in 1623. The
great philosophical barrier of
Old World versus New World
speciation had finally been
broken, and with that restric-
tion lifted, the urge to

1983

search and discover new plants
from all corners of the world
began to be felt by botanists
and explorers.

As the 17th century began
some 50 species of North Amer-
ican plants were known from
cultivation in European gar-
dens,4 whe concept)’ of *the
botanical garden, begun in
Venice in 1545, was rapidly
becoming the fashion, and soon
no medical school was complete
without a rich and varied
garden of medicinal plants.
Botanical gardens were estab-
lished in England and France
by the start of the 1600s, and
with them came the beginnings
of a golden age of botanical
exploration throughout the
world.

THE GARDEN CURIOSITIES

During the first half of
the 17th century, botanical
explorations in temperate
North America were restricted
to individuals who, from time
to time, gathered seeds. Lit-
tle concern was given to the
preservation of dried voucher
specimens, and almost none to
recording the details of geo-
graphical location, plant as-
sociation or similar informa-
tion. John Tradescant the
Younger came to Virginia in
1637 and collected plants a-
long the York River. The
purpose of his trip was to
gather novelties for his natu-
ral history museum, Known as
Tradescant's Ark, which he and
his father had established at
Lambeth in London. Tradescant
brought to England such spe-
cies as the tulip tree, Lirio-
dendron tulipifera, the red
maple, Acer rubrum, sycamore,
Platanus occidentalis, black
walnut, Juglans nigra, and the
bald cypress, Taxodium distic-
hum. Although herbarium spec-
imens of these species were
not made in Virginia by Trade-
scant, various collectors in
later years made voucher spec-

Reveal, Pre-1753 botanical explorations

imens of John Tradescant's
original introductions. These
specimens are still extant and
may be examined in the Sloane
Herbarium at the British Mu-
seum (Natural History) in Lon-
don. The museum specimens
shown in Tradescant's Ark were
eventually obtained by Elias
Ashmole, and they became a
part of the Ashmolean Museum,
and are now a part of the
University of Oxford Museum at
Oxford, England.

To be sure the early
discoveries of temperate North
American plants were finding
their way into the literature.
As already mentioned, Gaspard
Bauhin reported several in
1623. However, many were also
described, illustrated and
evaluated by herbalists. Maize
and other New World plants
were well known to European
naturalists early in the 16th
century, and a number of her-
bals contain illustrations of
these species. The tradition
of herbals was slowly being
replaced by works of botany
more concerned with the class-
ification and identification
of species, and less so with
the medicinal uses of plants.
Nonetheless, John Parkison,
the last of the English herb-
alist, was destined to des-
cribe several American species
in his 1640 herbal, Theatricum
botanicum. Plants reportedly
found originally in Canada,
New England and Virginia were
included in Parkinson's book.

As for the Canadian ref-
erences, Parkinson took most
of his information from Jac-
ques Philippe Cornuti's Canad-
ensium plantarum published in
1635. This book described
species of plants found in
cultivation in and around Pa-
ris. <A total of 68 species
were described, but only 38
were from Canada or the New
England area. Cornuti's book
was the most scientific effort
yet produced devoted to New

hy PB Yo? Of 100:4) 8

World botany, and nearly all
of the 38 copper plate illus-
trations of Canadian plants
executed by Cornuti were ulti-
mately cited by Linnaeus when
he wrote the first edition of
Species plantarum in 1753.
Linnaeus referred to Parkin-
son's book also, but much less
frequently than Cornuti's.

Before leaving this per-
iod Thomas Hariot, friend and
mentor of Sir Walter Ralegh,
must be mentioned. Hariot
came to Virginia in the 1580s
and described what he found in
a famous pamphlet published in
1588. Entitled "A briefe and
true report of the new found
land of Virginia", his remarks
are valuable because of the
detail he devotes to the for-
est resources and medicinal
plants. He describes the na-
tive uses of grapes, beans,
potatos, melons, sunflowers,
tobacco, and a wide variety of
small grains including oats,
barley and what he called
wheat. Hariot reported on the
several different kinds of
acorns used by the Indians as
well as walnuts, strawberries,
mulberries and crab apples.
Among the identifable trees
were species of oak, elm, ash,
walnut, fir, juniper, maple,
witch hazel, willow, beech,
sassafras and pines. Hariot's
report on Virginia -- which
was also based on observations
made in North Carolina -- was
an exceedingly glowing one,
and while not consulted by
Linnaeus, it is of interest
today for its early informa-
tion on plant ecology and
ethnology.

There were many other
Similar publications on the
general aspects of the flora
of temperate North America
published by travelers prior
to the 1680s. Most were in
the vein of Hariot's. To
Linnaeus they were of little
Or no interest. Even to con-
temporary naturalists they

Vol. 53, No.1

were little more than descrip-
tive catalogues of vague but
wonderous species of plants
which may or may not have much
of a factual basis in reality.
In many cases such publi-
cations were "flowery" so as
to attract colonists to the
New World. To the English,
however, there was no question
that great botanical treasures
awaited discovery in the New
World and that skilled and
knowledgable men were needed
to survive the rigors of the
new lands. The rapid growth
of scientific organizations
and thought in England and
France was fomenting desires
to explore, discover, and to
answer questions about nature.

After the establishment
of the Oxford Club in 1648,
other scientific organizations
were soon formed. Upon the
final restoration of the
Stuart monarchy in 1660, the
Royal Society of London was
established. This was, at
least by modern standards, the
first truly scientific organi-
zation in England. The first
twenty years of the organiza-
tion was a period of maturing
and promoting scientific en-
deavors in various parts of
the world, including the sub-
tropical and tropical regions
of the New World.

The growth of botanical
gardens in Europe was signifi-
cant during the last half of
the 17th century. What inital-
ly had begun only as a desire
of the nobility to possess
exotic plants and animals from
strange new lands soon escal-
ated beyond the royal estates
and gardens into the homes and
estates of not only the more
wealthy families of Europe,
but even to the gardens of the
common people. The explora-
tion of the new lands across
the sea, in Africa, the New
World, and the Far East was
creating new wealth. These
new men of means were often

1983

well educated, skilled in the
arts, and were impressed by
exotica acquired by of their
fellows. They were also will-
ing to associate with persons
of ability, be they in art or
literature, or persons trained
as natural philosophers inte-
rested in the classification
and identification of vascular
plants. With the growth of
botanical gardens, the craze
for exotic garden plants in-
creased, and friendships with
knowledgable botanists soon
became paramount for nearly
every gentlemen of means who
wished to have a well-curated
cabinet of natural objects.
The classifiers and identi-
fiers of plants suddenly be-
came highly esteemed in the
gentlemen's circle of close
friends.

The Royal Society of Lon-
don provided a common meeting
place for scholars, noblemen
and men of means. The union
was perfect for land was
needed for gardens, money and
connections were needed to
provide the means to obtain
plants. What better a rela-
tionship to foster than that
between the hopeful botanist,
the newly established exporter
of foreign curiosities, and
the landed gentry who wished
to have the exotics in their
garden?

With the beginning of
efforts to prepare a detailed
review of the plants of the
world, especially by English
workers such as John Ray and
Robert Morison, to say nothing
of other workers in Europe,
the need for more collectors
in temperate North America
grew. More and more members
of the Royal Society began to
call for an expedition to
North America. Finally, it
was decided to fund an expedi-
tion and a search was begun to
find a suitable naturalist.
The results produced John Ban-
ister.

Reveal, Pre-1753 botanical explorations

THE VIRGINIA BEGINNINGS

John Banister was born in
1650 and educated at Magdalen
College at the University of
Oxford where he received his
BAS an AG LW andihis MA. oi
1674. He continued to serve
the University after gradua-
tion, firsthasival ¢lerkwand
then as a chaplain. At Oxford
he met Dr. Robert Morison, the
University's botany professor,
and came to know the Bishop of
London, Dr. Henry Compton, a
noted gardener and botanical
enthusiast. Under the guidan-
ce of these two men, Banister
began to botanize and make
collections of dried plants in
the Oxford area. His skills
soon manifested themselves,
and Compton encouraged Banis-
ter to accept a ministerial
position in Virginia. His
duties included collecting
objects of natural history
while serving the needs of the
Church of England.

Banister accepted the
position and left for Virginia
in 1678 under the sponsorship
of a number of members of the
Royal Society. William Byrd I
of Virginia, served as trea-
surer of this group.

At first Banister stayed
with Byrd at James River Falls
and then at Westover, the Byrd
estate. Not only did Banister
send back to England a large
number of seeds, fruits, dried
specimens, and illustrations
of native plants, he also
received plants from England
and plant them in Virginia.
The European plants were com-
ing from Jacob Bobart, the
gardener at the University of
Oxford, who, altogether with
his father, served the Univer-
sity for over 60 years.

Financial support for
Banister's efforts was never
really substantial. His Eng-
lish patrons included such men
as Dr. Hans Sloane, Dr. Henry

6 Py Bel: Tb: 0/E-OGs04

Compton, Dr. Martin Lister,
Robert Morison, Jacob Bobart,
George London, James Petiver
and others, but none seemed
capable of providing him with
sufficient funding so that he
could devote his full efforts
to botanical explorations in
Virginia.

In the 1680s, Banister
entered into a lively corres-
pondence with John Ray, and
sent to him a large number of
plant specimens. At the same
time Banister was also provid-
ing specimens to a second
major English botanist, Leon-
ard Plukenet, Ray's rival. Ray
took a catalogue of Virginia
plants sent to him by Banister
and published it is 1688 as an
appendix to his second volume
of Historia plantarum. Pluk-
enet, on the other hand, took
his Banister specimens, and in
particular the Banister illus-
trations, and began to publish
the figures in 1691, and a
series of new scientific names
(polynomials) in his first
book, Almagestum botanicum,
published in 1696.

To a degree Banister was
depressed by these publishing
activities. He himself began
preparing manuscripts with the
idea of publishing his find-
ings under his own name. His
previous attempts to publish
his own works had failed for
whenever he sent a manuscript
to Europe, it was taken and
published by others under
their own name. Morison, Ray
and Plukenet were all guilty
of this, from time to time,
but without their efforts to
present the Virginian discov-
eries at once, others, especi-
ally workers in France and
Holland, would have described
the species anyway when they
observed the uniqueness of the
plants in their garden.

In spite of John Banis-
ter's difficulties, his fort-
unes changed somewhat when he

Vol. 53, No.1

married a wealth widow, and
suddenly found a ready source
of modest support. In addi-
tion, his station in Virginia
was changing, and while still
a minister, he accepted other
duties and these often kept
him out-of-doors collecting
plants. Soon, the number of
Virginia plants Banister sent
to England surpassed 300 spe-
cies, and was destined to
reach about 340 species of
vascular plants, 100 insects
and about 20 mollusks before a
rifle ball ended his life in
an accidental shooting while
he was out botanizing. The
year was 1692, and his passing
would close the opening period
of temperate North American
botany.

To Morison, Bobart, Ray
and Plukenet, the collections
of John Banister were the
mainstay of their knowledge of
temperate North American bot-
any. Bobart took up the writ-
ing of Morison's Plantarum
historiae universalis oxonien-
sis when Morison died in 1683,
and began to describe and
illustrate Banister species
based on a combination of gar-
den-grown material raised at
Oxford and herbarium speci-
mens. Banister's catalogue,
which was published by Ray in
1688, was not illustrated, but
Plukenet's books were illus-
trated. Unlike Bobart, how-
ever, Plukenet based his illu-
strations almost entirely upon
herbarium specimens or figures
executed by Banister which
Plukenet obtained. Between
these men, and others, notable
Joseph Pitton de Tournefort in
France and Paul Hermann of
Leyden, Banister's plants were
rapidly described and charac-
terized.

Of perhaps even greater
importance were the many spe-
cies of vascular plants Banis-
ter introduced into western
Europe. He left a legacy of
exotic trees, shrubs and herbs

1983

which generations of natural-
ists in the future would exam-
ine in even greater detail.
Linnaeus would not only see
and grow many of the Virginia
species introduced into Europe
by Banister, but would come to
acknowledge Banister as an
important collector of temper-
ate North American species.

THE BOTANY CLUB

The death of John Banis-
ter was a serious blow to
English botany and its attempt
to classify temperate North
American plants and to obtain
seeds and fruits to introduce
such species into cultivation.
The loss of Banister produced
a Significnt gap in the active
program of plant explorations
in the British colonies of
North America, and it was
immediately agreed that a new
person had to be found to
replace him.

The Royal Society had
been growing, expanding and
changing over the three de-
cades from its foundation in
1660 to 1690. A new genera-
tion of men were coming into
power within the Society, and
even within English society as
well. Among the leaders of
this new group was Hans
Sloane. Sloane was a physican
who had gone to the New World
with the new Royal Governor of
Jamaica, the Duke of Albemar-
le. He left England in Sep-
tember of 1687 and returned in
late May of 1689 laden with
several hundred new plants.
Within a short period of time,
Sloane increased significantly
his knowledge of botany by
studying with Tournefort and
Magnol in France, and by work-
ing on his own collections.
Sloane soon obtained a number
of Royal appointments includ-
ing physician to Her Majesty
the Queen, and established a
large and profitable practice.
Sloane married a wealth widow,
whom he likely met in Jamaica,

Reveal, Pre-1753 botanical explorations

and was soon in a position to
devote much of his time to the
gathering of curiosities from
throughout the world. Sloane
would also rise to power in
the Royal Society, holding the
important post of treasurer
which saw to the publication
of the Philosophical Transac-
tions, the scientific journal
of the Society. It was due to
Sloane that the journal saw a
significant rise in the number
of papers dealing with botany.
All in all, Sloane would live
for 93 years, dying in 1753.
In the years of his activities
in the natural sciences, Sir
Hans Sloane would obtain the
largest collection of objects
in the world, and because he
lived so long, was able to
obtain -- and thus save for
future generations -- the vol-
umes of herbarium specimens
made by a majority of his
contemporaries.

Others who rose to prom-
inence during the 1690s were
men who can be roughly divided
into two groups: scientists
and the supporters of scient-
ists. The distinction is not
absolute, as the life of Sir
Hans Sloane witnesses. Fore-
most of the scientists was
John Ray. His efforts during
the 1680s to produce a two-
volume work on the classifica-
tion of all the plants of the
world was, and still is, con-
sidered the finest produced of
this. period. Ray is best
known for his flora of England
which was the standard that
Linnaeus had to overcome a
half century later to win the
critical support Linnaeus
needed in England to carry his
ideas of plant classification
and nomenclature. Even so,
the arrangement of plants pro-
posed by Ray was still prefer-
red by most English workers
over Linnaeus' so-called "sex-
ual" system. Today, many con-
sider Ray to be the "Father of
systematic botany". Close to
Ray was Samuel Doody, Keeper

8 Po Yio Ol ee OCI Tin

of the Chelsea Physic Garden,
the medicinal garden of the
Society of Apothecaries. A
neighbor was Samuel Dale who
would be an important inter-
mediary between Ray and other
English naturalists, and the
men and women who collected
plants in North America. Dale
would amass a large collection
of dried plants, and it would
be to Dale that the Ray her-
barium and library would go
when Ray died. Ray was modest-
ly but consistently supported
by a number of gentlemen who
were interested in botany.
Most important was Charles
Hatton, an aristocratic pro-
moter, who funded many of
Ray's publications.

In the opposing botanical
camp were the followers of
Leonard Plukenet. Plukenet,
like Ray, was a professional
botanist, and equally skilled
in the art of systematic bot-
any. Unlike Ray who was a man
of ill health and abject pov-
erty, Plukenet was at least
healthy. His temperment was
less conducive to good will,
and the Society was badly
divided into factions based on
the supporters of Ray versus
Plukenet. While Ray had a
broad base of support, Pluke-
net's was largely restricted
to the even more ill-tempered
John Woodward. Woodward, who
was even less well thought of
by his contemporaries, was not
as skilled as a naturalist as
Plukenet, and he tended to be
ignored by most of the member-
ship of the Royal Society.

Some of the men of note
involved in the promotion of
botanical science in the Royal
Society were James Ayrey, a
Quaker merchant; Charles Du
Bois, secretary of the East
India Company; and Dr. Henry
Compton. Compton is a special
case. He was a major support-
er of the Society's efforts to
obtain plants, but as an avid
gardner and the Bishop of

Vol. 53, No.1

London, he was ideally posi-
tioned to make certain convin-
ient appointments which bene-
fited both systematic botany
and his personal garden. In
short, it was no accident that
many naturalists that were
sent into the field by the
Royal Society were ministers
for the Church of England.

Bordering both groups
were two men. George London
was initially the gardener for
Henry Compton, but from the
late 1690s to the early 1700s,
he was gardener to William and
Mary, and after her death, to
William. As the Royal Gard-
ener, London was ideally
suited to ensure a proper
place for the exotic plants
coming into England from for-
eign lands. A skilled natural-
ist in his own right, London
did much to foster the inter-
national exchange of seeds and
bulbs, and to maintain some
degree of cooperation between
the various factions within
the systematic community in
London.

A second person is of
considerable importance, espe-
cially in the history of the
discovery of vascular plants
in temperate North America.
James Petiver was born in
about 1663, and established an
apothecary shop in London out
of which he maintained a world
wide correspondence with col-
lectors of natural objects.
Interested mainly in insects
and shells, Petiver relied
mainly upon ship's captains
and surgeons, soldiers, naval
officers; local -physicans,
assorted farmers, and even the
bored wives of many gentlemen
to collect curious plants and
animals for him, and send them
to London so that he might
describe them in his own publ-
ications.

Petiver was not only a
major promoter of the natural
sciences to the amatuer, he

1983

often saw to it that their
discoveries were rapidly pub-
lished. Unlike most of his
contemporaries, Petiver was
willing to provide his corres-
pondents with practical in-
formation includings sets of
instructions on how to collect
and preserve dried specimens,
ship seeds and seedlings, and
to record useful information
to go with the collections.
As an author, Petiver was
respected. He was not of the
stature of Ray, or even Pluke-
net, for his observations were
often with little regards to
what had already been publish-
ed and he had a tendency to
redescribe species others had
already proposed. His pamph-
lets and articles are often
filled with valuable histori-
cal information. As Petiver
was receiving so much material
from causal collectors, it is
only by reading his publica-
tions that one can find who
was collecting where at any
one time in history.

All of these men were
members of the Royal Society,
but as a whole, the members of
the Society were not devote to
the subject of botany to the
degree satisfactory to those
who wished to concentrate on
the plant kingdom. The sta-
ture of the Society was such
that causal discussions were
often difficult, and the mere
matters of the day-to-day dis-
cussions of botanical nomen-
clature, the latest book on
the mosses of England, or the
problems of shipping seeds
from China were not the type
of heady matters one ought to
present before the entire mem-
bership of the Society. Thus,
those gentlemen interested in
botany met informally at what
must have been one of the
first botanical societies in
the world. It was known as
ee Coffee House Botany

ub.

Members of the Temple

Reveal, Pre-1753 botanical explorations

Coffee House Botany Club met
every Friday evening. There
are no minutes of the meet-
ings, for it was an informal
gathering, but contemporary
correspondence indicates that
the membership consisted of
such men as Sloane, London,
Compton, Petiver, Doody, Dale,
Ray, Plukenet, Woodward, and
when in London, William Sher-
ard and the younger Jacob Bo-
bart of Oxford. From time to
time field trips were taken,
usually on Sundays, to gardens
or places of botanical inte-
rest. In the relaxed comforts
of the Temple Coffee House,
the more detailed aspects of
botany could be discussed and
it was not unusual for members
to bring recently acquired
collections of exotic species
for demonstration before the
membership or to ask for help
in establishing the correct
scientific name.

It was here, no doubt,
that the death of John Banis-
ter was disccused, and the
need for a replacement review-
ed. Compton likely proposed
that he, asthe Bishop or
London and a proponent of the
expansion of the Church of
England in the New World,
could find a position within a
parish if the Society could
find a naturalist willing to
take vows. Funding support
was likely discussed as well,
and a group of supporters
would be established and a
treasurer appointed. It would
be a duty of the treasure to
secure a governmental post so
that the colonial government
would support the naturalist
when he went about his collec-
ting activities. Once’ the
details were worked out, and
the plans finalized, then the
matter was brought before the
membership of the Royal Socie-
ty for approval. The system
worked well.

It was William Byrd I who
urged the Royal Society to

10 Pia YaT Cah O-Oat's

send a new collector to Virgi-
nia, and called for a search.
This was initiated in 1693,
but no one was found that was
Willing or qualified to fill
the position. Funding was
finally found in the form of a
position from the Royal Gover-
nor of Maryland, Francis Nic-
holson, who had previously
been Vice-Governor in Virgi-
nia. <A strong supportor of
the expansion of the Church of
England, Nicholson's duties in
the Catholic dominated colony
of Maryland w ere to transform
that colony to the Anglican
faith. He moved the capitol
from St. Marys to Annapolis,
and saw, in the needs of the
Royal Society, a means of
adding another clergyman.

In late 1694, Edward
Lhwyd, Keeper of the Ashmolean
Museum at Oxford, wrote to
Compton that he had a young
man that might be qualified.
Lhwyd indicated that he could
train the young man in natural
history, Dut i.was.up to
Compton to provide training in
the ways of the Church. The
young man he spoke of was his
deputy keeper, Hugh Jones.

BOTANY IN MARYLAND

Hugh Jones came to Oxford
in 1694 on a pauper's scholar-
ship. Born in Wales, he was
probably only 24 when Lhwyd
reported to Compton that he
might be qualified. Over the
course of 1695, Lhwyd provided
Jones with a basic education
in the natural sciences, and
in December of that year was
able to send him to London
armed with glowing letters of
introduction and instructions
to take his religious vows.
Over the course of the month,
Jones was schooled on the
matters of the Church of Eng-
land, and in the end was or-
dained a priest and became a
deacon. He was now ready to
go to the New World and begin
a new life in Maryland.

Vol. 53, Now. 1

The Byrd resolution pro-
posed and accepted by the
Royal Society was to send a
naturalist to Virginia. Fund-
ing, however, could not be
found in that colony but was
obtained from Maryland's gov-
ernor. When Jones completed
his training at the end of
December, 1695, he set out for
the coast from London to board
a ship for the Chesapeake Bay,
and the new capitol of Mary-
land, Annapolis. Rough weather
made it impossible for the
ship to depart for several
weeks, and from time to time,
Jones would travel back to
London. He could not afford
to stay long in the city, but
apparently did visit the Ten-
ple Coffee House Botany Club
where he fell into the Sloane
cirele.of influence, If was
James Petiver who took command
of the Reverend Jones and
began to educate him in the
fine art of practical botany.
Through him and other members
of the Botany Club, Jones
received instructions, various
supplies, and an occasional
piece of equipment. Most im-
portantly were the personal
contacts he made. From Peti-
ver, Jones received a request
that he should send to him
insects and fossils; for Ayrey
and Doody he should gather
seeds and fruits; and for
London and others he should
make herbarium specimens. Pet-
iver further urged that Jones
should send everything to him
for disperal. He, in turn,
would provide Jones with new
publications in the field of
natural history, help with his
medical needs, and provide
news about London.

When Jones' ship finally
departed in the spring of
1696, Jones was as educated as
could be expected. He eventu-
ally landed in Maryland, ar-
riving in Calvert County in
the heat of August and rode
horseback to Annapolis -- a
city of less than 40 buildings

1983

and considerable mud -- where
he resided with Governor Nic-
holson for five weeks.

The initial proposal was
for Jones to serve as Nichol-
son's chaplain, but even be-
fore Jones left for Maryland,
this proposal had been altered
to allow Jones to assume du-
ties in one of Maryland's
parishes. After five week in
Annapolis, Jones left for
Christ Church Parish in south-
ern Calvert County where he
assumed the rectorship of one
of Maryland's largest and most
wealthy parishes.

During the summer and
fall of 1696, Jones collected
what he could, and continued
to look for objects of inte-
rest for his London friends
over the winter. In March of
1697, Jones sent letters and
two boxes of specimens to
Petiver in London. During the
growing season of 1697, Jones
searched among the meadows and
woods near his church, along
the edges of the Patuxent
River, and the cliffs along
the shore of the Chesapeake.
He found a wide variety of
herbs, shrubs and trees, as-
sorted insects and butter-
flies, and fossils. Soon he
had specimens of birds, small
mammals and minerals to go
along with the seeds and young
plants we was sending to Lon-
don.

What, no doubt, Jones
sent in great expectation, and
awaited in the same fashion,
was not received with the same
level of enthusiasm previously
experienced by Petiver and
others when a shipment from
Banister arrived in the Old
World. The seedlings were
ill-packed and did not survive
the sea voyage. The seeds
were poorly labeled, the
shells unsorted, the plant
specimens small and fragment-
ary, and the insects broken or
damaged. The animals were

Reveal, Pre-1753 botanical exolorations

poorly preserved and few could
be adequately identified or
even characterized. For the
members of the Temple Coffee
House Botany Club, the Rever-
end Hugh Jones was a profound
disappointment.

For Jones, Maryland was
not all one could wish for
either. The winter of 1696-
1697 was especially hard. He
writes that snow came in Nov-
ember and remained until
March, and at times the snow
exceed two feet in depth. The
Chesapeake Bay became frozen
with ice so thick that sailors
could walk to the shore from
their ice-bound ships. The
cold rains were hard on Jones
and members of his parish.
Still, for the young minister,
his ministry was a challenge.

For Jones, as with most
members of the Church of Eng-
land in Maryland, the long
history of Catholic rule rep-
resented the past and it was
his duty to overcome the er-
rors of religious views pre-
viously imposed upon the peop-
le. That Maryland had been
settled as a Catholic colony
was of no immediate importance
to the Crown, the Royal Gover-
nor, or even the Reverend Hugh
Jones. His directions were to
conduct all services according
to the dictates of the Church
of England, no matter the
local religious preferences in
the community. Similarly, the
obvious threat imposed by the
growing number of Quakers com-
ing southward from Pennsylva-
nia was a matter of concern,
and Jones was a Signatory to a
document demanding government-
al control over the teachings
of the Quakers. As a minister
in Maryland's most wealthy
parishes, Jones was well
placed in the social fabric of
the Colony. His yearly income
was such that he was a wealthy
man, that coming from a tax,
in tobacco, levied by the
sheriff for the minister. The

ag

12 Pew? OL Oued b

levy was based on the number
of people in the parish, with
each adult white man or women
equal to one share per person
while any black slave, no
matter the age or sex, was
equal to two-thirds of a
share. Good year or bad, the
minister received his levy.

For Petiver the failings
of Hugh Jones in Maryland to
carry out his mandate to col-
lect was particularly trouble-
some. As his strongest sup-
porter in London, the plight
of trying ter:codal ect; and
survive in the New World, were
understood by Petiver. Peti-
ver stood to lose his own
investment of time and energy
if Jones failed, but it was
clear even to the apothecary
that the hopes for a signifi-
cant improvement in Jones'
abilities were ill-founded.
Petiver himself expressed his
disappointment when he review-
ed his broken insects, yet he
attempted to describe what he
could; Thes ‘bulk of Jones’
Maryland plants went directly
to James Ayrey and George
London, and while Petiver re-
ceived a few, these were not a
Significant part of his botan-
ical holdings. However, in
late 1697, George London gave
to Petiver two large volumes
of dried plants gathered in
the New World, including a
significant. set of » Jones"
plants. Armed with these two
volumes filled with Maryland
plants, Petiver set at once to
characterize them and to pre-
pare an article for publica-
tion in the Philosophical
Transactions.

To further this effort,
Petiver wrote to Jones urging
him to send all collections
that he could immediately. In
addition he told Jones of the
disappointment his collection
had caused in London and in-
formed him of a move to sent
others to the Colony... 1If
Jones was to receive credit

Vol. 53, No. 1

for his work in Maryland,
Petiver warned, he had to send
his plant and animal collec-
tions before the end of 1698,
for in that year, others would
be collecting in Maryland.

At the November, 1697,
meeting of the Royal Society,
William Bryd II moved that the
Society should find "a Fitt
person" to be sent to "Virgi-
nia in order to make observa-
tions and Descriptions of all
the Naturall productions of
those parts and to write the
History thereof." Although
Byrd urged that the naturalist
be sent to Virginia, the re-
maining part of his motion
stated that for “such a fitt
person the charge of his pas-
sage and 25 pounds per Ann.
would be allowed him by the
Governor of Maryland." Once
again, Francis Nicholson of-
fered to fund the collector,
and the naturalist was to be
in Maryland, not Virginia.

Nearly all of the neces-
sary arrangements were com-
pleted at the Temple Coffee
House Botany Club before the
vote and William Vernon, a
fellow of Peterhouse at Cam-
bridge University, was deter-
mined to be that "fitt" person
called for in Byrd's resolu-
tion. He was approved at the
December meeting of the Royal
Society, and set out for Mary-
land in January, 1698.

Vernon arrived in the
Maryland in April and he began
to collect almost immediately.
Vernon's proposal was to re-
main in Maryland for three
years, and to concentrate upon
the bryophytes, lichens and
similar non-vascular plants.
He had received permission
from the University to be gone
from Cambridge with the prov-
iso that he study botany, not
marry, and report each year
that he was alive!

The warnings sent to

1983 Reveal, Pre-1753 botanical explorations

Jones were heeded, and a large
number of plant collections
arrived: in.London’)in,early
1698. Immediately Petiver set
to work upon them, in concert
with the Geogre London collec-
tions already in hand, but by
this time Petiver was somewhat
less concerned about his inte-
rests in Maryland for he had
played a trump card in the
form of Dr. David Krieg.

David Krieg was a Prus-
sian friend of James Petiver's
who had been living with him
for much of 1697. Krieg had
been illustrating many of Pet-
iver's scientific papers dur-
ing the year he was staying in
London, and as a physican and
skilled naturalists, Krieg was
an ideal person to venture
into the field. Petiver had
been a party to Byrd's propos-
al to send Vernon to Maryland,
but the opportunity to send
another collector, especially
one devoted to him, could not
be passed by. During the
conversations relative to
Jones, Petiver must have con-
vinced Krieg that he should go
to Maryland as well. Krieg
could not obtain support from
the Royal Society, or even
Francis Nicholson, so it was
necessary for him to find a
position as a ship's surgeon.
This accomplished, Krieg de-
parted in March of 1698, near-
ly two months after Vernon,
and arrived in April just be-
fore Vernon.

Krieg's close and person-
al friendship with Petiver is
well known, and their letters
of affection continued well
after their year together at
Petiver's home in 1697. Per-
haps as a part of that rela-
tionship, Petiver gave to
Krieg a young man named Issac
who was to assist Krieg with
his explorations. Upon his
departure for the New World,
Petiver presented Issac with a
rather famous set of instruc-
tions:

13

When ever you goe ashore
take with you a Quire of
Brown Paper or Collection
Book. An Insect Box, Pins
& a small Viall halfe
Pilrdwiwet hh: Sprevre can
which you drown all your
supernummery Flies, Beet-
les, Catterpillars, &
other Insects especially
such you find in water.
Also a Booke for Butter-
flies & Moths of each wch
get al you can find, with
a paper bag or two to put
all ripe seed, ffruit &
berries as also all ye
shells you meet with both
land & water & as many of
each sort as you can
find; such as are thin &
brittle you must put into
a Pocket by themselves
with moss or any soft
leaves to keep them from
breaking.

These instructions were
exact and perhaps a bit over-
bearing, especially if Issac
had actually carried them out
fully to the letter. As fate
would have it, Issac was never
allowed to leave the ship, and
thus was of no value to Krieg
as an assistant.

Petiver was not the only
one trying to get a personal
collector into Maryland. John
Woodward -- the vowed enemy of
Sloane and Petiver -- and his
botanical associate, Plukenet,
also wanted material from
Maryland. At first, apparent-
ly, Woodward and Plukenet did
not receive Jones material,
and were not slated to receive
Vernon collections either.
Fearful of this, John Woodward
apparently wrote to the Royal
Governor, Francis Nicholson,
and complain of Sloane and
others in London. He implied
that there were collectors in
Maryland who were taking ob-
jects of nature without his
permission, and that such per-
son -- Jones, Krieg and Vernon
-- were associated with such

1h Pa T Osh(OrGo1 &

"Rogues and Rascalls" as
Sloane, Ray and Petiver. This
correspondence must not have
greatly impressed Nicholson
for he knew of Woodward from
others. Still, Petiver was
concerned and in his letters
urged Jones to send Woodward
specimens which, apparently,
Jones did. Vernon wrote
Sloane from Maryland that al-
though Woodward had claimed
over 100 correspondents in
America, he had met none and
suspected Woodward's honesty.
Vernon ended his commentary on
Woodward by calling him "an
abominable Villanous & Silly
fellow".

The Reverend Hugh Jones
knew that Krieg and Vernon
were coming, and both men
carried letters of introduc-
Prone from: Petiviers: aLtaais
likely that all three men met
each other in Maryland. It is
certain that Krieg and Vernon
collected jointly, and likely
traveled together on a few oc-
casions.

The collecting activities
of Krieg and Vernon were lim-
ited to the coastal plain of
Maryland, and an examination
of their extant collections
clearly shows that Krieg was
able to collect plants more
early in the year than Vernon.
This was of little initial
concern to Vernon as he was
planning to stay in the Colony
for three years. In July of
1698, Vernon wrote to Sloane
that he was having to return
to (London; \\This »was> most
likely because he had learned
that Francis Nicholson had
been appointed Royal Governor
to Virginia, and would shortly
leave Maryland. Without Gov-
ernor Nicholson to support his
position, Vernon would have to
depart. Krieg, who planned to
spend only the growing season
in Maryland, collected more
rapidly, gathering plants,
insects, birds and mammals,
fossils, shells and assorted

Vol. 53, No.1

other items of natural curio-
sity. In October of 1698,
Krieg and Vernon departed the
Royal Colony of Maryland and
arrived together in England
less than two months later.

Almost immediately the
collections of Krieg and Ver-
non were divided into sets and
sent out to the supporters of
Vernon, with duplicates of the
Krieg collections going to
many of the same people as
well. Sloane received a large
set of these collections, and
these, in turn, were sent to
John Ray for naming. Ray was
in the process of completing a
supplement to his Historia
plantarum, and the new Mary-
land collections would proved
a valuable addition to the
world's flora. Krieg speci-
mens went to Plukenet, probab-
ly through Petiver, and Peti-
ver provided Sloane with addi-
tional material which was not
sent to Ray. Duplicates were
accepted by Ayrey from both
Krieg and Vernon, and Sloane
received a set of Vernon spec-
imens directly from the col-
lector. Some material was
sent to William Sherard at
Oxford. Seeds and fruits were
distributed among the various
growers, and soon Maryland
plants were flourishing in
English gardens.

BOOKS AND ARTICLES

The first of the major
papers dealing with the natur-
al history of Maryland was
published by James Petiver.
It appeared as an article in
the last 1698 issue of Philo-
sophical Transactions and was
a catalogue of the plants and
animals found in Maryland by
Hugh Jones. In all 54 vascul-
ar plants were reported by
Petiver. The majority were
species previously known to
naturalists and had been found
in Virginia by Banister and
other naturalists. A few were
considered to be new species

1983

by Petiver, and described as
such. None of the species was
illustrated.

AY small reoltectiion of
plants had been gathered in
Maryland prior to the arrival
of Hugh Jones in 1696. A few
species from the Colony were
described by Plukenet in 1696,
and one was illustrated as
early as 1691 in Phytographia,
his book of illustrations. It
is unclear who might have
gathered these plants and
when. A possible candidate is
a ship's surgeon and later
correspondent of James Peti-
ver, Dr. John Smart. He gat-
hered plants in Maryland in
1708. He is best known for
his plants collection from the
Hudson Bay region of Canada
which he obtained in 1708.
These specimens are found in
the Petiver and Plukenet vol-
umes of dried plants in the
Sloane Herbarium.

In 1700 Plukenet publish-
ed a second volume devoted to
botany. His 1696 book, Alma-
gestum botanicum, had been
well received but was criti-
cized as incomplete as a world
flora. This was indeed true,
and a supplement, Almagesti
botanici mantissa was released
in 1700. The Mantissa con-
tained the description of over
200 species of Maryland
plants, and several were illu-
strated in the Phytographia
section included with the Man-
tissa. Most of the Maryland
plants reported by Plukenet
were those gathered by Jones
and Krieg. A new book, Amal-
theum botanicum, was published
in 1705 by Plukenet. In that
year only 16 Maryland species
were described, but numerous
plants previously described
from the Colony were illus-
trated in 1705.

John Ray published a sup-
plement to his two-volume His-
torie plantarum in 1704. Call-
ed the Supplementum, Ray ac-

Reveal, Pre-1753 botanical explorations

15

counted for over 400 poly-
nomials applied to Maryland
plants. In addition to new
species proposed by Ray, he
listed, sometimes in synonymy,
sometimes with comments, all
previously published names
which had been applied to
Maryland plants by Petiver and
Plukenet. William Sherard, and
perhaps Jacob Bobart, describ-
ed a small number of Maryland
plants which Ray published in
his Supplementum. Ray also
published an index to James
Petiver's herbarium in the
Supplementum, and this con-
tained descriptions of a few
new species from Maryland.

From 1699 to 1702, Peti-
ver added other new species of
Maryland plants to the litera-
ture. These appeared in a
series of pamphlets published
by him, and many of the spe-
cies were illustrated.

In addition to the Mary-
land plants reported in the
published works of Plukenet,
Petiver and Ray, these authors
published new species from
other regions of temperate
North America as well. The
majority came from Virginia,
but a growing number of new
collections were coming to
Europe from the Carolinas and
from the New England area.
Unlike Banister and Vernon,
who were professional natural-
ists in the sense that their
positions were supported by
the Royal Society, collections
from other areas were being
gathered by amateurs. Most of
these people were ship's cap-
tains or surgeon, local resi-
dents, or the occasional visi-
tor. None was destined to
become a major supplier of
plants to European gardens,
however, and their impact upon
the history of systematic bot-
any is exceedingly limited.

Botanical explorations
essentially ended in Maryland
with the departure of Krieg

16 PiBitD Onb@sGod &

and Vernon in October of 1698.
Jones remained in Maryland and
continued to serve his parish.
He gathered specimens in 1699,
but by 1700 the effects of
tuberculosis were beginning to
sap his strength. His letters
became less frequent and were
more often filled with indica-
tions of his declining health.
Finally, in January of 1702,
Hugh Jones, minister and natu-
ralist died. He was probably
31 years of age.

The fallure.of Jones,
Krieg and Vernon in Maryland
was a serious blow to the men
of the, Royal. Society,.cand
especially the members of the
Temple Coffee House Botany
Club. To be sure others were
collecting along the eastern
seaboard of North America, and
James Petiver continued to
receive specimens froma large
number of persons from New
England to Georgia. Several
people were in Virginia and
the Carolinas collecting spec-
imens which Petiver would des-
cribe. Yet, death was taking
its toll even of the member-
ship of the Botany Club. Ray
died in 1705 and Plukenet
followed in 1706. Petiver
himself would pass away in
1718, but by this time, Vernon
and Krieg had both died.

Botany itself was chang-
ing. The desire to have exo-
tic plants had not lessened in
any fashion, but new and more
exciting species were coming
from the subtropical and trop-
ical regions of the world.
The growing diversity of flow-
ering trees and shrubs from
China and Japan entering Eu-
rope was proving to be far
more exciting than similar
species from temperate North
America. Likewise, the succu-
lent species being found in
southern Africa were suddenly
attracting a large number of
enthusiasts, to say nothing of
the bulbous species native to
northern Africa and parts of

Vol. 53, No.1

the Middle East. Horticultur-
al interests in temperate
North America were waning.

The nomenclatural confu-
sion was rapidly getting out
of hand, and the lack of sys-
tematic order and a useful
classification scheme -- in
spite of Ray and Tournefort --
was causing great difficulties
in attempting to classify the
hoards of species coming to
Europe from foreign lands.
Publication costs were rapidly
esculating so rapidly that
publishing became difficult.
The idea of the "genus" had
been established by Tourne-
fort, who died in 1708, and
Ray had proposed groups of
genera which we would today
call families, but it would
remain for the Jussieu family
of Paris to complete these
ideas, and that would be after
1753. Botanical exploration
continued in temperate North
America, and many unique spe-
cies became Known in Europe.
A twenty year period of neg-
lect would exist from 1700
until 1720 although a review
of extant herbaria collections
in Europe reveals a period of
considerable active. Without
these discoveries being pub-
lished, however, their exist-
ence was not known and it
would remain for others to
complete the task of describ-
ing the native flora of tempe-
rate eastern North America.

THE CATESBY YEARS

Mark Catesby is perhaps
the best known of the American
naturalists. Born and educat-
ed at Essex, Catesby found
that he had an early interest
in the natural sciences due to
his close friendship with Sam-
uel Dale, the long-time friend
of John Ray. Dale, the Brain-
tree apothecary, was the au-
thor of the widely used Phar-
macologia and had acquired a
fine herbarium over years of
plant collecting. He received

1983 Reveal, Pre-1753 botanical explorations

many specimens through his
association with the Temple
Coffee House Botany Club.
With Dale's encouragement, but
limited support, Catesby went
to Virginia in 1712 to pursue
a career aS a naturalist. He
went to live with his sister,
Elizabeth, who had married Dr.
William Cocke, an Englishman
who had migrated to Virginia
imei. A frend off the
Royal Governor and the Byrd
family, these associations
proved to be exceedingly use-
ful to Catesby, and he took
full advantage of them. Within
a week of his arriving in
Virginia, Catesby met William
Byrd II. Catesby spent a part
of the sunmer and fall of 1712
at Westover, the Byrd estate,
and gathered plants in the
area where John Banister had
roamed 20 years before.

Encouraged by his friend-
ship with Byrd, Catesby began
to collect everything he could
find. Within a year Governor
Spotswood sent to Henry Comp-
ton a large consignment of
seeds collected by Catesby
along with a number of herbar-
ium specimens. The specimens
went to Dale, and he informed
the members of the Temple
Coffee House Botany Club of
the many interesting and fine-
ly collected plants he was
receiving from Catesby. By
1715 James Petiver was writing
to Catesby and asking the
young naturalist to send him
specimens.

When Catesby returned to
England in 1719, he brought
with him a large collection of
vascular plants which he gave
to Dale. Dale shared the
Catesby material with William
Sherard at Oxford who, from
1703 to 1717, had been consul
at Smyrna, a city-state in
Turkey. Sherard had been work-
ing on a revision of Bauhin's
Pinax and had much of it com-
pleted prior to 1703. He had
urged Tournefort to complete

7

the task when he assumed his
diplomatic post, but as Tour-
nefort died in 1708, the revi-
sion remained undone. With
the arrival of Catesby collec-
tions from Virginia, coupled
with the large number of spe-
cies described since 1703,
Sherard once again turned his
attention to the Pinax revi-
sion.

An aspect that certainly
aided Sherard in this matter
was the annotations Sherard
found on the Catesby speci-
mens. Dale had attempted to
keep up with the synonymy of
his day, and many of Catesby's
specimens he had been able not
only to identify but assign
synonymies as well. Nonethe-
less, fully half of what Mark
Catesby brought with him was
new.

Catesby was certainly in
the mold of Banister. He made
careful notes and field sket-

ches -- which may still be
examined today on his speci-
mens -= and knew what had been

gathered in Virginia previous-
ly as well. Catesby knew that
the coastal plain had been
well collected, not only by
Banister and others who had
been in Virginia, but Jones,
Krieg and Vernon in Maryland.
He proceeded to work further
inland, and even went into the
mountains.

Upon his return to Eng-
land in 1719, Catesby was well
known, but only to Dale, Peti-
ver and a few other members of
the Royal Society. Through a
series of well placed letters
with rather blunt hints, and a
careful distribution of her-
barium specimens, Dale managed
to impress critical members of
the Society with the value of
Mark Catesby as a collector.
Within a few months, the Soc-
iety was discussing the idea
of sending Catesby back to the
New World. As before it was
necessary to find a position,

18 Pe Yo? Del n

and to arrange for a group of
supporters.

The Society had worked
closely with Francis Nicholson
in the past, and once again
the members turned to him for
help. Nicholson was now the
Royal Governor to South Caro-
lina, having been appointed to
that post in 1720. In October
Nicholson informed the Society
that he would permit Catesby
to come to the Colony and
would provide him with an
annual sum of 20 pounds per
year.

The history of botanical
explorations in the Carolinas
prior to the time Mark Catesby
arrived was one marked with
the occasional visitor and
residents interested in natur-
al philosophies. Even so
South Carolina contributed
little compared to Virginia
prior to 1720, and North Caro-
lina was even less significant
during that period of time.
Various people gathered plants
in the Carolinas with the help
of James Petiver. Robert Ste-
evens, who lived near Charles
Town, sent plants and animals
to Petiver starting in 1698.
From the same area Edmund Bo-
hun and Robert Ellis sent more
plants to Petiver, and these
were described by Petiver, and
Plukenet, -prierto.1705..) A
British sea captain, William
Halsteed, also gathered plants
from 1699 to 1703. The collec-
tions of Bohun and Ellis led
to many Significant additions
to Petiver's volumes of dried
plants.

One of the first women to
actively collect in temperate
North America was Hannah Wil-
liams of South Carolina. She
sent a large collection of
butterflies to Petiver in 1701
followed by a few plant speci-
mens by 1705. These col-
lections would have been more
Significant had they been pub-
lished, but only a few ever

Vol. 53, No.1

saw the printed page, and most
were lost to the botanical
ae when Petiver died in
TH18.

One of the finest collec-
tions of Carolina plants ever
received from the Carolinas
prior to 1720 was made by the
Reverend Joseph Lord. Ameri-
can by birth and educated at
Harvard University, Lord was
well known to the small circle
of New England scientists ac-
tive in that area before he
went to South Carolina in
1695. He settled in Dorches-
ter on the banks of the Ashley
River, and under the guidance
of Hannah Williams, began to
corieect plants sine T70 tT:
Lord's large and well preserv-
ed specimens are readily noted
in Petiver's extant volumes of
plant specimens because of
their elegantly hand written
labels.

Lord wrote yearly to Pet-
iver and sent him specimens
with nearly every letter until
1711. Many of Lord's collec-
tions were described by Peti-
ver in his Gazophylacii natu-
rae & artis, a series of pam-
phlets that were published
fromah702 to. 1709..4in iz,
Petiver described a few of
Lord's fern species in his
Pterigraphia americana.

Another of James Peti-
ver's Carolina correspondents
was John Lawson. An appren-
tice in the London Society of
Apothecaries before he went to
North Carolina in 1701, Lawson
was knowledgable in the art of
collecting plants and securing
information on the medicinal
significance of exotic plant
species. Although there was
some initial correspondence
between Lawson and Petiver in
1701, there was no major ex-
change until 1709 when Lawson
published his own account of
the natural history of North
Carolina. This book was main-
ly an overview of the natural

1983

history, topography and geo-
logy of the Colony, and al-
though he traveled widely he
seems to have made only a few
collections prior to 1709.
Lawson met Petiver when he was
in London shortly before his
book was published. He was
the Surveyor General of the
Colony, in a position to ex-
plore, and both Petiver and
George London encouraged him
to send them specimens and
seeds. A gift of several books
and assorted items necessary
to gather animals, insects and
plants helped to solidify
their relationship. During
Lawson's surveying of the Vir-
ginia and North Carolina boun-
dary, he was able to gather
many specimens and to enrich
Petiver's holdings of plants,
insects, snakes, birds and
fossils. In 1711 Lawson was
hoping to collect extensively
and: wrote Petiver of his
plans. Unfortunately he was
captured by Tuscarora Indians
who were displeased with his
attitude toward them and kill-
ed him. His, bast. book -of
plants had been sent to Peti-
ver but two months prior to
Se ee in September of

John Lawson's A new
voyage to Carolina proved to
be a successful publication
and greatly strengthened his
place in history. Unfortun-
ately this travel account does
not contain information on the
plants of the Colony in a form
useful to subsequent genera-
tions of taxonomists and he
was destined to play no role
in the future of systematic
botany.

When Catesby came to the
New World in May of 1722, he
was already well known for his
knowledge of plants and ani-
mals. The community of Char-
les Town, South Carolina, was
one place where naturalists
were considered an asset.

Reveal, Pre-1753 botanical explorations

19

Catesby left London well
sponsored with the financial
support of not only the Royal
Governor but that of four
noble peers of the realm and a
number of English gentlemen
naturalists, notably Sloane,
Dale, William Sherard and Mr.
Charles Du Bois, the secretary
to the East India Company.
His efforts were sanctioned by
the Royal Society and carried
out with the unofficial but
nonetheless important approval
of the Temple Coffee House
Botany Club. As he had done
in Virginia, Catesby quickly
established himself in the
best of ‘social ecireles im
Charles Town, and became an
influencial member of the Col-
ony.

Catesby traveled widely
in the Carolinas, visiting
both North and South Carolina,
portions of Georgia, and even
northern Florida. He went
westward as far as the Pied-
mont. In the winters he often
went to Bermuda and Bahama
collecting and illustrating
the plants he encountered. He
gathered many different kinds
of seeds and fruits which he
sent to England, and these
were rapidly incorporated into
the gardens of western Europe.
He gathered all objects of
nature he could find -- ani-
mals ofall kinds, fossils,
plants of nearly every type --
and managed to make notes on
geology, anthropology and eco-
logy. Pleased with his ef-
forts in the Carolinas, he
attempted to encourage his
London supporters to finance
an expedition to Mexico, but
this proved impossible. When
the term of Francis Nicholson
ended in 1725, Catesby travel-
ed to Bermuda where he spent
nearly a year, and then, in
1726, continued on to England.

Upon his return to Lon-
don, Catesby immediately set
to the task of publishing his
New World discoveries. He

20 Pon xD Oc OrGrd &

proposed to his supporters
that he begin to prepare a
volume on the natural history
of the areas he had visited.
Unfortunately for Catesby, his
supporters in London were no
longer willing to provide him
with the means to pursue his
goal, now that he was not
providing them with specimens,
and he was forced to find
other means. Faced with this
problem, Catesby learned to
etch his own copper plates for
the proposed colored illustra-
tions which he then had to
paint himself. He found work
in various nurseries where he
was able to observe many of
his own species growing in
cultivation and was able to
adjust his illustrations and
descriptions accordingly. With
a no-interest loan from Peter
Collinson, Catesby was able to
proceed and finally release,
in parts, his Natural history
of Carolina, Florida, and the
Bahama Islands.

Initially, William Sher-
ard at Oxford assisted Catesby
in the preparation of his
text, and especially with the
complex nomenclature. Given
that many of Catesby's Ameri-
can plants had previously been
described based on Virginia,
Maryland and New England col-
lections, Sherard's knowledge
of these plants was valuable.

Catesby's close relation-
ship with Sherard caused him
some minor difficulties in his
friendship with Sir Hans
Sloane. While Catesby had
been in the New World collect-
ing for his English patrons,
they had been waring among
themselves over his material.
This battling was most fierce-
ly waged between Sloane and
Sherard. To a large degree
this was only a manifestation
of their longer and more ser-
ious disagreement over the
access Sherard requested of
the many collections of plants
Sloane had acquired. In parti-

Vol. 53, Wo. 1

cular, Sherard wanted access
to the collections formerly
owned by James Petiver. Sher-
ard's work on his revision of
Bauhin's Pinax had been de-
layed by his inability to
thoroughly study Petiver's
many collections. By the ear-
ly 1720s, this became a major
source of difference between
the two men.

In 1721, Sherard asked a
German botanist, John Jacob
Dillenius, to come to England
and assist him in completing
the Pinax project. Sherard
lived in London at the time,
and had asked Sloane on numer-
ous occasions to be allowed to
review the Petiver collections
so he could complete his revi-
Sion. Sloane initially re-
fused saying that the Petiver
material was too disorganized
and as soon as he had it in
order Sherard could see it.
When Sherard finally did get
an opportunity to examine Pet-
iver's collections, he com-
plained that Sloane had so ill
treated them that they were
essentially useless. Their
dispute over access to the
Petiver collections continued
for years, and when Sherard
died in 1728, the feelings of
ill-will were passed -- ina
less intensive form -- to Dil-
lenius.

Dillenius did what he
could with the Petiver polyno-
mials, and other scientific
names proposed by Plukenet
(Sloane had his collections as
well) and others. By using
the herbarium at Oxford, and
the expertise of Dillenius,
Catesby was able to associate
his material with species pre-
viously described by Ray, Plu-
kenet, Petiver and others.
This was aided by Samuel
Dale's own annotations of Cat-
esby specimens that had come
to England while Catesby was
Still exploring. As a result,
Dale, who had Ray's personal
herbarium, had been able to

1983

accurately name many of Cates-
by's specimens based on his
own knowledge of the Virginia
and Maryland flora for he had
duplicates of many of those
species in his own herbarium.

By the spring of 1729
Catesby had completed the
first portion of his book and
began to release it as sets of
numbered plates with the idea
that the book be assembled
later when it was completed.
He presented each set of
plates to the Royal Society,
and by November of 1732 had
given the Society all the
parts that constituted the
first volume. It was Collin-
son who finally presented Ca-
tesby to the Society for mem-
bership which was granted in
May of 1733.

Parts for the second vo-
lume began to appear in Janu-
ary of 1735, and Catesby con-
tinued to give each part to
the Royal Society until all
parts were completed in Decen-
ber of 1743. In 1747 he pub-
lished an appendix and Collin-
son was able to write to Linn-
aeus that Catesby's book was
completed. By this time the
number of contributors to Ca-
tesby's project had grown to
166, well above the original
12 men who had provided him
with his initial funding. In-
cluded among his large list of
patrons were a number of royal
families, ambassadors, botani-
cal friends and colleagues.
Perhaps most significant was
the number of supporters from
the American colonies. The
final book contained 200 co-
lored plates of which 171
plants were figured.

Catesby's three-year ef-
fort in South Carolina has
come to be regarded as one of
the most significant in Ameri-
can natural history explora-
tions. He has come to be
regarded as one of the more
skilled observer. Catesby was

Reveal, Pre-1753 botanical explorations 21

only an adequate illustrator,
but the combination of his art
work and his ability to obser-
ve plants and animals has been
appreciated by many since
1747, including Linnaeus.

THE LINNAEAN ERA

For temperate North Amer-
ican botany, the Linnaean era
began when Carl Linnaeus came
to England. He came to exam-
ine the collections of dried
plants that had been gathered
in the New World by the host
of collectors starting with
John Banister and essentially
ending with Mark Catesby. For
Linnaeus, Catesby's work was
highly significant. The full
text of volume one and much of
the second had been printed
when Linnaeus visited Dillen-
ius, “in Aiugustsof © 17362. >cAt
Oxford, Linnaeus could not
only examine the plates, but
the actual specimens as well
for Sherard and Dillenius had
received nearly a full set of
Catesby's specimens. In addi-
tion, Linnaeus could examine
collections made by earlier
naturalists, now annotated by
Sherard and Dillenius with the
polynomials proposed by vari-
ous workers up to the mid-
1730s. Previously in Sweden,
Holland and France Linnaeus
had been able to see garden
material, and had been able to
characterize many of the New
World species on the basis of
these plants. He continued to
examine garden material, in-
cluding the botanical garden
at Oxford, but itewas his
examination of herbarium mate-
rial that proved critical to
his understanding of the appl-
ication of polynomials.

Linnaeus' visit to Eng-
land made it possible for him
not only to see many col-
lections which he had been
unable to study previously,
but also gave him an opportun-
ity to talk with many of the
men who had been supporting

22 PRO? O.4750'C-2.4

explorations throughout the
world. He visit Sir Hans
Sloane briefly but did not
examine his herbarium. He
formed a bond with Peter Col-
linson and James Ellis which
was to carry him through the
difficult period of acceptance
of the Linnaean methodology in
England after 1753.

While Linnaeus certainly
concentrated upon the collec-
tions made by Catesby and
others who collected in the
southern portion of the east-
ern seaboard, he did see a few
collections made by collectors
from the New England area and
eastern Canada. Botanical
explorations had been occur-
ring in the north while simi-
lar activities were being car-
ried out in the south. John
Josselyn was one of the first
naturalist to visit this area,
traveling to the present state
of Maine in 1638 and 1639. On
this trip he had little time
to observe plants and animals,
but on a much longer trip,
lasting. from: 1663 tor 71671,
Josselyn had amply opportunity
to make observations. He was
primarily interested in medi-
Ccinal plants of the area, and
discovered that the herbals of
his day were inadequate in
dealing with the New England
vegetation. He made no perman-
ent collections and apparently
failed to gather seeds of the
plants he saw. Nonetheless,
Josselyn prepared a small book
with rather crude and poorly
executed illustrations of the
New England flora. Entitled
New-England's rarities disco-
vered, his book was published
in 1672; it proved to be of
little interest to Linnaeus
and it is not mentioned in
Species plantarun.

Other collectors came to
the New England area, but few
were of major importance.
Thomas More, the so-called
"Pilgrim Botanist", came to
New England in 1722 and stayed

Vol. 53, No.1

until 1724. When five Mohawk
chiefs were sent to England in
1709, More apparently met them
and received an invitation to
visit them in the New World.
He had worked with Bobart at
Oxford in the 1690s, and had
collected for Lhwyd in south-
western England in the 1700s.
He was an enthusiastic collec-
tor, and Petiver, Sloane and
others encouraged him to go to
America. It was Sherard who
secured the funds for More to
travel, but had some difficul-
ties in finding supporters for
a man in his 40s.

More proved not to be as
successful a collector as Wil-
liam Sherard and his support-
ers had hoped. Nonetheless
More's many collections were
in the Sherardian Herbarium at
Oxford University when Linn-
aeus visited it in 1736. So
too were the Hudsons Bay col-
lections of Richard Tilden who
had visited the area in about
1700. These collections were
likely the only plants from
northern Canada that Linnaeus
examined in the herbarium.

No doubt Linnaeus and
Dillenius, who initially began
their association with a pro-
found distrust of the other,
discussed Dillenius book Hor-
tus elthamensis which had been
published in 1732. Dillenius
had discussed nearly 400 spe-
cies grown in the garden of
James Sherard, the brother of
William Sherard. Dillenius
had served Sherard up to his
death in 1728 with a high
degree of devotion, and hoped
to complete the revision of
the Pinax which Sherard had so
long struggled to see done.
Shortly after William's death,
James asked Dillenius to pre-
pare a book on his garden.
Dillenius, the first Sherar-
dian Professor at Oxford was
reluctant to do it, but bowed
to the will of the wealthy
James and devoted several
years to the book. The Hortus

1983

was well illustrated and well
written with abundant informa-
tion on the distribution and
taxonomy of each species men-
tioned. It was a major work
and Linnaeus recognized it as
such almost immediately. At
Oxford, Linnaeus was able to
review both the garden and
herbarium specimens Dillenius
had used in arriving at his
taxonomic disposition of the
species he treated. Included
in the Hortus were a number of
Banister and Catesby species
as well as a few grown from
seed gathered in Maryland.
The synonymy was rather com-
plete, and Linnaeus could exa-
mine the herbarium specimens
annotated by Sherard, Dale,
Dillenius, and even Ray, Plu-
kenet and Petiver, and trace
the evolution of the species
definitions Dillenius had ar-
rived at. Linnaeus remained
at Oxford for some eight days.
It was here he studied :the
extant collections of American
plants which aided him when he
assisted Johann Friedrich Gro-
novius during the winter of
1737-1738 in classifying a
large collection of plants
from Virginia gathered by John
Clayton.

CLAYTON AND KALM

Colonial Virginia of John
Clayton's era was different
from that Mark Catesby had
found in 1712. The population
was growing and the urban
centers, once restricted to
the Williamsburg area, had
expanded far beyond the James
River. There was a college,
William and Maryland, newspa-
pers in the Colony -- some-
thing that was not even yet in
the city of Oxford in England.
The intellectual center that
had once been Williamsburg was
now divided between Boston,
Philadelphia and Charles Town.
Virginia still held great fam-
ilies, and most were deeply
interested in botany and the
other natural philosophies.

Reveal, Pre-1753 botanical explorations

eo

Some maintained large gardens
and were exchanging plants not
only with European centers,
but even with other colonists
elsewhere in the New World.

Clayton came to Virginia
in l7205, joining his ofather
who was in the government and
would eventually rise to be
the Attorney General. Clayton
acquired land and became an
established, although modest,
man of means. He too became a
government official serving as
the Clerk of Gloucester County
where he lived. Like other
Virginians, Clayton establish-
ed a garden and entered into a
correspondence with William
Byrd II, Mark Catesby who he
had met, Peter Collinson, and
John Bartram. It was Catesby
that sent Clayton's herbarium
specimens to Gronovius, and
others, and urged Gronovius to
carefully review them with the
hopes of classifying them.

In the 1730s Clayton pre-
pare a manuscript entitled "A
catalogue of plants, fruits,
and trees native to Virginia"
and sent. 4t-.to Gronovius:
Taking the manuscript, and the
many Clayton specimens which
had been gathered since the
early 1730s, Gronovius and
Linnaeus began to prepare a
manuscript on the collection
following Linnaeus' new system
of classification rather than
that of Ray's which Clayton
had followed. Linnaeus worked
closely with Gronovius on the
nomenclature of the Virginia
species he was publishing.
The knowledge Linnaeus had
gained from his visit to Ox-
ford where he examined so many
of the temperate North Ameri-
can plants proved to be useful
to him in naming the plants
gathered by John Clayton and
assigning synonymies to them.
The resulting book, Flora vir-
ginica, appeared in two parts.
The first part was published
in 1739, while the second was
released in 1743. Linnaeus

2h Ph YT OO Ges &

was closely involved with the
1739 volume, but had little
direct influence on the 1743
volume.

When Clayton saw Gronov-
ius' Flora virginica, he was
profoundly disappointed. Not
only had Gronovius not follow-
ed his manuscript, he failed
to acknowledge Clayton's con-
tribution to the Flora except
for a minor comment in the
introduction. To remove this
as a possibility from happen-
ing again, Clayton began to
study the Linnaean methodology
with the hopes of writing his
own flora of Virginia. Within
a few years he was able to
write his fellow naturalists
commenting on various techni-
cal points in their descrip-
tions, and he turned his at-
tention to writing. In 1748,
Clayton traveled into the high
mountains collecting many new
species which were as yet
unknown to Linnaeus. In 1757,
Clayton sent to Peter Collin-
son his revision of Flora
virginica, but could not find
a publisher. Collinson asked
George Ehret to prepare plates
for the volume, and some were
actually prepared before Lau-
renz Gronovius, the son of
Johann, published his father's
long delayed second edition in
1762. The book forced Clayton
and Collinson to abandon their
project, and Clayton's revi-
sion was never published.

Clayton had proposed to
use Linnaeus' binomial system
of nomenclature, and this plus
the Ehret plate would have
made his flora a major public-
ation. The younger Gronovius
did not illustrate his work,
nor did he use binomial nomen-
clature, and thus this post-
1753 flora is of no systematic
importance and is little used
today.

A causal friend of John
Clayton's was John Mitchell, a
man of many talents and broad

Vol. 53, No.1

scientific interests. He was
in Virginia from 1735 to 1746,
returning to England because
of his ill health. He also
maintained a large and active
correspondence with many con-
temporary scientists including
botanists such as Dillenius,
Gronovius and Linnaeus. He
knew John Bartram as well and
communicated with Cadwallader
Colden in New York, Peter
Collinson in London, and even
two of his fellow American
collectors, Mark Catesby and
Peter Kalm.

Mitchell's interests in
botany were somewhat limited
compared to his contributions
made in other areas of the
natural and physical sciences.
Nonetheless he sent numerous
herbarium specimens to Dillen-
ius and Collinson, along with
various manuscripts. One of
those papers was published for
him by Collinson in 1748; it
was titled "Nova genera plant-
arem Virginiensum." This work
was consulted by Linnaeus and
various of Mitchell's new ge-
nera were mentioned or treated
in the first edition of Spe-
cies plantarum.

Of perhaps greater inte-
rest were Mitchell's comments
regarding species and specia-
tion. He proposed that plants
and animals that can produce
offsprings biologically ought
to be considered members of
the same species, whereas
those that cannot produce off-
springs or the off-spring are
SEErLIie, cought not to ve
regarded as the same species.
Mitchell felt Linnaeus' arti-
ficial system was unreliable,
and that Ray's system was much
more natural as it was based
on attributes of the whole
plant rather than just the
reproductive parts.

Even though Mitchell sent
the bulk of his plant collec-
tion to England in 1738 and in
1742, he continued to botanize

1983 Reveal, Pre-1753 botanical explorations

in Virginia. When he departed
in 1746, he took more than a
thousand specimens. Unfortun-
ately, his ship was stopped by
a Spanish vessel carrying pir-
ates and the contents plund-
ered. Although Mitchell was
eventually able to recover the
majority of his collection,
most of it was no longer use-
ful and was discarded.

Both Mitchell and Clayton
correspondent with Cadwallader
Colden of New York. Colden
had initially come to America
in 1715. Born in Ireland of
Scotish parents and educated
at the University of Edin-
burgh, he studied medicine in
London before going to Phila-
delphia where he practiced
medicine among other enter-
prises. Colden became a cor-
respondent of James Petiver
but apparently never sent him
any plant collections. He re-
turned to Scotland in 1715,
married, and returned to Phil-
adelphia where he continued to
practice. However, in 1720,
Colden was appointed Surveyor
General for New York, and he
moved to that Colony where he
entered into a life of poli-
tics.

As a result of his posi-
tion, Colden was able to be-
come wealthy through land spe-
culation, and was slowly able
to amass an excellent scienti-
fic library. His correspon-
dents were the "who's who" of
American and European science,
with Collinson, Gronovius and
Linnaeus among his European
associates, and the Bartrams,
Clayton, Mitchell, and a host
of others who would be import-
ant after 1753 among his Amer-
ican friends.

In 1739, Colden and his
family left New York City and
moved to an estate he named
Coldengham. Here he was able
to write on a wide variety of
subjects, including botany.
Colden began to study the

25

Linnaean method in the early
1740s, and with a visit from
John Bartram in 1742, Colden
began to seriously study the
local flora. He collected
plants around Coldengham and
sent them to Collinson, and
even Linnaeus. Soon he was
attempting to prepare a flora
of New York, but mostly it was
a treatment of plants in his
local area. Published from
1743 to 1750, in parts, Col-
den's "Plantae Coldenhamiae in
provincia Novaboracensi Ameri-
canes sponte Crescentes" was
used by Linnaeus to character-
ize a few species in 1753.

Colden, like Mitchell,
found fault in Linnaeus' sexu-
al system, and voiced his
disagreements about it to Gro-
novius. Within a few years,
Colden's interest in botany
had lessened, but he was
pleased to discover that his
curiosity in botany had passed
onto his daughter, Jane.

Jane Colden began her
studies of botany about the
time Species plantarum ap-
peared in print, and by 1755
her father wrote to Gronovius
of her pronounced skills.
What correspondence he was
receiving on botany, Cadwalla-
der passed on to Jane. She
exchanged seeds and specimens
with several American and Eu-
ropean naturalists, and enter-
ed into her own correspondence
with a number of new natura-
lists, such as Alexander Gar-
den, of Charles Town, South
Carolina, who, like herself,
would be a significant contri-
butor to Linnaeus' subsequent
editions of Species plantarum.
She prepared a "Flora of New
York" with some 340 illustra-
tions, but the work was never
published during her lifetime.
It now appears that this fail-
ure was more one of her sex
than her ability.

Both of the Coldens knew
John Bartram. Of all the

26 PH YT Ovb OeGor h

Linnaean era collectors in
temperate North America, John,
and his son William, collected
more widely than any other
naturalist. Born in Pennsylv-
ania of Quaker parents in
1699, he moved at an early age
to North Carolina where he
remained until a young man.
Upon the death of an uncle,
Bartram inherited a small farm
near Darby, Pennsylvania,
where he moved. After the
death of this first: wife in
1827, John and his only survi-
ving son moved to a new farm
on the Schuylkill River, a
short distance from Philadel-
phia, and established a small
but significant botanical gar-
den on about five acres.

Bartram prospered in his
farming, married again, and he
was able to expand his land
holdings so that he could
eventually devote much of his
personal time to botany and
horticulture. Bartram soon
began to explore the field of
botany, mainly from the aspect
of medicinal plants, learned
to read Latin, and to read
Linnaeus' writings as they be-
came available in America. He
also learned to read and write
English, and while neither his
English or Latin were perfect,
he managed, and became an
active participant in the
scientific circles that domin-
ated the lives of a handful of
men in the Philadelphia area.

Like so many others, Bar-
tram began to correspond with
Collinson in the 1730s, and to
exchange specimens. Some of
his. eolliections of dried
plants went to Dillenius at
the University of Oxford, and
these Linnaeus likely saw in
August: -of. 1736.6, Coddinson
became an enthusiastic suppor-
ter of Bartram and encourage
all who went to America to met
him. He also encourage John
Bartram to travel and collect
plants which would be of po-
tential value to the horticul-

Vol. 53, No.

tural gardens of Europe. By
1738 Bartram was proposing to
Collinson to make a major
botanical expedition into Vir-
ginia, and to this Collinson
added even more encouragement
in the form of letters of
introduction, instructions and
advice of the art of collec-
tion live specimens, seeds and
herbarium specimens. Soon
Bartram seeds were sprouting
in the Oxford Botanical Garden
as well as at the Chelsea
Physic Garden. Within a few
years Collinson had establish-
ed a network of supporters for
Bartram, and as the years
past, Bartram made more and
more exciting discoveries of
unique species heretofore un-
known in the scientific world.

Many of Bartram seeds
found their way to Linnaeus'
garden at Uppsala, and through
them, Linnaeus was able to
describe new species of Ameri-
can plants. Bartram was now
traveling widely in the east-
ern part of temperate North
America, visiting not only the
more remote regions along the
coastal plain but the high
mountains to the west. He
made repeated visits into the
colonies of New Jersey, Dela-
ware and Maryland, as well as
numerous trips to various
parts of Pennsylvania. He
traveled into New York, met
Colden, and collected in the
Catskills. He even went into
southern Canada.

The Bartrams continued to
collect well past 1753, and
John and his son William soon
became well known for their
fine plants and exotic travels
to the more remote regions of
the eastern seaboard. The two
men rose to fame, with John
being appointed the Royal Bot-
anist.in 1765..° Their 1765
expedition to Florida has be-
come famous due to John's book
published the following year.

A visitor to the Bartram

1

1983

farm in the summer and fall of
1748 was Peter Kalm. A student
of Linnaeus', Kalm came to
America in September of 1748
with the intention of collect-
ing dried herbarium specimens
and seeds for his major pro-
fessor. During his first fall
he gathered seeds and plants
in Pennsylvania and New Jer-
sey, while during the summer
he turned northward to New
York and southern Canada re-
turning to Philadelphia for
the winter of 1749-1750. Kalm
then traveled from New Jersey
across western Pennsylvania to
the eastern Great Lakes, col-
lecting numerous specimens
before his return to the city
of Brotherly Love in October
of 1750. From there, in Feb-
ruary, 1751, Kalm sailed for
England, and then on to Sweden
where he arrived, laden with
many new and wonderous plants,
upon his professor's door at
Uppsala in June.

SPECIES PLANTARUM

For Carl Linnaeus, the
idea of a treatment of all the
species of the world began
initiallycins 17 s3uawhem ihe
first attempted the project.
Almost at once he realized it
was impossible to do at that
time and turned to describing
the genera instead. This ef-
fort resulted in the publica-
tion of Genera plantarum pub-
lished in 1737. He then took
a copy of his new book, added
blank pages, and began to
insert species. From 1746 to
1748 Linnaeus worked on a new
draft of Species plantarum
following the format he had
used in his earlier (1738)
Hortus. cliffortianus: «This
proved equally impossible but
for somewhat different rea-
sons.

Much as Morison, Sherard
and Dillenius realized the
need for a new edition of
Bauhin's Pinax, so too did
Linnaeus when it came to eval-

Reveal, Pre-1753 botanical explorations

27

uating the vast number of
polynomials that had been pub-
lished since 1623. The pros-
pects of producing such a work
was essentially nil. Dillenius
had been unable to complete
the work, and no doubt Linn-
aeus knew of the difficulties
he had had and did not see any
way of resolving them himself.
Linnaeus did not see himself
traveling now to London and
reviewing the many collections
or publications associated
With thewritings of ikay;
Plukenet and Petiver, and it
was these writers, in large
part, whose nomenclature was
uncertain and confusing. Cer-
tainly Linnaeus had been able
to resolve some problems when
working Gronovius' Flora vir-
ginica, but all of these men
had published new species from
all over the world. Parti-
cularly troublesome was Peti-
ver who had described plants
not only from the Carolinas
and Florida of North America,
but species from the interior
of China, far off Japan, and
remote regions of Africa. Lin-
naeus could not have a com-
plete list of synonymy for
each and every name; he had to
rethink his manuscript and
what he hoped to accomplish.

Linnaeus completed about
a third of his proposed Spe-
cies plantarum from 1746 to
1748 when he once again set
the manuscript aside. He had
not yet adopted the binomial
system of nomenclature, and
other duties prevented him
from devoting the kind of time
needed to do the work. Thus
the book remained until June
of 1751 when Kalm returned
with his collections.

Perhaps spurred by Kaln,
Linnaeus once again started on
Species plantarum. By this
time he had conceived of the
handy index device of propos-
ing a trival name -- what we
today call the species epithet
-- to go along with the cor-

28 PHY T OLOGIA

rect scientific phrase name by
which each species should be
known. He realized that he
had to shorten his synonymy
and could economically treat
the world's flora only by
having brief statements as to
the distribution of each kind
and a phrase name that did not
exceed two lines of print.
Taking his 1746-1748 draft,
Linnaeus managed to rewrite
the first 67 printed pages of
his book in eight days. By
November of 1751 Linnaeus had
completed the first part (or
volume), and by March, 1752,
three-quarters of the text was
writen: “in Sulyp 752; vor
some 13 months after begin-
ning, Linnaeus completed the
text for Species plantarum.

It is obvious that Linn-
aeus went quickly through the
early sections of part one,
and took most of his informa-
tion from his previously writ-
ten manuscript. Only a few
Kalm collections were cited,
and occasionally the same spe-
cies is described later in the
book -- in its correct posi-
tion according to Linnaeus'
scheme of classification --
with Linnaeus not realizing he
had already treated that
plant. As one proceeds through
the text, Linnaeus became more
exact in the citation of geo-
graphical location, his depen-
dency upon Kalm collections
for species from temperate
North America increased, and
he became more critical of his
circumscription of genera.
However, toward the latter
third of the book, as Linn-
aeus' health began to fail and
he began to hurry, he once
again is not as careful and
more errors appear. Species
plantarum is filled with er-
rors, omissions and an occa-
sional strange statement. Lin-
naeus occasionally miscites
places of publication, wrong
page numbers or the incorrect
figure or plate. In some
instances Linnaeus gives seem-

Vol. 53, No.1

ingly bizarre polynomials in
synonymy, as in the case of
the two Maryland-based poly-
nomials he cites under Osmunda
cinnamomea. A simple reading
of the Latin would quickly
show that these names ought to
apply to 0. claytoniana, yet
Linnaeus puts them where he
did. In large part this was
likely due to his observation
of specimens of O. cinnamomea
at the Sherardian Herbarium at
the University of Oxford where
the names are given on the
labels. However, there are
also collections, from Mary-
land, of 0. claytoniana with
these same names also listed,
so it is difficult to under-
stand his treatment of these
polynomials.

When the first edition of
Species plantarum appeared in
1753, the botanical community
did not immediately jump onto
the Linnaean binomial bandwa-
gon. His system of classific-
ation had long been criticiz-
ed, and his critics were not
immediately willing to embrace
all of his radical departures
from the established norm. It
is important for modern work-
ers to remember that even
Linnaeus did not regard his
trival names as anything more
than a convinient means of
index his book. Philip Miller,
the English gardner who had
published his Gardners dic-
tionary for years, did not use
binomials until 1768 -- and
then only in this one edition
-- mainly because his book was
already alphabetically arrang-
ed and did not need an index.

The impact of Linnaeus'
Species plantarum was slowly
felt. When copies finally
arrived on the American con-
tinent, some workers immedi-
ately adopted the idea of
binomials. Jane Colden in her
unpublished book used them, as
did the Bartrams. Alexander
Garden used binomials when the
species were known to him, but

1983 Reveal, Pre-1753 botanical explorations

otherwise used phrase names in
his correspondence. With the
appearance of the second edi-
tion of Species plantarum in
1762 and 1763, the trend to
binomials was largely estab-
lished. This new edition con-
tained many new and exciting
plants that Linnaeus had re-
ceived from Jane Colden, Alex-
ander Garden, John and William
Bartram, and others who were
now exploring and collecting
in temperate North America.
Not only would Linnaeus des-
cribe these species, but oth-
ers, working elsewhere in Eu-
rope, would pen validly pub-
lished scientific names to
these collections and they too
would rise in the world of
systematic botany.

With the opening of the
vast lands to the west of the
Appalachian Mountains, the end
of French and Indian War in
America, and the growth of
resident naturalists in Amer-
ica, the field of plant taxon-
omy and discovery would expand
rapidly soon leaving behind
even Linnaeus for a new gener-
ation of taxonomists.

SUMMARY OF SPECIES PLANTARUM

One cannot understate the
impact Linnaeus had upon sys-
tematic botany. His work, and
especially his first edition
of Species plantarum have, by
international agreement, be-
come highly significant to all
modern-day workers in the
field of systematic botany.
Nonetheless, a careful evalua-
tion and summation of Lin-
naeus' state of knowledge re-
garding the vascular plants of
temperate North America as
defined by Linnaeus in 1753
has not been attempted. In
the following section such a
review will be made. It is
necessary first to prepare
listings of species, workers
and publications by categor-
ies, and then to comment on
these findings. The following

29

categories will be given:

1--All species mentioned
in the first edition of Spe-
cies plantarum with direct or
indirect indication as being
in temperate North America.
This will include obvious er-
rors made by Linnaeus.

2--A breakdown of these
species into distributional
groups as reported by Linn-
aeus, listing first those
which Linnaeus considered to
occur only in temperate North
America; those which occur in
this area but also occur else-
where in the New World; those
that occur in temperate North
America and elsewhere in the
world; and finally, those
which Linnaeus does not speci-
ficakly state ‘to océur*in
temperate North America, but
gives a synonym or reference
based upon a temperate North
American collection.

3--A listing of vascular
plants species named for geo-
graphical regions in temperate
North America.

4--A listing, with the
collection numbers insofar as
possible, of the Clayton col-
lections Linnaeus indirectly
cites when he gives Gronovius'
Flora virginica among the list
of publications he cites. In
some instances Gronovius is
basing his information upon a
collection made by someone
other than Clayton, and this
can be discovered only by
consulting the Gronovius her-
barium now at the British
Museum (Natural History) in
London. In perhaps a few
other instances, Gronovius may
not have had a collection in
hand, but garden material or
information about a particular
species in temperate North
America and reported it. Most
of these particular kinds of
instances can be seen for
those species which lack a
Clayton collection number.
However, it must be immediate-
ly noted that Clayton did send
some specimens without collec-
tion numbers, and in some

30 PH Yo? Oot Get Az

cases Gronovius failed to give
the number in his publication,
so it cannot be assumed that
in all instances where there
is no number that this refer-
ence is based on something
other than a Clayton sheet.
The first list is by species
name; the second list is by
collection number.

5--A listing of seemingly
Kalm collections taken not
only from statements in Spe-
cies plantarum, but from Lin-
naeus' herbarium at the Linn-
ean Society in London. This
is to be regarded as an imcom-
plete listing, as it will
require a more careful examin-
ation of Kalm collections
housed elsewhere, and a com-
parison of those specimens
with others in Linnaeus' her-
barium before a more finalized
list can be completed.

6--A listing of major
publications cited by Linnaeus
for those species which, in
Linnaeus' opinion, were endem-
ic to temperate North American
in their distribution. Spec-
ies with a more widespread
distribution are not reviewed
at this time.

7--A list of synonymies
for some of the vascular plant
species reported for temperate
North America in Linnaeus'
first edition of Species
plantarum.

The review that follows
is based upon observations ob-
tained from these listings. In
all instances they shoud be
considered somewhat ternative
as it has not been possible to
correct errors made by Linn-
aeus, especially in the cita-
tion of literature, nor to re-
view fully the holdings in the
British Museum (Natural His-
tory) of the Gronovius herbar-
ium. Until these and other
similar tasks are completed it
will be impossible to fully
report on all aspects relative
to the first edition of Linn-
aeus Species plantarum.

Vol. 53, No. 1

Vascular Plants from Temperate

North America Mentioned in

Linnaeus' First Edition of
Species Plantarum

Acalypha virginica

Acer negundo

Acer pensylvanicum
Acer rubrum

Acer saccharinum

Acnida cannabina
Acrostichum areolatum
Acrostichum platyneuros
Acrostichum polypodioides
Actaea racemosa

Actaea spicata var. alba
Adiantum pedatum
Aesculus pavia

Agave virginica
Ageratum altissimum
Agrimonia eupatoria
Agrostis virginica
Aletris farinosa

Alisma cordifolia
Alisma subulata

Allium canadense

Alsine media

Alyssum hyperboreum
Amaranthus graecizans
Amaranthus hybridus
Amaranthus hypocondriacus
Amaranthus lividus
Amaranthus retroflexus
Amaranthus spinosus
Amaryllis atamasca
Ambrosia artemisiifolia
Ambrosia elatior
Ambrosia trifida
Ammannia ramosior
Amorpha fruticosa
Anchusa virginiana
Andromeda arborea
Andromeda calyculata
Andromeda mariana
Andromeda paniculata
Andromeda racemosa
Andropogon alopecuroides
Andropogon divaricatum
Andropogon hirtum
Andropogon nutans
Andropogon virginicum
Anemone dichotoma
Anemone hepatica
Anemone quinquefolia
Anemone thalictroides
Anemone virginiana
Angelica atropurpurea
Angelica lucida
Angelica sylvestris
Annona glabra

1983 Reveal, Pre-1753 botanical explorations

Annona muricata

Annona triloba
Anthericum calyculatum
Antirrhinum canadense
Antirrhinum elatine
Aphanes arvensis
Apocynum androsaemifolium
Apocynum cannabinum
Aquilegia canadensis
Arabis canadensis
Arabis lyrata

Aralia nudicaulis
Aralia racemosa

Aralia spinosa

Arbutus uva-ursi
Arenaria rubra var. marina
Arethusa bulbosa
Arethusa divaricata
Arethusa ophioglossoides
Aristolochia arborescens
Aristolochia serpentaria
Arnica maritima

Arum dracontium

Arum triphyllum

Arum virginicum

Arundo phragmites
Asarum canadense
Asarum virginicum
Asclepias amoena
Asclepias decumbens
Asclepias incarnata
Asclepias nivea
Asclepias purpurascens
Asclepias rubra
Asclepias syriaca
Asclepias tuberosa
Asclepias variagata
Asclepias verticillata
Ascyrum crux-andreae
Ascyrum hypericoides
Ascyrum villosum
Asplenium rhizophyllum
Aster annuus

Aster concolor

Aster cordifolius
Aster divaricatus
Aster dumosus

Aster ericoides

Aster grandiflorus
Aster laevis

Aster linariifolius
Aster linifolius

Aster miser

Aster mutabilis

Aster novae-angliae
Aster novi-belgii
Aster puniceus

Aster rigidus

Aster tenuifolius
Aster tradescantii

Aster undulatus

Aster vernus

Astragalus canadensis
Astragalus carolinianus
Atriplex halimus
Atriplex laciniata
Avena pensylvanica
Avena spicata

Azalea lutea

Azalea viscosa

Baccharis foetida
Baccharis halimifolia
Baccharis ivaefolia
Bartsia coccinea
Betonica annua

Betula lenta

Betula nigra

Bidens bipinnata
Bidens bullata

Bidens frondosa
Bidens nivea

Bidens pilosa
Bignonia caerulea
Bignonia capreolata
Bignonia catalpa
Bignonia crucigera
Bignonia radicans
Bignonia sempervirens
Briza eragrostis
Bromus ciliatus
Bromus purgans
Buchnera americana
Bunias cakile
Buphthalmum frutescens
Buphthalmum helianthoides
Burmannia biflora

Cacalia atriplicifolia
Cacalia porophyllum
Cacalia suaveolens
Cactus opuntia

Cactus pentagonus
Caesalpinia brasiliensis
Callicarpa americana
Callitriche palustris
Caltha palustris
Campanula americana
Campanula perfoliata
Canna glauca
Cardamine virginica
Carduus altissimus
Carduus virginianus
Carex folliculata
Carex pseudocyperus
Carex squarrosa
Carpinus betulus
Carpinus ostrya
Cassia chamaecrista
Cassia ligustrina

31

oe Poh YeT OnE OGed |

Cassia marilandica
Cassia nictitans
Cassine peragua
Ceanothus americanus
Celastrus bullatus
Celastrus myrtifolius
Celastrus scandens
Celosia paniculata
Celtis occidentalis
Cenchrus tribuloides
Cephalanthus occidentalis
Cerastium semidecandrum
Cercis canadensis
Chaerophyllum arborescens
Chelidonium glaucium
Chelone glabra
Chelone hirsuta
Chelone penstemon
Chenopodium album
Chenopodium anthelminticum
Chenopodium virginicum
Chionanthus virginica
Chironia angularis
Chironia campanulata
Chironia dodecandra
Chrysanthemum arcticum
Chrysanthemum serotinum
Chrysocoma graminifolia
Chrysogonum virginianum
Chrysosplenium oppositifolium
Cicuta bulbifera
Cicuta maculata
Cinna arundinacea
Circaea lutetiana

var. canadensis
Cissampelos smilacina
Cistus canadensis
Claytonia virginica
Clematis crispa
Clematis viorna
Clematis vitalba
Clethra alnifolia
Clinopodium incanum
Clinopodium rugosum
Clinopodium vulgare
Clitoria mariana
Clitoria virginiana
Coix dactyloides
Coix lacryma-jobi
Collinsonia canadensis
Commelina communis
Commelina erecta
Convallaria polygonatum
Convallaria racemosa
Convallaria stellata
Convolvulus carolinus
Convolvulus hederaceus
Convolvulus panduratus
Convolvulus repens
Convolvulus spithamaeus

Vol. 53, Nos 1

Conyza asteroides
Conyza bifrons var. flosculosa
Conzya linifolia
Coreopsis alternifolia
Coreopsis angustifolia
Coreopsis auriculata
Coreopsis lanceolata
Coreopsis tripteris
Coreopsis verticillata
Cornus canadensis
Cornus florida

Cornus sanguinea
Cracca virginiana
Crataegus coccinea
Crataegus crus-galli
Crataegus tomentosa
Crataegus viridis
Crescentia cujete
Crotalaria alba
Crotalaria perfoliata
Crotalaria sagittalis
Cucubalus stellatus
Cupressus distichia
Cupressus thyoides
Cuscuta americana
Cynanchum hirtum
Cynanchum suberosum
Cynoglossum virginianum
Cynosurus aegyptius
Cyperus arundinacea
Cyperus odoratus
Cyperus strigosus
Cypripedium calceolus

Dactylis cynosuroides
Dalibarda repens
Datisca hirta

Datura stramonium
Daucus carota
Dianthera americana
Dianthus plumarius
Diodia virginiana
Dioscorea villosa
Diospyros virginiana
Dipsacus fullonum
Direa palustris
Dodecatheon meadia
Dolichos polystachyus
Dolichos regularis
Draba verna
Dracocephalum virginianum
Dracontium foetidum
Drosera rotundifolia

Elatine hydropiper
Elephantopus scaber
Elephantopus tomentosus
Elymus canadensis
Elymus hystrix

Elymus virginicus

1983 Reveal, Pre-1753 botanical explorations 33

Epigaea repens

Epilobium hirsutum
Equisetum arvense
Equisetum hyemale
Erigeron camphoratum
Erigeron canadense
Erigeron philadelphicum
Eriocaulon decangulare
Eriophorum virginicum
Eryngium aquaticum
Eryngium foetidum
Erythrina herbacea
Erythronium dens-canis
Eupatorium altissimum
Eupatorium aromaticum
Eupatorium coelestinum
Eupatorium hyssopifolium
Eupatorium perfoliatum
Eupatorium purpureum
Eupatorium rotundifolium
Eupatorium scandens
Eupatorium sessilifolium
Eupatorium trifoliatum
Euphorbia corollata
Euphorbia ipecacuanhae
Euphorbia maculata
Euphorbia polygonifolia
Euphorbia portulacoides
Euonymus americanus

Fagus pumila

Ferula canadensis
Fraxinus americana
Fumaria cucullaria
Fumaria sempervirens

Galax aphylla

Galium bermudense
Galium tinctorium
Galium trifidum
Gaultheria procumbens
Gaura biennis
Gentiana ciliata
Gentiana quinquefolia
Gentiana saponaria
Gentiana villosa
Geranium carolinianum
Geranium maculatum
Gerardia flava
Gerardia pedicularia
Gerardia purpurea
Geum virginianum
Gleditsia triacanthos
Glycine apios

Glycine bracteata
Glycine comosa
Glycine frutescens
Glycine tomentosa
Gnaphalium margaritaceum
Gnaphalium obtusifolium

Gnaphalium plantaginifolium
Gnaphalium purpureum
Gomphrena interrupta
Gomphrena serrata

Gratiola dubia

Gratiola virginiana
Guilandina dioica

Hamamelis virginiana
Hedera quinquefolia
Hedysarum canadense
Hedysarum canescens
Hedysarum frutescens
Hedysarum hirtum
Hedysarum marilandicum
Hedysarum nudiflorum
Hedysarum paniculatum
Hedysarum repens
Hedysarum violaceum
Hedysarum virginicum
Hedysarum viridiflorum
Hedysarum volubile
Helenium autumnale
Helianthus angustifolius
Helianthus atrorubens
Helianthus decapetalus
Helianthus divaricatus
Helianthus giganteus
Helianthus laevis
Helianthus multiflorus
Helianthus strumosus
Heliotropium indicum
Helleborus trifolius
Helonias bullata
Heuchera americana
Hibiscus moscheutos
Hibiscus palustris
Hibiscus virginicus
Hieracium gronovii
Hieracium kalmii
Hieracium paniculatum
Hieracium venosum
Hippophae canadensis
Holcus laxus

Holeus striatus
Holosteum succulentum
Hordeum jubatum
Horminum virginicum
Houstonia caerulea
Houstonia purpurea
Hydrangea arborescens
Hydrocotyle americana
Hydrocotyle umbellata
Hydrophyllum virginianum
Hyoseris virginica
Hypericum ascyron
Hypericum canadense
Hypericum kalmianum
Hypericum lasianthus
Hypericum mutilum

3h PML Oot OGsr &

Hypericum setosum
Hyssopus nepetoides

Ilex aquifolium
Ilex cassine
Impatiens noli-tangere
Ipomoea carolina
Ipomoea lacunosa
Ipomoea nyctelea
Ipomoea tamnifolia
Iris verna

Iris versicolor
Iris virginica
Isnardia palustris
Itea virginica

Iva frutescens

Juglans alba
Juglans nigra
Juncus bulbosus
Juncus campestris
Juncus effusus
Juncus filiformis
Juniperus virginiana
Jussiaea erecta

Kalmia angustifolia
Kalmia latifolia

Lactuca canadensis
Lamium amplexicaule
Laurus aestivalis
Laurus benzoin

Laurus borbonia

Laurus indica

Laurus sassafras

Laurus winterana

Lechea major

Lechea minor

Leontice thalictroides
Leontodon dandelion
Lepidium virginicum
Ligusticum scothieum
Lilium camschatcense
Lilium canadense
Limodorum tuberosum
Linnaea borealis

Linum virginianum
Liquidambar peregrina
Liquidambar styraciflua
Liriodendron tulipifera
Lithospermum virginianum
Lobelia cardinalis
Lobelia cliffortiana
Lobelia inflata

Lobelia kalmii

Lobelia siphilitica
Lonicera marilandica
Lonicera sempervirens
Lonicera symphoricarpos

Ludwigia alternifolia
Lupinus perennis
Lycopodium alopecuroides
Lycopodium apodum
Lycopodium carolinianum
Lycopodium complanatum
Lycopodium obscurum
Lycopodium rupestre
Lycopsis virginica
Lycopus virginicus
Lysimachia ciliata
Lysimachia punctata
Lysimachia quadrifolia
Lythrum lineare

Lythrum petiolatum
Lythrum verticillatum

Magnolia virginiana
Magnolia virginiana
var. acuminata
Magnolia virginiana
var. foetida
Magnolia virginima
var. glauca
Magnolia virginiana
var. grisea
Magnolia virginiana
var. tripetala
Malva caroliniana
Medeola virginiana
Medicago virginica
Melanthium virginicum
Melica altissima
Melissa nepeta
Melissa pulegioides
Melothria pendula
Menispermum canadense
Menispermum carolinum
Menispermum virginicum
Mentha canadensis

Mentha spicata var. viridis

Mentzelia aspera
Mespilus arbutifolia
Mespilus canadensis
Mimulus ringens
Mitchella repens
Mitella diphylla
Mollugo verticillata
Monarda ciliata
Monarda clinopodia
Monarda didyma
Monarda fistulosa
Monarda punctata
Monotropa hypopithys
Monotropa uniflora
Morus rubra

Myosotis virginiana
Myrica asplenifolia
Myrica cerifera

Vol. 53, Now 1

1983 Reveal, Pre-1753 botanical explorations 35

Napaea dioica

Napaea hermaphrodita
Nepeta virginica
Nicotiana rustica
Nymphaea alba
Nymphaea lotus
Nymphaea lutea
Nymphaea nelumbo
Nyssa aquatica

Obolaria virginica
Oenothera biennis
Oenothera fruticosa
Oenothera mollissima
Oldenlandia uniflora
Onoclea sensibilis
Ophiorrhiza mitreola
Ophrys cernua

Ophrys lilifolia
Orchis ciliaris
Orchis flava

Orchis psycodes
Orchis spectabilis
Origanum vulgare
Ornithogalum bivale
Ornithogalum canadense
Ornithogalum hirsutum
Orobanche uniflora
Orobanche virginiana
Orontium aquaticum
Osmunda cinnamomea
Osmunda claytoniana
Osmunda regalis
Osmunda virginiana
Osteospermum uvedalia
Othonna cineraria
Oxalis longiflora
Oxalis stricta

Oxalis violacea

Panax quinquefolius
Panax trifolius
Pancratium carolinianum
Panicum capillare
Panicum clandestinum
Panicum crusgalli
Panicum dichotomum
Panicum dissectum
Panicum filiforme
Panicum glaucum
Panicum italicum
Panicum latifolium
Panicum sanguinale
Panicum virgatum
Parthenium integrifolium
Passiflora incarnata
Passiflora lutea
Penthorum sedoides
Phalaris oryzoides
Phaseolus helvulus

Philadelphus inodorus
Phlox divaricata
Phlox glaberrima
Phlox maculata

Phlox ovata

Phlox paniculata
Phlox pilosa

Phlox setacea

Phlox subulata

Phryma leptostachya
Physalis pruinosa
Physalis pubescens
Physalis viscosa
Phytolacca americana
Pinus balsamea

Pinus strobus

Pinus taeda

Pistacia simaruba
Plantago virginica
Platanus occidentalis
Poa capillaris

Poa compressa

Poa flava

Podophyllum diphyllum
Podophyllum peltatum
Polemonium caeruleum
Polemonium dubium
Polemonium rubrum
Polygala cruciata
Polygala incarnata
Polygala lutea
Polygala sanguinea
Polygala senega
Polygala verticillata
Polygala viridescens
Polygonum arifolium
Polygonum articulatum
Polygonum aviculare
Polygonum convolvulus
Polygonum erectum
Polygonum maritimum
Polygonum pensylvanicum
Polygonum persicaria
Polygonum sagittatum
Polygonum scandens
Polygonum virginianum
Polypodium bulbiferum
Polypodium lonchitis
Polypodium marginale
Polypodium noveboracense
Polypodium phegopteris
Polygonum virginianum
Polypremum procumbens
Populus balsamifera
Populus heterophylla
Populus nigra
Polymnia canadensis
Pontederia cordata
Portulaca oleracea
Potamogeton nutans

3% PHYS Ob OG &

Potentilla canadensis
Potentillanorvegica
Potentilla reptans
Prenanthes alba
Prenanthes altissima
Prinos glaber

Prinos verticillatus
Proserpinaca palustris
Prunus lusitanica
Prunus virginiana
Ptelea trifoliata
Pteris atropurpurea
Pulmonaria virginica
Pyrola maculata
Pyrola rotundifolia
Pyrola umbellata
Pyrus coronaria

Quercus alba
Quercus nigra
Quercus phellos
Quercus prinus
Quercus rubra
Queria canadensis

Ranunculus abortivus
Ranunculus repens
Renealmia usneoides
Rhexia mariana
Rhexia virginica
Rhinanthus virginica
Rhododendron maximum
Rhus copallinum

Rhus glabra

Rhus radicans

Rhus toxicodendron
Rhus vernix

Ribes cynosbati
Ribes nigrum

Ribes oxyacanthoides
Robinia pseudoacacia
Rosa carolina

Rubus caesius

Rubus canadensis
Rubus fruticosus
Rubus hispidus

Rubus odoratus

Rubus occidentalis
Rudbeckia hirta
Rudbeckia laciniata
Rudbeckia oppositifolia
Rudbeckia purpurea
Rudbeckia triloba
Ruellia biflora
Ruellia strepens
Rumex acetosella
Rumex britannica
Rumex persicarioides
Rumex sanguineus
Rumex verticillatus

Sagina virginica
Sagittaria sagittifolia
Salicornia virginia
Salsola kali

Salsola prostrata
Salvia lyrata

Salvia urticifolia
Sambucus canadensis
Samolus valerandii
Sanguinaria canadensis
Sanguisorba canadensis
Sanicula canadensis
Sanicula europaea
Sanicula marilandica
Saponaria officinalis
Sarothra gentianoides
Sarracenia flava
Sarracenia purpurea
Satureja origanoides
Satureja virginiana
Saururus cernuus
Saxifraga nivalis
Saxifraga pensylvanica
Scandix cerefolium
Seandix procumbens
Schwalbea americana
Schoenus glomeratus
Scirpus capitatus
Scirpus glomeratus
Scirpus retrofractus
Scirpus spadiceus
Scrophularia marilandica
Scrophularia nodosa
Scutellaria hyssopifolia
Scutellaria integrifolia
Scutellaria lateriflora
Senecio aureus

Senecio canadensis
Senecio hieracifolius
Serratula glauca
Serratula noveboracensis
Serratula praealta
Serratula scariosa
Serratula spicata
Serratula squarrosa
Sicyos angulata

Sida abutilon

Sida crispa

Sida rhombifolia

Sida spinosa
Sigesbeckia occidentalis
Silene antirrhina
Silene nocturna

Silene virginica
Silphium asteriscus
Silphium helianthoides
Silphium laciniatum
Silphium solidaginoides
Silphium trifoliatum
Sison canadense

Vol. 53, Mo. 1

1983

Sisymbrium nasturtium-aquaticum
Sisyrinchium bermudiana
Sium rigidius
Sloanea emarginata
Smilax bona-—nox
Smilax caduca
Smilax herbacea
Smilax lanceolata
Smilax laurifolia
Smilax pseudo-china
Smilax rotundifolia
Smilax sarsaparilla
Smilax tamnoides
Smyrnium aureum
Smyrnium integerrimum
Solanum carolinense
Solanum diphyllum
Solanum mammosum
Solanum nigrum

var. virginicum
Solanum nigrum

var. vulgare
Solanum tomentosum
Solanum verbascifolium
Solanum virginianum
Solidago altissima
Solidago caesia
Solidago canadensis
Solidago flexicaulis
Solidago lateriflora
Solidago latifolia
Solidago noveboracensis
Solidago rigida
Solidago sempervirens
Sonchus canadensis
Sonchus floridanus
Sophora tinctoria
Sparganium erectum
Spermacoce tenuior
Spiraea aruncus
Spiraea hypericifolia
Spiraea opulifolia
Spiraea tomentosa
Spiraea trifoliata
Staphylea trifolia
Statice armeria
Statice limonium
Stewartia malacodendron
Stipa avenacea
Swertia corniculata
Swertia difformis

Taxus baccata

Tetracera volubilis
Tetragonotheca helianthoides
Teucrium canadense

Teucrium chamaepitys
Teucrium virginicum
Thalictrum cornutii
Thalictrum dioicum

Reveal, Pre-1753 botanical explorations ST

Thalictrum purpurascens
Thaspia trifoliata
Thesium umbellatum
Thuja occidentalis
Tiarella cordifolia
Tilia americana
Tradescantia virginiana
Tragopogon virginicum
Trichostema brachiatum
Trichostema dichotomum
Trifolium arvense
Trifolium biflorum
Trifolium comosum
Trifolium reflexum
Trifolium repens
Trillium cernuum
Trillium erectum
Trillium sessile
Triosteum angustifolium
Triosteum perfoliatum

Ulmus americana
Uniola paniculata
Uniola spicata
Urtica canadensis
Urtica capitata
Urtica cylindrica
Urtica divaricata
Urtica pumila
Utricularia gibba
Utricularia subulata
Uvularia perfoliata
Uvularia sessilifolia

Vaccinium album
Vaccinium corymbosum
Vaccinium frondosum
Vaccinium hispidulum
Vaccinium ligustrinum
Vaccinium mucronatum
Vaccinium stamineum
Valeriana cornucopiae
Valeriana locusta var. radiata
Veratrum luteum
Verbena hastata
Verbena nodiflora
Verbena spuria

Verbena urticifolia
Verbesina alba
Verbesina virginica
Veronica anagallis-—aquatica
Vernonica arvensis
Veronica beccabunga
Veronica marilandica
Veronica serpyllifolia
Veronica virginica
Viburnum acerifolium
Viburnum dentatum
Viburnum lentago
Viburnum nudum

38 Pi A Ga? Cup Org

Viburnum prunifolium
Viola canadensis
Viola lanceolata
Viola palmata
Viola pedata

Viola primulifolia
Viscum purpureum
Viscum rubrum
Viscum terrestre
Vitex agnus-castus
Vitis arborea
Vitis labrusca
Vitis laciniosa
Vitis vinifera
Vitis vulpina

Xanthium strumarium
Xyris indica

Yucca filamentosa
Yucca gloriosa

Zannichellia palustris
Zanthoxylum clava-herculis
Zizania aquatica

Vascular Plants from Temperate
North America Mentioned in
Linnaeus! First Edition of
Species Plantarum as Occurring
only in Temperate North America

America

Actaea spicata var. alba
Aletris farinosa

Alyssum hyperboreum
Andropogon alopecuroides
Andropogon virginicum
Annona muricata

Arabis canadensis
Arethusa divaricata
Aristolochia arborescens
Arum dracontium
Asclepias amoena
Asclepias tuberosa
Asclepias variagata
Aster dumosus

Aster ericoides

Aster grandiflorus
Aster laevis

Aster linariifolius
Aster linifolius

Aster miser

Aster mutabilis

Aster puniceus

Aster tenuifolius

Aster undulatus

Bidens bullata

Bidens frondosa

Bidens pilosa

IA Vol. 53, No.

Bignonia capreolata
Bignonia radicans
Buphthalmum helianthoides
Cacalia porophyllum
Cactus pentagonus
Campanula americana
Celosia paniculata
Cephalanthus occidentalis
Chionanthus virginica
Chrysanthemum serotinum
Circaea lutetiana

var. canadensis
Clitoria mariana
Coix dactyloides
Commelina communis
Convolvulus repens
Conyza asteroides
Cynanchum hirtum
Cyperus odoratus
Diospyros virginiana
Dracocephalum virginianum
Eriocaulon decangulare
Eupatorium purpureum
Euphorbia maculata
Fagus pumila
Galium tinctorium
Gomphrena interrupta
Gomphrena serrata
Hedysarum volubile
Helenium autumnale
Helianthus divaricatus
Hydrocotyle americana
Hydrocotyle umbel lata
Jussiaea erecta
Limodorum tuberosum
Liriodendron tulipifera
Mentzelia aspera
Mitella diphylla
Myrica asplenifolia
Nyssa aquatica
Osmunda virginiana
Panicum filiforme
Panicum latifolium
Phlox paniculata
Phryma leptostachya
Physalis pruinosa
Platanus occidentalis
Podophyllum peltatum
Polygonum. sdens
Populus balsamifera
Pyrola maculata
Quercus nigra
Quercus phellos
Quercus prinus
Rhus copallinum
Rhus glabra
Sanguinaria canadensis
Sarracenia flava
Sarracenia purpurea
Schwalbea americana

1983 Reveal, Pre-1753 botanical explorations 39

Senecio hieracifolius
Serratula spicata
Silphium laciniatum
Sison canadense
Smyrnium aureum
Solanum diphyllum
Solanum tomentosum
Solanum verbascifolium
Solanum virginianum
Solidago altissima
Solidago caesia
Solidago lateriflora
Solidago noveboracensis
Trichostema brachiatum
Trifolium comosum
Triosteum perfoliatum
Uniola spicata
Vaccinium corymbosum
Vaccinium frondosum
Vaccinium mucronatum
Vaccinium stamineum
Vitis labrusca

Canada

Actaea racemosa
Adiantum pedatum
Ageratum altissimum
Allium canadense
Ambrosia elatior
Ambrosia trifida
Anemone quinquefolia
Anemone thalictroides
Angelica atropurpurea
Angelica lucida
Antirrhinum canadense
Apocynum androsaemifolium
Apocynum cannabinum
Aquilegia canadensis
Arabis lyrata

Aralia racemosa
Arethusa bulbosa
Arethusa ophioglossoides
Asarum canadense
Asclepias incarnata
Aster annuus
Astragalus canadensis
Betula lenta

Betula nigra

Bromus ciliatus
Bromus purgans
Buchnera americana
Cacalia atriplicifolia
Carex folliculata
Carex squarrosa
Celastrus scandens
Chelone glabra
Chironia campanulata
Chrysocoma graminifolia
Cicuta bulbifera

Cinna arundinacea

Cistus canadensis
Collinsonia canadensis
Convallaria racemosa
Convallaria stellata
Conyza bifrons

var. flosculosa
Conyza linifolia
Coreopsis alternifolia
Cornus canadensis
Cracca virginiana
Crataegus coccinea
Cucubalus stellata
Cupressus thyoides
Dalibarda repens
Elymus canadensis
Epigaea repens
Erigeron philadelphicum
Eupatorium rotundifolium
Euphorbia corollata
Euphorbia ipecacuanhae
Euphorbia polygonifolia
Fumaria cucul laria
Fumaria sempervirens
Galium trifidum
Gaultheria procumbens
Gerardia flava
Gerardia pedicularia
Gerardia purpurea
Guilandina dioica
Hedera quinquefolia
Hedysarum canadense
Helianthus decapetalus
Helianthus giganteus
Helianthus strumosus
Hibiscus moscheutos
Hibiscus palustris
Hieracium paniculatum
Hippophae canadensis
Holcus laxus
Hordeum jubatum
Hypericum canadense
Hypericum mutilum
Hyssopus nepetoides
Lactuca canadensis
Lechea major
Lechea minor
Lilium canadense
Liquidambar peregrina
Lobelia cliffortiana
Lobelia inflata
Lobelia kalmii
Lycopodium alopecuroides
Lysimachia ciliata
Melissa pulegioides
Menispermum canadense
Mentha canadensis
Mespilus canadensis
Mimulus ringens
Monarda fistulosa
Monotropa uniflora

ie) PRET OP OO TA

Ophrys cernua

Orchis ciliaris
Orchis psycodes
Ornithogalum hirsutum
Orontium aquaticum
Othonna cineraria
Oxalis violacea

Panax quinquefolius
Pinus balsamea

Pinus strobus

Pinus taeda

Poa capillaris
Polygala incarnata
Polygonum articulatum
Polypodium bulbiferum
Polypodium marginale
Polypodium noveboracense
Polymnia canadensis
Potentilla canadensis
Prenanthes altissima
Prinos glaber

Queria canadensis
Ranunculus abortivus
Rhus radicans

Rhus toxicodendron
Ribes cynosbati

Ribes oxyacanthoides
Rubus canadensis

Rubus hispidus

Rubus odoratus

Rubus occidentalis
Rudbeckia hirta
Rudbeckia laciniata
Sanguisorba canadensis
Saxifraga pensylvanica
Scutellaria integrifolia
Scutellaria lateriflora
Senecio aureus
Senecio canadensis
Smilax caduca

Smilax rotundifolia
Solidago canadensis
Solidago flexicaulis
Solidago latifolia
Solidago sempervirens
Sonchus canadensis
Sonchus floridanus
Spiraea trifoliata
Teucrium canadense
Thalictrum cornutii
Thalictrum dioicum
Thalictrum purpurascens
Tilia americana
Tragopogon virginicum
Trifolium biflorum
Urtica capitata

Urtica divaricata
Urtica pumila

Uvularia perfoliata
Uvularia sessilifolia

Veratrum luteum
Verbena hastata
Verbena spuria
Verbena urticifolia
Viburnum lentago
Viburnum prunifolium
Viola canadensis

Carolina
Amorpha fruticosa
Andromeda arborea
Annona glabra
Annona triloba
Asarum virginicum
Asclepias purpurascens
Astragalus carolinianus
Bidens nivea
Bignonia caerulea
Callicarpa americana
Canna glauca
Carduus altissimus
Ceanothus americanus
Cissampelos smilacina
Clematis crispa
Clematis viorna
Clethra alnifolia
Convolvulus carolinus
Coreopsis lanceolata
Crotalaria alba
Crotalaria perfoliata
Cupressus distichia
Erythrina herbacea
Eupatorium coelestinum
Fraxinus americana
Geranium carolinianum
Glycine frutescens
Gnaphalium purpureum
Hedysarum marilandicum
Horminum virginicum
Ilex cassine
Ipomoea carolina
Ipomoea lacunosa
Ipomoea tamnifolia
Juniperus virginiana
Laurus borbonia
Laurus sassafras
Lonicera marilandica
Lonicera symphoricarpos
Lycopodium apodum
Lycopodium carolinanum
Magnolia virginiana

var. acuminata

var. foetida

var. glauca

var. grisea

var. tripetala
Malva caroliniana
Menispermum carolinum
Menispermum virginicum
Mitchella repens

Vol. 53, Now 1

1983 Reveal, Pre-1753 botanical explorations Tal

Myrica cerifera
Phaseolus helvulus
Philadelphus inodorus
Polemonium rubrum
Polypremum procumbens
Prenanthes alba
Quercus rubra

Rosa carolina
Rudbeckia purpurea
Ruellia biflora
Ruellia strepens
Serratula glauca
Serratula praealta
Silene antirrhina
Silphium asteriscus
Sloanea emarginata
Smilax bona-nox
Smilax laurifolia
Smilax tamnoides
Solanum carolinense
Spermacoce tenuior
Spiraea hypericifolia
Spiraea opulifolia
Trillium cernuum
Trillium sessile
Uniola paniculata
Viscum purpureum
Viscum rubrum

Vitis arborea

Florida

Actaea racemosa
Dioscorea villosa
Laurus sassafras
Polygonum arifolium

Maryland
Acrostichum areolatum
Asarum virginicum
Cassia marilandica
Iris versicolor
Juglans nigra
Kalmia latifolia
Lonicera marilandica
Mitchella repens
Monotropa uniflora
Osmunda cinnamomea
Polygala senega
Polygonum sagittatum
Rhexia mariana
Sanicula marilandica
Saururus cernuus
Serratula glauca
Smilax herbacea
Valeriana locusta
var. radiata

Mississippi
Erythrina herbacea
Silphium laciniatum

New England
Aster novae-angliae

New Jersey
Kalmia angustifolia

New York

Bartsia coccinea
Holosteum succulentum
Kalmia angustifolia
Monarda didyma
Solidago sempervirens

Pennsylvania

Acer pensyl vanicum
Acer rubrum

Acer saccharinum
Amaranthus retroflexus
Ambrosia artemisiifolia
Andromeda racemosa
Aster novi-belgii
Avena pensylvanica
Clethra alnifolia
Datisca hirta
Eupatorium altissimum
Euphorbia portulacoides
Gaura biennis

Gentiana quinquefolia
Gnaphalium obtusifolium
Gnaphalium purpureum
Helonias bullata
Hieracium gronovii
Hieracium kalmii

Iris versicolor
Kalmia angustifolia
Kalmia latifolia

Linum virginianum
Lycopodium apodum
Lycopodium obscurum
Monarda didyma

Myrica cerifera

Panax quinquefolius
Polygala senega
Polygonum erectumn
Polygonum pensy 1 vanicum
Prenanthes alba
Sarothra gentianoides
Saxifraga pensylvanica
Serratula praealta
Smilax tamnoides
Solidago rigida
Spiraea tomentosa
Thesium umbel latum
Trichostema dichotomum
Vaccinium album
Vaccinium ligustrinum
Viscum terrestre

Virginia
Acer negundo

2 PPT OL Ot &

Acer rubrum

Acnida cannabina
Acrostichum areolatum
Acrostichum platyneuros
Actaea racemosa
Adiantum pedatum

Agave virginica
Ageratum altissimum
Agrostis virginica
Alisma cordifolia
Alisma subulata
Amaranthus graecizans
Amaranthus hybridus
Amaranthus hypocondriacus
Amaranthus lividus
Amaryllis atamasca
Ambrosia artemisiifolia
Ambrosia elatior
Ambrosia trifida
Ammannia ramosior
Anchusa virginiana
Andromeda arborea
Andromeda mariana
Andromeda paniculata
Andropogon divaricatum
Anemone quinquefolia
Anemone thalictroides
Anemone virginiana
Antirrhinum canadense
Apocynum androsaemifolium
Apocynum cannabinum
Aquilegia canadensis
Aralia spinosa

Arethusa bulbosa
Arethusa ophioglossoides
Aristolochia serpentaria
Arum virginicum

Asarum virginicum
Asclepias decumbens
Ascelpias incarnata
Asclepias rubra
Asclepias syriaca
Asclepias verticillata
Ascyrum crux-andreae
Ascyrum hypericoides
Ascyrum villosum

Aster concolor

Aster divaricatus
Aster novi-belgii

Aster rigidus

Aster tradescantii
Aster vernus
Astragalus canadensis
Azalea lutea

Azalea viscosa
Baccharis foetida
Baccharis halimifolia
Bartsia coccinea

Betula lenta

Betula nigra

Bidens bipinnata
Bignonia sempervirens
Buchnera americana
Burmannia biflora
Cacalia atriplicifolia
Cacalia suaveolens
Callicarpa americana
Campanula perfoliata
Cardamine virginica
Carduus virginianus
Cassia marilandica
Cassia nictitans
Ceanothus americanus
Celastrus bul latus
Celtis occidentalis
Cenchrus tribuloides
Cercis canadensis
Chaerophyl11um arborescens
Chelone glabra

Chelone hirsuta
Chelone penstemon
Chenopodium virginicum
Chironia angularis
Chironia dodecandra
Chrysogonum virginianum
Cicuta bulbifera
Cicuta maculata
Claytonia virginica
Clematis viorna
Clethra alnifolia
Clitoria virginiana
Collinsonia canadensis
Commelina erecta
Convallaria racemosa
Convolvulus panduratus
Convolvulus spithamaeus
Coreopsis alternifolia
Coreopsis angustifolia
Coreopsis auriculata
Coreopsis tripteris
Coreopsis verticillata
Cornus florida

Cracca virginiana
Crataegus coccinea
Crataegus tomentosa
Crataegus viridis
Cucubalus stellatus
Cupressus distichia
Cuscuta americana
Cynoglossum virginianun
Cyperus arundinacea
Dianthera americana
Diodia virginiana
Dioscorea villosa
Dirca palustris
Dodecatheon meadia
Dolichos polystachyus
Dolichos regularis
Dracontium foetidum
Elephantopus tomentosus

Vol. 53, No.1

1983 Reveal, Pre-1753 botanical explorations 3

Elymus virginicus
Epigaea repens

Erigeron camphoratum
Eriophorum virginicum
Eryngium aquaticum
Eupatorium aromaticum
Eupatorium coelestinum
Eupatorium hyssopifolium
Eupatorium perfoliatum
Eupatorium rotundifolium
Eupatorium scandens
Eupatorium sessilifolium
Eupatorium trifoliatum
Euphorbia corollata
Euphorbia ipecacuanhae
Euphorbia polygonifolia
Euonymus americanus
Ferula canadensis
Fraxinus americana
Fumaria cucullaria
Fumaria sempervirens
Galax aphylla

Galium bermudense

Gaura biennis

Gentiana saponaria
Gentiana villosa
Geranium carolinianum
Gerardia flava

Gerardia pedicularia
Gerardia purpurea

Geum virginianum
Gleditsia triacanthos
Glycine apios

Glycine bracteata
Glycine comosa

Glycine tomentosa
Gnaphalium obtusifolium
Gnaphalium plantaginifolium
Gnaphalium purpureum
Gratiola dubia

Gratiola virginiana
Hamamelis virginiana
Hedysarum canadense
Hedysarum frutescens
Hedysarum hirtum
Hedysarum marilandicum
Hedysarum nudiflorum
Hedysarum paniculatum
Hedysarum repens
Hedysarum violaceum
Hedysarum virginicum
Hedysarum viridiflorum
Helianthus angustifolius
Helianthus atrorubens
Helianthus giganteus
Helianthus laevis
Helianthus multiflorus
Heuchera americana
Hibiscus moscheutos
Hibiscus palustris

Hibiscus virginicus
Hieracium gronovii
Hieracium venosum
Holcus laxus
Holcus striatus
Horminum virginicum
Houstonia caerulea
Houstonia purpurea
Hydrangea arborescens
Hydrophy1 lum virginianum
Hyoseris virginica
Hypericum kalmianum
Hypericum mutilum
Hypericum setosum
Hyssopus nepetoides
Ipomoea nyctelea
Iris verna
Iris versicolor
Iris virginica
Itea virginica
Juglans alba
Juglans nigra
Juniperus virginiana
Jussiaea erecta
Kalmia latifolia
Laurus aestivalis
Laurus benzoin
Laurus borbonia
Laurus indica
Laurus sassafras
Leontice thalictroides
Leontodon dandelion
Linum virginianum
Lithospermum virginianum
Lobelia cardinalis
Lobelia cliffortiana
Lobelia inflata
Lobelia siphilitica
Lonicera marilandica
Lonicera symphoricarpos
Ludwigia alternifolia
Lupinus perennis
Lycopodium alopecuroides
Lycopodium apodum
Lycopsis virginica
Lycopus virginicus
Lysimachia ciliata
Lysimachia quadrifolia
Lythrum lineare
Lythrum petiolatum
Lythrum verticillatum
Magnolia virginiana

var. acuminata

var. foetida

var. glauca

var. grisea

var. tripetala
Medeola virginiana
Medicago virginca
Melanthium virginicum

hy Pome SeT OcGiO @ T's

Melissa pulegioides
Menispermum canadense
Menispermum virginicum
Mespilus arbutifolia
Mespilus canadensis
Mimulus ringens
Mitchella repens
Monarda ciliata
Monarda clinopodia
Monarda punctata
Monotropa uniflora
Morus rubra

Myosotis virginiana
Myrica cerifera
Napaea dioica

Napaea hermaphrodita
Napaea virginica
Obalaria virginica
Oenothera fruticosa
Oldenlandia uniflora
Onoclea sensibilis
Ophrys cernua

Orchis ciliaris
Orchis flava

Orchis spectabilis
Ornithogalum bivale
Ornithogalum hirsutum
Orobanche uniflora
Orobanche virginiana
Orontium aquaticum
Osmunda claytoniana
Osteospermum uvedalia
Oxalis longiflora
Oxalis stricta
Oxalis violacea

Panax quinquefolius
Panax trifolius
Panicum dichotomum
Panicum virgatum
Parthenium integrifolium
Penthorum sedoides
Phalaris oryzoides
Phlox divaricata
Phlox glaberrima
Phlox maculata

Phlox ovata

Phlox pilosa

Phlox setacea

Phlox subulata

Pinus balsamea

Pinus strobus

Pinus taeda

Plantago virginica
Poa capillaris

Poa flava

Podophyllum diphyllum
Polemonium dubium
Polygala cruciata
Polygala incarnata
Polygala lutea

Polygala sanguinea
Polygala senega
Polygala verticillata
Polygala viridescens
Polygonum arifolium
Polygonum sagittatum
Polygonum virginianum
Polypodium virginianum
Polypremum procumbens
Populus heterophylla
Pontederia cordata
Prenanthes alba
Prenanthes altissima
Prinos verticillatus
Proserpinaca palustris
Prunus virginiana
Ptelea trifoliata
Pteris atropurpurea
Pulmonaria virginica
Pyrus coronaria
Quercus alba

Quercus rubra

Queria canadensis
Ranunculus abortivus
Rhexia virginica
Rhinanthus virginica
Rhododendron maximum
Rhus radicans

Rhus toxicodendron
Robinia pseudoacacia
Rudbeckia hirta
Rudbeckia laciniata
Rudbeckia oppositifolia
Rudbeckia purpurea
Rudbeckia triloba
Ruellia strepens

Rumex britannica

Rumex persicarioides
Rumex sanguineus

Rumex verticillatus
Sagina virginica
Salvia lyrata

Salvia urticifolia
Sambucus canadensis
Sanicula canadensis
Sanicula marilandica
Sarothra gentianoides
Satureja origanoides
Satureja virginiana
Saururus cernuus
Saxifraga pensylvanica
Seandix procumbens
Schoenus glomeratus
Scirpus capitatus
Scirpus retrofractus
Scrophularia marilandica
Scutellaria hyssopifolia
Scutellaria integrifolia
Secutellaria lateriflora
Senecio aureus

Vol. 53, No.1

1983 Reveal, Pre-1753 botanical explorations

Serratula glauca
Serratula praealta
Serratula scariosa
Serratula squarrosa
Sigesbeckia occidentalis
Silene antirrhina
Silene virginica
Silphium asteriscus
Silphium helianthoides
Silphium solidaginoides
Silphium trifoliatum
Sium rigidius

Smilax herbacea

Smilax lanceolata
Smilax laurifolia
Smilax tamnoides
Smyrnium integerrimum
Solidago canadensis
Sonchus floridanus
Spiraea opulifolia
Spiraea trifoliata
Staphylea trifolia
Stewartia malacodendron
Stipa avenacea

Swertia difformis
Tetragonotheca helianthoides
Teucrium virginicum
Thaspia trifoliata
Thesium umbellatum
Tilia americana
Tradescantia virginiana
Tragopogon virginicum
Trichostema dichotomum
Trifolium biflorum
Trifolium reflexum
Trillium erectum
Trilliumsessile
Triosteum angustifolum
Ulmus americana

Urtica divaricata
Utricularia gibba
Utricularia subulata
Uvularia perfoliata
Vaccinium hispidulum
Veratrum luteum
Verbena nodiflora
Verbena spuria

Verbena urticifolia
Verbesina virginica
Veronica marilandica
Veronica virginica
Viburnum acerifolium
Viburnum dentatum
Viburnum nudum
Viburnum prunifolium
Viola palmata

Viola pedata

Vitis arborea

Vitis vulpina

Yucca filamentosa

LS

Vascular Plants from Temperate
North America Mentioned in
Linnaeus' First Edition of
Species Plantarum as Occurring

only in the New World
Acrostichum polypodioides
Aesculus pavia
Andropogon nutans
Annona muricata
Arum triphyllum
Asclepias nivea
Baccharis ivaefolia
Bignonia crucigera
Buphthalmum frutescens
Caesalpinia brasiliensis
Cassia chamaecrista
Cassia ligustrina
Celastrus myrtifolius
Chenopodium anthelminticum
Crescentia cujete
Crotalaria sagittalis
Cynanchum suberosum
Cyperus strigosus
Eryngium foetidum
Hedysarum canescens
Hypericum lasianthus
Iva frutescens
Laurus winterana
Lepidium virginicum
Liquidambar styraciflua
Lonicera sempervirens
Melothria pendula
Pancratium carolinianum
Panicum capillare
Panicum clandestinum
Passiflora incarnata
Passiflora lutea
Physalis viscosa
Phytolacca americana
Pistacia simaruba
Renealmia usneoides
Sicyos angulata
Sida crispa
Sisyrinchium bermudiana
Smilax pseudo-china
Smilax sarsaparilla
Solanum mammosum
Sophora tinctoria
Tetracera volubilis
Urtica cylindrica
Verbesina alba
Yucca gloriosa

Vascular Plants from Temperate
North America Mentioned in
Linnaeus' First Edition of
Species Plantarum as Occurring
in Temperate North America and

Elsewhere in the World

6 P Pet OF: O.Gel A Vol. 53, No. 1

Acalypha virginica
Andromeda calyculata
Anemone dichotoma
Aralia nudicaulis
Arbutus uva-ursi
Arnica maritima
Asplenium rhizophyllum
Aster cordifolius
Atriplex laciniata
Bunias cakile

Cactus opuntia
Carpinus betulus
Carpinus ostrya
Cassine peragua
Chelidonium glaucium
Chrysanthemum arcticum

Chrysoplenium oppositifolium

Clematis vitalba
Clinopodium rugosum
Clinopodium vulgare
Convolvulus hederaceus
Cornus sanguinea
Cynosurus aegyptius
Cypripedium calceolus
Dactylis cynosuroides
Datura stramonium
Dianthus plumarius
Drosera rotundifolia
Erigeron canadense
Erythronium dens-canis
Gentiana ciliata
Geranium maculatum
Gnaphalium margaritaceum
Helleborus trifolius
Hypericum ascyron

Ilex aquifolium
Impatiens noli-tangere
Isnardia palustris
Juncus bulbosus
Lilium camschatcense
Linnaea borealis
Lycopodium complanatum
Lycopodium rupestre
Melica altissima
Mollugo verticillata
Monotropa hypopithys
Nicotiana rustica
Nymphaea alba

Nymphaea lotus
Oenothera biennis
Ophrys lilifolia
Origanum vulgare
Panicum crusgalli
Panicum sanguinale

Poa compressa
Polemonium caeruleum
Polygonum maritimum
Polypodium lonchitis
Polypodium phegopteris
Portulaca oleracea

Potentillanorvegica
Prunus lusitanica
Pyrola rotundifolia
Pyrola umbel lata

Rhus vernix

Ribes nigrum

Sagittaria sagittifolia
Salicornia virginica
Samolus valerandii
Saxifraga nivalis
Scirpus glomeratus
Serratula noveboracensis
Silene nocturna
Sisymbrium nasturtium-aquaticum
Statice armeria

Statice limonium
Swertia corniculata
Taxus baccata

Thuja occidentalis
Tiarellacordifolia
Trifolium arvense
Urtica canadensis
Valeriana cornucopiae
Veronica serphllifolium
Viola primulifolia
Xanthium strumarium

Vascular Plants from Temperate

North America Mentioned in

Linnaeus' First Edition of

Species Plantarum as Occurring

Elsewhere but not Temperate
North America

Agrimonia eupatoria

Alsine media

Amaranthus spinosus

Andropogon hirtum

Anemone hepatica

Angelica sylvestris

Anthericum calyculatum

Antirrhinum elatine

Aphanes arvensis

Arenaria rubra var. marina

Arundo phragmites

Atriplex halimus

Betonica annua

Bignonia catalpa

Briza eragrostis

Callitriche palustris

Caltha palustris

Carex pseudocyperus

Cerastium semidecandrum

Chenopodium album

Clinopodium incanum

Coix lacryma-jobi

Convallaria polygonatum

Daucus carota

Dipsacus fullonum

Draba verna

Elatine hydropiper

1983 Reveal, Pre-1753 botanical explorations 7

Elephantopus scaber
Epilobium hirsutum
Equisetum arvense
Equisetum hyemale
Heliotropium indicum
Juncus campestris
Juncus effusus
Juncus filiformis
Lamium amplexicaule
Ligusticum scothieum
Lysimachia punctata
Melissa nepeta
Mentha spicata var. viridis
Nymphaea lutea
Nymphaea nelumbo
Oenothera mollissima
Ophiorrhiza mitreola
Osmunda regalis
Panicum dissectum
Panicum glaucum
Panicum italicum
Physalis pubescens
Polygonum aviculare
Polygonum convolvulus
Polygonum persicaria
Populus nigra
Potamogeton nutans
Potentilla reptans
Ranunculus repens
Rubus caesius

Rubus fruticosus
Rumex acetosella
Salsola kali

Salsola prostrata
Sanicula europaea
Saponaria officinalis
Scandix cerefolium
Scirpus spadiceus
Scrophularia nodosa
Sida abutilon

Sida rhombifolia
Sida spinosa

Solanum nigrum var. vulgare
Sparganium erectum
Spiraea aruncus
Teucrium chamaepitys
Trifolium repens
Veronica anagallis-aquatica
Veronica arvensis
Veronica beccabunga
Vitex agnus-castus
Vitis vinifera

Xyris indica

Vascular Plants Named for
Certain Geographical Areas in
Temperate North America by
Linnaeus in the First Edition

of Species Plantarum
America

Buchnera americana
Callicarpa americana
Campanula americana
Ceanothus americanus
Cuscuta americana
Dianthera americana
Euonymus americanus
Fraxinus americana
Heuchera americana
Hydrocotyle americana
Phytolacca americana
Schwalbea americana
Tilia americana
Ulmus americana

Canada
Allium canadense
Antirrhinum canadense
Aquilegia canadensis
Arabis canadensis
Asarum canadense
Astragalus canadensis
Cercis canadensis
Circaea lutetiana

var. canadensis
Cistus canadensis
Collinsonia canadensis
Cornus canadensis
Elymus canadensis
Erigeron canadense
Ferula canadensis
Hippophae canadensis
Hypericum canadense
Lactuca canadensis
Lilium canadense
Menispermum canadense
Mentha canadensis
Mespilus canadensis
Ornithogalum canadense
Polymnia canadensis
Potentilla canadensis
Queria canadensis
Rubus canadensis
Sambucus canadensis
Sanguinaria canadensis
Sanguisorba canadensis
Sanicula canadensis
Senecio canadensis
Sison canadense
Solidago canadensis
Sonchus canadensis
Teucrium canadense
Urtica canadensis
Viola canadensis

Carolina

Astragalus carolinianus
Convolvulus carolinus
Geranium carolinanum
Ipomoea carolina

48 PHYTOLOGIA

Lycopodium carolinianum
Malva caroliniana
Mensipermum carolinum
Pancratium carolinianum
Rosa carolina

Solanum carolinense

Florida
Sonchus floridanus

Maryland

Andromeda mariana

Cassia marilandica
Clitoria mariana
Hedysarum marilandicum
Lonicera marilandica
Rhexia mariana

Sanicula marilandica
Scrophularia marilandica
Veronica marilandica

New England
Aster novae-angliae

New York

Aster novi-belgii
Polypodium noveboracense
Serratula noveboracensis
Solidago noveboracensis

Pennsylvania

Acer pensylvanicum
Avena pensylvanica
Erigeron philadelphicum
Polygonum pensylvanicum
Saxifraga pensylvanica

Virginia

Acalypha virginica
Agave virginica
Agrostis virginica
Anchusa virginiana

Geum virginianum
Gratiola virginiana
Hamamelis virginiana
Hedysarum virginicum
Hibiscus virginicus
Hydrophyl lum virginianum
Hyoseris virginica
Iris virginica

Itea virginica
Juniperus virginiana
Lepidium virginicum
Linum virginianum
Lithospermum virginianum
Lycopsis virginica
Lycopus virginicus
Magnolia virginiana
Medeola virginiana
Medicago virginica
Melanthium virginicum
Menispermum virginicum
Myosotis virginiana
Nepeta virginica
Obolaria virginica
Orobanche virginiana
Osmunda virginiana
Plantago virginica
Polygonum virginianum
Polypodium virginianum
Prunus virginiana
Pulmonaria virginica
Rhexia virginica
Rhinanthus virginica
Sagina virginica
Salicornia virginica
Satureja virginiana
Silene virginica
Solanum virginianum
Teucrium virginicum
Tradescantia virginiana
Tragopogon virginicum
Verbesina virginica

Vol. 53, Now 1

Andropogon virginicum
Anemone virginiana
Arum virginicum
Asarum virginicum
Cardamine virginica
Carduus virginianus

Collection Numbers and Species
of Vascular Plants Gathered by
John Clayton and Indirectly
Reported in Linnaeus’ First
Edition of Species Plantarum

Chenopodium virginicum 201 Acalypha virginica
Chionanthus virginica 530 Acer negundo

Chrysogonum virginianum 000 Acer rubrum

Claytonia virginica 599 Acnida cannabina

Clitoria virginiana 011 Acrostichum areolatum
Cracca virginiana 014 Acrostichum platyneuros
Cynoglossum virginianum 685 Acrostichum polypodioides
Diodia virginiana 305 Actaea racemosa
Diospyros virginiana 320 Adiantum pedatum
Dracocephalum virginianum 321 Adiantum pedatum

498 Agave virginica
199 Ageratum altissimum

Elymus virginicus
Eriophorum virginicum

1983

000 Agrimonia eupatoria
000 Agrostis virginica
507 Agrostis virginica
O74 Aletris farinosa
723 Alisma subulata
are Alsine media

2 Amaranthus graecizans
066 Amaranthus lividus
569 Amaranthus spinosus
256 Amaryllis atamasca
512 Ambrosia elatior
724 Ambrosia trifida
774 Ammannia ramosior
304 Anchusa virginiana
000 Andromeda arborea
000 Andromeda calyculata
030 Andromeda mariana
073 Andromeda paniculata
601 Andropogon alopecuroides
070 Andropogon divaricatum
600 Andropogon divaricatum
602 Andropogon hirtum
621 Andropogon nutans
460 Andropogon virginicum
606 Andropogon virginicum
328 Anemone hepatica
294 Anemone thalictroides
529 Anemone virginiana
125 Angelica sylvestris
058 Annona muricata
269 Anthericum calyculatum
256 Antirrhinum canadense
435 Antirrhinum elatine
374 Aphanes arvensis
438 Apocynum cannabinum
338 Aquilegia canadensis
400 Arabis canadensis
745 Arabis canadensis
056 Arabis lyrata
394 Arabis lyrata
O42 Aralia nudicaulis
233 Aralia spinosa
475 Arenaria rubra

var. marina

000 Arethusa bulbosa
472 Arethusa bulbosa
635 Arethusa divaricata
077 Arethusa ophioglossoides
000 Aristolochia serpentaria
066 Arum triphyllum
228 Arum virginicum
581 Arundo phragmites
288 Asarum canadense
704 Asarum virginicum
083 Asclepias decumbens
222 Asclepias incarnata
065 Asclepias nivea
263 Asclepias rubra
000 Asclepias syriaca
216 Asclepias verticillata

Reveal, Pre-1753 botanical explorations ie)

Ascyrum hypericoides
Aster concolor

Aster divaricatus
Aster divaricatus
Aster dumosus

Aster ericoides

Aster grandiflorus
Aster linifolius
Aster novae-angliae
Aster rigidus

Aster vernus
Astragalus canadensis
Atriplex halimus
Atriplex laciniata
Azalea lutea

Azalea viscosa
Baccharis foetida
Baccharis halimifolia
Bartsia coccinea
Betonica annua

Betula lenta

Betula nigra

Bignonia crucigera
Bignonia radicans
Briza eragrostis
Buchnera americana
Bunias cakile
Buphthalmum frutescens
Buphthalmum helianthoides
Burmannia biflora
Cacalia atriplicifolia
Cactus opuntia
Callicarpa americana
Callitriche palustris
Caltha palustris
Campanula perfoliata
Cardamine virginica
Carduus virginianus
Carex pseudocyperus
Carpinus ostrya

Cassia chamaecrista
Cassia ligustrina
Ceanothus americanus
Ceanothus americanus
Celastrus scandens
Celosia paniculata
Celtis occidentalis
Cenchrus tribuloides
Cephalanthus occidentalis
Cerastium semidecandrum
Cercis canadensis
Chelidonium glaucium
Chelone glabra

Chelone hirsuta
Chenopodium album
Chionanthus virginica
Chironia dodecandra
Chrysogonum virginianum
Cicuta bulbifera
Cicuta maculata

50 PHY T Ord Oc: Geib

123 Cicuta maculata

251 Claytonia virginica
411 Clematis viorna

270 Clematis vitalba

112 Clitoria virginiana
067 Coix lacryma-jobi

093 Commelina communis

093 Commelina erecta

335 Convallaria polygonatum
035 Convallaria racemosa
504 Convolvulus hederaceus
641 Convolvulus panduratus
665 Convolvulus repens

553 Convolvulus spithamaeus
667 Coreopsis angustifolia
298 Coreopsis auriculata
308 Coreopsis verticillata
057 Cornus florida

102 Cracca virginiana

O43 Crataegus coccinea

000 Crataegus crus-galli
055 Crataegus tomentosa
526 Crataegus viridis

126 Crotalaria sagittalis
245 Cucubalus stellatus
384 Cupressus distichia
215 Cuscuta americana

001 Cynanchum suberosum
223 Cynanchum suberosum
257 Cynoglossum virginianum
562 Cyperus arundinacea
509 Cyperus odoratus

O40 Cypripedium calceolus
577 Dactylis cynosuroides
583 Dactylis cynosuroides
000 Datura stramonium

444 Daucus carota

408 Dianthera americana
277 Diodia virginiana

094 Dioscorea villosa

080 Diospyros virginiana
632 Diospyros virginiana
267 Dipsacus fullonum

000 Dirca palustris

568 Dolichos polystachyus
121 Dolichos regularis

525 Draba verna

017 Dracontium foetidum
003 Drosera rotundifolia
646 Elatine hydropiper

655 Elephantopus scaber
148 Elephantopus tomentosus
446 Elymus virginicus

250 Epigaea repens

586 Epilobium hirsutum

341 Equisetum arvense

657 Equisetum hyemale

165 Erigeron camphoratum
449 Erigeron canadense

234 Eriocaulon decangulare

439
461
500
282
691
603
179

Vol. 53, Now. 1

Eriocaulon decangulare
Eriophorum virginicum
Eryngium aquaticum
Eryngium foetidum
Erythronium dens-canis
Eupatorium aromaticum
Eupatorium coelestinum
Eupatorium perfoliatum
Eupatorium purpureum
Eupatorium scandens
Eupatorium trifoliatum
Euphorbia corollata
Euphorbia ipecacuanhae
Euphorbia polygonifolia
Euonymus americanus
Fagus pumila

Ferula canadensis
Fraxinus americana
Fumaria cucullaria
Galax aphylla

Galium bermudense
Gentiana saponaria
Gentiana villosa
Geranium carolinianum
Geranium maculatum
Gerardia flava
Gerardia pedicularia
Gerardia purpurea

Geum virginianum
Gleditsia triacanthos
Glycine apios

Glycine bracteata
Glycine comosa

Glycine tomentosa
Gnaphalium obtusifolium
Gnaphalium plantaginifolia
Gnaphalium purpureum
Gratiola dubia
Gratiola dubia
Gratiola virginiana
Hamamelis virginiana
Hamamelis virginiana
Hedera quinquefolia
Hedysarum canescens
Hedysarum frutescens
Hedysarum hirtum
Hedysarum marilandicum
Hedysarum nudiflorum
Hedysarum paniculatum
Hedysarum repens
Hedysarum violaceum
Hedysarum virginicum
Hedysarum virginicum
Hedysarum viridiflorum
Helenium autumnale
Helianthus angustifolius
Helianthus atrorubens
Helianthus giganteus
Helianthus laevis
Heuchera americana

1983

Heuchera americana
Hibiscus moscheutos
Hibiscus virginicus
Hieracium gronovii
Hieracium venosum
Holcus laxus

Holcus striatus
Houstonia caerulea
Houstonia purpurea
Hydrangea arborescens
Hydrocotyle umbellata
Hydrophyllum virginianum
Hyoseris virginica
Hypericum canadense
Hypericum mutilum
Hypericum setosum
Hyssopus nepetoides
Ilex aquifolium

Iris verna

Iris virginica

Itea virginica

Itea virginica

Iva frutescens

Juglans alba

Juglans nigra

Juncus bulbosus

Juncus campestris
Juncus effusus

Juncus filiformis
Juniperus virginiana
Kalmia angustifolia
Lamium amplexicaule
Laurus aestivalis
Laurus aestivalis
Laurus benzoin

Laurus borbonia

Laurus indica

Laurus sassafras

Lechea minor

Leontice thalictroides
Leontodon dandelion
Leontodon dandelion
Lepidium virginicum
Ligusticum scothieum
Limodorum tuberosum
Linum virginianum
Liquidambar styraciflua
Liquidambar styraciflua
Liquidambar styraciflua
Liriodendron tulipifera
Lithospermum virginianum
Lobelia cardinalis
Lobelia cliffortiana
Lonicera marilandica
Lonicera symphoricarpos
Lonicera symphoricarpos
Ludwigia alternifolia
Lupinus perennis
Lycopodium alopecuroides
Lycopsis virginica

185
433
419

Reveal, Pre-1753 botanical explorations 51

Lycopus virginicus
Lysimachia punctata
Lysimachia quadrifolia
Lythrum lineare
Lythrum petiolatum

214 Lythrum verticillatum
034 Magnolia virginiana
404 Magnolia virginiana

024

011
008

var. acuminata
Magnolia virginiana

var. foetida
Medeola virginiana
Medicago virginica
Melanthium virginicum
Melissa nepeta
Melissa pulegioides
Melothria pendula
Menispermum canadense
Menispermunl virginicum
Mentha spicata var. viridis
Mespilus canadensis
Mespilus canadensis
Mimulus ringens
Mitchella repens
Mollugo verticillata
Monarda ciliata
Monarda clinopodia
Monarda punctata
Monotropa uniflora
Myosotis virginiana
Myrica asplenifolia
Myrica asplenifolia
Myrica cerifera
Nepeta virginica
Nyssa aquatica
Nyssa aquatica
Obolaria virginica
Oenothera biennis
Oenothera fruticosa
Oenothera fruticosa
Oenothera mollissima
Oldenlandia uniflora
Onoclea sensibilis
Onoclea sensibilis
Ophiorrhiza mitreola

8 Ophrys lilifolia

Ophrys lilifolia
Orchis ciliaris
Orchis flava

Orchis psycodes
Orchis spectabilis
Origanum vulgare
Ornithogalum bivale
Ornithogalum hirsutum
Orobanche uniflora
Orobanche virginiana
Orontium aquaticum
Osmunda claytoniana
Osmunda regalis
Osmunda virginiana

52 PeHc¥ eT 0D O00 Vol. 53, No.1
138 Osteospermum uvedalia 338 Pulmonaria virginica
221 Osteospermum uvedalia 088 Pyrola maculata

741 Oxalis longiflora OOO Pyrus coronaria

474 Oxalis stricta 000 Quercus alba

000 Oxalis violacea 467 Quercus alba

000 Panax quinquefolius 000 Quercus nigra

329 Panax trifolius 000 Quercus phellos

454 Panicum capillare 000 Quercus prinus

458 Panicum dichotomum 000 Quercus rubra

579 Panicum glaucum 316 Queria canadensis

591 Panicum italicum 317 Queria canadensis

457 Panicum sanguinale 701 Ranunculus abortivus
578 Panicum virgatum 473 Ranunculus repens

606 Panicum virgatum 710 Ranunculus repens

263 Parthenium integrifolium 389 Renealmia usneoides
151 Passiflora incarnata 227 Rhexia virginica

118 Passiflora lutea 488 Rhinanthus virginica
158 Penthorum sedoides 728 Rhus copallinum

595 Phalaris oryzoides 492 Rhus glabra

297 Phlox gliaberrima 238 Rhus radicans

129 Phryma leptostachya 000 Rhus toxicodendron
128 Physalis viscosa 479 Rhus toxicodendron
671 Phytolacca americana 681 Rhus vernix

547 Pinus balsamea 050 Robinia pseudoacacia
496 Pinus taeda 634 Rubus caesius

343 Plantago virginica 703 Rubus fruticosus

000 Platanus occidentalis 490 Rudbeckia hirta

471 Platanus occidentalis 539 Rudbeckia laciniata
580 Poa capillaris 609 Rudbeckia oppositifolia
581 Poa capillaris 417 Rudbeckia purpurea
273 Poa flava 490 Rudbeckia purpurea
255 Podophyllum peltatum 657 Rudbeckia triloba

249 Polemonium caeruleum 085 Ruellia strepens

556 Polemonium dubium 098 Ruellia strepens

157 Polygala cruciata 494 Rumex acetosella

414 Polygala senega OOO Rumex britannica

563 Polygala verticillata OOO Rumex verticillatus
000 Polygala viridescens 649 Sagina virginica

382 Polygonum aviculare 278 Sagittaria sagittifolia
000 Polygonum convolvulus 527 Salicornia virginica
670 Polygonum persicaria 667 Salicornia virginica
672 Polygonum persicaria 432 Salsola kali

000 Polygonum sagittatum 019 Salvia lyrata

000 Polygonum scandens 391 Salvia lyrata

183 Polygonum virginianum 292 Salvia urticifolia
322 Polypodium lonchitis 314 Samolus valerandii
768 Polypremum procumbens 247 Sanguinaria canadensis
087 Pontederia cordata 000 Sanicula canadensis
532 Populus heterophylla 000 Sanicula europaea

679 Populus nigra 028 Sanicula marilandica
410 Portulaca oleracea 660 Saponaria officinalis
664 Potamogeton nutans 110 Sarothra gentianoides
699 Potentilla reptans 559 Sarracenia flava

015 Prenanthes alba 717 Sarracenia purpurea
284 Prenanthes alba 197 Satureja origanoides
319 Prenanthes alba 141 Satureja virginiana
078 Prinos verticillatus 107 Saururus cernuus

000 Prunus virginiana 525 Saxifraga nivalis

627 Prunus virginiana 304 Saxifraga pensylvanica
682 Pteris atropurpurea 407 Scandix cerefolium

1983

407 Scandix procumbens
033 Schwalbea americana
585 Schoenus glomeratus
380 Scirpus capitatus

570 Scirpus glomeratus

Reveal, Pre-1753 botanical explorations 53

135 Teucrium canadense
443 Teucrium chamaepitys
117 Teucrium virginicum
291 Thapsia trifoliata
554 Tiarella cordifolia

000

Scirpus retrofractus
Scirpus spadiceus
Scrophularia marilandica
Scrophularia nodosa

261 Scutellaria hyssopifolia
105 Scutellaria integrifolia
280 Scutellaria lateriflora

4
097

Senecio aureus
Senecio aureus
Serratula glauca
Serratula glauca
Serratula scariosa
Serratula scariosa
Serratula spicata
Serratula squarrosa
Sida abutilon
Sida rhombifolia
Sigesbeckia occidentalis
Silene antirrhina
Silene virginica
Silphium asteriscus
Silphium helianthoides
Sison canadense
Sisymbrium nasturtium-

aquaticum
Sisyrinchium bermudiana
Sium rigidius
Smilax herbacea
Smilax lanceolata
Smilax laurifolia
Smilax pseudo-china
Smilax pseudo-china
Smilax pseudo-china
Smilax pseudo-china
Smilax sarsaparilla
Smyrnium aureum
Smyrnium integerrimum
Solanum nigrum

var. vulgare
Solidago canadensis
Solidago sempervirens
Solidago sempervirens
Sonchus canadensis
Sophora tinctoria
Sparganium erectum
Spiraea aruncus
Spiraea aruncus
Spiraea opulifolia
Spiraea trifoliata
Staphylea trifolia
Statice limonium
Stipa avenacea
Swertia difformis
Tetragonotheca heli-

anthoides

000
297
309
177

Tilia americana
Tradescantia virginiana
Tragopogon virginicum
Trichostema dichotomum

092 Trifolium biflorum
289 Trifolium reflexum

390

Trifolium repens

000 Trillium sessile

626
524

Triosteum angustifolium
Ulmus americana
Uniola paniculata
Urtica cylindrica
Urtica pumila
Utricularia gibba
Utricularia gibba
Utricularia subulata
Uvularia perfoliata
Vaccinium frondosum
Vaccinium stamineum
Valeriana locusta
var. radiata
Veratrum luteum
Verbena nodiflora
Verbena spuria
Verbena urticifolia
Verbesina alba
Verbesina virginica
Veronica anagallis-
aquatica
Veronica arvensis
Veronica beccabunga
Veronica marilandica
Veronica serpyllifolia
Veronica virginica
Viburnum acerifolium
Viburnum nudum
Viburnum prunifolium
Viola palmata
Viola pedata
Viola primulifolia
Vitex agnus-castus
Vitis vinifera
Xanthium strumarium
Xyris indica
Yucca filamentosa
Zizania aquatica

Species and Collection Numbers
of Vascular Plants Gathered by
John Clayton and Indirectly
Reported in Linnaeus' First

Edition of Species Plantarum

000
000

Acer rubrum
Agrimonia eupatoria

Sh Pi ue TOOL Oe whe

000 Agrostis virginica
000 Amaranthus lividus
OOO Andromeda arborea

000 Andromeda calyculata
000 Arethusa bulbosa

000 Aristolochia serpentaria
000 Asclepias syriaca

000 Atriplex laciniata
000 Betula lenta

000 Callicarpa americana
000 Carpinus ostrya

000 Celastrus scandens
000 Cercis canadensis

000 Chenopodium album

000 Crataegus crus-galli
000 Datura stramonium
000 Dirca palustris

000 Eupatorium perfoliatum
000 Euphorbia ipecacuanhae
000 Fagus pumila

000 Fraxinus americana
000 Gerardia purpurea

000 Gleditsia triacanthos
000 Ilex aquifolium

000 Juglans alba

000 Juglans nigra

000 Laurus aestivalis

000 Laurus borbonia

000 Lepidium virginicum
000 Liquidambar styraciflua
000 Lonicera marilandica
000 Lupinus perennis

000 Lycopsis virginica
000 Myrica cerifera

000 Nyssa aquatica

000 Oenothera biennis

000 Ornithogalum hirsutum
000 Osmunda claytoniana
000 Oxalis violacea

000 Panax quinquefolius
000 Platanus occidentalis
000 Polygala viridescens
000 Polygonum convolvulus
000 Polygonum sagittatum
000 Polygonum scandens
000 Prunus virginiana

000 Pyrus coronaria

000 Quercus alba

000 Quercus nigra

000 Quercus phellos

000 Quercus prinus

000 Quercus rubra

000 Rhus toxicodendron
000 Rumex britannica

OOO Rumex verticillatus
000 Sanicula canadensis
000 Sanicula europaea

000 Scrophularia nodosa
000 Serratula scariosa
000 Staphylea trifolia

000 Tilia americana

000 Trillium sessile

000 Uniola paniculata

000 Verbena spuria

001 Cynanchus suberosum

003 Drosera rotundifolia

004 Galax aphylla

005 Lobelia cardinalis

008 Osmunda virginiana

009 Aster rigidus

009 Gerardia flava

010 Chelone glabra

010 Gentiana saponaria

011 Acrostichum areolatum

011 Osmunda regalis

013 Cicuta maculata

013 Helianthus angustifolius

014 Acrostichum platyneuros

014 Serratula squarrosa

015 Prenanthes alba

015 Serratula glauca

016 Liriodendron tulipifera

017 Dracontium foetidum

018 Sisyrinchium bermudiana

019 Leontodon dandelion

019 Salvia lyrata

020 Campanula perfoliata

021 Kalmia angustifolia

022 Mediola virginiana

024 Magnolia virginiana
var. foetida

027 Lycopodium alopecuroides

028 Mitchella repens

028 Sanicula marilandica

030 Andromeda mariana

031 Utricularia subulata

032 Azalea viscosa

033 Schwalbea americana

034 Magnolia virginiana

035 Convallaria racemosa

036 Oenothera fruticosa

039 Chelone hirsuta

O40 Cypripedium calceolus

O42 Aralia nudicaulis

O42 Vaccinium stamineum

O43 Crataegus coccinea

043 Valeriana locusta
var. radiata

O44 Ornithogalum bivale

O46 Chionanthus virginica

O47 Viburnum prunifolium

O49 Nyssa aquatica

050 Robinia pseudoacacia

052 Azalea lutea

053 Orontium aquaticum

054 Laurus benzoin

055 Crataegus tomentosa

056 Arabis lyrata

056 Laurus sassafras

058 Annona muricata

Vol. 53, No. 1

198 3

Houstonia caerulea
Mespilus canadensis
Houstonia purpurea
Viburnum nudum
Asclepias nivea
Arum triphyllum
Coix lacryma-jobi
Ceanothus americanus
Andropogon divaricatum
Sophora tinctoria
Aster dumosus
Aster linifolius
Andromeda paniculata
Aletris farinosa
Euonymus americanus
Limodorum tuberosum
Arethusa ophioglossoides
Prinos verticillatus
Hydrangea arborescens
Diospyros virginiana
Smilax sarsaparilla
Smilax lanceolata
Smilax pseudo-china
Asclepias decumbens
Hedysarum repens
Ruellia strepens
Pontederia cordata
Pyrola maculata
Trifolium biflorum
Commelina communis
Commelina erecta
Dioscorea villosa
Tetragonotheca heli-
anthoides
Ruellia strepens
Cactus opuntia
Bignonia crucigera
Cracca virginiana
Hedysarum violaceum
Scutellaria integrifolia
Cephalanthus occidentalis
Saururus cernuus
Helianthus giganteus
Sarothra gentianoides
Myosotis virginiana
Clitoria virginiana
Glycine tomentosa
Hedera quinquefolia
Teucrium virginicum
Passiflora lutea
Chironia dodecandra
Dolichos regularis
Hibiscus moscheutos
Cicuta maculata
Hedysarum nudiflorum
Angelica sylvestris
Crotalaria sagittalis

27 Glycine apios

Physalis viscosa
Phryma leptostachya

Reveal, Pre-1753 botanical explorations

130 Mimulus ringens

131 Sida rhombifolia

133 Cacalia atriplicifolia

134 Melothria pendula

135 Hypericum setosum

135 Teucrium canadense

136 Helianthus atrorubens

137 Ludwigia alternifolia

138 Osteospermum uvedalia

139 Sonchus canadensis

140 Monarda punctata

141 Satureja virginiana

142 Buchnera americana

143 Aster divaricatus

146 Cassia ligustrina

147 Eupatorium scandens

148 Elephantopus tomentosus

151 Passiflora incarnata

152 Euphorbia polygonifolia

155 Euphorbia corollata

156 Cassia chamaecrista

157 Polygala cruciata

158 Penthorum sedoides

159 Baccharis foetida

161 Veronica anagallis-
aquatica

161 Veronica beccabunga

162 Eupatorium purpureum

163 Verbesina alba

164 Gratiola dubia

165 Erigeron camphoratum

166 Verbesina virginica

168 Hyssopus nepetoides

171 Swertia difformis

174 Hedysarum frutescens

175 Serratula glauca

177 Trichostema dichotomum

179 Eupatorium coelestinum

182 Glycine comosa

183 Polygonum virginianum

184 Hedysarum paniculatum

185 Lycopus virginicus

187 Ophiorrhiza mitreola

187 Silphium asteriscus

190 Hedysarum viridiflorum

191 Medicago virginica

192 Gerardia pedicularia

193 Carduus virginianus

194 Aster ericoides

195 Helianthus laevis

196 Lobelia cliffortiana

197 Satureja origanoides

198 Melissa nepeta

199 Ageratum altissimum

199 Geum virginianum

200 Oenothera mollissima

201 Acalypha virginica

201 Lonicera symphoricarpos

202 Helenium autumnale

203 Gnaphalium obtusifolium

aD

56 PBX T Ole D: G1 x

206 Cenchrus tribuloides
208 Buphthalmum helianthoides
209 Hedysarum canescens

212 Monarda clinopodia

214 Lythrum verticillatum
215 Cicuta bulbifera

215 Cuscuta americana

216 Asclepias verticillata
219 Xyris indica

220 Scrophularia marilandica
221 Osteospermum uvedalia
222 Asclepias incarnata

223 Cynanchum suberosum

225 Bignonia radicans

226 Veronica marilandica
227 Rhexia virginica

228 Arum virginicum

230 Ascyrum hypericoides
232 Hypericum mutilum

233 Aralia spinosa

234 Eriocaulon decangulare
237 Serratula spicata

238 Rhus radicans

239 Aster grandiflorus

240 Baccharis halimifolia
242 Buphthalmum frutescens
243 Iva frutescens

244 Aster novae-angliae

245 Cucubalus stellatus

245 Monotropa uniflora

246 Urtica pumila

247 Sanguinaria canadensis
248 Burmannia biflora

249 Hydrophyllum virginianum
249 Polemonium caeruleum
249 Senecio aureus

250 Epigaea repens

251 Claytonia virginica

253 Iris verna

254 Viola pedata

255 Podophyllum peltatum
256 Amaryllis atamasca

256 Antirrhinum canadense
257 Cynoglossum virginianum
258 Uvularia perfoliata

259 Carex pseudocyperus

259 Iris virginica

260 Orchis spectabilis

261 Scutellaria hyssopifolia
263 Asclepias rubra

263 Parthenium integrifolium
267 Dipsacus fullonum

269 Anthericum calyculatum
270 Clematis vitalba

270 Yucca filamentosa

271 Betonica annua

273 Poa flava

276 Chelidonium glaucium
277 Diodia virginiana

278 Sagittaria sagittifolia

Vol. 53, No. 1

279 Sium rigidius

280 Scutellaria lateriflora
281 Lonicera symphoricarpos
282 Eryngium foetidum

283 Solidago canadensis

283 Solidago sempervirens
284 Prenanthes alba

286 Obolaria virginica

286 Senecio aureus

287 Gnaphalium plantaginifolia
288 Asarum canadense

289 Trifolium reflexum

290 Spiraea trifoliata

291 Thapsia trifoliata

292 Salvia urticifolia

293 Bartsia coccinea

294 Anemone thalictroides
295 Mespilus canadensis

297 Phlox glaberrima

297 Tradescantia virginiana
298 Chrysogonum virginianum
298 Coreopsis auriculata
299 Veratrum luteum

301 Heuchera americana

302 Spiraea aruncus

302 Spiraea opulifolia

304 Anchusa virginiana

304 Saxifraga pensylvanica
305 Actaea racemosa

307 Geranium maculatum

307 Ligusticum scothieum
308 Coreopsis verticillata
309 Tragopogon virginicum
310 Origanum vulgare

311 Ceanothus americanus
313 Galium bermudense

314 Samolus valerandii

316 Queria canadensis

317 Queria canadensis

319 Prenanthes alba

320 Adiantum pedatum

321 Adiantum pedatum

322 Polypodium lonchitis
328 Anemone hepatica

329 Panax trifolius

331 Lamium amplexicaule

332 Juncus campestris

333 Oenothera fruticosa

335 Convallaria polygonatum
338 Aquilegia canadensis
339 Pulmonaria virginica
340 Juncus bulbosus

341 Equisetum arvense

342 Cerastium semidecandrum
343 Plantago virginica

367 Veronica serpyllifolia
368 Veronica arvensis

372 Geranium carolinianum
374 Aphanes arvensis

376 Hyoseris virginica

1983 Reveal, Pre-1753 botanical explorations 57

378 Callitriche palustris
379 Gratiola virginiana
380 Scirpus capitatus
382 Polygonum aviculare
383 Leontodon dandelion
384 Cupressus distichia
385 Gnaphalium purpureum
386 Hieracium venosum
387 Orobanche uniflora
388 Silene antirrhina
389 Renealmia usneoides
390 Trifolium repens
391 Aster vernus
391 Salvia lyrata
393 Juncus effusus
394 Arabis lyrata
399 Mollugo verticillata
400 Arabis canadensis
404 Magnolia virginiana
var. acuminata
407 Scandix cerefolium
407 Scandix procumbens
408 Dianthera americana
410 Portulaca oleracea
411 Clematis viorna
412 Monarda ciliata
414 Polygala senega
417 Rudbeckia purpurea
418 Lythrum petiolatum
419 Lysimachia quadrifolia
421 Spiraea aruncus
422 Melanthium virginicum
423 Silene virginica
424 Heuchera americana
425 Menispermum virginicum
428 Veronica virginica
429 Hydrocotyle umbellata
430 Solanum nigrum
var. vulgare
431 Verbena urticifolia
432 Salsola kali
433 Lysimachia punctata
434 Sparganium erectum
435 Antirrhinum elatine
437 Nepeta virginica
438 Apocynum cannabinum
439 Eriocaulon decangulare
440 Linum virginianum
441 Sida abutilon
442 Amaranthus graecizans
443 Teucrium chamaepitys
444 Daucus carota
446 Elymus virginicus
447 Hieracium gronovii
448 Verbena nodiflora
449 Erigeron canadense
454 Panicum capillare
456 Scirpus spadiceus
457 Panicum sanguinale
457 Scirpus retrofractus

458 Panicum dichotomum
460 Andropogon virginicum
461 Eriophorum virginicum
462 Cardamine virginica
464 Smyrnium aureum
467 Quercus alba
470 Viola primulifolia
471 Platanus occidentalis
472 Arethusa bulbosa
473 Ranunculus repens
474 Oxalis stricta
475 Arenaria rubra

var. marina
479 Rhus toxicodendron
480 Itea virginica
485 Laurus indica
487 Liquidambar styraciflua
488 Rhinanthus virginica
490 Rudbeckia hirta
490 Rudbeckia purpurea
492 Rhus glabra
494 Rumex acetosella
496 Pinus taeda
498 Agave virginca
500 Eryngium aquaticum
502 Xanthium strumarium
504 Convolvulus hederaceus
505 Lythrum lineare
506 Vitex agnus-castus
507 Agrostis virginica
508 Urtica cylindrica
509 Cyperus odoratus
510 Hedysarum hirtum
511 Sigesbeckia occidentalis
512 Ambrosia elatior
514 Melissa pulegioides
515 Utricularia gibba
516 Hedysarum marilandicum
517 Utricularia gibba
520 Laurus aestivalis
522 Caltha palustris
524 Ulmus americana
525 Draba verna
525 Saxifraga nivalis
526 Crataegus viridis
527 Salicornia virginica
528 Sisymbrium nasturtium-

aquaticum
529 Alsine media
529 Anemone virginiana
530 Acer negundo
531 Liquidambar styraciflua
532 Populus heterophylla
537 Vaccinium frondosum
539 Rudbeckia laciniata
541 Smilax herbacea
541 Smilax pseudo-china
543 Viburnum acerifolium
544 Hamamelis virginiana
545 Leontice thalictroides

58 PRET ODiOcGed &

546 Menispermum canadense
547 Pinus balsamea

548 Ferula canadensis

549 Smyrnium integerrimum
552 Hypericum canadense
553 Convolvulus spithamaeus
554 Tiarella cordifolia
556 Itea virginica

556 Polemonium dubium

559 Sarracenia flava

560 Orchis ciliaris

561 Smilax pseudo-china
562 Cyperus arundinacea
563 Polygala verticillata
564 Hedysarum virginicum
565 Astragalus canadensis
567 Hibiscus virginicus
568 Dolichos polystachyus
569 Amaranthus spinosus
570 Scirpus glomeratus

571 Atriplex halimus

573 Statice limonium

574 Zizania aquatica

576 Celosia paniculata

577 Dactylis cynosuroides
578 Panicum virgatum

579 Panicum glaucum

580 Juncus filiformis

580 Poa capillaris

581 Arundo phragmites

581 Poa capillaris

582 Briza eragrostis

583 Dactylis cynosuroides
585 Schoenus glomeratus
586 Epilobium hirsutum

587 Oldenlandia uniflora
589 Holcus laxus

590 Holcus striatus

591 Panicum italicum

592 Glycine bracteata

594 Gratiola dubia

595 Phalaris oryzoides
599 Acnida cannabina

600 Andropogon divaricatum
601 Andropogon alopecuroides
602 Andropogon hirtum

603 Eupatorium aromaticum
604 Orobanche virginiana
605 Gentiana villosa

606 Andropogon virginicum
606 Panicum virgatum

607 Aster concolor

609 Rudbeckia oppositifolia
610 Lechea minor

610 Silphium helianthoides
614 Hedysarum virginicum
617 Smilax laurifolia

620 Eupatorium trifoliatum
621 Andropogon nutans

621 Stipa avenacea

Vol. 53, No.1

624 Celtis occidentalis
625 Fumaria cucullaria

626 Triosteum angustifolium
627 Prunus virginiana

630 Smilax pseudo-china
632 Diospyros virginiana
634 Rubus caesius

635 Arethusa divaricata
639 Orchis flava

641 Convolvulus panduratus
646 Elatine hydropiper

647 Lithospermum virginianum
649 Sagina virginica

651 Serratula squarrosa
654 Mentha spicata var. viridis
655 Elephantopus scaber
657 Equisetum hyemale

657 Rudbeckia triloba

658 Ophrys lilifolia

660 Saponaria officinalis
664 Potamogeton nutans

665 Convolvulus repens

667 Coreopsis angustifolia
667 Salicornia virginica
668 Orchis psycodes

670 Polygonum persicaria
671 Phytolacca americana
672 Polygonum persicaria
673 Hamamelis virginiana
674 Onoclea sensibilis

679 Populus nigra

681 Rhus vernix

682 Pteris atropurpurea
684 Myrica asplenifolia
685 Acrostichum polypodioides
688 Betula nigra

691 Erythronium dens-canis
696 Vitis vinifera

699 Potentilla reptans

701 Ranunculus abortivus
703 Rubus fruticosus

704 Asarum virginicum

708 Ophrys lilifolia

710 Ranuculus repens

714 Onoclea sensibilis

717 Sarracenia purpurea
719 Myrica asplenifolia
721 Sison canadense

723 Alisma subulata

724 Ambrosia trifida

728 Rhus copallinum

732 Bunias cakile

733 Solidago sempervirens
741 Oxalis longiflora

745 Arabis canadensis

767 Aster divaricatus

768 Polypremum procumbens
774 Ammannia ramosior

793 Viola palmata

884 Juniperus virginiana

1983 Reveal, Pre-1753 botanical explorations

Species of Vascular Plants
from Temperate North America
Attributed to Peter Kalm by
Linnaeus in Species Plantarum

or in the Linnaean Herbarium

Acalypha virginica
Acer negundo

Acer pensyl vanicum
Acer rubrum

Acer saccharinum
Adiantum pedatum
Agrostis virginica
Allium canadense
Amaranthus retroflexus
Andromeda mariana
Andromeda paniculata
Andromeda racemosa
Andropogon nutans
Anemone quinquefolia
Anemone thalictroides
Anemone virginiana
Angelica sylvestris
Antirrhinum canadense
Arabis canadensis
Arabis lyrata

Aralia spinosa
Arenaria rubra var. marina
Arethusa bulbosa
Arethusa ophioglossoides
Aristolochia serpentaria
Asarum canadense
Asclepias nivea
Asclepias tuberosa
Asplenium rhizophyllum
Aster concolor

Aster cordifolius
Aster laevis

Aster linariifolius
Aster novi-belgii
Aster puniceus

Aster undulatus
Astragalus canadensis
Avena pensylvanica
Avena spicata

Azalea lutea

Azalea viscosa

Bartsia coccinea

Briza eragrostis
Bromus ciliatus

Bromus purgans

Cacalia atriplicifolia
Carex folliculata
Carex squarrosa
Carpinus betulus
Cassia nictitans
Ceanothus americanus
Celastrus myrtifolius
Celtis occidentalis
Cenchrus tribuloides

Cephalanthus occidentalis
Cercis canadense
Chaerophy1llum arborescens
Chelone glabra

Chenopodium anthelminticum
Chenopodium virginicum
Chironia angularis
Chironia campanulata
Chrysocoma graminifolia

Chrysosplenium oppositifolium

Cicuta bulbifera

Cicuta maculata

Cinna arundinacea
Cistus canadensis
Claytonia virginica
Collinsonia canadensis
Convolvulus spithamaeus
Conyza asteroides
Cornus canadensis
Cornus florida

Cracca virginiana
Crataegus coccinea
Crataegus crus-galli
Crataegus tomentosa
Crotalaria sagittalis
Cucubalus stellatus
Cupressus thyoides
Cuscuta americana
Cynoglossum virginianum
Cyperus strigosus
Dalibarda repens
Datisca hirta

Dianthera americana
Diospyros virginiana
Dracocephalum virginianum
Dracontium foetidum
Elymus canadensis
Erigeron philadelphicum
Eupatorium rotundifolium
Euphorbia corollata
Euphorbia ipecacuanhae
Euphorbia polygonifolia
Euphorbia portulacoides
Euonymus americanus
Fagus pumila

Galium tinctorium
Galium trifidum
Gentiana quinquefolia
Gentiana saponaria
Geranium carolinianum
Gerardia flava

Gerardia pedicularia
Gerardia purpurea
Gleditsia triacanthos
Glycine apios

Glycine bracteata
Glycine comosa
Gnaphalium margaritaceum
Gnaphalium obtusifolium
Gnaphalium plantaginifolium

59

60 PGT O40" &

Gnaphalium purpureum
Gratiola virginiana
Hamamelis virginiana
Hedera quinquefolia
Hedysarum hirtum
Hedysarum violaceum
Helianthus decapetalus
Heuchera americana
Hibiscus palustris
Hieracium gronovii
Hieracium kalmii
Hieracium paniculatum
Hippophae canadensis
Hordeum jubatum
Houstonia caerulea
Houstonia purpurea
Hydrangea arborescens
Hydrocotyle americana
Hydrocotyle umbel lata
Hyoseris virginica
Hypericum canadense
Hypericum kalmianum
Hypericum mutilum
Impatiens noti-tangere
Iris verna
Juglans alba
Lactuca canadensis
Laurus sassafras
Lilium canadense
Limodorum tuberosum
Linum virginianum
Liquidambar peregrina
Liquidambar styraciflua
Liriodendron tulipifera
Lobelia cliffortiana
Lobelia kalmii
Ludwigia alternifolia
Lupinus perennis
Lycopodium alopecuroides
Lycopodium apodum
Lycopodium complanatum
Lycopodium obscurum
Lycopodium rupestre
Magnolia virginiana
var. glauca
Medeola virginica
Melanthium virginicum
Melissa pulegioides
Menispermum canadense
Mentha canadensis
Mespilus arbutifolia
Mespilus canadensis
Mitella diphylla
Mollugo verticillata
Monotropa uniflora
Morus rubra
Nymphaea lotus
Nymphaea lutea
Nyssa aquatica
Oenothera fruticosa

Ophrys cernua

Ophrys lilifolia
Orchis psycodes
Origanum vulgare
Ornithogalum hirsutum
Orobanche virginiana
Osmunda cinnamomea
Osmunda regalis
Osmunda virginiana
Oxalis stricta
Oxalis violacea

Panax quinquefolius
Panicum clandestinum
Panicum crusgalli
Panicum dichotomum
Panicum dissectum
Panicum filiforme
Panicum latifolium
Phlox maculata

Phlox subulata

Pinus strobus

Pinus taeda

Plantago virginica
Poa capillaris
Polygala incarnata
Polygala lutea
Polygala sanguinea
Polygala verticillata
Polygala viridescens
Polygonum articulatum
Polygonum erectum
Polygonum pensyl1 vanicum
Polypodium marginale
Polypodium noveboracense
Polymnia canadensis
Pontederia cordata
Potentilla canadensis
Prenanthes alba
Prinos glaber

Prinos verticillatus
Pteris atropurpurea
Pulmonaria virginica
Pyrola maculata
Pyrola umbel lata
Quercus alba

Quercus nigra

Quercus phellos
Quercus prinus
Quercus rubra
Ranunculus abortivus
Rhexia virginica

Rhus glabra

Rhus radicans

Rhus toxicodendron
Rhus vernix

Ribes cynosbati

Rubus canadensis
Rubus hispidus

Rubus occidentalis
Rumex persicarioides

Vol. 52, No. 1

1983 Reveal, Pre-1753 botanical explorations 61

Salvia lyrata

Sambucus canadensis
Sanguinaria canadensis
Sanguisorba canadensis
Sarothra gentianoides
Satureja origanoides
Saxifraga nivalis
Saxifraga pensylvanica
Schoenus glomeratus
Scirpus capitatus

Scutellariahyssopifolia
Scutellaria integrifolia

Senecio canadensis
Serratula praealta
Serratula spicata
Silene nocturna
Silene virginica
Sison canadense

Sisyrinchium bermudiana

Smilax caduca

Smilax pseudo-china
Smilax rotundifolia
Smilax tamnoides
Smyrnium aureum
Solidago canadensis
Solidago flexicaulis
Solidago lateriflora
Sonchus canadensis
Sophora tinctoria
Spiraea opulifolia
Spiraea tomentosa
Spiraea trifoliata
Swertia corniculata
Thalictrum dioicum
Thapsia trifoliata
Thesium umbel latum
Thuja occidentalis
Trogopogon virginicum
Trifolium arvense
Trifolium biflorum
Trillium cernuum
Trillium erectum
Ulmus americana
Uniola spicata
Urtica capitata
Urtica cylindrica
Urtica divaricata
Urtica pumila
Utricularia subulata
Uvularia perfoliata
Uvularia sessilifolia
Vaccinium album
Vaccinium corymbosum
Vaccinium frondosun
Vaccinium hispidulum
Vaccinium ligustrinum
Vaccinium mucronatum
Vaccinium stamineum
Veratrum luteum
Viburnum acerifolium

Viburnum lentago
Viburnum prunifolium
Viola canadensis
Violalanceolata
Viola pedata
Viscum terrestre
Vitis labrusca
Vitis laciniosa
Vitis vinifera
Vitis vulpina
Xyris indica

Selected Literature Cited by

Linnaeus in the First Edition

of Species Plantarum for Seem

ingly Temperate North American
Vascular Plants

Bauhin

Acnida cannabina
Adiantum pedatum
Amaranthus lividus
Cornus canadensis
Diospyros virginiana
Helianthus multiflorus
Hibiscus palustris
Laurus sassafras
Othonna cineraria
Rhus glabra

Rudbeckia laciniata
Sarracenia flava
Sarracenia purpurea
Smilax bona—nox
Spiraea hypericifolia
Tradescantia virginiana
Trillium erectum
Uvularia perfoliata
Verbena nodiflora
Vitis labrusca

Catesby

Acer rubrum
Amaryllis atamasca
Andromeda arborea
Andromeda paniculata
Annona glabra

Annona triloba
Arethusa divaricata
Aristolochia serpentaria
Azalea viscosa
Bignonia caerulea
Bignonia radicans
Bignonia sempervirens
Callicarpa americana
Chionanthus virginica
Cissampelos smilacina
Clethra alnifolia
Cornus florida
Cupressus distichia
Diospyros virginiana

62 PaeelT Oto Gols

Dodecatheon meadia
Erythrina herbacea
Fagus pumila
Fraxinus americana
Gentiana saponaria
Gleditsia triacanthos
Hamamelis virginiana
Ilex cassine
Ipomoea carolina
Juglans alba
Juglans nigra
Kalmia angustifolia
Kalmia latifolia
Laurus borbonia
Laurus sassafras
Lilium canadense
Liriodendron tulipifera
Lonicera marilandica
Magnolia virginiana
var. acuminata
Magnolia virginiana
var. foetida
Magnolia virginiana
var. glauca
Magnolia virginiana
var. tripetala
Mitchellarepens
Monotropa uniflora
Myrica cerifera
Nyssa aquatica
Panax quinquefolius
Philadelphus inodorus
Platanus occidentalis
Podophy1 1um peltatum
Populus balsamifera
Prunus virginiana
Quercus alba
Quercus nigra
Quercus phellos
Quercus prinus
Quercus rubra
Rhododendron maximum
Robinia pseudoacacia
Rudbeckia purpurea
Rumex sanguineus
Sarracenia flava
Sarracenia purpurea
Sloanea emarginata
Smilax laurifolia
Smilax tamnoides
Stewartia malacodendron
Trillium cernuum
Trilliumsessile
Uniola paniculata
Viscum purpureum
Viscum ruburm

Colden
Acer rubrum
Ambrosia elatior

Aralia racemosa

Azalea lutea

Azalea viscosa
Collinsonia canadensis
Cucubalus stellatus
Dracontium foetidum
Eupatorium perfoliatum
Eupatorium purpureum
Eupatorium scandens
Gaultheria procumbens
Hamamelis virginiana
Hieracium venosum
Holosteum succulentum
Kalmia angustifolia
Laurus sassafras
Leontice thalictroides
Mitella diphylla
Monarda didyma

Myrica asplenifolia
Pinus strobus

Pinus taeda

Polygonum sagittatum
Polygonum scandens
Pontederia cordata
Rhus glabra

Rumex britannica
Saxifraga pensylvanica
Staphylea trifolia
Trillium cernuum
Uvularia perfoliata
Uvulariasessilifolia
Veronica virginica

Cornuti

Actaea spicata var. alba
Adiantum pedatum
Ageratum altissimum
Angelica atropurpurea
Angelica lucida
Aquilegia canadensis
Aralia racemosa
Asarum canadense
Asclepias incarnata
Asclepias syriaca
Aster annuus
Bignonia radicans
Convallaria racemosa
Convallaria stellata
Eupatorium purpureum
Fumaria cucullaria
Fumaria sempervirens
Glycine apios

Hedera quinquefolia
Hedysarum canadense
Helenium autumnale
Hibiscus moscheutos
Monarda fistulosa
Polypodium bulbiferum
Rhus radicans

Rubus odoratus

Vol. 53, No. 1

1983 Reveal, Pre-1753 botanical explorations 63

Rudbeckia laciniata
Sanguinaria canadensis
Sanguisorba canadensis
Solidago sempervirens
Thalictrum cornutii
Trillium erectum
Uvularia perfoliata

Dillenius
Actaea racemosa
Asclepias amoena
Asclepias purpurascens
Asclepias tuberosa
Asclepias variagata
Aster ericoides
Aster grandiflorus
Aster miser
Astragalus canadensis
Astragalus carolinianus
Baccharis foetida
Bidens nivea
Bidens pilosa
Canna glauca
Carduus altissimus
Clematis crispa
Clematis viorna
Clitoria virginiana
Commelina communis
Commelina erecta
Convolvulus carolinus
Coreopsis lanceolata
Crotalaria perfoliata
Erythrina herbacea
Eupatorium coelestinum
Eupatorium hyssopifolium
Geranium carolinianum
Glycine tomentosa
Gnaphalium obtusifolium
Gnaphalium purpureum
Hedysarum marilandicum
Hedysarum volubile
Helianthus atrorubens
Horminum virginicum
Ipomoea lacunosa
Ipomoea tamnifolia
Iris versicolor
Lonicera symphoricarpos
Lycopodium alopecuroides
Lycopodium apodum
Lycopodium carolinianum
Lycopodium obscurum
Magnolia virginiana
var. glauca
Malva caroliniana
Mensipermum virginicum
Parthenium integrifolium
Phaseolus helvulus
Phlox glaberrima
Polemonium rubrum
Polygonum scandens

Ptelea trifoliata

Rhus glabra

Rhus radicans

Ribes oxyacanthoides
Rosa carolina

Rubus occidentalis
Rudbeckia hirta
Ruellia biflora
Ruellia strepens
Sanguinaria canadensis
Saxifraga pensylvanica
Serratula glauca
Serratula praealta
Serratula spicata
Serratula squarrosa
Silene antirrhina
Silphium asteriscus
Solanum carolinense
Solanum virginianum
Solidago altissima
Solidago caesia
Spermacoce tenuior
Tetragonotheca helianthoides
Trichostema brachiatum
Triosteum perfoliatum

Gronovius

Acer negundo

Acer rubrum

Acnida cannabina
Acrostichum areolatum
Acrostichum platyneuros
Actaea racemosa
Adiantum pedatum
Agave virginica
Ageratum altissimum
Aletris farinosa
Alisma subulata
Amarathus graecizans
Amaranthus lividus
Amaryllis atamasca
Ambrosia elatior
Ambrosia trifida
Anchusa virginiana
Andromeda arborea
Andromeda mariana
Andromeda paniculata
Andropogon alopecuroides
Andropogon divaricatum
Andropogon virginicum
Anemone thalictroides
Anemone virginiana
Antirrhinum canadense
Apocynum cannabinum
Aquilegia canadensis
Arabis canadensis
Arabis lyrata

Aralia spinosa
Arethusa bulbosa
Arethusa divaricata

6h PHT ODOT A

Arethusa ophioglossoides
Aristolochia serpentaria
Arum virginicum

Asarum canadense
Asarum virginicum
Asclepias decumbens
Asclepias incarnata
Asclepias rubra
Asclepias syriaca
Asclepiasverticillata
Ascyrum hypericoides
Aster concolor

Aster divaricatus

Aster dumosus

Aster ericoides

Aster grandiflorus
Aster linifolius

Aster novae-angliae
Aster rigidus

Aster vernus

Azalea lutea

Azalea viscosa
Baccharis foetida
Baccharis halimifolia
Bartsia coccinea

Betula lenta

Betula nigra

Bignonia radicans
Buchnera americana
Buphthalmum helianthoides
Burmannia biflora
Cacalia atriplicifolia
Callicarpa americana
Campanula perfoliata
Cardamine virginica
Carduus virginianus
Cassia marilandica
Ceanothus americanus
Celastrus scandens
Celosia paniculata
Celtis occidentalis
Cenchrus tribuloides
Cephalanthus occidentalis
Cercis canadensis
Chelone glabra

Chelone hirsuta
Chionanthus virginica
Chironia dodecandra
Chrysogonum virginianum
Cicuta bulbifera

Cicuta maculata
Claytonia virginica
Clematis viorna
Clitoria virginiana
Commelina communis
Commelina erecta
Convallaria racemosa
Convolvulus panduratus
Convolvulus repens
Convolvulus spithamaeus

Coreopsis angustifolia
Coreopsis auriculata
Coreopsis verticillata
Cornus florida

Cracca virginiana
Crataegus coccinea
Crataegus crus-galli
Crataegus tomentosa
Crataegus viridis
Cucubalus stel latus
Cupressus distichia
Cuscuta americana
Cynoglossum virginianum
Cyperus arundinacea
Cyperus odoratus
Dianthera americana
Diodia virginiana
Dioscorea villosa
Diospyros virginiana
Dirca palustris
Dolichos polystachyus
Dolichos regularis
Dracontium foetidum
Elephantopus tomentosus
Elymus virginicus
Epigaea repens
Erigeron camphoratum
Eriocaulon decangulare
Eriophorum virginicum
Eryngium aquaticum
Eupatorium aromaticum
Eupatorium coelestinum
Eupatorium perfoliatum
Eupatorium purpureum
Eupatorium scandens
Eupatorium trifoliatum
Euphorbia corollata
Euphorbia ipecacuanhae
Euphorbia polygonifolia
Euonymus americanus
Fagus pumila

Ferula canadensis
Fraxinus americana
Fumaria cucullaria
Galax aphylla

Galium bermudense
Gentiana saponaria
Gentiana villosa
Geranium carolinianum
Gerardia flava
Gerardia pedicularia
Gerardia purpurea

Geum virginianum
Gleditsia triacanthos
Glycine apios

Glycine bracteata
Glycine comosa
Glycine tomentosa
Gnaphalium obtusifolium
Gnaphalium plantaginifolium

Vol. 53, No.1

1983 Reveal, Pre-1753 botanical explorations

Gnaphalium purpureum
Gratiola dubia
Gratiola virginiana
Hamamelis virginiana
Hedera quinquefolia
Hedysarum frutescens
Hedysarum hirtum
Hedysarum marilandicum
Hedysarum nudiflorum
Hedysarum paniculatum
Hedysarum repens
Hedysarum violaceum
Hedysarum virginicum
Hedysarum viridiflorum
Helenium autumnale
Helianthus angustifolius
Helianthus atrorubens
Helianthus giganteus
Helianthus laevis
Heuchera americana
Hibiscus moscheutos
Hibiscus virginicus
Hieracium gronovii
Hieracium venosum
Holcus laxus

Holcus striatus
Houstonia caerulea
Houstonia purpurea
Hydrangea arborescens
Hydrocotyle umbel lata
Hydrophyl lum virginianum
Hyoseris virginica
Hypericum mutilum
Hypericum setosum
Hyssopus nepetoides
Iris verna

Iris virginica

Itea virginica
Juglans alba

Juglans nigra
Juniperus virginiana
Kalmia angustifolia
Kalmia latifolia
Laurus aestivalis
Laurus benzoin

Laurus borbonia

Laurus sassafras
Lechea minor

Leontice thalictroides
Leontodon dandelion
Limodorum tuberosum
Linum virginianum
Liriodendron tulipifera
Lithospermum virginianum
Lobelia cardinalis
Lobelia cliffortiana
Lonicera marilandica
Lonicera symphoricarpos
Ludwigia alternifolia
Lupinus perennis

Lycopodium alopecuroides
Lycopsis virginica
Lycopus virginicus
Lysimachia quadrifolia
Lythrum lineare
Lythrum petiolatum
Lythrum verticillatum
Magnolia virginiana
Magnolia virginiana
var. acuminata
Magnolia virginiana
var. foetida
Medeola virginiana
Medicago virginica
Melanthium virginicum
Melissa pulegioides
Menispermum canadense
Menispermum virginicum
Mespilus canadensis
Mimulus ringens
Mitchella repens
Monarda ciliata
Monarda clinopodia
Monarda punctata
Monotropa uniflora
Myosotis virginiana
Myrica asplenifolia
Myrica cerifera
Nepeta virginica
Nyssa aquatica
Obolaria virginica
Oenothera fruticosa
Oldenlandia uniflora
Onoclea sensibilis
Ophiorrhiza mitreola
Orchis ciliaris
Orchis flava
Orchis psycodes
Orchis spectabilis
Ornithogalum bivale
Ornithogalum hirsutum
Orobanche uniflora
Orobanche virginiana
Orontium aquaticum
Osmunda virginiana
Osteospermum uvedalia
Oxalis stricta
Oxalis violacea
Panax quinquefolius
Panax trifolius
Panicum dichotomum
Panicum virgatum
Parthenium integrifolium
Penthorum sedoides
Phalaris oryzoides
Phlox glaberrima
Phryma leptostachya
Pinus balsamea
Pinus taeda
Plantago virginica

65

66 PHY DT OOo at a

Platanus occidentalis
Poa capillaris

Poa flava
Podophy 1 1um peltatum
Polemonium dubium
Polygala cruciata
Polygala senega
Polygala verticillata
Polygala viridescens
Polygonum sagittatum
Polygonum scandens
Polygonum virginianum
Populus heterophylla
Pontederia cordata
Prenanthes alba
Prinos verticillatus
Prunus virginiana
Pteris atropurpurea
Pulmonaria virginica
Pyrola maculata

Pyrus coronaria
Quercus alba

Quercus nigra

Quercus phellos
Quercus prinus
Quercus rubra

Queria canadensis
Ranunculus abortivus
Rhexia virginica
Rhinanthus virginica
Rhus copal1inum

Rhus glabra

Rhus radicans

Rhus toxicodendron
Robinia pseudoacacia
Rudbeckia hirta
Rudbeckia laciniata
Rudbeckia oppositifolia
Rudbeckia purpurea
Rudbeckia triloba
Ruellia strepens
Rumex britannica
Rumex verticillatus
Salvia lyrata
Salviaurticifolia
Sanguinaria canadensis
Sanicula canadensis
Sanicula marilandica
Sarothra gentianoides
Sarracenia flava
Sarracenia purpurea
Satureja origanoides
Satureja virginiana
Saururus cernuus
Saxifraga pensylvanica
Scandix procumbens
Schwalbea americana
Schoenus glomeratus
Scirpus capitatus
Scrophularia marilandica

Scutel lariahyssophifolia
Scutellaria integrifolia
Scutellarialateriflora
Senecio aureus
Serratula glauca
Serratula scariosa
Serratula spicata
Serratula squarrosa
Sigesbeckia occidentalis
Silene antirrhina
Silene virginica
Silphium asteriscus
Silphium helianthoides
Sison canadense

Sium rigidius

Smilax herbacea

Smilax lanceolata
Smilax laurifolia
Smyrnium aureum
Smyrnium integerrimum
Solidago canadensis
Solidago sempervirens
Sonchus canadensis
Sophora tinctoria
Spiraea opulifolia
Spiraea trifoliata
Staphylea trifolia

Stipa avenacea

Swertia difformis

Tetragonotheca helianthoides

Teucrium canadense
Teucrium virginicum
Thapsia trifoliata
Tilia americana
Tradescantia virginiana
Trgopogon virginicum
Trichostema dichotomum
Trifolium biflorum
Trifolium reflexum
Trillium sessile
Triosteum angustifolium
Ulmus americana
Uniola paniculata
Urtica pumila
Utricularia gibba
Utricularia subulata
Uvularia perfoliata
Vaccinium frondosum
Vaccinium stamineum
Valeriana locusta

var. radiata
Veratrum luteum
Verbena nodiflora
Verbena spuria
Verbena urticifolia
Verbesina virginica
Veronica marilandica
Veronica virginica
Viburnum acerifolium
Viburnum nudum

Vol. 53, No. 1

1983 Reveal, Pre-1753 botanical explorations

Viburnum prunifolium
Viola palmata

Viola pedata

Yucca filamentosa

Hermann

Acer rubrum

Ambrosia elatior
Anemone virginiana
Arum dracontium
Asclepias purpurascens
Asclepias tuberosa
Aster dumosus

Aster novae-angliae
Aster novi-belgii
Aster puniceus

Aster undulatus
Baccharis halimifolia
Bidens bipinnata
Campanula americana
Cynanchum hirtum
Eupatorium purpureum
Geum virginianum
Helianthus strumosus
Heuchera americana
Juglans nigra
Liriodendron tulipifera
Mespilus arbutifolia
Mitella diphylla
Napaea hermaphrodita
Ranunculus abortivus
Satureja virginiana
Senecio hieracifolius
Solidago flexicaulis
Solidago rigida
Solidago sempervirens
Staphylea trifolia
Verbena hastata

Linnaeus Hort. Cliff.
Acer negundo

Ageratum altissimum
Amaranthus hypocondriacus
Amaryllis atamasca
Ambrosia trifida

Amorpha fruticosa
Andromeda paniculata
Angelica lucida

Apocynum androsaemifolium
Aralia racemosa

Aralia spinosa

Arethusa ophioglossoides
Aristolochia arborescens
Arum virginicum
Asclepias incarnata
Asclepias syriaca
Asclepias tuberosa
Ascyrum hypericoides
Aster annuus

Aster dumosus

Aster linifolius

Aster novae-angliae
Aster novi-belgii
Aster puniceus

Aster tradescantii
Aster undulatus
Azalea lutea

Baccharis halimifolia
Bartsia coccinea
Bidens pilosa

Bignonia capreolata
Bignonia radicans
Burmannia biflora
Cacalia porophy1 lum
Cactus pentagonus
Campanula perfoliata
Canna glauca

Cassia marilandica
Cassia nictitans
Ceanothus americanus
Cephalanthus occidentalis
Cercis canadensis
Chelone glabra
Chionanthus virginica
Chrysanthemum serotinum
Chrysogonum virginianum
Coix dactyloides
Collinsonia canadensis
Commelina communis
Commelina erecta
Convallaria racemosa
Coreopsis lanceolata
Cornus florida

Cracca virginiana
Crataegus coccinea
Crotalaria alba
Cupressus distichia
Cynanchum hirtum
Diodia virginiana
Diospyros virginiana
Dracocephalum virginianum
Erythrina herbacea
Eupatorium perfoliatum
Eupatorium purpureum
Eupatorium scandens
Euonymus americanus
Fumaria cucullaria
Fumaria sempervirens
Geum virginianum
Gleditsia triacanthos
Glycine apios

Glycine frutescens
Hedera quinquefolia
Hedysarum canadense
Hedysarum volubile
Helenium autumnale
Helianthus multiflorus
Helianthus strumosus
Heuchera americana
Hibiscus moscheutos

67

68 Pe EAT OE Oe1 "2

Houstonia caerulea
Hydrophyl lum virginianum
Hyssopus nepetoides
Ilex cassine

Juglans nigra
Juniperus virginiana
Jussiaea erecta

Laurus benzoin

Laurus borbonia

Laurus sassafras
Liriodendron tulipifera
Lobelia cardinalis
Lobelia cliffortiana
Lobelia inflata
Lobelia siphilitica
Lonicera symphoricarpos
Ludwigia alternifolia
Lycopodium alopecuroides
Magnolia virginiana
Malva caroliniana
Menispermum canadense
Mespilus arbutifolia
Mitella diphylla
Monarda didyma

Monarda fistulosa
Monarda punctata
Myrica asplenifolia
Myrica cerifera

Napaea hermaphrodita
Nepeta virginica

Nyssa aquatica
Obolaria virginica
Onoclea sensibilis
Ophiorrhiza mitreola
Osteospermum uvedalia
Parthenium integrifolium
Phlox glaberrima
Platanus occidentalis
Podophyllum peltatum
Polygonum sagittatum
Polygonum virginianum
Populus balsamifera
Pontederia cordata
Prenanthes alba

Ptelea trifoliata
Quercus prinus

Quercus rubra

Rhus radicans

Robinia pseudoacadia
Rubus odoratus
Rudbeckia laciniata
Ruellia strepens

Rumex sanguineus
Sanguinaria canadensis
Sanguisorba canadensis
Sarracenia flava
Sarracenia purpurea
Satureja virginiana
Saururus cernuus
Senecio hieracifolius

Serratula squarrosa
Silphium asteriscus
Sison canadense
Smilax lanceolata
Smyrnium aureum
Solanum carolinense
Solanum diphy1 lum
Solanum tomentosum
Solidago canadensis
Solidago rigida
Spiraea hypericifolia
Spiraea opulifolia
Spiraea trifoliata
Staphylea trifolia
Tradescantia virginiana
Trichostema dichotomum
Uniola paniculata
Uvularia perfoliata
Verbena nodiflora
Verbena urticifolia
Veronica virginica

Linnaeus Hort. Upsal.
Acer rubrum

Ageratum altissimum
Amaranthus hypocondriacus
Ambrosia elatior
Ambrosia trifida
Amorpha fruticosa
Angelica lucida
Aquilegia canadensis
Aralia racemosa
Asclepias syriaca
Aster annuus

Aster novi-belgii
Aster tradescantii
Bidens pilosa

Bignonia radicans
Buphthalmum helianthoides
Cacalia suaveolens
Campanula perfoliata
Cassia marilandica
Cassia nictitans
Ceanothus americanus
Cercis canadensis
Commelina communis
Commelina erecta
Coreopsis alternifolia
Coreopsis tripteris
Cornus florida
Crataegus coccinea
Cucubalus stellatus
Cupressus distichia
Erigeron camphoratum
Eupatorium altissimum
Eupatorium perfoliatum
Eupatorium scandens
Eupatorium sessilifolium
Euonymus americanus
Fumaria sempervirens

Vol. 53, No.

1

1983 Reveal, Pre-1753 botanical explorations

Gleditsia triacanthos
Glycine apios

Helenium autumnale
Helianthus multiflorus
Hibiscus moscheutos
Hyssopus nepetoides
Juglans nigra

Jussiaea erecta
Liriodendron tulipifera
Lobelia cardinalis
Lobelia inflata
Ludwigia alternifolia
Malva caroliniana
Menispermum canadense
Monarda fistulosa
Monarda punctata

Myrica cerifera
Osteospermum uvedalia
Podophy1 lum peltatum
Ribes oxyacanthoides
Robinia pseudoacacia
Rubus odoratus
Rudbeckia laciniata
Rudbeckia triloba
Ruellia strepens

Rumex sanguineus
Sanicula marilandica
Saururus cernuus
Scrophularia marilandica
Senecio hieracifolius
Solidago altissima
Solidago canadensis
Spiraea hypericifolia
Spiraea trifoliata
Tradescantia virginiana
Verbena hastata
Verbena spuria

Verbena urticifolia

Linnaeus Amoen. Acad.
Bartsia coccinea
Cornus canadensis
Polgala cruciata
Polygala lutea
Polygala senega
Polygala verticillata
Polygala viridescens
Rhododendron maximum
Trillium erectum
Uvularia perfoliata
Viola canadensis

Linnaeus Materia Medica
Actaea racemosa
Aristolochia serpentaria
Ilex cassine

Laurus benzoin

Laurus sassafras

Panax quinquefolius
Polygala senega

Rhus copallinum
Rhus vernix

Rumex britannica
Rumex sanguineus

69

Linnaeus Nova Plantarum Genera

Agave virginica
Arethusa bulbosa
Arethusa ophioglossoides
Cracca virginiana
Elymus canadensis
Epigaea repens
Gaultheria procumbens
Gaura biennis
Helonias bul lata
Holosteum succulentum
Kalmia angustifolia
Kalmia latifolia
Lechea major

Lechea minor
Mitchellarepens
Mitella diphylla
Napaea dioica
Onoclea sensibilis
Orontium aquaticum
Phryma leptostachya
Sarothra gentianoides
Veratrum luteum

Linnaeus Virid. Cliffort.
Aralia racemosa
Aralia spinosa
Asclepias incarnata
Asclepias syriaca
Bignonia capreolata
Commelina communis
Commelina erecta
Hyssopus nepetoides
Monarda fistulosa
Rudbeckia laciniata
Solanum carolinense
Solanum diphy1 lum

Martyn

Aster grandiflorus
Buphtha1lmum helianthoides
Cassia marilandica
Coreopsis lanceolata
Crotalaria alba

Limodorum tuberosum
Malva caroliniana
Solidago altissima

Mitchell

Acnida cannabina
Callicarpa americana
Chelone penstemon
Cracea virginiana
Galax aphylla
Hamamelis virginiana

70 PB TO Cals

Hedera quinquefolia
Itea virginica
Mitchellarepens
Onoclea sensibilis
Phryma leptostachya
Proserpinaca palustris
Stewartia malacodendron

Morison

Acrostichum platyneuros
Actaea spicata var. alba
Adiantum pedatum
Ageratum altissimum
Alisma coridfolia
Amaryllis atamasca
Ambrosia artemisiifolia
Ambrosia elatior
Ambrosia trifida

Anchusa virginiana
Angelica lucida
Apocynum androsaemifolium
Apocynum cannabinum
Aquilegia canadensis
Aralia racemosa

Arethusa ophioglossoides
Aristolochia serpentaria
Asarum canadense

Asarum virginicum

Aster annuus

Aster cordifolius

Aster linifolius

Aster puniceus

Aster tradescantii
Aster undulatus
Baccharis halimifolia
Bartsia coccinea

Bidens bipinnata

Bidens frondosa
Bignonia radicans
Buphthalmum hel ianthoides
Cacaliaatriplicifolia
Cacalia porophyl lum
Campanula perfoliata
Carduus virginianus
Cenchrus tribuloides
Chrysanthemum serotinum
Cicuta maculata

Coix dactyloides
Convallaria racemosa
Convallaria stellata
Coreopsis alternifolia
Coreopsis auriculata
Coreopsis tripteris
Cynanchum hirtum
Cyperus arundinacea
Dracocephalum virginianum
Elymus canadensis
Eriophorum virginicum
Eupatorium altissimum
Eupatorium aromaticum

Eupatorium hyssopifolium
Eupatorium perfoliatum
Eupatorium purpureum
Eupatorium rotundifolium
Eupatorium sessilifolium
Fumaria sempervirens
Gentiana saponaria
Glycine apios
Gnaphalium obtusifolium
Gnaphalium purpureum
Hedysarum canadense
Helenium autumnale
Helianthus divaricatus
Helianthus giganteus
Helianthus strumosus
Helonias bullata
Hibiscus moscheutos
Houstonia caerulea
Hydrophyl lum virginianum
Hyssopus nepetoides
Lilium canadense
Lithospermum virginianum
Lobelia cardinalis
Lobelia siphilitica
Lupinus perennis
Lycopodium alopecuroides
Monarda ciliata
Monotropa uniflora
Nepeta virginica
Obolaria virginica
Onoclea sensibilis
Orchis ciliaris
Orobanche virginiana
Osteospermum uvedalia
Oxalis stricta

Panicum latifolium
Plantago virginica

Poa capillaris
Polygonum virginianum
Polypodium bulbiferum
Polypodium virginianum
Pontederia cordata
Pulmonaria virginica
Rudbeckia hirta
Rudbeckia laciniata
Rudbeckia purpurea
Rudbeckia triloba
Salvia lyrata
Salviaurticifolia
Sanguisorba canadensis
Sarracenia flava
Sarracenia purpurea
Satureja origanoides
Satureja virginiana
Scandix procumbens
Scutellarialateriflora
Senecio aureus
Serratula spicata
Serratula squarrosa
Silphium trifoliatum

Vol. 53, No. 1

1983 Reveal, Pre-1753 botanical explorations

Sison canadense

Sium rigidius
Smyrnium aureum
Solidago canadensis
Solidago sempervirens
Spiraea trifoliata
Staphylea trifoliata
Thalictrum cornutii
Tradescantia virginiana
Trillium erectum
Uvularia perfoliata
Verbena urticifolia
Yucca filamentosa

Parkinson

Juglans alba

Platanus occidentalis
Thalictrum cornutii

Petiver

Acrostichum areolatum
Asclepiasverticillata
Baccharis halimifolia
Eriocaulon decangulare
Glycine comosa
Helianthus angustifolius
Lysimachia quadrifolia
Mitchella repens
Myrica asplenifolia
Ornithogalum hirsutum
Osmunda cinnamomea
Osmunda virginiana

Poa flava

Polypodium virginianum
Polypremum procumbens
Pontederia cordata
Pyrola maculata
Rudbeckia purpurea
Scutel laria hssopifolia
Trifolium comosum

Plukenet

Acer negundo

Acer rubrum
Acrostichum platyneuros
Actaea racemosa
Adiantum pedatum
Aletris farinosa
Amaryllis atamasca
Ambrosia artemisiifolia
Anchusa virginiana
Andromeda mariana
Andromeda paniculata
Anemone quinquefolia
Anemone thalictroides
Apocynum cannabinun
Arabis canadensis
Aralia spinosa

Arethusa bulbosa
Arethusa ophioglossoides

Aristolochia arborescens
Aristolochia serpentaria
Arum dracontium
Asarum virginicum
Asclepias variegata
Asclepiasverticillata
Ascyrum crux-andreae
Ascyrum hypericoides
Ascyrum villosum
Aster divaricatus
Aster dumosus
Aster linariifolius
Aster mutabilis
Aster tenuifolius
Azalea lutea
Azalea viscosa
Baccharis halimifolia
Bartsia coccinea
Betula nigra
Bidens bipinnata
Bignonia sempervirens
Buphtha 1mum helianthoides
Cacaliaatriplicifolia
Cacalia porophy1 lum
Callicarpa americana
Cardamine virginica
Cassia nictitans
Ceanothus americanus
Celastrus bullatus
Celosia paniculata
Cenchrus tribuloides
Cephalanthus occidentalis
Chaerophyllum arborescens
Chelone glabra
Chelone hirsuta
Chrysanthemum serotinum
Chrysognoum virginianum
Cicuta maculata
Claytonia virginica
Clethraalnifolia
Coix dactyloides
Convallaria racemosa
Conyza asteroides
Conyza bifrons

var. flosculosa
Conyza linifolia
Coreopsis alternifolia
Coreopsis auriculata
Coreopsis verticillata
Cornus florida
Cracca virginiana
Crataegus coccinea
Cupressus distichia
Cupressus thyoides
Cyperus arundinacea
Epigaea repens
Eriocaulon decangulare
Eriophorum virginicum
Eryngium aquaticum
Eupatorium aromaticum

72 Pid te? Ont Or. God &

Eupatorium coelestinum
Eupatorium hyssopifolium
Eupatorium perfoliatum
Eupatorium rotundifolium
Eupatorium scandens
Euphorbia maculata
Euonymus americanus
Fagus pumila
Fumaria cucullaria
Galium bermudense
Gaura biennis
Gerardia flava
Gerardia pedicularia
Gerardia purpurea
Gleditsia triacanthos
Gnaphalium plantaginifolium
Hamamelis virginiana
Hedysarum canescens
Hedysarum paniculatum
Helianthus giganteus
Helonias bullata
Heuchera americana
Hibiscus virginicus
Hieracium venosum
Horminum virginicum
Houstonia caerulea
Houstonia purpurea
Hypericum setosum
Hyssopus nepetoides
Ilex cassine
Iris verna
Juglans alba
Jussiaea erecta
Kalmia angustifolia
Kalmia latifolia
Laurus benzoin
Laurus indica
Laurus sassafras
Liriodendron tulipifera
Ludwigia alternifolia
Lysimachia quadrifolia
Magnolia virginiana
var. glauca
Medeola virginiana
Medicago virginica
Menispermum canadense
Mitchellarepens
Monarda ciliata
Monarda punctata
Monotropa uniflora
Morus rubra
Myosotis virginiana
Myrica asplenifolia
Myrica cerifera
Nepeta virginica
Nyssa aquatica
Obolaria virginica
Oldenlandia uniflora
Onoclea sensibilis
Ornithogalum hirsutum

Orobanche uniflora
Osteospermum uvedalia
Oxalis violacea

Panax trifolius
Parthenium integrifolium
Phlox divaricata
Phlox ovata

Phlox paniculata
Phlox pilosa

Phlox setacea

Phlox subulata

Pinus balsamea

Pinus strobus

Pinus taeda

Plantago virginica
Polygala cruciata
Polygala lutea
Polygala verticillata
Polygonum arifolium
Polygonum sagittatum
Polygonum scandens
Polypodium bulbiferum
Pontederia cordata
Prenanthes alba
Prenanthes altissima
Prunus virginiana
Ptelea trifoliata
Pulmonaria virginica
Pyrola maculata
Quercus prinus
Quercus rubra

Rhexia mariana

Rhexia virginica

Rhus copallinum

Rhus vernix

Ribes oxyacanthoides
Robinia pseudoacacia
Rudbeckia hirta
Rudbeckia purpurea
Rudbeckia triloba
Sarothra gentianoides
Sarracenia flava
Sarracenia purpurea
Satureja origanoides
Satureja virginiana
Saururus cernuus
Saxifraga pensylvanica
Schwalbea americana
Scirpus retrofractus
Scutellaria integrifolia
Serratula glauca
Serratula praealta
Serratula scariosa
Serratula spicata
Silphium helianthoides
Smilax bona=nox
Smilax herbacea
Smilax lanceolata
Smyrnium aureum
Solanum diphy1 lum

Vol. 53, No. 1

1983 Reveal, Pre-1753 botanical explorations 73

Solanum verbascifolium
Solanum virginianum
Solidago flexicaulis
Solidago latifolia
Solidago sempervirens
Spermacoce tenuior
Spiraea hypericifolia
Spiraea trifoliata
Thesium umbel latum
Tilia americana
Trifolium reflexum
Trillium sessile
Triosteum angustifolium
Uniola paniculata
Urtica divaricata
Vaccinium hispidulum
Vaccinium stamineum
Viburnum prunifolium
Viola palmata

Viola pedata

Vitis arborea

Vitis labrusca

Vitis vulpina

Yucca filamentosa

Ray - Hist. Pl.
Acrostichum platyneuros
Adiantum pedatum
Amaranthus hybridus
Ambrosia artemisiifolia
Ambrosia elatior
Ambrosia trifida
Aristolochia serpentaria
Asclepias incarnata
Ascyrum crux-andreae
Ascyrum hypericoides
Aster linariifolius
Baccharis halimifolia
Bartsia coccinea

Betula nigra

Bignonia capreolata
Bignonia sempervirens
Buphthalmum helianthoides
Carduus virginianus
Ceanothus americanus
Celtis occidentalis
Cenchrus tribuloides
Cercis canadensis
Chaerophy1 1um arborescens
Chelone glabra
Chrysanthemum serotinum
Chrysogonum virginianum
Cicuta bulbifera
Coreopsis alternifolia
Coreopsis auriculata
Coreopsis tripteris
Cucubalus stel latus
Cyperus odoratus
Dioscorea villosa
Diospyros virginiana

Diospyros virginiana
Dodecatheon meadia
Elymus canadensis
Eupatorium altissimum
Eupatorium hyssopifolium
Eupatorium perfoliatum
Eupatorium purpureum
Eupatorium sessilifolium
Eupatorium trifoliatum
Euphorbia polygonifolia
Euonymus americanus
Fumaria cucullaria
Galium bermudense
Gerardia pedicularia
Hedysarum canescens
Hedysarum marilandicum
Helenium autumnale
Houstonia caerulea
Houstonia purpurea
Juniperus virginiana
Lactuca canadensis
Lechea minor
Lonicera marilandica
Lycopodium alopecuroides
Magnolia virginiana
var. glauca
Magnolia virginiana
var. grisea
Mimulus ringens
Obolaria virginica
Orchis ciliaris
Orchis psycodes
Orobanche virginiana
Osmunda cinnamomea
Phlox maculata
Phlox pilosa
Pinus balsamea
Pinus taeda
Plantago virginica
Plantago incarnata
Polygala lutea
Polygala senega
Polygala verticillata
Polygonum virginianum
Polypodium virginianum
Quercus nigra
Quercus phellos
Quercus prinus
Rhus toxicodendron
Robinia pseudoacacia
Rubus occidentalis
Rudbeckia hirta
Rudbeckia purpurea
Sanguinaria canadensis
Sanicula marilandica
Scrophularia marilandica
Scutellaria integrifolia
Senecio aureus
Silphium trifoliatum
Smilax herbacea

an PHT OL OTA

Smilax lanceolata
Smyrnium aureum
Solidago caesia
Spiraea trifoliata
Trichostema dichotomum
Vaccinium hispidulum
Valeriana locusta

var. radiata
Vitis vulpina

Ray - Banister, 1688
Chelone hirsuta
Clematis viorna
Gerardia flava
Gerardia purpurea
Hieracium venosum
Napaea dioica
Serratula scariosa
Serratula spicata

Ray - Petiver Hort. Sicc.
Asclepias decumbens
Chionanthus virginica
Clematis viorna

Clitoria mariana
Polygala lutea
Trichostema dichotomum
Trifolium biflorum

Viola pedata

Royen

Acer negundo
Adiantum pedatum
Amaryllis atamasca
Ambrosia trifida
Amorpha fruticosa
Andropogon virginicum
Anemone virginiana
Angelica atropurpurea
Angelica lucida
Apocynum androsaemifolium
Aralia racemosa
Aralia spinosa

Arum dracontium
Asclepias incarnata
Asclepias syriaca
Asclepias tuberosa
Aster annuus

Aster cordifolius
Aster dumosus

Aster ericoides
Aster grandiflorus
Aster linifolius
Aster novae-angliae
Aster puniceus

Aster tradescantii
Aster undulatus
Astragalus carolinianus
Baccharis halimifolia
Bidens nivea

Bignonia capreolata
Bignonia sempervirens
Cactus pentagonus
Campanula americana
Campanula perfoliata
Cassia marilandica
Ceanothus americanus
Cephalanthus occidentalis
Cercis canadensis
Chionanthus virginica
Chrysanthemum serotinum
Coix dactyloides
Commelina communis
Commelina erecta
Convallaria racemosa
Coreopsis alternifolia
Coreopsis lanceolata
Coreopsis tripteris
Cornus florida
Crataegus coccinea
Crotalaria alba
Cupressus distichia
Cynanchum hirtum
Cyperus odoratus
Diospyros virginiana
Dracocephalum virginianum
Erythrina herbacea
Eupatorium perfoliatum
Eupatorium purpureum
Eupatorium scandens
Fagus pumila

Fraxinus americana
Fumaria cucullaria
Fumaria sempervirens
Geranium carolinianum
Glycine apios

Glycine frutescens
Gnaphalium purpureum
Gomphrena interrupta
Hedera quinquefolia
Hedysarum canadense
Hedysarum canescens
Hedysarum volubile
Helenium autumnale
Helianthus multiflorus
Helianthus strumosus
Heuchera americana
Hibiscus moscheutos
Hydrophyl lum virginianum
Hyssopus nepetoides
Ilex cassine

Juglans nigra
Juniperus virginiana
Laurus benoin

Laurus borbonia

Laurus sassafras
Limodorum tuberosum
Liriodendron tulipifera
Lobelia cardinalis
Lobelia inflata

Vol. 53, No. 1

1983 Reveal, Pre-1753 botanical explorations 75

Lobelia siphilitica
Lonicera symphoricarpos
Ludwigia alternifolia
Lupinus perennis
Magnolia virginica
Mespilus arbutifolia
Mitella diphylla
Monarda fistulosa
Monarda punctata
Myrica cerifera
Napaea hermaphrodita
Orchis ciliaris
Ornithogalum hirsutum
Osteosperma uvedalia
Phaseolus helvulus
Phlox glaberrima
Phryma leptostachya
Platanus occidentalis
Podophy 11um peltatum
Polygonum sagittatum
Polygonum virginianum
Polypodium bulbiferum
Pontederia cordata
Populus balsamifera
Prunus virginiana
Quercus prinus
Quercus rubra
Ranunculus abortivus
Rhus copal linum

Rhus radicans

Rhus vernix

Robinia pseudoacacia
Rubus odoratus
Rudbeckia laciniata
Ruellia strepens
Rumex sanguineus
Sanguisorba canadensis
Satureja virginiana
Saururus cernuus
Scutellarialateriflora
Senecio hieracifolius
Serratula squarrosa
Silene antirrhina
Silphium asteriscus
Silphium trifoliatum
Sison canadense
Smyrnium aureum
Solanum carolinense
Solanum diphy1l lum
Solanum tomentosum
Solanum virginianum
Solidago canadensis
Solidago flexicaulis
Solidago rigida
Sonchus floridanus
Spermacoce tenuior
Spiraea hypericifolia
Spiraea opulifolia
Spiraea trifoliata
Staphylea trifoliata

Thalictrum cornutii
Tradescantia virginiana
Trichostema dichotomum
Trifolium comosum
Uniola paniculata
Uvularia perfoliata
Verbena hastata
Verbena nodiflora
Verbena urticifolia
Veronica virginica

Tournefort
Amaranthus hypocondriacus
Aster novae-angliae
Astragalus canadensis
Bidens frondosa
Chelone glabra
Circaea lutetiana
var. canadensis
Lactuca canadensis
Lilium canadense
Lobelia kalmii
Menispermum canadense
Mentzelia aspera
Oenothera fruticosa
Oxalis stricta
Polygonum scandens
Rhus toxicodendron
Teucrium canadense

Vaillant

Alsima cordifolia
Bidens nivea

Coreopsis verticillata
Panax quinquefolius
Panax trifolius
Prenanthes alba
Sanicula canadensis
Sonchus floridanus
Viburnum prunifolium

Synonymies for Some of the
Vascular Plants Reported for
Temperate North America in
Linnaeus! First Edition of
Species Plantarum
Acrostichum areolatum =
Woodwardia areolata
Acrostichum platyneuros =
Asplenium platyneuron
Acrostichum polypodioides =
Polypodium polypodioides
Actaea racemosa =
Cimicifuga racemosa
Actaea spicata var. alba =
Actaea pachypoda
Agrostis virginica =
Sporobolus virginicus
Alisma cordifolia =
Echinodorus cordifolius

76 PHT OF.0 6.4 4

Alisma subulata =

Sagittaria subulata
Alsine media =

Stellaria media
Amaryllis atamasca =

Zephyranthes atamasca
Ambrosia elatior =

Ambrosia artemisiifolia

var. elatior

Ammannia ramosior =

Rotala ramosior
Andromeda arborea =

Oxydendrum arboreum
Andromeda calyculata =

Chamaedaphne calyculata
Andromeda mariana =

Lyonia mariana
Andromeda paniculata =

Leucothoe racemosa
Andromda racemosa =

Leucothoe racemosa
Andropogon alopecuroides =

Erianthus alopecuroides
Andropogon divaricatum =

Erianthus alopecuroides
Andropogon hirtum =

Hyparrhenia hirta
Andropogon nutans =

Sorghastrum nutans
Anemone hepatica =

Hepatica nobilis
Anemone thalictroides =

Anemonella thalictroides
Annona triloba =

Asimina triloba
Antirrhinum canadense =

Linaria canadensis
Antirrhinum elatine =

Kickxia elatine
Aphanes arvensis =

Alchemillaarvensis
Arbutus uva-ursi =

Arctostaphylos uva-ursi
Arenaria rubra var. marina

= Spergularia marina
Arethusa divaricata =

Cleistes divaricata
Arethusa ophioglossoides =

Pogonia ophioglossoides
Arenica maritima =

Senecio pseudoarnica
Arum dracontium =

Arisaema dracontium
Arum triphyllum =

Arisaema triphyllum
Arum virginicum =

Peltandra virginica
Arundo phragmites =

Phragmites australis
Asclepias amoena =

Asclepias purpurascens
Asclepias decumbens =

Asclepias tuberosa
Ascyrum crux-andreae =

Hypericum crux-andreae
Ascyrum hypericoides =

Hypericum hypericoides
Ascyrum villosum =

Hypericum setosum
Aster annuus =

Erigeron annuus
Aster vernus =

Erigeron vernus
Avena pensylvanica =

Trisetum pensylvanicum
Avena spicata =

Trisetum spicatum
Azalea lutea =

Rhododendron nudiflorum
Azalea viscosa =

Rhododendron viscosum
Baccharis foetida =

Pluchea foetida
Bartsia coccinea =

Castilleja coccinea
Betonica annua =

Stachys annua
Bidens nivea =

Melanthera nivea
Bignonia catalpa =

Catalpa bignonioides
Bignonia crucigera =

Bignonia capreolata
Bignonia radicans =

Campsis radicans
Bignonia sempervirens =

Gelsemium sempervirens
Briza eragrostis =

Eragrostis cilianensis
Bunias cakile =

Cakile maritima
Buphthalmum frutescens =

Borrichia frutescens
Buphthalmum helianthoides =

Kallias helianthoides
Cacalia atriplicifolia =

Arnoglossum atriplici-

folium

Cacalia porophyllum =

Porophy1 lum ruderale
Cacalia suaveolens =

Hasteola suaveolens
Cactus opuntia =

Opuntia vulgaris
Cactus pentagonus =

Cereus pentagonus
Campanula perfoliata =

Triodanis perfoliata
Cardamine virginica =

Sibara virginica

Vol. 53, No.1

1983 Reveal, Pre-1753 botanical explorations 77

Carduus altissimus =
Cirsium altissimum
Carduus virginianus =
Cirsium virginianum
Carpinus ostrya =
Ostrya virginiana
Celastrus bullatus =
Celastrus scandens
Celosia paniculata =
Iresine paniculata
Chaerophyllum arborescens =
Aralia spinosa
Chelidonium glaucium =
Glaucium flavum
Chelone hirsuta =
Penstemon hirsutus
Chelone penstemon =
Penstemon laevigatus
Chenopodium anthelminticum =
Chenopodium ambrosioides
Chironia angularis =
Sabatia angularis
Chironia campanulata =
Sabatia campanulata
Chironia dodecandra =
Sabatia dodecandra
Chrysocoma graminifolia =
Euthamia graminifolia
Cissampelos smilacina =
Menispermum canadense
Cistus canadensis =
Helianthemum canadense
Clinopodium incanum =
Pycnanthemum incanum
Clitoria virginiana =
Centrosema virginiana
Coix dactyloides =
Tripsacum dactyloides
Convallaria polygonatum =
Polygonatum officinale
Convallaria racemosa =
Smilacina racemosa
Convallaria stellata =
Smilacina stellata
Convolvulus carolinus =
Ipomoea trichocarpa
Convolvulus panduratus =
Ipomoea pandurata
Convolvulus repens =
Calystegia sepium
Convolvulus spithamaeus =
Calystegia spithamaea
Conzya asteroides =
Sericocarpus asteroides
Conyza linifolia =
Sericocarpus linifolius
Coreopsis alternifolia =
Verbesina alternifolia
Coreopsis angustifolia =
Helianthus angustifolia

Cracca virginiana =
Tephrosia virginiana
Crotalaria alba =
Baptisia alba
Crotalaria perfoliata =
Baptisia perfoliata
Cucubalus stellatus =
Silene stellata
Cupressus distichia =
Taxodium distichium
Cupressus thysoides =
Chamaecyparis thyoides
Cynanchum suberosum =
Matelea suberosa
Cynosurus aegyptius =
Dactyloctenium aegyptium
Cyperus arundinacea
Dulichium arundinaceum
Dactylis cynosuroides =
Spartina cynosuroides
Datisca hirta =
Rhus hirta
Dianthera americana =
Justicia americana
Dolichos polystachyus =
Phaseolus polystachyus
Dolichos regularis =
Galactia regularis
Dracocephalum virginianum =
Physostegia virginiana
Dracontium foetidum =
Symplocarpus foetidus
Elymus hystrix =
Hystrix patula
Erigeron camphoratum =
Pluchea camphorata
Erigeron canadense =
Conyza canadensis
Eupatorium altissimum =
Ageratina altissima
Eupatorium aromaticum =
Ageratina aromatica
Eupatorium coelestinum =
Conoclinium coelestinum
Eupatorium scandens =
Mikania scandens
Eupatorium trifoliatum =
Eupatorium purpureum
Euphorbia portulacoides =
Euphorbia ipecacuanhae
Fagus pumila =
Castanea pumila
Ferula canadensis =
Ligusticum canadense
Fumaria cucullaria =
Dicentra cucullaria
Fumaria sempervirens =
Corydalis sempervirens
Gentiana quinquefolia =
Gentianellaquinquefolia

78 Pub ¥T (OrtvOrO<Tte

Gerardia flava =
Aureolaria flava
Gerardia pedicularia =
Aureolaria pedicularia
Gerardia purpurea =
Agalinis purpurea
Glycine apios =
Apios americana
Glycine bracteata =
Amphicarpa bracteata
Glycine comosa =
Amphicarpa bracteata
Glycine frutescens =
Wisteria frutescens
Glycine tomentosa =
Rhynchosia tomentosa
Gnaphalium margaritaceum =
Anaphalis margaritacea
Gnaphalium plantaginifolium =
Antennaria plantagini-
folia
Gnaphalium purpureum =
Gamochaeta purpurea
Gomphrena interrupta =
Froelichia interrupta
Gratiola dubia =
Lindernia dubia
Guilandina dioica =
Gymnocladus dioica
Hedera quinquefolia =
Parthenocissus quinque-
folia
Hedysarum canadense =
Desmodium canadense
Hedysarum canescens =
Desmodium canescens
Hedysarum frutescens =
Lespedeza violacea
Hedysarum hirtum =
Lespedeza hirta
Hedysarum marilandicum =
Desmodium marilandicum
Hedysarum nudiflorum =
Desmodium nudiflorum
Hedysarum paniculatum =
Desmodium paniculatum
Hedysarum repens =
Lespedeza repens
Hedysarum violaceum =
Lespedeza violacea
Hedysarum virginicum =
Lespedeza virginica
Hedysarum viridiflorum =
Desmodium viridiflorum
Hedysarum volubile =
Galactiavolubilis
Helianthus laevis =
Bidens laevis
Helianthus multiflorus =
Helianthus decapetalus

Helleborus trifolius =

Coptis trifolia
Hibiscus palustris =

Hibiscus moscheutos
Hibiscus virginicus =

Kosteletzkya virginica
Hippophae canadensis =

Shepherdia canadensis
Holcus laxus =

Uniola laxa
Holcus striatus =

Sacciolepis striata
Holosteum succulentum =

Honkenya peploides
Horminum virginicum =

Salvia lyrata
Hyoseris virginica =

Krigia virginica
Hypericum lasianthus =

Gordonia lasianthus
Hyssopus nepetoides =

Agastache nepetoides
Ipomoea nyctelea =

Ellisianyctelea
Ipomoea tamnifolia =

Jacquemontia tamnifolia
Juglans alba =

Carya tomentosa
Juncus campestris =

Luzula campestris
Jussiaea erecta =

Ludwigia erecta
Laurus aestivalis =

Litsea aestivilis
Laurus benzoin =

Lindera benzoin
Laurus borbonia =

Persea borbonia
Laurus indica =

Persea indica
Laurus sassafras =

Sassafras albidum
Laurus winterana =

Canella winterana
Lechea major =

Helianthemum canadense
Leontice thalictroides =

Caulophyllum thalictro-

ides
Leontodon dandelion =
Krigia dandelion
Lilum camschatcense =
Fritillaria camschatc-
ensis
Limodorum tuberosum =
Calopogon tuberosus
Liquidambar peregrina =
Comptonia peregrina
Lithospermum virginianum =
Onosmodium virginianum

Vol. 53, No. 1

1983 Reveal, Pre-1753 botanical explorations 79

Lonicera marilandica =
Spigelia marilandica
Lonicera symphoricarpos =
Symphoricarpos orbiculata
Lycopodium apodum =
Selaginella apoda
Lycopsis virginica =
Myosotis verna
Lythrum petiolatum =
Cuphea petiolata
Magnolia virginiana
var. acuminata =
Magnolia acuminata
Magnolia virginiana
var. foetida =
Magnolia grandiflora
Magnolia virginiana
var. glauca =
Magnolia virginiana
Magnolia virginiana
var. grisea =
Magnolia virginiana
Magnolia virginiana
var. tripetala =
Magnolia tripetala
Malva caroliniana =
Modiolacaroliniana
Medicago virginica =
Lespedeza virginica
Melissa nepeta =
Calamintha nepeta
Melissa pulegioides =
Hedeoma pulegioides
Menispermum carolinum =
Cocculus carolinus
Menispermum virginicum =
Cocculus carolinus
Mentha spicata var. viridis =
Mentha spicata
Mespilus arbutifolia =
Aronia arbutifolia
Mespilus canadensis =
Amelanchier canadensis
Monarda ciliata =
Blephilia ciliata
Monotropa hypopithys =
Hypopithys monotropa
Myosotis virginiana =
Hackelia virginiana
Myrica asplenifolia =
Comptonia cerifera
Myrica cerifera =
Comptonia cerifera
Napaea hermaphrodita =
Sida hermaphrodita
Nymphaea lutea =
Nuphar luteum
Nymphaea nelumbo =
Nelumbo lutea (ours)
Ophiorrhiza mitreola =

Cynoctonum mitreola
Ophrys lilifolia =

Liparis linifolia
Orchis ciliaris =

Platanthera ciliaris
Orchis flava =

Platanthera flava
Orchis psycodes =

Platanthera psycodes
Orchis spectabilis =

Galearis spectabilis
Ornithogalum bivale =

Allium bivale
Ornithogalum hirsutum

Hypoxis hirsuta
Orbanche virginiana =

Epifagus virginiana
Osmunda virginiana =

Botrychium virginianum
Osteospermum uvedalia =

Smallanthus uvedalia
Oxalis longiflora =

Oxalis violacea
Pancratium carolinianum =

Hymenocallis caroliniana
Panicum clandestinum =

Dichanthelium clandes-

tinum

Panicum crusgalli =

Echinochloa crusgalli
Panicum dichotomum =

Dichanthelium dichotomum
Panicum dissectum =

Paspalum dissectum
Panicum filiforme =

Digitaria filiformis
Panicum glaucum =

Setaria glauca
Panicum italicum =

Setaria italica
Panicum latifolium =

Dichanthelium latifolium
Panicum sanguinale =

Digitaria sanguinalis
Phalaris oryzoides =

Leersia oryzoides
Phaseolus helvulus =

Strophostyles helvola
Phlox ovata =

Ruelliacaroliniensis
Phlox setacea =

Phlox subulata var.

setacea

Pinus balsamea =

Abies balsamea
Pistacia simaruba =

Bursera simaruba
Poa capillaris =

Eragrostis capillaris
Poa flava =

80 Pag Tt OL OGelS

Tridens flavus
Podophy1 lum diphy1 lum =
Jeffersonia diphylla
Polemonium dubium =
Phacelia dubia
Polygala viridescens =
Polygala sanguinea
Polygonum articulatum =
Polygonella articulata
Polypodium bulbiferum =
Cystopteris bulbifera
Polypodium lonchitis =
Polystichum lonchitis
Polypodium marginale =
Dryopteris marginalis
Polypodium noveboracense =
Thelypteris noveborac-
ensis
Polypodium phegopteris =
Thelypteris phegoteris
Prinos glaber =
Ilex glabra
Prinos verticillatus =
Ilexverticillata
Pteris atropurpurea =
Pellaea atropurpurea
Pulmonaria virginica =
Mertensia virginica
Pyrus coronaria =
Malus coronaria
Queria canadensis =
Paronychia canadensis
Renealmia usneoides =
Tillandsia usneoides
Rhinanthus virginica =
Aureolaria virginica
Rhus radicans =
Toxicodendron radicans
Rhus toxicodendron =

Toxicodendron quercifolia

Rhus vernix =

Toxicodendron vernix
Rudbeckia oppositifolia =

Kalliashelianthoides
Rudbeckia purpurea =

Echinacea purpurea
Sagina virginica =

Bartonia virginica
Salsola prostrata =

Kochia prostrata
Sarothra gentianoides =

Hypericum gentianoides
Satureja origanoides =

Cunila origanoides
Satureja virginiana =

Pycnanthemum virginianum
Scandix cerefolium =

Anthriscus cerefolium
Scandix procumbens =

Chaerophyl lum procumbens

Schoenus glomeratus =

Rhyschospora glomerata
Scirpus retrofractus =

Cyperus retrofractus
Scirpus spadiceus =

Fimbristylis spadicea
Scutellaria hyssopifolia =

Scutellaria integrifolia
Senecio hieracifolius =

Erechitites hieracifolia
Serratula glauca =

Vernonia glauca
Serratula noveboracensis =

Vernonia noveboracensis
Serratula praealta =

Vernonia noveboracensis
Serratula scariosa =

Liatris scariosa
Serratula spicata =

Liatris spicata
Serratula squarrosa =

Liatris squarrosa
Sida abutilon =

Abutilon theophrastii
Sida crispa =

Malvacrispa
Sigesbeckia occidentalis =

Verbesina occidentalis
Silphium helianthoides =

Kallias helianthoides
Silphium solidaginoides =

Kallias helianthoides
Sison canadense =

Cryptotaenia canadensis
Sisymbrium nasturtium-

aquaticum =

Nasturtium officinale
Sium rigidius =

Oxypolis rigidus
Smilax caduca =

Smilax rotundifolia
Smyrnium aureum =

Zizia aurea
Smyrnium integerrimum =

Taenidia integerrima
Solidago altissima =

Solidago canadensis
Solidago lateriflora =

Aster lateriflorus
Solidago latifolia =

Solidago flexicaulis
Sonchus floridanus =

Lactuca floridana
Sophora tinctoria =

Baptisia tinctoria
Spiraea aruncus =

Aruncus sylvester
Spiraea opulifolia =

Physocarpus opulifolius
Spiraea trifoliata =

Vol. 53, No. 1

1983 Reveal, Pre-1753 botanical explorations

Porteranthus trifoliatus
Statice armeria =
Armeria maritima
Swertia difformis =
Sabatia difformis
Teucrium chamaepitys =
Ajuga chamaepitys
Teucrium virginicum =
Teucrium canadense
Thapsia trifoliata =
Thaspium trifoliatum
Thesium umbellatum =
Comandra umbel lata
Tragopogon virginicum =
Krigia virginica
Trifolium biflorum =
Stylosanthes biflora
Uniola spicata =
Distichlis spicata
Urtica canadensis =
Laportea canadensis
Urtica cylindrica =
Boehmeria cylindrica
Urtica divaricata =
Laportea canadensis
Urtica pumila =
Pilea pumila
Vaccinium frondosum =
Gaylussacia frondosa
Vaccinium hispidulum =
Gaultheria hispidula
Vaccinium ligustrinum =
Lyonia ligustrina
Vaccinium mucronatum =
Nemopanthus mucronata
Valeriana locusta var. radiata
= Valerianella radiata
Veratrum luteum =
Chamaelirium luteum
Verbena nodiflora =
Lippa nodiflora
Verbena spuria =
Verbena officinalis
Verbesina alba =
Eclipta alba
Veronica marilandica =
Polypremum procumbens
Veronica virginica =
Veronicastrum virginicum
Viscum rubrum =
Phoradendron rubrum
Viscum terrestre =
Lysimachia terrestris
Vitis arborea =
Ampelopsis arborea
Vitis laciniosa =
Vitis vulpina

From the raw data above,
it can be noted that Linnaeus

81

mentions 889 species from tem-
perate North America. Of that
number 13 are varieties leav-
ing a total of 876 species.
Two of the varieties, Magnolia
virginiana var. glauca and
Solanum nigrum var. vulgare,
can be considered equiladant
to the modern declarations of
var. virginiana and var. nig-
rum in each instance. One
species, Ornithogalum canad-
ense, is based solely upon
South African material and
Linnaeus misnamed it. Most
likely he meant "capense".

Linnaeus gives habitat
references for nearly all of
his species. In the above
review, 108 are referred to
"America". This was variously
defined by Linnaeus to include
North America or the Americas,
meaning both North and South
America. Those species which
are strictly stated by Linn-
aeus to be only from South
America (but have synonymies
based on North American ele-
ments) are not included. Can-
ada is given for 162 species,
while 80 (including five vari-
eties of Magnolia virginiana)
are given as occurring in the
Carolinas. Maryland is credit-
ed with a total of 18 species
with Pennsylvania (or Phila-
delphia) given for 44 species.
Linnaeus assigns four species
to Florida, two to Mississip-
pi, five to New York, and one
each to New England and New
Jersey. The largest number of
species are referred to Virgi-
nia. He refers 421 species
and varieties to Virginia.

To be sure Linnaeus often
referred a species to more
than a single area, and thus
the total is greater than the
number of species considered,
by Linnaeus, to be strictly
from these areas. Even so,
fully 47% of the species con-
sidered by Linnaeus to be from
temperate North America (even
if not stated as such) were
considered to occur in Virgi-

82 Por eT O°L) 0'G0Irk

nia. Only 18% of the plants
were mentioned as being from
Canada, while 12% came from
America.

A number of temperate
North American species were
mentioned in Linnaeus' first
edition of Species plantarum
in synonymy, but the geograph-
ic range given by him did not
include an area within temper-
ate North America. Linnaeus
gives the range of 47 species
as occurring somewhere in the
New World but not specifically
in the temperate region. For
86 species Linnaeus gives the
range as occurring in both
temperate North America and
somewhere else in the World.
This usually refers to species
which Linnaeus believed occur-
red in both Europe and the
Americas. In 79 instances,
synonyms based on temperate
North American species are
cited, but the geographical
range does not even mention
the New World or temperate
North America. Mostly, Linn-
aeus is referring to weed
species gathered in temperate
North America prior to 1753.

Linnaeus named 14 species
for America, 37 for Canada, 10
for the Carolinas, nine for
Maryland, four for New York,
five for Pennsylvania or Phil-
adelphia, and 63 for Virginia.
He named one species each for
Florida and New England.

Linnaeus named some North
American species for early ex-
plorers. Three species were
named for Peter Kalm (Hiera-
cium kalmii, Hypericum kalmi-
anum and Lobelia kalmii), and
one each for Clayton (Osmunda
claytoniana) and Tradescant
(Aster tradescantii). He did
name species for others, of
which three may be mentioned:
Hieracium gronovii, Lobelia
cliffortiana and Thalictrum
cornutii.

Vol. 53, No. 1

EVALUATION OF SPECIES PUBLISH-
ED IN SPECIES PLANTARUM

In attempting to evaluate
the contents of Carl Linnaeus'
first edition of Species plan-
tarum for those species of
vascular plants he attributes
to temperate North America it
is necessary to consider the
conditions under which Linn-
aeus labored, and his abili-
ties to resolve problems long
associated with efforts to
produce a world's flora. To
begin, it is useful to atart
with the status of the collec-
tions available to him, and
then turn to the literature
already published which Linn-
aeus had access to. As shall
become obvious, the two are
not entirely mutally inclu-
Sive.

Over Linnaeus! life time
he gathered a herbarium of
some 16,000 specimens. Today
specimens once in his posses-
Sion are located in England,
Sweden and France. The gather-
ing of plants with the inten-
tion of making permanent col-
lections of dried specimens
began in the early 1500s and
was a well established prac-
tice when Linnaeus began his
own botanical explorations on
an expedition to Lapland in
1732. The older herbaria con-
sisted largely of bound vol-
umes, or hortus siccus, into
which specimens were glued in
a predetermined order. Typi-
cally the plant specimens were
arranged according to some
system of classification, ac-
cording to geographical loca-
tion, or even randomly. A few
workers maintained their
collections loose between
sheets of brown paper. In
either cases, notations as to
collector, place of origin, or
even the scientific name may
or may not be afixed to the
specimen. In the better col-
lections, such data were re-
tained. Unfortunately, few
such collections exist. As

1983 Reveal, Pre-1753 botanical explorations 83

the herbarium developed, more
and more workers realized the
inherent difficulties of the
inflexibly of bound volumes
and moved to individual
sheets. As workers had done
with the bound volumes, often
several species were placed on
a single sheet, but in time, a
Single specimen was placed on
a sheet so as to allow abso-
lute freedom in rearranging
the entire collection as the
newer systems of classifica-
tions were developed.

Most of the herbaria made
prior to the Linnaean era were
arranged in bound volumes.
Linnaeus departed from this
practice, as did Sherard and
Dillenius for example. Unlike
his Oxford colleagues who
placed one or more collections
on the same sheet, Linnaeus
usually glued a single col-
lection to a sheet. None of
these men was consistent in
their annotations, although
Sherard, Dillenius and Grono-
vius in Holland were far more
consistent in this practice
than Linnaeus. While most
workers wrote onto a label who
collected each specimen, and
from where it came, this was
not at all a consistent prac-
tice. Dale and Du Bois were
far more consistent in this
practice than most. Petiver,
in spite of his chaotic col-
lections, maintained good re-
cords but apparently was of
the practice of giving away
specimens. To record what he
had seen he would add the
collector .and: his, data.~to
preexisting labels compounding
the identification of many his
specimens. Sloane, Ray, and
Plukenet were not at all con-
sistent in their herbarium
skills. Sloane kept only the
briefest records of his own
collections, and retained al-
most none for the specimens he
received from others. Ray
failed to retain nearly all of
the data he might have receiv-
ed and was constantly rear-

ranging his collections to fit
into his latest scheme of
classification. As for Pluke-
net, he kept some records, but
for the most part, his bound
volumes of dried plants are
remarkably void of collecting
data. This is somewhat over-
come by the identifications
assoicated with each specimen
(when annotated) as these can
be used to trace a collection
to a particular collector.

For Linnaeus, few of the
extant collections made by
other botanists prior to 1753
were consulted. He examined
the collection made by Joachim
Burser, but these were only of
Old World species. Linnaeus
also examined some of the
collections in the Sherardian
and Dillenian herbaria at Ox-
ford University, but the ex-
tent to which he reviewed
these holdings is unknown.
Linnaeus did not see the vast
holdings owned by Sir Hans
Sloane when he visited England
in 1736. Thus, the rich array
of specimens gathered by Pluk-
enet, Petiver, Sloane and many
others were not studied by
him. Likewise, the large Ca-
tesby collections ultimately
obtained by Sloane were not
examined in London although
Linnaeus certainly saw dupli-
cates sent to Sherard and
Dillenius at Oxford. Linnaeus
states that he saw the collec-
tions of Tournefort, Vaillant
and Jussieu in France, but it
is unlikely that he spent much
time evaluating their con-
tents. Linnaeus also visited
Phillip Miller in London and
Peter Collinson, but it is not
known to what extent Linnaeus
examine their gardens or re-
viewed their herbaria. Most
likely, any such examination
was highly superfluous. How-
ever, in many instances, Linn-
aeus received specimens from
these men, or exchanged plant
collections with them so that
Linnaeus had access to many of
their more unique species.

Bh PHYTOL OG.

During the Linnaean years
abroad in Holland he worked
closely with three men and was
able to examine not only their
libraries and gardens, but in
some cases, exotic collections
of dried herbarium material.
With the assistance of George
Clifford, Linnaeus was able to
study the Clifford garden in
great detail, make herbarium
specimens, and to prepare an
illustrated volume treating
the species in and around the
Clifford estate. This book was
published in 1738. The speci-
mens remained with Clifford
and eventually came to the
British Museum (Natural Histo-
ry) in London where they may
be examined today. Thus, when
Linnaeus was preparing Species
plantarum in 1751 and 1752, he
did not have direct access to
these specimens.

Linnaeus also aided Ad-
riaan van Royen, a professor
of botany ‘at Leyden. 'His
book, Florae leydensis prodro-
mus, was published in 1740.
It is unclear what role Linn-
aeus played in the production
of this work, but it is cer-
tain that Linnaeus must have
aided him in the assignment of
synonymies and the literature
he cites.

The third man was Gronov-
ius, an amateur botanist, with
a large library and herbarium.
In assisting Gronovius with
his Flora virginica, Linnaeus
was able to examine many of
the temperate North American
collections of John Clayton.
It is likely that Linnaeus saw
most of the species reported
in the first part of that work
(published in 1739), but it is
uncertain to what extent Linn-
aeus examined Clayton material
cited in the second part (pub-
lished in 1743). Gronovius
sent a number of Clayton spec-
imens to Linnaeus, and these
are extant in the Linnaean
Herbarium in London.

Vol. 53, No. 1

Significant collections
of vascular plants came to
Linnaeus from a number of
sources. For temperate North
America the most significant
holdings available to Linnaeus
while writing Species planta-
rum were those provided by
Peter Kalm. Linnaeus heavily
relied upon these specimens to
determine species circumscrip-
tions. In some cases, the
Virginia specimens Linnaeus
examined earlier proved to be
somewhat different from the
specimens found by Kalm, and
Linnaeus was not in a position
to differentiate between them
inasmuch as he no longer had
access to Clayton material.

Of the two collectors,
Clayton and Kalm, it can be
seen from the listings given
above that Linnaeus cited John
Clayton material more frequ-
ently than he did that gather-
ed by Peter Kalm. In part
this is due to the greater
number of species found by
Clayton compared to Kalm, but
an additional factor is that
many of the Kalm collections
in the Linnaean Herbarium in
London likely are not identi-
fied as such and cannot be
presently assigned to him.
Continued studies of the her-
barium holdings available to
Linnaeus will likely result in
an increase in the number of
Kalm specimens. This can be
accomplished, in part, by exa-
mining the Kalm collections
found elsewhere. It is inte-
resting to note that when one
compares the Kalm species with
those cited by Linnaeus as
originating from Canada or
Pennsylvania there is a close
relationship. In some instan-
ces, the Canada reference is
based on a Cornuti polynomial
or some other name that clear-
ly establishes Canada as the
source of the name.

In a number of instances,
Linnaeus saw both Clayton and
Kalm material of plants which

1983

he took to represent the same
species. For the most part,
Linnaeus cites both Virginia
and Canada as the sources of
the species, but in some inst-
ances he gives only Virginia.
In the following listing, spe-
cies of temperate North Ameri-
can vascular plants are given
which the available evidence
indicates were collected by
both men. In addition, the
geographic source(s) of the
species is given only as they
are applicable to those parts
of temperate North America
where the two men botanized
(A= America; C= Canada; NY=
New York; P= Pennsylvania; V=
Virginia; N= none of the a-
bove; X= no geographic data
given):

Acalypha virginica - V

Acer negundo - V

Acer rubrum - P, V

Adiantum pedatum - C, V
Agrostis virginica - V
Andromeda mariana - V
Andromeda paniculata - V
Andropogon nutans - V

Anemone thalictroides - C, V
Anemone virginiana - V
Angelica sylvestris - N
Antirrhinum canadense - C, V
Apocynum cannabinum - C, V
Arabis canadensis - A

Arabis lyrata - C

Aralia spinosa - V

Arenaria rubra var. marina - N
Arethusa bulbosa - C, V
fits ophioglossoides - C,

Aristolochia serpentaria - V
Asarum canadense - C
Asclepias nivea - V

Aster concolor - V
Astragalus canadensis - C, V
Azalea viscosa - V

Bartsia coccinea - NY, V
Briza eragrostis - N

Cacalia atriplicifolia - C, V
Ceanothus americanus - V
Celtis occidentalis - V
Cenchrus tribuloides - V
Cephalanthus occidentalis - A
Cercis canadensis - V
Chaerophyllum arborescens - V
Chelone glabra - C, V

Cicuta bulbifera - C, V

Reveal, Pre-1753 botanical explorations 85

Cicuta maculata - V

Claytonia virginica - V

Convolvulus spithamaeus - V

Cornus florida - V

Cracca virginiana - C, V

Crataegus coccinea - C, V

Crataegus crus-galli - X

Crataegus tomentosa - V

Crotalaria sagittalis - V

Cucubalus stellatus - C, V

Cuscuta americana - V

Dianthera americana - V

Diospyros virginiana - A

Dracontium foetidum - V

Euphorbia corollata - C, V

Euphorbia ipecacuanhae - C, V

Euphorbia polygonifolia - C, V

Euonymus americanus - V

Fagus pumila - A

Geranium carolinianum - V

Gerardia flava - C, V

Gerardia pedicularia - C, V

Gerardia purpurea - C, V

Gleditsia triacanthos - V

Glycine apios - V

Glycine bracteata - V

Glycine comosa - V

Gnaphalium obtusifolium - P, V

Gnaphalium plantaginifolium -
V

Gnaphalium purpureum - P, V
Gratiola virginiana - V
Hamamelis virginiana - V
Hedera quinquefolia - C
Hedysarum hirtum - V
Hedysarum violaceum - V
Heuchera americana - V
Hibiscus palustris - C, V
Hieracium gronovii - P, V
Houstonia caerulea - V
Houstonia purpurea - V
Hydrangea arborescens - V
Hydrocotyle umbellata - A
Hyoseris virginica - V
Hypericum canadense - C
Hypericum mutilum - C, V
Iris verna - V

Juglans alba - V

Laurus sassafras - V
Limodorum tuberosum - A
Liquidambar styraciflua - V
Liriodendron tulipifera - A
Lobelia cliffortiana - C, V
Ludwigia alternifolia - V
Lupinus perennis - V
Medeola virginiana - V
Melanthium virginicum - V
Melissa pulegioides - C, V
Menispermum canadense - C, V
Mespilus canadensis - C, V

86 PeBOeT O-L: OnGeal &

Mollugoverticillata- V
Monotropa uniflora - C, V
Nyssa aquatica - A
Oenothera fruticosa - V
Ophrys lilifolia - C, V
Orchis psycodes - C
Ornithogalum hirsutum - C, V
Orobanche virginiana - V
Osmunda regalis - V

Osmunda virginiana - A
Oxalis stricta - V

Oxalis violacea - C, V
Panax quinquefolius - C, P, V
Panicum dichotomum - V
Pinus taeda - C, V
Plantago virginica - V

Poa capillaris - C, V
Polygalaverticillata- V
Polygala viridescens - V
Pontedaria cordata - V
Prenanthes alba - P, V
Prinos verticillatus - V
Pteris atropurpurea - V
Pulmonaria virginica - V
Pyrola maculata - A
Quercus alba - V

Quercus nigra - A

Quercus phellos - A
Quercus prinus - A

Quercus rubra - V
Ranunculus abortivus - C, V
Rhexia virginica - V

Rhus glabra - A

Rhus radicans - C, V

Rhus toxicodendron - C, V
Rhus vernix - A

Salvia lyrata - V
Sanguinaria canadensis - A
Sarothra gentianoides - P, V
Satureja origanoides - V
Saxifraga nivalis - C, V
saree an pensylvanica - C, P,

Schoenus glomeratus - V
Scirpus capitatus - V
Scutellaria hyssopifolia - V
eae eins integrifolia - C,

Serratula spicata - A
Silene virginica - V

Sison canadense - A
Sisyrichium bermudiana - V
Smilax pseudo-china - V
Smyrnium aureum - A
Solidago canadensis - C, V
Sonchus canadensis —- C
Sophora tinctoria - V
Spiraea opulifolia - C, V
Spiraea trifoliata - C, V
Thapsia trifoliata - V

Vol. 53, No.1

Tragopogon virginicum - C, V
Trifolium biflorum - C, V
Ulmus americana - V

Uniola spicata - A

Urtica cylindrica - C, V
Urtica pumila - C
Utricularia subulata - V
Uvularia perfoliata - C, V
Vaccinium frondosum - A
Vaccinium stamineum —- A
Veratrum luteum - C, V
Viburnum acerifolium - V
Viburnum prunifolium - C, V
Viola pedata - V

Vitis vinifera - N

Xyris indica - N

As can be seen from the
above summary, Linnaeus had
both Clayton and Kalm material
for 170 species, of which 8
were referred only to Canada,
79 only to Virginia, and only
22 to America. A total of 47
species were referred to Can-
ada and Virginia, 7 to Penn-
sylvania and Virginia, and one
to New York and Virgina. As
Kalm material came into Linn-
aeus' possession well after he
had formulated many of his
opinions regarding species, it
is not unusual to see a debate
in the literature over the
selection of a Clayton speci-
men or a Kalmcollection as a
suitable lectotype. This can-
not be resolved at this point,
but; it is well *toVeonsider
that while in many instances
Linnaeus does not give Canada
or Pennsylvania as the only
location for a combination
Clayton-Kalm species, he does
give many species with Virgi-
nia as the only location. It
is possible, therefore, that
Linnaeus had already estab-
lished the definition of the
species on material other than
the Kalm collection in his
herbarium. Thus, while he
used Kalm specimens to assist
him in his characterization,
he likely did not base his
circumscription initially upon
that Kalm collection.

When Linnaeus wrote Spe-
cies plantarum in 1753, some

1983 Reveal, Pre-1753 botanical explorations 87

species from temperate North
America were described based
only upon a single reference
and/or collection. Of these,
the majority are, as one would
suspect, Clayton or Kalm spe-
cimens. The following break-
down is based solely upon
Single author or collector
references in Species plant-
arum. In those instances where
there is a specimen in the
Linnaean Herbarium in London
that seems to be different
from the author of the synonym
or the collector mentioned in
the reference given by Linn-
aeus, a star (*) is given.
The reader is urged to consult
Species plantarum for the
places of publication.

Bauhin
Othonna cineraria

Catesby
Annona glabra
Annona triloba*
Bignonia caerulea
Cissampelos smilacina
Ipomoea carolina
Magnolia virginiana
var. tripetala
Pancratium carolinianum
Philadelphus inodorus
Sloanea emarginata
Smilax tamnoides*
Viscum purpureum*
Viscum rubrum

Clayton

Agrostis virginica*
Alisma subulata
Amaranthus graecizans
Ammannia ramosior
Andropogon divaricatum
Antirrhinum canadense*
Arabis lyrata*
Asclepias rubra

Aster concolor*

Aster rigidus

Aster vernus

Betula lenta*

Buchnera americana
Chironia dodecandra
Convolvulus panduratus
Convolvulus spithamaeus*
Coreopsis angustifolia
Crateagus tomentosa*
Crataegus viridis

Cynoglossum virginianum*
Dactylis cynosuroides*
Dianthera americana*
Dirca palustris*
Dolichos polystachyus
Dolichos regularis
Elephantopus tomentosus
Elymus hystrix

Ferula canadensis
Glycine bracteata*
Gratiola dubia
Gratiola virginiana*
Hedysarum frutescens
Hedysarum hirtum*
Hedysarum nudiflorum
Hedysarum repens*
Hedysarum violaceum*
Hedysarum virginicum*
Hedysarum viridiflorum
Helianthus laevis
Hieracium gronovii*
Holcus laxus

Holcus striatus
Hydrangea arborescens*
Hyoseris virginica*
Hypericum mutilum*
Ipomoea nyctelea*

Iris virginica*

Laurus aestivalis
Leontodon dandelion
Linum virginianum*
Lycopsis virginica
Lycopus virginicus*
Lythrum lineare
Lythrum petiolatum
Lythrum verticil latum*
Melanthium virginicum*
Melissa pulegioides
Mespilus canadensis*
Monarda clinopodia*
Orchis flava

Orchis spectabilis
Ornithogalum bivale
Osmunda claytoniana
Panicum dichotomum*
Panicum virgatum
Phalaris oryzoides*
Polemonium dubium
Prinos verticillatus*
Pteris atropurpurea*
Pyrus coronaria*®
Queria canadensis*
Rhinanthus virginica*
Rudbeckia oppositifolia
Rumex verticillatus
Sagina virginica
Salicornia virginica
Schoenus glomeratus*
Scirpus capitatus*
Sigesbeckia occidentalis

88 Pot Tel OL Oriod &

Silene virginica*
Silphium solidaginoides
Smyrnium integerrimum
Sonchus canadensis*
Stipa avenacea
Swertia difformis
Teucrium virginicum
Thapsia trifoliata*
Tragopogon virginicum*
Ulmus americana*
Uniola spicata*
Urtica pumila*
Utricularia gibba*
Urticularia subulata
Vaccinium frondosum*
Verbesina virginica
Veronica marilandica
Viburnum acerifolium*
Viburnum nudum

Viola primulifolia*
Xyris indica*

Collinson
Podophyllum diphyllum*

Colden
Uvularia sessilifolia*

Dillenius
Asclepias amoena
Aster miser
Carduus altissimus
Chenopodium anthelminticum*
Clematis crispa*
Convolvulus carolinus
Crotalaria perfoliata
Ipomoea lacunosa
Ipomoea tamnifolia
Lycopodium apodum*
Lycopodium carolinianum
Lycopodium obscurum*
Polemonium rubrum*
Rosa carolina*
Ruelliabiflora
Solanum nigrum

var. virginicum
Trichostema brachiatum*
Triosteum perfoliatum

Kalm

Acer pensylvanicum
Acer saccharinum
Allium canadense
Amaranthus retroflexus
Andromeda racemosa
Aster laevis

Avena pensylvanica
Avena spicata
Bromus ciliatus
Carex folliculata

Carex squarrosa
Chenopodium virginicum
Chironia angularis
Chironia campanulata
Chrysocoma graminifolia
Cinna arundinacea
Cistus canadensis
Dalibarda repens
Datisca hirta

Erigeron philadelphicum
Galium tinctorium
Galium trifidum
Gentiana quinquefolia
Gentiana villosa
Helianthus decapetalus
Hieracium kalmii
Hieracium paniculatum
Hippophae canadensis
Hordeum jubatum
Hydrocotyle americana
Hypericum canadense
Hypericum kalmianum
Ligquidambar peregrina
Mentha canadensis
Ophrys cernua

Panicum filiforme
Polygala sanguinea
Polygonum articulatum
Polygonum erectum
Polygonum pensy1 vanicum
Polypodium marginale
Polypodium noveboracense
Potentilla canadensis
Prinos glaber

Ribes cynosbati

Rubus canadensis

Rubus hispidus
Sambucus canadensis
Senecio canadensis
Smilax caduca

Smilax rotundifolia
Solidago lateriflora
Thalictrum dioicum
Urtica capitata
Vaccinium album
Vaccinium corymbosum
Vaccinium ligustrinum
Vaccinium mucronatum
Viburnum lentago
Viscum terrestre

Linnaeus

Cacalia suaveolens
Gomphrena serrata
Guilandina dioica
Helleborus trifolius
Lechea major

Lilium camschatcensis
Menispermum carolinum
Oxalis longiflora*

Vol. 53, No. 1

1983 Reveal, Pre-1753 botanical explorations 89

Physalis pruinosa
Polymnia canadensis*
Rumex persicarioides
Salsola prostrata
Solidago noveboracensis
Swertia corniculata*
Thalictrum purpurascens
Viburnum dentatum

Viola canadensis*

Viola lanceolata*

Mitchell
Chelone penstemon*

Morison
Helianthus divaricatus*

Petiver
Clitoria mariana

Plukenet

Anemone quinquefolia*
Ascyrum villosum
Aster mutabilis

Aster tenuifolius*
Conyza asteroides*
Conzya bifrons var. flosculosa
Conyza linifolia
Cupressus thyoides*
Euphorbia maculata
Morus rubra*

Phlox divaricata*
Phlox ovata*

Phlox paniculata*
Phlox setacea

Phlox subulata

Rhexia mariana
Scirpus retrofractus*
Solidago latifolia*
Spiraea tomentosa
Thesium umbel latum*
Urtica divaricata*

Plumier
Silphium laciniatum

Ray

Magnolia virginiana
var. grisea

Phlox maculata*

Polygala incarnata*

Tournefort
Lobelia kalmii*

van Royen
Bidens bullata
Gomphrena interrupta

Of the some 889 species

credited to temperate North
America by Linnaeus in the
first edition of Species plan-
tarum, 241, or about 27% were
based on a Single reference.
In giving a single reference,
Clayton material is mentioned
for 100 species and Kalm for
60 species. For 49 of the 100
Clayton species, Linnaeus had
other specimens. In nearly
all instances, the additional
material was a Kalm collection
which is now found in Linn-
aeus' herbarium in London.

For the remaining names
based on a single reference,
the majority were established
on illustrations in books pub-
lished by the authors mention-
ed above. Linnaeus credits
Catesby as the basis of 12 of
his species. In three instan-
ces Linnaeus had other mater-
ial in his herbarium to augu-
ment the illustrations pub-
lished by Catesby. As for
Dillenius, who Linnaeus men-
tions as his only reference
for 18 species, he had other
material for seven of those
species. Plukenet is mention-
ed as Linnaeus! only source of
information for 21 species.
Of that number, however, Linn-
aeus had additional material
in only 11 instances. All of
these authors illustrated
their works, true, but it is
significant that of these par-
ticular authors -- Catesby,
Dillenius and Plukenet -- Lin-
naeus may well have been able
to examine actual specimens as
well as the illustrations.
Collections at the University
of Oxford are extant with many
of the polynomials mentioned
by Linnaeus in synonymy, and
it is likely that Linnaeus was
able to associate specific
names with certain species
only as a result of his exam-
ination of the Sherardian and
Dellinian herbaria at Oxford.

It is significant that by
the late 1740s when Mitchell
published his work on new

90 Pen Pe OoLI0vGns a

genera that Linnaeus had addi-
tional information relative to
all but one. Mitchell is
cited 13 times in the first
edition of Species plantarun,
but only once is he the sole
source of information. This
is the case of Chelone penste-
mon, a plant Mitchell proposed
to recognize aS a new genus,
Penstemon. Even so, Linnaeus
had other specimens at hand
and did not need to rely only
upon Mitchell's publications.
As for van Royen who Linnaeus
assisted, he gives him as the
only reference in two species;
in neither case did Linnaeus
have supplementary material in
his herbarium.

As already noted, Linn-
aeus was unable to see the
original herbarium material
gathered by a number of work-
ers. Vihus;) he had )to rely
upon the illustrations prepar-
ed by these workers for the
characterization and identifi-
cation of many species.

For his study of temperate
North American species, the
work of Gronovius proved par-
ticularly significant. Not
only did Linnaeus examine the
collections made by Clayton
which were described in the
1739 part of Flora virginica,
but he aided Gronovius in the
determination of synonyms.
Additionally, Linnaeus receiv-
ed many subsequent specimens
from Gronovius of Clayton's
Virginia discoveries, and
these too were evaluated by
him and synonymies determined.
Of specific interest is the
relationship between the Gro-
novius flora and those works
on American botany published
prior to 1739.

In the following listing,
Gronovius citations given by
Linnaeus in the first edition
of Species plantarum are re-
viewed, and the synonyms cited
by both Gronovius and Linnaeus
are listed for each species.

Vol. 53, No.1

The following abbreviations
are used: BR = Breynius; CA=
Catesby; CM = Conmelinus; CO=
Cornuti; D= Dillenius; H= Her-
mann; LA= Lafitau; L= Lin-
naeus' Hortus cliffortianus;
LT= Leat; LV= Linnaeus! Viri-
darium cliffortianum; MA= Mar-
tyn; MO= Morison; PE= Petiver;
PL= Plukenet; PU= Plumier; RA=
Ray; RO= Royen; S= Sloane; T=
Tourenfort; V= Vaillant. Only
those species considered by
Linnaeus to be strictly New
World will be evaluated. A
star (*) indicates when Grono-
vius and the additional refer-
ence(s) cited by Linnaeus are
the only synonyms given in the
first edition of Species plan-
tarum. Those works published
after 1739 or 1743, depending
on the page in Gronovius, are
not considered in this review.

Acer negundo - L

Acer rubrum - CA, PL
Acrostichum areolatum - PE*
Acrostichum platyneuros - PL
Actaea racemosa - D

Adiantum pedatum —- CO
Ageratum altissimum - L
Aletris farinosa - PL*
Amaryllis atamasca - MO
Ambrosia trifida - L

Anchusa virginiana - MO, PL*
Andromeda arborea - CA*
Andromeda mariana — PL*
Andromeda paniculata - L, PL
Andropogon virginicum - RO*
Anemone virginiana - RO
Annona muricata - L, PL
Apocynum cannabinum — PL
Aquilegia canadensis - CO
Aralia spinosa - L, LV
Arethusa bulbosa - PL*
Arethusa divaricata - CA*
ae aaae ophioglossoides, L

Aristolochia serpentaria - CA,
PL

Arum triphyllum - MO

Arum virginicum - L*

Asarum canadense - CO
Asarum virginicum - PL
Asclepias decumbens —- PE*
Asclepias incarnata - CO, L
Asclepias nivea - D
Asclepias syriaca - CO, L
Asclepias verticillata - PE,

i

1983 Reveal, Pre-1753 botanical explorations 91

PL#
Ascyrum hypericoides - PL,
RA

Aster divaricatus -— PL*
Aster dumosus - L

Aster ericoides - D*

Aster grandiflorus - D
Aster novae-angliae - H, L*
Azalea lutea - L

Baccharis halimifolia - L
Bartsia coccinea - L, MO
Bignonia radicans - CA, L
Buphthalmum frutescens - CA,

Dek
Buphthalmum helianthoides - PL
Burmannia biflora - L*
Cacalia atriplicifolia - PL
Callicarpa americana - CA
Campanula perfoliata - L, MO*
Carduus virginianus - MO
Cassia chamaecrista - BR, L
Cassia ligustrina - D, L
Ceanothus americanus - CM, L
Celosia paniculata - S
Celtis occidentalis -— RA*
Cenchrus tribuloides - MO
Cephalanthus occidentalis - L
Cercis canadensis - L
Chelone glabra - L, T
Chelone hirsuta - PL, RA*
Chionanthus virginica - L
Chrysogonum virginianum - L
Cicuta bulbifera - RA*
Cicuta maculata - MO, PL*
Claytonia virginica - PL
Clematis viorna - D
Clitoria virginiana - D*
Commelina communis - L
Convallaria racemosa - L
Convolvulus repens — PU*
Coreopsis auriculata — PL
Coreopsis verticillata - PL,

Cornus florida - L

Cracca virginiana - L, PL*
Crataegus coccinea - L
Crotalaria sagittalis - L, PL
Cucubalus stellatus - RA*
Cupressus distichia - CA, L
Cuscuta americana - S*
Cynanchum suberosum - D, L
Cyperus arundinacea - MO, PL*
Cyperus odoratus - RO

Diodia virginiana - L*
Dioscorea villosa - PL*
Diospyros virginiana - CA, L
Epigaea repens —- PL

Erigeron canadense - L, MO
Bre ee decangulare —- PE,

Eriophorum virginicum - MO,
PL*®

Eryngium aquaticum - PL*
Eryngium foetidum - L
Eupatorium aromaticum — PL
Eupatorium coelestinum - D
Eupatorium perfoliatum - L
Eupatorium purpureum — CO
Eupatorium scandens - L, PL*
Euphorbia polygonifolia - RA*
Euonymus americanus —- PL
Fagus pumila - CA, PL*
Fraxinus americana — CA*
Fumaria cucullaria - L
Galium bermudense —- PL, RA*
Gentiana saponaria - CA, MO*
Geranium carolinianum - D*
Geranium maculatum — D*
Gerardia flava — RA

Gerardia pedicualaria — PL
Gerardia purpurea - PL, RA*
Geum virginianum - H, L*
Gleditsia triacanthos - L
Glycine apios - CO, L
Glycine comosa — PE*
Glycine tomentosa - D*

pe es plantaginifolium -

Gnaphalium purpureum —- D, RO
Hamamelis virginiana - PL*
Hedera quinquefolia - CO, L
Hedysarum canescens - L
Hedysarum paniculatum — PL*
Helenium autumnale - L, PL
Helianthus angustifolius - PE*
Helianthus atrorubens - D*
Heuchera americana - L
Hibiscus moscheutos - L
Hieracium venosum — PL, RA*
Houstonia caerulea - L
Houstonia purpurea —- RA
Hydrophyl lum virginianum - L
Hyssopus nepetoides - L, LV
Iris verna - PL*

Iva frutescens - L

Juglans nigra - L

Juniperus virginiana - L
Kalmia angustifolia — PL*
Kalmia latifolia - PL

Laurus benzoin - L

Laurus borbonia - CA, L*
Laurus indica - L

Laurus sassafras - L, PL
Lechea minor — RA*
Ligusticum scothieum - L
Limodorum tuberosum - MA*
ee styraciflua —- CA,

Liriodendron tulipifera - H, L
Lithospermum virginianum - MO*

92 PHOT Oy Oee4 &

Lobelia cardinalis - L
Lobelia cliffortiana - L
Lonicera marilandica - CA, RA*
Lonicera symphoricarpos - D, L
Ludwigia alternifolia - L
Lupinus perennis - MO, RO*
Lycopodium alopecuroides - L,
MO

Lysimachia quadrifolia — PE
Magnolia virginiana - L*
Magnolia virginiana var.
acuminata - CA*
Magnolia virginiana var.
foetida - CA
Medeola virginiana - PL*
Medicago virginica - PL*
Melothria pendula - L
Menispermum canadense —- L
Menispermum virginicum — D*
ee repens — CA, PE,

Mollugoverticillata- PL
Monarda ciliata - MO, PL*
Monarda punctata - L
Monotropa uniflora - CA, MO
Myosotis virginiana - PL*
Myrica asplenifolia - L
Myrica cerifera - CA, L, PL*
Nepeta virginica - L

Nyssa aquatica - CA, L
Obolaria virginica - L, PL
Oldenlandia uniflora - PL*
Onoclea sensibilis - L, PL
Ophiorrhiza mitreola - L*
Orchis ciliaris - RO
Orobanche uniflora - PL*
Orobanche virginiana - MO, RA*
Osteospermum uvedalia - L
Oxalis stricta - T

Panax quinquefolius - LA, V
Panax trifolius - PL, V*
Panicum capillare - S*

ats Hoan integrifolium - D,

Passiflora lutea - L

Phlox glaberrima - D, L*
Physalis viscosa - D, L*
Phytolaceca americana - L
Pinus balsamea — PL

Pinus taeda — PL

cman C4 virginica - MO, PL,

Platanus occidentalis - CA, L
Poa flava — PE*®

Podophyllum peltatum - CA, L
Polygala senega - RA*
rae? verticillata, PL,

Polygonum sagittatum - L, LA
Polygonum virginianum - L

Vol. 53, No. 1

Pontederia cordata - L

Prenanthes alba - L

Pulmonaria virginica - MO, PL*

Pyrola maculata - PL

Quercus alba - CA*

Quercus nigra - CA, RA*

Quercus phellos - CA, RA

Quercus prinus - CA<, L

Quercus rubra - CA, PL

Ranunculus abortivus - H

Renealmia usneoides - L, PE, S

Rhus copallinum - PL

Rhus glabra - D, L

Rhus radicans - D, L

Rhus toxicodendron - T

Rhus vernix - D

Robinia pseudoacacia - L

Rudbeckia laciniata - CO, L,
LV

Rudbeckia purpurea — CA, PL
Ruellia strepens - D, Lk
Salvia urticifolia - MO#*
Sanguinaria canadensis D, L
Sanicula canadensis - T
Sanicula marilandica - RA
Sarothra gentianoides -— PL*
Sarracenia flava - CA, L
Sarracenia purpurea - CA, L
Satureja origanoides - MO, PL*
Satureja virginiana - H, L
Saururus cernuus - L

Saxifraga pensylvanica - D
Scandix procumbens - MO*
Schwalbea americana - PL*
Scirpus spadiceus - S*
Scrophularia marilandica - RA*
Scutellaria hyssopifolia - PE*
eeubede arte integrifolia —- PL,

Scutellaria lateriflora - MO*
Senecio aureus - MO, RA*
Serratula glauca - D
Serratula spicata - D
Serratula squarrosa - D
Silene antirrhina - D*
Silphium asteriscus - D, L*
Silphium helianthoides - PL*
Sison canadense - L
Sisyrinchium bermudiana - D, L
Sium rigidius - MO*

Smilax lanceolata - L
Smilax laurifolia - CA*
Smilax pseudo-china - L
Smilax sarsaparilla - L
Smyrnium aureum - PL
Solidago canadensis - L
Solidago sempervirens - H
Sophora tinctoria - PL*
Spiraea opulifolia - L
Spiraea trifoliata - L, PL

1983
Tetragenotheca helianthoides -
D

Tiarella cordifolia - L
Tradescantia virginiana - L
Trifolium reflexum —- PL*
Trillium sessile - CA, PL*
Vaccinium stamineum - PL*
Valeriana locusta var. radiata
Verbena urticifolia - L
Verbesina alba - D, L
Veronica virginica - L*
Viola palmata -— PL*

Viola pedata - PE, PL*
Yucca filamentosa - MO, PL*

When Linnaeus proposed
species in the first edition
of Species plantarum he used,
to a significant degree, in-
formation already published by
others who proceeded him. Dur-
ing an examination of the
Linnaean references relating
to the State of Maryland pub-
lished in the first two edi-
tions of his book, it was
discovered that Linnaeus used
the herbarium collections at
Oxford to augment his under-
standing of temperate North
American botany to a degree
not previously realized. The
knowledge which Linnaeus
gained at Oxford was almost
immediately expressed in Gro-
novius' Flora virginica which
Linnaeus worked on soon after
his departure from England in
the late summer of 1736. This
is probably equally true for
regions in North America other
than Maryland. It is not the
purpose of this review to
attempt a combined examination
of this problem using both
Linnaeus' published works and
the Sherardian and Dillenian
herbaria at the University of
Oxford. However, the follow-
ing list may prove helpful for
those who are investigating
potential lectotypes for spe-
cies which might be found at
Oxford. This in no way should
be construed as a statement of
affirmation that such authen-
tic material is actually pre-
sent. It should be remember
that other Linnaean material

Reveal, Pre-1753 botanical explorations 93

is located in Sweden and in
the British Museum (Natural
Hitory) in London. These col-
lections are not considered in
this listing. Many of these
Species are based, in part,
upon Clayton material. Authen-
tic Clayton specimens are to
be sought at the British Mus-
eum (Natural History).

A star (*) is added to
those species which are also
based on Clayton collections
cited by Gronovius.

Acrostichum areolatum*
Acrostichum platyneuros*
Actaea spicata var. alba
Andromeda arborea*
Annona glabra

Annona triloba

Asarum virginicum*
Asclepias amoena
Asclepias decumbens*
Asclepias variegata
Ascyrum villosum

Aster miser

Aster mutabilis
Astragalus carolinianus
Baccharis foetida*
Bignonia caerulea
Bignonia sempervirens
Carduus altissimus
Carduus virginianus*
Cissampelos smilacina
Clinopodium rugosum
Clitoria mariana
Clitoria virginiana*
Convallaria stellata
Convolvulus carolinus
Conyza bifrons var. flosculosa
Conyza linifolia
Coreopsis auriculata*
Cyperus arundinacea*
Dioscorea villosa*
Eupatorium hyssopifolium
Euphorbia maculata
Galium bermudense*
Glycine tomentosa*
Helianthus angustifolius*
Hieracium venosum*
Horminum virginicum
Hypericum setosum*
Ipomoea carolina

Ipomoea lacunosa

Ipomoea tamnifolia

Iris versicolor

Lonicera marilandica*
Lycopodium carolinianum

9, Pie? On Lior 2

Magnolia virginiana
var. acuminata*
Magnolia virginiana
var. foetida*
Magnolia virginiana
var. grisea
Magnolia virginiana
var. tripetala
Medicago virginica*
Monarda ciliata*®
Orobanche uniflora*®
Pancratium carolinianum
Phaseolus helvulus
Philadelphus inodorus
Phlox pilosa
Phlox setacea
Pistacia simaruba
Poa flava*
Polemonium rubrum
Polygala cruciata*
Polypodium virginianum
Prenanthes alba*
Rhexia mariana
Ribes oxyacanthoides
Sanicula marilandica*
Seandix procumbens*
Schwalbea americana*
Serratula glauca*
Silphium helianthoides*
Sloanea emarginata
Smilax bona-nox
Solanum nigrum
var. virginicum
Solidago caesia
Thalictrum cornutii
Tilia americana*
Trifolium comosum
Triosteum angustifolium*
Triosteum perfoliatum
Valeriana locusta
var. radiata*
Viscum ruburm
Yucca filamentosa*

Of the 81 entities that
might have authentic material
found in the Sherardian and
Dillenian herbaria at the Uni-
versity of Oxford, 33 are also
based on Clayton specimens.
Three major pre-Linnaean au-
thors have major sets of their
collections at Oxford. Of the
three, Catesby, Dillenius and
Morison, Catesby and Dillenius
are the only authors or her-
baria Linnaeus seems to have
consulted (both of these men
have their collections in the
Sherardian Herbarium). The

Vol. 53, No. 1

following 12 species cited by
Linnaeus might have voucher
specimens at Oxford to go with
the illustrations published by
Catesby:

Annona glabra
Annona triloba
Bignonia caerulea
Bignonia sempervirens
Cissampelos smilacina
Ipomoea carolina
Magnolia virginiana
var. tripetala
Pancratium carolinianum
Philadelphus inodorus
Pistacia simaruba
Sloanea emarginata
Viscus rubrum

Dillenius specimens should be
consulted for the following
species which should be con-
Sidered in addition to the
published illustations when
proposing lectotypes. A total
of 19 species are listed:

Asclepias amoena
Asclepias variegata
Aster miser
Astragalus carolinianus
Carduus altissimus
Clinopodium rugosum
Convolvulus carolinus
Eupatorium hyssopifolium
Horminum virginicum
Ipomoea lacunosa
Ipomoea tamnifolia
Iris versicolor
Lycopodium carolinianum
Phaseolus helvulus
Polemonium rubrum
Ribes oxyacanthoides
Solidago caesia
Solanum nigrum

var. virginicum
Triosteum perfoliatum

Morison (and in the case of
most temperate North American
species, this includes Bobart)
the following species should
be considered in addition to
the published illustrations.
A total of 5 species are list-
ed below.

Actaea spicata var. alba
Convallaria stellata

1983 Reveal, Pre-1753 botanical explorations 95

Eupatorium hyssopifolium
Polypodium virginianum
Thalictrum cornutii

Other authors occasional-
ly sent specimens to Sherard
and Dillenius, or these two
men annotated specimens they
received from various natural-
ists, with polynomials that
could have been observed when
Linnaeus examined the Oxford
collections. Polynomials pub-
lished by Ray, Plukenet and
Petiver are on such specimens.
The following Linnaean species
have polynomials proposed by
these men given in synonymy,
and such names may be on spec-
imens found in the Sherardian
and Dillenian herbaria at the
University of Oxford. FE
Petiver; PL= Plukenet; R= Ray.

Asclepias variegata - PL
Ascyrum villosum —- PL

Aster mutabilis - PL
Bignonia sempervirens - PL, R
Clinopodium rugosum - PL, R
Clitoria mariana — PE

Conyza ee var. floscula
Conyza linifolia - PL
Eupatorium hyssopifolium -

b

Euphorbia maculata — PL
Horminum virginicum — PL
Magnolia virginiana

var. grisea - R
Phlox pilosa - PL, R
Phlox setacea - PL
Polypodium virginianum - PE,

R

Rhexia mariana — PL

Ribes oxyacanthoides — PL
Smilax bona=nox — PL
Solidago caesia - R
Trifolium comosum = PE

For Linnaeus, the botani-
cal explorations that occurred
in temperate North America
prior to 1753 were significant
to him. He never saw the New
World himself and had to rely
upon the efforts of others to
provide him with information.
This came in the form of dried
herbarium specimens, seeds and
fruits that resulted in culti-

vated plants he could examine,
and publications he could read
and study. Many of the her-
barium specimens seen by Linn-
aeus were gathered by John
Clayton and Peter Kalm. Of
the 889 species and varieties
described by Linnaeus in the
first edition of Species plan-
tarum in 1753, at least 586
entities, or 66%, were based
on their collections. This
includes 551 species for which
there are Clayton specimens,
205 species for which there
are Kalm specimens, and 170
species which were gathered by
both men. Of the remaining
303 species, Linnaeus has ma-
terial (mostly garden speci-
mens or collections which can-
not be determined as to col-
lector) for some 250 of those
species. The following spe-
cies do not seem to have ob-
vious specimens immediately
available to Linnaeus. A star
(*) indicates those species
which are not illustrated.

Annona glabra
Arnica maritima*
Asclepias amoena
Asclepias variegata
Aster miser
Aster mutabilis
Astragalus carolinianus
Bignonia caerulea
Bignonia sempervirens
Carduus altissimus
Cissampelos smilacina
Clinopodium rugosum
Clitoria mariana*
Convallaria stellata
Convolvulus carolinus
Conyza bifrons

var. flosculosa
Conzya linifolia
Eupatorium hyssopifolium
Euphorbia maculata
Gomphrena interrupta*
Gomphrena serrata
Guilandina dioica*
Holesteum succulentum*
Horminum virginicum
Hypericum lasianthus
Ipomoea carolina
Ipomoea lacunosa
Ipomoea tamnifolia
Iris versicolor

96 POH Yel’ OD. oaer. &

Lilium camschatcense*
Lycopodium carolinianum
Magnolia virginiana

var. grisea*
Magnolia virginiana

var. tripetala
Othonna cinneraria*
Pancratium carolinianum
Phaseolus helvulus
Philadelphus inodorus
Phlox pilosa
Phlox setacea
Pistacia simaruba
Polemonium rubrum
Polypodium virginianum
Prenanthes altissima
Rhexia mariana
Ribes oxyacanthoides
Sloanea emarginata
Smilax bona-nox
Solanum nigrum

var. virginicum
Solidago caesia
Thalictrum cornutii
Trifolium comosum*
Triosteum perfoliatum
Viscum rubrum

CONCLUSIONS

Linnaeus left an impres-
sive record of accomplishments
when he died in 1778. His
impact has extended far beyond
his own life time, and today,
the works of Carl Linnaeus are
as critical to botanists now
as they were at the time they
were published. In the present
review of just one publication
-- the first edition of Spe-
cies plantarum -- it can be
seen that not only is this
publication itself important,
but the basis upon which it
was eStablished reflects Linn-
aeus' premier position within
the botanical community. This
becomes obvious when one real-
izes that Linnaeus had access,
directly through specimens and
indirectly through the litera-
ture, to a large percentage of

Vol. 53, Now 1

the world's flora in 1753. No
doubt Linnaeus was a man of
tremendous industry. He had
the time and opportunity to
work on projects he deemed
important. He had the support
of a large number of his col-
leagues, although many did not
accept his general views as
expressed in his sexual system
of classification. Linnaeus
revolutionized systematic bot-
any by his consistent use of
binomials. Not only did Linn-
aeus make it simplier to index
names -- aS was his intention
-- he also made it more con-
vVinient for people of lesser
intellect to remember scienti-
fic names.

What can be seen from
this review of the temperate
North American flora as re-
ported in 1753 by Linnaeus is
that he depended upon a great
number of people to provide
him with descriptions, illus-
trations, seeds and specimens.
His place in the history of
science is well established
and shall not be diminished
with time. That position does
rest, however, upon the energ-
ies and even the lives of a
host of men and women willing
to face the unknown to disco-
ver the unseen so that he
might inform the world of the
existence of new species of
plants. Time has not changed
that faet. “Today, we’ Goo
fully depend upon the efforts
of the many past generations
of naturalists for our under-
standing of the living world.
It is hoped that this review
will remind the modern plant
taxonomist that the history of
systematic botany began long
before 1753 and the first
edition of Species plantarum.

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accepted manuscript.

Illustrations will be published according to the desires of the authors. No extra
charge is made for line drawings, such as are ordinarily reproduced in zinc, or for
diagrams, tables, or charts, provided they conform to certain limitations of size
and proportion. An extra charge will be made for halftones, depending on their
size, as fixed by the engraver.

Articles dealing with research in all lines of botany and plant ecology, in any
reasonable length, biographical sketches, and critical reviews and summaries of
literature will be considered for publication.

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