PHYTOLOGIA An international journal to expedite botanical and phytoecological publication Vol. 53 July 1983 No. 6 FIFTIETH JUBILEE YEAR CONTENTS ROBINSON, H., Five new species of Lychnophera from Bahia, Brasil BY EIRP S A NIPEMC BOE) Ce od Wes bak fe ia Oe Oe Ao ond 369 ROBINSON, H., A new species of Chresta from Bahia, Brasil (MENON CE ASICRACCUE ight oro yd A SS Lah R AA ce Bed ce 385 ROBINSON, H., Studies in the Heliantheae (Asteraceae). XXX. A new species of Ichthyothere from Cayenne .............0.00c0 cc ee eeeee 388 KING, R. M., & ROBINSON, H., Studies in the Eupatorieae (Asteraceae). CCVXI. New combinations for South American species ............ 392 ROBINSON, H., Three new species of Vernonia from South America (Viernontehic= ASIETAGCEGE) oN ook 6 ee Se LS PBR Ee 393 STEVENS, W. D., New species and names in Apocynaceae, Asclepiadoideae .. .401 DEVI, H. M., ARUNALAKSHMI, V., & PADMA, N., Pollen development UC PWN ACHUNIRICORE. a UN crue wie CS LS Le 2 Ppl Ree ne at 406 LUNDELD Cb) Neotropical Myrsinncvedée 1X 2 Ors hsb ee FR 411 LUNDELL (Cer. Mesoamerican Célastraceae 3) 8) I Be SL Va 414 HENRY, R. D., Aspects of the weed component of the spontaneous vascular flohael; Hancock Cont). Minois : i 2.0285 2 ok AEE Ps ee 417 HENRY, R. D., Aspects of the weed component of the spontaneous vascular flora of McDonough County, Illinois..... 0.2.0.0... 00000 cece ee 423 JONES, A. G., & SMOGOR, R. A., Chromosome counts of and notes on some Ol World ‘Gsieks (ASETACEHE) 8k Re DO OS hie Ey 429 KRAL, R., & SMITH, L. B., Xyridaceae venezuelanae—I ................... 432 ~ SKOREPA, A. C., New combinations in the lichen genera Hypotrachyna and Parmelina: (Parpieisacemeye «tN ee Siig d eye ay ON ie A Ree 445 GOMEZ, L. D., & GOMEZ-L., J., Plantae mesoamericanae novae. IX ........ 447 Published by Harold N. Moldenke and Alma L. Moldenke 303 Parkside Road Plainfield, New Jersey 07060 U.S.A. Price of this number $3.00; for this volume $13.00 in advance or $14.00 after close of the volume; $5.00 extra to all foreign addresses and domestic dealers; 512 pages constitute a complete volume; claims for numbers lost in the mails must be made immediately after receipt of the next following number for free replacement; back volume prices apply if payment is received after a volume is closed. FIVE NEW SPECIES OF ZLYCHNOPHORA FROM BAHIA, BRASIL (VERNONIEAE: ASTERACEAE) . Harold Robinson Department of Botany Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C., 20560. The name Lychnophora , meaning candle-bearer, is thoroughly appropriate for the many often large candelabra-form species of the Brasilian genus to which it is applied. The distinctive group is inevitably of interest, and has been subjected to a number of studies in the past, especially by Schultz-Bipontinus (1863), Baker (1873) and Coile and Jones (1981), Recent efforts by the author, however, have shown that there are yet major problems in delimitation at both the genus and species levels in Lychnovhora. The opportunity is taken here to make some obser- vations on these points and to describe five new species from Bahia having comparatively smaller habits of the type sometimes placed in the segregate genus Haplostephtium, Past identification efforts by the author have resulted in the descriptions of LZ. santostt (Robinson, 1980a) and L. souzae (Robinson, 1980b), and the neotypification and transfer from the genus of L. candelabrum (Robinson, 1981). It is of interest that all of these species, as treated by the author, find them- selves in some way in conflict with the generic delimitation of Lyehnophora given by Coile and Jones (1981) where the first two are excluded and where a form approaching the third is included. The LZ. santostt has, in fact, caused doubts in the author's own mind because of the non-coriaceous multi-squamulate outer pappus series. Still, similarity to other species of the Lyehnophora blanechettt group in Bahia, and the inner pappus segments are flattened and somewhat twisted. Retention in the genus seems best at this time. The species is certainly not a Vernonia as indicated by the transfer and later homonym provided by Jones and Coile (1981). In the case of L. souzae, a position in Ptptolepts was suggested by Coile and Jones (1981). This was the same place- ment suggested by the latter authors for L. alberttntotdes Gardn. Since Coile and Jones did not treat the two more common species of Haplostephtum to which L. souzae is related, it is not possible to know whether they also would compare those species with Piptolepts. In any case, such placement is not accepted here, since Piptolepits is characterized by larger single heads on the ends of branches rather than having clusters of heads. Since Haplostephiwn is distinguished from Lychno- phora only by the supposed lack of an outer pappus, and since 369 370 PHYTODOG Ts Vol. 53, No. 6 that character varies in a number of species, the genus Haplo- stephiwn is considered as a synonym of Lychnophora. This view includes the three species, including L. souzae, of the typical group from Minas Gerais, having the recurved lateral margins of the leaf blades extending to the base, and the comparatively unrelated species from Bahia placed in the genus by Mattfeld (1923). Although L. albertintotdes is not a Haplostephiun, it has clustered heads and is not a Ptptolepts, and its retention in Lyehnophora is recommended at this time. In view of these exclusions from the Coile and Jones (1981) concept of the genus, the inclusion of Lychnophoropsis, and by implication, the related Eptscothamus, is inexplicible. These two genera, with larger heads in elongate inflorescences, are not included here in Lychnophora. Lychnovhoropsis has 10-15 flowers in the head and has biformed achenes. The central presumably sterile achene being smaller with setulae densely covering the sides, and having filiform rather than flat pappus bristles. Eptscothamus has 20-25 flowers in each head, and has uniform achenes. One feature of the Coile and Jones (1981) treatment that seems correct is the recognition of extensive hybridization in the genus. Although specific examples cited are not all accepted, there is no doubt that hybridization is a major factor in the genus. The present study brings into use some leaf characters that do not seem to have been sufficiently emphasized in the past. The leaf tips are never acute as in Lychnophoropsts and Eptsco- thamus, but are sometimes apiculate or spinescent. This feature seems consistent in its various forms in most species, and is a factor in the distinction of some of the species described below. The leaf base is even more useful, with the typical element and majority of the species having essentially sessile leaves with recurved margins reaching to the base. To some extent the margins may actually be auriculate at the base, and a slight petiole might be present, hidden in the tomentun. In contrast, a number of species in Bahia have the recurved margins not reaching the base, and a short petiole can be seen forming a raised pad against the stem. This leaf base is similar in aspect to the condition seen in the Conifer genus Abies. The characters involved, especially the latter, have the advantage of being evident in most type photographs. At the species level, the present study has been concerned primarily with the extensive material recently collected from Bahia. Careful examination of many characters, including those cited above, has resulted in the following corrections and establishment of various concepts. Lychnophora bahiensts Mattfeld of Bahia was placed in the synonymy of L. staavitoides Mart. of Minas Gerais by Coile and Jones (1981), and credited with being a possible hybrid between 1983 Robinson, Five new species 371 that and Z. uniflora Sch.Bip. Actually, L. bahtensts is not regarded here as a particularly close relative of either of the two species. Lychnophora staavtotdes is a more robust species with broader much thickened leaves having a tuft of tomentum at the apex when young. The midrib on the upper surface is also much more prominent than in L. bahtensts, often forming a strong ridge or near the base even showing a double fold. Im contrast, L. untflora seems to be a species closely related to L. phyltct- folia, without close relationship to either L. staaviotdes or L. bahtensts. Three specimens seen of L. bahtensts, Harley 15864, King & Btshop 8606 and 8764, all show a basal stock of long leaves giving rise to one or two subapically innovating lateral branches at a time. The leaves have rougher surfaces and blunter scarcely pointed tips than those of LZ. untflora, and the pubescence of the stems and lower leaf surfaces is more densely tomentose and not straggly. A L. bahtensts type habit was mentioned by Coile and Jones in their discussion of L. unt- flora, but their observation was undoubtedly based on the Harley specimen of L. bahtensts that they included in their list of specimens. Lyehnophora blanchetit Sch.Bip. has not been identified with any recent collection in the present study, but the type photograph shows a pad-like petiolar base and narrow leaves as in a number of species described from Bahia in the present study. The type photograph indicates an apiculate leaf tip, and the original description indicates indurated outer squamellae in the pappus unlike any of the likely relatives. The monograph by Coile and Jones (198la) placed the species in the synonymy of L. phyltetfolta, but the latter is totally different with more shaggy pubescence on the stems and leaf undersurfaces, a smooth- er partially pilose upper surface of the leaf, a longer spinose leaf tip, and a broadened essentially sessile leaf base lacking a pad-like petiole base. The two species are not considered closely related in the present study. lLyehnophora phylictfolta seems related to L. jeffreyt described below from Bahia, but otherwise relates mostly to species centering their distribution in Minas Gerais. In contrast, L. blanchetit has the pad-like petiolar base like those of Haplostephtum trtfloruwn and other members of a species group concentrated in Bahia. The failure to match LZ. blanehetitt in recent collections indicates that exploration in Bahia is still inadequate. LYCHNOPHORA TRIFLORA (Mattfeld) H. Robinson, comb. nov. Haplostephtum trtflorum Mattfeld, Notizbl. Bot. Gart, Berlin 8: 428. 1923. According to the original description (Mattfeld, 1923) and type photograph, the Bahian species is closely related to L. blanchetit, having a similar petiole base and a somewhat apiculate leaf tip. The leaves also have their revolute margins becoming contiguous underneath distally in both 372 PHY T.0 0 Gl A Vol. 53, No. 6 species. The two species have been previously been considered synonyms by the present author, but the Mattfeld species differs in the less indurate often reddish inner pappus and the essential lack of an outer pappus. The leaves also seem generally narrower and more arcuate. The type photograph of L. blanehetit also seems to show more lanceolate involucral bracts. Because of these distinctions, the Mattfeld species requires the above new combination. Although all the species of Haplostephtwm are included here in Lychnophora, they are not considered here as a single phyletic unit. The present species differs from the three species of the typical element in Minas Gerais by the 3-flowered heads and by the pad-like petiolar bases on the leaves. As already indicated, the present species relates instead to the group in Bahia that includes L. blanchettt and four of those described below. The only recent specimen seen that closely approaches the original description and type photograph of L. triflora in its structure, is King & Btshop 8675 from the type locality, Pico das Almas. This differs by the lack of an apiculate tip on the leaves. The leaves are, nevertheless, more curved, more narrow- ed distally, and the leaves of the inflorescence are broader in the middle than any of those in specimens of the florally similar L. btshopitt described below. The specimen is considered a variant of the higher elevation LZ. trzflora rather than an intergrade with the lower elevation LZ, bishopit. The following five new species are all based on material that has at one time or another been labelled as L. blanchetit. The present concept represents a refinement of concept since the distribution of some of cited collections LYCHNOPHORA BISHOPII H. Robinson, sp. nov. Plantae fruticosae ad 1 m altae multo ascendentiter ramosae. Caules teretes dense hispidule albo-tomentosi. Folia dense spiraliter inserta plerumque recta late patentia et deinde len- iter curvata, petiolis brevibus podiformis; laminae lineares plerumque 8-15 mm longae et ca. 1 mm latae margine integrae anguste uniformiter recurvatae subtus non contiguae apice anguste rotundatae supra glabrae subtus dense appressae albe stellato- lepidotae. Inflorescentiae in ramis terminales. Capitula in axillis terminalibus dense congesta unusquisque anguste campan- ulata 7-8 mm alta et 3-4 mm lata; squamae involucri ca. 25 ca. 5-seriatae ovatae vel oblongo-ellipticae 2-6 mm longae et 1.0- 1.5 mm latae apice anguste obtusae extus glabrae apice ad medio longe sordido-maculatae. Flores 3 vel 5 in capitulo; corollae superne pallide ca. 6.5 mm longae extus superne dense glandulo- punctatae, tubis cylindraceis 2.5-3.0 mm longis, faucibus brev- ibus ca. 0.5 mm longis, lobis lanceolatis ca. 3.5 mm longis et 0.6 mm latis; thecae antherarum ca. 2 mm longae; appendices antherarum ca. 0.7/7 mm longae et 0.23 mm latae; styli in partibus OE 1983 Robinson, Five new species 373 hispidulis superioribus ca. 1.5 mm longi; rami stylorum ca. 1 mm longi. Achaenia 1.8-2.0 mm longa apice et fere ad basem pauce minute setulifera subglabra, cellulis numerosis idioblastiform- ibus in seriebus intermittentibus costalibus dispositis; setae pappi saepe lavandulae ca. 16-20 planae ca. 5 mm longae fragiles base contortae superne leniter tortae, seriebus exterioribus minutis triangularibus raro ad 0.5 mm longis. Grana pollinis in diametro ca. 37 pm (Lyehnophora-Type). TYPE: BRASIL: Bahia: By Rio Cumbuca ca. 3 km. S. of Mucugé, near site of small dam on road to Cascavel. Riverside, damp sandy soil, sandstone rocks and partly burnt-over vegetation. Alte. cas -850.mee. Approz. >419.21" | Wz<8SO OF" (Sie “Sieebt teves.7 75 cm. Leaves imbricate. Flowers purple. 4 Feb. 1974. R. M. Harley, S. A. Renvoize, C. M. Erskine, C. A. Brighton & R. Pin- hetro 15924 (Holotype, CEPEC; isotypes, US, K). PARATYPES: BRASIL: Bahia: By small river, 3 km along road S. of Mucugeé. Elev. 2600 feet. Shrub 1 m tall, flowers lavender. Jan. 31, 1981. R. M. King & L. E. Bishop 8719 (US); Uncommon shrub, 3/4 m tall, flowers lavender. Jan. 31, 1981. R. M. King & L. E. Bishop 8721 (US); Municipio de Mucugé. A 3 km ao S_ de Mucugé, na estrada que vai para Jussiape. 1000 mde altura. Campo Rupestre. Arbusto, 1 mde altura. Corola lilas. 22 Dez. 1979. S. A. Mort & F. P. Benton 13160 (US); 2-4 km approximately SW of Mucugé on the road to Cascavel, open scrub on white sand with damp areas and extensive sedge meadow. Partly burnt over. Alt. ca. 950 m. Approx. 41° 24' W, 13° 01' S. Bushy shrub to 2 mn. Leaves spreading, glossy mid-green above, grey beneath. Phyllaries grey green, inner with purple margin near apex. Corolla purple, turning paler with age. Stigma purple. 17.2.7/7. R. M. Harley, S. J. Mayo, R. M. Storr, T. S. Santos & R. S, Pinheiro 18827 (US); Serra do Sincor4, 3 km SW of Mucugé on the Cascavel road. Riverside vegetation on alluvial sands & nearby marsh. Alt. ca. 900 m. 41° 24' W, 13° 01' S. Bushy subshrub to 1m with bare stems beneath. Leaves pale green above, whitish beneath. Phyllaries green, tinged pink. Florets lilac. 27 March 1980. R. M. Harley, G. L. Bromley, A. M. De Carvatho & G. Martinellt 21058 (US). Lychnophora btshopit is distinct among the Bahian species with pad-like petioles by the narrow rather straight leaves with glabrous upper surfaces. The species seems close to L. triflora of the Pico das Almas, but has a remarkably consistent narrowness of the leaves with the white lepidote lower surface usually visible nearly to the narrowly rounded tip. This distinction is most obvious in the leaves of the inflorescence. The pappus bristles of L. triflora are also more tapered from near the middle, and its corollas seem to be truly rosaceous instead of rather pale as in the material seen of L. bishopit. All material of the new species is from the Mucugé area. The type and King & Bishop 8719 have 5-flowered heads while the other collections have heads with 3 flowers. The idioblast type 37h Pa LE Or lL Ore x & Vol. 53, No. 6 cells of the achene wall are comparatively simple, but have sufficient color to form rather obvious rows. The variably developed outer pappus of the species helps to further distract from the idea of a separate genus Haplostephtun. Some of the material of the species came labelled as Piptolepts ericoides (Less.) Sch.Bip. which it greatly resembles in habit. In fact, the members of the present group of Lychno- phora in Bahia tend to parallel the habits of various species of the genus Piptolepts of Minas Gerais. However, the species of Piptolepts have larger heads with 9-25 flowers that are almost always solitary on the tips of branches. Also, the corollas have more elongate throats than those seen in Lychnophora, and have longer narrower basal tubes than those in the present group. The achene seen in Piptolepts leptospermotdes (DC.) Sch. Bip. shows a distinctive type of triangular idioblastiform cell unlike those in Lychnophora. The cell is buried in the achene wall with the narrow end pointed outward, and the sloping lateral surfaces are covered by specialized sheathing cells on all sides. The outer pappus consists of setiform squamellae, unlike any of the species of Lyehnophora. The new species is named for Luther Earl Bishop, co- collector of two of the paratypes. LYCHNOPHORA HARLEYI H. Robinson, sp. nov. Plantae fruticosae ad 1.5 m altae multo ascendentiter ramosae. Caules teretes albe subhispido-lepidoti. Folia dense spiraliter inserta erecto-patentia recta deinde non late patent- ia, petiolis brevibus podiformibus; laminae ellipticae plerum- que 7-11 mm longae et 2-3 mm latae margine integrae anguste uniformiter recurvatae subtus late apertae apice breviter acutae supra laeves glabrae subtus dense appresse albe stellato-lepi- dotae. Inflorescentiae in ramis terminales paucicapitatae. Capitula in axillis terminalibus dense congesta unusquisque anguste campanulata 7-8 mm alta et ca. 3 mm lata: squamae involucri ca. 20 ca. 4-seriatae ovatae vel oblongo-ellipticae 2-6 mm longae et 0.8-1.4 mm latae apice anguste obtusae vel breviter acutae extus glabrae apice ad medio interdum sordido- maculatae., Flores ca. 4 in capitulo; corollae purpureae 7.0-7.5 mm longae extus superne sparse vel in partibus dense glandulo- punctatae; tubis cylindraceis 2.5-3.0 mm longis, faucibus 0.5- 0.7 mm longis, lobis lineari-lanceolatis ca. 4.5 mm longis et 0.7 mm latis; thecae antherarum ca. 2 mm longae; appendices antherarum ca. 0.7 mm longae et 0.3 mm latae; styli in partibus hispidulis superioribus ca. 0.5 mm longi; rami stylorum ca. 1 mm longi. Achaenia 1.8-2.2 mm longa glabra, cellulis idioblasti- formibus paucis inconspicuis; setae pappi pallidae ca. 12 anguste subfiliformes ca. 4 mm longae perfacile deciduae base contortae superne leniter tortae, seriebus exterioribus minute squamelliformibus induratis subquadratis truncatis ca. 0.1 mm longis. Grana pollinis in diametro 45-50 um (laxly areolate 1983 Robinson, Five new species 375 Lychnophora--Type). TYPE: BRASIL: Bahia: Serras dos Lencgois. About 7-10 km along the main Seabra-Itaberaba road, W. of the Lencgois turning, by the Rio Mucugézinho. Extensive sandstone outcrops and small trees, and some damp ground. Alt. ca. 800 m. 41° 26' W, 12° 28' S. This plant growing on sandy river side. Shrub to 1.5m Leaves coriaceous, glossy yellow-green above, white beneath. Corolla purple. 27 May 1980. R. M. Harley, G. L. Bromley, A. M. Carvalho, J. M. Soares Nunes, J. L. Hage & E. B. Dos Santis 22716 (Holotype, UB; isotypes, US, K). Lychnophora harleyi is most distinctive among the related group with pad-like petioles by its rather thin elliptical ascending leaves that do not spread with age. The achenes also seem to have fewer inner bristles than L. btshoptt, L. morit or L. regis, and the bristles are narrower than those of LZ. blanch- etit, L. regis or L. triftora. The species is named for R. M. Harley of Kew, specialist in the Labiatae, and collector of this and many other Bahian plants. LYCHNOPHORA REGIS H. Robinson, sp. nov. Plantae fruticosae 1-2 m altae multo patentiter ramosae. Caules teretes dense albe hirtello-tomentosi. Folia dense spiraliter inserta late patentia vel retroflexa rigida leniter aut distincte antrorse arcuata, petiolis brevibus sed podiform- ibus; laminae ovato-oblongae plerumque 4-7 mm longae et 2,0-2.5 mm latae margine integrae anguste uniformiter recurvatae subtus non contiguae apice rotundatae vel breviter obtusae supra glabrae irregulariter rugulosae subtus dense appresse albo- tomentosae. Inflorescentiae in ramis terminales. Capitula numerosa in axillis terminalibus dense congesta unusquisque anguste campanulata 7-9 mm alta et 3-4 mm lata; squamae invol- ucri ca. 40 et ca. 5-seriatae oblongo-ellipticae 2-7 mm longae et 1.0-1.5 mm latae apice anguste rotundatae extus distaliter sordido-maculatae saepe puberulae. Flores 3-4 in capitulo; corollae azureae vel albae ca. 6-7 mm longae extus superne dense glandulo-punctatae, tubis cylindraceis superne infundibularibus 3-4 mm longis, faucibus brevibus ca. 0.6 mm longis, lobis lineari-lanceolatis ca. 2.5 mm longis et 0.5-0.6 mm latis; thecae antherarum ca. 2 mm longae; appendices antherarum ca. 0,6 mm longae et 0.3 mm latae; styli in partibus hispidulis super- ioribus ca. 1.2 mm longi; rami stylorum ca, 1 mm longi. Achaenia ca. 3 mm longa glabra, cellulis idioblastiformibus numerosis in partibus intercostalibus achaeniorum irregulariter dispositis; setae pappi pallidae ca. 14-20 taeniformes ca. 5 mm longae facile deciduae base contortae superne non tortae sub- induratae, seriebus exterioribus nullis. Grana pollinis in diametro ca. 45-50 pm (Lychnophora-Type). TYPE: BRASIL: Bahia: Municipio de Mucugé, a 3 km ao S de Mucugé. Na estrada que vai par Jussiape. Elev. ca. 1000 m. Shrub 1-2 m tall, flowers blue. July 26, 1979. R. M, King, 376 PHYTOLOGIA Vol. 53, No. 6 S. A. Mort, T. S. dos Santos & Jd. L. Hage 815l (Holotype, CEPEC; isotype, US). PARATYPES: BRASIL: Bahia: Municfpio de Mucugé. Estrada que liga Mucugé cam Andaraf a 11 km de primeiro. Elev. ca. 1150 m. Shrub 1mtall, flowers purple. July 27, 1979. R. M. King, S. A. Mori, T. S. dos Santos &dJ. L. Hage 8168 (US); Main valley N of Mucugé from 3-8 km N of town. Elev. 2600-3000 feet. Fiarly common shrub to 2 m tall, flowers mostly past anthesis, the few corollas nearly white. Jan. 31, 1981. RAR. M. King & L. E. Bishop 8736 (US); Km 26 a 30 da Ros Andaraf/Mucugé. Solo pedregoso. Alt. 1050 m. Planta de 50 cm de alt. Flores azuladas c/ invdédlucros verdes. 9.5.76. T. S. Santos 31212 (US). Lychnophora regts differs from others of the L. blanechetit group in both aspect and details. The spreading heaves and branches are the most obvious distinction, the leaves usually being reflexed on older parts. The pubescence on the under- surfaces of the leaves is compact as in L. btshoptt and L. harleyt, but not as slick from the appressed stellate expansions of the hairs as in the latter species. The leaf is broader compared to its length than in most other species of the group. In the florets the pappus segments are broader than those of most related species, and are distinctive in having no twist. The style has the hispidulous upper part of the shaft longer than the branches as in most species of the group but unlike L, harleyt. The species is named for R. M. King, the principal collector of three of the specimens. LYCHNOPHORA MORII H. Robinson, sp. nov. Plantae fruticosae 1.0-1.7 m altae ascendentiter vel inter- dum patentiter multo ramosae. Caules teretes dense sordide hirtello-tomentosi. Folia dense spiraliter inserta plerumque late patentia deinde interdum reflexa rigide distincte antrorse arcuata; petiolis brevibus distincte podiformibus; laminae anguste ovatae plerumque 8-9 mm longae et inferne 3 mm latae margine integrae praesertim distaliter reflexae et subapice subtus contiguae inferne late apertae apice anguste obtusae vel breviter acutae non pungentes supra distincte pilosulae glabres- centes subtus dense pallide hirtello-tomentosae. Inflorescent-— iae in ramis terminales, Capitula numerosa in axillis termin- alibus dense congesta unusquisque anguste campanulata 7-8 mm alta et ca. 3 mm lata; squamae involucri ca. 25 ca. 5-seriatae ovatae vel oblongo-ellipticae 2-6 mm longae et 1.0-1.5 mm latae apice breviter acutae extus superne puberulae apice ad medio anguste sordido-maculatae. Flores 1-3 in capitulo; corollae purpureae ca. 6 mm longae extus superne glandulo-punctatae, tubis plerumque cylindraceis 2.0-2.5 mm longis, faucibus brev- ibus ca. 0.5 mm longis, lobis lineari-lanceolatis ca. 3 mm longis et 0.6 mm; thecae antherarum ca. 2 mm longae; appendices antherarum ca. 0.6 mm longae et 0.27 mm latae; styli in partibus hispidulis superioribus ca. 1.7 mm longi; rami stylorum ca. 1.4 1983 Robinson, Five new species 377 mm longi. Achaenia ca. 2 mm ? longa immatura glabra, cellulis idioblastiformibus non visis; setae pappi purpureae ca. 16 planae ca. 5 mm longae base contortae superne leniter tortae apice lanceolatae; seriebus exterioribus nullis? Grana pollinis in diametro 45-55 pm (laxly areolate Lychnophora-Type). TYPE: BRASIL: Bahia: Serras dos Lengois. Serra da Larguinha, ca. 2 km N.E. of Caeté-Agu (Capao Grande). West facing ridge with sandstone outcrops and summit plateau. Open scrub, low woodland and marsh. Alt. 1000-1400 m. 41° 29' W, 12° 36" S. Erect shrub to 1.7 m. Leaves rigid, dark green above, whitish grey beneath. Corolla purple. Pappus in flower, red. 25 May 1980. R. M. Harley, G. L. Bromley, A. M. de Carvalho, J. M. Soares Nunes, J. L. Hage & E. B. dos Santos 22554 (Holotype, UB; isotype, US). PARATYPES: BRASIL: Bahia: Municipality of Palmeiras, Pai Inacio, BR 242 W of Lencgois at km 232. Campo Rupestre. Shrub, 1.5 m tall. Flowers purple. Mostly in bud, only a few plants seen in full flower. Common. 12 June 1981. S. A. Mort & B. M. Boom 14372 (US); Serras dos Lencois. Serra da Larguinha, ca. 2 km N.E. of Caeté-Acgu (Capao Grande). West facing ridge with sandstone outcrops and summit plateau. Open scrub, low woodland and marsh. Alt. 1000-1400 mn. 419 29' W, 12° 36' S. Shrub to 1m. Leaves rigid, dark green above, greyish-fawn beneath. Phyllaries in bud with whitish grey hairs. 25 May 1980. R. M. Harley, G. L. Bromley, A. M. de Carvalho, J. M. Soares Nunes, J. L. Hage & E. B. dos Santos 22563 (US). Lychnophora morit has leaves with recurved leaf margins connivent distally as in L. blanchetti and L. trtflora, but lacks the pungent apiculate tip found in those species. The reddish pappus without an evident outer series further differs from the description of L. blanehetit. The available material of L. triflora shows a more prominent petioliform base and has less rigidly spreading leaves with a more lepidote appressed pubescence on the under surface. Also, in L. trtflora, only the leaves in the inflorescence are notably broadened in the middle while leaves of the vegetative parts are rather narrow. The most distinctive feature of L. morit is the pubescence on the upper surfaces of the younger leaves and the more erect pubescence on the under surfaces of the leaves. The younger parts of the plants are rather obviously whitish grey because of the hairs on the upper surfaces. The hairs on the under surface contrast strongly with the appressed form seem in even the non- lepidote members of the related group. The species is named for Scott Mori of the New York Botanical Garden, collector of one of the paratypes and numerous other Bahian plants. LYCHNOPHORA JEFFREYI H. Robinson, sp. nov. Plantae fruticosae ca. 1.25 m altae multo patentiter ramosae. Caules teretes dense albe hirtello-tomentosi. Folia 378 PyBit st Ot Gils Vol. 53, No. 6 dense spiraliter inserta erecto-patentia antrorse arcuata, petiolis obscuris non podiformibus; laminae ovato-lanceolatae plerumque 4-5 mm longae et inferne 1,5-2.0 mm latae base rotund- atae subauriculatae margine integrae late recurvatae distaliter subtus contiguae apice pungentes vel breviter aristatae supra leniter rugulosae minute areolatae subtus dense appresse albo- tomentosae; folia in inflorescentiis distincte latiora ad 7 mm longa et 2.5 mm lata. Inflorescentiae in ramis terminales. Capitula numerosa in axillis terminalibus dense congesta unus- quisque anguste campanulata ca. 8 mm longa et 2 mm lata; squamae involucri ca. 15 et ca. 4-seriatae oblongo-ellipticae 1.5-5.0 mm longae et 0.5-1.0 mm latae apice apiculatae pungentes extus distaliter lepidotae atratae. Flores 3-5 in capitulo; corollae rosaceae ca. 7 mm longae superne multo glandulo-punctatae, tubis cylindraceis ca. 3.5 mm longis, faucibus brevibus ca. 0.5 mm longis, lobis lineari-lanceolatis ca. 3 mm longis et base ca. 0.6 mm latis; thecae antherarum ca. 2 mm longae; appendices antherarum ca. 0.7 mm longae et 0.27 mm latae; styli in partibus hispidulis superioribus ca. 1.5 mm longi; rami stylorum ca. 1 m longi. Achaenia ca. 2 mm longa glabra, cellulis idioblastiform- ibus in seriebus intermittentibus intercostalibus dispositis; setae pappi pallidae ca. 12-14 planae ca. 4.5 mm longae facile deciduae base contortae superne leniter tortae, coronis pappi exterioribus ca. 0.5 mm longis in marginem minute irregulariter denticulatis. Grana pollinis in diametro ca. 40 pm (Lyehnophora-Type) . TYPE: BRASIL: Bahia: Serra do Sincord. W of Barra da Estiva on the road to Jussiape. Low grassland with scattered woodland & small streams on white quartzite soils, with occas- ional sandstone ridges. Alt. 1000-1300 m. An ee ae pas 13° 40's. This plant growing on slopes of sandstone ridge. Bushy shrub to about 1.25 m. Leaves rather yellow green above, white beneath. Flowers pink. 23 March 1980. R. M. Harley, G. L. Bromley, A. M, de Carvalho & G. Martinelli 20802 (Holotype, CEPEC; isotype, US). Lychnophora jeffreyi is the only one of the present series of new species not belonging to the LZ. blanchetit relationship, lacking the podiform petiolar base of that group. The only extent to which the petiole extends basally beyond the base of the leaf blade is the extent to which it is buried in the tomentum of the stem. Instead, L. jeffreyt seems to be a small- leaved relative of L. phyltctfolta and L. untflora which have the same type of broad subauriculate leaf base and tapering spinose tip. The species are also alike in their reduced number of involucral bracts. The apiculate tips on the bracts, however, are rather distinctive. Also, the new species lacks the longer hairs on the stems, around the leaf bases and some- times abaxially along the midvein of the leaf such as occurs in the related species. The pappus is particularly distinct, having narrower, less undurate, tapering inner segments, and 1983 Robinson, Five new species 379 having an undivided coroniform outer papnis, The species is named for Charles Jeffrey of Kew who has provided identifications for most of the Harley collections of Asteraceae from the recent trips to Bahia. Literature Cited Bakers J, G. 1873. Compositae. I. Verniaceae. Jn Martius, Flora brasiliensis 6 (2): 1-180, pl. 1-50. Coile, N. C. and S. B, Jones 1981. Lychnophora (Compositae: Vernonieae), A genus endemic to the Brazilian Planalto. BELEconia 33: 528-542. Jones, so. B. and N. C. Coile 1981. A new combination in Vernonia (Compositae: Vernonieae). Brittonia 33: 543. Matttetd, J. 1923. Compositae. im R. Pilger, Plantae LUtzelburgianae Brasiliensis I. Notizbl. Bot. Gart und Mus. Berlin-Dahlem 8: 428-451. Robinson, H. 1980a. Notes on the Lychnophorine genera Chresta and Eremanthus (Vernonieae: Asteraceae). Phytologia 45: 89-100. . 1980b. New species of Vernonieae (Asteraceae. VI. Lychnophora souzae. Phytologia 46: 104-106. 1981. Eptscothamus and Bishopalea, two new genera of Vernonieae (Asteraceae) from Brasil, and the resurrection of Stpoltsta. Phytologia 48: 209-217. Schultz-Bipontinus, C. H. 1863. lLychnophora Martius und einige benachbarte Gattungen. Pollichia 20/21: 321-439, 380 PPE: HO OT A Vol. 53, No. 6 UNITED STATES 2776999 _ NATIONAL HERBARIUM Lychnophora bishopti H. Robinson, Isotype, United States National Herbarium. Photos by Victor E. Krantz, Staff Photo- grapher, National Museum of Natural History. 1983 Robinson, Five new species 381 Lychnophora harleyi H. Robinson, Holotype, Herbario Universidad de Brasflia. 382 P BiveT-0 GO G@vIA Vol. 53, No. 6 ASTERACEAE of BAHIA. BRAZIL pio de Mucugé, a 3 kim as S de Mucug? Na es li, flowers | Lychnophora regis H. Robinson, Isotype, United States National Herbarium, 1983 Robinson, Five new species 383 Lynchnophora Serras dos Lengois. Serra da Larguinha, ca. 2 kw. N.E. of Caete- Acu (Capao Grande). West facing ridge with sandstone outcrops and summit plateau. Open acrub, low woodland aga mareh. > Alt. 1000-1400 a. 41°29'W., 12°3%6'S. BB. Erect shrub to 1.7 s. Leaves rigid ,dark green above, whitish grey beneath. Corolls purple. Pappus in flower, red. 25 May 1980 R.M. Harley 225% EX HERBARIO KEWENSI BRAZIL: ESTADO DA BAHIA Pan ee blanc ket Lyechnophora morti H. Robinson, Holotype, Herbdrio Universidade de Brasflia. 38h PHY T.0O.L0:02 4 Vol. 53, No. 6 UNITED STATE 2991199 NATIONAL HERBARIUM Lychnophora jeffreyt H. Robinson, Isotype, United States National Herbarium. A NEW SPECIES OF CHRESTA FROM BAHIA, BRASIL (VERNONIEAE: ASTERCAEAE). Harold Robinson Department of Botany Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C., 20560 At the time of the recent restoration of the genus Chresta (Robinson, 1980), eleven species were recognized. Material of a twelfth species has now become available among specimens of Asteraceae collected in Bahia by R. M. Harley of the Royal Botanic Gardens at Kew. The material has been forwarded thanks to the kindness of Charles Jeffery. The species is named here in honor of the collector. CHRESTA HARLEYI H. Robinson, sp. nov. Plantae herbaceae perennes multo caulescentes non vel pauce ramosae ad 75 cm altae. Radices subtuberosi. Caules erecti teretes dense appresse cinereo-tomentosi. Folia alterna per- breviter petiolata subsessilia, petiolis 0.5 mm longis; laminae anguste ellipticae plerumque 3-6 cm longae et 0.8-1.1 cm latae inferiores curvatae base cuneatae vel anguste abrupte terminatae margine utrinque 5-10 undulato-dentatae apice anguste acutae supra et subtus dense appresse cinereo-puberulae vel tomentosae subtus densiores, pilis T-formibus. Inflorescentiae in caulis et ramis terminales longe pedunculatae in syncephali_ solitarii terminatae. Syncephali ca. 2 cm alti et 1.5-2.0 cm lati. Capitula 30-40 sessilia aggregata anguste subcylindrica ca. 3 mm lata; squamae involucri ca. 17 in partibus deciduae appressae ovatae vel lanceolatae 2-12 mm longae et 1-2 mm latae apice argute pungentes anguste subtiliter acuminatae extus virides margine sensim purpureae superne sparse appresse pilosulae. Flores ca. 8 in capitulo in maturate variabili. Corollas pur- pureae ca. 12 mm longae, tubis ca. 8 mm longis angustis superne leniter latiores et sparse minute stipitato-glanduliferis, faucibus brevibus ca. 0.3 mm longis, lobis lineari-oblongis ca. 3 mm longis et 0.7 mm latis base intus papillosis ad apicem extus multo minute stipitato-glanduliferis; thecae antherarum ca. 1.5 mm longae; appendices antherarum obtusae ca. 0.2 mm longae et 0.25 mm latae; basi stylorum non noduliferi, styli in partibus superioribus sub ramis vix hispiduli, ramis 2.5-3.0 mm longis. Achaenia prismatica ca. 3 mm longa dense sericeo- setulifera; carpopodia late obturaculiformia subdisciformia; setae pappi persistentes longiores ca. 20 plerumque 5-7 mm longae distaliter omnino angustiores plerumque propre marginem subbarbellatae; setae exteriores lineares plerumque 1.5-3.0 mm longae, Grana pollinis in diametro 40-47 pm irregulariter 385 386 PHITTOLOGIA Vol. 53, No. 6 lophorata cristis humilis minute multo spinuliferis, spinis majoribus nullis (Reticulation between Chresta and Lychnophora Type). TYPE: BRASIL: Bahia: Serra Geral de Caitité. 1.5 km S of Brejinhos das Ametistas. Sandstone rocks with scrub & dense low woodland on undisturbed summit. Alt. 900 m. 42° 29" W, 14° 09' S. Herb to ca. 75 cm with several stems arising from one root- stock. Stems greym leaves grey with undulate margins, Phyllaries green with purple tinged margins. Corolla purple. 11 April 1980. R. M. Harley, G. L. Bromley, A. M. de Carvalho, J. L. Hage & H. S. Brito 21228 (Holotype, CEPEC; isotype, US). Chresta harleyt was originally distributed under the name Chresta martiit (DC.) H.Robinson, and seems to be rather closely related to that species. The latter species is easily disting- uished, however, by its broadly ovate distinctly petiolate leaves. The leaves also seem more crowded toward the base of the plant in C. martit. The inflorescence of the latter has broader, blunter, more pubescent, spine-tipped involucral bracts, and there is an elongation of the syncephalum axis as it ages that is not evident in even the oldest inflorescence of the new species. The geographic distribution also seems distinct, the new species being from southern Bahia. The related C. martit is known only from northern Bahia northward into Piauhy. Literature Cited Robinson, H. 1980. Notes on the Lychnophorine genera Chresta and Eremanthus (Vernonieae: Asteraceae). Phytologia 45: 89-100. 1983 Robinson, A new species of Chresta 387 ie ’ 2 und hyliartes green with p orolla purple. April 1950 2M tariey \ EX HERBARIO KEWENSE BRAZIL: ESTADO DA BAHIA UNITED STATES ——- 2927772 / K.M. Haney. GL. Broweey, A.M. DeCaRVALHO. ).L. HAGE, & FS. Barro NATIONAL HERBARIUM in Marley No. 21 UA Fickd werk seeemured be the Rows) Became Gender. Kem. ard the Academe Beawteire de Cobneien. eeat corned owt with the enlisborarion of the Comune de Pexewras do Cacan, lewbura, Bebsa, March s fase, 1980 Chae vera cae (pe ) NN Klows Chresta harleyt H. Robinson, Isotype, United States National Herbarium. Photo by Victor E. Krantz, Staff Photographer, National Museum of Natural History. STUDIES IN THE HELIANTHEAE (ASTERACEAE), XXX. A NEW SPECIES OF ICHTHYOTHERE FROM CAYENNE, Harold Robinson Department of Botany Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C., 20560. Material of Asteraceae recently sent for determination by G. Cremers of the Office de la Recherche Scientifique et Technique Outre-Mer, Centre de Cayenne (Guyane) included many specimens by a number of collectors of an undescribed species of Iehthyothere. The specimens were from various localities in Cayenne and from immediately adjacent Brasil. The undescribed nature of the species seems to have been suspected by De Gran- ville who annotated a number of specimens as sp. nov?, and the species is here named in his honor. ICHTHYOTHERE GRANVILLEI H. Robinson, sp. nov. Plantae herbaceae annuae? erectae 0.3-1.0 m altae pauce vel mediocriter ramosae. Caules sordido-virides subteretes striati sparse pilosi. Folia opposita base angusta indistincte petiol- ata, petiolis 2-10 mm longis; laminae ellipticae plerumque 4-9 cm longae et 1.0-3.5 cm latae raro ad 18 cm longae et 7 cm latae base et apice longe et interdum valde acuminatae margine remote minute multi-serrulatae supra et subtus irregulariter pilosae subtus multo minute glandulo-punctatae supra basem valde tri- nervatae, nervis secundariis valde ascendentibus ad marginem subparallelibus. Inflorescentiae in ramis terminales in glomer- ulis pauci-capitatis foliatis aggregatae. Capitula sessilia vel subsessilia 5-10 mm alta et 3-5 mm lata; squamae exteriores femineae ca. 2 in capitulo late ellipticae vel orbiculares ca. 5 mm longae et 3-4 mm latae extus glabrae multilineatae: squamae interiores masculi (Paleae) usque ad 45 pallidae oblongae ca. 2.5 mm longae et 1.5 mm latae 5-lineatae resiniferae in partibus costalibus interioribus latae margine latae distincte multo minute denticulatae. Corollae femineae tubiformes ca. 1 mm longae non vel obscure lobatae inferne plerumque glabrae apice dense piliferae, pilis variabiliter uniseriatis vel biseriatis et pilis biseriatis interdum ad apicem minute glanduliferis. Corollae masculae albae infundibulares ca. 3 mm longae, faucibus in nervis mediocriter incrassatis, lobis triangularibus ca. 0.4 mm longis et 3.5 mm latis superne pauce glandulo-punctatis; filamenta in parte superiore ca. 0.25 mm longa; thecae anther- arum rubrae ca. 1.2 mm longae; appendices antherarum ca. 0.13 mm longae et 0.15 mm latae extus pauce glanduliferae. Achaenia feminea obovatae ca. 3 mm longa et 2 mm lata multo striata laevia vel in seriebus tuberculata. Grana pollinis in diametro 388 1983 Robinson, Studies in the Heliantheae 9 Ga. 2icam, TYPE: CAYENNE: Massif des Emerillons, face sud. Sur rocher ensoleillé au sommet de la montagne, alt. + 450 m. Herbacdée + rampante. Tige verte A violacée, pubescentes, Feuilles opposées ovales aigues aux 2 extrémités, dentées, pubescence sur les 2 faces. Inflorescence terminale blanche ou axillaire. Flores noiratres. 8-9-80. Cremers 6589 (Holotyve, US; isotype, CAY). PARATYPES: CAYENNE: Fleuve Oyapock, Savanes - Roches, "Baton Pilon". Plante poussant en savane, 1,20 m de haut. Inflores- cence blanche. 12 Juil. 1969. Oldeman B. 2536 (CAY); Fleuve Oyapock, Roche Sikini. Herbe Lignifiée A la base, sous for@t. Hauteur 1m. Racines brunes. Feuilles vertes. Inflorescence blanch@tre en épis denses. 18 Juil. 1969. Oldeman T. 408 (CAY); Haut Tampoc: Saut Pierkouron. Plante charnue abondante sur rochers bordant les sauts et sur les terrains secondaires. Tous les organes saut pubescents, poils blancs. Fleurs blanches tachetees de rouge au sommet. 5-4-77. Morettt 702 (US); Crique Baton Pilon, rive gauche de 1'Oyapock. Petite herbe qui pousse sur les rochers, feuilles vertes. Inflorescence blanch- atre. 19-9-73. De Granville T. 1049 (CAY): Savane roche dans la région de la Haute Crique Armontabe, bas Oyapock. Herbe poussant sur le rocher. Feuille odorantes. Capitules Aa bractées blanches. Fleurs jaunes, 31-2-81. De Granville 4338 (US, CAY); Mitaraka S, pente E, alt. 700 m; rochers granitiques dénudés. Fleurs blanches. 14 VIII 1972. C. Sastre 1682 (CAY); BRASIL: Mitaraka S, 2,5 Km W-SW du sommet, créte W, alt. 500 m; zone de transition forét-rochers granitiques dénudés. 1 nm, inflorescences blanches. Localement dominant. 12 VIII 1972. C. Sastre l66l (CAY); Temomairen; sur rochers granitiques, sous-bois de Clusta. Fleurs blanches. 31 VII 1972. C. Sastre 2513 (CAY); Montagne Paloulouiméempeu, versant E; sur pente granitique + dénudée; occasionnel. Inflorescence blanche. 2 VIII 1972. C. Sastre 1535 (CAY). Iehthyothere granvillet is evidently closest in relation- ship to I. davidset H. Robinson from the State of Pard in Brasil south of the Amazon River. The two species have similar habits, two female flowers in each head, and female corollas with hairs only near the top without enlarged glandular tips. The species from southern Pard differs by having a coarser habit, denser pubescence on the stem, entire leaf blades, hairs mostly on the veins on the leaf undersurfaces, heads with pilose female bracts, male bracts darker and fringed with longer hairs, and achenes not ribbed or strongly striated. The new species seems widely distributed on rocky ground, sometimes occurring in quantity. From the appearance of the whole plants on the herbarium sheets, the plants are annuals or short-lived perennials. There is no evidence of a tuber. In spite of the limited material available, I. davidset and the slightly more distantly related I. petiolata H. Robins. of Rondénia seem to characteristically have reduced upper leaves 390 PRE H Ot OG bk Vol. 53, Now 6 which are usually quite small in the inflorescence, In contrast, the upper leaves of I. granvtllet seem rather characteristically as large as or larger than the lower. The leaves of the inflorescence of I, pettolata (Robinson, 1980) are smaller than those of I. davidset (Robinson, 1981). Literature Cited Robinson, H. 1980. Studies in the Heliantheae (Asteraceae). XXVI. New species of Iehthyothere. Phytologia 47: 128-134. 1981. Studies in the Heliantheae (Asteraceae) XXVIII. Additions to Calea and Iehthyothere from Brasil. Phytologia 49s A0=15). 1983 Robinson, Studies in the Heliantheae 391 Hextucte £ ranpante Tige verte & vielacde, paucesecnten Peujlles opposées ovales sigues aux 2 extra mités, dentées, pubescence sur lea 2 faces Inflorescence terminale blanche ow axillaire Pleurs noirftros Vaseif dew Bmerilions, face sud UNITED STATES Sur rocher onsoleillé au somvet de le sone tame, olt. + 4508 2958135 NATIONAL HERBARIUM 3 Collection CHBURS Det Ritenoner coeleurs EXOTICA HORVICULTURAL COLOR CLIDE Iechthyothere granvillei H. Robinson, Holotype, United States National Herbarium. Photo by Victor E. Krantz, Staff Photographer, National Museum of Natural History. STUDIES IN THE EUPATORIEAE (ASTERACEAE). CCXVI. NEW COMBINATIONS FOR SOUTH AMERICAN SPECIES R. M. King and H. Robinson Department of Botany Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C., 20560. Production of the manuscript for the treatment of the tribe Eupatorieae has shown the need for a few additional new combin- ations. CRITONIELLA TENUIFOLIA (H.B.K.) R. M. King and H. Robinson, comb. nov. Eupatortun tenutfoltun H.B.K., Nov. Gen. et Sp., ed. folio: "84... 1818. HEBECLINIUM RECREENSE (Hieron. in Urban) R. M. King and H. Robinson, comb. nov. Eupatortum recreense Hieron. in Urbane, Enel: Bot. Jahnb.-40:5599. 1908. MIKANIA CORYMBITFOLIA (B. L. Robinson) R. M. King and H. Robin- son, comb. nov. Kantmta corymbitfolta B. L. Robinson, Proce. Aner:..Acad. 47: 198. 2911. MIKANIA PSEUDOGRACILIS R. M. King and H. Robinson, nov. nom. Kanimia mterophylla B. L. Robinson, Contrib. Gray Herb. Bases (os Soe 922, MIKANIA VIOLASCENS (B. L. Robinson) R. M. King and H. Robinson, comb. nov. Kanimia vitolascens B. L. Robinson, Proc. Amer. Reage 475 1962) LOT. SPHAEREUPATORIUM SCANDENS (Gardn.) R. M. King & H. Robinson, comb. nov. Conoelinium scandens Gardn., Hook. Lond. Journ. Bet J6S 457.) ess. 392 THREE NEW SPECIES OF VERNONIA FROM SOUTH AMERICA (VERNONIEAE: ASTERACEAE) Harold Robinson Department of Botany Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C., 20560 The following three new species of Vernonia have been encountered among materials from South America that have been received for identification. One of the species is from Peru and two are from Brazil. VERNONIA CAJAMARCENSIS H. Robinson, sp. nov. Plantae suffruticosae ca. 1m altae mediocriter ramosae. Caules teretes striati atropurpurei dense griseo-pilosuli et glandulo-punctati. Folia alterna, petiolis 5-12 mm longis; laminae ovatae plerumque 3.5-6.5 cm longae et 1.8-3.0 cm latae base acutae vel vix acuminatae margine integrae apice obtusae vel breviter apiculatae utrinque pilosulae et dense atro- glandulo-punctatae subtus densius pilosulae, nervis secundariis utrinque ca. 6 ca. 45° ascendentibus subtus mediocriter promin- entibus densius pilosulis. Inflorescentiae elongatae, ramis cymosis axillaribus et terminalibus non foliosis interdum divaricate subdivisis distaliter leniter subcongeste scorpioid- eis, pedicellis ca. 1 mm longis. Capitula late campanulata ca. 7 mm alta et 5 mm lata; squamae involucri ca. 27-30 subimbrica- tae ca. 5-6-seriatae appressae ovatae vel oblongo-lanceolatae 1-4 mm longae et 0.5-1.5 mm latae apice obtusae margine planae plerumque purpureae extus pilosulae superne subtomentosae et dense glandulo-punctatae. Flores ca. 9-10 in capitulo. Corollae purpureae ca. 6 mm longae extus glandulo-punctatae, tubis ca. 2.5 mm longis, faucibus ca. 1.5 mm longis, lobis anguste lance- olatis ca. 2 mm longis; thecae antherarum 1.8 mm longae base calcaratae sed ecaudatae; appendices antherarum ca. 0.5 mm longae et 1.7 mm latae glabrae; basi stylorum disciformes; scapi stylorum in partibus hispidulis superioribus ca. 0.7 mm longi, pilis inferioribus obtusis; rami stylorum ca. 1.5 mm longi subacuti. Achaenia ca. 1.5 mm longa in costis flexuose setul- ifera inter costam dense glandulo-punctata punctis superficial- ibus plerumque unicellulatis subglanduliformibus obsita; carpo- podia turbinata ca. 2.5 mm longa et 3 mm lata; setae pappi albae mediocriter deciduae ca. 50 ca. 4 mm longae distaliter leniter latiores margine et extus scabridulae; squamellae pappi exter- iores lineari-lanceolatae 0.4-0.5 mm longae. Grana pollinis in diametro ca. 35-40 um irregulariter areolata et spinulosa (Lyehnophora-type) . TYPE: PERU: Cajamarca: Prov. Jaén. Quebrada San Agustin. ladera con monte bajo. Alt. 1100-1200 m. Flores purptreas; 393 39h, PHYTOLOGIA Vol. 53, No. 6 arbusto. Julio 20, 1982. R. Ferreyra & S. Sdnehez 19652 (Holo- type, US). Vernonia cajamarcensis keys with some difficulty in the Jones (1980) treatment of tribe in Peru because of uncertainty of the use of the term scorpioid. For this reason the species has been compared with all possible alternatives and been found to differ. The general impression given by the plant suggests relation to V. scorptotdes (Lam.) Pers.and the pollen type supports that impression. Relationship cannot be very close, however, since the inflorescence is much more elongate consisting mostly of short lateral branches, and the involucral bracts are blunt. The appressed tips of the involucral bracts have none of the pubescence seen inside the tips in V. scorpiotdes. The new species also seems to have less flowers in the heads than the 14-24 credited to V. scorptoides. The stem surface is distinctly darker with sparser spreading pubescence. The new species might key in the Jones treatment to the poorly known V. stuebelit Hieron., but the description and type photograph of the latter suggest that it is a minor variant of V. patens H.B.K. VERNONTA CARVALHOI H. Robinson, sp. nov. Plantae herbaceae rosulatae ad 3.5 dm altae. Folia sub- carnosa oblanceolata plerumque 3-7 cm longa et 0.6-1.2 cm lata base sensim anguste petioliformia margine integra apice rotund- ata supra et subtus minute immerse glandulo-punctata in costis et margine sparse setulifera, nervis secundariis obscuris. Inflorescentiae scaposae; scapi erecti saepe solitarii striati breviter appresse griseo-puberuli pauce bracteiferi superne pauce ramosi, pedicellis 5-30 mm longis dense hispidulis. Capitula late campanulata 10-13 mm alta et lata; squamae invol- ucri ca. 30-35 laxe subimbricatae ca. 4-seriatae erectae oblongo- lanceolatae vel lineares 3-9 mm longae et 1.0-1.5 mm longae apice breviter vel longe acutae extus pilosulae interiores in marginis late pallidae et subglabrae. Flores ca. 50-60 in capitulo. Corollae purpureae ca. 14 mm longae in tubis faucibus et in lobis inferne et subapice glanduliferae, tubis angustis ca. 7 mm longis, faucibus brevibus ca. 1 mm longis, lobis linearibus ca. 6.5 mm longis et 0.8 mm latis; thecae antherarum ca. 3 mm longae; appendices antherarum ca. 0.4 mm longae et 0.23 mm latae glabrae; basi stylorum annuliformes; scapi stylorum in partibus hispidulis superioribus ca. 1.5 mm longis; rami stylorum ca. 2 mm longi attenuati anguste acuti. Achaenia submatura ca. 1.8 mm longa dense setluifera base et apice pauce glandulifera; carpo- podia breviter cylindrica ca. 0.1 mm longa et 0.25 mm lata; setae pappi sordido-flavescentes persistentes ca. 37-40 ca. 7 mm longae distaliter vix latiores margine et extus scabridulae; squamellae pappi exteriores lineari-lanceolatae 1.2-1.8 mm longae et ca. 0.2 mm latae. Grana pollinis in diametro ca. 50 um valde lophorata, cristis altis minute multo-spinuliferis, spinis majoribus nullis (Reticulation V. argyrophylla-type). 1983 Robinson, Three new species 395 TYPE: BRAZIL: Bahia: Municipio de Palmeiras. Pai Inacio km 242 da rodovia BR 242. Vale entre os blocos que compoem o conjunto. Erva crescendo no campo arenoso. Folhas discolor lucidas. Inflorescencia vistosa, flores arroxeadas. 19 Dez. 1981. Andre M. de Carvalho, G. P. Lewis & J. L. Hage 1016 (Holotype, CEPEC; Isotype, US). The new species shows the essentially rosulate and scapose habit that is found in comparatively few members of the genus in Brasil. These species are discussed under the description of V. santositt H. Robinson (1980). Of these various not necessarily related species, only the latter has previously been found in Bahia. Vernonta carvalhot differs from the others in general by its narrow oblanceolate leaves with rounded to minutely apiculate tips. Relationship is probably to V. santostt which also has entire leaf margins and with which the new species shares some tendency for a limited precocious flowering of the peripheral florets. The related species differs in a number of details including broader thicker leaves, an inflorescence with fewer and more strongly offset branches, more numerous rows of bracts in the involucre, and more narrowly pointed inner bracts. The hairs of the new species are much shorter and less flexuous than those of VY. santosit. VERNONIA HERINGERI H. Robinson, sp. nov. Plantae fruticosae ca. 0.8 m altae mediocriter ramosae. Caules 5-angulati inferne subteretes albo-tomentosi inferne brunnescentes. Folia alterna, petiolis distinctis plerumque 3-10 mm longis; laminae coriaceae oblongae vel oblongo-ovatae, plerumque 4-7 cm longae et 2-4 cm latae base late rotundatae margine planae integrae vel obscure subserrulatae apice obtusae vel breviter acutae supra plerumque glabrae et lucidae in nervis secundariis albidae et tomentellae subtus albo-tomentosae in nervis et nervulis prominulis interdum sordidiores, nervis secundariis pinnatis utrinque ca. 10 ca. 309-45° patentibus. Inflorescentiae in ramis uni- vel pauci-capitatae: capitula in axillis bracteorum foliosorum breviter pedicellata, pedicellis ca. 5 mm longis latis valde angulatis dense albo-tomentosis. Capitula late campanulata ca. 16-23 mm alta et 15-20 mm lata; squamae involucri ca. 100-150 subimbricatae ca. 6-7-seriatae breviter lanceolatae vel lineari-lanceolatae 3-17 mm longae et 2-4 mm latae appressae apice acutae margine planae extus dense albo-tomentosae in bracteis exterioribus in linearis mediis saepe evanescentes. Flores ca. 60-95 in capitulo. Corollae roseae vel albae 13-16 mm longae inferne glabrae vel subglabrae, tubis ca. 8-9 mm longis superne leniter latioribus, faucibus ca. 4 mm longis, lobis pallidioribus linearibus 5-6 mm longis et 0.8 mm latis superne induratioribus densius breviter stipitato- glanduliferis apice minute apiculatis et pauce spiculiferis; thecae antherarum ca. 5 mm longae base calcaratae sed vix caud- 396 PHYTOLOGIA Vol. 53, No. 6 atae; appendices antherarum ca. 0.5 mm longae et 0.3 mm latae; basi stylorum non noduliferi; scapi stylorum in partibus hispid- ulis superioribus ca. 1.5 mm longi; rami stylorum ca. 1.2 mm longi. Achaenia submatura ca. 3 mm longa dense longe sericeo- setulifera; carpopodia trubinata ca. 0.3 mm alta et 0.6 mm lata; setae pappi albae persistentes ca. 95 ca. 10 mm longae distaliter distincte latiores non angulatae scabridae extus sublaeves; squamellae lineari-lanceolatae ad 3 mm longae extus sublaeves. Grana pollinis in diametro ca. 60-70 pm valde lophorata, cristis altis minute multo spinuliferis, spinis majoribus nullis (reti- culation V. argyrophylla-type). TYPE: BRASIL: Goias: Mun. de Luziania, Santo Ant6nio do Descoberto, cerrado com 4rvores esparsas e solo cascalhoso. Planta encaracolada, ramos recurvados, flores roxas. 2/7 III 1980. E. P. Heringer 17743 (Holotype, IBGE; Isotypes, NY, US). PARATYPES: BRASIL: Goias: Santo Ant6nio do Descoberto. Arbusto com 80 cm de altura; folhas coriaceas; flores alvas. 27 III 1980. A. E. Heringer Salles 121 (NY); Dist. Fed.: Bacia do Rio S80 Bartolomeu. Arbusto ca. 0,7 m de altura; folhas discolores; capitulos com flores caducas; campo rupestre. 22 IV 1981. E. P. Heringer, T. S. Filguetras, R. C. Mendonca & B. A. S. Pereira 6843 (US). Vernonia heringeri is similar in appearance to the closely related V. argyrophylla DC. and would key to that species (Jones, 1982). Nevertheless, there are a number of significant differences in detail, and separate specific status is certain. Most obviously, the stems and pedicels of the new species are strongly angled, especially the pedicels, and the leaves have distinct petioles. The pedicels of the new species are never elongate as they often are in V. argyrophylla. The involucral bracts are apparently in fewer rows with a more oblong rather than triangular shape, and the tips are narrowly obtuse rather than acute. The pubescence on the bracts is a more persistent yellowish tomentum rather than an appressed somewhat evanescent white wool as in V. argyrophylla. The pappus bristles in the new species are less obviously broadened or angulate on the margins, and they never show the almost truncate appearance common in V, argyrophylla. The distal halves of the corolla lobes in the new species also seem to differ in being stiffer and somewhat indurated rather than shrivelled on drying. Literature Cited Jones, S. B. 1980. Tribe Vernonieae. Jn Macbride, J. F., Fiora of Pecu., Fieldana: Botany. n.s-, 5)(1) 22-73. . 1982. A revision of Vernonia series Buddleitfoltae (Compositae: Vernonieae). Brittonia 34 (1): 102-117. Robinson, H. 1980. New species of Vernonieae (Asteraceae). V. Additions to Vernonia from Brasil. Phytologia 45: 166- 208. 1983 Robinson, Three new species 397 UNIVERSIDAD MACIONAL MATOR DE SAN MAE MUSEO DE HISTORIA NATURA P oe A ver 7 A a ry Q b Ss A UNITED STATES ; fees. Du rofreas re ae jera con nte bajo 909997 7, v3 +O ‘ 293337 1 Fea. YUlio 20, 198 Altire 4 + — N Ve Owt NATIONAL HERBARIUM Cotector:.R, Ferreyra & S. SAnchez 196* Herborie Son Moroes US Vernonia cajamarcensts H. Robinson, Holotype, United States National Herbarium. Photos by Victor E. Krantz, Staff Photo- grapher, National Museum of Natural History. 398 P Beir) GO @ Tish Vol. 53, No. 6 vernoma carveine / 140% Sys t HERBARIO CENTRO DE PESQUISAS DO CACAU Pioniss do Hegas idcouere iG dana E : BRASIL Composi tae ‘ ‘ Municipio de Palmeiras. Pai inacio ka 242 da ra dovia BR 242. Vale entre os bloccs que Compoem o conjunte. UNITED STATES , , Erva crescendo no campo arenoso. Foihas discolor : lucidas. Inflorescencia vistosa, Tlores arroxsca See das 2933273 André A.de Carvaito, G.P Lewis & J i tage 1016 NATIONAL HERBARIUM 19. Dez. 1961 Vernonta carvalhot H. Robinson, Isotype, United States National Herbarium. 1983 Robinson, Three new species 399 RESERVA ECOLOGICA DO RONCADOR Vormond oo] Le ASAT CHR: NR RBC ID RE 5 lta Vernonta heringert H. Robinson, Holotype, Herbario da Reserva Ecologica do IBGE. 4,00 P UT le Geked Vol. 53, No. 6 ELMS OLD LL MPTE ESS SIE EL POLS LE LONE TOMALES ELE TORE ee ee ee ee ee eee ee eee 8 eS Pade Z ia & - >! Toorinrnniviiiiiiiiiilivlliilliliiiliiiiiti iit Enlargements of heads of Vernonia species. Top V. cajanar- censis. Middle V. carvalhot. Bottom V. heringert. NEW SPECIES AND NAMES IN APOCYNACEAE, ASCLEPIADOIDEAE. Warren Douglas Stevens Missouri Botanical Garden P.O: Box 299 St. Louis, MO 63166 These new names and species are proposed in anticipation of floristic and monographic treatments in press or in progress. ASCLELPIAS NUMMULARIOIDES W. D. Stevens, sp. nov. Type: S. Romero & C. Rojas 32-1133 (ENCB, holotype). Asclepias nummularioides W. D. Stevens; species nova A. nummulariae Torrey proxima. Praecipue differt foliis minoribus et angustioribus, floribus paucioribus duplo major intensius atropurpureisque. Suffrutex vel herba rhizomate humilis. Caules plures simplices erecti vel procumbentes tomentosi glabrescentes. Folia opposita sessilia vel breviter petiolata pannosa glabrescentia; lamina ovata vel elliptica 10.5-18 mm longa 6-10 mm fata. Cymae laterales plerumque 4-8-florum tomentosae; pedunculus 22-35 mm _ longus; pedicellus 11-24 mm_ longus. Flores atropurpurei; calycis lobi ovati 3-3.4 mm longi 1.2-1.8 mm lati extus tomentosi intus glabri; corolla reflexa extus glabra intus papillata, tubo 0.7- 1 mm longo, lobis 5.7-7 mm longis 3.2-4.4 mm latis; cuculli modice patentes 3.4-4 mm longi corniculis fere omnino adnatis arcuatis exsertis; gynostegium 2.8-3.7 mm altum breviter stipitatum. Folliculus erectus in pedicello reflexo napiformis laevis tomentosus glabrescens. Herbaceous, rhizomatous or caudiciform, densely tomentose to glabrate. Stems unbranched, decumbent to erect, to 11 cm long. Leaves opposite; petioles absent to 5 mm long; blades narrow-ovate to ovate or wide-elliptic, 10.5-18 mm long, 6-10 mm wide, apex acute to acuminate or rounded, base obtuse to rounded, without glands. Cymes lateral, mostly 4-8- flowered; peduncles 20-35 mm long; bracts linear, to 5.5 mm long; pedicels 11-24 mm long. Flowers deep purple or corolla greenish white; calyx lobes narrow-ovate to ovate, 3-3.4 mm long, 1.2-1.8 mm wide, tip acute, glabrous within; corolla reflexed, glabrous without, papillate within, tube 0.7-1 mm long, lobes obovate with acuminate tips, 5.7-7 mm long, 3.2-4.4 mm wide; hoods deflexed ca 45°, with distal margin horizontal, 3.4-4 mm long, 1.8-2.5 mm wide dorsally, horns largely adnate, exserted, arcuate with tips incumbent on style apex, laterally compressed; gynostegium 2.5-2.7 mm long, 2.1-3 mm wide, stipe 0.3-1 mm long, columnar; pollinium apparatus 1.3-1.4 mm long. Follicles erect on deflexed pedicels, napiform-attenuate, somewhat asymmetrical, to 5 cm long and 1.1 cm wide, smooth. Seeds obovate, ca 5.2 mm long and 4.3 mm wide, margins thin, surface tuberculate, pale brown, coma ca 2 cm long, pale tawny. 401 02 PEHEYPTOLOoGT s&s Vol. 53, No. 6 The most closely related species, Asclepias nummularia Torrey, is known from Texas, Arizona, Chihuahua, Sonora, and Durango while the present is known from San Luis Potosi to México. SPECIMENS EXAMINED. MEXICO. SAN LUIS POTOSI: region of San Luis Potos{, 6000-8000 ft, 1878 (fl), Parry & Palmer 580 (MO). MEXICO: mpio. Huehuetoca, | km al N de Jorobas, 2350 m, 26 May 1981 (fl), Medina C. 2245 (ENCB); vertiente W del Cerro Sincoque, cerca de Huehuetoca, 2350 m, 10 May 1981 (fr), Rzedowski 37255 (ENCB); parte baja de ladera S del Cerro Sincoque, 2200 m, 25 Mar 1981 (fl), Romero & Rojas 32-1133 (ENCB). Two additional collections, both sterile, probably pertain to this species: MEXICO: mpio. de Tepozotlan, alrededores de la Presa de la Concepcion, 2500 m, 1 Oct 1971, Rzedowski 28608 (ENCB); 2 km al NNW de Coyotepec, 2300 m, 7 Sep 1980, Rzedowski 36978 (ENCB). One additional collection, not yet seen by the author, has been identified as this species by Dr. Jerzy Rzedowski:s GUANAJUATO: San Miguel de Allende, Colonia Allende, 1984 m, 12 Apr 1978 (£1), Kishler 233 (MEXU-2). ara Tar ASCLEPIAS RZEDOWSKII W. D. Stevens, sp. nov. Type: S. Romero & C. Rojas 34-1193 (ENCB, holotype). Asclepias rzedowskii W. D. Stevens; ex affinitae A. quinquedentatae A. Gray A. virletii Fournier A. scaposae Vail, ab his cucullis edentatis corniculis late falciformibus cucullos superantibus et praeterae ab posterioribus foliis linearibus floribus majoribus distinctus. Suffrutex vel herba rhizomate humilis. Caules plures basiramiferi erecti vel procumbentes puberuli. Folia opposita sessilia vel breviter petiolata; lamina linearis 2-5.5 cm longa 1-3.5 mm lata uninervis. Cymae terminales et laterales plerumque 3-10-florum puburulae; pedunculus 1-4 cm longus; pedicellus 1-1.5 cm longus. Flores viridi-candida et purpurei; calycis lobi ovati 2.1-2.4 mm longi ca 1.1 mm lati extus puberuli intus glabri; corolla reflexa glabra, tubo 0.6-0.7 mm longo, lobis 5.1-5.2 mm longis ca 2.7 mm latis; cuculli ascendentes ca 2.6 mm longi corniculis adnatis arcuatis exsertis; gynostegium ca 3.1 mm altum breviter stipitatum. Folliculus erectus in pedicello reflexo obtusi-fusiformis laevis puberulus. Herbaceous, rhizomatous or cauduciform. Stems branched and decumbent from base, fertile branches erect, 1-2 dm tall, puberulent, uniformly so above, in lines below. Leaves opposite, crowded on decumbent branches, distant on fertile branches; petioles absent to 1 mm long, adaxially puberulent; blades linear, 2-5.5 cm long, 1-3.5 mm wide, apex acuminate, base decurrent, l-nerved, apparently somewhat succulent, without glands, purple above or not, puberulent on margin and on midrib below. Cymes terminal and sometimes also from uppermost nodes, mostly 3-10-flowered; peduncles strict, 1-4 cm long, puberulent; bracts linear, to 4 mm long, puberulent; pedicels delicate, 1-1.5 cm long, puberulent in lines. Calyx lobes narrow-ovate, 2.1-2.4 mm long, ca 1.1 mm wide, tip acute, 1983 Stevens, New species and names 4,03 sparsely puberulent without, glabrous within, with 3 glands below each sinus within, corolla reflexed, glabrous, greenish white with a purple tint without, tube 0.6-0.7 mm long, lobes wide-elliptic with acute tips, 5.1-5.2 mm long, ca 2.7 mm wide; hoods ascending, distal margin truncate, horizontal, entire, ca 2.6 mm long and 1.5 mm wide dorsally, purple proximally, white distally, horns broadly falciform, white, adnate to top of hood then incumbent on style apex, free portion ca 1.5 mm long; gynostegium ca 2.4 mm long and 2.4 mm wide, wings narrow, ca 1.4 mm long, salient at base, stipe ca 0.7 mm long, obconical and fluted; corpusculum ca 0.3 mm long, translators ca 0.3 mm long, pollinia ca 0.8 mm long, asymmetrically narrow-obovate. Follicles erect on deflexed pedicels, fusiform, blunt at both ends, to 4.3 cm long and 7 mm wide (immature), smooth, puberulent. Seeds unknown. This species bears a strong superficial resemblance to Asclepias rosea H.B.K. but in floral morphology it is closer to A. scaposa Vail, A. virletii Fournier, and A. quinquedentata A. Gray. All these species are diminutive and relatively rare in collections. SPECIMENS EXAMINED. MEXICO. MEXICO: parte baja de ladera S del Cerro Sincoque, 2200 m, 15 Apr 1981 (fl), Romero & Rojas 34-1193 (ENCB); mpio. de Huixquilucan, 3 km al W de Rio Hondo, 2350 m, 15 May 1973 (£1 & fr), Rzedowski 30404 (ENCB). Two additional collections, not yet seen by the author, have been identified as this species by Dr. Jerzy Rzedowski: DISTRITO FEDERAL: Lomas de Santa Fé, May 1929 (fr), Lyonnet 503 (MEXU); Lomas, Jun 1983 (£1), Lyonnet 3080 (MEXU-2). MATELEA DECUMBENS W. D. Stevens, sp. nov. Type: Rzedowski 24011 (MSC-211097, holotype; ENCB, F, MSC-210181, WIS, isotypes). Matelea decumbens W. D. Stevens; species nova M. procumbenti proxima, a qua differt corollis dimidio minoribus et corona 15-lobata (non 10-lobata). Suffrutex serpens decumbens pubescens. Caules plures ramosi usque ad 8 dm longi. Petiolus 4-12(-16) mm longus; lamina ovata 1-3.2 cm longa (0.6-)1-2.6 cm lata basi lobata 0-2 glandulis. Cymae umbelliformis plerumque 1-5-florum; pedunculus 0.3-2.2 cm longus; pedicellus 0.5-2.3 cm longus. Calycis lobi elliptici 1.8-2.8(-3.3) mm longi 0.8-1.4 mm lati intus glabri; corolla campanulata lobis erectis et marginibus revolutis viridi vel flavo-virenti nervis obscurioribus extus puberula intus glabra, tubo 1-1.7 mm longo, lobis 3.5-5.2 mm longis 1.7-2.2 mm latis; corona cupulata 15 lobis et 5 ligulis internis; styli apex convexus. Folliculus ovatus vel fusiformis laevis vel subtuberculatus. Trailing to decumbent herb from a woody and corky caudex; indumentum more or less dense, of long multicellular, short multicellular, and short multicellular capitate-glandular trichomes. Stems branched, especially near base, to 8 dm long. Petioles 4-12(-16) mm long; blades ovate to very-wide-ovate, 10-32 mm long, (6-)10-26 mm wide, often glabrous LO P Reb OrBa0 GT ok Vol. 53, No. 6 above or nearly so, apex acute to acuminate, attenuate, or obtuse; base lobate with the lobes divergent to convergent, with 0-2 acropetiolar glands. Cymes umbelliform, 1-5-flowered; peduncles 3-22 mm long, erect or not; bracts linear, to 3 mm _ long; pedicels 5-23 mm long. Calyx lobes suborbiculate to narrow-elliptic, 1.8-2.8(-3.3) mm long, 0.8-1.4 mm wide, glabrous within; corolla campanulate with erect lobes, margins revolute, green or yellow-green with darker veins, indumentum without simple, of long trichomes, glabrous within, tube 1-1.7 mm long, lobes oblong, 3.5-5.2 mm long, |.7-2.2 mm wide; corona borne well up on corolla tube, cupulate, shallowly 5~lobed above, each lobe additionally 3-lobed and with an internal ligule, the 2 lateral lobes erect, deltoid to filiform, 0.8-1.2 mm long, much exceeding style apex, central lobe shorter, rounded, deflexed, entire to shallowly bifid or trifid, internal ligule incumbent on style apex, entire to shallowly bifid or trifid; style apex convex. Follicles ovate to fusiform, to 6.5 cm long and 2.8 cm wide, smooth to short-tuberculate, indumentum of sparse short and glandular trichomes, streaked light and dark green. Seeds unknown. The closely related Matelea prostrata (Willd.) Woodson is known from Durango to Puebla but has not yet been found in the Valle de México where this species in centered. SPECIMENS EXAMINED. MEXICO. HIDALGO: mpio. de Zempoala, Santa Maria Tecajete, 2500 m, 29 Jun 1976 (fl), Ventura A. 1691 (ENCB); Cerro Santa Ana, 10 km NE of Apan, SE-NE slopes, 2950-3025 m, 19 Jun 1966 (£1), West B-37 (WIS); Cerro Jaltepec, S of Hacienda Tetlapayac, 12 km ESE of Apan, N slopes, 2600-2650 m, 24 Jul 1966 (fr), West S-6 (WIS). MEXICO: | km al E de Tenango del Aire, 2400 m, 10 Sep 1969 (fr), Pineda 827 p.p. (ENCB); vertiente E del Cerro del Pino, cerca de Ayotla, 2600 m, 13 Jul 1967 (fl & fr), Rzedowski 24011 (ENCB, MSC-2, WIS); mpio. de Zumpango, Cerro Xalpan, al N de San Juan Citlaltepec, 2500 m, 5 Jun 1977 (fl), Rzedowski 34776 (ENCB); mpio. de Ixtapaluca, Cerro del Pino, vertiente E, 2550 m, 5 Dec 1972 (fr), Rzedowski 36342 (ENCB); mpio. de Ajapusco, Jaltepec, 2400 m, 20 Jun 1976 (fl & fr). DISTRITO FEDERAL: San Angel, 11 May 1865-6 (fl), Bourgeau 132 (GH); Cuautepec, 5 Dec 1972 (fr), Moreno s.n. (ENCB); near Tizapan, 7500 ft, 30 Jul 1901 (fl), Pringle 9614 (GH, MEXU, MO); cerca de Los Reyes, Pedregal de San Angel, 2250 m, 28 Sep 1952 (£1), Rzedowski 1855 (ENCB-2); vertiente NW del Cerro Chiquihuite, cerca de Cuautepec, 2450 m, 10 Aug 1970 (fl & fr), Rzedowski 27430 (ENCB); parte alta del Cerro Chiquihuite, cerca de Cuautepec, 2600 m, 15 Aug 1971 (fl), Rzedowski 28482 (ENCB). STATE UNKNOWN: env. de México, Aug (1826-7) (fl), Berlandier 667 (MO); without collecting data, Bernardi Herbarium (MO). Asclepias notha W. D. Stevens, nom. nov. Asclepias lanuginosa H.B.K., Nov. Gen. 3: 193, 1819, not Asclepias lanuginosa Nutt. (1818). Gonolobus heterophyllus (Hemsley) W. D. Stevens, comb. nov. Fischeria ?heterophylla Hemsley, Biol. Centr. Am. Bot. 2: 320, 1882. Gonolobus rothschuhii Schlechter in Loesener, Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 60: 1983 Stevens, New species and names 05 368, 1926. Vincetoxicum rothschuhii (Schlechter) Standley, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Bot. Ser. 18(3): 959, 1938. Gonolobus yucatanensis (Woodson) W. D. Stevens, comb. nov. Trichostelma yucatanense Woodson, Amer. J. Bot. 22: 691, 1935. Macroscepis diademata (J.B. Ker) W. D. Stevens, comb. nov. Gonolobus diadematus J. B. Ker, Bot. Reg. t. 252, 1817. Macroscepis obovata H.B.K., Nov. Gen. 3: 201, t. 233, 1819. Vincetoxicum diadematum (J. B. Ker) Standley, Contr. U.S. Nat. Herb. 23: 1188, 1924. Matelea diademata (J. B. Ker) Woodson, Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 28: 225, T9412 Matelea obovata (H.B.K.) Woodson, Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 28: 225, 1941. Matelea angustiloba (Robinson & Greenman) W. D. Stevens, comb. nov. Gonolobus angustilobus Robinson & Greenman, Proc. Amer. Acad. 29: 388, 1894. Vincetoxicum angustilobum (Robinson & Greenman) Standley, Contr. U.S2Nats Herb: 232° 119251924. Matelea gracilis (Decaisne in DC.) W. D. Stevens, comb. nov. Gonolobus gracilis Decaisne in DC., Prodr. 8: 596, 1844. Matelea oaxacana (Standley) W. D. Stevens, comb. nov. Vincetoxicum oaxacanum Standley, Contr. U.S. Nat. Herb. 23: 1191, 1924; based on Gonolobus tristis Decaisne in DC., not Vincetoxicum triste Grisebach. Gonolobus tristis Decaisne in DC., Prodr. 8: 596, 1844, not Matelea tristis (Seeman) Spellman. Matelea quercetorum (Standley) W. D. Stevens, comb. nov. Vincetoxicum quercetorum Standley, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Bot. Ser. 172427051937. Matelea suberifera (Robinson) W. D. Stevens, comb. nov. Gonolobus suberiferus Robinson, Proc. Amer. Acad. 27: 181, 1892. Vincetoxicum suberiferum (Robinson) Standley, Contr. U.S. Nat. Herb. 232° TUS9, 19244 Matelea trachyantha (Greenman) W. D. Stevens, comb. et stat. nov. Gonolobus caudatus A. Gray var. trachyanthus Greenman, Proc. Amer. Acad. 32: 482, 1898. ‘ Gonolobus trachyanthus (Greenman) Miranda, Anal. Inst. Biol. Mexico 14; 419, 1944, Metastelma pubescens (Greenman) W. D. Stevens, comb. nov. Astephanus pubescens Greenman, Proc. Amer. Acad. 32: 299, 1897. POLLEN DEVELOPMENT IN A FEW ACANTHACEAE H. Maheswari Devi, V. Arunalakshmi and N. Padma Department of Botany, Andhra University, Waltair India. Embryological studies in Acanthaceae have been quite extensive (5-8, Leen tes LS), Inspite of this, the structure and develooment of anther and pollen remain either uninvestigated or partially investigated. As such it was considered worthwhile to investigate the structure and development of anther and pollen of the eight species - Thunbergia grandiflora Roxb., Thunbergia affini¥ S. Moore., Beloperone guttata Brandegee., Jacobinia coccinea Hiern., Pseuderanthemum reticulatum Radlk., Pseuderanthemum graciliflorym Domin., Sanchezia nobilis Hook. and Pachystachys lutea Nees. collected from Singapore. The dithecous anthers are 4-lobed. In B. guttata and J. coccinea the two theca are superposed. The hyvodermal archesporium in each lobe consists of a plate of variable number of cells. The anther wall development conforms to the Dicotyledonous tyve (Figs. 1-3). It comprises the endothecium, middle layer and tavetum besides the epidermis (Fig. 3). The glandular tapetum is duel in origin and dimorphic in nature. The connective tapetum differs from the parietal tapetum in possessing larger cells with more number of nuclei. The tapetal cells aris- ing from the connective elongate greatly and intrude into the anther (Fig. 12). The cells of the parietal tavetum are binucleate. Owing to nuclear divisions, the C-tapetal cells become bi-, tri-, tetra- or multinucleate (Figs. 5-9). If the divisions are followed by fusions, nuclei of different ploidy result (Fig. 10). Rarely two adjacent tapetal cells fuse resulting in larger cells with volyploid nuclei (Fig. 11). Usually the tapetal cells degenerate by the time the anther dehisces. But in B. guttata the tapvetum remains intact even at the time of dehiscence of the anther (Fig. 12). ‘Ubisch granules’ develop on the inner walls of the tapetal cells, InP. gqraci- liflorum they are large in size (Fig. 4). The middle layer is enhemeral. The endothecium develops fibrous thickenings in all the svecies (Fig. 13) but in the species of Thunbergia (Fig. 14) and Pseuderanthemum (Fig. 4). Epidermis becomes cuti- 1,06 1983 Devi, Arunalakshmi, & Padma, Pollen development 07 nized and contains starch. In S. nobilis the epider- mal cells contain tannin. An interesting feature of the anther wall is the protrusion of the septum into the anther locule giving the sporogenous tissue a ‘horse shoe’ apnearance (Fig. 3). InT. affinis the septum between the two locules remains persistent and as a result the anther does not dehisce (Fig. 14). The sporogenous cells either directly or after undergoing a few mitotic divisions produce pollen mother cells. Simultaneous cytokinesis in them resul- ts in isobilateral, decussate and tetrahedral tetrads (Figs. 15-17). In B. guttata the rectangular micro- spores in the tetrad are arranged irregularly (Figs. 18-20). Polyspory is quite common in this snecies Fig, 21). While normally the pollen grains are 2-celled at the time of shedding a number of multinucleate pollen grains are encountered. The number is 3 or 4 in B. guttata (Figs. 23, 24) and 5 in 7. grandiflora (Pig. 25). In-all these cases the nuclei are of same size. However, in T. affinis of the 6 nuclei - 3 are larger and 3 are smaller (Fig. 26). The pollen grains have a thick exine and a thin intine. The number of apertures in the exine is variable and distributed irregularly (Figs. 27-30). The exine is smooth in the svecies of Thunbergia and B. guttata (Figs. 22-30), while it contains rod shaped thickenings in P. lutea, Pseuderanthemum species (Fig. 31), 8. nobilis (Fig. 32) and J. coccinea (Figs. 35, 36). Pollen grains germi- nate In-situ in B. guttata (Fig. 33) and S. nobilis (Fig. 32). InZ. affinis 3 pollen tubes emanate from a pollen grain (Fig. “fe In T. affinis the exine inhibits the growth of the pollen tube and thereby causes pollen sterility (Fig. 34). Pollen dimorphism is common in all the members (Figs. 35, 36). Discussion The anther in the family Acanthaceae shows inter- esting variations in its structure. In some members like B. guttata, S. nobilis, P. lutea and J.coccinea the endothecium develops fibrous thickenings while in the species of Thunbergia and Pseuderanthemum fibrous thickenings are absent. Such a condition is reported in Justicia betonica, Barleria prionitis and Ruellia 4,08 P ETT. 4eQee 1A Vol. 53, No. 6 om 36 WH 32 33 35 $91018-2125-30333536 QQSM™™_ 1115-17.23243) OO2mm Figs. 1-3, 25, 27-30. Thunbergia grandiflora; Figs. 14, 26, 24 T. affinis; Fig. 4. Pseuderanthe- mum graciliflorum; Fig. 31. P. reticulatym; Figs. 13, 35, 36. Jacobinia coccinea; Figs. 5-12, 18-24, 33. Beloperone gquttata; Fig. 32. Sanchezia nobilis; Figs. 15-17. Pachystachys lutea. Figs, 1-3. T.s. of anther lobes showing wall develop- ment and sporogenous tissue; 4. T.s, of mature anther lobe, note ‘Ubisch bodies‘; 5-11. Intrusive tapetal cells; 12. Anther lobe showing dimornvhic tavetum; 13, T.S. of anther showing the intrusive wall. 14, Persisting septum in between the 2 locules; 15-20. Pollen tetrads; 21. Polyad; 22-31. Pollen grains; 32, 33. Germinating pollen grains; 34. Degenerating pollen grain; 35, 36. Pollen dimornhism. 1983 Devi, Arunalakshmi, & Padma, Pollen development 09 tuberosa (16) In T. affinis the anthers do not dehisce but degenerate in toto leading to sterility. The anther wall from the connective side in all the vresently investigated spyecies, intrudes into the anther locule giving the appearance of a pisge rer Such a condition is reported in J. betonica i, 6) Asteracantha longifolia (19) Justicia simplex (12) and Phlebophyllum kunthianum T1) and in Salvia melli- fera of the labiatae. The tavetum is dimorphic in 24} the eight species investigated as in S. mellifera 3), In these two features - intrusive anther wall and dimorphic tape- tum = some members of Acanthaceae and Labiatae show close kinship. In B. gquttata polyspory is of common occurrence. The accessory svores might have arisen as a result of divisions of one or more svores. Such a condition has been reported in Thunberqia snecies (9), Caesalvinia pulcherrima (15) and Eupatorium odoratum (11). Accord- ing to Mukherjee polysvory is due to temverature flu- ctuations or other environmental characters. But in the present study polyads and normal tetrads are observed within the same anther. Therefore it may be said that in B. gquttata poh apory might have resulted as mentioned by Maheshwari 10 » due to the occur- rence of lagging chromosomes which organise into micronuclei. Acknowledgements The authors are thankful to Dr. Chang Kaiw Lan, Botanic Gardens of Singanore for kindly vroviding the material. The Junior author is thankful to CSIR, New Delhi, for the award of Senior Research Fellowship. Literature cited 1. Bhatnagar, S.P. and Jose Kallarackal. 1973. Phytomorphology, 23: 205-211. Da SS ee ee and Puri, Sunita. 1970. Ost. Bot. Be, a2 6s (55—712 3. Carlson, E.M. and B.C. Stewart. 1936. New Phytol., 353 68-91, 410 PR Y-TeO 40'G- 24 Vol. 53, No. 6 4, Davis, GL. 1966. Systematic embryology of the Angiosverms, John Wiley & Sons. Inc., New York. 5. Karlstrom, P.O. 1973. Sven. Bot. Tidskr. 66: 303- ce: 6, --------------------. ibid. 67: 257-280. 7,0 seece------ 1974a. ibid. 68: 121-135, 8, ----------- 19745, ibid. 315-328. 9. Khaleel, T.F. and G Borajah. 1973. Proc. Indian Natl. Sci. Acad, Part B: 39: 157-171, 10. Maheshwari, P. 1950. An introduction to the embryology of angiosperms. McGraw Hill N.Y. and London. 11, Maheswari Devi, H. and T. Pullaiah. 1977. Proc. of the All India Seminar on ‘Recent Trends and contacts between cytogenetics, embryology and morohology’, 307-314. 12. Mohan Ram, H.Y. and P.P. Sehgal. 1958. Phyto- morphology 8: 124-136, 13, --------------- and P. Masand. 1963. Phyto- morohology 13: 82-97. 14, --------------- and M, Wadhi. 1964. Phytomorpho- logy 14: 388-413. 15. Mukherjee, S.K. 1952. Curr. Sci. 10: 290. 16. Narayanan, C.R. 1956. J, Mad. Univ. B. 26:189-207. 17. Phatak, V.G. and K.B. Ambegaokar. 1955. J. Univ. Baroda. 4: 87-97. ne ee 1963, Proc, ,ind. Acad.5Ci. B 57: 88-95. 19. Rangaswamy, K. 1941. Proc. Ind. Acad. Sci. B-14: NEOTROPICAL MYRSINACEAE -- IX Cyrus Longworth Lundell Director, Plant Sciences Laboratory The University of Texas at Dallas Box 688, Richardson, Texas 75080 ARDISIA BREEDLOVEI Lundell, sp. nov. -- Arbor, ad 30 m. alta, glabra; ramuli crassiusculi; folia glabra, subsessilia vel petio- lata, petiolo marginato, 8--12 mm. longo; lamina subcoriacea, oblanceolata, 7.5--12 (17) cm. longa, 2.3--3.5 (5.5) cm. lata, basi subcuneata, apice obtusa, punctata, integra, reticulato- venosa; inflorescentia terminalis, paniculata, alba, glabra, 5.5--9 cm. longa, ad 12 cm. lata; pedicelli 3--5 mm. longi; flores albi, racemosi, albo-punctati, 5-meri; sepala lanceolato- elliptica, 1.5--2 mm. longa, glanduloso-stipitato-ciliolata, albo-punctata; corolla ca. 5.5 mm. longa; petala basi connata, lineari-oblonga, intus basi aurantiaco-glanduloso-papillosa, reflexa; filamenta ca. 4 mm. longa; antherae anguste lanceolatae, ca. 1.5 mm. longae, acutatae, basi anguste sagittatae; ovarium glabrum; stylus ca. 6 mm. longus; ovula parva, 22--29, immersa, pluriseriata. Mexico: Chiapas, Montane Rain Forest, steep slope of Ahk'ubal Nab above Peltalcingo, Municipio of Peltalcingo, elev. 4700 m., Dee. 13, 1981, D> E. Breedlove 56108 (holotype, Calif. Acad. 670296; isotype and xerox, LL), tree 25 feet tall, flowers white; Lower Montane Rain Forest 70 km. southwest of Palenque on road to Ocosingo along the Jol Uk'um, Municipio of Ocosingo, elev. 550 m., Nov. 11, 1980, Breedlove 47399 (paratype), tree 30 ft. tall; Montane Rain Forest, 10 km. east northeast of Dos Lagos above Santa Elena, Municipio of La Trinitaria, elev. 11/70 nm., Breedlove 48829 (paratype), tree, 90 feet tall. A. Breedlovei is a remarkable new species notable for its white inflorescence and for its petals orange-red glandular- papillose within at base. The punctation of inflorescences and flowers is white and scarcely discernible. The anthers, attached at middle, are mostly versatile at anthesis. The other species of Ardisia in Mexico, as the genus is now delimited (Phytologia 48: 137--142; 49: 341--354. 1981), are A. revoluta H.B.K., A. escallonioides Schl. & Cham., A. densiflora Krug & Urban, Sad A. sessiliflora Lundell, all parts of which are conspicuously black-punctate and the glandular-pappilose inner base of petals is colorless, not orange-red as in A. Breedlovei. A. Breedlovei is reported to reach a height of 90 feet (Breedlove 48839), an unusually large tree in this family. 11 12 PHYTOLOGIA Vol. 53, No. 6 GENTLEA CUNEIFOLIA Lundell, Wrightia 7: 245. 1983. Mexico: Veracruz, Sur del Volcan San Martin Tuxtla, ca. 1250 m., John H. Beaman & Carlos Alvarez del Castillo 5362 (LL, fragment; Xal), arbusto. The leaves of this collection are oblanceolate, cuneate at base, acuminate apically, up to 15 cm. long, 4.5 cm. wide, the margin minutely crenulate. ICACOREA JALISCENSIS Lundell, sp. nov. -- Frutex; ramuli minute et peradpresse lepidoti; folia petiolata, petiolo ad 6 mm. longo, anguste marginato, minute lepidoto; lamina chartacea, subtus novella minute lepidota, elliptica, 6--11 cm. longa, 3--5 cm. lata, apice obtusa, basi acutiuscula, subtus reticulato- venosa, subintegra; inflorescentia terminalis et lateralis, paniculata, 3--9.5 cm. longa, minute lepidota; flores umbellati; pedicelli 5--9 mm. longi; sepala 5, raro 4, ovata vel late ovata, 1.5--1.7 mm. longa, obtusa, minute aurantiaco-punctata; petala ca. 7 mm. longa, anguste oblongo-elliptica, 2.4--3 mm. lata, apice obtusa, subsymmetrica, parce punctata; stamina ca. 5 mn. longa, filamenta ca. 2 mm. longa; antherae anguste lineari- lanceolatae, apice birimosae; ovarium obovoideum, stylo ca. 6 mm. longo; ovula 16, parva, pluriseriata; fructus dense punctatus. Mexico: Jalisco, streamside forest vegetation along road to, dirasto,. ca. 10 km. WNW of Purificacion, ait. 400 m.;. Jan. 11, 1979, H. H. Iltis & M. Nee 1437 (holotype, LL). The elliptic obtuse leaves, inflorescences small and mostly lateral, the umbellate flowers, and the minute brown lepidote indument are features of note. The holotype is a specimen in young fruit with only a few loose flowers. In the fruiting material, the sepals appear to be subcoriaceous. A peculiarity of the sepals is that one of them is sometimes deeply bilobed. The stamens in some species of Icacorea appear to be non- functional and often partially deformed. It is probable that some of the taxa are dioecious. I can not associate I. jaliscensis with either I. digitata (Lundell) Lundell or I. Hintonii (Lundell) Lundell of the West Coast of Mexico. PARATHESIS IXTLANENSIS Lundell, sp. nov. -- Frutex; ramuli crassiusculi, minute peradpresse brunneo-tomentelli; folia sub- glabra, membranacea, petiolata, petiolo canaliculato, 0./--1.7 cm. longo; lamina lanceolato-elliptica, 5.5--13 cm. longa, 2.3-- 4.5 cm. lata, apice subabrupte acuminata, basi acuta, dense pellucido-punctata, integra; inflorescentia axillaris, tenuis, pauciflora, ca. 7.5 cm. longa, pedunculata, glabra vel parce minute puberula; flores corymbosi; pedicelli ad 1.2 cm. longi; sepala lanceolata, 1--1.4 mm. longa, obtusiuscula, parce et minute puberula; petala basi connata, lineari-lanceolata, ca. 1983 Lundell, Neotropical Myrsinaceae 13 5 mm. longa, intus glanduloso-villosa, lineari-punctata; stamina ca. 2.5 mm. longa; antherae anguste lanceolatae, ca. 2 mm. longae, epunctatae; ovarium ovoideum, apice attenuatum, parce et minute puberulum; stylus ca. 2 mm. longus, punctatus; placenta elliptica, ovula 9, basi aggregata. Mexico: Oaxaca, Distrito de Ixtlan, Ruta 175 Tuxtepec a Oaxaca; .ca.- 15 dkms a bubeE. de ta désviacion*a Yotox, ale. ea; 2200 m., April 16, 1982, David H. Lorence, R. Torrez 4038A (holotype, LL), arbusto bijucoide, inflorescentia rosada, flor blanca. Collection 4038 is a mixture of two species, P. tenuis Standl. and P. ixtlanensis Lundell, so I am designating the holotype of P. ixtlanensis as 4038A (LL). The two taxa are related, but P. ixtlanensis is more robust with much larger leaves and essentially glabrous inflorescences of more numerous and larger flowers. The petals of P. ixtlanen- sis are about 5 mm. long compared with 3 mm. in P. tenuis, and other parts of the flowers are comparably larger. Ovules are 3 or®4 in P. tenuis, while there are 9 in P. ixtlanensis, aggregated at base of placenta. AMATLANIA IZABALANA (Lundell) Lundell, comb. nov. Ardisia izabalana Lundell, Wrightia 5: 88. 1975. MESOAMERICAN CELASTRACEAE -- I Cyrus Longworth Lundell Director, Plant Sciences Laboratory The University of Texas at Dallas Box 688, Richardson, Texas 75080 In renewed studies of the Celastraceae, primarily in con- nection with the Flora of Veracruz and the Flora Mesoamericana, undescribed species and new records of significance are being published. My interest in the Celastraceae dates back nearly fifty years, as evidenced by published revisions of genera, floristic treatments, and incidental work in the family. CROSSOPETALUM PANAMENSE Lundell, Wrightia 5: 193. 1975. Panama: Cerro Jefe, cloud forest, alt. 850--900 m., Oct. 29, 1980, Kenneth J. Sytsma 1982 (LL), tree, 12--14 m., orange- ned fruit. The second collection of this endemic species has asym- metrical obovoid fruits which dry about 1 cm. long. The holotype of C. panamense, Liesner 1052 ChiDy, awas collected in the Province of Colon, Panama, 10 miles southwest of Puertobelo, 2--4 miles from coast, at alt. of 10--200 m. MAYTENUS JEFEANA Lundell, sp. nov. -- Arbor, ad 18 m. alta; ramuli glabri; folia alterna, glabra, petiolata, petiolo 2--5 mm. longo, canaliculato; lamina coriacea, grisea, elliptica vel raro obovato-elliptica, 5--8.5 cm. longa, 3--4.7 cm. lata, apice retusa, late rotundata, basi rotundata et acutuiscula, integra; inflorescentia axillaris, glabra; pedicelli fructiferi crassi, 1.5--2.5 mm. longi; sepala late ovata, ca. 1 mm. longa; capsula ebovoidea, ca. 1.2 ems, longa, stipitata. Panama: Cerro Jefe, cloud forest, 850--900 m., 1.5 mile along first right fork near summit, Nov. 22, 1980, K. Sytsma & T. Antonio 2356 (holotype, LL), 15--18 m. tree, brownish- green fruit. Another collection in flower bud from the same locality, Sytsma & Antonio 2357 (paratype, LL). The collections have immature capsules and flower buds. Mature capsules and fully developed flowers are needed to place the taxon. The immature capsules and inflorescence (in bud) suggest Quetzalia, but the alternate leaves preclude this genus. SCHAEFFERIA LOTTIAE Lundell, sp. nov. -- Frutex, ramulis striatis, minute puberulis; stipulae minutae; folia alterna, breviter petiolata, petiolo 1--2 mm. longo, minute puberulo; lamina membranacea, lanceolata, ad 6 cm. longa, 2.8 cm. lata, ran 1983 Lundell, Mesoamerican Celastraceae his apice acuminata, basi cuneata, integra, utrinque minute reticulata, basi minute puberula; flores 4-meri, fasciculata, sessiles vel subsessiles; sepala parva, ovata, ca. 0.5 mm. longa; petala oblanceolato-oblonga vel spathulata, apice rotundata, 3--3.3 mm. longa; stamina ca. 2 mm. longa; antherae ellipticae, ca. 0.7 mm. longae, apice emarginatae; pedicelli fructiferi ca. 1 mm. longi, crassi; fructus rugosus 2-spermus, utrinque longitudinaliter sulcatus. Mexico: Jalisco, Municipio La Huerta, Estacion de Biologia Chamela (UNAM), Nov. 2, 1981, Emily J. Lott 716 (holotype, EE); arbolita 3 m., frutos verdes; same locality, Arroyo Zarco X Camino Antiguo, Selva Baja Caducifolia, June 30, 1982, Lott 1113 (paratype, LL), arbusto 2 m., flores verdes (staminate). The very slender branchlets are densely and minutely puberulent with hairs tipped at first with red glands. The unisexual staminate flowers are borne on leafless branchlets (Lott 1113). In the holotype the short-petioled leaves are marginate almost to base and persistently puberulent with some hairs persisting on the veins of the blade at its base. Note- worthy is the dense conspicuous reticulation of both sides of the leaf blade. In leaf form, S. Lottiae resembles S. lanceifolia Lundell of Tamaulipas, but the leaf blades of the latter differ markedly in having inconspicuous reticulation on upper surface and in being much paler beneath. S. Lottiae has subsessile staminate flowers and fruiting pedicels scarcely 1 mm. long, and its minute red-glandular pubescence is dense. Its fruits are obovoid. SCHAEFFERIA OVATIFOLIA Lundell, sp. nov. -- Arbor parva, 4 m. alta, ramulis striatis, juventate minute puberulis; stipulae minutae; folia alterna, basi minute puberula, petiolata, petiolo 2--4 mm. longo, minute puberulo; lamina subchartacea, ovata vel rhombeo-ovato, 2--3.8 cm. longa, 1--2.8 cm. lata, apice obtusa vel rotundata, basi acuta, integra, nervis utrinque reticulatis; pedicelli fructiferi 1.5--2 mm. longi, crassi, minute puberuli; sepala 4, late ovata, ad 4 mm. longa; fructus ellipsoideus, ca. 4 mm. longus, rugosus, 2-spermus. Mexico: Veracruz, Municipio Dos Rios, La Cumbre, matorral en terreno plano, alt. 350 m., O¢t. 25, 1972, F. Ventura A. 7260 (holotype, LL), arbusto erecto de 4 m. de alta, fruto rojo; escaso. The taxon is notable for its broad ovate-rhombic leaves and rounded ellipsoid fruits. WIMMERIA CAUDATA Lundell, sp. nov. -- Arbor parva, glabra; ramuli lenticellati; folia glabra, longe petiolata, petiolo 8--14 mm. longo, canaliculato; lamina minute serrulata, charta- cea, lanceolata, 5--7 cm. longa, 1.5--2 cm. lata, apice 16 PET TO LOG DPA Vol. 53, No. 6 caudato-acuminata, basi rotundata et acutiuscula; cymae ad 1.5 cm. longae, pauciflorae. Mexico: Oaxaca, very dense moist deciduous woods along Rio San Felipe just above head of aqueduct and above entrance to Park, alt. ca. 2100 m., Aug. 21, 1960, Hugh H. Iltis, Robert Koeppen, Frank Iltis 1211 (holotype, WIS; xerox and fragment, LL) 5 emai tree: In flower bud, the affinity of the species is uncertain, but its leaf margin is minutely serrulate as in the type of W. serrulata (DC.) Radlk., (isotype, LL). The latter has elliptic leaves with different venation and wide rounded smaller sepals subtending fruits. The sepals of the buds of W. caudata are ovate and about 1 mm. long. The cymes are 1-branched with 7 or fewer flowers. The attenuate apex of the leaves is caudate. In W. caudata the upper surface of the leaves is shiny as if varnished, a very distinctive feature of this taxon. ZINOWIEWIA COSTARICENSIS Lundell, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club G3; G7 P1938. Panama: Province of Chiriqui, Road along Rio Palo alto ca. 3 km. NE of Boquete to the end, April 15, 1982, M. Huft 1847 (LL), tree ca. 4 m.; along road from Boquete to Volcancito, eteve car 500 ms, Aprat 15,1982)! Hutt 1865" Gbyeshtubieas 3 m., flowers green. ASPECTS OF THE WEED COMPONENT OF THE SPONTANEOUS VASCULAR FLORA OF HANCOCK COUNTY, ILLINOIS Rw Ds Henry The R. M. Myers and A. L. Kibbe Herbaria Western Illinois University, Macomb, 61455 ABSTRACT: There are 338 weed species in the spontaneous vascular flora of Hancock County, Illinois, of which 34% are alien and 66% native. The weed species represent 28% of the county vascular flora and 76% of the Illinois vascular weed species. Of the alien species 47% were once cultivated, 85% are from the old world, 44% were in the county before 1881 and between 1833-1978 about one species was introduced per year. The weed species are about 1.2% pteridophytes, 0.3% gymnosperms and 98.5% angiosperms occurring in 70 families and 171 genera. Of the weed species 80% are herbaceous, 39% poisonous to humans, 14% poisonous to livestock, 25% are drug plants, 87% terrestrial, 34% annual and 60% perennial. INTRODUCTION The importance of weeds to mankind in that they reduce yields in agricultural systems has been often documented (Batra 1982, Boyer 1982, Holm 1969). It is therefore important for the understanding and management of them that the kinds of weeds present and their characteristics be continually monitored. Myers (1972) in his catalog of the Illinois vascular flora annotated the weeds of Illinois. Henry (1983a) discussed and updated the number of species in the Illinois weed flora. This paper endeavors to present a floristic profile of the current weed component of the spontaneous vascular flora of Hancock County, Illinois. METHODS The list of weeds used for this analysis (Henry 1983d) was derived by noting which plants in the present-day vascular flora of Hancock County, Illinois (Henry 1983c), are weeds in the spontaneous vascular flora of Illinois (Henry 1983b). Family and species nomenclature follow Mohlenbrock (1975). Data from Kibbe (1952) are based upon species that she states were verified from herbarium specimens. RESULTS 1. The Alien and Native Weed Species There are 338 vascular plant weed species which represent 27.8% of the present-day species in the Hancock County spontaneous vascular 17 418 PREITY 0. Loo irk Vol. 53, No. 6 flora. These weed species are 76.3% of the weed species in the Illinois flora. Of the 338 weed species 116 (34.3%) are alien and 222 (65.7%) are native species. Five (Ambrosia artemiisifolia, A. trifida, Cannabis sativa, Carduus nutans, Sorghum halepense) ( (1.5%) are on the official noxious weed list of Illinois (Tll. Dept. of Agric. 1978). Of Williams (1980) thirty-seven purposefully introduced plants into the United States that have become noxious or poisonous weeds six (1.8%) are weeds in Hancock County (Cannabis Sativa, Agrostemma githago, Datura stramonium, Kochia scoparia, Linaria vulgaris, Sorghum orghum halepense) . Of Holm's (1969) ten worst weeds in the world three (0.9%) (Echinochloa pungens, Eleusine indica, Sorghum halepense), two of which are aliens, are weeds in the county. 2. Analysis of the Alien Weed Species Of the 116 alien weed species 55 (47.4%) were once cultivated plants. Most of these species are from the old world (84.5%) while the fewest are from the United States outside of Illinois (6.9%) (6.0% from the west and 0.9% from the southwest). The rest (8.6%) are from the new world topics. Based on data from Kibbe (1952), Jones and Fuller (1955) and Mohlenbrock and Ladd (1978), 51 (44%) of the alien weed species were in the Hancock County flora before 1881, 27 (23.3%) arrived in the flora between 1882-1920, 21 (18.1%) between 1921-1955 and 17 (14.6%) arrived in the flora Poom 1956-1978. Thus the number of alien weed species introduced per year from about 1833-1881 was 1.06, between 1882-1920 was 0.71, between 1921-1955 was 0.62, between 1956-1978 was 0.77 and between about 1933-1978 was 0.8. 3. Taxonomic Distribution of the Weed Species The weed species occur in four divisions: three (0.9%) in the Equisetophyta, one (0.3%) in the Polypodiophyta, one (0.3%) in the Pinophyta and 333 (98.5%) in the Magnoliophyta. Therefore four (1.2%) are pteridophytes, one (0.3%) gymnosperm and 333 (98.5%) are angiosperms. Of the angiosperms 62 (18.6%) are Liliopsida (monocots) and 271 (81.4%) are Magnoliopsida (dicots). The monocots represent 18.3% of the total weed flora species whereas the dicots compose 80.2%. The weed species occur in 70 families. One (1.4%) belongs to the Equisetophyta, one (1.4%) is in the Polypodiophyta, one (1.4%) in the Pinophyta and 67 (95.8%) are Magnoliophyta. Thus the weed families are about 3% pteridophytes, 1% gymnosperms and 96% angiosperms. Within the angiosperm angiosperms 12 (17. a) are Liliopsida and 55 (82.1%) are Magnoliopsida. The monocots represent 17.1% of the total weed flora families whereas the dicots comprise 78.6%. The largest weed families are Compositae (63 species) ; Poaceae (Gramineae) (30); Rosaceae and Polygonaceae each with 15 3} species; Cruciferae (13); and the F Fagaceae and Cyperaceae with 10 species each. 1983 Henry, Flora of Hancock County 19 The weed species occur in 171 genera. One (0.6%) belongs to the Equisetophyta, one (0.6%) to the Polypodiophyta, one (0.6%) to the Pinophyta and 168 (98.2%) to the Magnoliophyta. Thus the weed genera are about 1.2% pteridophytes, 0.6% gymnosperms and 98.2% angiosperms. Within the angiosperms 32 (19%) are Liliopsida and 136 (81%) are Magnoliopsida. The monocots represent 18.7% of the total weed flora genera and the dicots 79.5%. The largest genera in the weed flora are Polygonum (11 species), Quercus (10), Potamogeton (8), Amaranthus (7), Solidago (7), Bidens (7), Eupatorium (6), Erigeron (6), Carya (6), Scirpus (5), Aster (5), Populus (5) and Prunus (5). | > eae 4. Woody and Herbaceous Habit of the Weed Species Of the weed species 68 (20.1%) are woody and 270 (79.9%) are herbaceous. Of the woody species 13.2% (9) are alien and 86.8% (59) are native whereas the herbaceous species are 39.6% (107) alien and 60.4% (163) are native. All of the pteridophytes are herbaceous, all of the gymnosperms woody and of the angiosperms 67 (20.1%) are woody and 266 P75 3%) are herbaceous. Of the angiosperm weed families 15 (22.4%) are woody and 55 (82.1%) are herbaceous (the total is over 67 and 100% due to the presence of both woody and herbaceous species in three families: Rosaceae, Rubiaceae and Leguminosae). Of all the weed families 57 (81.4%) are herbaceous and 16 (22.9%) are woody (the total is over 70 and 100% due to three families (Rosaceae, Rubiaceae, Leguminosae) having both woody and herbaceous species). Of all the weed genera 145 (84.8%) are herbaceous and 26 (15.2%) are woody. The largest herbaceous weed families are Compositae (63 species), Poaceae (30), Polygonaceae (15), Cruciferae (13) and Cyperaceae (10). The largest woody weed families are Rosaceae (13 species), Fagaceae (10), Salicaceae (9), Juglandaceae (6), Ulmaceae (5), and Anacardiaceae (5). The largest herbaceous weed genera are Polygonum (11 species), Potamogeton (8), Amaranthus (7), Solidago (7), Bidens (7), Eupatorium (6), Erigeron (6), Scirpus (5), and Aster (5). The largest woody weed genera are Quercus (10 species), Carya (6), Prunus (5), Populus (5), Rubus (4), Rhus (4), Salix (4), Ulmus (4), Fraxinus (3), Rosa (3) and Acer (3): 5S. Poisonous Weed Species Of the weed species 131 (38.8%) are poisonous to humans and 46 (13.6%) are poisonous to livestock. Plants poisonous to humans were determined from Hardin and Arena (1974) and for livestock from Evers and Link (1972). 6. Drug Plant Weed Species Eighty-four (24.9%) of the weed species were on Tehon's (1951) list of Illinois drug plants. 420 Pee TO Glee Vol. 53, No. 6 7. Habitat of the Weed Species Of the weed species 44 (13%) are aquatic and 294 (87%) are terrestrial. 8. Duration of the Weed Species Of the weed species 115 (34%) are annual, 20 (5.9%) are biennial and 203 (60.1%) are perennial. DISCUSS ION Hancock County presently has 76.3% of the Illinois weed species. The county weed flora is about 34% alien species and 66% native species which is nearly the same as for the Illinois weed flora. As is also true of the state weed flora, slightly less than one- half of the alien weed species were once cultivated and over four-fifths immigrated from the old world. The present-day weed flora of the county consists of 68 (20%) species of woody plants which is less than the 26% that compose the state's weed species. A much larger proportion (87%) of the woody weed species are native than are herbaceous weed species (60%). Compared to the 116 alien weed species and 222 native weed species reported in this paper, Kibbe (1952) cited 35 alien species and 21 native species as weeds in her study of the Hancock County vascular flora. Twelve of the present-day alien weed species were listed as rare, not recently found or occurring at one or two stations by her: Agrostemma githago, Barbarea vulgaris arcuata, Bromus japonicus, Chrysanthemum leucanthemum, Digitaria i —-. ischaemum, Dipsacus sylvestris, Erysimum cheiranthoides, Euphorbia marginata, Galinsoga ciliata, Lychnis alba, Matricaria matricarioides, and Rumex obtusifolius. She noted that Galinsoga ciliata "has since become very abundant generally" and that Matricaria matricarioides has been "recently quite abundant.'' My observations have been that today Barbarea vulgaris arcuata, Chrysanthemum leucanthemum and Digitaria ischaemum are common. An interesting comment by Kibbe (1952) about the alien Portulaca oleracea is that "It is not a successful weed in Hancock County, although it is widely distributed."" It is of interest to note that nearly one-half (44%) of the alien weed species were in the county flora before 1881 and that since this initial surge there were only four additional species between 1882-1903 whereas since 1904 their rate of entry has been rather constant being about 0.82 species per year. That data indicate that for some native species on the present-day weed list six have not been found since 1900, 27 were first reported in the flora between 1921-1955 and that 16 were First reported after 1955. Kibbe (1952) noted two present-day native weed svecies as rare (Diodia teres, Justicia americana) and some others were said to be at only one or two stations or several 1983 Henry, Flora of Hancock County 21 stations. Today Justicia americana, although not rare, is of infrequent occurrence. LITERATURE CITED Batra, S. W. T. 1982. Biological Control in Agroecosystems. science «2157 1354—159- Boyer, J. S. 1982. Plant Productivity and Environment. Science 218: 443-448. Evers, R. A: , and “ink, “R.oP 21972. ~Porsonous, PAants of mie Midwest and Their Effects on Livestock. Univ. of Illinois College of Agric. Special Publ. 24, Urbana-Champaign. 165p. Hardin, J. W. and Arena, J. M. 1974. Human Poisoning from Native and Cultivated Plants. 2nd ed. Duke Univ. Press, Durham, North Carolina. 194p. Henry, R. D. 1983a. Aspects of the Weed Component of the Spontaneous Illinois Vascular Plant Flora. Phytologia 52(5): 336-348. Henry, R. D. 1983b. Checklist of the Weeds of the Spontaneous Illinois Vascular Plant Flora. The R. M. Myers and A. L. Kibbe Herbarium Circular No. 8. Western Illinois University, Macomb. 8p. Henry, R. D. 1983c. Checklist of the Vascular Plants of Hancock County, Illinois. The R. M. Myers and A. L. Kibbe Herbarium Circular No. 11. Western Illinois University, Macomb. 20p. Henry, R. D. 1983d. Checklist of the Weeds of the Spontaneous Hancock County, Illinois, Vascular Plant Flora. The R. M. Myers and A. L. Kibbe Herbarium Circular No. 12. Western Illinois University, Macomb. /7p. Holm, L. 1969. Weed Problems in Developing Countries. Weed Sci. 17:113-118. Illinois Department of Agriculture. 1978. Illinois Noxious Weeds: Their Description and Control. Springfield. 4p. Jones, G. N. and Fuller, G. D. 1955. Vascular Plants of Illinois. University of Ill. Press, Urbana, and Ill. State Museun, Springfield. 593p. Kibbe, A. L. 1952. A Botanical Study and Survey of a Typical Mid- Western County (Hancock County, Illinois). The author, Carthage College, Carthage, Illinois and Gem City Business College, Quincy, Illinois. 422 P\. Hot TsO Gal ah Vol. 53, No. 6 Mohlenbrock, R. H. 1975. Guide to the Vascular Flora of Illinois. Southern Illinois University Press, Carbondale. 494p. Mohlenbrock, R. H. and Ladd, D. M. 1978. Distribution of Illinois Vascular Plants. Southern Illinois University Press, Carbondale. 282p. Myers, R. M. 1972. Annotated Catalog and Index for the Illinois Flora. Western Illinois University Series in the Biological Sciences No. 10. Macomb, Illinois. 64p. Tehen, i. BR. “1951... The Drug Bilants ‘of Illinois; lil. Nagurai History Survey Circular 44, Urbana. 135p. Williams, M. C. 1980. Purposefully Introduced Plants that have Become Noxious or Poisonous Weeds. Weed Sci. 28:300-305. ASPECTS OF THE WEED COMPONENT OF THE SPONTANEOUS VASCULAR FLORA OF MCDONOUGH COUNTY, ILLINOIS Rio D;*Henry: The R. M. Myers and A. L. Kibbe Herbaria Western Illinois University, Macomb, 61455 ABSTRACT: There are 310 weed species in the spontaneous vascular flora of McDonough County, Illinois, of which 38% are alien and 62% native. The weed species represent 29% of the county vascular flora and 70% of the Illinois vascular weed species. Of the alien species 47% were once cultivated, 82% are from the old world, 62% were in the county before 1956 and between 1833-1982 about one species was introduced per year. The weed species are about 1.3% pteridophytes, 0.3% gymnosperms and 98.4% angiosperms occurring in 59 families and 162 genera. Of the weed species 80% are herbaceous, 40% poisonous to humans, 14% poisonous to livestock, 27% are drug plants, 91% terrestrial, 36% annual and 59% perennial. It is suggested that the weed component of the county's dynamic flora and ecosystem be continually evaluated and managed so as to minimize ecological disruption. INTRODUCTION The importance of weeds to mankind in that they reduce yields in agricultural systems has been often documented (Batra 1982, Boyer 1982, Holm 1969). It is therefore important for the understanding and management of them that the kinds of weeds present and their characteristics be continually monitored. Myers (1972) in his catalog of the Illinois vascular flora annotated the weeds of the state and of McDonough County. Henry (1983c) discussed and updated the number of species in the Illinois weed flora. This paper endeavors to present a floristic profile of the current weed component of the spontaneous vascular flora of McDonough County, FiJaners. METHODS The list of weeds used for this analysis (Henry 1983b) was derived by noting which plants in the present-day vascular flora of McDonough County, Illinois (Henry 1982), are weeds in the spontaneous vascular flora of Illinois (Henry 1983a). Family and species nomenclature follow Mohlenbrock (1975). RESULTS 1. The Alien and Native Weed Species There are 310 vascular plant weed species which represent 29.2% of the present-day species in the McDonough County spontaneous vascular 423 2h PEELO2LOGLrS Vol. 53, No. 6 flora. These weed species are 70.1% of the weed species in the Illinois flora. Of the 310 weed species 117 (37.7%) are alien and 193 (62.3%) are native species. Five (Ambrosia artemiisifolia, A. trifida, Cannabis sativa, Cirsium arvense, Sorghum halepense (1. 6%) are on the e official noxious weed list of Illinois (Ill. Dept. of Agric. 1978). Of Williams' (1980) thirty-seven purposefully introduced plants into the United States that have become noxious or poisonous weeds, seven (2.3%) are weeds in McDonough County (Cannabis sativa, Cynodon dactylon, Datura stramonium, Kochia scoparia, Linaria vulgaris, Lonicera japonica, Sorghum halepense). Of Holm's (1969) ten worst weeds in the world, four (1.3%) (Cynodon dactylon, Echinochloa pungens, Eleusine indica, Sorghum — halepense), three of which are aliens, are weeds in the county. 2. Analysis of the Alien Weed Species Of the 117 alien weed species 55 (47%) were once cultivated plants. Most of these species are from the old world (82.1%) while the fewest are from the United States outside of Illinois (8.5%) (6.8% from the west and 1.7% from the southwest). The rest (9.4%) are from the New World topics. Based on data from Jones and Fuller (1955) and Myers (1983) 73 (62.4%) of the alien weed species were in the McDonough County flora before 1956 and 44 (37.6%) arrived in the flora from 1956-1982. Thus the number of alien weed species introduced per year from about 1833-1955 was 0.59, between 1956-1982 was 1.69 and between about 1833-1982 was 0.79. The relatively large species increase per year between 1956-1982 perhaps is due to the large increase of woody weed species during that time period as indicated by the fact that in Illinois in 1954 there were only four listed species of woody weeds whereas in 1982 there were 116 species (Henry 1983c). Since plant collections from McDonough County have been made only in relatively recent times (none before 1945 per Myers 1972 p. 58), it would seem reasonable to assume that perhaps the figures for the actual number and percentage of alien weed species in the flora before 1956 are lower than may have actually been the case. 3. Taxonomic Distribution of the Weed Species The weed species occur in four divisions: three (1%) in the Equisetophyta, one (0.3%) in the Polypodiophyta, one (0.3%) in the Pinophyta and 305 (98.4%) in the Magnoliophyta. Therefore four (1.3%) are pteridophytes, one (0.3%) gymnosperm and 305 (98.4%) are angiosperms. Of the angiosperms 55 (18%) are Liliopsida (monocots) and 250 (82%) are Magnoliopsida (dicots). The monocots represent 17.7% of the total weed flora species whereas the dicots compose 80.6%. The weed species occur in 59 families. One (1.7%) belongs to the Equisetophyta, one (1.7%) is in the Polypodiophyta, one (1.7%) in the Pinophyta and 56 (94.9%) are Magnoliophyta. Thus the weed families 1983 Henry, Flora of McDonough County 25 are about 3% pteridophytes, 2% gymnosperms and 95% angiosperms. Within the angiosperms nine (16.1%) are Liliopsida and 47 (83.9%) are Magnoliopsida. The monocots represent 15.3% of the total weed flora families whereas the dicots comprise 79.7%. The largest weed families are Compositae (59 species); Poaceae (Gramineae) (32); Cruciferae, Rosaceae and Polygonaceae each with 13 species; Fagaceae (10); and the Labiatae and Cyperaceae with nine species each. The weed species occur in 162 genera. One (0.6%) belongs to the Equisetophyta, one (0.6%) to the Polypodiophyta, one (0.6%) to the Pinophyta and 159 (98.2%) to the Magnoliophyta. Thus the weed genera are about 1.2% pteridophytes, 0.6% gymnosperms and 98.2% angiosperms. Within the angiosperms 30 (18.9%) are Liliopsida and 129 (81.1%) are Magnoliopsida. The monocots represent 18.5% of the total weed flora genera and the dicots 79.6%. The largest genera in the weed flora are Polygonum (10 species), Quercus (10), Amaranthus (7), Solidago (6), Eupatorium (6), Erigeron (6), Bidens (6), Scirpus (6), Carya Carya (5) and | Potamogeton C52 4. Woody and Herbaceous Habit of the Weed Species Of the weed species 62 (20%) are woody and 248 (80%) are herbaceous. Of the woody species 12.9% (8) are alien and 87.1% (54) are native whereas the herbaceous species are 44% (109) alien and 56% (139) are native. All of the pteridophytes are herbaceous, all of the gymnosperms woody and of the angiosperms 61 (20%) are woody and 244 (80%) are herbaceous. Of the angiosperm weed families 15 (26.8%) are woody and 44 (78.6%) are herbaceous (the total is over 56 and 100% due to the presence of both woody and herbaceous species in three families: Rosaceae, Rubiaceae and Leguminosae). Of all the weed families 46 (78%) are herbaceous and 16 (27%) are woody (the total is over 59 and 100% due to three families (Rosaceae, Rubiaceae, Leguminosae) having both woody and herbaceous species). -Of all the weed genera 135 (83.3%) are herbaceous and 27 (16.7%) are woody. The largest herbaceous weed families are Compositae (59 species), Poaceae (32), Cruciferae (13), Polygonaceae (13), Labiatae (9), Cyperaceae (9), Convolvulaceae (8), and Solanaceae (8). The largest woody weed families are Fagaceae (10 species), Rosaceae (10) Salicaceae (7), Anacardiaceae (5), Juglandaceae (5), Ulmaceae (4), Moraceae (4), Aceraceae (4), and Caprifoliaceae (3). The largest herbaceous weed genera are Polygonum (10 species), Amaranthus (7), Solidago (6), Eupatorium (6), Erigeron (6), Bidens (6), Scirpus (6), Potamogeton (5), Verbena (4), Solanum (4), Setaria (4), and Aster (4). The largest woody weed genera are Quercus (10 species), Carya (5), Rhus (4), Populus (4), Acer (4), Rubus (4), Prunus (3), Salix (3), Ulmus (3), Fraxinus (2), Morus (2), Rosa (2) and Vitis (2). 5S. Poisonous Weed Species Of the weed species 124 (40%) are poisonous to humans and 44 (14. 2%) are poisonous to livestock. Plants poisonous to humans were 426 PiS Tiley Cis Vol. 53, No. 6 determined from Hardin and Arena (1974) and for livestock from Evers and Link (1972). 6. Drug Plant Weed Species Eighty-two (26.5%) of the weed species were on Tehon's (1951) list of Illinois drug plants. Dot Habitat of the Weed Species Of the weed species 29 (9.4%) are aquatic and 281 (90.6%) are terrestrial. 8. Duration of the Weed Species Of the weed species 112 (36.1%) are annual, 16 (5.2%) are biennial and 182 (58.7%) are perennial. DISCUSSION Myers (1972) annotated over 200 vascular plant weed species in Illinois and over 150 in McDonough County. This represented the first list of weeds for the county. Henry (1983b) recorded 310 weed species in the county. From the perspective of studying trends and changes of this dynamic weed flora it would be desirable to compare Myers' and Henry's data but unfortunately such a direct comparison would not be accurate since Myers' list is based on only the native and naturalized alien vascular flora whereas Henry considered the entire spontaneous vascular flora. Thus the apparent doubling of the weed species in eleven years indicated above is not considered accurate. McDonough County presently has 70% of the Illinois weed species. The county weed flora is about 38% alien species and 62% native species which is nearly the same as for the Illinois weed flora. As is also true of the state weed flora, slightly less than one-half of the alien weed species were once cultivated and about four-fifths immigrated from the old world. The present-day weed flora of the county consists of 62 (20%) species of woody plants which is less than the 26% that compose the state's weed species. It is to be noted that Myers in 1972 listed only eight woody species (four native and four alien) in the weed flora whereas Henry in 1983 listed 62. This large increase reflects the fact that woody plants (particularly native species) have become major weeds only in the last several decades (see Henry 1983c). A much larger proportion (87%) of the woody weed species are native than are herbaceous weed species (56%). The list of weeds for McDonough County which was used for this analysis (Henry 1983b) is accurate on the basis of it being compiled from current published professional data. A local newspaper, how- ever, recently (Anonymous 1983) noted that corn (as a volunteer in 1983 Henry, Flora of McDonough County 27 soybeans) could be abundant and a potential weed problem in McDonough County in 1983 and that a weed control specialist would discuss it. This weed (corn) is not in the publications referred to above (and referenced in the introduction) showing that there probably will always be some difference of opinion as to what plants are weeds and that there is always a constant need to reevaluate weed lists. Weeds are part of the flora and thus their management affects the ecosystem in which they are present. Weed management (control) utilizes procedures which reduce or eliminate those plants. Hope- fully, a judicious ecological judgement would be made on procedures to be used and on which and how many of these plants are involved in this manipulation to favor some plants over others. Perhaps, a "weed"' environmental impact statement would be desirable to evaluate, minimize and, if necessary, suggest mitigation when the ecosystem is in danger of harmful disturbance. Some methods that could be considered so as to minimize ecological disruption are: (1) increase the use of selective herbicides and decrease the use of nonselective ones (develop herbicides that are more selective among the weeds themselves; these herbicides should affect only the plants that are weeds in any given situation), (2) encourage using the weeds in an integral and positive helpful way in pest manage- ment systems (for an example see Illinois Natural History Survey (1983)), and (3) use an alternative production system such as managed natural system production that would be equal to or greater than present monocultural production systems. Weeds can also be valuable as a source of desirable genes in production systems and a potential economic and useful resource for mankind. LITERATURE CITED Anonymous. 1983. Agronomy Day. Business News 14-52: 6. Macomb, LLlaneis: Batra, S. W. T. 1982. Biological Control in Agroecosystems. SCience /Z1529 154-1395 Boyer, J. S. 1982. Plant Productivity and Environment. Science 218: 443-448. Evers, R. A., and Link, R. P. 1972. Poisonous Plants of the Midwest and Their Effects on Livestock. Univ. of Illinois College of Agric. Special Publ. 24, Urbana-Champaign. 165p. Hardin, J. W. and Arena, J. M. 1974. Human Poisoning from Native and Cultivated Plants. 2nd ed., Duke Univ. Press, Durhan, North Carolina. 194p. Henry, R. D. 1982. Checklist of the Vascular Plants of McDonough County, Illinois. The R. M. Myers and A. L. Kibbe Herbarium Circular No. 6. Western Illinois University, Macomb. 18p. 4,28 Po PO rsGra rd oh Vol. 53, No. 6 Henry, R. D. 1983a. Checklist of the Weeds of the Spontaneous Illinois Vascular Plant Flora. The R. M. Myers and A. L. Kibbe Herbarium Circular No. 8. Western Illinois University, Macomb. 8p. Henry, R. D. 1983b. Checklist of the Weeds of the Spontaneous McDonough County, Illinois, Vascular Plant Flora. The R. M. Myers and A. L. Kibbe Herbarium Circular No. 9. Western Illinois University, Macomb. 7p. Henry, R. D. 1983c. Aspects of the Weed Component of the Spontaneous Illinois Vascular Plant Flora. Phytologia 52(5): 336-348. Holm, L. 1969. Weed Problems in Developing Countries. Weed Sci. 17: 113-118. Illinois Department of Agriculture. 1978. Illinois Noxious Weeds: Their Description and Control. Springfield. 4p. Illinois Natural History Survey. 1983. Computers Aid in Fight. The Pil> Nat. Hist. Survey Reports No. 223% ‘Champaign. Ap. Jones "GINS sand *buller, GA DY) 1955. ~Vaseular Wtants of Pilinoeis. Univ. of Ill. Press, Urbana, and I11. State Museum, Springfield. 593p. Mohlenbrock, R. H. 1975. Guide to the Vascular Flora of Illinois. Southern Illinois University Press, Carbondale. 494p. Myers, R. M. 1972. Annotated Catalog and Index for the Illinois Flora. Western Illinois University Series in the Biological Sciences No. 10. Macomb, Illinois. 64p. Myers, R. M. 1983. Preliminary Checklist of the Vascular Plants of McDonough County, Illinois. The R. M. Myers and A. L. Kibbe Herbarium Circular No. 7. Western Illinois University, Macomb. 8p. tenon, GL, Rh. “2951: The’ Drug Plants’ of Illinois: Ill. ‘Natural History Survey Circular 44, Urbana. 135p. Williams, M. C. 1980. Purposefully Introduced Plants that have become Noxious or Poisonous Weeds. Weed Sci. 28: 300-305. CHROMOSOME COUNTS OF AND NOTES ON SOME OLD WORLD ASTERS (ASTERACEAE) Almut G. Jones and Roy A. Smogor Department of Plant Biology University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801 In order to familiarize ourselves with the characteristics of Old World species of Aster, we acquired achenes offered in the seed lists of some botanical gardens. A portion of the material was used to obtain the chromosome counts reported below, MATERIALS AND METHODS With the exception of one population of Aster tripolium, all materials used in the investigation came from plants cultivated in botanical gardens. For germination, the achenes were placed on wet filter paper in Petri dishes. Some of the young seedlings were fixed and stained using standard cytological techniques. The re- maining plants were potted and grown to maturity to provide vouchers for verification of identity. For meiotic chromosome counts, buds were fixed and anthers stained, again using standard techniques. Vouchers are on deposit at ILL. RESULTS AND COMMENTS Aster alpinus L.-- 2n = 18. Both meiotic and mitotic counts were obtained. Buds were collected from plants in the Botanical Garden of the University of Tibingen (AGJ 5877); achenes came from the Conservatoire et Jardin Botanique in Geneva (AGI 6315) eu» Les species is notable for a very early flowering period (May- -June). Aster amellus L.-- 2n= 18. Seed source: Cons. & Jard. Bot. Geneva (AGJ 6313). The plants grown in the greenhouse are rather short-stemmed, but they clearly belong in this variable species. Aster ibericus Stev. in M.-Bieb.-- 2n= 54. Seed source: Moscow Botanical Garden (AGI 6331). The plants belong in or near A. amellus. Nees von Esenbeck placed the name in synonymy under that species (1832: 45), and the taxon was formally given varietal rank under A, amellus by De Candolle (1836, 5: 231). In Komarov's Flora URSS (25: 87, 1959), Tamamschjan recognized A. ibericus at species rank, Her species concept generally is very narrow but, in this case, the hexaploid chromosome number (which has been reported before by Huziwara, 1962) perhaps would support treatment as a spe- cies distinct from A, amellus. However, hexaploid chromosome counts for A. amellus have “also been reported (cf. Moore 1973). The plants 29 4,30 Pener TOL Oe ts Vol. 53, No. 6 compare well with the original diagnosis and statements in the works cited, and they match a drawing presented by Tamamsch jan (1959: 89). The senior author recalls having seen similar specimens in European herbaria, Aster pyrenaeus Desf. ex DC. in Lam. & DC.-- 2n= 18. Seed source: Munich Botanical Garden (AGJ 6332). The plants at hand correspond well to type material and herbarium specimens of this species. Aster serpentimontanus Tamamsch.-- 2n= 18. Seed source: Moscow Botanical Garden (AGI 5895). The plant seems to present no more than a variant of A. alpinus with somewhat coarser leaves and exceptionally large heads. Flowering period also coincides with that noted for A. alpinus. The type is that of A. cylleneus Onno (1932) non Halaczy (1901), i.e. this is a renaming of a later homo- nym. Our material corresponds well to the type and named specimens in European herbaria. Aster tongolensis Franch.-- 2n = 54 (this apparently is a first report). Seed source: Cons. & Jard. Bot. Geneva (AGJ 6316). The species was originally described from China, We have seen no authentic specimens, but our plants match the original description and the photograph of a syntype (Ta-tsien-lou, Pratt 700); they also can readily be identified in Onno's (1932) key, and they are classified in that presentation under Aster sect. Alpigeni Nees subsect, Homochaeta Onno series Brachychaeti Onno, i.e. plants having achenes with relatively few, very short, pappus bristles. in our opinion, these plants do not belong in Aster, but rather in Kalimeris, They are characterized by achenes that are very broad and flat, with two marginal ribs that create almost the impression of a winged margin. The pappus forms a narrow crown of a few, rufous, attenuate bristles, ca 0.5-1.5 mm long, to about one-third the length of the disk corollas. Superficially the habit and ros- ette leaves resemble those of A. alpinus. However, members of Aster sect. Alpigeni can readily be distinguished by their whitish pappus of numerous,slender, soft bristles that are about as long as the disk corollas. Ligules in plants of A. alpinus and A. serpenti- montanus are of a deep blue. Plants of A. tongolensis have much coarser foliage and longer peduncles. Ligules are pale, almost white, or even cream-colored in the early stages before anthesis. Aster tripolium L.-- 2n= 18. Both meiotic and mitotic counts were recorded. Achenes were obtained from the Munich Botani- cal Garden (AGJ 6333), and from a collection made by J. Cheeseman (University of Illinois) in Scotland, Kincardine Bridge, Grangemouth (AGJ 5885). The vouchers compare well with herbarium material. Flowering in these plants could be induced only by placing them under a lamp with very intensive light. 1983 Jones & Smogor, Old World asters 31 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Financial support for this research was provided by N.S.F. Grant DEB 80-22172 to AGJ. We thank John Cheeseman for collecting a sample of A. tripolium, and James Kramer for ordering the other seed material and for growing the plants, LITERATURE CITED De Candolle, A. P. 1836. Aster. in: Prodromus systematis naturalis, etc. Vol. 5: 226-253. Paris. Treuttell & Wirtz. Huziwara, Y. 1962. Karyotype analysis of some genera of Compositae IX. Chromosomes of European species of Aster, Bot. Mag. Tokyo 75: 143-149. Moore, R. J. 1973. Index to plant chromosome numbers 1967-1971. Regnum Vegetabile Vol. 90. Nees von Esenbeck, C. G. 1832 (1833). Genera et species Astere- arum, Leonard Schrag. Nuremberg. Onno, M. 1932. Geographisch-morphologische Studien Uber Aster alpinus und verwandte Arten, Bibl. Bot. 26 (Heft 106). Tamamschjan, S. G. 1959. Aster. In: Komarov, V. L. Flora URSS. Vol. 25: 77-110. Academiae Scientiarum URSS. Moscow and Leningrad. XYRIDACEAE VENEZUELANAE -- I Robert Kral, Vanderbilt University Lyman B. Smith, U. S. National Museum In preparation for the publication of the Xyridaceae in "Flora de Venezuela" we are publishing the following five new species. A sixth species is Xyris apureana Kral & Smith, Ann. Mo. Bot. Gard. 69: 412, fig. 1. 1982. We are relating the species to those in Maguire & L. B. Snith, "The Botany of the Guayana Highland", Memoirs of the New York Botanical Garden 10(5): 8-37. 1964, although the Guayana Highland and Venezuela each have species not found in the other area. In some cases we have proposed finely distinguished species in order not to lose them by possible misidentification with an old species. XYRIS Section NEMATOPUS 28a. X. CHIMANTAE Kral & Smith, sp. nov. Planta perennis caespitosa, basibus firmis lamprocupreis vel lamprocastaneis, per bases persistentes veternas foliorum obtectis. Radices graciles, pro maxima parte a infernis nodis exorientes. Caules elongati, basibus in substrato profunde dispositis. Folia principalia rigida, disticha, leviter flabellate expansa, (1.8-)2-4(4.8) am longa, vaginis scaporum longiora; laminae 3-4-plo vaginis longi- ores, leviter tortae, planae, sed leviter incrassatae et crassi- marginatae, 2.0-2.5 mm latae, olivaceae vel glandaceae, subti- liter papilloso-rugulosae; apices abrupte incurvato-acuti, incrassati, integri vel scabro-ciliati; margines leviter papil- losi vel minute scabrido-ciliati; vaginae ecarinatae, multi- costatae, papilloso-rugulosae, apice breviligulatae, infime gra- datim dilatatae, aciebus integris, firmis. Vaginae scaporum apertae, laxae, multicostatae, brevilaminatae. Scapi graciles, ca. 3-6 dm longi, recti vel leviter torti et flexuosi, in secti- one transversali distaliter subteretes vel ovales vel elliptici, papillos, ecostati vel anguste bicostati, costis papillosis vel scabridis. Spicae multiflorae, obovoideae vel obconicae, ca. 1 em longae; bracteae laxae imbricatae, subdecussatae, ecari- natae sine area dorsali, glabrae, pallide vel profunde brunneo- lae sed haud marginatae, valde laceratae; bracteae steriles ovatae, plures, fertilibus breviores, in fertiles gradatim transientes; bracteae fertiles plures, ovatae, 7 mm longae, anguste rotundatae ad apicem rufociliatae, nervis medianis humi- lis sed manifestis. Sepala lateralia libera, subequilatera, ob- lanceolata, ca. 5.5 mm longa, inclusa vel ad apicem spicae exserta, leviter curvata, acuta; ala carinali a medio ad apicem rufofimbriolata. Laminae petalorum obovato-rhomboideae, luteo- lae, ca. 6 mm longae, apice anguste rotundatae, erosae. Stami- 432 1983 Kral & Smith, Xyridaceae venezuelanae 33 nodia bibrachiata, brachiis longipenicillatis. Antherae ob- longae, ca. 2 mm longae, filis ca. 1 mm longis. Capsula non visa; placenta centralis. Fig. l. Type: Venezuela. Estado Bolivar. Chimanta Massif, central section, swampy depression in wet savanna along east branch of headwaters of Rio Tirica, altitude 2120 meters, February 12, 1955, Julian A. Steyermark and John J. Wurdack 768. Holotype at VEN? Isotypes at NY. Additional material: Chimanta Massif, Central Section, island in Rio Tirica above Middle Falls below Summit Camp, altitude 1925 meters, February 5, 1955, Jd. A. Steyermark & J. J. Wurdack 486 (NY, VEN!); Chimanta Massif, east-central portion of summit of Apacara-tepui, altitude elso- 2500 meters, June 21-22, 1953, J. A. Steyermark 75870 (F, VEN!). This taxon is closest to Xyris lugubris Malme, and is perhaps only distinct from it varietally. As in that species, its lea- ves are compressed, its spikes obconic or obovoid, with the dark bracts tending to be arranged in ranks, lacking dorsal areas, and with edges thin, narrowly inrolled. However, X. chimantae is long-stemmed, these stems emanating from branches lower down in what must be large clumps. Unfortunately, none of the materi- al available shows ripe fruit and seeds, so that any seed charac- ter that might be distinctive is not at hand. 29a. X. TRISPERMA Kral & Smith, sp. nov. Planta annua, solitaria vel caespitosa, humilis, tenella. Radices tenues. Folia subdisticha, 1.0-3.5 cm longa, solum basalia, erecta vel leviter expansa, vaginis scaporum leviter longiora; laminae vaginis ca. 5-plo longiores, tortae, valde compressae, usque O.75 mm latae, longitudinae 2-3-nervosae, lateribus valde transversim scabridorugulosis; apices anguste acuti, incurvati, incrassati; margines tenues, valde tuberculatoscabrosi; vaginae carinatae, carinibus scabridis, lateribus transversim rugosis, marginibus in laminas gradatim convergentibus, infime gradatim expanse, acies ad basin scariosae, integrae. Vaginae scaporum folia breviora, multicostatae, tortae, apicem versus scabrorugulosae, carinatae, laminis brevibus, laminis foliorum similibus. Scapi filiformes, erecti, torti, ca. 4-8 cm alti, ca. 0.3 mm lati, basin versus teretes, glabri, a medio ad apicem leviter compres- si, valde bicostati, costis acutis, valde scabrosis. Spicae ellipsoidales, 3.05 alna0 mm longae, vulgo 2-3-florae, obtusae, bracteae tenues, subdistichae, integrae, pallide brunneae; bracteae steriles 4, pari infimo spica ca. 2-plo breviore, ob- longo, obtuso, carinato, area dorsali lineari, ferruginea, cari- nam fascienti, pari intimo ca. 3 mm longo, obovato, ecarinato, area dorsali anguste elliptico, ca. 1 mm longo; bracteae fertiles late obovatae, rotundatae plicatae, tenues, area dorsali anguste elliptica. Sepala lateralia libera, late lanceolata, ca. 2 mm longa, valde inequilatera, acuta vel obtusa, basin versus valde curvata; ala carinali firma, lata, a medio ad apicem ciliata. Capsula ca. 1.5 mm longa; placenta basalis. Semina 3, asym- metrice oblonga vel elliptica, 1.0-1.3 mm longa, ferrugineofusca, translucida, longitudinaliter minutissime striata, apice acuta, 3h es ie a a Oy hs es oe a: Vol. 53, No. 6 pallide comosa. Fig. 2. Type: Venezuela. Estado Bolivar. Cumbre de Cerro Guaiqui- nima, Salto del Rio Szezerbanari (Rio Carapo), 1-2 km. Rio Arriba del Salto Szezerbanari, Lat. 5° 44" 4" N., Long. 63° 41! 8" W., parte central del cerro, altura 750 m., 20-25 Enero 1977, J. A. Steyermark, G. C. K. & E. Dunsterville 113149. Holotype at VEN; isotype at US. This diminutive plant, possibly a depauperate example, is rare in a packet of small specimens of X. paranensis Poepp. ex Kunth. but differs markedly from that species in its much more scabrid foliage. In character of inequilateral sepal and rugos- ity of foliage it also resembles X. Ssavannensis, but again differs in its finely multistriate, longer, apically comose seed. It is nearest of all in character of foliage, scabridity, and particularly in regard to the comose seed, to X. mima Smith & Downs, a rare species of southern Para, Brazil. However, its seeds are longer, its lateral sepals strongly inequilateral (rather than subequilateral ) and shorter and its spikes are shorter. 30a. X. CONSOLIDA Kral & Smith, sp. nov. Planta perennis, solitaria vel caespitosa, basibus crassiusculis lamprobrunneolis, valde persistentibus veternis foliorum obtecta. Radices gracil- es. Caules breves. Folia principalia rigida, flabellate expan- sa, usque ad 10(-12) em longa, vaginis scaporum leviter longiora vel eis breviora; laminae ca. 1-2-plo vaginis longiores, planae, 2.0-3.5 mm latae, olivaceae, a basi ad medium papillosae, a medio ad apicem glabrae; apices abrupte et oblique acuti, ali- quantum incrassati; margines leviter incrassati, papillosi; vagi- nae leviter carinatae ad basim dilatatae multicostatae, in lami- nas gradatim decrescentes, transverse papilloso-rugulosae, aci- ebus latis longiciliatis, trichomatibus luteobrunneolis. Vaginae scaporum valde et anguste multicostatae, basin versus atroferru- gineae, apicem versus apertae, olivaceae, laminis nunc brevibus nune in dimensione folibus princibus similibus. Scapi graciles, o-3 an alia levaver tort et flexuosl; olivacei, papillosi, multiangulosi et costati, costis angustis, papillosis. Spicae multiflorae, subglobosae, ca. 7-8 mm longae; bracteae spiraliter imbricatae, ecarinatae, sine area dorsali, glabrae; bracteae steriles late oblongae vel suborbiculatae, ca. 5-6, fertilibus breviores, in fertiles gradatim transientes; bracteae fertiles late oblongae vel obovatae, 5.0-5.5 mm longae, latae rotundatae, atroporphyreae, integrae vel leviter erosae, nervis medianis humilibus sed manifestis. Sepala lateralia ca. 1/3 connata, 5.0- 5-5 mm longa, lobis oblongis, valde inequilateris, acutis; ala carinali super mediam subtiliter lacerata. Laminae petalorum oblongae-ellipticae, luteolae, ca. 4.5 mm longae, ad apicem erosae. Staminodia bibrachiata, brachiis longipenicellatis. Antherae anguste oblongae, ca. 1.5 mm longae, thecis ad apicem et basin divergentibus, filis ca. 1 mm longis. Capsula obovoid- ea vel late ellipsoidea, brunnea, ca. 3.5 mm longa; placenta centralis. Semina numerosa, anguste ellipsoidea vel cylindrica, 1983 Kral & Smith, Xyridaceae venezuelanae 35 apiculata, 1 mm longa, translucida, ferruginea, longitudine valde 16-18-costata. Fig. 3, 4. Type: Venezuela. Estado de Bolivar. Uaipan-tepui, the summit of West Peak, 1980 m alt., small wet grassy swamp on sandstone, 4 March 1967, Getulio Agostini & Tetsuo Koyama 7462. Holotype at VEN; isotypes at NY, US. Additional material: Venezuela. Estado Bolivar: Cumbre del Ptari-tepui, Lat. 5° 45! N., Long. 61° 45" Oeste, al norte de la Mision de Santa Teresita de Kavanayen, altura 2360-2420 metros, 23 de febrero de 1978, Julian A. Steyermark, Victor Carreno Espinosa, Roy McDiarmid y Charles Brewer-Carias 115729. Distinguished from the type only by the smooth-margined leaf-blades. This species appears to be distinguished from the other short-stemmed montane xyrids of that complex having dark bracts and lack dorsal areas by its sharply angulate and multicostate scapes, its comparatively long (ca. 1 mm) seed, and particularly by its connate sepals. 42a. X.FOVEOLATA Kral & Smith, sp. nov. Herba perennis, caespitosa, nitida, rhizomate crasso, brevi, subverticali. Radices graciles. Folia ensiformi-linearia, (7-)8-15(-16) em longa, flabellate expansa; laminae vaginis 1-2-plo longiores, planae vel leviter tortae, 1.5-2.0 mm latae, valde compressae, longitudine multinervosae, lateribus olivaceis vel ferrugineis, punctatis (stomatibus depressis!); apices anguste acuti, erecti vel incurvati, leviter incrassati; margines incrassati, flavidi, antrorse dense et pallide ciliati; vaginae carinatae, carinibus ciliatoscabridis, lateribus atrobrunneolis, marginibus in laminas gradatim convergentibus, infime gradatim expansis, ad basin castaneis, acies integrae, tenues, ad apicem ligulatae, ligula linearotriangulata, 1.5-2.0 mm longa, leviter expansa. Vaginae scaporum multicostatae, tortae, carinatae, carinibus ciliatis, laminis brevibus, laminis foliorum similibus. Scapi 1.5-2.5 dm alti, recti vel aliquantum flexuosi, leviter torti, 1.0-1.5 mm lati, brunneoli, punctati, bicostati, ancipiti, aciebus antrorse longiciliatis. Spicae obovoideae, 6-7 mm longae, obtusae, pauci- florae; bracteae laxe imbricatae, subdecussatae, marginibus scariosis, atrorferrugineis, ciliatis, revolutis et areis dor- sales grandes, pallide brunneolis; bracteae steriles e-h, pari infimo oblongo-triangulato, 4-5 mm longo, valde carinato, pari intimo nullo vel ovato-triangulato, ecarinato, dorsaliter convexo-rotundato, uninervi; bracteae fertiles anguste ovatae, anguste rotundatae, plicatae, ca. 5 mm longae, apicem versus sub- cucullatae, valde papillosae. ' Sepala lateralia libera, equi- latera, basin versus leviter curvata, lineari-lanceolata, ca. 4 mom longa, anguste obtusa vel bidentata; ala carinali a basi integra, a medio ad apicem ciliata; sepala intima apicem versus cartilaginea, ferruginea, papillosa. Laminae petalorum obovatae, cae 5 mm longae, cuneatae, luteolae. Staminodia bibrachiata, brachiis longipenicillatis. Antherae lineari-lanceolatae, bisagittatae, ca. 1.5 mm longae. Capsula matura non visa, placenta basalis. Fig. 5. 36 FoR 2 De® 4p Or Gtk Vol. 53, No. 6 Type: Venezuela. Terr. Federal Amazonas. Cerro Yapacana, 7 de Mayo de 1970, J. A. Steyermark, G. Bunting 103241. Collected "en la sabana grande entre el Cano Cotua y el pie del cerro, Lat. 3° 45" N, Long. 66° 45" W, 125 metros altura. Holo- type at VEN; isotypes at US, VDB. Additional material: Amazonas: Depto. Atabapo, tercera sabana al pie W del Cerro Yapacana, 3° 38! N, 66° 52" 0, alt. 100 m, 3 Jun 1978, 0. Huber 2030 (VEN!). This species is distinguished by a combination of flattened, prominently thick-edged and ciliate leaves, ancipital and ciliate scapes, hooded-tipped and reddish-margined, ciliate bracts. The margins of the leaf-sheath, while thin, are firmish and terminate in a long, narrow, sharp ligule. The large, pale dorsal areas, surfaces of leaf blades and scapes are all strongly punctate, because of sunken stomata. 47a. X. EPICARAE Kral & Smith, sp. nov. Planta perennis, densicaespitosa, basibus firmis, pallide porphyreis, per bases persistentes veternas foliorum obtectis. Radices graciles. Cau- les aliquantum elongati, erecti vel ascendentes. Folia princi- palia subdisticha erecta, torta, flexuosa, 0.8-1.8 dm longa, vaginis scaporum (et persaepe scapis) longiora; laminae 5-6-plo vaginis longiores, filiformes, angulosae vel teretes aut leviter compressae, 0.2-0.4 mm latae, longitudine valde nervosae, niti- dae, glabrae, nervis ferrugineis intervallis viridulis latiori- bus; apices gradatim contracti, ad apicem fimbriolati, tricho- matibus clavatis; margines integris vel basin versus minute sca- bridis; vaginae ecarinatae, integrae, valde multicostatae, gla- brae, infime gradatim dilatatae, ad apicem ligulam scariosam acutam usque ad 1.5 mm longam efferentes. Vaginae scaporum fol- iorum similes sed breviores. Scapi filiformes 1.5-2.0 dm longi, 0.3-0.4 mm lati, leviter torti et flexuosi, teretes, subtiliter 1-multicostati, olivacei, glabri. Spicae 2-florae, ellipsoideae vel in statu maturo obconicae, ca. 4 mm longae; bracteae laxae imbricatae, decussatae, triangulato-ovatae, plerumque 6, glabrae, pallide lamproferrugineae, apicem versus parce ciliatae, margine scariosae; bracteae steriles 4, unicostatae, pari infimo lanceo- lato ca. 2.5 mm longo, cymbiformi, pari intimo triangulato-ovato, ca. 3 mm longo, ecarinato; bracteae fertiles triangulato-ovatae, ca. 3 mm longae, valde convexae aut naviculares, demum excurva- tae; area dorsali olivacea demum ferruginea, conspicua, magna, bracteas fere aequantes. Sepala lateralia libera, oblonga, ca. 3-5 mm longa, leviter curvata, subequilatera, obtusa et leviter emarginata; ala carinali angusta, integra. Laminae petalorum obtriangulatae, ca. 3 mm longae, luteolae, ad apicem subtrun- catae, erosae. Staminodia bibrachiata, brachiis ad apicem parce penicillatis. Antherae oblongae, 1.2 mm longae, thecis ad apicem et basin divergentibus; filamentis antheram aequantibus. Capsula ellipsoidea, ca. 2 mm longa; placenta centralis. Semina numerosa, late ellipsoidea, ca. 0.5 mm longa, profunde lamproferruginea, longitudine et subtiliter multistriata. Fig. 6. Type: Venezuela. Estado Bolivar. On southeast escarpment of Cerro Piton, alt. 400 m, Cordillera Epicara, Rio Chicanan, 1983 Kral & Smith, Xyridaceae venezuelanae 37 September 5, 1962, Bassett Maguire, Julian A. Steyermark and Celia K. Maguire 53651. Holotype at VEN; isotypes at NY, US, VDB. Additional material: cumbre de Cerro Guaiquinima, Salto del Rio Szezerbanari (Rio Carapo), 1-2 km. rio arriba del Salto Szezerbanari, Lat. 5° 44" 4" N., Long. 63° 41' 8" W., parte central del cerro, altura 750 m., in thin dwarf woodland adjacent to rocky open sandstone exposures, 20-25 Enero 1977, Julian A. Steyermark, G. C. K. & E. Dunsterville 113116-A (NY, VDB, VEN, US). This delicate plant with filiform leaves often equalling or even slightly surpassing the scapes, with small spikes of loosely imbricated, decussate bracts that in age excurve to give spikes an obconic aspect, is in almost all characters similar to, if not the same as, X. cyperoides H. A. Gleason, a rare species of the British Guianan savanna. Unfortunately the type (which we have not seen!) is said to lack flowers and fruit, so that a final determination cannot be made. These little plants are part of a complex the central species of which is X. guianensis Steud., another delicate plant but with broader, thickened-margined leaf- blades. While the lateral sepal of X. cyperoides is described as linear-spatulate and inequilateral, that of the Venezuelan X. epicarae is broader, emarginate, subequilateral. ILLUSTRATIONS Fig. 1. X. CHIMANTAE Kral & Smith (Steyermark & Wurdack 486). a. Habit sketch; b. Two leaf-apices; c. Sector of leaf, mid- blade; d. Two views of leaf at junction of blade and sheath; e. Leaf-base; f. Spike; g. Lateral sepal; h. Floral parts, stylar apex, petal and stamen, staminode. Fig. 2. X. TRISPERMA Kral & Smith (Steyermark et al. 113149). a. Habit sketch; b. Leaf-apex; c. Leaf at mid-blade; d. Upper leaf-sheath; e. Base of leaf-sheath; f. Spike, cross-sections of fertile bract (above), sterile bract (below); g. Scape toward apex; h. Lateral sepal; i. Seed. Fig. 3. X. CONSOLIDA Kral & Smith (Agostini & Koyama 7462). a. Habit sketch; b. Leaf-tip; c. Sector of leaf at mid-blade; d. Sector of leaf at junction of sheath and blade; e. Leaf-base; f. Spike and upper part of scape; g. Fertile bract; h. Lateral sepals; i. Floral parts, including petal-blade and stamen, stami- node, stylar apex. Fig. 4. X. CONSOLIDA Kral & Smith (Steyermark et al. 115729). a. Habit sketch; b. Leaf-tip; c. Sector at ca. mid-blade at junc- tion of sheath and blade; d. Leaf-base; e. Spike; f. Fertile bract; g. Lateral sepals, inner and outer view; h. Petal and sta- men; i. Stylar apex, staminode, enlarged view of beard hair; j- Capsule; k. Seed. Fig. 5. X. FOVEOLATA Kral & Smith (Steyermark & Bunting 103241). a. Habit sketch; b. Leaf-tip; c. Portion of mid-blade; d. Leaf at junction with ligule; e. Sector of leaf-margin, much enlarged; f. Leaf-base; g. Spike; h. Fertile bract; i. Lateral sepal: side, apex, cross-section; j. Petal, stamen, staminode, 4,38 Pe YEO LeOoOsT oh Vol. 53, No. 6 style-branches; k. Staminodial beard-hair, enlarged. Fig. 6. X. EPICARAE Kral & Smith (Maguire et al. 53651). a. Habit sketch; b. Leaf-apex; c. Leaf at mid-blade; d. Leaf at junction of blade and sheath; e. Leaf-base; f. Spike at anthesis; g. Spike past anthesis; h. Lateral sepal, two views; i. Capsule, one valve removed; j. Staminode; k. Stylar apex; 1. Capsule; m. Seed. 439 Kral & Smith, Xyridaceae venezuelanae 1983 Xyris chimantae Kral & Smith Biganls 4,40 P Heh T.04b50 Bit ok Vol. 53, No. 6 E tom & 4 ie + es iy fF) fl i y \ Z h / eh t {j yf Fig. 2. Xyris trisperma Kral & Smith Kral & Smith, Xyridaceae venezuelanae 1983 Xyris consolida Kral & Smith (type). Fig. 3. Lhe Pee fT 0 eve ran Vol. 53, No. 6 Fig. 4. Xyris consolida Kral & Smith (Steyermark et. al. 115729). 4h 3 Kral & Smith, Xyridaceae venezuelanae 1983 Xyris foveolata Kral & Smith Fis. (Fe hb PY DO TO De Fig. 6. Xyris epicarae Kral & Smith Vol. 53, No. 6 NEW COMBINATIONS IN THE LICHEN GENERA HYPOTRACHYNA AND PARMELINA (PARMELIACEAE) A. C. Skorepa Department of Biology Towson State University Towson, Maryland 21204 While preparing a treatment of the lichen family Parmeliaceae for the state of Maryland, it became evident that combinations for two of the species had not been formed in the literature. During a discussion of the problem with Dr. Mason E. Hale, Jr., Botany Department, Smithsonian Institution, it was decided sEnae I should publish the combinations as soon as possible. 1. Hypotrachyna pustulifera (Hale) Skorepa, comb. nov. Parmelia pustulifera Hale, Brittonia 24:23. 1972. Type: United States: Georgia; Rockdale Co., Mt. Arabia, on conifers, 300 m, April 1964, M. E. Hale 30865 (Holotype: US; Isotypes: ENS, .UPS) Hypotrachyna pustulifera, as the name indicates, is a pustulate Species. It is gray, 4-7 cm across, has elongate, narrow lobes, and the lower side is black with dichotomously branched rhizines. This species previously had been identified as Hypotrachyna (Parmelia) formosana (Zahlbr.) Hale. Hale (1972) recognized He pustulifera as distinct, because it is UV- (lacking lichexanthone), while H. formosana contains this substance in the cortex and is UV bright orange. Furthermore, H. formosana lacks atranorin but contains physodic acid; in H. pustulifera, physodic acid is absent, and atranorin is present. “Hale also illustrated differences in the fine structure of the cortex of the two species. The ranges of these species differ in that H. formosana is known from Mexico to Peru and Brazil, India, southeastern Asia, Japan, and Africa; H. pustulifera appears to be endemic to the southeastern United States, where it occurs on trees and rarely on rocks. 2. Parmelina minarum (Vain.) Skorepa, comb. nov. Parmelia minarum Vain., Acta Societatis pro Fauna et Flora Fennica 7:48. 1890. Type: Brazil: Sitio, Minas Gerais, Vainio, Lichenes Brasilienses Exsiccati 1040 (Holotype: Vainio Herbarium 2689, TUR; Isotypes: BM, FH, UPS). Ls Lh6é PHY TOL G18 Vol. 53, No. 6 Parmelina minarum (meaning of Minas Gerais) is a small (3-7 cm broad), gray, isidiate species. The lobes are mostly sublinear, 1-3 mm wide and ciliate. The lower side is black with simple to sparsely branched rhizines. This species has a pantemperate and montane pantropical distribu- tion. In the United States it occurs from Texas to Florida and Pennsyl- vania (Hale, 1976). It grows on both acidic rocks and trees in open woods. Parmelina minarum has been identified as Parmelina (Parmelia) dissecta (Nyl. ) Hale, but P. dissecta is now considered a synonym of Parmelina horrescens (Tayl.) Hale. These species are morphologically similar, and they share the same range, but they differ in chemistry. In P. minarum the medulla is C rose, KC red (gyrophoric acid present but the “horrescens” unknown absent); in P. horrescens the medulla is C-, KC rose or red (sometimes a trace of gyrophoric acid present, “horrescens” unknown present). See Hale (1971, 1976) for more information on these Species. Literature Cited Hale, M. E., Jr. 19/71. Modern-Smithsonian Expedition to Dominica: The Lichens (Parmeliaceae). Smithsonian Contrib. Bot. 4: 1-25. - 1972. Parmelia pustulifera, a new lichen from south- eastern United States. Brittonia 24: 22-27. - 1976. A monograph of the lichen genus Parmelina Hale (Parmeliaceae). Smithsonian Contrib. Bot. 33: 1-60. PLANTAE MESOAMERICANAE NOVAE. IX,* by Luis D. Gomez & Jorge Gomez-L. Museo Nacional, San Jose, Costa Rica Frantzia venosa L. D. Gomez, sp. nov. Herba perenne alte scandens, caule gracili, sulcati. Rlia membranacea, cordata, 10-15 cm longa, 9-12 cm lata, integra, palmatim 5-nervosa, petiolo 2-3 cm longo, gla- bro, eglanduloso. Cirrhi 4-fidi. Fl. fem. solitarii. Corolla lutea, profunde 5-partita, segmentis amplis deltoideis. Calyx denticulati. Fl. masc. spicatae in pedunculi axillari. Fructus oblongus fusifor- mis, monospermus, longitudinaliter venosus,dense spinulosus,pilibus unicellularibus vestitus, pauciter albidi maculatus; in maturitate cupreo-xerampelinus. HOLOTYPUS: Along road from Hone Creek to Bribri, Prov. Limon, 200- 250 m s.m. L. D. Gomez 20483 (MO). Isotypi: CR. PARATYPI: Vicinity of Suretka's oi] wells, apx 300 m. MO, CR. This new species belongs in sectio Polakowskia, with pouch-like,sun- ken nectaries. The other species in the section are F. pittieri with 3-5-lobed leaves with glandular-dentate margins and trichomes on the upper surface and tomentose beneath, the inflorescences racemose-pan- icled' and F. talamancensis with shallowly 3-5-lobate leaves, denta- te margins, upper surface minutely pustulate-puberulent, pubescent veins, tomentose petioles, racemose-paniculate inflorescences with clusters of flowers more or less umbelliform. F. venosa is so named On account of the strongly ribbed, spiny fruit. Erythrina thyrsiflora Gomez-L & L. D. Gomez, sp. nov. Frutice usque ad 2 m alta, ramosa, inermis, glabra. Lamina coriacea 7-10 cm petio- lata, trifoliata, segmenti apicali 16-19 cm longi, 5-6 cm lati, apice acuminati e basi rotundati aequali, petiolulati (4-12 mm), articula- ti, segmentibus lateralibus ellipsoideo-lanceolatis, 9-13 cm long., 3.5-5 cm lat., basi inaequaliter rotundatis apice acuminatis, petio- lulatis (5-9 mm). Inflorescentia thyrsoidea, terminales, 6-16 cm lon-_ ga, usque 30-florae, solitaria vel raro 2. Flores rubrae (in sicci- tate lilacinae). Calyx integris, campanulatus, rubrus, carnosus, pau- citer pilosus, 15 mm longus. Vexillum vix 65 mm longum, spathulatum, l cm latum. Carina bipartita, obscure quadrangulare, 6 mm lata (3+3) 3.5-4 mm longa, mucronata (mucro 0.8-1 mm), hyalina, 7-9-nervia.Pe- talibus carinam irregulariter oblongo-ellipticis, 2.2-2.5 mm latis 3.4-3.6 mm longis, tenuis, hyalini, 3(4)-venosis. Stigma 10-14 mm long., stamina 7-8 mm et 11-13 mm long., antheris 2.5-3 mm long. Fructi ignoti. hh? 4h8 PREG T0206 24 Vol. 53, No. 6 HOLOTYPUS: In pasture, farm of Bernardo Gomez, 700 m elevation, Mag- sasay, Prov. Heredia, Isidro Chacon 200, CR. ISOTYPUS: F. The new species belongs in subgenus Erythrina section Erythrina but shews no close affinity with any of the members of that section, ex- cept for a vague resemblance to those of the group of £. coralloides A. DC s.lat. E. thyrsiflora has leaves resembling those of £. elenae Howard & Briggs, endemic to Cuba and belonging to section Coralloden- dra. In an earlier article of this series, several specimens of a sedge from the Costa Rican paramos were described aS Rhynchospora oreobo- loides. Recently, Dr. Antoine Cleef brought to our attention the na- me Rhynchospora paramorum Mora. Although the type (L.E. Mora 938) has not been examined, a collection from the paramos of Boyaca (Cle- ef & Florschltz 5718) identified by Mora, confirms that R. oreoboloi- dea must be considered as a synonym of R. paramorum. In his discussion of the new taxon, Mora indicates his inability to place it in any of the known sections of Rhynchospora. It is here placed as the type of section Oreoboloides Gomez-L. (Phytologia 50(7): 460. 1982) and our description aS an descr. emmend. et ampliata. It is interesting to note that this synonymy noticeably entends the range of the species and confirms, once more, the close biogeographic affinity of the Costa Rican paramos and those of northern South Amer- ica. Rhynchospora paramorum@Mora (Mutisia 29:4.1966). AL Inasmuch as we do no editing, papers accepted for publication must be submitted in exactly the form that the author wants to have them published. They will then be photographed and printed by photo-offset in exactly the form as submitted except that we will add page numbers and running-heads. Typescripts should be prepared single-spaced on clean white heavy bond smooth and opaque paper. Elite type is probably the most space-economical. 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