tale ager eee an en Re Witte MrT OP LL aro eee Shick eaaaets 7 me ipa rth ihe wun male Labaeaih avekabenlin ta alae PA Sead Pors ame Sette ne nes atl etesnhaMe Tel ets VAL Aatet eh ered Poet Sse ieee Soweto OP LING RING PRA ASE ALY. Sengrpras mane ett caer vena ve™ MN so teuneatarncty ee ateror Rea ings ie ear OS i # £5 ft i —E T¢@TEOO TOEO O A IOHM/181N PLANKTON AND ASSOCIATED NUTRIENTS IN THE WATERS SURROUNDING THREE SEWER OUTFALLS IN SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA by Robert E. Stevenson and John R. Grady A Final Report submitted to the Hyperion Engineers, Inc. by the Geology Department University of Southern California September 4, 1956 opuainTun GRUAROORSA Gan MUTIMATe! PM OMINS BRAVAW ST MT. | AI’ ssARTUO AaWRe BANS ATVNOUEIAD VAS ae Fauoaes Ian) A af? «a3 bassinet snl .sxssnkea® nas eos att wa fnert> aged, Gye hesd giwkotzind? rvodtved te ey texayied TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTI ON@== <== ~ <2 ow on nn enn nn ow enn nn eee nen =--=- i CSP \ERTID? QML 7S cess 22 a2 225s ss se ss ss sss 3 Orange County Outfall-------------------------------- 6 Hyperion Outfall------------------------------------- 11 Whites Point Outfall--------------------------------- 15 Discussion-------------- --- ----- --- -=---- <--=-------- 21 PLANKTON NEAR THE OCEAN OUTFALLS------------------------- 26 Ocean Conditions ---------- ----- --- - - = - - - === ai Plankton Distribution---------------------------- 36 SUMMARY ~ =~ 29 29 9 rn rn rn nn rr nn nn rn nn renee na 45 BEEERENERS: CITED = =s---e0sess--2-cecech aman ee soeccucssee= 48 f 9th a ee se mn nig si Hem: sane i Pm misee x sae min al ed er set o eh et ean oe om chan len aie he ayy ee \ r Tm mee kr an eel te pe or sy wt ee me Ie mm 8 haa ti¥ Olen einai sal atte aren din el ne 580 t Le as tabog. r 2 he, P : f LQew wie 1 pp io! a i SLAM ks me AAC mL AP ape FA 4A er st ‘=o ea am Bon nae wt ERR TIO WARIS oer — A ‘ 7 : FE a pe te a eae eee —» 2 he RE ih, hash a Re ye ee et a eee ai Mina te s f dee gn tale ie tek etn et ak em gn ee 8 Gk om a ee RT os ; Bin ce a clea i Ce ie - t PLANKTON AND ASSOCIATED NUTRIENTS IN THE WATERS SURROUNDING THREE SEWER OUTFALLS IN SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA INTRODUCTION The discharge of sewage through ocean outfalls has been investigated as to its possible role in causing an increase of phytoplankton production in the coastal waters of the Los Angeles region. The frequent amber-colored water off the Playa del Rey-Santa Monica shoreline has been quite apparent to local residents during the past decade, and has given rise to the colloquial terminology of “beer-colored breakers", Laymen have attributed this discoloration directly to the sewage effluent, apparently unaware of its more likely origin from plankton blooms. The “red water" is, of course, objectionable to those who frequent the shore, mainly because of the supposed origin, but also due to the distastefulness of swimming and bathing in water that is not “clean and blue”. Of greater significance is the possibility of the parti- culate organic matter contributed by plankton acting as “sanc= tuaries" for coliform bacteria and allowing the bacteria to persist in the marine environment for periods of time longer than normal. Such a possibility would have little importance if the plankton populations were normal in abundance and occurred in a natural cycle. However, with a constant inflow of avail- able nutrients in proportions many times greater than normal, Significant numbers of phytoplankton could conceivably exist throughout the year even though visible blooms are infrequent. 6 Rintartaie: aieee wd arieainiiislie Pera AYMsOR I, ta Witt bel HENGE WE Ba tAa iy een “Mar Er oa aon) est Biba liwe anaso! gins Ay aRewiee: ve Sixeaack eR NE eee Tora! epg Ges Sicha ay eee vad en aol Ome “Fe an otinw Tay nett at nok Soba C #¢alt adt Fhe tt BW tin em Ler ait THOU POT SBR “fagol TRIAS A SHLD goed. eat Sih Ps 20 at «taal ot ot sate noviy ded bess eabaast teaq ont . Svar “invest ."aveMewvart bese th enced hi yRo run be eRe eR Rinna its ~iiaiiiideaad: nt wena “onl wk hae ald rea Ring Ey, tn. ee image i, di dia aye, “ut reusing the available nutrients, and with the variations in temperature, light, predators, turbulence, etc., which exist. The problems of determining the in situ requirements for plank- ton reproduction are innumerable, and certainly unanswerable at this time. Nevertheless, the relationship between the © available nutrients and plankton is unquestionable (Sverdrup, Johnson, and Fleming, 1942). Methods Oceanographic On cruises to the Orange County, Hyperion, and Whites Point outfalls during December 1955 and January and February 1956, two days in sequence were generally spent making vertical profiles. Stations were occupied in the immediate vicinity of the outfall and in the surrounding waters to determine to some extent the areal distribution of the nutrient fields. The enrichment of nutrients around the outfalls and their dimi- nution with unit distance from the outfall were compared to surrounding normal shelf water. Laboratory Standard chemical methods were used to determine the concentrations of silicate-silicon, phosphate-phosphorus, nitrate-nitrogen, ammonia-nitrogen, and dissolved oxygen. The silicate-silicon concentration was measured by the Dienert and Wanderbulcke method as modified by Robinson and Thompson (1948a). The water samples were stored in poly- ethylene bottles and the colorimetric comparison made two to wt endd pinky ¥ aise atew Hse hl c L Feines) pK, 948 cooneiMdisrt esoanilriep art mosis: to ardeneshguiee age ‘eve sextet sgl ipo | to i 2 idm) Swe pT ctobs tae! brn Letelan saneatind oem rondo art: eos ad qhimmaainato pa Leb Loaaeeinam ‘drab? atcenst iso ek ootdaeiy Dita aoe | ibe k - gibi ire aAbadteM } yetedi: tee sokwwgvlh veiaoeO agaaiG en? oF | yasiade? tos yracnel, bus Chek wears to gecko! fanitrey suitsm tase Vilszenss s18W Somseps¢g aay to wyaininey sieiborm: sit ok Holgirooo oyew enok tad ; wae ‘ot antaretal oF exevaw gebonitoraed st th er | nat shiek? tnataieh edd Yo mo bindksr ney iin ~imib *teor? liptveo sd tote tna yaiin 38 : ay Bevaqme> spew Ilettuo sil? mon %: sound tb Vion Te iew tieds Lemxolt 3 sit AnEReaTHSe a2 ie o1 sya ws koe at Labineds tush 1h u rodqeotq~shetgaara ost iee-stegk tie te aerey * ere bertesbhzh brn wagon tom abe ots naam | ' env wil Cerv2ecer Raw Atle toes Neg donk rhenadept ike Mis arden i cdoR we farctheoe en Aorta ees oted oben: bo § wtlog ac leawote sa¢w selqmss, sotaw Sat aibben) | } } i OF Cis An (oR ER gAgs Shrtomi to hoy et Daa Sine three days later in the laboratory. Ammonium molybdate and sulphuric acid was then added to the sample, converting the Silicate to a yellow-colored compound which was compared visually with standards of known silicate concentration. The results of the silicate-silicon determinations were not corrected for salt error. Phosphate=phosphcrus was determined by the Robinson and Thompson (1948b) modification of the method of Denigés. A solution of sulphuric acid and ammonium molybdate was added to the sea water sample, forming a complex phosphomolybdic acid. Stannous chloride was then added to reduce the complex acid to a blue substance whose color is proportional to the concentration of phosphate. The water samples were treated aboard ship just after removal from the Nansen bottles and a colorimetric comparison was made in Nessler tubes. The nitrate=nitrogen concentration was determined colori- metrically by comparing the color produced in sea water with a reduced strychnine reagent against a previously calibrated standard of methyl orange in N/100 HCL (Wattenberg, 1937). The methyl orange solution is standardized by comparison with known concentrations of nitrate in sea water. To avoid the salt effect, nitrate-free sea water was used. AS soon as possible after collection aboard ship, the strychnine reagent was added to the sample of sea water, and 24 hours iater the sample was visually compared with the methyl orange standard. Both nitrite and nitrate are measured by this method; however, the former is in small enough quantities in ordinary surface sea water to fall within the experimental error of the method. fiers _ ehebete Loin ee cw raita nets i ete geet aaviero% «easy wah at aa ws ae hos aicqnseve aya ARF Panini 2 te Sea a ct tothe siscne MP Mkt he awed To fot a kari ah Dehiy SRE MOEN SER iit AlG Ne ptind bk Rapes dm Ai ie lace . is it Hi val TN hg) . 10239 thee a0% fapne: cat MGT eth YS MARMOT) wee wes ey apg gi ~ ' RT ae. hs fogen00 tq, thom eae ty meer no kl Shem Cea Seeing Hebha saw Same Deby Cees nue Reiter Rieke bage vo gy er nae: DET LomnAqeosiqg xetguoe & wiekren} sol ines ain Rel GHOS ory shy her wo. Ha hibe wet Se Ley Latha Bt CAS | ei iil he 987. OF Lanoitiugerd er valod saul Soot Boe Siihe. ce ii art Dey guy t ayew SOD Ye Peay, wit statqeotg ti we OOS Pel A00 “og eR wets bf +2 TO ie PSR IMne Ts cow ey bw) ae ree ey wR OT ne Aa Allw yor se gai wee owe Lae ey! Ga eel wor Repeats ha eR I Lata NE Sak We to x PA Sas | Wit abla oat anh a yt Air f Ts a) ¢ (BPs Fw? JIN OOS WE kenny! Pula reilg APR HORI EIGS WU bastnrget AM a Re te Dane sr yes Bh S} e Dpeve vot tohiaw ar Che ee ea: si end} 833 ioe Se RE row ae aH ut~olert kas 4 40 pe? rb hs DE aL Bost eae &@ 323098! pa Deas Cheha ee ee ad pte.” (Chae vent iit | VV aac The tartaric acid method of Wattenberg as modified by Cooper was used to determine ammonia=nitrogen on cruises made in 1956 (Wattenberg, 1937). Tartaric acid was added to the sample after removal from the Nansen bottles to prevent the formation of a precipitate on the addition of Nessler's reagent. A colorimetric comparison with standards of known ammonia concentration was then made. Ammonia-free sea water was used in the preparation of the standards. Previous deter- minations had been made by the method of Witting-Buch. These proved unsatisfactory as some of the samples became turbid when the reagents were added after the necessary three day storage. The dissolved oxygen in sea water was determined by the Pomeroy-Kirschman modification of the Winkler method (Pomeroy and Kirschman, 1945). Manganous sulfate and sodium iodide added to the water sample liberated iodine equivalent to the oxygen dissolved in the water. The quantity of iodine is then determined by titration with sodium thiosulfate. The 52 ml | samples were drawn in glass-stoppered bottles of exact volume, immediately treated with the reagents, and titrated within ten minutes of recovery in the Nansen bottles. Orange County Outfall The vertical and horizontal distribution of nutrients is Simplest around the Orange County outfall where the effluent rises directly to the surface with no benefit from diffusion. In Figure 1 are shown the average nutrient values versus dis- tance from the outfall on December 19 and 20, 1955. The Crean’ i “sis ot ip en thee abawtynt ' ont In eo in ik roohied. Heenan ada a’ Lnvonb, ” atin bapa to sheer WH wo di? Rg hae |i ‘ ‘ional ha ‘whan a a hi cnet RH Cay: 1 uot 0) hw eed von Tos OIgRA «lah wade aay ob me ening uel ae to toh eNO kwead oath i at ‘at te nen donoqertg ‘ait , ecodt \plgerti~-q ecb fbi aah ‘pie an a ae nnd . | bh r Bibel ats, dart cect eitgiqae aie a gt e202 Aah | eke tame hae Teo ee ao Ree re reer aa | whine ! a aan wget Paswiipbaery Rie De eeu oer eg aM CR me aR bavitol 7 Porras) Pee Gin ot MM LO eee eR Ebest u it bE. eubt hoe ban wtih tid eae agar aM Maen in ‘i | of? of -FRelawiape ovr bat bree Ratan tt tinue aiden 4 Hane af Sbtas, i 9 + craseys aT. ae ign a OE er eae a | tose) ot (ore he Rr wie etme nokrarke xe imiow toaxa de. agit J ep bev vier ichat Ce ee ee 978M nbtbiw botereit tee cro mgie ome kw Bie teas eae y 3 ee Te Ry Ruth ee pe, Sa a i: Re owas nay MO mo Rai deh: Rane dang) Ck ae ey iat Hide e eRe catty RIN hi due, ie tieeRy ayant: StS haiortin POR VEL veer. a Nitti acy Tk wold Bk andy hi aise A AIA LENS" BV POT YIN Wht oa seh wna cre iy ‘* AO ERO EI FINE 5 nde ed haseiiinie) ie Aatont a at a iN 1 it Figure 1. The average nutrient values around the Orange County outfall on December 19 and 20, 1955. i} ny ni iy) Way ah Ne nN ty bwess sie trekried syn seve pOeO? OF tale Ot sedinwa et. fa BOIS TANCE” FROM “OU Manis Ne e112 a 103/Sly8-a/t 7-10 / Pv" a/e WW se-o1 oo iiee- W/e-37 IS-FOIS aA sl Eta) NESS. OOO! WOUS =agoGo0eanea0) SLO CCE ECE eee 0002 OOOE el NivessiliG fn iy Whi} i cages im ‘ iy ay, Aaah ayy re ; i q 3 a sy ia22 hal on EC etase ep ess 11 distance of 4,000 feet with an average surface concentration which was five times the value found at the bottom near the outfall. The phosphate and nitrate reflect the same distribution; the shift of the area of concentration, the increase of concen- tration on December 20, and the similar location of the areas of high concentration. The surface distribution of the nutrients on December 19 had a lobate character extending generally to the southeast and east (Figure 4). The influence of the silicate and nitrate fields were still apparent almost 25,000 feet from the outfall; even though the average concentration of the nutrient salts for both days, plotted against depth and distance from the out- fall, reveal the simple form of dispersion in the surface layers (Figure 1). Hyperion Outfall The vertical distribution of the nutrients around the Hyperion outfall on January 12 and 13, 1956, were different than those near the Orange County outfall (Figure 5). In addition to that portion of the nutrients which rose to the surface with the effluent, a subsurface layer was present for all except ammonia. It is believed that this striking dissim- ilarity between the two areas is due to the chemical and physical differences of the two effluents. Although only four paramaters had been measured in the Orange County effluent, (chlorinity, suspended solids, phosphate, and coliforms) and three in the Hyperion effluent (chlorinity, suspended solids, mitosdssohoo ohn t aves okt “nuk Motel wat! Se bent ew fev th eee ave a me Whobiutor jee Coe By PaSites: araztin hoe Opedgeots . ? sparse ter Aaah (O87 «swbteatieanos 'o ets oad aS | 2G tt : ro bP orl Pb ing 3 145 ae xs @ Becher agtl a : ae ke ey 5 iy 7 - ’ ONE) Fam inane i aathoess dn OG ok tsa eat fh udt «2 el) seein ae ' > fas hy 3 oy vt. Cas: Sil i vy ; ae | rei cS | a4 ty Siv2ds nn ?' a4 7 Saran i } Partae 96 at : wer “2G 8G ms SUA UTERD. OG i nes - Sey iv i A 7 ’ } pts b Pe om i “ei %.) ie t t ’ ef 4 “ot » < ‘ tore 76 y . ae +s me ey cf er! ee Re i: ry ie euch mai r oF SAee UO ray!) «35 rece fF my ae wm. Te = Seoad saw Tors “ton. | Verne tS mhaath pyEtPeee ati aS ita lagtatet> soit ' s &80%8 ow on? to eons ee - 7 _ - q T n a - 4 (eae tite youn) sganw svt ci howseas need) pat wee pio (warn) be: be .otiduectq ,abiioe baba em oc oa eee f +" Bs ees a + Se GERI? POUFVGERA 4g¥aimenolsa) FusuLT hs Bea BEF at @ -, 7 44 ee 12 Figure 4. Surface distribution of nutrients around the Orange County outfall on December 19, 1955. ms i Ni dnl ip. ah uw 1 i 9 eR) | A a , van i ay A erp vit } OP! hv Rane ia ‘ i it y a) ee : pal Pena! rhe : Lf ; as iC sa ‘ Huiseit He f HE ie) eae ia teeta a@iehs tad to nok igd ah wanted LARL. O lk Ree Ded. Wet Latiya- 94 ; | 1 t | 1 1 yee j i il A 1) i i i i ifn inn \ i i { i { I f i i \ U j | yy a i i} i i f n {iy | ie WVU i tion) \ | bh Hi { i t H i iy i 1 i ae) 4-5 feeg IN SiO3-Si vg-a/ PO,-P wvp-a/L SURFACE DISSE RVB WaT VOINES: ORANGE SOW Ny 19 DECEMBER 1955 Pea haar it i ih vey ita) rr Ty \ i it rh book ssc ec aah Atel i ge nll pA eye oA te it uh ib @ i silidls didaean tinea 5 ' : i bi Pn, ee oe ae | Ma at ie ea: hy, B hopkins aioe are errtiearsn in snes i ED ae TW, Viet eiieele™ Loire *y teay , wd i * t 7 ‘ i j ye an aah ts Mi Nie Ve bi ey _— a i Ai ek Dap ii h i ~~ | Le vf ve npr rai “i “- ee eaisteat een een ie ae any enced danelheabe-1ier sah ham ecg aia A Reet dernier . avers er ral) 1 j \ ( Z \ aM i buy al Te oy Moe ( i ues 13 Figure 5, Average distribution of nutrients around Hyperion outfall on January 12 and 13, 1956. WWslbina teh sii els NOIY4AdAH dL My S dL IN elles] Je Iai s|(©) SAOVYSAAV FEE o2-si |__| se-oe Zs WV se-e[ff Ve-37N/EHN We-z ———— VRS Hill et lr< mara j a/e-3N/®ON NS NG ; Hd /e-34/"%od eee WN 2-01 \ ae AN Ol-Z 1/e-3s/Fols OOOE Yow sl JC fre © WOdYd Ss) 2 NW Ss ia 1 i ) Ne fone. i i r \ i ay } AAC ea i on ehh . ee ed Le lawayln fore ramen i ae’ Tay Ode ara eOiiy DRO) ni ] ne AW. \ AU et 7 o Py ee carn weeimalal |i hay ’ fete) fii bio Mt ~ ’ rele Sas BE ne leat WHY an ot 1 \ & > ys re WP hy Ww? wi. EMER vB ai <: iy a 0 aN yee k. yi | eu) et) Dei VS ' St Pt Se wr ide i BELION ie BIE wn Ld re ea oa er ‘ : SNS hth q uy . btn raison ba ; C ‘9 Ds eee “ ty I : ow Sess fresher vice eyed die cx rermnleeborlir peat ree) Progen ots ( sie igo ail 4 (UM bp amend ye Mi lnm rye env tly tree lw dren immed et peep est u y ae j ‘ iv) pled eae ie) Mie eat 14 and coliforms), the differences are marked and may be impor- tant. The nitrate, silicate, and to a certain extent the phos- phate show double layers of high concentration, one at the surface and one near or at the bottom. From about 2,000 feet to 4,500 feet from the boil there is an intermediate layer at a depth of 20 feet having low concentrations. The two layers of high nutrient values meet at. about 4,500 feet. At greater distances the concentrations are relatively uniform with depth but continually decrease by dilution and diffusion. The average profiles for oxygen and ammonia differ from those of other nutrients, and are in themselves different. The oxygen profile shows an unsaturated layer extending from the outfall along the bottom for all distances samples (9,000 feet). The oxygen content in the upper 40 feet, except near the outfall is high, and from a distance of 1,200 feet is at or near saturation. The ammonia concentrations, which are perhaps the best indication of sewage, are greatest in the boil and from the surface to a depth of 10 or 15 feet. Below 15 feet ammonia is low and approaches the normal value for shelf waters. High ammonia concentrations, 50 to 100 times that of normal water, occur as far as 9,000 feet north of the outfall, and it is probable that these high concentrations extend even farther. The average values for both days emphasize the character of the dispersion of the nutrients. Generally, silicate and nitrate show strong concentrations in the top and bottom layers; phosphate high at the surface and a moderate concen- siodrod sity ie i sien ae see aig aid ae | ee ett Lagoa staneaos ne igaivas mi wat a ne oie, oes, a ‘Servet ne J, ey eos gins. co "SS, ene Viowenaton nee: wdod ead vaon> ahs savin modeat ho Mita peri | Sd aeaoxeol: ea bits no ray 1gPAb nkgonns tier nnyine oy pote Leg bose wevitpeatyiy ah 8 aa ‘ sede x3 nth won: phtinsa in Sanen “bide tata rte oe edie ot q HG, 2) ee Leek crm ee Le epee Morne pine “gud y iestst oan , Pane Oe Cents oil oh bawrany ae a) ad tant HOn' 4 Ves. wg a a DA th ert Sis ) AMES aan fob atw aap beat mhokoo ee eee nas ad ye adie wane one awe te noktnokbms wots oteey RL ee ei 4 waht * ov anudaay pute mi a EARS 2 edt ne ae esto 017 ARgNOS We as ite a. Sul) or etc Awe? 00, a 8 bal avb06 ae eyte.t Sore ine daha aa ot ad wkeadort Wo A de bit De ect ae oat ae ihgta aha wh fle ee. cent eat RR OR MAES Ge emo ldent opt ae Ya pee wae wont, a \ Bet soutane eats 15 tration with depth; ammonia essentially concentrated in the surface water and decreasing to zero at depth. Silicate, phosphate, and nitrate all show patchy areas of low concen- tration in the intermediate layer. Whites Point Outfall The vertical and horizontal distribution of nutrients in the water surrounding the Los Angeles County outfall at Whites Point differ significantly from the other two areas. The difference appears to be due to (1) a different type of treat- ment, (2) the depth of discharge, and (3) the mechanical method of discharge. The nutrient concentrations are lower in any given mass of water, spread through a greater thickness of water, and extend for greater distances (Figure 6). For example, low and high oxygen aoneentonMems are generally less extreme than at the other two outfalls, the values remaining in a median range throughout the entire water column and for distances as much as six miles from the outfall. Ammonia values decrease with depth, as at Orange County and Hyperion, but no areas of normal concentration occur within 11,000 feet of the outfall, and reasonably high ammonia has been measured near Point Vicente. The same is true with Silicate and phosphate, although the silicate concentrations are greater on the bottom than at the surface and there is an intermediate layer of lower values. From the nutrient averages (Figure 7) a variable decrease in ammonia with depth is noted, as well as pockets of concen- tration in the bottom layer which is otherwise low. The 1 rea oy UY 4 i eae hu ie a 7 vat ; me eo nis i] Ps Ri baie toms vsti 4) rey aH preys | i “silvgs 6 ie lon a oy satiny , renuaa wet Us ait itia ¢ snd i ‘agua : Ye arent on "7 i ; a0 | * r fr ek. vaya wy wb ie om pag vk: ain . , hop ae i - Li ary 00 1 Re | ee Ta Aa Let ababkadinn lo monty divtebe Latios dou. Dane KOT Bay . vee ba ot ED | wot apm He Ade 5.0) % OAM © 7 ; wil net eee ae a \VbR yet eee owd DaReG Mae ae Tha D on we | nf peal a 4 : € o> ; ) LI Oo? es ; i oh a ry rh iy = nd k= \ h 2 : | | : Nek mo Ti . ; a v ne M 4 | 4 Lae ’ 7 i 1 a Fs i | | ry " \ r, : rhune. me a He yew 43 j i " iu \ f) ' > | A uy iy - 4 4 5 on ny | te é ] AY ij 4 were? , ) y : wm" a2 i 1 | : \ + BN ’ he ‘ 1h : a Dey i aed im y ey cal ho on ‘ { } n Pah! I i's Y CAS oy A corns ‘ ye vide By ry ; 1 | cy € K | | ( f =i H en | \ mp |g ‘Mulil.a am ? 7 j >? eh iy: a = a, Lim } " : : hae fi / is . i Pevkay om ¢ War a | vm an : | hd a Be ee he) YT wineerte , ha “ ” fi ai ‘ a, ee i au ‘ 2 mr meq y rite ry" eas wee To. Cs bit val ae, at i Li We wd Bary Ane is ; a | * i i re | I : i. ( Aft Phi : FAL. oe 1 iSO yd | ' i pe ae eis a il : iw s ‘ : ) ci i i he ell ‘ ets + a yy i ‘ d +e t is piste ovat a ; Deval it ee: | wi ‘ ‘ K * i i J Vi 7% i Wo lé 1 i : oy ‘ be r | een ‘ wta Mit aye ae Oe 5 hh rh aay wine gn 4 f i { cu 4 4 asthy i '" ihe: ‘ SU av aa Went Te) UE eit | 7 : i nf st M or ¥ iia | : 4 ' ’ " d : ce on | » 6 otk ah ee be) BAR AOU Tea ee ee angen ts #i des 2a e Leo Re A i t q Wl Ne on Raa) ae Segha pai) Ry, er wore une ‘th ei ro eh ee va 4 A Wi :! py “i m R) , F Huh yeed w a (ups Beal TO) Rede 16 Figure 6. Vertical distribution of nutrients around Whites Point outfall on February 12, 1956. ery Te on ee noes y a Mi ei i a y av ‘ j | i, j ip yy : UA " i 1 bd 1 Val , hy : Ww Ff | ; , ‘ : 4 ti i 1 . ht eal! ie! 4 | | | i & } et ‘i j i i j 7 ‘weer wttetsien bo aod tindiaie Lb Laotiyat fe SOR 9 AE omen ad FO ry: oe me it .* 1 3 a / i i il il \ rll va Wy fi 4 i if hi | I | | | j 4 , i 7 | on | Uy py | | 1h | ii U a? i ) [ Win | i n : iv i i ; , | | nh) - 1 ! ‘| 1 a Tl iy TOT f if Bil ay i - i , i 7 i / { i ie | i Pan i i ; ie! . i f nod | } E A f i Ve : ‘ | i | y i i ii] 1H 7 i he fl | : | ee yee We i 1 1 ; ‘i 1 i a ii} me DISTANCE FROM OUTFALL IN FEET 10,000 8000 6000 4000 2000 0 4-5 | SiO3-Si wg-a/t 8-9 \ 24 POP we-a/e 1.2K Alaa NH3-N wg-a/t | WHITE: SP OlNGTbs SE WERTOUtrAIIE l2 FEBRUARY 1956 vi LO wn niin J rf 7 sey pean V4 4» Oa i ] 1 jo buh walle! Nebllaaed aly, MM ate Oot a _a,powoetaayoen tip amy tia int Figure 7. Average nutrient distribution around Whites Point outfall in February 1956. OR ee 0) ‘| RR ae 1 aL VOR aN Ns eye My ae yah =f i i ial beh : ; ‘ Load owl , Fit S* ee : face a4 i a ty i ht us eer i acer Les une y 1 , olf | I yy, rr salt 7 i i ) Te ey Heli - at 1 ii ke! ein en i i 7 i | : ; { i i i tt i] if i i; i { ny i Sa ie i i! ; ei i ia j i gedkew Divers: Koktudistakh tnekaton sgurrewl 7 ao OS TANCE, FROM: OUTIFANEee wIN wale ie 1 10,00 S103 /Siyg-a/t | 7-8 | <7| | PO4/Pyg-a/e SKS Soe seh catatetetats seetatetetate sos seats BIN x “ere ecert 247 ; AVE RAGE OF NUTRIENTS Whites “POINT “SEWER “OUTFAEE | i) ay ; it rOK Oy 1m) A i { | caw tp apnea eye ph Mane te i hat A Ot a! i ow bl \ nor Pe ee EAL ih icy och, tet ein ena ratty ne: rime a, ne att sy - Ye . * eS syd as ” ati) : ust ay) 4 ieee £ i. a nee wee: pe en a . we fs aes he { a a @ | ‘eo \ * ce Nes a | Fee i ih bin ie aes ” bee SN : TS hoa Sh Ne i i. rf - , ieee a I . i 8 t ve Fs be 1 et r . ; aA, , ue ey . | . aes ar { ‘ fie) ; any ea Lea nnat vad ; ' ts - - J i HN Ny D : {ie ; fy “ J - ' ’ + i 4 l u rT wn , - v BD = ; . i) , { 4 \ , oe ihe ty yon ‘ « , : il : ww } i} " ‘i ; y b { i ‘ Ls t va ; 1 t > wh Da leg i by fe — Pah ee ~ j , Fae Les. i j =| ea i : i. rte ae Lee Pe, at Pm Td au TY ; Bay LAAT UO a AN tier TUIOS ¢ } Kr : me ‘ ak ; ae " | de 0 Le Nee hee . wo amen a rte anne ae 18 concentration of phosphate formed a top and bottom layer of moderate quantity. Silicate was highest near the bottom, low in the intermediate layers, and showed a moderate concentration at the surface From the average profiles at the three outfall areas, it is apparent that there is a great increase in the concentrations of the nutrients in waters surrounding sewer outfalls. The ‘distance that high values persist from the outfall appears to be determined by (1) the type of effluent (or treatment), (2) the mode of discharge, (3) the depth of discharge, and (4) the volume of discharge. (These conditions are not neces- sarily in order of importance.) Concentrations are increased measurably and sometimes appreciably as far as six miles from the discharge pipe. Dissolved Oxygen The dissolved oxygen concentration around the three out- falls was determined on each cast made for nutrient analyses. The deficiency in per cent below the saturated value (deter- mined from the concurrent chlorinity and temperature) is shown in Figures 8 and 9, and was prepared by interpolation from data by Harvey (1954). The oxygen demand of the organic matter, ammonia, and BOD in the effluent is apparent at all outfalls The pattern developed by immediate oxidation is especially noticeable in the oxygen profile at Whites Point on February 12, 1956, where the bottom waters were moved to the surface by the rising effluent and the minimal value of 2.82 m1/L occurred (Figure 6). Pockets critically low in oxygen have ca} HI { H ei : ay i ner ' ee aot: - rT) - m" bee ‘ ‘ants ’. MN) Leal bs er Ya | } . ae, 2 ‘ A ao t il a tet LOS ah et aeetan omnes, hon Ee Dee ee eh Saeed, NT Pi mer f , : ay “Dh ae i" fs! at 2 14 i i, rey ' 19 17 Mg HC) “ : gy | | \ i li | hinastenre wa) eel hdl : j fe , He ia ¥ , : Vey fp i HEL R vs 1 i 7 J § ‘7 ¥ | 7 th Me ‘abo at 4 or ve | ww?) VF \ EE iy ; i A “ i i i wv i ih oom t 7 i enn, Bel i's ry ity * *Y e 5 i ha 1 ee vd ee ee Pent ta Shane Sas TO Pema. Heth i i i ; 1 ae 8 t le i evant , ' nA) a { ‘ se i ni 5 } ' Mg is rh i a A ite 4K) eee ee, ee iy, aes z Lan I Pe Ae Ve Ue Sr es eee Se ee A hn I ee ee 19 Figure 8. The deficiency of oxygen around Orange County outfall on December 19 and 20, 1955. agi Nie vin A Ne yh f ine a) ee eye xO beavers wowraee Te eanukok yon ot ‘s a. C27), 00 tea VL wedemosd: mg seal | aie et x i - it ; a. : | nee 1 eo , i 4 e , , . . i ' ) y if ay; i H 7 1 : i = afer f ee i m , : . Aus ni ip a TIWALANO YAMAS ALNNOD BJONVHO NOIL3 1d3qd LN3DY¥3d, NS9AXO G3AIOSSIGC YAIEN349D30 6 _ YSEW35530 OZ NO!L370d3d : = €O IN3DY3d 4 OOOE OOO}! 0002 WOW 4 JONVISIO Lie ai , 20 Figure 9. The deficiency of oxygen at Whites Point outfall on February 12, 1956, and at Hyperion on January 12. and 13, 1956. f " ui ay i iy i i q ; ; f Ls ; Na Ihy Hf 1 en i i wa iy say vi’ a : es) ‘ I y Nit : . 1) fi i | % \ : ; nM in q ) Frit (OF, 26720 Ie Howry Ag Powneiae teh el «ei a | ; | Be i i 4% ; : : 7 ey ie br ¢ by yuaid , i Sh Guana, fo gorse hh “te time «OO yh + = ae ; , | : | i i ; f he i) ) | i \ y | 1? | fey" | Ve —) = < Le [= >) O DISTANCE PERCENT O, DEPLE TION l2 JANUARY, 1956. Sa yA OUAAESEEEENDGSSS?? Sere Ses 1956. I3. JANUARY, DISSOLVED OXYGEN PERCENT DEPLETION OUTFALL HYPERION SEWER hg teres ai a eos NOL eae sa rr , vole ene. i i 0) hate q f hy ) iy a a xy i. ry Rie in ipibineiand ; ne ats ee) MONO nt tia nil . ; Theo bas be tind i - Wee . on ee, wl i , { ‘ ay i ; — i i) “ ' ee i i me i ¥ ae m iat : me } haa’ * il i 4 4 = Cu mee ti a avi ‘ han et 4 i F ‘ ( i { | { i bi) z ‘ f on whey Jail be bs iw Pd i d - bi Y ~ a ee 4 i in i * * ss ss jon, Wow li. owe 4 * ) auld a rial ry i r wt My } . i* . % ; 4 i r emi "i y i Deo 1. +H a | - i fh! hy ane palsies these r i ha ote « ssp a ps mn pein i i ae pe i et IR sae aean to meakolemat eS scsi ere\isemnelscmeySam l y etalon w etx ms " . || : ay ty), ; ie : yy ; pt ) nue . i 0€-01 os-oe Fess % os <|fi] NOIL31d30 £0 IN3ZOUY3d TIVWSLANO YAMAS LNIOd S3ILIHM INCOMES clei) JUNE relelel NEYO) GeV TOSS ‘9S6l AYVNYGAA €-2 0000! 0002! ‘9S6l AYVNYGI4 ZI 0002 0007 0009 0008 NI A A N\/et tb (© WNOYd 4 JONVLSIO 21 been found at various depths at Orange County and Hyperion. However, on occupying the same traverse on the following day these areas of high oxygen depletion were not found. For example, at the Orange County outfall on December 19, a column of water 2,000 feet west of the boil showed a depletion of 52% for the intermediate water and 77% below saturation for the bottom water. The latter is the minimum value (1.38 m1/L) found at any of the outfalls. On December 20, the intermediate water was only 6% and the bottom water 13% below saturation. The pockets of low oxygen depletion, as well as areas of high nutrient content, are ascribed to the hourly variations in the character of the effluent, and inadequate mixing of the efflu- ent on discharge, From an examination of the average distri- bution of the dissolved oxygen, it is apparent that adequate ventialation occurs in ail outfall areas. The vicinity of the Hyperion outfall generally shows the highest oxygen values, whereas Orange County has the lowest. Of interest in the vertical sections showing oxygen deficiency (average values for January 12 and 13, 1956) is the tongue of supersaturated water that extended from the surface diagonally into the intermediate water about 1,500 feet from the boil at Hyperion (Figure 5). Saturated areas were also found around the Whites Point outfall at the surface, but at the Orange County outfall there was no water approaching saturation. Discussion The methods of diff: sion at Whites Point and Hyperion probably account for the difference in the nutrsent distri- Le ‘ 1 « nik f i oa i ne urd i i ’ 7 T a Pen it f i 1 : i t roy LOD s (91: 1edinegelh ing F1a} 20 ¥ ta eteibonzerat ent OF ain.9 sot} iin? A Aa) ii ine ied ae | robe ste bit praia. wins $e” yal gniwot toy edt, feraver! oma ape hate? toe ayer massa eee io ‘wottet¢ oh) al wowed tod wrt 0% ooktennsun eeten er beri oe CT\m 60.0) oehed napkin im shat wl o% a ie o. woled a | ror ew od a iy f } » dep ey oy ( 4 a 97 Us un wees Td wee Oe ny eettie ot? Jo. Qekxdor epavpocortt | : en I i. ..avs mc y Th pol? aw & tdi tks at earneOs i ihe aA : ie Aa ) > Sat rib t4 ae oft awodte Vilaxonen Lietteo aobreqyi 96 ~teowol nat YER, Spee on9 30 0W csnilane hegeal omer os sah on Re oo bw? 2agltoser { 73") ary: 7. + ot! z 2 Cal0r- J 6L hae Of vaenutal 207 eontey om - ‘ t OU ot a3 at i 2 - i j ) a ‘ ; aie LN teal | Maw ein is iy fain le a 2G S.6 22 Foe Tiwe i> ey he ayes 7 ee we ‘he Le aAwy OBS BRT sade poet Haat NORE Pots 4m Pw etathon rerak by heat} oofe. stew conte Delaaotec Tuer 2 gD ctu ee Tat aw Dr. tw wo Papo LO Lies “¥ mizoqyt ban tatot aoa hi Wa mole Tekh te + mba Pakh Pagers eit Rk Po fete DReb ett 203), 22 butions around these two outfalls from the simple pattern of surface dispersion that exists at the Orange County outfall. The character of the effluent, the oceanographic conditions, and the depth of water at Whites Point also contribute to form a still different pattern than at the other two outfalls. The patchy distribution or pockets of high concentration of nutrients noted at considerable distances from the outfalls is explained by variations in the effluent as well as inade- quate mixing on discharge. Phosphate determinations on the effluent before discharge were made at Orange County on December 19 and 20, by Mr. William Henderson, County Sani- tation District of Orange County. On December 19, the phos-= phate determination showed a fairly even distribution in parts per thousand over the eight hour period that determinations were made, The range on this day was from 3.2 o/oo to 4.8 o/oo. On the other hand, the phosphate in the effluent on December 20 ranged from 0 o/oo to 16.0 ofoo throughout the same period of time. Aithough the analyst has stated that some trouble was experienced with the method of determination and the data are not necessarily to be considered completely reliable, the observations do indicate that not only a wide diurnal range, but a large hourly range does occur in the phosphate content of the effluent. The increase in phosphate on December 20 in the effluent also aids in explaining the great increase in phosphate observed at sea on this day, and the erratic distri- bution of the maximum concentrations. veteq otqmbe) git mot, eliatene tite hh vhavod:, eaaew srt ts angksemmsd Dirge agowRRso wihd: sirdkraao2 62hh Teed aprinWw te tetsw to Arye ligt? wit weihe a oe mdr 9d taq fawxeltch Cie oi we lis: uw nokTeE TT A92nTS digit to erevtoog 10 notindietetbh yitotegeae ‘+ poy? aspnaetesd sidsusbianos te heton ets : ‘ren sw fosetete of? ah enrol: Line ¥8 beats - 7 as. i £4 timate, wee Nj ot pt be | “97 foo. LR ao bree ae ie) ote zi 5 az Vtg ’ Hees 910140 °f ay? rebastl mahi few ' OS ben OCR > To ' ; ; Io sodRe ++ 77. tah news ind o bowods nokigukam i val oll h sede: hy 4 ae | Py ae we pra & : dai oh itt Sra r es A | ry : a A, A : 5 * AY ty 2 * — + sat «Or j , | 79005 i y rk astataaor wet iy 2 pwadaso 2) ’ aire t Pin oh " atn3 » yet jay r ners Heid rgirest? LA a é wine > ; 3 oft 10 b ta mginre) S< Ri Feiteat at infirw bets 2 1 £4 3 f > » « wo DS oc af ‘ ym ~ my vs wi 4 - > “ , } Jaa bw 0s be : a) ee | Iai Ho : t : gyacg £2e0D 6S i % —<— ; ¢ { yr eas o gtaraqeodiq v2 ABNOR, hi pays Ol? WIL Lits ae) ee ee te ety = ref) phil? He Bee “ERs aii twit ,V¥RO Lay Be Be ios TGUI Rot ey ee 23 Maxima and Minima Maxima and minima values were selected from the data at all depths within 3,000 feet of the outfall. They give an indication of the dispersion of nutrients in the vicinity of the outfall areas (Table I). Around the Orange County outfall occurred two of the highest concentrations and two of the second highest of the four nutrients determined. Whites Point, on the other hand, had three of the lowest values and one of the highest. The former are attributed to the simple dispersion of the nutrients at Orange County; the latter, among other previously mentioned factors, the better diffusion through a longer water column and the characteristics of the effluent. The chance that sampling at the various outfalls has missed the areas of very high concentration in the boil must also be considered. Enrichment of the Outfaill Area in Nutrients An accurate calculation of dilution in the boil and the dimunition of nutrients with distance cannot be made because of the lack of information on the concentrations in the sewage. A comparison is made, however, with the concentration of salts in the surrounding shelf water at a sufficient distance from the outfall area to be free from the influence of the eainence The factor in Table II gives the increase of maximum nutrient values in the vicinity of the outfall over the values obtained in normal sea water. With the exception of nitrate-nitrogen, the increase above the surrounding sea water is lowest at se ithe 0, Mi ; Heat HN ny oe n ny td mM ai ay ve ices ‘eskitauvneenl aay ee cava ‘yea Les ewe ae Yo, pont O00, nbatk ea a ta ateb wat more) | betomton: oxew oh sult ay v aman AN i i eu 4 a, ae in Wtiakoty ads ab’ tanex2en ty ok eR AGBED. ot? i berainoe, Eeiawo yin > eae oe ‘oat tae Pi] ip ; ery | nt’ gre : acre hm Peaeted a Bare eee tee eek Wea woktwagnee 9 acy aoigid: Deawea s 1 joa f ; ie . be ‘ oa e), ee abet gn haw . dodoorre ee aowskat s eft 3 .dearteed odd Do om Oke Baap | oe! ne = aioe. eek f J fi Li et Wis a ht) : q 14 benno ' f made hid ve [ = r e" : ei t) § i f - " I } an iy 4 ) in) sro wt ay yf} ey tt : 8 ' es , » deoxe aad beeeie wed oliaties Mh i j % “ne ‘ : : Soeros et oele +o LOK Ar hie te at! ‘a / & i s\n ea | SS t 4 0 et i b AS Pe Say ne "Kate: ne ; 4 at Wes eK ri ‘ * \y j a Po } ‘a Leh ee apes wy oti3 Es it at motiwiib* to wold aheniey $28.0 25m : ‘ ‘4 aay BD a | , u ay ALT Tht i AO FP , SOs ent at eee) eee ia it i us “it ee y) « OFA , ms 4 nok ty AS ne J Hsiy ‘ nA rae E re j j f ie Al ‘i ee 2 F ie _/ ¢tlae to ooktertasone) sds atiw) -sevowon if ff ta aoe Ul ¥ 7 ie ~ ; On | re ntatd taekol lige a TH ROT RW) 1A On« ) ‘ “ habe a. at? neve eh epee } C2100 1. 23% > 16° @oOm ei TM ie r) ~ Tin tesiving avateedt Wo seasrwar Ont aay - J re vs " trent bh i Fede peu Law af yewo Limite vec or a w ne to noktqonte Mh earn 1 " a i> 4 i teu gL TR a i. | ‘oe tounot sk 2etaw aad) palbapo nee wit Ye 24 TABLE I MAXIMA AND MINIMA CONCENTRATIONS OF NUTRIENT SALTS AT ALL DEPTHS WITHIN 3,000 FEET OF THE OUTFALL OUTFALL DATE MAXIMA MINIMA figea/L /tg-a/L $i03-Si Orange County Dec 19 10.0 4.5 Orange County Dec 20 26.0 5.0 Hyperion Jan 12 2170 5.0 Hyperion Jan 13 2/3150 360 Whites Point Feb 2 16.0 6.0 Whites Point Feb 12 13.0 4.5 PO,=-P Orange County Dec 19 4.4 0.2 Orange County Dec 20 T3310 0.3 Hyperion . Jan 12 7.6 0.5 Hyperion Jan 13 10.0 0.6 Whites Point Feb 2 SPS) 0.6 Whites Point Feb 12 Sie 0.3 NO3-N Orange County Dec 19 4.5 RS) Orange County Dec 20 18.0 ae) Hyperion Jan 12 (G8) 0.0 Hyperion Jan 13 4.5 0.0 Whites Point Nov 3 18.0 0.7 Whites Point Feb 2 20.0 0.0 NH3 -N Orange County Nov 18 32.0 0.0 Hyperion Jan 12 46.0 0.0 Hyperion Jan 13 68.0 0.0 Whites Point Feb 2 130 0.0 Whites Point Feb 12 USS) Ae) ; Aree ( iH a : ny a if, % ia ‘ < / by ya eT Me a al ary!) Ae 9) 7 . ; Meade ee) Ul i : ‘ a) a cast 40° a aatitaecS niet Ent ANd a 7 LRA TOO ED $0 OOM e MUTI ANNE TAB EN i : t ) wan orgs a ot ay ay Poh OO ya | Os ned c oh . OS ont | . Oi¢ ft Sf nat, oe O 7&8 ..y Ef oat ; | oe 8 | i. tot —_ S$ Aig Be ma char T~ GF bad Md ts can emi aD bd Ll oad 0 t? ey Os i a) As e.0 rn) es . 4.0 5,08 cr wal 6.0 a § iat ‘6 iit Ch view ei 4 eae e.! C ‘T, weau WT eng ef a Xe 26g i 7A 0,0 it he. 7 G D4 CL Ast, 7 j ; Teil oo, 84 c yor (a 3. au OS 5, got ‘~~ gv me byl 0. £2 Si a a, O. dh St tent, 0.7 0,20 A Tat 25 TABLE II ENRICHMENT FACTORS OF THE MAXIMUM NUTRIENT CONCENTRATIONS BASED ON SURROUNDING NORMAL SEA WATER Nutrient $i0,-Si PO,-P NO3-N NH -N $i03-Si PO,=P NO3=-N NH3=N $i03-Si PO,=P NO3-N NH3 oN Distance from outfall outfall outfall outfall outfall 2,000° 2,000° 1,000 3,000° 700? 700° 1,500* 1,500 ORANGE COUNTY December Depth A g-a/l Enrichment factor surface 26.0 4.3 surface 13.0 21.6 surface 18.0 12.0 surface 32.0 80.0 HYPERION January surface 23.0 SIAWs surface 10.0 23.0 45* 6.5 13.0 surface 68.0 170.0 WHITES POINT February 125% 16.0 2.9 12'5)¢ Boe TEAS 125° 20.0 20.0 surface 0 S55 : 0.08 we a O.e5 Oo, ft : 0,083 Oy OL Bia be 0,08 a ae | #25 hare ‘poeta Sante ply t sive verre Yaa eT, aie tae Ook tH eA ren eoe Tare hMLOT ear cn Tiaw2d a4 YG, eS! #2 oe 456 Pie pha ad) traveud tiaysug) 7) oo Ode wm Hoo," "oor 26 Whites Point. The maximum increase is at Hyperion where ammonia-nitrogen was concentrated 170 times over normal, 3,000 feet from the outfall at the surface. In Table III the enrichment of the surface water at 1,000 foot intervals from the outfall was made from the average values of the nutrients on both days of sampling and on both sides of the boil. Since factors are computed from the averages, the decrease with distance appears small. PLANKTON NEAR THE OCEAN OUTFALLS On ali cruises for bacterial studies, plankton casts were made at each hydrographic station. The waters surrounding the Orange County and Los Angeles County outfalls were rela« tively free of plankton prior to December 19, 1955. Average volumes recovered were less than 0.5 ml, and there was no increase in the area of the sewage boil. None of these Samples was retained, but the volume was noted at each station. On December 19 and 20, 1955, near the Orange County out- fall, the volume of plankton in each haul was markedly greater than earlier in the year. Many recoveries contained 10-14 times the earlier volume of plankton and at 3 stations the volume was 30 times greater. The most abundant organisms were diatoms (53% average) and dinoflagellates (31% average). With- in the diatom group, Chaetoceros sp. was most numerous followed closely by Dityium sp. and Coscinodiscus sp. Of the dino- flagellates, Ceratium furca was the most common and Ceratium tripos the next. Zooplankton average 14% of each haul and were mainly nauplius larvae (Table IV). bee wee sane asi bist in Ne i f ; ‘4 ath ie ake Bo: | + ane “age tise pat ; nig haat wiht mn 00, 1 ha iovaw van taie nib iy, ? recite bak 11s ot . dell pitt ance wth fe) eo eta win sei 4 diod «wo Qe gee tieae ty iby ki Le ail eG nohaetntl add 4 } f : Pit ae ba apne | akiod itt yy ed? mond Bergan eta eye? oF ona erate ahve bity WP SN Rapesee yee 1 i) : - F Ad Voth ¥i ia We i ph kal ww rit (4 S°ebw ROCA A i , wie t toe ee ae % way & ie i ‘ ' up Patines set. oe nw “a rh Lae é . et sa Tr hat se en net Fes by a | 1 > Sl | i yg muy if 1 a ) SRAIOY ‘ 4% iM i Th wn TA as a pat 3 ut 4 F WG a a iat 3 f ah ' r mL . i 2¥é f it f 7 ty ay Tha ‘ . 7 { ya ote OT UR a Tite faen ace" wy x 4% A. j + (muy | ey se pT aig eet sotentmm You toon Siw fri ADs ve Lret! toabavaod ¢% 4) 7” in Titen r “at } ry rT oy - % jad Te Lis a ye ee j ’ BALA fl ‘in foc W in eS Kaba « sf ” rw | | ' oo le Le: rf iy ’ : i / ¥ 4 j may ff if Wainy , x ee we vty “ i Woy Lee CU , Cee Wy 4 i ty 27 TABLE III SURFACE ENRICHMENT FACTORS OF THE AVERAGE NUTRIENT CONCENTRATIONS AT 1,000 FOOT INTERVALS FROM OUTFALL BASED ON SURROUNDING NORMAL SEA WATER Nutrient $i03-Si PO, -P NO3 =-N $i03-Si PO,-P NO3-N NH3-N Nutrient $i03-Si PO,-P NO3-N NH -N Outfall 2.8 12.0 9.8 ORANGE COUNTY December 1,000* 2,000' 3,000* 4,000* 1.8 Sina ON . al. 5) 5.0 USO) Ze, Pxosal, aS) HYPERION January 4.1 4.0 2.8 2.9 15.0 150 Sia. Sia aL ats) eka 2.0 iS 142.5 82.7 78.2 43.5 WHITES POINT February 700%” 1,500*. 17%800*:< 2,000* 3,000? WS) 2.6 1.8 Ls eS 2.0 4.7 2.0 PAPE 5.0 Ri) a0 455 0.0 soo ZFS) Bes oAl 13 i/ 26.2 20.0 1000, S 8.1 t.58 040 ' §. 26 1008; ! 8.1 6.8 a8 v.61 .8 @,2 Tih G,8 Olt Ze Tse) Vee [> AnAOCOnAOO ave WwW Q | N AaAOMANS Vv + " inediaacmiah: ace f [> W Vv W d NOLANVId dO INSO udd FOVAFAV ATHLNOW AI HIdvL a7 edTUNL (°ds eTTeaey) pruurzury eTIVLOTpey (otuofhique) podidateg (podoz4seg) TastTa,A (2®1S9T41T2q) sno yntTd (eToeureg pue podedod) snttdney SVAIVT ptTouuy SPAICT (é) weozotToH °ds eutzrestqoTy seseo 330 pue s33aq podsedog podotyouerg WIOM MOIIY Wo Yue Tdooz "cS BITSOTSSETCYUL °ds stxMdoueydeis °ds etrustosoztyuy *ds unTAitG °ds snostpoutosog °ds s019900}58YD °ds etyd{nppra °ds e[Taeuotiezsy SeovwoVeTG *ds umtutptiedg °ds @On{tTT}ION *ds stsAydoutq sodtz} *'S) snsnj 5) eoOMy umntzeIa) BLETTeceT youtq UOT}EITITSSETO ssara (Leasty2 ©b*) _ZauTcEse yOTeETS £78 | — = i> l Lt aan nil Nib) ji Lalit sal \ a heat, fers m eeneppren net baa ear ee tele ial on " i : ven i THe nm bre ieryrgee ty vine et + per ew > ny ; i Fe Pr bres ee ed her vV¥ i : a a ie nn om iw PB TEE . a ay 28 : ! Ceres pal oa Po tok ope 8 ad “a > CTRL il as a Oe wine r ‘na a piaealbag cM ya Ape fay ed Fy wee be paby Ry 4 bt oA rane fw Ch : eee Eebeee bey ee * iS Gs =r 29 During the days of January 12 and 13, 1956, similar volumes of plankton were in the waters near the Hyperion out- fall in Santa Monica Bay. The volumes did not equal those along the Orange County coast except in the boil, but were still 8-10 times that noted in Santa Monica Bay in the fall months. Again the most abundant forms were the diatoms, which averaged 66% of the total plankton, whereas the dino- flagellate volume was 23%. The diatom Chaetoceros sp. was by far the most common, being 42% of the average haul. Ceratium furca was again the most abundant dinoflagellate. Of the zooplankton, nauplius larvae constituted 4% of the population. These quantities of planktonic forms continued to be present in the waters oi the Los Ang ies area through Feb- ruary. In this month on the 2nd, 3rd, and 12th, equivalent volumes were recovered near the Whites Point outfall. As before, the volume was greatest in the boil area, but remained relatively high at distances of several thousand feet. Dia- toms remained the most abundant group (60%), but on these days and in this area, zooplankton were more common than the dinoflagellates (Figure 10). Copepods represented 10% of each haul and the Foraminifera Globigerina sp. was present, averaging 4% of the total numbers. The plankton population was low in March and April and the first part of May 1956, the volumes in net hauls being Similar to those obtained during October and November 1955. In the latter part of May the numbers increased. Diatoms composed 79% of each net haul, Chaetoceros Sp. representing my amis 18201 Lab taupe oid nie, pemctow crow tod thee wath al tqeoxe feos Riis ally hoten tags) ‘pamkt ots ie? Fe 2 Es Bs Ga oily aetiwte Letot rd ae oat Le e shaods sod eit baatg fAKlQoom imate hil? ab (OL S2pH24) estat a at yah Lae a7 ue? ] HONG Dae tat Sem dene! tower \ytamal amet facw ont ‘inde ot 10 HOk bowel ‘ee wae faa sty momnas teom mn ; j ta De eg thos ow boty i ae a my OO Waa > eteks + Hwee i ener yam Me tog) 30 Figure 10. Plankton abundance in the waters of the Los Angeles area during the winter of 1955-1956. a i pe sy as ext? t6 exetaw ant ‘ak a Me Aye Laut a NN 5 ‘in iN a ya Ms pan nt RvR Ain, it a ree et sola) at OF ho, sveverker ant onions . IN COASTAL WATERS OF TRE dS YNIAF9/G079 OINN/L NIL Nel 70/0Ve4 G0d7d 09 FLYIINNL CRED SARI OLYNV 1d00Z ‘AS VINITOSOZ/IHY dS SOWFIOLIVHD dS WNATALIO JSS SNISIGONIDSOD oS VYISOISSY TVHL FIBER Meeseeeetes ‘ SIVOVWOLVIC dS WNINIG/A43Fd ‘IS SISAHAONIG dS WILY YF2 SOd/IYL WAILVYFD Weseeeeeterntennte : VLV1139V 1JONIC LOS ANGELES BASIN Zz O tt x Zz < lI oO ke Zz ry) O ac Lil oO dS VNIAI9IGO79 QINN/L N/L () Nvlav70lave g0d7d0) FLYIINNL (@vAY v7) SNITINUN Westeioeatstevonntetoonneteenst SO SEBSR 4 Sesscoeies NOLYNV 1d 00Z dS VINFTOSOZ/IHY SOYFIOLIVHI oS WATALIC SNISIGONIDSOD ye /SOISSY TVHL ieee eeeinieceeanioees S IVOVWOLVIG dS WAINIG/A3d ‘oAS SISAHAON/IG dS WNILVYFO SOdYL WNILYYFI cerca NIH easements VLV 1139 1S0NIG NS ¥ 7 wm porn i rag! aHt 40° ‘ear AW beg 2) 1" He ~ uy ive Ow tei nv 2 - led pe 4 ra | ae (aha al A a Ci lary ee ao oe aoe ¥ 1 5 Sid fa be ag, rates ye) wd ip (oy pill 31 72% of the population. The remaining diatoms were Coscinodiscus sp. and Rhizosolenia sp. Zooplankton were next in abundance (15% of each net haul), and of the zooplankton, nauplius larvae constituted 6% of the population. High plankton numbers remained in the waters of Santa Monica Bay and the Orange County coast through the months of June and July. In the latter part of May and in the months of June and July, though, dinoflagellates made up the bulk of the population. During this period, the dinoflagellates constituted 66% of the total, with Ceratium tripos the most abundant form (30%). The dinoflagellate Peridinium sp. represented 18% of each net haul, and the remaining dinoflagellates were other species of Ceratium. The diatoms during this period represented only 12% of the total population, whereas zooplankton repre- sented 21%. This trend followed through June until in July, the dinoflagellates made up 73% of the total plankton. In this month, the dinoflagellate Ceratium fusus was the most common, comprising 33% of each net haul. Diatoms were more abundant than zooplankton (16%) and Chaetoceros sp. represented 15% of the population. Ocean Conditions Temperature In the winter months, surface temperatures ranged from a low of 55.4°F near Hyperion to a high of 57.9°F near Orange County. At these two outfalls the water was nearly isothermal, there being a 2 to 3°F range from 55 feet to the surface. Near the Whites Point outfall the surface temperatures were nase exkiquen ynobinmkintes ie gi aed gore he bar a oh, rene aan pont a 13 Ri (Sein en beturirano miro Tt rf so ' ite ya the kes ey af ys ao ey ae Ht ed gets) ity ‘ t yy “ IO a mh Ts. iS So eli FAM 4 = 4 ™ hi os bhedins i] Lele A 4, tJ , ‘M ; ere aes ot tavonid reso eta: an ra! Pg pi sR exh, BOBSDoroni? Mie (eon? warns ‘ade pas 9 wha NEA Ne rag veisas oat MSTBl Loge gi wih gaknkomen. odd beg ad ay gnexw te ah mkt aneb ri Ee LOG niet omer Ms ‘ 4 ‘a a a okt! td Td AON Ce chau sot etioget G eee jaw event ntitessD pies togettonts ho tine Qo oe re Deine Bae - Pelee ray 8 s ’ { rm oa ve iN unt e #0 ‘ 4 a # : - "eae beat ; Sw tT ay uihs Wis bs i i ce sh) Toy ote ey | OE.) ad 32 similar to those in Santa Monica Bay, averaging 55.5°F, and the range from 150 feet to the surface was about 3°. True isothermal conditions extended below 50 feet, Here a tendency toward a thermocline occurred. At or slightly below this depth, several masses of warm water were noted. On February 12, these subsurface inversion layers were distinct and more or less continuous for two miles north of the outfall area (Figure 11). During March the surface water temperatures rose to a maximum of 58°F, Subsurface temperatures were still more or less isothermal in the vicinity of the Orange County and the Hyperion outfalis. Near Whites Point, however, there was a range of from 7 to 8°, from 150 feet to the surface, and maximum surface temperatures were slightly lower (57.2°F). In April, maximum surface temperatures reached 639, In the vicinity of the two shallower outfalls the subsurface tempera- ture range averaged 8°, and the greatest range was 10°F, At the Whites Point outfall, a range of 10° was common and 11 and 12° frequent. In the latter part of May, when increased numbers of plankton began to occur in the waters, surface temperatures remained at approximately 63°, but the temperature spread from 55 feet and from 150 feet increased sharply. In June the maximum surface temperature was 65°, In the vicinity of the two shallower outfalls, temperatures at the bottom began to rise so that again more or less isothermal conditions existed. At Whites Point, on the other hand, an increased spread was noted from that of the other months. For example, , hehe nS 9 OE sunt at reat a kote skitt woted ¥ rea tal nes en yearde st a gras set poakse kh sxam: easy! ookinnae soatawedin note Ciattvo wat im dawn zothm owt 30% eyo ee mind: fori wht 6 OF CRD CAINTES Oa i eae Meat hata Fi el ve Sees so wow LLkde ouow, doa rny og 4 ‘ re i od * j et ae eye end Date he. PON Bae ie ee He tO ; i : i Se: a yal 42 axe oH eu weno dg y ae rey ar hah iy te ane vit Soe eee) Oey OF Fe; Me Tee Rh ae es Ga ‘ CHO ¢g .* \ » inte ¥ i t xii p f , Hy ey

mebd sult nO 06% ote) He te beange @ wiab ls no Lemon oreM syiniex> ova tive of otdasudk ouew @ebitutiae soa taveded, i anoktsk rae, . ‘ r Bh ; i in i a oo ty oy SK ~~ « : “ , ee ene y Sa ¢5A La Toss ive J angnit so , wr, bee padncinedl b2g Oto ayodwa noritalg dy sue oY oldteky tom bas ry kh sioosc. a oes ciel D et of OF yy Plie® eater tn ei shiutua drsenng ot > tm motes goksne xed an: + ened sinkad ie $279 ig he tonkfeit # 4 eteb ows ete ef bee bewantionw wpe 35 Figure 12. Subsurface layers of low light transmission around the Orange County outfall on December 19 and 20, 1956. | i ay) ee ; } ie aD f jemi! \ id } : a he id ay b “t My : i: as 4 al } y! {i TAL th aya a Nua ‘ Ne ‘iat h i : ] ; ve ia hie a v We iy Wy } oh AT, hat yt UY Mi i’ j r : ne} it ' il } iy ie a met i iat: WN, atic ate aoteatmene 1) trpii wot Ww bzoyet ons tiwedy? St an ty O202 608. bos CL aednesed ag Lia tivo yianoo ogagnO bith! 1SVOD OL 1311VuYVd SNOILD3S TV1W4LNO Y3aM3aS ALNNOD AONVYHO 4O ALINIDIA Ssél OZ B6l YIGWIDIA Y3AV1 NOLYNV 1d JO SSANMOIHL GNV HLd3d O mM U a a eS) Ni L4OOOE 1 4 OOO€ ed ae = SS aS 3 = eine a eee ee sg oon at oe WES - a Zt ~ i a Ok BT YUM LOU f¥AER a f 9 ied | 4 ti | = Bas Se | - hab os ) i j au oe © . MS . | Nm ater oT < | ee my | i, o hal “y re me Dat ; eh Ne eat a bi) i art wl a Kd j | hay a a ne { tad wil Shenae ; | bai : . s. 4 if P | iy rr i | } | 0 { f \ \ Mh holds hapless eae By | Cem i Oc enaniie Ct ae Oh U9 a mn: one a ak 36 varied from 10 to 25 feet deep, averaging about 15 feet. On the 20th, the stratum settled in the water to depths of 20 to 45 feet, but remained about the same thickness. Plankton Distribution The study of plankton distribution in time and space and the oceanographic conditions responsible for the generation of plankton blooms have been the subject of much research by many observers and in many areas (Harvey, 1955; Allen, 1941). In certain areas, such as the west coast of Florida, the destruction to fish populations by blooms is often disasterous, and has therefore demanded extensive research. But with all the work, both in the laboratory and in the field, there is today no definite evidence as to the oceanographic conditions responsible for generating rapid reproduction amongst plank- ton. During the course of this survey, a detailed attempt was made to determine if a correlation exists between the growth of phytoplankton and increased nutrients discharged by sewer outfalls. It is believed that some confirming evidence has been gathered, but so many inconsistencies still exist that certainly no definitive conclusions can be reached on all phases of the probiem. Under natural conditions (no sewage discharge) oceanic waters may enter the nearshore zone without being greatly influenced by conditions peculiar to the immediate surrounding region. Allen (1941) has noted that it is unwise to suppose that the phytoplankton is necessarily a product of the near- shore area, or a resultant of the environmental conditions of 06 20 adtqad oF rot aw gilt me. elites ere Ree DA. iL. ee sndokity Hiee ott tucds oe ‘ ba noidud: intel g bes sosqe bas omit mb nodteatsteih nottnatg, Vo gburae noltsiensy 2A wots Bidbndoges2 . aucht tags’ aduiqnzye 7? otapesa down to took dwa eay mood sevad emooid moyen oC IDOE ,gollaA sRECi \wovanl) epere rien a) bie eyeayasad @ Take 7 5BDi2014% Yo teens $ROW oat ag dove 42 eSB TOF VHS2b ASI Ito at agonld ff Btroktsivogog seh} fle @tkw 30% ,doraeees ovianstxe bebnemeb 216) af sted? ,blelt edt ci bea veo $s enoftibncs skigasgongese sit of aa sonsbive kak Yeh « ~-Ansiq ttunome nolkfoubordes hides Buitsiereyg 1% ef@ tqmetia beiksteb « s(S¥utte e22as to sézyoo at hg ou? toswted etekxe noivaloz ws # 24 suteretwh of yd begisdseth atneisztun becesrons bars vofitasiqotyag to a ponshive antmzbincs seme sane bovsi lsd se et SSExXS LLite agtyo » . , 4 t 7 a an ; r w RET ome them o2 Tud ~betei gto bedoges oF mao 2zaclen(oaos svitinbteab on | meido ny | itnssno Copzedgekb so2wez on) anoktiinion Is Tikwy SHOS BS£Odetsen sit setae vk we stakbemak edt a4 tai tuoad asoltibsos wd be er ie gee oF sekway Be TE tact? hefow ast (ihe 03 moi ta teen edt to towhorg « yiizaaasoon ‘et corneas am ney Oat 37 there. In a period of long continued calm, or in a whole year of mild weather, the local influence may be notable. However, in most years there must be long periods in which the local influence is relatively negligible in determining the condition of the populations. Doubtless, many of the striking peculiarities of occurrence and abundance in different seasons and years are due to differences in degrees of dominance of local influences. The only reliable conclusion possible seems to be that the coastal waters may or may not exert noticeable influence upon the population within its limits, depending on the extent to which water movements permit its conditions to operate before the populations shift to other localities or disappear. In the sea, a dense population of a particular phytoplank- ton may appear in a locality for a few hours or days, and not be strongly represented again for years. A plant or population may appear at a level at which it is not usually found, or it may be found most often at a certain level in one locality and at a different level in another. Populations nearshore and at considerable distances offshore may be closely similar, although recognizable differences are more likely to be found. Inasmuch as the shallow depth of water is sufficient to constitute a fundamental difference from any offshore habitat, it is probable that the presence of similar populations in places more or less distant from each other is not necessarily an indication that habitat conditions are also similar. Certain circumstances may be responsible for such an irregularity. Particular environ- mental features may be so prominent over a wide area at a given y ehtaton “ vim: ana inky fakin ab abobreg gnots jal ranen perce oe ‘teow - goiniosatad wl sidtighinnod wihowkha t at o ‘gomauttat egy) ty qox ,beotyeiot penek 6 Only at to noi / md enaabautal Mee. wn iat risoe te poktksws Lu geq woorgab sk axonene? ah oe ye sre ae nokevlonos Slésiiox ele gut gm work " oust = hy ce af A a it be _ 4 poll Tok Yan %o Taw Phe ee kms We one Teas a oti ehddiw notte luge watt meogis out jaenevom velaw fobs oF Fores PS a Ye 5 1D ane pede uk t eis my Pe ve a ee ey pe RCS Re a al «ira imagydd talwors pad & 20 nokfelaqod sens. 76) hy “yaw eLis { a3 pot i | 2 tht OorTs E apt ad to F q A he pe epee WW AE bw s ' . i) ii > % oe he om tt yo peat Via oe: Ba TL KHL ors bea wtilesel sage Ae as nket tae a Pa +e toe eyodarsen amolialeqod test ORE wk i arot jnox0%h ce a y eo 5 aii pees lee a “ey a. dquottia ,reliake yilesels, ad Yan > visit it li (omnis sat Jbevet 9 of viath? oom enn aooner » stuyedenoe of Poslottioe el weve te witeed wor! Hidedoag ek th ,tetktad sredayto ba anat ebaore Thee: tael. 7 ety mk anok ts ting ee pi hmke Le oun@estg fedt sotyaokhet te yi transys ose Pent a eget deowe | : Agodatnmorks whet 190° snd ss én e oe gots angeees —TOotivnw tet tae?. tee por | idasadl ao ake : asi shin & teve taonkeia me ao Wy 38 time that they cause production of definitive populations in spite of local dissimilarities of other features which are recognizable but not detrimental. Two populations, inshore and offshore, may have drifted into separate localities from a region of common origin so recently that they appear to retain the earlier likenesses in recognizable form, although already acquiring important differences. A population may develop in an offshore area and expand into nearshore waters, adapting itself to environmental features of the new area as the expansion progresses. Thus, the constant movements of the plants in one direction or another add enormously to the difficulty of conducting researches and of understanding the results. Considering all of these conditions, the wonder may be not the inconsistencies of plankton near the three outfalls during the past year, but rather the constancy of their occurrence, Distribution with Distance from the Outfall. The noted distribution of plankton with distance from the three outfalls apparently corresponds to the increased nutrients in the dis- charge area. In Figure 13, the average volume of plankton in the winter has been plotted against distance from the boils, and in Figure 14, the average numbers in June and July at Orange County. Each shows a remarkable increase within 1,000 feet of the boil, an increase which is greatest at Whites Point. The average volume at distances greater than 5,000 feet was 1.1 ml per net haul when the data for these curves were gathered. This was double the amount in the waters prior to r Pog prone: anokte Laqed on jharoomeeten ‘son. td aldo most gobtitavol asacaamaionnd: bet tia over ‘Came ov ‘vaougs ott snlt hepato we re gkro tie) Hane 9 au nt | tyre at tm .iao oLdnarnee oon wh) AAO eget Les al yi Kh 4 AeA eam rostetaqog A) 46m sandra 2 34% Hes TOCAt ga dnky pom no cai ‘,aretaw srode xeon offs » naeyee hire we ke Ste arto: inp iv i 4 j f a - . #0 pote wou oft to eases ae) datmomion wae oF Bigeee| yt ! ei 1 12 een i ; LA ek 4o atesmavran. Inatanos oy ,eedy che RerQo wg, mod.we im F ian - ; , j ‘ id i 8 ; re a ont of wlevomsons bos todidtm te voltoqessb ome uk a ab \, \ } ee aa: if Titi odd pathaatecrehae Fe bas wedtoaadeun Hees v f a od yan s.obnow of? , Bt bei hana wade tet he MM i hy a i » a ' giketiso sendy oft xr900 notamatq Jo seLonss beter’: uy fieituO of) work somarart f ats Me) a9, aust 27220 x eftettue soudit ost mont somatelb aybw noddinn ta’ ca =i wtib ed¢ al atoetutue boagosoak gay 1 BIOs a at 4 7 * " ue ie x ' an nk cottnwia td sawtiov sdandva gale pe L SROQL AT a i - i ) ‘ + . \* ‘i . " Pm ¢ - mh | ,ethod edt mont soaateto® Tantngs badTold ase? @ ae te viwt. bee gent wk daodnee @yetote Bt), a2 Me ALN f wi ieee va O00, 0 misvitiw tan tank 2d aa TaReR A WORA Ow ity H ! YO) Otek eocid te teetawty 2s sight hiatal Oia) 4 ail niet *, " aL 7 marys 7 y i Mee ss) eo a > oT F enw toe? GOO,k medt soteury aeoretakh i ei ; i i ; Mi ; . | a a. anew aera saath so) A dd aye pent inal, 430, aed, a \ 4 ™m Po) NOLYNV 1d JO JANN IOAN LAN Y4d SYFALITITIIW NI x Ae) Mad ‘om > whe, “i ee Vesiee O, Reee ‘pe Cy ® it wl .v @ 4 es ; cesta egmmttr any mt (rh res? TJAaTUO | | ib Se St ee | op0h - i o00€ 0005 000) 0 ea) THIOS 23Tinw $39" ul iJAITUO MO#4A BKATEIG C2) iE Vi laid Ob AW LE iv AEE m ae beta wi! ape yn RY PN ' , i} ' “M 7 YW B 70) bd) OW 2 sharp hire tahini YCH wiA OF Ob. bt ath Laney tril ph ar ys cme sted tm pay J PVE. ACT Me ee ee 40 Figure 14. The average plankton numbers in June and July 1956 versus distance from the Orange County outfall. gt TA GAA lt at hotly ili ! , it AL OAe y Vy AW ih Ta SNL iA! y \ ¥ u hare ps ’ Utes f i] ! ay a ' ae ie Cay i ei : a } Hi 1 A Ne AT! A ee WA pn in oF tae edit vod 1 Asli Hb a ' i y i Wry Hh, i ! : : ' i Ser a RRO RS a a: aM VCE RONG Aa WCC Mh gen emai tN tia £ ey Mowe) |: ty iy oi . | ram sa bene sunt, nk wx a ; . : rade antatans gh intiie yinue oyannd ond | eee conta Eb’ ‘a tha - TY ae 25 ‘ph eau if iy ; i D i i ) FA ’ : i } Wa - )} 4 i i ms 1 sien iN W iY) =) =) < < | me WW Zz cS z fo) om < Zz < _ a Le Xo) O wy) i8 21 24 THOUSANDS OF FEET FROM OUTFALL ‘ > kan Ball jl ie 1 vv ge i » PAACe, TCL GPRM Di IRE ea nes) ie o * pales 5 hit &S sca) eh. Se | =~ea ee 2&3 JIAATUG MOA TIBI IO eQHALUGHT. | oni em mei aL eae De ni ee 41 December 19, 1955, and in March and April, 1956. The average increase in volume at Orange County and Whites Point was about eleven times that in the surrounding waters, and at Hyperion the increase was seven times. Furthermore, at Orange County, there were stations where the increase was 30 to 40 times that in the nearby waters. In several samples, the greater volume in the boil was accompanied by an increase in the percentage of zooplankton. The increase was due to fewer numbers of dinoflagellates; the diatom numbers remaining more or less constant. All samples from boil areas did not show this increase. Some, particularly those at Orange County, showed no change from samples taken several thousand feet from the outfall. Distribution with Time. The average number of plankton for each month from August 1955 through July 1956 are shown in Figure 15. The lowest numbers occurred in the latter part of September and in October 1955; the maximum for the year in December. There was a secondary low in January and then began a general rise to the secondary maximum in May. This seasonal distribution does not correlate with the average for southern California noted by Allen (1941) in his studies extending over a period of 20 years. His normal distribution showed a peak abundance in April; in general decrease through October followed by a slight increase in November; then a rapid drop to the winter low. However, in 1932, numbers of dinoflagellates in December were nearly as high as the maximum in April. A Similar condition occurred at Oceanside in 1922 and 1924, when diatoms were high in December, although not at maximum concen- et | agar Wh out eee btn ' é‘ eaw rnkod eon ka | CT. yaw!) sanaxd: aa) ‘sexloy ink uh ty} my," . ts sromand?iih~ yaaa? Kovnd. iene ‘seneaont itd le ae Of anw Sseasxonmbh oat ial menttate oKeM wrott i <= = ae a9 be rdisem ont + ak Suh 7 hh nd ei Ne ssw Liod ot ink smal bass ay ; ashlee : i saoing Laos. to oA eet | ats ak weseronh me vay c f f , i eit yeotat | routtongd Io aeecbiont tawst OF ou enw | pe8e tHataideo Beet Bo Ori wr Bok ait | yx tyoki tnd 1, OO e, Loeaoronk akit wode tom bees an9ae ; oovatr veigquse mort sgrado OM bewods .viawol OMe e 4 . hu , Pe F * — hi ‘ ‘Dhaest Mets es Pee a myst 7” enttexta to tedmwin onsrewe wdl |. gmeT ry Eve O23 Dy wwole sxe O20k viol, tymakdld Ctrl Jargon mo ‘t ‘itnom's Sts el le Seal aes talc sian Ps ae ur req 197 +n) uit mt ar o90 Bethe 7a SW u edT Ws: sy eld ceed) wre main et sh20), tedor on nk boat im aedmed Te tek hey as fi wy . : # vy, " ne * y A pee LM . at x Tay CF iS iF) ae CIS, BR. We Vvye DOI 8 ff Row % iy eit fevovase #24T yam OL momixom YrsoedIes | ate OF % hesitwoe tol omaceve wat attiw ste tarsen POM wae & aukbuotxe epkiuts eka mh ( LdOL) wea LLA yt bar ee enw ’ ¥ mur % Y seca aaa Ct ae ew ite fo kponeha yer Leto ot REY a oO DY is - i" ¥ : + ‘, * = ok a + “i " f. * rt Kn c > La M satay oO Marosny peta ryon tae Soe ME Regal hh : Dy Oe ae ae eons? « if tue “ i : yp { i 4 ae VM A SS ee a iit [ aq +4 : e “5 r reef te ry tL te ‘ £ gi Air 1G ate rewnok . nee f , : Ye ae ree ae or i aaa cal re ibid Tide Peal mame ind ed eey af ity cy. MA " RG At HOOK bord, CSOT coh obs ores oO te ht alah ao isebiod x “se ouren: Meme Pa het) o 42 Figure 15. The average number of plankton for each month from August 1955 through July 1956. Hose wo} anotiankd Yo vedmum sgaxeva oT ORCL Giul, Agwoads the ° ° = (74 WvS G sobbeneqoO tua wl fot wl an tke Kee ” nk baton newt ered yam ohdw sleepy ees tate, ; sao Sit goeciwh eeooe Ato tie Yom tht gat, tie) & 2 arti h catt setter eeroltetroy Lenorase oF eoith eretaaok ae YAMS, to eomtev hae weathiomk odd moat ditod taereqgs Be vhiméxouy 404 HF ahtes tegiwvine ps een sity tna no Poo tw twere we gad egewed To doi debi wi?) teas tod te Ho ktesop ear SR cack theo IL sat 4H OFH2 ov kro eirmkvion Koa reak ots. don co Redseitwiod ta oso texeal 4 ReMi ely < BO wot tue Hay to) Swag sydd ow boxe’ heqaam: m state chante # emma ened ak eames dude ood od mH +t) me sted! .wtiatied: angus to Ghee Ok We ont oe axe ose! mero. semester Re be coby bihewe oi ate yhande: wie 5 46 trations. Although there are variations that may be daily, weekly, or annual, these variations are minor in comparison with the great quantities of nutrients in the waters immedi- ately surrounding the discharge point. In all cases, when numbers of plankton were high in the vicinity of a sewer boil, the numbers were also reasonably high in the waters which were not affected by the sewage discharge. On days when there were no plankton, or at least relatively few plankton, in the surrounding waters, there were also few plankton in the immediate vicinity of the discharge point. At times when dis- colored water was noted in Santa Monica Bay or surrounding Orange County outfall area, discolored water did not appear to originate in the waters enriched by the sewage discharge. On the other hand, discolored water frequently appeared many miles away and gradually spread to the enriched waters. Once these waters nearshore gained high numbers of plankton, the discoloration increased markedly, and could be more or less related to, visually at least, the flow of the sewage field. It is reasonable to assume, therefore, that the increase of nutrients in nearshore waters from the discharge of sewage does not in itself initiate a planktcen bloom. The initiation of a bloom must be due to some other condition, a condition which is undoubtedly a natural characteristic of the near- shore waters. Once rapid plankton reproduction is initiated in continental shelf waters, the nutrients contributed by the effluent markedly increase the reproductive rate, and thus the numbers of plankton. Depending on the discharge volume, ocean currents, and other oceanographic conditions, the effect Ne lke ae Sie ta pinotiabnsw wad oun road caged ane anoaek an’ ote ato dt hae prey ey mbbommk ashy eat ae Ptiwenkse dane Say aokthrconp) ra0ry 4 neds ynonne Die ne habe herd mya taboos Ry Py yakb ~thod) gowns ae 1 eohukiiky nal) mk ge ee sialauatuels ene dotdw exdyew oe ab dyed Vidnnonase oela (ene #2 exrss? now wet WO) pairadentih ogewee ott ue bee | at?) ok yneivowty woh Hhewktetes tevet ihe ‘eo wnottinat om oat wt modmy wat ala grow a eockt opetew aboot ‘ wtih more’ aambt OA ‘picked mymautye.tb ond Yor et Eakaeae nickieno yee 2 Wet eo temo ibis: vt Dede aw taba LE ROR se bid “xetow bit cima aore) Lin we tn ssprndpe lb ‘SRewse ett vd bedskene exttew ont ah vinn Douorgde yliasepert a2 tw hore fogat h bate 1 nf amen) ohnraw Haiodmte off of baesade “i Lewhowee oa: ee ‘st ott .rotizel@ Io ezedmm agit Dewkeg’ oto deem, on e251 20 erom od Diwod Dna Vi balsam tome itaen ibd) Bde sbteokt eaawee sf¢ to wot one ,taaet te Wileurky vot sat sessapak edt dadt ,ovotereds .wncrede oF otdanowees 2k jf if oyswoe to eqraitoetl sul? most eo aedow wathenaes nk OTE nottet?ind edt )ymoold eowtineta a whakphet AtGerk uk coktibess a fObtebtos: Uedto, Se ORR oO Peete , ~tren ett Lo SRP ae OM TAO Casita as ae mY Lbedeiro DRY: betertink ee ookterbowgets, mor date heed oO) 4 Ce, ede we betediy Sele PERL via) oat pear tlose ) Lage i eavit) Toren, wwe Mey ony argc inl | eatin vi badeam eis Low, ag catiee kh ty the que Snip, eee Bees heyy DO exec goats oft ,eoods thaed whdge sok ede sedi ey fis were) 47 of the increased reproductive rate by the effluent is noticeable as much as 12,000 feet or more from the outfall. Increased numbers of phytoplankton in the water obviously increases turbidity, and consequently decreases transparency. This is due not only to the discoloration of the water as a result of increased numbers, but also to the mere addition of great quantities of particulate matter; in this case, the organ- isms. Although turbidity may be increased by the addition of dissolved compounds in the water, the major cause in nearshore areas is from the particles of silt, clay, and sand, or any other solid debris which can be kept in suspension by turbu- lence. In the case of plankton, only exceptionally minor turbulence is necessary, for even in calm waters floating mechanisms inherent to the organisms will keep them in sus- pension.for indefinite periods of time. The question then arises as to whether the occurrence of plankton in waters enriched by the effluent can be directly attributed to the sewer outfall, or is it a natural phenomenon which can therefore be disregarded when measuring transparency in any monitoring program? Perhaps in order to apply the con- dition to the water quality standards established on May 2, 1956, by the State Water Pollution Control Board, a legal definition of what constitutes sewage origin is necessary. However, there is no doubt that under certain conditions, the waters within 2 to 3 miles of these three sewer outfalls con- tain higher numbers of plankton than the surrounding waters, and that the greater numbers are due to the enrichment of the local ocean by the effluent. giavolvde yvetaw alt ee ted ia.igo aq Die! even oYureseqanwss suena aed Gtrrosreeady baw.’ abst f88 to7ey Sade WoO ne kowkotose ty ect og, vino, tHE | ly mtoltibie ee ee huset oO RoC te ieegetonk § “SBI OF joees 2LNP wk pewter ota Lonkteng Yo eeehese , to amkTebbe st vO Deeaeadme ad ven vtdhbeoed dgnodt SROMRINSE GR stun golwe beaikd emetrn off ah abewtoqnon t Yae to , bags Ons veto: $hbe Xo celolt tag ete mond “eviet Yo Mokeusqewe ab Pee ad aeo dodste sirdwb: & te wonte YLiavektqoscs YARO “pRotannt¢ to San) ott ke a noiteas dasdaw ales of nove to) ,vaseesoem BEE “S72 BL meds qeaxk Ll ine Cae kes gre. 8F ior 2 ne ey ra +Omid Yo zdokvey a+ kn Vebeee 20 te S98Stxvo00 ett selftade of ex £eekye noi? mchk pede YAFOSIED Sd Mad teow Iie ons Cd Letsbeas! exedewah: aocemonoig travian @ th 2k +e pAletine Tews Sat ox botad YoRQSse7eNsset naiitweass naw bolrewerta fis lal piotoxsitt neil ; “ROS wait yiqee of 4atro of aipedret Veeegong! yabstd sm . cS (Oh mo bedelbidates et vabnesy ee tionup +p ht Siwy oct Om LSet £ Seana hero? Boke LLoy tekEW srry? wep” YRHeeesda od WAPBE Spee tote itenon Paw hy aoky Ons ~Stoltihood Mee ees we tne eth stent cw ei arene ‘ “HOD RLS hy eee Seets seaitt Woo pete © oF ¢ haw S2DT7 hw SO DOT a tl mu eR ke oy tngengy rodlp eaP, ait: to 2 Rave? Pet Ly On OF Geb rte es oy ngu ped yore “y His ae Ptah Me fade erst Se eee ae, ee en 48 REFERENCES CITED Allen, W. E., 1941, Twenty years' statistical studies of marine plankton dinoflagellates of southern California, American Midland Naturalist, vol. 26, no. 3, p. 603- 635. Harvey, H. W., 1955, The chemistry and fertility of sea waters, Cambridge. Pomeroy, R., and Kirschman, H. D., 1945, Determination of dissolved oxygen, Analytical Chemistry, vol. 17. Robinson, R. J., and Thompson, T. G., 1948a, Determination of phosphates in sea water, Journal of Marine Research, VOL Vil. nos oles Robinson, R. J., and Thompson, T. G., 1948b, Determination of Silicate in sea water, Journal of Marine Research, Wieubs VWAbES THO, Ihe amuse, FF. G. Ws, Wiliadams, R. H., and Davis, C. ©., 1950, An ecological survey of the tropical waters adjacent to Miami, Ecology, vol. 31, no. 1. Sverdrup, H. U., Johnson, M. W., and Fleming, R. H., 1946, The Oceans, Prentice-Hall, Inc., New York. Wattenberg, H., 1937, Methoden zur Bestimmung vor phosphat, Silikat, nitrat, und ammoniak im seawasser, Conseil Permanent International Pour L‘'Exploration de La Mer. Rapports et Proces=Verbaux des Renunions, vol. 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