904
Copy 1

THE

PAM Tiik os GUIDE

FOR

Cuttivatine AND Corinc ‘LT opacco:

WITH

INFORMATION AND INSTRUCTIONS

CONCERNING THE

HELTON J] oBacco-fTancER,

| i
| PREPARED BY THE SHELTON TOBACCO-CURING COMPANY OF ASHEVILLE, NORTH CAROLINA,
AND PUBLISHED BY THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE OF THE UNITED STATES,

WASHINGTON:
GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE.

1876.

Vr Mei’ Vt TAY UM bill “ecseetll = Cae (n &, g VO
ary | \ (

El viii ss 3G ONDr

FOR

CuLtTIvaTING AND Courinc ‘LT opacco:

WITH
INFORMATION AND INSTRUCTIONS

CONCERNING THE

HELTON J] OBACCO-JIANGER,

y
~

PREPARET BY THE SHELTON TOBACCO-CURING COMPANY OF 07
a4
AND PUBLISHED BY THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE OF THE UNITED STATES.

a

Wea tS N Gao oN:
GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE.

037 6.

vs

Pe ODA. TON,

In view of the increasing production of tobacco, the Department of Agri-
culture has adopted the following guide for its cultivation and cure, as the
best which has come to its notice, and publishes it for the benefit of agricul-
turists to whom the subject is new.

“Shelton’s Tobacco-Hanger” seems to be a convenient mode for the first
process of gathering and drying, but the description, as contained in the
pamphlet, is obscure, and may be thus explained: The long, black lines are
supported by forked sticks driven in the ground, and are but the frame-work
which supports the sticks upon which the leaves of the tobacco are hung; and
they may be of any desirable length, and two feet apart is a convenient position ;
the sticks and wire upon which the tobacco is hung are placed upon, and from
one to the other of these, at convenient distances apart. Why there should
be so many tables, as represented in the drawing, I do not readily perceive;
but the operator will soon learn to adapt this to his own convenience.

Tobacco, after it is removed from the field, is either dried by artificial heat
or exposure to the air under a roof; for while dews of the night, or even a
shower of rain, after it is put upon the frame, are not decidedly injurious to it,
yet itis better that it should be cured without wet. This is a subject of which
the pamphlet does not treat.

PAR EAD KO WoNse
Commissioner.

Department of Agriculture, March, 1876.

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tie EoAaNTER Ss GUIDE FOR CULTIVATING AND
CURING TOBACCO:

CUMIN ATION? OF TOBACCO;

The cultivation of tobacco in the United States has become so extensive as
to embrace at least forty-two States and Territories, which produce an annual
crop of about three hundred million pounds, with a value to the producers of
at least forty million dollars.

Therefore it is a matter of great importance to the planter how to cultivate
and prepare it for market in the best manner and at the least possible eXx-
pense.

After making careful observations, we believe that tobacco, with skillful cul-
ture and management, is the most remunerative of any crop grown, and a
poor business if grown and handled without the application of those principlés
and appliances which extensive experience has proved to be the best adapted
to the end desired.

VARIETIES OF TOBACCO.

Loudon enumerates fourteen different species of tobacco, of which only one,
the WVicotiana Tabaceum, is generally cultivated. Of this species there are
many varieties, each possessing qualities supposed to be derived from climate,
soil, and modes of cultivation.

Few, if any, plants are so much affected by the peculiarities of the soil on
which it is grown, by circumstances of fertilization and mode of curing, as
tobacco. For example, the Broad-Leaf Orinoco, when cultivated on the rich
and highly-manured lands of Kentucky, produces the dark, strong-flavored

“shipping tobacco;”

and when grown on the light gray soil of Virginia or
North Carolina, with but little or no manure, and cured in a close barn with
artificial heat, will produce the bright “wrappers” for which these States are
so famous.

The variety known as Connecticut Seed-Leaf is grown principally in Massa-
chusetts, Connecticut, New York, Pennsylvania, and Ohio, and is used in the
manufacture of cigars, both for fillers and wrappers. Florida, portions of Ohio,
Pennsylvania, and other States produce the Cuba, which is also used in the

manufacture of cigars. Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, Kentucky Ten

6

nessee, Missouri, and other States cultivate many varieties, prominent among
which are the Big and Little Orinoco, (or Broad and Narrow Leaf Orinoco,)
Big and Little Frederick, Blue and Yellow Pryor, Big Stem, White Stem,
Gooch, and numerous other kinds that bear different names in different locali-
ties; and, though mostly hybrids, they each possess some good qualities which
recommend them to the growers.

SEED,

Whatever the variety cultivated, it is very important that you have good
seed for sowing. In order to secure this hereafter, a few of the earliest and
most promising plants should be selected from the seed-bed, transplanted in
some favorable spot, and carefully attended throughout the season. In time,
these should be pruned ofall except the large leaves, and only the two topmost
branches left to bloom. ‘These plants should be carefully suckered, and about
the first of October every pod not thoroughly ripe plucked off and thrown
away, and the others gathered and put in a dry place to cure. When dry, the
seed should be rubbed out, sifted, and placed in a dry vessel, and kept where
no dampness can reach them. Seed preserved in this manner will keep for
years. By giving a little extra attention to your seed-plants, you can increase

the yield and improve the quality of your tobacco.

SELECTION AND PREPARATION OF PLANT-BEDS.

In selecting a place for plant-beds, remember that you wish to obtain ear/y
and vigorous plants ; therefore, take a rich, warm hillside, protected by timber
or otherwise. Red lands are usually unsuited for this purpose. Never use wet
or cold land. After finding a suitable place, select a dry time during the
month of December or January, the sooner the better, rake off the leaves, lay
down skids (about 3 inches in diameter) 3 feet apart, across which lay a bed of
wood 5 or 6 feet wide, and high enough to burn for about an hour and a half,
and yet leave a sufficient quantity to remove and kindle in another place.

After the fire has burned the length of time specified, move it the width of
the first layer, then throw on brush, a good bed of wood, and continue as
before. Every farmer ought to provide himself with iron hooks for pulling
plant-bed fires. If it is possible to injure land by hard burning, we have never
experienced it; and think that where one bed is injured by burning, ten are
injured for the want of it. For every ten thousand plants required, there
ought to be at least ten yards square of plant-bed. <A bed of this size will
supply more than the number mentioned, but it is much better to haye some
or your neighbor than to be under the necessity of begging plants.

After burning, the land should remain untouched a few weeks, that the rains

tl

and frosts may assist in pulverizing the soil; then with a mattock dig up the
bed without turning it over, and pulverize thoroughly with a hoe and rake.
Remove all the roots, spread a light coating of stable-manure, chop it in, rake
again, and the bed is ready for sowing. A large tablespoonful of seed to the
ten yards square is enough to sow. ‘This should be carefully mixed with sifted
ashes, about half of it sown one way, and the other half by walking across
the first sowing. By this the seed will be more regularly distributed. After
seeding, the land should be rolled or trodden until it is smooth. Now is the
time to manure. We consider horse-manure collected under cover (and free
from litter or grass-seed) to be the best for this purpose. Chop it fine, and
spread a coating (say half an inch or more) evenly over the bed. This should
be the last manuring unless the spring is very dry, when a light top-dressing
occasionally will be beneficial.

As to the use of guano on plant-beds, we are not prepared to recommend
it as highly as stable-manure. We will add that, in the absence of this manure,
a light dressing of plaster will be of service; but if you have good stable-
manure, “let well enough alone;” for if these directions as to land and manage-
ment are followed, there is about as much chance to fail in plants as to fail of
going to sleep at night after a hard day’s work burning land.

About three weeks after sowing, the bed should again be rolled or trodden,
and covered with fine brush-twigs to prevent its drying up, and protect it from
the frost. The brush should not be removed until the plants are large enough
to nearly cover the ground.

There are few circumstances under which a plant-bed in the right locality,
well burned and manured, should be watered. We are disposed to think that

watering is useless unless the spring is very dry.

PREPARATION OF NEW LAND.

First take up every growth not too large to grub, and throw them into heaps.
Then cut the small trees, the brush of which throw on the grub-heaps; then
cut and remove the larger timber. After the ground has been cleaned off, it
should be coultered at least three times; then harrow and rake it to pulverize
the soil and remove the roots. It should now be laid off at a distance of three
feet each way and hilled. The hilling is very important, as a plow in new land
will not prepare it nght, and “whatever is worth doing is worth doing well.”
The manuring of new land, though troublesome, pays well.

We would recommend it to be applied in the hill if the land is rough, as
broadcast will waste much of it the first year. Thin ridge-land will produce a

beautiful crop with a tablespoonful of guano to the hill. The second year it

8

may be manured as other land; for if the first year’s work is well done, it will
be prepared to receive manure broadcast. New land should be hilled at least
three weeks before transplanting, and while the land is moist, so that the soi
will become compact enough to retain moisture, that the plant may thrive

without rain after being set out.

PREPARATION OF OLD LAND.

A gray, gravelly soil, with manure, will make a fine article of tobacco if the
manure is properly applied.

On common corn-land, the application of two hundred pounds of Peruvian
guano per acre (or other equally good fertilizer) applied broadcast, will insure
a fine crop; but if the present crop is the object, it may be made with one-
half this quantity applied in the hill.

We have succeeded well by the application of guano in drills. After the
land has been thoroughly plowed, lay it off in rows three feet apart, and
in these strew the fertihzer. Plow on each side of the rows (turning the fur-
rows in) to cover the manure, and form continuous beds, which should after-
ward be nicely hilled. We think @// upland.should be hilled. About one
hundred and twenty pounds of guano is enough per acre when drilled. Land
for raising shipping tobacco should be more heavily manured; say for an acre
six or eight cords of manure spread broadcast and plowed under, and in
addition from two to four hundred pounds of some good fertilizer applied in
drills. Ashes is a superior fertilizer for tobacco of any kind on any soil. In
the Northern and Middle States, where lands are high and the seasons short,
the growers of tobacco resort to a system of high manuring, for the purpose
of forcing the plants to mature and increasing their production. With them
it is quite common to apply ten or twelve cords of stable-manure, and, in

addition to this, from two to five hundred pounds of guano, per acre.

TRANSPLANTING.

When the plants are four or five inches high in the beds, they are ready to be
set out in the hills. As a rule, we prefer a medium-sized plant, because the
larger the plant the more moisture and sustenance it requires; and the small
plant is safer, but not so far advanced as the medium or larger one.

After giving that part of the bed from which you wish to remove plants a
thorough soaking with water, for the purpose of softening the soil to prevent
the breaking-off of the finer roots, remove the plants carefully, and wash or
shake off all the plant-bed soil in order to give them a fresh, free start in the

new soil. Take great care of them, and do not place so many together that

9

«

they will be crushed or bruised, nor keep them out of the ground until the
tender roots dry up, but take them at once to the field, and drop one on each
hill, to be followed immediately by the planter, who should take hold of it near
the roots with the thumb and forefinger of the left hand, and with the right
hand smooth down, or, in other words, straighten out, the roots. Then, with
a peg about six inches long, make a hole in the center of the hill large enough
to admit the roots without their touching on the sides; also make it deep
enough to take in the longest roots without bending them.

Put in the plant carefully as deep as the bud; then, with the peg and thumb
of the left hand, press the soil firmly to the roots, and draw the earth around
the plant so as to fill the entire hole. The best time to transfer the plants
from the bed to the hills is when the soil is moist, but not so wet as to cause
it to bake around the roots and kill them, or prevent their getting an early
start. If the season is very dry, before setting out take the dry earth from the
tops of the hills, set the plants late in the day, giving them the benefit of the
night dew, and before the dew has dried off in the morning cover them with
straw, brush, leaves, or anything suitable.

This covering should remain until rain falls or until the plants get a
good start. This we consider the best plan that can be adopted under these
circumstances. We do not approve of watering, because it has a tendency to
make the soil bake, as mentioned above; but when it becomes necessary, from
a continued drought, after watering the hill, cover the spot with dry earth, and

it will tend to prevent baking.
REPLANTING.

This should be attended to as soon as you are satisfied the plant is weak or
has failed, because you should have as little difference in the growth of your
plants as possible. By exercising proper care in the first planting, you will
have but little replanting to do. We believe that cramped and crooked roots,
air admitted to the roots by careless planting, and the bruising and _ crushing
of plants by rough handling, are nearly, if not quite, all the causes of a poor
“stand,” providing the land has been properly prepared and is in good condi-

tion at the time of planting.

CUT-WORMS.

.

Soon after setting out the plants, look sharp for long black or brown worms,
which burrow in the hills and destroy the plants. Unearth and kill them every
morning as long as they can be found. They seldom trouble new land to any
great extent. The best time and method we know of for destroying them is °

to plow up the land during the winter and freeze them.

10

CULTIVATION OF NEW LAND.

The main secret is to keep it clean and well stirred. In new land, this may
be done by two good workings in the proper time, though a third working will
often be very beneficial. If the land is freshly hilled, about two weeks after
planting the hills should be scraped down, and a little fresh earth drawn around
each plant. About three weeks after this, it should be hilled up, and in ordi-
nary cases this will be sufficient, except to keep down the sprouts that may put
up. Tobacco ought not to be worked after topping, as it will bruise and break
the leaves. Plowing smooth new land once (at the last working) is of service ;

but if it is rough and stumpy, keep a plow out of it altogether.

CULTIVATION OF OLD LAND.

Old land requires more work than new. As soon as the plants get sufficient
hold, narrow up your cultivator, so as not to disturb the roots, and go through
it once for the first hoeing. Then cut up the remaining grass and weeds with
a hoe, and level the soil around the plants, stirring it slightly. In ten days or
a fortnight, go over it again with a plow or cultivator, twice in a row, using a
short singletree, to avoid injuring the plants. This time you can stir the ground
more freely around the plants, and should hill them slightly in hoeing, being
careful not to cover any of the leaves. After this, it is better to perform all the
work with hand labor, in order to save the plants from injury. Stir the ground

with a hoe as often as necessary to keep down the weeds.
WORMING.

If the worms are numerous, the plants should be thoroughly examined at
least twice a’week. Destroy not only the worms, but all the eggs that can be
found; or, what is still better, seek out and destroy the flies which deposit
these eggs. These flies are gray in color, with yellow spots on each side of
the body, and may be found about sunset flitting about the weeds and flowers,
extracting their juices by means of their peculiar tongue, which is four or five
inches in length. The Jamestown weed, or “Jimson” weed, as it is com-
monly called, which bears a white, bell-shaped blossom, is very attractive to
these flies. Many of them may be destroyed by dropping a little of the fol-
lowing mixture into these blossoms: Ovxe ounce of cobalt, dissolved in one pint of
water and sweetened with some kind of syrup. But this is equally as fatal to
the blossoms as to the flies; therefore we give you the following instructions
for making an artificial substitute, which will prove to be more durable than
the natural flower, and quite as effective. The ladies can best perform this

work, as they happily possess more taste and skill in such matters.

lial

Procure for their use a quire of white paper and a bottle of mucilage. Then
make a small block of suitable size and shape, on which to form the cone, and
furnish them with a natural flower to imitate. If you have no blossom of the
Jamestown weed, let them try their powers of imitation in making a “ morn-
ing-glory.” After forming the cone, clip it around the rim and curl slightly,
to make.it Jook as much like a flower as possible. Attach them to branches
or brushes, and place them in your thickest growth of tobacco. They should
be supphed with a few drops of the poison every evening, and it may be neces-
sary to replace the flowers after a heavy rain. By following the above instruc-
tions, you will save much trouble in worming. A flock of turkeys will also be
found very useful in catching and destroying worms, and can only be equaled

by children to whom premiums have been offered.

TOPPING:

This operation consists in taking off the top of the plant, and must be done
for the purpose of concentrating the strength of the land in such number of
leaves as will best mature.

It should be performed as soon as the seed-buds show themselves.

No rule can be given which will apply to all cases, as much depends on the
variety grown, the condition of the soil, and whether your crop is well
advanced or otherwise. With an early crop on rich soil, do not take off more
than one or two of the top leaves, if any at all; while, on the contrary, if your
soil is poor and crop late, top down to that number of leaves which, according
to your judgment, will fully ripen. The number of leaves to be left on the
plant varies, in different sections and under different circumstances, from eight
to twenty.

PRIMING.

This consists in removing the lower leaves of the plant to the height of five
or six inches from the ground; these are removed for two reasons: first, if
allowed to remain, they will be made worthless by coming in contact with the
soil; second, to improve the quality of the remaining leaves, as in topping.
Do not commence priming until the principal part of your topping is done ;
then continue it regularly, and save every leaf with as much care as if it were
gold. Though light in weight, you will get some as fine tobacco from these

primings as any in your crop, and it is simply folly to throw them away.

SUCKERING.

The suckers are small leaves that start from the base of the larger ones after

the plant has been topped. They make their appearance at the top first, and

: 12

should be continually nipped off as fast as they become large enough to get
hold of; otherwise they will retard the growth and prevent the early maturing
of the plant.

REMARKS.

We have described the operations of worming, topping, priming, and sucker-
ing, separately and in the regular order in which they first appear; but they
cannot be wholly performed and finally disposed of in the same manner.

Soon after you commence worming, the buds make their appearance and
claim their share of your attention; then follow the priming and suckering.
The first suckers will appear in about a week after topping, and will afterward
require plucking two or three times in the same number of weeks.

The worming must still be attended to. Thus it will be seen that two or
more of these are continued operations and can be performed in connection
with each other. To the experienced tobacco-grower, much that we have
written in the way of explanation may seem altogether needless; but our
intention is to embody, in this pamphlet, all the practical information needed

by new beginners, together with valuable hints to a// tobacco-growers.

CONSTRUCTING BARNS.
SIZE OF BARNS.

For coal or flue curing

oO?

evenly distributed in them. The old barns (16 x 16 inside) used in the old

we believe in small barns, as the heat can be more

process will answer the purpose; though if the barn is to be built, we recom-
mend it to be not more than four tiers high, placing the lower tier-poles eight
feet from the ground, and the height between the tiers about the average
length of the leaves you grow. Small farmers might build even smaller ones,
say of that size which the force they work can fill in one or two days, calcu-
lating the hangers five inches apart, and a “hand” to fill one hundred hang-
ers per day.
MATERIALS,

Logs, well “chinked” and “daubed” with clay, inside and out, are prob-
ably the best materials for walls; but in localities where they cannot be readily
procured, any construction which can be made to hold the heat will answer.
‘“*Adobe,” or bricks dried in the sun, (made of clay and a small quantity of
straw mixed to prevent them from cracking,) will make a good wall. For
tier-poles, use either straight poles or sfwed lumber 2 x 4; arrange them to

extend from back to front, and do this while building the walls, if made of

13

logs or adobe. The roof can be made of any material which will retain the
heat. The doorway should be in the middle of the wall, (six feet high and
four feet wide,) and to extend to the ground or floor; furnish it with a good
close shutter or door.

FLUES.

In the construction of flues, stone of any kind that will not burst or crumble
when exposed to the heat, brick or sheet-iron covered with mortar, cement, or
clay, to receive and deliver a steady heat, are the principal materials used.

As applied to a tobacco-barn, they usually consist of two furnaces built
inside, (near the right and left front corners as you enter,) with the ends pro-
jecting through the walls far enough to allow the feed-doors to open from the
outside. Connected with these, on the inside, are funnels or passages, sixteen
or eighteen inches in diameter, which extend around three sides of the barn,
(about two feet from the walls,) and serve to distribute the heat evenly, and
convey the smoke to the chimney or outlet. This chimney, or stem, as
commonly arranged, is situated at the center of the rear wall, where the pipes
or flues meet and join it.

Extend the chimney through the wall, and far enough beyond to prevent
all danger from sparks. In order to insure a good draught, the chimney
should be about four inches higher than the mouth of the furnace. ‘There are
patent flues in use which have given very good satisfaction, and we advise
those who intend curing with flues to examine them before building the com-
mon flue.

HOUSES FOR AIR-CURING.

The drying-house should be so constructed as to allow the free circulation
of air among the leaves, and protect them, when necessary, from the direct
action of the sun, wind, and rain. Any building will answer the purpose which
has a good roof, and windows and air-holes enough to regulate the circula-
tion.

In erecting a building especially for this purpose, place a ventilator on the
roof, and board the sides of the house perpendicularly, hanging every other
board on hinges.

The inside should be divided by poles or timbers into “rooms,” to accom-
modate the length of your sticks, and also into tiers, one above the other, about
two feet apart, more or less, according to the length of the leaves grown.

Before proceeding to the gathering and curing of the crop, we call your

attention to the Tobacco-Hanger.

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sills a
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NGORbyAe € C10) hie Aw IN GER:
[Patented April 6, 1875.]

—_——-- ~~

By SAMUEL C. SHELTON.

This device is especially adapted to curing the leaves by gathering from the
stalk, when fully mpe, and stringing them on the wire-attachment, thereby
avoiding the splitting, cutting, transporting, and curing of the stalk.

Every experienced tobacco-grower realizes more fully each year that he is
handling at heavy expense, and material injury to the leaf, a stalk entirely
worthless as a commodity; and, while readily admitting the fact, he has still
continued to follow the old and universal plan of curing, for want of some-
thing better.

We now present a device by which he can cure the gathered leaves alone,
and let the stalk remain in the field to enrich the land.

We will enumerate some of the advantages gained by its use:

First. Economy of room. By putting a larger quantity on a hanger and an
increased number of hangers in a barn, you are enabled to cure at least four
times the usual quantity in the same barn.

Second. It takes less time and less heat to cure this four times as much than
one house full by the old process.

Third. It takes less time to gather and prepare it for market.

Fourth. In curing, it saves at least three-fourths of the coal or fuel, and as
much in time.

Fifth. It saves all the trouble of stripping after it is cured and one-half the
trouble in assorting.

Sixth. It enables you to employ cheap labor in gathering, thereby saving
nearly one-half the usual expense.

Seventh. It saves the tearing and bruising of the leaves, and useless weight
consequent upon the presence of the stalk.

Eighth. It allows you to save the leaves as they ripen, and let the green
ones remain to mature.

Ninth. It saves every /eaf in the crop, and leaves no waste or rubbish.

’

Tenth. There is much less danger of injury from “running,” on account of

the absence of the stalk.

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Eleventh. It improves the quality and zucreases the weight by preventing
the sap from forcing the oil, gum, or other valuable properties of the leaf back
into the stalk.

Twelfth. It enables the planter to cure his tobacco ¢horoughly, and greatly

improves the color and texture.
By the use of this hanger in air-curing, all of these advantages are gained,

except the saving of fuel; and for this claim we substitute one of vast import-
ance to all who cure their tobacco in this manner, which is, the avoidance of

“ pole-sweat,” or rotting of the stem and leaf while curing.
PREPARATIONS FOR CURING ON THE SHELTON HANGER.

This device is made either by attaching wire to the sticks now in use, or to
others made for the purpose.

Cut the wire the length of the stick, and attach it at the center, either by
giving it one turn around the stick, or passing it through a hole made with a
brad-awl, and giving it two or three twists, leaving the wire parallel with the
stick, with the ends in opposite directions. ‘The wire may be attached to any

part of the stick, though we recommend attaching it at the center.
SCAFFOLD.

When ready to commence “priming,” or gathering your crop, erect a scaf-
fold near the barn, on which to hang the tobacco after it is strung. This may
be constructed of poles, scantling, or other material, and supported by forked
sticks or horses. These poles should be the same distance apart as those in
the barn. A barn 16x 16, with four “rooms,” six full tiers and a roof tier, will
contain one thousand hangers filled with tobacco. <A scaffold may be built to
hold this number or less, as the tobacco can be removed to the barn whenever

the scaffold is full.
GATHERING THE CROP.

If the plant is fully ripe, remove all the leaves at once, keeping the stems
together, and transport them to the scaffold with a sled, wagon, barrow, basket,
or in any way most convenient.

When a plant is only partially ripe, if you desire to make a fine, uniform
crop, remove only the ripe leaves, leaving the others to mature.

When the leaves are about ripe, they present a spotted appearance and be-

come brittle. By bending them short, they will break before doubling.
PREPARATIONS FOR STRINGING.

Support the hangers on two upright posts or sticks, having notches in the

ends to keep the hangers in position. Place two hangers parallel with each

Akl
other, and two feet apart; then construct a table or bench, about four feet in

length and two in width, near eachend of the hangers. The following diagram

illustrates the scaffold, hangers, tables, and position of operators:

Operator,
SDI: A
cy S Hanger.
=
> :
= Oj 2
= r) 3
t)
2
8]
eo. 2
kK
©
Ls)
©} o
38 3
kK
co)

STRINGING THE LEAVES.

As the leaves are brought from the field, place them on the tables with the
stems, or butts, toward the operators; string them by passing the end of the
wire through the stems; let the first leaf hang on one side of the stick, the
second on the opposite side, and the third on the same side as the first.

Continue in this manner until the stick 1s full, allowing sufficient space at the
ends to rest on the tier-poles.

We have strung and cured from one hundred and twenty to one hundred
and thirty leaves on a single hanger; but would not recommend stringing
more than one hundred average leaves on a four-foot hanger, as they will cure
in less time and with less heat than a larger number.

Two persons can string on one hanger at the same time. As soon asa
hanger is filled, place it on the scaffold, and proceed with another in the same
manner. An ordinary “hand” will string one hundred hangers per day, while
a more active person, with little experience, will string one hundred and twenty-
five or upward.

CURING ““COLD LEAR.”

The bright, lemon-colored tobacco used for fancy wrappers should be cured
with charcoal or flues. The finest quality of this is raised in Virginia, North
Carolina, and portions of Kentucky, Tennessee, and Missouri, and is cured in
the following manner:

Fill the barn (placing the hangers about five inches apart) and hang your

2 7

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thermometer on one of the lower tiers, near the center. Start your fires so as
to produce a uniform heat of about ninety degrees, Fahrenheit, and continue
this temperature until the tobacco becomes sufficiently yellow.

No exact time can be given for yellowing, as tobacco which contains a
superabundance of sap, or is very large, requires more time than that which is
smaller or has less sap.

An ordinary crop will require from twenty-four to thirty-six hours. Do not
allow it to become 7ea/ bright yellow before raising the heat, as it continues to
yellow for several hours after.

Now raise the heat ¢hree degrees per hour until you arrive at a temperature
of one hundred and ten degrees, and remain at this point until the ends of the
leaves curl slightly; after which continue to advance at the same rate as before
(three degrees per hour) until you arrive at one hundred and twenty. To pre-
vent “sweating” during this time, the safest plan that can be adopted is to
keep the door open It is not necessary to keep it wide open, though there is
no objection to its remaining so, except that it requires more fue! to secure the
heat desired. At the beginning of the season, in curing the first tobacco in
each barn, or in curing heavy or green tobacco, this plan should invariably be
adopted, otherwise the dampness will endanger its injury from sweating.

Having arrived at one hundred and twenty, the door should now be closed;
and, under favorable circumstances, may be closed at the start, but must be
opened of¢ex while advancing from ninety-five to one hundred and ten degrees.

If sweating commences (which may be known by the leaves becoming damp
and pliable) raise the heat and open the door, for the purpose of creating a
current of hot air, which will soon cause it to disappear. .

The Zaf should now be cured before arriving at a temperature of one
hundred and thirty; therefore advance only at the rate of two degrees per hour
for the next five hours. Then, in curing the s¢em, raise the heat “ve degrees
fer hour until you arrive at a temperature of from one hundred and sixty-five.
to one hundred and seventy-five degrees. By this time the stems should be
thoroughly cured; but ifnot, go no higher, but continue the heat, at the high-
est point reached, until they are.

We condense the instructions for regulating the heat in the form of a table
for reference:

Remain at go° until sufficiently yellow.
Advance from go° to 120°, 3° per hour.
b > M20 a aoe 2 MSA aes

3 3 L3G. 6 STOR Oni sce Mase g¢

1k)

Usually the leaves begin to curl at the ends by the time one hundred and
ten is reached, which makes it unnecessary to stop at this point.

This table is simple, and as reliable as any that can be given. There are
cases when crops are not in ordinary condition; then no table can be followed
successfully. If you see the face side of the leaves turning a reddish-brown
color, the heat must be increased a little; while, on the other hand, if they
begin to show reddish sfofs near the edges and on doth sides, you have too
much heat. While advancing from one hundred and twenty to one hundred
and thirty (in curing the leaf) care must be taken that you do not lower the
temperature below the highest point reached. Never go above one hundred
and eighty degrees, unless you desire to scorch your tobacco; which, some
claim, improves the flavor, though it injures the color. In curing with char;
coal, a barn 16 by 16 will require nine fires; one 18 by 18, twelve fires, and one
20 by 20, sixteen fires, so arranged as to distribute the heat evenly. Ifthe wind
should blow heavily against one side of the barn, raise the fires on that side a
little above the others, and thus partially counteract its effect.

After curing, close the barn tightly in order to keep the tobacco dry.

CURING SHIPPING TOBACCO.

Let it remain in the barn or on the scaffold for three or four days, or until
it begins to yellow ; then make slow fires of logs, so arranged as to blaze but
little. Care should be taken that the tobacco does not sweat from too much
heat ; but if it should, proceed as with bright wrappers.

‘“ Houseburn” is vo¢, caused by heating the tobacco by overcrowding.

If it should heat before firing, start the fires at once. After the leaves are
well dried, increase the heat until the stems are cured, providing you do not
go above a temperature of one hundred and seventy-five degrees in so doing.
The dark, heavy shipping tobacco is cured by firing immediately after it is
housed.

SUN-CURING.

This requires an abundance of scaffolds and well-ventilated houses. The
latter can be made of any desired length, but only as wide as will give free
ventilation. The scaffold should be on the side giving most shelter from the
winds, while it secures the full heat of the sun; and near the house, that the
tobacco may be readily transferred from one to the other. The best results
are obtained when the temperature is from sixty-five to seventy-five degrees,
with a certain degree of moisture in the atmosphere. When the tobacco is in
the scaffolds, protect it from the winds. Ifyou have a very hot, dry day, which
will cure it too rapidly to produce the desired color, close up the hangers on

the scaffold, and it will have a tendency to “slow” the process. Four or five

20

days is enough on the scaffold; then put it into a well-lighted and well-
ventilated house, where it should be kept and thoroughly cured by opening
the doors and windows whenever the weather is favorable. After it is cured,

close up the house and let the tobacco remain until you are ready to assort it.
AIR-CURING.

In air-curing, house your tobacco immediately after gathering; and during
favorable weather, open your doors and ventilators that the air may circulate
freely. It is necessary to exclude the rain and dampness, which materially
damage the tobacco and injure its color. After it is nearly cured, do not give
it full ventilation during the prevalence of high winds; a stove is very useful in

preventing too much dampness, in case of continued wet weather.

SWEATING, OR FERMENTING.

@ re)

Cigar tobacco is subjected to a process of fermentation called “sweating,
which should be carefully conducted, for on this depends the color, and, in a
large degree, the flavor of the tobacco. Place it in heaps about six feet in
diameter, and cover them with blankets or anything that will press lightly and
exclude the air. In about twenty-four hours, it will commence to ferment; and
when it becomes so hot inside that the hand cannot well bear it, break up the
heaps and repack, placing the heated tobacco on the outside, and again cover
with cloths. Repeat until all the heat is gone, which generally takes from five
to six weeks.

ASSORTING.

The variety of tobacco grown, and the market for which it is intended, must
largely govern the planter during this operation. It should be performed when
the leaves are moist enough to handle without being injured. ‘The usual cus-
tom is to make but three grades, which are distinguished by different names,
such as first, second, and third qualities, manufacturing, shipping, and lugs, or
bright, medium, and dull.

These grades or qualities are principally composed of rife, overripe, and un-
ripe leaves at the time of gathering.

If you tie it in bundles or “hands,” (which we believe to be work thrown
away, besides injuring one of the best leaves in each bundle,) form them with

from six to ten leaves each, of uniform length and color.
BULKING.

If your house has a ground-floor, either lay down boards or build raised
platforms three or four feet in width, and construct perpendicular ends or bulk-

heads, to keep the tobacco in position. Commence at one end, and after

aa

straightening out the tobacco, lay a row on one side the full length of the plat-
form, with the stems cut and evenly arranged. Then lay a row on the oppo-
site side, allowing the ends of the leaves to lap over those of the first row about
five inches, and so continue to pack closely. Place boards and weights on top
of the bulk, /eaving the sides open. ‘This will keep the leaves moist, and at the
same time allow the stems to become dry enough for packing. While in bulk,
examine it occasionally, and if it should heat, or not dry sufficiently, overhaul

and repack it loosely, without weighting the top.

PACKING.

When the large or heavy portion of the stem becomes dry enough to break
easily, (with the leaf yet soft and pliable,) the tobacco is in proper condition
for packing. If any portion of it is too soft or has an ill smell, it should be
made sweet and dry by a few hours’ sun.

If it has to be shipped a great distance, we would recommend packing in
hogsheads, placing each layer across the one below it. ‘Tobacco of fine quality

should not be pressed too hard, as it will surely be injured thereby.

COMPARATIVE STATEMENTS.

In order to show more clearly the advantages gained by using the patent
hanger, we make the following comparative statements of the two methods of
gathering and curing; and though they only apply to one section of the coun-
try, as far as prices of labor and coal are concerned, yet the percentage saved
will be nearly the same in all cases. Consequently, the amount saved will be
greater in sections where labor and fuel are more expensive. A barn 16 by 16 ©
will contain two thousand pounds of tobacco on the Shelton hangers, and can
be cured with one hundred bushels of coal in two days or less, while to cure
the same quantity on the stalk requires four barns, or four curings in one barn
of three days each, which will consume at least one hundred bushels of coal at
each curing, or four hundred bushels in all, and require the attention of a man

for twelve days and nights.

COST OF GATHERING AND CURING ON SHELTON HANGER.
To gather and cure one barn, containing two thousand pounds after curing,
requires—
Gathering.

Bene ME OMeRG AVA) (@ie7 5 (CONS. Sao .cts wate. t cas = 2 eet jane ee ae $27 26
17 women and children, @ 4ogcents....-----+--+++++++++-+++---- 6 80

22

Curing.
Eman two days and nightss@ 7 sicents caches seen ee $3 00
roo bushels, charcoal cn cents seen 2 ee eee eee ear ee 5 00
Mota 2.1 cee sie a etai ae oe etc oe eee ote so ena ee eae ee 17 6s

CURING ON THE STALK.

To cure 2,000 pounds by the old process will require four barns, and the
cost will be as follows:

Gathering.
earmen one: day, @. 75 cents, (to. Ml tounibauns). 225. cca eee $18 00
Curing.
4 iment three:days: and nights @ yisscents each. <.. ....- ane eee 18 00
goo bushels charcoal, (roo at each/bam.,)\@ scents. ....2.222.. see 20 On
Port GU Rs See ee eee ies Oe ae ee ee eee get: | 56 00
Coston cunnpton: patent hanver e+ - tera. ee 2) eee ee T7905
DiKierence INGCOSLOn culing 2,000 pounds: > a-sseries>- 42 he ee eee 38 95

By using the patent hanger you can save from sixty-five to seventy per cent.
of the usual cost of gathering and curing your crop, besides increasing its
value from e7ght fo fen per cent., by producing a more uniform color, improving
the texture, and increasing the weight. ‘There are other advantages to be
derived from its use, all of which will become apparent to those who try it.
For instance, the cost of hauling the green stalks from the field to the barn is
wholly avoided. ‘This is no small item, and, had it been included in the cost
of gathering by the old process, would have made a still greater difference in
favor of the hanger. However, we do not claim to save a// the expense of
gathering and curing a crop.

COAL AND AIR CURING.

Growers of tobacco in nearly all parts of the country (except New England)
Who have formerly practiced air-curing, are gradually adopting the quicker
and more profitable method of curing in two or three days by artificial heat.
By the latter mode of curing, tobacco is much improved in body, texture, and
color. Even in the New England States we find that air-curing does not fully

answer their requirements. At a recent meeting of the Connecticut Valley

23

Agricultural Institute, Professor Stockbridge, of Amherst College, in speaking
of air-curing, said: “The curing process is defective; by the slow, gradual
process, much of the essential narcotic oil is lost.” He also referred to “a new
system of curing, largely adopted in other States,” and said: “ This artificial

curing retains all the virtue of the tobacco; in fact, increases its essential oils.”
EXPERIMENT IN WEIGHT.

We now give you the actual result of an experiment made during the past
season, for the express purpose of deciding this question: Does tobacco cured
off the stalk lose or gain in weight?” Some contended that it would lose,
others that it would gain; while a majority of those who expressed their
opinion on the subject thought it would make no difference in the weight,
whether cured on or off the stalk. Although convinced by the laws of nature
that it must necessarily gain, we only claimed, previous to making this experi-
ment, that it lost nothing. It is evident that each leaf, either in dying or dry-
ing, feeds back a large portion of its substance through the same channels
that supplied it. The most casual observer of nature cannot have failed to
notice this fact. The grass, the weeds, the corn, and every tree, shrub, or
plant, asserts it in the most unmistakable manner. Tobacco cannot be
exempt from this law of nature.

The fine or thin portions of the leaf are the first to cure; next the swa// and
Zarge fibers; and lastly the stem.

When cured on the stalk, the stalk is the last to cure, and much of that
which is necessary to give the leaf “body” is forced back into the stalk,
causing it to weigh more and the leaf less.

Again, in curing by artificial heat, the longer time tobacco is “fired,” or
subjected to heat, after the leaf is cured, the less it will weigh; therefore, in
firing, the extra time required to cure the stalk, you are lessening the weight
of the leaves. In making this test, two hundred average-size plants were
selected, divided into two lots of one hundred each, and weighed. Lot No. 1
weighed 231 pounds 3 ounces; No. 2, 222 pounds 13 ounces. The leaves
were stripped from lot No. 1, and cured on the Shelton hangers, and the stalks

were cured separately. Lot No. 2 was cured on the stalks, with the following

results :

CURED ON SHELTON HANGERS.
Pieisneot too plants, betore: cure. ...2..--22 2 ys... 52 8 2 231 lbs. 3 oz.
Micieht of leaves and stalks after curing... 424.2... 22. 25.2 38 lbs. 13 oz.
ere ete MINN CUTAN 00 < aot Siz cc's/, 4-0 e ae [as cpa syellley w, aye ds alk ep 192 lbs. 6 oz.
eee Ole stalks attercurin gs <2). Se a. 2 Sage ope ayes ce 13 lbs. 6 oz.
Mieicui@er leaves aiter curnng.....8 2.2.2.2. 2.2. See se: 25 DS eyez

24

CURED! ON STAEKS:

Weight of moomplants*heionetcunimger = es a2 es ae 2 ee 222 lbs: 12%0Zz,
Weicht offleaves.andistalks atten curing... s4- 2-2 hese eee 37 lbs. 10.0Zz
ShinMica Te MM MCUTIN Ge mot ohn eee ery tS ins. ork See 185 lbs. 3/0z
WicionitOLmstalksvalter Gummer es seme rere < SUE 2.0 eee re Ibs. 5 oz
Wieigiinon leaves aiLereUring Jee.) hee Ge 5s ore 22 Ibs. 5 Zz,

Thus you will notice a difference of 3 pounds 2 ounces in favor of lot No.
r, cured on our patent hangers. In reply, you will naturally say that this lot
weighed 8 pounds 6 ounces more than No. 2 before curing, which is very true;
but we find, by dividing the weight of the green plants (231 pounds 3 ounces)
by the number of pounds of cured leaves (25 pounds 7 ounces) that it re-
quired g pounds 1'%4 ounces of green plants to produce one pound of cured
leaves; and shows that the difference in the two lots of green tobacco (8
pounds 6 ounces) was not sufficient to produce a pound of cured leaves;
though, allowing it had been, there is yet a difference of 2 pounds 2 ounces in
our favor, or a gain of more than eight per cent. in weight over the old method
of curing.

Any farmer can easily make a similar test and satisfy himself as to the truth
of this statement. In making an experiment of this kind, if you cure by
artificial heat, and both lots in one barn at the same time, do not forget to re-
move that on the hangers after it is cured, instead of allowing it to remain

while the stalks of the other lot are curing.

©

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