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Pets Popes peyesvye eivie ere we ery Se > viele ® Soeie whee +0 Piers, ne Laos Seat es ¥ Te ee vie eietee se” > ewevitie® “ewe Tv tee eie "}e sere e Vivinie vipst Thee Pere Land ve TOW Sree ery Stiw? qigie wie Cw tise eee vie , a errs we e. Sev ve ewe “tees ee eters & Ve eee ree titles Te ee ee ate . Pew tres Pie 6148 Flere, meee gees fier ee eee were ree terse Fotriwlele ee aie at st ot) tet rey sey vere we reaie ev ede . pre vee Pe ese eee Vee > Bee eee we ey © 0b een y Tit tue y te eee vie Lh oe ee Pn 2 os wheee eevee tee Gabca oh Pa oe Pied e bieik beer teres Ue Peery ae e508 08 veel ee Tv wee ee eitrave ee See ery eee Thevece tie te * FIR e ee VWivivitiye eRe see Veet wie cele Seeee TNE ise aa 2 ITIP ee wee wpe URE nee, neees ae oe oe PETE weg we ter © wine whey seoere ttiteee "be re ¥ Fertile fae fe . ieee sigan “ tee as tee were eee vot U Riete.y pte Ore eens s Peewee s ee bee . tee Cervetyet ee ve hee ‘ Te Oe bettie ve Ue ee eee wee ayy ee Pe ee bay DP beses ve * aot ; ni ac i Sa eaghivet pecan ‘ ae ‘The Planting and Care of SHADE TREES New Jerrsry Forest ComMIssIoN Ri, ay , . Diu fj FOREST PARK RESERVATION COMMISSION OF NEW JERSEY —_ THE PLANTING AND CARE OF mee ARLES... By ALFRED GASKILL, State Forester, INCLUDING PAPERS ON Insects Injurious to Shade Trees By Joun B. Smiru, State Entomologist, AND Diseases of Shade and Forest Trees By Met. T. Cook, State Plant Pathologist. TRENTON, N. J. STATE GAZETTE PUBLISHING CO., PRINTERS. 1912. The Forest Park Reservation Commission. Hon. WOODROW WILSON, GoverNor, ex-officio President. HENRY B. KUMMEL, Trenton, Hrecutive Officer. ELMER H. SMITH, Salem. CHARLES L. PACK, Lakewood. WILLIAM W. SMALLEY, Bound Brook. ALFRED GASKILL, Trenton, Forester and Secretary. JAMES O. HAZARD, Trenton, Assistant Forester. CHARLES P. WILBER. Trenton, State Firewarden. OFFICE, State House, Trenton. -a : Dio Patic Illustrations. Fig. 1—Elms 30 years old..........-- 2 eee ee eee eee eee Me cateoneriue Fic. 2—Too much shade................-.- setter wal eva fe Ie omateenoveneris : Plate I—WShade trees good and bad...... REN a pete See crear pere rere Soctees Fig. 3.—Residence street insufficiently shaded.............-.-+.--- Vig. 4.—Street newly planted........ dsltage Bi HoT EE Y CrchohORICRO Fig. 5.—Diagram—How trees should be placed.........-.+.-+--- Fig. 6.—Young tree as received from the nursery...........--+---. Fig. 7—Same with top and roots pruned...............-..- sogee Fig. S.—Diagram—How to plant a street tree........ Ue ouaweleaye Plate I].—Types of tree guards and gratings.........--...--+.+:++ Fig. 9.—Exposed roots tolerable..........-...---+--++---:- Nes hes Fig. 10.—A tree choked by a guy wire...........-.----- RL soresrcre Fig. 11.—Guard a tree thus if it must anchor a guy........ Sateeeae Vig. 12.—Trees guarded while building goes on..... Pereecaledo apd ap eles i Fig. 13.—How lack of system gives a poor effect..... srenaejoeehe aaa et Fic. 14.—Trees on curb and inside footway contrasted............ Fig. 15.—Old trees on a new grade and with cabled wires through their crowns..... aiovauerereiee actes Peer rere eres eop RR Ne aRG fade Se Me, TR—Norasiom mnonilohine..sossncces0d cece bo bos coo DUC UCCOUNO Fig. 17—Dense crowned Norway maple.........-.-++.+++++---- Fig. 18S.—Norway maple after an interior pruning...... Wet ce trees ; Fig. 19.—Butchered maples........ ONO CTE Deo e aA cos 5 Fig. 20.—Diagram—How to doctor a tree........... Ae ore eae Fig. 21.—Cavities from untreated wounds..................----- Fig. 22—Pruning wounds completely healed................--.- : Plate II1I.—Tree wounds filled and unfilled...................... Fig. 23.—Trees saved by mounding and raising curb............ : Wig. 24.—A tree “well”........ Rae RO eRIE eG Aeon Aine Es Alay Fig. 25.—Street grade raised without injuring trees............. Fig. 26.—Trees in gutter and on sidewalk..... AREAS NO Fig. 27.—A well shaded lawn made from native forest near the sea, Fig. 28S—Street lines accommodated to shade trees............... Fig. 29.—Elm standing in roadway..... BlovavcenerSwaite eas A cKaPAG irene tas Vig. 30.—Trees left above grade.............. ein eo ee : Plate 1V.—Insects injurious to shade trees..... Sirs at seated aieeee ty as Plate V. Insects injurious to shade trees......................-- Fig. 31.—The maple pseudococcus............ Ae Sa ercrecr SICar Cor Mig, Ging Sein UOse SGA. coccccocanansccdoodenoeo0G050006 : ioe aa — AU SOhtaySCalle saree cai ioe cee eet Sisto ee lela ena uciens areal oleileiteiale Fig. 34.—The maple-tree sesiid.............. Balas nitnokey SUA ewe atone Hic. 35:—Work of the hickory bark beetle..........:......-..--- Fie. 36.—Chestnut leaf spot............... Pana Rue RiaTe orate BCI : Fig. 37.—Chestnut tree nearly dead of blight..... Ree ae eA CES : Hic 3S'—Section of chestnut killed by blight..---2.5--.5.-.---..4- 1G, BY VaiitrS joa lS Wie WSIho oo ocaobo Do ageb do oo GaoDDS oS uOSDO Fig. 40.—Fomes igniarius........... Sogn ae tsnanons Omit eon skzecny Ware ae Fig. 41.—Polyporus sulfureus.............. BARAT ea aE EOROIE : Hick Poly Shletusy wiersiGOlORaeacirnerei cei scnsiel cise el oc) -nevere ei enele iow 3 —— Arman amare lle aercereretcis ciel ele sieveleiel ees) a ciel Beene) sasrene 47 50 51 51 54 5D 5S 60. 62 70 Introductory. The first two of this series of papers, with one on Fungi of Native and Shade Trees, by Dr. Byron D. Halsted, were originally published in the report of the Forest Park Reserva- tion Cominission of New Jersey for 1908. Appreciative de- mands haying exhausted the edition, Mr. Charies Lathrop Pack, a member of the Forest Commission, and a well known pioneer in Forest Conservation, generously offered to de- fray the cost of a new issue. This offer was accepted and the Forest Commission has caused two of the papers to be thor- oughly revised and a new one dealing with tree diseases to be prepared by the recently appointed State Plant Pathologist. The State is committed to the policy of protecting, improv- ing and increasing the number of its shade irees. This bul- letin is published under the direction of the Forest Park Reservation Commission with the co-operation of the Trustees of the State Agricultural Ex- periment Station. Each paper is by an acknowledged au- thority in his line. Authority. Fig. 1. Elms 30 years old, well placed, well spaced, well guarded. (Courtesy of U. 8. Forest Service.) SHADE TREEs. ce The reader is reminded that none of the papers pretends to be exhaustive of its subject; each deals in the briefest possible way with the things that concern the trees of the State, and aims to tell what to avoid as well as what must be done. ‘The bulletin will serve as a manual to those who are accustomed to working with trees, and will guide those who seek to travel an unknown, though it may be an attractive, path. More detailed information will be found in the books listed on page 125, though for any important work tree owners are advised to seek the assistance of a reputable tree planter, tree doctor, arborist or forester. The Agricultural Experiment Station and the Forest Com- mission have lists of such and will furnish them upon request. Peri. Both offices are prepared to give advice by omer ed. mail on any matter relating to trees, and, when necessary, either will have a competent man make an ex- amination and report. Any municipal body, as a shade tree commission, or the managers of a public imstitution, will be aided without charge; individuals will ordinarily be re- quired to pay the consultant’s expenses, but not his salary. Seope. The Planting and Care of Shade Trees. By Arrrep Gasxitr and JAMES O. Hazarp, Moresters. New Jersey is fortunate in having a soil and climate so favorable that many species of trees can be grown in any part of it, or some species found for almost any situation. It must be urged, however, that only a few trees Conditions withstand the trying conditions imposed by sR city streets and buildings, or the rigors of the tavore sea coast. Attention is, therefore, given chiefly to street trees, for the number which may be grown successfully on any weil kept lawn, even in a city, 1s very great. Upwards of forty species are found in more or less thrifty condition on the street, parking and lawns within two blocks of the State House, and many more might be planted that would do as well. Street Trees. There is little use trying experiments with trees for street planting. At the best, a tree on a city street is out of its ele- ment and at a disadvantage; chose, therefore, amongst the few that ave known to thrive under your conditions, get good trees, plant them carefully, and take care of them. REQUIREMENTS. A street tree should be chosen for its (1) Form, (2) Hardi- ness or Adaptability, (3) Rapidity of Growth, (4) Shade Production, (5) Neatness, (6) Beauty the various qualities ranking in abont the order given. : 1. Form is placed first because, no matter how good the 8 ‘ SHADE ‘TREES. tree, 1l is a failure if it does not fit the situation. By eareful pruning almost any tree can be made to grow upright, or to develop a broad crown, but it is much better to chose a species that naturally takes the desired form. ‘Trees are beautiful, or otherwise, as they harmonize with their surroundings. On narrow streets with houses close to the curb only slen- der trees of moderate height growth should be planted. Red maple, red gum, ginkgo, are good. For wider streets, or those with parking in front of the houses, larger trees like Norway maple, basswood, horse chestnut, or pin oak, may be chosen. Wide avenues should be dignified with the most majestic trees—white elm, white oak, red oak, tulip poplar. 2. Hurdiness and Adaptability are qualities of prime in- portance in a street tree. Under any circumstances care- ful consideration must be given to the native soil, the pave- ment, the nearness of buildings, as well as to the vigor of the tree itself and its power to adapt itself to unusual strains. Strength to withstand the pressure of wind, snow, ice, ete., Cote ability to recover from mechanical injuries, and tree must resistance to insect attack and to disease are also factors. No tree at all susceptible to frost should be planted in this State. Sweet gum grows well in clay but not in sand; sugar maple and basswood suffer from leaf bum when over a smooth, light colored pavement; horse chestnut is apt to be mfested with insects and fungi. 3. Rapidity of Growth. To most people whe plant trees that which grows most rapidly is best. Thus our streets are filled with silver maples, box elders and cottonwoods instead of Norway maples, oaks and elms. Quick growing trees are desirable, vet it is a fact that those which grow most rapidly Quick are commonly the shortest ved. Plant silver Srowin: a trees are maple or cottonwood if you must have a good short- : : 5 2 lived. sized tree in a hurry, but don’t forget that it will have to be replaced when a Norway maple, a red oak, or a svcanmiore is at its best. And bear in mind that cultivation and care will make any good tree grow comparatively rapidly. A red oak well nurtured will increase in size faster than a maple that is neglected and abused. STREET TREES. 9 Fig. 2. A good row of trees but houses too much shaded. See Figs. 4 and 14, 4. Shade Production. On many streets it is easily pos- sible to have too much shade. (Fig. 2.) Houses and side- walks need sun even in summer; therefore, on narrow streets trees with light foliage, like the locusts and ashes, will usually be better than the denser crowned maples, ete. Early leafing is never desirable. Neatness. A tree is a nuisance when it litters the street with its bloom or fruit, sends up many suckers, heaves the pavement by its superficial roots, emits an offensive odor, or attracts insects. Cottonwoods or poplars are, Pane therefore, to be avoided because, among other that are reasons, they cover the ground with their bloom °""""** in the spring; silver maples will break up any pavement; ulanthis has a very bad smell for several weeks each year unless the trees bear pistillate flowers only; muiberry has a fruit which when crushed makes the sidewalks slippery and dangerous. 10 SHADE TREES. PAGE Ae SHADE TREES Goop AND BAD IN ONE NEW JERSEY CITY. Extreme Neglect; the Pole Looks Better Than the Tree. No Tree can Thrive Where the Pavement is so Close. A Street Tree that is Bad in Every Way: It Forks too low and has no growing space. A Worse than Useless Guard. It is too low to prevent horse- biting, and so small that the tree is choked. A Newly-planted Tree Protected by a Guard that is Entirely too Light, and with no Growing Space. A Guard Outgrown and Sidewalk Displaced by Root Growth. A Good Temporary Guard, but too Light to last Long. Grow- ing space much too small. A Good Guard but Evidently not Placed Until After the Tree had been Badly Injured by Horses. Growing space en- tirely too small. A Tree Well Guarded and Well Provided with Growing Space. A Thriving Street Tree. It has a fair growing space and is sufficiently guarded with wire. A Growing Space like that Provided for this Tree Interferes Little with the Footway. scriptions opposite. ee de itelI. SS c 1A 1c SHADE TREES. 6. Beauty. The idea of beauty in a tree is satisfied when it is normal in form, vigorous in growth, healthy, and suitably placed. Street trees always suffer by contrast with those in natural situations, yet when arranged harmoniously in well- spaced rows, the uniformity of the trees matching the uni- formity of the street, most satisfactory results are obtained. This rule demands that all the trees on a street, or at any rate all in a block, shall be of the same kind and as near alike as possible in size and shape. See Figs. 1 and 4. In choosing shade trees, it is always proper to consider the buds, twigs, flowers, fruit and coloring of the leaves. The Uniformity. [PTE pendant, spiky balls of the red gum are as at- owers, ; e i . é ; OT 0 color. tractive through the winter as its brilliantly colored leaves in the fall. Of all the trees fit for street plant- ing the most gorgeous are the maples in their autumn dress. The spring beauty of the horse chestnut in bloom is largely offset by its dilapidated appearance in early autumn, when most other trees are still fresh. Fig 3. A residence street insufficiently shaded. See Figs. 4 and 26. STREET TREES. 13 WHAT TO PLANT. The list of trees capable of meeting the conditions in a city street is not long; it might indeed be curtailed to less than a dozen. Evergreens are excluded altogether because their shade is not wanted in winter. The fol- lowing lst is arranged to show the trees best adapted to streets of various widths and includes all the species, foreign as well as native, which are in any way suitable, except perhaps on wide streets where lawn condi- tions are approached. ‘Those at the tep of each column are preferred te those farther down. See pages 56 to 65 for descriptions of each species. Evergreens excluded. Tue Best TREES FOR City STREETS. Narrow Streets. (less than 60 feet wide between building Average Streets. (60 to 90 feet wide between building Wide Streets. (over 90 feet wide between building lines. ) lines. ) lines. ) Ginkgo Norway Maple White Elm Red Gum Red Gum Red Oak Red Maple Pin Oak Scarlet Oak Norway Maple Red Oak Sycamore Searlet Oak Red Maple Honey Locust Hackberry Sugar Maple White Oak Green Ash Sycamore Tulip Poplar Basswood Basswood Hackberry Red Gum White Ash Ailanthus Ginkgo Honey Locust Horse Chestnut Sugar Maple Trees not recommended. From the foregoing list several trees universally found on city streets will be missed. Silver, or white, maple is a rapid grower and able to survive many handships, yet its youthful beauty is soon lost by the breaking of its fragile branches and a general early decay. It is also prone to disturb the pavement by the growth of superficial roots. The poplars or cottonwoods, of which there are several species, are even more rapid growers than the silver maple 14. SHADE TREES. when planted in rich, moist soil, and their slender habit adapts them well to narrow streets, but they are even shorter lived than the maple, are offensive by the litter that they make ees in spring and by the many root suckers that Bee: they produce. For these reasons they are ex- cluded from the streets of Albany, N. Y., by a city ordi- nance. In Washington, D. C., the silver maples and poplars planted years ago are being replaced by other species. Wil- lows have no recommendations whatever as street trees. None of these trees, therefore, should be planted unless it be for a momentary effect. Twenty years after planting, any of the trees recommended will be in better form and, if well chosen and properly eared for, almost as large. Black locust should not be planted solely because it is sure to be injured or destroyed by the borer worm. Except for this fault it makes a fine tree for narrow streets on account of its hardi- hess, harrow crown and fine foliage. Beech is a slow grower and casts too dense a shade for any street. It is further objectionable for any public place because its smooth bark tempts every jackknife carver. Walnut and the hickories in- vite injury by their fruit and, therefore, have no place as street trees. Chestnut is sure to fall a prey to the bark disease, see page 101. PLANT THE TREE THAT SUITS LOCAL CONDITIONS. Any of the trees here recommended will grow in every part of the State but, after meeting other conditions, a careful planter wili chose that whose natural habitat is nearest like the planting site. If the soil be very dry chose scarlet oak, hackberry, honey locust rather than white ash, white elm or Norway maple. Tf it be clay, red gum, pin oak or sycamore eed ae ae will be apt to do best. By changing the soil betecen soit latural conditions can often be modified so that Sd EeE: the preferred species may be planted. Any soil but the very best should be enriched when a tree is planted, for the needs of the tree are apt to be forgotten afterwards. StREET Tress. 15 THE TIME TO PLANT. Deciduous trees should never be transplanted while the leaves are on. Midwinter is not a good time because the ground is apt to be frozen. Late fall is often preferred, yet it is never well to expose a tree to the dangers of a winter be- fore it has had a chance to grow new roots and Qa pest fix itself in the soil. In this State early spring, time to just after the ground thaws, is by iar the best season. Trees are then quick with new life and if moved can very promptly provide feeding organs and adapt them- selves to changed conditions. If a drouth follows the plant- ing, and spring drouths are common, the trees must be freely watered until they are established. ARRANGEMENT ON THE STREET. Uniformity. When planting is done by the property owners individual choice will naturally have the widest range—as to species, size, location and everything else. But every effort should be made to have all the trees on a street Fig. 4. A residence street newly planted with Norway Maples, well grown and well placed. (Courtesy of the Newark Shade Tree Commission. ) ‘the same kind, the same size, and uniformly spaced. (See Figs. 1 and 4.) Where the building lots are of various 16 SHADE TREES. widths uniform spacing is sometimes difficult, but there is no need to place trees in the same position in front of every house. Spacing. Do not plant trees so close together that when grown they will interfere or entirely shade the house fronts. Too much shade is as bad as too litile, and each tree should have room to develop its own form. (Fig. 4.) In blocks made up of lots 20 feet wide, or less, a tree should be planted in front of every other house only, those on opposite sides being alternated thus: Fig. 5. How trees should be placed on a narrow street. On wider streets, 40 feet, 50 feet, 60 feet or even more may be given to a tree according to its size and habit of growth, and the arrangement may be opposite or alternate ac- cording to conditions. But in every ease the aim should be to develop rows, or blocks, of trees, rather than individuals. from the latter part of June to the latter part of July. Attacking the bark of the trunk and large branches, each female makes a vertical gallery an inch or more in length. Notches are cut in the sides of this burrow, for the purpose of holding the eggs. After hatching, the grubs construct channels diverging from the main gallery. (See Fig. 35.) The winter is passed by the nearly full grown erubs, which pupate the following spring. Insects Insurtous to SHapr TREEs. 85 Remedial Measures. Where a slight infestation is noticed on a tolerably healthy tree, the tree should be stimulated by means of appropriate fertilizers (see page 25), and the trunk kept covered by whitewash to which Paris green has Pua teen been added. Strong whale-oil soap suds will answer the same purpose. If a tree is seriously infested, it should be eut down at once and burned, as it is certain to die in a short time anyhow and is only a menace to surround- ing trees. PLANT LICE. Most of our shade trees suffer from plant lice to a greater or less extent, and none more than the Norway maples. These insects multiply very rapidly, suck the juices of the D ae SHapvE TREEs. leaves and succulent shoots, and so exhaust their vitality. When they become abundant the honey dew ex- ereted by them sometimes covers the leaves with a sticky secretion that may be abundant enough to drop to the street below. This secretion tends to clog the foliage so that it may drop while yet perfectly green, and a black soot fungus is also likely to develop. Fortunately this sort of attack does not continue after the first spell of hot dry weather, and during a normal season is not apt to be bad at ali, Maple louse, Remedial Measures. As against plant lice of all kinds on shade trees, nothing is much better than whale-cil soap suds and this applies not A aT only to those species that attack the leaves but Soak: to some that gather along the undersides of branches of conifers. In general, 1 pound in 4 gallons of water is an efiective strength, and safe on most kinds of foliage. INSECTS INJURING CONIFERS. Pines and other conifers are not often used as street trees, but are not infrequently found in parks and grounds around residences. They suffer from a variety of imsects and are not easily treated, because they are extremely sensitive to most insecticides. Against feeders upon the leaves, arsenate ot lead is the only arsenical poison that can be safely used. When plant lice attack them, whale-oil soap suds, one pound in six gallons of water, lib- erally applied, will be safe and reasonably effective. Against those woolly species that are frequently found massed against the underside of the branches, a forcible jet of water is often very satisfactory or the whale-oil soap may be used, 1 pound in 4 gallons of water, locally applied. If the trees are suf ficiently valuable, simply scrub the branches with a stiff brush and weak soap suds. Lice. Insects Ingur1ous To Suapr TREES. S7 Seales sometimes infest the needles; but on large trees are never harmful in my experience. On small Rees trees wateh for the hatching of the eggs in rarely - : + Se é harmful. June and use the whale-oil soap, 1 pound in 6 gallons, liberally. White pines are sometimes deformed by the attacks of the white-pine weevil which lays its eggs in the leaders, the larve boring into and killing them. It is the young trees that are usually affected and im most instances the form White-pine of the tree is permanently spoilt. Fortunately weevil the inseet is not at all common in New Jersey, and young trees if kept under observation may be protected by collect- ing the adults or, what is more practical, keeping the leaders sprayed during May and June with whale-oil soap suds one pound in six gallons of water, adding half a pound of arse- nate of lead to this mixture. If the leaders are at any time observed to be lacking in vigor or to be unnaturally yellow in eolor, they should be carefully examined, and if any signs of feeding are noticed every puncture should be followed with a soft wire to reach the feeding larve. If this is done in time the shoot will recover. If the feeding is already well advanced so that re- covery seems doubtful cut and destroy by fire. GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS. Shade trees in general should be kept free from dead or dying wood, and all cut wood should be destroyed by fire. It is always in order to clean the bark during the winter by means of soda or lye washes which get rid of the growth in or under which many insects hibernate. A — strong soap solution, even of ordinary laundry a soap, will often do a great deal of good, and it can be used to advantage on the waxy plant lice or mealy scale bugs during the winter. When there is an application of an arsenical spray to be made, the sooner it is done the better the effect; young or @0) D SHADE TREES. partly grown specimens succumbing more rapidly and easily than more nearly mature forms. A single defoliation rarely harms a deciduous tree very much; but successive defolia- tions weaken and eventually kill. And always a healthy, well fed tree is less attacked by insects than a sickly starved example which gives up in despair at the least provocation and invites attack by its very inability to resist. SPRAYING. Among the first things that must be realized in planning work to avoid insect injury to city trees, is that by no means all kinds of trees are equally subject to such injury, nor is there any one treatment that is equally effective wgainst all insects. There may be one city with 1,000 trees on which insect injury may be kept down by a single man during the season; another with half that num- ber may require a power sprayer and a gang to run it for a month. At the beginning, find out what trees there are and their condition. Then, with the assistance of the entomologist, you are in position to determine what outfit is needed to carry on the work. It is quite possible to get a cheap sprayer, which is, at first, adequate when run to the limit; but no piece of machinery does well for any consider- able period when run to the limit, and a cheap outfit is usually a small one. You ean get a barrel with a pump that will force a spray to the top of even a large elm, and I have personally worked with such an out- fit; but it was hard on the man at the pump, the tendency was to lose pressure and too much time was lost in the fre- quent tank fillings required. Kor municipalities with trees running into the thousands, power sprayers are essential, but no municipality that needs a sprayer at all, should get anything less than 2 200-gallon tank upon which a pump eapable of furnishing 100 pounds of pressure to two lines of hose should be mounted. The Municipal work. Get a good machine. Insects Ingurious Tro SHADE TREES. 89 pump need not be of large capacity, for it is not expected to throw large quantities of water in a short time; but it should have a large air chamber and should be capable of supplying a maximum amount of pressure with a minimum amount of work. The stroke need not be long, but the lever should be long and strong, and the pump should be hori- zoutal, not vertical. An up and down stroke is tiresome and cannot be long maintained without losing im strength; a horizontal stroke may be aided by the weight cf the body, and both or either hand and arm may be used. All these matters are important, because upon the amount and uni- formity of the pressure the thoroughness of the work depends in large measure. The working parts of the pump should be of brass, the valves and packing should be of metal and the valve seats should be readily ac- cessible. Such a piece of machinery will stand every rea- sonable strain that is likely to be put upon it, and will come out at the end of the season almost as good as it was at the beginning. It will never be worked to its limit in tree spray- ing, and with reasonable care will last many years without much expense. Such a pump is never cheap at first cost, but is a cheap pump in the long run. Of course no piece of apparatus is entirely fool proof, and that fact should be kept in mind when hiring men to work it. There should be two lines of 34 hose, best quality, each 100 feet in length, and there should be 6 or 8 foot gas pipe spray rods, at the ends of which the nozzles should be fixed. There should be a shut-off at the base of each spray-rod and one rod should have a solid jet nozzle for reaching the tops of trees, while the other should have an adjustable or bor- deaux nozzle for making a spray to reach the lower branches. As to the poison to be used, there is nothing better than arsenate of lead for all leaf-feeding insects, and for choice I prefer the dry, powdered form because of its greater con- venience in handling and because of its keeping 4 pvenate qualities. If the paste form is used, it should of te" be purchased on guarantee of percentage of arsenic, for it runs all the way from 12 per cent. to 20 per cent., and may The pump. 90 SHADE TREES. be a pure material in each instance. Anything that runs 15 per cent. or over is good, and nearly all the leading brands sold in the State reach that percentage. The dry material runs 30 per cent., and is therefore about twice as strong as the average paste. None of the leading brands have more than a trace of soluble arsenic, and practically it is impos- sible to injure the foliage of any shade tree with any mixture likely to be put on by even an ignorant laborer. All the commercial tank sprayers have an agitator which keeps the spraying mixture stirred while pumping, and some- thing of that sort is needed in any ease, so as to make sure that the material is uniform throughout the spraying period. In all cases the poison should be first mixed up with water in a pail or tub so as to get it into a smooth thin paste. This should be gradually run into the tank while filling, and the agitator should be kept constantly going, so as to get a thor- ares aN oughly even poisonous mixture to start with. mixture: Then, while a slow settling does begin almost immediately, it 1s very slow and the mixture can be kept in proper shape with very little stirring. It is always better to use up a tank full of mixture completely, as soon as pos- sible after it is made, and it should never be allowed to stand over night. It never stirs up quite as completely next day, and if part of a tank remains unused at the end of a day’s work, better take out the plug and let it run to waste than try to save it for a future day. With a proper outfit and a good crew, the next point is to get the material on in such a way as to be most effective. An ideally etfeetive application would be one in ‘Rotowahis, Which every leaf received an even and complete coating of the spray, so that not a particle of the foliage could be eaten by any insect without its receiving at the same time a dose of poison. As we cannot hope for ideally effective work, we must try and get as close to it as possible, remembering always that no one insect eats very much, and that every female specimen that gets a safe meal may lay a batch or two of eggs before getting another, and perhaps fatal, bite. Insects Ingurtous To SHADE TREEs. 91 The lesson of thoroughness cannot be too strongly incul- eated, and it is better to be wasteful of time and material to secure this, than to do much in an unsatisfactory way. Every missed branch will stand out later, and to avoid this the crew should be taught to work in some systematic manner, so as to reach all parts of a tree. Concerning the cost of machinery and operation, no one set of figures will cover all conditions. A barrel pump outfit complete, with a short line of hose, rod and nozzle can be had for as low as fifteen or twenty dollars, while a power sprayer consisting of an engine, pump, 200-gallon tank and truck may cost from three hun- dred dollars wp. As for the cost of operating, this depends on the size of your apparatus, number of men necessary to operate it, num- ber of trees and their accessibility, availability of water and in fact numerous other conditions, which will not become apparent until the work is under way. Where conditions are favorable large trees are often well sprayed for as little as one dollar each. Whatever the cost, if one succeeds in checking insect ravages, he will be amply repaid by the in- creased vigor and beauty ot the trees. Cost. Diseases ot Shade and Forest Trees. By Met. T. Coox, State Plant Pathologist. The increasing appreciation of the great commercial value of our native forests, and of the importance of trees for shade and ornamental purposes, has stimulated the study of methods for the proper care of trees. This conservation movement has been emphasized by the ravages of the chest- nut blight, or bark disease, and our growing knowledge of other threatening diseases. The fact that it is possible to prevent the loss of many fine trees, which it has required years to grow, makes it very desirable that we should give careful attention to this subject. Trees, in fact all other plants, are subject to diseases which are due to more or less well known causes and are as well defined as the diseases which attack animals. gancses of Like the diseases of animals, the diseases of disease- plants may cause loss of color, loss of parts, deformities and, in some eases, death. The diseases of both animals and plants are caused by fungi, bacteria, insects, worms, unfavor- able surroundings, ete. Among animals the most common causes of disease are bacteria, while among plants the fungi are responsible for by far the greater number. A fungus is a plant which does not possess the green color- ing matter, chlorophyll, and therefore cannot draw its nour- ishment from the air, soil and water, but must live upon other plants and animals, living or dead. Those which live upon and draw their nourishment from lving organisms are known as parasites and are the causes of : x a Parasites many diseases; those that live upon dead mat- ana saprophytes. ter are known as saprophytes. The fungus may be so small as to require the use of the miscroseope in urder to see it, or 1t may be a minute thread-like structure (93) 94 SHADE TREES. which grows over the surface of, or penetrates, its host, eventually coming to the surface to produce its fruiting bodies or sporophores. These sporophores may vary in size from the microscopic in some species to the very large structures of other species which are usually known as mush- rooms or toadstools. These familiar fruiting bodies on trees may be from parasitic fungi which cause diseases, or they may be from saprophytic fungi which follow diseases and live on the dead and decaying material. In order to defi- nitely determine this point it is necessary for the observer to be familiar with the organisms. Some of these fungus diseases are very destructive to forest, shade and ornamental trees, and every effort should dome be made to eradicate or control them, but most fume tli of them are of minor importance. The ma- jority of the large fungus growths are sapro- phytic, and although not the cause of diseases they destroy great quantities of timber which would otherwise be useful. In this paper only the more common and conspicuous dis- eases will be discussed, but some others which at the present time are of minor importance in the State will be mentioned. Any part of the plant, roots, stems, leaves, flowers and fruits, are subject to the attack of diseases, but the disease Classifica- is not always manifest at the point of attack, tion of . . diseases. 1. e., a disease of the roots may frequently be detected by a dying of the leaves and branches. For con- venience the diseases of trees may be arbitrarily grouped as follows: 1. Diseases of the foliage. Diseases of the stems. Ww 6 Diseases of the roots. 4, Diseases due to environment. 5. Other diseases. DISEASES oF SHADE AND Forrest TREES. 95 1. DISEASES OF THE FOLIAGE. The foliage contains the greater amount of the green color- ing matter, or chlorophyll, by which a plant is enabled to utilize the raw food materials which it receives from the air and soil. Therefore any great reduction of the foliage sur- face during the growing season results in a proportional reduction in the working power of the plant and also mars its beauty for ornamental purposes. Fig. 36. Chestnut Leaf Spot. (From Report of N. J. Experiment Station, 1896, Fig. 59.) LEAF SPOTS. These diseases are caused by a number of parasitic organ- isms, principally fungi and bacteria, which cause discolored areas on the foliage, frequently followed by a breaking out of the dead tissues, thus leaving unsightly holes. The char- acter and severity of these various leaf spots vary with the organisms to which they are due and also with climatic con- ditions. Among the most important of these leat-spot fungi on shade trees are the following: 96 ~ Suape TReEs. Waxtnut. Marsonia juglandis Lib. causes a brown spot on the black walnut and butternut, gradually increasing in size and frequently covering the entire leaflet. Cuestnutr. Marsonia ochroleuca B. and C. causes nu- merous circular, ashy white spots on the chestnut. (Fig. 36.) ‘The dead tissue of these spots breaks leaving holes and the entire leaf finally turns brown and falls prematurely. Erm. Dothidea ulmi Duy. attacks elms causing con- spicuous black spots. Frequently the foliage is badly in- fected and the beauty of the tree seriously marred. Marries. Rhytisma acertum Pers. attacks many of the maples, but is most severe on the silver maple, causing shiny, black, hard, slhghtly elevated patches commonly known as tar spots. (See below. ) Horst Curstnut. Phyllosticta pavie Desm. is the cause of an important leaf spot or blotch. The spots are irregular in shape, increase rapidly in size until the greater part of the leaf is brown and has the appearance of being sun-burned. The leaves fall early and the vitality of the tree is reduced. This fungus is frequently accompanied by others which aid in its injurious work. Catarpa. P. catalpe Ell. and Mart. and Cercospora catalpe Wint. are the causes of unsightly leaf spots on the eatalpa. They are frequently accompanied by Macrosporiwm catalpe E. and M. and Microsphera elevata Burr. Martz. P. acericola C. and E. is the cause of a leaf spot of the maple, which is frequently so severe as to cause a pre- mature dropping of the foliage. (See above.) Treatment. The burning of the fallen leaves, thus destroying enormous numbers of spores which could otherwise be distributed by wind and water, will greatly reduce these diseases. Where practical to do so, spraying with Bordeaux mixture will hold them in check. Disnasrs oF SHADE AND Forest TREEs. 97 ANTHRACNOSES. These diseases are very common and attack many different species of plants. They are due to fungi and many of them are also found on stems and fruits. On the foliage they may cause spots or holes, or a withering: very similar to that caused by frost. The most important of the anthracnoses on shade and ornamental trees is that on the Sycamore, caused by the fungus Gnomonia veneta * (Sace. and Speg.) Kleb. In the earlier stages of the disease it follows the veins of the leav es, from which it ev entually spreads. It also attacks the young shoots. In severe eases the leaves are entirely browned and withered and have very much the appearance of those in- jured by frost, for which the disease is frequently mistaken. It often kills the young shoots and sometimes kills the seed- lings and young trees. This fungus is also said to cause leaf spots on several species of oak. Sycamore. Treatment. Dead branches should be pruned out and the rough, loose bark which may yetain the disease should be removed and burned. The trees should also be sprayed with copper sul- phate cr lime-sulphur during the resting period, then with Berdeaux mixture soon mies opening of the buds, again in ten days and again ten days later. POWDERY MILDEWS. The powdery mildews are due to fungi and are well known on many plants. These fungi, unlike the preceding, do not *One stage of this fungus has been described under the name Gloeosporium nervisequum Eckl. by which it was long known and by which is was referred to in the Fourth Annual Report of the Forest Park Reservation Commission of New Jersey 1908. iG 98 SHADE TREEs. penetrate the foliage, except so far as may be necessary for the formation of holdfasts, but spread over the surface of the foliage forming a delicate white web which has much the appearance of dust. One of the most important of these mildews is Micro- sphera ali (Wallr.) Wint. which attacks lilacs and also occurs on the oaks, birehes, dogwoods and some other plants. Another very common mildew is Uncinula salicis (D. C.) Wint. which occurs on the poplars and willows. As a rule, they do not appear until late in the season and cause very little injury except to young trees and nursery siock. Symptoms. Treatment. Spraying with potassium sulphide (1 Ib. to 50 gal. of water) is an efficient remedy. LEAr CURL. The leaf curls are more or less common on many trees, the most conspicuous being the one on the peach. The most im- portant one on forest and shade trees is due to Taphrina Necsus cerulescens (Mont. and Desm.) Tul. which oaks. attacks the oaks causing the leaves to appear as though blistered. It is not often injurious but sometimes causes death of trees which have been affected for a number of years. Treatment. The burning of fallen leaves and spraying the trees with copper sulphate or lime-sulphur when dormant will practi- cally eliminate the pest. Diskases oF SuapDE anp Forest TREEs. 99 RUSTS. The rusts are among the most highly dev eloped of the parasitic fungi and attack foliage and fruit. Some of them are very destructive while others are compara- tively insignificant. Many of them have very complicated life histories and require two host plants to com- plete their life cycle and in many cases to perpetuate them- selves. One of the most cous ete of the rusts is the Gymmno- sporangium macropus * Lk., which attacks the red cedar and the apple. On the red cedar they cause the formation of the large reddish brown bodies known as “cedar re apples.” During the period of early spring #PPles- rains the mature cedar apples produce long yellowish or orange colored horns within which are produced great masses of fungus spores. These spores will not attack the cedar but are carried to neighboring apple trees where they attack the leaves, and sometimes the young twigs and fruit, causing yellowish or reddish orange spots. On the nee side of each spot are produced a number of small cup-like cavities within which are borne the spores. These spores are in turn carried to the cedars where they attack the young shoots and eventually cause the formation of the next year’s crop ot “cedar apples.” Importance. Treatment. This fungus may be held in check by removing the cedar apples early in the spring before the maturing of the orange colored horns, and by the proper spraying of the apple orchards. Among other interesting diseases of this kind ie eee = = her plants are the rust, or leaf cast, of the Jersey or scrub affeetea by A g y rusts. pine, the rust of the Scotch and pitch pines which has an alternating stage on the sweet fern, the leaf rust of the hemlock, rusts of the willows, poplars and ashes. *There are several species of Gymnosporangium attacking cedars and with various species of the Pomacee as their alternating hosts. 100 ’ SHavDE TREES. Nene of these rusts are considered serious and treatments are seldom given. The blister rust of the white pine, however, which attacks the stems is most dangerous and demands most vigorous treatment. (See page 103.) 2. DISEASES OF THE STEMS. The diseases of the stems may be arbitrarily grouped into (a) bark diseases, (b) heart rots, (c) sap rots, and (d) twig diseases. Fig. 37. Chestnut Bark Disease. Forest tree nearly dead. Note characteristic sprouts and dwarfed leaves on sur- viving branches. (Photo by Perley Spaulding.) DisEasrs oF SHADE AND Forest TREEs. 101 CHESTNUT BARK DISEASE oR BLIGHT. This is probably the most serious tree disease in. America at the present time. It is caused by a fungus (Diaporthe parasitica * Murrill) which lives parasitically in the bark, sending its minute thread-like processes in all directions from the point of attack until the trunk or branch is completely girdled. (Figs. 37, 38.) It is very doubtful if the fungus can gain entrance to a tree except through wounds, and it is probably carried from. Fig. 38. Section of Chestnut tree killed by blight with bark in successive stages of decay and pustules in which the winter spores are borne. (Photo by J. F. Collins. ) place to place by boring insects and by birds (especially wood- peckers). It is also carried on infected timber shipped into *The proper name of this fungus is at the present time a disputed point which will require further study before it can be definitely settled. 102 . SHADE TREES. uninfected territory. Many new points of infection have been traced to diseased nursery stock. Nurserymen should use every caution to prevent the spread of the disease by keeping a careful oversight of their stock. Unfortunately, the disease cannot always be detected at the tine of shipment, and therefore young trees should be kept under careful supervision by the grower. It is un- wise at this time to plant chestnut in this State, and growers in territory beyond the present range of the disease should be absolutely sure of the healthy character of the stock used for planting. The spread of the disease has been so rapid, the destruction of our chestnut growth so great, and the financial losses so heavy, that it has attracted more attention than any other plant disease in recent years. Large sums of money are being expended in fighting it, but up to the present time no satisfactery method has been devised. The planting of chestnuts in the infected districts is a waste of both time and money. Spread of the disease. Treatment. Individual trees and small plantings may be protected to some extent by frequently cutting out the diseased parts and painting the wounds with coal tar. In doing this all the prunings must be burned. When forest areas become at- fected their final destruction is practically certain, and the owners are advised to convert the entire chestnut growth into salable material as rapidly as possible. Otherwise it will prove a complete loss. Material too small for lumber should have the bark removed. All waste material should be burned at once. The severity ef this disease, the rapidity of its spread, and the desire of the people to protect their trees have de- veloped a most fertile field for the quack tree-doctors who are claiming to cure trees by secret methods. These methods usually consist in putting secret prep- arations under the bark or in the soil about the roots of the trees. Similar methods have been used for other tree Tree fakirs. T)ISEASES OF SHADE AND Forest TREES. 103 diseases in various parts of the country, but without success. There are no such treatments for diseases of this character known to science, and the authors of these secret methods freely acknowledge that their treatments are not recognized by scientific workers. The public is cautioned against patronizing these people. Wuitr PINE BLISTER RUST. The blister rust (Peridermium strobi IKlebahn*) of the white pime, a European disease which has been introduced into this country and apparently stamped out, but which may be introduecd again at any time, causes a spindle shaped, or sometimes irregular warty swelling on the trunks of seedlings and young trees and upon the young branches of older trees. (Fig. 39.) Those swellings do not occur until one or more years after the in- feetion, which makes it impossible to detect the disease in its earliest stages. As these swellings approach maturity they form on the surface rounded or allenvetied bodies measur- ing one-eighth to one-half inch across. The bodies have deli- eate, whitish membrane coverings beneath which may be seen Symptoms. masses of orange-colored spores. This membrane ruptures, allowing the spores to escape (April to June), but may per- sist for some time after the spores have been carried away. If the spores are carried to gooseberries or eur rants they attack the foliage and young shoots and cause the “velvet rust” which produces two kinds of Alternating hosts. spores, one kind by which the fungus can spread on the gooseberries and currants and another by which ‘1 is returned to the white pines. The disease is of very little importance on the gooseberries and currants, but is very destructive on the white and other of the five-leaved pines. It attacks none of those with two or three needles. *Peridermium strobi Wlebahn of the white and other five-leaved pines is the same as Oronartium ribicola Diet. of the currant and gooseberry. 104 SHADE TREEs. Fig. 39. White Pine Blister Rust. A. A four-year-old tree with the disease; B. Leaf of Ribes aureum showing uredospore stage; C. Portion of same enlarged; D. Leaf of Ribes americanum showing teleutospore stage. (From Bul. 206, Bureau of Plant In- dustry, U. S. Dept. Agricul.) Diseases oF SHADE AND Forest TREEs. 105 Within the past few years the demand for white pines for reforestation and for ornamental plantings has been so great that large numbers of the seedlings have been imported from Europe. The disease has been introduced on these seedlings and distributed to many localities in the United States, but fortunately has been kept in subjection. The disease is very destructive to seedlings and young trees and, yocimue- while not always destructive, is very injurious _ tiveness. on the older trees. Therefore we should use the greatest caution to prevent its getting a foothold in this country. Treatment. Tt is not advisable to plant five-leaved pines of European origin. Always use American grown seedlings. Even then the plants should be carefully examined from time to time, and in case the disease appears they should be destroyed im- mediately by burning. There is no known remedy for the disease, and absolutely no safe course to pursue other than burning the diseased plants. CoRAL Sports. The coral spots on the bark of trees and shrubs are due to fungi belonging to the genus Nectria. They are readily recognized by the small brightly colored red or orange fruit- ing bodies. ‘There are a number of species, but the most important is N. cinnabarinna (Tode) Fr. which attacks the maple, horse-chestnut and many other deciduous trees. The fungus gains entrance to its host through wounds, gradually spreads, forming well defined caakers within which will be found the highly colored fruiting bodies. When once well established it may spread rapidly from plant to plant and become epidemic. This fungus also attacks currant bushes and pear trees. Symptoms. 106 SHADE TREES. Treatment. The only practical method of control consists in cutting and burning diseased parts. BLAck KNOTS. These unsightly growths occur on the twigs and leaves of some trees. Among the most important are those on the plums and cherries which are caused by the fungus (Plow- rightia morbosa Sace.), and those upon the hazel caused by the fungus (Cryptosporella anomala Pk.). Treatment. They are of no very great importance on shade trees, but can be controlled by cutting out and burning early in the fall and by spraying with copper sulphate or lime-sulphur before the buds open in the spring. WITCHES’ Brooms. These conspicuous and unsightly growths are quite com- mon and are due to the attacks of both fungi and insects which cause the formation of masses of short twigs and are sometimes mistaken for mistletoe growths. (See page 107.) The most common and most conspicuous is the one on the hackberry. (Celtis occidentalis L.) This is so common that it is extremely difficult to find a tree that does not have them, and many people consider them a characteristic growth of the hackberry. However, they are a disease, and if the tree is kept free from them, it makes a very beautiful growth. The disease is said to be due to two parasitic organisms, a powdery mildew (Sperotheca phytoptophila Kell and 8S. W.) and a mite (Hriophyes sp.) DIsEASES OF SHADE AND Forest TREES. 107 Some of the species of the cedar rust (Gymnosporangium) (see page 99) and the leaf curl fungi (see page 98) are also the cause of witches’ brooms which die and are broken out by the wind storms, thus leaving irregular and unsightly trees. Treatment. As witches’ broom is more unsightly than harmful, it may be ignored or the trees may be pruned as for other detects. MISTLETOES. Mistletoes are true flowering plants which live parasitically upon many of our native trees. The common American mistletoe (Phoradendron flavescens (Pursh) Nutt. is rare in New Jersey, occurring mostly on the black gum and red maple. Where very abundant they are considered serious enemies. It will be readily recognized that parasites of this kind will naturally retard and stunt the growth of the tree. They are also the cause of unsightly swellings and some of them cause witches’ brooms. Their life is usually shorter than that of the trees on which they live, and when they die and decay they leave cavities #onue7™ which are especially favorable for the mtroduc- tion of pathogenic fungi and other organisms of disease. Mistletoes are so rare in this State that most people will be inclined to look upon them as objects of interest rather than as serious pests. Treatment. They can be controlled by pruning out the diseased parts and painting the wounds with white lead or coal tar. 108 SHADE TREEs. HEART Rovrs. Heart rots are extremely destructive to both living and dead trees. They are due to a number of fungi, many of which are both parasitie and saprophytic. The fact that many ot these organisms will live on the dead wood from which they readily pass to the living trees makes it very important that all such dead and decaying material be re- moved and burned. WHITE HEART Rov. This is a true disease caused by the false tinder fungus, Fomes igniarius (.) Gillet. It attacks the beech, aspen, ee willows, maples, birches, walnuts, oaks, hickory, attacked? apple, etc. The organism gains entrance through wounds and grows in the heart wood which it trans- Fig 40. Fomes igniarius on a living aspen. (From Bul. 149, Bureau of Plant Industry, U.S. Dept. of Agricul.) forms into a white pulpy mass bounded by one or more black layers. During this period of decay the disease cannot be detected from the outside but after the fungus has progressed two or three feet from the point of entrance it comes to the DisrasEes oF SHADE AND Forrest TREES. 109 surface and produces its sporophores or fruiting bodies. (Fig. 40.) These fruiting bodies usually occur at the original wound and are rather conspicuous but variable in shape, size and color. They may be described as hoof- yp ating shaped, almost as thick as broad, and some- Pedies: times measuring as much as twelve inches in diameter. The upper surface is smooth when young, becoming concentri- eally marked as it grows older. The outer part is hard, brown, gradually becoming black and cracked with age. The pores within which the spores are produced are formed in layers on the underside. The under surface is gray or red- brown in color, varying with the season. The disease works rather slowly, gradually weakening the tree until it is broken by storms. It is one of the most widely distributed of tree diseases and causes enormous losses which, from their wide geographical distribution and wide range of host plants, are extremely difficult to estimate. See also Polyporus sp., p. 111. Treatment. The most satisfactory treatment for shade and ornamental trees is preventive. When trees become infected the dis- eased parts should be removed and the wounds properly eared for as recommended on page 44. Rep HEART Rov. This rot is caused by the parasitic fungus (Polyporus sul- phureus (Bull.) Fr.). It attacks the oaks, chestnut, maples, walnuts, locusts, alder, ash, poplar, willows, apple, ete., and is widely distributed throughout North ,,.., America and Hurope. It gaims entrance #*t=cked- through wounds and causes the heart wood to rot and be- come reddish brown or black, the color varying somewhat with the host plant. After a period of growth within the wood, it comes to the surface producing a number of large 110 SHADE TREES. shelving sporophores or fruiting bodies (Fig. 41) frequently overlapping. When young the upper surfaces are a bright orange-red with a brighter red rim, very moist, and turn Fig. 41. Polyporus sulfureus on red oak. (Photo by Dr. W. A. Murrill, N. Y. Botanic Garden. ) brown when bruised. When mature they are hard, dry, Fruitine brittle and sulphur colored. They are usually bodice: destroyed very early by insects. The treat- ment is the same as for the white heart rot. P. robinuwe* Murrill attacks the black locust through wounds and completely destroys the heart wood of living trees. The rot begins at the center of the heart and spreads *P, robinie Murrill=P. rimosus Berkeley. Diseases oF SHADE AND Forest TREES. Waal radially, causing the wood to become soft and yellowish or brownish in color. The sporo- joctty. phores are large and shelving and usually al- most twice as wide laterally as from front to back. The proper care of wounds will help to control the disease but it is frequently distributed by the locust borer. (See page 83. ) The diseased parts should be removed and destroyed and the wounds treated. P. juniperinus Schrenk attacks old red cedar trees caus- ing a white heart rot. The fungus probably gains extrance to the tree through dead branches which are most common in old trees. ‘The wood gradually loses its color, becomes whitish and eventually undergoes disintegration leaving holes through the center of branches and trunk. Fruiting bedies are seldom’ formed. The removal of dead branches and diseased parts will reduce the possibility of infection. P. carneus Nees. aiso causes a white heart rot of both the ved cedar and arborvite. It has been reported in this State as occurring on dead logs but no doubt is geart rots also parasitic. The disease is characterized by gfaeaspa2™ the formation of pockets or holes containing V#*®: more or less brown charcoal-like rotten wood. in advanced stages these holes frequently unite. It should be treated the same as the preceding. P. obtusus Berk. causes a soft heart rot of certain species of the oak but is not of such great importance here as farther west. It is readily distributed by the oak borer (Prionoxys- tus robinie Peck). It spreads rapidly up and down the trunk and branches causing the heart aK heart wood to become soft, white and brittle and very easily broken in slight storms. The sporophores are hoof- shaped, almost white when young, but changing with age ta a light brown. P. fraxinophilus Pk. is the cause of an im- portant disease of the white ash in the Middle West. It occurs as far east as Albany, New York, but has not been reported from New Jersey. P. squamosus (Huds) Fr. is not common and is known Ash rot. WIAD SHADE TREES. only in the northern part of the United States. It gains entrance to living trees through wounds, causing a white heart rot. It has been reported on maples, oaks, elm, basswood, willow and ash. Polystictus vesicolor (L.) Fr. (see below) is the cause of a soft heart rot of the catalpa. The disease starts in the center of the trunk or branch, causing the wood to turn pale and finally a straw yellow color. The diseased wood becomes soft and pithy and easily broken. The disease can usually Guanes be recognized by the holes which are formed heart ret where diseased branches have been broken off. Trees in the open are not so likely to be attacked as those grown in crowded conditions which result in the natural dying of the lower branches. White rot. Treatment. Careful pruning and treatment of wounds will prove ample protection for shade and ornamental trees. Sap Rors. The sap rots are the cause of considerable losses, and al- though it is impossible to draw a sharp line of distinction between those which are parasitic and those whicli are sapro- phytic, the majority of the sap rot fungi must be considered primarily saprophytes. Among the most important are the following: The sap rot caused by the fungus (Polystictus versicolor (L.) Fr.) is a true saprophyte, except on the Catalpa (see above), and attacks cut and fallen timber of many kinds. Hynes Although more of a saprophyte than a para- posts, poles site, the wide distribution and great abundance of this fungus demands that it should receive some attention in this publication. It is especially destruc- tive on railroad ties, posts and poles. It grows in the sap wood, causing a decay and eventually forming its charac- DiIsEASES OF SHADE AND Forest TREEs. 113 teristic thin, tough, leathery, shelving sporopheyes. (Tig. 42.) They are variable in size, frequently very numerous and overlapping. The upper surface is marked with con- Fig. 42. Polystictus versicolor on dead bark. (From Report of Penn. Forestry, 1902, Plate XXII.) eentrie zones of various colors while the under surface is usually white. The pores of the under surface, within which the spores are borne, are very small and regular. Another sap rot is caused by Polystictus pergamenus Fr. It is usually found on dead trees and is quite common on trees that have been injured by fire. It also occurs on living 8 114 SHADE TREES. oaks, red gum, maples, birch, chestnut, hickory, inlip, poplar, Attaehoin,, Dlack cherry, beech; willox s and others, especi- sure dices ally those that have been injured, and is widely distributed throughout North America. How- ever, 1t has been questioned whether this fungus ever occurs on the living parts of trees. The general appearance of the decay is very similar to that caused by P. versicolor. (Fig. 42.) The fruiting bodies are leathery, generally white when young but growing gray with age, the upper surface slightly hairy and the lower surface purplish; the pores are small and tend to produce a ragged surface with age. Treatment. Protection from injury and the proper care of wounds will practically prevent the occurrence of this disease. P. betulinus (Bull) Fr. is the cause of a sap rot on several species of birch and other trees, but whether parasitic or saprophytie is a disputed point. The same is true of P. fomentarius (1) Fr. Fomes applanatus (Pers.) Wallr., one of the most con- spicuous of our shelving fungi is said to cause a sap rot disease on ecttonwoods. However, on most trees it must be considered purely saprophytic. There are a large number of other sap rots Ieee ota due to a number of species of fungi occurring on many species of trees. Most of them are saprophytic, but some of them are or may become parasitic, especially on trees which are weakened from other causes. 3. DISEASES OF THE ROOTS. The diseases of roots are very imperfectly understood. They may be due to unfavorable soil conditions, or to fungi, or to beth. Probably the most important of these diseases is the rot due to the fungus Armillaria mellea (Vahl.) Que- DisrAses oF SHADE AND Forest TREEs. 115 let, which is widely distributed throughout North Ameriea. The tungus usually gains entrance through wounds, but some authorities claim that it will Commen attack uninjured roots. It causes a decay of the roots, thus eutting off the supply of water and food from the soil and eventually causing the death of the tree. In the roots and surrounding soil will be found the so-called “shoc strings’—hard black strands of the fungus which branch and interlace, draw nourishment from the decaying Fig. 45. Armillaria mellea. Parasitic on the roots of many trees. (Courtesy of New York Botanic Garden.) wood, and finally give rise to the fruiting bodies. The fruit- ing bodies, a form of mushroom (Fig. 43) appear to grow from the soil, are honey colored, the upper surface viscid and specked with white; the gills of the lower surface white and giving off great quantities of spores; the stems are swollen at the base and have a distinct ring below the umbrella shaped top. Treatment. Newly cleared land in which this disease is prevalent shouid not be set to trees of any kind. When the disease 116 SHADE TREES. becomes abundant there is no successful method of control. Diseased trees should be burned, but it is not sefe to plant young trees in the same soil. GAS. Hlinminating gas escaping from defective pipes impregnates the soil, poisons the roots and causes the death of trees. The remedy for this is evi- dent, but in replanting it is frequently necessary to remove the soil from a considerable area and refill with a fresh supply from outside sources. (See page 28.) Gas injury. 4. DISEASES DUE TO ENVIRONMENT. Plants respond readily to their surroundings, and (in a state of nature, undisturbed by man) the best growths will always be found where the surroundings are most favorable. The most important natural factors which influence the erowth of plants are soil, water and temperature. The soil may be unfavorable to plant growth owing to the lack, or Improper preportions, of food substances; or it may be too shallow or may not hold the proper amount of water. The water content of the soil is an important factor, varying with the requirements of the various species of plants. The amount of water that may be unfavorable for a tree will fre- quently be favorable for the organisms of disease. Tem- perature is also an important factor, both as causing direct injuries which may retard the growth of trees or cause their death, and by making it possible for fungi and other destruc- tive organisms to gain entrance. Smoke, gases, etce., are also the causes of many injuries and heavy losses. When trees stand close together, the ef- fects of smoke and free gases are first noticed in the tops, but in single trees the injuries may be distributed through- out the crown. As in eases of poisoning by illuminating gas (page 29), the first symptoms are discoloration of the young DiskAses OF SHADE AND Forrest TREEs. lelees leaves tollowed by slow dying, reduction in ihe rate of growth of the twigs and, in fact, of the tree generally. Eventually the twigs die and finally the branches and trunks. The different kinds of trees show varying degrees of re- sistance and, therefore, trees in the vicinity of furnaces, smelters, mills, ete., will not show an equal degree of injury from the central point; some species of trees at considerable distances from the course of smoke and gas may be killed while other species very near may continue to live for many vears. “The order of susceptibility, beginning with the trees most easily killed, is as follows: * “White pine (Pinus slrobus L.), Hemlock (Tsuga sp.), Serub pine (Pinus virginana Mill.), Pitch pine (Pinus rigida Muill.), Chestnut oak (Quercus prinus L.), Hickory (/Ticoria sp.), Blaek-jack (Quercus marilandica Muench.), Wiuite oak (Quercus alba L.), Post oak (Quercus minor (Marsh.) Sargent), Chestnut (Castanea dentata (Marsh. ) Borkh.), Spanish oak (Quercus digitata (Marsh.) Sud- worth), Searlet oak (Quercus coccinea Muench.), Tulip pop- lar (Liriodendron tulipifera L.), Maple (Acer sp.), Black oum (Nyssa sylvatica Marsh. ).” Treatment. The injuries are greatest to leeward of the prevailing winds. They can be overcome in a great measure by the construction of tall smokestacks which will carry the in- jurious gases into the higher strata of air. Devices for con- densing the gases, such as passing through water, have been used with some degree of success. There is no satisfactory treatment so long as trees are exposed to the abnormal en- vironments. The causes must be removed. Dust from cement and other establishments has also proved to be the cause of some injuries. When cement dust settles *Taken from Bulletin No. 149, Bureau of Plant Industry, U. 8S. Department of Agriculture. Diseases of Deciduous Forest Trees. Herman Von Shrenk and Perley Spaulding. 118 SHADE TREES. on the folage, and is wet by the rains it “sets” and shuts out the light to some extent and reduces the working effici- ency of the plant. 5. OTHER DISHASES. eee “Damping off” is one. of the most destrue- DISEHS es tive diseases of very young plants, especially coniferous trees. It is due to fungi which are semi-sapro- phytic in habit, living in wet, decaying organic matter, especially in manure. These organisms become especially active under the warm, moist conditions which are favorable for the germination of the seeds and for the growth of the young plants. The fungi attack these seedlings at the sur- face of the ground causing them to wilt, fall over and die. The fungi continue to live on the dead plants and spread to the living seedlings. The disease is especially prevalent in seed beds and in nature where the plants are growing in crowded conditions. These diseases are responsible in a great measure for the difficulties in growing coniferous seed- lings and other nursery stock in America. Treatment. The “damping off” fungi can be controlled to some extent in various ways. Qne of the most common practices is that of burning a large quantity of vegetable material on the surface of the bed before planting. Formalin disfection of the soil is also used extensively. By this method the beds are thoroughly prepared and then drenched with a formalin solution (1 part commercial formalin to 150 to 200 parts water) using three or four quarts to each square foot of bed surface. The beds should then be covered with burlap for 24 hours and after that thoroughly aired for about a week. In some eases it may be necessary to make two or three ap- plications, dependent on the character of the soil. This DISEASES OF SHADE AND Forrest TREES. 119 treatment must be used with care, as it will sometimes re- duce the germinating power of the seeds. Insects ave the cause of many diseases, among the most interesting of which are the cecidia or galls. These ab- normal growths occur on roots, stems, leaves, flowers and fruits and are due to insect injuries, in most cases the insects making their homes for a considerable part of their lives within the galls. Some of them are very im- |. jurious, but most of those occurring on trees often are considered of little importance. However, individual plants are frequently so seriously aifected as to mar their beauty and no doubt reduce their vitality. The ereat regularity of shape, color and markings »f these galls will always make them objects of great interest to both scientist and layman, and future studies will probably prove them to be the cause of greater injuries than we now at- tribute to them. Fortunately, owing to the migratory char- acter of the insects, most species of insect galls do not occur two or more years In succession on the same trees. Some few species can be sprayed to advantage with insecticides, but in most cases where the pests become troublesome it will be found necessary to prune and destroy the diseased parts before the insects emerge. Abnormal structures are also formed as a result of fungus, bacterial and mechanical injuries. Animal injuries of various kinds are frequently the open- ines by which fungi and other organisms of disease gain entrance to the host plants. Insects, birds, squirrels and other animals are also the distributers of many . : : . Injuries diseases by making wounds and carrying the premote organisms from place to place. Storms also oe hae aid in the work of destruction by breaking branches and thus causing wounds which immediately become sources of infec- tien. 120 SHADE |'RERS. METHODS OF CONTROL. it will be readily seen that the treatment of trees must be primarily protective, rather than curative. 1t is impos- ee AN sible to use orchard methods in the forests and better than — frequently impractical to use such methods on pee shade and ornamental trees. Good forestry practice in the forest and proper care of shade and orna- mental trees will greatly reduce the ravages of many of these ciseases. The heart and sap rots usually (probably always) origi- nate with wounds through which the organisms gain en- trance. Of course not all wounds give rise to diseases any mere than all wounds of human beings and lower animals Sree give rise to blood poisoning, but all wounds anduige must be looked upon as points where infections are likely to occur and therefore as sources of danger. Frequent inspection of shade and ornamental trees, the cutting out of broken branches, proper pruning, and the care of all wounds are important factors in preserving the beauty and contributing to longevity. (See page 26.) De- caying wood forms a most excellent garden for many fungi which are both saprophytic and parasitic in habit. It should always be removed and burned. Spraying may be practiced to some extent for foliage dis- eases on shade and ornamental trees, especially small ones. Among the most important of the spraying mixtures is lime- sulphur which is used extensively for seale insects. It is also a fungicide and will reduce the organisms that winter on the stems and trunk. Bordeaux mixture is the old and _ reliable fungicide and can be used on most trees for foliage diseases. However, it is unsafe for some trees and has the disadvantage of discoloring the parts to which it is applied. Where the discolorations are undesirable, the am- moniacal-copper-carbonate solution ean frequently be used to Spraying mixtures, Disnases oF SuapE anpd Forest Trees. 121 advantage. Potassium sulphide solution is a very useful remedy where it is desirable to protect ornamentals against pewdery mildews and other superficial fungi. FUNGICIDES. Bordeaux Mixture. Coppemsculliphatems as war eee 2 to 5 pounds Mune Ini Sao. coo sors |S tO © JoOoEdals AWialliene Spas aeons crows mtn cer 50 gallons 5S This is one of the oldest and most reliable fungicides known. The lime is to prevent certain injuries which might otherwise arise from the use of copper sulphate and the amount should always be slightly in excess of the amount of the copper sulphate. The copper sulphate is dissolved in a small quantity of water by suspending the crystals in a bag at the surface. The lime is slacked in a small quantity of water. Hach mixture is then diluted to 25 gallons and the two are poured together. The copper sulphate may be dis- solved, and the lime slacked, and the two kept as stock for dilution and use as needed but the mixture will not keep after being poured together. The strength of Bordeaux mix- ture varies with the character of the foliage of the plants to be treated, since the foliage of many tender plants will be injured by it. Copper Sulphate. One pound of copper sulphate dissolved in 25 gallons of water makes an excellent winter spray but cannot be used on plants when in foliage. Lime-Sulphur. This mixture has come into general use as a winter spray and has largely superseded copper sulphate since it serves as both a fungicide and an insecticide. The commercial prod- 1292 SHADE TREES. uct used in the proportion of 1 gallon to 10 gallons cf water is very satisfactory, but cannot be used on foliage. For trees in leaf a mixture of 1 gallon in 80 gallons of water is as strong as is safe. This mixture can be made at home according to the formula given in our State and government publications, but most people find it more satisfactory to use the commercial product. Ammonia-copper-carbonate mixture. @oppermcarbomatee me ris en ar 6 OZ. amma (AS? 1Beenvitas) 0 oo 6 oo 5 Son) B) JOU. AAUP Ray Dee wraties tegmental set nieniaee auciiontate 50 gal. Dissolve the copper carbonate in the ammonia and dilute with water. This mixture has the advantage of not dis- coloring the foliage. It is rather unreliable and should be used with care and always tested on a single plant, or smal) part of a plant, before general application. Potassium sulphide. Potassium sulphide (liver of sulfur), 34 to 11 lbs. Water aya cenese ral ee remanent neal 0) 0) CORN This treatment is very successful on the surface-growing fungi, such as the mildews, but of no value on the more vigorous parasites. Sprayers. Spraying pumps and machines are easily obtained of any seed house. For information regarding forms and sizes see page 88. DISEASES OF SHADE AND Forrst TREES. 1Ds A LIST OF PUBLICATIONS ON THE CARE OF SHADE TREES. Shade Trees in Towns and Cities. Win Solotaroff. John Wiley & Sons, New York City. Tree Pruning. A. Desears. John Wilson & Son, Cam- bridge, Mass. Landscape Gardening as Applied to Home Decoration. Samuel T. Maynard. John Wiley & Sons, New York City. Care of Trees. B. HK. Fernow. Henry Holt & Co., New York City. The Pruning Book. WU. H. Bailey. The Macmillian Co., New York City. Concerning Insects Alone. Economic Entomology. John B. Smith. J. B. Lippin- eott Co., Philadelphia. Manual for the Study of Insects. John Henry Comstock. Comstock Pub. Co., Ithaca, N. Y. American Insects. Vernon L. Kelloge. Henry Holt & Co., New York City. Insects Affecting Park and Woodland Trees, 2 Vol. E. P. Felt. New York State Musewm Memoir 8. N. Y. State Edueation Dept., Albany. Concerning Plant Diseases. Fungus Diseases of Plants. B. M. Duggar. Ginn & Co., Boston. Text Book of the Diseases of Trees. Robert Hartig. Translated from the German by William Somerville and H. Marshall Ward, London, Eng. Diseases of Deciduous Forest Trees. TH. von Schrenk and Perley Spaulding. Bulletin 149 Bureau of Plant Industry, U.S. Department of Agriculture. 24 SHADE TREES. Diseases of Economic Plants. F. L. Stevens and J. G. Hall. Heath & Co., Boston. Diseases of Ornamental Trees. Waven Metcalf. Year Book U. 8. Department of Agriculture, 1907. Diseases of Shade and Ornamental Trees. B. T. Gallo- way and A. F. Woods. Year Book U. S. Department of Agriculture, 1896. The Control of the Chestnut Bark Disease. Haven Met- ealf and J. F. Collins. Farmers’ Bulletin 467 U. S. De- partment of Agriculture. Index. Black-faced figures indicate specific descriptions. PAGES. A. INDEISIOINS ooposecoscouKs 21, 36, 44 Abrasion moulding ........ 36 IN MUG WIRES sacocooavoo0ce6 11 Addi stoy tree) OWES: sae5 5-550 99,117 FICK Oy Ao nie ee eee 14 diseases of ....... 108, 114, 117 insects affecting ...... 83, 84 VOSS thes Riese ae eee 18 ELOY cia acer clavers ie ae ei ee 56 ITOLSesbikeShes eee 21, 36 Horse chestnut ....... 8, 12, 13, 61 CHIRGEISOS OF “sooooducocc 96, 105 I. Improvements, municipal BWMUENOMOENE So cgadoasso000Ks 52 Injuries . .. 21, 26-36, 93, 116, 119 TISCCUS Mae ae 67—91, 106, 119 Insecticides ...... 68, 69, 72-76, 78 80, 81, 83-89 Insects attack weakened LR OS iis evens o cie ete ean 82 Kk. Kerosene emulsion ...... 73, 75, 78 L. TAY Cha srosna hens nl ee ee 3 Mare itreesieeiat come ee ee 3 ILE AN, NOW coooncgodccoacc 36, 54 hawan itreesiien See 53, 56 Lead arsenate, see arsenate of lead. IDGEWEr DONG As clos Gu bode cel oS c 8 MGatNCast yi earache er eee 99 Ee atoCurlasecese nee 98, 107 WeatISpOts) ase cee anes 95, 96 MICE s solani heal gee oe ete 85, 86 Light, influence of upon EGE E Sigh qin staeuRee ee eee 37 THUMM Has choy ake aol ergs ee ete PAT Lime-sulphur ....78, 80, 97, 98, 121 Linden, see basswood. Location of trees........... 17 IU O.CUISi ie shacestensnenatateiesens 9,13, 14, 56, 62 diseases Of sea eee ee 109, 110 insects affecting ....... 14, 83 M. IME EA aKONIE NS Oo imeetis Atase no cleie Bib ac 3 JN ehh oI Key eases cece tec eti 9-12, 38, 43, 63 ash leaf, see box elder. Norway ....... 8, 13, 14, 56, 63 TOG sieyeepe ver are rere 8, 18, 56. 63 Inprx. 12 PAGES Maple— Silver, or white ....... 3}, B85 ie: 14, 49, 56, 6: SMU A 1 tevessci'ec es) sciatenevelueee sie 54 GiISeaSesOf= semen 63, 96, 105 107—109, 112, 114, 117 insects affecting ....... 72-74 76, 78, 82, 85, 86 WETS eireik eae site wereeepee 97, 98 INMISEVEPOCSH ities so cai ote roi 107 INORG e avetek scion Seer cee 27 MIO WHIZ ASIN cooaogonccoo0c 53 INIMG DONEC ALAS oie HoccleeI Bi eorOnCholc Gc 9 Ie INGalinless mine timeless aren 9 NI@PUAISINANEMIE So5gencconce 24, 25, 53 Nursery stock, diseased...... 102 oO. @ aes actiac aos Cece aes 54-56, 64 HOBIE Bi Srewracadeucrerauore idee tuataictene 64 GINOSUAWIE sooccbooacesos 56, 64 1 DWOVSFIUTSHA SS eecio oibid o8 Go G0 6 64 JON Sona oo 8, 13, 14, 38, 54, 56, 64 TE(EX6 Veeuctisl CRORORG ACER EEC ERE one 8, 13, 56, 64 SCamnlet erechemueeser 13, 14, 56, 64 swamp white........... 64 ANID OVI Sakanctcie ci glGrs eicre ena acora 8, 13, 64 diseases of ......... 97, 98, 108 WE), aatale wat, alalét aa7/ insects affecting ....... 68, 69 74, 75, 111 Old trees, treatment of...40, 41, 49 Oyster shell bark louse...... 74 P. PARAS IUCS Stes wonton erveneteccaak sree tee 93 IPEWEIS| ENRON, 555000 68, 69, 72, 76, 85 PP ARViCIINEINESE 4 U5 Temperature, a factor in 78,80, 81, 85587 GUISCHSC Ree ere ane oe 11b | White marked tussock T Op pine: fale ee 40 moth PAibiorose nipscroro olG.oe25\0°o'0 GS Treatment of cavities...... 45 White pine blister rust.. . 1038-105 Tree, falcins! eee ccrs.jecooe AB se | Moule Joumles WENN 260 a0 2 < ea Trees, cultivation of........ 8 Willow Gegooo ooo dance caCoAdS 14 Trees not recommended.... 9,13 diseases of ............ a 99 Trees, what to plant..8, 13, 14, 56 ie 108, 109, os: Abwuliyoy jNOINIENE Sococmo55 8,13, 38,65 | Wind breaks ..............53, 55 iliseasesm of ewe 114,117 Wiener TOWNS! 56 oo 60010000000 35, 36 insects affecting ....... 80 Wires, GISGWPIG sogcccc0c00ce 31-36 Tupelo, see black gum. AR MEE INO Godcocodooce 61, 106 Wood leopard moth ....... 73 U. Wounds ...... 42,44, 47 49, 50, 120 LOfarbkoseraavlieny shay WeeeSo6 546006 12 Y. Vv. 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