mtn adh yh Ki AY Ny, 4, aT! i i it Pak HONS AAR x i ph BAR! ’ iY oi now Oh Heit SR Nats Fata ky ny i Ny ek) Fae ak ROR aL ‘ay? y AMA bah 30) viata tatty h a hay hk ; oe SRA NA ty Wh ees ii Auta ca BA _ Sa cthe KPA?» PIR BY 3 “ heli PAs UN RAMA TTA LAN ie ACNE ase HAAS CONT AES ana nate i aye. - f ‘ ie #9 et Bee Ae u 2, fk yk a, A ol ibe tl re) , ie Ahh SEAWARD Mi, 7 £9 Wiha wltrte Mie Vig aved 6 ba its eK Re Seatee eS pene Sh =e. ee MAN Ban PROS MAUR AW aa ‘ man the 555 PAY ee BARS he tire Oy? 24 ~ — Eman ee aae ; On i b A A Paes | Ramer Pe ’ uA ay ch i: ee a 7 oe 4 i bed ay, te ie : » Oy ETy uae a La PLANTS OF THE PUNJAB. Revised List of Agents for the Sale of Punjab Government Publications. In tHE Unirep Kinepom. ConstaBLeE & Co., 10, Orange Street, Leicester Square, London, W. C. Kercan Pau Trencu, TRUBNER & Co., Limited, 68-74, Carter Lane, E. C., and 25, Museum Street, London, Wa, BERNARD QuarircH, 11, Grafton Street, New Bond Street, London, W. T. Fisoer Unwin, Limited, No. 1, Adelphi Terrace, London, W. C. P. S. Kine anp Son, 2 & 4, Great Smith Street, Westminster, London, Ss. W. ’ ALS. Kine & Co., 65, Cornhill, and 9, Pall Mall, London. GrinpLay & Co., 54, Parliament Street, London, 8. W. W. Tuacxer & Co., 2, Creed Lane, London, E. C. Luzac & Co., 46, Great Russell Street, London, W. C B. H. Brackwett, 50 and 51, Broad Street, Oxford. DeicuHton Bett & Co., Limited, Cam- bridge. Ourver & Boyp, Tweeddale Couwt, Edinburgh. E. Ponsonsy, Limited, 116, Grafton Street, Dublin. On THE CONTINENT. Ernest Leroux, 28, Rue Bonaparte, Paris, France. Martinus Nunorr, The Hague, Hol- land, In Inpia. A. Cuanp & Co., Imperial Book Depét Office, Delhi. Gutas Sincu anpD Sons, Mufid-i-?Am Press, Lahore. Manacer, Punjab Law Book Depét, Anarkali Bazar, Lahore. S. Mumtaz Att & Son, Rafah-i-7Am Press, Lahore (for vernacular publi- cations only). Rama Krisuna & Sons, Book-Sellers and News Agents, Anarkali Street, Lahore. N. B. Marnur, Superintendent and Proprietor, Nazir Kanun Hind Press, Allahabad. D. B. Taraporrvana, Sons & Co., Bombay. THackEer Spink & Co., Calcutta and Simla. NewMaN and Co., Calcutta. R. Campray and Co., Calcutta. Tracker and Co., Bombay. Hiaarmsornam, Limited, Madras. T. Fisner Unwin, Calcutta. V. KazyanaraM Iyer & Co., 189, Hsplanade Row, Madras. G. A. Natesan & Co., Madras. SupprinrenpEnt, American Baptist Mission Press, Rangoon. Jee* = oe 5 ‘ : - gestae Sauna che bh MMe oi he Ry Lay Oin ier haigis iy co Me or, > the ’ Ea y , 4 , o. ce *y re) ote lee ee ier ae Code om at a met: H age Hatt Ny aris F . 4 peaoey as Ha Ae re he at i ae On aa is se ee ae =e Teeny Eee . i aa y . ‘ let ey he eS ee oe ; ans 4 i ce ) - * rd eee oye t RY ah Pvfel t! — i hy aye aiid | pie te an Oi Dee} at nee UE nt Ao oe ed ey oe » ae ’ , art P ; eS 4 y 7 ar | ; taut \, ; Sites Pe «| ia Pas is A ¥ Leaner Si ty CF oer) Te bee | oe) ive re yet ok es et Ree SL PE OT teh a y stent] sh Peceat 1 Cee ie tha to ers Ye uae ey nd aT . bs cas t . i ah Ss. . 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Bi SmraLe fs calle «tel aut SY Sean ha ee ne Bear, ee ter ie REO Chu dh We nh eee bE (apane Ms 3 Went ah ee if re » ae 2 es . pa at e - » : -_- ° . . © ’ 4 a - -* > . - f ia te i» t al = cro > rot ; i a aT . - . ‘ " 5 ; ee - - .: : " ; ‘ a = . as - = ~ ‘ < ‘ ’ Seal - Pa > . y ie , id « be, y . 7 - \ ~ .* a) bed ‘ iio, aie ) ase GLOSSARY. Achene.—The closed fruit-like seed of the Composite. Alternate.—W hen a leaf has no leaf at the same level on the cpposite side of the stem or branch it is called Alternate. Anther.—See Stamen. Berry.—A fruit fleshy or pulpy throughout surrounded by a skin with the seeds immersed in the pulp. Bipinnate.—W hen the secondary as well as the primary divisions of a leaf are pinnate. Peaet.—A scale more or less leaflike situated below the calyx of a flower or collection of flowers. Bracteo/e.—The bract, which is nearest to the flowers. Calye.—The outer envelope fof the flower, where there are two dissimilar envelopes. Capsule.—A dry seed vessel (fruit) consisting of one or more parts (carpels). Carpel.—One of the component parts of a fruit or seed vessel. Climbers —Plants which throw their weight upon external supports and grow fast, as they do not require to form the fibres for.an erect stem. Compound.—Applied to a leaf when it is divided into one or more leaflets jointed on to one stalk. Cone.—The compound fruit of Pinus and other plants of the conifere (cone bearers) . Corolla.—The inner envelope of the flower, where there are two dissimilar envelopes, usually the most showy part : it may consist of separate petals or united portions (corolla). . Dentate.—Toothed as the margin of a leaf, notched with small triangular processes. Digitate.—A compound leaf is digitate when it has several leaflets radiating from the extremity of the leaf stalk. Drupe.—A fleshy fruit having a stone enclosing the seed or kernel, : Epiphyie.—A plant growing upon another without drawing nourishment rom it. Ereet.—Applied to plants which have stems that support their weight without external support. 3 Lxstiputate.—Having no stipules, see Stipules. Fo'hiele.—A several-seeded carpel splitting open along one side only. Fruit.—The seed vessel of any plant, edible or inedible. Head.—A_ collection of small flowers sessile on one base, looking like one flower as in the 4andelion or daisy. il Hert.—A plant which possesses very little woody stem above ground and usually dies down in the autumn or after flowering, and is annual or perennial. Kecl. ~The two more or less combined petals, forming together an angle as in the Pea. Laneeolate-—Of leaves nearly ovate, but tapering to both ends, and broadest below the middle. Leafle/s.—The articulated (jointed) primary divisions of a pinnate compound leaf and the secondary divisions of a bipinnate leaf. Ligulate.—Strap-shaped. Linear.—Narrow with almost parallel edges. Lobe.—The division of a leaf, of a leaflet or of a petal. Nut.—A large one-seeded unopening dry fruit. Nutlet.—A small one-seeded dry unopening fruit, or one of the divisions of the fruit of the Boraginacee or Labiate. Oppostte.—When a leaf has one or more leaves at the same level and usually on the opposite side of the branch. Ovate.—.« gg-shaped. Palmate.—Uobed in the shape of a hand. Pappus.—The calyx of the Composit, formed of hairs, bristles or scales. ® Parasite—A plant that grows upon another and derives its nourishment from it. Pervanth.- —The floral envelopes—corolla and calyx, but often used to denote the floral envelope, when the flower possesses only one. Peltate.-- Applied to a leaf when its stalk (petiole) is within the margin. Petals.—The parts of the corolla. Pinnate.—Compound leaves with leaflets arranged like the pinnules of a feather along both sides and at the end of a common stalk are styled pinnate. Pinule or Pinna.—One of the primary divisions of a bipinnate leaf. Raceme.—A collection of flowers, nearly equally stalked and arranged singly along a common stalk. Rhizome—A creeping, generally underground, stem giving off erect stems at intervals. Sepais.—The parts of a calyx. Sessale.—Stalkless. Shrub.—A woody perennial plant of not more than 30 feet in height and much branched down to the level of the ground ; this includes undershrubs. Simple.—Applied to leaves which are undivided. Spadiz.—A spike of flowers enclosed in a leafy bract (spathe). Spathe.—-A leafy bract enclosing a spike of flowers. Spathulate.—Applied to a leaf that is obiong and tapers down into a.stalk. Spike—A collection of sessile flowers on a common simple or branched stalk. ili Spzne.—A sharp woody outgrowth. Sourred.— Having a hollow tubular projection. Stamens.—The male organs consisting of a thread (filament) with a head (anther) containing pollen found within the petals in the flower centre. Sttgma.— See Style. _ Stepules.—Bract-like growths at the base of some leaf stalks, sometimes leafy or spinous. Stipulate having stipules. Stepels.—Secondary stipules, at the base of the leaflets of compound leaves. Styie.—One or more threa:’-like processes in the centre of the flower with a single or divided head (stigma). Tendril.—A twining organ by means of which some plants climb- Tree.—A perennial plant with a woody stem which branches out above and generally grows to more than 30 feet in height. Tube.—The united part of the calyx or corolla. Tuber.—An underground fleshy stem. Unarmed.—Destitute of spines or prickles. Wenged.—Supplied with a leafy or membranous expansion. Swe bites eh ry va, y hit cee ; ‘ Sane”) a cy A a Paw iy! sider Gee 2 oa ‘a a th erry TH oS ; af y , Sivs, “hy MEO i iy Oe Sa she as vy PLL ikl a ieee + rn ee ese se td ; 2 ‘ oT Sas F ae , Ar Oe , FA “ares $37 ats ie oy fe ae hen a ae ue Ht REY yes gr pee me pave aii r De OIE Le SEA OP ‘oe Prayer hata bantit ah Wit dass Ai j ais Se igh Wehr Kapa biry Fite ital: Lares ot py ies age te : : dey “ : i eee ay ae ND yes AMON ih Avivg one ta Seale borin oe > ‘ eu ye oe s ‘ Gk Sal teitt ; i ig a wg eee sp A ade dat | REE oh 9 a wl ilk Fee? : am plan” . 5 , loess a ae meenery , hee & mete te NY Baginy aiy ann tata an che a ateatan Sn a HO) 2 Gore are aah ere are eps Ets Tes Oa ae E j Ay. : a P a - He Ss f : , vt 4 vf ik Rene hoe a peg ; ES hate , ' x r 7 i fee : rs ~ R ¢ & 2 . t au ? “yaa -~ 2 ry 4 ‘— ‘ i > . \ Cha, * 3 . ” # \ AEs, fis, < ~~ th i? ; ave 1 ¥ - : : uae 7 ra -¥ ’ ‘ hate 4 arta : Mf ” ° . “ ¥ ! - ’ * . + * * ° * i ’ * A : " ‘ men's 4 3 Z ay oe : as ~ oN 7 . / 4 . } Plants of the Punjab. ERECT PLANTS. TREES. TrrES wITH OppositE STIPULATE SIMPLE LEAVES. Euonymus tingens, Stephegyne or Mitragyna parvifolia, Kaém. RuBIACES. Hebel ile 2D. The Plains to 4,000 ft. Rohtak. Wendlandia exserta, RuBIACEA. PebT. im. Bf; Himalaya up to 4,000 ft. Sutlej Valley (Collett). Randia dumetorum, Morinda tinctoria, Al, ach. RuBIACES. Beek mt; The Plains, east of the Sutlej river. Ficus hispida, Staphylea Emedi, Nagdaun, marchob. SAPINDACDA. Bob. Lag 698, Himalaya, 6-9,000 ft. Narkunda (Collet). PETALS UNUNITED. see Trees, Opposite, Exstipulate, Simple. PETALS UNITED. medium size, trunk buttressed ; leaves 2-6 in. diam., leathery, variable in shape, ovate or round, tip short- or long-pointed, stipules pale, membranous, large, soon falling off ; flowers white, or light yellow, very small, in round heads 1 in. diam., corolla trumpet-shaped, lobes 5, stamens 5, on the throat of the corolla; capsule 4 in., 100-150 in each head, seeds many, winged, minute. small, young shoots grey woolly; leaves 5-9 in. long, grey woolly on under surface, stipules recurved ; flowers small, white, fragrant, in dense terminal branch- ing racemes, calyx lobes 4-5, persistent, corolla funnel- shaped, lobes 4-5, stamens 4-5; fruit dry, woolly, round, seeds minute, many. see Shrubs, Opposite, Stipulate, Simple. small, branches 4-angled, woolly; leaves 4-8 in. long, pointed at both ends, woolly on both surfaces, stipules sheathing with divided points ; flowers in round heads, white, corolla about i in. long, lobes 4-7, stamens 4-7 ; fruit, 1 in. diam., composed of many drupes joined together. see Shrubs, Opposite, Stipulate, Simple. COMPOUND LEAVES. small, bark spotted and streaked; leaves long stalked, pinnate, two lateral leaflets sessile, terminal one stalked ; flowers white, in long hanging racemes, sepals and petals alike, white, 5, erect, stamens 5; capsule dry, papery, 2-3 in. long, 3-lobed and 3 pointed at the top. B Plants of the Punjab. TREES WITH OppositE ExstrpuLATE SIMPLE LEAVES. Dolichandrone stipulata, BIGNONIACE. BB. av..379. The Plains. Gujranwala, planted, Euonymus tingens, Chopra, Kungku. CELASTRACER. H. Bele 610. Himalaya, 6-10,000 ft. Simia (Collett). Acer oblongum, Maple, Mark. SAPINDACE. Reb 1; 1.693, Himalaya, 2-6,000 ft. Simla, the Glen (Collett). Acer leevigatum, SAPINDACE F, F. B. I. i. 698. Himalaya, 5-9,000 ft. Psidium guyava, Guava, Amrut. MyYRTACES. ESB. 1.1. 468. The Plains to 2 Baluchistan. Eugenia Jambolana, Jaman. MYRTACER. F. B. I. ii. 499. The Plains to Baluchistan, ,000 ft. 5,000 ft. COMPOUND LEAVES. large, branchlets and flowering parts covered with easily separating yellow or brown wool; leaves 1-14 ft. long, leaflets 8-5 pairs; flowers 2-3 in. long, yellow brown, woolly, calyx cleft on one side to the base, corolla tubular, stamens 4, in two pairs facing each other ; capsule 18-24 in. by 1 in., very woolly. PETALS UNUNITED. small; leaves thick, leathery, 1-3 in. long ; flowers 4 in. diam.., yellowish white with Dee veins, calyx lobes 5, fringed, petais 5, Stamens 5; fruit is a capsule, 4 - or 5-lobed, opening to show a red interior in which the Sete are embedded; the capsule is angled. The Inner park yields a yellow ‘dye. The English representa- tive of this genus is Euonymus Europeus, Spindle Tree, usually a shrub. large ; leaves smooth, oblong, 8-6 by 1-2 in. long, . pointed, upper surface dark green, lower white ; flowers in Cae or leaf-bearing lateral clusters, sepals and petals 5, ;1,in. long, stamens 8, smooth ; fruit winged, back of wing st raight. large ; leaves smooth, oblong, 24-5 by 1-2 in., lower surface green; flowers in loose terminal branching racemes, ‘sepals and petals 5, stamens. 5-8, smooth ; fruit winged, wings reddish, back curved. small, -bark smooth, pinkish, peeling off.in flakes ; leaves 3-4 in. long, ovate, principal nerves promi- nent ; flowers large, white, petals ununited, calyx 4-5- lobed, stamens many; fruit 2-3) in. diam., rough skinned, succulent, edible, in the centre a mass of pulp in which many small seeds are embedded, strongly scented, a great favourite raw or cooked. large ; leaves smooth, shining leathery, 3-6 in. long, covered with minute shining dots ; flowers pale green, }-4 in. long, crowded in small round clusters, calyx babe funnel- cep petals united into a hood, stamens in several series; fruit succulent, edible, dark purple when ripe, stone one, It ig used in Indian medicine, Plants of the Punjab. 3 TREES WITH OPPOSITE EXXSTIPULATE SIMPLE LEAVES. Lagerstroemia parviflora, Bakli, dhaura. LYTHRACER. Bet becle me'57 ot The Plaing to 1,000 ft. Lagerstroemia Flos- Regine, Jarul. LYTHRACER. 5 OL 8 el per ema Fs The Plains. Cornus macrophylla, Haleo, kaswr. CoRNACER. He By li. 744: Himalaya, 4-8,000 ft. Simla (Collett). Cornus oblonga, Kagshi, bakar. CoRNACES. F. B. I. i. 744. Himalaya, 4-7,000 ft. Simla (Collett). Cornus capitata, The Strawberry Tree, Tharwar, thes. CoRNACER. Heals Wis 14a: Himalaya, 4-7,000 ft. Simla (Collett). Olea cuspidata, The Olive, Kahu. OLEACER. iS Piped. GL: Himalaya, 2-6,000 ft. Baluchistan (Boissier). Rawalpindi. Salt Range, PETALS UNUNITED. small, bark ash coloured or light brown, smooth, peeling off in flakes ; leaves 2-34 in. long, smooth ; flowers 1 in. across, white, fragrant, sepals 6, petals 6, narrow with a wavy margin, long-stalked, wrinkled, stamens very many and long; capsule attached to woody calyx 2-1 in. long, seeds many, winged at the top, 4 in. long. large ; leaves 4-8 in. long, spines sometimes on the trunks and branches of old trees; flowers 2-3 in. across, mauve, petals long-stalked, wavy ; capsule 14 in. long, seeds winged. large, bark brown, rough ; leaves, sometimes a few alternate, 6-4 in. long, long-pointed; flowers small, in bunches, often 4-5 in. diam., calyx covered with white hairs, petals 3-4, 1 in. long, strap-shaped, stamens 4; fruit round, 4 in. diam., crowned with the remains of the cup-shaped calyx. small, bark reddish brown, rough ; leaves, sometimes a few alternate, 2-6 by 3-14 in., narrowly oblong ; flowers as above ; fruit ovoid, } in. diam., crowned as above. small, bark greyish brown, young branches and leaves rough with short close clinging two-pointed hairs ; leaves opposite, 2-34 by 14 14 in., oblong or ovate ; flowers in heads rounded } in. diam. with four yellowish white bracts 1 by } in., petal-like, calyx teeth 4, reflexed, petals 4, stamens 4; fruit a depressed round strawberry- like head of many minute drupes, one seeded, edible. PETALS UNITED. small, bark thin, peeling in narrow strips when old ; leaves 2-4 in. long, leathery, oblong, tip hard, acute, smooth, shining above, covered beneath by minute red scales ; flowers small, white, in numerous short branch- ing racemes in the axils of leaves, corolla rotate, deeply divided, tube short, lobes 4, stamens 2; drupe 4-4 in. long, ovoid, black when ripe, stone hard, one seeded. 4 Plants of the Punjab. TREES wiTH Opposits ExstrpuLatn Simpun Laavzs. ! PETALS UNITED. Olea glandulifera, medium size, bark rough, branches with lentil- Gulili, phalsh. shaped corky excrescences ; leaves ovate, 4-5 by 14 in., OLEACER. long-pointed, glands on the under surface ; flowers cream eb. Lettie 611, Himalaya, 2-6,000 ft. Ligustrum compactum, Salvadora persica, Salvadora oleoides, Carissa carandas, Holarrhena antidysenterica, Kura. APOCYNACER. F. B. I. i. 644. Himalaya to 3,500 ft. Valleys below Simla (Collett). Wrightia tomentosa, Dudh. APOCYNACEA. F. B. I. iii. 658. The Plains to 2,000 ft. The Ridge, Delhi. Tecoma undulata, Rohira, lahura. BIGNONIACER. F. B. I. iv. 878. The Plains to 8,000 ft. Baluchistan (Stocks). coloured in terminal or lateral branching racemes 2-3 in. long, corolla deeply divided ; drupe 34-3 in. long, ovoid, acute at the top, black when ripe, stone as the last. see Shrubs, Opposite, Exstipulate, Simple. see Shrubs, Opposite, Exstipulate, Simple. see Shrubs, Opposite, Exstipulate, Simple. see Shrubs, Opposite, Exstipulate, Simple. small, bark rough brown, peeling off in irregular flakes ; leaves 6-12 by 2-5 in., smooth; flowers white or cream colour, scented, 1-14 in. across in large bunches 3-6 in. diam., calyx 5-lobed, petals united in a tube, stamens 5 at the base of the tube; fruit of two distinct follicles, 8-16 by 1-3} in. in-cueved covered with white dots, seeds many, } in. long, linear crowned with hairs, 13-2 in. long, brownish yellow. The powdered bark cures chronic dysentery. small, bark corky ; leaves 3-6 by 14-3 in., long- pointed, woolly often on both surfaces, always on the under surface ; flowers pale yellow, 1 in. across in large bunche:, petals united in a tube, round flat on top, scales within, stamens 5, at the top of the tube converg- ing ; fruit of two united follicles with two grooves, 8-12 by 3-2 in., straight, seeds many, 4 in. long with white silky hairs at the lower end. small ; leaves 3-5 by 4-1 in., narrowly oblong, margin wavy, blunt tip; flowers 2-8 in. long, orange, in few flowered clusters, on lateral branches, calyx 4 in. long, lobes 5, blunt, corolla 14 to 2 in. long, tubular, lobes 5, round, stamens 4, in pairs, opposite to each other, within the corolla ; capsule, linear, 8 by 4 in., slightly curved, seeds thinly discoid, with wing 1 by 4 in., wing very narrow round the top. Plants of the Punjab. ‘ TREES WITH OpposiTE ExsTIPULATE SIMPLE LEAVES. Tectona grandis, Teak, Saigun. VERBENACEA. eb. loive5 70. The Plains. Gmelina arborea, Kumhar. VERBENACES. HB. Ly iy. 58 The Plains to 2,000 ft. Cinnamomun Tamala, Dalechini. LAURINACEA, PBs ke v.28. Himalaya, 3-5,000 ft. Elzeagnus hortensis, Buxus sempervirens, Cupressus torulosa, Cypress, Devidar. CoNIFERA. Pi.bale ws G45. Himalaya, 5,500-8,000 ft. PETALS UNITED. large, branchlets 4-angled, felted with star-shaped hairs ; leaves 12 by 8 in., wedge-shaped at both ends, felted beneath, ovate, stalk 1 in. long; flowers whitish blue, small, numerous in terminal branching racemes 18 in. diam., calyx small, large in fruit, corolla 1 in. long, 5-lobed ; drupe % in. diam., hairy, 4-celled, bony. A fine timber tree. large, bark grey, smooth, peeling in flakes, branch- lets with white specks; leaves 4-8 by 8-6 in., broad, ovate, hollowed at the base, pointed, velvety beneath, stalk 8-6 in. long ; flowers 1-14 in. long, tubular, 2-lipped, brownish yellow in terminal branching racemes, calyx x in., corolla lobes 5-4, stamens 4; drupe ovoid, 3-1 in. long, skin leathery yellow, succulent, edible, stone 2-4- celled, seeds oblong. The bark and seeds are used medicinally. PETALS NONE. leaves both opposite and alternate, sometimes on the same twig, 4-6 by 14-24 in., smooth, shining above, pointed, pink when young; flowers white, 1-4 in. long, in branching yacemes, aS long as the leaves, calyx lobes 6, unequal, silky, petals none, stamens 9 in 8 series ; drupe 4 in. long, ovoid, succulent, black when ripe, sup- ported by the thickened stalk and 6-toothed calyx. The bark is used instead of true cinnamon. see Trees, Alternate, Exstipulate, Simple. see Shrubs, Opposite, Exstipulate, Simple. large with pyramidal crown and drooping branch- lets, branches spreading, outline of tree narrowly conical ; leaves scale-like, triangular, overlapping, catkins ter- minal, cylindrical, with opposite target-shaped scales with 2-6 anther scales near the edge ; fruit round, head of scales closed, open when ripe, seeds + in., with round wing. Plants of the Punjab. TrHES witH Opposite ExstipuLATE Lopnp LEAVES. Acer caesium, SAPINDACES. F. B. I. 1. 695. Himalaya, 7-10,000 ft. Acer villosum, SAPINDACE. FF. B.1. 1. 695. Himalaya, 7-9,000 ft. Acer caudatum, SAPINDACE. F. B. 1.1. 695. Himalaya, 7-11,000 it. Acer pictum, @'alpattar. SAPINDACE. F. B. I. i. 696. Himalaya, 4-6,000 ft. Acer pentapomicum, The Maple, SAPINDACER. F. B. I. i. 693. Himalaya, 3-4,000 ft. PETALS UNUNITED. large; leaves 5-lobed, palmate, 33-7 by 4-8 in., stalks 23-64 in. long ; flowers in long bunches arranged along a stalk which is nearly as long as the leaves and appear after them, male and female or different trees, petals small, cream coloured. large ; leaves 5-lobed, 34-10 in. diam., stalks 2-5 in. ; flowers in long bunches, branched and hairy, and appear- ing before leaves and shorter than the leaves, petals 5, short, white ; fruit with wings slightly curved. large ; leaves 5-lobed, lobes narrowed into long tail- like tips ; flowers on short-stalked bunches and appear- ing with the leaves, sepals oblong, whitish, petals shorter than sepals, stamens 4-6 ; fruit smooth, wings pink, back moderately curved. small; leaves 5- to 7-lobed, 23-53 by 23-64 in., stalks 1-44 in., lobes lanceolate; flowers in long- stalked bunches appearing with the leaves, sepals #5 in. long, oblong, petals equal to sepals in length, stamens 8, short ; fruit differs from all the above by the wings diverging in nearly a straight line. _ PETALS NONE. large, twigs grey or reddish; leaves 3-lobed, 14-4 by 24-6 in., pale on both sides, stalks 13-4 in., calyx 4-5 toothed, petals none, stamens 8; fruit smooth, wings with back nearly straight. TREE3 WiTH OpposiTtE ExstTIPULATE COMPOUND LEAVES. #Eseulus Hippocastanum, Horse Chestnut, SAPINDACER. BB. 1.4, 675. Himalaya, 4-10,000 ft. PETALS UNUNITED. large, bark stripping in long pieces, buds scaly ; leaves digitately compound, stalks 4-6 in. long, leaflets 5-9, 8-12 by 24-4 in., the middle one largest oblong, long-pointed, toothed ; flowers white, 1 in. long, irregu- lar, in small velvety clusters arranged in erect terminal pyramidal branching racemes 12-15 in. long, calyx tubular, 5-lobed, petals 4, stalked, white, yellow and red streaks, 2 petals narrow, stamens 7 ; capsule prickly, brown ovoid, 1-2 in. diam. with 1-3 seeds, rounded, dark brown with a greyish scar on one side. Plants of the Punjab. 7 TREES WITH Opposite ExstTipuLATE Compounp LEAVES. Aesculus indica, Indian Horse Chestnut, Gun, torjaga, hane. SAPINDACER. Bees. P17. 675. Himalaya, 4-10,000 ft. Simla, Narkanda (Collett). Fraxinus floribunda, Angu, hum, tunnu. OLEACES, ee. Ems 60D: Himalaya, 5-9,000 ft. Millingtonia hortensis, Indian Cork tree, Akas Nim. BIGNONIACE. SBS koiv. S17: The Plains, planted. Oroxylum indicum, Mulin, tatmorang. BIGNONIACES. BB. foiv. 378. The Plains to 3,000 ft. Valleys below Simla (Collett). Fraxinus excelsior, Common ash, Sum, kum. OLEACE. Ff. Botin..606. Himalaya, 4-9,000 ft. PETALS UNUNITED. is very like the last species, but the leaflets are smaller and the capsule is smooth. PETALS UNITED. large, bark grey, smooth on young stems, deeply furrowed on old ; leaves odd pinnate, midrib 5-8 in. long, leaflets opposite, 5-9, 8-5 by 1-3 in. long, pointed, tooth- ed ; flowers small, white, in clusters on a large branch- ing terminal raceme 6-8 in. long, calyx minute, 4-toothed, petals 4, stamens 2; a winged dry nut, one-seeded, 1-14 in. long. Manna exudes from the bark by incision. large, towering, branches drooping, bark corky ; leaves 2-3 ft. long, 2-3-pinnate, leaflets 2-3 in., ovate- lanceolate, long-pointed ; flowers white, scented, on terminal branching racemes 10 by 6 in., calyx ;; in., teeth 5, corolla tube 2-3 by 4, in., mouth 1 in. diam., lobes 5, nearly equal, ovate, stamens 4, slightly pro- truding ; capsule 12 by ?in., pointed at both ends, seeds with wing 1 by 3 in. discoid. A fine avenue tree. medium size, bark soft, corky, branches few ; leaves 2-3-pinnate, 4-6 ft. diam. pinne 38-4 pairs, pinnules 3-4-foliolate, leaflets 3-5 by 2-81 in., broad ovate, long- pointed ; flowers dark red, odour bad, large, fleshy in loose terminal racemes, ma‘n stalk 2-3 ft., calyx 1 in. long, leathery, hardly toothed, corolla bell-shaped, 2-3 in. long, lobes 5, stamens 5, 4 nearly equal, 5th shorter ; capsule 15-30 by 2-4 in., flat, like a scabbard, seeds discoid with papery wing, 2-3 in. across. The bark is used as an astringent. PETALS NONE. large ; leaves odd pinnate, leaflets 8-11, 4 by 12 in., sessile, long-pointed, toothed; flowers in short raceme, clustered at tips of branches, appearing before the leaves, no sepals or petals, stamens 2, short ; a winged dry nut, 1-14 in. long, one-seeded. Plants of the Punjab. TREES wiTH Opposite ExstrpuLATE CompouND LEAVES. Fraxinus xanthoxyloides, Hanuz, shangal. OLEACER. F. B. I. iii. 606. Himalaya, 3-9,000 ft. Baluchistan (Boissier). PETALS NONE. small ; leaves odd pinnate, leaflets 7-11, 2 by 3 in., not long-pointed, teeth small ; flowers in very short dense clusters, brown from woolly bracts, no calyx im some flowers, petals none ; fruit as in the last species. TREES WITH ALTERNATE STIPULATE SIMPLE LEAVES. Bixa Orellana, Arnatto, Latkan. BIxNE. eB: f.1..190. The Plains. Shorea robusta, Sal. DIpTEROCARPES. Pe, 1.306, Kangra Valley, Himalaya to 3,000 ft., east of the Sutlej river. Kydia ealycina, Grewia oppositifolia, Behel. TILIACEAS. FB. I. 1. 884. Himalaya to 7,000 ft. Baluchistan (Lace). PETALS UNUNITED. small, evergreen, young shoots rusty velvety ; leaves 4-8 by 24-5 in., smooth, long-pointed, stalk 2-3 in., slender, stipules minute; flowers white or pink, 2 in. diam., in terminal branching racemes, sepals 5, petals and stamens many; fruit 13 m., ovoid, softly prickly, seeds many in pulp. From this an orange dye is extracted. large, young parts with greyish velvet, bark thick, dark grey, rough from irregular furrows ; leaves 6-10 by 4-6 in., ovate-oblong, long-pointed, smooth, stalk 1 in. long, stipules curved, 4 m. long, soon falling off ; flowers yellowish, shortly stalked im branching terminal or axillary loose racemes, 5-9 in. long, covered with greyish velvet, calyx and outside of petals with greyish velvet, petals 54 in. long, orange within, tapering up- wards, stamens 50; fruit ovoid, } in. long, with greyish velvet attached to the enlarged sepals, which form 5 unequal wings, seed one. Wood and resin are valuable. see Trees, Alternate, Stipulate, Lobed. medium size, bark ash coloured, herbaceous parts more or less with stellate hairs; leaves 8 in. long in two rows alone branches, ovate, long-pointed, minutely toothed, rough above, velvety beneath, stalks 4 in., stipules more than 4 in., linear, soon falling off ; flowers in short clusters, opposite to leaves, white to yellow, sepals 5, linear, 3 in. long, 8-ribbed on the back, petals 5, half the length of the sepals, stamens many ; drupe smooth or thinly hairy, fleshy, dark green, 1 to 4- lobed, nuts one-celled, one-seeded, size of peas. Plants of the Punjab. “§ TREES WITH ALTERNATE STIPULATE SIMPLE LEAVES. Grewia vestita, or asiatica, Phalsa, Daman. TILIACEA. Peas. 1d: 384. Salt Range, the Plains to 4,000 ft. Baluchistan (Boissier). Ilex dipyrena, Himalayan Holly, Kanderu. ILIcINE. iH. Bd bone o99: Himalaya, 5-8,000 ft. Simla (Collett). Ilex odorata, Inicinna. BS Beil, 13599. Himalaya, 3-6,000 ft. Valleys below Simla (Collett). Zizyphus Jujuba, Ber. RHAMNER. abs 6s2: The Plains to 6,000 ft. Simla (Collett). Baluchistan (Stocks). Zizyphus vulgaris, Berchemia floribunda, PETALS UNUNITED. small, herbaceous parts covered with yellowish velvet ; leaves 3-6 in. long, round or broadly ovate, round to long pointed at the apex, somewhat lobed, woolly cn both surfaces, less so when mature, stalks 3-2 in. long, stipules curved, often with a broad base ; flowers 3 in. diam., in clusters of 3, axillary, buds woolly, ribbed, sepals 5, brown woolly outside, yellow smooth inside, petals 5, half the length of sepals, oblong, yellow, stamens many; drupe round, 2 in. diam., partially 2-lobed with 1 to 2 _ one-celled nuts. The fruit is eaten. This plant is kept lopped in gardens level with the ground, only long annual fruit bearing shoots are allowed to grow. medium size, branches thick, young shoots slightly hairy ; leaves 3-4 in. long, dark green, shining, leathery, spinous-toothed, without spimes when old, stipules minute ; flowers } in. diam., whitish green in short round axillary clusters, sepals 4, petals 4, stamens 4; drupe 4 in. diam., round, scarlet, stones usually 2, deeply grooved. small, branches thinner than those of the last species ; leaves 5-7 or even 9 in. long, not spinous but minutely toothed, stipules minute; flowers } in. diam., white in defse short axillary clusters, sepals 4, petals 4, stamens 4, much longer than the petals ; drupe + in. diam., round, black, stones 4, 3-angled. small, thorny, bark dark grey, inside reddish, young parts with densely greyish brown velvet ; leaves 1-4 in. long, ovate, nearly round, dark green and smooth above, grey velvety beneath, stipules of one straight spine or two spines, one of them short and curved back ; flowers greenish-yellow in short axillary nearly sessile clusters, petals 5, bent down, stalked, concave, stamens 5 ; drupe $-? in. long, ovoid or round, orange to red when ripe, stone 2-celled, bony, edible, widely cultivated. see Shrubs, Alternate, Stipulate, Simple. see Climbing Plants, Alternate, Stipulate, Simple. 10 Plants of the Punjab. TREES WITH ALTERNATE STIPULATE SimpLe LEAVES. Rhamnus dahuricus, or virgatus, Indian Buckthorn, Chato, kanjt. RHAMNER. BBL. 1. 689. Peshawar, Himalaya, 4,500-9,000 ft. Hovenia dulcis, Chamhun, sicka. RHAMNE. ¥F. B. 1.1. 640. Himalaya, 3-6,500 ft. Bauhinia retusa, Kural, kandla. LEGUMINOSH#. Bb. 1.14. 279. Himalaya to 4,000 ft. Valleys below Simla (Collett). Prunus Amygdalus, The Almond, Badam. RosacEm. HID. 1.0103 The Plains to 10,000 ft. Baluchistan (Lace). Prunus persica, The Peach, Aru. ‘Rosacez. H.3, 1. 0,018. The Plains to 10,000 ft. Baluchistan (Hughes-Buller). PETALS UNUNITED. small, much branched, shoots abort and the end becomes dry, hard and pointed, thus forming a spine, two lateral shoots grow from below the spine, thus a spine is found in the fork between two branches and leaves clustered on the lower part of the spines, bark dark grey, thin, shining, peeling in rolls; leaves alter- nate, nearly opposite, ?-2 in. long, lanceolate, long-point- ed, stipules soon falling off, lmear, minute ; flowers greenish, in axillary clusters, sepals 4, petals 4, minute, linear, stamens 4; fruit } in. long, ovoid, seated on the persistent calyx, seeds grooved. In China Green Indigo is made from the bark. medium size, trunk straight ; leaves 4-6 by 2-3 in., ovate, long-pointed, in two rows, toothed, woolly beneath, stalk $ in. long, stipules small, soon falling off; flowers white, in terminal and axillary clusters, sepals 5, petals 5, stalked, stamens 5, longer than the petals; fruit } in. diam., round, nearly 3-lobed, 3-celled and 3-seeded, the fruit stalk enlarges, becomes fleshy, tastes like a pear, edible. medium size, bark dark brown, generally scored by diagonal cuts, made to obtain the gum; leaves some- times cleft at the end, 4-6 in. diam., broader than long, velvety beneath, stalk 14-34 in. long ; flowers in terminal branching velvety racemes up to 12 in. long, flowers 4 in. long, pale yellow with purple streaks, petals oblong, 4in., stalked, stamens 10, only 3 perfect ; pod 4-6 by 14 in., flat, reddish, seeds 6-8. small, bark brownish grey, smooth; leaves 3 in. long, oblong-lanceolate, minutely toothed, thin, stalk 4 in. long, with two glands, stipules fringed ; flowers pink, stalked, # in. diam., appear before the leives, petals 5, stamens many, drupe 14 in. long, velvety, opening in two pieces, stone large, flattened, covered with shallow wrinkles and minute holes, seed flattened, long, oval, seed edible. small, bark brownish, rough, branches thick ; leaves 3-5 by 3-14 in., oblong-lanceolate, small teeth, thicker than the last and darker green, stalk $ in., stipules fringed ; flowers 1 in. diam., sessile, dark pink, appear before or with the leaves, petals 5, stamens many ; drupe 1 }-2} in. long, round or flattened, very velvety, not opening in two pieces, fleshy, edible, sweet, green with a tinge of red when ripe, stone deeply and irregularly furrowed, thick. Plants of the Punjab. . 11 Ca aa ee TREES WITH ALTERNATE STIPULATE SimpLE LEAVEs. Prunus Armeniaca, The Apricot, Zurdalu. Rosacea. Bebe bei. 313. Himalaya to 11,000 ft. Baluchistan (Lace). Prunus Avium, The Sweet Cherry or Gean, Rosacea. fb. tag. ole, Himalaya to 8,000 ft. Prunus Cerasus, The Wild Cherry, Gilas, olchi. RosacE&. fel... Sid. Himalaya to 8,000 ft. Prunus Puddum, Padam. Rosacze#. Bee. I. a. ot: Himalaya, 3-6,000 ft. Valleys below Simla (Collett). Prunus communis, Bullace, Alucha. Rosacea. HEB. I. 0. 315. Himalaya, 5-7,000 ft. Baluchistan (Hughes-Buller). PETALS UNUNITED. small, bark light brown; leaves 2-34 in. diam., broad ovate, pointed, minutely toothed, long-stalked, stalk 1-1} in. long, flexible, with two glands, stipules lanceolate ; flowers appearing with or after the leaves, ¢ in. diam., white, shortly stalked, petals 5, stamens many ; drupe yellow, or sometimes black in Kashmir, 1-13 in. long, velvety or nearly smooth, fleshy, not open- ing in two pieces, edible, stone thick with @ prominent thickened grooved margin. small, bark brownish grey, smooth, roots without sprouting shoots; leaves flaccid, drooping, acutely toothed, oblong ovate, broader at the apex, velvety beneath, stalk long with two glands; flowers appear- ing with the leaves, white, long-stalked in clusters, petals 5, spreading, stamens many ; drupe }-} in. diam., round, smooth, shining, sweet or bitter, stone smooth. small, bark brownish grey, smooth, roots with many sprouting shoots ; leaves 2-3 by 1-1} in., ovate, abruptly long-pointed, erect, firm, shining, minutely toothed, smooth beneath, stalk short, without glands ; flowers appearing with the leaves, white, on long slender stalks in clusters of 2-5, petals 5, erect, stiff; drupe i-% In. diam., round, smooth, shining, stone roand, smooth. medium size, bark smooth, brownish grey, peeling in strips ; leaves 8-5 by 1-2 in., ovate, lanceolate, very long-pointed, sharply glandular toothed, smooth, shining, stalk $ in. long with 2-4 glands at the base, stipules long, divided into 8-5 segments, fringed with glands; flowers appearing before the leaves, 1 in. diam., pink fading to white, solitary or in small clusters towards the ends of branchlets, petals 5, stalked, oblong, obtuse, stamens many ; drupe ovoid, 4-2 in. long, flesh scanty, yellow or reddish, acid, stone wrinkled and furrowed. small, branching from below, with or without thorns ; leaves 3-4 in. long, ovate, lanceolate, short- pointed, finely toothed ; flowers 1 in. diam., appear- ing with the leaves, white or pinkish on long stalks, solitary or in pairs, petals 5, stamens many ; drupe 1 in., round or ovoid, drooping, smooth, with bloom, yellow or black, stone flattened, smooth. 12 Plants of the Punjab. TREES WITH ALTBRNATE STIPULATE SIMPLE LEAVES. Prunus Padus, Bird Cherry, Jamoi. Rosacez&. (Se 5 eed RES Himalaya, 6-9,500 ft. Simla (Collett). Eriobotrya japonica, Loquat, Lokat. Rosacea. WS. En. O72, The Plains. Pyrus Malus, Apple, Seo. RosacEm. PB. 1. 0.378. The Plains to 9,000 ft. Baluchistan (Hughes-Buller). Pyrus baccata, Siberian Crab, Liu, choda. Rosacha. i, 6.4. il. ao. Himalaya, 6-10,000 ft. Pyrus communis, Pear, Nashpati. RosacEa. F. B. I. ii. 374. Himalaya, 2-8,000 ft. Baluchistan (Lace). PHTALS UNUNITED. medium size, bark rough, dark grey or brown, young parts somewhat velvety ; leaves 4-6 by 1-24 in., oblong-lanceolate, long-pointed, closely toothed, red before falling, midrib red, stalk 1-14 in. long, stout, red, a pair of glands at apex, stipules linear, membran- ous, soon falling; flowers white, 4-1 in. diam., in drooping many flowered axillary and terminal racemes which are 4-6 in. long, petals 5, concave, stamens many ; drupe, size of a pea, round, acid, red turning to black, stone thick, rugged. small, branches and branchlets thick ; leaves 6-8 by 14-3 in., leathery, stiff woolly beneath, stalk thick, woolly, stipules broad or lanceolate ; flowers white, $ in. diam., crowded in thick stiff woolly racemes, petals 5, broad, ovate; berry round or ovoid, 14-2 in. long, yellow, fleshy, edible, seeds 2-5, angled, brown, smooth. This tree is much cultivated for its fruit. leaves 2-8 in., ovate, smooth above, woolly beneath, leaf stalk woolly ; flowers pink, 14-2 in. diam., sepals persistent on the top of the fruit ; fruit globose, fleshy, 9-5-celled, seeds contained in a core, fruit indented at both ends and with a very short stalk, widely culti- vated. small; leaves 2-3 in., smooth, ovate; flowers 14-2 in. diam., in sessile clusters, or on long stalks clustered together, white ; fruit small, 4-1 in. diam., globose, red, sepals not on the top, seeds in a core, only base indented flesh of fruit granular. small, smooth, young parts woolly, young plant often spinous; leaves ovate, oblong, acute pointed, of young plants lobed; flowers white, 14 in. diam; fruit 1-2 in., narrow into the stalk, seeds in a core, flesh of fruit granular, sepals on top of the fruit. This tree is much cultivated for its fruit. Plants of the Punjab. 18 TREES WITH ALTERNATE STIPULATE SimpLtE LEAVES. PETALS UNUNITED. Pyrus Pashia, small, young parts woolly, deciduous, barren Mehal, tang. Qyy os branchlets end in a spine, in young plants leaves lobed ; BaBek. 1/374. leaves ovate ; flowers 1 in. diam., white and pink, fruit Himalaya, globose, scurfy, yellow brown, astringent, eatable in 2,500-8,000 ft. decay, covered with raised white spots, not crowned by Simla (Collett). sepals. Pyrus kumaoni, like P. Pashia, but differentiated by smooth flower Doda, Chitana. stalks and broad rounded sepals. Rosacea. Bobet. nu. 874. Himalaya, 5-8,000 ft. PETALS UNITED. Randia dumetorum, see Shrubs, Opposite, Stipulate, Simple. Mimusops Elengi, see Trees, Alternate, Exstipulate, Simple. Euphorbia nivulia, see Shrubs, Alternate, Stipulate, Simple. Euphorbia antiquorum, see Shrubs, Alternate, Stipulate, Simple. Bridelia retusa, see Trees, Alternate, Exstipulate, Simple. Bridelia montana, see Trees, Alternate, Eixstipulate, Simple. PETALS NONE. Rhamnus purpureus, small, looks like a cherry tree; young branches Bat sinjal, tandra. purplish with white spots, bark thin, smooth, no spines ; RHAMNES. leaves 23-5 in., ovate, lanceolate, thin, minutely toothed, =P b.-L.i1. 639. stipules small, soon falling off ; flowers greenish in small Himalaya, 4-10,000 ft. axillary clusters, calyx cup-shaped, teeth 5, petals none, Simla (Collett). stamens 5; drupe # in. long, ovoid, seated on the per- sistent calyx, stone one. Parrottia, see Shrubs, Alternate, Stipulate, Simple. Jacquemontiana, Casearia graveolens, see Shrubs, Alternate, Stipulate, Simple. Casearia tomentosa, see Shrubs, Alternate, Stipulate, Simple. 14 Plants of the Punjab. TREES WITH ALTERNATE STIPULATE SIMPLE LEAVES. Phyllanthus Emblica, Amla. EUPHORBIACER. F. Bel. v. 289. The Plains to 4,500 ft. Sutle} Valley (Collett). Phyllanthus distichus, Chalmert. EUPHORBIACER. F. B. Lv. 304. The Plains. Glochidion velutinum Amblu. : EUPHORBIACES. F. Bz I. v.-822. Himalaya to 5,000 ft. Sutlej Valley (Collett). Antidesma Gheesembiila, Umtoa. EUPHORBIACEX. EB. I. v. 352 Himalaya. Jatropha Cureas, Ulmus Wallichiana, Elm, URTICACES. F. B. I. v. 480. Himalaya, 4-10,000 ft. Holoptelea integrifolia, Papri. UrRTICACES. F. B. I. v. 481. Himalaya to 2,000 ft, PETALS NONE. small, bark flaking, foliage feathery, light green ; leaves deciduous, linear, sessile, 4-3 in., close set in two lines along the branchlets like the leaflets of a pinnate leaf, stipules ovate fimbriate ; flowers without petals, yellow, set among the leaves on the branchlets, sepals 6, stamens 3 in a column; fruit 3 in. globose, succule, green or pale yellow, often reddish, acid, astringent, seeds 6, two in each of the three cells, fruit shghtly 6- lobed. ‘The fruit is made into pickle and is used as an astringent medicine. small, bark roughly grey ; leaves deciduous, stalked, ovate, # in., in two rows as above ; flowers without petals, + in., sepals 4, stamens 4, not in a column; fruit globose, acid, 3-4-celled, one seed in each cell. small, young branches downy evergreen; leaves 2-5 in., rounded, stipules rigid; flowers green yellow, petals none, sepals 5-6, anthers 3; fruit 4 in. diameter, flattened, 4-6 celled, 8-12 lobed, red, small branches, flowers and leaf stalks and under surface of leaves brown and woolly, leaves 2-3 in., base and top rounded; flowers without petals, small, sessile, clustered on spikes, calyx lobes 3-5, stamens 4-7 ; fruit roundish, 4 in., red to black, edible. see Shrubs, Alternate, Stipulate, Simple. large, bark rough, pecling in diamond-shaped flakes ; leaves 4-8 in., deciduous, base obliquely narrowed, - toothed ; flowers appearing before the leaves, in dense lateral racemes, calyx 4-3-lobed, fruit dry flat, winged, 4-2 in. (Samara). v small ; leaves 3-6 in., deciduous, base unequally rounded, not toothed ; flowers in short lateral clusters, apetalous, calyx lobes 5, stamens 8-5 ; fruit 1 in. long, wing tip bifid (samara). Plants of the Punjab. 15 TREES WITH ALTERNATE STIPULATE SimpLE LEAVES. Celtis australis, Kharak. URTICACES. F. B. I. v. 482. The Plains to 8,000 ft. Trema politoria, Khagshi. UrRTICACER. Ds by. 1 vse, The Plains to 3,000 ft. Plecospermum spinosum, Morus alba, Mulberry, Tut. o Wy iE. Be d.-v: 492. The Plains to 11,000 ft. Baluchistan (Lace). Morus indica, Tutri. URTICACER. ab. f. v. 492: Himalaya to 7,000 ft. Morus serrata, Karttut, karun. URTICACER. Be. Tv 492. Himalaya, 4-9,000 it. Morus levigata, URTICACEA. #. B. I. v. 492. Himalaya to 4,000 ft. PETALS NONE. large ; leaves deciduous, obliquely ovate, toothed, long- pointed ; flowers pale yellow, small, solitary or in clusters, sepals 4-5, stamens 4-5; fruit long-stalked, ovoid, 4 in. long, stone wrinkled. This sweet fruit. is supposed to be the Lotus of the ancients. large, roughly hairy ; leaves 2 in., hard and rough, often long-pointed, small toothed, base rounded, leaf stalk short, stipules longer than the leaf stalk ; flowers small, in small axillary clusters, sepals 4-5, stamens 4-5 ; fruit small, globose, stone pitted. see Shrubs, Alternate, Stipulate, Simple. small; leaves 24-4 in., stalk 4-1 in. long (often lobed), ovate, pointed, toothed ; flowers on spikes, sepals 4, stamens 4; fruiting spikes (berries) white or red, sweet, short, ovoid, consisting of fleshy calyces, each containing one seed. The wood is used in the manufacture of lawn tennis rackets, small ; leaves 24-6 in. with 4-1 in. stalk, deciduous, ovate (often lobed), sharply toothed, long-pointed, rough ; flowering and fruiting spike short, ovoid, dark purple, otherwise like the last species. small; leaves deciduous, broad, ovate, pointed, toothed, leaf stalk woolly ; fruiting spike short, cylindric, purple, sweet. leaves deciduous, ovate ; fruiting spike long-stalked, 2-5 in. long, cylindric, white, sweet. 16 Plants of the Punjab. TREES WITH ALTERNATE STIPULATE SimpLE LEAVES. \ PETALS NONE. Fious, Jurocn Mitxy ; Fruir a Hontow Fiesuy VEssEL, IN WHICH FLOWERS AND SEEDS ARE CONTAINED. Ficus bengalensis, Banyan, Bor, Bargat. UrRtTICcCACEA. We. T:. v4.99: The Plains to 4,000 ft. Baluchistan (Hughes-Buller). Ficus elastica, URTICACES. F. B. I. v. 508. The Plains. Ficus retusa, URTICACE. Dee eke The Plains. Ficus. infectoria, War, jangli pipl. UrRTICACER. F. B. I. v. 515. Salt Range, the Plains. Ficus Rumphii, Pulak, pilkhan. UrRTICACER. He. Lv. 512; The Plaing to 5,000 ft. Ficus religiosa, Pipal. Urricacna. 61. y. D189. The Plains to 5,000 ft. Valley below Simla (Collett). Baluchistan. Ficus clavata, large, rooting from branches, sometimes epiphytal when young, young shoots velvety ; leaves leathery, ovate to orbicular, edges smooth, nerves prominent, stalk of leaf 4-2 in., not jointed to blade, stipules 2-1 in., leathery ; fruit round, sessile, in pairs, red, velvety, size of a small cherry, with 3 broad leathery smooth leaf- like bracts at the base. fe large, often epiphytic when young; leaves 3-12 in., dark green, much longer than broad, glossy, leaf stalk 1-24 in., not jomted to the blade, stipule single, coloured, almost half as long as the leaf, fruit sessile in pairs, ovate, oblong, greenish, yellow, about } in. long. large, aerial roots few; leaves 2-4 in., leathery, broadly ovate, leaf stalk 4-3 in., stipules narrow, } in. long ; fruit small sessile in pairs, $ in. diam., yellow or reddish bracts at base, broad, ovate. Leaf Stalk jownted to Blade. small, all parts smooth, somet'mes sending down a few aerial roots ; leaves shining, on long slender stalks abruptly pointed, stalk 13-2 in., stipules 4 in. broad, ovate, fruit in sessile pairs, round, when ripe } in. diam., white tinged with red, dotted, basal bracts 8, minute. often epiphytal, all parts smooth ; leaves minutely warty above, broadly ovate, leaf stalk 23-33 in., sti- pules ovate, $-1 in. ; fruit sessile in pairs, globose, smooth, when -young whitish with dark spots, when ripe nearly black, 4 in. diam., basal bracts 8, round, smooth. usually epiphytal, smooth ; leaves leathery, shining above, base broad, point long, leaf stalk 3-4 in., slender ; fruit sessile in pairs, smooth, depressed, spheroidal, dark purple when ripe, } in. diam., basal bracts 38, broad, spreading, leathery. see Shrubs, Alternate, Stipulate, Simple. ‘WoIpul Braz surepyyj—‘ooa} OSsuvUl ay] jo soavey ajduns 9yeyndysxe eyeudaye oyT "Bo}qse]o SNII JO serve] ajduus ayejndys ayeusaqe eu Plants of the Punjab. 17 TREES WITH ALTERNATE STIPULATE SIMPLE LEAVES. PETALS NONE. Ficus Cunia small, never epiphytal; leaves unequal sided at Kasa, ghur. base, 6-10 in. long, oblong-lanceolate, leathery, stalk URTICACES. 1-2 in., stipules $-1 in., linear ; fruit in pairs or clusters Ry Bud. v. 528. on scaly, usually leafless, branches, round or >. ‘riform, Himalaya, 4,000 ft. hairy, reddish brown when ripe. Valley below Simla (Collett). Ficus nemoralis, small, not epiphytal ; leaves narrow, pointed, margin URTICACE. even, stalk 4-1 in., stipules narrow, pointed, smooth, F. B. I. v. 584, edges rolled up ; fruit shortly stalked, roundish or elub- Himalaya, 1,500-7,000 ft. shaped, 4 in. diam., smooth, reddish when ripe, basal Simla below Annandale. bracts 8, broad, united. Shah (Collett). Ficus Roxburghii. low, spreading ; leaves broad, ovate or rounded, Urbal, tumbal. above smooth, beneath somewhat woolly, base heart- URTICACES. shaped, 5-15 by 44-12 in., stalk 1-4 in., stipules 4-1 in., HY By Lives 584. ovate, pointed ; fruit top-shaped, 2 in. diam., smooth Himalaya to 5,000 ft. or velvety, when ripe russet, brown or purplish and Sutlej} Valley (Collett). spotted, basal bracts 3, rather large, triangular, fruit stalk 3-14 in., velvety, on leafless branchlets from the trunk in clusters : the fruit is eaten. e Ficus glomerata, large, bark smooth, reddish brown; leaves 4-7 Kathgular, dadhurt. in. long, ovate, margin even, smooth above, velvety URTICACES. beneath, base round, tapering to the point, stalk 1-2 F. B. 1. v. 535. in., stipules 4-1 in., ovate, narrow, velvety, soon falling The Plains to 3,000 ft. off ; fruit 1} in. diam., reddish, top depressed, top-shaped, stalked, in clusters on short leafless scaly branchlets on the trunk and large branches, basal bracts 3 or 4, ovate, small, overlapping. Villebrunea frutescens, see Shrubs, Alternate, Stipulate, Simple. Debregeasia hypoleuca, see Shrubs, Alternate, Stipulate, Simple. Flowers minute, close set on Hanging or Erect Spikes. Betula utilis, bark brownish white, inner layer pink, thin with Bhujpattra. horizontal lentil-shaped excrescences, stripping off in CUPULIFERS. thin broad sheets ; leaves 2-3 in. long, thin, light green, BABa T7599. when young, pointed ; fruit a one-seeded, winged, lentil- Himalaya, 7-10,000 ft. like nut. The English representatives of this genus The Chor, Hutu are Betula alba and Betula nana, the Common Birch and (Collett). the Dwarf Birch. The bark is used to cover umbrellas. G Plants of the Punjab. TREES WITH ALTERNATE STIPULATE SIMPLE LEAVES. PETALS NONE. Flowers minute, close set on Hanging or Erect Spikes. Betula alnoides, CUPULIFER. BB. T.v.0599. Himalaya, 5-10,000 ft. Alnus nepalensis, CUPULIFERS. Ly. a00: Himalaya, 8-9,000 ft. Alnus nitida, CUPULIFERE. tt. B.1. v. 600. Himalaya, 5-9,000 ft. bark thicker and excrescences shorter and stripping off in narrower bands than the last species ; leaves 3-6 in. long, long-pointed ; nut with broader wings than the last. bark compact, silvery grey; fruit a woody cone, with a winged nut. The English representative of this genus is Alnus glutinosa, Common Alder. bark dark brown, deeply furrowed ; fruit a woody cone ; nut with a thickened margin. Fruit, a Nut (Acorn) seated in a Cup of Hardened Bracts. Cuercus Semecarpifolia, Kharshu. CUPULIFERS. if, : 1. v. 601. Himalaya, 6-12,000 ft. Quercus dilatata, Moru. CuPULIPERZ. F. B. I. v. 602. Himalaya,4,500-9,000 ft. Quercus Ilex, Quercus incana, Bana. CUPULIFERE. F. B. I. v. 603. Salt Range, Himalaya, 4-8,000 ft. Simla (Collett). Quercus glauca, CuPULIFERZE. F. B. I. v. 604. Himalaya, 3-6,000 ft. Simla (Collett). leaves brown and woolly beneath; acorn globose, black when ripe, enclosed only a third in the cup of overlapping scales, large ; leaves quite smooth and green ; acorn ovoid, pointed, solitary, smooth, brown when ripe, cup of over-lapping (imbricate) scales covering half the nut. see Shrubs, Alternate, Stipulate, Simple: leaves when young pinkish and woolly all over, when mature dark green and smooth above, white or grey woolly beneath; acorn ovoid, generally solitary, white and woolly when young, brown and smooth when ripe, cup of overlapping scales at first almost covering the acorn, afterwards only half. large; leaves smooth and green; acorn single or in pairs, ovoid, half buried in a cup of scales, arranged in thin velvety rings of scales, Plants of the Punjab. 19 TREES WITH ALTERNATE STIPULATE SimpLE LEAVES. Corylus Colurna, CUPULIFERZ. Web. Le-vi 625. Himalaya, 6-10,000 ft. Simla, rare, Narkanda (Collett). Carpinus viminea, CUPULIFERE. F. B. I. v. 626. Himalaya, east of Chamba, 5-7,000 ft. Carpinus faginea, CUPULIFERE. Be Be I. vy. 626; Himalaya, 4-7,000 ft. PETALS NONE. Nut, ribbed, contained in Leafy Scales. small, bark dark grey, thin, sometimes peeling up: wards ; leaves doubly toothed, somewhat lobulated, nut 4-3 in. long, flattened, pointed, ovoid, hard, deep brown, 2-3 together in a ribbed leathery cup of long scales. This tree is akin to Corylus Avellana, Common Hazel or Nut of Britain. branches warted, slender drooping leaves, tips very long, tail-like ; nut very small, ;, in. long, ribbed. This tree is akin to Carpinus Betulus, common Horn-beam of Britain. bark dark brown, smooth except for some wrinkles ; leaves without long tips ; nut +; in. long, ribbed. Seeds several, each enveloped in a Tuft of White Silky Havrs. Salix tetrasperma, Bedleila, bed. SALICINER. BS. ©. v>626. The Plains to 4,000 it. Sutlej Valley (Collett). Baluchistan (Hughes-Buller). Salix acmophylla, Bisu, bada. SALICINER. FE. B.I..v. 628. The Plains. Baluchistan (Lace). Salix Wallichiana. Leaves shortly stalked. small, bark greyish brown or blackish, rough with deep vertical furrows ; leaves 8-6 in. long, four times longer than broad, narrowed at both ends; flowers appear after the leaves on leafy stalks, flowering stalks (spikes) 2-5 in. long. medium size, bark reddish brown; leaves 2-5 in. long, five times longer than broad, narrowed at both ends ; flowers appear after the leaves on leafy stalks, flowering stalks (spikes) 1-2 in. long. see Shrubs, Alternate, Stipulate, Simple. - 02 20 Plants of the Punjab. TREES WITH ALTERNATE StIPULATE SimpLE LEAVES. PETALS NONE. Seeds several, each enveloped in a Tuft of White Silky Hairs. Salix alba, White willow, Bis, changma. SALICINE®. HB. 1.'y;, 629. Himalaya, Simla, introduced (Collett). Salix babyloniea, Weeping willow, Beda, majnun. SALICINER. F. B. I. v. 629. The Plains to 9,000 ft. Baluchistan (Lace). Salix fragilis, Crack willow, SALICINE. BB. v. 630: Lahoul. Salix daphnoides, Belt, shun, thal. SALICINEA. fb. yeas ; Himalaya, 3-15,000 ft. Simla, Mahasu. Salix oxycarpa, Populus nigra, var. pyramidalis, Lombardy Poplar, Frast, safeda. SALICINEA. F. B. I. v. 688. The Plains to 10,000 ft. Kashmir, Lahore. Baluchistan (Lace). Leaves shortly stalked. branchlets green, yellow, red or purple; leaves 2-6 in. long, narrow, white with silky hairs beneath, minutely toothed ; flowers appear after the leaves on leafy stalks, flowering stalks (spikes) 1-3 in. long. like §. Alba, but with long drooping branches and the leaves not so white beneath as in 8. Alba. medium size, branches smooth, polished, fragile at their insertion; leaves 3-6 in. long; flowering after leafing, flowering stalks (spikes) leafy (cultivated only in Lahoul and Western Tibet). bark smooth, greenish grey ; flowers appear before the leaves, flowering stalks (spikes) 1-4 in. long, silky. see Shrubs, Alternate, Stipulate, Simple. Leaves long stalked. large, sometimes planted, is easily recognised by its pyramidal shape, other characters like the following species of Populus, but leaf 2-4 in., stalk 1-2} in. long, male flowering spikes short, stamens 15-30, female spikes 4-6 in. long. Planis of the Punjab. 21 TREES WITH ALTERNATE STIPULATE StmpLE LEAVES. PETALS NONE. Seeds several, each enveloped in a Tuft of White Silky Hairs. Populus ciliata, The Himalayan Poplar, Pahari prpal. SALICINER. F. B. I. v. 688. Himalaya, 4-10,000 ft. Simla (Collett). Populus balsamifera, Pakh, but. SALICINEA. BY Be Pw, 638: The Plains to 13,000 ft. Populus euphratica, Safedar, palach, bagnu. SALICINEA. F. B. I. v. 688. The Plains to 13-000 ft. Indus Valley. Baluchistan (Stocks). Populus alba, The White Poplar or Abele, Chita bagnu, jangli frast. SALICINEA. | PF. B. I.v..689. Himalaya, 4-10,000 ft. Simla, planted. (Collett). Baluchistan (Lace). Leaves long stalked. large, bark grey, smooth on young plants, vertically wrinkled on old, buds viscidly resinous, branches angled ; leaves 3-7 in. long, ovate, stalk 2-5 in. ; flowering before leafing, flowering stalks (spikes) male short, female branched, 2-9 in. long, seeds numerous with long silky hairs. large, strongly scented, leaf buds viscidly resinous, branches angled ; leaves 2-5 in. long, ovate, stalk 2-5 in., male flowering spikes sessile, stamens 20-30, female 5-6 in. long. This tree is the same species as the Tacamahac or Balsam Poplars of North America. large or small, leaf buds velvety, not viscid, branches not angled. This tree is found in abundance on the sand banks of the Indus. large, leaf buds, shoots and under-surface of leaves covered with short dense cottony hairs ; leaves 2-4 in., stalk 1-2 in.; flowering stalks (spikes) male hairy, 2-4, stamens 6-10, female spikes shorter. ; TREES WITH ALTERNATE STIPULATE LoBED LEAVES. Kydia ealycina, Pula. MALVACER. E.B, i348: The Plains to 2,000 ft. Tret below Murree. (Douie). Lahore. PETALS UNUNITED. medium size, generally stellately downy ; leaves sometimes simple, 4-5 by 3 in., rounded-heartshaped, midlobe longest, smooth or with few hairs above, stellate down beneath, leaf stalk 1-2 in. ; flowers in many flower- ed branching bunches, white or pink, calyx 5-lobed, petals 5, exceeding the sepals in length, bracteoles 4-6, leafy, joined below, stamens joined into a tube of 5 segments, style 38-cleft; capsule nearly round, 8-valved, seeds kidney-shaped, grooved. / 22 Plants of the Punjab. TREES WITH ALTERNATE STIPULATE LOBED LEAVES. PETALS UNUNITED. Pterospermum, bark smooth, ashy, young branches and calyx acerifolium, covered with rusty wool; leaves 6-12 by 5-10in., shallow Kanakchampa. lobes, smooth above, grey woolly beneath, stipules STERCULIACER. with many points, soon falling off, leaf stalk as long as F. B. I. i. 868. The Plains to 4,000 ft., planted. Bauhinia racemosa, Kachnal. LEGUMINOS&E. MB. i, 1.276. The Plains. Bauhinia purpurea, Koiral. LEGUMINOS#. F. B. I. ii. 284. The Plains. Bauhinia variegata, Kachnar. LEGUMINOSS. F. B. I. ii. 284. The Plains to 3,000 ft. Baluchistan (Hughes-Buller). Pyrus Pashia, Pyrus lanata, Marphal. Rosaces. FSS. 1: 1.875: Himalaya, 8-10,000 ft. Simla, Jako, Narkanda (Collett). the leaf; flowers white, fragrant, 5 in. long, calyx of segments linear, sharply cut, petals 5, linear, stamens joined into 20 threads, 15 with anthers, 5 without ; capsule 2-6 in. long, woody, 5-angled, brown wool out- side, seeds winged. Pod-bearing. Leaves in 2 Lobes. small, crooked, rough, bark with deep cracks ; leaves 13-2 in., broader than long, deeply split from the apex into two lobes, petals pale yellow, 4-3 in. long, stamens 10, hairy, pod 6-12 by 4-1 in., curved, stalked, 1 in. long, seeds 12-20. medium size, bark ashy or brownish, young branches velvety; leaves 3-6 in. long, a little longer than broad, split to the middle into two lobes, petals deep rose colour, 14-2 in, long, with a long stalk, stamens 3-4. medium size, bark as in the last species leaves rather broader than long, 4-6 in. long ; flowers fragrant, petals 2 in. long, with a long stalk, four white and one red, the white often streaked with purple, stamens 3-5. Not Pod-bearing. see ‘l'rees, Alternate, Stipulate, Simple. small ; leaves lobulate, finely toothed, 5-0 by 2-4 in., white woolly beneath; flowers 4 in. diam., stalks short, woolly, sepals 5, petals 5, stamens many ; fruit 3-1} in. diam., tinged with red, 2-3 seeded, pear-shaped or globose. ‘SIUNUIWIOD SNUISTY *eyeSol1eA vluryneg—‘se13 uwUYDY 94] JO SaA¥a] pogo] ey] ‘yuryd [10 10j}s¥9 ay} Jo saAvay pogo] Ajayewyed oy] Plants of the Punjab. 93 TREES WITH ALTERNATE STIPULATE LoBED LEAVES. Crataegus Oxyacantha, Hawthorn, Phindak. Rosacea. Be Be 11.383; Himalaya, west of the Chenab, 6-9,000 ft. Murree. Baluchistan (Lace). Crataegus Clarkei, Rosacea. Ee Be loi. 383. Kashmir, 8,000 ft. Sterculia villosa, Gulbadla, poshwa. STERCULIACE. BeBe Wire 850% The Plains. Morus alba, Morus indica, Morus serrata, PETALS UNUNITED. Not Pod-bearing. small, branches with spines; leaves 1-2 in., wedge- shaped at the base, 3-5 lobed, lobes sharply toothed towards the tip, stipules leafy, soon falling off; flowers % in. diam., white, odorous, sepals 5, petals 5, stamens many ; fruit scarlet, 2-3 stones: small, softly woolly ; leaves 2-4 in., oblong, base wedge-shaped, segments oblong, toothed at the broad tip, stipules very large, semi-circular and curved, toothed ; flowers less than } in. diam., sepals 5, petals 5, stamens many ; fruit green, ¢ in. diam., 5-seeded with 5 ridges. PETALS NONE. large, bark grey, young parts ta: ny woolly, branches marked with large scars; leaves 12-18 in. long and broad, crowded at the end of branches, smooth above, woolly beneath, deeply palmately 5-7-lobed, lobes often cleft at the apex, leaf stalk about as long as the leaf, stipules large, soon falling off ; flowers in yellow bunches, 8-12 in. long, appearing before the leaves, calyx of 5 lobes, yellow with pink or purple at the base, petals none ; follicles 2-7, sessile, 14-8 in. long, tapering at both ends, bright red when ripe, seeds oval, smooth. Fruit, a Compound Berry. see T'rees, Alternate, Stipulate, Simple. see T'rees, Alternate, Stipulate, Simple. see T'rees, Alternate, Stipulate, Simple. Flowers on long stalked Globose Heads. Platanus orientalis, Chenar. PLATANACEA). HB. dave 694: Himalaya, west of the Sutlej, 4-8,000 ft. Kashmir. Baluchistan (Lace). large, bark flaky, whitish green and smooth be- neath ; leaves 6-9 in. diam., usually broader than long, palmately 3-5-lobed, lobes irregularly toothed, stipules on shoots, leafy and lobed; heads 1-14 in. diam., 2-3 on one stalk, male without bracetoles, female with bracteoles, ripe carpels with pyramidal tips, seeds linear. This tree only flourishes very near water, 24 Plants of the Punjab. TREES WITH ALTERNATE STIPULATE CompouUND LEAVES. Bombax malabaricum, Silk cotton tree, Semel. MALvacEa. P..B. Te 1.849, The Plains to 6,000 ft. Simla (Collett). Ougeinia dalbergioides, Sandan. LEGUMINOS&. Me Beni ot: ‘The Plains to 4,000 ft. Sutlej Valley (Collett). Erythrina indica, Indian coral tree, Pangra. LEGUMINOS&. PIB) 1.188. The Plains to 4,000 ft. Sutlej Valley (Collett). Erythrina suberosa, Dhauldhak. LEGUMINOS&. f. Bo, 1.190. The Plains to 4,000 ft. Butea frondosa, Dhak. LEGUMINOSA. HB 1. 21.194. The Plaing to 4,000 ft. Dalbergia Sissoo, Shisham, Tali. LEGUMINOS&. Bib. 1. 0, ok. The Plains to 4,000 ft. Baluchistan (Lace). PETALS UNUNITED. large, trunk more or less buttressed, branches and young stem covered with conical prickles ; leaves digitate, leaflets 5-7 ; flowers appearing before the leaves, 4-5 in. across, crimson or yellow, calyx leathery, silky felted within, petals 2-8 in. long, felted with star-shaped hairs, stamens many, joined below into a tube; capsule 5-7 in. long, oblong, downy, green, seeds smooth, covered with silky wool. A very handsome forest tree. Pod-bearing. Pinnate with 3 Leaflets. medium size, branches round, grey; leaves 6-12 in. long, polished green above, end leaflet 3-6 in. long ; flowers whitish or pale pink, calyx 35 in. long, corolla + in. long, pods flat, joimted, 2-4 by 4 in., seeds dp. 5 in. diam.. smooth, brown, flat. ; medium size, bark grey, branches prickly, prickles usually black ; leaves appear after the flowers, leaflets broad, ovate; flowers coral red, 24 in. long, in bunches 6 in. long or more, calyx bell-shaped, 5-toothed, petals 2 in. long, standard large, wing and keel small, stamens 10, upper one often ununited ; pod 4 to 1 ft. long, cylin- drical with contractions, seeds 6-8. medium size, bark corky, deeply cracked, yellow- ish, prickles yellow; leaves appear after the flowers, leaflets broad, ovate; flowers coral red, 14-2 in. long, calyx top-shaped, 2-lipped ; pod 4 ft. long, cylindrical, narrow, seeds 2-4, small crooked tree with stout trunk; leaflets 4-8 in. long, ; flowers 2-8 in. long, orange red in axillary or terminal racemes, calyx 4 in. long, brown velvety, petals orange red ; pods 4-8 in. by 14-2 in., seed 1 in upper part of pod. ‘This tree yields an astringent oe like kino, also lac and lae dye. Pinnate with 8-5 Leaflets. large, bark grey, furrowed vertically, flaking in narrow strips; leaves 4-5 in. long, leaflets alternate, ovate, long-pointed ; flowers 4-2 in. long, whitish yellow, in small branching racemes, stamens 9; pods 2-3 in. by 4-$ in., seeds } in. long, kidney shaped, 1-3. This tree yields excellent timber. Plants of the Punjab. 25 TREES WITH ALTERNATE STIPULATE CoMPOUND LEAVES. Pongamia glabra, Papar, karang. LEGUMINOS&. By Bel. 240. The Plains to 2,000 ft. Ceesalpinia, or Poinciana pulcherrima, Krishnuchura. LEGUMINOS2&. PB; Pn 255, The Plains. Parkinsonia aculeata, Vilayate kikar. LEGUMINOS A. Babe ln), 260; The Plains to 38,000 ft. Baluchistan (Stocks). Cassia Fistula, Indian Laburnum, Amaltas. LEGUMINOSZ. Habe ins 26 13 The Plains to 8,000 ft. Baluchistan (Hughes-Buller). Tamarindus indica, Tamarind, Imla. LEGUMINOS&. He Bi Lid 273. The Plains. Baluchistan (Stocks). PETALS UNUNITED. Pod-bearing. Pinnate with 5-many Leaflets. medium size, bark greyish green; leaves 8-10 in. long, leaflets 5-7, 2-4 in. long ; flowers $ in. long, whitish, tinged with violet or pink in axillary racemes; pod 13-2 in. long, §-4 in. thick, woody, with a curved point, seed 1, 1 in. diam. Oil from the seeds is used for light- ing and as a cure for skin diseases. Leaves Bupinnate. small, prickles on branches few and scattered ; pinne 12-18, leaflets on the pinne 20-24 ; flowers large, scarlet yellow, calyx 5, cleft to base, petals 5, nearly equal, stamens 10; pod nearly straight, 2-8 in. long, narrow and thin, seeds 6-8. A very showy tree. small, sharp woody spines, the remains of the leaf stalks. of bipimnate leaves with 2-6 pinne in the axils of two stipulate thorns; leaves bipinnate ; pinne 1-1 ft. long, stalks much flattened with or without minute leaflets ; flowers yellow, 4 in. diam., in short racemes, calyx lobes nearly equal, petals equal ; pods 3-4 in. long, like a necklace of beads. A native of Tropical America. Leaves Pinnate. small ; leaves 1 ft. long., leaflets 2-6 in. long, stipules minute, racemes as long as the leaves, pendulous ; flowers 1 in. long, yellow, petals broad, nearly equal, stamens 20 ; pods 1-2 ft. long, cylindrical, 1 in. thick, seeds many, embedded in sweet blackish pulp; purgative. A very handsome tree. large ; leaves 3-6 in. long, leaflets } in. long, 20-80 ; flowers pale yellow streaked with red in racemes, calyx teeth 4, petals 8, } in. long, stamens 8 ; pods 8-8 by 1 in., leathery, flattened, edible, seeds $ in. diam., embedded in brown pulp, brown, shining. 26 Planis of the Punjab. TREES WITH ALTERNATE STIPULATE COMPOUND LEAVES. Prosopis spicigera, Jand. LEGUMINOS#. AB, 1, 11. 288. The Plains. Baluchistan (Boissier). Prosopis Stephaniana, Chogak. LEGUMINOS#. F. B. I. i. 288. The Plains near Peshawar. PETALS UNUNITED. Pod-bearing. Leaves Bipinnate. Flowers Minute. medium size, with extremely long tap root, prickles 4-4 in. long, scattered, broad, conical, nearly straight ; pinne 4, 1-2 in. long with a gland between each pair, leaflets 8-12 pairs, 4-4 in. long ; flowers yellow, in spikes, 2-3 in. long, calyx minute, 5-toothed, petals 5, stamens 10 ; pods 5-10 in. long, cylindrical, with contrac- tions at intervals, edible, seeds in mealy pulp, oblong. small, prickles copious slender ; leaflets smaller than the last ; flowers rather larger; pods 4-1 in. long, 4 in. thick, otherwise like the last species. Flowers Minute in Round Heads ; Spines Long and Straight. Acacia Farnesiana, Vilayati kikar. EP, 1. i. 292. The Plains to 3,000 ft. Baluchistan (Stocks). Acacia arabica, Babul, kikar. ¥. B. I. 11. 298. The Plains. Baluchistan (Stocks). Acacia eburnea, Pahari kikar. LEGUMINOS#. F. B. I. ii. 298. The Plains. small, branches slender zigzag with grey dots ; leaf stalk 1-14 in. long with 2 straight stipular thorns, pinne 4-8 pairs, 1-14 in. long, leaflets 10-20 pairs, 4 in. long ; flowers bright yellow, fragrant, heads less than 4 in. diam.; pod 2-3 in. long, 4 in. thick, cylindrical, sutures straight, seeds in two series in pulp. A perfume is made from the flowers. small, branchlets finely grey, downy, spines stipular, straight, }-2in. long; leaves 1-2 in. long, pinne 3-6 pairs, 4-14 in. long, leaflets 10-20 pairs, }-} im. long ; flowers yellow, fragrant, heads 4 in. diam.; pods usually solitary, 3-6 in. long, straight, stalk $-? in. long, sutures deeply indented between each seed, grey, downy, 8-12 seeded. The wood is hard and used for wheels. general habit of the last species, but differs by its leaves having fewer leaflets, 12-16, its flowers having an unpleasant smell and its straight sutured pod pro- fusely veined, smooth, 6-10 seeded, generally 2-4 pods from one flower head. The wood is used for fuel. Planis of the Punjab. 27 TREES WITH ALTERNATE STIPULATE COMPOUND LEAVES. PETALS UNUNITED. Pod-bearing. Leaves Bipinnate. Flowers Minute in Round Heads ; Spines Long and Straight. Acacia Jaequemontii, Kinkar, babul. LEGUMINOS&. F. Be TI. 11.298: The Plains. Baluchistan (Lace). Acacia leucophliea, Rin, raeru. LEGUMINOS2. Be By di. ii, 294. The Plains. general habit of the last species, but the pod is thin, broad, flat, smooth with straight sutures, grey, 2-3 in. long, 5-6 seeded with a stalk }-4 in. long. readily recognised from all the above by its branch- ed racemes of flowers. Flowers Minute in Spikes ; Spines Short and Hooked. Acacia Catechu, Khair, Kutch. LEGUMINOS#&. FB. Belk 15.295, The Plains to 3,000 ft. Acacia Senegal, Khor, kumta. LEGUMINOS2. BB: To ui. 295. The Plains, Rohtak. Baluchistan (Boissier). Acacia modesta, Phulahr. LEGUMINOS&. Be 1. 11296. The Plains to 4,000 ft. Suni (Collett). Baluchistan (Boissier). medium size, bark brown, hangs down in long strips, spines brown, in pairs, short curved, leaf stalk 3-4 in. long, often prickly, pinne 20-40 pairs, leaflets 30-50 pairs, } in. long, linear ; flowers pale yellow ; pod 2-3 in. long, straight, flat, dark brown, shining, 5-6 seeded. Catechu is obtained by boiling the wood. small, flexuose grey branches, spines small, often in threes, hooked or straight, polished and black ; pinne 3-5 pairs; leaflets 8-14 pairs; flowering spikes, white fragrant, 2-3 in. long, longer than the leaves, calyx bell- shaped, teeth angular, stamens yellow; pod 8 in. long, # in. broad, straight, thin, somewhat depressed between the 4-6 seeds. medium size, branches grey smooth, spines stipu- Jar, in pairs, hooked, stout, dark brown, polished, pinne 2-3 pairs ; leaflets 3-5 pairs ; flowers white or pale yellow, fragrant in drooping spikes ; pod 2-3 in. long, straight, flat, smooth, glossy, narrowed to a short stalk, 3-5- seeded. 28 Plants of the Punjab. TREES WITH ALTERNATE STIPULATE COMPOUND LEAVES. Albizzia Lebbek, Siris, Sirsa. LEGUMINOSS. BB. i. 417298: The Plains to 5,000 it. Valleys below Simla (Collett). Baluchistan (Stocks). Albizzia odoratissima, Kala Siris. LEGUMINOS#. Wea. iat: 299. The Plains to 3,000 ft. Albizzia procera, Safed Siris. LEGUMINOS#. fees: Jb. 1299. Base of Himalaya. Albizzia Julibrissin, var. mollis, Lal Siris, brind. LEGUMINOS. F. B. I. ii. 300. Himalaya to 6,000 ft. Suni (Collett). Albizzia stipulata, Suran. LEGUMINOS®. F. B. L. ii. 800. Himalaya to 4,000 it. Below Sipi (Collett). PETALS UNUNITED. Pod-bearing. Flowers in Round Heads. large, bark grey ; leaves 3-12 in. long; pinne 4-8, leaflets 1-14 in. long, 6-20 pairs on each pinnew, obtuse ; flower heads 1+ in. across, white, fragrant, on stalks 2-4 in. long, in clusters of 2-4, stamens long, rose colour, many, protruding like a shaving brush; pods 4-12 in. long by 1-2 in. broad, blunt at both ends, flat, smooth, straw coloured, seeds 4-12. medium size, bark dark grey ; leaves 6-12 in. long ; pinneg 8-4 pairs, 5-8 in. long, leaflets 8-20 pairs on each pinne, #-1 in. long, obtuse; heads small, few flowered, arranged in a terminal branched raceme ; flowers #-1 in. across, of which nearly all consisting of yellow stamens, yellowish-white, fragrant; pod 6-9 in., about 1 in. broad, thin, reddish brown, 8-12 seeded. large, bark yellowish or greenish-white, smooth, peeling off in thin flakes ; leaves 10-15 in. long ; pinne 8-5 pairs, 6-9 in. long, leaflets 6-12 pairs on each pinne ; heads small, } in. diam., 15-20, flowered in clusters of ‘2-5 on terminal branched racemes, 12-24 in. long ; flowers yellowish white, } in. long, stamens + in. long ; pods 4-6 in. long by 4-2 in., smooth, brown, 8-12 seeded. medium size, bark dark grey, smooth, with long horizontal wrinkles ; leaves 6-12 in. long ; pinna 6-12 pairs, 8-5 in. long, leaflets 10-25 pairs, 4-} in. long, narrow, sensitive, heads round, not on branched ra- cemes ; flowers pink, 1-14 in. long, consisting chiefly of stamens ; pod 3-5 in. long by 4-# in., linear, thin, 8-12 seeded. ; medium size, bark grey, with short vertical wrinkles crossed by deeper horizontai cracks, stipules large, sharp-pointed ; leaves 7-12 in. long ; pmne 6-16 pairs, 4-6 in. long, leaflets 20-40 pairs, }-4 in. long, tapering trom the broad base; heads in branched racemes ; flowers odourless, yellowish white, stamens tinged with red ; pod 5-6 in. long by #-1 in., pale brown, 8-10 seeded A young siris tree, Albizzia Lebbek. = -— a ate eee en eee er i ; i 1 X ' 7 i mn wracne bes — oem ae — Plants of the Punjab. 29 TREES WITH ALTERNATE STIPULATE COMPOUND LEAVES. Pithecolobium dulce, Vilayate imla. LEGUMINOSZ&. Hebe le i..502. The Plains. Pyrus Aucuparia, Rowan, Mountain Ash, Battal, rungrek. RosacE#. Pe Boks a7o- Himalaya, 11-13,000 ft. Hattu (Collett). Pyrus foliolosa, Sulia, hulva. RosacEm. Babe 1.316: Himalaya, 9-12,000 ft. Hattu (Collett). PETALS UNUNITED, Pod-bearing. . Flowers in Round Heads. small; leaves and branches smooth, stipules spinous, minute, pointing upwards; pinne 2, leaflets 2, 1-2 in. long, obtuse ; heads dense, 3-4 in. broad, in long branched racemes of minute white flowers ; pod twisted when ripe into a circle, 4-5 in. long, indented between the seeds, which are embedded in white pulp ; sweet, edible. Not Pod-bearing. Fruit Round or Pear-shaped. small, young parts with white cottony wool, some- times persisting on stalks of leaves and flowers ; leaves 4-6 in. long, pinnate, leaflets 15-25, 4-2 in. long, sharply toothed, white beneath; flowers pink, 4-4 in. diam., crowded in branching clusters nearly at the same level, petals 5, stamens many, styles 2-5, base woolly ; fruit red, round, $-4 in. diam., crowned with the persistent calyx. small, hairy, red brown down on leaf and flower stalks ; eaves 4-6 in. long, pinnate, leaflets 20-30, 1-12 in. long, sharply toothed ; flowers greenish-white, 4 in. diam., odour unpleasant, crowded in downy branching clusters with linear bracts, nearly at the same level, petals 5, stamens many, styles 2-5 ; fruit round or ovoid, red with blue bloom, 4-4 in. diam. TREES WITH ALTERNATE EXXsTIPULATE SIMPLE LEAVES. Cocculus laurifolius, Tiulphara. MENISPERMACER. WB. I... 10t: Himalaya to 5,000 ft. Suni (Collett). Tamarix articulata, Farash. TAMARISCINER. by 1. is 249. The Plains 2 Baluchistan (Boissier). PETALS UNUNITED. small, branches hanging down, angled, branchlets bearded at the base ; leaves 3-6 in. long, dark green, ta- pering from both ends, shining ; flowers in racemes with branching stalks, shorter than the leaves, minute, sepals 6 in 2 series of 8, petals 6, 2-lobed, stamens 6; drupe minute, black, 4 in. diam., generally 3, depressed lateral- ly, stone horseshoe-shaped, keeled and with tubercles. small, looks something like a fi-, branches jointed ; leaves minute, pressed against branch, apex triangular, scale-like, sheathing, often white with saline efflore- scence ; flowers in slender spikes collected in terminal branching racemes, pink, } in. diam., sepals and petals 5, stamens 5; capsule 3-5 valved, seeds small with a tuft of long hairs. 30 Plants of the Punjab. ‘ TREES WITH ALTERNATE EXSTIPULATE SIMPLE LEAVES. Citrus Aurantium, Orange, Narinq. RuTacEz. RB AT.42515. The Plains to 2,000 ft. Baluchistan (Hughes-Buller). Citrus decumana, Shaddock, Pumelo, Chakotra. RutTacEs. Hge.clJ2. 516, The Plains. Baluchistan (Hughes-Buller). Meliosma dilleniaefolia, Kanna, karkon. SABIACE®. Hop. 4.04. Himalaya, 4-8,000 feet. Simla (Collett). Meliosma pungens, Kapper, bakesh. SABIACE. EAD, ii. 4, Himalaya, 3-8,000 ft. Narkanda (Collett). Mangifera indica, Mango, Am. ANACARDIACER. HY its: 1. 1h. Be The Plains to 3,000 ft. Baluchistan (Stocks). ' PETALS UNUNITED. small, young shoots greenish-white, usually spinous ; leaves really of one leaflet jointed to the leaf stalk, which is often winged, they appear to be simple leaves, but are really compound, the other leaflets having been suppressed, gland dotted, edges finely toothed, 2 in. long; flowers pure white, sweet scented; fruit round, flattened at both ends, orange colour, rind thin, loose, pulp sweet. small, young shoots downy, and usually spinous ; leaves 6-9 in. long, stalk broadly winged ; flowers large, white, strongly scented ; fruit very large, 5 in. diam., round or pear-shaped, rind very thick, pulp yellow, pink or crimson, sweet or acid, small, branches, leaf and flower stalks covered with rusty down ; leaves 6-12 by 3-5 in., margin sharply toothed, rough with minute dots above, abruptly pointed ; . flowers stalked, minute, white, loosely scattered in branching racemes with bracts, sepals 5, concave, petals 5, 8 outer concave, orbicular, 2-lobed, stamens 5, two with anthers, three without; fruit round, + in. diam., black, one stone. small, branches, leaf and flower stalks covered with rusty down ; leaves 5-9 by 2-3 in., margin toothed with distant large teeth, long-pointed ; flowers larger than the last, white, small, sessile, closely packed on branching racemes, bracts soon falling, bracteoles 1 or 2 below the sepals ; fruit 4 in. diam., round. large, smooth except flower stalks; leaves 6-16 in. long, shining, margin smooth, crowded at the end of branches, stalk 1-4 in. long, swollen at the base ; flowérs yellow, fragrant, in branched downy racemes, calyx lobes 4-5, soon falling off, petals 5, with 8 ridges, stamens 4-5, one much the largest iruit large, yellow, fleshy, flattened lengthwise, stone fibrous, large. Widely cultivated ; many varieties. Plants of the Punjab. $1 TREES WITH ALTERNATE EXSTIPULATE SIMPLE LEAVES, Semecarpus Anacardium, Marking nut tree, Bhilawa. ANACARDIACES. HBS Pia: 31. The Plains to 8,500 ft. Barringtonia acutangula, Samundar phal, jwjar. MYRTACEA. H; B. Tn. 508. The Plains. Careya arborea, Kumbi. MYRTACER. Poole oy: The Plains to 4,000 ft. Marlea begonieefolia, Cornus macrophylla, Cornus oblonga, Saurauja napaulensis, Gogina. TERNSTRG@MIACER. ete. 1: 1.286; Himalaya, east of the Ravi, 2-4,500 ft. Dharmsala (Douie). PETALS UNUNITED. medium size, bark exudes a dark acrid juice, young parts, leaf stalks, under surface of leaves and flower stalks covered with pale velvety down ; leaves 9-80 by 5-12 in., flat, leathery, oblong, tip rounded, margin cartilaginous, stalk 1-2 in., clustered at the end of branches ; flowers greenish-white, 4-4 in. diam., in erect terminal branching racemes, calyx 5-lobed, petals 5, stamens 5-6, bracts lanceolate ; fruit 1 in. long, ovoid, smooth, black in a fleshy orange-red cup, seed one. The acrid juice of the fruit is used for blistering and to simu late bruises, also to mark linen. small; leaves 5 by 2 in., crowded at the ends of branches, short stalked, minutely toothed; flowers deep pink in long hanging racemes, racemes often 1 ft. long, calyx lobes 4, petals 4 or 5, small, stamens red, far protruding, many ; fruit 1-14 by 4-2 in., 4-angled, equally narrowed to each end, crowned by the calyx, seed 1, ovoid, 1 in. long. medium size, bark dark grey, peeling in narrow strips ; leaves 6-12 by 3-6 in. broad, rounded at the apex, smooth, minutely toothed flowers 3-4 in. diam., scattered on spikes, calyx bell-shaped, lobes ovate, 4, petals 4, 12 in. long, white, soon falling off, stamens red, many, in several series; fruit round, 2-3 in. diam., crowned by a pit with the calyx teeth round it, seeds 3-4 in., oblong with rounded ends. see Trees, Alternate, Exstipulate, Lobed. see Trees, Opposite, Exstipulate, Simple. see Trees, Opposite, Exstipulate, Simple. PETALS UNITED. medium size, branches usually brown with whitish tubercular dots, young parts and stalks covered with scurfy felt; leaves 10-15 by 3-4 in., narrow, oblong, rounded at the base, long-pointed, sharply toothed, smooth above, rusty felted beneath, stalk 1-1} in.; flowers } in. diam., pink, in axillary stalked branching racemes, sepals 5, 4 in., petals 5, united at the base, re- curved at the point, stamens many, styles 5; fruit green, mealy inside, edible, sweet, seeds many, minute, red- brown. 32 Plants of the Punjab. TREES WITH ALTERNATE HXSTIPULATE SIMPLE LEAVES. Pieris ovalifolia, Adan. ERICACER. F. B. I. iu. 460. Himalaya, 3-8,000 ft. Simla (Collett). Rhododendron arboreum, Burans. ERICACES. F. B. I. ii. 465. Himalaya, 5-10,000 ft. Simla (Collett). Mesa indica, MYRSINACEH. Boe. F240. 509. The Plains to 6,000 ft. Ambala District, Simla (McIntire). Reptonia buxifolia, Mimusops Elengi, Maulsari. SAPOTACES. F, B. I. iii. 548. The Plains, planted. Rohtak, in the Public gardens. Mimusops hexandra, Kirm. SapoTACh”. F. B. I. iti. 549. The Plains. PETALS UNITED. ° small, bark thick, deeply furrowed, peeling in narrow flakes; leaves 3-7 by 1-4 in., ovate, smooth ; flowers 1-4 in. long, white, bell-shaped, bracteolate in narrow bracteate racemes, 4-10 in. long, calyx teeth 5, triangular, corolla lobes 5, recurved, stamens 10, with 2 filiform tails; capsules 4 in., round, smooth, splitting into 5 valves, seeds minute, many, linear, oblong. small, bark reddish brown, thick, furrowed, peeling in narrow flakes; leaves 5 by 14 in., often clustered - at the ends of branches, oblong, narrowed at both ends, pointed, whitish, felted beneath, sometimes. brown ; flowers 1-14 by 2-1 in., red, widely opened in dense clusters, caylx lobes ;, in. wide, ovate, corolla bell-shap- ed, lobes 5, stamens 10; fruit a capsule,1 by 4 in., cylindrical, curved with longitudinal ridges. small, branches long and straggling; leaves 5 by 13 in., leathery, pointed, margin toothed ; flowers white, small, in branched racemes, calyx lobes 5, blunt, corolia 5-lobed, twice the size of th> calyx, stamens 5, short ; fruit a round berry, about the size of a pepper corn, fleshy, juicy, pinkish white when ripe, crowned with the calyx, seeds many, hollowed out at the base. see Shrubs, Alternate, Exstipulate, Simple. large, young shoots, flowers stalk and outside of calyx covered with rusty velvet; leaves 3} by 1? in., smooth, short-pointed, usually crowded at the end of branchlets, small processes, almost stipules, at base of very young leaf stalks ; flowers white, fragrant, in clus- ters, calyx with 8 segments in two series, outer 4 brown, inner 4 white, corolla lobes 16-20, in two series, narrow- pointed, stamens 8, staminodes 8, all hairy ; berry 2-1 in., ovoid, 1-rarely 2-seeded, yellow ; edible. large ; leaves 3-4 by 14-2 in., scattered, leathery, smooth, dark green, broad tip, apex notched or rounded ; flowers whitish yellow, } in. across, in short stalked clusters along the branches as well as at the ends, calyx segments 6, corolla lobes 16-20, stamens 6-8, staminodes 6-8, smooth, often 2-pointed, berry 4 by i in., 1-rarely 2-seeded ; edible. Plants of the Punjab. 38 TreEs witH ALTERNATE EXsTIPULATE SimpLE LEAVES. PETALS UNITED. Diospyros montana, medium size, often spinous on branches, bark Bistendu. pinkish or bluish-grey, thin and smooth on _ branches, HBENACES. on trunk almost black, deeply cracked ; leaves 2-4 by eB. de 1.555. 1-14 in., light green, ovate, soft, velvety or smooth ; The Plains east of the flowers white, male in clusters, female solitary, larger Ravi river. than the male, calyx lobes 4, blunt, velvety on both Patiala. sides, petals 4, stamens 16 in 8 pairs; fruit round, 4-1 in. diam., yellow, supported by the leathery enlarged calyx, has an unpleasant smell, bitter, seeds embedded in pulp. Diospyros Lotus, resembling the last, but the leaves are larger, 6 by Amlok. 2 in., the fruit is eaten, dark purple, round or ovoid, EBENACE. sweet. (ibe Boal Deserts Sap West Punjab, Hazara, 3-6,000 ft. Symplocos cratzgoides, small, bark light grey, corky, with long vertical Ludh, lodar. furrows; leaves 2-4 by 1-14 in., ovat>, long-pointed, STYRACER. minutely toothed with a black tip to each tooth, Bes. 1 5 ca; turning yellow when dried, bract 1, bracteoles 1-3; Himalaya, 2-8,000 ft. flowers 1 in. diam., white, sometimes yellow, fragrant, Narkanda (Collett). in terminal branching racemes, 1-5 in., calyx bell-shaped, lobes 4-5, corolla 5, cleft nearly to the base, stamens many in 5 bundles; fruit } in. long, drupaceous, ovoid, crowned with the calyx, usually one-seeded. This plant yields a yellow dye. Plumeria acutifolia, small, branches thick and fleshy, juice milky, Frangipani tree, leaves at the end of branches ; leaves 6-15 in., oblong, Gulchin. acute at both ends; flowers 2-8 in. diam., in terminal APOCYNACES. clusters of 2-8, white with yellow centre, fragrant, calyx F. 5: 1. im. 641. 5-lobed, corolla tubular below, flat and spreading above ; The Plains to 2,000 ft, fruit a follicle 5 in. long, clyindric, seeds oblong, winged. Cultivated. A native of America, the juice is purgative. Cordia Myxa, small, bark grey or brown with shallow longitudinal Lasura. wrinkles; leaves 8-6 by 2-4 in., broad, ovate, leathery, BoRAGINACEA. smooth above and below excep! when young, stalk Be Bb. 1. rvet3e: 1-2 in. long ; flowers small, white, in clusters of 2-8 in., Th Plains to 5,000 ft. calyx tecth 4-5, petals 5, united bélow, stamens 4-8, Valleys be'ow Simla hairy ; berry yellow or pinkish, glossy when ripe, edible, (Collett). one stone rough, hard, in viscid sweetish pulp : used Baluchistan (Stocks). for bird lime and as a cure for coughs. _D 84 Plants of the Punjab. TREES WITH ALTERNATH EXsTIPULATE SIMPLE LBHAVES. Cordia obliqua, Chota lasura. BoRAGINACES. PABA iv. 187. The Plains. Cordia Rothii, Gondi. BorAGINACE. PAB ALav. 138; The Plains. Baluchistan (Hughes-Buller). Cordia vestita, Kum paiman, kumbi. BoRAGINACH. i; Law oo. Himalaya, 1-4,000 ft. Ehretia acuminata, Puna. BorAGINACHEA. ee 1 av. 141; The Plains to 5,000 ft. Ehretia levis, Chamror. BorAGINACE®. FP. B;.1.4v. 141. The Plains to 8,000 ft. Sutlej Valley, Basantpur (ollett). Baluchistan (Boissier). Bridelia retusa, Pathor, mark. EiuPHORBIACH A. F. B. I. v. 268. Himalaya, 2-3,500 ft. PETALS UNITED. small, shoots yellow, hairy ; otherwise like the last species, but flowers a little larger. small ; leaves 4 by 14 in., nearly opposite, oblong, narrowed at the base, stalk # in.; flowers smaller than C. Myxa and in smaller clusters, petals 4; fruit usually one-seeded, edible. small, shoots yellow, woolly, bark greenish-grey, smooth, peeling in large pieces ; leaves 3-6 by 24-3 in., broad, long-pointed, leathery, velvety beneath till mature ; flowers yellowish-white in dense clusters, corolla lobes + in. ; fruit 3 in. long, oblong, sharp-pointed, edible. medium size, trunk deeply grooved, bark brown with longitudinal cracks ; leaves 3-5 by 1-23 in., oblong, pointed, small toothed, smooth, leathery ; flowers white, fragrant, small, in large branching clusters at the end of branches, calyx 5-lobed, persistent, corolla 5-lobed, rotate, stamens 5; drupe 3-1 in. diam., short, obtuse ; edible, red or black, not ribbed, with 2 stones, 1- or 2-seeded. t medium size, bark smooth, grey; leaves 5 by 2} in., margin even, ovate, oblong; flowers } in. diam., white, in one-sided slender spikes not always at the end of branches, calyx 5-cleft, corolla 5-lobed, spreading, stamens 5; fruit a drupe, 1 in. diam., depressed, round, 5 red, 4-ribbed with 1 to 4 one-seeded stones. small, bark thin, grey or brownish-black, spinous when young ; leaves 8-6 in. long, very leathery, oblong : flowers small, yellow, in clusters on long spikes, bracts small, hairy, calyx 4-5-lobed, petals 5, in male flowers stamens 5, united below, in female flowers styles 2 with 2 branches each; fruit } in. diam., round, purple black when ripe, resting on the flower, fruit edible, sweet, one stone. Plants of the Punjab. 85 TREES WITH ALTERNATH EXsTIPULATE SimpLH LHAVES. Bridelia montana. Gondm, kargnalia. EUPHORBIAOEA. fb. i. vy. 269: Himalaya, east of the Jhelum river, 2-3,000 ft. Flacourtia Ramontchi, var. occidentalis, Katara, kukat. BIXAcCEZ. BB 198; Low hills to 8,000 ft. Suni (Collett). Xylosma longifclium, Chirunda. BIxACE. Pos. 1215194. Low hills to 5,000 it. Sutlej] Valley, Suni (Collett). Terminalia Catappa, The Indian Almond, Janglibadam. CoMBRETACE. F. B. I. ii. 444. The Plains, planted. Terminalia belerica, Bahera. CoMBRETACER. FB. B. I. 11. 445. The Plains. PETALS UNITED. small, bark dark grey, branchlets often dotted with warts ; leaves 3-6 in. long, blunt or sharp-pointed, shin- ing above, ovate; flowers small, greenish-yellow, in axillary clusters, male and female together, bracts many, crowd- ed, velvety, calyx lobes 5, sharp-pointed, petals 5, round, shortly stalked, male flowers stamens 5, united below, female flowers styles 2 with 2 branches each ; fruit size of a pea, ovoid or round, black when ripe, seated on the calyx, stones usually 2. PETALS NONE. small, more or less softly downy, spinous ; leaves 1-2 in. long, broad and rounded ; flowers small, yellow, in simple or branched racemes, sepals 4-5, small, petals none, stamens many ; drupe 4 in. diam., red or black, edible, stones minute, 8-16, in 2 tiers. small, branches long, slender, thorny when young, wood scented ; leaves 4-9 by 14-2 in., shining, leathery, toothed, long-pointed ; flowers 4 in. diam., yellow, female flowers clustered, usually in short racemes, only 4 in. long, scattered along the branches, male flowers many, clustered in long racemes, stamens many, longer than the sepals, sepals 4-5, ovate, petals none ; berry dry, smooth, 34 in. diam., red or black, 2-8-seeded. large, trunk buttressed ; leaves turn crimson before falling, branches in horizontal circles; leaves 6-8 in, long, stalk short, base of leaves very narrow ; flowers in spikes, calyx teeth 5, smooth, stamens 10, protruding, no petals; fruit 1-14 in., fleshy, compressed, showing 2 ridges, not velvety, stone one, kernel edible. large, bark uneven, bluish or ashy grey with longi- tudinal furrows; leaves 8-6 in. long, crowded towards the ends of branches, stalk 1-8 in. long ; flowers in spikes, very small, no petals, pale white or greenish-yellow with an unpleasant smell, calyx with 5 teeth, soon falling, stamens 10, far protruding ; fruit 1 in. long, fleshy, velvety, when dry shows 5 ridges, seed bony, thick. Fruit called Myrobolan and used for tanning and as a pur- gative. The Terminalia are fine shady trees. D2 36 Plants of the Punjab. TREES WITH ALTERNATE EXSTIPULATE SIMPLE LEAVES. Terminalia Chebula, Harh, hararh. CoMRETACES. HB) (L. a. 4A6: The Plains. Terminalia Arjuna, Arjun. CoMBRETACER., BS Be 1, 31: 447. The Plains. Terminalia tomentosa, Asaina, sain. CoMBRETACEA. es Le a 447. The Plains. Anogeissus latifolia, Bakli, dhau. CoMBRETACE®. Hos 1 i. 40), The Plains to 3,000 ft. Cinnamomum Tamala, Machilus odoratissima, Kaula, mithpatta. LAURINES, F. B. I. v. 139,859, Himalaya, 5,000 ft. Sutlej Valley, Suni (Collett). PETALS NONE. large, bark dark brown, young parts covered with rusty brown hairs ; leaves nearly opposite, 3-6 in. long, ovate, short-pointed ; flowers +4; in. diam., dull white, in clustered spikes, strong-scented, calyx teeth 5, hairy within, no petals, stamens 10, far protruding ; fruit 1-2 in. long, fleshy, smooth, 5-ribbed when dry; nut rough with grooved surface, kernel edible. The fruit of this tree is called Myrobolan and used for tanning and as a purgative. large, trunk buttressed, bark smooth grey, young parts covered with rusty down; leaves nearly opposite, 5-8 in. long, oblong, short-pointed ; flowers dull yellow in branching spikes, no petals, calyx teeth 5, smooth, broad ; fruit 1-2 in. long with 5-7 hard, leathery, narrow ‘wings. large, bark deeply cracked, dark grey or black, peeling off in thick rectangular pieces, inner bark reddish- brown, young parts covered with rusty velvety down ; leaves nearly opposite, 4-8 in. long, smooth above, woolly beneath ; flowers ;, in. diam., dull yellow, calyx woolly, in spikes, bracts lanceolate, longer than buds, no petals ; fruit 13-24 in. long with broad wings, striated. The fruit is used as in the former species of Terminalia. small, bark greyish-green, smooth, young parts covered with rusty velvety down; leaves 2-4 in. long, broad, rounded at both ends, smooth when old; flowers - in round heads, small, heads 4 in. diam., in racemes, calyx tube long, teeth 5, soon falling, stamens 10, in 2 series, no petals; fruit 4 in., 2 wings, flattened, crowned with the remains of the calyx as a beak. see Trees, Opposite, Exstipulate, Simple. large ; leaves 4-6 by 14-2 in., oblong with a taper- ing point, shining, dark green, dotted with small glands ; flowers }-}in. diam., pale yellow, fragrant, quite smooth, in branching racemes, sepals 6, reflexed in fruit, stamens 9 in 2 series; fruit an ovoid or oblong drupe, 4-3? in., dark purple when ripe, sometimes with a bloom on the surface, seated on the persistent calyx. Plants of the Punjab. 87 TREES WITH ALTERNATE EXXSTIPULATE SIMPLE LEAVES. Machilus Duthiei, Chan. LAURINES. Bb. Lvs 86l; - Himalaya, 4-9,000 ft. Simla, the Glen (Collett). Phebe lanceolata, Badror. LAURINES. Robe. v.41. Himalaya, 2-6,000 ft. Bhajji, Sutlej Valley (Collett). Lits za sebifera, Marda-lakri, gwa. LAURINE. Belo. wo £57. The Plains. Litsza polyantha, Katmarra. LAURINES. Poel. v162: Salt Range. The Plains to 8,000 ft. Litszea lanuginosa, LAURINER. Bly. 178. Himalaya, 3,000 ft. Sutlej Valley (Collett). Litsea umbrosa, LAURINEA. 1 5 ed ae Himalaya, 3-9,000 ft. Mahasu, Narkanda (Collett). PETALS NONE. very like the last species, but the leaves are not so dark, flowers covered with silky down, fruit round. small, bark yellowish-white; leaves 5-8 by 1-2 in., crowded at the end of branches, narrow with taper- ing point, smooth ; flowers 7, -}in., pale yellow or white, in branching racemes not at the end of branches, sepals 6, hairy within, stamens 9 in 2 series, of 6 and 8 with 3 staminodes ; fruit 4 in., narrowly oblong with round ends, black when ripe, half buried in the calyx segments, which become stiff and pressed against it. medium size, bark dark grey, soft, corky, young parts covered with grey wool; leaves 4-10 in. long, ovate or oblong, short- or long-pointed, slightly downy above, and grey woolly beneath ; flowers, white, in few 4-6-flowered clusters on a common short stalk with 4 bracts, male and female on different trees, calyx 4-6- lobed, tubular, stamens 9 or more; fruit round, ;3, in. diam., supported on the remains of the flower, black. small, bark dark grey, smooth; leaves 4-8 in. long, smooth above, rusty woolly beneath, broad; flowers as in last species but with 5 bracts; fruit ovoid, oblong, 4-4 in. small, bark brown; leaves 6-12 in. long, crowded at the end of branches, thick, leathery, densely silky when young, narrow, long-pointed ; flowers 1 in. diam., in fours, in sessile clusters, silky or woolly, stamens 6, glands of inner stamens long-stalked ; fruit 4 in. long, pointed at both ends, seated on the thick end of the stalk. small, bark dark brown ; leaves 3-6 in. long, oblong, long-pointed, thinly leathery ; flowers yellowish-white with 5 bracts in small sessile clusters, calyx 4-lobed, stamens 6, with sessile glands not as long as in the last species ; fruit ;4, in. diam., round or oblong, on slender stalks } in. long. \ Plants of the Punjab. TREES WITH ALTERNATE E;XSTIPULATE SIMPLH LEAVES. Elzeagnus hortensis, HKLAGNACER. f8.d-ve 201. Western Himalaya, 6-7,000 ft. (Edgeworth). Baluchistan (Boissier). Putranjiva Roxburghii, Jiaputa, patajan. HUPHORBIACES. RB. ft v.336. The Plains to 2,500 ft. Valleys of the outer hills (Collett). Mallotus philippinensis, Rora, raini, rol. KUPHORBIACE. F. B. I. v. 442. Base of the Himalaya, Sutlej and Giri Valleys (Collett). Sapium insigne, Dudla, lendua. KuUPHORBIACE. bey. Att. Himalaya, 5,000 ft. Valleys below Sula (Collett). Myrica Nagi, Kaiphal. HS AsV. OO Himalaya, east of the Ravi river, 3-6,000 ft. Simla, the Glen (Collett). PETALS NONE. small, branches silvery with scales, often spinous, dark brown when older; leaves 1-3 in. long, oblong, ovate, blunt, silvery beneath, stalk } in. ; flowers §-} in. long, yellow, silvery, bell-shaped above, stalked, fragrant, solitary or in clusters of 38, calyx of 4 triangular, ovate teeth, soon falling off, stamens 4, on the mouth of the calyx, alternating with the lobes ; fruit ? in. long, oblong, red, dry or fleshy, stone thick, bony. medium size, bark dark grey, nearly smooth with bori- zontal lines of white dots, handsome tree; leaves 2-3 in. long, evergreen, dark green, shining, margin wavy, ovate ; flowers, male nearly sessile in clusters (female stalked, in pairs or solitary), yellow, small, calyx 3-5-lobed, sta- mens 3, female flowers calyx 5-6 lobed, styles 3; fruit din. long, ovoid, stone very hard, pointed, wrinkled, made into necklaces for fa/z7rs or infants. medium size, bark thin, dark grey, young branches rusty ; leaves 3-5 in. long, velvety beneath with crimson glands, stalk 2-3 in. long; flowers in brown red spikes, minute, calyx 3-lobed, stamens 20-380 on a central re- ceptacle, no petals; capsules 4-$ in. diam., 38-lobed, covered with crimson powder ; seeds round, 7, in. diam., smooth, black. The crimson powder is called Kamela and used as an orange dye and as a vermifuge. small, bark grey, corky, juice thick, milky, branches thick, soft, branchlets leafy at the tips; leaves 6-12 in. long, oblong, long-pointed, soft, smooth; flowers yellow green in long fleshy terminal spikes, male flowers in circular clusters, calyx 2-lipped, deeply cleft, stamens 2, short, top scarlet, female flowers nearly sessile, soli- tary, calyx 2-3-cleft, ovate, long-pointed, styles 3, short, recurved ; capsule ovoid, 4 in. long, obscurely lobed on a fleshy spike. small, bark brownish-grey, rough, vertically wrinkled, branchlets velvety ; leaves 8-7 in. by 1-2 in., leathery, with aromatic dots beneath; flowers in bracteate cylindric catkin-like spikes, male flowers with 8-6 stamens in axils of broad bracts, female with 2 styles in glan- dular bracts ; fruit # in. long, ovoid, succulent, edible, pulp of red spindle-shaped fibres, radiating from the wrinkled nut. The bark is used as a stimulant, car- minative and astringent. This tree is akin to Myrica Gale, Sweet Gale of Britain. Plants of the Punjab. 39 TrRups with ALTERNATE EixstrpULATE SIMPLH LEAVES. Taxus baccata, Yew, Barma, thunu. CoNIFERS. ff. Buy: 648. Himalaya, 6-11,000 ft. Mahasu, Narkanda (Collett). Pinus exeelsa, The Blue Pine, Kail, biar, darchir. Con&FERM. Heeb lev. ODL, Himalaya, 6-12,000 ft. Simla (Collett). Baluchistan. Pinus longifolia, Chir, chil. CoNIFERA. Be Bel-v. Oot; Himalaya, 1,500-6,000 ft. Simla (Collett). Kasauli. Pinus Gerardiana, Miri, galgoja. CoNnIFERa. PB. ie ay..652. Dry inner Valleys of Himalaya, 6-12,000 ft. Kurram Valley, 7-11,000 fe. Baluchistan. PETALS NONE. CoNE BEARING. Leaves narrow, linear. medium size, bark reddish-grey, thin, smooth, flaking in longitudinal shreds; leaves in 2 rows, dark green, light or rusty beneath, leathery, 1-1} by +, in., narrowed into a short stalk; cones sessile, axillary, male and female on different trees, male + in., bracts empty, stamens in acluster at the top, female minute, bud-like, two upper bracts enclose the seed with the disk ; fruit an ovoid berry 4 in. long, consisting of a red fleshy cup nearly concealing the flattened olive-green wingless seed. Leaves needle-like. large, bark smooth, slatey leathery when young, grey corky, furrowed when older, wood excellent ; leaves in clusters of 5, 6-8 in. long, 3 cornered, bluish- green, in sheaths pinkish-brown, soon falling off; male cones or catkins } in. long in crowded clusters, with many scales, each scale carries 2 anthers, female cones 2 or 3 together, 6-12 in. long, first erect, then pendulous, on stalks 2-3 in. long, seeds 4-$ in., black, with a long, thin wing. Timber is very fairly good. large, bark, outer, corky and in thin crisp pieces, reddish-brown, inner bark brick red ; leaves 9-12 in. long, in clusters of 8, light green, sheaths grey, persistent, fringed, male catkins 4 in. long, female cones ovoid with scales thickened at the apex, 4-8 by 3-5 in. at the lower end, seeds with a short wing. Gandabaroza, turpentine and tar are obtained from this tree. The wood is much used, but rots in the wet. medium size, bark smooth, often silvery, flaking in long pieces ; leaves in clusters of 8, 3-5 in. long, stout, stiff, dark green, persistent for 3-4 years, sheaths soon falling off, male catkins 4-4 in. long, female cones ovoid, 6-9 by 4-5 in., bluish-green, young, erect scales with a recurved spine from the upper margin, seeds 1 in. long, cylindric, wing short, soon falling off, eaten when roasted, called Clilgcea or Neoza. 40 Plants of the Punjab. : TREES WITH ALTERNATE EXSTIPULATE SIMPLE LBAVES. Cedrus Libani, var. Deodara, Kelo, diar. CoNIFER. oe. 1. Vv. 000. Himalaya, 4-12,000 ft. Picea Morinda, Himalayan Spruce, Ran, tos. CoNIFERZ. HB. Lv. 658. Himalaya, 6-11,000 ft. Abies Webbiana, var. Pindrow, Himalayan Silver Fir, Tos, rar. CoNIFER. FB; Lv. 654. Himalaya, 7-12,000 ft. PETALS NONE. CoNE BEARING. Leaves needle-like. large, bark greyish-or reddish-brown, thick, furrow- ed vertically and cracked transversely, branches and branchlets horizontal, tips nodding ; leaves 1-14 in. long, in dense clusters, short, slender, bluish-green, sheaths very short, male catkin single, erect, 1 in. long, female cones erect, 4-5 in. long, ovoid, scales soon falling off, leaving a central spike, seeds } in. long, triangular, wing triangular, 2 in. long. Timber excellent. large, bark rough, greyish-white, peeling in round flakes about an inch. in-diam., branches horizontal, branchlets slender, hanging down like tassels; leaves 1-14 in. long, scattered, short, 4-sided, needle-like, dark green, stiff; male catkins usually single, cylindric, sessile, 1 in. long ; cones terminal, hanging down, blunt, 4-6 in. long, dark brown when ripe, scales with a thin edge, seeds 2 in. long with the abruptly ended wing. The wood is soft and used in making packing cases. large, bark dark brown or grey, fissured into long narrow scales, branches horizontal, flat, branchlets the same ; leaves 2-3 in. long, narrow, linear, very dark ereen, foliage appears black at a distance ; male catkins 3 in., sessile, clustered, stamens with 2 pockets, cones always erect, 2-4 in. long, cylindrical, purple, scales closely overlapping, seeds oblong with a wing abruptly ended, 3-1 in. long. The wood is soft and used for shingles. TREES WITH ALTERNATE EXSTIPULATE LOBED LEAVES. Marlea begonizfolia, Budanar, sialu, padlu. CoRNACEA. F.B. I. uu. 748. Himalaya, 1-6,000 ft. Simla (Collett). PETALS UNUNITED. medium siz®, bark smooth, grey, young parts vel- vety ; leaves 3-10 im. long, from round to broad-oblong, unequally sided, usually lobed lke a maple; flowers ? in. long, white, in axillary bunches, calyx minutely 6-toothed, petals 2 in. long, 6-8, strap-shaped, stamens 6-8; drupe ovoid, dark purple, 4 in., crowned with the calyx, stone n pulp, 2-celled. TREES WITH ALTERNATE EXXsSTIPULATE COMPOUND LEAVES. Crateeva religiosa, Barna. CAPPARIDACH®. ote Lt, 112. The Plains. PHTALS UNUNITED. medium size, bark grey, fairly smooth with long horizontal wrinkles; leaves of 8 leaflets, stalk 4-6 in. lone, leaflets 8-6 by 14-8 in., ovate; flowers 2-3 in, diam., pale greenish-yellow to purplish, in level many- flowered bunches, sepals 4, soon falling off, petals 4, Plants of the Punjab. ieee TREES WITH ALTERNATE. ExsTIPULATE COMPOUND LEAVES. Averrhoa Carambola, Khamrak. GERANIACER. He Be 1 489: The Plains. Averrhoa Bilimbi, Bilumbi. GERANIACES. Bobb. 1.409. The Plains. Murraya exotica, Murraya Keenigii, Gandalu, gandanim. RutTacEeé. Be ilisas 508. The Plains to 5,000 ft. - Limonia acidissima, Feronia Elephantum, Elephant or Wood apple, Bilin, kat-bel. RUTACER. Pebook, ole, The Plains to 1,500 ft. rurgaon. Rohtak. PETALS UNUNITED. long-stalked, stamens many on a short column sur- rounding a long thread with ovary above ; fruit a many- seeded, ovoid, berry, 1-2 in. diam., rind rough with white dots, seeds + in. long, nearly smooth, kidney-shaped, black in pulp. The bark is an antipyretic and sedative, the fresh leaves are rubefacient and vesicant. small; leaves pinnate with a terminal leaflet, leaf stalk stout, velvety, leaflets 2-5 pairs, ovate, 13-3 in. long, smooth, long-pointed ; flowers small, variegated, white and purple, sepals and petals 5 of each, stamens 10; fruit yellow, fleshy, 38 in. long, oblong, acutely 4-5 ridged, edible, seeds 2-5 in each cell, each seed surround- ed by a fleshy appendage (aril). Cultivated. small, same as the last, but leaflets 5-12 pairs, oblong, velvety beneath, fruit with rounded lobes and seeds without the fleshy appendage. Cultivated. see Shrubs, Alternate, Exstipulate, Compound. small, strong scented tree with brown bark, usually velvety or woolly ; leaves 6-12 in. long, leaflets 9-25, 1-14 in. long, alternate ; flowers 3 in. long, white, in terminal flat-topped branching racemes, sepals 5, petals 5, dotted, stamens 10; fruit ovoid, } in. diam.. black, wrinkled, seeds embedded in a gummy substance. The leaves are stomachic and used to flavour curries. see Shrubs, Alternate, Exstipulate, Compound. medium size, spinous, bark blackish-grey, wrinkled and with shallow longitudinal furrows ; leaves smelling of aniseed, with an odd number of leaflets, leaflets 5-7, opposite toothed, gland dotted; flowers 4 in. diam., reddish-green in loose clusters, calyx 5-tooth- ed, soon falling off, petals 4-5, stamens 10-12; fruit with woody rind, round, grey, rough, 24 in. diam., edible, seeds oblong, buried in pulp. ‘This tree is often found shrubby on the sides of roads. The gum is used, the fruit eaten and is usefvl in dysentery. 42 Plants of the Punjab. Sees TREES WITH ALTERNATE E;XSTIPULATE CoMPOUND LEAVES. Egle Marmelos, Bel. RutTacEs. BeBoed 1 516; The Plains to 4,000 ft. Baluchistan (Hughes-Buller). Ailanthus excelsa, Arua, maharukha. SIMARUBACE. Hs. teas 18. The Plains, Delhi Dist. Boswellia serrata, Salar, salhi. BuRSERACEA). Pep. 1.1. 528. Base of the Himalaya, east of the Sutle} river. Melia Azadirachta, or Azadirachta indica, Num. MELIACES. F. B. 1.1. 544. The Plains to 5,000 ft. Baluchistan (Stocks). Melia Azedarach, Persian Lilac, Bakain. MELIACE®. F. B. I. 584. The Plains to 5,000 ft. Baluchistan (Stocks). PETALS UNUNITED. medium size, spinous, bark grey, corky ; leaves 34-64 in. long, leaflets 3-5, lateral sessile, terminal one stalked, 2-4 by 1-14 in. ; flowers greenish-white, in bunches 1 in. diam., sweet scented, calyx 4-5-toothed, flat, velvety, petals 4-5, spreading, stamens many ; fruit 2-7 in. diam., round with grey woody rind, pulp orange-coloured, sweet, seeds many, in gummy pulp. The pulp of the fruit cures dysentery. large ; leaves one foot or more long, with an un- equal number of leaflets, leaflets numerous, on long stalks unequal at the base, hairy ; flowers small, yellow- ish, in long bunches, calyx small, 5-cleft, petals 5, spread- ing, edges inverted, stamens 10 in male flowers, stamens 2-3 in 2-sexed flowers, none in female flowers, styles 2-5, united ; fruit of 1-5 long membranous red-twisted wings, 2 by 4 in. long, each with one seed, medium size, crown spreading flat, bark reddish- yellow or greenish-grey, peeling off in thin flakes, a clear gum exudes which burns with a pleasant odour ; leaves crowded at the ends of branches with unequal leaflets, leaflets 8-15 pairs besides the end one, 2-3 in. long, short toothed, tip usually rounded ; flowers small, white, in racemes, calyx small, 5-7-cleft, petals 5-7, stamens 10-12 ; drupe 3 in. long, 3-angled, splitting into 8 portions, 1 bony seed in each, surrounded by the woody disk. large, evergreen ; leave spinnate, 8-10 in. long, crowd- ed at the ends of branches, leaflets 9-15, smooth, lance- olate, toothed, 1-3 by 4-14 in.; flowers ¢-4 in. long, white, sweet scented, in long-stalked branching racemes, shorter than the leaves, calyx 4-5-cleft, small, petals 5, stamens 10, united into a tube; fruit oblong, }-? in. long, smooth, greenish-yellow, one-seeded. The bark is a febrifuge, and the oil from the seeds is an insecti- cide. The leaves are used to keep moths from clothes. medium size, bark smooth, dark grey ; leaves bi- pinnate or tripinnate, 9-18 in. long, pinne usually oppo- site, leaflets 8-7 on each pinne, ovate, long-pointed ; flowers }-? in. long, lilac, sweet scented in branching racemes, calyx segments 5-6, short, petals 5-6, linear, stamens 10-12, united into a purple tube; fruit 3 in. diam., yellow, round, wrinkled, 5-seeded. ‘he seeds are used as beads. The plants properties are much the same as those of the last species. ane, *‘youitpozy ‘issO1OyN {Aj )RefA-—‘O¥]IT ueistag ay} yo saavea] ayeuurdiq yf snpuides ‘9013 ynu-deos ay] yo saava] oyeuuid aut .. = pa en <— : 2° Mt es > —_— om : Plants of the Punjab. 48 TREES WITH ALTERNATE EXxsTIPULATH COMPOUND LEAVES. | Walsura ternata, MELIACE. BeBe 1.15565. The Plains at Sheikhpura. Cedrela Toona, Tun. MELIACEA. Be Bye lst.568. The Plains to 3,000 ft. Cedrela serrata, Hill Toon, Darli, chutiswrin. MELIACEA. BS eo i i568. Himalaya, 3-8,000 ft. Matiana, Sainj (Collett). Sapindus Mukorossi, Soap-nut tree, Ratha, dodan. SAPINDACEA. Ba Bossi: 683: The Plains to 5,000 ft. Rhus semi-alata, Tekri, tutrr, dudla, kakkart. ANACARDIACE. H, Be 1. a. £0: Himalaya, 3-7,000 ft. Simla, the Glen, Mahasu (Collett). PETALS UNUNITED. small; leaves 8 in. long, leaflets 3, 4-5 by 1 in., smooth, shining, white beneath; flowers } in. long, milk white in branching racemes, shorter than the leaves, caylx short, 5-fid, petals 5, oblong, spreading, stamens 10, united below; berry narrow, oblong, one-celled and one-seeded, seed enclosed in a fleshy appendage. large, bark smooth, dark grey, thin ; leaves with an equal number of leaflets, 1-2 ft. long, leaflets 8-30, with smooth margins, 2-6 by 2-24 in., long-pointed ; flowers small, cream coloured, sweet scented, in branch- ing drooping racemes nearly as long as the leaves, sepals 5, blunt, hairy, petals 5, fringed with marginal hairs, stamens 5, on fleshy hairy orange lobes ; capsule 3-1 in. long, oblong, dark brown, seeds with a membranous wing at each end. This tree yields good red wood much used for furniture. medium size, bark with regular longitudinal cracks ; leaves with usually an unequal number of leaflets, 2-3 ft. long, leaflets 24-48, 3-8 by 1-24 in., ovate, long-pointed, margin toothed ; flowers in loose drooping branching racemes, longer than the leaves, pink, sepals 5 or 6, often smooth, petals 5 or 6, smooth, stamens 5, alternating with 5 staminodes ; capsules 1 in. long, ovoid, pointed, dark grey, seeds winged only at the upper end. small, bark grey; leaves even pinnate, 12-20 in. long, crowded at the ends of branches, leaflets 10-20, 33-6 by 1-2 in., smaller at the end of the leaf; flowers ;'5 In. long, white or purple in branching racemes, petals 4, as a rule fringed with hairs and with 2 woolly scales on each side of the stalk, stamens 8, far protruding ; fruit #-1 im. long, fleshy, round, one-seeded, covering Saponaceous, wrinkled when dry, yellow, seed black, loose in the fruit when dry. The fruit is commonly used instead of soap for washing clothes. small, young parts grey velvety ; leaves odd pin- - nate, 12-18 in. long, upper part of leaf stalk winged, leaflets 9-13, lateral sessile, end one on a long winged stalk, ovate, 2-5 in., closely and sharply toothed, lower surface reddish-white, woolly ; flowers +; in. diam., pale yellow green, in large dense branched racemes, racemes as long as the leaves, calyx small, 4-6 cleft, petals 8-5, fringed with hairs, stamens 5; fruit a drupe } in. diam., woolly, red-brown, acid, edible. 44 Plants of the Punjab. TREES WITH ALTERNATE EXXxsTIPULATE ComMpoUND LBAVES. Rhus punjabensis, - Titri, choklu, dor. ANACARDIACE®. BYBEls10. Himalaya, 8-8,000 ft. Simla, Jaku, the Glen (Collett). Rhus Wallichii, Arkhar, kambal, rikhul. ANACARDIACE. BABA ae tis Himalaya, 6-7,000 ft. Simla, the Glen (Collett). Rhus suceedanea, Arkhol, hulashing, lakhar. ANACARDIACES. HB. a. 1 112. Himalaya, 3-6,000 it. Valleys near Simla (Collett). Odina Wodier, Jhingan, kimlu, sulambra. ANACARDIACE. PBs Ts 1129. The Plains to 5,000 ft. Valleys below Simla (Collett). Baluchistan (Hughes-Buller). Moringa pterygosperma, Horse radish tree, Samina. Monrincnm. Fes. i. 45. The Plains to 8,000 ft. -end one stalked, ovate, PETALS UNUNITED. small, bark rough, dark grey, leaves aromatic, young parts velvety; leaves odd pinnate, 12-18 in. long, stalk not winged, leaflets 11-18, lateral sessile, 25-5 in., margin smooth or toothed towards the tip; flowers on broad branching Sages: much shorter than the leaves, flowers less than jin. diam., yellow-green, calyx, petals and stamens as above ; drupe red, woolly, + mn. diam. small, something like the walnut (Juglans regia), bark smooth grey from which a black acrid varnish exudes, all parts rusty woolly; leaves odd pinnate, 12-18 in. long, leaflets 7-11, lateral sessile, end one long-stalked, 3-9 in., abruptly pointed; flowers +5 im., in short branching racemes, calyx as above, petals 4-6, yellow apa with dark veins, stamens as the last ; fruit ovoid, 4 in. long, brown, woolly at first, then smooth. small, smooth everywhere; leaves 6-18 in. long, crowded at the ends of branch»s, odd pinnaie, leaflets 7-18, lateral shortly stalked, end one long-stalked,-ovate, long-pointed, smooth, shining; flowers ;; in. diam., sreen-yellow, in drooping branching racemes shorter than the leaves, calyx 5-fid, much shorter than the petals, petals 5, stamens 5 ; drupe } in. diam. » yellow, round, smooth. trunk thick, branches fe, branchlets thick, soft, bark grey, smooth at first, in age peeling in round flakes, red inside; leaves 12-18 in. long, few at the end of branches, odd pinnate, leaflets 6- 8, 3-6 in. long, oblong, ovate, long-pointed ; flowers 5!) 1. diam., ereenish-vellow, medium size, in dense branching racemes at- the ends of the branches while leafless, male and female on different branches or trees, calyx 4-cleft, petals 4, in males stamens 8, in females styles 4, short, thick ; drupe } in. long, oblong, kidney-shaped, red when ripe, stone hard. The bark is astringent, the wood is hard, and eaten by white ants. bark ae wood sof', fruit is hot lik» horse radish ; leaves 12-24 in. tong, usually 3-pinnate, stalk sheathing, pine 8-12, leaflets 12-18, 4-# in. long, unevenly ovate or with broad tip, linear glands at the base ; flowers 1 in. diam., white, scented, in axillary spreading branched racemes with linear bracts, sepals 5, medium size, Plants of the Punjab. 45 TREES WITH ALTERNATE E}XSTIPULATE COMPOUND LEAVES. Spondias Mangifera, The Hog-plum tree, Ambara, bahamb. ANACARDIACEA. Balen 42s The Plains to 5,000 ft. Jugians regia, Walnut, Akhrot, charmaghe, starga. JUGLANDER. BF. B.1 wv. 595. Himalaya, 3-10,000 ft. Baluchistan (Boissier). Phenix sylvestris, Date Palm, Khajur. PALMAE. ioabas lek Vlei A os The Plains to 8,000 ft. PETALS UNUNITED. linear-lanceolate, reflexed, petals 5, narrow at the base, broad at the tip, stamens 5 with anthers, 5 without ; capsule 9-18 by § in., cylindrical, hanging down, 9- ribbed, beaked, seeds many in pits, 3-angled, winged at the angles. The young root is like horse radish. Oil from the seeds is an excellent lubricant, Ben Oil. small, bark smooth, grey, aromatic ; leaves 12-18 in. long, odd pinnate, leaflets 9-11, opposite, 8-9 by 11-4 in., smooth ; flowers } in. diam., greenish-white, in ter- minal branching spreading racemes, calyx 5-cleft, petals 5, stamens 8-10; drupe 14-2 in. long, yellow, smooth, flesh acid, astringent, edible, stone fibrous, pitted within, seeds 1-8, usually one perfect. The ripe fruit is a useful antiscorbutic. large, aromatic, shoots velvety, bark grey, fissured vertically ; leaves 6-15 in. long, odd pinnate, woolly when young, leaflets 5-13, opposite, 3-8 by 2-4 in., lateral nearly sessile, end one shortly stalked ; flowers very small, green, male and female on the same tree on spikes, males im pendulous catkins, calyx 5-lobed, stamens 15-20, females 1-3 clustered, calyx 4-toothed, petals 4, linear, lobed, styles 2, short recurved ; fruit 2 in. long, ovoid, green with yellow dots, skin leathery, very aromatic, nut 1-14 in. long, ribbed, shell thick, 2-valved, seed corrugated, 2-lobed. The wood is very good for making into furniture. rom the seeds excellent oil for culinary and illuminating purposes is expressed. The bark is a vermifuge and used for staining, . large, trunk covered with the remains of old leaf stalks, unbranched ; leaves, 4-8 ft. long, form a crown on the summit of old trees, pinnate, leaflets 9-18 in. long, 3-? in. broad, thick, folded at first, sessile ; flowers, male on a compact spike in a broad spathe, female on a spike 2-23 ft., branching, male and female with 3 sepals and petals; fruit 1-14 in. long, yellow reddish brown when ripe, sweet, stones 1 in. long, deeply grooved on one side, widely cultivated, leaflets used for matting and cordage. 46 Plants of the Punjab. TREES WITH ALTERNATE EXxsTIPULATE CoMPOUND LEAVES. Schleichera trijuga, The Lac tree, Gosum, kusswmb, samma. SAPINDAOCBS. F. B. I. 1. 681. The Plains, east of the Sutlej river. Pistacia integerrima, Kakkar, sarawan, gurgu. ANAOARDIAOCER. Hebei, 13. The Plains, Peshawar, Salt Range, Himalaya, 1,500-8,000 ft. Simla (Collett). Engelhardtia Colebrookiana, Timar rakh. JUGLANDES. F. B. I. v. 596. Himalaya, east of Chenab, to 6,000 ft. PETALS NONE. bark grey, peeling in irregular pieces, red inside ; leaves with an equal number of leaflets, 8-16 in. long, pink when young, dark green when old, leaflets 4-8, 2-9 by 14-34 in., the terminal pair much the longest, oblong or ovate; flowers yellowish-green in drooping racemes at the ends of branches, calyx 4-6 cleft, small, stamens 6-8, longer than calyx, hairy, petals none ; fruit dry, pointed, smooth or spinous, ?-1 in. long, seeds 1 or 2 in a pulpy appendage, edible, pleasant acid flavour. Lac is produced on this tree by the Coccus lacca insect. bark rough, grey, large crooked galls, kakrisingt, form on the leaves in autumn and are sold as medicime ; leaves 6-9 in. long, odd or even pinnate, leaflets 8-12, 8-6 by 1-12 in., very long-pointed, smooth ; flowers small, red, male and female on separate trees, no petals, in lateral branching racemes appearing with the young leaves which are also red, in male flowers calyx 5-cleft, very small, stamens 5-7, female flower calyx 4-cleft, lobes soon falling off, styles 8, recurved; drupe } in. diam., broader than long, wrinkled, grey when ripe, seed with a membranous coat. The heart wood is used for carving and furniture. small, bark grey, shoots woolly ; leaves 8-12 in. long, odd pinnate, leaflets 6-11, end one smallest, often want- ing, lateral nearly opposite, shortly stalked, 8-5 in. long, woolly beneath; flowers in spikes, small, green, males in slender catkins, calyx 4-5-fid, stamens 4-5, nearly sessile, females in pendulous spikes, 3 large un- equal bracts, calyx 4-toothed, hairy, petals none, style of 2-4 branches ; fruit a small round nut, 4-4 in. diam., hairy. seated on a 3-lobed bract. Plants of the Punjab. 47 ERECT SHRUBS. a SHRUBS WITH OpposiITH STIPULATE SIMPLE LEAVES. Bergia odorata, HKLATINE. Heb. fei. 25d. The Plains. Bergia zstivosa, ELATINER. 1 Die-on 59) Bs 159 The Plains. Multan. Euonymus Hamiltonianus, Siki, singr, naga. CRLASTRACER, Be ey tet. G12. Himalaya, 5-6,000 ft. » Sageretia oppositifolia, Sageretia theezans, Sageretia Brandrethiana, Hymenodictyon excelsum, Kukarhat. RUBIACER. ipa spel BivoRs tay Himalaya, east of the Ravi river, to 2.500 ft. PETALS UNUNITED. small, one foot or less high, widely spreading, glandular, hairy, bark papery peeling ; leaves +,-4 in., sessile, thick, ovate, margins minutely toothed, often reflexed ; flowers ¢ in. long on bare branches in bunches, sepals and petals - 5, stamens 10, styles 5; capsule 5-celled, seeds many, minute, curved. small, much like the last, but not glandular, hairy, much branched, branches slender, widely diverging, flowers solitary or 2-4 together, pink, sepals lanceolate with mem- branous margins. large, bark thick, corky, ashy grey ; leaves 2-6 by 3-1} in., dull green, oblong, long-pointed, finely toothed, smooth, thin, leaf stalk 4 in. long, stipules fringed, soon falling off ; flowers 4 in. diam., greenish-white, in short clusters, sepals 4-5, petals 4-5, margin rolled under, stamens 4-5, styles short ; capsule 1-4 in. long, top-shaped, deeply 3-4- lobed, yellow when ripe, seeds one to two in each cell, en- closed in a red fleshy skin. see Climbing Plants, Opposite, Stipulate, Simple. see Climbing Plants, Alternate, Stipulate, Simple. see Hrect Shrubs, Alternate, Stipulate, Simple. PETALS UNITED. large, bark soft, brownish-grey, smooth on branches, corky and furrowed on old stems ; leaves 4-10 by 8-5 in., ovate-oblong, with round ends or long-pointed, membranous, velvety on both surfaces, narrowed into a stalk, 1-3 in. long, stipules soon falling off, oblong, broad based, recurved ; flowers 1 in. long, white, fragrant, in large spreading branch- ing racemes with bracteate spicate branches, bricts large, leafy, persistent, calyx ty in., soon falling off, lobes 5-6, corolla 4 in. long, funnel-shaped, lobes 5, short, sharp, stamens 5; capsule 4-? in. long, on short recurved Plants of the Punjab. SHRUBS WITH OpposiTE STIPULATE SIMPLE LEAVES. Randia tetrasperma, Kikra. RUBIACER. eS 1 a. 209; Salt Range, Himalaya, 4-6,000 ft. Simla (Collett). Baluchistan (Lace). Randia dumetorum, Mainphal. RUBIACES. Keb. 1: in. 110: Himalaya to 3,000 ft. Ixora coccinea, The Flame Tree, Rungan. RUBIACEZ. F. B. I. i. 145. The Plains. Hamiltonia suavolens, Padena, kanera. RUBIACE. RUB Ts, 2 9T: Salt Range, Himalaya, 2-5,000 ft. Valleys below Simla (Collett). Dharmpur (Bomford). PETALS UNITED. stalks, oblong with rounded ends, 2-valved, many seeded, seeds flat, double convex, winged all round the margin, 3 by |; in. with the wing. The inner bark is used by ~ Hindus as a cure for ague. This shrub is_ closely allied to Cinchona. small, branches rough, grey, rigid, often spinous ; leaves 4-2 in long, at the tips of branchlets, tapering at both ends or broad at the apex, narrowed into a short stalk, smooth, stipules small, triangular, tapering to a point ; flowers }in. diam., nearly solitary, sessile, greenish-white, fragrant, calyx hairy, lobes 5, large, narrow, corolla tube 1 in. long, hairy outside, lobes 5, stamens 5; berry } in. diam., round, 4-seeded, purple. large, bark grey, spines horizontal, often long and stout ; leaves 1-2 in. long with the broad end towards the apex, narrowed into a short marginate stalk, stipules ovate, long-pointed ; flowers hairy, yellowish-white, fragrant, solitary or 2-3 together at the end of short lateral branch- lets, calyx bell-shaped, hairy, lobes ovate, corolla lobes 5, spreading, oval or oblong; berry soft, fleshy, 1-1} in. long, ovoid, yellow, smooth or velvety, skin leathery, thick, edible, seeds many, flattened, in gelatinous pulp. The pulp is an excellent substitute for ipecacuanha. medium size, branches stiff, rather stout; leaves 2-4 by 1-2 in., sessile, leathery, shortly oblong, stipules with stiff long points ; flowers scarlet, in dense short-stalked bunches, calyx tube 4-toothed, persistent, corolla tube 1-12 in., lobes broad-pointed, 4, stamens 4, short, styles 2-branched; fruit sometimes fleshy, } in. diam., crowned by the calyx, seeds concave. The root is used in Indian medicine as a cure for dysentery. small, branches in threes, fetid when bruised ; leaves 8-9 in. long by 2-84 in., rather rigid, stalked, leathery, smooth, often rough, stipules joined by their margins, short, short-pointed, persistent ; flowers sessile or shortly stalked, sweet scented till crushed, crowded in large 3- branching racemes, blue or white, calyx lobes 5, persistent, corolla tube } in. long, woolly, lobes short, pointed, spead- ing, stamens 5; capsule oblong with round ends, +, in. long, one-celled, 5-seeded, seeds sharply 3-cornered. Plants of the Punjab. 49 SHRUBS WITH OpposITE STIPULATE SIMPLE LEAVES. Leptodermis lanceolata, RUBIACER. Peat. it. FOS: Himalaya, 4-10,000 ft. Simla (Collett). Dharmpur (Bomford). Leptodermis virgata, RUBIACES. F. B. I. iii. 198. Himalaya, 4-7,000 ft. Gaillonia calycoptera, RvuBIACER. Babel. 11.201. The Plains, Attock. Gaillonia hymenostephana, RUBIACE. BB. bu. 202: The Plains. Waziristan, 3,500 ft. Baluchistan (Boissier). Ficus hispida, Gobla, dadurt. UrTICACER. Ba8. Lv. 5283 The Plains to 8,500 ft. PETALS UNITED. small, bark thin, grey, leaves and young shoots fetid when crushed ; leaves 1-3 in., shortly stalked, narrowed at both ends, finely pointed, both surfaces covered with minute white hairs, stipules short, broad, pointed, persis- tent ; flowers 4 in. long, white or purplish, in small bracteate heads at the end of short branches forming a large branch- ing raceme, each flower half enclosed in a tube of 2 pointed partially united thin bracts, calyx 5-lobed, small, fringed, persistent, corolla funnel-shaped, lobes 5, short, spreading, stamens 5, short, style long, 5-branched ; capsule cylindric, }in., splitting into 5 valves, seeds 5 each in a loose covering. slender, rigid, very bushy, white, velvety; leaves 1-4 by ,.-} in., linear, acute, margins flat or recurved, white beneath, stipules triangular with stiff long sharp recurved points, white, calyx smooth, hairy, corolla 4 in. long, ‘velvety, purplish, stamens 5, style as above; capsule } in., seeds with a few free fibres attached to the covering. small, branches slender, stiff, erect, dividing in twos, lower white; leaves 4-1 in. long, linear, in distant pairs, margins rolled under, somewhat rough, stipules united with the leaf stalk into a sheath with teeth; flowers small, white, in spikes, calyx 2-5-toothed, dilated after flowering into a thin feathery wing, corolla funnel- shaped, lobes 4-5, stamens 4-5, style thread-like, arms 2, short; fruit $in. long, of 2 narrowly oblong lobes, crowned with the enlarged calyx, seeds oblong, grooved. very small, branches stiff, widely spreading, slender, very fetid when fresh; leaves 4-4 in., linear, oblong, margins rolled under, stipules rudimentary except of floral leaves, which are joined and 2-lobed ; flowers solitary or in small clusters at the end of branchlets, like the last as to calyx, corolla and stamens; fruit of 2 hairy lobes crowned with a large orbicular horizontal 5-lobed wing. PETALS NONE. medium size, bark thin, grey, smooth, warty on old stems, often with transverse wrinkles, branches hollow ; leaves 4-12 in. long, ovate, short-pointed, toothed, leathery, rough above, woolly beneath, leaf stalk 4-4 in. long, stipules 4 in. long, velvety ; fruit is a fig, top-shaped, 1 in. long, hairy, yellowish and faintly ribbed when ripe, usually B 50 Plants of the Punjab. SHRUBS WITH OpposiITE STIPULATE SimpLH LEAVES. Beehmeria platyphylla, mB. Ty 578. UrtTICACE. Himalayas, 5,000 ft. Valleys below Simla (Collett). PHTALS NONE. clustered on leafless branchlets from the old wood or on young plants, in pairs on leafy branches. The bark is used in Indian medicine as an emetic. large, branches rough, dark brown, 4-sided ; leaves usually opposite, 4-9 by 3-7 in., stalked, broadly ovate or orbicular, long-pointed, toothed, stalk 14-5 in., rough ; flowers, male and female, whitish on long branching droop- ing spikes, male calyx 3-5-fid, stamens 4-5, female calyx tubular, 2-4-toothed, style far protruding ; fruit narrowed or beaked at the 4-toothed tip. SHRUBS WITH OpposiTE STIPULATE COMPOUND LEAVES. Sambucus Ebulus, Dwarf Elder, Ganhula gandla. CAPRIFOLIACE 3. | haya 5 peu Bs th Kashmir, 6-10,000 ft. small, leaves 9 in. long, unequally pinnate, leaflets 5-9, oblong, lanceolate, 3-6 in. long, slightly velvety, stipules often leafy ; flowers white, pik or dark purple, with a strong odour, in large manyerayed level bracteate bunches, calyx 38-5-toothed, corolla 4 in. diam., 3-5-lobed, broad, stamens 6; drupe } in. diam., round, black when tipe, crowned with the calyx. The root and berries are purgative. ~ SHRUBS WITH OpposITE EXxsTIPULATE SIMPLE LEAVES. Berberis vulgaris, Barberry, Chochar. BERBERIDACEA. PB 17,109: Himalaya, 8-12,000 ft. Narkanda (Collett). Baluchistan (Boissier). Berberis aristata, Kashmal. BERBERIDAOBA. fab. 1,1. 110. Himalaya, 6-7,000 ft. Simla (Collett). PETALS UNUNITED. small, wood yellow, bark brown, soft; leaves 1-8 in. long, in tufts in the axils of 38-5-forked spines, stalked, margin spinous, toothed ; flowers pale yellow in drooping racemes longer than the leaves, sepals 6, petal- like, in 2 series, petals 6, in 2 series, stamens 6, style short ; berry oblong, ovoid, red when ripe. This plant is used as a diuretic. like the last species, young branches tinted red, leaves sessile, broad, lanceolate, 14-2 in. long, margin with few teeth, racemes long-stalked, branched, longer than the leaves. The root is used as a cure for ague in Indiar medicine. Plants of the Punjab. 51 SHRUBS WITH OPposITE EXXSTIPULATE SIMPLE LEAVES. Berberis Lycium, Chotra. BERBERIDACER. ee ove a tee POP Himalaya, 8-9,000 ft. Simla (Collett). Baluchistan (Lace). Cadaba farinosa, CAPPARIDACE. isha em ie The Plains, Multan. Baluchistan (Boissier). Gypsophila Stewartli, CARYOPHILLACE. Be Dede 216; Waziri Hills, 3-4,000 ft. Baluchistan (Lace). Hypericum cernuum, Pinh. HYPERICACER. by leo. Himalaya, 5-7,000 ft. Simla (Collett). Hypericum lysimachioices, HYPERICACE. Bey ero Himalaya, 5-8,000 ft. Simla, Mashobra (Collett). Hypericum patulum, HypERICACER. BS By Tei a4. Himalaya, 3-7,000 ft. Simla (Collett). Euonymus tingens, PETALS UNUNITED. like the last but smaller, bark white, leaves sessile, narrowly lanceolate, 14 by 4 in., acute, margin smooth or with a few small teeth, racemes shortly stalked, not branched, hardly longer than the leaves; berry ovoid, violet, covered witha bloom. ARasout, an extract from the root, is used as a febrifuge. small, straggling, much branched, wiry, and hoary ; leaves }-$ in., rarely 1 in. long, ovate, obtuse; flowers 1 in. diam., greenish-white, in few-flowered level bunches, petals 4, narrow, stalked, oblong, stamens 4-6 on a long | stalk ; fruit 4-14 in. long, fleshy, cylindric. small, green, tufted, spinous ; leaves } in., spreading, awl-like, flat above, convex beneath, points polished ; flowers pink in short-stalked clusters, 8-15 flowered, calyx ovoid, } in., 5-ribbed, teeth 5, slender, long, petals 5, narrow, stamens 8-10, styles 2-3 ; capsule 4-valved. medium size, branches cylindric, greenish, smooth, bluish when young ; leaves 1-3 in., sessile, oblong, minutely dotted, each pair at right angles to the next; flowers in 8-5-flowered terminal clusters, 2 in. diam., wh te turning to yellow, sepals 5, 3 ‘n. long, ovate, petals 5, longer than the stamens, stamens many, joined below into 8 or 5d bundles, styles 5 ; capsule 4 in., conical. small, smooth, branches 4-sided towards the ends ; leaves ovate, 14 by din., lower surface pale, black dotted ; flowers 1-14 in. diam., in terminal leafy forked 2-8-flowered clusters, sepals 4 in., lanceolate narrow, petals longer than the stamens, stamens in 5 bundles, styles 5; capsule + in. small, smooth, dark brownish, branches numerous, stiff, red, spreading, 2-edged ; leaves ovate, 14 by 2 in., . each pair at right angles to the next, pale and black dotted beneath ; flowers 1 in. diam., in terminal few-flowered clusters, sepals ovate, } in., petals twice as long as the stamens, stamens in 5 bundles, styles 5 ; capsule 4 in. see Trees, Opposite, Exstipulate, Simple. B2 52 Plants of the Punjab. SHRUBS WITH OpposITE EXSsTIPULATE SIMPLE LEAVES. Coriaria nepalensis, Masur. CoRIARIACER. F. B. I. ui. 44. Himalaya, 3-7,000 ft. Simla (Collett). Deutzia corymbosa, SAXIFRAGACEA. FOB. 1.11. 406. Himalaya, 6-10,000 ft. Mashobra, Shali, Narkanda (Collett). Deutzia staminea, SAXIFRAGACER. Heeb. 1. 407. Himalaya, 5-9,000 ft. Simla, Prospect Hull (Collett). Philadlephus coronarius, Mock orange, or Seringat, Dalunchi, buzru. SAXIFRAGACE. ads ah. 207, Himalaya, 5-9,000 ft. Matiana, Narkanda (Collett). Osbeckia stellata, MELASTOMACEA. HS... 5617: Himalaya, 5,000 ft Lansdowne Falls, Simla (Collett). PETALS UNUNITED. large with long arching branches, bark red, rough branchlets, 4-angled ; leaves 1-3 by ?-2 in., nearly sessile, ovate, shortly pointed, racemes 2- “6 in. long, usually clustered ; flowers small, 4 in. diam., greenish-yellow, sepals 5, persistent, petals 5, fleshy, persistent, keeled within. stamens 10, styles 5, fruit of 5-10, flattened, one- seeded nuts, ridged, surrounded by the enlarged purple petals, separating the nuts by their keels, seeds flattened. medium size, stellately hairy, bark thin, light brown, peeling in thin rolls, inner white; leaves nearly sessile, 14-34 in. by #-14 in., long-pointed, ovate, with minute teeth, stellately velvety above, green below ; flowers $ in. diam., white, fragrant, in terminal branching many-flower- ed clusters, calyx teeth 5, ovate, obtuse, petals 5, smooth, stamens 10, winged, forming 3 points, styles 3-5 ; capsule as diam., round, apening by 3-5 valves, seeds many minute. medium size, stellately hairy, bark dark grey, peel- ing in long thin strips ; leaves 1-23 in. by 4-14 in., minute teeth, above stellately velvety, Wetec grey with stellate wool ; flowers white, fragrant, ? in. diam., calyx teeth 5, triangular, petals 5, velvety outside ; stamens 10, winged, forming 8 points ; capsule smaller than the last. medium size, bark light grey; leaves 14-4 by $-24 in., ovate-lanceolate, long-pointed, finely fers glossy beneath, teeth minute, margin often hairy ; flowers 1 in. diam., white, orange scented, in short terminal racemes, sometimes soiltary, calyx lobes 4, petals 4, rarely 5, stamens 20-40, not winged, styles 4; capsule 4 in long, valves 4. medium size, branches 4-angled, bristly; leaves 3-6 in. long, lanceolate, minutely bristly, tapering to a fine point, nerves prominent; flowers 2-24 in. diam., purple, in small terminal clusters, calyx white, matted with starry bristles, lobes 4 or 5 large and 4 or 5 small, falling off after flowering, petals 4 or 5, twisted in bud, stamens 8-10, yellow, curved ; capsule 4-3 in. long, ovoid, covered with bristles, opening by pores, seeds many, minute. Plants of the Punjab. 58 | SHRUBS WITH OpposITE ExsTIPULATE SimpLe LEAvEs. Melastoma Malabathricum, Indian Rhododendron, MELASTOMACES. Be Bake i. 529. The Plains to 6,000 ft. Woodfordia floribunda, Dhan, dhanla. LYTHRACES. Webs n. 572, The Plains to 5,000 ft. Baluchistan (C. B. Clarke). Lawsonia alba, Henna, Camphire, Mehnde. LYTHRACER, eb kei ole. The Plains to 5,000 ft. Baluchistan (Boissier). Lagerstroemia indica, China erape, Saonm, dhaura. LYTHRACER. BBs eS. The Plains. Puniea Granatum, Pomegranate, Anar. LYTHRAOBA. F. B. I. ui. 580. The Plains to 5,000 ft. Baluchistan (Lace). PETALS UNUNITED. large, stems with short dense hairs; leaves 3-4 in., broad-lanceolate, with hairs above and below; flowers 1-5, clustered, mauve-purple, calyx tube with simple hairs, lobes 5, long, soon falling off, petals 5, stamens 10, anthers alternately purple with a long curved process above; fruit $ in. wide, short, ovoid, abruptly ended, becoming pulpy within, seeds many, minute, curved. A purple dye is made from the fruit. large, branches long, arching, bark reddish-brown, peeling in fibres, young branches and leaves with numer- ous black dots ; leaves 2-4 in. sometimes in threes, sessile. lanceolate, tapering to a fine point, upper surface green, lower white, velvety with black dots; flowers in shortly stalked clusters on and around branches, bright red, calyx red, teeth 6, petals 6, red, scarcely longer than the calyx teeth, stamens red, long, protruding ; capsule 2 in., en- closed in the clayx. The flowers are used as a dye and as an astringent, containing much tannin. medium size, bark thin, greyish-brown, branchlets angular, sometimes spinous ; leaves 3-1 in. long, oblong, acute at both ends or the tip blunt, margin smooth, leathery ; flowers 4+ in., greenish-white, in large terminal branching racemes, sweet scented, sepals 4, petals 4, wrinkled, stamens 8, inserted in pairs between the petals ; capsule + in. diam., round with persistent calyx, leathery, seeds many, smooth, angular, pyramidal. The leaves are used to dye the hands, feet and hair red. medium size, bark ight brown, very smooth, peeling in dark coloured scurfy pieces; leaves 2 in. long, upper alternate, smooth, oblong, sessile, short-pointed ; flowers 13-2 in. diam., bright pink or white in branching racemes, calyx tube smooth, teeth 6 or 7-9, petals $-2 in. long. 6 or 7-9, stalked, much curled, stamens many, long ; capsule z in. diam., nearly round, calyx long, triangular, erect on the capsule, seed } in. with wing. large, bark dark grey, branchlets often spinous ; leaves 1-25 in. long, sometimes hardly opposite or clustered, oblong, blunt, narrowed to a short stalk with a margin, smooth, shining ; flowers vivid red, sessile, solitary or 8 together, calyx greenish-red, 1 by 4 in., tubular, fleshy, with 5-7 points, petals 5-7, 3-1 in. long, thin, wrinkled, bright red, stamens many ; fruit 14-34 in. diam., round, with a thick reddish-brown leathery rind, crowned by the Plants of the Punjab. SHRUBS WITH Oppositn EXXSTIPULATE SIMPLE LEAVES. Cornus sanguinea, Cornel or Dogwood, CorRNACE. F. B. I. ii. 744. Kashmir, 7,000 ft. Gulmarg. Viburnum eotinifolium, Banguch. CAPRIFOLIACE. i mel Sl a hs Himalaya, 6-10,000 ft. Simla (Collett). Baluchistan (Lace). Viburnum stelluiatum, Richi, ens. CAPRIFOLIACES. F. B. I. ii. 4. Himalaya, §-11,000 ft. Simla, Mahasu (Collett). Viburnum coriaceum, CAPRIFOLICHA. Bert, bith, oO. Himalaya, 4-8,000 ft. Simla (Collett). Viburnum nervosum, Amrola, thalein. CAPRIFOLIACHA. F. B. L. iii. 8. Himalaya, 10-13,000 ft. PETALS UNUNITED. calyx, seeds 1 in. long, angled in ruby red flesh with sweetish astringent juice. The bark is used as a tan, a dye and a vermifuge. medium size, branchlets, leaves beneath, and bunches of flowers with minute white hairs, young shoots are red ; leaves 14 to 3 in. long, margin smooth, ovate, turning red in the autumn ; flowers small in branching bunches, sepals, petals and stamens in fours; drupe ovoid, } in. diam, minutely hairy, 2-celled, 2-seeded, seeds oblong, flattened. PETALS UNITED. medium size, bark grey ; leaves 38-34 in. long, nearly orbicular, stellately woolly beneath; flowers in dense clusters, 3-4 in. across, calyx 5-toothed, smooth, corolla tube + in. long, funnel-shaped, white tinged with pink, stamens 5, style short; drupe 4 in. long, oblong, compressed, ribbed, red, black when ripe, edible, seed dorsally 2-crooved. This tree is closely akin to Viburnum Lantana, the Wayfaring tree of Britain. large, branches long, bark almost black ; leaves 3-4 by 14-2 in., ovate, long-pointed, distantly sharp-tooth- ed, stellate hairs beneath; flowers small, very many in large level-topped terminal bunches, calyx 5-toothed, stellately hairy, corolla white, velvety, 5-lobed, stamens 5; drupe } by + in., compressed, broadly oblong, yellow, red, edible, seed 2-grooved on both surfaces. large, bark grey; leaves 4-9 by 14-23 in., oblong, long-pointed, very leathery, smooth, stalk 10 in. long ; flowers } in. long, many in terminal flat-topped bunches, calyx smooth, no teeth, corolla white, tubular, lobes erect, stamen tops red ; drupe black, ovoid, + in. large, branches stout, bark grey; leaves 24-34 by 14-14 in., oblong, rounded at both ends, short-pointed, minutely toothed, nerves prominent ; flowers in compact silky branching racemes, pinkish, calyx smooth, teeth small, corolla tube 4-4 in.; drupe 4 by } in., oblong with rounded ends, edible. Plants of the Punjab. 55 a ee SHRUBS WITH OpposITE EXXSTIPULATH SIMPLE LEAVES. Viburnum cetens, Guch. CAPRIFOLIACEA- PAB. ITs 1n.8: Kashmir, 6-10,000 ft. Murree to Chamba. Narkanda (Collett). Abelia triflora, Banbakhara. CAPRIFOLIACES. Lee Spl ie Vig Himalaya, 5-10,000 ft. Naldera (Collett). Baluchistan (Lace). Lonicera hispida, CAPRIFOLIACE. Bebo ni 14. Himalaya, 9-13,000 ft. Marali (Collett). Lonicera glauca, Shintik, shewa. OCAPRIFOLIACER. ee Be Por, 11. Himalaya, 12-16,000 ft. Kashmir. Lonicera asperifolia, CAPRIFOLIACEA). 1 Te Pk rie Kashmir, 12,000 ft. Lonicera purpurascens, CAPRIFOLIACEA. BBs k nist2. Himalaya, 9-12,000 ft. Hattu (Collett). PETALS UNITED. very much like the last, but leaves 4 in. long, toothed, emitting an unpleasant asafcetida-like smell on being crushed, flowers sweet-scented, corolla tube $-? in. long, pink, stamens 2 near the top of tube, 3 below, drupe + in. long, red, edible. medium size, bark grey, branches long, grooved. branchlets slender, often drooping; leaves 2-3 by #-14 in., minutely fringed, long-pointed, stalks short, dilated at ‘the base ; flowers 3 in. long, scented, white or pinkish, in smal bracteate 3-flowered clusters, crowded, terminal, middle flower sessile, calyx hairy, 5-ribbed, teeth 5, long, fringed, persistent, corolla funnel-shaped, lobes 5, short, round, stamens 4;fruit dry, oblong, crowned with the calyx, lobes 8-celled, one-seeded. medium size ; leaves 1-4 in. long, hairy, nearly sessile, acute, ovate; flowers 2 in. long, each pair on a single stalk in the axil of a leaf, bracts hairy, 4 in. long, boat-shaped, half concealing the as: bracteoles none, calyx ovoid, teeth uneven, corolla 4 -} by 4 in., green, lobes 5, pink, nearly regular, tubular, a Dlavped, stamens 5; berries red, ovoid, 4 in., distinct or united, seeds few. small, wiry, growing in fissures of rocks, densely branched, smooth except as to margins of leaves; leaves 2 by } in., obtuse; bracts bluish-green, hairy on margin, usually ununited, }-4 in., ovate, calyx nearly smooth, corolla-tube 4-4 by 4 in., smooth, lobes yellow, regular, not 2-lipped, stamens 5; berries 4 by + in., sometimes united. small, sparsely hairy ; leaves 14 by ? in., ovate-oblong, margin crisped and hairy, shining and smooth above, bracts 4 in., ununited, ovate, corolla tube} by ¢ in., slightly hairy, lobes + in. ; berry 4 by + in., crowned by the funnel- shaped calyx. small, bark peeling off in thin shreds, branches dark grey ; leaves 14 by 4 in., shortly stalked, hairy, oblong, lower surface woolly ; flowers 4 in. long, each pair on one stalk in the axil of a leaf, bracts linear, } in., spreading, bracteoles short, corolla purple, tubular, not 2-lipped, hairy ; berries 2, joined into one, fin. diam., black, round, 56 Plants of the Punjab. SHRUBS WITH OpposITE EXSTIPULATE SIMPLE LEAVES. Lonicera angustifolia, Jinjru, philku. CAPRIFOLIACES. BeBe 1.1. 15. Himalaya, 6-12,000 ft. Simla (Collett). Lonicera spinosa, CAPRIFOLIACES. fap. tin. 13, Himalaya, 11-16,000 ft. Lonicera parvifolia, CAPRIFOLIACHS. Hebd. 1. 15. Himalaya, 8-12,000 ft. Simla, Jaku, Hattu, Chor (Collett). Lonicera obovata, CAPRIFOLIACEA. YB) Eni. 14. Himalaya, 8-13,000 ft. Lonicera quinquelocularis, Himalayan Honeysuckle, Bakru, phut. CAPRIFOLIACE A. EF. B. I. ii. 14. Himalaya, 4-12,000 ft. Simla (Collett). Baluchistan (Lace), PETALS UNITED. small, bark smooth, grey, peeling in long papery flakes ; leaves 1-2} by 4-2 in., shortly stalked, lanccolate, lower surface pale; flowers 4-4 in. long, each pair on a single stalk in the axil of a leaf, bracts linear or leafy, 4 in., spreading, bracteoles united, enclosing the fruit, corolla tubular, not 2-lipped, white tinged with pink, velvety, scented ; berries two, joining to form one, jin. diam., round, red, edible. small, branchlets bluishegreen, often leafless and spinous ; leaves $ in. by $4 in., blunt, narrow, oblong ; margins recurved, stalk short ; flowers almost sessile, bracts + in., linear, bracteoles quadrate, united, corolla tube 3-3 by 4,-} in., smooth, not 2-lipped ; berries $ by % in., not joined, crowned by the calyx. small, branches often prostrate ; leaves 4-4in., shortly stalked, blunt, lower surface pale; flowers 4-3 in. long, each pair on one stalk in the axil of a leaf, bracts narrow, long, bracteoles united, corolla not 2-lipped, tubular, white tinged with pink; berries 2, joined into one, red, round, } in. diam. small; leaves } by 4-3 1n., obovate, blunt, nearly sessile ; flowers very small, tubular, funnel-shaped, not 2-lipped, sight spur, yellowish-white, often in fours, 2 on one stalk; berries united, 2 calyx scars on top, roundish, } in. diam. large, bark : grey with vertical furrows exfoliating in long strips, branchlets velvety ; leaves 14-2 by #-1} in., ovate, smooth above, woolly beneath; flowers 4-3 in. long, 2-lipped, white turning yellow, in pairs “or clustered in threes or fours in the axil of a leaf, bracts linear, short, bracteoles united below into a cup: berries distinct, } in, long, ovoid, white. > Plants of the Punjab. 57 SHRUBS WITH OpposITE EXsTIPULATEH SIMPLE LEAVES. Lonicera microphylla, CAPRIFOLIACEA. ABs L-m..15: Kashmir, 11-14,000 ft. Lon‘cera orientalis, CAPRIFOLIACER. Bobet, ttn. Himalaya, 7-11,000 ft. Narkanda (Collett). Lonicera heterophylla, CAPRIFOLIACES. Hebe ben a Himalaya, 12,000 ft. Kashmir. Lonicera alpigena, CAPRIFOLIACER. Ber bale Alir.a 0: Himalaya, 9-12,000 ft. Hattu (Collett). Leycesteria formosa, CAPRIFOLIACE, BB, Ls. 16. Himalaya, 5-10,000 ft. Simla, Mahasu (Collett). Eupatorium Reevesii, CoMPOSITA. BY By. dain. 245. Himalaya, 2-6,000 ft. Valleys below Simla (Collett). PETALS UNITED. small, branchlets smooth ; leaves 4-2 by 4-4 in., almost sessile, blunt, velvety beneath; flowers whitish-yellow, 2-lipped, corolla tube 1 by } in., pouch-like, swelling at the base, bracts 4-4 in., linear, bracteoles none ; berries % in., oblong with rounded ends united at the lower portion. large, bark peeling in long strips, branches hori- zontal, flattened ; leaves 2-4 by 14-23 in., ovate, velvety and dotted beneath ; flowers } in. long, pink, each pair on a single stalk in the axil of a leaf, 2-lipped, corolla tube § in., pouch-like, swelling at the base, bracts linear, bracteoles small, rounded or large or none’; berries } in. diam., united in pairs, black, round. branches smooth, rigid, ascending ; leaves 24 in. by 3-1 in., narrow, oblong, smooth; flowers like the last species ; berries + by } in., not united. bark grey brown, peeling in flakes, branchlets velvety ; leaves 3-4 by 1-2 in., oblong, long-pointed, smooth above, velvety beneath ; flowers 2 in. long, each pair on a single stalk in the axil of a leaf, bracts linear, long, bracte- oles very small, corolla 2-lipped, hairy, yellow turning to red, pouch-like below ; berries } in. diam., ununited, red, round. small, herb-like, smooth, bark grey, stem and branches hollow ; leaves 2-5 by 1-3 in., ovate, sometimes toothed, long-pointed, stalks united at the base; flowers 1 in. long, white tinged with purple, in spikes, arranged in circles, bracts leaf-like, tinged with purple, bracteoles like the bracts but smaller, corolla funnel-shaped, 5-lobed, stamens 5; berry 4 in. diam., hairy, dark purple, round, crowned by the calyx, seeds minute, many. medium size, grey, velvety, stems much branched ; leaves 8 by 4 in., shortly stalked, ovate, toothed, upper smaller and sometimes alternate; flowers pale purple, in heads arranged in large spreading branching racemes, bracts round the heads, heads tin. long ; flowers all tubular, lobes 5, short, inner blunt, with a ring of fine rigid rough hairs (pappus) at the base, seeds (achenes) 4 in., angled, crowned by the fine hairs, 58 a ~ Plants of the Punjab. SHRUBS WITH OpposiTE EXxsTIPULATE SIMPLE LEAVES. Eupatorium cannabinum, Hemp Agrimony, CompositTa. F. B. 1. i. 248. Himalaya, 8-11,000 ft. Nyctanthes Arhor-tristis, Harsingar. OLEACES. F. B. I. in. 603. The Plains, Valleys below Simla (Collett). Syringa persica, Persian Lilac, OLEACER. ¥. B. IL. i. 604. West Kashmir, 8,000 ft. Syringa Emodi, Banphant, loli. OLEACES. F. B. I. i. 605. Himalaya, 9-12,000 ft. Narkanda, Baghi (Collett). Ligustrum compactum, OLEACE. F. B. 1. in. 616. Himalaya, 5,000 ft. Valleys below Simla. Koti, Khogua (Collett). flat, circular, 4-2 in. diam., splitting into two. PETALS UNITED. medium size, velvety ; leaves 4 by 1} in., sessile, in pairs, sometimes in circles, lanceolate, toothed ; flowers whitish in heads, } im. long, arranged in compact rounded clusters, inner bracts sharp, flowers all tubular, with pappus as in the last species. large, rough, hairy, branches 4-angled; leaves 3-4 in., ovate, rough; flowers sessile, in clusters of 3 to 7 forming branching racemes, fragrant, bracts 2, ovate, calyx ! in., corolla summit flat, circular, lobes 6, divided into two, margin jagged, white, tube } in. long, cylindric, bright orange, stamens 2, very short; capsule The flowers are used asadye. The plant is considered by the Hindus to be sacred. large, smooth ; leaves 1 in., acute, lanceolate, smooth, sometimes pinnatifid or pinnate ; flowers in terminal com- pound racemes, scented, corolla lilac or white, summit flat, circular, lobes 4, tube $ in., stamens 2; capsule 4-4 in. by } in., cylindrical, 4-ribbed, seeds winged. large, young parts velvety ; leaves 24-5 by 1-2 in., ovate, acute, smooth, pale beneath ; flowers in terminal branching racemes densely flowered, small, white, scented, corolla summit circular, lobes 4, long-pointed, tips turned in, tube ;*; in., cylindric, stamens 2 ; capsule cylindric, # in. long, seeds flat, winged. large, smooth, bark grey, branches sometimes dotted with small corky excrescences; leaves 8-5 by 1-2 in., lanceolate, rounded at both ends, leathery, shining above ; flowers small, white, nearly sessile in large terminal branching racemes, 4-6 in. long, corolla funnel-shaped, lobes 4, stamens 2; fruit + in. long, many, cylindric, often curved. Plants of the Punjab. 59 SHRUBS WITH Opposite ExstTIPpULATE SIMPLE LEAVES. Saivadora persica, The Toothbrush Tree, Khaindu, hauryal. SALVADORACES. Bete. Lem. 619: The Plains. Baluchistan. Saivadora oleoides, Jal, peelu. SALVADORACEA. BeBe. 620: The Plains. Baluchistan (Stocks). Car ssa Carandas, Karaunda. APOCYNACES. Has. mie Ool: The Plains to 5,000 ft. Carissa spinarum, APOCYNACER. fo btn. Gol, The Plains to - 6,000 ft. Taberneemontana coronaria, Chandmn. APOCYNACE. B.-Ba Fy i.-646. The Plains. Nerium odorum, PETALS UNITED. . large, smooth ; leaves 12-23 in., ovate, blunt, fleshy ; flowers minute, greenish-white in branching racemes, longer than the leaves, scattered, calyx ., in., corolla #1, in., tube with sometimes 4 small teeth within at the base, lobes 4, reflexed, stamens 4; drupe } in. diam., round, on the persistent calyx and corolla, pink, translucent, edible, seed 1, minute. Royle considers this to be the Mustard tree of the Bible. The bark is acrid and used as a native medicine. large, smooth ; leaves 2 by 4 in., narrow, grey green ; flowers like the last, but the racemes consist of axillary clusters of short spikes, shorter than the leaves, stalks rough from the crowded scars of the flowers that have dropped ; drupes clustered, } in., nearly sessile, yellow when ripe, sweet, much eaten, reddish brown when dried, and taste like currants. large, spinous, branches forking, rigid, thorns 2, simple or forked, at axils or nodes, 1-2 in. long, everywhere smooth except flower clusters ; leaves 14-3 in. long, broadly ovate, leathery, shining above, tip rounded or blunt; flowers white, scented, crowded in terminal clusters, calyx teeth 5, corolla tube 1-2 in., cylindric below, dilated above, lobes acute, about half as long as the tube, velvety ; berry ovoid, 4 in. long, red then black, polished, edible, 4- or more-seeded. It is used as an antiscorbutic, also in curries, chutnies and jellies. like the last, but small, bark light grey, branches forked with smaller acute leaves and a smaller 2-seeded berry. . large, smooth, bark silver grey, branches forking ; leaves 4-6 by 1-14 in., shining above, pale beneath, gather leathery, margins waved; flowers 1-14 in. diam., pure white, fragrant, often double, calyx persistent, lobes 5, corolla tube #-1 in. long, slightly inflated in the middle, mouth glandular, lobes blunt, margins overlapping to the left, curled, stamens 5, short ; follicles 1-8 in., cylindrical, somewhat fieshy, spreading, recurved, 8-ribbed, seeds 3-6, oblong, striated, with a red fleshy covering. see Shrubs, Alternate, Exstipulate, Simple. 60 Plants of the Punjab. SHRUBS WITH OpposiITE EXSTIPULATE SIMPLE LEAVES. Periploca aphylla, Bata. ASCLEPIADACES. BBe sige: The Plains. The Salt Range. The Park, Rawalpindi. Pindigheb. Baluchistan (Stocks). Calotsopis gigantea, Mudar, ak. ASOLEPIADACES. Heo, iv. 17. The Plains to 3,000 ft. Baluchistan. Calotropis procera, Mudar, ak. ASCLEPIADACES. BES. dey, 18: The Plains to 3,500 ft. Baluchistan (Stocks). Cynanchum Vincetoxicum, Cynanchum glaucum, Cynanchum Jaquemontianum, PETALS UNITED. small, juice milky, branches as thick asa goose quill or less, smooth or tips velvety, sometimes leafless ; leaves 4-4 in. linear, thick ; flowers purple, in opposite clusters, branches of common stalk, short, thick, sepals 5, broad, corolla 4-2 in. diam., fragrant, edible, taste like raisins, smooth externally, lobes ovate, densely bearded internally, above the middle coronal scales within corolla, stamens in a column with 5 tips; follicles ? by } in., woody, cylin- drical, rigid, seeds + in., oblong, with a tuft of hairs 1 in. long. large, bark pale, juice milky, acrid, young parts white, woolly ; leaves 4-8 by 1-3 in., sessile, ovate, smooth, whitish-creen above, cottony beneath; flowers #?-2 in. diam., pink with purple spots, in loose racemes or solitary. calyx lobes 5, corolla lobes 4, spreading, coronal scales 5 within corolla, truncate, hairy, stamens joined into a column with 5 tips ; follicle recurved, 3-4 in. long, thick, wrinkled, covered with white wool, seeds + in., broadly ovate with a tuft of hairs. The milky juice forms a kind of Guttapercha. The root bark is an emetic and cure for dysentery. like the last but smaller, leaves larger, more oblong, acute, flowers scented, corolla lobes erect, coronal, scales acute, smooth or only velvety, follicles 4-5 in., seeds ovoid. see Herbs, Opposite, Exstipulate, Simple, Entire. see Herbs, Opposite, Hxstipulate, Simple, Entire. see Herbs, Opposite, Exstipulate, Simple, lWntire. Plants of the Punjab. 61 SHRUBS WITH OpposITE EXxsTIPULATE SIMPL LEAVES. Leptadenia spartium, Kp. ASCLEPIADACER. hob laive G4. The Plains. Baluchistan (Lace). Orthanthera viminea, Kvp, mahur. ASCLEPIADACE. Beebe five 64; The Plains to 3,000 ft. Buddleia paniculata, Chiti bor, dholeu. LOGANIACE. a Bae Deo Himalaya, 4-7,000 ft. Simla, Fagu, Matiana (Collett). Baluchistan (Boissier). Buddleia asiatica, Bana. : Hoje Ls rv 82: The Plains to 5,000 ft. Tecoma undulata, PETALS UNITED. small, smooth, with long erect twiggy branches, some- times leafless; leaves few, 3-4 by 4 in., narrowly linear, shortly stalked, leathery ; flowers } in. diam., dirty yellow white, in solitary or double clusters of several flowers, corolla rotate like the spokes or a wheel, thick, velvety on both surfaces, calyx lobes obtuse, minute scales be- tween the corolla lobes, staminal tube with a wavy ring round it ; follicles 5 by 4 in., solitary by abortion, cylindric, straight, with a long slender beak, seeds $4 in. long with a tuft of hairs, ovoid. The branches are used in Sind to make well ropes. small, with erect twiggy branches, generally leafless ; leaves 2 by 4 in., very few, on branches near the ground not on flowering branches ; flowers }-1 in. long, in woolly stalked clusters, calyx lobes lanceolate, corolla 4} in. long, flat topped, not rotate, lobes erect, brownish-orange, minute scales between the lobes, staminal tube with a wavy ring round it; follicles 5 in. long, solitary, linear, seeds £ in. long with a tuft of very fine silky hairs 4 in. long. Near Delhi the fibre is used to make ropes. large, bark thin, pale grey, peeling off in long pieces ; leaves 5 by 2 in., ovate or oblong, upper ones lanceo- late, lower toothed, white, woolly beneath, united by a slight ridge across the branchlet ; flowers }in. long, frag- rant, in interrupted leafy branching racemes, usually terminal on branches, calyx lobes 4, persistent, blunt, corolla tube pink orange inside, lobes 4, blue (some- times the flower is white or pink), stamens 4, very short ; capsule } in. long, ovoid, woolly, seeds many. medium size, bark thin, grey, ends of branches densely clothed with short white wool; leaves 8-6 by 1-15 in., lanceolate, smooth and dark green above, dense short white wool beneath, united across the branchlets by a slight ridge ; flowers 4-4 in. long, fragrant, sessile, crowded in long, slender, usually drooping spikes, often united into a terminal branching raceme, calyx lobes 4, long-pointed, corolla white, turning to purple, lobes 4, short, stamens 4, short ; capsule } in. long, smooth. see Trees, Opposite, Exstipulate, Simple. 62 Plants of the Punjab. Se SHRUBS WITH OpposiTtn EXSTIPULATE SIMPLE LEAVHS. Petalidium barlerioides, ACANTHACER. Po Bit. 416. Himalaya, 1-3,000 ft. Deedalacanthus nervosus, ACANTHACE. F. B. I. iv. 418. Himalaya, 1-3,000 ft. Sutlej Valley (Collett). 7Ecmanthera tomentosa, Patrang, banmaru. ACANTHACES. F, B. I. iv. 428. Himalaya, 3-5,000 ft. Valleys below Simla, Subathu (Collett). Strobilanthes glutinosus, ACANTHACES. F. B. I. iv. 458. Himalaya, 8-6,000 ft. Valleys below Simla (Collett). Strobilanthes Dalhousianus, AOANTHACES. F. B. I. iv. 460. Himalaya, 6+8,000 ft. Simla, Mahasu (Collett). PETALS UNITED. small, finely velvety, stems several, cylindric, bark peeling in long papery strips ; leaves 2-4 in. long, ovate, toothed, short- pointed ; flowers pale blue or white, tinged with yellow, solitary or in small clusters, bracts none, bracteoles 1 in. long, ovate, net veined, enclosing the lower part of the flowers, sepals 5, linear, corolla 14-12 in. long, tube cylindric, hairy within, corolla not 2-lipped, 5 lobes, nearly equal, stamens 4; capsule 4 in., ovoid flattened, usually 2-seeded, seeds shaggy. medium size, roughly pubescent ; leaves 6 by 3 in., ovate, pointed; flowers deep blue, in short uninterrupt- ed crowded spikes forming clusters, bracts 4 in. long ovate, long-pointed, variegated green and white, concave, enclosing the lower part of the flower, corolla 14 in. long, tube cylindric, dilated near the top, corolla not 2-lipped, spreading, 5-lobed, stamens 2; capsule 4 in., solid, cylindric, seeds 4, finely hairy. small, stems hairy, grey or white ; leaves 2-4 by 1-2 in., short-poited, shortly toothed, hairy above, white woolly beneath ; flowers come out at intervals of 4-5 years, pale blue or purple, sessile in small clusters along the spreading branches of a terminal raceme, bracts and bracteoles hairy, glandular, linear, equal to the calyx, corolla 1 in. long, tube cylindric, widened near the middle, lip } in. diam., lobes 5, rounded, stamens 4, style filiform, often divided ; capsule } in. long, linear, splitting to the base, seeded to the bottom, seeds 6-8, hairy when wetted. medium size, sticky, hairy ; leaves 3 by 14 in., ovate toothed, hairy on both sides; flowers pale blue on short spikes forming a round head or often the lowest flowers are separated, solitary in the axil of leaf-like bracts, upper ae 1-1 in., ovate, shorter than the calyx, bractecles 4 in., oblong, calyx sticky, hairy, lobes linear, corolla 2 in. long, tube lower half cylindric, upper dilated, lips spreading, lobes 5, stamens 4, style linear, -hardly bifid ; capsule ? in., oblong, sticky, velvety, seeds ovate, hairy. medium size, hairy ; leaves 3-6 by 14-2 in., rounded aut both ends, hairy, toothed ; flowers dark blue or purple in heads of three or very short spikes, bracts } in., orbicular, concave, smooth, whitish, bracteoles none, calyx slightly velvety, nearly smooth, corolla 14-2 in. long, tube yellowish, curved, gradually swollen from near the base, lip 4-3 in. diam., purple, lobes 5, rounded, stamens 4; capsule % in. long, oblong, velvety, seeds 4, ovate, silky. Plants of the Punjab. 63 _ — SSsSsSsSsSsSsSsSSSSSsSsSSSSSsSSSsSSssSsss SHRUBS WITH Opposite ExsTIPULATE SIMPLE LEAVES. Strobilanthes alatus, including S. angustif: ons, ACANTHACEA. F. B. I. iv. 464 and 466. Himalaya, 6-10,000 ft. Mashobra (Collett). Lantana Camara, VERBENACEA. PBs le iv: 562: The Plains. Lantana indica, VERBENACER. BY BoF, tv. 562: The Plains to 3,000 ft. Vaileys below Simla (Collett). Callicarpa macrophylla, Bauna, sumalit, denthar. VERBENANCER. BRB. Li iv. 568. The Plaing to 6,000 ft. Valleys below Simla (Collett). Clerodendron phlomoides, VERBENACER. i Bake agen o0. Indri, Karnal District, Baluchistan (Hughes-Buller). PETALS UNITED. medium size, sticky, hairy ; leaves 5 by 23 in., hairy, ovate, sharply toothed, long-pointed, stalks long winged ; flowers dark blue, in interrupted spikes or in clusters, bracts soon falling off, narrow, hardly as long as the calyx, bracteoles 5 in., soon falling off, corolla 11 in. long, tube curved, gradually dilated from close to the base, lip 3 in. diam., lobes 5, stamens 4; capsule 2 inch, narrow, glandular, hairy, seeds 4, ovate, hairy. rambling, rough, branches 4-angled with recurved prickles ; leaves 8 in. long, ovate, rough above, woolly beneath, stalk tin. long; flowers scented in stalked ovoid heads, bracts longer than the calyx, corolla tube pink, slender, $ in. long, mouth } in. diam., lobes spreading, 4-5, orange or yellow, stamens 4, style 1, stigma oblique ; drupe $-3 in., purple, 2 bony cells. An American plant. same as above, but no recurved prickles, flowers smaller, not so strongly scented, corolla tube yellow, lobes pink. medium size, stem very short, branches, leaf stalks and flower parts covered with dense tawny wool ; leaves 4-7 in., ovate, long-pointed, minutely toothed, woolly with stellate hairs beneath, leaf stalk 4-4 in. ; flowers 7 in. long, pink, crowded in axillary short-stalked clusters, round, 1-8 in. diam., calyx bell-shaped, 4-toothed, corolla short, spreading, lobes 4, nearly equal, stamens 4, protrud- ing, style long ; fruit very round, white, fleshy, nutlets 4, one-seeded. medium to large, bark light coloured, wood brittle ; leaves 12 by 1} in., ovate, blunt or short-pointed, stalk Zin., velvety ; flowers 1 in. long, white, on minor stalks, 4-4 in., in 12-flowered clusters, on axillary or terminal main stalks, 1 in. long, bracts 2 in., lanceolate-ovate with a broad tip, calyx 4-4 in., lobed half way down, lobes trian- gular, long-pointed, corolla tube 2 in., thread-like, lobes 3 in., spreading, 5, stamens 4, long, protruding, style thread- like, bifid at the tip; drupe +4 in., slightly succulent, dividing into 4 pyrenes. 64 Plants of the Punjab. SHRUBS WITH OpposiTE ExsTIPULATE SIMPLE LEAVES. Holmskioldia sanguinea, VERBENACER. EB. Bolery. 696. Himalaya to 4,000 ft. Valleys below Simla Subathu (Collett). Caryopteris Wallichiana, VERBENACER. HB airy..597. Himalaya to 5,000 ft. Valleys below Simla (Collett). Baluchistan (Hughes-Buller). Plectranthus ternifolius, Pogostemon plectranthoides, Colebrookia oppositifolia, Pansra, shukardana. LABIATA. F. B. I. iv. 642. Salt Range. The Plains 1-4,000 ft. Valleys below Simla, Dharmpur, Suni (Collett). Elsholtzia polystachya, Rangchari, pothr. LABIATA. F. B. I. iv. 648. Himalaya, 7-9,000 ft. Simla (Collett). PETALS UNITED. large, straggling ; leaves 3-4 by 2-5 in., ovate, long- pointed, shortly toothed, stalk } in. ; flowers in short clusters in the axil of leaves or at the ends of branches, calyx 3-1 in. diam., conspicuous, brick red, persistent, widely open, corolla 4-3 in., cylindric, curved, bright red, lobes 5, short, stamens 4, projecting, style bifid ; drupe r-f in., deeply 4-lobed, seeds 1-4, oblong. medium size, spreading, bark peeling in long, papery flakes, young shoots grey velvety ; leaves 4 by 1 in., lan- ceolate, long-pointed, minutely dotted with yellow glands ; flowers pale mauve, in clusters forming a long pyramidal branching raceme at the ends of branches, corolla tube very short, lobes spreading, 5, # in. diam., 4 upper lobes equal, lowest larger, notched, stamens 4, in two pairs, far protruding, style bifid ; capsule round, dark blue, 4-lobed, separating into 4 concave valves carrying each a single seed. see Herbs, Erect, Opposite, Exstipulate, Simple, Toothed. see Herbs, Hrect, Opposite, Exstipulate, Simple, Toothed. medium size, woolly, bark grey ; leaves 4-10 by 14-3 in., lanceolate, long=pointed, velvety, wrinkled above, grey and woolly beneath, leaf stalk 3-1 in., stout, white- felted ; flowers male and female often on different plants, minute, white, in clusters 2-4 in. long, on many branched spikes, corolla white, lobes rounded, stamens 4, within the corolla in females, protruding in males, style bifid and protruding in females, none in males; nutlet usually one, tip hairy, contained in the much enlarged calyx of which the segments are feathery, the tips often purple. The leaves are used as an application to wounds and bruises. medium size, velvety, bark grey, peeling in long strips, branches almost 4-angled; leaves 38-6 in. long, nearly sessile, lanceolate, toothed, long-pointed; flowers white or pale yellow, minute, in cylindric slender spikes, 4-6 in, long, bracts minute, calyx bell-shaped, 5-toothed, en- larged in fruit, corolla tube longer than the calyx, 4-lobed, upper lobe nearly erect, notched, the other spreading, stamens 4, in unequal pairs, protruding, style unequally bifid ; nutlets 4, narrow, one-seeded. Planis of the Punjab. 65 SHRUBS WITH Opposite ExsTIPULATE SIMPLE LEAVES. Meriandra strobilifera, Kafur-ka pat. LABIATA. BeBe li. 650. — Himalaya, 5-6,000 ft. Valleys below Simla (Collett). Loranthus cordifolius, LORANTHACER, fe is.) ve 209% Himalaya, 1-5,000 ft. Giri Valley (Collett). Dehli. Loranthus elatus, LORANTHACER. Bebe lve 212. Himalaya, 5-10,000 ft. Theog (Collett). Loranthus vestitus, LORANTHACER. Hebe tov. 212. Himalaya, 5-7,000 ft. Simla, the Glen. Dehr (Collett). Loranthus longiflorus, Panda, banda, amut. LORANTHACEA. iH Boley a4: The Plains to 7,000 ft. Basantpur, Sutlej Valley (Collett). Koti, Karnal. PETALS UNITED. small, woolly, smelling of sage, branches somewhat angled ; leaves 8-4 by 3-14 in., thick, oblong or lance- olate, shortly toothed, two portions projecting back- wards in points, velvety and closely wrinkled above, white woolly beneath, stalk very stout, + in. long ; flowers white, small, in large circular clusters crowded in erect woolly 4-sided spikes with floral leaves (bracts), small, sessile, ovate, overlapping, calyx 2-lipped, corolla 4-lobed, spreading, stamens 2, short, stout, protruding, style bifid ; nutlets brown, smooth. ‘The leaves are used as a gargle in sore throats in Indian medicine. perennial, woody, stout, parasitic usually on oaks, white felted ; leaves 2-8 in., broadly notched at the base, stalked, both sides felted or upper smooth; flowers 2-1 in. long, shortly stalked, in axillary clusters, calyx short, not tooth- ed, corolla brown felted without, pale pink or yellow within, slender, tubular, curved, lobes 4, short-pointed, stamens 4, style long, purple, stigma club-shaped, tip conical ; berry 4in., top-shaped. like the last species, but smooth except the rusty velvety buds, leaves 3-6 in., not notched at the base, flowers 1-14 in., red below, green above, calyx slightly 4-toothed, corolla lobes linear, reflexed. like the last species, but leaves ovate-oblong or ovate- lanceolate, 2-3 in., smooth above, rusty felted below when old, flowers 2 in., brown felted without, smooth purple within. like the last species, but smooth everywhere, leaves sometimes alternate, 5 by 24 in., usually oblong-ovate, flowers 14-2 in. in racemes, not clusters, red below, yellow green above, lobes 5, berry crowned with the calyx. This and the preceding species of Loranthus are parasitic on and very destructive of Acacia, Mangifera, Melia, Morus, Pyrus, and Quercus. 66 Plants of the Punjab. SHRUBS WITH OpposiTE ExsTIPULATE SIMPLE LBAVES. Justicia Betonica, Justicia pubigera, Adhatoda Vasica, Bhekar, bansa, vasaka. ACANTHACES. B.A. iv. 540. The Plains to 9,500 ft. Valleys below Simla (Collett). Rhinacanthus communis, Palak-juhi. ACANTHACE®. Pp. d.iv. 541. The Plains, in gardens. Graptophyllum hortense, AOANTHACE. EF. B. 1. iv. 545. The Plains. Clerodendron serratum, Banbakri, barangi. VERBENAOCBA. FE. B. I. iv. 592. The Plains, east of the Sutlej river. PETALS UNITED. CoROLLA TWO-LIPPED. see Herbs, Krect, Opposite, Exstipulate, Simple. see Herbs, Erect, Opposite, Exstipulate, Simple. large, with a fetid smell, not eaten by goats ; leaves 4-8 by 13-3 in., oblong, rounded at both ends, minutely velvety, stalk 1 in. ; flowers white in short dense bracteate spikes of 2-4 in. in length, bracts ? by 4 in., green, ovate, sessile, practeoles ? by + in., corolla 2-lipped, 14 in. long, lower lip with pink streaks, tube short, barrel-shaped, stamens 2; capsule ? in., velvety, 4-seeded, seeds + in. diam., warty. The leaves are used tocure bronchitis. medium size; leaves 8-4 by 3-14 in., rounded at both ends, margins wavy, stalk 4 in.; flowers white in large spreading terminal clusters, bracts and “bracteoles zz In., linear, corolla 1 by ;3 in., tube very long, narrow, cylindric, 2-lipped, upper lip 2-lobed, lower 3- lobed, stamens 2; capsule 4-seeded, seeds ovoid, flatten- ed, slighty warty. The leaves are used as a cure for Dhobies’ itch, rhinacanthin is like chrysophanie acid. medium size, smooth, often variegated ; leaves 44 by 12 in., shortly stalked, oblong, narrowed at both ends, margin smooth ; flowers crimson in terminal ovate clusters, bracts and bracteoles narrow, very small, corolla tube curved, 2-lipped, upper lip 2-lobed, lower 3-lobed, stamens 2 large, 2 small (staminodes); capsule contracted into a long stalk, oblong, hard, seeds 2, flat, orbicular, pitted. hardly woody, stems annual from a woody rootstock, as itis usually burnt down in jungle fires; leaves 4-8 by 14-23 in., sometimes in circles of three, oblong, toothed, smooth, shortly stalked ; flowers bluish-white in terminal branching racemes, when almost linear 6 by 1 in., when almost pyramidal 10 by 5 in., bracts }-14 in., often colo- ured, corolla tube 4-4 in., narrow, cylindric, mouth ob- lique, 2-lipped, lobes 4-4 in., oblong, stamens 4, far pro- truding ; drupe }in. diam., black, succulent, 1-4 stones, The root is used in Indian medicine as a febrifuge. Plants of the Punjab. 67 SS Sw—h SSS SHRUBS WITH Opposite EXS8TIPULATE SIMPLE LEAVES. Clerodendron infortunatum, Bhant. VERBENACER. F’. B. I. iv. 594, The Plains to POO Tt. Plectranthus rugosus, Pisumar, solei. LABIATA. Ho. Liv. 620. Himalaya, _8-8,000 ft. Simla (Collett). Baluchistan (Lace). Ocimum Basilicum, Ocimum sanctum, Orthesiphon pallidus, Thymus Serpylium, Thyme, Banajwain, masho. LABIATA. It! Bi 1. ay. 649. Himalaya, 5-13,000 ft. Baluchistan (Lace). PEDALS UNITED. COROLLA TWO-LIPPED. medium size, bark with large raised corky exere- scenses, odour fetid ; leaves 4-8 by 8-5 in., broadly ovate, hairy above, woolly or thinly hairy below, sometimes with sticky glands, slightly toothed ; flowers white, tinged with red, in branching terminal racemes, 6-12 by 4-8 in., erect, sometimes leafy, upper part and calyces turning red, hairy, corolla tube nearly 1 in. long, cylindric, doubtfully 2- lipped, lobes 4-3 in. long, acute, stamens 4, much exceed- ing the lobes, style bifid ; drupes 4 in. diam., black, suc- culent, enclosed in the enlarged bright red leathery calyx. The leaves are used as a febrifuge in Indian medicine. small, hoary with stellate down, branches slender, stiff, erect ; leaves 1-1} in. long, ovate or oblong, toothed, bluntly tipped, velvety above, white woolly beneath ; flowers white, spotted and streaked with purple, in clusters forming narrow leafy axillary or terminal racemes, calyx woolly, { in. long, bell-shaped, lengthened in fruit, teeth short-pointed, nearly equal, 2-lipped, corolla } in., 2- lipped, longer than the tube, lower lip longest, boat-shaped, stamens 4, in unequal pairs, lying along the lower lip, style unequally divided ; nutlets 4, round or oblong, blunt. As the vernacular name implies, this plant is used to keep fleas away. see Herbs, Erect, Opposite, Hxstipulate, Simple, Toothed. see Herbs, Erect, Opposite, Hxstipulate, Simple, Entire. see Herbs, Erect, Opposite, Hxstipulate, Simple, Toothed. small, slender, much branched, strongly scented stems usually somewhat procumbent; leaves 4-1 in, nearly sessile, gland-dotted, oblong, ovate, not toothed blunt ; flowers small, purple, in small clusters, crowded in short terminal spikes, corolla 2-lpped, upper lip almost erect, flat, notched, lower spreading, 3-lobed, stamens 4, equal, protruding; nutlets 4, nearly smooth. This plant is used in Indian medicine for diseases of the eyes and stomach. : ’ ’ F2 68 Plants of the Punjab. SHRUBS WITH OpposITE EXSTIPULATE SIMPLE LEAVES. Hyssopus officinalis, Zufah yabis. LABIAT. F. B. I. iv. 649. Himalaya, 8-11,000 ft. Baluchistan (Lace). Micromeria biflora, LABIATA. Maw; ty. 650. Himalaya, 1-7,000 ft. Micromeria hydaspidis, LABIATA. F. B. I. iv. 650. Western Kashmir. Salvia zgyptiaca, Tukhm malanga. LABIATA. Be B. 1, sy. 656. The Plains, 1-2,000 ft. Baluchistan (Hughes-Buller). Stachys tibetica, LABIATA. Bab. 1, iv. 677, Northern Kashmir, 10-14,000 ft. PETALS UNITED. COROLLA TWO-LIPPED. small, smooth, stem below branched, woody, branch- es erect ; leaves 4 in. long, sessile, lanceolate, not toothed ; flowers bluish-purple in axillary or terminal spikes, calyx 2-lipped, 5-toothed, corolla 2-lipped, upper lip erect, notched, lower spreading, 8-lobed, middle lobe very broad, stamens 4, unequal, protruding; nutlets narrow, smooth, 3-cornered. This plant was once used in Kurope as a tonic and stimulant. dwarf, prostrate, hairy, woody, branches very nu- merous, tufted, leafy, slender, something like Thymus in appearance, but not scented; leaves %-4 in., sessile, ovate, short-pointed, toothed or not ; flowers pink, stalked, small, in axillary circles of one to four, calyx 5-toothed equally, 18-nerved, corolla 2-lipped, upper lip erect, notched, lower 3-lobed, spreading, stamens 4 in unequal pairs ; nutlets smooth. very small, stem erect, rather stout, leaves 4-2 in., shortly stalked, minutely toothed, ovate, blunt, flowers shortly stalked in continuous or interrupted crowded circular clusters forming spikes; otherwise like the last species. very small, rough, hairy, branches widely separating from the base, rigid; leaves # in., small, nearly sessile, few, linear, rigid, acute, minutely toothed ; flowers } in. long, in small circular clusters on slender branching racemes, whitish lilac, bracts small, lower leaf-like, upper lanceolate, calyx glandular, hairy, 2-lipped, upper lip orbicular, minutely toothed, corolla 2-hpped, upper lip nearly straight, short, flattened, concave, stamens 2, style 2-fid; nutlets +4, im. long, narrow, oblong, black. The seeds are used in Indian medicine as an astringent. rootstock woody, thick, stems twiggy ; leaves 4-14 in, long, oblong to linear, blunt, shortly stalked, some- times irregularly lobular; flowers pink, sessile, in small circular clusters, axillary, calyx } in., bell-shaped, tips long, corolla ?-1 in. long, 2-lipped, upper lip ereet, long, narrow, lower spreading, 38-lobed, middle lobe largest, stamens 4; nutlets 4 in. long, broadly oblong. Plants of the Punjab. 69 SHRUBS WITH OpposiTB EXXsTIPULATH SIMPLE LEAVES. Stachys parviflora, Roylea elegans, LABIATR. F. B. I. iv. 679. Himalaya, 2-5,000 ft. Sutle} and Giri Valleys (Collett). Otostegia limbata, LABIATA. BoB. 1eiv.679. Salt Range, Lower hills west of the Jhelum, Rawalpindi. Phlomis Stewartii, LABIATH. Regul. 1y 2002. Salt Range and Suliman Range, 2,500-4,500 ft. Baluchistan (Lace). Boerhaavia elegans, Cyathula tomentosa, Cyathula capitata, PETALS UNITED. COROLLA TWO-LIPPED. see Herbs, Opposite, Exstipulate, Simple, Toothed, Corolla 2-lipped. medium size, branches cylindric, pale brown, finely woolly ; leaves 1-14 in., ovate, deeply toothed or lobed, woolly beneath; flowers white, tinged with pink, $ in. long in circular axillary clusters, calyx 5-lobed, 10-ribbed, rigid, corolla 2-lipped, upper lip erect, hood-like, lower 3-lobed, spreading, mid lobe longest, margin even, sta- mens 4, unequal, outer or anterior pair longest ; nutlets 4in. ‘This plant is lemon scented. small, grey, spinous, branches white, woolly, cylindric, spines 4-2 in. long; leaves 1 in. long, nearly sessile, grey on both sides, bracts spiny; flowers orange-white in circular clusters with bracteoles spiny, calyx 2-lipped, upper lip very short, 3-angled, lower very large, broad, toothed, hairy, corolla 4 in. long, tube short, 2-lipped, upper lip very long, hairy, stamens 4, protruding ; nutlet + in., flattened, smooth in the enlarged calyx which forms a 5-angled toothed cup # in. diam. small, densely stellately woolly, stem stout, woody, short, branches cylindric, spreading; leaves 8-5 by }-2 in., very leathery, linear, lanceolate, awl-like, rough above ; flowers small, in circular clusters, 1 in. diam., bracts stout, narrowly linear, calyx 4in., densely woolly, angled, teeth very short, turned back, corolla small, 2-lipped, upper lip concave, crest woolly, lower spreading, 8-lobed, stamens 4, style unequally 2-fid; nutlets very small, 3- cornered, top smooth. PETALS NONE. see Herbs, Erect, Opposite, Exstipulate, Simple, Fintire. see Herbs, Erect, Opposite, Exstipulate, Simple, Entire. see Herbs, Erect, Opposite, Exstipulate, Simple, Entire. 10 Plants of the Punjab. Surubs with Oppositn ExstipuLaTEs SimpLe LEAVES. Pupalia lappacea, Haloxylon recurvum, Khar, laghme. CHENOPODIACE®. Mop. 1, v.115. The Plains. Salt Range to 5,200 ft. Baluchistan (Boissier). Haloxylon multiflorum, Lana, gora lana, shori lana. CHENOPODIACE®. ¥F. B.1. v.16. The Plains. Salt Range to 2,000 ft. Baluchistan (Lace). Anabasis phyllophora, CHENOPODIACEA. VB. Iv 18. The Plains by the Jhelum river. Anabasis setifera, CHENOPODIACR, Eas. 1, V. 19. Salt Range. Viscum album, Mistletoe, LORANTHACES. F-B: 1.-v. 238. Himalaya, 8-7,000 ft. Simla, Mahasu (Collett). PRTALS NONE. see Herbs, Erect, Opposite, Exstipulate, Simple, Entire. medium size, strageline, smooth, covered with a hoar frost-like bloom, dark brown, branches opposite, jointed, separating widely, stiff or bent back, ee in straight spines 2-6 in. long, joints of stems 4-3 in. apart, of spikes 4 in. ; leaves 4-4 in., 8-angled or nearly cylindric, ovate, blunt or acute ; flowers small, ec! or in spikes in the axils of leaves, bracteoles 2, sepals 5, concave, increas- ing in fruit and horizontally winged, stamens 5 or less on the margin or base of a cup-shaped depression ; fruit one-seeded, in a glistening papery shallow cup. small, pale, much branched, almost leafless, jointed branches, stem very stout, 4-6 in. high, branches in clusters ; leaves consist of two broad very rounded tips on eacl joint ; flowers on short spikes, bracteoles round, concave, sepals very short, obtuse, in fruit the sepals have round membranous fan-shaped wings and are 3 in. diam., stamens 5 with alternating rounded staminodes, dwarf, smooth, pale, almost leafless, stems many, erect, stock woody, joints long ending in two acute trian- gular teeth (leaves ?), flowers in the axils of joint-leaves, fruiting calyx with three wings arching over one larger than the others, seed erect, circular, flattened ; in other respects very like Haloxylon. very like the last species, but the leaves are thick, fleshy, nearly cylindric with a bristle, soon falling off, axil of leaves woolly, floral leaves rounded, wings of fruiting calyx 3-5, transparent, circular with the base, heart- _ shaped. perennial, woody, yellowish-green, smooth, parasitic, chiefly on the Rosacea, especially apricots, branches round, jointed ; leaves 1-2 in., oblong or ovate, sessile, flat, leathery blunt ; flowers green, ‘male and female on different plants, clustered in the forks of branches, male } in. long, calyx lobes not persistent; berry }+ in. diam., white, round, glassy ;-also see V. articulatum and V. japonicum under Leatiess Plants. Plants of the Punjab. ce | SHRUBS WITH OpposITH EXXSTIPULATE SIMPLE LEAVES. Euphorbia Tirucalli, Sehud, sehnr. KUPHORBIACER. BeBe kl. wba The Plains. Baluchistan (Hughes-Buller). Buxus sempervirens, Box, Chikri, paprt, shamshad. KUPHORBIACER. Babe Pov, 267. Salt Range. Himalaya, 5-9,000 ft. Simla, Mashobra, Mahasu (Collett). Baluchistan. Ephedra pachyclada, PETALS NONE. large, stem green, bark brown, fissured, branches numerous, at first slender like rushes, growing as thick as the finger, juice milky ; leaves 4-4 in. long, soon falling off, obtuse, linear-oblong; flowers ;4, in. long, top-shaped, two leaves at the base of the short flower stalks ; capsule 1 in., dark brown, lobes flattened, velvety, seeds smooth, ovoid. large or small, much branched, bark yellowish-grey, corky, fissured, branchlets 4-angled; leaves 3-3 by 1.1 in., linear, oblong, shining, leathery, tip acute, rounded or with a shallow notch, stalk very short ; flowers in short, very dense axillary racemes, the terminal flower female, male flowers have 4 sepals in two rows, stamens equal in number to the sepals, female flowers have 6 sepals, 2 outer much smaller ; capsule 4 in. long, ovoid, 3-corner- ed with 8 horns, thick like handles to an urn, seeds 8-6, small. On the Salt Range it is dwarfed; leaves }-1 in. long. gee Leafless Plants, Petals None. SHRUBS WITH OppositE EixstiPpULATE LOBED LEAVES. Stachys tibetica, Roylea elegans, PETALS UNITED. see Shrubs, Opposite, Exstipulate, Simple, Petals United, Corolla 2-lipped. see Shrubs, Opposite, Exstipulate, Simple, Petals United, Corolla 2-lipped. SHRUBS WITH OpposITE E:XSTIPULATE COMPOUND LEAVES. Jasminum officinale, Chamba, bansu. OLEACE. BH Be I. 1. be; Himalaya, 3-9,000 ft. Fagu, Narkanda (Collett). PETALS UNITED. sometimes climbing, branches long, weak, slightly grooved, dark green ; leaves 2-4 in., odd pinnate, leaflets 3-7, ovate, long-pointed, terminal leaflets 1-2 in. ; flowers 3 in. long, white, fragrant, in terminal clusters of 1-10 flowers, calyx teeth nearly as long as the corolla tube, corolla top flat, circular, tube cylindric, 3 in. long, lobes 5, spreading, 1 in. long, stamens 2, style 2-fid; berry deeply 2-lobed, oblong with rounded ends, 4 by } in. 12 Plants of the Punjab. SHRUBS WITH Opposites ExstipuLATE CompouND LEAVES. Jasminum grandiflorum, Spanish Jasmine, Chambeli, jal. OLEACEA, F.B. I. ui. 603. Himalaya, 9-7,000 ft. Simla (Collett). Baluchistan (Hughes-Buller). Fraxinus xanthoxyloides, Vitex trifolia, Pani-ki-sanbhalu, safed sanbhalu. VERBENACES. BW: i. 1.17. 585. The Plains. Vitex Negundo, Wana, marwan, nirgandi. VERBENACEA. FB. B. I. iv. 588. The Plains to 5,000 ft. Valleys below Simla (Collett). os PETALS UNITED. sometimes climbing, branches angular, hanging down ; leaves 3-4 in., odd pinnate, leaflets 8-7, sessile, ovate, end one 4-1 in. long, the end leaflets often united to the next , pair ; flowers white, tinged often with pink outside, very fragrant, in loose clusters, calyx teeth linear, half the length of the corolla tube, corolla top flat, circular, tube 2 in. long, lobes 5, $ in. long, stamens 2, style 2-fid; berry 2-lobed, with rounded ends, } in. long. see Trees, Opposite, Exstipulate, Compound. large, bark thin grey; leaves digitately compound and simple, leafstalk 2 in. long, leaflets 8, sessile, 1-3 in. long, smooth above, short grey wool beneath, and on shoots and racemes ; flowers lavender blue in branching terminal racemes 1-4 in. long, often leafy at the base, calyx = in. 5-toothed, corolla 4-3 in., 2-lipped, 5-lobed, mid lobe of lower lip largest, stamens 4, protruding ; drupe + in., black, stone bony, 1-4 celled. This and the next plant are used in Indian medicine as tonics, febrifuges and expectorants. very like the last species, but the leaves have 5 leaflets, the centre one usually distinctly stalked, flowers some- what smaller, darker blue. Plants of the Punjab. 73 SHRUBS WITH ALTERNATE STIPULATE SIMPLE LEAVES, *« Capparis spinosa, The Caper, Kakri, kander. CAPPARIDACE. Pb ein (3. The Plains to 5,000 ft. Sutlej Valley ¢ (Collett). Choa Saidan Shah (Douie). Baluchistan. (Aitchison). Capparis aphylla, Karil, kira. CAPPARIDACE. Bees teete U1 oe The Plains. Baluchistan (Stocks). Capparis sepiaria, Hiungarna, hius. CAPPARIDACEA. Be beleae b7 7. The Plains to 2,000 ft. Helicteres Isora, East Indian Screw Tree, Marorphal, kupast. STERCULIACER. HB: kee Oo: The Plains. PETALS UNUNITED. small, trailing, young parts with yellowish-white wool ; leaves 1-2 in. long, broadly ovate, thick, abruptly termi- nating ina sharp point, stipules of two spines, straight or curved ; flowers 1-3 in. diam., solitary, white, fading to pur- ple, sepals 4, unequal, concave, petals 4, 1 in. long, stamens many, longer than the petals, purple ; berry 1-3 in. long, fleshy, ribbed, red inside when ripe. Buds and unripe fruit pickled as a condiment, and ripe fruit eaten raw. large, much branched, branches smooth, slender ; leaves (only on young shoots) §-% in. long, slender, ending gradually in a sharp point, soon falling off, stipules two, sharp, straight spines ; flowers 1 in. diam., in short clusters on lateral short shoots, pinkish-ycllow ; fruit $-2 in. long, smooth, long-beaked, red when ripe. Buds and unripe fruit pickled as a condiment. medium size, sometimes climbing, wiry, straggling, branches woolly, stem thorny ; leaves usually 2-1} in. long, green, variable in shape, ovate, smooth above, downy beneath ; flowers 4-4 in. diam., white, in clusters with stalks, radiating from one point, petals narrow, oblong ; berry $ in. diam., round, black when ripe, one-seeded. a large, branches thin, spreading, bark grey, young shoots covered with stellate hairs; leaves 8-6 by 2-4 in., alternate in two opposite rows on the branchlets, rounds ovate, short-pointed, rough above, velvety beneath, stipules 1 in. long, linear ; flowers 1-2 in. long, solitary, or two to four together in a cluster on a short stalk, axillary, calyx tubular, almost 2-lipped, crown woolly, petals 5, scarlet, 1 in. long, turned back, two lower much the largest, staminal tube 5«toothed at the apex, styles 5; fruit 2 in. long, con- sisting of five spirally twisted woolly follicles on a long stalk. From its twisted shape the fruit is considered good for the twisting pain of colic. 74 Planis of the Punjab. SHRUBS WITH ALTERNATE STIPULATE SIMPLE LEAVES. Melhania Hamiltoniana, var. abutiloides, STERCULIACEA. BAB a. O15. The Plains. Melhania futteyporensis, STERCULIACE. Ree oe Bae The Plains. Tret, Choa Saidan Shah (Douie). Melhania tomentosa, STERCULIACER. 41.1. 878. The Plains. Grewia populifolia, Ganger, shikart mewa. TILIACE A. F. B. I. 1. 885. The Plains. Rawalpindi. Baluchistan (Boissier). Grewia salvifolia, Gargas, bather. TILIACE A, I’. B. I. i. 886. The Plains. Rawalpindi. s PETALS UNUNITED. small, white felted, branches spreading ; leaves 2-3 in. long, roundish-ovate, base deeply notched, apex long- or short -pointed, unequally toothed, velvety on both surfaces, leaf stalk 1 in., stipules bristly, equal in length to the leaf stalk ; flowers yellow, 1-3, on axillary and terminal stalks, twice the length of the leaf stalks, bracteoles ovate-cordate, longer than the calyx, edges turned over, sepals 5, lance- olate, tipped with a sharp hard point, silky, petals 5, ovate with a broad tip, much longer than the sepals, withering before falling off, stamens 10, alternate ones fertile, united below into a very short tube, styles 5, united below ; capsule ovoid, shorter than the sepals, silky, 5-valved, seeds many, oblong. like the last species, but velvety, leaves oblong, long- pointed, a little larger, bracteoles equal to the sepals, cap- sule a little shorter than the senals. like the last species, but white felted, leaves smaller, oblong-lanceolate, thinly hairy with stellate hairs above, ° flower stalks terminal, about equal to the leaves, bracteoles shorter than the sepals, edges not turned down, flowers much smaller, seeds rough, angled. medium size, much branched, stellately hairy on young parts; leaves 3-14 in. long, variable, leathery, small toothed, smooth, stalk 4} in. ; flowers white on soli tary or 2-flowered stalks, opposite the leaves, sepals 3-3 in. long, petals notched, shorter than the sepals, stamens many, style one; drupes yellowish, 2-to 4 -lobed, lobe size of a small pea, orange red, stones 1 to 4, 1-to 9-celled, edible. large, bark grey, white velvety on young parts ; leaves 21 by 14 in., nearly smooth above, white velyety beneath, margin smooth or minutely toothed, stalk } in., stipules 1 in., linear, pointed; flowers yellow on 2 in. stalks, clustered in twos or threesin the axils of leaves, sepals }in,, linear, petals }in,, divided, stamens many, style one; drupe 1-to 4-lobed, small, not succulent, edible. Piants of the Punjab. | 75 a SHRUBS With ALTERNATE SetrpuLats Simpie Laavas, Grewia restita, Grewia villosa, Jalidar, thamiher. TILsACER. MBit 38s: The Plains. Grewia polygama, Kukur bicha. TILIACER. Be ted. sot Salt Range. Himalaya, 2-4,000 ft. Triumfetta tomentosa, Triumfetta rhomboidea, Triumfetta rotundifolia, TILIACER. B Bide 2805: The Plains. PRUALS UNUNITED. see Trees, Alternate, Stipulate, Simple. medium size, long soft hairs on young parts ; leaves 1-3 in., nearly round, toothed, rough above, hairy beneath, hairs on teeth, stalk }-1 in., stipules broad, leafy ; flowerg dull yellow, sessile, in dense clusters, sometimes opposite . the leaves, sepals hairy, oblong, ending in an angle. petals oblong, shorter than the sepals, stamens many, style one; drupe } in. diam., round, rind hard, brittle, hairy, copper colour, stones 4, l=to 2-seeded. medium size, stem short with spreading branches in two opposite rows; leaves in two rows, 8-4 by 3-3 in., nearly sessile, lanceolate, long-pointed, sharply toothed, downy above, white woolly beneath, stipules linear, sharp- pointed ; flowers hermaphrodite and one sexual, in slender axillary stalks, sepals linear, hairy without, 4-} in. diam., longer than the petals, stamens many, style one; drupe 3 in: diam., whitish-brown, shining, sparsely hairy, some- what 4-lobed, stones 4, one-seeded. It is stated that a decoction of the leaves cures dysentery quickly. see Herbs, Alternate, Stipulate, Simple. see Herbs, Alternate, Stipulate, Simple. small, with rough stellately hairy soft green stems; leaves 14 in long, nearly round, nearly smcoth above, cream coloured, woolly beneath, leathery, unequally tooe thed ; flowers yellow, in irregular-spaced racemes, sepals with sharp points, white woolly, petals 5, oblong, hairy at the base, stamens 15-25, style thread-like, stigma 5-toothed ; fruit globular, about the size of a pea, velvety, with hooked spines, with dilated bases. seeds 1-2 in each cell. 76 Plants of the Panjab. a TT ee SHRUBS WITH ALTERNATE STIPULATE SIMPLE LEAVES. Reinwardtia trigyna, and R. tetragyna, Bush flax, Basant, bal basant. LINACE. F. B. I. 1. 412. Himalaya, 8-6,000 ft. Rawalpindi. Hazara (Barrett). Zizyphus Jujuba, Zizyphus nummularia, Jhar-bert. RHAMNACEA. Bas l1,-6e8. The Plains to 8,000 ft. Baluchistan (Lace). Zizyphus vulgaris, Sinjr. RHAMNACEA. OB. 1.685. The Plains to 6,500 ft. Hazara (Barrett). Rawalpindi. Baluchistan. (Boissier). Zizyphus oxyphylla, Phitni. RHAMNACE®. F. B. I. i. 664. Himalaya, 1-7,000 ft. Simla, Mahasu (Collett). Hazara (Barrett). Rawalpindi. Baluchistan (Lace). PETALS UNUNITED. small, tufted, erect, also with prostrate, stout, soft, rooting branches ; leaves 1-3 in., narrowed into slender stalks, rounded and short-pointed tips, or lanceolate, long- pointed with minute teeth, stipules minute, awl-shaped, and soon falling off ; flowers 1 in. across, yellow, in axillary or terminal clusters, sometimes solitary, look like prim- roses, sepals 5, green, lanceolate, long-pointed, petals 5, twisted, soon falling off, much longer than the sepals, stamens 5, united below with alternating staminodes, styles 3-4; capsule papery, size of a pea, much shorter than the sepals, splitting into 6-8 cells, seeds eurved. A good border plant, stands clipping. gee Trees, Alternate, Stipulate, Simple. thorny, branches grey, branchlets in two rows, hairy when young ; leaves 4-1 in. long, ovate to round, minutely toothed, dark green and velvety above, pale and densely woolly beneath, stipules are two prickles, one straight. slender, the other bent down, hooked ; flowers small, yellow- green in axillary short clusters, which are less than } in., petals 5, bent down, stamens 5, styles 2-3; fruit round, red or black, fleshy, nearly 4 in. diam., with a woody 2- celled stone, this sweet acid fruit is eaten. large, branches spreading and stiff, often without thorns ; leaves 3-24 in., ovate, rounded at both ends, finely toothed, smooth on both sides, stipular prickles, two stout, one straight, 1 in. long, the other curved ; flowers few, greenish, clustered, axillary, petals 5, hood-shaped but bent down, stamens 5, styles 2-3; fruit round or oblong, succulent, red or black, shining. “ medium size, bark brown, thin; leaves 1-2 by #-1} in., ovate-lanceolate, sharp-pointed, finely toothed, thin, smooth, stalk slender, stipular, prickles two, slender, one straight, } in. long, the other curved ; flowers in clusters in axils of leaves, greenish. petals 5, stamens 5, styles 2; drupe fin. long, ovoid, fleshy, 2-seeded, rarely one- seeded, black, very acid, stone thin, flatcened. Plants of the Punjab. 17) Lao Se ee SHRUBS WITH ALTERNATE STIPULATE SIMPLE LEAVES. Zizyphus Cnoplia> Makoh. RHAMNACES. F. B. J. 1. 684. The Plains. Berchemia floribunda, Berchemia lineata, RHAMNACER. Posi, L638. Himalaya, 4-7,000 ft. Baluchistan (Lace). Berchemia Edgeworthii, RHAMNACES. Betis. lt. 1. 638. Himalaya, 7-8,000 ft. Rhamnus persicus, Nikki kander. RHAMNACER. Robe Lie638. Salt Range. Himalaya, 9-5,000 ft. Baluchistan (Lace). Rhamnus dahuricus, or virgatus, Rhamnus purpureus, PETALS UNUNITED. medium size, bark rough, dark grey, branches long straggling, often climbing, young parts covered with rusty. velvet ; leaves 1-2 by 3-1 in., ovate-lanceolate, rounded at both ends, very slightly and minutely toothed, smooth above, rusty velvety beneath, stalk short, stout, stipular prickles solitary, very short, curved; flowers in short clusters, smooth within, calyx woolly without, petals 5 inversely triangular, hood-shaped, bent down, stamens i styles 2; drupe} in. diam., 1- or rarely 2-celled round or ovoid, black. see Climbing Shrubs, Alternate, Stipulate, Simple. small, bark smooth, shining, young shoots minutely velvety ; leaves 4-1 in. long, ovate, or nearly round, nearly sessile, stipules bristle-like, very small; flowers ag in. 2 or 8 clustered, axillary or terminal, petals 5, linear, fanides olate, stamens 5, style one ; fruit ovoid, 1-2 in. long, guc- culent, blue, the base held by the ealyx, 2-seeded. small, very like the last species, but with smooth branches, larger leaves, flowers with 6 petals, stipules 4 al . on 7 4 in. long, fruit # in. long. large, trunk short, ash coloured, with stiff, often spinous branches ; leaves 3-2 in., clustered, when on arrested branchlets, ovate, or oblong, toothed or not woolly be- neath,e shortly stalked, stipules minute, soon falling ; flowers few, shortly stalked in axillary clusters, calyx lobes 4, petals 4, small, linear, stamens 4, styles 4, branched ; fruit 4 in. diam., top-shaped, 2-4-celled, held below by the calyx. ‘ see Trees, Alternate, Stipulate, Simple. see Trees, Alternate, Stipulate, Simple. 78 Plants of the Punjab. SHRUBS WITH ALTERNATE STIPULATE SIMPLE LEAVES. Rhamnus triqueter, Gaunt, gudlet, phulla. RHAMNACEA. F. B. I. i. 689. Himalaya, 3-5,000 ft. Valleys below Simla (Collett). Hazara (Barrett). Sageretia theezans, Sageretia Brandrethiana, Ganger, bajan. RHAMNACES. F, B. I. i. 642. The Plains, west of Jhelum, Peshawar. Salt Range. Hazara (Barrett). Baluchistan (Boissier). . Crotalaria alata, LEGUMINOSS. T. B. 1. ii. 69. The Plains to 5,000 ft. Crotalaria sericea, Sann. LEGUMINOSS. By Bi. 11. 75. The Plains to 4,000 ft. Valleys below Simla (Collett). Crotalaria juncea, Taverniera nummularia, PETALS UNUNITED. medium size, not thorny, bark roughish, dark grey, thin, with elevated dots; leaves 3-6 by 1-24 in., ovate- oblong, long-pointed, finely toothed, smooth above, finely velvety beneath, stalk 2 in. long, stipules minute, soon falling ; flowers greenish in clusters on long branches of axillary racemes, 2-4 in. long, calyx lobes 5, triangular, petals 5, stalked, broad and notched at the apex, stamens 5, style 8-4 cleft ; fruit 3-lobed, rarely 3-cornered, 4 in., seeds grooved. see Climbing Plants, Alternate, Stipulate, Simple. small, branches many, spinous; leaves nearly oppo- site, #-1 in., oblong with rounded ends, slightly toothed, smooth above, covered with dense white wool be- neath, stalk very short, stipules small, soon falling ; flowers minute in terminal and axillary branching racemes, calyx 5-fid, petals 5, stalked, hooded, stamens 5, stigmas 3; fruit + in. diam., ovoid, succulent, 3-lobed, black, 3- seeded, edible, sweet like the bilberry. small, densly hairy ; leaves 2-8 in. long, nearly sessile, ovate-oblong, tip rounded, thin, stipules forming wings running down the stem, persistent ; flowers in 2-3 flowered racemes on long, often leafy, lateral stalks, small, 2 in. long, calyx silky, 2-lpped, petals 5, pale yellow, hardly protruding from calyx, stamens 10 in one bundle, style long, bearded above; pod 14-1% in. long, long-stalked, linear-oblong, smooth, seeds 30-40. medium size, silky velvety, stem thick, grooved ; leaves 2-6 by 1-3 in., nearly sessile, ovate, tapering to the short stalk, tipped with a minute bristle, stipules small, leafy, persistent ; flowers 3-1 in. long in terminal racemes, 20-40 flowered, 8-12 in. long, calyx 4 in. long, teeth lanceolate, petals yellow, nearly twice as long as the calyx, stamens and style like the last species ; pod 14-2 in. long, nearly smooth, stalked, seeds many. ‘The fibre is used for making cordage. gee Shrubs, Alternate, Exstipulate, Simple. see Shrubs, Alternate, Stipulate, Compound, Leaf lets [hree. Plants of the Punjab. 19 SHRUBS WITH ALTERNATE STIPULATH SIMPLE LEAVES. Uraria lagopus, Alysiearpus vaginalis, Alhagi maurorum or camelorum, Jawasa. LEGUMINOS®. Boba, L452 The Plains. Salt Range. Kashmir to 3,000 ft. Baluchistan (Boissier). Desmodium gangeticum, Salpan. LEGUMINOS&. BeBe lou. 168. The Plains to 5,000 ft. Desmodium latifolium, LEGUMINOS&. Ws Be We i 768; The Plains to 4,000 ft. Prunus prostrata, Paltu, tara, ter. Rosacea. #: Bel ous Slee Himalaya, west of Sutlej, 5-10,000 ft. PHTALS UNUNITED. seo Shrubs, Alternate, Stipulate, Compound, Leaf- lets Three. seo Prostrate Shrubs, Alternate, Stipulate, Simple. small, with many axillary hard sharp thorns 4-1 in. long ; leaves 4-4 in. long, ovate-oblong, tip rounded with a fine bristle, leathery, stiff, drooping from the base of the spines or branchlets, stipules minute, awl-shaped ; flowers reddish, on short stalks, 1-6 from a spine, calyx +,-} in., smooth, corolla nearly 4 in., stamens 10 in 2 bundles of 1 and 9; pod about 1 in. long, curved, constricted between the seeds, smooth, seeds 6-8. Manna, a sugary gum, exudes when the leaves appear, and forms small tears which are shaken off and eaten. This manna does not ap- pear on the plants in India, but in Afghanistan and Persia. small, stems woody, slightly angular, branches grey felted ; leaves 3-6 by 14-3 in., oblong, rounded at the base, smooth above, grey-haired beneath, stalk 4-1 in., stipules } in., linear ; flowers + in., white or lilac, in crowded axillary and terminal racemes, 6-12in. long, calyx minute, teeth 5, lanceolate, petals 5, projecting outside the calyx, standard petal broad, wing petals 2, adhering to the two united petals (keel), stamens 10, 1 free, 9 united, style incurved at the end ; pod 4-2 in. long, curved, lower border deeply indented, joints 6-8, one-seeded, covered with minute hooked hairs. The plantis used in Indian medicine as a febrifuge. like the last, but more erect, branches brown-felte(, leaves ovate, thicker, brown-felted beneath, flowers purple, joints of pod 4-6. medium size, scragey, branches grey, spreading, erect or prostrate; leaves 4-1 in., ovate-oblong, rounded tip, toothed, smooth above, white and woolly beneath, narrowed into the short stalk ; flowers red, nearly sessile, solitary or clustered, appearing with the leaves, calyx tube + in., cylindric, with 5 oblong blunt lobes, petals 5, round, longer than the calyx, stamens many, style one; fruit 4 in., ovoid, purplish-red, hardly edible, dry, stone one. 80 Plants of the Punjab. SHRUBS WITH ALTERNATE STIPULATE SIMPLE LEAVES. Prunus tomentosa, Rosacnm, BR. Bota als Kashmir, 5-6,000 ft. Prinsepia utilis, Bekhar, bekhal. Rosachs. F. B. I. ii. 323. Himalaya, 4-8,000 it. Simla, Mashobra (Collett). Hazara (Barrett). Spireea bella, Kurkan. RosackEs. F. B. 1. i. 324. Himalaya, 6-12,000 it. Simla, Mahasu, common (Collett). Spirzea canescens, Chakis. RosachA. F. B. I. ii. 825. Himalaya, 6-12,000 it. Simla, Mashobra, common (Collett). Spireea vaccinifolia, Rosaces#. F, B. I. 11, 325, Himalaya, 6-8,000 ft. Simla, Elysium Hill, Naldera, Shali (Collett). Hazara (Barrett). PETALS UNUNITED. medium size, branches slender, spreading, branch- lets woolly ; leaves 1-14 in., ovate-rounded, long-pointed, finely toothed, slightly hairy above, densely softly hairy beneath, ; stalk very short, hairy, stipules slender, segmented ; flowers axillary, shortly stalked, solitary, calyx-tube }i In., lobes oblong, pointed, petals small, white ; fruit scarlet,” oblong, hairy, pointed at first, blunt, flattened when ripe. medium size, straggling, smooth, spinous, spines often leafy, green, pith divided by partitions; leaves 14-5 by 3-1} in., narrow, lanceolate, long- Pome) leathery, cane realy toothed, dark green, stalk 4-3 in., stipules minute, soon falling off ; flowers white, } in. diam., in short axillary racemes , petals 5, round, stamens many in several rows ; drupe 1-3 in., oblong, the minute point, the remains of the style, is quite on one side, purple with bloom like a plum, stone smooth, one- -seeded. Oil expressed from the seeds is used locally for food, illuminating, and as an external 0? remedy in rheumatism. medium size, branches erect, arching, slender or stout ; leaves }-2 in. long, broadly oblong, ovate, sharply irregu- larly toothed towards the tip, dark green above, waxy ebluish-green below, stipules small, soon falling off; flowers pink, rarely white, in broad terminal much branching clusters, petals round, stamens 50-60; fruit of 5 carpels, velvety, carpel } in., dark brown. medium size, softly hairy or Verreny branches grey, arching, densely leafy ; leaves }-2 by 4-3 in., ovate with tip broad, nearly sessile, toothed - towards the tip, rather leathery, stipules small, soon falling off; flowers } in. diam., white or pinkish, in small branched clusters at the end of many lateral branchlets, often all turned to one side, carpels 5, hairy when ripe, and partially sunk in the calyx. medium size, branches stiff, grey, hairy ; leaves 1-1} in. stalked, ovate, minutely toothed towards the tip, stipules small, soon falling off ; flowers } in. diam., white, in broad terminal branching woolly clusters, carpels 5, when ripe smooth, minute, half sunk in the hairy calyx. Plants of the Punjab. 81 SHRUBS WITH ALTERNATE STIPULATE SIMPLE LEAVES. Cydonia vulgaris, The Quince, Bihi. Rosacea. FP. B. I. 11. 369. The Plains to 5,500 ft. Baluchistan (Hughes-Buller). Cratzegus crenulata, Gingaru. RosacEm. F. B. I. ii. 384. Himalaya, 2,500-8,000 ft. Cotoneaster bacillaris, Reus, kherbaba. RosacE#. Beebe tit, SO4. Salt Range, 1,500-2,500 ft. Himalaya, 4-10,000 ft. Simla, Mashobra (Collett). Murree. Hazara (Barrett). Cotoneaster acuminata, Dev-reus, rauns. RosacEm. F. B. I. ii. 385. Himalaya, 4,500-12,000 ft. Hattu (Collett). Chor Peak. PETALS UNUNITED. medium size, bark black, branches many; leaves with smooth margin, stipules ovate, uneven-sided ; flowers solitary, white or pink, large, woolly, bracts leafy, toothed, sepals club-shaped, large, spreading, toothed, petals 5, stamens 20, styles 5 ; fruit like an apple, dented at the top and bottom, firm, fleshy, astringent, fragrant, 5-celled, seeds many. The seeds, Bihidanah or Behdanah, are used in Indian medicine as a demulcent in dysentery and an oil is also expressed from the seeds. large, spiny, rigid, evergreen ; leaves 1-2 in., linear oblong, blunt, minutely toothed, shining, very leathery, stipules soon falling off; flowers white, 4-4 in. diam., on slender stalks in short, many-flowered clusters at the end of branchlets, calyx lobes 5, blunt, petals 5, round, stalked, stamens many, carpels 5; drupe round, + in. diam., orange-red, crowned with the calyx, 5 bony one-seeded nutlets. large, bark bluish-grey, branches long, slender, used for walking sticks, hence the specific name; leaves 1-34 by 2-12 in., ovate, or oblong-lanceolate, sharp-or blunt- pointed, narrowed into the stalk, smooth above, downy beneath, margin flat, stalk + in., stipules minute, bristle- like, very soon falling off; flowers white, 4 in. diam., in large, hairy or downy branched-clusters on short lateral leafy branchlets, calyx smooth, 5-toothed, petals 5, round, stamens 20, styles 2-5, free; fruit round, } in. diam., 2-celled, dark brown to black, crowned by the calyx. Variety—C. affinis or rosea like the above, but woolly under the leaves and on the calyx, petals pink. large, bark shining, dark bluish-grey, branches long, slender; leaves 1-24 by 4-2 in., ovate-lanceolate, long- pointed, silky beneath, margin hairy, flat, stipules minute, bristle-like, soon falling off; flowers white, } in. diam., solitary or in hairy small, nearly sessile, clusters on short lateral leafy branchlets, calyx 5-toothed, reddish inside, petals 5, round, stamens 20, styles 2-5; fruit top-shaped, 4 in. long, bright red when ripe, crowned by the calyx. G 82 Plants of the Punjab. SHRUBS Cotoneaster nummularia, RosacEm. F. B. 1. 11. 886. Kashmir, 5 -11,000 ft. Baluchistan (Boissier). Cotoneaster microphylla, Sida spinosa, Sida grewioides, Sida rhombifolia, Sida cordifolia, Abutilon graveolens, Hibiscus hirtus, Hibiscus rosa-sinensis, Shoe flower, Jasum, angharehindt. MALVACE®. F. B. I. 1. 344. The Plains to 5,000 ft. Baluchistan ( Hughes-Buller). Plumbago zeylanica, with ALTERNATE STIPULATE SIMPLE LEAVEs. PETALS UNUNITED. small, straggling, nearly prostrate, branches thick, woody, dividing widely ; leaves 4-14 in., round or with the blade wider at the tip, white or densely woolly beneath, falling off in the winter, stipules minute, bristle-like, soon falling off; flowers small, white, in crowded very short, woolly 2- to 5-flowered clusters, calyx usually woolly, petals 5, round, stamens 20, styles 2-5.; fruit small, round, black, crowned by the calyx. see Prostrate Shrubs, Alternate, Stipulate, Simple. PETALS UNITED. see Herbs, Erect, Alternate, Stipulate, Simple, Toothed. see Herbs, Erect, Alternate, Stipulate, Simple, Entire. see Herbs, Erect, Alternate, Stipulate, Simple, Toothed. see Herbs, Erect, Alternate, Stipulate, Simple, Toothed. see Herbs, Erect, Alternate, Stipulate, Simple, Entire. see Shrubs, Alternate, Stipulate, Lobed. medium size, woody, branched, not prickly ; leaves ovate, long-pointed, nearly smooth, toothed at the apex, stipules sword-shaped; flowers red, 8 in. diam., on stalks longer than the leaves, axillary, bracteoles 6-7, linear, half the length of the calyx, calyx bell-shaped, sepals # in., lanceolate, united below the middle, corolla of 5 petals, united to the staminal tube, staminal tube longer than the corolla and of many filaments, styles 5, spreading ; capsule roundish, many seeded, but does not seed in India. ‘The petals were used to blacken shoes, hence the name, Shoe flower, they are also used as a demuleent. see Herbs, Erect, Alternate, Stipulate, simple, Entire. Plants of the Punjab. 83 SHRUBS WITH ALTERNATE STIPULATE SIMPLE LEAVES. Jatropha curcas, Rattanjot, japhrota. KUPHORBIACER. Beebe vie $85¢ The Plains and Himalaya to 3,000 ft. Bridelia stipularis, Parrottia Jacquemontiana, Kullar, pser. HAMAMELIDACE. Ba Be 1.11. 496; Kashmir, 5-9,000 ft., common. Murree (Douie). Hazara (Barrett). Casearia graveolens, Chilla, naro, pumpri. SAMYDACEA. . By P5923 The Plains, east of Chenab, to 5,000 ft. PETALS UNITED. large, bark grey, smooth, peeling in papery flakes, young parts hairy, juice milky ; leaves 4-6 by 8-5 in,, broadly heart-shaped, often 5-lobed, stalk 8-9 in. long, stipules with stiff hairs ; flowers yellow in terminal clusters, sepals 5, yellowish, corolla tubular, pale yellow, hairy within, lobes 5, in males stamens many, in females styles united, 2-fid ; capsule 1-13 in. long, 3-lobed, oblong, seeds large, dark brown, smooth, oblong, purgative. The juice is some- times used to stop bleeding and cure spongy gums. see Climbing Plants, Alternate, Stipulate, Simple. PETALS NONE. large, stem stout, branches many, very like the hazel (Corylus colurna) ; leaves 2-8 in. diam., appearing with ~ - the flowers, round or broad-oblong, blunt, minutely toothed, stalk $ in. long, stipules large, soon falling off ; flowers very small, greenish-white, in sessile round heads, involueral, bracts petal-like, yellowish-white, # in. long, ovate with broad tips, calyx lobes 5-7, minute, woolly, oblong or linear-narrow, petals none, stamens 5-7, styles 2; capsules minute, in round heads, 1-13 in. diam., woolly, splitting from the top, outer coat woody, inner coat horny, separating from the outer, seed narrow-oblong, with rounded ends. The twigs are used for basket-making and form the twig bridges of Kashmir. The wood is hard and heavy and used for making walking sticks and bows. large, bark dark grey with white specks, branchlets smooth ; leaves 4-8 by 24-4 in., oblong, with rounded ends or acute, minutely toothed, stalks 1-3 in. long, stipules 4 in. long, soon falling off ; flowers greenish-yellow, smooth, many clustered in the axils of leaves, calyx 5-lobed, slightly velvety at the base, persistent, petals none, stamens 8, alternating with scales, style one, stigma simple or 8-fid ; capsule ? in., 3-valved, oblong, smooth, seeds witha fleshy coat. The fruit is thrown into streams or tanks to poison fish. G2 84 Planis of the Punjab. SHRUBS WITH ALTERNATE STIPULATE SIMPLE LEAVES. Casearia tomentosa, Chilla, bair. SAMYDACE. F.B..L i. 698. The Plains to 8,000 ft. Suni. Sutlej Valley (Collett). Kahuta, Letrar (Douie). Patiala. Calligonum polygonoides, Phog, phok. PoLYGONACES. HB): Vs oe: The Plains. The Salt Range, 2,000 ft. Baluchistan (Lace). Polygonum chinense, PoLYGONACES. FB. 12 vy. 44. Himalaya, 4-8,000 ft. Simla. The Glen (Collett). Polygonum polystachyum, Amldandi, tror. PoLYGONACEA. BBall. v50: Himalaya, 7-12,000 ft. Matiana. Narkanda (Collett). PETALS NONE. large, bark light grey to dark brown, branchlets hairy ; leaves 8-7 by 12-3 in., oblong, hairy, minutely toothed, stalks short, stipules minute, soon falling off; flowers hairy, greenish-yellow, many clustered in the axils of leaves, calyx 4 to 5 segments, hairy, petals none, stamens 8, alternate with hairy scales, style one, stigma simple or 3-fid; capsule ? in. long, 38-valved, fleshy, yellow, 6-ribbed when dry, seeds with a red coat. The fruit is used as a diuretic. large, branches many, slender, pale, nearly leafless ; leaves linear, minute, stipules (ochrea) short; flowers solitary or few, with sheaths, stalks 4-3 in., sepals 5, flat, broad, red with broad white edges, stamens 12-18 ; nuts 4-1 in. diam., oblong, 4-angled, hard, covered with many reddish-brown stiff bristles, seed 4-angled. The flowers are cooked and eaten. medium size, rambling, stems and branches many, changing their course in a curve from joint to joint, angled, finely grooved; leaves 5 by 1% in., rough with minute prickles, oblong-lanceolate, long-pointed, stalks shortly winged above, sometimes 2-eared at the base, stipules 8 in. long, tubular, white with long waving points ; flowers white or pink, in heads }-4 in. diam., on stalks forming a large level cluster, bracts flat, ovate, sepals 5, stamens 8, styles 8, united half way up ; nuts 3-angled, black, enclosed in the dry or fleshy calyx. medium size, stems angled, hairy, densely hairy at the ends of branches; leaves 4-9 by 1}-34 in., oblong-lance- olate, lower stalked or the upper nearly sessile, long-pointed, upper surface thinly hairy or smooth, lower densely hairy, stipules tubular, very long, hairy, pointed ; flowers } in. diam., white or pinkish, in terminal branching racemes 6-18 in. long, bracts flat, short, blunt, sepals 5, spread- ing, 3 inner broadest, 2 outer narrow, stamens 8, styles 8, only joined below; nuts small, 3-angled, pale brown, not closed up tight in the calyx. The leaves and shoots are cooked and eaten. Plants of the Punjab. 85 SHRUBS WITH ALTERNATE STIPULATE SIMPLE LEAVES. Polygonum tortuosum, Nidla. PoLYGONACES. Be AL..veb2. Himalaya, 9-16,500 ft. Lahul. Piper brachystachyum, Euphorbia Nivulia, Senhur, thura. HUPHORBIACER. Baan: Himalaya to 3,000 ft. Euphorbia antiquorum, Tidhara-sehud. HUPHORBIACER. Be Bel. ve255. The Plains to 2.000 ft. Euphorbia Royleana, Thor. EKUPHORBIAOH®. fe a en Salt Range. Himalaya, 6,000 ft. PETALS NONE. small, branches widely separating with nodular joints, smooth, shining, red brown; leaves 1-2 in. long, pale green, turning red, sessile, leathery, from oblong to round, blunt or acute, stipules tubular, short, ending abruptly ; flowers 4 in. long on very short velvety stalks in dense branching racemes $-1 in. long , calyx lobes oblong, erect ; nut pale, 3-angled, ovate, included in the calyx. The plant is used in Lahul for dyeing cloth a yellow colour. see Climbing Plants, Alternate, Stipulate, Simple. large, smooth, fleshy, branches nearly cylindric in groups of four, juice milky, copious ; leaves 6-12 in., linear, tip rounded, or ovate-oblong with broad and rounded tip, fleshy, smooth, stipules of two prickles on one tubercle, tubercles spirally or vertically arranged ; flowers in clus- ters of three, consisting of bracts with stamens and in the centre a stalked 3-celled capsule often hanging over, styles 3-branched ; capsule } in. broad divided, into 3 cells, one smooth seed in each cell. large, smooth, fleshy, branches cylindric or some- what angled, branchlets with 3 to 5 wavy wings, juice milky ; leaves few, small, on the sides of the wings, the wings ovatesoblong with broad rounded tips, fleshy, shortly stalked, stipules are 2 thorns; flowers } in. broad, yellow fringed, in bracteate clusters, outer flowers stalked, inner sessile, bracteoles many, flowers otherwise like the last species ; capsule 4 in. diameter, cells flattened, smooth. large, fleshy, smooth, branches straight, erect, 95-7 angled, the angles are wavy wings, the branches grow in clusters close to each other giving it the name of Cande- labra tree; leaves 4-6 in. along the angles of the branches, soon falling off, sessile, broad and rounded, nar- rowing to the base, fleshy, smooth, stipules are 2 prickles ; flowers } in. diam., yellow, in sessile axillary clusters, lobes 4, broad and round, fringed, flowers otherwise like the previous species of Euphorbia; capsules ~ in. diam., 8-angled, stalks 4-$ in. long. 86 Plants of the Punjab. SHRUBS WITH ALTERNATE STIPULATE SIMPLE LEAVES. Phyllanthus parvifolius, KUPHORBIACEA. Bu, dev, 294. Himalaya, 5-6,000 ft. Naldera, Theog (Collett). Phylianthus simplex, KUPHORBIACES. F. B. I. v. 295. The Plains to 5,000 ft. Valleys below Simla (Collett). Baliospermum axillare, Dant hakun. HuUPHORBIACE. Hers Lv. 461. Himalaya, 2-3,00 ft. Kashmir. Plecospermum *spinosum, UPHORBIACEA. F. B. I. v. 491. Salt Range and Himalaya to 3,000 ft. Ficus clavata, Urticacem. F. B. I. v. 520. Himalaya to 4, 500 ft. Basantpur (Collett), PETALS NONE. small, bark pale, foliage feathery, branchlets look like pinnate leaves ; leaves 4-4 in., in two rows, sessile, oblong, base narrow, tip rounded, pale below, stipules triangular, very minute, slender, tapering to a point; flowers, male and female, minute, +, in., brown purple, stalked, solitary, axillary, sepals 6, oblong, blunt in males, stamens 3, rarely 5, in females styles 8; capsule 4 in. diam., round, some- what lobed, with a hard and brittle smooth shell, seeds minutely marked with brown, smooth mottling. small, branches siender, flattened ; leaves 4-1 in., linear, oblong, in two rows, rather leathery, pale below, nearly sessile, stipules target-shaped, with wedge-shaped lobes at the base, fringed or smooth ; flowers, male and female, minute, ,4, in., brown purple, often 8°together, sepals 6, in males broadly oblong, stamens 8, in females styles 3, reflexed ; capsule =1, in., indented, round, smooth, with a hard and brittle shell, seeds rough with minute processes. medium size, stem stout, branching from the base, nearly smooth; leaves, upper 2-3 in., small, lanceolate, lower 6-12 in., large, oblong, ovate or rounded, sinuate, toothed or 5-lobed, stalk thick, of upper leaves short, of lower as long as the blade, stipules of 2 glandular pro- cesses ; flowers, male and female, in many axillary racemes, small, in males sepals 4-6, orbicular, stamens 10-30, in females sepals 5-6, lanceolate, styles 8, 2-fid ; capsule 4-4 in. long, of three 2-valved cells, seeds oblong, smooth, mot- tled. The oils from the seeds and the powdered seeds are used in Indian medicine as a drastic purgative. large, bark smooth, yellowish-brown, spines axillary, straight, thick ; leaves 2-3 in. long, oblong with rounded ends or tip broad, blunt or short-pointed, margin smooth, surfaces smooth, stipules minute, stalk short,4-4 in.; flowers, male and female, in axillary stalked round heads, solitary or 2 or 3 together, male heads } in. diam., bracteolate, sepals 4, concave, blunt, stamens 4, female heads $ in. diam., sepals 4, fleshy ; fruit 1- to 2-seeded, lobed ; berry $ in. diam., velvety. large, shoots rough; leaves 4-8 in. long, oblong, long-pointed, smooth, toothed, stalks 4-4 in., stipules 4 in., lanceolate ; fruit a fig, round witha knob, or ovoid and broad at the top, $ in. diam., surface uneven, axillary, solitary, stalk + in. long. Plants of the Punjab. SHRUBS WITH ALTBRNATH STIPULATH SIMPLE LEAVES. Ficus palmata, Boehmeria platyphylla, Pouzolzia viminea, UrtTICcAcEm. FB. ve 581, Himalaya to 5,000 ft. Villebrunea frutescens, URTICACEA. FL 5,1. %., 590. Valleys below Simla (Collett). Debregeasia hypoleuea, Purum, siaru. URTICACER. eee he v5 91. Salt Range. Himalaya, 3-5,000 ft. Simla, Mahasu (Collett). Kotzi, Murree Hills (Douie). Quercus Ilex, Balut,.kharanja. CUPULIFERA. EF. B. I. v. 602. Himalaya, | 3-8,500 ft. PETALS NONE. see Shrubs, Alternate, Stipulate, Lobed. see Shrubs, Opposite, Stipulate, Simple. large, bark rough, grey, thin, stringy, branches slendey, branchlets velvety or with hairs, stiff, and lying in lines ; leaves 3-5 by 1-1} in., oblong or lanceolate, toothed, long- pointed, smooth or slightly hairy above, hairy, grey- felted beneath, base 8-nerved, stalk 4-2 in. long; flowers in sessile dense axillary rounded clusters, in males calyx | 3-5-lobed, stamens 4, in females calyx tubular, 8-5-lobed, | style slender ; achenes enclosed in the calyx, angled and - margined. | large, bark dark grey, rough, branches very slender, slightly velvety ; leaves 2-8 by 1-4 in., ovate, with long tail-like point, minutely toothed except at base, 8-nerved at base, rough above, pale or white-felted below, stalks © slender, $-4 in. long, stipules } in., lanceolate, velvety ; - flowers, male and female, crowded in bracteolate, small, sessile, or nearly sessile clusters in axils of previous year’s ~ leaves, in males ealyx 4-5-fid, stamens 4-5, in females — calyx ovoid, narrowed to a minute mouth, stigma linear ; achenes many, black, minute, partially inserted in a white ‘juicy mass of the calyx and bracteoles. This plant yields a strong fibre. large, bark thin, dark grey, branches white, woolly ; leaves narrow, 3-6 by 4-1} in., linear-lanceolate, long- pointed, toothed, bases 8-nerved, rough above, white ~ woolly beneath, stalks 1-4 in., stipules divided ; flowers, male and female, in rounded, sessile, axillary heads, bracteolate, in males sepals 4, shorter than the bracteoles, stamens 8-5, in females calyx fleshy, ovoid, mouth con- tracted, minute ; fruit yellow, 4 in. diam., fleshy, dotted with the minute achenes. This plant yields a strong fibre. large, shoots stellately velvety ; leaves 1-3 -in., very leathery, oblong or orbicular, margin smooth or spinous-toothed, velvety above when young, woolly or very velvety beneath, or smooth when old, nearly sessile, stipules soon. falling-off ; flowers minute, in slender short clustered’ spikes,--males in pendulous spikes, calyx bell- _ shaped, -4-7-lobed,- stamens 6-12; females in erect spikes, 88 Plants of the Punjab. SHRUBS WITH ALTERNATE STIPULATE SIMPLE LEAVES. Salix Wallichiana, Bwir, bhains. SALICINES. F. B. I. v. 628. The Plains to 9,000 ft. Simla, Mahasu, Fagu (Collett). Salix elegans, Bail, bitsu, bada. SALICINES. F, B. I. v. 680. Himalaya, 6-11,000 ft. Jaku, Simla (Collett). Salix hastata, SALIOINBA, #. B..1. v.. 6390. Himalaya, 9-15,000 ft. Hathu, Marali (Collett). Salix viminalis, The Osier, Bitsu. SALICINESE. Weil. ¥. O01. Himalaya, 3-9,000 ft. PETALS NONE. enclosed in bracts, calyx minutely toothed, styles 3-5, acorn cylindric, 1-14 in. long, tip conical, cup very thick, grey, bracts closely pressed together, tips narrow. SHEDS WITH A TUFT OF LONG WHITE HAIRS. large, bark greenish-grey, young parts velvety or woolly becoming nearly smooth; leaves 2-5 in. long, lanceolate, long-pointed, margins usually even, green and hairy above, white silky velvet beneath, nearly sessile ; flowers in spikes (catkins), hanging or erect, 1-4 in. long, appearing before the leaves, 1-3 leaves at the base, bracts black, male spikes 1 in. long, stout, stamens 2, female spikes 8-5 in., styles forked; capsules } in., downy, slender, shortly stalked, stigmas erect, nearly sessile. large, branches dark green, young parts grey vel- vety ; leaves 1-3, ovate or oblong, pointed or blunt, finely toothed or not, smooth above, pale beneath, shortly stalked, often attacked by an orange fungus ; flowers appearing after the leaves on leafy spikes (catkins), 14-5 in. long, bracts yellow, velvety, male spikes compact, stamens 2, female spikes slender, drooping, much longer, stigmas nearly sessile, divided ; capsules } in., conical, shortly stalked, smooth. small, shoots silky, branches dark brown or black ; leaves 1-3 by #-2 in., acute or abruptly pointed, teeth small, stalk 3-3 in., stipules large, broadly ovate ; flowers appearing with the leaves, in nearly sessile spikes, with small leaves at the base, 1-7 in. long, silky, bracts oblong, blunt, just visible in the long silky hairs, male spikes 1-14 in. long, compact, cylindric, stamens 2, female Spikes 2-7 in. long, styles thread-like, stigmas divided, spreading, fruiting spikes 7 in.; capsules }- } in. long, smooth, nearly sessile, ovoid, beaked. large, branchlets slender, flexible ; leaves 4-5 1in., lanceolate, long-pointed, smooth above, silvery silky beneath, margins even, turned over, stipules linear-lan- ceolate ; flowers appearing before the leaves, in bright yellow nearly sessile spikes, 1-4 in. long, bracts tipped with brown, or black silky hairs, male spikes nearly sessile, 1 in. long, erect, stamens 2, female spikes 2-4 in. long, style slender, stigmas slender, spreading ; capsules } in., boaked Planis of the Punjab. 89 | nnn ee ee SHRUBS WITH ALTERNATE STIPULATE SimpLy LBAVEs. Salix oxyearpa, SALICINE. F. B. I. v. 636. Himalaya, * 6-11.000 ft. Simla. PETALS NONE. SHEDS WITH A TUFT OF LONG WHITE HAIRS. large, shoots velvety at first ; leaves 2-4 by 3-1} in., lanceolate, pointed, teeth small, or none, smooth above, waxy greenish-blue beneath, stipules small, semi-lanceolate ; flowers appearing before the leaves on very long, stout, sessile spikes, bracts yellow in males or brown in females, in males stamens 2, united below, in females style very short, stigmas short ; capsules large, +, in., sessile, silky. SHRUBS WITH ALTERNATE StTipuLATE LoBap Lwavezs. Helicteres Isora, Cratzgus Oxyaeantha, Cratzgus Clarkei, Hibiscus hirtus, MALVACEZ. BeBe L355. The Plains. Hibiscus syriacus, Gurhal. MALVACES. BSB isis, The Plains. Baluchistan (Hughes-Buller). PRTALS UNUNITED. see Shrubs, Alternate, Stipulate, Simple. see Trees, Alternate, Stipulate, Lobed. see Trees, Alternate, Stipulate, Lobed. PHTALS UNITED. medium size, cultivated ; leaves 3 by 2 in., ovate, long-pointed, lower leaves often 3-lobed, toothed, hairy, stalk 2 in., hairy, stipules $ in., linear; flowers 3 in. diam., pink or white, spreading on long-jointed stalks, calyx lobes 5, not distended, linear-lanceolate, bracteoles 5-7, awl-shaped, without appendages, shorter than the sepals, corolla 3 in. diam., petals 5, joined with the stami- nal tube, which is 5-toothed ; capsule devalved, round, shorter than the calyx, seeds cottony. This plant yields a strong fibre. medium size, cultivated, not prickly ; leaves 2 in. long, ovate, 3-lobed, toothed, surface nearly smooth, stalk short ; flowers red, large, showy on stalks ag long as leaf stalks, axillary, bracteoles 6-7, linear, half the length of the calyx, sepals 5, ovate, lanceolate, petals 5, broad at the tip, longer than the éalyx, staminal tube with an- thers all the way up ; capsule oblong, blunt, slightly hairy, seeds thinly hairy. This plant yields a stronger fibre than the last. 90 Plants of the Punjab. ene oe ea ae ae SHRUBS WITH ALTERNATE STIPULATH Lospgap LBAVES. Gossypium herbaceum, Cotton, Kapas. MALVACES. F. B. I. 1. 346. The Plains to 5,000 ft. Baluchistan (Hughes- Buller). Gossypium barbadense, MALVACES. F. B. 1.1. 347. The Plains to 5,000 ft. Gossypium arboreum, MALVACES. BBM. 17347, The Plains to 5,000 ft. Jatropha cureas, Baliospermum axillare, ~ PHDALS UNITED. medium size, cultivated, hairy or nearly smooth; leaves heart-shaped, 8- to 7-lobed, lobes broadly ovate, long-pointed, long-stalked, stipules ovate-lanceolate, margin smooth or toothed ; flowers yellow with a purple centre or all yellow or all purple on axillary, joint- ed, single-flowered stalks, bracteoles 8, large, leafy, heart-shaped, not divided below the middle, calyx cup- shaped, petals 5, spreading, staminal tube 5-toothed, style with 5 stigmas ; capsule ovate, 3-5 valved, seeds 5-7 in each cell, ovoid, cotton white, rarely brownish, adherent to the seeds and overlying a greenish down. This plant is of Indian origin and is cultivated to yield cotton. medium size, branches and leaves black dotted, branches purple; leaves 3-5 lobed, lobes oblong, long- pointed, nearly smooth, long-stalked, stipules linear- lanceolate ; flowers yellow with a purple spot, on thick stalks, axillary, jointed, single flowered, bracteoles 8, very large, deeply cut, leafy, cordate, calyx as in last species, petals with one margin within and one without the next one, staminal tube and styles like the last species ; capsule oval, long-pointed, 3-5-celled, seeds black, covered with easily separable white or brownish cotton. This plant, as its name implies, was introduced from America, and is grown to yield cotton. Y large, perennial, branches purple with scattered hairs ; leaves nearly smooth, deeply 5-7 lobed, lobes linear- oblong, contracted at the base, long-stalked, stipules sword- shaped ; flowers large, purple, rarely white on axillary, jointed, single flowered stalks, bracteoles 3, large, heart- shaped, ovate, pointed, leafy, almost undivided, calyx as in the last species, petals spreading, staminal tube and style as in the last species ; capsule about 1 in. long oblong-pointed, seeds covered with adhering white eotion over a dense green down. ‘This plant is of Indian origin and only grown to a limited extent in gardens chiefly round temples. see Shrubs, Alternate, Stipulate, Simple. PRTALS NONE. see Shrubs, Alternate, Stipulate, Simple. <= Plants of the Punjab. : 91 SHRUBS WITH ALTERNATE StipuLATE LOBED LBavzs. Ficus palmata, Phagqwar, dudi. URTICACER. Beal. vic 530, The Plains to 5,000 ft. Baluchistan (Hughes-Buller). PETALS NONE. large, bark smooth, grey ; leaves 8-5 in. long, round» ovate, pointed, toothed, deeply palmately 5-lobed, rough above, felted beneath, stalk 4-1 in. long, velvety: stipules soon falling off, ovate, pointed, velvety ; figs 4-1 in. diam., usually solitary, velvety, yellow when ripe, basal bracts 8, pointed, soon falling off, stalk 4-3 in. long, edible. Surues WITH ALTERNATE StrepuLATE Compounp LEAVES. Piptanthus nepalensis, LEGUMINOSAE. Biro pe. 62: Himalaya, 7-9,000 ft. Argyrolobium flaceidum, LEGUMINOS&. BeBe Di1.'68. The Plains to 9,000 ft. Ononis hireina, LEGUMINOS#. FE. B. I. i. 85. Himalaya, 5-7,000 ft. Baluchistan (Lace). PopD-BEARING PLANTS. PETALS UNUNITED. LEAFLETS THREE. large, bark green; leaves of 8 digitate leaflets, stalk 7-12 in. long, stipules small, united, broadly trian- gular, velvety, soon falling off, leaflets sessile, 2-4 by 4-1 in., lanceolate, long-pointed ; flowers yellow, 1-1} in. long, crowded in hairy racemes 4-5 in. long, bracts ovate, felted, soon falling off, calyx felted, bell-shaped, 2 upper teeth broad, 8 lower narrow, divided ° nearly to the base, petals all stalked, 1 in. long, stamens 10, ununited ; pod 3-5 by 4-4 in., linear, flat, stalked, seeds 3-10. small, covered with densely silky hairs; leaves of 3 digitate leaflets, leaf stalk short, stipules minute, linear, leaflets 3-2 in. long, pale, silky, nearly equal, lan- ceolate, shortly pointed ; flowers small, yellow, few in short racemes on stalks longer than the leaves, calyx deeply 2-lipped, upper lip 2-toothed, lower 8-toothed, teeth narrow, petals smooth, hardly longer than the calyx, stamens 10, united; pod 3-1 in. long, densely silky, 6-8 seeded. small, stems velvety; leaves with 8 pinnate leaflets, leaf stalks short, stipules large, leafy, attached to the leaf stalk, leaflets oblong, blunt, toothed ; flowers reddish, in pairs, forming a close terminal leafy - raceme, calyx bell-shaped, 2 in. long, teeth linear, longer than the tube, petals stalked, stamens 10, united ; pod oblong, downy, not protruding from the calyx, 2-3 seeded. 92 Plants of the Punjab. a > SHRUBS WITH ALTERNATE STIPULATE CoMPOUND LEAVES. Indigofera trita, LEGUMINOS# HOB. f. 1. 96. The Plains. Psoralea plicata, Bakhtmal. LEGUMINOS#. eS; 1b. atl 08. The Plains. Baluchistan (Hughes-Buller). Tavernicra nummularia, LEGUMINOS#. Beeb. 1. 1. 140; The Plains. Rawalpindi. Kahuta. Baluchistan (Boissier). Ebenus stellata, LEGUMINOS. FH, BL. 1.140. Himalaya, 4-8,000 ft. Baluchistan (Boissier). PopD-BEARING PLANTS. PETALS UNUNITED. LEAFLETS THREE. small, branches many, rigid, widely separating, thinly covered with grey hairs lying flat against the stem ; leaves with 8 leaflets, leaf stalk 4-2 im. long, stipules minute, bristle-like, leaflets oblong with a broad tip, lateral leaflets nearly sessile, 4-1 in. long, opposite, terminal leaflet 1-14 in. long, stalked ; flowers 4 in. long, purplish red, on spike- like racemes, shorter than the leaves, 6-12-flowered, calyx zs-} in. long, grey, teeth bristle-like, corolla } in. long, stamens 10, all united but upper one, anthers with pointed tip ; pod 1-1} in. long, bending down or spreading, very firm, 4-angled, without contractions, pointed, 8-10 seeded. gmall, branches many, stems silvery, warty, branch- lets when bare somewhat spinous ; leaves shortly stalked, leaflets 8, 4-1 in. long, terminal leaflet largest, lateral ones oblique, blunt, margin wavy, gland-dotted béneath ; flowers 2-3 in. long, yellow in short-stalked racemes, bracts ovate, very minute, calyx 4 in., covered with white hairs, teeth short, the lowest is the longest, corolla slightly projecting beyond the calyx, stamens 10, all united but the upper one ; pod oblong, clasped by the calyx, one-seeded. small, branches many, slender, finely grey; leaves shortly stalked, stipules minute, lanceolate, thin and dry, leaflets 3, nearly round, }-1 in. long, oblong-ovate with broad tips ; flowers red, $ in. long, in racemes longer than the leaves, calyx }-4 in., thinly silky, stamens 10, united ; pod roundish, 1-4 seeded. This plant is found on stony ground. small, stellately hairy, covered with spreading erect thorns 1-} in. long; leaves odd pinnate, shorter than the spines, leaflets 3, lanceolate, }-? in. long, margins even ; flowers red, sessile, in crowded heads on axillary stalks, surrounded by lanceolate bracts, calyx 4} in. long, covered with long brown silky hairs, teeth bristle-like, feathery, corolla much shorter than the calyx, stamens 10, united except the upper one ; pod flat, oblong, thin, enclosed in the calyx tube, seed one. Plants of the Punjab. 98 SHRUBS WITH ALTERNATE STIPULATE CompouND LEAVES, Lespedeza sericea, LEGUMINOS&. BAB: Tw 142: Himalaya, 2-8,000 ft. Simla (Collett). Hazara, Kashmir. Lespedeza juncea, LEGUMINOS&. ee Leis Ae, Kashmir, Simla, 4-8,000 ft. Lespédeza Gerardiana, LEGUMINOS#. BB lea 142; Himalaya, 5-10,000 ft. Simla (Collett). Lespedeza elegans, LEGUMINOS#. PB. En. 248: Kashmir, 5-6,000 ft. POD-BEARING PLANTS. PETALS UNUNITED. LEAFLETS THREE. small, branches long, tough, slender, velvety ; leaves directed obliquely upwards, nearly sessile, crowded, over- lapping, leaflets 8, tip notched, 4-4 in. long, wedge-shaped, usually smooth above, white silky beneath ; flowers 4 in. long, white or yellow tinged with purple in clusters of 2 to 4 in the leaf axils all down the branch, stalks short, bracteoles linear, minute, calyx —,-1 in. with short white 8 hairs, teeth awl-like, very long, corolla ¢ in., stamens 10, all united but the upper one; pod 4 in,, thinly silky, hardly longer than the calyx, one-seeded. smaller than the last, but very like it, the leaves less crowded, flowers pale purple. small, like Lespedeza sericea, but leaflets rather larger, flowers twice as large, pods ;1, in., very small, concealed in the calyx. small, branches slender, finely downy ; leaves absent at the ends of branches, leaf stalk 4-2 in. long, leaflets 4-3 in. long, oblong, blunt, smooth above, grey silky be- neath ; flowers in clusters of 6-8, extending low down the branches and at the top forming leafless branching racemes, calyx 3-4 in., very velvety, teeth linear, awl-like, very long, corolla half as long again as the calyx, stamens 10, all united but the upper one ; pod sessile, 4 in. long, oblong, downy, one-seeded, 94 Plants of the Punjab. as SHRUBS witH ALTERNATE STIPULATE CompouND LEAVES. Lespedeza macrostyla, LEGUMINOS&. H. Bele it. 145; Himalaya, 2-6,000 ft. Sutlej and Giri Valleys (Collett). Synj. Lespedeza eriocarpa, LEGUMINOS#. feet. 1, 144: Himalaya, 3-9,000 ft. Simla, Mashobra, Matiana, Shali (Collett). Uraria picta, Uraria lagopus, LEGUMINOS®. PB cite TG. Himalaya to 6,000 ft. Simla, POD-BEARING PLANTS. PETALS UNUNITED. LEAFLETS THRER. small, but larger than the four preceding species, branches woody, densely velvety ; leaves shortly stalked, leaflets 3, ovate with a broad tip, 4 in. long and nearly as broad, nearly smooth above, densely white silky below ; flowers $ in. long, deep red, clustered in racemes 3 in. long, bracts silky, ovate, concealing the buds, calyx 3 in., white silky, teeth lanceolate, corolla 3 in. long, stamens 10, all united but the upper one; pod shortly stalked, $-2 in. long, narrow to both ends, point } in. long, lower half feathery, one-seeded, as large as the last species, branches many, branch- lets grooved, slender, angular, silky, leaves with stalks, 3-1} in. long, leaflets 8, ovate, wedge-shaped with a broad tip, 3-1 in. long, stiff, somewhat leathery, smooth above, velvety pale below; flowers 4 in. long, deep red-purple in racemes 2-4 in. long, bracts not longer than the buds, calyx } in., silky, broad, teeth linear, awl-like, corolla 2-3 in. long, stamens 10, all united but the upper one; pod ovate, } in. long, hairy, point as long as the pod, velvety at the base, one-seeded, see Herbs, Erect, Alternate, Stipulate, Compound. medium size, stem and branches from densely velvety to bristly, branches slender; leaves 5-6 in. long, lower leaflets 8, sometimes one, upper 5-9, ovate, blunt, tip notched, 24-44 in. long, rough above, pale and felted ben- eath, stipules lanceolate, long-pointed, stalk 2-3 in. long ; flowers }-} in. long, purple, very many, in terminal and axillary racemes, 6-12 in. long, bracts hairy, ovate, $ in. long, pointed, calyx }-+ in. long, corolla just protruding from the calyx, stamens 10, all united but the upper one ; pod sessile, 2- to 6-jointed, hairy, flattened, folded face to face within the calyx. : Plants of the Punjab. 95 SHRUBS WITH ALTERNATE StTIPULATE ComMPpoUND LEAVES. Uraria neglecta, (of Prawn). LEGUMINOS®. Ware 1.17156. Himalaya, 1-3,000 ft. (Duthie). Desmodium laxiflorum, LEGUMINOSA. B.D. ns 164, Himalaya to 6,000 ft. Kangra (Duthie). Desmodium podocarpum, LEGUMINOS#. Beas. Vat G5. Himalaya, 2-7,000 ft. Simla (Collett). POD-BEARING PLANTS. PETALS UNUNITED. LEAFLETS THREE. medium size, slender, velvety, branches woody ; this plant is like Uraria lagopus but differs in its foliage, bracts and pods; leaves of one leaflet (simple) or three, leaflets 8-5 in. long, ovate-oblong, net-veined, entire, blunt-pointed or notched, rarely short-pointed, base rounded, smooth above, velvety. beneath, terminal leaflet largest, stalked, lateral leaflets nearly sessile, stipules long-pointed from a broad base, hairy ; flowers $-4 in., purple, many on long hairy stalks, crowded in cylindrical terminal racemes, 8-6 in. long and about 1 in. broad, bracts overlapping in bud, ovate with a hard sharp point, hairy, soon falling off, calyx + in., hairy, teeth feathered, lower long, stamens and style like the last species ; pod smooth ; otherwise like the last species. medium size, branches somewhat angled, covered with short hairs ; leaves 4-6 in. long, leaf stalk 1-2 in., stipules lanceolate, long-pointed, leaflets 8, ovate, pointed, some- times broad at the tip and blunt, thin or almost lea- thery, smooth above, flattened hairs beneath ; flowers small, white, tinged with blue, many in axillary and terminal racemes, the terminal often 12 in. long,. bracts minute, linear, awl-like, calyx ; in. long, hairy, teeth lanceolate, longer than the tube, stamens 10, all united but the upper one ; pod 1-14 in. long, covered with minute hooked hairs, slightly contracted at the joints, 6-10 joints, flattened joints easily breaking and catching on to clothes by the hooked hairs. small, branches velvety, angular; leaves 8-6 in. long, stalk 1-3 in. long, stipules small, bristle-like, leaf- lets 8, thin, 2-3 in. long, both surfaces nearly smooth, lower pale, ovate, with a broad tip, pointed, end leaflet roundish, somewhat pointed, with a triangular base; flowers } in. long, pink, in drooping racemes, few flowered, terminal racemes 12 in. long, much branched, bracts minute, linear, calyx ,'; in. long, teeth triangular, very short, corolla 4 in., stamens 10, all united but the upper one ; pod $ in. long with 1-2 joints, joint + in. long, upper margin of pod straight, lower deeply indented, 96 Plants of the Punjab. SHRUBS WITH ALTERNATE STIPULATE COMPOUND LEAVES. Desmodium floribundum, LEGUMINOS&. BBA are thi: Himalaya to 7,000 ft. Simla (Collett). Desmodium oxphyllum, LEGUMINOS&. Beas Low. 168: Himalaya to 7,000 ft. Simla (Baker). Desmodium tilizefolium, Chamra, pirhi kalimort. LEGUMINOSS. Boo. ls 11. 168. Himalaya to 9,000 ft. Simla, Mashobra (Collett). Murree (Douie). Desmodium sequax, LEGUMINOS@. Boe. 1./31.°1'70: Himalaya, 4-7,000 ft. Simla (Collett). PopD-BEARING PLANTS. PETALS UNUNITED. LEAFLETS THREE. large, stem hairy, branches angular, densely vel- vety ; leaves 4-6 in. long, stipules lanceolate, 4 in. long, leaflets 8, somewhat leathery, 2-4 in. long, end one largest, ovate, blunt or pointed, both surfaces hairy, lower pale ; flowers 4 in. long, pink purple, many, in axillary and ter- minal racemes, 3-6 in. long, often with the flowers directed to one side only, bracts long-pointed, } in. long, fringed with hairs, calyx } in. long, corolla 3-3 in. long ; pod sessile, very hairy, #-1 by }in., upper margin slightly, lower deep- ly indented, joints 6-8, longer than broad. medium size, branches slender, smooth, cylindrical ; leaves 8-51 in. long, stalk 1-13 in. long, leaflets 3, pointed, thin or somewhat leathery, smooth above, pale grey silky beneath, end one ovate-oblong with tip broad, gradually narrowed to a point, 2-4 in. long; flowers 4 in. long, many, in short axillary or terminal branching racemes, bracts lanceolate, long-pointed, fringed with hairs, $ in. long, calyx 14 in., nearly smooth, teeth very short, corolla 8-3 in. long, stamens 10, all united but the upper one ; pod 2-3 in. long, $ in. broad, shortly stalked, joints longer than broad, 6-8. medium size, branches spreading, branchlets vel- vety ; leaves 4-6 in. long, leaflets 3, broadly ovate, 2-4 in. long, rather leathery, end one longest, silky beneath ; flowers # in. long, pink, in numerous branching racemes, up to 12 in. long, calyx } in., downy, teeth triangular, shorter than the tube, corolla 3-4 in., stamens 10, all united but the upper one ; pod sessile, broad, 2-3 in. long, joints 6-9, longer than broad, upper margin slightly, lower deeply indented, large, branches with dense grey velvet when young; leaves 4-7 in. long, leaflets 8, ovate-lanceolate or lan- ceolate, gradually pointed, hairy above, more densely below, end leaflet 23-4 by 5}-2} in.; flowers } in. long, pink, on lateral and terminal branching racemes, calyx ;'z in., teeth lanceolate, stamens 10, all united but the a Plants of the Punjab. 97 SHRUBS WITH ALTERNATE STIPULATE COMPOUND LEAVES.’ Desmodium conecinnum, LEGUMINOSAE. Hebe Diy P70: Himalaya, 1-7,000 ft. Simla (Collett). Desmodium polycarpum, LEGUMINOS®. Hepy bait 71. The Plains to 5,500 ft. Valleys below Simla (Collett). Desmodium triflorum, Desmodium gyrans, The Telegraph or Semaphore Plant, LEGUMINOS#. PCBs Dyn V7ee Himalaya, to 7,000 ft. Valleys below Simla (Collett). Pop-BEARING PLANTS. PETALS UNUNITED. LEAFLETS THREE. upper one ; pod sessile, $-# in. long, ;4, in. broad, 6-8 joint- ed, woolly with minute hooked hairs, upper margin slight- ly, lower deeply indented. large, branches drooping, velvety; leaves 2}-4 in. long, leaflets 8, green, smooth above, grey hairy beneath, end leaflet 2-3 in. long, longest ; flowers dark, + in. long, blue, in lateral and terminal racemes, calyx ;', in., corolla 1-1 in., stamens 10, all united but the upper one; pod 3-1 in. long, 4 in. broad, shortly stalked, curved, 4-6 joint- ed, downy, upper margin wavy, lower deeply notched, upper margin of each joint hollowed out. small, branches angular, slender, hairy ; leaves 14-4 in. long, leaflets 8, broadly ovate, nearly smooth above, hairy pale beneath, end leaflet 1-2 by }-1 in., blunt; flowers. + in. long, purple or white, racemes terminal or lateral, shortly stalked, 1-8 in. long, calyx }, in., teeth long-pointed, corolla less than } in., stamens 10, all united but the upper one; pod 4-2 in. long, 4 in. broad, 5-8 jointed, straight, hairy, upper margin straight, lower slightly notched. see Prostrate Herbs, Alternate, Stipulate, Com- pound. small, branches nearly cylindric, smooth; leaves 84-44 in. long, leaflets 3, oblong-lanceolate, blunt, end one 2-4 by 3-1 in., lateral leaflets often one or both wanting, 1 in. long, moving by jerks, especially in sunlight ; flowers 1 in. long, pale yellow, in axillary or terminal racemes, 8-6 in. long, buds in pairs, enclosed in the bracts, calyx =i in., teeth triangular, corolla } in., side petals tinged with pink or blue, stamens 10, all united but the upper one ; pod sessile, 1-14 by 4-1 in., curved like a sickle, 6-10 jointed, upper margin even, lower slightly notched. H 98 Plants of the Punjab. SHRUBS WITH ALTERNATE STIPULATE COMPOUND LEAVES. Cajanus indicus, Pigeon pea, Arhar dal. LEGUMINOS#. 1 Te ol We The Plains to 6,000 ft. Rhynchosia Pseudo cajan, LEGUMINOS#. He, 1. i: 228. Himalaya, 3-9,000 ft. Sutlej Valley (Collett). Hazara, Murree. Indigofera tinctoria, The Indigo Plant, Nil. LEGUMINOS&. YW. B. I. ii. 99. The Plains. Pop-BEARING PLANTS. PETALS UNUNITED. LEAFLETS THREE. medium size, much cultivated as a food-grain, branches many, grooved, silky; leaflets 3, oblong-lanceolate, pointed, densely silky beneath, stipules minute, lanceolate ; flowers 3 in. long, yellow, streaked with red veins. in branching axillary or terminal racemes, calyx } in., corolla 2 in., stamens 10, all united but the upper one; pod 2-3 in. long, finely downy, often marked with reddish- purple streaks, seeds 3-5, the size of a small pea, yellow and red to brown or black. This plant is cultivated for its excellent pulse. medium size, branches slender, twiggy, white-felted, longitudinally ribbed ; leaves 1-3 by 1-4 in., grey green, velvety above, white woolly beneath, leaflets 8, 4-2 by 4-14 in., lateral sessile, terrhinal stalked, largest, ob- long, apex triangular, stipules minute, soon falling off ; flowers 4 in. long, yellow, in short-stalked close axillary clusters, calyx 2 in., 5-toothed, lowest tooth longest, linear bristly, all densely woolly, corolla 3-2 in., stamens 10, all united but one, the uppermost ; pod 1 by 2 in., straight, flattened, grey woolly, 1-2-seeded. LEAFLETS MANY. medium size, cultivated, branches twiggy, tough, angular, thinly covered with silvery hairs, lying flat against the stem; leaves 2-8 in. long with a stalk 4-1 in. long, stipules minute, awl-like, leaflets 7-13, shortly stalked, f-1 in. long, ovate-oblong, or nearly circular, waxy bluish-green above, silvery beneath, bristle like ; flowers reddish-yellow, very small on stalked, erect, spike-like racemes, many-flowered, shorter than the leaves, bracts awl-shaped, calyx 1. in., silvery, teeth as long as the tube, corolla longer than the calyx, stamens 10, all united but the upper one, anthers with pointed tip; pod 1-1} in. long, ;'s in. thick, nearly smooth, 8-12-seeded, without contractions. This plant yields the indigo of com- merce, Plants of the Punjab. 99 SHRUBS WITH ALTERNATE STIPULATE COMPOUND LBAVES. Indigofera Gerardiana, Kenthi, kathu. LEGUMINOS#. Babel .1eb 100; Salt Range and Himalaya, 2-10,000 ft. Simla (Collett). Hazara (Barrett). Indigofera atropurpurea, LEGUMINOSA!. Pf Beds nel Ol. Himalaya to 9,000 ft. Sutlej Valley near Rampur (Collett). Indigofera hebepetala, LEGUMINOS#. PSp.4.H. 104; Himalaya, 6-15,000 ft. Mahasu, Theog, Narkanda (Collett). Indigofera pulchella, LEGUMINOS#&. Baw AGL. Himalaya to 5,000 ft. Valley below Simla (Collett). Hazara (Barrett). Pop-BEARING PLANTS. PETALS UNUNITED. LEAFLETS MANY. medium size, branches many, branchlets silvery with hairs lying flat against the stem; leaves 13-3 in. long, shortly stalked, leaflets 17-31, opposite, 4-3 in. long, ovate with a broad tip, pale grey beneath, short white hairs above; flowers 4-3 in. long, pale red or purple, in racemes 2-4 in. long, stalked, 12-20- flowered, calyx obliquely bell-shaped, silvery hairy, i'y in. long, corolla silvery outside, stamens 10, all united but the upper one, anthers with pointed tip; pod 14-2 in. long, nearly cylindrical, smooth, 6-10-seeded. large, branchlets nearly smooth; leaves 6-9 in. long, stalk 1-3 in. long, leaflets 1-1} in. long, 5-18, opposite, blunt, green above, pale green below; flowers dark red purple, 4-4 in. long, on shortly stalked racemes, 4-8 in. long, bracts 4 in., long-pointed, longer than the buds, calyx ;', in. long, teeth short, triangular, corolla }-4 in. long, stamens 10, all united but the upper one, anthers with pointed tip; pod 1-14 in. long, linear, smooth, 6-10-seeded. large, branchlets nearly smooth; leaves 4-6 in. long, leaflets opposite, 13-17, 1-14 in. long, ovate, blunt, a few flatlying hairs on both surfaces; flowers 1 in. long, crimson red, in stalked loosely 12-20- flowered racemes, bracts boat-shaped, bristle-pointed, longer than the buds and enclosing them, corolla 3 in. long, stamens 10, all united but the upper one, anthers with pointed tip: pod 14-2 in. long, smooth, straight, 8-10-seeded. medium size, trunk thick; leaves 38-6 in. long, shortly stalked, leaflets 11-19, opposite ?-1 in. long, ovate-oblong, broad at the tip, blunt, often notched, pale green above, greenish-blue beneath, thinly covered with flatlying grey hairs; flowers bright pink fading to violet, 4 in. long, in shortly stalked racemes 1-4 in. long, bracts boat-shaped with a long point, longer than the buds, calyx =; in. long, silvery, teeth short triangular, corolla 2-1 in., bright red, stamens 10, all united but the upper one, anthers with pointed tip ; pod 13-12 in. long, smooth, straight, 8-12-seeded. 5 HZ 100 Plants of the Punjab. SHRUBS WITH ALTERNATE STIPULATE CoMPOUND LEAVES. PoD-BEARING PLANTS. PETALS UNUNITED. LEAFLETS MANY. Indigofera Dosua, small, hairy or velvety; leaves 1-3 in. long, nearly LEGUMINOS!. sessile, leaflets 19-35, opposite, linear-oblong, 4-4 in., hairy Hee. 102. pale below; flowers } in. long, bright red in stalked Himalaya, racemes, 1-38 in. long, bracts } in. long, silky, point- 6-8,000 ft. ed, longer than the buds, calyx =}, in. long, silky, teeth Simla, Mashobra triangular, hard-pointed, corolla 2-4} in., stamens 10, all (Collett). united but upper one, anthers with pointed tip ; pod 1-1} Colutea arborescens, Bladder senna, LEGUMINOS#. HB, La. 108. Himalaya, 8-11,000 ft. Simla, Mahasu, Matiana (Collett). Seshania zegyptiaca, Jaint, jait. LEGUMINOS®. Beebe dou. 114. The Plains to 4,000 ft. Sesbania aculeata, Caragana brevispina, Bakrati. LEGUMINOS®. 1S Se Daa ap Ry Himalaya, 5-9,000 ft. Matiana, Narkanda (Collett). Kashmir, Kagan Valley (Douie). in. long, straight, nearly smooth, 8-12-seeded. medium size, nearly smooth; leaves 2-6 in. long, leaflets 9-18, ovate with a broad tip, }-4 in., pale green, often with a notched tip; flowers ? in. long, yellow with a tinge of red, in 8- to 4- flowered racemes equal to the leaves in length, calyx bell-shaped, teeth 5, short, the lowest longest, stamens 10, all united but the upper one; pod 4-2 in. long, inflated, ovoid, seeds many, kidney-shaped. The leaves are mildly purgative. large, soft-wooded; leaves 38-6 in. long, leaflets 21-41, smooth, linear-oblong, pale green, very shortly stalked ; flowers 4-2 in. long, pale yellow, tinged with purple, in axillary few-flowered racemes, 3-6 in. long, calyx 4 in., smooth, teeth short, triangular, stamens 10, all united but the upper one; pod 6-9 in. long, beaded, flexible, twisted, 20-80-seeded, divisions between the seeds. ‘The seeds are used as an astringent in Muham- madan medicine. see Herbs, Erect, Alternate, Stipulate, Compound. large, spinous, hairy, branchlets finely downy, old leaf stalks persistent, 2-4 in., spine-tipped ; leaves even- pinnate, 2-3 in., clustered on short thick branchlets, stipules spinous, leaflets 8-16, opposite, ovate, 4-1 in., upper surface smooth, lower silky, pale ; flowers 1 in. long, bright yellow, in stalked few-flowered clusters, shorter than the leaves, calyx velvety, oblique, tubular, teeth fine, spine-tipped, stamens 10, all united but the upper one; pod 2-8 in. long, flattened, velvety, straight, cylin- drical, woolly within, seeds 8-4. This plant is used for fattening goats. Plants of the Punjab. 101 SHRUBS WITH ALTERNATE STIPULATE COMPOUND LEAVEs. Tephrosia purpurea, Tephrosia viilosa, Astragalus Falconeri, Astragalus trichoearpus, Astragalus ehlorostachys, LEGUMINOS#. F. B. 1. 1. 128. Himalaya, 5-14,000 ft. Simla, Mahasu (Collett). Astragalus Stewartii, LEGUMINOS&. BSB. tear. 129: Hazara, 5-9,000 ft. Astragalus longieaulis, LEGUMINOS&. RBs ie 129: Kashmir. Astragalus graveolens, LEGUMINOSAE. Hr, bts Lath Himalaya, 4-12,,000 ft. Hazara (Douie). Murree. PoD-BEARING PLANTS. PETALS UNUNITED. LEAFLETS MANY. | see Herbs, Hrect, Alternate, Stipulate, Compound. see Herbs, Erect, Alternate, Stipulate, Compound. see Herbs, Erect, Alternate, Stipulate, Compound. see Herbs, Erect, Alternate, Stipulate, Compound. small, branches many, slender, covered with short hairs; leaves 8-6 in. long, spreading, leaflets 18-17, oblong, $-2 in. long, blunt, waxy greenish-blue above, white silky beneath, stipules small, lanceolate; flowers 3-2 in. long, yellow green tinged with lilac, many crowded in erect racemes 8-6 in. long, bracts lanceolate, hardly longer than the buds, calyx velvety, half the length of the corolla, teeth very short, stamens 10, united all but the upper one; pod $ in. long, smooth, oblong, pointed, narrowed into a stalk 4 in. long, seeds 6-10. like the last, but leaves densely white silky, bracts and calyx teeth with long bristles, the former pro- truding beyond the buds, pods completely 2-celled, seeds 6-10. like the last, but leaflets 21-25, narrow-oblong, pod 10-12 seeded. small, branches many, rod-like, rounded; leaves 4-6 in. long, leaflets 17-19, round-oblong, opposite, firm, blunt, smooth on both surfaces, 5-1 in. long, stipules leafy, 1-14 in long ; flowers # in. long, yellow, on long-stalked racemes, 6-12 in. long, bracts linear, smooth, calyx 2 in. long, tubular, smooth, teeth half the tube’s length, stamens 10, all united but the upper one; pod 1-14 in. long, } in. broad, smooth, stalked, 2-celled, 12-18-seeded. 102 Plants of the Punjab. SHRUBS WITH ALTERNATE STIPULATE COMPOUND LEAVES. Astragalus Candolleanus, LEGUMINOS&. Bebe 1. 182. Himalaya, 8-13,000 ft. Astragalus pyrrhotrichus, LEGUMINOS&. F. B. I. 11. 1338. Hazara, 1-6,000 ft. Astragalus malacophyllus, LEGUMINOS&. Be Boi. 4i./133: Himalaya, 8-11,000 ft. Astragalus polyacanthus, LEGUMINOS#. FE, Bal. i. 184, The Plains to 12,000 ft. Rawalpindi. Hazara (Douie). Murree. Pop-BEARING PLANTS. PETALS UNUNITED. LEAFLETS MANY. small, stems woody, a few inches long below the tufts of leaves, many woody leaf stalks of old leaves, stipules lanceolate, membraneous; leaves 38-4 in. long, leaf stalks 1-2 in., finely downy, leaflets 17-25, oblong, blunt, bluish waxy green, }-} in. long, more or less silky; flowers 14 in. long, yellow, in nearly sessile heads, many, bracts linear, calyx 3 in. long, densely silky, teeth linear, stamens 10, all united but the upper one; pod 3-1 in. long, curved, shortly stalked, firm, 2-celled, narrowed to both ends, 12-16-seeded. small, stem short, woody, covered with long fine brown hairs, no old leaf stalks as in the last ; leaves 6-12 in. long, stipules 4-2 in. long, lanceolate, silky, leaflets 41-51, roundish, 4-2 in. long, blunt with a fine point, covered with long silky hairs ; flowers 1} in. long, yellow, in close 6-12 flowered 1-4 in. stalked heads, bracts linear, bristle-like, feathery, calyx 3-% in. long, very silky, teeth bristle-like, nearly as long as the tube, stamens 10, all united but the upper one ; pod nearly sessile, oblong, silky, 2-celled, 10-12-seeded. small, stem one foot long, densely velvety ; leaves 2-4 in. long, stipules lanceolate, 2-} in. long, leaflets 31-41, densely silky, oblong, blunt, }-} in. long; flowers 1} in. long, yellow, in shortly-stalked close heads, bracts linear, bristle-like, calyx $ in. long, densely silky, teeth linear, stamens 10, all united but the upper one; pod } in. long, sessile, 2-celled, silky, 8-10-seeded. small, branchlets short, armed with the old leaf stalks 14-2 in. long; leaves 14-3 in. long, stipules tri- angular, leaflets 9-13, oblong, slightly silky, pale bluish green, }-4 in. long ; flowers yellow, usually in twos, sessile, in the axils of leaves, 1} in. long, calyx } in. long, tubular, silky, teeth short, linear, stamens 10, all united but the upper one; pod 4 in. long, oblong, sessile, 2- celled, seeds 15-20. Plants of the Punjab. 108 SHRUBS WITH ALTERNATE STIPULATE CoMPOUND LEAVES. Astragalus cicerifolius, LEGUMINOS&. Wiebe es lode Himalaya, 10-17,000 ft. Astragalus multiceps, Kandiara, sarmul. LEGUMINOS&. Babs bom 8a: Himalaya, 8-12,000 ft. Astragalus zanskarensis, LEGUMINOS#. PeBs Toy Ve4. Himalaya, 10-14,000 ft. Astragalus leptocentrus, LEGUMINOS®. Rib: tee boo. Himalaya, 14,000 ft. PopD-BEARING PLANTS. PETALS UNUNITED. LEAFLETS MANY. small, densely armed with the old leaf stalks, 3-6 in. long; leaves 8-6 in. long, leaflets 4-3 in. long, 31-41, blunt, lanceolate with a broad tip, pale green, soon falling off, stipules lanceolate-; flowers 14 in. long, yellow, 3-4,0n -shortly, stalked heads in the axils of leaves, calyx $ in. long, with a few black or brown hairs, teeth bristle-like, stamens 10, all united but the upper one; pod $-? in. long, oblong, densely silky, 2-celled, nar- rowed to the point, seeds 15-20. small, main stem very short, branchlets with tufts of leaves very close together, armed with the old leaf stalks 13-3 in. long ; leaves 13-3 in. long, stipules } in. long, lanceolate, leaflets 21-31, oblong-ovate with broad tip, +,-$ im. long, covered with grey silky hairs ; flowers 1 in. long, yellow, one or two together in leaf axils, sessile or nearly so, bracts linear, § in. long, calyx } in. long, silky, teeth linear, bristle-like, stamens 10, all united but the upper one ; pod sessile, oblong, 4 in. long, covered with fine grey silky hairs, seeds 12-14. small, main stem short, branchlets with closely crowded leaves, lower parts armed with the old leaf stalks 3-4 in. long ; leaves 3-4 in. long, lanceolate, leaflets 21-25, oblong, blunt, soon falling off, 4-2 in. long ; densely brown, silky velvet, stipules } in. long, flowers yellow, 14 in. long, in few- to six-flowered shortly-stalked heads, bracts linear, bristle-like, feathery, calyx 4-8 in. long, tubular, densely silky, teeth bristle-like, stamens 10, all united but the upper one ; pod shortly stalked, seeds up to 20. small, main stem lengthened, armed with the old leaf stalks, 2-3 in. long, velvety, branches velvety, branch- lets with closely clustered leaves ; leaflets 21-31, oblong, blunt, }-3 in. long, grey brown silky velvet on both sur- faces ; flowers 14 in. long, yellow, 1 or 2 together, without a stalk common to both, in the leaf axils, calyx 4 in. long, densely silky, teeth linear, bristle-like, stamens 10, all united but the upper one ; pod oblong, 4-3 in. long, sessile, silky, 2-celled, 12-14-seeded. 104 Plants of the Punjab. SHRUBS WITH ALTERNATE STIPULATE ComPpoUND LEAVES. Astragalus bieuspis, LEGUMINOS&. BiB as 485. Hazara. Astragalus strobiliferus, LEGUMINOSA. BB, T2135: Himalaya, 8-13,000 ft. Sophora Moorcroftiana, LEGUMINOS#. eB 1, 14.249; Kashmir. Sophora mollis, Himalayan Laburnum, Kun, malan, kathi. LEGUMINOS. FB. Dis: 251. Salt Range, Hazara, Himalaya to 6,000 ft. Choa Saidan Shah (Donie). Jaluchistan (Aitchison). Pop-BEARING PLANTS. PETALS UNUNITED. LEAFLETS MANY. small, generally like A. polyacanthus above, branch- es densely silky, stem lengthened, armed with the old leaf stalks, 1-2 in. long ; leaflets 13-17, oblong, blunt, 4-2 in. long, shaggy stipules, 4-3 in. long, lanceolate, sharp- pointed ; flowers yellow, 1 in. long, 1 to 8 together, not on a common stalk, in the leaf axils, calyx 4 in. long, shaggy, stamens 10, all united but the upper one ; pod #-$ in. long, shaggy, nearly sessile, oblong, 2-celled, seeds 8-10. very small, branches many, armed with the old leaf stalks 1-2 in. long; leaflets 11-18, lanceolate with a broad tip, short-pointed, }-3 in. long, hairy, stipules thin, triangular ; flowers 2 in. long, yellow, sessile in the leaf axils, scarcely showing above the stipules, calyx } in. long, thick, white velvety, corolla scarcely showing beyond the calyx lobes, withering in situ, stamens 10, all united but the upper one ; pod sessile, silky, seeds 8-4. small, branches many, densely grey,-downy, armed with the spinous persistent stipules; leaves 14-2 in. long, leailets 11-17, soon falling off, broad, ovate, blunt with a bristle-like point, 4-4 in. long, rather leathery, pale green, silky on the both surfaces; flowers 4 in. long, yellow, in axillary racemes, calyx } in., densely grey silky, teeth short, corolla 4 in., stamens 10, ununited ; pod 8-4 in. long, 5-6-seeded, velvety. small, branches finely grey, downy ; leaves 5-10 in. long, pale green, often appearing after the flowers are in bloom, leaflets 21-41, ovate, 1-3 in. long, nearly sessile, finely grey, downy, leaflets often altered into long curling processes ; flowers ? in. long, yellow, in axillary racemes 2-5 in. long, calyx } in. long, tubular, teeth short, blunt, 2 upper united, stamens 10, all free; pod stalked, smooth, 3-4 in. long, 4-6, one-seeded, 4-winged joints, often separated by linear constrictions, nearly i in. long. ‘This plant is poisonous to all cattle but goats. Plants of the Punjab. | 105 SHRUBS WITH ALTERNATE STIPULATE COMPOUND LEAVES. Cassia occidentalis, Coffee Senna, Kasunda. LEGUMINOSA. eB ola: 262: The Plains. Gurgaon. Baluchistan (Hughes-Buller). Cassia Sophera, Kasunda. LEGUMINOS. BEB. £1. 262. The Plains. Ceesaipinia pulcherrima, Dichrosiachys cinerea, Vertuli. LBEGUMINOS!. BPoB.-1 11.288: Delhi (Duthie). Pop-BEARING PLANTS. PETALS UNUNITED. LEAFLETS MANY. medium size, often annual, nearly smooth, spread- ing; leaves 6 in. long, with a bluish-waxy gloss, stalk with a single gland at the base, leaflets 6-10, 1-3 in. long, opposite, shortiy-stalked, ovate-oblong, or lan- ceolate, long-pointed, offensive when crushed; flowers 2 in., yellow, veined with orange, in axillary shortly- stalked clusters, forming branching terminal racemes, bracts 4 in. long, ovate, long-pointed, white tinged with pink, soon falling off, calyx 5-fid to the base, lobes blunt, petals 5, broad, nearly equal, stamens 10, 3 upper without anthers, 2 lateral pairs with small anthers, 3 lower longer and with larger anthers, anthers brown, style incurved ; pod 4-5 by 4 in., curved, cylindrical with slight contractions, flattened, seeds 15-30, pale- brown. A common weed originally introduced from America. The seeds are used by negroes as a substitute for coffee. like the last species, but larger, with larger leaves and more leaflets, petals scarcely veined, pods not flat- tened, nor cylindrical, with slight contractions, seeds dark brown. see Trees, Alternate, Stipulate, Compound. FLOWERS IN SPIKES OR SMALL ROUND HEADS. large, branches rigid, thorny, branchlets many, vel- vety, terminating in spines ; leaves bipinnate, 1-2 in. long, pinne 16-20, stalked glands at the base of each pair, leaf- lets 24-80, minute, strap-shaped, sessile, leathery, 4*$ in. long ; lowers minute, yellow, on spikes, shortly-stalked, axillary, flowers at the base of the spike with white, red or purple staminodes, } in. lung ; pod 2-3 by 4-3 in., 6-10- seeded, dry, smooth. 106 Plants of the Punjab. SHRUBS WITH ALTERNATE STIPULATE COMPOUND LEAVES. Mimosa rubicaulis, Shiah kanta, ral. LEGUMINOS#. BB sk. 12291; The Plains to 4,000 ft. Valleys below Simla (Collett). Rawalpindi. Valley below Murree. Mimosa hamata, LEGUMINOS#. B. B. ..41.-291- The Plains. Baluchistan (Hughes-Buller). Spireea vestita, Spirzea Aruncus, Spireea sorbifolia, Rosacnm. FP. B. 1. 1. 824. Himalaya, 7-10,000 ft. Simla (Collett). Hazara (Barrett). PoD-BEARING PLANTS. PETALS UNUNITED. FLOWERS IN SPIKES OR SMALL ROUND HEADS. large, branches reddish when young, straggling, slender, grooved, grey downy, armed with many small hooked spines ; leaves bipinnate, 6-9 in., mid-rib prickly, stipules awl-shaped, pinne 8-12, 1-2 m. long, bristle- like gland between each pair, leaflets 20-24, + in. long, linear-oblong, with a recurved rigid point ; flowers minute, reddish, turning to white in heads, 2-4 in. broad, on short stalks in the axils of leaves at the top of the branchlets, corollas ,, in., stamens ununited, 8, } in. long ; pod curved, 3-4 by 3 in., 6-10-seeded, joints square, separating from the sutures. like the last, but pinne fewer and the sutures of the pods armed with large hooked prickles. Not Pop-BEARING PLANTS. PETALS UNUNITED. see Herbs, Erect, Alternate, Stipulate, Lobed. see Herbs, Erect, Alternate, Stipulate, Compound, large, branches smooth except at first, when rather hairy ; leaves even- rarely odd- pinnate, 8-12 in. long, stipules linear, awl-shaped, leaflets 12-18 or 13-19, nar- rowly lanceolate, 2-4 in., sharply toothed, long-pointed, end one, if present, may be lobed; flowers } in. diam., white, in terminal branching racemes, 6-12 in. long, calyx cup-shaped, 5-lobed, petals 5, rounded stamens about 20, rarely united at the base ; carpels 5, smooth or velvety. Plants of the Punjab. 2 10F SHRUBS WITH ALTERNATE STIPULATE COMPOUND LEAVES. Rubus niveus, _ Rosacea. Pe Blin. Soo. Himalaya, 6-10,000 ft. Kashmir. Rubus macilentus, Rubus ellipticus, — Rubus fruticosus, Rubus antennifer, Rubus purpureus, Rubus pungens, Rubus biflorus, Akhrert, dher. RosacE&. FYB. du. 358. Himalaya, 7-9,000 ft. Simla (Collett). PETALS UNUNITED. large, stem stout, branches rambling, often purple without bristles or gland-tipped hairs, young often quite smooth or felted, prickles short, scattered, pale; leaves pinnately compound, leaflets 8, rarely 5, 1-5 in. long, entire or lobulate, toothed, short- or long- pointed, smooth above, white-felted beneath, terminal leaflet sometimes cordate, leaf stalk 1-2 in., slender with 1-2 prickles, stipules thread-like ; flowers }-1 in. diam., pink, axillary orin few- flowered clusters on a long stalk, nodding, bracts thread- like, calyx 5-lobed, persistent, lobes 4-1 in. long, ovate- lanceolate, velvety, spreading or reflexed in fruit, petals 5, 4-4 In. diam., broad ovate, much smaller than the calyx, lobes erect, concealing the stamens, stamens very many ; fruit round, large or small, of few or many, dry or fleshy drupes, acid, stones minute, pitted. see Prostrate Shrubs, Alternate, Stipulate, Com- pound. see Prostrate Shrubs, Alternate, Stipulate, Com- pound. see Prostrate Shrubs, Alternate, Stipulate, Com- pound. see Prostrate Herbs, Alternate, Stipulate, Compound, see Prostrate Shrubs, Alternate, Stipulate, Com- pound. see Prostrate Shrubs, Alternate, Stipulate, Com- pound. large, branches spreading, covered with white powder-like white-wash, prickles many, small, recurved ; leaves odd pinnate, stalk 1-2 in., prickly, stipules } in. long, linear-lanceolate, leaflets 8 or 5, ovate-lanceolate, 1-14 in. long, end one longer, doubly toothed, often lobu- late, velvety above, white or felted beneath ; flowers 4-3 in. diam., white, 1-8, together on slender drooping stalks, calyx lobes 5, broad, long-pointed, petals 5, lobes rounded, stamens many ; fruit round, # in. diam., a column in the centre covered with 20-30 very small drupes, succulent, sweet, red, or orange, a minute stone in each drupe, pit- ted. 108 Plants of the Punjab. SHRUBS WITH ALTERNATE STIPULATE CompouND LEAVES. Rubus lasioearpus, Pakana, guracha, kharmach. RosacEz. el ree a Himalaya, 4-10,000 it. Simla, Mahasu (Collett). Hazara (Barrett). Potentilla fruticosa, Shrubby Potentilla, Spang jha, merino. RosacEs. BOBai. 12347. Himalaya, 8-12,000 ft. Hattu (Collett). Potentilla Salessovil, RosacEs. EF. B. I. 11. 348. Kashmir. Lahul, 11-14,000 ft. Rosa macrophylla, Rose, Ban Gulab, twmbi, shingart. LOSACE A. BB. 1. 12.000, Himalaya, 4-10,000 ft. Simla, Mashobra, Matiana, Narkanda (Collett). Hazara (Barrett). PETALS UNUNITED. large, branches spreading, smooth, pendulous, pur- ple, often rooting at the tips, prickles small, flattened, | few, often curved; leaves 8-10 in. long, midrib and stalks prickly, stipules + in., linear, awl-shaped, leaflets 5-9, ovate, lateral leaflets 14-23 in., end one rather larger, often lobed, green smooth above, white felted be- neath ; flowers 4-2 in. diam., dark pink, in clustered woolly - small branching racemes, calyx woolly, teeth 5, lanceo- late, pointed, longer than the petals, petals 5, round, stamens many; fruit same as the last species, but the drupes change to black from blue, they are much eaten by Europeans and Indians. medium size, branches rigid or robust, sometimes prostrate, very leafy ; leaves crowded, odd pinnate, sti- pules large, membranous, blunt, leaflets 3-7, ovate-lan- ceolate, 4-2 in., pointed, densely silky hairy above, smooth beneath ; flowers yellow, many, silky, calyx lobes 5, ovate or lanceolate, petals 5, much longer than the calyx, stamens many ; achenes many, hairy. small, silky, stem woody, 1 in. thick ; leaves 4-6 in., stipules membranous with a tail-lke point, stalk thick ; leaflets 7-9, oblong, blunt, coarsely bluntly toothed beyond the middle, white or green beneath, base rounded; flowers 1 in. diam., white, very many, stalked in branching leafy clusters, calyx woolly, lobes 5, ovate or lanceolate, petals 5, oblong-ovate with a broad termination, longer than the calyx, stamens many; achenes minute, hairy, enclosed in the hairs of the fruit base. The fine powder under the leaves causes sneezing. medium size, prickly or smooth, prickles straight or curved with dilated bases; leaves 2-8 in. long., stalk velvety, stipules large, broad, spreading, leaflets 7-11, nearly smooth, ovate, acute, teeth small, regular, lateral leaflets smaller the further they are from the end leaflet, which is ?-3 in. long ; flowers 1-24 in. diam., pink, solitary cr in clusters, calyx lobes 5, narrow, thread-like, longer than the petals, tip often broad, toothed, petals 5, broad, stamens many, styles ununited; fruit red, sometimes 2 in. long, crowned by the persistent calyx lobes ; achenes large, 4 in. long, few or many. The ununited petals of a rose. The united petals of Beaumontia grandiflora. One flower in section. Plants of the Punjab. 109 a = SHRUBS WITH ALTERNATE STIPULATE COMPOUND LBAVES. Rosa Webbiana, Kugina, sikanda. Rosacem. eBeto. Li. 866. Himalaya, 5-13,500 ft. Rosa sericea, ROSACEA. By b.clia. S67. Himalaya, 9-18,000 ft. Hattu, Baghi (Collett). Chor. Aralia eachemirica, Banakhor, churial. ARALIACER. Beli. 722. Kashmir, 9-12,000 ft. Himalaya, 7-8,000 ft. Theog, Narkanda (Collett). Changlagalli (Douie). Leea aspera, Kumala, holma. VITACER. Hab. L: .-665¢ The Plains to 7,000 ft. Simla (Collett). Kashmir. PETALS UNUNTED. medium size, smooth, prickles many, 1-3 in., straight or curved with long bases, yellow ; leaves 4-2 in., stipules small, leaflets 4-10, oblong or round, 4-#in., base rounded ; flowers 1-3 in. diam., pink, solitary, calyx round or oval, bristly, lobes long-pointed, tips broad, persistent, petals 5, heart-shaped with the broad part at the tip, stamens many, styles ununited ; fruit ovoid or round, 4-1 in. diam., crowned by the persistent calyx lobes; achenes many, } in. long, pale. small, branches quite smooth and unarmed or prickly only or bristly and glandular, prickles 4-12 in., turned up, brown, broad, flattened ; leaves 1-8 in., close set, stipules oblong, thin, with a short-pointed tip, leaf- lets 7-9, oblong, acutely toothed towards the rounded tip, silky beneath ; flowers 2-24 in. diam., solitary, white or straw colour on short lateral shoots, calyx tube bristly grandular, lobes 5, velvety, ovate-lanceolate, persistent; petals 4, cordate with broad tips, stamens many, styles ununited ; fruit nearly round, or pear-shaped, silky or smooth, crowned by the persistent calyx lobes ; achenes few, 4 in. long. . medium size ; leaves pinnate or bi- or tri-pinnate, end pinna with 5-9 leaflets, leaflets 34-14 in., oblong, long- pointed, heart-shaped at the base, minutely toothed, hairy above, smooth beneath ; flowers small, white, many, in round umbels, in simple or branching racemes, small or 12 in. long, calyx 5-toothed, petals 5, reflexed, stamens 5; fruit small, succulent; drupe round, black, +, in. diam., 5-ribbed, containing 5 bony one-seeded nuts. PETALS UNITED. large, robust, branches grooved, spreading; leaves large, lower bipinnate, upper pinnate or the lower pinne 3-lobed, leaflets 8-6 in. long, heart-shaped at the base, oblong, sides not parallel, long-pointed, both surfaces rough, round-toothed, stipules sheathing ; flowers yellow green, small in spreading leaf-opposed, nearly smooth clus- ters, calyx 5-toothed, petals 5, oblong, united and also to the staminal tube, stamens 5, united below into a 5-lobed 110 Plants of the Punjab. nse ee eee SS SHRUBS WITH ALTERNATE STIPULATE CompouND LEAVES. Zanthoxylum alatum, Tejbal, tumru. RuUTACER. BB... 495. Himalaya to 6,000 ft. Simla (Collett). Kasauli. Hazara (Barrett). Phyllanthus parvifolius, PETALS UNITED. tube, style short ; berry } in. diam., nearly round, flattened at the top, 8-6-celled and seeded, black, succulent, edible, seeds wedge-shaped. PETALS NONE. large, strongly aromatic, bark corky, strong prickles on the branches, leaf stalks and midribs of leaves and leaflets, branchlets dotted with white specks ; leaves un- equally pinnate, 2-6 in. long, two stipular spines at the base of the winged leaf stalk, leaflets 5-9, opposite, sessile, lanceolate, 2-4 in. long, gland-dotted, margin with a few small teeth; flowers small, yellow, crowded on small velvety lateral branching racemes, calyx 6-8 lobed, petals none, stamens 6-8 in male flowers, 1 to 5 oblique one-celled carpels in female flowers ; fruit of 1-5, small, pale, red, round drupes, one seed in each carpel, black, shining, used as a condiment; the branches are used as tooth brushes. see Shrubs, Alternate, Stipulate, Simple, Petals None. SHRUBS WITH ALTERNATE EXXSTIPULATE SIMPLE LEAVES. Anona squamosa, Custard Apple, Sharifa, sitaphal. ANONACER. (27 3g BS ey 6B The Plains as far north as Gurdaspur (Watt). Farsetia Jaequemontii, Faridmuli, lathia. CRUCIFER®. Be, 1. 140. The Plains in sandy places, Sirsa, PETALS UNUNITED. large, nearly evergreen ; leaves 2-3 by 3-14 in., ob- long, blunt or long-pointed, base narrowed, bluish-green beneath, velvety when young, membranous, stalked ; flowers 1 in. long, white, solitary on short branchlets, sepals 3, small, triangular, united at the base, petals 8, outer 1 in. long, narrow-oblong, fleshy, inner 8 minute or wanting, stamens many, style one ; fruit 2-4 in. across, yellowish-green, fleshy, edible, covered with a vyellowish- sreen skin, tubercled like crocodile skin, seeds many, oblong, brownish-black, with a swelling at the notch. “A native of the West Indies, cultivated for its fruit. small. branches rigid, hoary, with hairs flattened to the twigs, twiggy ; leaves }-1 in., linear ; flowers large, in spikes, sepals 4, hairy, pointed, pouched at the base, petals 4, half as long again as the sepals with long stalks ; stamens 6; capsules 14-2 in. by }-} in., flattened, linear, sessile, valves flat, seeds nearly round, broadly winged, in two series, ; Plants of the Punjab. 111 SHRUBS wiTtH ALTERNATE EXSsTIPULATE SIMPLE LEAVES, Farsetia Hamiltonii, Faridbuti. CRUCIFERS. Hee, 1. 140. The Plains. Shahpur (Douie). Patiala. Farsetia zegyptiaca, Muli. CRUCIFERA. eisset 1. 140. Salt Range (Edgeworth). Choa Saidan Shah (Douie). Dipterygium glaucum, CRUCIFERA. BeBe 164. The Plains. Multan (Edgeworth). Physorhyneus brahvicus, CRUCIFERS. Be Bele is 165: Salt Range (Vicary). Xylosma longifolium, PETALS UNUNITED. small, branches more rigid and woody and more densely velvety than the last species, long, erect and twiggy ; leaves linear, very narrow ; flowers small in long spicate racemes, sepals 4, hairy, blunt, margins thin, papery, petals 4, ovate, with a broad tip, a little longer than the sepals, long-stalked, pink, stamens 6 ; capsules linear, }-1 by J, in.; seeds as above but in one series. small, branches rigid, hoary, forked, twiggy ; leaves linear ; flowers large, in spikes, not close set, calyx cylin- drical, sepals 4, blunt, 4-1 in., hoary, petals 4, linear, blunt, twice as long as the sepals, stamens 6; capsules }-2 by 2 4-4 in., broad, erect, seeds as above in two series. small, branches many, widely separating, smooth, or leaves and stem slightly rough with sticky glands ; leaves 4-3 in. long, ovate, oblong, shortly stalked ; flowers small, few in bracteate racemes, sepals 4, short, petals 4, stamens 6, free; capsules $in., drooping, wrinkled transversely, seeds solitary, winged. small, smooth, leafy; leaves 1-4 in., fleshy, ovate, oblong, lower stalked, upper linear-lanceolate, narrow- ed at the base, running down the stem slightly, with ear- shaped lobes ; flowers large, white, in long racemes, sepals 4, erect, petals 4, stamens 6; capsules 2-jointed, 3-2 in. long, lower joint seedless, upper large, ovoid, 2-celled, cells 2-4- seeded with long conical beak, seeds flattened. see Trees, Alternate, Exstipulate, Simple. 112 Plants of the Punjab. SHRUBS WITH ALTBRNATE EixsTIPULATE SIMPLE LEAVES. Tamarix galliea, Tamarisk, Jhau, pilcha, lar. TAMARISCINEAS. F. B. 1.1. 248. The Plains. Delhi, Lahore. Tamarix salina, Ghwa. TAMARISCINER. Hrs.d.1..248. North-West Frontier Province. Hsakheyl. Tamarix dicica, Kachlei, panj- puichi. TAMARISCINE. 6.1.1. 249, The Plains. Myricaria germanica, Ghaz, bis, humbu. TAMARISCINEZ. FP B13, 250. Hazara, 7-8,000 ft. (Barrett). Skimmia Laureola, Ner, barru. RuTAcEas. FB; 1.4. 499. Himalaya, 6-10,000 ft. Simla, Mahasu (Collett). Murree, Hazara (Barrett). PETALS UNUNITED. large, branches slender, jointed ; leaves minute, scale- like, not sheathing, overlapping at first, distant later, usually green ; flowers } in. diam., shortly stalked, crowd- ed in long slender spiked branched racemes, white or pink, bracts shorter than the flowers, half sheathing, membran- ous, short-pointed, sepals persistent, triangular, blunt, petals longer than the sepals, stamens 5, styles 3 ; capsules in. long, narrowed from an ovoid base. medium size, smooth, bluish-green, leaves minute, scale-like, heart-shaped, somewhat sheathing, bracts equal- ling the flowers in length, linear, stigmas sessile ; in other respects like the last species. The twigs of this and the other species are used for weaving baskets. The galls are used in tanning and the manna as a mild aperient. small, branches long, drooping ; leaves minute, scale- like, sheathing, greyish-green with a broad white margin, smooth, long-pointed ; flowers in two sexes, purple-pink in rather short compact stalked spikes, bracts nearly as long as the flowers, triangular, long-pointed, reddish-brown, stamens 10, styles 3; capsule oblong, tapering, twice as long as the withered sepals and petals. medium size, branches many, parallel to the stem, stem slender, with fine parallel lines, with bluish-green waxy gloss when young; leaves small, lnear-lanceolate ; flowers small, pink-purple, on short stalks in lateral or terminal spike-like racemes, 1-18 in. long, bracts ovate- lanceolate, three to four times as long as the short flower stalks, with broad thin margins, sepals 5, ununited, lan- ceolate, equal in length to the petals, petals 5, stamens 10, alternately long and short, united for half their length, stigmas 8, sessile ; seeds many, with a tuft of hairs, usually stalked. small, strongly aromatic, evergreen, bark white, stringy ; leaves 3-6 in. long, oblong, lanceolate, smooth, gland-dotted, shining, crowded at the end of branches ; flowers male and female 4 in. diam., white or yellow, in crowded erect terminal branching racemes, 14-2 in. long, calyx 5-lobed, persistent, petals 4-5, oblong, much longer than the calyx, stamens 4-5, imperfect in female flowers, stigma 2-5-lobed ; drupe 3-3 in. long, red, ovoid, with mh sa stones. The leaves are used for flavouring food, Plants of the Punjab. 118 SHRUBS witH ALTERNATE EXXSTIPULATE SIMPLE LEAVES. Citrus medica, Lemon or Lime, Nimbu. RuTACER. BL But. 1. 514, The Plains. Olax nana, OLACINER. eB dS 7627 Himalaya to 5,000 ft. Gymnosporia or Celastrus Royleana or spinosa, Gwala darim, kandu. CELASTRINE. ip bel. 1.620: Himalaya to 8,000 ft. Salt Range. Hazara (Barrett). Gymnosporia Wallichiana or Celastrus rigida, Pataki. CELASTRINER. Bs. lo 1-621, North-West Frontier Province. Peshawar. Rawalpindi. PETALS UNUNITED. large, bark greenish-grey, smooth, long axillary spines ; leaves jointed to stalk, stalk often winged, 8-6 in. by 1-24 in., ovate, lanceolate, smooth, leathery ; flowers $-1 in. long, white, sweet-scented, soiltary or in axillary clusters, calyx cup-shaped, 8-5-toothed or entire, petals 4-8, often tinged with pink, oblong, fleshy, gland-dotted, stamens 20-40 ; fruit 2-4 in. long, ovoid, oblong or round, rind thick or thin, yellow when ripe, pulp cellular and juicy, usually acid. small, dwarfed by jungle fires, root stock woody with annual ribbed shoots 2 ft. high ; leaves 14-24 by 4-3 in., oblong-lanceolate, nearly sessile, smooth and light green above, greenish with a bloom beneath, margins turned back ; flowers nearly 4 in. across, solitary, calyx minute, increases in fruit, petals 8, oblong-lanceolate, stamens 3, staminodes 5-6, bifid, longer than the stamens ; fruit the size of a pea, round, one-seeded. medium size, smooth, densely branching, stiff, straight, axillary spines not bearing leaves; leaves ?-14 in. by 3-1 in., smooth, ovate or round, toothed; flowers many, white, in short axillary clusters, calyx lobed,*lobes ob- tuse, minutely fringed, petals 5, oblong, stamens 5; capsule 8-angled, } in. diam., cells 1-seeded, seeds 3, half enclosed in a red fleshy outer coat. medium size, branches much zig-zagged, spines 1-8 in. long, bearing leaves and flowers, leaves 1-13 by 3.1 in., ovate with a broad tip, round toothed, leathery, flowers in clusters, shorter than the leaves, fruit somewhat inflated, three and one-seeded cells ; in other respects like the last species. 114 Plants of the Punjab. SHRUBS WITH ALTERNATE EXsTIPULATE SIMPLE LEAVES. Gymnosporia or Celastrus montana, Talkar, mareila, sherawane. CELASTRINES. i. Bs 4: i. 621. The Plains to 2,000 ft. Rhus Cotinus, The wig tree, Venetian Sumach, Tung, bhan, tittri. ANACARDIACER. BeBe 7.09 Himalaya, 3-5,000 ft. Hazara (Barrett). Valleys below Simla (Collett). Crotalaria Burhia, Khip, sis, kharsan. LEGUMINOS™®. P. BL... 663 The Plains to 4,000 ft. Sargodha (Douie). Crotalaria albida, LEGUMINOS™. Bs 70. 71, The Plains to 7,000 ft. Simla (Collett). PETALS UNUNITED. large, branches stiff and nearly straight, spines axillary, straight, 1-2 in. long, often bearing leaves and flowers, leaves 1-8 by 4-2 in., linear, ovate to roundly ovate, minutely toothed or not, leathery, flowers small, greenish- white, axillary or on the spines, much branched clusters, shorter than the leaves, bracts, calyx lobes and petals fringed, fruit round or ovoid, black, size of a pea, 1-8-celled, cells one-seeded ; in other respects like the ast species. large, bark reddish-brown, branchlets red, young parts grey woolly; leaves 2-4 by 14-3 in., stalks, 13-3 in. long, ovate or round. polished above, slightly woolly beneath ; flowers very small, =’; in. diam., pale yellow, few on very slender long stalks forming loose feathery, pale purple bunches, sepals linear, oblong, petals. longer than the sepals, stamens 5, styles 8 ; drupe } in. long, com- pressed, reddish, covered with white hairs. The wood under the name of Young Fustice is much used in Europe for dyeing wool scarlet or orange. The bark and leaves are used for tanning. _ Small, branches numerous, stiff, ending sometimes in spines, with fine pale felt; leaves 1-11 in. long, few, scattered, almost sessile, silky, ovate or lanceolate ; flowers yellow, 6-12, in terminal racemes, flower stalks very short with 2 bracteoles, calyx densely silky, teeth lanceolate, corolla yellow with reddish veins, hardly protruding, stamens 10, united, style long, hairy above : pod 2-4-seeded, hardly longer than the calyx, oblong, hairy. The fibre is sometimes used in place of hemp. small, branches many, firm, round, slender, somes what silky ; leaves nearly sessile, 1-2 in. long, firm, gland- ~ dotted, beat oblong, smooth above, silky beneath ; flowers } in. long, pale yellow, usually in terminal racemes, calyx top-shaped, } in. long, thinly silky, longer in fruit, teeth long, 8 lower linear, 2 upper broader and_ blunter, corolla pale yellow, rarely tinged with lilac, hardly pro- truding, stamens 10, united, style long, hairy above pod 4- in. long, sessile, twice as long as the calyx, smeoth, oblong, seeds 6-12, ' Plants of the Punjab. 115. SHRUBS WITH ALTERNATE EXXSTIPULATE SIMPLE LEAVES. Crotalaria juneea, Sanat, arjha san. LEGUMINOS2. oe i. 79 The Plains. Itea nutans, Lelar, garkath. SAXIFRAGACER. BB: 1. 1. 408. Himalaya, 3-6,000 ft. Sutlej Valley, Suni (Collett). Oshkeckia stellata, Lagerstroeemia indica, Opuntia Dillenii, Prickly Pear, Cactus, Nagphana. CacTACES. Boe fe. 657. The Plains to 7,000 ft. Native of South America. Andrachne cordifolia, Kurkni, gurgult, bersu. HUPHORBIACES. F. B. I. v. 288. Himalaya, 5-8,000 ft. Simla, Mashobra (Collett). Changiagalli (Douie). PETALS UNUNITED. medium size, cultivated, branches stiff, slender, silky ; leaves 14-3 in. long, at somewhat distant spaces, linear or oblong, both surfaces shining with short brown silky hairs ; flowers 1 in. long, in 12-20-flowered racemes, 6-12 in. long, bracts minute, linear, calyx 4-} in. long, covered with rusty velvety hairs, teeth very deep, linear, corolla bright yellow, smooth, protruding a little out of the calyx, stamens 10, united, style long, hairy above ; pod 1-14 in. long, covered with silky hairs ; seeds 10-15. The fibre is much used for making cordage and sacking. large, bark dark grey ; leaves 4-6 by 14-24 in., ovate, oblong, long-pointed, glandular-toothed, leathery, dark ereen, shining above, leaf stalk 1-14 in. long, stout; flowers -/, in. long, white, in clusters of 3-7, forming velvety drooping racemes 4-8 in. long, calyx velvety, tube bell- shaped, lobes 5, persistent, petals 5, twice the length of the calyx lobes, linear, erect, stamens 5; capsule + in. long, separating into 2 valves through the ceil partition and the style, seeds many. see Shrubs, Opposite, Exstipulate, Simple. see Shrubs. Opposite, Exstipulate, Simple. medium size, stem flat or round or angled, fleshy, armed with barbed bristles in clusters; leaves fleshy, soon falling off; flowers orange red, solitary, sessile, calyx lobes 38-many, small, overlapping, petals many, free or . shortly united below, stamens many; fruit one-celled, pulpy, seeds many, oblong or kidney-shaped; coccus cacti, the cochineal insect, lives on this plant. It is much used for hedges. small, branches slender, round, smooth; leaves 1-34 by 4-14 in., long-stalked, thin, margin smooth, ovate, oblong, tip rounded, base rounded, stalk 4-? in. long ; flowers 2 in. diam., green, on long, slender axillary stalks, the males in clusters, females solitary, calyx 5-lobed, petals 5, stamens 5, females without petals, styles 8, divided into. 2 long branches ; fruit } in. diam., round with a depression above, seeds 6, triangular. 12 116 Plants of the Punjab. SHRUBS WITH ALTERNATE EXSTIPULATE SIMPLE LEAVES. Vernonia einerascens, CoMPOSIT®. Peet. 1. 257 The Plains. The Salt Range. Waziristan. Baluchistan. Pluchea ovalis, ComMpPosiITm. HB. Tenis 272. The Salt Range (Aitchison). Pluchea Wallichiana, CoMPOSITA. ey. 11. 272. The Plains (Falconer and Stewart). Pluchea lanceolata, Sarmet, reshamt. CoMPOSITA. Pew. 1. 14. 272. The Plains. Pluchea arguta, Composit a. po... i. Zo. The Plains (Aitchison). PETALS UNITED. Flowers, minute, in heads. medium size, much branched, grey velvety, branches grooved, white ; leaves 4-1} in., oblong, rounded, tapering to a narrow base, often with an abrupt tip, sometimes toothed, gland-dotted, velvety on both surfaces ; flowers + in. diam., purple, in solitary heads, on the ends of the branches of flat-topped clusters, bracts round the heads, 4 in., m many series, linear, inner longest, calyx of hairs (pappus) 4 in., white, persistent, corollas smooth, slender, all tubular, teeth 5, narrow, anther bases blunt, style- arms long, hairy all round, short-pointed ; achenes (seeds). ;, m., 5-ribbed, tapering to the base, covered with rather stiff hairs. large, branches with broad green toothed wings ; leaves 2-24 by #-1 in., sessile, oblong, coarsely toothed, tips rounded ; flowers white, yellow or lilac in heads in compound hairy terminal leafless flat clusters, heads } in. diam., discoid, flowers all tubular, outer bracts of heads short-pointed ; seeds small, 4-5-angled, smooth, tuft of hairs on top, slender. ; large, velvety with glands and hairy, branches not winged ; leaves 1-2 in. long, sessile, oblong and ovate with broad tip, slightly toothed, rigid, nerves promi- nent above and below; flowers white, yellow or lilac in heads in compound terminal flat leafless clusters, heads + in. diam., flowers all tubular, outer bracts of heads woolly, somewhat pointed. seeds small, 4-5-angled, tuft of hairs reddish. small, greyish, hairy, velvety, branches slender ; leaves 1-2, oblong, sessile, narrowed to the base, margin smooth or toothed at the tip, nerves oblique, prominent on both surfaces; flowers white, yellow or lilac in heads in compound flat leafless clusters, heads } in. diam., longer than broad, bracts of heads short-rounded, blunt, outer ones with grey hairs. A weed of cultivation. The leaves are aperient and are used to adulterate senna. medium gixe, branches stout, velvety with glands ; leaves 1-14 by 4-2 in., lanceolate or ovate with broad tips, coarsely toothed, base with ear-shaped projections or not; flowers white, yellow or lilac in heads, stalked solitary or few, almost in clusters, heads 4-4 in. diam., bracts of heads narrow, sharp-pointed, rigid. Plants of the Punjab. 117 SuRuBs witH ALTERNATE ExsTIPULATE SimpLp LBAvVES. Inula Cappa, Composita, WB. J. 100. 295. ~ Himalaya, 4-6,000 ft. Valleys below Simla (Collett). Hazara (Barrett). Inula euspidata, ComposiTz&. F. B. I. ii. 296. Himalaya, 4-7,000 ft. Simla (Collett). Pulicaria erispa, Pulicaria glaucescens, Gaultheria numumularioides, Gaultheria tricophylla, Cassiope fastigiata, ERICACEA. F. B. I. ii. 459. Himalaya, 10-14,000 ft. Hattu (Collett). Marali. PHTALS UNITED. Flowers, minute, in heads. medium size, scented, branches thick, densely wool- ly as also under surface of leaves and flower clusters ; leaves 3-6 by 1-24 in., leathery, sessile or shortly-stalked, toothed, silky velvety beneath, teeth close set ; flowers all tubular or a few radiate, in many heads, § in. diam., yellow, in rounded clusters, bracts round the heads linear, stiff, sharp-pointed, outer ones shortest, seeds (achenes) zis in., silky, tufts of hairs (pappus) $ in., grey, hairs thickened at the ends. # medium size, nearly smooth, branches — slender ; leaves 5 by 2 in., stalked, ovate-lanceolate, thin, long- pointed, young velvety, old rough above ; flowers 4 in. diam., yellow, outer ones radiate in many heads, on slender stalks crowded in broad terminal clusters, bracts of heads linear, sharp-pointed, stiff, seeds 7‘; in., tufts of hairs (pappus) 4 in., yellowish, hairs thickened at the tip. see Herbs, Erect, Alternate, Exstipulate, Simple, Toothed. . gee Herbs, Hrect, Alternate, Exstipulate, Simple, Toothed. Flowers not in heads. gee Prostrate Shrubs, Alternate, Exstipulate, Simple. geo Prostrate Shrubs, Alternate, Exstipulate, Simple. small, dense tufts of parallel erect branches, 6-12 in. high ; leaves 4 in., ovate, oblong, overlapping, press- ed against the branches, thickened on the back, hairy ; flowers white, on solitary stalks or 1n twos or fours, sepals 1-1 in,, short-pointed, nearly smooth, margins often toothed and membranous, corolla }-4 in., widely bell-shaped, fleshy ; capsule round, point depressed. Cherailu, sarngar, gaggar yurmi. HRICACER. F. B. I. iu. 466. Himalaya, 9-14,000 ft. The Chor (Collett). Marali. Rhododendron lepidotum, Talisfur, talisrv. ERICACES. Hob, Lin. 471. Himalaya, 8-15,000 ft. Simla, Jacko, Hattu (Collett). Marali. Rhododendron Anthopogon, Nichi, kai zaban, tazak tzun. ERICACES. BB. 0 1. 472. Himalaya, 11-16,000 ft. The Chor (Collett). Marali. Mesa indica, Myrsine africana, Bebrang, kakhum, shamshad. MyRsINEz&. F. B. I. i. 611. Salt Range. Himalaya, 1-8,500 ft. Simla (Collett). Murree (Douie). 118 Plants of the Punjab. SHRUBS WITH ALTERNATE EXsrTIPULATE SIMPLE LEAVES. PETALS UNITED. Rhododendron medium size, bark thin, grey; leaves 8-5 in. long, campanulatum, oblong, rounded at both ends, crowded at the end of branches, leathery, dark green, smooth above, cinna- mon-felted beneath; flowers mauve, in large clusters, stalks as long as the corolla tube, bracts silky, calyx teeth broadly triangular, small, corolla bell-shaped, 1-13 by 4-1 in., lobes 5, stamens 10; capsule cylindrical, 1 in. long, curved, seeds linear, oblong, flattened. The powdered leaves are mixed with tobacco and used as snuff in colds. small, scented, young parts covered with silvery and golden scales, branches rough ; leaves ?-1 in. long, ovate with broad tips, base narrow, nearly sessile at the ends of branches, smooth above, silvery beneath ; flowers red, yellow or purple, solitary or 2-3 together, stalks $-13 in. long, very rough, calyx teeth oval, corolla tube short, lobes round, spreading, +-4 in. long, stamens 8-10, hairy below ; capsule }-+ by 4-} in., erect. The smoke of the leaves is used in Indian medicine as a stimulant. small, scented, branchlets rough and scaly ; leaves 1-14 in. long, broad, oblong, shining above, cmnamon- felted beneath, stalk 4,5-} in. long; flowers yellowish- white in small terminal clusters, calyx teeth oblong, thin, margins hairy, corolla tubular, mouth dilated, tube ; in. long, lobes ovate with broad tips, spreading, stamens 6-8; capsule + in. long, ovoid. The leaves are used for the same purpose as those of the last species. see Trees, Alternate, Eixstipulate, Simple. small or large, branchlets rusty velvety ; leaves 4-1} in. long, nearly sessile, lanceolate, gland-dotted, sharply toothed ; flowers small, nearly sessile, in clusters of 38-8, calyx 4-lobed, free, persistent, corolla 4-lobed, rotate, stamens 4, stigma rounded, style 2-4-branched ; berry 4 in. diam., red, round, edible. The fruit is sold in bazaars as a strong purging vermifuge. Plants of the Punjab. 119 SHRUBS WITH ALTERNATE HixsTIPULATE SIMPLE LEAVES. Myrsine semiserrata, Parwana, gogsa. gaunia. MyYRrSINE®. Hee lm. OL). Himalaya, 3-9,000 ft. Simla, The Glen (Collett). Embelia robusta, Bayabirang. MyYRSINE. Beep ato. oLoe The Plains to 5,000 ft., near the Jumna. Ardisia humilis, MyYRSINEA. Bebe es S29; The Plains to 5,000 £t. Reptonia buxifolia, Gurgura. MyYRSINE. FOB. Tein: 534. Peshawar. Salt Range. Trans-Indus Hills, 2-3,000 feet. PETALS UNITED. large, bark ashy, smooth; leaves 2-5 by 4-11 in., smooth, leathery, ianceolate, sharply-toothed towards the tip, gland dotted, stalk +,-} in. long ; flowers in axillary clusters, stalks 4 in. long, calyx and corolla 4- rarely 5- lobed, ='; in. diam., stamens 4, rarely 5, style with 2-4 flat spreading branches ; berry red, round, 3-1 in. diam. large, bark brown with horizontal cracks on the branches, and small warty excrescences ; leaves 33-7 by 2-3; in., oblong or lanceolate with broader tip, base narrowed, margin undulate, short-pointed, rusty velve- ty beneath, nerves prominent, stalk glandular, usually grooved ; flowers small, in simple or clustered racemes of 1-2 in. in length. calyx 5-lobed, persisten', petals 5, oblong, reflexed, stamens 5 on the petals styles short, persistent ; fruit a dry berry, red, round with ribs and crowned by the style; seed usually one, round, with a hollow base. ‘The fruit is used for the same purpose as that of Myrsine africana. large, smooth, branched ; leaves 4-8 by 14-84 in., oblong or ovate with broad tip, short-pointed, leathery, fleshy, margin smooth ; flowers pink, $ in. diam., in axil- lary clustered racemes, stalks 1-2 in. long, bracts soon falling off, calyx lobes 5, blunt, oval, corolla 5-lobed, stamens 5; fruit, round, black when ripe, size of a pea, crowned with the style, full of pink juice, seed one. large, spinous or not, branches grey; leaves 14 by 2 in., shortly-stalked, ovate with a broad blunt tip, base narrowed, margin smooth, recurved, leathery, smooth above, slightly velvety beneath ; flowers small, greenish- yellow, sessile in axillary tufts, calyx lobes 5, round, overlapping, corolla tube short, lobes 5, oblong, blunt, stamens 5, alternating with 5 processes ; fruit }-4in. diam., round, fleshy, edible, one- or rarely two -seeded, seed round with hollowed base. 120 Plants of the Punjab. SHRUBS WITH ALTERNATE EXsTIPULATE SIMPLE LEAVES. PETALS UNITED. Rhazya stricta, small, smooth, stout, series of stems in clumps, milky Vena, gandera, juice from young parts; leaves 3-4 by 4-2 in., oblong- vargalum. lanceolate, short-pointed, sessile, leathery and yellow APOCYNACER. when dry ; flowers white, in dense terminal short axillary F, B. I. ii. 640. stoutly branched and_ shortly-stalked clusters, bracts Salt Range. awl-like and persistent, calyx short, lobes 5, short-pointed, Peshawar. corolla circular, tube cylindric, 4 in., lobes 5, short, broad, Trans*Indus Plains. Nerium odorum, Oleander, Kaner, ganhira. APOOYNACER. F. B. I. ii. 654. The Plains to 5,000 ft. In dry ravines. Hazara (Barrett). Ehretia obtusifolia, Chamror, bari kunder, khabarra. BoRAGINACH. Pep. iv 142. Salt Range. Heliotropium zeylanicum, Heliotropium dasycarpum, Heliotropium Eichwaldi, overlapping to the left, stamens 5, above the middle of corolla tube, but not protruding; follicles 2, erect, 2-3 by } in., slightly flattened, rather leathery, seeds 4 in. long, angularly flattened, shortly winged. The leaves, flowers and fruit are used in rheumatism and other joint affections: the dried iruit is used to coagulate milk. medium size, bark silvery grey, from young parts a milky juice exudes; leaves in whorls of three, 4-6 by 3-1 in., linear, lanceolate, thick, leathery, long-pointed, dark green, shining above, rough and dotted beneath, stalk short; flowers red, pink, or white, usually sweet- scented, sometimes double, in large terminal branching clusters, sepals broad, awl-pointed, corolla 14 in. across, funnel shaped, lobes spreading, rounded, overlapping to the left, tube ? in. long, 5 fringed scales on throat, stamens inserted near the mouth of the tube forming a cone, each prolonged up in a long thread-like hairy appendage ; folli- cles narrow, 6-9 by }-4 in., straight, united below, seeds many, crowned with a tuft of hairs. The leaves are poison- ous to all animals but goats. An oil extracted from the root bark is used in skin diseases, especially in leprosy. A yellow resin present in this plant is an active heart poi- gon. medium size ; leaves oblong-ovate, with broad blunt tip, 1-1% in. long, wedge-shaped at the base; flowers larger than HWhretia levis, which see under Trees, Alter- nate, Exstipulate, Simple. see Herbs, Entire. Erect, Alternate, Exstipulate, Simple, | see Herbs, Eutire. Erect, Alternate, Exstipulate, Simple, seo Herbs, Hrect, Alternate, Exstipulate, Entire. Simple, Plants of the Punjab. 124 SHRUBS WITH ALTERNATE ExstTIPULATE SIMPLE LEAVES. Breweria latifolia, CoNVOLVULACE. Bees iy, 204: The Plains of the Western Punjab. Cressa eretica, CONVOLVULACES. Babs bav. 225, The Plains. Solanum duleamara, Woody Nightshade, Ruba barik. SOLANACER. F. B. I. iv. 229. Himalaya, 4-8,000 ft. Narkanda (Collett). Solanum verbascifolium, Kala mewa, tiart, ola. SOLANACEA. FP. B.I. 1v. 230 The Plains to 5,000 ft. Valley below Simla (Collett). Withania somnifera, Asgand, ak, aksan, SoLANACE. BeBadle iv..289, The Plains. Lahore. PETALS UNITED. small, stiff, rough, much branched, densely silky ; leaves }-? in., oblong with rounded ends, margins entire ; flowers } in.. pinkish, sessile, 1-8 together, axillary, bracts small, calyx lobes 5, long-pointed, very silky, corolla funnel-shaped, barely 5-lobed, folding at the angles, stamens 5, enclosed in the corolla tube, styles 2, nearly ununited from the base ; capsule ? in., ovoid, 4-seeded, seeds ovoid, oblong, smooth. small, stem 6-18 in. high ; leaves 4-4 in. long, sessile, oblong, short-pointed ; flowers small, in terminal spikes or clusters or sessile in the axils of upper leaves, sepals $ In. long, equal, corolla 4 in. long, funnel-shaped, white or pink, lobes 5, reflexed, stamens 5, projecting beyond the corolla, styles 2, linear ; capsule 4-valved, seeds 4, smooth. small, branches long, trailing, smooth or velvety, leaves 1-3 in. long, ovate, oblong or lobed, long-pointed, smooth, stalk 1 in. long; flowers $-3 in. diam., purple, in loose hanging clusters, calyx teeth 5, blunt, 4; in. long, corolla lobes 5, curved back, stamens 5, anther tips meet- ing above; berry + in. diam., round, red, seeds many, ¢ in. diam., smooth. This. plant is used as a diuretic, diaphoretic and alterative. large, woolly with star-shaped hairs at end of branches and flower stalks, bark light grey ; leaves 7-9 by 8-5 in., oblong, narrowed at both ends, margins smooth, tip long-pointed ; flowers 4-3 in. diam., white, crowded in stalked branched clusters, corolla woolly without, sta- mens 5, anther tips meeting above; berry 4 in. diam., round, smooth, yellow, seeds many, $ in. diam. small, thinly woolly branches round; leaves 2-4 in. long, ovate, short-pointed, stalk 4-3 in.; flowers greene ish-yellow, axillary, sessile or shortly-stalked in cluse ters, or solitary, calyx in flower + in., in fruit ? in., bell- shaped, 5-6-toothed, in fruit enlarged and nearly round, papery, corolla bell-shaped, 4-4 in., lobes 8-6, short ; berry round, }-4 in. diam., seeds many, /;in. diam. The root is narcotic and diuretic. 122 Plants of the Punjab. SHRUBS WITH ALTERNATE EXXsTIPULATE SIMPLE LEAVES. Withania coagulans, The Cheesemaker, Panirband, spinbayja. — SoLANACER. F. B. I. iv. 240. The Plains to 3,000 ft. Sutlej Valley (Collett). Shahpur (Douie). Lycium europeun, Kangu, mral, chirchitta. SoLANACE. F. B. I. iv. 240. The Plains to 5,000 ft. Lycium barbarum, Barghauna. SoLANACER. Hero. lety. 241. The Plains to 3,000 ft. Lahore. Lycium ruthenicum, Khichar, kitserma. SoLANACEA. F. B. I. iv. 241. Kashmir, 6-9,000 ft. Bridelia stipularis, Flacourtia Ramontchi, Preraus UNITED. small, greyish from minute star-shaped hairs ; leaves 1-2 in. long, oblong, blunt, thick, narrowed at the base very shortly stalked; flowers }$ in. diam., pale yellow, mealy from the minute star-shaped hairs outside, in short stalked hanging axillary clusters, calyx £ in. in flower 2 in. in fruit, velvety, corolla bell-shaped, lobes hemied back ; berry and seeds as in the last species W. somnifera. The fruit is emetic when fresh, anodyne and carminative when ae It is used as an efficient substitute for animal rennet. small, spinous; leaves 3-1 in. long, often clustered at the joints, linear-oblong ; flowers 4 in. diam., purplish white, solitary or in clusters at the joints, calyx 4} in. often 2-lipped, teeth 5, not larger in fruit, corolla funnel- shaped, lobes 5-4, half the length of the tube, stamens 5-4 on the corolla tube, smooth at the base; berry % in. diam., nearly round, many-seeded. The berries are edible and considered to be aphrodisiac. like the last species except that the corolla lobes are more than half as long as the tube. It is called the Tea plant in South Africa. like the last species except that the leaves are linear, calyx is 3-4-lobed and the stamens are hairy at the base. see Climbing Plants, Alternate, Stipulate, Simple. PETALS NONE. see Trees, Alternate, Exstipulate, Simple. Plants of the Punjab. 123 SHRUBS WITH ALTERNATE EXSTIPULATB SIMPLE LEAVES. e Dodonza viscosa, Sanatia, mendu, ghuraske. SAPINDACEA. feb. 1. 15 697. The Plains to 4,000 it. Salt Range. Hazara (Barrett). Bosia Amherstiana, AMARANTACEA. . BoB av. 716. Himalaya, 4-7,000 ft. Simla (Collett). Diktali in Giri Valley. AErua javanica, Boi kalan. AMARANTACEA, PEs wl. ives TOT: The Plains. Eurotia ceratoides, CHENOPODIACES. My Bal vLs: Himalaya, 8-14,000 ft. Sueeda fruticosa, Shrubby Suzeda, Lana, khaskhasa, zaman. CHENOPODIACEA. Be Be lk vis LR The Plains. PETALS NONE. medium size, evergreen, young leaves and shoots sticky with yellow resinous dots, smooth red branch- lets ; leaves 13-3 by 4-1 in., lanceolate with a broad tip to linear wedge-shaped, leathery, nearly sessile ; flowers small, yellow, in short terminal racemes, sepals 5, ovate, petals none, stamens usually 8 ; capsule 3-(or 2-4-) celled, valves winged on the back, wings membranous, round, broad, seeds 1-3. This plant forms excellent hedges. medium size, stout, smooth, branches long, strag- gling ; leaves 38-7 by 1-4 in., ovate, shortly stalked, short- pointed, base pointed or rounded, narrowed into the stalk ; flowers % in. diam., green with white margins, nearly sessile, crowded in axillary, simple or branched spikes, never longer than the leaves, or in branched terminal racemes, sexes usually separate, sepals 5, rounded, con- cave, stamens 5, bracteoles 2-4 ; berries 3 in. diam., round, red. small, grey, woolly, stem rounded, 2-8 ft., branched, z in. thick ; leaves 1-4 in., flat or with margins curved down, sessile or narrowed into the stalk, linear or oblong ; flowers ;{; in. long, covered with white wool in long spikes, sexes usually separate, sepals 4-5, woolly, stamens 4-5, joined below, alternating with linear staminodes in a cup, styles short or long ; fruit dry, ovoid, surrounded by the sepals, with one seed. small, grey with star-shaped hairs; leaves 4-1} in. long, linear-oblong, blunt, floral leaves narrower, margin often curved down; flowers minute, no petals, fruiting bracts with long red brown silky hairs 4 in. long, stamens 4, sepals 4, in female flowers bracts 4, joined together, stigmas 2, seed one. small, stem and branches slender, the latter many ; leaves 4-3 im. long, linear and $ cylindrical, blunt, floral leaves very small, fleshy ; flowers minute on leafy spikes, bracteate and 2 bracteolate, 5-lobed, equal or unequal, stamens 5, short, styles 3, seed coat black, shining. The leaves are used in »phthalmia and used in making coarse soda (sajjv). 124 Plants of the Punjab. SHRUBS WITH ALTERNATE EXSTIPULATE SIMPLE LEAVES. Salsola footida, Saltwort, Mott lane, gora lane, shora. CHENOPODIACEA. F.B. I.:v. 18. The Plains. Saisola verrucosa, CHENOPODIACE. PoBaL. v.18. North-West Frontier Province. Daphne oleoides, Kutilal, shing, kagsarv. THYMELAACHA. Baw. 1. iv. 193. Himalaya, 3-9,000 ft. Simla (Collett). Hazara(Barrett). Daphne cannabina, Satpura, niggi, jeku. THYMELHACHS. Heb lv. 493. Himalaya, 5-7,000 ft. Simla (Collett). Wikstreemia canescens, Bhat nigqi, thilak. ‘THYMELAMACE AR. F..B. I. v.19. Himalaya, 5-9,000 ft. Narkanda, Patarnala (Collett). PETALS NONE. small, pale grey, much branched; leaves minute. fleshy, nearly round, floral leaves longer, overlapping ; flowers small, solitary, axillary or on short spikes, brac- teoles leaf-like, sepals 4-5, concave, +, in. across, silvery white, winged, stamens 5 or less on separate flowers from those with the 2-3 linear stigmas, which are often turned down, the little flowers look like silver stars among the leaves, galls 4-# in. diam., often found on the branchlets. Manna is sometimes obtained from the surface of the leaves and the plant is used in making coarse soda. large, stout, like the last species, but the flowers are larger, 4-4 in. diam., dark brown. small, branches many, velvety ; leaves sessile, 1-24 in. long, ovate or lanceolate with broad tip, sharp-poimted or blunt, sometimes a little hairy ; flowers 4 in. long, pinkish white, in terminal clusters, calyx tubular, lobes 4, spread- ing, ovate, no bracts, stamens 8 in 2, series, nearly sessile; fruit 4-4 im. long ; berry dry or fleshy, orange or scarlet, seed one. The leaves are poisonous to camels. The bark is considered to be an alterative and used in diseases of the bones. medium size, branches smooth, leafy at the tips ; leaves 2-4 in. long, nearly sessile, lanceolate, rather leathery ; flowers $ in. long, white, sessile, in bracteate terminal clusters, calyx tubular, woolly outside, scented, lobes 4, ovate, stamens 8, in 2 series, nearly sessile ; berry 4 in. long, ovoid, orange to red, fleshy. The plant supplies a useful fibre which is used in paper-making, especially in Nepal paper. small, branches slender, silky, velvety ; leaves 1-8 in., shortly stalked, oblong-lanceolate, thin, often with a white bud in the axil; flowers yellow or white, in axil- lary or terminal few clusters or spikes without bracts, calyx tube }-} in. long, lobes 4, spreading, short, blunt, seales 1-4, linear within the tube, stamens 8, short, with- in and upon the tube, in2 rows ; frait } in. long, narrow- ly ovoid, black, within the calyx tube at first. This plant is algo used in paper-making andthe fibre forms good cordago. Plants of the Punjab. 125 SHRUBS WITH ALTERNATE EXXSTIPULATE SIMPLE LEAVES. Elzagnus umbellata, Ghain, kankol mirch, bammewa. KLAGNACER. Ba Ls v2. Himalaya, 3-10,000 ft. Simla, Mashobra (Collett). Hazara (Barrett). Hippophae rhamnoides, Sea Buckthorn, Sallow-Thorn, Kala bisa, tserkar, sirma. KL@AGNACEA. BoB div. 208; Himalaya, in the beds of streams, 7-12,000 ft. Lahul, Pangi. Hippophae salicifolia, Surch, dhur chuk, -chuma. ELMAGNACER. HB. Lv. 205% Himalaya, 5-10,000 ft. Sutlej Valley -(Collett). «Osyris arborea, Dalmi, dalima. SANTALACER. BH Bea. weeew: Himalaya, 1-7,000 ft. Simla (Collett). ‘Euphorbia Tiruealli, PETALS NONE. medium size, spinous, branches dark; leaves 1-8 by 3-1 in., oblong-lanceolate, blunt, smooth or with star- shaped hairs above, silvery scaly beneath, stalk } in. ; flowers white, scented, silvery without, in small axillary clusters, appearing with the leaves, calyx 4 in. long, silvery, tube slender, funnel-shaped, teeth 4, broadly triangular, stamens 4 ; fruit 4in. long, oblong, succulent, edible, stone bony, ribbed, woolly within. The seeds and flowers are used as a stimulant in coughs, and as a substitute for black pepper. large, spinous, bark dark grey, rough with vertical furrows, branches stiff with silvery twigs and leaves ; leaves 4-2 by 1,-} in., linear, oblong to ovate with broad tip, rather leathery, smooth above, felted beneath, with grey or rusty scales ; flowers male in axillary clusters, female solitary, calyx in male in 2 segments, in female 2-toothed, in male stamens 4; fruit + in. long, ovoid, orange or scarlet, succulent, acid but edible, seed oblong, shining. The fruit is very acid and used as a syrup for coughs. large, spinous, willow-like, leaves 2-4 in., linear- lanceolate, dark green above, covered with stellate hairs and few scales beneath ; otherwise like the last species. large, young shoots sharply 8-angled ; leaves 1-2 in. long, nearly sessile, oblong-ovate, tip short-pointed ; flowers very minute, yellow-green, nearly sessile, calyx 8-4-lobed, male flowers in axillary clusters, female one to three together on long stalks; fruit 4 in., round, yellow to red, seed one, round. The leaves are made into Bischar tea, which is drunk in Ladak, but is very nauseating. see Shrubs, Opposite, Exstipulate, Simple. Plants of the Punjab. Suruss witH ALTERNATE EXXSTIPULATE SIMPLE LEAVES. Sareocoeca pruniformis, KUPHORBIACE. es. ey. 266. Himalaya, 5-9,000 ft. Simla (Collett). Hazara (Barrett). Murree. Flueggia microcarpa, HuUPHORBIACES. H.B. 1. vy. 328. The Plains to 5,000 ft. Valleys below Simla (Collett). Flueggia Leueopyrus, HuPHORBIACES. F. B. 1. v. 828. The Plains. Salix hastata, Juniperus communis, Juniper, Patthar, lewar, pam. CoNIFERS. F. B. I. v. 646. Himalaya, 5-14,000 ft. Hattu (Collett). The Chor ( Bambey). PETALS NONE. small, smooth, evergreen, branches green, rounded ; leaves 3-4 by 4-1 in., nearly sessile, lanceolate, long-pointed, dark-creen, margin smooth ; flowers 4 in. long, pale yellow in short axillary racemes, in male flowers sepals 4, oblong, blunt, stamens 4, in female flowers sepals 4-6 of small over- lapping scales, styles 2, long, recurved ; fruit 4 in. long, ovoid, purple, stones 2-3. large, smooth, branchlets angled, flattened; leaves in 2 rows, 1-3 in. long, shortly stalked, ovate or round, thin; flowers minute, yellow-green, in dense axillary clusters on separate stalks, male and female flowers on different plants, male sepals 5, round, oblong, concave, spreading, stamens 5, opposite sepals, around 3 styles, long, lmear, erect, female shortly stalked in clusters of 8-6, sepals erect, 5, styles 3-4, reflexed and each divided into 2 or 3, pointed narrow lobes ; fruit 4-5 in. diam., dry, afew 4 in., white, fleshy, minutely dotted, seeds 8-6, minutely dotted. like last species, but branches twisted, spinous, leaves smaller, 1 in. long at most, longer stalked. see Shrubs, Alternate, Stipulate, Simple. small, dense, erect, prostrate at high elevations, greyish-green ; leaves }-? in., linear, straight in threes, pointed, concave above, convex below, male cones } in. long, many, ovoid, female cones minute, bud-like, consist- ing of many overlapping bracts, fruits compound like a berry, purple black with a bloom, the bracts just visible, seeds 8. The berries are used in the distillation of gin, also ag a diuretic: the wood and leaves are burnt in the. Punjab for incense. ~ Plants of the Punjab. 127 SHRUBS WITH ALTERNATE E.XSTIPULATE SIMPLE LEAVES. PETALS NONE. Juniperus medium size, bark dark coloured; leaves of two pseudosabina, kinds, those on lower branches 4 in. long, linear, sharp- Bhal, bhentri. pointed, spreading, those on the terminal branchlets 5 CONIFER. in. long., broadly ovate, closely overlapping, tips free, hes: I..v: 646, back ‘keeled ; flowers like the last species; fruit erect, Himalaya, ovoid, 4-2 in., one seeded. 9-15,000 ft. Hazara (Barrett). Juniperus recurva, medium size to small prostrate shrub, bluish-green, Weeping Blue branches twiggy with hanging branchlets ; leaves in whorls Juniper, of 8, + in. long, curved, linear, sharp-pointed, flat and Bettar, bhedara, bluish-green above, curved and pale green below, cones guggal. terminal, male yellow; fruit ovoid, 4-4 in., dark purple, CoNIFER#. seed solitary. The smoke of the burning green wood acts F. B. I. v. 647. as a violent emetic : the leaves and wood are burnt as in- Himalaya, cense. 7,500-15,000 ft. The Chor (Collett). SHRUBS wiTH ALTERNATE EixsTIPULATE LoBEeD LEAVES. PETALS UNUNITED. Ribes Grossularia, small, usually 8 prickles beneath each leaf axil, stems Rough Gooseberry, smooth or with many prickly hairs; leaves nearly round . Amlanch, kansi, teila. SAXIFRAGACEA. BB. iano; Himalaya, 9-12,000 ft. Pangi (Watt). Ribes orientale. Kaghak, nangke. SAXIFRAGACEA. Pb 400: Kashmir, 8-12,000 ft. Baltistan. Kaghan, with 3-5 lobes, often toothed, hairy beneath; flowers stalked in clusters of 1-3 flowers, stalks with bracts at the base and 2 bracteoles at the middle, calyx tube long, lobes 4-5, produced above the fruit, petals 4-5, small, stamens 4-5; berry 3 in. long, oblong, inedible, seeds several. medium size, sticky with glands and minutely hairy ; leaves 1-14 in. diam., round, kidney-shaped, minutely toothed, 8-5 lobed ; flowers small, greenish, in erect crowded racemes, bracts + in. long, linear, calyx tube hardly pro- duced above the fruit, lobes 4-5, petals 4-5, stamens 4-5 ; berry + in. long, yellowish-red, velvety with minute glands, seeds several. 128 Plants of the Punjab. SHRUBS WITH ALTERNATE EXXSTIPULATE LOBED LEAVES. Ribes glaciale, Kukuliya, mangle, durbut. SaAXIFRAGACES. Heli. 410. Himalaya, 7-12,000 ft. Hattu (Collett). The Chor. Ribes nigrum, Black currant, Muradh, beli, shaktekas. QAXIFRAGACER. fp. 1. neal: Himalaya, 7-12,000 ft. Changlagalli (Douie). The Chor. Ribes rubrum, Red currant, Dak, phulanch, nabar. SAXIFRAGACES. fb, Dns. Himalaya, 8-12,000 ft. Mahasu, Narkanda (Collett). Changlagalli (Douie). Artemisia parviflora, Artemisia vulgaris, Artemisia vestita, PETALS UNUNITED. small, smooth, often epiphytic ; leaves 1-3 in. diam., cordate, 8-5-lobed, acute, often long-pointed, midlobe largest, pale beneath ; flowers 4 in. diam., greenish-brown, in glandular racemes, 1-2 im. long, erect in flower, hanging down in fruit, male and female flowers usually on differ- ent plants, bracts narrowly lanceolate, longer than the flower stalks, calyx lobes oblong, 4-5, petals 4-5, sta- ae 4-5 ; berries + in. long, smooth, red, sour, scarcely edible. small, velvety ; leaves 2-4 in. diam., scented, long- stalked, lobes 8 or 5, smooth above, dotted with minute yellow glands below; flowers $ in. diam., green tinged with purple, stalks of lower flowers longest, in smooth drooping racemes 2-3 in. long, calyx tube produced above the fruit, gland-dotted, lobes 4-5, petals 4-5, stamens 4-5 ; berry 4 in. diam., black, seeds several. The fruit is as large and palatable as the English Black currant. small, nearly smooth; leaves 2-3 in. diam., long- stalked, hairy at the base, ovate lobes 3-5, acute, toothed, smooth or with few hairs above ; flowers 41in. diam., green- ish-yellow, stalks short, bracts shorter than the stalks, in smooth pendulous racemes 8-6 in. long, calyx tube above the fruit, lobes short, blunt, 4-5, petals 4-5; berry 1 in. diam., red, rarely black, smooth, too acid to be palat- able. PETALS UNITED. see Herbs, Erect, Alternate, Exstipulate, Lobed. see Herbs, Erect, Alternate, Exstipulate, Lobed. see Herbs, Erect, Alternate, Exstipulate, Lobed. Plants of the Punjab. 129 ee : . SHRUBS WITH ALTERNATE ExstrepuLATE Lospep LEAVES. Tricholepis tibetica, CompositTa&. Pe Be Fit. $82) Northern Kashmir, 8-12,000 ft. Selanum duleamara, Solanum indicum, Kandyarv. SoLANACE. HSB. Veivs 254. The Plains to 5,000 ft. Valleys below Simla (Collett). Solanum Melongena, The Egg-plant, Brinjal, bengan. SoLANACES. Bib. bei. 235. The Plains to 4,000 ft. Solanum eoagulans, Bari mauhant, tungr. SoLANACEA. it Belk ve 230; The Plains. Nannorhops Ritchiana, Dwarf Paim, Mazri, kilu. PALMACER. PUB Ty vi. 429: N.-W. Frontier Province. Salt Range to 8,000 ft. PETALS UNITED. small, branches clustered above, slender, twiggy, ending in a stiff flower stalk with a small erect head ; leaves 1-3 in. long, sessile, leathery, very narrow, blunt, lobed, upper 3-1 by ;1-1 in., ovate, linear, margin not lobed ; flowers scarlet, in heads 3-3 in. diam., bracts round heads, outer ovate, needle-pointed, inner lanceolate, needle- pointed, 3 in. long, corollas 4 in. long; fruit (achenes) ¢ in. long, rather ribbed, a brush of hairs on top of each achene, 4 in. long. see Shrubs, Alternate, Exstipulate, Simple. small, branches many, very prickly, prickles stout, flattened, often recurved ; leaves 8-6 by 1-4 in., ovate, lobed, star-shaped hairs above, woolly beneath, nerves prickly, stalks 1 in. long; flowers 3-1 in. diam., in lateral woolly racemes, calyx 5 lobed, }in., triangular, very woolly, corolla lobes 5, broad, triangular, woolly without, stamens 5, forming a cone ; berry yellow, 4 in. diam., round, smooth, protruding beyond the calyx lobes, seeds 4 in. diam., dis- coid. The root is said to be aphrodisiac. small, prickly or unarmed ; leaves 8-6 by 2-4 in., stalk 1 in., ovate lobed, star-shaped hairs beneath ; flowers blue, 1-14 im. diam., in short small clusters, calyx lobes 4-3 1n., oblong, linear, corolla shortly lobed, stamens 5, forming a cone, berry 1-9 in., purple green, seeds very many, discoid. Generally cultivated. very like the last species, but the berry is only 1 in. diam., and yellow. The fruit is sometimes eaten fresh or pickled. large, stem 8-10 ft. high, 4 in. diam.; leaves 2-8 ft. in diam., round, split into segments, stalk 6-12 in., mar- gins toothed, sheathing ; flowers small on a spike (spadix) with branches and branchlets forming a pyramid 2-8 ft. long, flowers in pairs, one sessile, the other stalked, con- tained in a small spathe (sheathing bract), the whole pyramid contained in a large spathe, sepals and petals 3 each, stamens 3 or 6; drupe round, size of a pea to a bullet, one-seeded. The leaves are made into matting, baskets and cordage. na 130 Plants of the Punjab. SHRUBS WITH ALTERNATE ExstTiIpULATE LOBED LBAVES. PETALS NONE. Ricinus communis, large, stem hollow, young shoots bluish-green ; The Castor Oil leaves 6-24 in. diam., green to red, round, 5-7 lobed, Plant, lobes toothed, membranous, oblong to linear, sharp- or Arend, bedanjir, harnauli. HUPHORBIACEA. BL a; div. 457. The Plains. long-pointed, stalk 4-12 in. long; flowers} in. diam., in terminal erect branching racemes, male and female on different plants, male flower calyx membranous, 3-5 segments, petals none, stamens very many, female flower calyx like a folding bract or spathe, soon falling off, ovary 3-celled, styles short or long, undivided or in 2 or 8 parts ; capsule 3-1 in. long, oblong, smooth or with tubercles, seeds 8, oblong, spotted. The oil is used as a purgative, also as a lubricant and an illuminant. The plant is culti- vated and is probably indigenous, and not a mere escape. SHRUBS WITH ALTERNATR EXxsTIPULATE COMPOUND LEAVES. Glycosmis pentaphylla, Ban numbu, potali, gurgittt. RuTACEA. PB. 1 .3..499. The Plains to 5,000 ft. Murraya exotica, Marchula, juti, bibsar. RurAcEs. Hota. DOD, The Plains to 5,000 ft. Sutlej Valley (Collett). Rawalpindi. Murraya Kenigii, Limonia acidissima, Beli. Ruracea. EF. B. I. 1. 507. The Plains to 4,000 ft. Valleys below Simla (Collett). PETALS UNUNITED. small, evergreen, smooth ; leaves of 3-5 leaflets, rarely one, stalk stout, leaflets 4-9 in. long, ovate, lanceolate, blunt or pointed, dark green, smooth; flowers small, white, scented, in erect, terminal or axillary, branched racemes, calyx 4-5-lobed, lobes broad, petals 4-5, stamens 8-10; fruit + in. diam., round with a depression, white or pink, pulp sweetish, edible. The twigs are used as toothsticks. large, bark ash-coloured, smooth, young parts vel- vety ; leaves 4-5 in. long, leaflets 3-7, 1-3 in. long, shortly stalked, dark green, smooth, ovate, oblique at the base, notched at the tip or pointed, gland dotted ; flowers 1 in. long, white, scented, in short axillary or terminal clusters, rarely solitary, calyx 5-lobed, lobes minute, short-pointed, petals 5, lanceolate, stamens 10; berry $-2 in. long, red, ovoid, pointed at each end, wrinkled, 1-2-seeded. see Trees, Alternate, Exstipulate, Compound. large, armed with long spines, smooth, bark white, corky ; leaves 3-6 in. long, stalk with broad wings, leaflets 5-9, 4-14 in. long, sessile, ovate, lanceolate, long- pointed, gland dotted, toothed, tip notched ; flowers 4 in. diam., white, scented, in short axillary, often leafy racemes, calyx 4-lobed, persistent, petals 4, gland dotted, larger than the calyx, stamens 8 ; berry } in. diam., round, yellow turning to purple, acid, smooth, seeds 2-4, Plants of the Punjab. 181 SHRUBS WITH ALTERNATE EJXSTIPULATE COMPOUND LEAVES, Feronia Elephantum, Picrasma quassioides, Puthorin, tithu, - hala. SIMARUBACE®. Hey ler 520: Himalaya, 3-5,000 ft. Rhus parviflora, Sumac, Tungla, tumra. ANACARDIACEAR, BoB: Tour: Himataya, 2-5,000 ft. Rhus mysorensis, Dasarni, dasan. ANACARDIACEA, BEB. ue 9: The Plaing. N.-W. Frontier Province, Sulliman Range, 3-5,000 ft. Jasminum humile, Chamba, jai, shing. OLBACER. F. B. I. iti. 602. Himalaya, 2-5,000 ft. Salt Range. Simla (Collett). Murree (Douie). PETALS UNUNITED. see Trees, Alternate, Exstipulate, Compound Leaves. large, branches spotted, stout, bark very bitter, young parts velvety ; leaves 10-18 in. long, leaflets 9-15, 2-4 in. long, sessile, ovate, lanceolate, long-pointed, toothed, the lowest pair much the smallest; flowers + in. across, ereen in axillary branching recemes, calyx 4-5-lobed, very small, petals 4-5, much larger than the calyx, leathery and persistent in fruit, stamens 4-5, hairy at the base ; fruit of 8-5 drupes, size of a pea, red or black, each one- seeded, sometimes eaten. The bark, wood, and root are very bitter, and might be used as a tonic instead of Quassia. medium size, bark grey, smooth, young, rusty woolly ; leaves of 8 leaflets, stalk 1-2 in., rusty woolly, leaflets 1-3 by 4-2 in., the terminal one much the largest and often narrowed into a margined stalk, ovate with a broad tip, toothed, slightly hairy above, rusty woolly beneath ; flowers =!, in. diam., yellow-green, in hairy terminal, often leafy, branching racemes 12 in. long, calyx lobes 4-6, ovate, hairy without, petals 4-6, twice as long as the calyx lobes, oblong, stamens 4-10; drupe 4 in. ovoid, shining brown, seed one. The fruit (¢antarik) is sold in the bazar as substitute for tamarind. ; small, branches springy, woody, often spinous, branch- lets scurfy, leaves of 8 leaflets, stalk 4-2 in., scurfy, leaflets ‘-13 in. long, terminal much the largest, all sessile, scurfy beneath, tinged with red, flowers ;, in. diam., in slender scurfy axillary or terminal branching racemes ; in other points like the last species. The bark is some- times used for tanning. PETALS UNITED. small, smooth, branches angular, green; leaves 2-4 in. long, leaflets 2-10, 2-8 by 3-1} in., ovate, acute or blunt at both ends; flowers 4-3 in. long, yellow, in ter- minal clusters, many, calyx teeth 5, ;; in., triangular, corolla united, lobes } by +in., flat, circular, 5, stamens 2 in the corolla tube; berries 2-lobed or 1-lobed, oblong with rounded ends, seeds one in each lobe. An aromatic essential oil is obtained from the flowers by native perfumers, Kk2 182 Plants of the Punjab. ERECT HERBS. Heres, ERzor, with Opposite STrpuULATE SIMPLE LEAVES. Lear Marains ENTIRE. PHTALS UNUNITED. Spergula arvensis, medium size, annual, branched from the root, knotty, Corn Spurry, often sticky ; leaves 4-2 in., in opposite clusters, linear, CaryvopuyLuacem®. half cylindrical, grooved below, rather fleshy, stipules thin, F. B. I. i. 248. dry, small; flowers }-} in. diam., in forked terminal The Plains to clusters on long stalks, turned back after flowering, sepals 5, 7,000 ft. blunt, green, unjoined, petals 5, white, blunt, slightly Simla (in corn fields) longer than the sepals, stamens 10, styles 5 ; capsule nearly (Collett). -round, shining, longer than the calyx, opening by 5 valves, seeds many, keeled or narrowly winged, granular. Spergula pentandra, much the same as the last species, but leaves with CARYOPHYLLACES. bluish-green waxy gloss, not grooved below, petals sharp- Bo, 240" pointed, styles 3, seeds smooth, flattened, broadly The Plains to winged. 7,000 ft. (in corn fields). Spergula rubra, Sand Spurry, CARYOPHYLLACE®. F. B. I.1; 244. The Plains. Shahpur (Douie). Drymaria cordata, CARYOPHYLLACE®. FB. Li. 244. The Plains to 7,000 ft. small, annual, stems 6-8 in. long; leaves 4-1 in. long, linear, flat, fleshy, stipules split, broad, silvery ; flowers 1-3} in. diam., pink or white, sepals 5, lanceo- late, blunt, margins thin, dry, petals 5, ovate with broad tips, shorter than the sepals, stamens 5 or 10, styles 3; capsule ovoid, longer than the calyx, seeds many, pale brown, rough, not winged. In Bentham and Hooker’s British Flora this plant is called Spergularia rubra. large, annual, smooth, found in shady moist places, branches forking into two, slender, 1-2 ft.; leaves flat, stalked, ovate or round, tipped with an abrupt point, stipules of a few bristles, soon falling off; flowers 4-} in. diam., in axillary or terminal clusters, stalks slender, bracts with thin edges, sepals 5, green, petals 5, 2-lobed, lobes narrow, not longer than the sepals, stamens 8-5, styles short; capsule 8-angled, 8-valved, seeds one to many, round, flattened, rough with hard projections. Plants of the Punjab. 133 Heras, Erect, with Opposite STIpULATE SIMPLE Leaves. Lear Marocins ENTIRE. PETALS UNUNITED. Polyearpon small, annual, smooth or velvety, common in gar- Leeflingiz, dens and waste places; leaves 4-2 in. long, flat, sharp- CARYOPHYLLACEH. pointed or blunt, wedge-shaped, lmear-oblong, stipules F. B. I. i. 245. small, thin, soon falling off ; flowers $ in. diam., in clusters The Plains. at the end of branches or in their forks, sepals 5, keeled, petals 5, thin, notched or not, stamens 3-5, style divided into three ; capsule one-celled, seeds many, ovoid, grooved. Polyearpzea small, annual or perennial, much branched, grey corymbosa, woolly or velvety; leaves 4-1in. long, flat, narrow, linear, CARYOPHYLLACEH. long- or short-pointed or blunt, stipules lanceolate or awl- F. B. I. 1.245. shaped, thin ; flowers % in. diam., white, in terminal silvery _ The Plains to much branched clusters, sepals 5, thin, lanceolate, much 7,000 ft. longer than the petals and capsule, often coloured, petals Giri Vally (Collett). 5, margin smooth or 2-toothed, stamens 5, style one, tip 8-toothed; capsule 3-valved, seeds many, ovoid on flattened. Portulaca quadrifida, | see Prostrate Herbs, Opposite, Stipulate, Simple. PETALS UNITED. Argostemma - gmall, annual, slender, nearly smooth, growing on verticillatum, wet rocks; leaves i-4 in. long, in fours, sessile, unequal, RuBIACER. lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, stipules minute; flowers Bo Be ff. im. 43. 4 in. diam., white, shining in terminal stalked clusters, Himalaya, calyx 5-toothed, teeth short-pointed, corolla wheel-shaped, 2-6,000 ft. 5-lobed, stamens 5, style slender, stigma round ; capsule Simla (Collett). thin, 2-celled, seeds many. Hedyotis hispida, small, annual, stems angular, rough, much branched, RUBIACER. sometimes prostrate ; leaves 14-24 in. long, sessile, very Reacts 1193 60% variable in width, linear-lanceolate, short- or long-pointed, Himalaya to margins turned in, stipules very short with many stiff 5,000 ft. bristles ; flowers small, white, 2-6 in sessile axillary rounded Valleys below Simla clusters, calyx lobes 4, short-pointed, persistent, roughly ( Collett). bristly, corolla bell- or funnel-shaped, lobes 4, ovate or linear, stamens 4 in the throat of the corolla, style thread- like, stigma 2-lobed; capsule ovoid or round, 2-celled, seeds many, minute. 184 Plants of the Punjab. Heres, Erect, with Opposite StipunAte SimpLe LEAVES. Hedyotis stipulata, Oldenlandia corymbosa, RuBIACES. FSB. 8, 0.64. The Plains to 6,000 ft. Annandale, Simla (Collett). Murree Hills (Douie). Oldenlandia aspera, RuBIACES. TSB. ur 68. The Plains. Oldenlandia coccinea, RvuBIACES. PF, B.Lsaii. 69. Himalaya, 3-8,000 ft. Simla, on grassy slopes (Collett). Anotis calycina, RuBIACER. BeBealy. Ws Los Himalaya, 3-7,000 ft. Simla, Mashobra (Collett). Luar Mareins Entire. PETALS UNITED. see Prostrate Herbs, Opposite, Stipulate, Simple. small, annual, slender, minutely bristly ; leaves $-2 in. long, linear-lanceolate, short-pointed, margins often curved back, stipules small, thin, with long or short teeth or bristles ; flowers white, small, solitary on long slender axillary stalks, or 2-4 in a small cluster, calyx tube ovoid, teeth 4, narrow-pointed, corolla flat and circular topped, lobes 4, tube short, stamens 4, within the corolla tube, style short, stigma 2-lobed; capsule round, not ribbed, 2-celled, opening at the top, seeds many, minute. small, annual, thick, stem rough, branching in threes ; leaves 2-3 in. long, in clusters, narrow linear, short-pointed, margins turned under, leathery, stipules thin with 1-3 terminal bristles ; flowers 4 in. long, blue, nearly sessile, solitary or in pairs in 8 branching clusters, calyx teeth 4, much shorter than the corolla tube, awl-shaped, corolla funnel-shaped, tube ;4, in. long, slender, lobes 4, stamens 4, within the corolla tube, style short, stigma 2-lobed ; capsule 4 in. diam., round, rough, seeds many, angled. small, annual, slender, stem minutely bristly, often unbranched ; leaves $-14 in. long, distant, in pairs, nar- rowly lanceolate, short-pointed, rough, margins curved back, stipules bristly ; flowers } in. diam., scarlet, axil- lary or terminal, solitary or 2-4 in small clusters, stalks short, lengthened in fruit, calyx teeth 4, very long, equal to the corolla tube, corolla tube + in. long, lobes oblong, stamens 4 in the tube, style short, stigma 2-lobed; capsule #-t in. long, oblong or round, seeds many, angled. small, annual, slender, smooth, stems 4-angled, tufted ; leaves }-1 by 4-3 in., ovate or ovate-lanceolate, shortly stalked, long-pointed, stipules thin with short bristles on margins ; flowers small, white or lilac, axillary or ter- minal, solitary on slender stalks or 2-4 in a small cluster, calyx ovoid, teeth 4, minute, widely separated in fruit, corolla short, tubular, 4-lobed, stamens 4, nearly sessile at the mouth of the corolla tube, style slender, 2-branched, projecting ; capsules in pairs, opening at the top by 2 valves, seeds many, minute. Plants of the Punjab. 135 Herss, ERECT, witH Opposite STIPULATE SIMPLE LEAVES. Lear Maratins ENTIRE. PHTALS UNITED. Spermacoce stricta, small, annual, stems and branches usually square, RUBIACER. Lge rough with curved-back prickles ; leaves 1-2 by F. B. I. iii. 200. 4-1 in., linear or ovate, short-pointed, leathery, smooth The Plains to or rough, margins turned down, stipules joined to the 6,000 ft. leaf stems forming a short tube with long marginal bristles ; Valleys below Simla flowers } in. long, white, many in dense rounded axillary (Collett). heads, bracteoles "thread-like, longer than the calyx, calyx ovoid, teeth usually 4, linear, persistent, corolla funnel- shaped, 4-lobed, lobes linear, acute, stamens 4 on the throat of the corolla, style thread-like, stigma round ; capsule } in. long, narrow at the base, thin, crowned with the calyx teeth, dividing into 2 one-seeded half fruits, seeds oblong, polished. Rubia tibetica, see Herbs, Erect, Opposite, Exstipulate, Simple. PETALS NONE. Mollugo hirta, see Prostrate Herbs, Opposite, Stipulate, Simple. Mollugo stricta, small, annual, smooth, much branched; leaves FICOIDEs. 3-14 in. long, narrowly lanceolate, nearly sessile, short- F. B. I. ii. 668. pointed, stipules membranous, soon falling off; flowers The Plains to +; in. long, orange or pink, in many terminal branch- 5,000 ft. ing clusters, sepals 5, =4, in. long, distinct, persistent, Valleys below Simla petals none, stamens 3-5, styles 8, short, ununited ; capsule (Collett). round, within the persistent calyx, seeds many, dark- brown, rough with minute points. Pouzolzia indica, see Prostrate Herbs, Opposite, Stipulate, Simple. Pouzolzia pentandra, see Prostrate Herbs, Opposite, Stipulate, Simple. Pouzolzia hirta, see Prostrate Herbs, Opposite, Stipulate, Simple. Elatostemma see Herbs, Unbranched, Alternate, Stipulate, Simple. pusillum, Elalostemma see Herbs, Unbranched, Opposite, Stipulate, Simple. surculosum, 136 Plants of the Punjab. Heras, ErREcT, WITH Opposite STIPULATE SIMPLE LEAVFS Bergia -ammannioides, ELATINE®. fp. 4.1. 21; The Plains, in wet places. Impatiens Roylei, GERANIACER. F. B. 1.1. 468. Himalaya, 6-8,000 ft. Mahasu (Collett). Changlagalli (Douie). Impatiens Thomsoni, GERANIACE. 4D. 1.1.469: Inner range of the Himalaya, 9-10,000 ft. Impatiens suleata, GERANIACEA. PB. 4.1, 469. Himalaya, 7-12,000 it. Simla, Mahasu (Collett). Impatiens amplexicaulis, GERANIACEA. F. B. 1. i. 469. Himalaya, 6-12,000 ft. Simla (Collett). Lear Marains ToorHen. PETALS UNUNITED. small, annual, smooth or slightly hairy, lower branches prostrate ; leaves 3-2? in. long, sessile, linear-lanceolate, short-pointed, sharply toothed; flowers 12 in., sessile or nearly so, in dense clusters, sepals 5, lance“late, toothed, petals 5, stamens 5; capsule 5-celled, valves brittle, edges turned in, seeds ovoid, many. large, annual, smooth, stems succulent; leaves 24-6 in., lanceolate, sharply toothed, teeth gland-tipped, long- pointed, stalked, stipules of gland-tipped bristles ; flowers 14-14 in. long minus the spur, pale pink in terminal ra- cemes or clusters, sometimes branching racemes, sepals 3, 2 lateral minute greenish, one lower (lip) petal-like, coloured pink, cup-shaped, prolonged into a hollow curved spur z in. long, petals 38, one upper (standard) broad with a green tip between the 2 side lobes, 2 lower (wings) with lateral lobes, broad, notched on the margin with a little hollow at the base within, stamens 5, anthers cohering above the 5-toothed stigma with filaments clasping the ovary ; capsule linear, club-shaped, beaked, nodding, 5-valved, the valves when ripe, if shaken, curl up elastically and jerk out the numerous large broad seeds. like the last species, but a little smaller, a little bristle- like gland between the teeth on the leaf margin, stipules of cushion-like tubercles, lateral sepals ovate-lanceolate, spur long, upper petal not lobed, capsule narrowly club- shaped. large, like Impatiens Roylei, but the stem groov- ed; flowers darker pink or purple, capsule longer, less clubbed. like Impatiens Thomsoni, but stem 4-angled, upper leaves alternate, sessile, stem-clasping, lower leaves - opposite, flowers fewer and smaller, capsule hardly clubbed, 1-1} in. long. Plants of the Punjab. 137 Hurss, HREcT, witH Opposite STrPpuLATE SIMPLE LEAVES. Euphorbia hypericifolia, HUPHORBIACE. HB. fh. v:. 249. The Plains to 7,000 ft. Simla (Collett). Murree Valleys (Douie). Euphorbia Emodi, KUPHORBIACE. Be tev; 250: Himalaya, 4-7,500 ft. Valleys below Simla (Collett). Kulu, Chamba, Lahul. Euphorbia pilulifera, Dudhi. HUPHORBIACEM. BBs bev 250). The Plains to 4,000 ft. Valley below Simla (Collett). Bhera (Douie). Euphorbia Clarkeana, Urtica pilulifera, The Roman Nettle, URTICACER. Be Ba lsy, 548: ‘ Himalaya, 5-7,000 ft. Simla (Collett). Lear Marains TootHEep. PETALS NONE. small, annual, slender, smooth, juice milky; leaves 3-1 by 3-4 in., shortly stalked, oblong, tip rounded, mar- gins toothed except at the base, margins may be reddish, stipules minute, bristly, divided or none; flowers minute in terminal or axillary clusters, often with two floral leaves at the base, 4 sepals or teeth 4 with 5 green glands in the angles, stamens several, surrounding a 3-angled ovary on a stalk hanging down on one side, styles 3, very short, branched ; capsule 3-lobed, velvety, splitting into 8 valves, one smooth seed in each cell. The seeds, hazardana, are given in children’s colic. small, annual, hairy, purplish, juice milky, branches straggling from the short stout stem; leaves }-3 in., in rather distant pairs, green with a purple blotch, oblong or linear-oblong, tip blunt, stipules toothed, fringed ; flower clusters = in. long, nearly sessile and solitary, like the last species but glands purple with white or rose coloured ends, styles slender; capsule shortly stalked, smooth, slightly angled, seeds angled with slight projec- tions. small, annual, juice milky, stem and branches 1-2 ft., very hairy, leaves 3-14 in. long, oblong-lanceolate, tip sharp, stalked, toothed, stipules minute, linear, flower clusters ;', in., many in terminal and axillary, sessile or stalked bunches, glands small, round, capsule ,}; in. diam., hairy, seeds ovoid ;in other respects like the other species of Euphorbia. The plant is used as a purgative. see Herbs, Prostrate, Opposite, Stipulate, Simple. small, annual, covered with stinging hairs; leaves 1-3 in. long, ovate, teeth very long, often linear, sharp- pointed, thin, stalked; flowers minute, green, male in slender branching spikes, female in round heads, both on the same plant, male sepals 4, concave, ovate, stamens 4, curled up in bud, straightening with a jerk. when the flower opens, female sepals 4, flat, unequal, stigma of a small tuft of hairs; carpel held by the sepals, flattened. An introduced European weed found near houses. 138. Plants of the Punjab. — rarrrrrnrnreneeenEneninsmeanamntineinanmnstnmennmamnnaaneeans Herps, Ereor, with Opposite STIPULATE SimpLe LEAVES. Urtica parviflora, Berain, shishona. URvIcCACE. F. B. I. v. 548. Himalaya, 5-12,000 ft. Simla (Collett). Urtica dioica, The English Nettle, Bichua. UrRTICACES. F. B. I. v. 548. Salt Range. Himalaya, 7-10,000 ft. Simla, Hattu (Collett). Pilea peploides, Unvricacn”. F. B. I. v. 554. Upper Himalaya, Lahul. Pilea umbrosa, URTICACE A. F: B. I. v. 556. Himalaya, 4-9,000 ft. Simla, in shady places (Collett). Lpar Maratns TootTHED. PETALS NONE. medium size, root perennial, stem annual, slender but little branched, with blunt angles, covered with sting- ing hairs; leaves 2-4 by 1-23 in., ovate or lanceolate, long-pointed, wrinkled, teeth small, irregularly jagged, stalk 1-2 in. long, stipules united, ovate-oblong ; flowers minute, green, in slender spreading axillary and terminal branching pyramidal clusters, male and females on the same plant and like those of the last species. like the last, but often stouter, stem grooved, teeth large, regular, stipules ununited, male and female flowers on separate plants. small, stem and branches 3-5 in., tufted, succulent, sinooth ; leaves $-? in. long, round, ovate, tip rounded, margin toothed above the middle, or entire, 3-nerved, base wedge-shaped, stalk }-? im. tong, stipules minute ; flowers minute, green, sessile in clusters on the slender branches of stalked spreading axillary racemes 2-4 in. long, male and female flowers on the same plant, male sepals 4, stamens 4, anthers white, female sepals 3, un- equal, stigma of a tuft of hairs ; carpel nearly round, minute, smooth. large, hairy, leaves 3-5 by 2-3} in., ovate, toothed, base wedge-shaped, tip tail-like, sharp-pointed, stalk 1-3 in., stipules nearly persistent, large, flowers as in the last species, but dorsal female sepal much the longest ; achenes minute, 3; in., pale, with a raised intra- marginal ridge. broadly _ Plants of the Punjab. | 189 Heres, Erect, WITH Opposite STIPULATE SIMPLE LEAvzEs. Pilea seripta URTIOCACEA. Fie. lov 556. _ Himalaya, 4-7,000 ft. Simla, in shady places (Collett). Elatostemma surculosum, Lear Marains ToorHeEp. PETALS NONE. large, smooth, branched; leaves 3-10 by 1-3 in., lanceolate, narrowed to both ends, tip tail-like, teeth small, shallow, stalk }-2 in. long, stipules short; flowers like the last species ; carpels rough. see Herbs, Prostrate, Opposite, Stipulate, Simple. Heres, ERECT, WITH OpposiItE STIPULATH LoBED LHAVEs. Fagonia arabica or cretica, Usturgar. ZYGOPHYLLACEA. PVBs i495. The Plains. Common in fields. Rawalpindi. Fagonia Bruguieri, Geranium pratense, Cranes Bill, Meadow Geranium, GERANIACES. FB. 1.1. 429: Kashmir, 7-10,000 ft. The Chor near Simla. PETALS UNUNITED. small, annual, green, spiny with glandular woody branches ; leaves small, 1-3-lobed, leaflets linear, short- pointed, stalk often leaf-like, stipules of 2 spines longer than the leaflets; flowers small, pale rose-coloured, on solitary stalks between the spines, sepals 5, soon falling off, oblong-lanceolate, half the length of the petals, petals 5, closed, soon falling off, stamens 10, style and stigma undivided ; capsule velvety, 5-cornered, 5-celled, 2 seeds in each cell. An infusion of the leaves is used ag a cooling medicine and as an antiseptic for wounds. see Herbs, Prostrate, Opposite, Stipulate, Simple. medium size, stout, root stock perennial, joints swol- len, hairs spreading; leaves 2-3 in. diam., sometimes alternate, round, cut into 7-9 segments, short- “pointed, stalks long, stipules small, lanceolate; flowers 13-2 in. diam., blue-purple, in pairs on axillary bracteate glandular and hairy stalks, sepals 5, long-tipped, petals 5, stalked, alternate with 5 glands, spreading, stamens 10, 5 long alternating with 5 short, filaments flattened, narrowed upwards, united below, styles 5; capsule 5-lobed and celled, cells one-seeded, the capsule and styles elongate, the styles curl up with a jerk, ejecting the seeds. 140 Plants of the Punjab. a ea Heres, ERECT, WITH Opposite STIpULATE LoBED LEAVES. PETALS UNUNITED. Geranium rectum, medium size, root stock stout, perennial, stem slender, — GERANIACEAE. slightly hairy and leafy, leaves 38-4 in. diam., 5-angled, F. B.1.i:429. T-lobed, divided to below the middle, lobes sharp-pointed, Kashmir. thin, slightly hairy on both surfaces, long-stalked, stipules lanceolate, flowers 1} in. diam., on long stalks, bracts awl-shaped ; the other characters are lke those of the last species. Geranium collinum, small, woolly or glandular-velvety, stems many, GERANIACE. unbranched, flowering 6-10 in. high; leaves sometimes HB .4.1. 429. alternate, round, 5-7-lobed to below the middle, segments Kashmir. wedge-shaped, blunt, 3-5-lobed, stipules small, ovate, short-pointed ; flowers and capsule like G. pratense above. Geranium palustre, very like the last species, but taller with large flowers or grandiflorum, 2 in. diam., leaves 5-angled with 5 lobes cut pinnately. GERANIACER. F. B. I. 1. 480. Kashmir. Geranium large, perennial, hairy, root thick, stem stout, much Wallichianum, branched; leaves 3-4 in. broad, 5-angled, deeply 3-5 Laljahri. lobed, segments long-pointed, sharply toothed, stalked, GERANIACER. stipules 4-1 in. long, very broad, blunt; flowers 14-2 F. B. 1.1. 480. in. diam., blue-purple, on long stalks, bracts large, sepals Himalaya, 5, ending in a long bristle, petals 5, tip broad with a shal- 7-11,000 ft. low notch, stamens, styles and capsule like G. pratense Simla (Collett). above. ‘This plant is used as an astringent especially in Murree (Douie). the case of sore eyes. Hazara (Barrett). Geranium Tuberaria, medium size, slender, hairy and glandular, root GERANIACES. tuberous, perennial; leaves 14-8 in. diam., sometimes F. B. 1.1. 481. alternate, round, kidney-shaped, divided into 5-7 parts, Kashmir. segments very spreading, much divided, radical leaves long-stalked, stipules variable; flowers 1 in. diam., in nearly umbelled clusters of 2 surrounded with shortly- stalked leaves, main flower stalk very hairy and glandular, bracts leafy, much divided, sepals 5, small, blunt’ with a fine abrupt point, petals 5, large, rounded with a notch, stamens 5, filaments slender; capsule 14-14 in. long, erect, hairy, styles very short, the beaks do not separate as in other species. Geranium pusillum, see Prostrate Herbs, Opposite, Stipulate, Lobed. Plants of the Punjab. fl Herss, HRECT, WITH Opposite StipuLATE LoBED LEAVES. Géranium rotundifolium, Geranium molle, Geranium lucidum, Geranium Robertianum, Herb-Robert, GERANIACER. eee baie, 455. Himalaya, 6-8,000 ft. Kashmir, Narkanda (Collett). Murree (Douie). Erodium ciconium, GERANIACER. We es 1: 484. N.-W. Frontier Province. Kohat. Erodium malacoides, GERANIACER. fe Baltes AB 5: The Plains. Attock, Peshawar, Hazara (Stewart). Rawalpindi, Kot Fateh Khan (Douie). Cannabis sativa, PETALS UNUNITED. see Prostfaté Herbs, Opposite, Stipulate, Lobed. see Prostrate Herbs, Opposite, Stipulate, Lobed. see Prostrate Herbs, Opposite, Stipulate, Lobed. medium size, annual or biennial, softly hairy, usually glandular and strongly scented, often red, stem 1-2 ft. high, succulent ; leaves 1-8 in. broad, triangular, oblong cut to the base into 8-5 pinnately lobed segments, centra segment longest, lobes short-pointed, stalk long, stipules z in. long, ovate; flowers } in. diam., red pink streaked with white in 2-flowered clusters on long stalks, sepals 5, broad, long-pointed, petals 5, narrow, smoothly stalked, twice as long as the sepals, not notched, stamens 5; cap- sule #-1 in. long, beaks separating upwards and attached above by silky hairs. This plant was formerly much used in HKuropean medicine in fevers, consumption and as a gargle. small, annual, velvety and sticky, branches stout, swollen at the joints, leaves ovate, cut into 2 or 8 seg- ments, segments divided into small toothed lobes, stipules ovate-lanceolate, long-pointed, thin, dry, flowers small, purple on long 2- to many-flowered stalks, bracts thin, dry, finely hairy with an abrupt point, sepals 5, ovate, thin with 8 glandular hairy nerves, ending in a long bristle- like point, petals 5, alternating with glands, broad at the tip, stamens 5, alternating with 5 staminodes; in other characters like Geranium pratense except the beaks being pitted at the top and the styles silky on the inner surface. small, annual, softly hairy, stem erect or widely spreading ; leaves ovate-oblong, blunt or sharp-point- ed, velvety, cut into 3 lobes only, not again sub- divided, stipules large, thin, dry, blunt or sharp-pointed ; flowers small, lilac on 8- to many-flowered stalks, bracts ovate, thin, dry, finely hairy, sepals 5, thin, 2 outer 5-, and 8 inner 3-nerved, the bristle point hairy, petals 5, tip broad, 9-nerved, stamens 5 with 5 staminodes ; carpels stalked, 8-angled, beaks 4-5 times as long as the cell, with stiff brown hairs for } of its length, pits on the beaks with a deep fold. see Herbs, Erect, Alternate, Stipulate, Lobed. 142 Plants of the Punjab. Heres, Eruot, with Opposite Exstipunats Simpiy Luavas. Dianthus Caryophyilus, Carnation, Clove Pink, CARYOPHYLLACE ®. RY Bs 1.3. 214. N:-W. fF. Province, Attock (Falconer). Dianthus crinitus, CARYOPHYLLACE®. Pasa. 215. Salt Range. N.-W. F. Province. Peshawar. Baluchistan (Lace). Tunica stricta, CARYOPHYLLACER. Bees: ies 2D. Kashmir. Acanthophyllum macrodon, CARYOPHYLLACE®. EB. 1. 1.216. N.-W. F. Province. Waziri Hills (Stewart). Leap Marains ENTIRE. PETALS UNUNITED. medium size, perennial, smooth, greyish-green, branched and leafy below, jomted and thickened at the joints ; leaves 4-6 by } in., linear, grooved, pointed ; flowers 1-14 in. diam., pink, fragrant, in loosely branched clusters, bracts 4, broad, with an abrupt point, much shorter than the calyx, ealyx 1-1} im. long, tubular, 5-toothed, petals 5, stalked, smooth, toothed, stamens 10, inserted with the petals, on along process, styles 2; capsule ovoid 4-toothed, seeds discoid, with a central groove. like the last species, but the bracts 4-5 are lanceo- late and long-pointed, branches rigid, clusters few-flowered, petals white, scented, fringed nearly to the base. medium size, annual, slender, smooth, branched from the base ; leaves radical, 472 in. long, numerous, linear with the tip broad and narrowing to the hase, stem leaves linear ; flowers 1 in. long, white, in clusters of very few flowers without bracts on straight slender stalks, calyx 5-toothed and ribbed, top-shaped, petals 5, stalked, linear, oblong, margin even, stamens 10, ovary 1-celled, styles 2; capsule oblong, opening by 4 teeth, seeds many, boat- shaped, wrinkled on the edges and keel. gmall, perennial, tufted, spinous, minutely velvety ; leaves 4-2 in. long, pale green, stiff with a hard sharp- pointed tip, horizontal, flat above, convex below, 44-;' in. diam. at the base ; flowers # in. long, pink, tortnimalt solitary, bracts 4, linear, with thin papery margins, rough with projecting processes, recurved, calyx cylindric, a toothed, teeth spiny with very narrow, thin, papery mar- gins, petals 5, narrow, long-stalked, stamens 10, styles 2, ovary 1-celled ; capsule ovoid or oblong, 1-2-seeded, seeds almost kidney-shaped, laterally flattened, margin notched, Plants of the Punjab. Heres, Erect, with Opposite Exstirutatse Simpeite LEAvEs. Saponaria Vaccaria, Musna. CARYOPHYLLACER. aie Lists 21. ‘The Plains to 10,000 ft. Simla in cornfields (Collett). Murree (Douie). Hazara(Barrett). Baluchistan (Lace). Silene conoidea, CARYOPHYLLACE®. BeBe iF 218% The Plains to 8,000 ft. Simla in cornfields (Collett). Gujrat District. Sargodha (Douie). Hazara (Barrett). Rawalpindi. Baluchistan (Lace). Silene Moorcroftiana, CARYOPHYLLACER. BeBe 219; Himalaya, 10-13,000 ft. Lear Margins Entire. PETALS UNUNITED. medium size, annual, smooth, a weed of cultiva- tion, robust, branches none or only a few; leaves 1-3 by 4-3 in., radical leaves oblong, short-pointed, stem leaves sessile, base rounded or heart-shaped, linear-oblong ; flowers pink, in terminal many-flowered forked clusters, calyx 4 in. long, cylindric, ovoid in fruit, 5-toothed, with 5 broad, green nerves, petals 5, stalked, short, irregularly toothed, broad at the tip, stamens 10, styles 2; capsule included in the calyx, broadly ovoid, opening at the top by 5 teeth, seeds many, round, large, black. This plant is used as a substitute for soap. This plant is found very rarely in cornfields in the south of England, but commonly seen on the continent of Europe. medium size, annual, sticky from velvety glands, branches forking ; leaves 2-4 in. long, radical leaves broad at the tip narrowing to the stalk, stem leaves oblong or lanceolate, sometimes very narrow, sessile, short-pointed ; flowers pink, few, erect in terminal branching racemes, calyx 1 in. long, base thrust-in., 5-toothed, teeth long, sharp-pointed, 4rd the length of the calyx, swollen out in fruit, petals 5, broad at the tip, small, margin even or toothed, stalk has an ear-like projection, 2 scales, stamens 10, 5 joined to the petals, styles 3, ovary stalked ; capsule ovoid, shining, pointed, hard, enclosed in the inflated calyx, seeds many, shaped like a spiral shell with 5 dorsal and 5 lateral rows of tubercles. ° medium size, perennial, stems many, stock woody, densely tufted, flowering branches erect, slender, dividing or not at the top, velvety ; leaves radical, broad at the tip, narrowing to the base, stem leaves shorter, linear, long- or short- pointed or blunt; flowers white or reddish in terminal or nearly terminal clusters of 1 to 3 flowers, calyx 1-1} in. long, tubular, sticky, base projecting inwards, slender below the middle, nerves 10, dark, teeth short, blunt, with thin papery margins, petals divided into 2, the segments strap-shaped, protruding from the calyx, stalk with a long tooth on both sides, also 2 long scales stamens 10, 5 joined to the petals, styles3 on a stalk long er than the capsule; capsule ovoid, seeds flattened, not grooved, with 5 rows of lateral and dorsal tubercles. 144 Plants of the Punjab. Heres, Erect, with Opposite ExstipuLATE SIMPLE LEAVES. Silene arenosa, CARYOPHYLLACE. BEB... 219. The Plains. N.-W. F. Province. Peshawar. Attock. Baluchistan. Silene tenuis, CARYOPHYLLACER. RAB. 112219. Himalaya, 8-12,000 ft. Silene Griffithii, CARYOPHYLLACEA, F, B. I. 1. 220. Himalaya, 7-11,000 ft. Lear Mareins ENTIRE. PETALS UNUNITED. small, annual, slender, bluish-green, sticky, much branched from the root, velvety, leaves #-1$ in. long, stiff, narrow, long-pointed, margins rolled up, flowers % in. long in few-flowered widely dividing clusters, stalks 1-1 in. long, thread-like, calyx }$-3 in. long, club-shaped, slender, 10-ribbed, base pushed inwards, teeth with thin papery margins, petals with the blade divided, lobes linear, stalk with a tooth on each side, scales 2, small, lanceolate, capsule oblong, the style stalk equal to the capsule ; for other characters see the last species. The flowers open at night. small, perennial, smooth or sticky with glands, many stems from the root, slender, unbranched, leaves 1-3 in., short-or long-pointed, narrow, linear or lanceolate, often with scattered hairs, flat, radical leaves slightly broadened upwards, flowers $ in. long, dirty yellow or brown, often in a circle in short racemes, stalks 4-} in., bracts short, in a circle, awl-shaped, calyx bell-shaped, 4-1 in., thin, base rounded or abrupt, 10-nerved, teeth blunt, spreading, petals divided, stalk with 2 teeth, hairy, scales short, oblong, capsule oblong, seeds with 5 dorsal and lateral rows of tubercles; other characters like the last species, medium size, perennial, stout, velvety or hairy, stems divided or not ; leaves 24-4 by 3-11 in., radical leaves lanceolate with a broad tip ending in a broad stock, stem leaves oblong, sessile, velvety on both surfaces, flowers white, in opposite axillary irregularly 38-flowered clusters, shortly stalked, calyx ?-1 in. long, cylindric, barely dilated above except in fruit, teeth short-pointed, not bordered with white, nerves 10, green, base rounded or abrupt, petals deeply 2-lobed, lobes divided into 8-6 parts, no scales, no teeth on stalks of petals, capsule oblong, ovary shortly stalked, seeds minute, sides flat or convex, back grooved ; other characters like the last species. This plant is used in Lahoul with an alkali as a substitute for soap. Plants of the Punjab. 145 Herss, Erzot, with Opposite ExstipuutATE SIMPLE LEAVES. Silene Webbiana, CARYOPHYLLACER. iB. AW. Ac 220; Himalaya, Sirmur. Cucubalus baccifer, CARYOPHYLLACES. BBs ka. 221. Himalaya, 5-8,000 ft. Lychnis coronaria, CARYOPHYLLACES. F. B. I. i. 222. Kashmir Valley, in groves and fields (Jacquemont). Lyehnis Cachemeriana, CARYOPHYLLACES. F. B. I. i. 224. Kashmir (Royle). Lear Marains ENTIRE. PETALS UNUNITED. medium size, slender, very like Silene viridiflora Linn., leaves 14 in. broad, stem leaves ovate, stem clasping, long-pointed, 5-9-nerved, flowers greenish-white, drooping in loose opposite long-stalked clusters, calyx } in., very slender, 10-nerved, swollen in fruit, teeth with thin edges, petals long, blade divided, lobes strap-shaped, scales 2, styles 8, capsule cylindric, oblong ; other characters like the last species. medium size, rambling, velvety with curly white hairs ; leaves 1-2 by 3-1 in., ovate-lanceolate, short-point- ed, thin with scattered hairs, narrowed into the stalk, upper leaves sessile; flowers greenish-white, nodding, in 1-3-flowered loose leafy clusters or solitary in the forks of the branches, calyx 4 in., 5-toothed, broadly bell-shaped, 10-nerved, base rounded, teeth large, broad, almost short- pointed, petals 5, 2-lobed, stalk narrow, toothed at the top, blade of petal with 2 scales at the base, stamens 10, styles 83; capsule round, black, the size of a pea, tip crowned with a projection, shining, dry or fleshy, becom- ing thin, seeds minute, many, kidney-shaped with a lateral depression. 7 medium size, perennial, covered with white wool, sparingly branched ; leaves 8-5 in., lanceolate with a broad tip narrowed to the stalk, stem leaves oblong ; flowers red purple, on long stalks, calyx #-1 in., top-shaped, 10- nerved, teeth 5, twisted to the left, petals 5, 1 in. or more in length, with 2-toothed stiff scales at the stalk, heart- shaped with a notch at the margin, broad, stamens 10, styles 5; capsule nearly sessile, within the calyx, 5-valved, valves with an even margin, seeds many, doubly con- vex. medium size, straight, stout, unbranched, with grey hairs ; leaves 2-3 by 4-2 in., narrow, ovate to linear- lanceolate, slightly rough; flowers white, large, erect or nodding in nearly terminal contracted clusters, calyx 3-1 in. long, green, oblong, teeth 5, short- or long-pointed, nerves many, branching, petals 5, blade 3 in. long, stalk woolly, blade 2-fid, lobes divided, stamens 10, styles 5; capsule ovoid, 5-fid, on a woolly stalk, seeds many, kidney- shaped, granulate. L 146 Plants of the Punjab. Heres, Erect, with Opposite EixstreuLAte SIMPLE LEAVES. Lychnis Stewartii, CARYOPHYLLACE. EF. B. 1.1224. Himalaya, Upper Chenab and Chamba River, 8-11,000 ft. (Stewart). Lychnis indica, CARYOPHYLLACE®. BAB a /225. Himalaya, 5-10,000 ft. Simla (Collett). Changlagalli (Douie). Lychnis nutans, CARYOPHYLLACE™®. Peb.-), 1,225. Himalaya, 9-12,000 ft. Murree, Hattu (Collett). Lychnis pilosa, CARYOPHYLLACER. BR. B. 1. i: 226. Himalaya, 9-12,000 ft. LeaF Mareins ENTIRE. PETALS UNUNITED. small, stiff, slender, upper part sticky and woolly, leafy ; leaves 2 by ,-;,1m., very narrow, linear, spreading, l-nerved, keeled by the stout mid-rib, margins turned in; flowers # in. long, white, nodding, solitary or in opposite pairs with 2 linear bracts above the middle, in the upper leaf axils, calyx 4 in. long, oblong, velvety, nerves green faint, free or united, teeth 5, rounded, edges thin with long curled hairs, petals 5, heart-shaped with a notched margin, blade very short, scales 2, notched, di- vided into two, curved back, stalk very broad with a tooth on each side, petals projecting beyond the calyx, stamens 10, styles 8, very short ; capsule ovoid, projecting out of the calyx, 10-fid, stalk woolly. medium size, leafy, branches dividing into forked pairs, very slightly velvety ; leaves 1-5 by 4-24 in., ovate- lanceolate to orbicular, lower leaves stalked; flowers creamy white inside and purplish outside, erect or nod- ding in open or close many-flowered branching sticky hairy clusters, stalks without bracts, calyx }-3 in. long, velvety, bell-shaped, nerves 10-15, simple or branched, teeth 5, broad, blunt, rarely short-pointed, petals 5, much longer than the calyx, blade 2-fid or divided into several processes, 2 erect crisped seales at the base of the blade, forming with other petal scales.a crown over which the anthers project, stamens 10, styles 5, twisted, silvery ; capsule ovoid, teeth 5, simple or bifid, stalk short, vel- vety, seeds many, minute, very dark, kidney shaped, granu: late. very like the last species, but smaller, calyx more rounded and shorter, petals purple and blade shorter and less divided. very like the last species, but covered with long hairs and the seeds with longer projections. Plants of the Punjab. 147 Heres, ERECT, WITH Opposite ExstipULATE SIMPLE LEAVES. Holosteum umbellatum, Cerastium dahuricum, CARYOPHYLLACER. Be Bila 227, Himalaya, 10-11,000 ft. Murree (Stewart). Matiana, Hattu (Collett). Cerastium vulgatum, Mouse-ear chickweed, CARYOPHYLLACER. Bes). 1.228: The Plains to 15,000 ft. Cerastium Thomsoni, CARYOPHYLLACES. fe 8 a PSB Himalaya, at Kishtwar and Lahul, 10-12,000 ft. Lear Marains ENTIRE. PETALS UNUNITED. see Herbs, Unbranched, Opposite, Exstipulate, Simple. large, perennial, stems stout, ascending among shrubs to 12 ft. or straggling over grass, smooth ; leaves 14-2 in., large, oblong, sessile or forked, or united, blunt or short- pointed, margin projecting; flowers ? in. diam., white, long-stalked without bracts in forking clusters, sepals 5, oblong, ends rounded or almost pointed, shining with thin margins, 2 in., ovate-lanceolate, petals 5, 2-lobed, heart- shaped, twice the length of the sepals, stalks bearded, stamens 10, styles 5; capsule straight, twice the length of the calyx, many-nerved, teeth re-curved, seeds flattened, _ many. small, annual, velvety, more or less sticky, a weed of cultivation, stems many, simple or branched, stout or slender ; leaves 3-1 in., lower broad at the tip narrow- ing to the stalk, upper oblong or ovate, blunt or short- pointed ; flowers 3-4 in. diam., in clusters few -or many- flowered, open or crowded, or in umbels or heads, sepals 5, lanceolate, about + in. long, margins broad, petals 5, rarely none, equal to the sepals in length, shortly lobed, stamens 10, sometimes 5 or less, styles 5; capsule cylin- dric, much longer than the calyx, often curved, like a horn (cerastos), whence the name is derived, teeth straight, seeds many, flattened. small, hairy, very glandular, branched only at the base; leaves 3-1}in. long, linear-oblong, almost short- pointed, straight; flowers 4-2 in. diam., white, in few- flowered nearly umbel-like clusters, bracts with narrow thin margins, stalks slender, sepals 5, oblong-lanceolate, short-pointed, coloured below the thin tips, much smaller than the petals, petals 5, broad, capsule cylindric, twice the calyx, teeth 10, seeds many, flattened. _ «12 148 Plants of the Punjab. ' Herss, Erect, with Opposite ExstTipuLaTE SIMPLE LEAVES. Stellaria crispata, CARYOPHYLLACES. Ber. 1.229. Himalaya, 6-10,000 ft. The Glen. Simla, in shady places (Collett). Baluchistan (Lace). Stellaria paniculata, CARYOPHYLLACE®. F. B. 1.1. 229. Himalaya, 7-9,000 ft. Fagu, Narkanda (Collett). Stellaria media, Stellaria bulbosa, CARYOPHYLLACER. F, B. I. i. 231. Himalaya, 6-9,000 ft. Jammu to Murree (Jacquemont). Hazara (Barrett). Stellaria glauca, CARYOPHYLLACER. “Teal yl By By ap Himalaya, Lahul (Jaeschke). Lear Margins ENTIRE. PETALS UNUNITED. large, straggling, slightly velvety above, stems quad- rangular, shining with a line of fine hairs, joints often hairy ; leaves 3-8 in. long, lanceolate or oblong, rather leathery, tips slender, margin more or less crisped, sessile, long-pointed ; flowers small, white, in much branched clusters, terminal, sepals 4 in., 5, oblong-lanceolate, long- pointed, margin narrowly thin and dry, often sticky, petals 5, 2-fid, as long as or twice as long as the sepals, stamens 10, styles 3; capsule short, 3-celled, seeds one or two, granulated. ; medium size, very like the last species but the stem is reclining and the leaves are not crisped, flowers are smaller, petals notched, shorter than the sepals, capsule equal to the calyx, seeds wrinkled. / see Prostrate Herbs, Opposite, Exstipulate, Simple. small, smooth, rootstock creeping, bearing small round underground branches with buds or eyes, stem slender, erect, unbranched with a line of hairs; leaves 2-6 pairs, 1-14 in. long, ovate with a broad tip or un- equally lanceolate, almost short-pointed, rather fleshy, sessile or narrowed into a stalk, margins rarely hairy ; flowers of two kinds, the lower on the plant from slender stalks being minute without petals bearimg ripe seeds, the nearly large flowers, } in. diam., rarely producing seed, sepals 4 or 5, green, oblong-lanceolate or lanceolate, 1-2 in., shorter than the petals, petals 4 or 5, white, ovate- oblong, shortly 2-lobed, stamens 10, with purple anthers, styles 2, thread-like ; capsule 8-angled, valves 4, divided to the base, seeds few, large, furnished with excres- cences on the surface. medium size, perennial, slender, quite smooth, stem quadrangular ; leaves 1-2 in. long, sessile, oblong or linear- lanceolate, long-pointed, base rounded, margins thickened ; flowers 4-3 in. diam., white, on nearly solitary terminal rather stout straight stalks, bracts thin, sepals 4 or 5, more or less united at the base, linear-oblong, long- or short-pointed, green, petals 4 or 5, broad, 2-lobed, twice Plants of the Punjab. 149 Heres, Erect, witH Opposite EXstTIpULATE SIMPLE LEAVES. Arenaria Meyeri, CARYOPHYLLACE. BAB. Tsi.286. N.-W. F. Province. Peshawar (Stewart). Baluchistan. Arenaria foliosa, CARYOPHYLLACER. Be Beka: 286: Himalaya, 9-13,000 ft. Arenaria kashmirica, CARYOPHYLLACES. Bo Bak, 1. 236! Himalaya, 6-7,000 ft. Lahul (Jaeschke). Arenaria holosteoides, Kakua, gandial. CARYOPHYLLACER. Po Bs doe Oat. Himalaya, 7-12,000 ft. Murree (Douie). Baluchistan (Boissier). Lear Marains ENTIRE. PETALS UNUNITED. as long as the sepals, stamens 10, slender, styles 3, rarely 4; capsule broadly ovoid, 4-6-valved, valves undivided, equal in length to the sepals, seeds many, very granulate. small, annual, covered with spreading glandular hairs, stem cylindric, branches in parallel clusters; leaves 4-3 In, lmear, awl-shaped, recurved; flowers } in. diam., white, in clusters, sepals 5, 4 i. long, green, erect, rigid, sharp, margims white, petals 5, very ‘short, ovate-oblong, not divided, stamens 5-7, styles 3; capsule oblong, much shorter than the sepals, 8-valved, seeds many, red-brown, round, notched, flattened. small, perennial, quite smooth, branched from the base, slender, leafy ; leaves 3-3 by ;4 in., spreading, never stiff or sharp, very narrow, linear, bright green ; flowers iin. diam., white, on the long-stalked, almost umbelled, clusters, bracts and bracteoles leathery, concave, short- pointed, calyx rounded and not thickened at the base. sepals 5, $ in., leathery, sharp, petals 5, longer than the sepals, stamens 5, styles 8 ; capsules ovoid, larger than the sepals, valves 8, recurved, seeds many, small, pale brown, kidney-shaped, granulate on the back. very like the last species, but glandular, velvety, leaves stiffer and sharper, flowers smaller with longer petals. large, slender, pliable, smooth or velvety, much- branched ; leaves 1-3 in., linear or linear-oblong, sessile, base broad, short- or long-pointed ; flowers 4-4 in. diam., white, nodding in few-flowered clusters, flower stalks slender, widely separated, no bracts, calyx not thickened at the base, sepals 5, blunt, linear-lanceolate to broadly ovate-oblong, green with thin edges, smooth or very hairy and glandular at the back, petals 5, equal to or longer than the sepals, tip with a shallow notch, broad, stamens 5, styles 2-3, thread-like, long; capsule nearly round, shorter than the calyx, very thin, 2-6 valved to the base, _ seeds %, red brown or blackish, with rows of sharp tuber- cles. 150 Plants of the Punjab. Heres, Ereot, with Oppositn ExstieputatH SIMPLE LEAVES. Hypericum perforatum, Common Si. John’s Wort, Bassant, dendlu. HYEPRICACER. HB i 2a. Himalaya, 8-8,000 ft. Simla, in shady forest (Collett). Hypericum elodeoides, HyPpERICACEs. HB. Aa. 225, Himalaya, 6-12,000 ft. Simla, Narkanda, in shady forest (Collett). Vahlia viscosa, SAXIFRAGACEA, F. B. 1. ii. 899. The Plains. Ammannia pentandra, Ammannia baccifera, Ammannia salicifolia, Ammannia senegalensis, Lear Maroins Entire. PETALS UNUNITED. medium size, perennial, stem 2-angled, lowest branches rooting ; leaves $ in. long, oblong or ovate, blunt, dotted with translucent glands, pale below with black dots, sessile ; flowers 1 in. diam., yellow, in terminal or axillary short-stalked clusters, sepals 5, 4 in. long, united at the base, linear, short-pointed, petals 5, persistent, with black glandular edges, stamens many, in 8 bundles, an- thers black-dotted, styles 8, as long as the stamens, ovary 3-celled ; capsule } in. long, ovoid, seeds many, small. This plant was used in Arabic medicine. A red dye can be obtained from the flowers. medium size, perennial, stems round, lowest branches rooting, leaves 1-1} in. long, ovate, blunt or lanceolate, short-pointed, base stem-clasping, margins black-dotted, flowers # in. diam., in clusters of branching racemes, sepals 5, $ in. long, narrowly lanceolate, black-dotted and streaked, margins with gland-tipped teeth, petals | 5, persistent, black-dotted and streaked ; in other charac- ters like the last species. small, annual or biennial, velvety with sticky glands ; leaves 3-1 in. long, nearly sessile, oblong, narrowed at both ends, short-pointed ; flowers 4 in. long, white, nearly sessile, in pairs or solitary in nearly all the axils of the upper leaves, calyx tube united to ovary and above it, lobes 5, ovate and short-pointed, persistent in fruit, petals 5, $ in. long, ovate with a broad tip united to the ovary, stamens 5 and styles 2, both 4 in. long; capsule # in. diam., one celled, nearly round, splitting at the top between the styles, seeds minute, many, smooth. see Herbs, Hreet, Opposite, Exstipulate, Simple, Entire, Petals none. see Herbs, Erect, Opposite, Exstipulate, Simple, Entire, Petals none. see Herbs, Erect, Opposite, Exstipulate, Simple. Entire, Petals none. seo Herbs, Erect, Opposite, Exstipulate, Simple, Entire, Petals none, ‘Plants of the Punjab. 151 Heres, Erect, with Oprosite HxstipuLATE SIMPLE LEAVES. Ammannia multiflora, Epilobium angustifolium, Freneh Willow or Rosebay, ONAGRACEA. F. B. I. ii. 582. Himalaya, 8-12,000 it. Epilobium latifolium, ONAGRACEA. BeBe 0583 Himalaya, 11-14,000 ft. Kashmir. Epilobium origanifolium, Rubia tibetioa, RUBIAOEA. F.-B.1..ii, 204. Himalaya, 10-14,000 ft. Kulu (Hay). Lear MarGins ENTIRE. PETALS UNUNITED. see Herbs, Erect, Opposite, Exstipulate, Entire, Petals none. Simple, medium size, smooth; leaves 3-6 by # in., nearly sessile, short-pointed, margin even or minutely toothed ; flowers # in., rose purple, in spikes at the ends of branches, bracts narrow, soon falling off, calyx tube scarcely pro- duced above the ovary, covered with close white wool, linear, teeth 4, lanceolate, long-pointed, purplish, almost petal-like, petals 4, 4-8 in., ovate with a broad tip, stalked, stamens 8, on the ovary, bent on one side, 4 shorter, style cylindric, hairy above the base, stigmas 4, distinct, spread- ing; capsule linear, 4-celled, splitting from the apex, 23-34 in., velvety, valves 4, recurved, seeds many, narrow- ly ovoid, smooth, crowned with a tuft (coma) of dirty yellow silky hairs. small, smooth, leaves 14-3 by }-? in., oblong, nar- rowed to both ends, margin even or minutely toothed, blunt or short-pointed, flowers on stalks in the axils of distant leaves, no bracts; for other characters see the last species. see Herbs, Erect, Alternate, Exstipulate, Simple, Entire. PETALS UNITED. small, perennial, rough, root thick, woody, bundles of stems each 1 in. thick, stout, with glistening white bark, erect, annual shoots clustered together, simple or branching, nodes of the stems covered with thin bases of old leaves ; leaves 4-1 by 4-4 in., sessile, broadly ovate, round or lanceolate, often in a circle of 4 leaves, leathery, margins and midrib rough; flowers } in. diam., in axillary or terminal clusters, shorter than the leaves, or solitary on long axillary stocks, calyx tube ovoid or round, no teeth, corolla. bell-shaped, lobes 4-5, lanceolate, short-pointed, stamens 4-5, anthers round, style 2-branched, ovary Q-cellod ; fruit 4 in, diam., smooth, round or almost 2-lobed, seeds 2, small. 152 Plants of the Punjab. Heres, Ereot, with Opposite ExstipuLATE SIMPLE LEAVES. Rubia albicaulis, Galium boreale, Northern Galium, RUBIACER. PB, 115 205. Himalaya, 5-11,000 ft. Kashmir, Lahul. Galium triflorum, RUBIACEA. F, B.T. i1i.-205. Himalaya, 6-10,000 ft. Mashobra, Mahasu, Narkanda (Collett). Galium vestitum, {UBIACER. Bob. Lm. 206. Himalaya, 7-10,000 ft. Rogi, Chini (Collett). Galium tricorne, Corn Galium, .. Rupiacem. Babli: ii! 207, . - The Plains, Waziri, and: Attock Hills, Kashmir, to 13,000 feet. Lear Margins ENTIRE. PETALS UNITED. see Climbers, Opposite, Exstipulate, Simple. medium size, perennial, smooth or velvety, branches square ; leaves 1-2 by 4-3 in., 4 in a circle, lanceolate, blunt, stiff, margins rough, sessile, 8-nerved from the base ; flowers minute, white, in nearly erect axillary and ter- minal many-flowered clusters with ovate bracts, calyx tube ovoid or round, teeth none, corolla wheel-shaped, lobes 4, nearly pointed, stamens 4 in the corolla tube, anthers 2-lobed, style short, 2-branched, ovary 2-celled ; fruit ;4, in. diam., 2-lobed, dry, covered with hooked hairs, seeds 2, small, flat on one side, convex on the other. small, perennial, smooth, stems sometimes strag- gling, leaves long and short, 13-23 by 4-3 im. and 3-1 by 1-1 in., the long leaves sessile, the short stalked, 6-8 in a circle or the short 4 in a circle, lanceolate, not 8-nerved from the base, flowers whitish-yellow, minute in axillary or terminal few-flowered clusters ; otherwise like the last species. small, perennial, stems stout, ascending, leaves }-§% in., short, blunt, oblong, hairy, sessile, in circles of 4-6, clusters of flowers small, terminal and axillary, flowers minute, fruit very small, covered with hooked bristles; otherwise like the last species. medium size, annual, very rough, stem stout, branches square, leaves 1-14 by 4-$in., linear, stiff, 6-8 in a circle, point, rigid, tapering, flowers white, minute on long or short, stout, axillary, 1-3-flowered stalks, corolla lobes ovate, short-pointed, fruit smooth, § in. diam. ; other- wise like the last species. ~. Plants of the Punjab. 153 ass a ere ee ee Herss, Erect, with Opposite Exstreunats Simpie LEAVES. Galium verum, Ladies’ bedstraw, RUBIACER. Ff. B..1. i. 208. Himalaya, 5-10,000 ft. Kashmir, Lahul. Galium tenuissimum, RuBIACER. Y.-L. i. 208: The Plains at Rawalpindi, Kashmir, 5-6,500 ft. Galium setaceum, RuBIACER. PER. FT, 13-208: The Plains, Hissar (Aitchison). Galium ceratophylloides, RuBIACER. F. B. I. iii. 209. Kashmir, 83500 ft. Pusiana (Clarke). Galium vernum, . Asperula cynanchieca, Squinancywort, — . RUBIACES. - - Be Bal ni..205. “'8.000 fe: Himalaya, Kashmir, ~ : ~ 5. “of-branches with 2, small linear oblong bracts, corolla Lear Margins Entire. PETALS UNITED. small, perennial, smooth, stem velvety upwards leaves 3-1 by ;4-din., 8-10 in a circle, linear, point rigid tapering, sessile, margins turned in, flowers bright yellow minute in very many short many-flowered clusters fruit =‘; in. diam., smooth; otherwise like the last Species. small, annual, very slender, the plant appears broad above and narrow below, the stem dividing into two, the branches into two or three, rough with the roughness directed downwards, leafy at the forks only, leaves 3-3 by 3; in., 6 in acircle, linear, rough, with scattered bristles, margins turned in, flowers white or yellowish, minute, in large loose-flowered clusters on long slender stalks, corolla lobes sharp, stiff-pointed, fruit tz in. diam. ; otherwise like the last species. small, annual, stems round, minutely rough or smooth, leaves 3-3 by = in., upper filiform, short-pointed, bristly, margins turned in, lower shorter, broader at the tip, not bristly, flowers most minute, yellow, in terminal and lateral few-flowered clusters on slender stalks equal to or longer than the leaves, fruit 4, in., smooth or with a few hooked hairs ; otherwise like the last species. small, stems hardly branching, short, 4-angled, very slender, quite smooth, leaves 4 in., in close get circles of six, rather weak, finely long-pointed with bristles, minutely rough towards the tip, flowers very minute, yellowish in axillary 8-flowered clusters on erect stalks shorter than the leaves with 2 awl-like bracts at the tip, corolla segments lanceolate, long-pointed ;_ other- wise like the last species. see Herbs, Prostrate, Opposite, Exstipulate, Simple. small, perennial, smooth, rarely almost velvety, stock woody, stems many, slender, round, branches square, leaves 4-3 by {g-§ in., small, linear-oblong, blunt, lower -..In circles of 4, upper in pairs, flowers qo in. long, pink or white, in slender clusters or heads at the naked tips funnel-shaped, lobes:'4; triangular, shorter than the tube, fruit ‘7 in. diam. ; otherwise like Galium. Plants of the Punjab. Heres, EReotT, with Opposite ExsTipULATE SIMPLE LEAVES. Asperula brachyantha, RUBIACE. F. B. I. in. 209. Himalaya, Kashmir, 7-12,000 ft. Valerianella dentata, Valerienalla Szovitziana, Seabiosa Olivieri, Seabiosa speciosa, Spilanthes Acmella, Anagallis arvensis, Pimpernel, Jonkmart. PRIMULACEA. F, B. I. iti. 506. The Plains to 7,000 ft. Simla in fields (Collett). Baluchistan (Lace). Cynanchum Vineetoxicum, ASOLHPIADAOH/. F, B. L. iv. 22. Himalaya, 7-11,000 ft. Shali, Sangri, Patarnala (Collett). Lear Mareins ENTIRE. PETALS UNITED. _ very like the last species, but with shorter leaves in pairs, shorter blunter bracts, and longer woolly corolla, flowers more in heads. see Herbs, Unbranched, Opposite, Exstipulate, Simple. see Herbs, Unbranched, Opposite, Exstipulate, Simple. see Herbs, Erect, Opposite, Exstipulate, Lobed. see Herbs, Hrect, Opposite, Exstipulate, Lobed. see Herbs, Erect, Opposite, Exstipulate, Simpl Toothed. : oe small, annual, slender, branches square, growing from the base ; leaves $-14 in., ovate or lanceolate, short- pointed, dotted with glands; flowers bright blue, rarely searlet, $-4 in. diam., open in sunlight on solitary axil- lary slender stalks, longer than the leaves, erect in flower, bent down in fruit, calyx segments 5, narrow lanceolate, long-pointed, nearly as long as the corolla, corolla wheel- like, segments 5, with a few hairs, stamens 5, very hairy, ovary one-celled, style thread-like ; capsule size of a small pea, round, opening by a circular slit round the middle, seeds many, minute, 3-angled. This plant is used by In- dians to cure cerebral diseases. small, perennial, velvety or smooth, juice milky ; leaves 2 by 1} in., broadly ovate, shortly stalked, point- ed ; flowers 4 in, diam., yellow, in sessile or stalked branch- ing racemes or flat clusters, axillary, calyx segments 5 corolla wheel-shaped, lobes 5, smooth, a ring of 5 ere triangular oblong or rounded scales (corona) united to the staminal tube, stamens 5, united, flattened, anthers 2- celled, projecting over the stigmas, forming a 5-angled disk carpels 2; follicles 2-4 in. long, smooth, slender, tapering, seods many, flattened, winged, and crowned with a brush of fine hairs. Plants of the Punjab. 155 Herss, EReot, with Opposite ExstipuuATE SIMPLE LEAVES. Cynanchum glaucum, ASCLEPIADACES. He Be [ive 22. Himalaya, 5-9,000 ft. Simla, Mashobra (Collett). Cynanchum Arnottianum, ASCLEPIADACHA. Hi By Beav. 22. Kashmir, 6-8,000 ft. Dunglagalli (Douie). Cynanchum Jacquemontianum, ASCLEPIADACHAI. Ha Be live 26: Kashmir. Baluchistan (Boissier), Ceropegia Wallichil, AsSOLHPIADACH™®, oie ive O1. ‘Himalaya, 4-8,000 ft. Simla, Prospect and Elysium Hills, Shali (Collett), Luar Mareins ENTIRE. PETALS UNITED. medium size, perennial, woolly or velvety, pale or with a bluish-green waxy gloss, juice milky ; leaves 1-3 by 13-23 in., ovate, oblong or lanceolate: leathery, short- or long-pointed, stalk 3-3 in. long; flowers.4 in. diam., yellow, in nearly sessile velvety umbelled clusters, calyx segments 5, corolla lobes 5, hairy within, coronal lobes 5, rounded, broad, fleshy, stamens, ete., as in the last species ; follicles 2-4 in., slender, seeds }-4 in. long, broadly ovoid, concave on one side, convex on the other, crowned with a bunch of fine hairs. very like the last species, but sometimes with the leaves in circles, and the corolla smaller and dark pur- ple. small to medium size, perennial, smooth, branches many, slender, from a woody stock, juice milky, leaves 1-14 by 4-% in., small, lanceolate, from a broad heart- shaped base, finely long-pointed, stalk }-2 in., flowers z-4 in. diam., many, in level clusters on stalks longer than the leaves, calyx segments ovate, corolla velvety within, corona equal to the corolla, 5-fid, lobes finely lanceolate, simple or divided with a small flat process below ; other- wise like the last species. small, velvety, stem 4 in. diam.; leaves 2-24 in., ovate or rounded, nearly sessile, tip blunt, short-pointed or rounded ; flowers $+1 in. long, dark red purple, in crowded stalked clusters on a very short axillary main stalk, bracts bristly, calyx segments 5, narrow, } in. long, thread-like, corolla, tube narrow, base swollen, mouth funnel-shaped, sharply 5-angled, lobes 4 in. long, erect, narrow, tips joining, within it 10 coronal scales, in 2 series, outer united in a short 10-lobed cup joined to the staminal tube, inner longer, linear, erect, ununited, stamens 5, united into a very short tube, anther tips blunt ; follicles smooth, taper- ing, 24 in., long-pointed, sceds crowned with a bunch of hairs. ae 156 Plants of the Punjab. Herss, Erect, with Opposite ExstipULATE SIMPLE LEAVES. Caralluma edulis, Chang, puppu, sittu. ASCLEPIADACES. Hit. av. 76. The Plains, Rawalpindi, Multan. Exacum tetragonum, Titahana. Ava ohiretta, GENTIANACER. #: Ba. iv. 95. The Plains to 5,000 ft. Exacum pedunculatum, GENTIANACE. GB... LE re, 97. The Plains to 8,000 ft. Lear Maroins ENTIRE. PETALS UNITED. small, fleshy, branched or not, stem and branches 4-orooved, nearly round, sometimes leafless; leaves 4 in. long, soon falling off, ovoid-lanceolate, short-pointed, fleshy ; flowers } in. diam., purple within, solitary or in pairs in the upper leaf axils, calyx lobes 5, short-pointed, corolla smooth, broadly bell-shaped, lobes 5, narrow, ovate-lanceolate, tube enlarged, coronal scales in a ring, joined to the staminal column, 5-lobed, lobes 2-pointed, with a process on the inner face which overlaps the an- thers, staminal column very short, anthers short, with a shallow notch at a rounded apex, resting on, or joimed to the stigma, stigma flat ; follicles slender, smooth, round, seeds crowned with a bunch of hairs. This plant is eaten by the poor as a vegetable. medium size to large, stem square, a little branched below ; leaves 5 by 14 in., short-pointed, or 1} by % in., nearly blunt, 5-nerved, sessile or stem clasping, broadly lanceolate ; flowers blue, 14 in. diam., in terminal branch- ing racemes, calyx deeply 4-lobed, lobes 3-3 in. long, ovate, long-pointed, keeled, or sometimes barely 38-winged, corolla wheel-shaped, lobes 4, # in. long, oblong, short-pointed, stamens 4, on the corolla tube, anthers } in., straight, style 4 in. long, thread-like, stigma round ; capsule 3 in. diam., nearly round, seeds very many, minute. This plant is used by Indians as a tonic bitter in place of Chiretta. small, stem square, much branched; leaves 13 by 1 in., oblong with rounded ends or lanceolate, 3-nerved, nearly sessile ; flowers 3 in. diam., blue, in many-flowered terminal rigid stalked clusters on main stalks }-} in. long, calyx lobes 4, 4-1 in. long, ovate, long-pointed, wing dis- tinet, lanceolate, corolla wheel-shaped, lobes 4, 4-3 in. long, oblong with rounded ends, stamens 4, anthers { in., style long, stigma nearly round ; capsule }in., nearly round, valves’ 2, seeds very many, minute. This plant is used by Indians as a bitter tonic in place of gentian. Plants of the Punjab. 157 a Heres, Erect, with Opposite Exstieputate Simpue Leaves. Hoppea dichotoma, GENTIANACEA. FB. IT. iv. 100: The Plains to 3,000 ft. Enicostema littorale, Chota kirayata. . GENTIANACES. BeBe avelol: The Plains to 1,500 ft. Erythreea ramosissima, GENTIANACER. Pp letvs 100. The Plains, 1-2,000 ft. Ludhiana, Hoshiarpur (Thomson). Baluchistan (C. B. Clarke). Erythrea Roxburghii, Erythrea Meyeri, Lear Marains ENTIre. PETALS UNITED. very small, annual, smooth, stem square, much branched ; leaves $ in. long, ovate, sessile; flowers 2 in., white, in sessile 2-3-flowered dense or loose ehistens: calyx 4; in., bell-shaped, lobes 4, ovate, long-pointed, thin, marginal nerve green, corolla bulging on one side, shorter than the calyx, tube 4; in., lobes short, triangular, stamens 4, 1 perfect, 3 barren, in the throat of the corolla, style short, stigma hardly divided ; capsule nearly round, very small, seeds very many, minute, nearly black. small, annual, smooth, stem round or square, branch- ed, spaces between leaves short; leaves 2 by 4 in,, or smaller and nearly linear, ovate-lanceolate, sessile ; flowers tin. long, white or bluish in sessile axillary clusters, calyx ;4,m., deeply divided into 5 lobes, which are narrowly oblong and blunt, corolla funnel-shaped, tubular, tube 4 in., lobes 5, 5 in., spreading, oblong with rounded ends, stamens 5, in the upper part of corolla tube, scales at the base, anthers oblong, short-pointed, within the tube, style short, linear, stigma round ; capsule 3-2 in., oblong with rounded ends, seeds many, nearly round, larger than those of the last species. This plant is bitter and used in place of quinine or chiretta. small, branched, very leafy ; leaves 14 by 2 in., sessile, stem leaves oblong, short-pointed or with rounded ends ; flowers % in., pink, in sessile bracteate clusters, calyx 4 in., tubular, teeth 5, lanceolate or linear, with a promi- nent ridge, equal to the corolla tube, corolla tube 2 in., lobes 5, spreading, stamens 5, near the mouth of the corolla tube, short, linear, style linear, stigmas oblong; capsule 3 In., oblong, nearly 2-celled, seeds very small. see Herbs, Unbranched, Exstipulate, Simple. see Herbs, Unbranched, Exstipulate, Simple. 158 Plants of the Punjab. —-~ a > Heres, Error, with Opposite ExstipuLate SimpLe Leaves. Lear Mareins Entire. : PETALS UNITED. Erythrea small, stem unbranched below, square with sharp babylonica, angles, leaves 4-3 in., radical leaves 2, none when in flower, GENTIANACER. stem leaves oblong, distant from one another, flowers Bod 1¥.-102. 2 in., pink, nearly sessile, in equally branching clusters, The Plains. calyx } in., nearly as long as the corolla tube ; otherwise Lahore. like Erythreea ramosissima. Douie notes that the pedi- Rawalpindi (Douie). cels and calyx are longer in the Rawalpindi specimens. Canscora diffusa, small to medium size, annual, stem square, dense- GENTIANACES. ly branched above ; leaves 14 by } in., 8-nerved, often fe. 11v..103, stalked, lower leaves lanceolate or oblong with a rounded The Plains to end, upper passing into ovate, short-pointed, sessile, thin 4,000 ft. bracts ; flowers + in., pink, on slender zigzag stems in loosely spreading leafy terminal clusters, bracts 4 in., leaflike, a few uppermost linear, calyx + in., tubular, 4- toothed, round, keeled, teeth lanceolate-linear, corolla tube + in., cylindric, lobes 4, 3 in. long, nearly 2-lipped, stamens 4, one larger perfect on the corolla throat, 3 smaller lower down, style linear, stigmas 2, short ; cap- sule } in. oblong, seeds minute, dark brown, many-sided. -Canscora decussata, small to medium size, annual, stems square, Sankhahuli. angles winged, leaves 14 by 4 in., sessile, oblong-lanceo- GENTIANACES. late, 3-nerved, flowers 4 in., white, on stalks in the forks F. B. I. iv. 104. of erect winged branches of clusters, calyx 4-} in., with The Plains to narrowly lanceolate wings, corolla tube equal to the calyx 5,000 ft. in length, lobes } in., ovate, with broad blunt tips ; other- Valleys below Simla _ wise like the last species, but the capsule and seeds much (Collett). larger. This plant and the preceding are used as laxa- tives and nerve tonics by Indians. Gentiana small, nearly smooth, stem with 4 lines running Moorcroftiana, down it, branched ; leaves 1 by 4 in., oblong-pointed or GENTIANACES. with the ends rounded, narrow below, bases sometimes F. B. I. iv. 108. joined ; flowers 4-1 in., blue, in nearly terminal racemes, Himalaya, calyx tubular, tube =); in., lobes 4-5, linear, 4 in., corolla 8-12,000 ft. tubular, funnel-shaped, mouth }4 in. diam., lobes 4-5, Kashmir, Lahul. stamens 4-5, within the tube, style short or none, stig- mas 2; capsule 2 in., lanceolate, dividing into 2, seeds very many, small, yellow brown. All the gentians are bitter stomachic tonies and are used by the natives of India, Plants of the Punjab. 159 Heres, Erect, with Opposite ExstiputatE SIMPLE Leaves. -Gentiana tenella, Tita. GENTIANACER. BS BAL rv. 109: Kashmir, 10-14,000 ft. Gentiana aquatica, GENTIANACEA. Hep: Lav. 110. Kashmir, 13-16,000 ft. Gentiana quadrifaria, GENTIANACER. Robes rv AT: Himalaya, 3-10,000 it. Simla, Matiana (Collett). Kashmir. Gentiana decemfida, GENTIANACER. BB: Biv. Th. The Plains from 1-3,000 ft. Sutlej] Valley, Suni (Collett). Hoshiarpur. Lear Maroins ENTIRE. PETALS UNITED. small, sometimes straggling, stem with 4 lines, branch- ed, leaves $ by + in., oblong or ovate, lowest broad at the tip narrowed to the stalk, flowers bluish, } in. diam., on terminal solitary stalks 1-35 in. long, calyx tube barely any, lobes 5, } by +4, m. oblong with the end rounded, unequal, corolla tubular, tube 3 by 4 in., lobes 4 in., oblong with the end rounded, capsule 2 in., oblong linear, sessile; otherwise like the last species. small, branches many from the base, little divided, leaves 3-3 in., stem leaves + in. ovate or with a broad tip, margins turned in, usually blunt, with a bristle at the tip; flowers blue, ;4; in., on solitary terminal stalks 4-4 in. long, calyx 4-3 in., lobes 5, 4 in., lanceolate, short-pointed, smooth, margins even, erect, corolla tube hardly longer than the calyx, lobes 5, short, with folds, bifid between the lobes, capsule } by 4-4 in., short, ovoid with broad top, flattened, stalk % in. long, capsule projecting beyond the calyx, seeds 3-angled, not much longer than broad ; otherwise like the last species. small, annual or biennial, branching from the base, stems many; leaves green, radical leaves persistent, rosulate, 1-1} in., ovate or lanceolate, stem leaves 4-3 in., leathery ; flowers 4 in. long, blue, in terminal, 3-5 flowered stalked clusters, calyx shorter than the corolla tube, teeth 5, lanceolate, rigid, often irregularly toothed, corolla t-z 1n., lobes 5, with small bifid folds between, stamens and style as in G. Moorcroftiana ; capsule } by 4-2 in., ovoid, nearly projecting from the calyx, seeds many, small, smooth, 3-angled. small, annual, branches ascending ;. leaves silvery, shining, radical leaves 1 by 4 in., nearly sessile, ovate with an abrupt bristle point, stem leaves 4-3 in., stiff, - uppermost lanceolate ; flowers 4 in. long, blue, in lateral and terminal shortly stalked clusters, calyx 4 in., lobes 5, ¢ m., narrowly lanceolate, glistening, corolla 4 in., hardly longer than the calyx, lobes 5, folds bifid, stamens and styles as in the last species ; capsule + by 4 by } in., shortly oblong with rounded ends, enclosed in the calyx, stalk } in., seeds many, very small, oblong with the endg rounded and barely 8-angled. 160 Plants of the Punjab. Herss, Erect, with Opposite ExstipuLAtE SIMPLE LEAVEs. Gentiana argentea, GENTIANACES. BB: Lav. 112. Himalaya, 7-12,000 ft. Simla (Collett). Murree (Douie). Gentiana capitata, GENTIANACER. Bob. Lav. 118, Himalaya, 4-12,000 ft. Simla (Collett). Gentiana carinata, GENTIANACEA. Bob. Asiv. 118. Himalaya, 8-12,000 ft. Kashmir. Gentiana cachemirica, GENTIANACER. webb iv. 1165. Himalaya, 9-12,000 ft. Kashmir. Gentiana venusta, Gentiana nubigena, Lear Marains ENTIRE. PETALS UNITED. small, annual, almost exactly like the last species, but the leaves are more silvery and the uppermost leaves surround the flowers which are closely clustered almost into a head. small, annual, stems branched or not, bare of leaves below; leaves 4 by 4-4 in., green, broadly ovate with a broad tip, thick, shining with a bristle at the tip ; flowers 1 in. long, blue or white, sessile, clustered in leafy heads 3-3 in. diam., calyx } in., lobes $ in., 5, oblong, short- pointed, edges thin, corolla }-3 in., lobes 5, folds with a notch at the tip, stamens and style as in the last species ; capsule 4 in. long and broad, round, flattened, stalk % in., nearly enclosed in the calyx, seeds many, very small, oblong, with rounded ends, nearly twice as long as broad, smooth, 3-angled. small, annual, stem branched; radical leaves 12 by 1 in., persistent, oblong-lanceolate, sessile, short-pointed, stem leaves similar, smaller, curved ; flowers nearly sessile, lateral and terminal clustered, calyx tube } in., lobes 5, 1 in., shorter than the tube, lanceolate, long-pointed, erect, corolla 4 by 4 in., tubular, fringed, lobes 5, folds bifid, stamens and style as in the last species ; capsule } by 4 in., oblong with rounded ends, flattened, seeds many; small, oblong with rounded ends, nearly 3-angled, smooth. small, annual, branches often long, leafy and numerous from the root ; radical leaves 1 by }in., ovate, oblong, broad- erat the tip, short-pointed with a bristle at the point, stem leaves 4-2 in. ; flowers 1-1} in., blue, solitary, sessile, calyx tube 4 in., bell-shaped, lobes 5, } in., oblong with a broad tip, a broad space between the lobes, corolla 1-1} in., tubular with a bell-mouth, lobes 5, 3 in.. ovate, short-pointed, erect, folds between the lobes, stamens and styles as in last species ; capsule } by } in., seeds many, small, round, glistening, white. see Prostrate Herbs, Opposite, Exstipulate, Simple. see Herbs, Unbranched, Simple, Entire. Plants of the Punjab. 161 Herss, Ereor, with Opposite ExstrpuLATE SIMPLE LEAVES. Gentiana Kurroo, Gentiana detonsa, GENTIANACES. EF. Bola. Its. Kashmir, 9-15,000 ft. Gentiana contorta, GENTIANACES. BBs Div. £18: Himalaya, 5-8,000 ft. Simla, Summer Hill (Collett). Jaeschkea gentianoides, GENTIANACES. FP. -Bitoivs 119: Himalaya, Kashmir, 8-18,000 ft. Jaeschkea latisepala, GENTIANACER. B..Bs Fb, ive £49. Kashmir, 9-18,000 ft. Lear Maroins ENTIRE. PETALS UNIFED. see Herbs, Unbranched, Simple, Entire. medium size, much branched; leaves 14 by + in., oblong-linear, much apart, hardly joined at the base; flowers 3-14 in. long, scattered on small stalks, in clusters on main stalks, 1-8 in. long on branches, calyx tube 4 in., cylindrical, funnel-shaped, lobes 4, 4 in., 2 lobes ovate-lanceolate, 2 lanceolate, corolla tube 1 by } in, lobes 4, 2 in., fringed or toothed, stamens and style as in the last species; capsule 3 in., stalk 4 in., seeds nearly oblong, minutely scaly and netted. small, annual, branching, leaves 1 by 34 in., ovate, stems 2-7-flowered ; flowers 1-14 in. long, blue, on stalks, 4-3 in., in racemes, calyx tube 4 in., cylindrical, funnel- shaped at the mouth, lobes 4, 4 in., ovate, short-pointed, unequal, corolla tube ? in. with 4 large oblong glands within near the base, lobes e 4 in., stamens and style as in the last species; capsule $ by 4 in., stalk 4 in., oblong, seeds many, minute, almost round finely netted. medium size, stiff, slender, slightly grooved ; leaves 1} by ¢ in., narrowly lanceolate, sessile, bases shortly united ; flowers 4-4 i — blue, many, in branching racemes, calyx lobes 5, + by =, in., lanceolate, short-pointed, nearly 3-striate, corolla ¢ enlarging to 4 in., tubular, with a ten- dency to lateral buliing, lobes a short, triangular-lanceo- late, in truit 4 by 4 in., stamens 5, on the bulge in the corolla tube, pieier blue or greenish, style linear-short, stigma 2-lobed ; capsule $in., oblong, with the ends round- ed, flattened, very shortly stalked, seeds 10-30, 54 in., much larger than in any of the last 11 species. very like the last species, but with a thicker stem and broader leaves, sepals broader, even circular, and capsule sessile. 162 Plants of the Punjab. Heres, Erect, with Opposite ExstreutatE SimpLe LEAVES. Lear Mareins ENTIRe. PETALS UNITED. Pleurogyne small, annual, branching from the base; radical carinthiaca, leaves 1 by 4 in., sometimes persistent, ovate, with a GENTIANACE®. broad tip, stem leaves } by } in., ovate, narrowed at Eo. Lav. 120. Himalaya, Kashmir, 10-13,000 ft. Pleurogyne spathulata, GENTIANACE®. BR. Bsioiv. 120. Kashmir, 13,000 ft. Lahul (A. Kerner). Swertia purpurascens, Chiretta, GENTIANACES. Be. aay. 121; Himalaya, 5-12,000 ft. Kashmir, Dalhousie, Dharmsala, Simla, Mashobra (Collett). Changlagalhi, Murree (Douie). Swertia paniculata, GENTIANACE®. F. B. I. iv. 122. Kashmir, Himalaya, 5-8,000 ft. Simla, Mashobra. (Collett). the base ; flowers # in., blue, on stalks + to 2 in. long, calyx lobes 5, 4-4 by } in., blunt or very short-pointed, corolla tube very short, lobes } by 4 in., blue with green veins, fringed near the base, stamens 5, on the corolla tube, filaments somewhat flattened, stigma sessile ; capsule 4 in., oblong, short-pointed, sessile, carpels separating, seeds small, very many, nearly round, smooth. very like the last species, but radical leaves are longer, linear, narrowing from the broad tip to the base, stem leaves are longer and narrower, and corolla lobes are longer. medium size, annual, stem rounded or with 4 ridges, branched ; leaves 14 by 4 in., oblong or lanceolate, 3-1- nerved, lowest leaves blunt, uppermost short-pointed, smooth, base narrowed ; flowers } in. across, purple or dark red, with a darker ring at the base of the corolla lobes, in branching leafy many-flowered racemes, calyx lobes barely united at the base, 5,4 in., oblong, 1-nerved, corolla wheel-shaped, lobes 5, } in., ovate, short-pointed, turned back, one horse-shoe-shaped naked depression or gland at the base of each lobe, stamens 5, dilated below into a tube, not united to the corolla, anthers long-pointed, style long, stigmas 2, nearly linear ; capsule sessile, oblong, dividing into two, seeds many, =; in. diam., round, smooth, light yellow. This plant is used as a substitute for true chiretta, see 8. Chirata on the next page. very like the last species, but the corolla lobes are white in the upper half with two purple spots at the base forming a ring with gaps, one depression at the base of each lobe, ovate, naked, stamens united to the corolla and not joined into a tube, capsule long-pointed, seegg smaller, Plants of the Punjab. 168 Heres, Erect, with Opposite ExstrpuLATE SIMPLE LEAVEs. Swertia tetragona, GENTIANACER. HBr avi 225 Himalaya, 5-8,000 ft. Kashmir, Simla, Mashobra (Collett). Swertia cordata, GENTIANACEA. BBs anv 128: Himalaya, 4-12,000 ft. Simla, Mashobra (Collett). Kuldana near Murree (Douie). Swertia Chirata, Chiretta, Charayata. GENTIANACER. B.B: Feiwel 24. Himalaya, 4-10,000 ft. Kashmir, Simla, Chadwick Falls, Mashobra, Matiana (Collett). Jaku (Bomford). Lear Mareins ENTIRE. PETALS UNITED. very like the last species, but stem more square, corolla lobes white with 2 hairy oblong glands on each lobe, no style, 2 stigmas consisting of 2 closely placed half round plates. medium size, annual, stem 4-ridged; leaves 14 by 3 in., ovate, short-pointed, 3-5-nerved, base often heart- shaped, sessile ; flowers }-3 in., yellowish-white, margin streaked with purple in many-flowered branching racemes, calyx lobes 4 by } in., 5, ovate-lanceolate, short-pointed, barely united corolla lobes 5, $-4 in., oblong, short-pointed or blunt, one large circular sticky naked yellowish spot at the base of each lobe, stamens 5, linear, hardly united at the base, style cylindric, stigmas 2, half round ; capsule 1 by 1, often barely }in., seeds }; in., nearly round, covered with raised rows of glands, In North Kashmir the flowers are often double, medium size to large, annual, stem 4-ridged at the top, rounded below; leaves 2 by 2 in., broadly lanceolate, lower often much larger and stalked, stem leaves nearly sessile, oblong, with rounded ends, short-pointed, 5-nerved ; flowers nearly 2 in. diam., bright sreen-yellow with purple nerves, in large leafy many-flowered branching recemes, sessile or on short-clustered flower stalks, calyx lobes 4, 4 in., lanceolate, distinctly united, corolla lobes 4, 1 in., ovate, long-pointed, 2 glandular depressions at the base of each lobe with a fringe of long white or pink hairs, stamens 4, linear, ununited, style cylindric, stigmas 2, oblong ; capsule } in, and more, ovate, short-pointed, seeds ;1 in., many-angled, smooth. This plant is exported to the plains and to Kurope to supply a bitter tonic, more appreciated in India than in England. M 2 €4 Plants of the Punjab. oe Heres, Erect, with Opposite ExstipuLATE SIMPLE LEAVES. Swertia alata, Chiretta. Hatmul, but. | GENTIANACER. BL. Leav. 125. Himalaya, 4-6,000 ft. Kashmir, Simla above Lalpani, Naldera (Collett). Dharampur, Brogh (Bomford). Swertia angustifolia, Pahari kiretta. GENTIANACER. BSG. claiv. 120, Himalaya, 2-7,000 ft, east of the Chenab. Simla, Mashobra (Collett). Dharampur (Bomford). Swertia pulchella, GENTIANACER. B.BoAlsiv. 125. Himalaya, 1-4,000 ft. Kangra. Swertia speciosa, GENTIANACER. F. B. I. iv. 128. Kashmir, Sonamerg. The Chor (Collett). Lear Marcins ENTIRE. PETALS UNITED. medium size, stem winged, branching, 4-angled when not winged, leaves 12 by ? in., ovate, short-pointed, 5-nerved, stem leaves nearly sessile, flowers } in. across, bright green-yellow with purple veins in large leafy many- flowered branching racemes, one slit-like gland on each lobe, fringed, covering a minutely velvety margined glandular depression ; in other points very like the last species. medium size, 4-ridged or 4-winged; leaves 2} by 1 in., linear-lanceolate, nearly 1-nerved, sessile, narrowed at the base, upper stem leaves barely stalked ; flowers 1 in. across, white or pale blue with darker dots in many- flowered branching racemes, calyx lobes 4, barely united, in., oblong-linear, often longer than the corolla lobes, sometimes shorter, corolla lobes 4-4 in., 4, one large green circular naked depression partly covered by a scale, stamens 4, linear, anthers oblong; capsule } by 3 in., ovate, seeds jj; in., many-angled, glistening along the edges. very like the last species, but leaves nearly 3-nerved, calyx lobes lanceolate, much shorter generally than the corolla, corolla lobes ovate-lanceolate, the depression on the corolla lobes is smaller than in the last species. medium size to large, root stock perennial, stem annual, hollow, thick ; radical leaves long stalked, stem leaves 5 by 2 in., ovate, 7-nerved, long-pointed, bases united, stem-clasping, tube at the base }-} in. ; flowers 14 in. diam., bright grey in small branching narrow racemes on a short main stalk, calyx lobes 5, 4 by } in., ovate, short-pointed, toothed, much overlappmg at the base, corolla lobes 5, 3 by + in., oblong with a broad tip narrowed to the base, long-pointed, 2 glandular depressions at the base on each lobe nearly united, long- fringed, stamens 5, linear, flattened, anthers ovate, small, stigmas 2, neary sessile ; capsule 3-3 by 4 in., seeds } in. diam., smooth, Plants of the Punjab. 165 Herss, Erect, witH Opposite ExstTIPULATE SIMPLE LEAVES. Swertia petiolata, GENTIANACE. BB. Iniv. 128: Kashmir, 9-12,000 ft. Gulmarg, Tragbol. Swertia Thomsoni, GENTIANACES. Re Beisive 129: Kashmir, Sonamerg, 9,250 ft. Swertia cuneata, GENTIANACES. Me beleive; 129) Himalaya, 11-14,000 ft. Swertia ceerulea, GENTIANACER. Be 1. 129, Himalaya, 5-9,000 ft. Chamba (Clarke). Kagan (Barrett). Lear Mareins ENTIRE. PETALS UNITED. \ medium size to large, root stock perennial, stem annual, thick; radical leaves long stalked, lower stem leaves 34 by 1 in., oblong, joined into a tube }-1 in., stalk 2-3 in., ‘leav es at the base of the branched racemes 1} by 4 in, sessile, hardly joined together, upper stem leaves stalked or sessile; flowers 1-141n. diam., bright grey or nearly white with blue-green nerves, in small 3-5-flowered Hees racemes os main stalks, $-14 in. long, calyx lobes 5, $ by } in. or 3 by ¢ ; in., lanceolate, short-pointed, corolla lobes 5, 3 by 2 by 4-3 in., short-pointed with round glands or toothed with (eae glands, 2 glands yellow, de- pressed, much fringed on each lobe, stamens 5, style very short, stigmas short; capsule } by } in., seeds very rough with glandular ridges. very like the last species, but sepals ¢ by +, in., short- pointed, corolla lobes 4 by 3 in., nearly blunt, 2 yellow gland spots at the base of each lobe, not well defined, usually naked, rarely minutely hairy, capsule } by 4 in., seeds 5-71; in., round, partly winged, smooth, glistening with a very minute network. medium size, rootstock perennial, stem annual, hollow ; leaves 8 by # in., usually blunt, stem leaves oblong with a broad tip narrowed to the base or stalked ; flowers 1 in. diam., blue, on long main stalks, SUES or in 3-flowered clusters, each flower: ga minor stalk }-2 in. long, calyx lobes barely united, }-}in., narrowly oblong, blunt, short- pointed or with a feed tip, narrowed a the base with a bristle at the tip, corolla lobes 4-3 t by 3 $$ in., blunt, 2 glands on each lobe fringed with Heine 4 in. long or hardly any, glands linear vertical near the uae of ala lobe, stigmas 2, half circular plates ; capsule 4 in., seeds blackish brown. very like the last species, but small, the flowers are in linear dense branching racemes on short main stalks, sepals narrowly lanceolate, corolla lobes rather longer, bright blue to purple with green veins, ovate, short. ‘pointed, glands small, oblong, with oblong small fringed scales, stigmas sessile, semi-circular, rapsule largor, narrowly oblong, sseda yellow brown 166 Plants of the Punjab. ee SS _ ne ee | Heres, Erect, with Opposite EXstIPULATE SIMPLE LEAVES Halenia elliptica, GENTIANACES. F. B. L. iv. 180. Himalaya, 6-12,000 ft. Kashmir, Mashobra, Mahasu, in woods (Collett). Trichodesma indicum, Chota kupha, kallra buti, ratmandu, nila krav. BorAGINACES. F. B. I. iv. 153. The Plains to 5,000 ft. Valleys below Simla (Collett). Nurpur, Kangra, Rawalpindi, Hazara, Choa Saidan Shah (Douie). Baluchistan (Orb: Clarke). Trichodesma africanum, BorAGINACE. FP. B. I. iv. 154. The Plains. Baluchistan (Boissier). Buchnera hispida, Lear Marains ENTIRE. PETALS UNITED. ee to medium size, stems 4-sided, angles narrowly winged ; ee ; pee: es oe by - 4 In., ovate, blunt, sessile, ee eee etn hc eaves 1 by 3} in., short-pointed, lower often stalked ; flowers 4 in. diam., pale blue axillar and forming a loose terminal branching raceme cal ot nearly down to the base into 4 segments, } in een corolla bell-shaped, divided more than half Ss Pi a“ into 4 lobes, the pit at the base of sack \obane prolonged into a hollow spur 4-3 in. long, upturned, stame : 4, joined to the base of the corolla, style oe chen i dric, stigma 2-lobed, small ; capsule 14 in., sessile a fs splitting nearly to the base, seeds 5, Saige os = ti yellow, fewer and larger than in most of the Swertias ee small, annual, rough with hairs on tubercles and elsewhere ; leaves 1-4 in., sessile, lanceolate tone ing, lower opposite, upper often alternate, short- oint © flowers 3-1 im. across, pale blue turning to ar nae white, solitary on drooping axillary ie ee: terminal racemes by the lessening number of floral lea a calyx 4 in., conical, divided into 5 lobes, ahich ance longed below into 5 recurved tails, lobes lanceolate enel long-pointed, covered with grey or white silly hare corolla tube 4 in., lobes 4 in., ovate, abruptly beneeine t a fine point, a yellow glandular spot at the base ofa stamens 5, short, woolly, anthers lanceolate jane form a woolly cone, tips bare, twisted, style heraniniel : divided, stigma small; fruit oblong with rounded pa 4-ridged, separating into 4 rough nutlets, 4 in. - __ small, annual, very like the last, but rougher with ‘ ye « , stiff hairs, leaves ovate-oblong, long stalked, racemes oener: ‘ Pe ¢ iwidine 17 ; gt coped lateral and dividing into two, flowers slightly smaller, nutlets with prominent margins fringed with barbed hairs. . | STAMENS FOUR. seo Herbs, Erect, Opposite, IExsti : Fonte pposite, Exstipulate, Simple, Plants of the Punjab. 167 Herss, Erect, with Opposite ExstipULATE SIMPLE LEAVES. Plantago amplexicaulis, Veronica Anagallis, Water Speedwell, SCROPHULARIACE. Heo lay, 299. The Plains to 9,000 ft. Valleys below Simla. Mashobra (Collett). Baluchistan (Lace). Veronica verna, Vernal Speedwell, SCROPHULARIACE. RB beiv296; Himalaya, 5-7,000 ft. Veronica serpyllifolia, Thymeleaved Speedwell, SCROPHULARIACER. BBtv. 296; Himalaya, 8-13,000 ft. Narkanda (Collett). Barleria acanthoides, ACANTHACES. HB. Us ay..484 The Plains. Kirana Hill: (Hidgeworth). Baluchistan (Boissier). Lear Maroins ENTIRE. PETALS UNITED. STAMENS FOUR. see Herbs, Unbranched, Opposite, Exstipulate, Simple. STAMENS TWO. medium size, perennial, nearly smooth, stem hol- low ; leaves 2-6 by 4-2 in., oblong-ovate, stem-clasping ; flowers t-2 in. diam., blue or purplish, in axillary racemes, 3-6 in. long, bracts shorter than the flower stalks, calyx 4-fid, segments ;4,-} in. long, corolla 4-4 in. diam., 4-lobed, stamens 2, pink, style linear; capsule }-1 in., notched, flattened, seeds few, biconvex. small, stem slender, nearly smooth, sometimes branch- ed from the base, very leafy ; leaves $-} in., overlapping or the lower far apart, sessile, oblong, sometimes lobed ; flowers small, blue, nearly sessile along the stem forming with the leaves a spike, calyx 4-fid, segments unequal, linear-lanceolate, corolla 4-lobed, shorter than the calyx, stamens 2, style linear; capsule } in. diam., indented above the base, narrow, keeled, seeds much flattened. small, smooth, or glandular-velvety, branched from the base ; leaves 4-2 in., rather leathery, sessile, rounded or oblong, floral leaves alternate ; flowers white or blue in racemes 1-4 in. long, lower bracts leaf-like, upper narrow, calyx 4-fid, segments }-§ in., oblong with few hairs, shorter than the corolla, corolla } in. diam., 4-lobed, stamens 2, style linear; capsule broadly heart-shaped, shorter than the calyx, seeds much flattened. small, grey, prickly ; leaves 14 by } in., ovate with the tip rounded and broad, almost sessile, bracts none, bracteoles 2, linear, spine tipped, rigid, often toothed ; flowers white, 24 in. long, solitary or in crowded one- sided spikes, sepals 4 in 2 pairs, outer pair ovate, corolla 21 by 4-§ in., nearly linear, lobes 5, nearly equal, ovate, stamens 2 and 2 aborted ones also, style long; capsule 2 in., 4-sided. 168 Piants of the Punjab. Herss, Erect, with Orrosite Exstiputate SIMPLE LEAVES. Barleria cristata, Tadrelu, bansa siyah. ACANTHACEA., i, Be 1. 488. The Plains to 6,000 ft. Valleys below Simla (Collett). Hazara (Douie). Martynia diandra, Nelsonia campestris, ACANTHACES. F. B. I. iv. 894. The Plains to 4 000 it. -« ygrophila polysperma, Andrographis echioides, ACANTHACES. F. B. I. iv. 505. The Plains. Lear Maroins ENTIRE. PETALS UNITED. STAMENS TWO. large, hairy, branching; leaves 2-4 by 1 in., shortly stalked, ovate-lanceolate, short-pointed ; flowers 1j-13$ in. long, purplish blue or white, in short crowded head-like, nearly sessile, axillary spikes, bracts none, bracteoles 4- in., linear-lanceolate, toothed, sepals 4 in 2 pairs, outer sepals ? in., toothed, nearly spinous, corolla 14-14 in. long, 5-lobed, lobes 4 in., ovate, tube funnel- shaped, stamens 2, 2 aborted much smaller, style long; capsule $ in., oblong with a short point, seeds 4 or less, silky. The seeds are supposed to cure snake-bite, the leaves and roots to reduce swelling. COROLLA TWO-LIPPED. STAMENS TWO. see Herbs, Erect, Opposite, Exstipulate, Lobed. small, annual, woolly, with trailing flower stems 1-3 ft. long; leaves of the main stem 4-8 in. long, oblong with rounded ends, stalked, flowering stem leaves nearly sessile, 4-2 in.; flowers } in., purple or white, in crowded ovate or cylindric mostly sessile spikes 4-2 in. long, ter- minal on lateral branches, bracts é-} in., ovate, blunt, woolly with glands, green, calyx $ in., green, marked with longitudinal lines, hairy or nearly papery, corolla % in., tube slender, 2-lipped, lobes 5, blunt, spreading, stamens 2, attached above the middle of the tube, style 2-lobed ; capsule }-4 in., oblong, short-pointed, seeds 8-12, yellow- ish with brown granular marks, roundly oblong with rounded ends. see Prostrate Herbs, Opposite, Exstipulate, Simple. smull to medium size, annual, velvety and with spreading white hairs; leaves 24 by 1in., oblong, blunt, sessile, base narrowed ; flowers 4-4 in., pink or white with purple, in dense hairy sticky axillary racemes about the length of the leaves on very short flower stalks, bracts small, bracteoles minute or none, calyx deeply 5-lobed, lobes 4-1 in., linear, in fruit sometimes } in., corolla }-} in., tubular, 2-lipped, white or pink with dark purple lower lip, velvety, stamens 2, filaments hairy, anthers protruding, Plants of the Punjab. 169 Herss, EREcT, WITH Opposite EXSTIPULATE SIMPLE LEAVES. b) > Justicia Betonica, ACANTHACE. VaBo Lavea2o, The Plains. Justicia heterocarpa, ACANTHACE. Pe Buliv. 8k The Plains. Ferozepore (Vicary). Justicia pubigera, ACANTHACE. F. B. I. iv. 536. Himalaya, 4-7,000 ft. Simla (Collett). Lear MarGins Entire. PETALS UNITED. CoROLLA TWO-LIPPED. STAMENS TWO. white bearded, style slender, minutely divided at the tip; capsule 4 by % in., short-pomted at both ends, oblong, 2 to 3 times as long as broad, seeds 6-12, bony, wrinkled, twice as long as broad. large, branches round, smooth, tips velvety ; leaves 4-12 in., ovate-lanceolate, dotted on both surfaces, leaf stalk 4 in.; flowers $ in. long, white, with rose spots, on short stalked continuous usually terminal spikes, bracts 2-4 in., white with green nerves, ovate-short-pointed, bracteoles 3-$ in., like the bracts, calyx 5-segmented, segments 4 in., linear-lanceolate, velvety, corolla 2-lipped, upper lip 2-lobed, lower 3-lobed, stamens 2, anthers 2- celled, lower cell white tailed, style bifid, thread-like ; capsule 2 in., club-shaped, velvety, 4-seeded, seeds ovoid, somewhat flattened, smooth. small, covered with minute grey velvety down; leaves 1 by } in., ovate, with minute lines nearly smooth, stalk § in.; flowers minute, solitary to four together, axillary, bracts and bracteoles small, linear, calyx divided into 5, segments } in., linear, minutely velvety, corolla + in., 2-lipped, upper lip shortly 2-lobed, lower lip shortly 3-lobed, transversely marked, stamens 2, anthers ovate, lower part white tailed, style filiform, bifid ; capsules of two kinds in nearly every axil, normal capsule }-¢ in., oblong, ends rounded, short-pointed, scarcely stalked, velvety, 4-seeded, abnormal capsule winged, crested, one-seeded, seeds in normal capsules rough, almost hairy, in abnormal capsules the one seed is larger and smooth. large, stems round, hairy ; leaves 23-1} in., shortly stalked, ovate-lanceolate, hairy on both surfaces, long- pointed; flowers purplish-red, in axillary, stiff loose clusters, forming terminal leafy branching erect racemes, bracts 3-4 in., linear, bracteoles none or minute, calyx 5-parted, segments 4 in., linear, velvety, corolla 2 in. long, velvety, straight, tubular, 2-hpped, lower lip 4 in. long, 3-lobed, recurved, upper lp erect, notched, stamens 2, anther- cells distinct, upper blunt, lower white tailed, style minutely 2-lobed - capsule $in., velvety, stalked, seeds 4 or less 170 Plants of the Punjab. Heres, Erect, with Opposite ExsTipuLATE SIMPLE LEAVES. Justicia diffusa, ACANTHACE®. eB Liv S500: Himalaya, to 3,000 ft. Justicia simplex, ACANTHACE. (Sele Brae gr ga Himalaya to 7,000 ft. Simla (Collett). Dicliptera Roxburghiana, var. bupleuroides, Kirch, somni. ACANTHACES. is Bt. ay bp. The Plains to 6,000 ft. Simla (Collett). Common in the hilly districts of the area. Peristrophe bicalyculata, Atri lal. ACANTHACES. Wy Beals tv./b54; The Plains. LEAF Mancins ENTIRE. PETALS UNITED. CoROLLA TWO-LIPPED. STAMENS Two. small, stems 4-angled, smooth or minutely velvety ; leaves 34-41 in., oblong, long-pointed at both ends, stalk 4+ in., somewhat hairy; flowers } in., in slightly hairy slender terminal or axillary spikes, bracts 4 in., linear, — shorter than the calyx, bracteoles ;',-} in., lanceolate, calyx 5-seomented, segments + in., like the bracts, lan- ceolate, minutely hairy above, stamens 2, style like the last species ; capsule }-} in., 4-seeded. small, hairy, branched, grooved; leaves 1-1} in., ovate or lanceolate, short-pointed, hairy, shortly stalked ; flowers small, pale purple, crowded in densely hairy cylin- drie spikes 3-1 in. long, terminal or axillary, bracts as long as the calyx, green-keeled, very hairy, short-pointed, lanceolate, bracteoles hairy, Hea calyx 4-segmented, segments hairy, lanceolate ; corolla + in., 2- lipped, upper lip erect, narrow, notched, lower wider, 3-lobed, stamens and style as in the last species ; capsule } in. large, hairy, loosely spreading, stems grooved ; leaves 2-5 by 3-23 in., long-pointed, ovate-lanceolate, stalked, somewhat eae flowers pink, spotted with purple or white, crowded in oes clusters towards the ends of branches, bracts } by 1 in., often 3-nerved, long- pointed, bracteoles lnear, calyx. 5- -parted, s segments linear, corolla 3? in. long, velv ety, tube cylindric, twisted, 2-lipped, upper lip erect, notched, lower recurved, 3-toothed, stamens 2, anther-cells blunt, style minutely 2-lobed ; capsule 1 in., 2-celled, winged, seeds 4, warted. Laksmanna, the drug derived from this plant, is a good tonic. small, spreading, geese leaves 2 by 1 in., ovate, long-pointed, leaf stalk 4 ; flowers rose or purple in axillary or terminal anerows bracts 1- 4 together, linear, short-pointed, 4 in. long, long-stalked, calyx deeply 5- lobed, segments equal, linear, lanceolate, corolla 4-3 in., tube slender, deeply 2-lippe d, upper lip hardly notched, lower shortly 38-lobed, stamens 2, anthers ovoid, style thread-like, minutely 2-cleft; capsule 4-3} in., seeds 4, flattened, covered with minute papille. Plants of the Punjab. 171 Herss, Erect, with Opposite Exstiputate SIMPLE LEAVES. Antirrhinum Orontium, Corn Snap Dragon, SCROPHULARIACEA.. Hes lei. 250. The Plains to 6,000 ft. Simla, in fields (Collett). Dharmpur (Bomford). Kahuta (Douie). Mimulus gracilis, Monkey Flower, SCROPHULARIACES. ob: bise. 259: The Plains to 3,000 ft. Kashmir, Hazara. Rawalpindi (Douie). Herpestis, Hamiltoniana, SCROPHULARIACEA. BB: [sive 2i2: The Plains to 3,000 ft. Lear Maroins ENTIRE. PETALS UNITED. COROLLA TWO-LIPPED. STAMENS FOUR. small, annual or biennial, slender, smooth below, glandular above, branched from below; leaves opposite below, alternate above, 3 in., linear, rarely oblong-lan- ceolate ; flowers $ in. long, pale pink, with purple streaks, solitary and sessile in the axils of the upper leaves, calyx lobes 5, lnear, over-topping the corolla, corolla 3 in. long, flattened, bulged at the base, 2-lipped, upper erect, 2-lobed, lower lip horizontal, 3-lobed, base broad, bearded, closing the throat, which is forced open by bees, stamens 4 in unequal pairs, within the corolla, style thread- hike, stigmas 2-lobed ; capsule 4 in. long, ovoid, velvety, 2-celled, many seeded, anterior cell opening by one pore, posterior by two toothed pores, or both cells by one pore, seeds minute, oblong, abruptly ended, wrinkled or pitted. small, annual, stem stout, 4-angled, branching from the base; leaves 13-2} in., linear-oblong, sessile, half stem-clasping, rather fleshy, blunt, sometimes slightly toothed ; flowers 3 in. long, white or pale blue, spotted with yellow, solitary on axillary stalks, longer than the leaves, calyx } in. long, tubular, lobes 5, short, 5-keeled, corolla 3 in. long, tube cylindric, 2-lpped, upper lip erect, 2-lobed, lower lip horizontal, 3-lobed, throat with 2 ridges, stamens 4, in unequal pairs within the corolla, style slender, stigma 2-lobed, flat ; capsule less than 4 in., ovoid with one end broader, flattened, opening by valves, enclosed in the calyx, seeds many, minute, oblong. small, annual, smooth, stem very stout, much branch- ed; leaves 3-1 in., linear-lanceolate, sometimes slight- ly toothed, often minutely dotted, nerves barely visible, short-pointed ; flowers minute, blue, sessile in the axils of the leaves, calyx § in., lobes 5, unequal, upper ovate- heart-shaped, corolla tube § in., cylindric, lips 2, spread- ing, upper notched or 2-lobed, lower 3-lobed, stamens 4, in unequal pairs within the corolla, anthers close together, style linear, dilated at the top, stigma 2-lobed ; capsule round, 2-grooved, opening by 2 or 4 valves, seeds many, very minute. 172 Plants of the Punjab. Herss, Erect, with Opposite ExstTIpULATE SIMPLE LEAVES. Vandellia crustacea, SCROPHULARIACES. BBs sie, 299. The Plains to 3,000 ft. Sutle} Valley (Collett). Vandellia erecta, SCROPHULARIACES. FE. B. Liv. 281. The Plains. Ilysanthes parviflora, SCROPHULARIACE®. Pts. bv. 280. The Plains. Lear Maroins ENTIRE. PETALS UNITED. COROLLA TWO-LIPPED. STAMENS FOUR. small, annual, found in marshes, much and widely branched from the root in threes, smooth or slightly hairy ; leaves 3-1 in., sometimes toothed, ovate or lanceolate, shortly stalked ; flowers } in. long, pale purple, solitary on axillary straight slender stalks, $-13 in. long, or crowded towards the ends of branches, calyx ; in. and in fruit 1 in., shortly 5-lobed, longer than the capsule, nearly bell-shaped, not angled, corolla 2-ipped, upper lip erect, notched, lower broader, horizontal, 3-lobed, stamens 4, in unequal pairs, 2 anterior longer with curved filaments spurred near the base, 2 posterior, usually included, an- thers touching or joiming in pairs under the upper lip, style curved, stigma flat, 2-lobed; capsule shorter than the calyx, oblong-ovate, blunt, opening through the lines of junction, seeds wrinkled. very like the last species, but smaller, and more erect, quite smooth, leaves sessile oblong with rounded ends, flower stalks twice as long as the leaves, calyx lobes shorter than the rounded ovoid capsule. small, annual, usually much branched, found in marshes ; leaves {-1 in., ovate with ends rounded or linear- oblong, sessile, usually untoothed ; flowers §-; in. long, white or blue, on threadlike stalks }-} in. long in the axils of leaves or at the end of branches in racemes, calyx half the length of the corolla, lobes narrowly lanceolate, corolla 2-lipped, }4-} in., tube cylindric, upper lip erect, concave, notched, lower larger, spreading, 3-lobed, stamens 4, 2 upper perfect, enclosed in the corolla, filaments thread- like, anthers meeting, 2 lower 2-lobed, one lobe slandular, the other smooth, style single, stigma round, consisting of 2 plates; capsule ovate, oblong, short- pointed, longer than the calyx. Plants of the Punjab. 178 Hares, Erect, witH Opposite EXsTIPULATE SIMPLE LEAVES. Striga lutea, SCROPHULARIACE. Peels ive 299; The Plains to 6,000 ft. Valleys below Simla (Collett). Dharmpur (Bomford). Striga euphrasioides, SCROPHULARIACEA, Emeba be tv. 2299; The Plains to 4,000 ft. Chakwal (Douie). Sesamum indicum, Hygrophila | salicifolia, ACANTHACER. BY. hw: 407. The Plains. LEAF Manems ENTIRE. PETALS UNITED. COROLLA TWO-LIPPED. STAMENS FOUR. small, annual, rough or hairy, slender, branched or not ; leaves 3-1 in. long, linear, sessile, upper alter- nate, sometimes reduced to floral bracts; flowers 4% in. long, yellow, sometimes white, scarlet or purple, sessile, solitary, axillary, forming terminal spikes, calyx tubular, 10-rarely, 15-ribbed, 5-toothed, corolla variable in size, tube slender, twice as long as the calyx, bent in at the top, 2-lipped, upper lip usually short notched or deeply cut, lower divided into three, stamens 4 in unequal pairs, within the corolla, anthers one-celled, vertical, fixed at the back portion of the stamen behind the anther, sometimes pointed, style thickened above, stigma un- divided ; capsule nearly round, splitting through the cells, seeds very many, netted. small, slender to stout, branched, rough or cover- ed with stiff hairs, leaves }-2 in., often 1- to 2-toothed, linear, flowers 3-3? in. long, white, at distant intervals in a terminal spike, calyx } in., 15-ribbed, lobes as long as the tube, bell-or funnel-shaped in fruit, corolla 4-3 in., 2 tube velvety at the bend ; otherwise like the last species. see Herbs, Erect, Opposite, Exstipulate, Simple, Toothed, Corolla 2-lipped, Stamens Four. small to medium size, found in wet places, near- ly smooth ; leaves 2$ by $-3 in., lanceolate, smooth, nearly sessile, narrowed at both ends, marked in lines by rap- hides ; flowers 4-2 in., pale purple, sessile, in bracteate and bracteolate axillary circles, bracts }-3, ovate or oblong, round at the end, bracteoles %-4+ in., lanceolate, short- pointed, half as long as the calyx, calyx 4-4 in., divided half way down in flower, all the way down in fruit, lobes 5, linear, covered with bristly hairs, corolla-tube dilated near the mouth, 2-lipped, upper lip erect, concave, notched or 2-lobed, lower broad, 3-lobed, stamens 4, in equal or unequal pairs, style long, hairy, stigma linear, undivided ; capsule 4-2 in., narrowly oblong, 20-28-seeded, seeds ovoid, flattened, white hairs spring up when wetted, 174 Plants of the Punjab. a TE ee ee a ae a on ir re Heres, EREcT, witH Opposite ExstipuLAtE Simpie Leaves. Hygrophila spinosa, Talmakhana, gokula kanta, gokshura. ACANTHACESS. F. B. I. iv. 408. The Plains to 3,000 ft. Lepidagathis purpuricaulis, ACANTHACES. Me Siv 519. The Plains. Hoshiarpur (Aitchison). Lepidagathis hyalina, ACANTHACE®. PrBeLiiv.-b21; The Plains to 4,000 ft. 7 Lear Maroins ENTIRE. PETALS UNITED. COROLLA TWO-LIPPED. STAMENS FOUR medium size to large, found in wet places, stout, hairy, stems in clusters; leaves 8-7 in. long, lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, pointed at both ends, nearly sessile, covered with scattered white hairs; flowers 1 in. long, pale blue or purple to white in large dense hairy axillary clustered circles with 6 straight shoe spines’ 4-12" in, bracts 4-1 in., lanceolate, bracteoles $-3 in., narrow, calyx 4-lobed, lobes 4-4 in. , lanceolate, npaes one largest, lower blunt, toothed or divided into two, corolla 1 in. long, upper lip 2-lobed, stamens as in the last species ; capsule 1in., shorter than the calyx, 4-8-seeded. The plant is used as a diuretic in Southern India with great success. small to medium size, leafy, branches many, smooth or hairy, often purple ; leaves 1-5 in., lanceolate or ovate- lanceolate, sometimes in unequal pairs, larger narrowed at both ends, smooth, smaller nearly ovate, somewhat velvety ; flowers + in., white with brown spots at the base of the lower lip, sessile, in axillary sessile solitary or clus- tered oblong hairy spikes, $-13 in. long, bracts 1 by } in., marked with longitudinal lines, lanceolate or ovate-lanceo- late with a bristle point, bracteoles $ in., linear curved, calyx nearly divided to ks base into 5 segments, one seg- ment large, }-} by 4 in. broad, the others } in. linear, corolla + in., ‘tubular, ieegldonls dilated in the middle, 2-lipped, upper lip erect, notched, lower 3-lobed, longer, stamens 4, in unequal pairs, anthers 2-celled, cells oblong blunt, stigma round ; capsule + in., 4-seeded, oblong, seeds flattened, hairs rise upon being wetted. medium size, perennial; leaves 38 by 1} in., ovate or plone: stalked, upper narrow, hanging down, stalk 1 in. ; flowers white with brown spots at the base of the lower lip, crowded in oblong or ovoid, one-sided, terminal or axillary spikes $-14 in. long, bracts nearly $ in., lanceo. late, long-pointed with an abrupt point, bracteoles 4 in., linear-lanceolate with an abrupt point, calyx nearly divid- ed to the base in 5 segments, segments linear-lanceolate, 1 in., with scattered hairs, outer segment larger ; corolla, stamens, style, capsule and seeds as in last species, Plants of the Punjab. 175 Heres, Erect, witH Opposite ExstipuLATEe Simple LEAVES. Ocimum basilicum, Sweet basil, Furrunj-mushk, tulsi, baburi, niyazbo, panr. LABIATA. HB. 1, 1. 608. The Plains to 2,000 ft. Cultivated, but in- digenous in the low hills (Aitchison). Baluchistan (Huches-Buller). Ocimum sanctum, Sacred basil, Kala tulsi, ban tulsi. LABIATA. EB: Toive 609: The Plains to 6,000 ft. Baluchistan (Boissier). Lear MareGins ENTIRE. PETALS UNITED. COROLLA TWO-LIPPED. STAMENS FOUR. medium size, strongly scented, many oil glands, smooth or velvety; leaves 14-2 in., ovate, sometimes toothed, stalk very slender, usually slightly hairy ; flowers 4-4 in. long, in clustered circles, 6-10-flowered, in brac- teate spikes and racemes, bracts stalked, ovate, minute, soon falling off, calyx 5-toothed, upper tooth rounded, shorter than the others, 2 lower teeth ovate-lanceolate with a bristle point, 2 lateral shorter than the lower, corolla 3-4 in. long, white, pnk or purplish, 2-lipped, tube short, upper lip nearly equally 4-lobed, lower lip curved down, not lobed, stamens 4, protruding, twice as long as the corolla, bent, hairy at the bend, stigma bifid ; nutlets 4, $i. each, very black, oblong with rounded ends, minutely dotted, convex on one side and flattened on the other, when wetted become coated with mucil- age. These seeds form one of the ingredients of Char- tukm, a preparation well-known to Indian druggists. They are used as a demulcent in genito-urinary diseases. The dried leaves are used as a substitute for cloves, and as a seasoning for culinary purposes. medium size, perennial, cultivated, doubtfully in- digenous, often woody below, much branched, bushy, often with a purplish tinge, leaves 1-23 in., oblong, blunt or sharp-pointed, sometimes almost toothed, base narrow- ed, floral leaves sessile, ovate-lanceolate or heart-shaped, flowers very small, white, pink or purplish on small stalks in very slender bracteate racemes, bracts as in the last species, calyx short, 2 lower teeth with very long bristle points, longer than the upper which is broadly oblong, lateral broadly ovate, shorter than the lower, corolla scarcely extending beyond the calyx, calyx in fruit ¢ in. long, on a slender stalk, widely bell-shaped, thin, nutlets nearly round, nearly smooth, pale reddigsh- brown ; other characters are like the last species. The leaves and seeds are used for the same purposes as the last species. It is worshipped by the Hindus and a plant is to be found in every Hindu’s garden. 176 Plants of the Punjab. Heres, Erect, with Opposite ExstrputaTe SimpLe Leaves. Nepeta linearis, Nepeta connata, Origanum vulgare, Wild marjoram, Mirzanjosh, sathra. LABIATA. F. B. I. iv. 648. Himalaya, 7-12,000 ft. Simla (Collett). Thymus Serpyllum, Hyssopus officinalis, Micromeria biflora and hydaspidis, Lear Marcins ENTIRE. PETALS UNITED. CoROLLA swOUebaD: STAMENS FOUR. INNER PAIR LONGEST. see Herbs, Prostrate, Opposite, Exstipulate, Simple. see Herbs, Prostrate, Opposite, Exstipulate, Simple. medium size, scented, to some extent. covered with hairs ; leaves 3-1 in., broadly ovate, stalked, sometimes toothed; flowers very small, pink, crowded in many 4- sided spikes }-1 in. long, in clusters or heads at the end of branches or forming terminal branching racemes, floral leaves like bracts, lanceolate, longer than the calyx, over- lapping, often tinged with purple, calyx bell-shaped, 5- toothed, 10-13-nerved, throat hairy, corolla barely 2-lipped, upper lip erect, nearly flat, notch lower spreading, 3-lobed, stamens 4, in unequal pairs, just protruding, style divided ; nutlets 4, smooth. This plant is used as a pot herb, it yields a volatile oil which is aromatic and stimulant. see Shrubs, Opposite, Exstipulate, Simple, Corolla 2-lipped. see Shrubs, Opposite, Exstipulate, Simple, Corolla 2-lipped. see Shrubs, Opposite, Exstipulate, Simple, Corolla 2-lipped. Heres, Erect, with Opposite ExstipuLATE SIMPLE LEAVES, Calamintha Clinopodium, Wild basil, LABIATA. BS Liv, G50! Himalaya, 4-12,000 ft. Simla, Mashobra (Collett). Changlagali (Douie). Brunella vulgaris, Self-heal, Austakhadus. LABIATA. Poybel.ry. 670; Himalaya, 4-11,000 ft. i Simla, common on roadsides (Collett). Kashmir. Murree (Douie). Stachys parviflora, Plants of the Punjab. 177 Lear Marains ENTIRE. PETALS UNITED. COROLLA TWO-LIPPED. STAMENS FOUR, INNER PAIR LONGEST. medium size, rootstock woody, stems slender, almost unbranched, hairy; leaves 1-2 in., ovate, just pointed, hardly toothed; flowers 3-1 in., purple or pink, in large crowded compact circular clusters, each surrounded by many, long, linear, hairy bracts, equal in length to the calyx, calyx 4 in., 2-lipped, curved, hairy, 13-nerved, upper lip 8-toothed, lower bifid, teeth nearly equal, very slender, corolla hairy, tube straight, 2-lipped, upper lp erect, flattish, lower spreading, 38-lobed, stamens 4, in unequal pairs under the upper lip, style lobes equal ; nutlets 4, minute, nearly round, smooth. OUTER PAIR LONGEST. small, perennial, rootstock creeping, stem erect or partially so, thinly hairy ; leaves 1-2 in., stalked, ovate or oblong, sometimes toothed, pointed or blunt, upper leaves sessile ; flowers 4-3? ‘n. long, violet purple, rarely white, in clustered circles of 6, crowded in erect, terminal spikes 1-2 in. long, with a pair of sessile leaves at the base, floral leaves bract-like, hairy, purple edged, broadly . ovate, short-pointed, calyx tinged with purple, bell-shaped, 9-lipped, upper lip broad, 3-toothed, lower lip deeply bifid, mouth closed after flowering, corolla tube longer than the calyx, 2-lipped, upper lip erect, hood-like, notched, lower spreading, 3-lobed, midelobe largest, minutely toothed, stamens 4 in unequal pairs under the upper lip, with a small projection below the anthers, style lobes awl-shaped ; nutlets 4, oblong, smooth. The plant is used in Indian medicine as an expecto’ant and anti-spasmodic. see Herbs, Opposite, Exstipulate, Simple, Toothed. N 178 Plants of the Punjab. ah ~ Herss, Erect, with Oppositr ExstreuLtatE SIMPLE LEAVEs. Leuc ashyssopifolia, LABIATA. Boab Le ry. OU. The Plains at the foot of the Himalaya to 3,000 ft. Valleys below Simla (Collett). Leucas aspera, Chota-hal-kzsa. LABIATA. F. B. I. iv. 690. The Plains. Silene apetala, JARYOPHYLLACE®. 3; 2.1. 218. The Plains. Peshawar (Vicary, Stewart). Lear Mareins ENTIRE. PETALS UNITED. COROLLA TWO-LIPPED. STAMENS FOUR. OUTER PAIR LONGEST. small, perennial, hairy, rootstock stout, woody, branches many ; leaves 1-24 by 4 in., linear, blunt, often stiff, margins turned in ; flowers # in. long, white, in small axillary and terminal circular clusters, 3-? in. diam., bracts few, slender, awl-shaped, calyx + in., an inverted cone, smooth, mouth wide, abruptly cut off, smooth, teeth 10,.very minute, erect, corolla tube cylindric, within the calyx, 2-lipped, upper lip erect, hood-like, very hairy, lower much longer, 3-lobed, mid-lobe the largest, not tooth- ed, stamens 4, in unequal pairs, under the upper lip, outer or anterior pair longer, style awl-shaped, undivided ; nutlets 4, ovoid, blunt, 3-cornered. small, annual, stem stout, hairy or bristly, much branched ; leaves 1-3 in., linear or oblong, sometimes larger and 2 in. broad, also minutely toothed ; flowers 2-1 in., white, in terminal and axillary clustered circles, often 1 in. diam., hairy, bracts long, linear and thread-like, calyx 4-2 im., tubular, curved, smooth below, green, rough, ribbed above, teeth 10, short, triangular, upper lp pro- duced ; corolla, stamens, style and nutlets as in the last species. ‘T'he plant is fragrant and used as a pot herb, in chronic skin diseases and painful swellings the juice is useful, PETALS NONE. medium size, annual, stem branched or not, grey= velvety ; leaves 1-14 in., linear-oblong, long-pointed ; flowers }-4 in., long, green (as the petals, if present, are enclosed within the green calyx), in irregular clusters in one-sided racemes, bracts sharp-pointed, calyx 4-4 in., bell-shaped base, a reversed cone with 5 short teeth, and 10 green hairy ridges, petals none or if any, minute, red, stamens 10, styles 3 (rarely 5) ; capsule round, shortly stalked, 3-6-valved, seeds flat, grooved with a double cor- rugated margin, Plants of the Punjab. 179 Heres, Erect, with Opposite Exstipunate SimpLeE LEAvEs. Stellaria media, Ammannia pentandra, LYTHRACES. Boba. ie56s: The Plains, in moist places. Ammannia baccifera, Dadmari. LYTHRACER, ~ Be Be US W0.569; The Plains, in moist places. Ammannia salicifolia, LYTHRACER. BeBe 1. 569, The Plains. Ammannia senegalensis, LYTHRACES. BL 1..570. The Plains to 5,000 ft. Common in rice fields. Ammannia multiflora, LYTHRACER. He Bak 1. 710: The Plains. Lear Maroins ENTIRE. PETALS NONE. see Prostrate Herbs, Opposite, Exstipulate, Simple. small, annual, smooth, much branched with many flowers; leaves 1 in. long, oblong with rounded ends, sessile, floral leaves bract-like, oblong, broad-based ; flowers small, solitary, sessile in the axils of leaves, brac- teoles awl-shaped, as long as the calyx, calyx teeth 10, 5 of which are accessory, lanceolate, long-pointed, petals, if any, pink, 5, stamens 8, inserted about the middle of the calyx tube, style thread-like or short ; capsule round, depressed, 8-celled, seeds many, black, half round, hollowed on the flat side. small, annual, rarely large, smooth; leaves 2-5 in, long, narrow, but blunt-pointed, narrow at the base ; flowers small in dense clusters forming knots on the stem, bracts thread-like, shorter than the flower stalks, calyx widely bell-shaped, teeth 4, broadly triangular, accessory folds or teeth very small, petals none, or very minute, stamens and style as in the last species ; capsule like the last, but opening all round, about the middle, seeds like the last. The leaves are used for blistering. medium size, annual, smooth, branched, leaves 2 by 4 in., lanceolate, rounded at the base, sessile ; other characters like the last species. medium size, annual, smooth, branches 4-angled ; leaves 1-2 in. long, lanceolate, sessile, nearly forked at the base, flowers minute in small shortly-stalked clusters, calyx bell-shaped, 4 short teeth, petals, if any, 4, pink, stamens 6 or 8; capsule 1, in. diam., round, larger than the calyx tube, red when ripe, seeds, as in the last species. very like the last species, but the flowers and capsule are smaller. N 2 180 Plants of the Punjab. Heres, ERECT, WITH Opposite. EXsTIPULATE SIMPLE LEAVES. Oxybaphus himalaicus, Punac, bhans. NYCTAGINACE. BY Beiivi708. Himalaya, 6-9,000 ft. Kulu (Edgeworth). Boerhaavia elegans, Sant. NYCTAGINACES. BBE, rv./709. The Plains. Kahuta (Douie). Baluchistan. Cyathula tomentosa, AMARANTACE. PB? Lav. 122. Himalaya, 9-6,500 ft. Simla (Collett). Cyathula ecapitata, AMARANTACE®. Be ob, 1.d¥e dome Himalaya, §-9,000 ft. Simla (@ollett). Lear Mareins ENtIire. PETALS NONE. large, glandular hairy, sticky, branched; leaves 13-23 in., ovate, short-pointed, leaf stalk 3-1 in» long; flowers small, pink, solitary on long slender axillary stalks forming a loose cluster, one bract forming a_ 5-toothed cup, + in. long, surrounding the calyx, calyx pink, tube short-lobed, lobes soon falling off, stamens 4, united below, enclosed within the calyx tube; fruit + in. long, ovoid, rough, black. This plant is used for fodder. large, shrubby, much branched ; leaves 1-1} in. long, few, linear-oblong or oblong-lanceolate, blunt, fleshy with a hoar-frostlike bloom; flowers minute, in very large two. or three times divided clusters on very long slender main and minor stalks, calyx funnel-shaped, 5-lobed, petals none, stamens 1-5, projecting; fruit 54, in. long, narrowly oblong with rounded ends, strongly ribbed, quite smooth. ‘The seeds are eaten. The leaves are used as a diuretic. large, felted or woolly, branches nearly 4-angled ; leaves 2-10 in. long, oblong, pointed at both ends, rarely round, shortly stalked, 4-} in.; flowers white, shining, in small clusters crowded in round heads forming ter- minal spikes, each cluster containing one or two perfect flowers and many imperfect ones consisting of hooked sepals, spikes 2-6 in. long, stalked, calyx 5-fid, segments narrowly lanceolate, 2 or all ending in hooked extremities, lengthening with age, stamens 5, alternate, with 5 fringed staminodes united below, style slender, stigma rounded ; fruit dry, bladder-shaped, 2-nerved, seed one, ovate, shin- ing. very like the last, only more slender and flowers col- lected in heads about one inch in diam. Plants of the Punjab. 181 Heres, Erect, witH Opposite ExstrpuLATE SIMPLE LEAVES. Pupalia lappacea, AMARANTACER. i, Be Poive 724. The Plains to 3,000 ft. Baluchistan. Nothoserua brachiata, AMARANTACE. wb: bry: 726. The Plains. Achyranthes aspera, The Prickly Chaff Flower, Latjira, chichra, kutrv. AMARANTACE. H.-B. I, tv. 730. The Plains to 7,000 ft. Simla (Collett). Rawalpindi. Baluchistan (Boissier). Achyranthes bidentata, AMARANTACER. He B.. Wav. tos Himalaya, 4-6,000 ft. Simla: (Collett). Atriplex hortensis, Atriplex crassiflolia, Lear Margins ENTIRE. PETALS NONE. large, straggling, felted, branches rounded; leaves 2-4 in., broadly ovate to lanceolate and short-pointed, base sharp-pointed, leaf stalk 4-5 in.; flowers in small, distant or adjacent clusters, + in. diam., calyx of 5 sepals, green, 3-nerved, densely woolly, reduced in im- perfect flowers to a process, bearing stellately spread- ing hooked bristles, petals none, stamens 5, nearly free below, staminodes none, style slender, stigma roundish ; fruit ovoid, flattened, seed one. medium size, annual, branched from the base, branches slightly velvety, spreading ; leaves 1-2 in., ovate, blunt or short-pointed, thin, green, stalk O-} in. ; flowers very minute, woolly, in axillary solitary or clustered little spikes, 4-4 in. long, white, calyx of 3-5, thin, colourless sepals 7, in. long, silky, one-nerved, petals none, stamens 1-2, ununited, staminodes none, stigma nearly sessile ; fruit minute, oblong, flattened, seed one. large, straggling, branched or not, branches long and rambling ; leaves 3-5 by 2-3 in., ovate or round, thick, leathery, velvety or felted, shortly stalked ; flowers shin- ing, dull green or purplish, soon bending down, crowded in long rigid terminal unbranched spikes, 6-18 in. long, bracts and bracteoles somewhat spiny, calyx 4-1 in. long, 5-fid, segments stiff, lanceolate, short-pointed, longer than the bracteoles, petals none, stamens 5, alternating and united below with 5 fringed staminodes, style long, stigma rounded ; fruit oblong, enclosed in the calyx, seed one, oblong. This plant is used as a diuretic, the ash con- tains much potash. very much like the last species, but much larger, leaves long-pointed with a slender tip, bracteoles usually reduced to a spine, and staminodes toothed, not fringed. see Herbs, Alternate, Exstipulate, Simple. Bee Herbs, Alternate, Exstipulate. Simple. 182 Plants of the Punjab. Herss, Erect, witH Opposite ExstTipULATE SIMPLE LEAVES. Pouzolzia pentandra, Dianthus Cachemiricus, CARYOPHYLLACEA. HBS 1.95914. Kashmir. Dianthus Jacquemontii, CARYOPHYLLACEA. FOS. 1.1: 214. Kashmir. Dianthus angulatus, CARYOPHYLLACEAI. je 5 oa Da a Himalaya, 7-13,000 ft. Silene inflata, Bladder Campion, CARYOPHYLLACH A), H,B. 11. 218, Himalaya, 5-11,000 ft. Simla, Mashobra, Narkanda (Collett). Lear Marains Entire. PETALS NONE. see Prostrate Herbs, Opposite, Exstipulate, Simple. Lear Mareins TooruHen. PETALS UNUNITED. small, perennial, stem jointed, much branched from the base, slender, smooth ; leaves 1-14 in., very narrow, grooved, mid-rib stout, margin slightly toothed, thickened ; flowers terminal, solitary, bracts 4, lanceolate with long, slender or leafy points, calyx 5-toothed, 1 in. long, teeth ovate-lanceolate, long-pomted, margins thin, petals 5, long-stalked, smooth, blade $-% by 1 in., margin toothed, stamens 10 and ovary one-celled, all on a long stalk, styles 2; capsule opening by 4 teeth. small, stems many, slender from a woody stock, leaves 1-1} in., narrow, leathery, flat above, short-pointed, radical slightly toothed, stem leaves hardly toothed, with thickened margins, flowers usually solitary, bracts 4, very broad, suddenly contracted into a thickened and blunt point, calyx ?-1 in., teeth long with sharp stiff points, petals 5, long-stalked, blade broad, rather deeply toothed ; otherwise like the last species. small, stems many, stiff, much branched, from a stout woody stock, leaves radical, 3-6 in., stem leaves 4-14 in., linear, short-pointed, flowers pink, solitary, terminal, bracts 4-6, pointed, calyx 4-% in., tubular, petals 5, long-stalked, blade fringed ; otherwise like the last species. large, with a greenish-blue gloss, jointed, smooth or velvety, perennial ; leaves 1-2 in. long, ovate or oblong, stem leaves sessile, margins minutely toothed, short- pointed ; flowers 4-? in. diam., white, in drooping many- flowered clusters, bracts thin, dry, calyx # in. long, ovoid, puffed out, base indented, 5-toothed, 10 or 20-veined, teeth broadly triangular, petals 5, stalked, blade deeply 2-lobed with pouch-like enlargement, stamens 10, styles 3 ; capsule round, opening above by 6 teeth, seeds many, concave in front, convex ab the base, with lines of oxere- ACONGES. Plants of the Punjab. 183 Heras, ERect, WITH Opposite ExstTrpULATE SIMPLE LEAVES. Silene Falconeriana, CARYOPHYLLACEA. Pe Bot. 220. Himalaya, 3-9,000 ft. Simla, on grassy slopes (Collett). Saxifraga imbricata, Epilobium angustifolium, Epilobium latifolium, Epilobium hirsutum, Great Willow herb, Codlins and cream, ONAGRAOGEA. Pe. Lat, 68a; The Plains to 7,000 ft. = Kotgarh, Sutlej and Giri Valleys in wet places (Collett). Shahpur Dist. (Douie). — Epilobium parviflorum, Hoary Epilobe, ONAGRACBA. fy Be Lei. 684: Himalaya, 5-7,000 ft. Simla, Sutlej Valley (Collett). Lear Marains TootTHenD. PETALS UNUNITED. large, perennial, stems several from the woody stock, branched, velvety and sticky below; leaves 13-24 in., linear-lanceolate, narrow, velvety or smooth, minute- ly toothed ; flowers white, in loose opposite axillary clusters, flower stalks slender, bracts minute, calyx 4 in., tubular, narrow, teeth short, blunt, petals 5, very narrow, stalked, blade blunt without scales, stamens 10, styles 3; capsule ovoid, seeds minute, many, sides flat or convex, back srooved. see Herbs, Unbranched, Opposite, Exstipulate, Simple, see Herbs, Erect, Opposite, Exstipulate, Simple, Entire. see Herbs, Erect, Opposite, Exstipulate, Simple, Entire. large, robust, covered with soft white hairs ; leaves 1-8 by 1-4 in., lanceolate, stem-clasping, teeth small, sharp ; flowers 4} in. long, pink-purple, axillary, forming long or short terminal leafy racemes, calyx tube on the ovary, linear, 4-angled, teeth 4, short-pointed, falling off after flowering, petals 4, erect or spreading, notched, stamens 8, 2 in. long, alternate ones shorter, stigmas 4, distinct, spreading ; capsule 2-84 in., hairy, 4-celled, valves 4, splits ting and curving down from the seed-bearing column, seeds very many, small, crowned by a tuft of long silky hairs. very like the last species, but the stigmas do not curve down and the leaves are not stem-clasping. 184 _ _ Plants of the Punjab. Heres, Erect, witH Opposite ExstTipULATE SIMPLE LEAVEs. Epilobium roseum, Lear Marains ToorTHen. PETALS UNUNITED. large, stem round, hairs sometimes in lines, the bases var. eylindrieum, and of the leaves sometimes passing down the stem in lines, Dalhousianum, Pale Epilobe, ONAGRACER. if. 84. Himalaya, 6-10,000 ft. Simla (Collett). Cireza lutetiana, Enchanter’s Nightshade, ONAGRACE. Uy Bp Re ry se Himalaya, 7-10,000 ft. Mashobra in woods (Collett). Cirezea cordata, ONAGRACE. OG. 1. 11. 009. Himalaya, 7-9,000 ft. ‘Simla in woods (Collett). Dalhousie, Chamba (C. B. Clarke). Cirezea alpina, Alpine Circeea, ONAGRACEA. HB. 1.1, 589. Himalaya, 7-11,000 ft. Mashobra, Mahasu (Collett). leaves stalked, linear-lanceolate, capsules long-stalked, seeds ovoid with the top broad, flowers + in., stigmas combined ; in other respects like the previous species. medium size, perennial, velvety ; leaves 2 by 1-1} in., ovate-lanceolate, not transparent, long-stalked, nar- rowed to the base, short-pointed, widely toothed ; flowers 1 in. diam., white or pinkish, in terminal and lateral ra- cemes, calyx ovoid, 2-lobed, hardly produced above the ovary, lobes reflexed, falling off after flowering, bracts none, petals 2, notched, stamens 2, style thread-like, stigma almost 2-lobed ; capsule $ in., pear-shaped with the broad end uppermost, 2-celled, rough with hooked bristles, seeds one in each cell. like the last species, but stouter and more hairy, leaves long-pointed, capsule ovoid. small, smooth, leaves 3-1 in. across, broadly ovate, blunt or short-pointed, thin, capsule hardly hairy, very small, seed one ; otherwise like the last species. Plants of the Punjab. . 185 Hurss, Erect, with Opposite ExstrpuLaATE SIMPLE LEAVES. Bryophylium- calycinum, Zukm-haiyat, CRASSULACE®. FE. BI. un. 418. The Plains to 3,000 ft. Sutlej Valley (Collett). Kalanchee spathulata, Talara, rugnru, haiza ka patta. CRASSULACES. F.B. Iu. 414. Himalaya, 1-3,000 ft. Valleys below Simla (Collett). Morina persica, Bekh-akwar. DIPpsAcE”m. F. B. I. iii. 216. Himalaya, 6-9,000 ft. Simla (Collett). Hazara (Barrett). Baluchistan (Lace). Lear Marains ToorHen. PETALS UNITED. large, perennial, smooth, stem hollow, sprouts on damp ground from the notches on the margin of leaves ; leaves 3-6 in. long, ovate or oblong, fleshy, toothed, stalked, blunt, rarely compound, with 3 leaflets ; flowers 2. in. long, reddish-green, drooping, cylindric in a large terminal branching raceme, calyx tubular, swollen, green tinged with red and spotted with white, 4- toothed, corolla tubular twice as long as the calyx, green, lobes 4, tinged with red, short-pointed, spreading, stamens 8, in 2 series on the corolla-tube, styles 4; fruit of 4 carpels, many-seeded, enclosed in the persistent calyx and corolla. The leaves are applied to wounds. Roxburgh states that the plant was introduced into the Caleutta Botanical Gardens and has spread from there. large, perennial, stout, smooth ; leaves 4-8 in. (upper 3-4 in.), fleshy, toothed, oblong, narrowed to the stalk ; flowers #-1 in. long, yellow, in a large terminal branched flat-topped cluster, calyx 4-lobed, divided nearly to the base, lobes triangular, short-pointed, corolla tubular, tube flask- -shaped, twice the length of the calyx, lobes 4, spread- ing, short-pointed, stamens, style and capsule as in the last species. This plant is said to be acure for cholera, it acts asa streng purge and is poisonous to goats and cattle. large, like thistles from the spiny leaves ; leaves 6 by 1 in., oblong or linear, sessile, doubly spinous-toothed, velvety or smooth; flowers 13 in. long, pinkish-white, sessile, crowded in the axils of the upper leaves forming a terminal. interrupted spike, bracteoles few among the flowers, spinous, also united, bracteoles forming a tubular cup (involucel) round. the base of the flower, calyx tubular, enn notched, corolla 1-14 in., tube long, slender, mouth’ oblique, 5-lobed, stamens 2, fertile, as long as the corolla lobes, style’ almost protruding, stigma ‘dise- like ; fruit an achene in each flower, Sa within the persistent in- volucel, ed free. 186 Plants of the Punjab. Herbs, EREoT, WITH Opposite EXsTIpULATE SIMPLE LEAVES. Morina longifolia, DiIpsacE. RB; hen, 216. Himalaya, 9-14,000 ft. Mahasu, Theog, Hattu (Collett). Morina Coulteriana, DIPsAcEm. . Lean. 216. Himalaya, 9-13,000 ft. Patarnala (Clarke). Seabiosa Olivieri, Seabiosa Candolliana, DipsacE®. eB, 1.17219. Himalaya, 3-5,000 ft. Scabiosa speciosa, Ageratum conyzoides, Composit”. F. B. I. iii. 248. ' The Plains to 5,000 ft. Butlej Valley (Collett). LEAF MARGINS TOOTHED. PETALS UNITED. very like the last species, but with larger leaves, flowers more pink, clayx lobes not spinous, and stamens shorter. very like the last species, but smaller, flowers yellow, leaves singly, not doubly spinous toothed, calyx lobes spinous. FLOWERS, MINUTE, IN HEADS, see Herbs, Erect, Opposite, Exstipulate, Lobed. medium size, rootstock perennial, stems tufted, but little branched ; leaves 14 by } in., linear, shghtly toothed ; flowers 4-4 in. long, purple, m terminal half round small heads, } in. diam., surrounded by short overlapping ovate bracts, involuce! 4-4 in., calyx mouth with 5 short teeth, barbed bristles } in. long, corolla tubular, 5-toothed or in some expanded into long rays, stamens 4, styles thread-like, stigma round ; achenes crowned with the in- volucel and the persistent calyx bristles. This plant is closely akin to Scabiosa arvensis of Britain. see Herbs, Erect, Opposite, Exstipulate, Lobed. medium size, annual, softly hairy ; leaves 38 by 14 in., lanceolate or ovate, stalked, minutely round-toothed ; flower heads many, all the flowers alike, } in. diam., in denge rounded clusters, bracts of the heads narrow, nearly equal, ribbed, short-pointed, in 2 series, flowers tubular, pale blue, calyx (pappus) of 3-5 linear, short-pointed, minutely barbed geales, united in a toothed cup-like ring, corolla-tube dilated upwards, lobes 5, short, style- arms short ; achoneg ;!; in., angled, black, sticky, Plants of the Punjab. 187 | Herss, Eruot, with Opposite ExstTipULATE SIMPLE LEAVES. Siegesbeckia orientalis, CoMposiITa. Bes fein. 303¢ The Plains to 5,000 ft. Simla (Collett). Murree. Blainvillea latifolia, or rhomboidea, ComMposItTm. BeBe Lis 80t The Plains to 5,000 ft. Below Sipi (Collett). Schlerocarpus africanus, Composit. P BoE i, 305. The Plains to 5,000 ft. Valleys below Simla, in cornfields (Collett). Lear Marains ToorHenp. PETALS UNITED. FLOWERS, MINUTE, IN HEADS. medium size, sticky with crisped hairs, a common weed near cultivation, much branched, often purplish ; leaves 1-5 in. long, triangular ovate, deeply toothed, upper leaves almost without teeth, leaf stalks winged ; flowers yellow, rarely white, radiate with ray flowers, in heads + in. diam., arranged in leafy branching racemes, bracts sticky in 2: rows, outer 5 long, narrow, spreading, inner shorter, erect, receptacles flat, covered with small concave scales, calyx hairs (pappus) none, outer corollas with rays (ligules) 2- or 3-lobed, inner corollas 3-5-lobed ; achenes curved, angled, blunt at the base. medium size, annual, stiff, much branched, roughly hairy; leaves 2-4 in. long, stalked, ovate or ovatelan- ceolate, hairy on both surfaces, short- or long-pointed, slightly round-toothed, upper leaves sometimes alternate ; flowers yellow or white, outer rayed in heads }-} in. diam., terminal at the end of branches or axillary, bracts few in 2 rows, outer broad, leaf-like, inner passing into scales, receptacle covered with rigid concave scales each holding a flower, pappus of 2-5 unequal bristles joined into a ring, rays of outer flowers 2- or 3-toothed, corolla of inner (disk) flowers 5-toothed ; achenes 3-angled, inner ones often flattened. medium size, annual, roughly hairy ; leaves 14-8 in., ovate, short-pointed, toothed, stalked ; flowers yellow, in sessile or stalked heads in the forks or at the end of branches, heads 4-3 in. diam., bracts few, leaf-like, outer spreading, receptacle covered with large ribbed scales, rays of outer flowers broad, notched, spreading, corolla of disk flowers 3-5-tuothed, pappus (calyx hairs) none; achenes curved, ribbed, enclosed by the rough boat-shaped scales of the receptacle, 188 Plants of the Punjab. “ Herss, Erncr, wirn Oppositr Exstiputate Simpue Leaves. Spilanthes acmella, Akarkarha, pokar-mul. ComposITm. I. B. I. ii. 307. The Plains to 5,000 ft. Dharmpur. Guizotia abyssinica, : ComPposirTa&. FB, ii: 807: The Plains, east of the Sutle}j. Gurgaon. Bidens cernua, Bur-Marigold, Composit? #&. F. B. I. iii. 3809. Kashmir. Chamba, 5-6,000 ft. (Thompson). Wahlenbergia — gracilis, Lear Maroins TooruHen. PETALS UNITED. FLOWERS, MINUTE, IN HEADS. medium size, annual, velvety or hairy ; leaves 2-14 in., ovate-lanceolate, stalked, toothed, sometimes entire ; flowers white or yellow, in discoid or rayed conical heads, 3-3 in. long, solitary on long stalks, bracts of the heads ereen, lanceolate, in 2 rows, receptacle conical, covered with concave scales, pappus none or 1 or 2 bristles, outer ray flowers one row female, white or yellow, ligule short, inner disk flowers 2-sexual, tubular, 4-5-toothed ; achenss flattened, enclosed in a seale. The seeds are pungent and are used medicinally for toothache and as a pot herb. medium size, annual, velvety, leafy upwards, stout ; leaves 3-5 in., upper often alternate, ovate-lanceolate, or lanceolate-oblong, or linear, sessile, half stem-clasping, blunt-pointed, sharply toothed; flowers imner tubular, outer ligulate, yellow, in stalked axillary or terminal heads, 3-1 in. diam., bracts of heads 5, almost in 2 series, outer almost leaf-like, broadly oblong or ovate, blunt, green, inner like the scales of the floor of the head, pappus hairs none, outer corollas ligulate, few, 2-3-toothed, mner tubular, 5-toothed, anther-bases abrupt, entire, style-arms hairy ; achenes smooth, flattened, tip rounded. medium size, stout, annual, smooth; leaves 3-5 in., base toothed, sometimes nearly united; flowers yellow, in drooping clustered or nearly solitary discoid heads, 2-1 in. diam., bracts in 2 rows, united below, outer green, inner dry, thin, receptacle scales narrow, flat, nearly as long as the flowers, pappus of 2-4, stiff, barbed bristles, flowers tubular, 5-toothed ; achenes flattened, slender, black, some- times thickened and armed with recurved spines. STAMENS FIVE. sce Herbs, Erect, Alternate, Exstipulate, Simple, _ Plants of the Punjab. 189 Herss, Erect, with Opposite ExstipuLATE SIMPLE LEAVES. Serophularia ealycina, ScROPHULARIACES. F. B. I. iv. 258. Himalaya, 9-12,000 ft. Narkanda, Hattu, Chor (Collett). Serophularia Scopolii, ScROPHULARIACEM. F. B. I. iv. 254. Himalaya, 6,000 ft. Kashmir, Murree, Hazara (Fleming, Clarke). Serophularia polyantha, ScROPHULARIACE®. Be 1Via LOD. Mimalaya, 4-11,000 ft. Mazus rugosus, Lear Marcins TootHenp. PETALS UNITED. STAMENS FOUR. medium size, annual, stem stout, angular, smooth below, sticky from glands above; leaves 1-4 in., upper alternate, ovate, ovate and heart-shaped or oblong, shortly stalked, short-pointed, coarsely toothed; flowers small, ereenish-purple, in opposite stalked crowded clusters forming erect stiff terminal branching leafless racemes, calyx 5-fid, seoments lanceolate, long-pointed, corolla tube globular, lobes 5, short, flat, 4 upper equal, erect, lowest spreading, stamens 4, in unequal pairs, turned downwards, enclosed in the corolla, staminode one, ovate, sharp-pointed, style long, stigma minute ; capsule }-4 in., ovoid, long-pointed, seeds several, oblong. large, stout, smooth or slightly velvety, branched, leaves 1-3 in., upper alternate, ovate, oblong, or heart- shaped-ovate, coarsely toothed, stalk $-1 in., flowers small, ereenish, in loose-flowered erect clusters, lower axillary, upper alternate, forming long straight narrow leafless branching racemes 12 in. or more in length, main flower stalk and lesser flower stalks short, stout, erect, calyx lobes 5, rounded, margins thin, dry, 2 upper corolla lobes longer than the others, stamens enclosed in the corolla, staminode round, capsule ovoid, beaked, seeds wrinkled ; in other respects like the last species. large, annual, stout and smooth below velvety, sticky above, stem slightly 4-angled ; leaves 2-8 in., upper alter- nate, ovate or ovate and heart-shaped, round-toothed, sometimes lobed at the base, leaf stalk $-1 in. long, some- times with projections ; flowers very small, greenish, in stiff erect very large branched leafless racemes, flower stalks short, calyx 5-fid, segments rounded, margins thin, dry, corolla 5-lobed, very short, 2 upper lobes much longer than the lateral, stamens 5, in unequal pairs, far-protruding, staminode broad, style thread-like ; capsule round, seeds somewhat wrinkled. see Herbs, Simple. Unbranched, Opposite, Hxstipulate, 190 Plants of the Punjat. 2 a el Heres, Erect, with Orrosite ExstipuLtate SimpiE LEaves. Buchnera hispida, ScROPHULARIACES. F. B. I. iv. 298. The Plains to 9,000 ft. Valleys below Simla (Collett). Dharmpur. Verbena officinalis, Hemigraphis latebrosa, var. rupestris, ACANTHACE®. Hoa, L, 1.425: Koti above Kalka. Strobilanthes atropurpureus, ACANTHACES. PD. Liv: 472. Himalaya, 6-10,000 ft. Simla, Matiana Hattu (Collett). Murree (Douie). Lear Marains TootHED. PETALS UNITED. STAMENS FOUR. small to medium size, annual, stiff, slender, bristly, often branched above ; leaves 1-2 by 3-14 in., lower oblong or ovate, broad at the apex, upper linear-oblong or lan- ceolate, toothed or not, blunt-pointed ; flowers 4 in. long, white or pale purple, sessile, solitary, in the axils of leaves forming terminal spikes, 6-10 in. long, calyx ¢ in., tubular, 5-toothed, bristly, corolla lobes 5, spreading, nearly equal, stamens 4 in unequal pairs, enclosed in the corolla, style short, stigma round ; capsule oblong, shorter than the calyx. seeds very many, oblong, netted. see Herbs, Erect, Opposite, Exstipulate, Lobed. medium size, branches many, spreading, velvety ; leaves 24 by 1-1} in. long, pointed at both ends, ovate, toothed, leaf stalk 1-14 in., on the secondary flowering branches much smaller, bracts ovate, scarcely longe’ than the calyx, except in the outermost flowers where they are stalked ; flowers 2-3 in., blue, sessile in dense heads, terminal or nearly axillary on short branchlets, bracteoles none, calyx 5-fid, segments linear-lanceolate, nearly equal, }-} in., whitish, hairy, corolla narrowly tubu- lar, funnel-shaped, tube white or yellowish, lobes blue, 5, rounded, stamens 4, in unequal pairs, just enclosed in the corolla, longer pair bearded in the upper half, shorter pair smooth, anthers triangular, sharp-pointed, style long, lobes unequal ; capsule } in., linear, hairy, seeds 6, hairy when wet. small to medium size, prennial, flowering at inte.vals of several years, growing in forests and swampy. ground, velvety, sometimes sticky, stem 4-angled or furrowed ; leaves 2-4 by 14-2 in., ovate or ovate-lanceolate, smooth, round- or sharp-toothed, tapering into a winged stalk ; flowers 1} in., blue, solitary or in pairs at intervals on spikes 1-6 in. long, bracts leaflike, persistent, bracteoles linear, calyx 5-fid, segments linear, corolla-tube curved, cylindric below, dilated above, pale blue, lobes 5, dark blue, nearly equal, rounded, $-% in. across, stamens 4, in unequal pairs on the corolla tube, alternate with the lobes, anther-bases blunt, style tip curved back; capsule ? in. long, oblong, sticky, seeds } in., 4 or less. Plants of the Punjab. 191 Herss, Erect, with Opposite ExstipuLaAtEe SIMPLE LEAVES. Acrocephalus capitatus, LABIATA. Pes. liv. Oi: The Plains to 5,000: fi., in moist places. Pogostemon pleetranthoides, LABIATA. BLA. G2: Himalaya, 1-5,000 ft. Sutlej Valley. Suni (Collett). Dysophylla crassicaulis. LABIATA. Be te ty, 640. Himalaya, 2-4,000 ft. Kashmir. Chamba, Kulu. Elsholtzia incisa, LABIATAE. MW. BY TL. ave 644; Himalaya, 3-5,000 ft. Lear Marains TootrHep. PETALS UNITED. STAMENS FOUR. small, annual, slightly velvety, branched from the base or not; leaves 3-1 in., ovate or lanceolate, coarsely toothed, narrowed to the stalk ; flowers 4 in., pale purple, sessile, crowded in stalked terminal round heads, $ in. diam., with 2 spreading leaves at the base, calyx 2-lipped, upper lip undivided, flat, lower shorter, 4-toothed, corolla tube very short, nearly equally 4-lobed, stamens 4, nearly equal, enclosed in the corolla, toothless, stlye 2-fid ; nutlets smooth. large, perennial, strongly scented, velvety, bushy, branches round, often purple ; leaves 3-6, ovate, stalked, long-pointed, coarsely and irregularly toothed ; flowers + in., pinkish-white, in large circular clusters in many cylindric spikes, forming terminal erect branching racemes, floral leaves bract-like, hairy, glandular, ovate, short- pointed, calyx tubular, 5-toothed, teeth nearly equal, corolla-tube curved, longer than the calyx, 4-lobed, lobes nearly equal, blunt, stamens 4, nearly equal, protruding far, lilac, bearded with long lilac beaded hairs, style 2-fid ; nutlets smooth. medium size, annual, smooth, strongly smelling, found in swamps; leaves 4-6 in a circle, 1-2 in. long, narrowly oblong or lanceolate, toothed, blunt ; flowers minute, blue purple, in large circles crowded on slender cylindric terminal spikes 1-4 in. long, bracts lanceolate broad towards the tip, calyx minute, ovoid, 5-toothed, teeth erect or con- verging, corolla minute, 4-lobed, upper lobe 2-fid or un- divided, lower spreading, stamens 4, protruding, very long, bearded, style 2-fid ; nutlets very small, circular, flattened, pale, shining. medium size to large, branches 4-angled ; leaves 1-2 in., broadly ovate, blunt-pointed, coarsely round-toothed, stalk long, winged above ; flowers very small, white, in very slender cyl ndric spikes 2-4 in. long, bracts small, slender, calyx sessile, sticky, 5-toothed, bell-shaped, enlarged in fruit, corolla 4-lobed, upper lobe nearly erect, notched, the others spreading, stamens 4, in unequal pairs, protrud- ing, not bearded, style 2-lobed, lobes awl-like; nutlets smooth, shining. 192 Plants of the Punjab. a ae aS aaa tate SET a TT TRE AE RR Heres, Rect, with Oprositne ExstiputatE SimpLe LEAVES Elsholtzia strobilifera, LABIATA. F. B. I. iv. 645. Himalaya, 5-10,000 ft. Simla (Collett). Elsholtzia cristata, LABIATAE. F. Bu I. iv. 645. Himalaya, 1-9,000 ft. Simla (Collett). Changlagalli (Douie). Perilia ocimoides, Bhanjira. LABIATE. F. B. I. iv. 646. Himalaya, 9-5,000 ft. Valleys below Simla (Collett). Mentha sylvestris, Horse Mint, Podina, mushk tara. LABIATAE. F.B. I. iv. 647. Himalaya, 4-12,000 ft. Simla, in wet places (Collett). Baluchistan (Aitchison). Lear Marcins TootTHeD. PETALS UNITED. STAMENS FOUR. small to medium size, slightly hairy ; leaves 3-1 in ovate, stalked, round-or sharp-toothed ; Acne fades ete purple on cylindric hairy or velvety cone-like spikes e1t in., bracts broad, thin, fringed, forming cups ently concealing the flowers, calyx thin, transparent tubular corolla-tube slender, longer than the calyx, lobes 4 aise mens and style as in the last species ; nutlets red-brows shining. ; . small to medium size, nearly smooth, fragrant ; leaves ee in., lanceolate, coarsely toothed, femeecieiaes! ie pointed, thin, gland-dotted beneath ; flowers very small pink purple in broad velvety one-sided spikes 1-21 i bracts stalked leaf-lke, round with a sharp abrupt pole, calyx tubular, hairy, corolla tube curved, stamens, ie and nutlets as in the last species. ‘ medium size, annual, aromatic, shaggy ; leaves 3-5 in. ovate or rounded, blunt, sharp-or round-toothed, stalk 1-3 in.; flowers white, small, in pairs on long one-sided erect axillary and terminal simple or branching racemes pints lanceolate, as long as the flowers, calyx bell-shaped, 5-toothed, becoming much larger, 2-lipped in fruit, corolla 5-lobed, stamens 4, hardly protruding, style 2-fid nutlaes nearly round, netted. The oil, seed and leaves are eaten, medium size, perennial, strongly scented; leaves 1-3 in., lanceolate, ovate or oblong, sharply-toothed, nearly sessile, short-pointed, grey velvety above, white felted below; flowers small, lilac, in large clusters, crowded on axillary and terminal cylindrie tapering spikes 1-5 in bracts lower leaf-like, upper smaller, lanceolate calyx sharply 5-toothed, bell-shaped, hairy, corolla 4-lobed lobes erect, nearly equal, stamens 4, equal, protruding not bearded, style-arms short ; nutlets netted : var. intana ig generally grey-felted. This plant is cultivated, and is used as a carminative. : Plants of the Punjab. 198 Heres, Erzot, wire Opposite Exsrrputate SimpLe LEAvEs. Mentha arvensis, Corn Mint, Pudinah. LABIATA. iE. B. 1. iv. 648. Kashmir, 5-10,000 ft. Baluchistan (Maynard). Micromeria biflora and hydaspidis, Lycopus europeus, Gipsywort, Jalnim. LABIATH. F. B. I. iv. 648. The Plains to 7,000 ft. Matiana, in marshy ground (Collett). Kashmir, 8-6,000 ft. Blepharis sindieca, ACANTHACEA. Re belietv. 409: The Plains. _ Lear Maretns TootHED. PETALS UNITED. STAMENS FOUR. medium size, hairy or smooth, leaves 1-2 in., flowers in round axillary head-like clusters ; in other respects like the last species. This plant is much cultivated, it is used ag a carminative, diuretic, and stimulant. } see Shrubs, Opposite, Exstipulate, Simple, Corolla 2-lipped. STAMENS TWO. medium size to large, perennial, slightly hairy, root stock creeping or with runners ; leaves oblong, narrowed to each end, nearly sessile, toothed, or pinnately divided ; flowers small, very many, bluish-white, in dense axillary clusters, calyx bell-shaped, deeply 5-toothed, teeth equal, narrowly lanceolate, corolla bell-shaped, slightly longer than the calyx, 4-lobed, stamens 2, rather long ;nutlets 4, smooth, longer than the calyx tube, ovate, with a broad tip. This plant is used asa cooling medicine. CoROLLA ONE-LIPPED. small, rough or prickly; leaves 1-2 in., linear or narrowly oblong, velvety, toothed or spinous ; flowers 1.2 in. ,blue, in few- or many-flowered, 2-3 in. long spikes, bracts 1 in. or more, ovate with spreading lanceolate tips, prickly, hairy within and without, bracetoles 4 in., linear, hairy, shorter than the bracts, calyx 4-lobed, 2 outer lobes 2 in., ovate, 2 inner } in., narrowly ovate, corolla tube ovoid, horny, one-lipped, the lower broad, 3-lobed, stamens 4, in unequal pairs, thick, rigid, anterior pair have a process above the anthers, anthers densely bearded, style linear, very shortly 2-fid ; capsule 3 in. oblong with rounded ends, flattened, shining brown, seeds 2, ¢ in, prickly. Oo 194 Plants of the Punjab. Herss, Erect, with Opposite ExstireutatE SIMPLE LEAVES. Blepheris edulis, ACANTHACEA. Ha. 1. 1y.419: The Plains. Baluchistan (Stocks). Teucrium Royleanum, Teucrium quadrifarium, Germander, LABIATA. Hida. ©. 1¥.. 701, Himalaya, 4-8,000 ft. Simla (Collett). Bonnaya brachiata, SCROPHULARIACE®. EF. B. I. iv. 284. The Plains to 5,000 ft. Valleys below Simla (Collett). Luar Margin ToorHen. PETALS UNITED. COROLLA ONE-LIPPED. very like the last, but larger with large leaves and larger corolla. see Prostrate Herbs, Opposite, Exstipulate, Simple, large, stout, stem square, nearly round below, hairy ; leaves 2-3 in., ovate or oblong-ovate, shortly-stalked, base heart-shaped, short-pointed, toothed, often wrinkled ; flowers 4 in. long, purple, sessile, in pairs on one side of erect branching racemes, bracts 4 in., broadly ovate, abruptly ending in a long point, hairy near the base, con- cealing the flowers, red purple, calyx 4 in., upper lip round- ed, 2 lower short-pointed or blunt, corolla 1-lipped, upper lip none, lower lip 5-lobed, long, broad, lateral lobes tooth- like, short-pointed, terminal lobe broad, concave, stamens 4, in unequal pairs, protruding from the corolla tube, style undivided ; nutlets minute, wrinkled. COROLLA @WO-LIPPED. STAMENS TWO. small, erect or prostrate, rigid, annual, quite smooth ; leaves 3-14 in., oblong, blunt or short-pointed, sessile, sharply deeply toothed ; flowers } in. long, white, spotted or tinged with pink, bracteate, on short axillary stalks, forming terminal racemes, calyx 5-lobed, segments linear, corolla 2-lipped, upper lip erect, undivided, lower broad, 3-lobed, stamens 2 only, as one pair are aborted, stigma flat, 2-lobed ; capsule narrow, cylindric, much longer than the calyx, seeds many, wrinkled, Plants of the Punjab. 195 Heres, Hreot, with Oppositn ExstipunATE SIMPLE LEAvEs, Mosla dianthera, ScROPHULARIACER. By Ba Fe ivs GE Himalaya, 1-6,000 ft. The Plains to 6,000 ft. Salvia glutinosa, Sage, LABIATS. PBL. iv,:6538. Himalaya, 6-9,000 ft. Simla (Collett). Baluchistan (Lace). Salvia hians, LABIATA. F. B. I. iv. 658. Himalaya, 8-11,000 ft. Kashmir (Falconer). - Salvia asperata, LABIATAE. F.-B. 1. iv. 654: Himalaya, 5-6,000 ft. Kashmir (Falconer), Lear Marcins TootHen. PETALS UNITED. COROLLA TWO-LIPPED. STAMENS TWO. medium size, annual, strongly scented, slender, slightly velvety ; leaves 1-14 in., ovate, short-pointed, toothed, stalked ; flowers + in. long, white or purplish, in twos on one-sided terminal and axillary racemes, bracts very minute or the lower leafy, calyx bell-shaped, 5-toothed, nearly equal or 2-lipped, base pouched, corolla 2-lipped, upper lip notched, lower 3-lobed, lips short, stamens 2 on the posterior side, short, erect, apart, staminodes 2 ; nutlets 4, round, smooth or netted. large, perennial, very sticky, hairy, strongly scented ; leaves 4-7 by 2-4 in., ovate-oblong, 2 processes stick- ing out at the base, like a a barbed arrow head, toothed, leaf stalk 1-3 in.; flowers 1-14 1in., yellow, shortly stalked in large branched erect spreading racemes, floral leaves very small, calyx widely bell-shaped, $in., upper lip ovate, short-pointed, corolla tube longer than the calyx, 2-lipped, upper lip dotted with purple, long, curved, flattened from side to side, concave, lower wide, 8-lobed, stamens 2, wide apart, each dividing into 2 horns, upper horn with a perfect anther, lower with none, style long, curved, project- ing from the concavity of the upper lip, 2-fid ; nutlets 4, triangular, } in.- smooth. very like the last species, but leaf stalk much longer, often 10 in., leaves broader, calyx much wider, corolla 14 in., blue, lips shorter, nutlets larger. medium size, perennial, rough, branched, somewhat glandular and hairy ; leaves 3-6 by 2-3 in., oblong-ovate, heart-shaped, blunt, round-toothed, leaf stalk long, floral leaves 1 in. diam., or less, rounded, bristly, tipped with a sharp hard point ; flowers 2 in. long, white, arranged in distant 6-10-flowered circles on an erect spike, calyx 4 in. long, widely bell-shaped, hairy, stiff, 2-lipped, upper lip 8-toothed, corolla tube short, slender, stamens 2, as in the 02 196 Plants of the Puniab. Herss, HREcT, with Opposite ExstTipuLATE SIMPLE LEAVES. Salvia Moorcroftiana, Kali jarrt, halu, papra. LABIATA. F. B. I. iv. 654. Himalaya, 4-9,000 ft. Shali, Solon (Collett). Sanawar. Rawalpindi. Hazara (Douie). Salvia lanata, LABIAT. F.B. I. iv. 654. Himalaya, 5-8,000 ft. Simla (Collett). Murree. Salvia dumetorum, LABIATA. Rab... 1V. B00. Kashmir, 6,000 ft. (Falconer, Clarke). Lear Marcins TOOTHED. PETALS UNITED. COROLLA TWO-LIPPED. STAMENS @WO. last species, but the horns connected by hard projections, bent backwards and the imperfect anther abruptly dilated, style and nutlets as in the last species but smaller. medium size to large, stout, woolly ; leaves 6-12 by 8-5 in., oblong or rounded, heart-shaped, blunt, round- toothed, upper surface nearly smooth or cottony, closely wrinkled, under surface white-felted, thick, stalk green bordered and veined, round and abruptly pointed ; flowers 1 in. long, pale blue, lilac or whitish, in distant 6-10- flower- ed circles round an erect spike, calyx 4 in., bell-shaped, teeth spinous, upper lip 3-toothed, rough ; corolla, stamens, style and nutlets as in the last species but larger. This plant is used in colic and dysentery. very like the last species, but rather smaller, more woolly, leaves not stalked, flowers ? in. long, blue-grey. , large, perennial, very stout, much branched, hairy, felted or velvety ; leaves 3-4 by 14-23 in., ovate or oblong, heart-shaped, doubly round-toothed, somewhat wrinkled ° above, leaf stalk 1-4 in., floral leaves small, rounded with a hard sharp point } in. long ; flowers $-% in. long, blue, in sticky distant 6-flowered circles round an _ erect spike, calyx } in., nearly sessile, ovate, bell-shaped, 2-lipped, upper lip curved back with 8 converging teeth, lower abruptly 2-toothed ; corolla, stamens, style and nutlets as in the last species. Plants of the Punjab. 197 OS cE SE a a ha aE Heres, Erect, with Opposite ExsTipuULATE SIMPLE LEAVES. Salvia plebeia, Sathi, samunder-sok. LABIATA. FP. BW .iv.655. The Plains to S000) Et: Sutlej Valley, Suni (Collett). Salvia egyptiaca, Tukm malanga. LABIATA. F. B. T.iv.-656. The Plains, 1-2,000 ft. Chakwal, Jhelum Dist. (Douie). Baluchistan (Hughes-Buller). Sesamum indicum, Gingelly, Til. PEDALIACEA. BY -Be ls 387. The Plains. Baluchistan. Mimulus gracilis, Lear Marcins TOOTHED. PETALS UNITED. CoROLLA TWO-LIPPED. STAMENS FWO. medium size, annual, stem stout, roughly velvety ; leaves 1-3 in., ovate or oblong, toothed, blunt, stalked, floral leaves small, upper lanceolate ; flowers 4 in. long, lilac or nearly white, in numerous small circles in several slender branching racemes, calyx 4 in., stalked, upper lip not toothed, corolla 2-lipped, upper lip short, nearly straight ; stamens, style and nutlets like the last species but smaller. This plant is used as a demulcent. small, perennial, hairy, stiff, much branched from the base; leaves hardly 1 in. long, linear or lanceolate, short-pointed, rigid, round-toothed ; flowers small, 4 in., in distant 2-3-flowered circles, calyx with hairy glands, upper lip round, minutely 3-toothed, lower lip 2 awl-shaped teeth ; corolla , stamens, style and nutlets as in the last species. This plant is used as a demulcent. STAMENS FOUR. medium size, annual, velvety ; leaves 8-5 in., oblong or ovate, toothed, upper alternate, lower opposite, often lobed ; flowers 14 in., white or purplish, sometimes marked with yellow, axlilary, solitary or a few clustered together on short stalks, calyx }in., 5-fid, segments lanceolate, corolla 9-lipped, velvety, tube swollen out, almost pouched at the base, lobes 5, rounded, stamens 4, in unequal pairs, enclosed in the corolla, anthers divided at the base, style thread-like, stigma 2-lobed ; capsule 1 by % in., erect, rough, 4-angled, oblong, pointed, seeds many, brown, oblong. This plant is cultivated for the oil which is ex- pressed from the seeds. sce Herbs, Erect, Opposite, Hxstipulate, Simple, Eintire. 198 Plants of the Punjab. Heres, Erect, wirn Opposite Exsrreutate Simpte Leaves. Lindenbergia macrostachya, SCROPHULARIACEA, Heb... 1y. 261, The Plains to 4,000 ft. Sutlej Valley, Suni (Collett). Lindenbergia polyantha, SCROPHULARIACER, Beeb Vv. Qo. The Plains to 6,000 ft., on walls and banks. Lindenbergia urticzfolia, SCROPHULARIACES., Hs. 1. 1. 269, The Plains to 6,000 ft. Simla, Mashobra, common on walls (Collett). Choa Saidan Shah (Douie). Baluchistan (Boissier). Herpestis Hamiltoniana, Lear Marains ToorueD. PETALS UNITED. COROLLA TWO-LIPPED. STAMENS FOUR. large, smooth or velvety, stem stiff, stout, or slender ; leaves ovate, smooth, toothed ; flowers } in. long, yellow, crowded in terminal or axillary, one-sided, rigid spikes, bracts shorter than the calyx, calyx 5-fid, bell-shaped, corolla 2-lipped, upper lip recurved, 2-lobed, lower lip much larger, 5-lobed with 2 permanent folds at the base, stamens 4, in unequal pairs, enclosed in the calyx, style slender, stigma 2-lobed; capsule lanceolate, 2-grooved, seeds many, minute. medium size, coarsely velvety, stout or slender ; leaves 4-2 in. long, ovate, blunt, round-toothed, stalk short ; flowers 4 in. long, yellow, on one-sided axillary and terminal leafy spikes, 2-6 in. long, bracts ovate, longer than the calyx, calyx } in. long, 5-fid, lobes blunt, corolla, stamens and style as in the last species ; capsule smooth above, hairy below, otherwise capsule and seeds as in the last species. small, annual, slender, rough from glands or nearly smooth ; leaves 1-14 in. long, ovate, blunt, round-toothed, thin, stalk }-#in., flowers 4in., yellow, shortly stalked, one-sided, all axillary and solitary, or in pairs, or in leafy slender spikes, bracts longer than the calyx, calyx? in., lobes turned back, corolla slightly hairy, capsule hairy above the middle; other characters like the last species. see Herbs, Erect, Opposite, Exstipulate, Simple, Margins Kintire. Plants of the Punjab. 199 aaa ae LS. ee a ee oe Heres, Erect, with Opposite Exstipuntats Simpte LEeavns. Torenia cordifolia, SCROPHULARIACE®. Es Be iv 286. The Plains to 6,000 ft. Valleys below Simla (Collett). Koti. Vandellia crustacea, Vandellia erecta, Vandellia nummularijfolia, SCROPHULARIACEA. ¥.. Bz L. iv. 282. Himalaya, 2-7,000 ft. Valleys below Simla (Collett). Kasauli. Vandellia sessiliflora, ScROPHULARIACE, BP: Bal. rvs 282. Himalaya, 2-7,000 ft. Kashmir. Luar Mareins Tooruen. PETALS UNITED. COROLLA TWO-LIPPED. STAMENS FOUR. small, annual, stems and branches 4-angled ; leaves 1-13 in., ovate, sharply toothed, stalked; flowers 3 in. long, lilac or blue purple, solitary on axillary stalks, crowded at the end of branches, calyx 4 in., ovoid or oblong, winged, base rounded or heart-shaped, corolla 2-lipped, upper lip erect, concave, notched, lower larger; spreading, 3-lobed, tube cylindrical, dilated above, stamens 4, in un- equal pairs, style linear curved, stigma flat, 2-lobed ; capsule oblong, short-pointed, seeds many, wrinkled. see Herbs, Erect, Opposite, lixstipulate, Simple, Entire. see Herbs, Erect, Opposite, ' Exstipulate, Simple, Entire. small, smooth, annual, stem 4-angled ; leaves 4-2 in., nearly round, round-toothed, sessile or nearly so; flowers ¢ i. long, red-purple, edges white, on axillary stalks or few-flowered racemes, calyx 5-toothed, 4 in., corolla 2- lipped, upper lip erect, broad, concave, notched, lower spreading, 38-lobed, stamens 4, lower pair with a broad tooth, stigma 2-lobed ; capsule } in. long, much longer than the calyx, long-pointed, seeds wrinkled, like the last species, except that the flowers are sessile as the specific name implies. 200 Plants of the Punjab. Heres, Erect, WITH Opposite ExstipULATE SIMPLE LEAVES. Euphrasia officinalis, Eyebright, ScROPHULARIACEA. Bey Ly, BOD. Himalaya, 7-13,000 ft. Mahasu, Fagu, Hattu (Collett). Bartsia Odontites, Bartsia, Red SCROPHULARIAOEA. Hie ay.-d0b. Kashmir, 7-8,000 ft. (Clarke). Phryma leptostachya, VERBENACEA. "BL, 1v. bol. Himalaya, 8-7,000 ft. Valleys below Simla (Collett). Oclmum basilicum, Ocimum sanctum, Lnar Mararns ToorTHeD. PETALS UNITED. CoROLLA TWO-LIPPED. STAMENS FOUR. small, velvety, glandular, branching, slender ; leaves 3-3 in., ovate, sessile, sharply toothed ; flowers 4-4 in., white or lilac, purple-veined, throat tinged with yellow in terminal spikes, bracts leaf-like, calyx 4-lobed, tubular, corolla 2-lipped, tube cylindric, longer than the calyx, upper lip erect, 2-lobed, lower spreading, 3-lobed, lobes notched, stamens 4, in unequal pairs, anthers hairy, lower pair long-spurred, style long, stigma round ; capsule oblong, flattened, seeds many, oblong, grooved. medium size, annual, rough, wiry, 4-angled, branched, branches ending in leafy spikes ; leaves 3-2 in., lanceolate, somewhat toothed, sessile ; flowers 4 in., pink, in nearly one-sided spikes, lower bracts leafy, calyx 4-fid, bell-shaped, lobes ovate, short-pointed, equal to the tube, corolla 2- lipped, velvety, tube slender, upper lip erect, long, entire, lower convex, 3-lobed, stamens 4, in unequal pairs, under the upper lip, anthers yellow, spurred, protruding ; capsule ¢ in., longer than the calyx, seeds many, narrowly oblong. medium size, thinly hairy; leaves 2-4 in., ovate or ovate-lanceolate, stalked, toothed ; flowers }-4 in. long, pink, in long slender terminal or axillary spikes, 6-15 in. long, bracts linear, small, bracteoles minute, calyx } in., tubular, teeth 3, linear, with purple hooks, corolla small, tubular, 2-lipped, upper lip erect, concave, notched, lower larger, spreading, 3-lobed, stamens 4, in unequal pairs, enclosed in the corolla, style 2-lobed ; capsule dry, oblong, enolosed in the reflexed calyx, seeds solitary, loose. see Herbs, Erect, Opposite, Exstipulate, Simple, Entire. see Herbs, Hrect, Opposite, Exstipulate, Simple, Entire. Plants of the Punjab. 201 Herss, Erect, witH Opposite ExstripuLATE SimpLE LEAVES. Orthosiphon pallidus, LABIATA. MoOBe Lave Gls: The Plains to 5,000 ft. Kashmir. Orthosiphon rubicundus, LABIATA. iba hb. ty. GLb: Himalaya, 2-5,000 ft. Plectranthus Gerardianus, LABIATA. HB lsiv. Gl’7, Himalaya, 3-9,000 ft. Simla (Collett). Plectranthus striatus, LABIATH. Bab. Live Gis: Himalaya, 4-8,000 ft. Simla (Collett). Lear Marains TooTHep. PETALS UNITED. CoROLLA TWO-LIPPED. STAMENS FOUR. small, perennial, smooth or slightly velvety, stout, stock woody, branches many ; leaves 4-2 in., ovate, blunt, coarsely sharp- or round-toothed, stalk 4-3 in., the length of the leaf blade ; flowers § in. long, white, in long or short, stout or slender racemes, bracts minute, calyx ovoid, fruit- ing calyx turned down, upper tooth broad, thin, lateral and lower awl-shaped, corolla-tube equal to the calyx, 2-lipped, upper lip 3-4-fid, lower undivided, concave, stamens 4, curved forward, enclosed in the corolla ; nutlets nearly round, flattened, pale, nearly smooth. medium size, perennial, felted, velvety or smooth, stems 4-angled, leaves 2-4 in. long, corolla white or pink, twice as long as the calyx, nutlets minutely pitted ; other- wise like the last species. large, perennial, smooth ; leaves 8-7 by 1-4 in., ovate; long-pointed, round-toothed, lower leaves stalked, floral leaves and bracts small ; flowers 4 in. long, white with pur- ple dots, in small clusters forming axillary or terminal branched racemes, calyx bell-shaped, elongated and curved in fruit, gland-dotted, corolla 2-lipped, upper lip short, broad, recurved, 8- or 4-lobed, lower longer, boat-shaped, undivided, stamens 4, in unequal pairs along the lower lip of the corolla, ununited, projecting, style nearly equally divided ; nutlets oblong with rounded ends. small and roughly velvety ; otherwise like the last species. 202 Plants of the Punjab. Heres, Erect, witH Opposite ExstrepuLATE SIMPLE LEAVEs. Plectranthus Coetsa, LABIATA. Bet leiveib! 9: Himalaya, 3-8,000 ft. Simla. Plectranthus ternifolius, LABIATAE. EBL. iy. 621. The Plains to 5,000 ft. Valleys below Simla (Collett). Plectranthus inecanus, LABIATA. Hob. Aly. 621. The Plains from 1-6,000 ft. Valleys below Simla (Collett). Coleus barbatus, LABIAT®. F.B. I. iv. 625. Himalaya, 9-7,000 ft. Valleys below Simla (Collett). Coleus aromaticus, Pathor chur, LABIATA. F. B..L. iv. 625. The Plains, Cultivated Lear Marans 'loorHen. PETALS UNITED. CoROLLA TWO-LIPPED. STAMHNS FOUR. large, perennial, velvety, strong smelling, leaves 2-4 by 1-2 in., ovate or ovate-lanceolate, sharp- or round- toothed, corolla lavender-blue, tube abruptly bent, much longer than the calyx ; otherwise like the last species. large, densely white-felted, leaves sometimes in threes round the stem or branches, corolla white, nutlets 3-angled ; otherwise like the last species. medium size, velvety, leaves 2-4 in., broadly ovate, calyx 2-lipped, lower lip with 3 long-pointed teeth, corolla pale lavender-blue, tube nearly straight, lower lip very long, nutlets large, nearly round ; otherwise like the last species. medium size, stem stout, hairy, leaves 3-5 in., ovate, blunt, round-toothed, stalked, upper surface hairy, lower felted, flowers 3-1 in. long, pale blue in circular clus- ters of 6-8, forming long, leafiess, spike-like racemes, bracts ovate, soon falling off, calyx 5-toothed, upper calyx-lip rounded, ovate, short-poimted, stamens united below; other characters like those of the last species. medium size, very aromatic, leaves broadly ovate, eorolla pale purplish, stamens shortly protruded; other characters like those of the last species. A good substitute for Borage, it is a good carminative and uscful in diseases of the bladder, and other urinary organs, Plants of the Punjab. 203 Heras, Erect, with Opposite ExsTIpULATE SIMPLE LEAVES. Neypeta eriostachya. LABIATA. BB. Kaw. 657: Himalaya, 11,500 ft. Kashmir (Clarke). Nepeta nervosa, LABIATAE. F. B.I. iv. 658. Kashmir, 6-10,000 ft. (Falconer). Nepeta campestris, LABIATS. F. B. I. iv. 658. Himalaya, 7-9,000 ft. Simla (Collett). Nepeta elliptica, LABIATR. F. B. I. iv. 658. Himalaya, 5-8,000 ft. Simla, Mashobra (Collett). Lear Marains ‘lootHEen. PETALS UNITED. CoROLLA TWO-LIPPED. STAMENS FOUR. INNER PAIR OF STAMENS LONGEST. small, sparsely hairy ; leaves }-% in., ovate or ovate: heart-shaped, blunt, round-toothed, sessile, velvety be- neath ; flowers $ in., bright blue in unbranched terminal cylindric-oblong, densely-flowered hairy spikes, 1-3 in. long, calyx + in., sessile, 5-toothed, teeth slender, feathery, tubular, corolla tube slender near the base, dilated towards the mouth, twice the length of the calyx, 2-lipped, upper lip erect, straight, concave, notched, lower spreading, 3-lobed, lateral lobes small, turned back, mid- lobe much larger, narrow at the base, concave, stamens 4, in unequal pairs, ascending under the upper lip, enclosed in the corolla, the upper, inner and posterior pair longer than the lower, outer and anterior pair, style with 2 awl-shaped lobes ; nutlets smooth. medium size, smooth, rootstock long, woody, leaves 2-4 by 4-# in., linear-lanceolate, long-pointed, sharply toothed, bracts ovate with an abrupt point; otherwise like the last species. very like the last species, but the spikes are much longer and more slender, calyx teeth less hairy and more divergent, corolla more slender. very like Nepeta nervosa, but the leaves 4-1 in., felted and stem woolly. The seeds are used in dysentery. 204 Plants of the Punjab. Herss, Ersct, with OpposirE ExstipuLATE SIMPLE LEAVEs. Nepeta supina, LABIATR. HSB: Lav. 658. Himalaya, 7-12,000 ft. Murree (Fleming). Nepeta spicata, LABIATA. F. B. I. iv. 659. Himalaya, 6-10,000 ft. Simla (Collett). Murree, Changlagali (Douie). Nepeta raphanorhiza, LABIATA. HS. Liv. 659. Himalaya, 5-12,000 ft. Kashmir to Chamba (Jacquemont). Nepeta discolor, LABIATA. F. B. I. iv. 659. Himalaya, 10-15,000 ft. Lear Maroins TootHED. PETALS UNITED. CoROLLA TWO-LIPPED. STAMENS FOUR. INNER PAIR OF STAMENS LONGEST. small to medium size, finely velvety ; leaves 3-1 in., ovate, blunt, round-toothed, felted beneath ; flowers 3-2 in. long, in dense-flowered circular clusters, lower axil- lary, upper in an Ovoid spike, bracts lanceolate, calyx 1 in., curved, narrow, softly hairy, mouth very oblique, teeth of bristles shorter than the tube; nutlets 5s!) in., 3-angled, linear, corolla, stamens, and style as in other species of Nepeta. medium size, smooth or velvety, much branched ; leaves 14-4 by 4-3 in., ovate or triangular heart-shaped, short- need, Boparsalys round or sharp-toothed, leaf stalk 1-3 in., spikes terminal, oblong or cylindric to 4 in. long, bracts ‘ovate or lanceolate with a bristle-like point, calyx sessile, Lin., bristly, teeth hairy or bristly, slender ; flowers are otherwise as in Nepeta campestris. small to medium size, rootstock round, black, 1 in. diam., edible, stems many, branched or not, slender, smooth or softly hairy, leaves 3-1 in., broadly ovate or ovate heart-shaped, blunt, round or sharp-toothed, stalk half the length of the blade, flowers 4 in., purplish-blue in ovoid or cylindric spikes, bracts ovate to lanceolate, calyx } in., sessile, teeth lanceolate, shorter than the tube, corolla tube slender, twice as long as the calyx; other characters like those of other species of Nepeta. very like the last species in habit and foliage, but has a long, not a tuberous root, leaves often white-felted beneath, flowers white or pale blue. Plants of the Punjab. 205 Heres, Erect, with Opposite ExstipuLATE SIMPLE LEAVES. Nepeta glutinosa, LABIATA. Re be leaty. GO, Himalaya, 11-13,000 ft. Kashmir. Nepeta mollis, LABIATA. PoBak. 1v.,660. Himalaya, 8-9,000 ft. Murree (Fleming). Kashmir (Jacquemont). Nepeta distans, LABIAT#. MB. Lb rv. 660. Himalaya, 6-9,000 ft. Simla (Collett). Dewal (Douie). Nepeta ciliaris, Zufa yabis. LABIATS. EH But. iv.661. Himalaya, 6-8,000 ft. Simla, Mahasu (Collett). Lear Mareins TootHED, PETALS UNITED. CoROLLA TWO-LIPPED. STAMENS FOUR. INNER PAIR OF STAMENS LONGEST. medium size, velvety from glands, sticky, strong- ly scented, stem stout, stiff, leafy, leaves ?-1 in.. ovate- heart-shaped, short-pointed, sharply toothed like a comb, sometimes partly stem-clasping, flowers ? in. long, white or blue, in axillary few-flowered circular clusters, bracts linear-oblong, bristle-pointed, calyx 4 in., stalked, teeth ovate with an abrupt point much shorter than the calyx- tube, corolla tube curved, slender, lips small; otherwise like the other species of Nepeta. small to medium size, softly felted, stem slender, slightly branched, leaves 1-2 by 4-1 in., ovate-heart- shaped, blunt, round-toothed, shortly-stalked, flowers 4 in., pink, in few-flowered circular white softly hairy clusters at intervals on spikes 3-8 in. long, bracts ovate or lanceolate, bristle-tipped, calyx + in., mouth oblique, teeth lanceolate, softly hairy, shorter than the calyx tube, corolla tube protruding slightly beyond the calyx, lips small ; otherwise like the other species of Nepeta. very like the last, but the bracts are linear and the calyx longer and more curved. medium size to large, stiff, softly felted ; leaves ?-13 in., ovate-heart-shaped, blunt, round-toothed, flowers 1 in., lilac, stalked, in one-sided dense-flowered circular clusters at intervals along softly hairy spikes, 4-8 in. long, bracts lanceolate, often tinged with purple, calyx } in., curved, softly hairy, teeth 5, slender, shorter than the tube, nutlets broadly oval with rounded ends ; otherwise like the other species of Nepeta, Plants of the Punjab. Heres, Erect, with Opposite ExstipunaAtE SIMPLE LEAVES. 906 Nepeta ruderalis, _ Billi lotan, badranj, boyd. LABIATH. F. B. I. iv. 661. The Plains to 4,000 ft. Valleys below Simla (Collett). Choa Saidan Shah (Douie). Nepeta Cataria, Catmint, LABIATE. F. B. I. iv. 662. Kashmir, 1-5,000 ft. (Falconer). Baluchistan (Lace). Nepeta leucophylla, LABIATH. F. B. I. iv. 662. Himalaya, 4-8,000 ft. Simla (Collett). Nepeta graciliflora, LABIATA. I’. B. I. iv. 6638. ‘The Plains to 4,000 ft. Valleys below Simla (Collett). Luar Mareins ToorHeD, Gages UNITED, CoROLLA TWO-LIPPED, STAMENS FOUR. INNER PAIR OF STAMENS LONGEST. medium size, annual, velvety, stout or slender, slightly 4-angled, common on roadsides, leaves $-23 in., green or grey, broadly ovate or circular heart-shaped, shortly stalked, blunt, round-toothed, flowers 4 in., blue or purple, minutely dotted, stalked in very densely-flowered circular one-sided stalked and branched clusters at in- tervals along softly hairy spikes, calyx ¢ in., softly hairy, mouth of calyx tube nearly equal, 38 upper teeth triangu- lar, bristle-tipped, 2 lower thread-like, corolla very small, tube shortly projecting beyond the calyx, nutlets broad, cranulate ; other characters like those of other species of Nepeta. This plant is used as a cardiac tonic, a febrifuge and a gargle. medium size, perennial, stem acutely 4-angled, branched, grey velvety, leaves 1-3 in., ovate or ovate- heart-shaped, short-pointed, coarsely round or sharp- toothed, flowers }in., dotted with purple in circular clusters on long narrow terminal shortly-stalked densely-flowered spikes 4-10 in. long, bracts awl-shaped equalling or not the calyx, lower bracts leafy, calyx } in., curved, velvety, mouth oblique, teeth nearly equal, awl-shaped, shorter than the calyx tube, nutlets broadly oblong, smooth other characters like those of the other species of Nepeta. medium size, slender, branched, grey-felted, stem slightly angled, leafy, leaves 1-1} in., ovate-heart-shaped, blunt or short-pointed, round-toothed, wrinkled above, shortly stalked ; otherwise like the last species. very like Nepeta ruderalis, but more slender with thin coarsely round-toothed leaves, longer leaf stalks, flowers pale pink and nutlets more granulate, Plants of the Punjab. 207 Herss, Erect, with Opposite ExstipuLATE SiMpLE LEAVES, Nepeta Govaniana, LABIATA. F. B. I. iv. 6638. Himalaya, 8-10,000 ft. Narkanda (Collett). Nepeta erecta, LABIATA, F. B. I. iv. 663. Himalaya, 6-10,000 ft. Mashobyra. Narkanda (Collett). Changlagalli (Douie). Nepeta Clarkei, LABIATE. Hobe bly: 660. Himalaya, 7,500-11,000 ft. Kashmir. Tilail. Kunylwan (Clarke). Lear Marains Tooruen. PETALS UNITED, CoROLLA TWO-LIPPED. STAMENS FOUR. INNER PAIR OF STAMENS LONGEST. large, stem 4-angled, branched, finely velvety ; leaves 3-6 by 13-3 in., very variable, ovate or oblong, short-pointed, round-toothed, leaf stalk 4-2 in., . flowers 1 in., yeliow, stalked, at intervals in few-flowered long- stalked axillary and terminal racemes, calyx 1 in., straight, cylindric, teeth triangular, much shorter than the calyx tube, corolla tube long, very small, curved, greatly dilated above the middle, nutlets broadly oblong, ‘smooth ; otherwise like the other species of Nepeta, very like the last species, but the flowers are blue, and only the lowest clusters are stalked. finely velvety, branched, stem straight, slightly angled, leaves 1-2 in., ovate-oblong or lanceolate, some- what short-pointed, shortly stalked, sharp or round- toothed, flowers 4 in., blue, in dense-flowered clusters at intervals along terminal straight spikes 8-6 in. long and shortly stalked in the lower axils, braets lanceolate, lower leafy, calyx 3 in., velvety, teeth nearly equal, trianeular, short-pointed, much shorter than the tube, nearly straight, mouth oblique, corolla tube 8 times the Jength of the calyx, mouth dilated, lips small, not 4 in. across ; otherwise like the last species. 208 Plants of the Punjab. Herss, Erect, witH Opposirre ExstipuLATE SIMPLE LEAVES. Nepeta salvieefolia, LABIATH. F. B. I. iv. 664. Himalaya, 6-10,000 ft. Kashmir (Jacquemont). Origanum vulgare, Calamintha Clinopodium, Calamintha umbrosa, LABIATA. F. B. I. iv. 650. Himalaya, 4-12,000 ft. Simla, Mahasu (Collett). Dracocephalum speciosum, Dracoc ephalum nutans, Lear Mareins ToorHen. PETALS UNITED. CoROLLA TWO-LIPPED. STAMENS FOUR. INNER PAIR OF STAMENS LONGEST. medium size, slender branched, covered with dense- ly white felt, stem cylindric, leaves 1-1} in., oblong or ovate, blunt, round-toothed, shortly stalked, flowers 2in., pale blue or white, in shortly stalked circular clusters at intervals along a long straight narrow raceme or spike, sometimes 12 in. long, bracts minute, awl-shaped, calyx i in., stalked, roughish, teeth triangular, nearly equal, much shorter than the tube, corolla tube very slender, throat shortly dilated, lobes 4 in. across, nutlets oblong ; otherwise like the last species. see Herbs, Erect, Opposite, Exstipulate, Simple, Entire. see Herbs, Erect, Opposite, Exstipulate, Simple, Entire. small, annual, hairy, stems ascending, rooting at the base ; leaves 3-14 in., ovate, sharply toothed, shortly stalked ; flowers + in. long, pink purple, in small loose circles, bracts few, short, calyx 2-lipped, tubular, 18- nerved, upper lip 8-toothed, lower 2-toothed, lower longer, narrow, mouth open after flowering, corolla 2-lipped, upper lip erect, nearly flat, notched, lower 3-lobed, spread- ing, stamens 4, in unequal pairs, style-tip divided ; nutlets 4, minute, nearly round, smooth. see Herbs, Unbranched, Opposite, Exstipulate, Simple. see Herbs, Unbranched, Opposite, Exstipulate, Simple. Plants of the Punjab. 209 Herss, Erect, witH Opposite ExstTIpuLATE SIMPLE LEAVES. Dracocephalum moldavicum, Tukhm-ferunjmishk. LABIATAE. HABA iv 665: Himalaya, 7-8,000 ft. Kashmir (Falconer). Dracocephalum stamineum, Lallemantia Royleana, LABIATA. WB: Torvs 667. The Plains to 3,000 ft. Sargodha (Douie), Baluchistan (Boissier). Cultivated. Lear Marains TootHepD. PETALS UNITED. CoROLLA TWO-LIPPED. STAMENS FOUR. INNER PAIR OF STAMENS LONGEST. medium size, annual, quite smooth, branched from the base ; leaves 1-2 in., lanceolate, deeply bluntly tooth- ed, sessile or narrowed into short stalks; flowers 3-1 in., blue, shortly stalked, in circular clusters at short or long intervals along leafy spikes, 4-8 in. long, bracts lanceolate with bristle points, calyx 4 in., 2-lipped, leathery, smooth, upper lip broad, 8-toothed, teeth broadly ovate with abrupt points, corolla 2-lipped, upper lip erect, notched, lower spreading, 8-fid, mid-lobe largest, tube creatly dilated to the throat, stamens 4, in unequal pairs, _ ascending under the upper lip, nearly projecting beyond it, style-lobes awl-shaped; nutlets 4, smooth, narrowly oblong, abruptly cut off at both ends. The seeds are used as a demulcent and febrifuge. see Prostrate Herbs, Opposite, Exstipulate, Simple, small, annual, branched or not, stem slightly angled, leaves 4-1 in., ovate or oblong, blunt, coarsely round- toothed, flowers 2 in., pale lilac, shortly stalked, in many circular clusters at intervals along narrow long spikes, bracts small, soon falling off, oblong, or lanceolate, teeth with long bristle points, calyx 4 in., erect, stiff, 2-lipped, upper lip with 8 obtuse lobes of which the lateral are under the mid-lobe, corolla tube hardly projecting beyond the calyx, lobes small, stamens 4, in unequal pairs, ascend- ing under the upper lip of the corolla, and enclosed with- in it; otherwise like Dracocephalum. The seeds, Gharei kashmalu, tukhm-balangu, are much used as being cooling and sedative. E 210 Plants of the Punjab. Heres, Ergot, with Opposite ExstTipULATE SIMPLE LEAVES. Scutellaria grossa, LABIATA. F. B. I. iv. 669. Himalaya, 4-8,000 ft. Simla, Mashobra (Collett). Scutellaria angulosa, LABIAT#. F. B. I. iv. 669. Himalaya, 4-9,000 ft. Simla (Collett). Dharmpur. Seutellaria galericulata, Common Skull cap, LABIATA. F. B. I. iv. 670. Himalaya, 5-8,000 ft. Kashmir, Koti. Brunella vulgaris, Lear Maroins ToorHepD. oe UNITED. CoROLLA TWO-LIPPED. STAMENS FOUR. OUTER PAIR OF STAMENS LONGEST. medium size, perennial, velvety, stem slender, grow- ing along the ground, then ascending, branched, nearly round; leaves 1-38 by 32-2 in., ovate, triangular or lan- ceolate, short-pointed, coarsely round-toothed, smooth, stalk 4-1 in., slender ; flowers # in., dark blue, solitary, axillary, forming terminal slender racemes, 3-6 in. long, bracts 4-4 in., longer than the calyx, calyx 2-lipped, lips closed in fruit, upper lip soon falling off, tube bear- ing asmall shield-shaped cup (scutellum), corolla-tube much longer than the calyx, sharply curved up near the base, dilated upwards, 2-lipped, upper lip erect, hood-like, notched, lower spreading, 8-lobed, stamens 4 in unequal pairs, ascending under the upper lip, anthers hairy ; nutlets 4, slightly velvety. medium size, perennial, velvety or thinly hairy, branches long, spreading, sharply 4-angled, leaves 1-3 in., ovate or lanceolate, bluntly or shortly pointed, round or sharp-toothed, shortly stalked, lower surface often purple, flowers 1 in., white or yellowish, tip tinged with purple, in leafy racemes, bracts leafy, upper small, entire, nutlets granulate ; otherwise like the last species. medium size to large, perennial, slightly velvety, stem procumbent at first, then erect, leaves 14-24 in., ovate-lanceolate, blunt, or nearly short-pointed round- toothed, shortly stalked, upper leaves are not toothed, flowers 2 in., yellow, shortly stalked in the axils of leaves and bracts, bracts much longer than the calyx ; other- wise like the last species. seo Herbs, Opposite, Exstipulate, Simple, Entire Plants of the Punjab. 211 Heres, Erect, with Opposite Exstiputate Simpin LEAVES. Marrubium vulgare, White horehound, LABIATH. Be Be le iy. G14; Himalaya, 5-8,000 ft. Kashmir (Falconer). Baluchistan (Boissier). Craniotome versicolor, LABIATA. W. B: i. iv<671- Himalaya, 5-7,000 ft. Simla (Collett). Anisomeles ovata, LABIATAE. f. Bal. iv, 672. The Plains to 5,000 ft. Valleys below Simla, Sipi (Collett). Luapy Mareins TooruHep. PETALS UNITED. CoROLLA TWO-LIPPED. STAMENS FOUR. OUTER PAIR OF STAMENS LONGEST. large, leafy, stout, shortly woolly; leaves 4-14 in. diam., ovate or circular, toothed, wrinkled, stalk 4-4 in. ; flowers } in., white, in circular axillary clusters, many- and dense-flowered, woolly, calyx 3-} in., teeth 10, awl- shaped, spreading and hooked, throat woolly, corolla short, 2-lipped, upper lip erect, divided, lower spreading, mid-lobe largest, stamens 4, enclosed in the corolla, style- lobes short, blunt ; nutlets 4, blunt, smooth. This plant is used in Europe by herbalists as a tonic. medium size, perennial, softly hairy all over, stem round, slender ; leaves 2-4 by 1-3 in., broadly ovate-heart- shaped, long-pointed, sharp- or round-toothed, stalk 1-2 in., slender ; flowers 1 in., white, pink or yellow, numerous, crowded in small stalked clusters forming narrow terminal branched leafy racemes, bracts awl-shaped, calyx ,, in., ovoid, equally 5-toothed, teeth triangular, corolla tube much longer than the calyx, 2-lipped, upper lip very short, erect, hood-like, lower longer, spreading, 3-lobed, mid- lobe largest, stamens 4, in unequal pairs, ascending under the upper lip, style nearly equally divided; nutlets 4, very minute, nearly round, shining. large, annual, aromatic, hairy, or felted and densely woolly ; leaves 1-3 in., ovate, round-toothed, long-pointed, stalk 3-12 in. ; flowers 4in., white, mid-lobe of lower lip purple, crowded in axillary clusters at intervals along terminal spikes, bracts variable, calyx }-4in., hairy, ovoid, teeth 5, lanceolate, long-pointed, corolla tube short, 2- lipped, upper lip short, erect, concave, entire, lower 3-lobed, spreading, mid-lobe much longer than the lateral, deeply notched, stamens 4 in unequal pairs, protruding, style nearly equally divided; nutlets 4, broadly oblong, po- lished. This plant is used in South India as a carminative, astringent and tonic, P2 212 Plants of the Punjab. Herss, ERgor, with Opposite ExstipuLAtTEe SIMPLE LEAVES. Stachys floccosa, Woundwort, LABIAT#. BB. iv. 675. Himalaya, 5-6,000 ft. Kashmir — (Jacquemont). Stachys sericea, LABIAT#. F. B. I. iv. 675. Himalaya, 6-9,000 ft. Simla, Mashobra (Collett). Murree (Douie). Stachys melisszefolia, LABIAT®. EB. 1. iv.676. Himalaya, 8-10,000 ft. Stachys palustris, Marsh betony, LABIAT A. F. B. L. iv. 676. Himalaya, 5-6,000 ft. Kashmir (Thomson). Lear Mareins TootuHen. PETALS UNITED. COROLLA TWO-LIPPED, STAMENS FOUR. . OUTER PAIR OF STAMENS LONGEST. large, stout, densely covered with white wool, stem 4-angled; leaves 8-4 by 1-2 in., ovate or ovate- lanceolate, heart-shaped, shortly pointed, round-toothed, thick, velvety above, stalk 4-1 in., very thick; flowers 3-7 in., pink, spotted with purple, sessile, crowded in axil- lary woolly clusters and in terminal spikes with inter- spaces, bracts as long as the calyx, calyx } in., bell-shaped, 10-nerved, teeth 5, points triangular, spinous, coloured pink, corolla 2-lipped, woolly, upper lip erect, lower spreading, 3-lobed, mid-lobe largest, tube shortly pro- jecting out of the calyx, stamens 4, ascending, style-lobes nearly equal ; nutlets 4, ovoid, smooth. very like the last species, only less woolly, and some- times unbranched, very like the last species, only more slender, less hairy, silky and leafy, calyx is shorter, as broad as long, teeth triangular with a thickened tip not ending in a spine. : medium size, perennial, stem 4-angled, bristly with reversed hairs, leaves 8-4 by 3-1 in., narrowly oblong or ovate-lanceolate, long-pointed, toothed, sessile, floral leaves longer than the calyx, flowers small, pink in 6- flowered circular clusters, 4-1 in. diam., at intervals, never spicate, bracts minute, calyx 4 in., hairy, teeth lanceo- late, tips spinescent, corolla tube not projecting beyond the calyx, nutlets broadly ovoid, broader towards the top, nearly smooth ; otherwise like the last species. Plants of the Punjab. 213 — Heres, Erect, witH Opposite ExsTIpPULATE SIMPLE LEAVES. Stachys sylvatica, Hedge Stachys, LABIATE. Phe. iv..676- Kashmir (Falconer). Stachys parviflora, Kirimar, baggr butt. LABIATA. Be iv: 61. The Plains to 5,000 ft. Salt Range, Sakesar. © Rawalpindi (Douie). Baluchistan (Lace). Leonurus Cardiaca, Lamium rhomboideum, LABIATA. F. B. IT. iv: 678: Himalaya, 12-15,000 ft. « In stony débris. Lear Marains TooTHen. PETALS UNITED. COROLLA TWO-LIPPED. STAMENS FOUR. OUTER PAIR OF STAMENS LONGEST. medium size to large, rough with long stiff hairs, rootstock growing along the ground, stem 4-angled, leaves 2-4 in., long-stalked, broadly ovate, heart-shaped, toothed, softly hairy, floral leaves sessile, longer than the calyx, flowers $ in., pink, in glandular-hairy few- flowered circular clusters, bracts minute, calyx 4 in., teeth triangular, tips needle-like, corolla tube projecting from the calyx, nutlets nearly round; otherwise like the last species. medium size, perennial, densely covered with floe- culent white wool, stem and branches very stout, near- ly round, branched from the base, leaves 1-3 in., very variable, smooth and shining or cottony above, oblong or ovate or lanceolate, thick, sessile, upper leaves woolly all over, flowers very small, pink or red-purple, in clusters, separated, 2-4-flowered, calyx }-§ in., immersed in wool, cupular, teeth short, incurved over the nutlets, corolla lips very small, upper short, rounded, nutlets 2, 4 in. long, erey, granulate, flat on one side, convex on the other ; otherwise like the last species. The stems are crushed and applied to the site of guinea worm, see Herbs, Erect, Opposite, Exstipulate, Lobed. small, stem very stout, zigzag, densely felted; leaves lower small, upper 2-4 in. diam., crowded, almost square, wrinkled, toothed, base suddenly contracted into a very thick, short woolly stalk ; flowers 1} in. long, pur- plish in axillary, many-flowered, clusters or in leafy heads, bracts awl-shaped, calyx ? in., woolly, teeth 5, lanceolate, 5-nerved, corolla 2-lipped, upper lip arched, lower spread- ing, 3-lobed, mid-lobe broad, contracted at the base, tube straight, naked within, upper lip or hood broad, woolly, lateral lobes ovate, undivided, stamens 4, ascending under the upper lip, anthers hairy, style lobes awl-shaped ; nutlets 4, sharply 8-cornered. 214 Plants of the Punjab. Herss, Error, with Oppositr ExstrpuLtats SimpLE LEAVES. Lamium amplexicaule, Lamium album, Leucas urticefolia, LABIATA. F. B. I. iv. 680. The Plains. Choa Saidan Shah (Douie). Baluchistan (Boissier). Leucas lanata, LABIATA. HB: Lay. 681; Himalaya, 3-8,000 ft. Simla (Collett). Leueas nutans, LABIATAE. F. B. I. iv. 688. The Plains. Lear Marains TooruHep. PETALS UNITED. CoROLLA TWO-LIPPED. STAMENS FOUR. OUTER PAIR OF STAMENS LONGEST. . see Prostrate Herbs, Opposite, Exstipulate, Sim- ple. seo Prostrate Herbs, Opposite, Exstipulate, Sim- ple. small, annual, stem covered with white hairs ; leaves 2-3 in., ovate, stalked, coarsely toothed, smooth or covered with white hairs; flowers 4 in., white, in axillary round clusters, 1 in. diam., many-flowered, at distant intervals, bracts hairy, bracteoles as long as ‘the calyx, calyx 4-4 in., cylindric, netted, velvety or hairy, 2-lipped, lower lip abruptly cut off, teeth minute, corolla tube within the calyx, not ringed within, 9-lipped, upper lip concave, erect, crown woolly, lower lip spreading, 3-lobed, mid- lobe very large, stamens 4, in unequal pairs, ascending. under the upper lip, style one-lobed; nutlets 4, ovoid, sharply 3-angled, blunt. medium size to large, rootstock stout, woody, stem sometimes woody, branches stout, nearly 4-angled, every- where densely woolly, hairs erect, leaves 1-8 in., thick, ovate or oblong, blunt or short-pointed, round-toothed, bracts bristle-like ; otherwise like the last species. branches spreading, leaves 1-2 in., oblong or linear-oblong, blunt, slightly” toothed, some- times stalked, flowers small in terminal and axillary dense-flowered clusters, calyx }4 in., bent down, hairy, deeply marked with lines, thin, teeth long, much longer than the hairs of the mouth ; otherwise like the last spe- cies. small, annual, Plants of the Punjab. 2165 Heres, Erect, witH Opposite EixstrpuLATE SIMPLE LEAVES. . Leucas Cephalotes, Dhurpi sag, phuman, guldoda, chatra. LABIATA, BEB. Txive 689) The Plains to 6,000 ft. Valleys below Simla (Collett). Leucas aspera, Leonotis nepetzefolia, LABIATA. BY Be lstv.'691. The Plains. Berara, Ambala District. Lear Mareins ToorHEpD. PETALS UNITED. CoROLLA fWO-LIPPED. STAMENS FOUR. OUTER PAIR OF STAMENS LONGEST. large, annual, aromatic, stout, hairy, hairs spreading, leaves 2-4 in., ovate or ovate-lanceolate, short-pointed, shortly stalked, round- and sharp-toothed, flowers in very large terminal round clusters, 1-2 in. diam., surrounded by membranous overlapping linear lanceolate bracts, bristle- pointed, unlike those of any other species, calyx 2? in., tubular, slightly curved, velvety, teeth short, awl-shaped, not longer than the hairs of the mouth ; otherwise like the last species. ‘This plant is used locally as a stimulant and diaphoretic, milk ig stirred up with it to improve the flavour, the fowers are sacred to Siva. ~ see Herbs, Erect, Opposite, Exstipulate, Simple, ~ Entire. large, annual, stem 1 in. diam., 4-angled, groov- ed, minutely velvety ; leaves 4-8 by 2-5 in., ovate, round- toothed, thin, stalk 1-3 in., winged above, slender, floral leaves lanceolate, sharply bent down ; flowers 1 in. long, orange, in densely many-flowered globular clusters 2-3 in. diam. round the stem, like the head of a drum stick, at some distance apart, prickly from the spinescent bracts, bracteoles many, slender, calyx ? in. long, ribbed, netted, velvety or woolly, tubular, turned in, mouth oblique, teeth 8-10, spines, upper } in. long, lower with 3 recurved spinescent teeth, corolla tube slender, projecting beyond the calyx, 2-lipped, upper lip long, concave, crown woolly, lower minute, spreading, concave, mid-lobe largest, sta- mens 4, in unequal pairs, ascending under the upper lip, style awl-shaped, 2-lobed, upper lobe very short; nut- lets 4, sharply 8-angled, linear-oblong, widening upwards, cut off short. 216 Plants of the Punjab. SSS Heres, Erect, with Opposiry ExsrrpunAtE SrImpLE LEAVES. Phlomis spectabilis, LABIATA. F. B. I. iv. 692. Himalaya, 3-8,000 ft. Kashmir (Jacquemont). Abbottabad (Barrett). Baluchistan (Lace). Phlomis cashmeriana, LABIATA. F. B. I. iv. 692. Himalaya, 5-6,500 ft. Kashmir (Royle). Phlomis setigera, LABIATA. Fil: tv, 698. Kashmir (Clarke). Lear Marcins Tooruep. PETALS UNITED. COROLLA TWO-LIPPED. STAMENS FOUR. OUTER PAIR OF STAMENS LONGEST. large, stem 1 in. diam., round, white with hairs, or downy with star-shaped hairs ; leaves 6-10 by 4-8 in., ovate-heart-shaped, round-toothed or almost small-lobed, wrinkled, felted with star-shaped hairs beneath, tip rounded, stalk 6-12 in., floral leaves small; flowers rose-purple, in axillary many-flowered circular clusters, 13-2 in. diam., with rigid thread-like bristly needle-pointed bracts, calyx 3-2? in., velvety, mouth equal, 5-toothed, teeth spiny, 4 shorter than the calyx tube, corolla tube ringed within, 2-lipped, upper lip concave, crown woolly, fringed with silvery hairs, lower spreading, 8-fid, stamens 4, in unequal pairs, ascending, style 2-fid ; nutlets 4, } in., linear. medium size, rootstock stout, stems several, stout, covered with white loose star-shaped woolly hairs, leaves 5-9 by 2-4 in., linear, oblong, blunt-pointed, round- toothed, wrinkled, base heart-shaped, leathery, finely velvety above, stalks 4-6 in., flowers pale purple, in many- flowered axillary circular clusters, 1-14 in. diam., bracts % in., many, thread-like, felted, tip needle-like, calyx 4-2 in., folded, felted, teeth spiny, half the length of the calyx tube, corolla upper lip very large, felted, not fringed, lower lip very broad, nutlets + in. long, broadly oblong ; otherwise like the last species. large, stem 1 in. diam., nearly smooth, 4-angled like the branches, leaves 4-8 in., ovate, long-pointed, round-toothed, base rounded or heart-shaped, stalks 3-1 in., flowers in many-flowered axillary circular clusters, bracts short, stiff, bristle-like, tips spiny, calyx 4-4 in.,. hairy, teeth erect, awl-shaped, + the length of the tube, nutlets $ in., ovoid with broad tip as if cut off short ; otherwise like the last species. Plants of the Punjab. 217 Heres, Erect, with Opposite Exstipunate SimpLe LEAVES. Phlomis bracteosa, LABIATA. He Bak. am 698: Himalaya, 5-11,000 ft. Simla, Mashobra (Collett). Ajuga bracteosa, Kauri butt, karku, khurbanri. LABIATA. BBP. iv. 702: The Plains to 7,000 ft. Simla (Collett). Abbottabad, Rawalpindi, Kahuta (Douie). Ajuga parviflora, LABIATS. Fy. B. Lav. 708: Himalaya, 2-7,000 ft. Simla (Collett). Murree (Douie). Lear Maretins Toornep. PETAL UNITED. COROLLA TWO-LIPPED. STAMENS FOUR. OUTER PAIR OF STAMENS LONGEST. large, stout, velvety with white hairs, stem and branches 4-angled, hairs on the stem, when present, sharp- ly turned down, leaves 2-4 in. (in Kashmir 6-8 in. long, ovate-lanceolate, long-pointed), ovate, blunt-pointed, round-toothed, base broadly heart-shaped, stalked, flowers 1 in., dull blue-purple, in many dense-flowered axillary circular clusters, {-1 in. diam., bracts erect equalling the calyx, outer thin, lanceolate or linear, tip not spinous, inner narrower, calyx 4-} in., tubular, hairy or smooth, 5-toothed, teeth slender with scattered hairs, corolla upper lip fringed with white hairs, nutlets 4-1 in., ovoid with ~ _the tip broad and rounded; otherwise like the last spe- cles. small, stems and branches from the rootstock many, velvety or smooth ; leaves 1-4 in., lanceolate with a broad tip or spoon-shaped, blunt-pointed, toothed more or less, lower stalked, upper sessile ; flowers 4 in., pale blue or lilac, crowded in axillary circular clusters at short intervals forming leafy spikes, much shorter than the ovate leafy bracts, calyx ¢ in., 5-toothed, softly hairy, teeth half the length of the tube, ovate-lanceolate, short-pointed, corolla tube straight, nearly twice the calyx, 2-lipped, upper hip very short, erect, deeply notched, lower spreading, mid-lobe dilated, side-lobes cblong, stamens 4, in unequal pairs, protruding, style 2-lobed; nutlets 5 in., oblong with rounded ends, deeply wrinkled, pitted. This plant is used as a stimulant, diuretic, and aperient. like the last species, but corolla is small, the base is not inflated, stamens included, flower clusters on kracteate spikes, not axillary. 218 Plants of the Punjab. Herpes, Erect, with Opposite HixstipuLATE SIMPLE LEAVES. Euphorbia hypericifolia, Lear Marains ToorHep. PETALS NONE. see Herbs, Erect, Opposite, Stipulate, Simple, Entire. Heres, Erect, with Opposite Exsriputate Lopep Leaves. Valeriana Stracheyi, Dipsacus inermis, Teasel, DipsacE. Bebe lan. 217. Himalaya, 6-12,000 ft. Simla, Mashobra (Collett). Changlagalli (Douie). Dipsacus strictus, Dipsacb&. ESB. Lei. 217. Himalaya, 7,000 ft. Chamba. PETALS UNITED. see Herbs, Unbranched, Opposite, Exstipulate, Lobed. FLOWERS SMALL, IN HEADS. large, stout, rough with stiff hairs, roughest under the flower heads; leaves 3-12 in., lower leaves deeply divided, end lobe largest, upper ovate or lanceolate or some divided into 3 lobes, shortly hairy on both sur- faces, stalks dilated, united at the base ; flowers small, white, many, in nearly round terminal long-stalked, soli- tary or several heads, 1 in. diam., surrounded by 6-8 spreading, leaf-like bracts, bracteoles or scales on the base of the head (receptacle) concave, abruptly narrowed in long, fringed, spine-like points, projecting above the flowers when in bud, calyx double owing to an epicalyx (involucel), calyx proper cup-shaped, hairy, 4-angled, 4-lobed on the achene, epicalyx 8-ribbed, surrounding the achene, corolla velvety, unequally 4-lobed, stamens 4, anthers protruding, stigma linear; achene with the 8- ribbed epicalyx, crowned with the calyx, which falls off later. This plant is allied to D. pilosus of Britain. very like the last species, but larger, more of the leaves undivided, flowers cream coloured, and fewer heads. Planis of the Punjab. 919 ———— —— ——————— — sSsssssssSSsSssSsSsmsmsSssssSSsSssSssSsSSssS Heres, Erect, with Opposite Exstrpunats Lospep LuAvss. Seabiosa Olivieri, DIpPsacE. By Be L. 11. 219: The Low Hills of Peshawar (Vicary). Rawalpindi. Hazara (Stewart). The Park, Rawalpindi. Baluchistan (Stocks). Seabiosa speciosa, DIPSACER, Lipgl oisa erii ag ee Himalaya, 7-9,000 ft. Kashmir Kagan (Douie). Bidens tripartita, Three-cleft Bidens, Compositz. Habe Fin, 809: Himalaya, 3-5,000 ft. Dharmpur. Bidens pilosa, ComposiTm. F. B. I. 111 3809. Var. pilosa proper. The Plains to 6,000 ft. Valleys below Simla (Collett). Kasauli. PETALS UNITED. FLOWERS SMALL, IN HEADS. small, annual, branched, hairy, stem leafy; leaves 2 by ¢ in., narrowly oblong, slightly toothed, or 4 by 2 in., deeply divided into pointed lobes; flowers small, purple, in few-flowered small terminal heads, bracts } in., oblong-lanceolate, surrounding the heads, calyx of 2 por- tions epicalyx (involucel) } in. diam., 16-20-ribbed, calyx proper with short teeth and bristles 4 in., barbed, brown, corolla tubular, 4-5-lobed, all equal, much shorter than the calyx bristles, hairy without, stamens 4, style filiform; achenes crowned by the epicalyx and calyx bristles, silky. This plant is closely akin to Scabiosa arvensis of Britain. medium size, branched, rootstock perennial, leaves 2 by 4 in., oblong, pinnatifid at the base with small lobes, flowers small, mauve, in many-flowered large, terminal, stalked, radiate heads, bracts 4-3 in., narrowly oblong, involucel, § in., nearly bell-shaped, calyx bristles nearly black, corollas with rays 4 in., corollas without rays in the centre of the flower 4 in., achenes 4 in., silky below, upper 8-ribbed, deeply pitted within the ribs; otherwise like the last species. medium size, annual, smooth, velvety above; leaves 3-5 in., digitately 3-5-lobed, lobes lanceclate, toothed, terminal longest ; flowers small, yellow, in discoid heads, 2 in. diam., on short, erect stalks, bracts longer than the flowers, in 2 or 8 series joined below, outer green, longer than the flowers, inner thin, receptacle with narrow flat scales nearly as long as the flowers, calyx (pappus) of 2 barbed bristles on the achene, corolla tubes narrow, dilated at the top, 5-toothed, style-arms hairy ; acheneg z in., smooth, wedge-shaped, barbed along the sides, bristles very short, 2. small, hairy or smooth, leaves 8-5 in., pinnatifid, lobes 8-5, ovate, toothed, flowers tubular in the centre, along the edge supplied with white ligules (rays), pappus of 3 barbed bristles, acheneg linear, rough; otherwise like the last species. 99.0 Plants of the Punjab. Herss, Erect, with Opposite ExstipunaTe Losep Lunaves. PETALS UNITED. FLOWERS SMALL, IN HEADS. . nies Wallichii, very like the last species, but the leaves are twice OMPOSIT. pinnatifid, segments cut and lobed variousl i F. B. I. iii. 809. yellow. AP te eae Var. bipinnata. The Plains to 8, 000 ft. Simla (Collett). Dewal (Douie). Dharmpur. Glossogyne pinnatifida, Composit. F. B. I. iii. 310. The Plains. Scrophularia lucida, SoROPHULARIACE®. F. B. I. iv. 256. Himalaya, 8-10,000 ft. Kashmir. small, perennial, root spindle-shaped, woody, stem and branches slender, forked, sparingly leafy ; leaves 1-2 in. with the stalk, triangular, divided into linear-pointed segments, few, often turned down, leathery, flowering branches 6-12 in., straight, stiff, erooved ; flowers small, yellow, in few small heads, } in. diam., arranged in flat- topped clusters, heads with flowers, all tubular or central ones tubular and outer lgulate, receptacle small, flat . . . ’ scales thin, bracts in 2-3 series, § in., blunt, narrow, joined below, pappus (calyx) of 2 bristles, rough from reversed hairs, corolla tubular, 5-toothed, anther-bases blunt, style- arm iry tips; 1 es with long hairy tips ; achenes 4-4 in., deeply grooved, FLOWERS NOT IN HEADS. STAMENS FOUR. medium size, perennial, stout, stems somewhat 4-angled, smooth or glandular, velvety ; leaves 1-2 in. singly or doubly pinnately divided, segments spreading, very unequal, oblong, ovate or lanceolate, margins deeply cut or toothed, horizontal ; flowers small, dingy ereen- purple in opposite stalked loosely spreading ‘clusters forming terminal branching racemes, bracts linear, calyx 5-fid, lobes half as long as the corolla, rounded, margin thin, corolla tube 4-4 in., broad, very short, lobes 5, 2 upper longer than the others, lowest spreading, stamens 4 in unequal pairs, turned downwards, hardly projecting out, staminode round or kidney-shaped ; capsule round few-seeded, seeds oblong, deeply pitted. Plants of the Punjab. - , Bal Heres, Erect, with Opposite Exstreutate Lopep LEAVES. PETALS UNITED. STAMENS FOUR. Scrophularia very like the last species, but the leaves are less variegata, pinnatifid, being only pinnatifid at the base with blunt SCROPHULARIACE®. recurved lobes, Be Bila iv. 200. Himalaya, 9-14,000 ft. Scrophularia one variety like a Scabiosa with a woody root stock scabioszefolia, and many radical pinnatifid leaves and a scape-like branch- SCROPHULARIACEM. ing raceme, the other very like Scrophularia lucida, but F. B. I. iv. 256. with very minute flowers, =; in. N.-W. Frontier Hills near Peshawar (Vicary, Aitchison). Chakwal (Douie). Veronica verna, see Herbs, Erect, Opposite, Hxstipulate, Simple, Entire. Lepiorhabdos see Herbs, Erect, Alternate, Exstipulate, Lobed. Benthamiana, Pedicularis see Herbs, Erect, Alternate, Exstipulate, Lobed. pectinata, Pedicularis see Herbs, Erect, Alternate, Exstipulate, Lobed. tenuirostris, Pedicularis see Herbs, Erect, Alternate, Exstipulate, Lobed. gracilis, Pedicularis porrecta, see Herbs, Erect, Alternate, Exstipulate, Lobed. Eremostachys see Herbs, Unbranched, Opposite, Exstipulate, Viearyi, Lobed. Eremostachys see Herbs, Unbranched, Opposite, Exstipulate, acanthocalyx, Lobed. 222 Plants of the Punjab. Heres, Ereot, witH Opposite ExstiputaTE Lopep LEAVES. Martynia diandra, Tiger or Devil’s Claw, Hathajort. PEDALLIACER. F. B. I. iv. 386. Himalaya, 1-2,000 ft. Dunera, Gurdaspur District. Lycopus Europzeus, Sesamum indicum, Verbena officinalis, Vervain, Pamukh, karaita. VERBENACE. F. B. I. iv. 565. The Plains to 7,000 ft. Simla (Collett). Phalia in the Gujrat District. Kahuta, Murree (Douie). Hazara (Barrett). Leonurus Cardiaca, Motherwort, LABIATA. EB. Briviv..678: Himalaya, 6-10,000 ft. Narkanda (Collett). PETALS UNITED. STAMENS Two. large, rough, stem succulent, an American weed ; leaves 5-10 in. diam., round, or angled, thin, long-stalked, upper sometimes alternate ; flowers 14-3 in., pale pink, showy in axillary and terminal clusters, calyx 4-5-lobed, corolla. bell-shaped, and inflated on one side, somewhat 2-lipped, 5-lobed, stamens 2; capsule 1 in., woody, covered with a soft coat soon falling off, beaked by strong curved spines that catch on to any passing animal. see Herbs, Erect, Opposite, Exstipulate, Simple, Petals United, Stamens 2. STAMENS FOUR. see Herbs, Erect, Opposite, Exstipulate, Simple, Toothed, Corolla 2-lipped, Stamens 4. medium size, perennial, nearly smooth, stems 4- sided, branching; leaves 2-4 in., variously lobed, some- times ovate, toothed, base narrow, lower leaves stalked, upper sessile, usually divided into three ; flowers } in., blue or lilac, sessile in long slender bracteate spikes, branching, 8-10 in. long, calyx ,-;4 in., tubular, glandular-hairy, teeth 5, minute, corolla hairy, tube nearly cylindric, longer than the calyx, lobes 5, spreading, stamens 4, in unequal pairs, enclosed in the corolla, style short, stigma round ; fruit of 4 nutlets enclosed in the calyx; nutlets Ye in., oblong, 8-ribbed, inner faces with minute white faking cells. Theleaves are used as a febrifuge and tonic, the root as a cure for scrofula and snake bite. large, rootstock and stem stout; leaves velvety to felted beneath, lower 5 by 3 in., ovate-lanceolate or round, toothed or deeply and irregularly cut into several coarsely toothed lobes, long-stalked, upper 1-8 in., narrow, lobed or nearly undivided ; flowers 4 in. long, pink, in many dense axillary clusters forming long terminal eet bracts large, lower stalked, bracteoles spinous, calyx in., top- shaped, 5-nerved, 5-toothed, teeth triangular, spines long, corolla tube ringed within, 2-lipped, upper lip erect, hooded, silky, lower spreading, 3-lobed, mid-lobe longest, stamens 4, ascending under the upper lip; nutlets 4, sharply 8-angled, smooth. Plants of the Punjab. 9.23 Hers, Erect, with Opposite Exstiputate Losep LEavss. PETALS NONE. Caltha palustris, see Herbs, Erect, Alternate, Exstipulate, Lobed. Heres, Erect, with Opposite Exstipunate Compounp LEavnzs. Biophytum see Herbs, Unbranched, Opposite, Exstipulate, Com- sensitivum, pound. Bryophylium see Herbs, Erect, Opposite, Exstipulate, Simple, calycinum,, Toothed. Herss, Erect, with ALTERNATE STIPULATE SimpLE LEAvns. Lear Marains Entire. ¢ PETALS UNUNITED. Reseda pruinosa, small, perennial, curved with minute projections ; RESEDACES. leaves 1-2 in., lower leaves lanceolate, upper cut into Pebet.a, 181. linear segments, stipules glandular, minute; flowers very Hills of the Western small, nearly sessile in terminal dense racemes, bracts awl- Punjab (Vicary). shaped, soon falling off, minute, calyx persistent, sepals 4-7, petals 4-7, stalked, unequal, much divided, that on the posterior side with a membrane above itg stalk, stamens 10-40, stigmas sessile; capsule oblong or ovoid, short, widely open, many-sided, seeds many, kidney- shaped, Oligomeris small, annual, with a bluish waxy gloss, much glaucescens, branched ; leaves 1-2 in., narrowly linear, in tufts, sti- Bua. pules minute, awl-shaped; flowers minute, greenigh- RESEDACE A. white, in bracteate dense-flowered, terminal Spikes, calyx Hebe Le Sto! of 4 sepals, petals 2, alternate with the posterior sepal, The Plains stigmas sessile ; capsule very small, 4-lobed, membranous Shahpur (Douie). seeds many, minute, shining. Baluchistan (Boissier). Portulaca oleracea, see Prostrate Herbs, Alternate, Stipulate, Simple. Crotalaria humifusa, see Prostrate Herbs, Alternate, Stipulate, Simple. Crotalaria prostrata, see Prostrate Herbs, Alternate, Fxstipulate, Simple, Crotalaria hirusta, see Prostrate Herbs, Alternate, Stipulate, Simple. Crotalaria alata, see Shrubs, Alternate, Stipulate, Simple. 224 Plants of the Punjab. Heres, HRecT, WITH ALTERNATE STIPULATE SIMPLE LEAVES. Crotalaria mysorensis, LEGUMINOS. 18 on. "70. The Plains to 4,000 ft. Hazara (Douic). a“ Crotalaria sessiliflora, LEGUMINOS2. F. B. I. ii. 73. The Plains to 6,000 ft. Simla, Chadwick Falls, Waterworks Road (Collett). Jakku above the Ladies’ Mile. Hazara (Douie). Indigofera linifolia, Indigofera cordifolia, LEGUMINOS. FOB Sate 98. The Plains to 4,000 ft. in the Chenab Valley. Kahuta (Douie). Baluchistan (Baker). Lear Marcins ENTIRE. PETALS UNUNITED. medium size, annual, much branched, covered with long silky hairs ; leaves 1-3 in. long, linear-oblong, rounded at both ends, thinly silky, stipules small, linear, persis- tent ; flowers 3-2 in. long, yellow, in terminal and lateral stalked racemes, 6-9 in. long, bracts lanceolate, leafy, calyx 3-8 in. long, silky, teeth 5, all long, upper lanceo- late, lower linear, corolla not projecting beyond the calyx, petals 5, upper (standard) broad, round, stalked, lateral oblong, shorter, lower two united to form the keel, equal to the lateral, much curved in and beaked, stamens 10, united behind, style long, abruptly incurved at the end, bearded above; pod nearly sessile, twice the length of the calyx, oblong, smooth, 20-30 seeded. medium size, annual, stem unbranched or branched, silky, leaves 2-6 in., linear or lanceolate, narrowed to both ends, thick, smooth above, thinly silky below, sti- pules bristle-like, very small, flowers 4 in., blue, rarely yellow, not projecting beyond the calyx, sharply bent down, lower flowers often axillary, upper crowded in racemes, 2-20 flowered, racemes 6-9 in. long, bracts and bracteoles bristle-like, persistent, calyx 3-4 in. long, brown silky, teeth all short-pointed, upper } in. broad, corolla smooth, pod sessile, smooth, } in., seeds 10-15 ; otherwise like the last species. see Prostrate Herbs, Alternate, Stipulate, Simple. small, annual, much branched, spreading, covered with flat-lying white hairs ; leaves 3-3 in., ovate, heart- shaped, apex a nearly straight edge, w:th a large stiff point, densely hairy beneath, stipules minute, bristle-like ; flowers 4 in., red, 4 to 8 crowded together ina sessile cluster, calyx 5-toothed, tube short, teeth long, bristle-hke, very hairy, corolla not projecting beyond the calyx, petals 5, upper one (standard) rounded, 2 lower ones united (keel) straight, not beaked, spurred on each side at the base, stamens 10, upper one free, the others united, anthers tipped with a minute point, style short, curved inwards ; pod } in. long or less, oblong, cylindrical, beaked, 2-seeded, seeds ovate, yellow. Plants of the Punjab. 225 Heres, Erect, with ALTERNATE STIPULATE S!MPLE LEAVES, Tephrosia tenuis, Uraria picta, Uraria lagopus, Uraria neglecta, - Alysiearpus monilifer, Alysiecarpus hamosus, Alysicarpus rugosus, Drosera peltaia, Sida grewloides, MALvAcEzm. HaBAL A325. The Plains. Baluchistan ( Boissier). Lear Marans ENTIRE. PETALS UNUNITED. see Herbs, Unbranched, Alternate, Stipulate, Simple. see Herbs, Erect, Alternate, Stipulate, Compound, Leaflets many. see Shrubs, Erect, Alternate, Stipulate, Compound, Leaflets 3. see Shrubs, Erect, Alternate, Stipulate, Compound, Leaflets 38. see Prostrate Herbs, Alternate, Stipulate, Simple. see Prostrate Herbs, Alternate, Stipulate, Simple. — see Prostrate Herbs. Alternate, Stipulate, Simple. see Herbs, Erect, Alternate, Stipulate, Simple. PETALS UNITED. medium size, grey-felted, with star-shaped hairs; leaves 4 in long, oblong-ovate, blunt-pointed, round- toothed, downy on both surfaces, leaf stalk shorter than the blade, stipules linear, awl-shaped, nearly equal to the leaf stalk ; flowers small, 4 in. diam., yellow or white, solitary or in pairs on a common stalk, shorter than the leaf stalks, calyx of 5 angular sepals, angular-tubular below, petals 5, united together below and with the staminal-tube, staminal-tube dividing above into numerous filaments, styles 7-8; fruit of 7-8 carpels, carpels wrinkled, bristle-topped and beaked, beaks con- verging, seed one in each carpel. noon, The flowers open at 556 Plants of the Punjab. Heras, HRECT, WITH ALTERNATE STIPULATE SIMPLE LEAVES. Abutilon graveolens, Barkanghi. MaLvAcEm. BB. f 1 827. The Plains. Gurgaon. Baluchistan (Masters). Abutilon Avicenne, American Jute, MALVACES. Be... 327. The Plains to 5,000 ft. Kashmir. Plumbago zeylanica, Chitrak. PLUMBAGINACE®. iB: 21.480: The Plains to 5,000 ft. Giri and Sutlej Valleys (Collett). Koti. Choa Saidan Shah. Mator near Kahuta (Douie). Baluchistan (Boissier). Lear Maroins ENTIRE. PETALS UNITED. large, perennial, fresh leaves smell unpleasantly, branches covered with velvety glands and hairs; leaves 2-34 in., round-heart-shaped, sometimes lobed, abruptly long-pointed, velvety on both surfaces, leaf stalk almost as long as the blade, stipules linear, sickle-shaped, turned back, soon falling eff; flowers large, orange with dark centre, pink and turned back when old, on axillary and terminal stalks, as long as the leaf stalks, and jointed above the middle, calyx of 5 sepals, ovate, long- pointed, tubular below, densely velvety, petals 5, broadly heart-shaped, united together below and with the staminal-tube, staminal-tube dividing above into many filaments, styles 20 or more; fruit of 20 or more ecarpels rounded, hairy, about equal in length to the calyx, which is enlarged in fruit, not bristle-pointed, separating from the central column, each carpel 2 or more seeded, seeds kidney- shaped. ‘The flowers open in the evening; a fibre is ob- tained from the stem; the roots, leaves and seeds are used as a demulcent. medium size, annual, leafy, softly felted, leaves 3-4 in., round-heart-shaped with a long point, leaf stalk 3 in. long, flowers yellow, scarcely longer than the sepals on solitary, axillary stalks 1 in. long, sepals nearly divided to the base, ovate, short-pointed, staminal tube very short, carpels 15-20, much longer than the sepals, oblong, hairy or velvety with 2 long spreading bristles, seeds soft with scattered hairs ; otherwise like the last species. This plant supplies an excellent fibre. large, perennial, stems several, rambling ; leaves 2-8 in., ovate, shert-pointed, smooth, abruptly narrowed into the stalk, leaf stalk 3 in., stem-clasping, stipules round, flat, soon falling off; flowers # in. long, bluish-white in bracteate, often branched, glandular spikes, 4-12 in. long, bracts + in., ovate, short-pointed, calyx 4-4 by 7; in., tubular, covered with stalked glands, 5-ribbed and toothed, teeth very short, corolla flat-topped, circular, tube Zin. long, lobes 5, 4 in., nearly equal, round, spreading, stamens 5, free from the corolla, opposite the lobes, dilated at the base, anthers protruded, style one, slender, with 5 branches above; capsule thin, enclosed in the persistent calyx, opening transversely near the base, seed one. This plant is used as a vesicant, also as a sudorific, and as a poison. Plants of the Punjab. 227 Heres, Erect, WITH ALTERNATE STIPULATE SIMPLE LEAVES. Polygonum orientale, POLYGONACER. RoB:; Ew... 30. The Plains to 5,000 ft., in Swamps. Polygonum virginianum, PoOLYGONACER. Habs lev.3. Himalaya. Kashmir. Jhelum River, 2-4 ,000 ft. Pir Panjal Range, 7-10,500 ft. (Stewart). Polygonum glabrum, PoLYGONACEA. he Biel ye S4; The Plains to 6,000 ft. Simla, in ditches (Collett). Polygonum lanigerum, Lear Marains ENTIRE. PETALS NONE. large, annual, velvety or silky-hairy, stems grooved, branches hollow-stemmed ; leaves 6-9 by 2-5 in., ovate, or ovate-heart-shaped, long-pointed, grey with hairs, leaf stalk 1-4 in., sometimes winged, stipules tubular, short, hairy, ending abruptly, mouth thin, papery, or dilated, ereen, curved back; flowers small, red, white or green, in crowded erect or drooping cylindric racemes 2-4 in. long, forming large terminal branched clusters, bracts hairy, ovate, flat, 3-6 flowers in the axil of each bract, calyx (perianth) of 4-5 segments, petals non», stamens 7 or 8, alternating with small honey secreting glands, er- closed in the calyx, styles 2, united half way up ; nut round, 1 in. diam., flattened with concave faces, coat very thick, 3 black, shiny. large, perennial, roughly hairy, branches hollow-stem- med ; leaves 4-10 in., broad and tapering equally to either end, thin, leaf stalk 4-1 in., stipules 4-4 in., tubular, roughly hairy, mouth abrupt, bristly ; flowers in very long slender long-stalked racemes, 6-16 in., bracts tubular-bristly, z-1 in. apart, 2-flowered, bracteoles narrow, transparent, calyx 4-fid, thin, stamens 5, alternating with glands, styles 2, long, stiff, hooked, persistent, stigmas undivided ; nut oblong, with rounded ends, flattened, pale brown, as long as the persistent styles. large, stem thick, often red, branched ; leaves 4-8 in., lanceolate or linear-lanceolate with a fine long point, minutely glandular or not, stalked, stipules 3 in., tubular, smooth, thin, not fringed ; flowers pink or white, in slender erect racemes, 2-4 in. long, forming terminal branched clusters, bracts smooth, tubular, tip oblong or rounded, calyx 5-fid, varying in size, stamens 6-8, styles 2 usually, sometimes 8, united below the middle; nut rounded, bi- convex, 3-angled with 3-styled flowers, black, shining. see Prostrate Herbs, Alternate, Stipulate, Simple. Q2 ho ho @ Plants of the Punjab. Herss, Erect, with ALTERNATE STIPULATE SIMPLE LEAVES. Polygonum lapathifolium, or simlense, Pale Polygonum, PoLYGONACES. F/B. I. v. 35. The Plains to 7,000 ft. Matiana, Theog (Collett). Shahpur District (Douie). Polygonum persicaria, Persicaria, PoLYGONACE. F. B. I. v. 35. Kashmir (Falconer). Baluchistan (Lace). Polygonum minus, Polygonum stagninum, PoLYGONACE. By Bs vat. The Plains. Polygonum barbatum, ‘PoLYGONACER. BB: 1:..v. 37. The Plains. Lear Margins ENTIRE. PETALS NONE. medium size, annual, branched, smooth below, rough with glands above ; leaves 3-6 in., lanceolate, finely pointed, narrowed to the base, glandular, leaf stalk short, narrowly winged, upper leaves sessile, margins, mid-rib and nerves somewhat hairy, stipules tubular, not fringed; flowers Js-$ in., red, in dense-flowered, erect or nodding racemes, 1}-2 in. long, axillary, or forming terminal branching racemes, bracts tubular, short, not bristly, calyx 4-fid, glandular, stamens 6, styles 2, joined together close to the base ; nut round, flattened, minutely dotted. very like the last species, but the leaves are without stands, stipules hairy, fringed, bracts bristly, flower stalk smooth, and calyx without glands. see Prostrate Herbs, Alternate, Stipulate, Simple. small, branched or not, smooth below and hairy above ; leaves 3-5 in., lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, long-pointed, velvety with flat-lying hairs on both surfaces, glandu- lar or not beneath, stipules tubular, with flat-lying hairs, bristles shorter than the tube; flowers white, in straight, erect, stout, or slender, long and strong-stalked racemes, bracts enclose many flowers, rough with long bristles, calyx of 4-5 segments, without glands, stamens 5-8, styles 3; nut 3-angled, intensely black. very like the last species, but smoother, stipules more bearded, racemes long, weak and slender, bristles of the bracts shorter and weaker, Plants of the Punjab. 229 Heres, Erect, with ALTERNATE STIPULATE SIMPLE LHAVES. Polygonum Hydropiper, Water-pepper, POLYGONACE. Bebe Te v.89. The Plains to 7,000 ft. Simla, Naldera (Collett). Hazara (Barvett). Polygonum flaccidum, PoLYGONACE. BBs Lvs 39: The Plains to 4,000 it., in wet places. Polygonum glaciale, PoLYGONACEA. HB. Is y.4t. Himalaya, 8-12,000 ft. Kashmir. Polygonum alatum, Sai-balon. POLYGONACEA, FoBid: vA: The Plains from 9-10,000 ft. Simla (Collett). Lear Margins Entire. PETALS NONE. medium size, annual, stout, smooth, stems some- times prostrate and rooting at the joints, often glandular, joints often swollen, branched ; leaves 2-3 in., lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, narrowed to the base, dotted with glands, mid-rib with minute hairs, stipules 3 in., tubular, smooth or minutely hairy with flattened hairs, swollen out near the middle, fringed with short bristles ; flowers pink or red, in very slender drooping zigzag racemes, 2-3 in. long, with gaps along the racemes and leafy at the base, bracts smooth, with or without glands, tubular, mouth naked or minutely bristly, calyx of 5 segments, with glands, stamens 6, styles 2 or 8, ununited nearly to the base; nuts minutely dotted, in the 2-styled flowers circular and flattened, in the 3-styled 8-angled. The juice is used as a diuretic and carminative. very like the last species, but larger with longer, broader, and more pointed leaves. very small, annual, weak, smooth, nearly succulent, branches spreading from the root ; leaves $-3 in., broadly ovate, apex blunt, long-stalked, winged above only, stipules short, smooth, cup-shaped, 2-lobed or not ; flowers minute, white or pale purple in sessile or stalked heads 3-} in diam., stalk minutely glandular at the tip, bracts broadly ovate, blunt, smooth, flat, calyx 4-5-lobed, transparent, lobes nearly equal, blunt, stamens 5, no glands, styles 38 united ; nut minute, closely included in the calyx tube, black, striated. small to medium size, annual, very variable, the smaller fo m; like the last species, but with short broad- winged leaf stalk ; leaves }-4 in. in the small form, 1-3 in. in the large, broadly ovate, smooth, rarely hairy, blunt or short-pointed, abruptly or gradually narrowed into a broadly winged and sometimes eared leaf stalk, stipules tubular, hairy or glandular below, not fringed with bristles ; flowers minute, white, purplish or red in heads, $-$ in. diam., heads in the axils of leaves on stalks, 230 Plants of the Punjab. Herss, Erect, wirh ALTERNATE STIPULATE SIMPLE LEAVES. Polygonum sirigosum, Polygonum sagittatum, Polygonum alpinum, POLYGONACEA. iH Bow. Vv. 49. Himalaya, 7-12,000 ft. Kulu to Kashmir (Thomson). Polygonum polystachyum, Polygonum tortuosum, Polygonum sibiricum, POLYGONACER. HP Bale w52, Himalaya, 11-12,000 ft. Kangra (Edgeworth). Lear Mareins ENTIRE. PETALS NONE. glandular-hairy at the top, bracts flat, smooth, calyx 4-5-fid, stamens 6-8, style long with one or two arms, stigmas rounded ; nut enclosed in the calyx, 3-angled, or flattened circular, minutely dotted. The leaves in Kangra are used as an application to swellings. see Prostrate Herbs, Alternate,* Stipulate, Sunple. see Prostrate Herbs, Alternate, Stipulate, Lobed. large, rootstock perennial, stem annual, grooved, pale, smooth or young parts softly velvety ; leaves 3-5 in., lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, long-pointed, smooth, short-stalked, stipules long, tubular, loose, upper part soon falling off, not bristly; flowers ;4,-4 in. diam., white or pale pink, numerous in terminal crowded broad pyramidal branching racemes, 12 in. long or more, bracts short, blunt, flower stalks much longer than the bracts, jointed close to or further from the flower, calyx 5-seg- mented, segments nearly divided to the base, inner seg- ments broad tipped, stamens 8, rarely less, alternating with glands when present, styles 3 ; nut 4 in. long, shining, pale, Sharply 3-angled, longer than the calyx. Aitchison states that it is eaten raw or cooked, and tastes like rhubarb. see Shrubs, Hrect, Alternate, Stipulate, Simple. see Shrubs, Erect, Alternate, Stipulate, Simple. very small, perennially rooted, stem stout, branches many, spreading or erect ; leaves 1-3 by ;,-} in., narrowly linear, blunt-pointed, 2 processes sticking out at the base, leaf stalk thick, stipules tubular, short, thin and papery ; flowers =!; in. long, pink, in heads }-} in. diam., forming terminal branched racemes, shorter than the leaves, bracts minute, flower stalks short or long, calyx in 5 segments, segments broadly oblong, stamens 5-8, Short, with or without alternating glands, styles 2-3; nut 8-angled, no’ tightly enclosed in the calyx, oblong- ovate, black, shining, equal in length to the calyx. This plant is eaten by the Tibetans. Plants of ihe Punjab. 231 Cease Hurss, Eruor, with ALTERNATE STIPULATE SIMPLE LEAVES. Fagopyrum esculentum, Buckwheat, Phaphra, kultu, kathu. PoLYGONACEA, Pebols ve oe Himalaya, 5-12,000 ft. Fagopyrum cymosum, POLYGONACES. Habe vlobs Himalaya, 5-11,000 ft. Simla in woods. (Collett). Fagopyrum tataricum, Ugal, kaspat. POLYGONACEA. Me. ey ob: Himalaya, 3-12,000 ft. Rumex nepalensis, Dock, POLYGONACE. Be v.60: Himalaya, 4-9,000 ft. 12,000 ft. on the Chenab (Stewart). Simla (Collett). Murree (Douie). Rumex hastatus, Lear Marains ENTIRE. PETALS NONE. medium size, annual, smooth, branched or not, cul- tivated and found ag an escape; leaves 1-4 in. diam., triangular, heart-shaped at the base, short-pointed, stipules tubular ; flowers small, white or pink, in axillary or terminal heads forming stalked many-flowered clusters, 3-3 in .diam., calyx of 5 segments, segments nearly equal, stamens 8, alternating with yellow sessile glands, styles 3 ; nut $-}1in., ovate with 3 sharp angles, much longer than the calyx. The grain is not very nutritious. medium size, root perennial, branched slightly vel- vety, leaves 2-4 in. diam., broadly triangular, sharp- pointed, long-stalked, upper leaves narrower and stem- clasping, flowers white, in racemes, 2-5 in. long, forming long-stalked branching racemes, flower stalks jointed in the middle ; otherwise like the last species. very like Fagopyrum esculentum above and also cul- tivated, but taller, and the faces of the nut deeply grooved with rounded angles. ‘The grain is considered inferior to that of F. esculentum. large, perennial, sometimes, stout, branched ; radical leaves 6-14 by 3-5 in., oblong, ovate-oblong or triangular- ovate, short-pointed or blunt, base broadly or narrowly heart-shaped and stalked, upper leaves not stalked and smaller, uppermost sessile and lanceolate, stipules tubular, not fringed, soon disappearing ; flowers small, creen, often turning red, 2-sexual, in circular clusters at intervals along neatly leafless racemes, calyx of circular sepals, 3 outer not enlarging, 3 inner enlarging in fruit, with a tubercle inthe centre and fringed with hooked teeth, stamens 6, styles 3, stigmas fringed, terminal ; nut brown, sharply 3-angled, enclosed in the 8 enlarged hook-fringed and net-veined sepals. The roots are said to be used as a substitute for rhubarb. see Herbs, Erect, Alternate, Stipulate, Lobed, 232 Plants of the Punjab. Heres, Ereot, with ALTERNATE STIPULATE SIMPLE LEAVES. Rumex acetosa, Rumex vesicarius, Bladder Dock, Sorrel, Katta mitha, saluni, choka. PoLYGONACE. He SB. Tv: 61. The Salt Range. Trans-Indus Hills. Baluchistan (Hughes-Buller). Houttuynia cordata, PIPERACER. Bs Bids ve %8: Himalaya 1-5,000 ft. Sultej Valley below Narkanda (Collett). Phyllanthus urinaria, Hazar-mani. KUPHORBIACE. BBs B vi 298. The Plains. Phyllanthus simplex, Lear Margins ENTIRE. PETALS NONE. see Herbs, Erect, Alternate, Stipulate, Lobed. small, annual, pale green, smooth, branches in pairs.; leaves 1-3 in., ovate or oblong, base wedge-shaped, rarely heart-shaped or terminating in 2 sharp angles, stipules tubular, not fringed, soon disappearing; flowers small, pink or white, male and female separate, in terminal short leaf-opposed leafless racemes, 1-12 in. long, flowers on jointed or unjointed stalks, calyx of 6 circular sepals, inner 3 much enlarged in fruit, thin, 2-lobed at each end, not fringed, stamens 6, styles 8, fringed, arising from the angles of the fruit, bent down; nut 4 in. diam., 3-angled. The juice is cooling, aperient, and diuretic. perennial, velvety, rootstock creeping, stem 12-36 in., green, leafy, angular ; leaves 14-24 in., broadly ovate, stalked, heart-shaped, long-pointed, stalk 1-2 in., base sheathing, stipules long, linear, oblong, blunt; flowers minute in terminal leaf-opposed stalked spikes 4 in. long with 4-6 large white petal-like bracts 3-4 in. at the base, calyx none, petals none, stamens 3, carpels 3-4, united, styles 3, free ; fruit almost round. medium size to large, annual, rarely perennial, smooth, stem and branches angled, angles of branches, margins of leaves and sepals often minutely hairy ;-leaves $-2 in., in 2 lines, overlapping, oblong or linear-oblong, tip rounded or short-pointed, sessile, stipules target-shaped ; flowers minute, green, axillary, nearly sessile, males and females on the same plant, solitary or clustered, male flowers, calyx of 6 circular sepals, stamens 38, rarely 5, more or less united at the base, female flowers, calyx of 6 oblong sepals, styles 8, with 2 hooked arms; capsule ;; in., prickly, hard, brittle with three 2-valved lobes, seeds transversely furrowed. This plant is said to be used as a diuretic and as a cure for jaundice. ° see Shrubs, Alternate, Stipulate, Simple. Plants of the Punjab. 233 Heres, ERT, WITH ALTERNATE STIPULATE SIMPLE LEAVES. Phyllanthus Niruri, Sada hazur-mani, jaramla. KUPHORBIACEA. Riss 1..¥.298. The Plains to 3,000 ft. Elatostemma pusillum, Elatostemma surculosum, Triumfetta pilosa, Triumfetta rhomboidea, Chikti. TILIACEA. BBe kot. 395, The Plains to 5,000 ft. Simla (Collett). Koti. Triumfetta rotundifolia, Lear Marcins ENTIRE. PETALS NONE. small to medium size, annual, quite smooth, branched from the base, stem naked below, branches angular, slender, leafy, leaves 4-2 in., oblong or linear, tip rounded, blunt or sharp-pointed, thin, nearly sessile, pale green, often in 2 rows, overlapping, bluish waxy gloss beneath, stipules minute, awl-shaped, flowers green, very many, minute, shortly stalked, male flowers solitary, anthers 8, sessile, on a short column, styles ununited, capsule round, hardly lobed, smooth, seeds with ribs and faint cross lines ; other- wise like Phyllanthus urinaria (described above) and with the same medicinal properties. see Herbs, Unbranched, Alternate, Stipulate, Simple. see Herbs, Unbranched, Opposite, Stipulate, Simple. Lear Marains TootnHep. PETALS UNUNITED. see Herbs, Erect, Alternate, Stipulate, Lobed. medium size to large, perennial, smooth or velvety ; leaves 2-84 by 14-3 in., broadly ovate, or 4-angled with the lateral angles blunt or heart-shaped, 38-7-nerved, apex short-pointed or 8-lobed, toothed, stipules ununited ; flowers } in., yellow, in dense clusters, flower stalks short, buds oblong, club-shaped, pointed, sepals 5, oblong, con- cave, pointed, petals 5, oblong, bristly at the base, stamens 8-15, style thread-like, stigma 5-toothed ; capsule + in. diam., round or ovoid, white-felted, prickly, spines qiy in., hooked, smooth, not dilated at the base, seeds one or two in each cell. This plant is used as a demulcent. see Shrubs, Alternate, Stipulate, Simple. 234 Plants of the Punjab. HERBS, Triumfetta annua, Chikti. TILIACEA. Poa. 1.990. The Plains to 5,000 ft. Simla (Collett). Koti. Corchorus capsularis, Jute, Harrana. TILIACE. HSB. 1, 307. The Plains to 4,000 ft. (Cultivated or escaped). Thanesar (Edgeworth). Corchorus olitorius, Jute, or Jew’s mallow, Banphal, koshta. TILIACES. Peis 1: OO l« The Plains to 4,000 ft. Corchorus trilocularis, Kauntt. TILIACE A. Hebb i: ool. The Plains. Phalia, Gujrat District (Douie). Baluchistan (Lace). ERECT, with ALTERNATE STIPULATE SIMPLE LEAVES. Lear Marains 'oorTHeEn. PETALS UNUNITED. medium size, annual, smooth except for a line of hairs on one side, which alters at every joint, leaves 4-5 by 2-3 in., ovate, long-pointed, toothed, smooth except for a few scattered hairs, long-stalked, stipules awl-shaped, flowers 1 in., orange, on 8-flowered stalks, 3 in. long, opposite to the leaves, sepals shortly and sharply pointed, petals nearly equal to the sepals, stamens 10, fruit + in., bluish-green waxy gloss, 4-celled, spines long, smooth, hooked ; other- wise like Triumfetta rhomboidea. medium size to large, annual, smooth , leaves 2-4 in., ovate-lanceolate, long-pointed, toothed, rounded at the base, the two teeth furthest back prolonged into tails, stalk 14 in., stipules thread-like, as long as the stalk ; flowers small, $ in. diam. or less, yellow, one or two together on axillary or leaf-opposed stalks, sepals 4-5, petals 4-5, without glands, stamens few or twice the number of petals, ununited, style short, stigma cup-shaped; capsule $ in. diam., nearly round, depressed at the apex, ridged, rough with hard tubercles, 5-celled, valves woody, without cross partitions, seeds few in each cell, brown, smooth, wedge- shaped. ‘The fibre of the inner bark forms the jute of commerce. very like the last species, but sepals short-pointed, petals longer than the sepals, capsule 2 in., cylindric, beaked, 10-ribbed, 8-6-valved, valves with cross parti- tions between the seeds, beak long, erect, undivided. This plant is cultivated as a pot herb and also for its fibre. very like the last species, but sometimes perennial and indigenous, capsule 2-3-1n., 3-4-valved, straight or curved, valves 8-4-angled, with partitions, rough, beak short, erect and undivided. Plants of the Punjab. 235 Herbs, Erect, with ALTERNATE STIPULATE SIMPLE LEAVES. Corchorus fascicularis, TILIACEA. BeaBade1.398. The Plains. Corchorus tridens, TILIACE. Repel. 2-308: The Plains. Baluchistan (Boissier). Corchorus acutangulus, TILIACEA. HB. 11.398: The Plains to 5,000 ft. Sim'a below 5,000 ft. (Collett). Reinwardtia trigyna, Impatiens amplexicaulis, Impatiens scabrida, GERANIACE. he. i472. Hanalaya, 7-10,000 ft. Simla, rare. Mahasu, common (Collett). Murree (Douie). LeaF Marcins TootHeEpD. PETALS UNUNITED. very like the last species, but leaves usually smaller, flowers 2-5 on one stalk, capsule 3-3 in., 3 or 4 together, short, nearly cylindric, valves downy, almost without partitions, seeds 3-angled, black. very like the last species, but the leaves are usually more linear, capsule 1-2 in., crowned by 3 spreading points with tufts of glandular hairs, valves without partitions, seeds with the ends abruptly cut off. very like the last species, but with broader leaves, capsules 6-angled with 8 angles winged, crowned by 38 more horizontal, spreading points, valves with or without partitions. see Shrubs, Alternate, Stipulate, Simple. see Herbs, Erect, Toothed. Opposite, Stipulate, Simple, large, annual, smooth or velvety, stems succulent, often much branched; leaves 2-6 in., ovate or lanceo- late, long-pointed, toothed, teeth gland-tipped, sessile or narrowed into a short stalk , stipules of 2 large glands ; flowers 11 in. long without the spur, yel’ow, spotted w-th brown, single on axillary, usually paired stalks, or on a common 2-6-flowered stalk, 1-2 in. long, stalk of each flower 1-2 in., bracts bristle-like, sepals 3, 2 lateral minute, sreenish, one lower (lip) petal-like, coloured yellow, broadly funnel-shaped, abruptly contracted into a slender, cylin- dric, incurved hollow spur $ in. long, petals 8, one upper (standard) very large, circular with a small green horn- like process on the back, 2 lower (wings) with lateral lobes short, rounded, terminal, much smaller, oblong, stamens 5, anthers cohering above the 5-toothed stigma with filaments clasping the ovary ; capsule 1-2 in. long, linear, cylindrical, tapering, straight, ribbed, smooth or ‘ Piants of the Punjab. Heres, Hrucr, with ALTERNATE STIPULATE SIMPLE LEAVES. Impatiens amphorata, GERANIACE. He Bi lea. 475: Himalaya, 5-8,000 ft. Simla (Collett). Impatiens Edgeworthii, GERANIACES. Hy, 13.4700. Kulu (Edgeworth). Impatiens racemosa, GERANIACEA. Hepbisel. Late Himalaya, 5-8,000 ft. Simla, Fagu, Narkanda (Collett). Impatiens laxiflora, GHRANIACE A, F. B. I. 1. 479. Himalaya, 5-10,000 ft. Simla, Hattu (Collett). LeAF Mareatns ‘lootTHED. PETALS UNUNITED. nearly so, 5-valved, the ripe valves if shaken curl up elastically and jerk out the many, scarecly tubercled, ob- long seeds, medium size, annual, smooth, slender or robust, leaves 3-6 in., lanceolate, round-toothed, a bristle-like sland at the point of each rounded tooth, long-pointed, stalked, stipules of 2 sessile or stalked glands, flowers 1-11 in. long less the spur, purple, in racemes branched or not, or in umbel-like clusters, lip large, deep broad, spur 1 in., standard tip crested, wings white on the lower half, capsule 1-14 in. ; otherwise like the last species. very like the last species, but with yellow and red streaked flowers, bracts broader, lip funnel-shaped, main stalks of flowers clustered, nearly terminak large, annual, smooth, slender, branched, leaves 3-9 in., lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, long-poimted, round- toothed, teeth or gap between gland-tipped, leaf stalk }-2 in., slender, stipules of 2 sessile or stalked glands or none, flowers small, }in., yellow, in racemes or umbel-like clusters, flower stalks slender, } in. long, bracts persistent, ova‘e, cland-pointed, 2 upper sepals ovate or oblong, gland- pointed, lower (lip) boat-shaped, narrowed into a slender tapering, nearly straight spur, } in. long, upper petal (standard) not spurred nor winged, latera! petals (wings) darker spotted, with a long linear process descending into the spur, capsule 4-fin.; for other characters see the last species. like the last species, but the leaves are usually smaller, leaf stalk longer, stipules always present, flowers slightly larger, lateral petals (wings) without the tail-lhke process, spur longer, not straight, with clubbed tip. Plants of the Punjab. 931 HERBS, ERECT, WITH ALTERNATE STIPULATE SIMPLE LEAVES. Lear Marans Tootuen. PETALS UNUNITED. Impatiens like the last species, but winged leaf stalks prolong- micranthemum, ed down the stem, flowers white with red and yellow GERANIACER. spots, much smaller, $+ in. long, spur also 4 in, Boi By Isi-48l. straight. Himalaya, 6-10,000 ft. Simla (Edgeworth). Hattu (Collett). Changlagalli (Dowie). Impatiens medium size, stem not winged, slender, smooth, brachycentra, branched, leaves 2-5 in., ovate-lanceolate, round-toothed, GERANIACE. teeth tipped with a glandular bristle, long-stalked, long- F. B. 1.1. 481. pointed, stipular glands often present, flowers } in. long, Himalaya, white, in racemes or umbel-like clusters in the axils of upper 8-12,000 ft. leaves, lip boat-shaped, spur minute or none, capsule Murree (Fleming). —_ narrow, oblong, } in., nearly cylindric, tapering to a point ; otherwise like the rest of this genus. Psoralea corylifolia, medium size, branches annual, dotted with glands ; Babchi. leaves 1-8 in., roundish, with a widely round-toothed LEGUMINOS#. margin, firm, covered with black dots above and below ; Reba 103: flowers 1 in., yellow or white, tipped with purple, 10-80 The Plains. crowded in long-stalked head-like clusters, calyx $ in., nearly sessile, bell-shaped, teeth 5, lanceolate, the lowest longest, corolla projecting a little beyond the calyx, lower petal keel-shaped, blunt, tip slightly incurved, stamens 10, upper stamens united or not with the others in a tube, style long, thread-like, incurved ; pod nearly round, small smooth, black. This plant is used as a tonic, and as an internal and external medicine in leprosy. PETALS UNITED. Althea officinalis, large, perennial, downy, stem 24-86 in. ; leaves ovoid Marsh Mallow, simple or slightly lobed, toothed, stipules linear-awl shaped; Gul-khairo, kaira- flowers 1-2 in. diam., pink, in axillary clusters on a main ka-jhor. stalk, bracteo'es 6-9, joined at the base, linear-lanceolate, F Bad. aoadg: half the length of the sepals, sepals 5, petals 5, stamens Kashmir. many, united into a tube, united to the petals, styles thread. like; carpels many, seed one in each carpel. The leaveg are used as a healing application and the seeds in gravel, 238 Plants of the Punjab. Heres, Erect, with ALTERNATE STIPULATE SIMPLE LEAVES, Lear Marcins TootHenD. PETALS UNITED. Malvastrum medium size, branched, covered with simple hairs ; tricuspidatum, leaves 2 in., ovate-lanceolate, irregularly toothed, leaf MALVACER. stalk 1} in., stipules ununited ; flowers yellow, on axillary Tes She Bea RS DA or terminal stalks, 4-3 in. long, bracteoles 3, narrow, calyx The Plains. bell-shaped, 5-lobed, triangular, short- -pointed, petals 5, Lahore, Delhi, twisted, over lapping, longer than the sepals, stamens many, Rawalpindi united below and to the petals, forming a tube, styles 8-12, (introduced). stigmas round ; fruit of 8-12 dry carpels, one-seeded, sepa- rating from the central column, curved with 3 projecting points. Sida humilis, see Prostrate Herbs, Alternate, Stipulate, Simple. Sida spinosa, medium size, perennial, shrubby, stems rough with Gulsakari, star-shaped hairs, branches usually armed with curved jangli-metht. spiny tubercles at the nodes below the leaf stalks ; leaves MALVACEA. 3-2 in., very variable, ovate with or without a broad BP. B. 1. 1.328 apex, apex blunt or notched, base heart- or pede: -shaped, The Plains. grey below with star- shaped hairs, leaf stalks } in., stipules awl-shaped ; flowers } in. diam., white, on aolieaey or clus- tered stalks, jointed near the flower, equal to or longer than the leaf stalks, calyx tubular below, sepals 5, triangu- lar, short-pointed, hairy, petals 5, united below and to the staminal tube, stamens many, united below into a tube ; carpels 5, separating from the central column, crowned each by 2 long erect rough beaks, equal to the calyx, seeds one in each carpel. The root and leaves are used in Indian medicine, the former as a tonic and diaphoretic, the latter as a demulcent. Sida carpinifolia, like the last species, but without spiny tubercles, Bariara, kareta, leaves narrower, stipules broader, veined, bristly, flower MALVACER. stalks jointed near the middle, calyx tube nearly round, Bib, 1; 1,520, petals twice as long as the calyx, yellow, carpels 5-10, The Plains. wrinkled beak of 2 bristles. Good fibre is obtained from the stems, and other parts are used medicinally, as in the last species, Plants of the Punjab. 239 Herbs, Erect, with ALTERNATE STIPULATE SIMPLE LiaAyss. Lear Mareins Tooruep. PETALS UNITED. Sida rhombifolia, like the last species, but larger, leaves Squarer with Swet-berela, rounded angles, and tapering at the base, flower stalks sahadebi. longer than the leaf stalks, stipules longer than the leaf MALVACER. stalks, carpels 10, beaked with bristles or not, as long ag Re By lis 3283 the calyx. ‘This plant supplies an excellent fibre. The Plains. Baluchistan (Lace). Sida cordifolia, medium size, annual or perennial, downy with long Kowar, simak. hairs, leaves 1-2 in., oblong, heart-shaped, blunt-pointed, MALVACER. round-toothed, stalk equal in length to the blade, stipules Be ha, 394. linear, shorter than the leaf stalk, soon falling off, flower The Plains. stalks solitary, upper very short and crowded, flowers small, yellow, carpels beaked with 10 bristles, netted on the sides, bristles longer than the sepals, covered with stiff reflexed hairs ; in other respects like the last species. The flowers *in this genus only expand at noon. Abutilon indicum, medium size, annual, or perennial, more or legs downy ; Kanghi, jhampi. leaves 1-2in. long, broadly heart-shaped, short or long- MALvACEm. pointed, coarsely toothed, or nearly entire, pale and HB. e396. minutely velvety on both surfaces, stalk longer than the The Plains. blade, stipules sharply bent down ; flowers 1 in. diam., Delhi. yellow, on axillary solitary stalks, longer than the leaf Rawalpindi(Douie). stalks and jointed at the top, calyx tubular, 5-lobed, ovate with or without a hard sharp point, petals 5, spreading, stamens as in the genus Sida above ; carpels 15-20, longer than the calyx, with short spreading bristle-pointed beaks, felted at first, afterwards nearly smooth, seeds one or more in each carpel, kidney-shaped, dark brown, covered with minute star-shaped hairs. The stems contain a good fibre, the seeds are demulcent. Abutilon bidentatum, like the last species, but perennial, leaves 23-3 by 2in., MALVACER. heart-shaped ovate, long-pointed, round-toothed, downy BeBe 112826: above and below, stalks of lower leaves 4-5 in., stipuleg The Plains. short, awl-shaped, flower stalks 13-2 in., calyx tube cup- Baluchistan (Lace). shaped, lobes ovate, short-pointed, fruit J in. diam., carpelg 20, smooth, oblong, twice as long as the calyx. Urena repanda, see Herbs, Erect, Alternate, Stipulate, Lobed. Hibiscus Trionum, see Herbs, Erect, Alternate, Stipulate, Lobed. 240 Plants of the Punjab, Heres, BRET, WITH ALTERNATE STIPULATE SIMPLE LEAVES, Lear Marcins Tooruen. PETALS UNITED. Hibiscus Solandra, see Herbs, Erect, Alternate, Stipulate, Lobed. Hibiscus Sabdariffa, see Herbs, Erect, Alternate, Stipulate, Lobed. Hibiscus see Herbs, Erect, Alternate, Stipulate, Lobed. Abelmoschus, Hibiscus eancellatus, see Herbs, Erect, Alternate, Stipulate, Lobed. Pentapetes phoenicea see Herbs, Erect, Alternate, Stipulate, Lobed. PETALS NONE. Ranunculus see Herbs, Erect, Alternate, Exstipulate, Lobed. hirtellus, Ranunculus see Herbs, Erect, Alternate, Exstipulate, Lobed, sceleratus, Ranunculus letus, see Herbs, Erect, Alternate, Exstipulate, Lobed. Ranunculus arvensis, see Herbs, Erect, Alternate, Exstipulate, Lobed. Girardinia see Herbs, Erect, Alternate, Stipulate, Lobed. heterophylla, Heres, Erecr, with ALTERNATE STIPULATE LOBED LEAVES. PETALS UNUNITED. Reseda pruinosa, see Herbs, Erect, Alternate, Stipulate, Simple, Entire. Triumfetta pilosa, medium size, perennial, branches covered with soft * TILIACER. star-shaped hairs ; leaves 8-5 by 1-2 in., ovate, lower leaves Hl. 1. oO. 3-lobed, toothed, covered with star-shaped hairs on both The Plains to sides, stalk ? in., hairy, stipules awl-shaped, bristly, short- 5,000 ft. er than the leaf stalk; flowers #in., yellow, in axillary Simla (Collett). and leaf opposed clusters, main flower stalks hairy, shorter than the leaf stalks, minor flower stalks very short, very hairy, bracts awl-shaped, hairy, sepals 5, linear, bristle pointed, petals 5, ovate-oblong, hairy at the base, stamens 10 or so, ununited, style thread-like, 2-5-toothed ; fruit 4 in. diam., including the hairy hooked spines } in. long, nearly round, 4-celled, seeds 8, round, dark brown, flattened on one side, Plants of the Punjab. . > 241 ee Herss, Erect, with ALTERNATE STIPULATE LoBED L&EAvEs. Triumfetta rhomboidea, Corchorus acutangulus, Geranium pratense, Geranium collinum, Geranium palustre or grandiflorum, Geranium Tuberaria, Peganum Harmala, Harmal. ZAYGOPHYLLACES. Bri. 1) 486i The Plains to 5,000 ft. Kashmir. Baluchistan (Boissier). Lourea vespertilionis, LEGUMINOS&. BB. wz 154; The Plains. PETALS UNUNITED. see Herbs, Erect, Alternate, Stipulate, Simple, Toothed., see Herbs, Erect, Alternate, Stipulate, Simple, Toothed, see Herbs, Erect, Opposite, Stipulate, Lobed. see Herbs, Erect, Opposite, Stipulate, Lobed. see Herbs, Erect, Opposite, Stipulate, Lobed, see Herbs, Erect, Opposite, Stipulate, Lobed. medium size, root perennial, stem and_ branches annual, bushy, smooth, pale green; leaves 2-8 in., much divided, lobes or segments linear, short-pointed, stipules bristle-like ; flowers 3-2 in. diam., white, solitary, sessile or stalked in the axils of branches, sepals 4-5, linear, short- pointed, persistent, usually longer than the petals, petals 4-5, ob'ong, nearly equal, soon fall ng off, stamens 12-15, broad below, some without anthers, styles twisted, 2-8, keeled above; capsule 1-4 in. diam., depressed above, lobed, splitting into 3 valves, seeds many, angled. A red dye is obtained from the seeds and different parts of the plant are used in Indian medicine. The alkaloids Harma- line and Harmine are obtained from the seeds. small, annual, slender, stems finely downy; leaves 3-1 in. long, 2-3 in. broad, divided into two equal linear lobes, apex of each broadly notched and bristle-tipped, rarely one leaflet on each side making a compound leaf, side leaflets smaller, obliquely triangular with the point inwards; flowers 4-2? in.. in simple or rarely branched racemes, 8-6 in., calyx } in., bell-shaped, teeth lanceolate, equal to the calyx tube, petals 5, standard broad, keel blunt, stamens 10, not all united, style thread-like, ineurv- ed; pod smooth, veined, joints 4-5, and each one-seeded, all included in the enlarged calyx. BR 242 Plants of the Punjab. Herss, ERECT, with ALTERNATE STIPULATE LOBED LEAVES. Spirza vestita, RosacEm. EB. 1. 1.328. Himalaya, 7-12,000 ft. Kashmir. Hattu (Collett). Geum urbanum, Geum elatum, Lavatera kashmiriana, MALVACER. Pe 154..519. Kashmir. Hazara, 7-8,000 ft. Malva verticillata, MALVACER. En B;.124. $20. The Plains to 12,000 ft. Simla, Matiana (Collett). PETALS UNUNITED. medium size, shrubby, root perennial, stems velvety, very like Meadow Sweet, Spireea Ulmaria; leaves 2-12 in., irregularly divided into lobes, lateral lobes few or many, sharply toothed, small, or one or two pairs 14 in. long, terminal lobe 2-6 in. diam., deeply cut into 8 to 5 sharply-toothed, long-pointed segments, upper Surface smooth, lower white-felted, stipules half circular, large, sharply toothed, persistent ; flowers 1} in. diam., white, in large oblong much-branched terminal clusters, calyx 4-5-lobed, very small, lobes blunt, persistent, petals 4-5, oblong-rounded, stamens many, styles many, nearly terminal, carpels many, ununited, woolly, 2-seeded. see Herbs, Unbranched, Alternate, Stipulate, Lobed. see Herbs, Unbranched, Alternate, Stipulate, Lobed. PETALS UNITED. stems covered with down, branching; leaves lower 5-lobed, circular, heart-shaped at the base, round-toothed, smooth above, downy beneath, stalk as long as the blade, upper 38-5-lobed, lobes short-pointed, central longest, stipules linear-lanceolate ; flowers 8 in. diam., pink, on axillary stalks, bracteoles 8, united below, broadly ovate, shortly pointed, sepals 5, lanceolate, longer than the brac- teoles, petals 5, united below, wedge-shaped, deeply bifid, stamens united into a column, woolly, styles many ; carpels many, separating from the axis, kidney-shaped, smooth, shorter than the axis, seeds one in each carpel. large, annual or perennial, branched, downy ; leaves 2-6 in. diam., nearly round, lobes 5-6, shallow, downy, stalks 6-7 in., stipules lanceolate, hairy ; flowers small, pale pink, crowded in nearly sessile axillary clusters, brac- teoles 3, ununited, linear, sepals 5, united below, triangu- lar-lanceolate, petals 5, united below, twice the length of the sepals, margin notched, stamens united into a tube, styles 10-12 ; carpels 10-12, enclosed in the enlarged calyx, netted on the sides, ribbed at the back, each carpel one- seeded. ‘This plant is sometimes used as a pot herb, Plants of the Punjab. 243 Heres, Erect, with ALTERNATE STIPULATE LoBED LEAVES. Malva sylvestris, Large Mallow, Vilayati-kangat, kanj1. MALVACER. Be Bak. 1.320: The Plains to 8,000 ft. Theog (Collett). Kashmir. Hazara. Abutilon graveolens, Urena repanda, MALVACEA. F. B. f. 1, 330. The Plains to 1,000 ft., east of the Sutlej. Hibiscus Trionum, MALVACEA. wists, ood. The Plains to 6,000 ft. Kashmir. Hazara. Sutlej Valley (Collett). Baluchistan (Lace). Hibiscus surattensis, PETALS UNITED. medium size, annual, smooth or with a few hairs, leaves 1-3 in. diam., 5-7, blunt, shallow lobes, rounded, base heart-shaped, stalks 1-3 in., stipules oval, short- pointed, flowers 14 in. diam., pink streaked with purple, on axillary stalks, 1 in. long, bracteoles ovate, shorter than the bell-shaped calyx, petals with bearded stalked bases, carpels downy or not, netted; otherwise like the last species. This plant is much used as a demuleent. see Herbs, Erect, Alternate, Stipulate, Simple. medium size, perennial, much branched, covered with star-shaped hairs; leaves lower 2-21 in. long, roundish, somewhat lobed, base heart-shaped, slightly toothed with rounded notches, upper leaves lanceolate, stipules linear ; flowers 2 in., pink, in racemes, ultimately in leafless clusters, bracteoles 5, }-4 in., awl-shaped, united below into a strong- ly ribbed cup, nearly leathery, larger than the calyx, sepals 5, united half way up, stamens united into a tube, styles 10 ; carpels 5, smooth, separating from the axis when ripe, each carpel one-seeded, seeds smooth. medium size, annual, more or less covered with star- ~ shaped hairs ; leaves 1-14 in., divided to the base (lower leaves sometimes circular, undivided), lobes usually 8, lobed and toothed, stalks 1-14 in. long, stipules awl-shaped, covered with long stiff hairs; flowers 14 in. diam., pale yellow with a dark purple centre, calyx 5-lobed to the middle, bell-shaped, inflated, lobes broad, short-pointed, nerves hairy, winding, afterwards purple, petals 5, united below and with the staminal tube, stamens united into a tube, styles 5, united half way up ; capsule oblong, blunt, 5-celled, velvety, splitting from above into 5 valves, seeds many, kidney-shaped, velvety with star-shaped hairs. see Prostrate Herbs, Alternate, Stipulate, Lobed. 244 Plants of the Punjab. Heres, Ereot, with ALTERNATE STIPULATE LOBED LBAVES. Hibiscus Solandra, MALVACE®. F, Be 1. 4336. The Plains to 5,000 ft. Simla. Sutle}) Valley (Collett). Hibiscus vitifolius, Ban kapas. MALVACER. Be. 1.3388. The Plains to 2,000 ft. Hibiscus Gibsoni, MALVACE®. Ro. asS59. The Plains. Hibiscus Sabdariffa, Rozelle or Red sorrel, Patwa. MALVACE. E. By 4,'840, The Plains, cultivated. PETALS UNITED. medium size, annual, velvety or hairy, slightly branch- ed, leaves 1-2} in. across, heart-shaped at the base, short- pointed, coarsely toothed, hairy on both sides, lower leaves long-stalked, ovate or circular, more or less 8-lobed, upper deeply 3-lobed, lobes narrowly oblong, stipules bristly, flowers 3-2 in. diam., yellow, white or pink on solitary, jointed axillary stalks, 14 in. long, in a loose leafless termi- nal raceme, sepals united below, triangular, short-pointed, petals broad at the tip, notched, capsule ovoid, pointed, hairy at the top, not longer than the calyx, seeds blackish ; otherwise like Hibiseus Trionum. large, annual or biennial, hairy, slightly prickly, branches many, leaves 1-4 in. diam., 3-7-lobed, lobes short- or long-pointed, smooth or felted on both surfaces, toothed, stalks 2} in., stipules very small, bristly, flowers 23 in. diam., yellow with a purple centre, drooping, on axil- lary, solitary or clustered at the end of branches, stalks jointed, bracteoles 5-8, bristly, linear, not united and short- er than the calyx, sepals united half way up, lanceolate, velvety, petals two or three times as long as the sepals, capsule hairy, beaked, 5-winged, shorter than the sepals, seeds brown, tubercled ; otherwise like the last species. The bark yields a strong silvery fibre. medium size, perennial, branches bristly or prickly, leaves 1-3 in., deeply divided into lobes, lobes oblong- lanceolate, toothed, smooth or hairy, stalk as long as the blade, flowers twice the length of the bracteoles, yellow with a purple centre or all purple, on solitary axillary stalks, bracteoles ununited, linear, prickly, curving over the calyx, sepals united below, lanceolate, staminal tube half covered with anthers, capsule ovoid, pointed, valves bristly, seeds soft with scattered hairs; in other points like the last species. ‘ large, annual, smooth, stem purplish, leaves 2-3 in., wedge-shaped at the base, usually 3-5-lobed, lower leaves sometimes not lobed, lobes lanceolate or oblong, glandu: lar beneath, toothed, stalk 2 in., reddish, stipules 4 in. long, linear, short-pointed, flowers 24 in. diam., yellow or purple on solitary axillary short stalks, thickened at the top, bracteoles 8-12, united to the base of the calyx, calyx en- larging in fruit, sepals united below the middle into a fleshy bristly purple cap, capsule ovoid, pointed, hairy, shorter than the calyx, seeds nearly glabrous, kidney-shaped ; Plants of the Punjab. a 245 Heres, Erect, wirh ALTERNATE STIPULATE LOBED LEAVES. Hibiscus ficulneus, Dula, kapasiya. MALVACES. Bose lem S40. The Plains. Hibiscus pungens, MALVACE. Dela T. Himalaya, 2-5,000 ft. (Duthie). Hibiscus - Abelmosehus, Musk mallow, Mushk dana, kasturi bhend. MALVACEA. EF: Bet. 342. The Plains. PETALS UNITED. otherwise like the last species. This plant is cultivated for the sake of the edible calyx, from which an acid jelly is prepared ; it 1s used as a preventive of scurvy. The stems supply a strong silky fibre. very large, annual, branches usually covered with broad-based sharp prickles, leaves 24-4 in., 5-7-lobed, with wide sinuses between the lobes, lobes broad at the tip, narrow at the base, unequally toothed, stalks 24-4 in., stipules $ in. long, linear, hairy, soon falling off, flowers 1-2 in. diam., white with a pink centre, on stalks, half the length of the leaf stalks, the upper in a leafless raceme, bracteoles 4-6, broad, leafy, sepals united nearly entirely, tips thread-like, capsule 14 in. long, ovoid, felted, with a curved beak, 5-angled, sticky when young, seeds round, softly hairy ; otherwise like the last species. This plant is often cultivated and supplies an excellent white fibre, the seeds are put into sweetmeats. medium size, annual or perennial, branches bristly and dotted, leaves 5-8 in., heart-shaped, 7-lobed, lobes linear-lanceolate, long-pointed, deeply toothed, upper 3-lobed, stalk longer than the blade, stipules broadly lance- olate, upper ones linear, flowers 5 in. diam., yellow with a purple centre drooping on racemose stalks 1-2 in. long, bracteoles 1 in., enlarging in fruit, calyx 5-toothed, staminal column with anthers all the way up, capsule ? in. long, slender, hairy ; otherwise like the last species. large, annual, hairy, branched ; leaves heart-shaped, ovate or usually 8-7-lobed, lobes oblong-lanceolate, short- or long-pointed, coarsely toothed, hairy above or below, stalk longer than the blade, stipule: small, awl-shaped, flowers 3-4 in. diam., yellow with a crimson centre, soli- tary often apparently termina! on stout curved stalks, bracteoles 6-12, linear, ununited, hairy, much shorter than the calyx, sepals united except the 5 tips, split down on one side, capsule 24-3 in., ovate, short-pointed, hairy, seeds kidney-shaped, with a musky scent ; otherwise like the last species. Musk is obtained from this plant and it also yields a strong fibre, it is, therefore, widely cultivated. 246 Plants of the Punjab. Herss, Erect, wirh ALTERNATE STIPULATE LOBED LEAVES. Hibiscus canceilatus, MALVACER. F. B. 1.1. 342. The Plains to 6,000 ft. Simla, Syri (Collett). Hazara (Douie). Hibiscus esculentus, Okra, Bhindi, ramlurai. MALVACES. He la. ote. The Plains to 4,000 ft., cultivated. Pentapetes phoenicea, Dopahariya, gul dupaharia. NSTERCULIACEA. Eabyvil: iz 87h. The Plains, in wet places. PETALS UNITED. large, annual, bristly, root spindle-shaped, leaves 4-6 in., bluntly 5-angled, or rounded, round-toothed, hairy, upper leaves with angular lobes at the base, stalks 4 in., stipules linear, flowers 4-5 in. diam., drooping, yellow with a purple centre on stalks much shorter than the leaf- stalks, racemed at the ends of branches, bracts 2 at the base of each stalk, awl-shaped, bracteoles 10-18, 14 long, linear, bristly, incurved, capsule ovoid, furrowed, very hairy, equal in length to the bracteoles, seeds many, kidney-shaped, black, not musky ; otherwise like the last Species, large, annual, roughly hairy, leaves 8-12 in. long, -5-lobed, heart-shaped at the base, lobes lanceolate-oblong, coarsely toothed, rough, stalk as long as the blade, reddish, stipules linear, flowers large, yellow with a crimson centre on stout short stalks, shorter than the leaf-stalks, brae- teoles 8-10, linear, equal in length to the calyx, soon falling off capsule 6-10 in. long, oblong, tapermg 6-8- ribbed, smooth or hairy, seeds many, round, wiih lines, smooth or hairy; otherwise like the last species. This plant is commonly cultivated, the unripe capsule and ceeds are eaten as a vegetable. It yields a silky fibre which is used in paper-making. large, annual, smooth or bearing a few scattered star- shaped hairs, branched; leaves 38-5 in., triangular or lanceolate with 2 lobes at the base, round-toothed, smooth above, star-shaped hairs on the vems beneath, stalk 1 in., stipules linear, equal in length to the stalk ; flowers 1-14 in., scarlet, open at noon, drop next morning, one or two together on jointed axillary stalks, bracteoles 3-5, thread-like, half the length of the calyx, soon falling off, sepals 5, lanceolate, united below, rough, petals 5, ovate with a broad tip, stamens 20, 15 fertile in 5 groups of 3 alternating with 5 unfertile (staminodes), style dividing above and twiste rd, stigmas 5, minute ; capsule } in. diam., nearly round, bristly with star-shaped hairs, shorter than the persistent sepals, seeds 8-12, in 2 rows in each of the 5 cells, angular, rough. The capsule is used a3 a de- mulcent. Plants of the Punjab. 247 Herss, Erect, with ALTERNATE STIPULATE LoBEepD LEAvns. PETALS UNITED FLOWERS, MINUTE, IN HEADS, ALL TUBULAR. Artemisia Dracunculus, Artemisia parviflora, Artemisia scoparia, Artemisia annua, Artemisia maritima, Artemisia vulgaris, Artemisia Roxburghiana, Artemisia vestita, Artemisia laciniata, Artemisia Moorcroftiana, Artemisia Absinthium, Artemisia Sieversiana, Rumex hastatus, Katambal, amlora. POoLYGONACE. BBA ve 60: Himalaya, 1-8,000 ft. Kashmir. Simla (Collett). Hazara (Barrett). see Herbs, Erect, Alternate, Exstipulate, Lobed. see Herbs, Erect, Alternate, Exstipulate, Lobed. see Herbs, Erect, Alternate, Exstipulate, Lobed, see Herbs, Erect, Alternate, Exstipulate, Lobed. see Herbs, Erect, Alternate, Exstipulate, Lobed. see Herbs, Erect, Alternate, Exstipulate, Lobed. see Herbs, Erect, Alternate, Exstipulate, Lobed. see Herbs, Erect, Alternate, Exstipu'ate, Lobed. e Herbs, Erect, Alternate, Exstipulate, Lobed. (qp) 5 see Herbs, Erect, Alternate, Exstipulate, Lobed. Herbs, Erect, Alternate, Exstipulate, Lobed. see Herbs, Erect, Alternate, Exstipulate, Lobed. see PETALS NONE. medium size, root perennial, stems and_ branches srooved, smooth ; leaves 1-23 by #-2 in., stalked, 3-lobed, 2 lobes projecting backwards, narrow, or not lobed, broad’y triangular, long-pointed, stipules tubular, thin, not fringed, soon torn and disappearing; flowers very small, green, often turning red, in circular distant clusters forming axillary racemes and terminal branching racemes, often crowded in fruit, calyx 6-lobed, in fruit circular, pink, not fringed, notched at both ends, petals none 248 © Plants of the Punjab. Heras, Erect, wirh ALTERNATE STIPULATE LOBED LEAVES. Rumex acetosa, PoLYGONACER. 2. 1.-v. 60. Himalaya, 8-12,000 ft. Kashmir. Cannabis sativa, Indian Hemp, Bhang. URTICACER. Bee. Ly, 487; The Plains to 9,000 ft. Hazara (Barrett). Simla (Collett). Baluchistan (Hughes-Buller). Girardinia heterophylla, Kert, kal, bhabar. URTICACER. FH. B..1. vy. 560, Himalaya, 5-8,000 ft. Hazara (Barrett). Simla (Collett). PETALS NONE. stamens 6, styles 3. stigmas fringed ; nuts sharply 3-angled, brown, enclosed in the 3 inner segments of the calyx. This plant is used as a pot herb. hike the last species, but male and female flowers on separate plants, branches few, racemes leafless, outer sepals reflexed. large, annual, stems grooved, felted, branches few, erect, slender, a common weed. aso cultivated; leaves 4-8 in. diam., opposite, stalked, much divided, upper leaves 1-5-lobed, lower 5-11-lobed, linear-lanceolate, middle lobe longest, coarsely and sharply toothed, long-pointed, wedge-shaped at the base, dark green above, downy below, stipules lateral, awl-shaped, bristly ; flowers greenish-yellow, small, male and female on separate plants, males clustered in short, axillary, drooping branched racemes, calyx of 5 segments, segments boat-shaped, petals ncne, stamens 5, filaments long, thread-like, females crowded, sessile in the axils of leafy bracts, style-arms 2, thread-like ; achenes ;'z in., flattened, hard, enclosed in the persistent bracts. The intoxicating drugs, ganja and charas, consist of the resin obtained from the stem, young leaves and flowers, bhany is merely the dried leaves and achenes. Hemp is obtained from the fibrous stems. large, annual, root perennial, stem and branches furrowed, covered with very long stinging hairs like a nettle ; leaves 4-12 in. long and broad, long-stalked, 3- nerved from the base, broadly ovate, upper leaves 8-5- lobed, heart-shaped at the base, sharply toothed, stipules large, united, leaf-like, divided at the tip; flowers small, green, sessile, closely crowded, male and female on the same or separate plants, when male and female are together the male are in nearly cylindric clusters on the lower part of the spike, and the female in clustered heads in the upper part, when separate, male in long slender often branched spikes, and female in short oblong spikes, in fruit becoming thick and densely bristly ; male flowers, calyx of 4 sepals, petals none, stamens 4, female flowers calyx tubular with a small 3-toothed mouth, splitting in fruit, style long, Plants of the Punjab. 24S Heres, Hrectr, with ALTERNATE STIPULATE LOBED LEAVES. PETALS NONE. thread-like, persistent, stigma minute; capsule (achene) broad, flattened, ovate, black. This plant supplies an ex- cellent fibre used in making fishing nets. Heres, Erect, with ALTERNATE STIPULATE ComMpouND LEAvzES PETALS UNUNITED. LEAFLETS TWO-THREE. Thermopsis barbata, small to medium size, perennial, rootstock woody, LEGUMINOS&. stems tufted, branches many, densely shaggy; leaves of He Be, lie ts 02: 3 sessile leaflets with leaf-like stipules at the base, each Himalaya, node appearing to have a tuft of simple leaves, leaflets 8-12,000 ft. smooth or hairy, lanceolate, 1-2 in., entire ; flowers 1 in. Kashmir. long, dark purple, clustered in short axillary racemes form- Patarnala (Collett). ing a terminal branched raceme, bracts shaggy, united at the base or iree, calyx top-shaped, 5-toothed, teeth lan- ceolate, 2 upper more or less united, 3 lower twice the tube, petals 5, all long-stalked, posterior (standard) largest circular, sides turned back, 2 wing petals ovate, outer part broader, 2 keel petals faintly joined, oblong- ovate, stamens 10, ununited, style thread-like, incurved ; pod 1-2 by 3-3 in., linear-oblong, short-pointed, seeds 2-6. Argyrolobium small, perennial, thinly silky. branches slender, spread- roseum, ing or prostrate; leaves digitately compound, leaflets 8, LEGUMINOSAE. 4 in., ovate with a broad rounded tip, base wedge-shaped, PS l. ni. 64. sessile, leaf stalk equal to or shorter than the leaves, stipules The Plaizs to minute, linear, persistent, ununited; flowers 2 in., pink 6,000 ft. or yellow tinged with pink in 1-4-flowered leaf-opposed Rawalpindi. stalked racemes, longer than the leaves, calyx + in., Kahuta (Douie). 2-lipped, slit nearly to the base, 5 distinct teeth, 2 to the Baluchistan upper, 3 to the lower lip, smooth, lanceolate, petals 5, (Boissier). hardly longer than the calyx, standard oblong-circular, notched longer than the upper lip of the calyx, wings oblong, keel broadly oblong, blunt, shorter than the standard, stamens 10, all united, 5 longer with large anthers attached at the end, 5 shorter with smaller anthers attached in the middle, style long, thread-like, incurved ; pod # in. long, erect, straight, narrow, flattened, seeds 10-15. sD 259 Plants of the Punjab. : Heres, Erect, wire ALTERNATE STIPULATE COMPOUND LEAVES. PETALS UNUNITED. LEAFLETS TWO-THREE. Lotononis small, annual, finely silky, branches many, spread- Leobordea, ing; leaves digitately compound, leaflets 3, 4-3 in. long, LEGUMINOS®. lanceolate, rather fleshy, tip blunt, broad, with a minutely Pop al-eil: 64: Peshawar (Stewart). Baluchistan (Hughes-Buller). Crotalaria medicaginea, Ononis hircina, Trifolium pratense, Trigonella Fonum-grecum, Fenugreek, Methi. LEGUMINOS”. Boa, Lik. OF. The Plains to 5,000 ft. Kashmir. Hazara. Ba'uchistan (Lace). Trigonella polycerata, fine point, leaf stalks as long as the leaves, stipules minute, lanceolate, soon falling off; flowers } in., pale yellow or red, nearly sessile, 1-5, in the axils of .most of the leaves, calyx ?-1 in., silky, teeth 5, lowest tooth deepest, petals 5, a little longer than the calyx, standard narrow, wings shorter, narrower, keel petals firmly united, longer, tip sharply incurved, stamens 10, united in a tube, slit along the top, anthers as in the last species ; pod linear-oblong, scarcely longer than the calyx, seeds 4-8. see Prostrate Herbs, Alternate, Stipulate, Com- pound. see Shrubs, Erect, Alternate, Stipulate, Compound. see Prostrate Herbs, Alternate, Stipulate, Compound. medium s'ze, annual, cultivated, strongly scented, robust, nearly smooth ; leaves pinnately compound, leaflets 8-1 in. long, lanceolate-oblong, tip broad, toothed, lateral nearly sessile, terminal stalked, nerves prominent, running into the teeth, stipules lanceolate, entire, long-pointed, united to the leaf stalk ; flowe:s small, pale yellow, in short racemes at the end of axillary stalk, often bristle-tipped, calyx }-} in., bell-shaped, teeth 5, distinct, linear, petals 5, narrow, standard and wings nearly equal, keel shorter, blunt, a little longer than the calyx, stamens 10, upper nearly or quite free, others united ; pod 2-3 in. long, often curved, lone-beaked, seeds 10-20. This plant is cultivated as a fodder crop and a pot herb, the seeds are used as a spice and as a carminative. see Prostrate Herbs, Alternate, Stipulate, Com- pound. Plants of the Punjab. 251 Heres, Erect, with ALTERNATE STIPULATE COMPOUND LEAVES. Trigonella Emodi, LEGUMINOS#. RB. eis. Himalaya, 4-11,000 ft. Kashm 'r. Marali. Baluchistan (Hughes-Buller). Trigonella corniculata, LEGUMINOS#. 1 ed 3 are ets tem The Plains to 12,000 ft. Kashmir. Simla (Collett). Melilotus parviflora, or indica, Melilot, Sinji, metha. LEGUMINOS#. BY Beka. 89. The Plains to 3,000 ft. Jang. Mianwali District. Melilotus alba, White Melilot, LEGUMINOS &. BF. BAY ay 89: The Plains to 13,000 ft. Simla (Collett). Mianwali District. PETALS UNUNITED. LEAFLETS TWO-THREE. medium size, often robust, smooth, much branch- ed, leaflets 8, 4-3 in. long, ovate with a broad tip, deeply toothed, stipules linear, bristly, deeply toothed, flowers 4-6, rarely 12, racemes on stalks 1-2 in. long, termi- nating in a distinct point, calyx 1-2 in., smooth, teeth linear, as long as the tube, corolla twice or thrice as long ag the calyx, pod 3-2 by 4-4 in, linear-oblong, smooth, straight, seeds 4-6; otherwse like the last described Species. very like the last species, but the calyx teeth are shorter, the pod is recurved instead of straight. medium size, annual, slender, leaves pinnately com- pound, leaflets 4-5 in., ovate or oblong, only upper parts toothed, base entire, lateral leaflets nearly sessile, terminal one stalked, nerves prolonged to the teeth, stipules linear, long-pointed, united to the leaf stalk, apex notched; flowers +4; in., yellow, in long axillary racemes, 1 in. long, in fruit lengthened to 2 in., calyx =; in., teeth 5, triangular, petals 5, ;1, in., soon falling off ; pod 75-2 in., tipped by the style, one-seeded. This plant is a common weed in cornfields, and is sometimes cultivated as a fodder crop. very like the last species, but more robust and taller, racemes, flowers and pod are larger, and the latter is often 2-seeded. This plant is also used for fodder, and is fragrant when drying. 252 Plants of the Punjab. Heres, Erect, witu ALTERNATE STIPULATE COMPOUND LEAVES. | Medicago faleata, Medick, non-such, LEGUMINOS&. BeBe 11, 90. Himalaya, 5-10,000 ft. Mashobra (Collett). Kashmir. Medicago sativa, Lucerne, Alfalfa. LEGUMINOSA. esl cat. 290; The Plains to 5,000 ft. Baluchistan (Boissier). Cyamopsis psoralioides, Kulthi, guar. LEGUMINOS. F. B. I. 11 92. The Plains. Rawalpindi (Aitchison). Baluchistan (Hughes- Buller). Indigofera trifoliata, Indigofera trita, Taverniera nummularia, PETALS UNUNITED. LEAFLETS TWO-THREE. medium size, perennial, nearly smooth, branches many ; leaves pinnately compound, leaflets 3, $-1 in. long, narrowly oblong, upper part toothed, base entire, lateral leaflets sessile, terminal one stalked, nerves prolonged to the teeth, stipules narrowly lanceolate, long-pointed, united to the leaf stalk ; flowers 4 in., yellow, in axillary stalked racemes, calyx + in., bell-shaped, teeth 5, bristle-like, nearly equal, as long as the tube, petals 5, standard petal not stalked, keel shorter than the wing petals, blunt, corolla twice as long as the calyx, stamens 10, upper one free, others united, style smooth, incurved; pod $-? in. long, sickle-shaped, smooth, seeds 5-10. very like the last speeies, of which it may be the cul- tivated variety, but is more erect, less branched, flowers purple or blue, and pods rough, twisted into a double spiral, This plant is widely cultivated as a fodder crop. Ve medium size, annual, robust, covered with laterally attached grey hairs, stems 4-sided ; leaves stalked, leaflets 3, 2-3 in. long, ovate, short-pointed, deeply toothed, stipules linear-bristle-like ; flowers } in., purplish, in shortly stalked 6-30 crowded axillary racemes, bracts bristle-like, pro- jecting beyond the buds, calyx §-+ in., tube oblique, teeth 5, unequal, lowest long, bristle-like, petals 5, just protrud- ing from the calyx, soon falling off, standard and wing petals narrow, keel biunt, sughtly meurved, stamens 10, united, style short, much incurved; pod 1}-2 in. long, straight, thick, fleshy, erect, 3-keeled on back, seeds 8-12. This plant is cultivated as a vegetable and for fodder. see Prostrate Herbs, Alternate, Stipulate, Com- pound, see Shrubs, Erect, Alternate, Stipulate, Compound. see Shrubs, Erect, Alternate, Stipulate, Compound, Planis of the Punjab. 258 Heres, Erect, with ALTERNATE STIPULATE COMPOUND LEAVES. Ebenus stellata, Lespedza juncea, Lespedeza Gerardiana. Lespedeza elegans, Lourea vespertilionis, Uraria picta, Uraria lagopus, Uraria neglecta, Zornia diphylla, LEGUMINOS#. He Berleas Lay, The Plains to 5,000 ft. Valleys below Simla (Collett). Rubus saxatilis, Rubus Clarkei, PETALS UNUNITED. LEAFLETS TWO-THREE. see Shrubs, Erect, Alternate, Stipulate, Compound. see Shrubs, Erect, Alternate, Stipulate, Compound. see Shrubs, Hrect, Alternate, Stipulate, Compound. see Shrubs, Erect, Alternate, Stipulate, Compound. see Herbs, Erect, Alternate, Stipulate, Lobed. see Herbs, Erect, Alternate, Stipulate, Compound, Leaflets many. see Shrubs, Erect, Alternate, Stipulate, Compound, Leaflets 3. see Shrubs, Erect, Alternate, Stipulate, Compound, Leaflets 8. small, annual, stems several, slender, branches wiry, zigzag, hairy or velvety, tufted ; leaves stalked, leaflets 2, 4-1 in., lanceolate, leathery, dotted with black glands, stipules leaflike, lanceolate, produced down in a spur ; flowers + in. long, yellow, sessile in erect axillary racemes, 1-3 in., each flower almost hidden in a pair of leaf-like fringed bracts, calyx minute, membranous, teeth 5, 2 upper united, 2 lateral very short, lowest equal to the upper, petals 5, standard round, keel sharply incurved, blunt, twice as long as the calyx, stamens 10, united into.a tube, 5 longer with round anthers, alternating with 5 shorter, with oblong anthers, style smooth, incurved ; pod flattened, minutely prickly, protruding from the bracts, upper margin nearly straight, lower deeply indented, joints 2-5, seeds 2-5. see Prostrate Herbs, Alternate, Stipulate, Compound. see Prostrate Herbs, Alternate, Stipulate, Com- pound, 254 Plants of the Punjab. Heres, Erect, wirn ALTERNATE STIPULATE COMPOUND LEAVES. Potentilla argyrophylla, RosacEem. PB. A. 1. 356. Himalaya, 8-13,000 ft. Kashmir. Matiana, Narkanda (Collett). Indigofera hirsuta, LEGUMINOS#. BB, 1., 98. The Plains to 4,000 ft. Indigofera anabaptista, LEGUMINOS®. By Be La 102. The Plains. PETALS UNUNITED. LEAFLETS TWO-THREE. large, perennial, rootstock very stout, stem velvety, robust ; leaves digitately compound, leaflets 8, 2-8 in,, sessile or stalked, ovate, coarsely toothed, green, and finely hairy above, white-felted beneath, main leaf stalk 2-8 in., . stipules united to the leaf stalk-base, ovate-oblong, short- pointed ; flowers 3-14 in. diam., yellow or dark purple, in terminal branched racemes, bracteoles 5, oblong, blunt, short- or long-pointed, calyx silky, persistent, lobes 5, alternating with the bracteoles, long-pointed, peta!s 5, heart-shaped with the notch outwards, stamens many, styles lateral short, persistent, carpels very many, small, crowded on a small dry receptacle ; fruit is a head of many hard smooth achenes, covered by the overlapping calyx lobes ; achenes one-seeded. LEAFLETS MANY. large, annual or biennial, densely ha‘ry, with laterally attached hairs; leaves pinnate, 2-5 in., shortly stalked, leaflets 5-11, 1-2 in. long, opposite, ovate with a broad tip, membranous, grey-green, stipules bristle-like, feathered ; flowers } in., red, in dense slender hairy axillary racemes, 2-6 in. long, bracts minute, calyx 4 in., densely velvety, teeth 5, bristle-like, long feathered, petals 5, not much longer than the calyx, soon falling off, standard ovate with a broad tip, keel petals united, straight, not beaked, spurred on each side near the base, stamens 10, upper free, the rest united, anthers tipped with a minute point, style smooth, incurved; pod 3-3 in. long, cylindrical, densely velvety, 6-8-seeded. small, annual, branches spreading, covered thinly with hairs like those of the last species, but always white, leaves pinnate, shortly sta'ked, leaflets 3-7, oppos te, }-1 in. long, lanceolate with a broad tip, stipules bristle-like, presistent, flowers 4 in., scarcely longer than the calyx, in short, dense, 12-20-flowered racemes, calyx } in., silvery haired, teeth bristly, pod linear, reflexed ; in other respects like the last species. Plants of the Punjab. 255 Herss, Hrect, with ALTERNATE STIPULATE COMPOUND LEAVFS. Tephrosia purpurea, Sarpank, bansa- bansu. LEGUMINOS#. eB. a. 119: The Plains to 6,000 ft. Simla (Collett). Baluchistan (Hughes- Buller). Tephrosia villosa, LEGUMINOSA. ive Biel Veer le The Plains. Tehprosia pauciflora, LEGUMINOS®. bth. ity bls, The Plains. Baluchistan (Lace). Sesbania aculeata, Jayanti, jaintar. LEGUMINOSA. BBs tea 5. The Plains. Baluchistan (Lace). PETALS UNUNITED. LEAFLETS MANY. medium size, perennial, much branched, stems slender, cylindrical ; leaves 3-6 in., pinnate, shortly stalked, stipules linear-awl-shaped, leaflets 18-21, narrow, lanceolate with a broad tip, blunt, green, smooth above, silky beneath ; flowers 4-2 in., red, thinly silky, in leaf opposed loose- flowered racemes, 8-6 in. long, bracteoles minute, calyx 3-4 in., silky, teeth 5, 2 upper teeth longer than the 8 lower, petals 5, 4-2 in., standard circular, silky without, keel petals blunt, stamens 10, upper free, others united, style curved, smooth, tuft of hairs at the tip ; pod 13-2 by 1 in., sessile, velvety, flat, seeds 6-10. This plant is used as a diuretic, tonic, and laxative. small, perennial, stems zigzag, woody, finely downy with white flat-lying hairs ; leaves 2-3 in. long, nearly sessile, stipules linear, ascending or reflexed, leaflets 13-19, grey green, nearly smooth above, silky below, narrowly lance- olate with the tip broad and often notched ; flowers 2 in., red in racemes 6 or more inches long, lower flowers in distant separate clusters of stalks, bracts bristle-like, feathered, calyx 4-} in., very silky, teeth 5, bristle-like, lower longer than the calyx tube, petals 5, not much longer than the calyx, stamens and style as in the last species ; pod 1-14 in. long, §-4 in. broad, densely velvety, curved, sharply bent down. very like the last species, but leaflets 5-9, flowers stalked in pairs in the axils of leaves. large, annual, shrub-like, branches and under-surface of leaf mid-ribs armed with small hooked prickles ; leaves 6-12 in., leaflets more numerous and smaller than those of Sesbania egyptiaca, see Shrubs, leaflets 41-81, smooth ; flowers 3-4 in., pale yellow dotted with red, in stalked loosely 8-6-flowered racemes, calyx 5-toothed, }in., smooth, teeth short, triangular, petals 5, stalked, standard petal broad, keel blunt, stamens 10, upper free, others united, style thread-like, smooth, incurved ; pod 6-9 in., linear, slightly curved, beaked, smooth, seeds many. This plant is often cultivated for its excellent fibre, 956 Plants of the Punjab. Heres, ERECT, WITH ALTERNATE STrPULATE ComMPOUND LEAVES, Astragalus Faleoneri, LEGUMINOS &. Pe Be 1. 120. Hazara (Winterbottom). Astragalus trichocarpus, LEGUMINOS. Pep iri i201 Hastern Punjab. Himalaya, 5-8,000 ft. Simla (Collett). Dharmpur. Astragalus ciliolatus LEGUMINOSZ. FB. Lu. 129. Himalaya, 6-9,000 ft. Kashmir. Astragalus frigidus, LEGUMINOS#. BB: Pri 180: Lahul. PETALS UNUNITED, LEAFLETS MANY. large, perennial, stems almost woody, zigzag, velvety, white when young; leaves 1-1}in., mid-rib ending in a point or leaflet, stipules broad, leaflike, leaflets 18-17, 1-1 in. long, lanceolate-oblong, with broad tips, blunt ; flowers 4 in., lilac, in long-stalked few-flowered racemes, calyx 4 in., pouched, nearly smooth, teeth 5, very short, petals 5, wing petals short-pointed, equal to the keel petals, stamens 10, upper one free, others united, style incurved, smooth ; pod 4-2 in., narrowed to both ends, stalk twice as long as the calyx, 4-6-seeded, large, perennial, nearly smooth, branches straight, twiggy, much furrowed; leaves 2-4 in., nearly sessile, mid-rib ending in a point or leaflet, stipules minute, leaflets 31-41, 1-8 in., nearly blunt, pale green, covered with minute silvery hairs ; flowers 4 in., lilac, crowded in stalked racemes, 8-4 in. long, bracts linear, minute, calyx ;, in., bell-shaped, oblique, smooth, teeth 5, triangular, petals 5, standard petal round, wings lanceolate, shorter than the keel petals, stamens 10, upper free, others united ; pod 3-1, stalked, oblong, velvety, seeds 4-6. medium size, perennial, stems hollow, smooth ; leaves 6-9 in., mid-rib ending in a point or leaflet, leaflets 17-19, 4-11 in., oblong, blunt, green, smooth, stipules 3-3 in., lanceolate or triangular, free, persistent; flowers # in., yellow tinged with lilac, crowded nearly all on one side of longe-stalked racemes, bracts linear, shorter than the buds, calyx 3 in., tubular, oblique, teeth 5, bristle-lke, feathered, petals 5, keel shorter than the standard and wing petals, broad, abruptly upeurved, stamens and style lke those of the last species ; pod 1 in., oblong, expanded, narrowed into a beak, covered with fine short spreading black hairs, stalk 2 in., seeds 8-20. medium size, perennial, stout, smooth ; leaves 4-6 in, long, stipules 3-3 in. long, ovate or lanceolate, sharp-pointed or blunt, free, persistent, leaflets 9-15, oblong, one or more inches long, opposite, thin, smooth above, with a bluish waxy gloss and a few hairs below; flowers ? in., bright yellow, arranged nearly all on one side of long-stalked racemes, calyx % in., tubular, with a few flat-lying hairs, teeth 5, minute, petals 5, standard longer than the wings Plants of the Punjab. 257 Herss, Hrect, WITH ALTERNATE STIPULATE COMPOUND LEAVES. PETALS UNUNITED. LEAFLETS MANY. and keel, petals, stamens and style as those of the last Species; pod lin., expanded, smooth, oblong, stalked, narrowed to both ends, 6-8-seeded. FLOWERS, IN HEADS, IN THE NEXT SEVEN SPECIES OF ASTRAGALUS, Astragalus prolixus, LEGUMINOS&. RB, nu. T3l. The Plains. Lahore, Astragalus Aitchisoni, LEGUMINOS#. Babylon 121, Salt Range (Aitchison). Pindigheb. Rawalpindi District (Douie). Astragalus contortuplicatus, LEGUMINOS#. BB. An. 122. The Plains. Baluchistan (Boissier). AND TWO OF OXYTROPIS. small, annual weed, clothed densely with flat-lying white hairs, very slender; leaves 4-14 in., distinetly stalked, stipules free, minute, lanceolate, leaflets 11-17, oblong, blunt, }-} in., covered with the white hairs; flowers 51, in., yellow, 6-12 together in heads on stalks a little shorter than the leaves, calyx less than +5 in., densely matted, teeth 5, linear-bristle-like, nearly equal to the calyx tube, petals, stamens and style as above; pod 3-2 in., sessile, expanded, densely velvety, straight, linear- oblong, 6-8-seeded. small, annual weed, slender, thinly covered with white hairs ; leaves 14-24 in., distinctly stalked, stipules triangular, minute, leaflets 17-25, 4 in., alternate, wide apart, grey green, a few short horizontal white hairs ; flowers 4 in., white with a purple tip, in a loose head of 4-6 flowers on a short stalk, bracts minute, calyx 4 in., bell-shaped, thinly white silky, teeth 5, linear or lanceolate, petals 5, standard longer than the wings and keel, stamens and style as those in the last species ; pod 1} in., slender, straight or slightly curved, slightly clothed with white hairs, 15-20-seeded, seeds very small. small, annual weed, covered with short, soft, spreading white hairs; leaves 8-4 in., distinctly stalked, stipules small, free, lanceolate, leaflets 13-17, oblong-lanceolate with a broad and notched tip, +4 in., wide apart, greenish, soft scattered hairs on both sides ; flowers + in., yellow, in dense many-flowered heads on stalks, with few scattered soft hairs, much shorter than the leaves, calyx } in., with a few scattered soft hairs, teeth 5, bristle-like, feathered, petals 5, projecting a little from the calyx, wings lance- olate, short-pointed, shorter than the standard and keel, stamens and style like those in the last species ; pod 3 in., cylindrical, much recurved, sausage-shaped, folded length- wise, wrinkled, 20-30-seeded. 258 Plants of the Punjab. Heras, Erect, with ALTERNATE STIPULATE COMPOUND LEAVES. Astragalus melanostachys, LEGUMINOS2. RB. 12d. Himalaya, 10-15,000 ft. Kashmir, Lahul. Astragalus cashmirensis, LEGUMINOS#. Reals 27.. Kashmir, 9-10,000 ft. (Falconer). Astragalus leucocephalus, LEGUMINOSAE. Bes: in. 128: Himalaya, 1-7,000 ft. Simla, Naldera (Collett). Murree (Douie). Sakesar, Salt Range. Astragalus Munroi, LEGUMINOS®. EF. B. I.u..128. Spiti, Lahul. PETALS UNUNITED. LEAFLETS MANY. medium size, perennial, oy a: smooth ; leaves 1-3 in., distinctly stalked, stipules 3-2 in., leafy, free, trian- oular vith a sharp hard point, leaflets 13- 15, oblong, green with a bluish waxy gloss, blunt or notched ; flowers 4-} in., lilac or purple, in crowded heads, 1-8 in. long, stalks 2-6 in., covered with short spreading black and also white hairs, dense just below the head, calyx }-1 in., covered with black silky hairs, teeth 5, equal to the tube, nearly sessile, petals 5, contracted, keel and wings shorter than the stand- ard, stamens and style like those of the last species ; pod + in., oblong, sessile, black, silky, 2-seeded. small, perennial, stems stout, shaggy with long hairs ; leaves 3-4 in., distinctly stalked, stipules 3 in., lanceolate, thin, free, marked with lines, leaflets 29-38, oblong, blunt or short-pointed, 3-2 in., crowded, dull, densely clothed at first with fine long hairs ; flowers 31 ie , yellow, in dense round heads on stalks 1-8 in., bracts } 13 in., linear, feathered, persistent, calyx 3-4 in., thinly "COV ered with long hairs, teeth 5, linear, petals 5, standard longer than the wings and ped stamens and style like those of the last species ; pod 4 in. linear-oblong, straight, sessile, finely velvety, hollowed down the keel, narrowed into along beak, 6-8- seeded. small, perennial, densely covered with silvery white hairs, stems slender, short ; leaves 1-3 in., stipules small, leaflike, united below the middle, leaflets 4-4 in., oblong, 21-31, thick, blunt or nearly short-pointed, close to each other, covered with silvery white hairs ; flowers } in., pale yellow, in small, very dense, oblong heads on densely white- felted stalks, 2-6 in., bracts lanceolate, longer than the buds, calyx 4 in., shaggy with white hairs, nearly sessile, teeth 5, bristle-like, equal to the calyx tube, petals 5, keel shorter than the standard and wings, stamens and style like those of the last species; pod } in., oblong, sessile, finely downy, 3-4-seeded. small, perennial, rootstock stout, long, woody, spindle- shaped, stems of a tuft of shoots from the base, stout, shaggy with dense spreading white hairs ; leaves 14-2 in., stipules 4 in., linear or lanceolate, free, leaflets 19-21, 3-1 in., lanceolate with a broad blunt tip, thinly covered with loose Planis of the Punjab. 259 Herss, ERECT, witn ALTERNATE STIPULATE COMPOUND LEAVES, Oxytropis lapponica, Oxytropis cachemirica, LEGUMINOS&. BOB. Foam: 189. Kashmir, 8-10,000 ft. Oxytropis Meinshausenii, LEGUMINOS. fi, Bs tu. 189. Himalaya, 9-11,000 ft. Valley of Kishengunga. Onobrychis Stewartii, LEGUMINOS#. Bek ie 144: The Plains. Hazara (Stewart). Rawalpindi (Aitchison). Kot Futteh Khan, Rawalpindi District Douie). PETALS UNUNITED. LEAFLETS MANY. white hairs ; flowers 3-% in., yellow, in few-flowered sessile axillary heads, calyx 3-8 in., thinly velvety, teeth 5, linear, bristle-like, petals 5, nearly equal, stamens and style like those of the last species; pods oblong, sessile, 1 in. long, inflated, 10-12-seeded. see Herbs, Unbranched, Alternate, Stipulate, Com- pound. small, perennial, rootstock woody, stem short, finely velvety ; leaves 1-2 in., stipules lanceolate or triangular, united below, leaflets 183-21, oblong-lanceolate, 3-4 in., densely white silky ; flowers }in., yellow, rarely purple, in dense heads, 12-30-flowered, on long stalks, bracts dis- tinct, lanceolate, calyx 2 in., densely white silky, teeth 5, linear, nearly equal, petals 5, standard longest, keel shortest with a distinct point, stamens 10, one free, cthers united, style abruptly incurved, beardless; pod 3-§ in, sessile, much inflated, shaggy with loose dense white silky hairs, round-oblong, 5-6-seeded. small, perennial, stem distinct, at first thinly covered with soft scattered hairs; leaves 8-4 in., stipules }-4 in., free, lanceolate or oblong, leaflets 17-31, 4-2 in., oblong, blunt, green, slightly covered with long whitish hairs on both surfaces ; flowers 2 in., yellow, rarely purple, ina dense 12-20-flowered heads on erect stalks, 4-6 in., bracts 4-}in,, linear, covered with scattered black hairs, calyx 2 in., tubu- lar, thinly covered with horizontal black hairs, teeth 5, linear, feathered in black, petals, stamens and style like those in the last species; pod 4-2 in., oblong, expanded, straight, short-stalked, with a few silky black hairs, 6-8- seeded. medium size, annual, stem slender, becoming smooth ; leaves 3-4 in., including stalk, stipules lear, minute, leaf- lets 9-11, 4-3 in. long, lanceolate with broad lip, nearly short-pointed, wide apart, somewhat hairy ; flowers 3 in., red, in long-stalked axillary racemes, 6-9 in., bracts linear, ‘minute, calyx -, in., bell-shaped, silky, teeth 5, lanceolate, petals 5, standard broad, smooth, veined, wings short, keel blunt, stamens 10, all united, style thread-like, in- curved ; pod 4-1 in., kidney-shaped, expanded, faces woody, deeply honey-combed, edge armed with close minute spines, one-seeded. Douie found the stipules larger than minute, and the stamens not all united. 82 260 Plants of the Punjab. Heres, Error, with ALTERNATE STrpuLATE CompouUND LEAVES. Hedysarum astragaloides, LEGUMINOS®. F. B. I. ii. 146, Himalaya, 11-12,000 ft. Kishtwar (Thomson), lahul (Jaeschke). Hedysarum cachemirianum, LEGUMINOS”. vel AsO 146: Kashmir, 9-10,000 ft. Hedysarum laxiaorum, LEGUMINOS®., FB. 1,1, 146, Himalaya, 9-12,000 ft. Valley of Kishengunga (Winterbottom). Hedysarum strobiliferum, LEGUMINOS&. F. B. I. ii. 146. Kashmir, 9,000 ft. (Falconer). PETALS UNUNITED. LEAFLETS MANY. medium size, stems robust, becoming grey velvety at first ; leaves, including the stalk, 4-8 in. long, leaflets 21-29, #-1 in., linear-oblong, blunt with a minute point, smoothish above, persistently grey velvety beneath; flowers 3? in., red, in very dense racemes 2-3 in. long, bracts linear thin projecting beyond the buds, calyx + in., bell-shaped, finely silky, teeth 5, petals 5, standard shorter than the keel, keel blunt, stamens 10, upper free, lower ones united, style thread-like, very long, abruptly bent; pod stalked, distinctly one or two-jointed, joints oblong, thin, with a crisped wing below, a less marked one above, medium size, stem robust, smooth, grooved ; leaves, including the stalk 6-12 in. long, leaflets 21-27, 3-14 in. long, linear-oblong, thin, blunt, both sides green, becoming smooth ; flowers 3-1 in., red, in very dense racemes, 2-8 in., bracts linear, bristle-like, longer than the buds, calyx 2 in., downy, teeth 5, petals 5, stamens and style as in the last species ; pod of 1 to 3 joints, $-? in. long, oblong, smooth, both sutures with a distinct uncrisped wing. medium size, stems slender, firm, smooth, leaves, including stalk, 3-5 in., leaflets 21-31, linear-oblong, close, firm, nearly leathery, smooth above, grey, barely covered with grey velvet beneath, flowers 3-2 in., red in loose racemes, 2-3 in., bracts minute, bristle-like, calyx } in., teeth 5, upper triangular, lower lanceolate, pod 38-4-jointed, oblong, firm, smooth, rather expanded, not more than } in, long ; otherwise like the last species. small, stem robust, thickly covered with short hori- zontal whitish hairs; leaves, including the stalk, 6-8 in., leaflets 19-25, oblong-lanceolate, 1-14 in., blunt, smoothish above, somewhat white-silky beneath ; flowers less than 4 in., yellowish, in dense racemes, 2-8 in., bracts overlapping, thin, dry, stiff, bristly, quite hiding the buds, calyx 4-} in., tubular, teeth 5, short, triangular with sharp hard points, petals 5, equal, stamens and style as in the last species. Plants of the Punjab. 261 Heres, ERECT, WITH ALTERNATE STIPULATH COMPOUND LBAV3ES. Hedysarum microcalyx, LEGUMINOS. Pe Bo im. 147. Himalaya, 9,000 ft. Kashmir. Lahul. Smithia sensitiva, Oda-brint. LEGUMINOS 4. Bea is 148: The Plains. Smithia geminiflora, LEGUMINOSA#. F. B. 1. 11. 149. Himalaya, 1-3,000 ft. Smithia ciliata, LEGUMINOS#. HB. Y. wale: Himalaya, 3-6,000 ft. Simla, Naldera Collett). PETALS UNUNITED. LEAFLETS MANY. medium size, stems stout, smooth, furrowed ; leaves, including the stalk, 6-9 in., leaflets 11-18, oblong-lanceolate, 1-15 in., wide apart, blunt, both sides green, smooth ; flowers 3-2, bright red, in loose racemes, 2-4 in., calyx }in., bell-shaped, smooth, thin, teeth 5, minute, triangular with a hard sharp point, petals 5, keel longer than standard, METS and style as in the last species ; pods 2-3, jointed, -2 in., oblong, thin, smooth, both sutures distinctly mar- ae medium size, annual, stems very slender, not bristly, much branched ; leaves including stalk 4-1 in., mid-nib bristly, stipules thin, dry, with processes at the base, leaf- lets 4-20, 4-4 in. long, sensitive, oblong, blunt, bristly on the mid-rib beneath and along the almost straight margin ; flowers 2 in., yellow, 1-6 in short-stalked axillary racemes, calyx 4 in., 2-lipped, lips entire, short-pointed, with a few scattered pale yellow bristles, petals 5, standard cir- cular, keel incurved, blunt, stamens 10, in 2 bundles of 5, style thread-like, incurved; pod of 4-6 joints, joints covered with minute nipple-like projections, folded to- gether inside the calyx. This plant is eaten as a pot herb, and forms a useful fodder. very like the last species, but with fewer leaflets, more bristles on the mid-ribs and margins of leaflets, and the flowers in pairs in the axils of leaves. like the last species, but flowers in dense shortly stalked one-sided axillary racemes, bracteoles leafy, oblong, with scattered bristles, calyx upper lip sharply cut off, lower lanceolate. 262 Plants of the Punjab. Herss, EReot, with ALTERNATE STIPULATE CompouND LEAVES. Aischynomene indica, LEGUMINOS#. BUBAD. in) 151. The Plains to 5,000 ft. Kashmir. Valleys below Simla (Collett). Phalia, Gujrat District (Douie). Uraria picta, Dabra, deter. LEGUMINOS#!. BB itu; P55: The Plains to 6,000 ft. Cicer arietinum, Gram or Chick-pea, Chana. LEGUMINOS®. F. B. I. ii. 176. The Plains to 2,000 ft. Commonly cultivated. PETALS UNUNITED. LEAFLETS MANY. large, annual, pale green, stem smooth, branches many, cylindrical, often slightly rough with tubercles ; leaves 2-3 in., stalk sticky with glands, stipules linear- lanceolate, long-pointed, with processes at the base, soon falling off, leaflets 41-61, sensitive, very small, upper ones smallest, overlapping, alternate, narrowly oblong, rounded with a small point ; flowers 4 in., yellow, often with purple streaks, in many, sticky, axillary racemes, bracts small, lanceolate, fringed with hairs, calyx 4 in., smooth, deeply 2-lipped, lips faintly toothed, petals 5, standard circular, erect, keel nearly straight, blunt, stamens 10 in2 bundles of 5, style incurved, smooth; pod 1-13 in. long, linear, stalked, flattened, smooth, straight or rather curved, upper suture straight, lower indented, joints 6-10, smooth or finally rough with nipple-like processes, one seed in each joint. The allied species, Au. aspera, yields the pith (scla) from which sun hats are made. large, perennial, stem finely downy, robust, branches few ; leaves 10-12 in. long, lowest simple or of 3 leaflets, rounded or oblong, upper of 5-9 leaflets, mid-stalk downy, stipules 4 in., lanceolate, long-pointed, leaflets 4-8 in., linear-lanceolate, leathery, smooth, clouded with white above, net-veined, minutely velvety beneath; flowers + in., purple, in dense cylindrical racemes, 6-12 by 8-3 in., bracts brown, thin, soon falling off, minor flower stalks bristly, abruptly incurved at the tip after flowering, calyx 4 in., tube very short, teeth 5, 2 upper short, lower long, bristle-like, petals 5, standard broad, wings united to the keel, stamens 10, upper one free, lower ones united, style thread-like, sharply bent; pod of 8-6 joints, joints small, swollen, one-seeded, polished, often placed face to face. The seeds are used to cure ulcers in the mouth. small, annual, sticky, much branched; leaves 1-2 in., stipules small, obliquely ovate, with a few long teeth, strongly veined, leaflets 13 or so, } in. long, ovate or oblong, deeply cut, strongly veined; flowers 3 in., pink, blue or white, solitary, axillary on stalks 3-2 in., calyx }-} in., teeth 5, linear, nearly equal, petals 5, standard broad, longer than the wings and keel, stamens 10, upper free, lower united, style incurved, beardless; pod #-1 in., swollen, velvety, sessile, narrowed into the persistent style, seeds 2, Plants of the Punjab. i 263 eee — — — — — —— — —— EE Hers, Ereot, with ALTERNATE StipuLATE Compounp LEavss. Vicia tetrasperma, LEGUMINOS#. We belts me ais, Himalaya, 6-8,000 ft. Vicia Griffithii, LEGUMINOS&. BL Bek 15 1768: The Plains. Rawalpindi. Fatehjang (Aitchison). Baluchistan (Duthie). Vicia sativa, Vetch. or Tare, Akra, ankra. LEGUMINOS#. i Bali 175. The Plains to 7,000 ft. Vicia peregrina, LEGUMINOS&. BF, B. Lct7s. The Plains. PETALS UNUNITED. LEAFLETS MANY. nearly round, reddish-brown, black or white, indented, beaked This plant is eaten as a vegetable, a food-grain and as a food for horses. ‘The dew on the leaves contains oxalic, acetic and malic acids and is collected and used sa vinegar and as a remedy for vomiting and dyspepsia. medium size, annual, stem smooth, very slender, much branched ; leaves }-1 in., ending in twisted tendrils, stipules large, pointed, often toothed, base ending in a point- ed lobe, leaflets 6-12, narrowly oblong, 1-2 in., blunt or short-pointed ; flowers } in., pale blue, in pairs or rarely solitary, on axillary stalks equal in Iength to the leaves, calyx +} in., bell-shaped, teeth 5, 8 lower the longest, petals 5, longer than the calyx, standard broad, erest, keel nearly straight, blunt, shorter than the wing petals, sta- mens 10, upper one nearly or quite free, others united, style short, incurved, velvety all round ; pod 4 in., smooth, oblong, seeds 38 or 4. medium size, perennial, stems slender, finely silky, thin, smooth, straggling, leaves 2 in., ending in twisted tendrils, stipules triangular, deeply cut, leaflets 12-16, 374 In., wide apart, linear-oblong, thin, blunt, flowers in., lilac, in 2-4 flowered, axillary racemes, as long as the leaves, calyx § in., rather silky, teeth 5, upper triangular, lower lanceolate, pod 14 in., oblong, flat, smooth, veined, seeds 5-6 ; otherwise like the last species. small to medium size, annual, stems slender, Spreading or erect, rather downy, leaves pinnate ending in twisted tendrils, stipules small, obliquely lanceolate, deeply toothed, leaflets 8-12, those of upper leaves 3-1 in., strap-shaped, oi lower shorter, broader, sometimes deeply notched at the apex, flowers 2 in. or less, red-blue, usually solitary, rarely in pairs, axillary, sessile, calyx 2 in., teeth 5, lanceolate- awl-shaped, petals 5, twice the length of the calyx, style bearded below the stigma, pod 1-2 in., smooth, seeds 8-10 ; otherwise like the last species. A weed of cultivation, stated to be sometimes cultivated as a fodder plant. small, annual, slender, smooth, spreading, leaflets 10-12, alternate or opposite, 3-1 in. long, stipules minute‘ bifid with linear divisions, flowers 3 in., red-purple, soli- tary, on short axillary stalks, calyx {in., teeth lanceolate, 264 Plants of the Punjab. Heres, Ereor, with ALTERNATE StipuLATE CompouND LEAVES. Vicia sepium, LEGUMINOS&. Fabia 79. Kashmir. Vicia narbonensis, LEGUMINOS®. BP Biske a. 79 Peshawar (Vicary). The Park at Rawalpindi. Vicia Faba, Broad bean, Bakla, chastang. LEGUMINOS&. Pe. Le 11, 179. The Plains to 8,000 ft. Lens esculenta, Lentil, Masur dal. LEGUMINOS&. Beet. att.U7o, The Plains to 5,000 ft. Baluchistan (Hughes-Buller), Cultivated. PETALS UNUNITED. LEAFLETS MANY. upper shorter, curved upwards, pods 1-1} in., linear-oblong. abruptly turned down, smooth, rather curved, seeds 5-6; otherwise like the last species. medium size, perennial, finely downy, leaflets oblong, abruptly ended, stipules small, deeply toothed, flowers § 1n., reddish, in 2-6-flowered, nearly sessile, one-sided, racemes only in the axils of upper leaves, calyx 4 in., smooth or downy, teeth triangular with a sharp hard point, ped 1 in., oblique, smooth, beaked, seeds 6-10 ; otherwise like the last species. medium size, annual, stout, smooth or finely downy, leaflets 2 on the lowest leaves, 4-6 on the upper, 1-2 in. long, entire, obovate, stipules large, deeply cut, flowers ¥in., purple and white, in nearly sessile 2-6-flowered racemes, calyx 3 in., upper teeth triangular, lower lanceolate, pod 13-2 in., downy, 6-seeded ; otherwise like the last species. very like the last species, but larger. It is cultivated widely as a vegetable and possibly may have once originat- ed from Vicia narbonensis. small, annual, softly velvety, branching from the base ; leaves terminating in a bristle, stipules almost lobed at the base, leaflets 8-12, entire, lanceolate, often tipped with a small sharp point, sessile ; flowers pale purple in 2-4- flowered racemes on stalks equal to the leaves, the end of the stalk extending beyond the flowers, calyx teeth linear, silky, petals 5, standard broad, wings joined to the keel, shorter than the wings, stamens 10, united into a tube with an oblique mouth, style abrupt!y bent, bearded on its inner face ; pod } in. long, oblong, flattened, smooth, seeds 2, grey, with minute spots, flattened. The seed is much eaten, the young pod also as a vegetable, the dry leaves and stalks are used as fodder. Plants of the Punjab. 265 Heres, Erect, with ALTERNATE STIPULATE COMPOUND LEAVES. Lathyrus altaicus, LEGUMINOS#. Pes, Le i. 130: Himalaya, 6-8,000 ft. Chenab Valley (Royle). Lathyrus luteus, LEGUMINOS&. Bel, 12-180; Himalaya, 8-10,000 ft. Mashobra, Mahasu, Matiana. Hattu (Collett). Salt Range. Phaseolus Mungo, Phaseolus calearatus, Cassia occidentalis, Cassia Sophera, Cassia Tora or obtusifolia, Fetid Cassia, Panwar, chakunda. LEGUMINOS&. ep 1265. The Plains to 5,000 ft. Naldera. Sutle) Valley (Collett). Kangra Valley. PETALS UNUNITED. LEAFLETS MANY. small, perennial, smooth; leaves 2-8 in., terminated by a long tendril, stipules lanceolate with a tail-like point, slightly toothed, leaflets 6-8, 3-¢ in., broad, oblong, thin with a bluish waxy gloss; flowers 3 in., reddish, in 3-6- flowered loose one-sided racemes on stalks, 2-4 in. long, calyx 3 in., 5-toothed, upper teeth triangular, lower linear, petals 5, standard broad, keel shorter than the wings, stamens 10, upper free, others united, style flattened, bearded on the inner side; pod cylindrical or flattigh. medium size, perennial, smooth, leaves 8-5 in., ending in a bristle, stipules large, leafy, base 2-lobed, leaflets 6-8, 2-4 in. long, thin, short-pointed, pale green, flowers 1 in., yellow, in 6-12-flowered stalked racemes, equal to or longer than the leaves, calyx 3-3 in., teeth 5, upper triangular, lower lanceolate, pod 2-3 in., linear, beaked, seeds many ; other wise like the last species. see Prostrate Herbs, Alternate, Stipulate, Compound. gee Prostrate Herbs, Alternate, Stipulate, Compound. see Shrubs, Hrect, Alternate, Stipulate, Compound. see Shrubs, Erect, Alternate, Stipulate, Compound. g large, annual, shrub-like, foetid; leaves 2-4 in, stalked, stipules. # in., linear, soon falling off, main leaf stalk grooved, conical gland between the lowest pair of leaflets, leaflets 6, 1-2 in. long, ob!ong-ovate with a broad triangular tip, obliquely rounded at the base, thin, green, smooth or rather velvety on both surfaces ; flowers In. long, bright yellow, in nearly sessile axillary pairs, calyx divided into 5 nearly to the base, lobes green, petals 5, nearly equal, stamens 10, 7 perfect, 3 minute, abortive, style in- curved ; pod 8-10 in., nearly cylindrical, divided by oblique partitions, sutures broad, seeds 80-35, flattened, brown, shining. ‘The leaves, seeds and roots are used, the first ag an aperient, the second as a substitute for coffee, and the third as a cure for dhobie’s itch. It is a very common weed which flowers during the rains. 266 Plants of the Punjab. Herss, Ergot, with ALTERNATE StIpULATE CompounD LEAvVEs. Cassia obovata or obtusa, Indian Senna, LEGUMINOS#. F. B. I. 1. 264. The Plains. Delhi, Salt Range, Derajat. Baluchistan (Boissier). Cassia Absus, Chaksu, banar. LEGUMINOSA. F B. I. 1. 265. The Plains to 5,000 ft. Valleys below Simla (Colletti). Dharmpur. Cassia mimosoides, var. dimidiata, Spireea Aruncus, Meadow sweet, RosacE. F. B. I. u. 328, Himalaya, 8-10 000 ft. Hattu (Collett. PHTALS UNUNITED. LEAFLETS MANY. medium size, annual or perennial, nearly smooth, branches angular, leaves 2-3 in., stalked, no gland between the leaflets, stipules lanceolate, persistent, leaflets 8-12, 4-14 in. long, oblong-ovate with a broad tip, rounded with a minute point, thin, a waxy bluish gloss beneath, flowers 3 in., pale yellow, in narrow few-flowered stalked racemes, 2-8 in., calyx segments blunt, smooth, stamens very un- equal, pods 1-14 in. long, shortly stalked, much curved, rounded at the ends, flexible, smooth, seeds 6-12, separated by very thin partitions ; otherwise like the last species, and with the same properties. medium size, annual or biennial, covered with grey sticky hairs ; leaves 14-8 in., long-stalked, a small gland on the main stalk between every pair of leaflets, stipules small, linear, persistent, short-pointed, leaflets 4, 1-2 in. long, oblong, blunt or nearly short-pointed, unequal at the base, hairy beneath as well as above ; flowers } in. diam., red-yellow in few-flowered erect narrow short racemes, calyx of 5 narrow segments, $-+ in. long, lanceolate, bristly, petals 5, nearly equal with long stalks, veined, stamens 5, equal, perfect ; pod 1-1} in., strap-shaped, oblique, seeds 5, flattened, dark brown, shining. The seeds are purgative and used in ophthalmia. see Prostrate Herbs, Alternate, Stipulate, Compound. large, rootstock perennial, shrub-like, smoothish ; leaves 6 12 in., 2- to 8-pinnate, primary and secondary leaf stalks long, leaflet-stalks short, stipules rudimentary, leaf- lets usually in threes, 1-8 in. long, ovate, sharply and ir- regularly toothed, narrowed into a tail-like tip; flowers 1-1 in., many, white, one-sexual, male and female on differ- ent plants, in long slender velvety branching racemes, calyx persistent, lobes 5, oblong, ovate, petals 5, orbicular, stamens 20 or more, sometimes united below, styles 5 or more, nearly terminal ; follicles 6 or more, swollen, smooth, shining, seeds few. This plant is often mistaken for Astilbe rivularis, but the latter has no petals. Plants of the Punjab. 267 Se oceans canescens Heras, Ergot, with ALTERNATE STrPpuLATE CompounD LEAVES. Potentilla albifolia, RosacEem. Roo. tot. Himalaya, 8-10,000 ft. Hattu, Bhagi (Collett). Potentilla fulgens, RosacEs. F. B. I. un. 349. Himalaya, 6-9,000 ft. Simla. Mashobra (Collett). Potentilia Clarkei, Rosacea. BB. si. 851. Himalaya, 7,000 ft. Srinagar. Kashmir (Clarke). Potentilla sericea, Rosaceae. F. B. I. ii. 354. Himalaya, 9-17,000 ft. Kashmir. PETALS UNUNITED. LEAFLETS MANY. small, perennial, rootstock stout, stems several, slender, zigzag, velvety, branched; leaves 2-4 in., pinnate, stalk very slender, stipules }-? in., sheathing, loose, brown, short-pointed, united for half their length to the stalk, leaflets 5-9, 3-1 in., ovate, deeply and sharply toothed, lateral leaflets diminishing from the uppermost pair down- wards, green, velvety above, white-felted beneath ; flowers tin. diam., yellow, solitary on slender axillary stalks 1-2 in., calyx persistent, tube shallow with 5 lobes, alternating with 5 bracteoles, white-felted, lobes triangular, bracteoles linear-oblong, petals 5, oblong, shorter than the calyx lobes, stamens 5, styles many ; achenes many, forming a head, hairy, covered by the calyx lobes, large, deeply furrowed, receptacle felted. small, perennial, rootstock stout, stem leafy, softly silky, leaves 2-8 in., pinnate, stalk stout, lower stipules dry, thin, upper leafy, toothed or lobed, leaflets many, in large and small pairs, alternately decreasing in size from above downwards, ovate, sharply toothed, terminal leaflets 1-13 in., green, hairy above, silvery felted beneath, flowers 2 In. diam., yellow, crowded in terminal clusters or branch- ed racemes, bracteoles quite entire or 2-8-fid, calyx silvery, hairy, lobes ovate, short-pointed, petals orbicular, ovate with a broad tip, stamens many, styles short, slender, ven- tral, achenes small, smooth ; otherwise like the last species small, perennial, rootstock woody, stem stout, ascend- ing, leafy, rough with long spreading hairs, leaves 1-2 in., covered with spreading hairs, stipules on the stem, leafy large, half ovate, entire or toothed, leaflets 4-1 in.. 5-7, ovate with a broad tip, very coarsely round-toothed + way down, sessile, close together, flowers 4 in. diam., yellow, stalked, very stiff in clusters with very spreading leafy branches and bracts, calyx lobes short-pointed, petals ovate with a broad tip, stamens many, styles slender, ter- minal, achenes many, large, minutely wrinkled on a raised hairy receptacle ; otherwise like the last species. small to medium size according to elevation, rootstock erect, very stout, stems many, white, densely silky-felted, leaves 1-6 in., crowded, about 1 in. broad, leaflets 5-11, oblong, silky on both surfaces, all cut nearly to the mid-rib, terminal leaflets radiating, lateral, opposite and alternate, flowers 4-¢ in. diam., yellow, on flowering stems, dense- 268 Plants of the Punjab. en — — ——~ = Herss, Erecr, with ALTERNATE STIPULATE COMPOUND LEAVES. Potentilla nepalensis, Rattanjot. RosacEs. Hida, 1. oO0. Himalaya, 5-9,000 ft. Simla (Collett). Murree. Potentilla kashmiriea, Rosacre#. F. B. I. 355. Kashmir, 7,500 ft. Nowgunge (Clarke). Potentilla argentea, Agrimonia Eupatorium, Agrimonia pilosa, Vicatia coniifolia, Vicatia millefolia, PETALS UNUNITED. . LEAFLETS MANY. felted, in many- or few-flowered clusters or solitary, calyx lobes triangular-ovate or lanceolate, bracteoles narrowly oblong, blunt, petals orbicular, ovate with a broad tip, styles terminal, achenes many, smooth ; otherwise like the last species. medium size, perennial, stout or slender, softly hairy to nearly smooth, stem branched, leafy, leaves digitately compound, radical, 12 by 3 in., long-stalked, leaflets 5, 1-3 by +-1} in,, sessile, stem stipules 3-1 in., ovate or oblong, lower entire, upper lobed, leaflets ovate with a broad tip or rounded, coarsely toothed, green, flowers 2-1 in. diam., purple, stalked in forked branching racemes, calyx lobes short-pointed, bracteoles blunt, petals reversed, heart- shaped, longer than the calyx lobes, achenes very many, minute, wrinkled on a round hairy receptacle ; otherwise like the last species. A red dye is obtained from the root. very like the last species, but with shorter leaf stalks, shorter more deeply toothed leaflets, yellow flowers, more deeply wrinkled achenes, and broadly clustered flowers. see Herbs, Unbranched, Alternate, Stipulate, Com- pound. see Herbs, Unbranched, Alternate, Stipulate, Com- pound. see Herbs, Unbranched, Alternate, Stipulate, Com- pound, FLOWERS, MINUTE, IN UMBELS. see Herbs, Erect, Alternate, Exstipulate, Compound. see Herbs, Erect, Alternate, Exstipulate, Compound. Plants of the Punjab. 269 HeErss, EREoOT, with ALTERNATE STIPULATE ComMpounpD LRAVES. Elzosticta meifolia, Apium graveolens, Cicuta virosa, Carum Carui, Carum Bulbocastanum, Carum Roxburghianum, Carum copticum, | Sium latijugum, Pimpinella saxifraga, Pimpinella acuminata, Pimpinella diversifolia, Osmorrhiza Claytoni, Cherophyllum villosum, Cherophyllum reflexum, Cheerophyllum capnoides, Cheerophyllum cachemiricum, PETALS UNUNITED, LEAFLETS MANY. see Herbs, see Herbs, see Herbs, see Herbs, see Herbs, see Herbs, Herbs, see see Herbs, » Herbs, > Herbs, Herbs, see see Herbs, see Herbs, see Herbs, see Herbs, see Herbs, FLOWERS, MINUTE, IN UMBELS. Krect, Alternate, -Exstipulate, Erect, Alternate, Exstipulate, Kreet, Alternate, Exstipulate, Krect, Alternate, Exstipulate, Erect, Alternate, Exstipulate, Erect, Alternate, Exstipulate, Erect, Alternate, Exstipulate, Erect, Alternate, Exstipulate, Krect, Alternate, Exstipulate, Erect, Alternate, Exstipulate, Erect, Alternate, Exstipulate, Erect, Alternate, Exstipulate, Erect, Alternate, Exstipulate, Erect, Alternate, Exstipulate, Erect, Alternate, Exstipulate, Erect, Alternate, Exstipulate, Compound, Compound. Compound. Compound. Compound, Compound. Compound. Compound. Compound. Compound, Compound, Compound, Compound, Compound. Compound. Compound. 270 Plants of the Punjab. a Herss, ERECT, WITH ALTERNATE STIPULATE COMPOUND LEAVES. Scandix Pecten- Veneris, Anthriscus nemerosa, Seseli sibiricum, Pyenocycla glauca, Feeniculum vulgare, Prangos pabbularia, Ligusticum marginatum, Selinum tenuifolium, Selinum papyraceum, Selinum Candolii, Selinum vaginatum, Pleurospermum Govanianum, Pleurospermum Candolii, Pleurospermum angelicoides, Pleurospermum stylosum, Pleurospermum densiflorum, PETALS UNUNITED, LBAFLETS MANY. FLOWERS, MINUTE, IN UMBELS, see Herbs, Erect, Alternate, see Herbs, see Herbs, see Herbs, see Herbs, see Herbs, see Herbs, see Herbs, see Herbs, see Herbs, see Herbs, see Herbs, see Herbs, see Herbs, see Herbs, Erect, Erect, Erect, Erect, Erect, Erect, Erect, Erect, Erect, Erect, Erect, Erect, Erect, Erect, see Herbs, Erect, Alternate, Alternate, Alternate, Alternate, Alternate, Alternate, Alternate, Alternate, Alternate, Alternate, Alternate, Alternate, Alternate, Alternate, Alternate, Exstipulate, Exstipulate, Exstipulate, Exstipulate, Exstipulate, Exstipulate, Exstipulate, Exstipulate, Exstipulate, Exstipulate, Exstipulate, Exstipulate, Exstipulate, Exstipulate, Exstipulate, Exstipulate, Compound. Compound. Compound. Compound. Compound, Compound. Compound. Compound, Compound. Compound. Compound, Compound. Compound. Compound, Compound. Compound. Plants of the Punjab. 271 SO Heres, ERECT, With ALTERNATE STIPULATE CompouND LEavss. PETALS UNUNITED, LEAFLETS MANY, FLOWERS, MINUTE, IN UMBELS, Pleurospermum see Herbs, Hrect, Alternate, Exstipulate, Compound. Brunonis, Angelica glauca, see Herbs, Erect, Alternate, Exstipulate, Compound, Archangelica seo Herbs, Erect, Alternate, Exstipulate, Compound. officinalis, Ferula Thomsoni, seo Herbs, Erect, Alternate, Exstipulate, Compound. Ferula Jeeschkeana, see Herbs, Erect, Alternate, Exstipulate, Compound. Peucedanum see Herbs, Erect, Alternate, Exstipulate, Compound, graveolens, Peucedanum see Herbs, Erect, Alternate, Exstipulate, Compound, Thomsoni, Heracleum see Herbs, Erect, Alternate, Exstipulate, Compound. Thomsoni, Heracleum see Herbs, Erect, Alternate, Exstipulate, Compound. pinnatum, Heracleum see Herbs, Erect, Alternate, Exstipulate, Compound. eachemiricum, Heracleum see Herbs, Erect, Alternate, Exstipulate, Compound. canescens Heracleum see Herbs, Hrect, Alternate, Exstipulate, Compound. candicans, Zosimia see Herbs, Erect, Alternate, Exstipulate, Compound, absinthifolia, Coriandrum sativum, see Herbs, Erect, Alternate, Exstipulate, Compound. Cuminum Cyminum, see Herbs, Erect, Alternate, Exstipulate, Compound. 272 Plants of the Punjab. Heres, Erect, with ALTERNATE STIPULATE CompouND LEAVES. Daucus Carota, Caucalis Anthriscus, Caucalis leptophylla, Caucalis latifolia, Psflmmogeton biternatum, Thalictrum cultratum, Thalictrum reniforme, Thalictrum javanicum, Thalictrum, foliolosum, Astilbe rivularis, SAXIFRAGACE. BR 6... i. 889. Himalaya, 4-9,000 ft. Simla, Mashobra (Collett). Kashmir. Dalhousie. PETALS UNUNITED. LEAFLETS MANY. FLOWERS, MINUTE, IN UMBELS. see Herbs, Erect, Alternate, Exstipulate, Compound, see Herbs, Erect, Alternate, Exstipulate, Compound. see Herbs, Erect, Alternate, Exstipulate, Compound. see Herbs, Erect, Alternate, Exstipulate, Compound. see Herbs, Erect, Alternate, Exstipulate, Cempound., PETALS NONE. LEAFLETS MANY. see Herbs, Erect, Alternate, Exstipulate, Compound. see Herbs, Erect, Alternate, Exstipulate, Compound. see Herbs, Erect, Alternate, Exstipulate, Compound. see Herbs, Erect, Alternate, Exstipulate, Compound, large, rootstock perennial, hairy ; leaves 6-18 in., irre- gularly 2-pinnate, stipules large, thin, united to the leaf stalk, sheathing, base of leaf stalk enlarged, hairy, leaflets 1-4 in., ovate, sometimes lobed, heart-shaped at the base, sharply toothed, long-pointed, smooth above, minutely bristly beneath along the mid-rib and nerves ; flowers very small, greenish-yellow, sometimes one sexual in spicate ra- cemes, forming a large terminal branching raceme, 12-24 in. long, stalk of raceme softly hairy, calyx bell-shaped, united to the base of the ovary, lobes 5, deeply divided, persistent, petals none, stamens 5, opposite the sepals, styles 2; capsule small, 2-beaked, seeds minute, many, narrow, tailed at both ends. This plant is sometimes mistaken for Spirwa Aruncus, whose fruit has 3-4 beaks. Plants of the Punjab, | eee. ‘Heres, Ernot, with ALTERNATE ExstTipULATE SIMPLE LEAvVEs. Arabis glabra, Arabis nuda, Notoceras Canariense, CRUCIFER. BeBe E ct40) The Plains. Baluchistan (Stocks), Alyssum minimum, CRUCIFERAE. BP Belen 4. Kashmir, 4-6,000 ft. Baluchistan (Boissier). Sisymbrium mollissimum, CRUCIFERAE. BSB Ti. t47. Himalaya, 8-10,000 ft. Kashmir. Sisymbrium Thalianum, Sisymbrium rupestre, Erysimum repandum, Lear Marerins Entire. PETALS UNUNITED. gee Hebe Erect, Unbranched, Exstipulate, Simple. see Herbs, Erect, Unbranched, Exstipulate, Simple. small, covered with flat-lying grey hairs, stiff; leaves small, linear-oblong ; flowers white, in short, many- flowered, leaf-opposed racemes, sepals 4, equal below, covered with flat-laid hairs, petals 4, small, linear-oblong, stamens 6, 4 inner longer in opposite pairs, style short, stigma round; capsule + in. long, nearly sessile, erect, linear-oblong, valves with a keel ending at the tip in a horn, seeds 4-8. small, grey with star-shaped hairs or scales ex- cept on the petals and pods, stems and branches many ; leaves linear-oblong or ovate with a broad tip, entire ; flowers small, yellowish or white, in many-flowered bract- less racemes, sepals 4, short, equal at the base, petals 4, linear, minute, with short stalks, stamens 6, 4 inner longer in opposite pairs, all winged, style very short, pointed ; pod short, smooth, orbicular, slightly notched, seeds 2-10, flattened. small to medium size, biennial or perennial, branched or not, smooth or hairy ; leaves 1-2 in., lanceolate-ovate with a broad tip, shortly stalked, entire or toothed, stem leaves oblong, stem-clasping, base forked; flowers small, purple or white, in long racemes, minor flower stalks 3-4 in., erect, slender, sepals 4, short or long, equal at the base, or 2-pouched, petals 4, long-stalked, stamens like the last species, style short, stigma 2-lobed ; pod 4- 13 in., erect, slender, straight, smooth, valves convex, veins indistinct, stalk slender, seeds many, 1-seriate, not margined, see Herbs, Erect, Alternate, Exstipulate, Simple, Toothed. see Herbs, Erect, Alternate, Exstipulate, Simple, Toothed. see Herbs, Erect, Alternate, Exstipulate, Simple, Toothed. T 274 Plants of the Punjab. Herss, Erect, wirn Aurernatre Exstieunats Srueue LEAVES. Erysimum odoratum, Diplotaxis Griffithii, Moricandia tortuosa, CRUCIFERS. | eed Bm eres ater Salt Range. The Plains of N. W. F. Province (Fleming), Thlaspi alpestre, Neslia paniculata, CRUCIFER®. Wb. 1. 1.1164: Himalaya, 5-6,000 ft. West of the Beas River. Hazara (Stewart). Kashmir. Baluchistan (Boissier). Euclidium syriacum, CRUCIFER®. ies pe Ps eal ee The Plains, west of the Jhelum, to 6,000 ft. Peshawar, Rawalpindi, Kashmir, Baluchistan (Boissier), Lear Marains ENTIRE. PETALS UNUNITED. see Herbs, Erect, Unbranched, Alternate, Exstipulate, Simple. see Herbs, Erect, Alternate, Exstipulate, Lobed. medium size, perennial, smooth, with a bluish-green waxy gloss, stem below thick, woody, sometimes twisted ; leaves lower 8-5 in., with abroad stalk, oblong with rounded ends, thick, entire or toothed, stem-leaves sessile ; flowers large, pink, few, erect in a long raceme, sepals 4, erect, lateral pouched below, petals 4, nearly twice as long as the sepals, stalked, stamens as in the last species, style short, pointed, conical ; pod linear, erect or turning up- wards, beak 4 in., cylindric, one-seeded, valves convex, with minute lines, margins prominent, seeds many, nearly round, in one series. see Herbs, Erect, Unbranched, Alternate, Exsti- pulate, Simple. medium size, annual, slender, branched above ; leaves 4-2 in., lanceolate-oblong, stem leaves with forked bases; flowers small, yellow, many, on long slender spreading smooth stalks in branched racemes without bracts, sepals 4, spreading, equal at the base, petals 4, | entire, stamens as in the last-deseribed species, style slender, sharp ; pod nearly round, a little broader than long, slight- ly flattened, smooth, seed solitary. small, annual, velvety with forked hairs, branched, branches stout, stiff when old; leaves 1-4 in., oblong- lanceolate, stalked; flowers small, white, in terminal or lateral bractless racemes, sepals 4, petals and stamens as in the last species ; pod + in., nearly round, erect, nearly sessile, hairy, pitted, crowned by an awl-shaped oblique beak, septum thick, seeds 2, oblong. Plants of the Punjab. 275 Herss, Ereci, with ALTERNATE ExsTIPULATE SIMPLE LEAVES, Physorhyneus brahvicus, Chorispora tenella, CRUCIFERS. eRe: p66: The Salt Range, Kashmir, 5-6,000 ft. Cleome papillosa, CAPPARIDACEA. BaBet: 1.7168. The Plains, west of the Ravi. Karana Hills (Douie). Baluchistan (Boissier). Cleome quinquenervis, CAPPARIDACE. HW Bed. 1. 168: The Plains, west of the Ravi. Linum usitatissimum, Flax, linseed, Alsi. LINACE. ye sage eats e: ut The Plains to 6,000 ft. Baluchistan (Hughes-Buller). Lear Marains ENTIRE. PETALS UNUNITED. see Shrubs, Alternate, Exstipulate, Simple. small, annual, hairy or rough glandular, rarely smooth, much branched ; leaves oblong-lanceolate er broad, narrowed to the base, shortly stalked, lower leaves sometimes lobed; flowers small, purple, on short stalks in long bractless racemes, sepals 4, erect, lateral pouched below, petals 4, stamens as in the last species ; pod 14 in., hardly constricted, ascending, curved, slender, cylin- dric, seeds many, 2-series. small to medium size, strongly scented, hairy, often glandular; leaves 3-14} in., ovate-heart-shaped, penni- nerved, blunt, with nipple-shaped projections and flat- tened stiff hairs, lower long-stalked, upper nearly sessile ; flowers very small, pinkish to dirty yellow in racemes lengthening in fruit, with oblong small bracts, sepals 4, spreading, petals 4, stamens 6, sessile, style short; cap- sule 1-11 in., nearly sessile, very slender, 2-valved, seeds many, kidney-shaped, granular. small to medium size, woody, stiff, sticky, strongly scented ; leaves 1 in. diam., nearly circular, blunt or short- pointed, base heart-shaped or rounded, stalks and edges elandular, softly velvety, palmately 5-nerved; flowers small in racemes, lengthened in fruit, bracts leafy, nearly sessile, sepals and petals as in the last species, stamens 4 or 6; capsules 1-14 by } in., sharp at both ends, narrow- ly oblong, sessile, hairs short, stiff, with broad bases with soft black glandular hairs, seeds minute, smooth. medium size, annual, stem cylindric ; leaves narrow, nearly 8-nerved ; flowers 1 in. diam., blue, in broad terminal clusters, sepals 5, ovate, long-pointed, 3-nerved, margins white, without glands, petals 5, twisted, soon falling off, stamens 5, alternating with 5 small staminodes, united below, styles 5; capsule 5-celled, scarcely longer than the sepals, seeds 10, brown, flattened, polished. This plant is widely cultivated for its seeds, from which linseed ° oil (alsi ka tel) is extracted. In India it is not grown for the fibre, flax, from which in Europe linen is woven. T2 276 Plants of the Punjab. Heras, Erect, with ALTERNATE ExstipULATE SimpLe LEAVES. Lear Marains ENTIRE. PETALS UNUNITED. Linum perenne, medium size, perennial, stems many, leaves 4-3 LINACES. in., all lanceolate, or lower oblong blunt and upper linear BOB: 1.12411. short-pointed, flowers 1 in. diam., blue, in few-flowered Himalaya, racemes, sepals ovate with glandular margins, capsule 9-13,000 ft. much larger than the white margined sepals; otherwise Lahul (Jaeschke). like the last species. Baluchistan (Boissier). Linum strictum, LINACES. BB) 1.7. 411. The Plains, 1-6,000 ft. Peshawar, Rawalpindi, Baluchistan (Lace). Linum mysorense, LINACE. BeBe il4. 411. Himalaya, 8-5,000 ft. Dharmpur. Crotalaria albida, Sedum Rhodiola, CRASSULACE. MB. 1: 407. Himalaya, 12-17,000 ft. Kashmir. small, annual or biennial, slender, smooth or slightly velvety, leaves }-} in., linear, linear-oblong, or lanceo- late, long-pointed, l-nerved, flowers 4-2 in. diam., yellow, shortly stalked in flat-topped terminal clusters, sepals with long green rigid points, margins glandular, capsule 1 in., round, much shorter than the sepals ; in other charac- ters like the last species. small, annual, smooth, slender, leaves 4-2 in., oblong with rounded ends, or short-pointed, 8-nerved, flowers 1 in. diam., yellow, in large branching flat-topped clusters made up of one-sided racemes, sepals short, petals longer than the sepals, stamens and styles united below, stigmas round, capsule round, equal to the sepals ; otherwise like the last species. see Shrubs, Erect, Alternate, Exstipulate, Simple. small to medium size, rootstock perennial, thick, smelling of roses, crowned with scales, stems thick ; leaves 3-14 in. long, ovate with broad tip or broadly oblong, often toothed towards the tip, green with a waxy gloss ; flowers small, male or female, yellow, in close terminal often branched clusters, calyx 5, often 4-fid, lobes narrow, oblong, petals 5, often 4, long in males, short. in females, stamens twice as many as the petals, long, projecting, styles 5-4, short, recurved in fruit ; carpels 5-4, 1 in. long, not narrowed at the base, seeds many, oblong, with rounded ends, flattened, Plants of the Punjab. 277 Heres, Erect, with ALTERNATE HxsTIPULATE SIMPLE LEAVES. Sedum tibeticum, CRASSULACER. he Be tant. 418. Himalaya, 12-14,000 ft Lahul (Jaeschke). | Sedum qudrifidum, CRASSULACEA. BL B. fon. Als: Himalaya, 11-18,000 ft. Kashmir. Sedum elongatum, CRASSULACEA. Hebe dA V9: Himalaya, 10-12,000 ft. Kashmir. Sedum linearifolium, CRASSULACEA. BB. LL un. 420. Himalaya, 7-10,000 ft. Matiana. The Chor (Collett). Jaku, Simla. Sedum Jaeschkei, CRASSULACER. PB, Lahul, Kangra Dist. Lear MarGins ENTIRE. PETALS UNUNITED. small, smooth, leaves 4-4 in., loosely overlapping, upper oblong, lower often ovate, flowers often in fives as petals and sepals, pink or purple, sepals on fruit, trian- gular, long-pointed ; other characters like the last species. very like the last species, but stems many, leaves nearly cylindrical, flowers red, often with 4 _ petals and sepals, the latter oblong, styles short, sometimes straight. like the last species, but larger, leaves ?-2 in. ob- long, narrowed at the base or oblong with rounded ends, sessile, clusters large, sepals lanceolate-linear, petals black- purple, lanceolate, carpels hardly } in. each. small, smooth or nearly so, rootstock thick, stems tufted, leaves 4-3 in., sessile, narrowly oblong, rarely a few teeth, blunt, radical leaves few, stem leaves many, flowers 4 in., white, in 2-8-flowered clusters, sepals oblong- lanceolate, petals } in. long, broadly lanceolate; other- wise like the last species. small, annual, branches crowded, leaves, lower crowded, upper scattered or crowded at the end of branches, oblong, prolonged into the stalk, short-pointed, flowers nearly 4 in. long, golden yellow, solitary at the end of branches or insmall plants, clustered, sepals $-$ in. long, green, fleshy, petals twice the sepals, lanceolate, blunt, stamens half as long as the petals, follicles erect in fruit, 5; otherwise like the last species. 2718 Plants of the Punjab. Heres, Erect, with ALTERNATE ExsTIPULATE SIMPLE LEAVES. Sedum multicaule, CRASSULACES. H. B. I. 1. 422. Himalaya, 4-7,000 ft. Simla (Collett). Kashmir. Drosera peltata, var. lunata, Chitra. DROSERACE. RB. B. Lou. 424. Himalaya, 4-8 ,000 ft. Simla (Collett). Ammannia baceifera, Epilobium latifolium, Epilobium origanifolium, ONAGRACE. F, B. I. ii. 586. Himalaya, 9-14,000 ft. Kashmir. Lear Maroins ENTIRE. PETALS UNUNITED. small, smooth, much divided from the base, leaves 4-1 in. long, linear-oblong, short-pointed, flowers yellow, nearly sessile in clusters, follicles spreading in fruit, not rough, seeds rough, ovate with a broad top; otherwise like the last species. | small to medium size, perennial, sometimes unbranch- ed, slender, glandular; leaves + in. across, semi-lunar, covered above and on margins with sticky glandular hairs, radical leaves smaller, soon falling-off ; flowers 4 in. diam., white, in terminal branching racemes, calyx 5-toothed, glandular, petals 5, stamens 5, styles 3, stigmas minutely fringed ; capsule 3-valved, enclosed in the calyx and petals, seeds many, minute, united to the valves. This plant is allied to the English sundew and is an insec- tivorous plant ; the remains of insects are found sticking to the leaves. see Herbs, Erect, Opposite, Exstipulate, Simple, Entire. see Herbs, Hrect, Opposite, Exstipulate, Simple, Kutire. small to large, stem cylindrical with 2 lines of hairs, sometimes velvety all over, leaves vary much, mid-stem leaves opposite, sessile or shortly stalked, ovate or ovate- oblong, 1 in. long, sometimes 8 in., flowers usually few, at the end of branches, petals less than } in., stigmas club- shaped, capsule 14-3 in., seeds narrow, long, somewhat narrowed at the top, seeds minutely dotted; otherwise like KH. latifolium. Plants of the Punjab. 279 a ees Herss, Erect, with ALTERNATE EXSTIPULATE SIMPLE LEAVES. Bupleurum lanceolatum, Buplever or Hare’s ear, UMBELLIFERA. WB. 1.1 674 Himalaya, 4-9. 000 ft. Fagu (Collett). The Galis (Douie). Kashmir. Bupleurum Candollii, UMBELLIFERS. Bab, 1. 674s Himalaya, 8-12,000 ft. Simla, Mahasu Matiana (Collett). Bupleurum jucundum, UMBELLIFERA. Bel. m6 T Kashmir, 7-10,000 ft. Budrawur (C. B. Clarke). Lahul (Jaeschke). Bupleurum Thomsoni, UMBELLIFER&. ' Be B. Wawi6y5: Himalaya, 7-9,000 ft. Sonamerg (C. B. Clarke). -Lear Maroins ENTIRE. PETALS UNUNITED. medium size to large, perennial, smooth; leaves, lower lanceolate, long-stalked, middle stem ones 38-5 by 78 in., ovate, long-pointed, bracts none or only one, 4 in., linear, bracteoles 2-6, narrowly lanceolate, much shorter than the umbels, soon falling off; flowers very small, yellow, on short stalks 5-6 combined on 5-8 un- equal rays forming a compound umbel, calyx teeth none, petals 5, ovate with a broad tip, the latter inflexed, the outer petals of an umbel enlarged, stamens 5, styles 2; fruit + in. of 2 one-seeded carpels hanging on to a central undivided stalk (carpophore), each carpel, which is convex externally, has 5 longitudinal obscure ridges with 3 oil canals (vitte) in each furrow; seeds round on section or concave on the inner side. leaves, lower stem 2-5 by 4-4 in., linear-oblong, upper 1-4 by 4-2 in., oblong or ovate, nearly sessile and stem-clasping, bracts 2-3 or none, 4-1} in, ovate or oblong, short-pointed, leafy, angular, bracteoles 2-5, 4-4 in., leafy, oblong with or without rounded ends, as long as the flower- ing minor umbel (umbellule), carpel } in., ridges on ripe carpels distinct ; otherwise like the last species. medium size, leaves, lower stem 1-13 in., circular, very shortly stalked, upper stem ones ovate, deeply heart- shaped, stem-clasping, bract one or none, 1-3 in., ovate, leafy, often stem-clasping, or heart-shaped, bracteoles 4-5, § in., often none, oblong, short-pointed, usually shorter than the umbellule, fruit 4 in.; otherwise like the last species. large, leaves, stem linear, upper stem 2-4 in., lanceolate, long-pointed or ovate, stem-clasping, heart- shaped, bracts none or 1-2, lanceolate, bracteoles 5-9, lanceolate, long-pointed or linear, as long as the flowering umbellules, rays of the umbels 6-10, 1-23 in., rays of the umbellule often 20, fruit 4 in., oblong, carpels cylindri- cal, with a bluish-green waxy gloss, 5-winged, furrows con- taining 8-4 oil canals, carpel stalk divided, very thin; otherwise like the last species. 280 Plants of the Pumyjab. Heras, HREoT, WITH ALTERNATE HXSTIPULATE SIMPLE LEAVES. Bupleurum diversifolium, UMBELLIFER2. ¥. B I. i. 675. Himalaya, 7-9,000 ft. Kashmir, 9-12,000 ft. Bupleurum faleatum, Kali zewar, svpil. UMBELLIFERS. Be. . 11.'6'10. Himalaya, 3-12,000 ft. Kashmir, Simla, Mashobra (Collett). Baluchistan (Lace). Bupleurum longicaule, UMBELLIFER&. FE. B. 1. 1. 677. Himalaya, 8-13,000 ft. Kashmir, Bupleurum tenue, UMBELLIFERS. Hep 61. The Plains to 9,000 ft. Simla, Mashobra (Collett). Murree. Lear Mareins ENTIRE. PETALS UNUNITED. medium size to large, leaves, upper stem lanceolate, long-pointed, base ovate, nearly stem-clasping, hardly heart-shaped, middle stem quite stem-clasping, lower stem linear, bracts none or one, small, lanceolate, bracteoles 5-8, narrow, lanceolate, long-pointed, shorter than the fruiting umbellules, rays of the umbel 8-14, fruit 34 in., ridges dis- tinct, furrows with 3 oil canals; otherwise like the last species. leaves radical linear, broader upwards, stem leaves usually curved, half stem-clasping or sessile, long-pointed, middle stem leaves linear, short-pointed, narrowed at the base, more or less stem-clasping, bracts usually none or 1-5, lanceolate, hardly 4 in., lanceolate, branches 4-5, narrowly lanceolate, distinctly shorter than the fruiting and not longer than the flowering umbellules, rays 5-8, 14 in., fruit }-+ in., brown; otherwise like the last species. small to medium size, leaves very variable, lower stem leaves linear or lanceolate, short-pointed, upper often wider at the base, ovate, bracts 1-3, bracteoles 5-8, oblong, long-pointed, leaflike, longer than the flowering or fruiting umbellule, rays 8-8, 1-2} in., stoutish, streaked, petals usually black ; otherwise like the last species. leaves, lower linear, sessile, 1-3 by ‘} in., upper linear-oblong, round-tipped, bristle-pointed, base nar- rowed, bracts 1-4, } in., lanceolate, short-pointed, brac- teoles 4-5, lanceolate-ovate with a broad tip, longer than the umbellules, rays 8-8, less than an inch, never stout, fruit =',-4 in., broadly oblong, yellowish-brown, ridges distinct, furrows with one or no oil canal ; otherwise like the last species. Plants of the Punjab. 281 ——$— ee ee Heres, Erecr, wirh ALTERNATE ExstipuLATE SIMPLE LEAVES. Bupleurum Maddeni, UMBELLIFERA. (So bal Rae bal vie Himalaya, 6-8,000 ft. Simla (Collett). Bupleurum setaceum, UMBELLIFERA. B Be Fe 11; 678: Kashmir, 4,500 ft. Kishtwar (C. B. Clarke). Commelina ceelestis, Spider wort, COMMELINACEA. Be Bek. vis 369: Himalaya, 6-7,000 ft. Simla (Collett). Commelina Hasskarilii, COMMELINACEZ. HB. levis 320, The Plains, east of the Sutlej, Delhi. Commelina obliqua, Kanjura, kana, CoMMELINACEA. BE. By 1. vis. B12: Himalaya, 1-6,000 ft. Simla (Collett). Kasauli. Luar Mareins Entire. PETALS UNUNITED. medium size, stems several, leaves small, linear, long-pointed, bracteoles few, not prominent, furrows of fruit with 2-3 oil canals ; otherwise like the last species. annual, slender, leaves 1-24 in., uppermost + in., bristle-lke, umbels simple, few-flowered, bracts 1-4, 4-3 in., narrowly linear-lanceolate, usually longer than the fruiting umbel, fruit ;+ in., rough between the ridges, one large oil canal in each furrow ; otherwise like the last species. medium size, annual, robust, succulent, velvety or felted; leaves 2-5 in. long, lanceolate long or short-pointed, nerves parallel, bages sheathing ; flowers 5 in., sky-blue in a small cluster, flowering in succession: enclosed in a leai-like, folded bract (spathe), spathe broad- ly ovate, 3-¢ in. long, heart-shaped, pointed, sepals 8, green, thin, free or united at the base, persistent, petals 3, bright blue, free, longer than the sepals, one larger blade circular, spreading, stamens 6, not hairy, anthers bright yellow, style spirally twisted, stigma small; capsule 3- valved, seeds few, usually angular wrinkled. A native of Mexico, cultivated in flower gardens and found as an escape. small, much branched, rough or smooth, leaves i-3 by 3-3 in., narrowly lanceolate, nearly short-pointed or blunt, spathes 3-1 in., axillary, stalked, folded, clusters velvety, upper branch 2-4, lower 1-2 flowered, seeds cylin- dric, smooth, abrupt at one end, almost pointed at the other; for other characters see the last species. medium size to large, stem stout, branched; leaves 4-7 by 1-2 in., lanceolate, sessile or stalked, short or very long-pointed, smooth or woolly beneath, sheaths 3 in., margins oiten bearded, spathes 3-11 in., sessile or stalked, Solitary or crowded, funnel-shaped, capsule 8-angled, seeds lead-coloured ; for other characters see Commelina colestis. The root is edible, and is used in fevers and bilious attacks. Plants of the Punjab. Herps, Erect, with Aurernare Exsripunare Simpue Leaves. Aneilema nudiflorum, Aneilema Hamiltonianum, Cyanotis cristata, Cyanotis barbata. Juncus bufonius, Toad rush, JUNCACER. BB vi.8 92: The Plains to 13,000 ft., in wet places. Polygala triphylla, Milkwort, PoLYGALACE®. BB has 201. Himalaya, 4-8,000 ft. Simla, Syree (Collett). Dharmpur. Lear Marains ENTIRE. PETALS UNUNITED. see Prostrate Herbs, Alternate, Exstipulate, Simple. see Prostrate Herbs, Alternate, Exstipulate, Simple. see Prostrate Herbs, Alternate, Exstipulate, Simple. see Prostrate Herbs, Alternate, Exstipulate, Simple. small, annual, pale green, smooth, stems tufted, slender, branched from the base upwards; leaves bristle- like, few, channelled above, base sheathing, pale; flowers 4-1 in. long, pale green in axillary or terminal clusters, sepals 8, with a thickened midrib, long-pointed with a broad thin margin, persistent, petals 3, like the sepals but without the midrib, stamens 6 or 3, half as long as the sepals, 6 in the open lateral flowers, 3 in the closed terminal flowers ; capsule ovoid with a broad top, blunt, pale, shorter than, and enclosed in the persistent sepals and petals, seeds very minute, finely net-veined, tips almost rounded. PETALS UNITED. small, annual, slender, smooth; leaves 4-24 in, circular or oblong, contracted into the stalk, stalk often winged, membranous, smooth, blunt; flowers }1in., pink, in slender many-flowered terminal racemes 1$-2 in., bracts 8, soon falling off, sepals 5, unequal 2 inner, petal-like, in colour equal to the petals, 3 outer smaller, green, falling off after flowering, petals 8, unequal, united at the base, 2 upper small, the lowest (keel) longest, concave, 2-lobed at the tip, not crested at the tip with a frmged brush, stamens 8, united in two sets of 4.each, joined to the petals, style long, incurved; capsule 51-4 in., 2-celled, round, narrowly winged, membranous, seeds black, hairy, one in each cell, prolonged at the base by 2 minute append- ages. Plants of the Punjab. 2.88 Herss, Erect, with ALTERNATE ExstTIPULATE SIMPLE LEAVES. Polygala crotalarioides, PoOLYGALACEA. eBay 120d. Himalaya, 4-7,000 ft., east of the Ravi. Simla (Collett). Polygala abyssinica, POLYGALACEA. HDs bad. 202: Himalaya, 3-8,000 ft. Simla (Collett). Matiana, Multan (Hidgeworth). Polygala leptalea, POLYGALACEA. Hebe Tr, 202; Himalaya, 9-5,000 ft. Kashmir. Ploygala Hohenhackeriana, PoLYGALACER. Be lear 202: The Plains west of the Jhelum to 8,500 ft. in Waziristan (Stewart). Attock (Vicary). Baluchistan (Stocks). Lear Marains EntTIre#. PETALS UNITED. perennial, densely hairy, rootstock woody, often tuberous, stems short, thick, sometimes reclining, leaves 3-2 in., ovate or oblong-ovate, tip rounded with or without an abrupt point, with few scattered hairs, flowers 4-4 in. long, purple, very shortly stalked in very short, dense-flowered, rarely terminal racemes, bracts minute, awl-shaped, sepals persistent, inner wing sepals ovate with a broad tip, twice as long as the capsule, keel petal crested, capsule heart-shaped, broader than long, fringed with bristles, seeds with 2 small appendages; otherwise like the last species. small to medium size, smooth, branches many, leaves $-$ in., narrow linear, long-pointed, almost sessile, flowers } in. long, pink on one side of long terminal slender loose-flowered racemes 2-6 in. long, bracts ovate, soon falling off, wing sepals yellowish-green, capsule narrowly winged near the top, seeds densely hairy, not appendaged ; otherwise like the last species. very much like the last species, but the stem deeply furrowed, the lower leaves often oblong-lanceolate, ra- cemes 1-2 in., dense-flowered, flowers smaller, seeds silky. very small, with grey hairs or velvety, stems and branches many from a perennial stock, leaves 4-2 in., erey hairy, thin, smooth, oblong-lanceolate or lanceolate- ovate with a broad tip, blunt or nearly short-pointed, flowers } in., drooping on short stalks in nearly sessile dense-flowered terminal racemes 4-4 in. long, bracts small, sepals with broad thin margins, upper outer one much the largest, linear-ovate with a broad tip, 2 lateral very small, oblong, blunt, wings white, capsule 4 in., cir- cular, smooth with a broad membranous wing, seeds densely silky with 2 appendages; otherwise like the last species. 284 Plants of the Punjab. Heres, Erect, wirn AvrerNAte ExstrpULATE SIMPLE Luaves. Polygala persicaricefolia, PoLYGALACH. BB. 11.202, Himalaya, east of the Sutle), 5-9,000 ft. Valleys below Simla (Collett). Dharmpur. Polygala erioptera, PoLYGALACER. BB: L1.-208: The Plains. Polygala chinensis, Polygala sibiriea, PoLYGALACE. F. B. I. 1. 205. Himalaya, 1-6,000 ft. Cotyledon Oreades, CRASSULACE. Bb .n1.-416, Kashmir. Pir Panjal (Jacquemont), Marbul Pass (C, B. Clarke). Vernonia cinerea, Conyza viscidula, Lear Marains ENTIRE. PETALS UNITED. small, annual, slender, much branched, slightly velvety, leaves 1-2 in., linear or lanceolate-oblong with rounded ends, nearly sessile, flaccid, bracts awl-shaped, stalks curved, racemes 1-2 in., slender, loose flowered, terminal and extra axillary, flowers pink, wing sepals yellowish-grey, capsule notched, ovate, minutely fringed, narrowly winged near the tip, seeds woolly with the 2 appendages ; otherwise like the last species. like the last species, but the leaves 4-1 in., racemes axillary or extra-axillary, wing sepals oblong with a strong green midrib. see Prostrate Herbs, Alternate, Exstipulate, Simple. small to medium size, velvety, stems many, slender from a perennial stock, leaves $-2 in., circular or lanceo- late-oblong with rounded ends or linear, shining, and net- ted above, margins turned down, wing sepals oblong or ovate with a broad tip, capsule broadly winged, smooth, seeds hairy with 8 appendages; otherwise like the last species described above. very small, annual, fleshy, smooth, stems many, curved, branches leafy; leaves } in., radical, arranged in a rosette, narrow, lanceolate, bristle-pointed ; flowers small, white, nodding in small clusters at the top of branches, sepals }in., oblong, short-pointed, petals 5, united at the base, a little longer than the sepals, stamens 5, styles 5; carpels 5, tapering into the thread-like styles, seeds many, oblong, with rounded ends, covered with minute tubercles. FLOWERS MINUTE IN HEADS, ALL TUBULAR. see Herbs, Erect, Alternate, Exstipulate, Simple, Toothed. see Herbs, Erect, Alternate, Exstipulate, Simple, T'oothed. Plants of the Punjab. 285 Herss, Erect, with ALTERNATE EXSTIPULATE SIMPLE LEAVES, Lear Mareins Entire. PETALS UNITED. FLOWERS, MINUTE, IN HEADS, ALL TUBULAR. Conyza stricta, see Herbs, Erect, Alternate, Exstipulate, Simple, Toothed,. Inner tubular, Outer ligulate. Filago germanica, small, annual, woolly, widely branched from the Cudweed, base, sometimes prostrate; leaves } in., oblong-ovate CoMPOSIT. with a broad tip, stalked or sessile, flowers minute, yel-- Webs le aut. 27: low, tubular in clusters of heads, 4-3 in., sessile in the forks The Plains to of eacnee surrounded by leaf-like peace heads 6-20, 8,000 ft. s in. long, glistening, discoid, calyx of hairs (pappus), Valleys below Simla, corollas, inner 2-8-toothed, outer 4-5-toothed, little concave Suni (Collett). scales at the base passing into bracts round the heads Kashmir. of 2-many series, long-pointed, thin, anther bases forked, N.-W. F'. Province. — gtyle-arms oblong or linear blunt ; seeds (achenes) minute, Baluchistan (Lace). crowned by the pappus, rough. Filago arvensis, very like the last species, but leaves linear-lanceo- CoMPOSITA. late, bracts round the clusters of heads are leaflike, shorter, H Bagl. au. .277, bracts of the heads not long-pointed. Kashmir, 7-9-000 ft. Quetta (Hughes- Buller). Ifloga Fontanesii, small, annual, branched from the base, woolly or CoMPosITm. smooth, densely leafy; leaves narrowly linear, short- HB: Lis 277. pointed, spreading, margins rolled in; flowers all tubular The Plains. in reddish heads, din. long, glistening, smooth, sessile Baluchistan in the axils of the leaves, forming leafy spikes, bracts (Boissier). of the heads reddish, few, bristle-pointed, thin, pappus red, corollas, inner 5-toothed, outer barely toothed, anther- bases forked ; achenes (seeds) oblong, smooth. Anaphalis araneosa, large, perennial, much branched, velvety and glan- CoMPOSITA. dular, or white felted, leafy, the leaf-bases running down Hb. foi: 288; the stem as wings ; leaves, maiee leaves lanceolate with Fimalaya, broad tips, stem leaves 14-2 by 4-1 in., linear, short-pointed, 5-8,000 ft. margins farned down ; ‘ony cire ihitate, seni in nearly gimla (Collett). globose heads 3-4 in. diam. in nearly round or peu ee murree. branched flat-topped clusters, bracts of the heads =4-1, in., blunt, white, erect in flower, spreading in seed, pappus white, corollas of inner flowers 5-toothed, of outer 2-4 toothed, anther bases forked; achenes (seeds) minute, oblong, smooth, \ 286 Plants of the Punjao. Heres, EReEcT, WITH ALTERNATE EXSTIPULATE SIMPLE LEAVES. Anaphalis contorta, Composit ™®. F. B. I. iii. 284. Himalaya, 7-10,000 ft. Simla (Collett). Kashmir. Phagnalon niveum, CoMPposIT”#. F. B. I. i. 288. Himalaya, 6-8,000 ft. Kashmir, Gnaphalium luteo-album, Jersey cudweed, Bal raksha. CoMPosIT™#®. BOB, %. 111.7288. The Plains to 10,000 ft. Simla (Collett). Kashmir. Baluchistan (Lace). Gnaphalium hypoleucum, ComposiT™®. Hea. he 11.200. Himalaya, 8-7,000 ft. Simla (Collett). Kashmir, LeaF Marcins ENTIRE. PETALS UNITED. FLOWERS MINUTE IN HEADS, ALL TUBULAR. small to medium size, branches often prostrate, leaves 4-1 by 4 in., linear, heads % in. diam. in dense ter- minal flat-topped clusters, outer bracts of the heads often purple ; for other characters see the Jast species, small, annual, snow-white with dense cottony wool, branches short and leafy or slender and less leafy ; leaves 1-14 in., ovate with a broad tip to oblong with rounded ends or linear-oblong, sometimes toothed ; flowers minute, yellow and tubular in axillary solitary or clus- tered heads, 4-} in. diam., on slender stalks, 1-3 in., bracts of the heads awl-shaped, straight, ending in a needle-like point, purplish, outer smaller, grey cottony, pappus hairs slender, rigid, corollas, inner 5-fid, outer 2-8-todthed, anther-bases forked or entire ; achenes small, not ribbed. small, annual, very variable, woolly, much branch- ed; leaves 1-2 by 41in., oblong with blunt tips, base often half stem-clasping, both surfaces woolly, upper leaves lanceolate, short-pointed ; flowers minute, whitish, yel- lowish or brownish in heads, } in. diam., in leafless dense glistening flat-topped clusters, bracts of the heads oblong, blunt, transparent, yellowish, glistening, pappus hairs scanty, short, outer corollas 8-4-toothed, inner larger, 5-toothed, anther-bases forked, cells with slender ‘tails ; achenes oblong, slender, rough with tubercles or minute curved bristles. very like the last species, but taller and _ stouter leaves longer, long-pointed, only woolly beneath and often with widely projecting bases, Plants of the Punjab. 287 Heras, EREoT, WITH ALTERNATE EXXSTIPULATE SIMPLE LEAVES. Gnaphalium indicum, ComPposiITm. Be Bal tit, 289% The Plains to 1,000 ft. Pulicaria foliolosa, Arambu. CoMPOSIT@. HR, B. 1. mts 298. The Plains. Baluchistan (Lace). Pulicaria glaucescens, CoMPOSsITm. PBL. at--a00, The Plains, west of the Jhelum. The Salt Range. Waziristan. Baluchistan (Boissier). Carpesium trachelifolium, Lear Mareins ENTIRE. PETALS UNITED. FLOWERS MINUTE IN HEADS, ALL TUBULAR. annual, slender, more or less covered with white wool, stems many, leafy branches slender, leaves 4-14 in., linear-ovate with broad tips or oblong, narrowed to the base with rounded tips and an abrupt point, woolly on both surfaces, lower leaves shortly stalked, heads 4 in. diam., in simple or branched leafy spikes or in ovoid clusters, bracts of the heads lnear-oblong, short-pointed, pale, reddish-brown or yellow, inner nearly smooth, achenes minutely rough ; for other characters see the last species. medium size, annual, velvety or felted, much branched ; leaves 1-6 in., linear-oblong, or lanceolate with a broad tip, tips recurved, short-pointed, base broad or contracted, 34 stem-clasping ; flowers minute, yellow, all tubular in solitary woolly glandular heads, + in. diam., on very slen- der stalks, bracts of the heads narrow, almost bristle-like, double pappus inner of hairs, very few, white, equal to the achenes, outer consists of short-jagged teeth, outer corollas 2-3 toothed, inner 5-toothed ; achenes hairy, minute. medium size, woody, saline, succulent, leaves 1-23 in., linear, fleshy, margins flat or rolled in, tips recurved, flowers in heads 4 in. diam., shortly stalked, shining from the pale yellow pappus, bracts of the heads lanceo- late, smooth, short-pointed, stiff, pappus long, achenes short, oblong, silky; for other characters gee the last species. see Herbs, Toothed, Erect, Alternate, Exstipulate, Simple: 288 Plants of the Punjab. cep Heres, Erect, with ALTERNATE ExstipuLate Simpie Luaves, Carpesium abrotanoides, Hukmandaz, wotriangrl CoMPOSsIT®. Bab . im. S01. Himalaya, 4-6,000 ft. Kashmir, Valleys below Simla (Collett). Artemisia Dracunculus, Aretium Lappa, Burdock, Composit ®. He. 1.401, 359. Himalaya, 6-9,000 ft. Saussurea candicans, Saussurea albescens, Saussurea Jacea, CoMPOSIT®. BoB: Ti. B75. Kashmir, 9-15,000 ft. (Falconer). LEAF Marains ENTIRE. PETALS UNITED. FLOWERS MINUTE IN HEADS, ALL TUBULAR. large, velvety or smooth, branches leafy, long, slender; leaves 3-5 by 4-1 in., lanceolate, long-pointed, nearly sessile ; flowers yellow, in many heads, } in. diam., along the branches or in short axillary racemes, strongly scented, bracts of the heads many, inner broad, blunt, outer green, leafy, margins white, corollas inner 5-toothed, outer 3-toothed, pappus hairs none, anther-bases forked ; achenes smooth, long, ribbed, beaked. ‘The flowers are used in Kashmir to dye silk. see Herbs, Erect, Alternate, Exstipulate, Lobed. large, rough; leaves 8-12 in. across, broadly ovate- heart-shaped, margin wavy or wavy-toothed, smooth or grey or white-cottony beneath ; flowers purple in cot- tony or smooth terminal globose clustered heads, #-1} in. diam., bracts of the heads stiff, angled, spreading, hooked, receptacle flat, very bristly, corollas 5-toothed, anther- bases forked, style-arms white, united, pappus hairs many, short, minutely barbed; achenes large, smooth, finely ribbed, angled. see Herbs, Erect, Alternate, Exstipulate, Lobed. see Herbs, Erect, Alternate, Exstipulate, Lobed. large, stiff, stem cylindrical, not grooved, branches very leafy ; leaves 3-4 by 14-23 in., ovate or oblong, blunt or short-pointed, sessile, half stem-clasping, rough on both surfaces or pinnately divided, terminal lobe largest ; flowers 2 in., purplish, in heads }-§ in. diam. solitary, ter- - minal on straight rather slender stalks or in flat-topped clusters, bracts of the heads few, stiff, broad, margins purple, outer bracts ovate, blunt or short-pointed inner lanceolate, receptacle flat with long flattened bristles, curved, stiff, corollas 5-toothed, pappus hairs 4 in., brown, anthers forked; achenes } in., smooth, shining, ribs slen- der, tops abruptly cut off. Plants of the Punjab. 289 Herss, Error, with ALTERNATE EXxstTIPULATE SIMPLE LEAVES. Jurinea modesta, ComposiTz. He.B. Ae i. S78 N.-W. F. Province. Peshawar (Vicary). Volutareila divaricata, Centaurea Cyanus, Centaurea depressa, Centaurea polycephala, Carthamus tinctorius, Dicoma, | tomentosa, CoMPOSITA. FB Bote ans 387. The Plains. Lear Mareins ENTIRE. PETALS UNITED. FLOWERS MINUTE, IN HEADS, ALL TUBULAR, small, annual, cottony, branche! from: the base, branches short, ending in very long leafless s!:nder one- headed stalks; leaves 2-3 in., lanceolate. short-pointed, sessile, running down the stem, sometimes widely toothed ; flowers 4 in., purple, in solitary heads, 1 in. diam., bracts of the heads in many series, overlapping, inner narrow, erect, sometimes red, outer siorter, ovate, long-pointed, green with thin margins, bristles of the receptacle half as long as the flowers, corollas slender, 5- toothed, anther-bases forked, pappus hairs 4 in., white, shining, inner hairs stiff, 2 much Jonger than the others, flattened ; achenes + in., flatten: d, angles thickened, pale, smooth, shining. see Herbs, Erect, Alternate, Exstipulate, Lobed, see Herbs, Erect, Alternate, Exstipulate, Lobed. see Herbs, Erect, Alternate, Exstipulate, Lobed. see Herbs, Erect, Alternate, Exstipulate, Lobed. see Herbs, Erect, Alternate, Exstipulate, Simple, Toothed. gmall to medium size, annual, much branched, covered with white cottony wool; leaves 1-3 in., linear, blunt or short-pointed ; flowers } in., white or pale yellow, in many solitary, nearly axillary and terminal heads, 3-1 in. diam., bracts of the heads 4-2 in., linear-lanceolate, spinous, shining, tips yellow, stiff, corollas 5-toothed, anther-bases forked, bearded, pappus hairs } in., pale brown, outer slender, inner lanceolate-awl-shaped, ribbed, margins wavy; achenes } in., short, broad, top-shaped, densely silky. : U 290 Plants of the Punjab. Heres, Erect, with ALTERNATE HXSTIPULATE SIMPLE LEAVES. Lear MarGins ENTIRE. PETALS UNITED. FLOWERS, MINUTE, IN HEADS, INNER TUBULAR, OUTER LIGULATE. Solidago Virga-aurea, Rhyncospermum verticillatum, Hukmandaz. ComposirT™. BBs ont. 248, Himalaya, 5-6,000 ft. Valleys below Simla (Collett). Kashmir. Aster Pseudamellus, CoMPOSITA. Ree cl. 11, 249) Himalaya, 8-9,000 ft. Lahul (Jaeschke). Aster Amellus, Michaelmas Daisy, Composit”. Baie wi. 249, The Plains to 8,000 ft. Cultivated. Aster molliusculus, ComposiITm. PB, Mol: Himalaya, 5-8,000 ft. Simla (Collett). Kashmir. see Herbs, Unbranched, Alternate, Exstipulate, Simple. medium size to large, velvety, branches slender, spreading ; leaves 1-3 in., lanceolate, long-pointed, thin, narrowed into a very slender stalk, sometimes toothed ; flowers all white or inner pale yellow, very minute, in small heads, 4 in. diam., on short stalks or one in every axil of the branches, bracts of the heads few, lanceolate, edges thin, dry receptacle flat, bare, corollas outer in 2-3 series, white, sho:tly ligulate, male, inner short, tubular, bell-shaped, 4-5-toothed, anther-bases blunt or 2-lobed, pappus hairs 3-5 or none, soon falling off ; achenes flattened, beaked. small to medium size, rootstock perennial, stems many, undivided below, branched above, slender, leafy, rough ; leaves 1-24 by 4-2 in., green, oblong, short-point- ed or blunt, sometimes toothed, sessile; flowers outer 12-16, $-4 in., purplish, inner yellow, in heads 1? in. diam., forming flat-topped clusters, bracts of the heads few, outer large, blunt, green, anther-bases blunt, entire, pappus hairs longer than the achenes, white, slender, few; achenes 51, in., flattened, velvety, one- to three-ribbed. very like the last, but with smaller outer bracts. This plant may be found as an escape near gardens. medium size, velvety or hairy, rootstock perennial, woody, stems many, leafy, slender, stiff, leaves 3-1 in., linear or lanceolate, sometimes toothed, shortly stalked, flowers as in the last species, the heads smaller, $-? in., solitary, long-stalked, bracts of the heads long-pointed, ligules very many, pappus reddish ; otherwise like the last species. Plants of the Punjab. 291 Heres, ERECT, WITH ALTERNATE EXSTIPULATE SIMPLE LEAVES. Lear Mareins ENTIRE. PETALS UNITED. FLOWERS, MINUTE, IN HEADS, INNER TUBULAR, OUTER LIGULATE. Aster altaicus, very like the last, but much larger, stem grooved, CoMposiT”m. much branched, leaves sessile. HB. 41. i. 251. Himalaya, - 9-18,000 ft. Kashmir, Lahul, Baluchistan. Brachyactis small, annual, glandular and softly hairy, branch- umbrosa, ed from the base, leafy ; leaves $-? in., ovate with a broad ComposiTm. tip, or with small lobes or wedge-shaped; fiowers pale BB. 2 2258. blue or pink in many sessile or long-stalked heads, 3 in. Himalaya, diam., one in nearly every leaf-axil, bracts of the heads 8-12,000 ft. half as long as the flowers, in 2-3 series, narrow, outer Kashmir, Lahul often leafy, corollas inner tubular, 5-toothed, outer heulate Baluchistan (Lace). minute, in one to many series, anther-bases blunt, entire, style-arms narrow, flattened, tips lanceolate, pappus hairs 4 in., reddish, scanty ; achenes +, in., quite flat. sit) Brachyactis robusta, see Herbs, Erect, Alternate, Exstipulate, Simple, Toothed. Erigeron linifolius, see Herbs, Erect, Alternate, Exstipulate, Simple, Toothed. Erigeron canadensis, small to large, annual, slender, much branched, CoMposiTm. velvety, hairy or nearly smooth, leafy; leaves 1-3 in., F. B. I. i. 254, narrowly linear, or linear-lanceolate, long-pointed, some- The Plains to times remotely toothed, smooth or hairy ; flowers, inner 3,000 ft. yellow, outer pink or purplish in stalked heads, §-} in. diam., in long-branched racemes, bracts of the heads nar- row, long-pointed, smooth or hairy, margins thin, corollas inner tubular, 5-toothed, outer ligulate, in several series, hardly longer than the pappus ; anther-bases blunt, pappus hairs white, becoming reddish; achenes ;', in., narrow, flat, smooth. Erigeron asteroides, see Herbs, Erect, Alternate, Exstipulate, Simple, Toothed. u2 292 Plants of the Punjab. Hers, Erect, with ALTERNATE ExsTIPULATE SIMPLE LEAVES. Lrar Mareins ENTIRE. PETALS UNITED. FLOWERS, MINUTE, IN HEADS, INNER TUBULAR, OUTER LIGULATE. Erigeron alpinus, var. multieaulis, Composit a. f.Be ean. 256. Himalaya, 3-10,000 ft. Simla (Collett). Erigeron multiradiatus, CoMPosIT@&. PB. f.71256; Himalaya, 7-9,000 ft. Hattu (Collett). Kashmir. Conyza viscidula, Conyza stricta, Inula graveoiens, CoMPosITm®. F, B. I. mi. 292. N.-W. F. Province. Peshawar (Stewart). small to medium size, biennial or perennial, hairy or velvety, stems many, often tufted, much branched from the base, branches slender, leaves radical oblong, stalked, spreading, stem leaves sessile, lanceolate, 1-24 by 4-3 in., or ovate with a broad tip 2 by 2 in., sometimes - toothed, short-pointed or blunt, heads long-stalked, solitary or in flat-topped clusters, 4-2 in. diam., bracts of the head: velvety or woolly; otherwise like the last species. ® very like the last species, but the heads are much larger, 2-3 in. diam., ligules purple, very many, much longer than the pappus. see Herbs, Erect, Alternate, Exstipulate, Simple, Toothed. see Herbs, Erect, Alternate, Exstipulate, Simple, Toothed. medium size, annual, slender, much _ branched, velvety and sticky ; leaves 1-1} by +5-§ in., linear, short- pointed, one-nerved, sessile, spreading ;. flowers yellow, inner tubular, outer ligulate in top-shaped heads, 4 in. diam., terminating many slender branches, bracts of the heads few, linear, short-or long-pointed, erect, outer green, velvety, and glandular, corollas inner tubular, 5-toothed,: outer ligulate, 8-toothed, anther-bases forked, long-tailed, pappus hairs 1-2 series, coarse, on the edge of the cup- shaped top of the achenes; achenes } in., hairy, sticky, usually ribbed, Plants of the Punjab. 298 Herss, Ereor, with ALTERNATE ExstTIPULATH SIMPLE LEAVES, Lear Maroins EntiRe. PETALS UNITED. FLOWERS, MINUTE, IN HEADS, INNER TUBULAR, OUTER LIGULATE. Vieoa auriculata, Composit”. Peal ie 297) The Plains to 6,000 ft. Simla (Collett). Dharmpur. Thanesar, Lahore. Pulicaria vulgaris, CoMpPosiTm. Boke Tin. 298. N.-W. F. Province. Peshawar (Stewart). Kashmir. 5-6,000 ft. (Falconer). Pulicaria dysenterica, Flea bane, ComposiTz. F. B. I. iii. 298. Kashmir, 5-6,000 ft. (Falconer). Pulicaria angustifolia, Composi?T#. F. B. I. iii. 299. The Plains. Delhi. Baluchistan. medium size, annual, stiff, stems often red, much branched, velvety and sticky, or almost smooth, leafy ; leaves 2-7 by 4-1} in., narrowly, lanceolate, sessile, some- times toothed, long-pointed, base stem-clasping, pro- longed into 2 processes; - flowers yellow, in long- stalked terminal or leaf-opposed heads, 4-4 in. diam., bracts of the heads many, narrow, edges thin, corollas inner tubular, 5-toothed, outer ligulate, 1- or 2-toothed, short, broad, recurved, anther-bases forked, tails slender, pappus hairs scanty; achenes small, cylindric, silky. medium size, annual, velvety or softly felted, much branched towards the top; leaves 3-1 in., oblong-lanceo- late, sessile, base half-stem clasping, lower leaves stalked ; flowers yellow, inner tubular, outer ligulate, in short stoutly stalked heads, 3-3 in. diam., bracts of the heads woolly, narrow, awl-shaped, erect, or nearly turned back, corollas inner 5-toothed, outer erect, narrow, very short, anther- bases forked, tails very slender, pappus hairs dirty white, zy in., outer of jagged scales ; achenes very minute. like the last species, but perennial, more robust, woolly, leaves oblong-heart-shaped, ligules much longer, pappus more copious and much longer. like Pulicaria vulgaris, but leaves linear-oblong, tips blunt or abruptly pointed and recurved, bracts of the heads green, lanceolate, long-pointed, achenes nearly smooth. 294 Plants of the Punjab. Heres, Ernecr, wirH ALTERNTAE ExsTIPULATE SIMPLE LEAVEs. Lear Mareins Entire. PETALS UNITED. FLOWERS, MINUTE, IN HEADS, INNER TUBULAR, OUTER LIGULATE. Calendula officinalis, medium size, annual, velvety; leaves 1-3 in., lower Marigold, oblong, narrowed to the stalk, upper lanceolate, base Zergul, saldbargh. heart-shaped, stem-clasping, toothed or nearly entire, CoMPOSIT A. short-pointed, hairy on both surfaces; flowers bright F. B. I. ui. 357. orange yellow, inner tubular, outer ligulate in heads 1-2 The Plains. in. diam., terminal stalked, bracts of the heads 4} in., in- Peshawar curved and pressed against the ripe achenes, linear, long- (Aitchison). pointed, corollas, inner tubular, 5-toothed, outer ligulate, many, 3-toothed, anther-bases forked, pappus hairs none ; achenes long, not hairy, curved, boat-shaped, rough, not beaked. This plant is hardly indigenous. An oil is extracted from the seeds. Calendula arvensis, very like the last species, but the flowers are sul- CoMPosIT. phur-yellow, and the achenes are beaked, the outer ones PBs ni250; prickly. Kashmir (Stoliezka). LOWERS, MINUTE, IN HEADS, ALL LIGULATE. Keelpinia linearis, see Herbs, Unbranched, Alternate, Exstipulate, Simple. Crepis acaulis, ‘Bee Herbs, Unbranched, Alternate, Exstipulate, Simple. Hieracium eroeatum, see Herbs, Erect, Unbranched, Alternate, Exsti- pulate, Simple. Hieracium see Herbs, Erect, Alternate, Exstipulate, Simple, prenanthoides, Toothed. Lactuea dissecta, see Herbs, Erect, Alternate, Exstipulate, Lobed. Lactuca longifolia, see Herbs, Erect, Alternate, Exstipulate, Lobed. Lactuca see Herbs, Kreef, Alternate, Exstipulate, Lobed. rapunculoides, Lactuca decipiens, see Herbs, Erect, Alternate, Exstipulate, Lobed. Plants of the Punjab. 295 Hourss, Erect, wirH ALTERNATE ExsTIPULATE SIMPLE LEAVES. Lear Mareins ENtTIRe. PETALS UNITED. FLOWERS, MINUTE, IN HEADS, ALL LIGULATE. Lactuca macrorhiza, see Herbs, Erect, Alternate, Exstipulate, Lobed. Lactuca Lessertiana, see Herbs, Erect, Alternate, Iixstipulate, Lobed. Lactuca see Herbs, Erect, Alternate, Iixstipulate, Lobed. sagittariodes, Lactuea polycephala, see Herbs, Hreet, Alternate, Exstipulate, Lobed. Prenanthes see Herbs, Erect, Alternate, Exstipulate, Lobed. Brunoniana, Prenanthes see Herbs, Hreet, Alternate, Exstipulate, Lobed. violeefolia, Sonchus asper, see Herbs, Erect, Alternate, Exstipulate, Lobed. Sonchus oleraceus, see Herbs, Hrect, Alternate, Exstipulate, Lobed. Sonchus maritimus, see Herbs, Erect, Alternate, Exstipulate, Lobed. Tragopogon see Herbs, Unbranched, Alternate, Exstipulate, pratense, Simple. Tragopogon see Herbs, Unbranched, Alternate, lxstipulate, porrifolium, Simple. Scorzonera small to medium size, perennial, smooth, root woody, divaricata, stem slender, rarely unbranched, grooved, branches very CoMPosiT#. divergent ; leaves 2-6 by ;4-§ In., linear, slender, curved, Bebe fin 4 18: margins incurved; flowers yellow, in large long-stalked Himalaya, cylindric heads 1-14 in. diam., 5-8 flowered, bracts of re- 9-15,000 ft. ceptacles 4-8 in several rows, outer short, broad, inner Kashmir. Scorzonera purpurea, CoMPOSIT&. BB. anes. Kashmir, Banahal, 8,000 it. long, linear, smooth or velvety ; achenes 3 in., very slender, pale, smooth, not winged, longer than the pappus, pap- pus hairs feathery below. like the last species, but sometimes woolly, flowers purple, achenes angled, shorter than the pappus. 096 Plants of the Punjab. Ol a Rn i a SS eS eee Heres, Ereot, with ALTERNATE ExstTIpPULATE SiMpLE LeHavus. Cephalostigma hirsutum, Wahlenbergia gracilis, Codonopsis ovata, Inudut. CAMPANULACES. FE. B. 1..in. 488. Himalaya, 8-12,000 ft. Kashmir. Sphenoclea zeylanica, CAMPANULAODS. F. B. I. i. 438. The Plains in swamps. Phyteuma Thomsoni, Lysimachia lobelioides, PRIMULACES. F. B. I. iii. 502. Himalaya, 4-8,000 ft. Simla (Collett). Kashmir. Lear Marains ENTIRE. PHPALS UNITED, FLOWERS NOT IN HEADS. see Herbs, Erect, Alternate, Exstipulate, Simple, Toothed. see Herbs, Erect, Alternate, Exstipulate, Simple, Toothed. small, perennial, roo; woody, spindle-shaped ; leaves 3-3 by 4-4 in., ovate, blunt or short-pointed, hairy on both surfaces, stalk $-4 in.; flowers 1-14 by 4-2 in., sky-blue, on long, terminal stalks, 3-6 in. long, calyx lobes 5, 4 by 4 in., oblong with rounded ends, minutely hairy, corolla widely bell-shaped, 5-toothed, stamens 5, style 3-lobed ; capsule 4-4 in. broad, depressed, conical with the broad base above, beaks 4 in. long, seeds very many, slightly flattened, smooth, brown. ‘The root is edible. medium size to large, annual, smooth, branched or unbranched, stout; leaves 2-3 in., lanceolate, nar- rowed at both ends, sessile or shortly stalked, smooth, flowers small, greenish-yellow, in dense bracteate and bracteolate spikes 3-2 in. long on stalks 1-2 in. long, calyx lobes 5, =‘; in., in fruit 51, in., triangular, closely-bent in, corolla bell-shaped, 5-lobed, stamens 5, on the corolla and alternate with its lobes, style short, hardly 2-lobed ; cap- sule 4 in. diam., wedge-shaped and angled below, crown- ed with the calyx lobes, seeds minute, rough with very minute papille or scales. see Herbs, Unbranched, Alternate, Exstipulate. Simple. medium size, annual, smooth, stem angular, branch- ed from the base; leaves 1-14 in., ovate-lanceolate, tapering into a short stalk, short-pointed, margin gland- dotted ; flowers }-4 in. long, pale purple or white, sweet- scented, solitary, or pairs in the axils of leaves or bracts forming terminal racemes 3-6 in., calyx 5-lobed, nearly as long as the corolla, margins thin, bracts awl-shaped, corolla $ in. diam., funnel-shaped, segments 5, ovate with a broad tip, longer than the calyx, stamons 65 Plants of the Punjab. 297 Herss, EREctT, with ALTERNATE ExstTipULATE SIMPLE LEAVES. Lysimachia pyramidalis, PRIMULACER. FAB. 12./505. Himalaya, 5-8,000 ft., east of the Sutlej, Simla (Collett). Lysimachia chenopodioides, PRIMULACES. F. B. I. in. 508. Himalaya, 5-9,000 ft. Valleys below Simla (Collett). Centunculus teneilus, PRIMULACEA. F. B. I. iii. 506. Himalaya, 1-6,000 ft. Dalhousie. Samolus Valerandi, Brookweed, PRIMULACER. Be Bs T1506, Himalaya, 3-4,000 ft. Sutlej Valley, Suni, on marshes (Collett). Baluchistan (Boissier). Lear Marains Entire. PETALS UNITED. FLOWERS NOT IN HEADS. ununited, without glands, anthers oblong, protruding, style thread-like ; capsule % in. diam., round, splitting by 5 valves, seeds many, minute. medium size, annual, smooth, much branched, leaves 1-25 in., linear-lanceolate, minutely gland-dotted and margined, sessile or nearly so, ‘flowers 4 in. long, white or pale purple, in long terminal racemes, 6-10 fies bracts linear, lower 1 in., sepals narrowly lanceolate with slender thin margins, corolla lobes toothed, stamens shorter than the corolla, capsule opens irregularly ; for other characters sec the last species. medium size, sometimes prostrate, leaves 1-1 in., ovate-lanceolate, short- or long-pointed, tapering into a rather long stalk, flowers z in., pale purple, sessile or nearly so, solitary, axillary, calyx equal to the corolla, long glands in series down the sepals, stamens short ; for other characters see the last species. small, annual, sometimes unbranched; leaveg + in., sometimes nearly opposite, ovate, short-pointed, sessile ; flowers minute, white or pink, solitary, axillary, stalks shorter than the leaves, lengthening in fruit, calyx 4-5- lobed, corolla pitcher-shaped, lobes 4-5, wheel-shaped, ovate-lanceolate, stamens 4-5, on the corolla throat, anthers protruding, style thread-lke; capsule globular, opening by a circular fissure round the middle, seeds many, target-shaped. small to medium size, perennial, rootstock short, stem smooth, sometimes prostrate, rooting at the base; leaves 1-4 in., ovate with a broad tip or narrowed to the base, lower crowded, spreading, stalked, upper smaller, nearly sessile ; flowers $ in. diam., white, in terminal racemes or flat-topped clusters, afterwards lengthening, stalks bracteate about the middle, calyx tube half spherical, lobes 5, triangular, corolla tube bell-shaped, deeply 5- lobed, lobes spreading, stamens 5, on the base of corolla, short alternating with 5 minute scales, style short ; cap- sule } in. diam., ovoid, crowned with calyx teeth, split- ting from the top in 5 valves, seed’ many, minute, wrin- kled. Plants of the Punjab. Heres, Erecr, with ALTERNATE ExstIpULATE SIMPLE LEAVES. Swertia alternifolia, GENTIANACEA. F. B. Lav. 128. Himalaya, 11-12,000 ft. The Chor (Collett). Heliotropium zeylanicum, BoRAGINACE A. F. B. I. iv. 148. The Plains. Heliotropium dasycarpum, BoRAGINACEAS. F, B. I. iv. 148. N.-W. F. Province. Peshawar (Stewart). Baluchistan (Boissier). Heliotropium Eichwaldi, Nilkattei, bithua. BoRAGINACER. F., B. I. iv. 149. The Plains. Kashmir, Srinagar, Baluchistan (Lace). Lear Maroins ENTIRE. PETALS UNITED. medium size to large, rootstock only perennial, stems angled, hollow, + in. thick ; leaves 5 by 2 in., radi- eal, long-stalked, stem leaves oblong-lanceolate, ’ stem- clasping ; flowers 1} in. diam., bright grey, sometimes said to be yellow, in branching racemes, sepals 5, 4 by in., ovate, short-pointed, toothed, corolla lobes 5, 2 by in., oblong, narrowed to the base, short-poimted, 2 glandular depressions at the base of each lobe, long-fringed, ee 5, style short, stigma 2-lobed ; capsule 2-2 by - 4 in., sessile, oblong, seed 4 in. diam., smooth. oe medium size to large, annual, roughly hairy ; leaves 14 by 1 in, narrowly apeaiaerleriene sessile, nearly entire ; flowers } in. diam., white, sessile in long bractless one-sided spikes 2-6 in., often branching in twos, curled up as it lengthens ; flowers 1-2-ranked, calyx 5-lobed, lobes 5 in.. ovate, short-pointed, corolla mae é in., wider above, minutely bristly without lobes 5, 5", in.,, spreading, long- pointed, stamens 5 on the corolla tube, short, style longer than the stigma, stigma short, oblong, very hairy, not protruding; fruit =, in., of 2 wrinkled pitted 2-seeded nutlets. small to medium size, perennial, woody, stiff, rough- ly hairy, leaves ? by 4 in., wedge-shaped at both ends, nearly entire, sessile, flowers + in., whitish in short few- flowered spikes, calyx lobes 4, in., oblong-lanceolate, corolla 4 in., cylindric, stamens longer than those of the last species, style short, stigma rough, fruit small, some- times silky ; for other characters see the last species. branching from the base, softly hairy, leaves $-14 in., ovate with a broad tip or oblong with rounded ends, silky, nearly entire, stalks 4-1 in., flowers 4 in., in 2 ranks on dense bractless spikes, 2 in. long, calyx lobes J, in., ovate-lanceolate, hairy, nar- row, not covering the fruit, corolla lobes slightly toothed, round, style short, nutlets jy in., not spreading, forming an ovoid 4-pointed mitre-like fruit with a small hole at the top; for other characters see the last species. The leaves are applied to the bites and stings of rabid animals, snakes and scorpions, to ulcers, and used for their emetic action. small, perennial, woody, small, Plants of the Punjab. 999 Heres, Erect, with ALTERNATE EXSTIPULATE SIMPLE LEAVES. Heliotropium rariflorum, BoRAGINACE. Debs love La2. The Plains. Jhelum (Aitchison). Baluchistan (Boissier). Heliotropium indicum, Cynoglossum furcatum, BoRAGINACEA. Fo ba bsiv<1 5p. The Plains to 9,000 ft. Simla, Mashobra (Collett). Cynoglossum micranthum, Cynoglossum lanceolatum, Cynoglossum denticulatum, Cynoglossum Wallichii, Cynoglossum microglochin, BoRAGINACER. FE. B. bay 158: Himalaya, 7-11,000 ft. Kashmir, Dalhousie. Lear Margins ENTIRE. PETALS UNITED. small, annual, leaves 1 by § in., linear, nearly entire, rough, hairy, flowers sessile in spikes 1-3 in., bracts scattered, leaflike, stigma a very depressed cone, fruit 4-lobed, bristly ; for other characters see the last species. see Herbs, Hrect, Alternate, Hxstipulate, Simple, Toothed. medium size, biennial or perennial, hairy with hairs flat to the stem, hairs often bulbous based; leaves radi- cal long-stalked, large, present when flowering, stem- leaves 4 by 1 in., narrowly lanceolate, or oblong, segsile, smooth or very minutely rough above; flowers +4 in. diam., pale blue or white in long-forked one-sided racemes without bracts, calyx deeply 5-lobed, persistent, enlarged in frwt, corolla tube short with 5 seales at the mouth, lobes 5, blunt, spreading, stamens 5, within the corolla tube, style short ; nutlets 4, small, 1-seeded, covered with minute hooked bristles. see Herbs, Erect, Alternate, Exstipulate, Simple, Toothed. see Herbs, Hrect, Alternate, Exstipulate, Simple, Toothed. see Herbs, Hrect, Alternate, Exstipulate, Simple, Toothed. see Herbs, Erect, Alternate, Exstipulate, Simple, Toothed. medium size, softly velvety, leaves 4 by 2 in., ovate, short-pointed, upper surface with long white bulbous based hairs, lower with soft white, velvet, flowers 1-2 in. ‘diam., dark blue im dense racemes, calyx lobes $ by 2 in., blunt, hairy, corolla tube shorter than the calyx lobes, lobes + in. , nutlets bristly on the margin ; for other characters see Cynoglossum furcatum. 800 Plants of the Punjab. Heres, EREoT, with ALTERNATE ExstTIPULATE SIMPLE LEAVES. Lear Maroins ENTIRE. PETALS UNITED. Cynoglossum very like the last species, but leaves more narrowly nervosum, lanceolate, racemes looser, flowers larger, nutlets more BoRAGINACEZ. densely bristly on the margins. BAB ei. 158: Himalaya, 10-12,000 ft. Jalouri Pass, Kulu. The Chor. Pangi. Lindelofia spectabilis, medium size, perennial, hairy; leaves radical 2-4 BoraGINACEA. in., long-stalked, lanceolate, lower stem leaves stalked, F. B. I. iv. 159. 38 in., nearly heart-shaped, upper stem leaves oblong, Himalaya, sessile, stem-clasping, hairy on both surfaces; flowers 10-12,000 ft. 1 in., deep blue, in dense long bractless racemes, calyx Kashmir, Pir lobes 5, + in., blunt or nearly short-pointed, slightly hairy Panjal. or woolly, corolla tube }$ in., one to three times as long as ; the calyx, lobes 5, } in., crowned with scales in the mouth, forming a cone, lobes blunt, round, spreading, stamens 5, scarcely protruding above the mouth scales, style long, stigma small; nutlets 4, depressed, rounded at the base, margins bristly. Lindelofia Benthami, very like the last species, but the leaves narrower, BoraGINACE. flowers on branching racemes, corolla lobes nearly erect. HB, Lav. 159. Kashmir, 11-15,000 ft. Solenanthus medium size, perennial, hairy; leaves radical 6 eircinnatus, by 23 in., heart-shaped, thin, stalk 8 in., stem-leaves 3 Lendi, lenwa. by 11 in., oblong-lanceolate, almost stem-clasping ; flowers BorAGINACEA. 1 in., blue, in branching terminal racemes, calyx lobes 5, F. B.I. iv. 160. i by jy in., oblong, corolla tube 4 in., scales in the Himalaya, 12,000 ft. mouth lobes 5, ,{;in., nearly erect, stamens 5 long, pro- Pangi (Watt). trudin ; far, style long, thread-like, stigma small ; nutlets 4, forming a pyramid }-4 in. diam., densely bristly, especi- ally at the margins. ‘The root, mulin, is exported to the plains. Plants of the Punjab. 301 Heres, Ereot, with ALTERNATE EXxstipuLATE SimpLe Leaves, Paracaryum heliocarpum, BorAGINACEA, HD By koivs 161, Himalaya, 7-9,000 ft. Kashmir, Lahul, Spiti (Thomson), Paracaryum glochidiatum, BoRAGINACES. Be B.D. iv. F61. Himalaya, 9-12,000 ft. Matiana Hill. Hattu (Collett). Kashmir, Paracaryum microcarpum, BoRAGINACER. BB. ive 262. Himalaya, 8,000 ft, Pangi. Kashmir. Echinospermum minimum, BoRAGINACER. BOB Torveie62. N.-W. F. Province. Peshawar. ( Vicary). Kashmir Valley. Lear Marains ENrire, PETALS UNITED, medium size, biennial or perennial, softly hairy ; leaves radical long-stalked, 6 by 1 in., lanceolate, pro- longed down the stalk, stem-leaves 24 by } in., oblong or lanceolate, softly hairy on both surfaces ; flowers 1-4 in., blue, in long loose bractless racemes, 4-10 in., calyx lobes 5, § in., narrowly oblong, silky, little enlarged in fruit, corolla tube closed by scales }-} in., lobes 5, % in., almoss erect, blunt, stamens 5, under the mouth scales, style 4 in. in fruit ; nutlets 4, }-} in., forming a pyramid with stiff per- sistent style, bristly, strongly margined. like the last species, but radical leaves ovate, heart- shaped, not prolonged down the stalk, stem-leaves ovate or orbicular, only hairy on the nerves beneath, corolla tube much shorter, style only } in., nutlets forming a larger pyramid, hooked bristles much longer, linear. like the last species, but much smaller, spreading, flowers much smaller, leaves oblong, much smaller, nutlets very small, forming a pyramid, with only minute hooked bristles on the disc, not on the margins of the nutlets. small, stiff, bristly ; leaves 14 by + in., linear-oblong, lower leaves with the blade prolonged into the stalk; flowers 4 in., blue, on stalks + in., in racemes 2-3 in. with bracts 3-2? in., leaflike, often reaching to the end of the racemes, calyx lobes 5, 4-4 in., linear, corolla tube short, mouth closed by 5 scales, lobes 5, blunt, spreading, a little longer than the calyx lobes, stamens 5 within the corolla tube ; nutlets 4, erect, 4-4 in., forming a pyramid, margin thickened with one row of hooked bristles ; nutlets firmly united, 302 ee Plants of the Punjab. ee Heres, HrRectT, with ALTERNATE EXSTIPULATE SIMPLE LEAVES. Echinospermum barbatum, BoRAGINACE®. BEB. av. 163. Himalaya, 7-12,000 ft. < Eritrichium strictum, BoraGINACES. Heb. Lv. 164. Himalaya, west of Sutlej, 7-15 Kashmir. Eritrichium . basifixum, BorRAGINACE, BB. i: iv..465. Himalaya, 18-15,000 ft. Kashmir. Rochelia stylaris, BoRAGINACES. F. B. I. iv. 166. The Plains above 1,000 ft. Kashmir Valley. Bothriospermum tenellum, 13.000 ft. Lear Marains EnTIR#&. PETALS UNITED. like the last species, but leaves oblong, }-2 in., ra- cemes longer, bracts smaller, usually none at the top o!. the racemes, calyx lobes ;', m., oblong, nutlets ;1,-}1n., forming a pyramid of which the nutlets can be separated, 2 rows of hooked bristles on the margins. small, perennial, white silky, stiff; rootstock woody, stems many, leaves 14 by $ in., linear, lower stem leaves larger, hardly stalked, radical eae es stalked, withered when flowering; flowers } yin. diam., blue, on stalks 1-1 in., in branched racemes, 1-3 in. , bracts minute in the upper part of the racemes, calyx lobes 5, oblong, corolla tube short, throat with 5. scales, lobes 5, blunt, Spree stamens 5 in corolla tube ; nutlets 4, erect ao int, pyra- midal, margins thin with the minute hooked ae ‘s which are united at their bases, apices of most nutlets divided, hooked. ° annual, stems one or two, leaves 2 by 4 in., broadly lanceolate, with long weak hairs, sessile, lower tufted, upper apart, flowers purplish blue, racemes 12 in., with many bracts, } in. long, nutlets ;!; in., thin, smooth; otherwise like the last species. small, annual, with long weak hairs pressed to the plant surface; leaves 1 by % in., narrowly oblong, pro- longed into the very short stalk ; flowers } by +o in., blue or white, on stalks bent down in fruit, in racemes 2 to 12 in. long when fruiting, bracts ae smaller upwards, calyx he 5, linear, 5/5 in., in fruit } in., corolla tube with or without scales, lobes 5, small, eee stamens 5 within the corolla tube, style much longer than the nutlets : nutlets 2, white, rough with minute processes. see Prostrate Herbs, Alternate, [xstipulate, Simple. ee Plants of the Punjab. 303 Heres, Erect, wrvH ALTERNATE ExstTIPULATE SIMPLE LEAVES. Gastrocotyle hispida, BorAGINACER. KY. B. f. 1v. 168: The Plains at 1,000 ft. Baluchistan. (C. B. Clarke). Lycopsis arvensis, BoRAGINACEA. Bed eiv. 168. Himalaya, 3-8,000 ft. Near Peshawar. Kashmir. Nonnea pulla, BoRAGINACER. BOB iv. 169. The Plains. Mertensia elongata, BoRAGINACER. eectivy., 1 HO: Kashmir, 5-8,000 ft. Luar Marains ENTIRE. PETALS UNITED. small, spreading with bristly hairs; leaves 1-2 in. oblong, lowest prolonged into the stalk; flowers small, solitary and shortly stalked or in small axillary racemes, calyx lobes 5, 4-4 in., coarsely bristly, corolla 1-5 in. diam., tube short, closed with scales, lobes 5, blunt, spread- ing, stamens 5 within the corolla tube ; nutlets 4, 3-4 in., ovoid, ineurved, rouch, apex with 4 ridges. medium size, annual, bristly; leaves 2 by 1 in, oblong, short-pointed, upper stem-clasping, lower stalked ; flowers 4 in., white, less commonly blue, on stalks 1-5 in., in terminal racemes, bracts 4 in., lanceolate or lower leaf- like, calyx lobes 5, linear, bristly, § in., in fruit } in., corolla tube 4+ in., curved, lobes 5, nearly equal, 4 in., blunt, spreading, stamens 5, nearly at the bottom of the corolla tube ; nutlets 4, 3-4 m., ovoid, wrinkled. medium size, much branched, hairy and _ bristly ; leaves 2 by #4 in., oblong, short- oes upper nearly stem=clasping, lower stalked ; flowers { in., blackish-purple, on stalks 4-4 in., in racemes, dense- hie aech 2-5 in., bracts i in, lnc calyx }in., in fruit 4 in., nearly globular, enclosing the nutlets, lobes 5, long-pointed, corolla tube 1 in., straight without scales at the mouth, lobes 5, 4 in., blunt, half-spreading, stamens 5, enclosed in the corolla tube ; nutlets 4, 4 in., curved inwards, ovoid, wrinkled in a network. small, perennial, rootstock stout, stems annual, hairy with the hairs laid against the stem and with broad bases ; leaves oblong, radical 2 by $in., long-stalked with the blade prolonged into the stalk, stem leaves 2 by 4 in., sessile ; flowers } in., purplish blue on stiff nearly erect stalks 3 in. In racemes, many-flowe oe long- stalked, leng- ee in fruit to 34 in., calyx lobes 5, $1n., linear, in fruit 1 in., corolla 4 in. n. diam., tube 4 in. long, lobes spreading, a little longer than the calyx, scales in the throat very small, stamens 5, included in the corolla tube, style thread- like, very long; nutlets 4, 4 in., ovoid, oblong, smooth, shghtly angular, white or pale, shining. 304 Plants of the Punjab. Herss, Breet, with ALTERNATE EXSTIPULATE SIMPLE LEAVES. Luar Mareins ENTIRE. PETALS UNITED. Mertensia like the last species, but with hairs not -lying flat, moltkioides, corolla tube twice as long as the calyx, nutlets } in., BorRAGINACES. brown-black. eT. Biv 170; Himalaya, 8,000 ft. Pangi (Dr. Watt). Kashmir. Mertensia echioides, BoraGINACE. EB Tay. 4170: Kashmir, 5-12,000 ft. Mertensia racemosa, BorAGINACES. Map av. 171. Himalaya, 7-10,000 ft. Simla. Mashobra (Collett). Moltkia parviflora, BoRAGINACER. os dV. Adds Kashmir, 6-8,000 ft. Myosotis ceespitosa, Forget-me-not. BoRAGINACER. HOB... iv. 17s. Himalaya, 9-13,000 ft. Kashmir. small to medium size, perennial, softly hairy, leaves 14 by 4 in., nearly blunt, racemes 1-3 in., on long stalks, corolla tube 4 in. longer than the calyx lobes, corolla lobes erect, no scales in the throat, stamens protruding beyond the throat of the corolla tube ; otherwise like the last species. nearly smooth, or minutely hairy, stems small, weak, - leaves ovate, radical, long-stalked, stem leaves often stalked, lanceolate, racemes nearly sessile. bracteate, few-flowered, corolla 4-2in. diam., tube half as long again as the calyx,’ scales in the throat, stamens not protruding; otherwise like the last species. very like Mertensia echioides, but leaves linear- - oblong, 2 by 4 in., minutely hairy, racemes without bracts, flowers all on one side, corolla hardly projecting beyond the calyx, no scales in the throat, small to medium size, hairy, or nearly smooth, hairs pressed against the stem ; leaves 1} by 4 in., oblong, lowest with blade prolonged into the stalk; flowers § in. diam., bright blue with a yellow centre, on stalks longer than the calyces in racemes 2-8 in., flowers all on one side, calyx lobes triangular-lanceolate, as long as the tube, hairy, corolla tube short, mouth closed with scales-lobes 5, blunt, spreading, stamens 5, enclosed in the corolla tube, style shorter than the calyx lobes ; nutlets 4, ovoid-oblong, smooth, Plants of the Punjab. 805 Heres, Ergot, with ALTERNATE E}xsTIPULATE SIMPLE LEAVEs, Myosotis sylvatica, Wood forget-me-not. 14 by +4 BoRAGINACER. BoB. 1. we lis. Himalaya, 7-12,000 ft. Simla, Fagu (Collett). Kashmir, Myosotis arvensis, BORAGINACER. — HEB. Te ve 173. Kashmir Valley. Myosotis stricta, BoRAGINACER. F. B. I. iv. 174, Kashmir, 5-6,000 ft. (Falconer). Pangi (Dr. Watt). Baluchistan (Boissiez). Lithospermum arvense, BoRAGINACE, Me Bel. v.74. Kashmir. N.-W. F. Province. Peshawar. Baluchistan (Lace). Lithospermum tenuiflorum, BoRAGINACER. H. Be Brive. kiloe Kashmir, 5-7,000 ft. Rawalpindi (Aitchison). Baluchistan (Lace). Lear Mareins ENTIRE. PETALS UNITED. small to medium size, hairy, hairs spreading, leaves in., oblong but narrower, lowest -broader and stalked, racemes often divided, corolla 4 in. diam., lobe flat, calyx smaller, teeth lanceolate, longer than the tube, hairs erect and spreading ; for other characters see the last species. very like the last species, but corolla smaller, 4-4 in. diam., lobes concave, calyx teeth curving over the nutlets. very like the last species, but smaller, leaves nar- rowed at both ends, lower nearly sessile, flowers often crowded on racemes, which look like crowded spikes. medium size, annual, bristly ; leaves lanceolate, stem leaves 1 by 4 in., lower stalked, oblong-ovate with a broad tip ; flowers 4 in. long, white, rarely blue, on stalks ji; in., in racemes 4-10 in., bracts leaflike, smaller upwards, calyx lobes 5 linear, corolla hairy upwards, tube not longer than the calyx, lobes 5, blunt, spreading, stamens 5, en- closed in the corolla tube, stigma usually 2-fid; nutlets 4, } in, stony, rough, narrowed upwards. very like the last species, but smaller, lower leaves scarcely stalked, flowers usually blue, nutlets more pointed. ss Plants of the Punjab. Herps, Erect, With ALTERNATE EXSTIPULATE SIMPLE LEAVES. Lithospermum officinale, BorRAGINACER. EBM hey Sai. Kashmir, 5-8,000 t. Arnebia hispidissima, BorAGINACESR. H.B. Tei. 176. The Plains, Lahore. Baluchistan (Boissier). Arnebia Griffithii, The Prophet’s flower, Panjakka, paghambr-i-phul. BoRAGINACER. Bab. Liv. 176. The Plains, west of the Jhelum. Pindigheb. Fatehganj (Douie). Campbellpur. Peshawar. Baluchistan (C. B. Clarke). Arnebia Thomsoni, BoRAGINACEA. BOS iv. 176. Spiti Valley, Ladakh. Arnebia tibetana, BorAGINACES. Be BAG av. 1G: Northern Kashmir, 7-12,000 ft, Lear Marains ENTIRE. PETALS UNITED. medium size to large, perennial, roughly hairy, leaves 2 by Fin., oblong-lanceolate, roughly hairy, nerves some- what prominent, flowers } in., white turning yellowish, on stalks } in., in racemes 1-4 in., bracts leaflike, smaller upwards, nutlets shining white, smooth; otherwise like the last species. The seeds, lubis firmun, are used as a cure for stone. small, annual or biennial, very roughly hairy as the specific name implies ; leaves 2 by + in., lanceolate, hairs white from prominent bases; flowers 14 in., yellow, nearly sessile, on one-sided spikes, 2-4 in. long, bracts 1.1 in., linear, calyx lobes 5, linear, 1 in., stamens 5, in some plants short, includedin the corolla tube, in others long, just protruding, style long or short, the inverse to the length of the stamens; nutlets 4, ,',-;); in., conical, sharply pointed, prominences on all sides. very like the last species, but a little larger, hairs softer, calyx lobes 4-3 in., corolla tube ?-1 by 4-3 in., lobes yellow with a brown spot at the base of each, fading during the day, nutlets much larger, more triangular and blunter, prominences on all sides. very like Arnebia hispidissima above, but often peren- nial, softer, leaves narrowly oblong, bracts oblong, blunt, longer than the calyx, nutlets larger and smoother. very like the last species but hairs more bristly, spikes longer, nutlets rougher, 2 Plants of the Punjab. 307 Heras, Erect, with ALTERNATE EXsTIPULATE SIMPLE LEAVES, Lear Marains ENTIRE. PETALS UNITED. Onosma echioides, see Herbs, Unbranched, Alternate, Exstipulate, Simple. Onosma Thomsoni, see Herbs, Unbranched, Alternate, Exstipulate, Simple. Onosma bracteatum, see Herbs, Unbranched, Alternate, Exstipulate, Simple. Convolvulus small to medium size, perennial, white, woolly, root- Aitchisoni, stock woody, annual stems 1-4 in. ; leaves clustered, linear, CONVOLVULACER. radical 13 in., linear or oblong, densely hairy on both sides ; eels. lstve 218) flowers 1 in., pinkish white, in clusters, bracts 2 in., nar- Jhelum, Salt Range rowly lanceolate, calyx deeply 5-lobed, lobes linear, hairy, (Aitchison). 4 in., corolla wide-mouthed, 5 plaits, hairy without, stamens Sakesar. 5, within the corolla, stigmas 2, thread-like, nearly equal to the style ; capsule round, 4-seeded. Convolvulus hike the last species, but larger, flowers pinkish yellow, microphyllus, smaller and axillary. CoNVOLVULACES. Bebe. iy.218. Bhera, Sargodha. Baluchistan (C. B.Glarke). Convolvulus very like the last species, but corolla larger, 2-3 in. pluricaulis, It is eaten by cattle, itis used as a vegetable and con- var. maera, sidered to be cooling. Porprang, dodak. CoNVOLVULACE. Be Bs hiv 218: The Plains to 3,000 ft. Rawalpindi. Delhi. Convolvulus medium size to large, rootstock biennial or pe- glomeratus, rennial, spreading, leaves $-1} in., oblong, nearly sessile, CONVOLVULACER. sparingly hairy, flowers } in., in heads on stalks 4-3 in., BB: tava, with leaflike bracts 4-1 in., or heads sessile on short axil- The Plains of the lary branches, calyx lobes 5, 4 in. long, lanceolate, hairy, Western Punjab short-pointed, corolla tubular, mouth narrow, funnel-shaped; and N.-W. F. for other characters see Convolvulus Aitchisoni above. Province. Baluchistan (C. B. Clarke). K2 308 Plants of the Punjab. Heres, Erect, with ALTERNATE EXSTIPULATE SIMPLE LEAVES. Evolvulus alsinoides, Sankhpushpi. CONVOLVULACER. F. B. 1. iv. 220. The Plains to 6,000 ft. Valleys below Simla. Syri (Collett). Kalka. Baluchistan (Boissier). Breweria latifolia, Solanum coagulans, Solanum xanthocarpum, Solanum gracilipes, Kandiart. SoLANACER. Po. Law. 237. The Plains. Baluchistan (Boissier). Physalis minima, Tulati-pati, kaknaj. SOLANACE. F. B. I. iv. 288. The Plains to 7,000 ft. Simla (Collett). Lear Marains ENTIRE. PETALS UNITED. small, perennial, spreading, usually prostrate, silky hairy more or less, white, yellow or rusty, annual, branches many ; leaves 4-1 in., rarely 1) by 3 in., linear or oblong, sessile or nearly so; flowers }-31in., blue or 4 white, 1-3 together, sessile or on minor stalks $ in. long, clustered on a main stalk, 4-14 in., bracts linear, hairy, calyx lobes 5, 3-4 in., lanceolate, hairy, corolla funnel- shaped, tube very short, barely 5-lobed, folding at the angles, stamens 5, attached near the bottom of the corolla tube, styles 2, branching into 2 linear stigmas; capsule 4-1 in., round, 4-valved, seeds 4, smooth. This plant is used to strengthen the brain and memory, also as a tonic and febrifuge. see Shrubs, Erect, Alternate, Exstipulate, Simple, Petals United. gee Herbs, Erect, Alternate, Exstipulate, Lobed. see Herbs, Erect, Alternate, Exstipulate, Lobed. medium size, perennial, velvety with minute star- shaped hairs, stem prickly, prickles short, conical, partly curved back; leaves 14 in. diam., ovate or circular with a wavy edge, often nearly heart-shaped, not prickly ; flowers 2 in., sessile, on short axillary one-to three-flowered main stalks or on nearly terminal minor stalks, one to three together on very short lateral branches, calyx lobes 5, 4 in., linear, in fruit 4 in., corolla tube short, deeply lobed, lobes 5, folded in bud, wheel-shaped, stamens 5, in corolla throat, tops meeting in a cone ; berry $1n., round, smooth, larger than the calyx lobes, seeds $in. diam., many, discoid, smooth. The fruit ig used to cure discharge from the ear, ; medium size, annual, velvety, often spreading ; leaves 2 by 14 in., ovate, angular, short-pointed, stalk 1 in.; flowers } in. diam., yellow or blue, single on axillary stalks, calyx 5-lobed, 4-4 in., lobes lanceolate in fruit, calyx 4-1 in., ovoid or round, 5-10 ribbed, loosely enclos- ing the fruit, corolla broadly bell-shaped, almost 5-lobed, folding at the angles, stamens 5; berry } in. diam., round, green, seeds -!; in. diam., very many, discoid, surface netted. The fruit is diuretic, purgative, and tonic. Plants of the Punjab. 309 Hurss, Erect, with ALTERNATE EXstIPULATE SIMPLE LEAVES. Physalis peruviana, Cape gooseberry, Trparr. SOLANACEA. BH Beal.tv. 288. The Plains to 5,000 ft. Capsicum ifrutescens, Chilli, Lal marich. SOLANACEZ. Be Bulsis: 289. The Plains to 5,000 ft. Kashmir. Baluchistan (Hughes-Buller). Capsicum minimum, Bird’s-eye-Chiili, Gach marich. SoLANACES. PeBet..iv - 289; The Plains. Capsicum grossum, Kafri march. SOLANACE. FP. B.-L. iv. 289. The Plains. Withania somnifera, Asgand, aksan. ° SOLANACER. FeBeive239: The Plains. Lahore. Salt Range. Baluchistan ~ (Stocks). / Lear Mareins ENTIRE. PETALS UNITED. like the last species, but more hairy, stouter, fruit- calyx larger, corolla yellow with 5 large purple spots at the base within, fruit yellow when ripe. his plant is indigenous and cultivated in Tropical America ; cultivated widely in India for its sweet acidulated berries. medium size, annual, smooth or nearly ou stem woody, much branched, bushy; leaves 2-4 by 4-1 in,, lanceolate, mare entire or slightly wavy, prolonged into the stalk, stalk 4-3 in.; flowers $in. across, white, on solitary ea stalks 2. 3 together, calyx bell- -shaped, minutely 5-toothed, ridges running into teeth, corolla wheel-shaped, 5-angled, stamens 5, anthers fringed with black, style short, stigma round ; berry 2-3 in., yellowish-red, tapering, long, skin loose, seeds many, discoid. This plant is not indigenous, it is probably indigenous in America; it is widely cultivated for its pungent fruit, which is used as a condiment. like the last, but SDE, flower stalks mostly 2-8 together, berry red, 13 by 3 in., or smaller, nearly erect. This plant is only found cultivated and 1s eee as a con- diment. like the last, but the flower stalks are solitary, nod- ding in fruit, berry 3 by 2 in. or smaller, red. This plant is only found cultivated and is used as a condiment, Pe 18 not so pungent as the other species, medium size to large, greyish-green, branches round ; leaves 2-4 in., ov sey thinly woolly, almost pointed, stalks 4-4 in : flowers 4 q-2 In., greenish yellow, axillary, sessile or shortly ‘stalked, solitary or clustered, calyx + in. in flower, ® in. in fruit, bell-shaped, 5-6-toothed, in fruit papery, swollen, enclosing the berry, corolla bell-shaped, lobes 8-6 short, stamens 5-6, on the base of the corolla, stigma shortly 2-fid; berry La in. diam., round, seeds many, discoid. The seeds are like the root diuretic and hypnotic. 310 Plants of the Punjab. Herss, EREct, with ALTERNATE EXstTIPULATE SIMPLE LEAVES. Withania coaguians, Datura stramonium, Datura fastuosa, Physoclaina prealta, SOLANACES. F. B. I. iv. 244. North Kashmir, 12-15,500 it. Hyoscyamus niger, Henbane, Dandura, damtura, bazrbang. SOLANACEA. Bess avn 2, Himalaya, 8-11,000 ft. . Narkanda (Collett). Quctta. Hyoseyamus pusillus, SOLANACE. FP. B. 1. 1v.245; Kashmir. Ladak, 10,000 ft. Baluchistan (Stocks). Luar Marerns ENTIRE. PBTALS UNITED. see Shrubs, Alternate, Exstipulate, Simple. see Herbs, Erect, Alternate, Exstipulate, Lobed. see Herbs, Erect, Alternate, Exstipulate, Lobed. large, nearly smooth, branches clustered towards the top ; leaves 4-6 by 3 in., ovate-oblong, wavy margins, stalk 1-4 in.; flowers 3.12 in., stalked in a terminal flat-topped sticky velvety cluster 2-8 in. diam., calyx 4 in., bell- shaped, lobes 5, 4 in., lanceolate, short, in fruit 12 by 4 in., streaked, corolla 11 by 5 Ou 1., tubular, funnel- shaped, lobes 5, short, ov Alone in bud, stamens 5, attached at the middle of the tube, protruding, style thread-like, stigma barely 2-lobed, protruding ; capsule $ in. diam., 2- celled, seeds 1, in., very many, net-veined, flattened. This pant like Belladonna dilates the pupil of the eye ; it 1s poisonous to man, not to cattle; the leaves are used to reduce swellings. medium size to large, sticky, hairy with an unpleasant heavy odour, stem thick; leaves, radical leaves 6-8 in., entire or coarsely sinuate-toothed or lobed, spreading, oblong-ovate, stem-leaves smaller, sessile, ovate, lobed, changing into bracts above; flowers 1-1} in. diam., dark yellowish-green, veined with purple, sessile on one-sided spikes, rolled back at first, then straight, calyx ? in., tube ovoid, lobes funnel-shaped, 5-toothed, corolla funnel- shaped, lobes 5, spreading, unequal, broad, short, stamens 5, protruding, style thread-lhke, longer than the stamens, stigma nearly round ; capsule 4 in. diam., enclosed in the swollen tube of the enlarged calyx, lower part papery, upper oe opening along the line between the two parts, seeds ,', in., very many. ‘This plant is sedative, anodyne and Rea ; it is much used in Kuropean medicine, very like the last, but lower leaves smaller, often lobed, stem leaves stalked, often lobed, calyx streaked, smoothish, teeth lanceolate, corolla 3$-}? in., yellow, not net-veined. Plants of the Punjab. 311 Herss, Erect, wir ALTERNATE ExstipuLatEe SimpLe LEAVES. Hyoscyamus muticus, SOLANACEA. Re Be liv 245. N.-W. F. Province. Baluchistan (Stocks). Nicotiana Tabacum, Tobacco, Tumaku. SOLANACE. BB ive 245. The Plains to 2,000 ft. Nicotiana rustica, Chilassi-kandaharv or kakkar-tumaku. SoLANACE. F. B. I. iv. 245. The Western Piains. N.-W. F. Province. Baluchistan (Lace). Verbascum Thapsus, Cyanotis cristata, Cyanotis barbata, Cyanotis axillaris, Lear Mareins ENTIRE. PETALS UNITED. like Hyoseyamus niger, but leaves larger, somewhat woolly, stem leaves stalked, entire or toothed, calyx streaked, velvety, teeth triangular, not sharp-pointed in fruit, corolla 1-1} in., dark yellow or nearly white. medium size to large, annua’, velvety, sticky ; leaves 4-10 by 2-5 in., oblong, base wedge-shaped ; flowers 14 in. long, pink, in terminal or nearly terminal loose branching racemes, calyx ovoid, teeth 5, triangular lanceolate, corolla linear-funnel-shaped, lobes 5, stamens 5, in the- lower part of corolla tube, thread-like, style thread-like, stigma 2-fid ; capsule } in., seeds numerous, small, hardly flattened. This plant is a native of America, widely culti- vated, sometimes found as an escape near villages in Northern India. very like the last species, but the leaves are ovate with a blant or heart-shaped base, stalked, rather leathery and crump'ed ; flowers yellowish in a close flowered branching raceme, calyx teeth triangular with a blunt point, corolla bell-shaped, cylindric ; berry } in. This plant is a native of Mexico, and only found ag a culti- vated plant in Northern India. see pulate, Herbs, Simple. Krect, Unbranched, Alternate, Exsti- see Prostrate Herbs, Alternate, Exstipulate, Simple, see Prostrate Herbs, Alternate, Exstipulate, Simple. see Prostrate Herbs, Alternate, Exstipulate, Simple, 812 Plants of the Punjab. Heres, HREOT, WITH ALTERNATE EXsTIPULATE SIMPLE LHAVES. Anticharis linearis, ScROPHULARIACEA. FE. B. 1. iv. 250. The Plains. Baluchistan (Boissier). Veronica Anagallis, Veronica verna, Veronica serpyllifolia, Linaria minor, Toad flax, ScROPHULARIACES. F, B. I. iv. 252. The Plains. Antirrhinum Orontium, Striga lutea, Striga euphrasioides, Lear Maroins Entire. PETALS UNITED. STAMENS Two. small, annual, slender, velvety, sticky ; leaves 1-14 by 4-15 In., linear, short-pointed ; flowers 3 in. long, pink, axillary, solitary, on thread-like stalks, much longer than the calyx, calyx 5-lobed, lobes narrow, half as long as the capsule, corolla 4 in. long, tube dilating into the throat, lobes 5, flat, nearly equal, velvety, stamens 2, per- fect, anthers curved, placed cross-ways, style thread- like, stigma blunt or notched; capsule 4-§ in., oblong- ovoid, long-pointed, seeds many, minute, streaked. see Herbs, Erect, Opposite, Exstipulate, Simple. see Herbs, Hrect, Opposite, Exstipulate, Simple. see Herbs, Hrect, Opposite, Exstipulate, Simple. COROLLA TWO-LIPPED, STAMENS FOUR. small to medium size, annual, glandular, velvety, branches ascending; leaves 3-1 in., oblong or ovate with a broad tip, narrowed into the stalk; flowers small, pale purple with yellow on the lower lip, on slender stalks arranged on stouter main stalks, as long as the leaves, bractless, sepals 5, linear, enlarging after flowering, nearly equal to the corolla, corolla 2-lipped, tube spurred in front, upper lip erect, 2-lobed, lower spreading, 8-lobed, throat nearly closed by the yellow palate, stamens 4, in unequal pairs, within the corolla tube, style thread-like, stigma minute; capsule pouched, 2-celled, seeds many, oblong, ribbed. see Herbs, Erect, Opposite, Exstipulate, Simple. see Herbs, Erect, Opposite, Exstipulate, Simple. see Herbs, Erect, Opposite, Exstipulate, Simple. Plants of the Punjab. 318 Herss, Erect, with ALTERNATE EXXSTIPULATE SIMPLE LEAVES. Celosia argentea, Sarwali, sil, sarpankha. AMARANTACES. BEB Ss ay Piz: The Plains to 4,000 ft. Valleys below Simla (Collett). Dharmpuy. Celosia cristata, Cock’s comb, Lal-murgha, mawal, dhura-dru. AMARANTACEAI. He Bal iv. 7d. The Plains. Digera arvensis, Amarantus spinosus, Prickiy Amaranth, Kanta-nutwa. AMARANTACES. ee Bek: ty. 448: The Plains to 6,000 ft. Choa Saidan Shah (Dowie). Sainj. Valleys below Simla (Collett.) ‘ Lear Marcins ENTIRE. PETALS NONE. FLOWERS IN TERMINAL CHAFFY SPIKES. medium size to large, annual, smooth, stem stout or slender ; leaves 1-6 in., linear or lanceolate, stalked or sessile ; flowers $-31n., white or pinkish, glistening in long-stalked, simple or branched, cylindric, oblong or ovoid spikes, 1-8 by #-1 in., looking like the flowering top of a grass, sepals 5, thin, shining, lanceolate, short-pointed, longer than the bracts, petals none, stamens 5, united below into a tube, style long, tip 2-lobed ; fruit dry, ovoid, en- closed in the sepals, short-pointed, seeds few. This plant is found in fields or near cultivation. The seeds are an excellent remedy for diarrhea. like the last species, but leaves broader and longer, flowers much smailer, §-} in., pink, red or yellow, spikes often branched with flattened united stalks. This plant is cultivated or found as an escape. The flowers are astringent and used in diarrhoea and menorrhagia. The seeds are demulcent. see Herbs, Prostrate, Alternate, Exstipulate, Simple. medium size to large, annual, green, sometimes red, stem hard, spines 2 in. and less, straight ; leaves 14-4 by $#-2 in., ovate or oblong, blunt, long-stalked, base wedge-shaped, 5 spines in each leaf axil; flowers ; in. long, male and female separate in axillary clusters and in long dense or loose-flowered spikes, bract one, bristle- like, bracteoles 2 at the base of each flower, longer than the sepals, sepals of males long-pointed, of females blunt with a short point, stamens 5, stigmas 2; fruit wrinkled, nearly as long as the sepals, dividing by a cir- cular fissure below the top, top thickened, and divided into 2 or 3, seeds 54, in. diam., black, shining, border blunt, not thickened. A weed of cultivation. The root is given as a demuleent. The plant is used as a pot herb. 314 Plants of the Punjab. Heras, Erect, wird ALTERNATE EXSTIPULATE SIMPLE LEAVES. Amarantus paniculatus, Bathu, chua. AMARANTACES. Babette ls. The Plains to 9,000 ft. Valleys below and Hills above Simla (Collett). Amarantus caudatus, Love-Lies bleeding, Bathu, kedari chua. AMARANTACE®. RPBal avert: The Plains to 9,000 ft. Baluchistan (Boissier). Amarantus gangeticus, Lal-saq. AMARANTACE. Pipeal iv. 119. The Plains to 9,000 ft. Amavantus viridis, AMARANTACES. Hee Ly. 2720; The Plains. Baluchistan (Boissier). Amarantus pelygamus, Amarantus Blitum, Amarantus tenuifolius, LEAF Maroains ENTIRE. PETALS NONE. FLOWERS IN TERMINAL CHAFFY SPIKES. large, annual, stout, stem streaked, smooth or very slightly downy ; leaves 2-6 by 1-3 in., oblong with the ends rounded or ovate-lanceolate, short-pointed or finely long-pointed ; flowers like the last species, but red or yellow in ovate branched racemes, roughly scurfy with spread- ing recurved bracts, bracts needle-like, very much longer than the long-pointed sepals, seeds ,'; in. diam., yellow- ish-white or densely black with a narrow thin border. This plant is widely cultivated as a rainy season crop. very like the last species, but the spikes are long, tail-like and drooping, bracts shorter and sepals ovate- oblong. This plant is less commonly cultivated. It has been introduced into Ind’a since Roxburgh’s time. like Amarantus paniculatus, but the leaves are often pink or red, bracts and sepals with long bristle-like points, sepals 8, stamens 3, seeds larger, very black with a sharp border. ‘This plant is cultivated and only found on culti- vated ground ; itis only eaten as a vegetable. like the last species, but green, bracts shorter than the 2 ov 3 sepals, stamens 2 or 8, seeds smaller with a sharp border. ‘This plant is only found in waste places ; the tops are sometimes eaten as a vegetabte. see Prostrate Herbs, Alternate, Exstipulate, Simple. see Prostrate Herbs, Alternate, Exstipulate, Simple. see Prostrate Herbs, Alternate, Exstipulate, Simple. Plants of the Punjab. | 815 Heres, Erect, wirt ALTERNATE ExsTIPULATE SIMPLE LEAVES. Zerua javanica, /Erua lanata, Bui-kalan. AMARANTACES. BS Boley: 428. The Plains to 9,000 ft. Kahuta, Rawalpindi (Douie). Baluchistan (Stocks). Chenopodium album, Atriplex crassifolia, CHENOPODIACEA. Rage ler v.60: The Plains to 8,000 ft. Lahore. Baluchistan (Hughes-Buller). Axyris amaranthoides, CHENOPODIACES. BiB leye 8: Himalaya, 8-13,000 ft. Lahul. Lear Maroins ENTIRE. PETALS NONE. FLOWERS IN TERMINAL CHAFFY SPIKES. see Shrubs, Erect, Alternate, Exstipulate, Simple. small to medium size, stock woody, much branched, woolly, sometimes prostrate ; leaves 3-1 in., ovate or or- bicular, stalked, woolly or smooth ; flowers minute, scent- ed, woolly, not glistening in spikes, 4-3} in., crowded, forming nearly round clusters, all axillary, sessile, sepals 4-5, short, blunt, all or inner only woolly, stamens 4-5, united below with interposed linear staminodes into a cup. The flowers and roots are used to cure headache. see Herbs, Erect, Alternate, Hxstipulate, Toothed. Simple, medium size, annual, stem and branches whitish ; leaves 1-14 in., oblong or ovate, tip-pointed or blunt, base wedge-shaped or forked, stalked, not thick ; flowers, one sexual, male and female on the same plant, male without bracts, sepals 3-5, oblong, blunt, stamens 3-5, in clusters on slender leafless, long, terminal interrupted spikes, female with 2 bracts, sepals none, stigmas 2 ; fruit enclosed by the much enlarged leaflike bracts, each with a convex, smooth, thick, white, disk at its base, female in small axillary clusters on the lower part of the branches. PETALS NONE. small, annual, with star-shaped hairs or smooth, gtem stout or slender, branched from the base; leaves 1.11 in., ovate or oblong, blunt or short-pointed, stalk short or slender, when dry, pale yellowish or reddish-brown ; flowers minute without bracts, male and female on the same plant, male in terminal clusters with 8-5 thin trans- parent sepals, and 2-5 slender stamens, female axillary, solitary or mixed with the males, with 3-4 unequal thin sepals ; fruit membranous, held by the sepals, flattened or spherical, tip shortly winged or crested, stigmas hair- like, very long. 316 Plants of the Punjab. Herss, HrRecr, with ALTERNATE ExsgipULATE SIMPLE LEAVES. Kochia indica, Kaura ro. CHENOPODIACEA. 7s oly] a en The Plains. Halocharis sulphurea, CHENOPODIACEA. Pepa Vv. 19. The Plains of N.-W. F. Province. Baluchistan (Aitchison). Phytolacea acinosa, Lubar, rinsag, sarunga. PHYTOLACCACEA). Bap. Lay. ol. Himalaya, 4-9,000 ft. Hazara. Kashmir. Thymeleea arvensis, THYMELAACEA. Piel. ve 194: The Plains below Jammu. Kashmir. Ramu, 6,000 ft. Lear Mareins EntIRe. PETALS NONE. small, annual, softly hairy, branched from the base, branchlets long, widely separating ; leaves small, oblong with rounded ends or linear-oblong, short-pointed, sessile ; flowers minute, male and female sometimes separate, bractless, sepals 5 in., curved, in fruit closing over, leathery with 5 free or united horizontal, ovate, blunt, thick wings, forming a broad triangular calyx, stamens 5, anthers large, protruding, style slender, stigmas 2-3, thread-like, seed orbicular. small, annual, hairy with long bristles; leaves $-1 in. long, linear, blunt-tipped, almost angled, sessile, in clusters at the end of branches, floral leaves equal to the hairy lanceolate bracteoles ; flowers in. diam., in headlike clusters, forming long spikes at the end of short branches, sepals 5, lanceolate, thin, transparent, outer softly hairy, stamens 5, on a fleshy disc, anthers lnear, connected by a long sessile yellow appendage, much longer and broader than the anther ; capsule enclosed by the sepals, ovoid, flattened, stigmas 2, slender, seed flattened. large, stout, fleshy, nearly smooth; leaves 6-10 by 24-4 in., broadly lanceolate, long-pointed, narrowed into a short stalk; flowers } in. diam., green, on stalks 4 1n. long in leaf opposed cylindrical racemes, 2-6 in. long, bracts linear-lanceolate, thin, sepals 4, broadly oblong, blunt, stamens 8-10, united below, anthers soon fall- ing off, fruit of 8-10 carpels, dark purple, fleshy, crowded in an erect stout raceme 4-8 in. long, one seed in each earpel, black, kidney-shaped, shining. This plant was introduced from China, is cultivated and found as an escape ; the leaves are cooked and eaten, but uncooked is poisonous, causing delirium. small to medium sige, annual, very slender, smooth, straight, branches few, leafy, erect ; leaves 4-3 1n., linear- lanceolate, long-pointed, nearly erect, sessile; flowers 4, in., sessile in all the leaf-axils, forming long, leafy, very slender spikes, bracts small, calyx urn-shaped or tubular, 4-lobed, lobes erect, blunt, ovate, very short, stamens 8 in 2 series, anthers nearly sessile ; fruit ;4-$ in. long, ovoid, dry, narrowed upwards. — Plants of the Punjab. — 811 a en ee ae _ Heures, Breor, wirn ALTERNATE ExstrpuLATH SIMPLE LuaveEs, Wikstremia canescens, Diarthron vesiculosum, THYMELBACES. He Br lieve 196: N.-W. F. Province. Peshawar (Vicary). Baluehistan (Boissier). Thesium himalense, Euphorbia Wallichii, “RUPHORBIACE. HB. dev..258. Himalaya, 6-12,000 ft. Kashmir. Chamba. Jammu. Euphorbia pilosa, Hairy Spurge, HUPHORBIACER. HO Bekv. 260. Himalaya, 4-8,000 ft. Simla (Collett). Murree, Lear Mareins ENTIRE, PETALS NONE. see Shrubs, Alternate, Exstipulate, Simple, small, annual, slender, much branched, leafy ; leaves. 3-2 in., linear, nerveless, somewhat waxy. bluish-green, segsile, blunt or almost pointed ; flowers minute, on very short stalks in slender racemes, + in. long, lengthening to 1 in. in fruit, calyx } in. long, urn-shaped or tube very slender, closing over the fruit, bladder-like when the fruit does not ripen, lobes 4, spreading, stamens 8, in two series anthers almost sessiley lower smaller than the upper ; fruit +44-4'5 in. long, dry, narrowly ovoid. see Prostrate Herbs, Alternate, Exstipulate, Simple. medium size to large, stock perennial, stems annual velvety above, branched or not, juice milky ; leaves 3-5 in., linear or oblong, with rounded ends or ovate with a broad-pointed tip, sessile, thin, nerves many, spreading floral leaves 14 in. diam., clustered at the end of stem or branches, 3-4, large, rounded or oblong, ovate, short- pointed ; flowers Lin. diam., in compound umbels, rays and flower stalks few, short, male and female organs in one cup-shaped 4-5-lobed calyx, lobes almost concealed by 5 horizontal kidney-shaped glands placed in their angles, glands smooth, rounded, fleshy, margins woolly stamens many, anthers globular, surrounding a pulled orbicular 3-lobed capsule hanging down on one side, styles 3, united to the middle, dividing into 2; capsule 4 in. diam., consisting of 8 woody one-seeded cells; seeds 4 in., smooth, grey-blue. very like the last species but smaller, bracts yellow- ereen, flowers smaller, glands yellow, styles long ; capsule Lin, diam., covered more or less with small, often minute- ly hairy tubercles, seeds smooth, 318 Plants of the Punjab. Herss, Erect, wirn AnterNate ExstipuLATE SIMPLE LEAVES. Euphorbia dracunculoides, Kangi. EUPHORBIACE®. ia. hv. 262. The Plains to 8,000 ft. Baluchistan (Hughes- Buller). Euphorbia Maddeni, EUPHORBIACE®. Beeb... y. 268. Himalaya, 5-9,000 ft. Mashobra. Mahasu (Collett). Murree. Euphorbia falcata, EUPHORBIACER. F. B. I. v. 268. Rawalpindi (Aitchison). Gilgit (Giles). Baluchistan (Boissier). Euphorbia prolifera, EUPHORBIACE®. F. B. I. v. 264. The Plains to 6,000 ft. Valleys below Simla (Collett). Kashmir. Asparagus filicinus, Asparagus gracilis, Asparagus capitatus, Lear Marains ENTIRE. PETALS NONE. medium size, annual, smooth, stems many, leafy, much branched, branches spreading, leaves 1-14 in., linear-lanceolate, nearly short-pointed, base generally pointed, rarely rounded or almost heart-shaped, floral leaves 2, broader at the base, shorter, flowers solitary, top-shaped, hairy within, lobes ovate, bristly, glands curved, styles short, free, capsules 1-1 in. diam., smooth, sceds patchy ; in other respects like the last species. Oil expressed from the seeds has been found superior to lin- seed oil. small to medium size, stem leaves 2 by 4 in., ovate, with a broad tip narrowed into the stalk, floral opposite, flowers solitary in the axils of branches or of the leaves of the branches or sometimes in umbels, lobes 4 or 5, glands yellow, curved, with long horns, styles nearly free, seeds smooth ; in other respects like the last species. small, stems and branches stiff, pale, leaves 1 in. or less, sessile, oblong with a broad tip, very long-pointed, flowers minute, top-shaped, lobes fringed, glands very minute, capsule 1-10 in., thin, ovoid, cells keeled, seeds transversely furrowed; for other characters see the last species. small, perennial, rootstock thick, woolly, leaves 4 by 4-2 in., very narrow, linear or linear-oblong, blunt- or short-pointed, base rounded or short-pointed, nerves 3, flowers 4 in. diam., shortly bell-shaped, lobes triangu- lar, fringed, glands stalked, kidney-shaped or horned, or oblong, entire or toothed, bracteoles many, styles stout, rolled round, deeply divided, capsule }-} in. diam., broad, smooth, long-stalked, rather depressed, seeds mottled or not; for other characters see the last species. Leafless Plants, Herbs. see Leafless Plants, Herbs. see Leafless Plants, Herbs, see Plants of the Punjab. 319 Heres, Erect, with ALTERNATE ExstieuLatE Simpie LEAvEs. Lear Marains Entire. PETALS NONE. Asparagus see Leafless Plants, Herbs. adscendens, Juncus bufonius, see Herbs, Unbranched, Alternate, Iixstipulate, Arabis glabra, Arabis auriculata, Arabis alpina, Arabis amplexicaulis, Arabis tibetica, Arabis nuda, Draba muralis, Malcolmia africana, Patthar, chinaka. CRUCIFERAE. Babe la 146. The Plains to 13,000 ft. Kashmir. Rawalpindi. Mianwali District. Baluchistan (Griffith). Simple. Lear Marains Toornuep. PETALS UNUNITED. sec Herbs, Erect, Unbranched, Alternate, Iixstipulate, Simple. see Herbs, Erect, Unbranched, Alternate, fixstipulate, Simple. see Herbs, Erect, Unbranched, Alternate, Eixstipulate, Simple. see Herbs, Erect, Unbranched, Alternate, Exstipulate 1" 3 Simple. see Herbs, Erect, Alternate, Exstipulate, Lobed. see Herbs, Erect, Unbranched, Alternate, Exstipulate, Simple. see Herbs, Erect, Unbranched, Alternate, Exstipulate, simple. small to medium size, annual, stout, leafy, rough ) with stiff forked and simple hairs, branches many, long, somewhat spreading ; leaves 1-6 in., oblong or lanceolate, toothed, stalked ; flowers many, small, purple in loose ra- cemes near the end of branches, sepals 4, free, erect, equal at the base, persistent, petals 4, placed crosswise, cblong- ovate with broad tip, twice the length of the sepals, sta- mens 6, the 4 inner longer and sometimes united in pairs, stigma conical, short, tapering into a sharp point ; capsule 2-3 in. long, narrow, straight, rough. This plant supplies soed fedder, and in the spring forms bright patches of purple. 320 Plants of the Punjab. Heres, Eruot, with ALTERNATE ExsTIPULATE SIMPLE LEAVES, Malcolmia toruiosa, CRUCIFER. Be Be 11.146; N.-W. F. Province. Peshawar (Stewart). Baluchistan (Boissier). Maleolmia strigosa, Sisymbrium mollissimum, Sisymbrium himalaicum, CRUCIFER®. PSp.-1, 1.4147: Himalaya, 10-12,000 ft. Sisymbrium foliosum, CRUCIFERA. Hob. 5.1. 148. Kashmir, 5-7,000 ft. (Thomson). Sisymbrium Thalianum, Thale cress, CRUCIFERAE. 8. 1.42148. The Plains to 10,000 ft. Simla (Collett). Kashmir, Lear Maratns ToorHep. PETALS UNUNITED. like the last species, but less stout, leaves 1-3 in., sometimes pinnatifid, flowers white, capsule 3-1 in., usually curved or twisted with contractions, see Prostrate Herbs, Alternate, Exstipulate, Simple. see Herbs, Erect, Alternate, Exstipulate, Simple. small, biennial or perennial, stiff, much branched, hairs simple or star-shaped; leaves 1-2 in., lanceolate- ovate with a broad tip, waved and toothed, radical leaves stalked, stem leaves clasping the stem with a forked base ; flowers small, purple or white on slender erect stalks in bracteate racemes, sepals 4, short, equal at the base, petals 4, crosswise, stalks long, blade broad, stamens 6, all free, style short, slendér ; capsule 1-14 in. long, cylin- drical, straight, spreading, smooth or velvety, stalk short, with a leaflike bract at the base, seeds many in one series not margined. like the last species, but less hairy, radical leaves broadly toothed, shortly stalked, narrowed into the stalk, stem leaves larger, flowers without bracts, pods slender, curved, smooth, much flattened. small, annual, branched, hairs simple and _ forked, leaves 1-3 in., toothed or entire, radical ovate with broad tip, stalked, stem leaves few, sessile, flowers small, white, stalked in slender long racemes, capsule 4-1 in. long, linear, smooth, flattened, style short, seeds very small, flattened ; for other characters see the last species. Plants of the Punjab. 821 Heres, Erect, with ALTERNATE EXxstTIPpULATE SimpLE LEAVES. Lear Mararins Tooruen. PETALS UNUNITED. Sisymbrium rupestre, small to medium size, annual, branched, greyish hairs, CRUCIFER®. simple or forked, leaves }$-1 in., radical linear-oblong, Be bak wy 48. waved and toothed, shortly stalked, stem leaves sometimes Himalaya, heart-shaped at the base, sessile, toothed or entire, flowers 8-14,000 ft. small, white or purple, shortly stalked in few-flowered Kashmir. bracteate racemes, sepals velvety, capsules 14-12 in., erect or spreading, slender, flattened ; for other characters see the last species. Sisymbrium Alliaria, medium size, annual or biennial, branches few, smooth Hedge Garlie, or slightly hairy below, leaves 2-3in., long-stalked, radical, CRUCIFERAE. kidney-shaped, coarsely toothed, stem leaves heart-shaped, It Al les ap ag toothed, flowers } in. diam., white, in loose racemes, pods Himalaya, 14-2 in., stout, smooth, nearly cylindrical, erect, seeds 6-10,000 ft. oblong, streaked and dotted ; for other characters see the Simla. last species. Matiana (Collett). Kashmir. Erysimum small to medium size, annual, widely branched, grey repandum, hairs with close pressed forked hairs; leaves lanceolate, CRUCIFERR. toothed with somewhat rounded notches, or entire ; flowers * HB. i. 1. 158. #-4 im. diam., yellow, rarely purple, bractless, racemed, Kashmir, 5-7,000 ft. sepals 4, erect, petals 4, placed crosswise, long-stalked, Baluchistan (Lace). stamens 6, 4 inner longer; capsule 13-2 in. long, linear, nearly square, horizontal, nearly sessile, stalk stout, seeds in one row. Erysimum see Herbs, Unbranched, Alternate, Exstipulate, Simple. hieracifolium, Erysimum odoiaiuin, = see Herbs, Unbranched, Alternate, Exstipulate, Simple. Brassica juncea, see Herbs, Erect, Alternate, Exstipulate, Lobed. Diplotaxis Griffithii, gee Herbs, Erect, Alternate, Exstipulate, Lobed. Morleandia tortuosa, see Herbs, Erect, Alternate, Exstipulate, Simple, Entire. Lepidium Draba, see Herbs, Erect, Alternate, Exstipulate, Lobed. @ 822 Plants of the Punjab. Heres, Erect, with ALTERNATE ExsTipULATE SIMPLE Leaves. Thlaspi arvense, Pennycress, Mithridate Mustard, CRUCIFERE. Heo Ta. cod. Himalaya, 1-10,000 ft. Simla (Collett). Thlaspi cardiocarpum, CRUCIFERS. eB ir. 162, Kashmir, 5-9,000 ft. Thlaspi alpestre, Alpine Pennyeress, CRUCIFERS. heb. 1a. 162. Himalaya, 7-12,000 ft. Simla. Mahasu. Narkanda (Collett). Matiana. Kashmir. Neslia paniculata, Physorhyneus brahvicus, Goldbachia leevigata, CRUCIFER. F. B. I. 1. 166. The Plains. Kashmir, 5,000 ft. Baluchistan (Boissier). Lear Marains TootHeD. PETALS UNUNITED. small to medium size, annual, smooth, branched or not ; leaves 1-4 in., oblong-ovate with broad tip, radical stalked, soon withering, stem leaves oblong-lanceolate, stem-clasping, forked at the base ; flowers small, white or pale pink, racemed, sepals 4, erect, base equal, petals 4, equal, long-stalked, stamens 6, 4 inner longer; capsule 1 5 ah = . © . rn 2 ~ + | oA = ; 4-3 in. diam., circular, flattened, winged, seeds 5-6 in each cell, grooved. like the last species, but less robust, leaves broadly oblong, somewhat toothed, pod broadly notched at the tip, seeds 4-5 in each cell, smooth. like the last species, but perennial, tufted, radical leaves nearly circular, stem leaves oblong, stem,-clasping bases small, rounded, flowers rather large, always wees capsules triangular, heart-shaped, not deeply , but broadly notched, seeds 4-8 in each cell. gee Entire. Herbs, Erect, Alternate, Exstipulate, Simple, see Shrubs, Alternate, Exstipulate, Simple. small to medium size, annual, branched, smooth with a bluish waxy gloss; leaves 4-5 in., radical, many, ovate- oblong, toothed, with rounded notches, stem leaves lan: ceolate, base shortly forked, stem-clasping ; flowers small pale pink, in long bractless racemes, sepals 4, erect, equal at the base, petals 4, stamens 6, 4 inner longer ; capsule 3 in, long, hanging down, curved, 4-angled, 2-8-celled, like a string of beads, tapering above into a broad flattened beak, one oblong seed in each cell. . Plants of the Punjab. 828 Heres, ERECT, with ALTERNATE EXSTIPULATE SIMPLE LEAVES, Chorispora tenella, Impatiens Balsamina, Balsam or Touch-me-not, Gulmendi, tuphar. GERANIACER. Beeb ale. 459% The Plains to 5,000 ft. Valleys below Simla (Collett). Impatiens racemosa, Impatiens brachyeentra, Sedum Rhodiola, Sedum heterodontum, CRASSULACER. Hee win ALT Himalaya, 8-14,000 ft. Kashmir. Sedum tibeticum, Lear Marains Tooruen. PETALS UNUNITED. see Herbs, Erect, Alternate, Hxstipulate, Simple, Entire. : small to medium size, annual, succulent, velvety ; stems usually hollow, joints more or less swollen ; leaves 14-23 in., narrowly lanceolate, stalked, narrowed to the base, deeply toothed, stalk glandular; flowers 4 in. long without the spur, pink or nearly white, soli- tary on axillary, usually clustered stalks, sepals 3, 2 upper small, flat, usually green, the lower forming the lip, much larger, petal-like, more or less tubular, produced at the base in a hollow spur, $ in. long, curved, slender, cylindric, petals 8, upper broad, somewhat concave, tipped with a small green point, 2 lower smaller, forming wings, deeply 2-lobed, stamens 5 clasping the ovary, anthers round the 5-toothed sessile stigma ; capsule 4-$ in. oblong narrowed at both rounded ends, densely felted or woolly, bursting open when ripe, touched or not, by 5 valves which curl up and jerk away the many small rounded seeds. This plant is much cultivated for its beauty. It is emetic and purgative in its action. see Herbs, Erect, Alternate, Stipulate, Simple, Tooth- ed. see Herbs, Erect, Alternate, Stipulate, Simple, Tooth- ed. < see Herbs, Erect, Alternate, Exstipulate, Simple, Entire. small to medium size, rootstock perennial with a crown of scales, stems annual, leafy ; leaves 1-1} in. long, base ovate, deeply toothed, overlapping, base broad, sessile, heart-shaped or forked, margin white ; flowers small, pink, in terminal compound clusters, calyx 4-5-lobed, lobes narrow, oblong, petals 4-5, much longer than the calyx lobes, stamens 10-8, long protruding, styles short, 4-5 ; follicles 4-5, seeds many, oblong with rounded ends. see Herbs, Erect, Alternate, Exstipulate, Simple, Entire. T2 324 Plants of the Punjab. Heres, Erect, With ALTERNATE EXxsTIpULATE SIMPLE LEAVES. Sedum asiaticum, CRASSULACES. Poe, dom. 41 9. Himalaya, 11-16,000 ft. Maral Kund, the Chor (Collett), Sedum linearifolium, CEnothera rosea, ONAGRACER. F. B. I. ii. 582. Himalaya, 2-7,000 ft. Simla. Dharampuyr. The Salt Range. Epilobium angustifolium, Epilobium hirsutum, Great Willow herb, Codlins and cream, ONAGRACEA. F. B. 1.11. 588. Himalaya, 5-7,000 ft. Kotgarh. Sutlej and Giri valleys in wet places (Collett), Lear Maroins ToorHen. PETALS UNUNITED. ~ like Sedum heterodontum, but smaller, leaves smaller, narrow, toothed, flowers yellow, see Herbs, Erect, Alternate, Exstipulate, Simple, Entire, small, annual, stem reddish-velvety ; leaves 1-2 in., ovate, narrowed at both ends, prominently veined, some- times lobed; flowers 3-4 in. diam., pink, solitary, in the axils of leafy racemes, calyx tube 4-angled, club-shaped, produced above the ovary, lobes 4, soon falling off, petals 4, pink, with darker veins, circular, stamens 8, equal or alternate, one shorter, style thread-like ; capsule 4-3 in. long, club-shaped, 4-angled, 4-celled, splitting from the top into 4 valves ; seeds many, small, tipped with a tuft of long white hairs. A weed of cultivation from Peru, lately established. see Herbs, Erect, Opposite, Exstipulate, Entire, large, annual, densely covered with white hairs; leaves 1-8 by 4-4 in., lanceolate, stem-leaves usually op- posite, sessile, stem-clasping, teeth small, sharp ; flowers 4 in. long, pink-purple, axillary in long or short leafy racemes at the end of stem and branches, calyx-tube linear, 4-angled, lobes 4, short-pointed, soon falling off, petals 4, erect or spreading, notched, stamens 8, alternate ones longer, stigmas 4, distinet, erect at first, recurved after- wards ; capsule 14-34 in. ; and seeds like those of the (Bnothera, Plants of the Punjab. 325 Hurss, Erucr, wirh ALTERNATE EXsTIPULATE SIMPLE LEAVES. Epilobium parviflorum, Hoary Epilobe, ONAGRACEA. F. B. 1. 1. 584. Himalaya, 5-7,000 ft. Simla, Sutlej Valley (Collett). Epilobium roseum, Vernonia cinerea, Sahadevi. Composit. Lived Bia Gen eS The Plains to 8,000 ft. Simla (Collett). Dharampur. Baluchistan (Hughes- Buller). Vernonia anthelmintiea, Bakchi, kaliziri: CoMPposiTa. Rob. lait: 256. The Plains to 5,000 ft. Valleys below Simla (Collett). Dharampur. Synj. Vernonia cinerascens, Solidago virga-aurea, Lear Mareins ToorTHED. PETALS UNUNITED. like the last species, but smaller, flowers a_ little smaller, leaves not stem-clasping, stigmas ultimately spreading, not recurved. see Herbs, Erect, Toothed. Opposite, Exstipulate, Simple, PETALS UNITED. FLOWERS, MINUTE, IN HEADS, ALL TUBULAR. small to medium size, annual, grey velvety, grooved ; leaves $-8 in., ovate or lanceolate, hairy, blunt cr short-pointed, thin, nearly sessile, teeth few, coarse ; flowers minute, pinkish-purple in many heads, } in. diam., forming rounded or open and flat-topped clusters, main stalks slender, bracteate, bracts round heads linear-lance- olate, silky outside, inner longer than outer, calyx hairs (pappus) long, white ; corolla tubes slender, equal, 5-lobed, anther-bases blunt, style-arms long, hairy ; achenes } in., smooth, tipped with the white or dirty white pappus hairs, 4 in. long. large, annual, stout, glandular, velvety near the top, leafy and much branched, leaves 3-5 in., ovate-lanceolate, coarse-toothed, long-pointed, narrowed into a short stalk, rough, heads 4-3? in. diam., barely clustered, stalks long, dilated above, bracts of heads with broad purplish tips, hairy, inner shorter than outer, pappus hairs tawny, corollas unequal, achenes + in., ribbed ; for other characters see the last species. This plant is found near villages, planted or as an escape ; the seeds are used in skin diseases, and to drive away fleas and as a vermifuge. see Shrubs, Alternate, Exstipulate, Simple. see Herbs, Unbranched, Alternate, Exstipulate, Simple - 326 Plants of the Punjab. $$ ah Heres, Erect, wiru ALTERNATE EXxsTirpULATE SIMPLE LEAVES. Lear Marerns ToorHEeD. PETALS UNITED. FLOWERS, MINUTE, IN HEADS, ALL TUBULAR. Conyza japonica, Compositm. ete lit 20. The Plains to 7,000 ft. Sula (Collett). Conyza viscidula, ComPosirTm. Balsall. 200. Himalaya, 1-7,000 ft. Mashobra (Collett). Blumea amplectens, ComposiITa. i. Beals 260; The Plains. Rawalpindi (Douie). Rohtak. Gurgaon. Blumea Wightiana, Composita. BAe Lin 261; The Plains to 4,000 ft. Valleys below Simla (Collett). small, annual, silky or woolly, stem often unbranched ; leaves 1-3 in. (radical often longer), ovate with a broad tip prolonged into the short stalk, or lanceolate, coarsely sharp-toothed or round-toothed, upper leaves half stem- clasping, oblong, or ovate-oblong, often entire ; flowers all tubular, yellow, in globose heads } in. diam., arranged in terminal flat-topped clusters, bracts of heads narrowly lanceolate, short-pointed with transparent edges, pappus 1 in., 2reddish, corollas 5-toothed, anther-bases blunt, entire, style-arms flattened ; achenes ,{; in., nearly smooth, margined. medium size to large, sticky with glands, much branched above, leaves 2-4 in., lanceolate, narrowed at both ends, nearly sessile, sticky on both sides, sharply toothed, sometimes entire, heads in loose clusters, bracts of heads long-pointed, pappus 4-4 in. ; for other characters see the last species. small, annual, bushy, softly hairy; leaves 4-14 in. long, oblong or ovate with a broad tip, blunt or short- pointed, half stem-clasping; flowers minute, yellow, in solitary long-stalked heads, +4 in. diam., bracts of heads _very slender, inner hair pointed, base of head (receptacle) flat, naked, calyx hair (pappus) scanty, reddish, corollas tubular, filiform, 2-3-toothed, inner slender, 5-toothed, anther-bases forked, tails small, slender, style-arms short ; achenes oblong. A common weed. small to medium size, silky or woolly, often sticky with glandular hairs, leaves 14-2 by $-1 in., lower ovate, stalked or nearly sessile, upper smaller, linear or lanceo- late, sessile, flowers minute, purple or a few yellow, in numerous heads, } in. diam., forming stalked ter- minal or axillary clusters, bracts of heads, outer few, short, inner many, narrow, long-pointed, slightly longer than the flowers, achenes minute, angled, slightly hairy ; for other characters see the last species. Plants of the Punjab. 327 * Heres, Erect, with ALTERNATE ExstIpULATE SIMPLE LeAvus. Lear Mareins ToorHep. PETALS UNITED. FLOWERS, MINUTE, IN HEADS, ALL TUBULAR. Blumea lacera, Kakronda, janglt mult. Composiram. Helin. 268: The Plains to 2,000 ft. Blumea hieracifolia, ComposiTa. Re Bs ler, 269. The Plains to 2,000 ft. Laggera flava, Composirz. es teen 2 70; The Plains to 3,000 ft. Laggera alata, CoMPosItTm. PAB: lem, 27 1. Himalaya, 1-6,000 ft. Simla. Sutle; and Giri Valleys (Collett). very like the last species, but smelling of turpentine, flowers yellow, achenes smooth, not hairy. The root is used asa febrifuge and an astringent in Indian medi- cine. like the last species, but often unbranched or with a stout stem, heads $-? in. diam., in tuft-like or spike-like long branching racemes. small to medium size, annual, slender or slightly velvety, stem cylindrical, branched at the top or not, srooved; leaves 1-3 in. long, lower stalked, upper ovate- lanceolate or with a broad tip, half stem-clasping, not prolonged down the stem, sharply toothed ; flowers minute, bright yellow, all tubular, on few heads, 4+ in. diam., on slender branches of loose clusters, bracts of heads, outer ovate, short-pointed, inner lanceolate, long-pointed, all smooth or with scattered bristles on the margins, corollas, inner tubular, 5-toothed, outer thread-ike, minutely toothed, anther-bases 2-lobed or forked, style-arms as in Blumea above, pappus white ; achenes very minute, smooth. medium size to large, perennial, much branched, velvety or felted, sometimes glandular, stem with broad entire wings ; leaves 1-4 in. long, narrowly oblong, short- pointed, rough above, woolly beneath, sessile, prolonged down the stem; flowers minute, purplish, in main heads 4 in. diam., in axillary racemes, on winged branches often forming a large terminal leafy cluster, drooping in fruit, bracts of the heads many, narrow, stiff, short-pointed, outer shorter, green, often recurved, inner as long as the flowers, pappus white, corollas as in the last species ; achenes small, hairy. 328 Plants of the Punjab. Herss, ERECT, WITH ALTERNATE EXXSTIPULATE SIMPLE LEAVES. Lear Marcins TootHep. PETALS UNITED. FLOWERS, MINUTE, IN HEADS, ALL TUBULAR. Laggera pterodonta, CoMPosiTz. BB) Lim 271. Himalaya, east of Sutle}, 4,000 ft. Laggera aurita, CoMPosIT». pls hel Bare yg The Plains. Spheeranthus indicus, Mundi, gurukmundt. CoMPOSIT”. fb. 1. 1m. 275. The Plains to 5,000 ft., in dry rice fields. Phagnalon niveum, Ceesulia axillaris, Pulicaria crispa, like the last species, but more slender, smooth wings of stem toothed or lobed, leaves often lobed, heads 2 in. ° diam., on slender stalks at the end of the branches, bracts smooth, stiff. like the last species, but hairy, sticky, glandular, stem not winged, leaves very little prolonged down the stem, often lobed, heads 3-4 in. diam., in small, lateral or terminal clusters, flowers pink, bracts soft, slender, silky. This plant smells of turpentine. medium size, annual, glandular, softly hairy, aromatic, branches with toothed wings ; leaves 1-2 in. long, oblong- ovate with a broad tip, narrowed to the toothed base, prolonged down the branches, blunt or short-pointed, toothed, teeth often bristle-pointed, glandular-hairy on both surfaces ; flowers pink or purple in globose, terminal, solitary, compound, bracteate heads 4 in. diam., consisting of very small crowded heads, each with 12 flowers, bracts of small heads linear, hairy at the tip, as long as the flowers, pappus none, outer corollas 10-12, 4-5-toothed, inner 2-3, slender, straight, 2-3-toothed, style-arms thread-like or united ; achenes,oblong, stalked, smooth. ‘This plant is used to make a bitter tonic and a vermifuge in Indian medicine. see Herbs, Erect, Alternate, Exstipulate, Simple, Entire. see Prostrate Herbs, Alternate, Exstipulate, Simple. see Herbs, Erect, Alternate, Exstipulate, Simple, Toothed, flowers in heads, inner tubular, outer ligulate. Piants of the Punjab. 829 Heres, Erecr, wirhH ALTERNATE EXXSTIPULATE SIMPLE LEAVES. 3 > Lear Mareins ToorHen. PETALS UNITED. FLOWERS, MINUTE, IN HEADS, ALL TUBULAR. Carpesium cernuum, Composiram. BOB. im.300: Himalaya, 6-800 ft. Simla, Mahasu (Collett). Carpesium trachelifolium, ComPosITz. Mee. Ltt SOL. Himalaya, 4-6,000 it. Valleys below Simla (Collett). The Glen, Simla. Carpesium abrotanoides, Adenocauion bicolor, CoMPOSITA. FO Bar me 302% Himalaya, 6-9,000 ft. Narkanda (Collett). Artemisia - Dracunculus, medium size to large, annual, velvety to shortly hairy ; leaves 2-5 by 2-14 in., lanceolate to ovate, nearly. sessile to long-winged stalks, sharply pointed, toothed ; flowers minute, yellow, in terminal solitary nodding heads 3-1 in. diam., with large leafy bracts at the base or on long naked stiff stalks, bracts of heads many, outer green, more or less leaf-like, inner shorter, dry, broad, oblong, blunt, margin white, pappus none, corolla of outer flowers 3- toothed, of inner slightly larger, 5-toothed, anther bases forked, tails slender, style-arms linear, blunt, converging ‘at first ; achenes long-ribbed, not hairy, tip beaked, glan- dular. like the last species, but more slender, more hairy. leaves smaller, long stalked, sometimes lobulate-toothed with rounded notches, heads never larger than } in. diam., solitary or in clusters at the end of long axillary Stalks. see Herbs, Erect, Alternate, Exstipulate, Simple, Entire. medium size to large, perennial, stem and branches covered with grey cottony hairs ; leaves 2-4 in. diam., cir- cular, toothed and angled with rounded margins, smooth above, white-felted beneath, upper smaller, sessile, lower long-stalked, more or less winged, wing often toothed ; flowers small, white or pale yellow in heads }in. diam., in loose branching racemes, branches slender, sticky from elands towards the ends, bracts of heads 5, green, spread- ing, bent back in fruit, flowers about 10, 4-5-lobed, outer only fertile, pappus none, afther-bases entire or minutely 2-toothed, style-arms short, broad; achenes long, club- shaped, covered with stalked glands. see Herbs, Hrect, Alternate, Exstipulate, Lobed. 330 Plants of the Punjab. Horses, Erecr, wirn ALTERNATE ExsTIPULATE SIMPLE LEAVES, Lear Maroins ToorHen. PETALS UNITED. FLOWERS, MINUTE, IN HEADS, ALL TUBULAR. Gynura angulosa, Composit. ¥. B. I. ii. 334. Himalaya, 4-7,000 ft. Valleys below Simla (Collett). Above Bhajjal, below Chor. Senecio Levingil, Senecio ; chenopodifolius, Cousinia auriculata, Artemisia amygdalina, CoMPOSITA. F. B. 1. i. 825. Kashmir, Pir Panjal (Jacquemont, Stewart). Saussurea candicans, Saussurea albescens, Saussurea Jacea, Saussurea Lappa, large, annual, smooth, thick, succulent, stem deeply grooved and angled, as thick as the thumb below, much branched ; leaves 6-12 in. long, basal leaves sometimes 24 in., lanceolate or oblong, irregularly toothed, long-pointed, sessile, base contracted, simple or forked, upper oblong, sessile with broad-forked bases ; flowers orange-yellow in large heads, 4-2 in. long, in terminal bracteate flat-topped clusters, bracts of heads in one series, 10-12, equal, margins thin, floor of head flat, naked, pappus hairs white, slender, corollas 5-toothed, anther-bases entire or nearly forked, style-arms slender, long; achenes narrow, many- ribbed. see Herbs, Erect, Alternate, Exstipulate, Lobed. see Herbs, Erect, Alternate, Exstipulate, Lobed. see Herbs, Brect, Alternate, Exstipulate, Lobed. medium size, perennial, stem stout, smooth, deeply grooved and many ribbed ; leaves 4-6 by 3-1} 1n., lanceolate, long-pointed with sharp incurved gland-tipped teeth, grey hairy beneath, stalk very short with minute bristle-like appendages ; flowers in few-flowered ovoid heads, ;45 in., nearly all on one side of dense, short, axillary racemes, bracts of heads oblong, blunt, thin, smooth, outer with a green disk, floor of head naked, pappus none, inner corollas 5-toothed, outer 2-3-toothed, anther-bases blunt, entire ; achenes very minute, faintly striped, oblong or ovoid with a broad top. Herbs, Erect, Alternate, Exstipulate, Lobed. Herbs, Erect, Alternate, Exstipulate, Lobed. see Entire. Herbs, Erect, Alternate, Exstipulate, Simple, gee Herbs, Unbranched, Alternate, Exstipulate, Lobed, Plants of the Punjab. 331 Heras, Hrecr, with ALTERNATE ExstIPULATE SIMPLE LEAVES. Lear Marains ToorHep. PETALS UNITED. FLOWERS, MINUTE, IN HEADS, ALL TUBULAR. Jurinea ceratocarpa, see Herbs, Unbranched, Alternate, Exstipulate, Simple. Jurinea modesta, see Herbs, Erect, Alternate, Exstipulate, Simple, Kntire. Serratula paliida, see Herbs, Unbranched, Alternate, LExstipulate, Simple. Tricholepis fureata large, perennial, smooth, or nearly so, branched from Composit&. the base, branches long, ending in a long-stalked head; iH. Behan. S80: leaves 2-6 by 14-24 in., oblong with rounded ends or lance- Himalaya, olate, short- or long-pointed, shortly toothed, surface cover- 5-10,000 ft. ed with raised points, shortly stalked ; flowers 3-1 in. long, Kashmir. yellow, in nodding heads, 1$ in. diam., bracts of heads needle or thread-lke from lanceolate base, turned back, hairy, tips black, pappus hairs scaly, 1 in. long, united, bristles on floor of head shorter than the achenes, corollas 5-lobed, anther bases nearly entire, hardly forked, style arms slender; achenes + in., narrowly oblong, ribbed, smooth, flattened. Tricholepis elongata, like the last species, but sparingly branched, leaves Composit. smaller, often lobed, heads nearly erect, corollas 3-2 in., iB. 1. i... 580. bristles of the floor of the head longer than the achenes, Himalaya, pappus hairs ¢ in., pale brown, shining, achenes acutely 4-8,000 ft. 5-angled, pale. Simla (Collett). | Tricholepis Stewartii, like the last species, but leaves smaller, lanceolate, Compositm. long-pointed, quite smooth, heads 1 in. diam., shortly PBS Lan. 380. stalked, pappus 4 in., stiff, Jhelum Valley (Stewart). Tricholepis tibetica, see Herbs, rect, Alternate, Exstipulate, Lobed. & Volutarella see Herbs Hrect Alternate, Exstipulate, Lobed. divaricata, 382 Plants of the Punjab. Heres, Ersor, with ALTERNATE ExstiIPpULATE SIMPLE LEAvVgEs. Luar Marains ToorHeD. PETALS UNITED. FLOWERS, MINUTH, IN HEADS, ALL TUBULAR. Carthamus tinetorius, Safflower, Kasumbha, kusum. ComposiT#. (tha eee aioe reo The Plains to 2,000 ft. Carthamus oxyacantha, Kantiart, polr. CompositTa. F. B. I. ii. 386. The Plains, west of the Ravi. Gujar Khan (Douie). Rawalpindi. Baluchistan (Lace). Carthamus lanatus, sores size, annual, smooth or velvety, thistle-lke ; leaves 13-3 by $-141n., lanceolate, stiff, toothed and spinous or ees ooealee flowers “ane orange-red, in terminal heads 4-1 in. diam., bracts of heads many, spinous, erect, outer leaf-like, spinous or not, inner ovate-oblong, short-pointed, floor of head flat, densely bristly, pappus none, corollas all tubular, deeply 5-toothed, slender, anther- bases forked, tails short fringed ; achenes ovoid with top broad, 4-angled, smooth, with 4 bosses at the top. This plant is found as an escape, widely cultivated as a winter crop; the flowers provide rouge, a beautiful pink dye and oil is obtained from the seeds. medium size, annual, stem and branches white, leaves oblong or oblong-lanceolate, lower shortly spinous-toothed, upper half stem-clasping, very spinous, flowers orange- yellow, outer bracts of head longer than the flowers, white below the contracted portion, green above it, with yellow spines ; for other characters see the last species. This plant may be the wild form of the last species. An illu- minating oil is expressed from the seeds. see Herbs, Erect, Alternate, Exstipulate, Lobed. INNER FLOWERS TUBULAR, OUTER LIGULATE. Myriactis nepalensis, CoMPposiTm. F. B. I. iii. 247. Himalaya, 4-10,000 ft. Simla (Collett). Kashmir. medium size to large, annual, velvety or roughly hairy, much branched ; leaves 1-8 in., lanceolate, shortly stalked, stalks winged ; flowers minute, outer white, inner yellow, in heads 4-4in. diam., in clusters on div erging stalks, bracts of heads in 8-4 series, short- -pointed, narrow, margins thin, afterwards reflexed, floor of heads convex, broad, naked, pappus none, corollas, inner 4-5-toothed, outer entire, short, anther-bases entire, style-arms narrow, flattened, lanceolate ; achenes flat, smooth, margined. Plants of the Punjab. 888 Herss, ErREot with ALTERNATE ExstTIPULATE SIMPLE LEAVES. Lear Marcins Tooruep. PETALS UNITED. FLOWERS, MINUTE, IN HEADS, INNER TUBULAR, OUTER LIGULATE. Myriactis Wallichii, ComposiTz. fe-bals mi. 247; Himalaya, 4-10,000 ft. Simla (Collett). Rhynchospermum verticillatum, Aster Amellus, Aster Pseudameilus, Aster molliuseulus, - Aster Thomsoni, ComposiTz. ipeeisedh a, O52; Himalaya, 7-10,000 ft. Simla (Collett). Kashmir. Aster asperulus, CoMPOSITA. F. B. I. i. 252. Himalaya, east of the Ravi, 4-9,000 ft. Simla (Collett). very like the last species, but more slender, less hairy, heads smaller on slender stalks, Simple, see Herbs, Erect, Alternate, Exstipulate, Entire, see Herbs, Erect, Alternate, Exstipulate, Simple, Entire, see Herbs, Hrect, Alternate, Exstipulate, Simple, Entire. see Herbs, Erect, Alternate, Exstipulate, Simple, Entire. medium size to large, annual, hairy, branches bending at the joints ; leaves 2-4 by 1-23 in., broadly ovate, long- pointed, nearly sessile, base narrowed, half stem-clasping, coarsely sharply toothed; flowers, inner yellow, outer lilac or purple, in long-stalked solitary heads, 14-21 in. diam., bracts of heads green, linear-lanceolate, long-pointed, pappus hairs single, much shorter than the corollas and achenes, reddish, corollas, inner 5-toothed, outer 20-80, 3-3 in. long, entire or minutely toothed, anther-bases blunt, entire, style-arms flattened ; achenes }-} in., flat- tened, hairy. very like the last species, but the stem is nearly smooth, leaf stalks winged, pappus as along as the corollas. 834 Plants of the Punjab. Herss, Error, with ALTERNATE ExsTIPULATE SIMPLE LEAVES, Lear Maroins TootHEeD,. PETALS UNITED. FLOWERS, MINUTE, IN HEADS, INNER TUBULAR, OUTER LIGULATE. Brachyactis menthodora, CoMPOSIT. F. B. I. ni. 253: Sind Valley. Kashmir, 12,000 ft. (Clarke). Erigeron linifolius, Flea batie, CoMPOSIT&. EF. B. I. iti. 254. The Plains to 7,000 ft. Simla (Collett). Erigoron canadensis, Erigeron asteroides, CoMPOSIT#. F. B. I. in. 254. The Plains to 4,000 ft. medium size, root perennial, stem annual, glandular, velvety, odour of mint, stiff, branches short, erect ; leaves 1-2 in., oblong-lanceolate, ovate, sharply toothed, lower long-stalked, upper sessile, half stem-clasping, prolonged down the stem ; flowers, outer bluish, inner yellow, in heads 3-2 in. towards the top of the stem, or the ends of the branches, bracts of the heads green, few, in 2-8 series, linear, velvety, half as long as the flowers, 1-2, outer often much larger and leafy, floor of head not pitted, corollas, inner 5- toothed, outer minutely ligulate, pappus + in., reddish, anther-bases blunt, not divided, style-arms narrow, flat- tened, tips narrowly lanceolate ; achenes 51, 1n., quite flat, nearly smooth, margins thickened. medium size to large, annual, more or less hairy, much branched ; leaves 14-4 in., linear, often entire, sessile, crowded ; flowers minute, inner yellow, outer pale purple or white in heads }in. diam., on many slender stalks form- ing a leafy flat-topped branching raceme, bracts of heads in few series, floor of head naked, flat or slightly convex, pappus often double, the outer of a few hairs or bristles, corollas, inner tubular, 5-toothed, outer in several rows, liculate, ligules short or long, entire or minutely toothed, anther-bases blunt, entire, style-arms flattened, tips lance- olate, long or short ; achenes flattened, beaked. A garden escape. see Herbs, Erect, Alternate, Exstipulate, Simple, Entire. medium size, annual, velvety or hairy, with sticky slands, leaves 1-2 in., oblong or ovate with a broad tip, stalked, often lobulate, stem leaves 3-1 in., half stem-clasp- ing, flowers in heads }-} in. diam., stalked, solitary or nearly clustered, ligules very narrow, blue, rather longer than the reddish or dirty-white pappus, bracts of the heads very narrow with hair points, much shorter than the pappus ; achenes ;'; in., nearly smooth; for other characters see the last described species, Plants of the Punjab. | 335 Heres, Erect, with ALTERNATE ExsTIPULATE SIMPLE LEAVES, Lear Mareins TooruHep. PETALS UNITED, FLOWERS, MINUTE, IN HEADS, INNER TUBULAR, OUTER LIGULATE. Erigeron bellidioides, CoMPosITm. Hea Ske 2G. Himalaya, 5-10,000 ft. Kashmir, Erigeron multiradiatus, Conyza japonica, Conyza stricta, ComMPosiTm™. B.A. a, 2o8e Himalaya, 1-6,000 ft. Simla (Collett). Hazara. Kashmir. Inula racemosa, CoMPOSITA. HB. Li. 292. Himalaya, 5-10,000 ft. Kashmir. Spiti. Inula Royleana, CoMposITmA. Hy Be Ege 292: Himalaya, 7-11,000 ft. Kashmir. like the last species, but perennial, slender, sparingly branched, smooth, radical leaves lanceolate, stem leaves sessile but not half stem-clasping, heads 4 in. diam., long- stalked, few, ligules 8 times as long as the red pappus hairs ; achenes slightly silky, see Herbs, Erect, Alternate, Exstipulate, Simple, Entire. see Herbs, Simple. Unbranched, Alternate, Exstipulate, medium size, grey velvety or rough, leafy, much branch- ed; leaves 3-2 in., narrowly linear to ovate with a broad tip prolonged into a short stalk, often entire or rarely pin- nately lobed ; flowers in heads 4 in. diam., long-stalked, in flat-topped clusters, bracts of heads narrowly lanceolate, pappus ;; in., reddish, corollas yellow, outer minutely ligulate, inner 5-toothed, anther-bases blunt, entire, style- arms flattened ; achenes , in., flattened. medium size to large, rough, stem stout, grooved; leaves radical, 8-18 by 5-8 in., oblong-lanceolate, narrowed into a stalk as long as the blade, upper oblong, half stem-clasping, felted beneath, round-toothed ; flowers all yellow, in many large heads, 14-2 in. diam., in racemes, bracts of heads, inner linear, short-pointed, outer broad, sreen, with triangular turned-back points, outermost usually leafy, pappus hairs 41in., reddish, corollas, inner long, 5-tooth- ed, outer with lgules 4 in., slender, 3-toothed, anther-bages forked, tails simple or branched, style-arms linear, broader above, blunt ; achenes 4 in., smooth, slender. This plant igs closely allied to Inula Helenium Linn, Elecampane, once much used in Hurope. like the last species, but smaller, stem velvety or hairy and glandular, leaves 6-10 by 4-6 in., minutely toothed, radical ovate or oblong with a long winged stalk, stem leaves lobed, base forked, heads 8-4 in. diam., solitary, on a stout erect woolly stalk, inner bracts of head slender, long- pointed, pappus hairs paler, 886 Plants of the Punjab. Herss, Erect, with ALTERNATE EXSTIPULATE SIMPLE LEAVES. Lear Mareins ToorHEeD. PETALS UNITED. FLOWERS, MINUTE, IN HEADS, INNER TUBULAR, OUTER LIGULATE. Inula acuminata, Vicoa auriculata, Vicoa vestita, Composit ®. Bess ke a. 297. The Plains to 4,000 ft. Sutlej Valley (Collett). Dharampur. Kangra Valley. Lahore. Pulicaria vulgaris, ~ Puliearia dysenterica, Pulicaria angustifolia, Pulicaria crispa, Burhna, bw, gidi. ComposItT”#. EF. B. I. ii. 299, The Plains. Guizotia abyssinica, see Herbs, Erect, Unbranched, Alternate, Exstipulate, Simple. see Herbs, Erect, Alternate, Exstipulate, Simple, Entire. small to medium size, annual, softly hairy or woolly ; leaves 1-2 in., linear-oblong or oblong, base broadly bluntly forked, half stem-clasping ; flowers bright yellow, in heads 3-1 in. diam., long-stalked, bracts of heads rough with projecting processes, tips thread-like, recurved, corollas, inner 5-toothed, outer with long narrow-spreading 2-3- toothed ligules, pappus hairs few, anther-bases forked, tails slender, style-arms flattened, broader upwards ; achenes small, hardly ribbed, tip rounded. see Herbs, Erect, Alternate, Exstipulate, Simple, Entire. see Herbs, Erect, Alternate, Exstipulate, Simple, Entire. see Herbs, Erect, Alternate, Exstipulate, Simple, Entire. medium size, perennial, shrubby below, very leafy, branches and leaves beneath densely cottony ; leaves 3-14 in., linear-oblong, margins turned in and toothed, sessile, lower half stem-clasping ; flowers yellow, in heads }-}in., solitary, bracts of heads slender, bristle-lke, pappus in 2 rows, outer of short jagged teeth, inner of white bearded hairs, 8 times aslong as the achenes, corollas, inner tubular, 5-toothed, outer minute or noné, anther-bases forked, tails hair-like, style-arms linear, blunt ; achenes smoothish, see Herbs, Erect, Opposite, Exstipulate, Simple, Toothed. Plants of the Punjab. 337 Heres, ERECT, WITH ALTERNATE EXSTIPULATE SIMPLE LEAVES, Lear Margins TooTrHen. PETALS UNITED. FLOWERS, MINUTE, IN HEADS, INNER TUBULAR, OUTER LIGULATE. Doronicum Roylei, Darunaj-akrabi. ComMposiITz. BOB? ei. 882. Himalaya, 10,000 ft. Kashmir. Senecio amplexicaulis, CoMPOSITA. F. B. I. ii. 348. Himalaya, 9-13,000 ft. The Chor (Collett). Senecio Thomsoni, ComMposiITm. F. B. Tein. 348. Kashmir, 7-10,000 ft. Senecio Ligularia, CoMPOSITA. B. Be Tonk a49, Himalaya, 9-12,000 ft. Kashmir. ~ medium size to large, perennial, somewhat hairy or woolly ; leaves 4-5 in. long, broadly ovate, toothed with rounded notches, radical, long-stalked, upper half stem- clasping, leaf-stalks 4-6 in. ; flowers yellow, in long slender stalked heads 1-2 in. diam., with a top-shaped swelling on the stalk just below the head, floor or head naked, bracts of head in 2 series, green, 3-3 in. long, with fine long points, pappus of inner flowers short, reddish, pappus of outer flowers none, corollas, outer in one series, licules long, entire, or 2-3-toothed, inner tubular, 5-toothed, anther-bases entire or nearly forked, style-arms linear; achenes top- shaped and oblong, deeply grooved, all smooth or outer slightly hairy. This plant is used in Indian medicine ag an aromatic tonic. large, perennial, stem hollow, thick as the thumb below, nearly smooth ; leaves 12 in. diam. or less, circular-kidney- shaped, base forked or not, lower leaf stalks simple or partly winged, upper with a broad stem-sheathing wing ; flowers yellow, in many-flowered heads, 1-2 in. diam., nod ding in large flat-topped clusters, becoming racemose in fruit, branches of clusters velvety, bracts of heads 4-2 in., about 8, united below, smooth, oblong, short-pointed, floor of head flat, naked, pappus hairs many, reddish, corollas, inner 5-toothed, slender, outer 5-6, very long, anther-bases blunt, style-arms recurved ; achenes 1-5 in., 5-10 ribbed, smooth. like the last species, but more slender, smooth below, smooth or cottony above, leaves not more than 10 in. diam., leaf stalk of floral leaves slender, not winged, axils of clus- ters with long linear bracts, heads 5-6-flowered, bracteoles linear or thread-like, ligules 1-2, very long, achenes } in. long. very like Senecio amplexicaulis above, but the flower- heads form an unbranched drooping terminal raceme, bracteoles none, bracts at the base of the main stalks small, large and leafy, bracts of heads ununited, ligules 8-10, 3-3 in., achenes 4 in., narrow, longer than the reddish pappus. 338 Plants of the Punjab. Heres, Erect, WITH ALTERNATE EXSTIPULATE SIMPLE LEAVES, Lear Mareins TootrHen. PETALS UNITED. FLOWERS, MINUTE, IN HEADS, INNER TUBULAR, OUTER LIGULATE, Senecio Jacquemontianus, Poshkar. COMPOSITS. F. B. 1. an. 350. Himalaya, 10-13,000 ft. Kashmir (Falconer). Senecio alatus, Senecio Kunthianus, CoMposiTa#. F. B. I. i. 854. Himalaya, 10-14,000 ft. The Chor (Collett). Kashmir, Senecio rufinervis, COMPOSITR. Fla. Bop: Mimalaya, east of the Sutlej, 6-8,000 ft. Simla, Mahasu, in forest (Collett). Calendula officinalis, Calendula arvensis, Rhagadiolus Hedypnois, like the last species but larger, leaves broadly ovate, heart-shaped or nearly forked at the base, stalk of lower leaves stout winged, of upper leaves sheathing, bracteoles under the heads few, thread-like, stalks of clusters with oblong leafy bracts at the base, bracts of the heads oblong, short-pointed, bases almost united, ligules many, long and broad, achenes deeply grooved, pappus very short, un- equal, united at the base. see Herbs, Erect, Unbranched, Alternate, Exstipulate, Simple, Toothed. medium size, stem stout, leafy, often glandular red when dry, often unbranched, leaves 14-8 by 4-1 in., ovate- lanceolate, smooth above, white-felted beneath, coarsely toothed, shortly stalked, heads 4 in. long, many-flowered, bracteate, in broad terminal flat-topped clusters, bracts of heads 5-8, narrow, short-pointed, ligules 5-7, short, pappus hairs white, many, as long as the tubular flowers ; achenes + in., velvety ; for other characters see the last described species. large, shrub-like, branches, leaves beneath and clusters covered with flat-lying white cotteny wool, leaves 5-9 by 1-33 in., cblong-ovate, short-or long-pointed, sharply tooth- ed, stalked, base rounded, narrow or heart-shaped, nerves after flowering covered beneath with reddish-felt, heads 4in., 8-10-flowered, many, bracteolate in loose branched racemes forming flat-topped clusters, bracts of heads 5-8, oblong, short-pointed, very much shorter than the flowers, ligules 4-5, short, achenes ;1, in., smooth; for other characters see the last species. see Herbs, Erect, Alternate, Exstipulate, Simple, Entire. see Herbs, lrect, Alternate, Exstipulate, Simple, Entire. FLOWERS ALL LIGULATE. see Herbs, Breet, Alternate, Exstipulate, Lobed., Plants of the Punjab, 839 Heres, Erect, with ALTERNATE ExstipuLatEe Simpie LRavas. Lear Marains Tootuep. PETALS UNITED. FLOWERS, MINUTE, IN HEADS, ALL LIGULATE. Picris hieracioides, Hawkweed Picris, CoMPosiITzm. HB. ds 1: 898. Himalaya, 6-8000 ft. Murree. medium size to large, juice milky, branches clustered at the top, coarse, hairy, hairs straight or hooked ; leaves 2-5 in., narrowly lanceolate, radical toothed with rounded notches, stalked, stem leaves smaller, half stem-clasping, usually entire; flowers yellow. in many terminal long- stalked clustered heads 3-2 in. long on bracteate stalks, bracts of heads narrow, black, hairy, inner equal, in one series, outer many, short, spreading, floor of head flat, naked, pappus 4 in. long, plentiful, white, feathery, in one ' series with a few short hairs at the base, corollas long, Crepis feetida, Crepis sibirica, Crepis blattaroides, Crepis japonica, Crepis acaulis, Pterotheca Falconeri, Hieracium vulgatum, Hawkweed, Compositz. Be Beli: $99; Himalaya, 6-10,000 ft. Simla, Mahasu (Collett). Kashmir. Hieracium crocatum, spreading, 5-toothed, anther-bases forked, style-arms slender ; achenes } in., narrowed at both ends, ribbed, slight- ly curved, shortly beaked, transversely wrinkled. see Herbs, Erect, Alternate, Exstipulate, Lobed. see Herbs, Unbranched, Alternate, Eixstipulate, Simple. see Herbs, Unbranched, Alternate, Exstipulate, Simple. see Herbs, Erect, Alternate, Tixstipulate, Lobed. see Herbs, Unbranched, Alternate, Exstipulate, Simple. see Herbs, Unbranched, Alternate, Exstipulate, Simple. medium size to large, perennial, juice milky, hairy, hairs straight or star-shaped ; leaves 8-5 in., broadly lan- ceolate, smooth above, hairy below, coarsely toothed, radi- cal many, persistent, long-stalked, stem leaves, lower stalked, upper sessile ; flowers yellow, in many black glandular, hairy, stalked heads 3-3 in. long, bracts Of heads many, black, hairy, narrow, short-pointed, inner nearly equal, outer smaller, floor of head flat, bristly pappus plentiful, tawny, rough, rigid, bristly, liguleg long, spreading, 5-toothed, anther-bases not forked, style-arms slender ; achenes ;'5 in., black, ribbed, not beaked, see Herbs, Erect, Unbranch-d, Alternate, Exstipulate, Simple. Z2 340 Plants of the Punjab. Heras, ERECT, WITH ALTERNATE EXsTIPULATE SIMPLE LEAVES. Lear Marocins TooruHen. PETALS UNITED. FLOWERS, MINUTE, IN HEADS, ALL LIGULATE. Hieracium prenanthoides, CoMPOSIT®. FE. B. f. m1. 400. Northern Kashmir, 8-10,000 ft. Hieracium umbeilatum, CoMPOSIT&. . 1B. ian. 400. Himalaya, 5-10,000 ft. Matiana, in woods (Collett), Kashmir. Hieracium virosum, Lactuca rapunculoides, Lactuca Lessertiana, Lactuca sagittarioides, Lactuea polycephala, Prenanthes Brunoniana, Picridium tingitanum, Sonchus maritimus, medium size to large, perennial, hairy or smooth, stem leafy, branched, glandular above, leaves 1-3 in., rather thin, with scattered bristles, radical none, stem leaves oblong or ovate or linear-oblong, minutely toothed or entire, waxy bluish-green beneath, uppermost leaves heart-shaped, flowers in heads 1 in. diam., forming branched leafy racemes in flat-topped clusters, bracts of heads velvety ; achenes nearly 3 in., ribbed, red-brown ; for other characters see the last described species. like the last species, but stem leaves sessile, linear or linear-oblong, heads usually many in irregular umbels, stalks velvety, bracts of heads many, black, downy, outer with recurved tips. see Herbs, Unbranched, Alternate, Exstipulate, Simple. see Herbs, Erect, Alternate, Exstipulate, Lobed. see Herbs, Erect, Alternate, Exstipulate, Lobed. see Herbs, Erect, Alternate, Exstipulate, Lobed. see Herbs, Erect, Alternate, Exstipulate, Lobed. see Herbs, Erect, Alternate, Exstipulate, Lobed. see Herbs, Unbranched, Alternate, Exstipulate, Simple. see Herbs, Erect, Alternate, Exstipulate, Lobed, Plants of the Punjab. 341 Herss, Engot, WitrH ALTERNATE EXxsTIPULATE SIMPLE LEAVES. Cephalostigma hirsutum, CAMPANULACE®. HE Beleiis 428; Himalaya, 2-5,000 ft. Simla, common on banks (Collett). Kashmir. Wahlenbergia gracilis, CAMPANULACER. F. B. I. iii, 429. The Plains to 7,000 ft. Simla, Boileaugunge, in fields (Collett). Phyteuma Thomsoni, Campanula latifolia, Blue bell of Scotland, CAMPANULACE. ads... tie 439) Himalaya, 8-11,000 ft. Hattu (Collett). Kashmir, Campanula canescens, CAMPANULACEA. EF. B. lee 450: The Plains to 5,000 ft. . Madhopur. Lear Marains TootHEeD. PETALS UNITED. FLOWERS NOT IN HEADS. small, much branched, roughly hairy, stem stiff ; leaves 4-1 by 3-4 in., broadly lanceolate, round-toothed, margin wavy and crisped, nearly sessile; flowers 4 in., blue, in small, branching racemes, upper bracts very small, flower stalks 4-5 in., calyx sparsely hairy, 5-toothed, teeth +, in., linear-lanceolate, corolla deeply 5-lobed, lobes linear-lan- ceolate, spreading, stamens 5, stigma 38-lobed; capsule 10 in., round, 3-valved, seeds many, 3-angled. small to medium size, perenmal, smooth or hairy, sometimes nearly prostrate, branched or not ; leaves 4-24 by ;4-4 in., sometimes opposite, linear to narrowly oblong, more or less toothed ; flowers é-3 in., pale blue, long-stalked, solitary, or in branching racemes, upper bracts small, linear, calyx above the ovary, 5-toothed, smooth, teeth j4,-3 in., linear, base triangular, corolla bell-shaped, divided into 5 broad oblong lobes, stamens 5, stigma 3-lobed ; capsule + in., tapering into the stalk, seeds many, small, oblong, with rounded ends, flattened, smooth. see Herbs, Unbranched, Alternate, Exstipulate, Simple. medium size to large, smooth, stout, furrowed ; leaves 24-5 by 2-3 in., broadly lanceolate or ovate, upper nearly sessile, roughly velvety beneath; flowers 1-1} in., dark purple, in racemes, lower ones long-stalked, calyx ovoid or slobose, calyx teeth 5, 3-2 in., lanceolate, corolla bell- shaped, lobes 5, short-pointed, stamens 5, dilated at the bases, stigma 3-5-lobed ; capsule $ by 4 in., smooth, seed +, in., many. small to medium size, annual, hairy, slender, leaves 1 by 4-4 in., oblong or lanceolate, round-toothed, flowers many, clustered in branching racemes, often dimorphic, 7.e., one flower complete, another without corolla or stamens, calyx teeth 4 in., in the perfect flowers, ;4 in. in imperfect ones, linear-lanceolate, corolla } by 4in., widely bell-shaped, shortly lobed, greyish-purple, capsule 4-4 in. diam., in imperfect flowers 1; 1n., producing perfect seeds, seeds very minute, oblong with rounded ends, hardly flattened ; for- other characters see the last species, 9342 Plants of the Punjab. ————_-- KR aS Heres, ERECT, WITH ALTERNATE WxstIpULATE SIMPLE LEAVES. Campanula colorata, CAMPANULACES. F. B..I. ui. 440. The Plains to 10,000 ft. Simla (Collett). Kashmir, Campanula eashmiriana, CAMPANULACE®. F. Bol. iii. 441. Kashmir, 6-11,000 ft. Baluchistan (Lace). Heliotropium zeylanicum, Heliotropium dasycarpum, Heliotropium undulatum, Pypat-butt, quti-misak. BoRAGINAOBA, eB tory. 150. The Plains to 1,000 ft. Kalabagh on the Indus. Baluchistan (Stocks). Heliotropium indicum, Hatta-jurr. BoRAGINACHS. F. B. I. iv. 162. The Plains in moist places. Sargodha. Lear Marains Tooruep. PETALS UNITED. FLOWERS NOT IN HEADS. small to medium size, stem cylindrical, hairy, much ~ branched or zigzag, leaves 1 by 4-3 in., lanceolate, often narrowed into the blade, toothed, with slightly rounded Ronee, softly sparsely hairy on both surfaces, flowers 4 by & in., purple or greyish-purple, in clusters or branching racemes ; for other characters see the last species. small to large, stem softly hairy, leaves oblong, closely softly hairy on both surfaces, corolla $-1 by 1-2 in., broadly bell-shaped, bright blue ; for other characters see the last species. see Herbs, Erect, Alternate, Exstipulate, Simple, Entire. see Herbs, Erect, Alternate, Exstipulate, Simple, Kntire. small to medium size, harsh, rough; leaves 4-14 ins lanceolate, bristly, margins crisped with minute round teeth, barely stalked, often wrinkled ; flowers } in., white, sessile, bractless on rigid spikes, calyx ¢; in., lobes 5, narrow, ob- long, rough, stiff, persistent, corolla-tube 4 in., tubular, rough without, lobes 5, spreading, very small, ovate, throat hairless, stamens 5, on the corolla, not protruding, style short, stigma conical ; nutlets 4, ;4 in., forming a 4-pointed mitre with a hole at the apex. This plant and the next are used in Indian medicine to cure scorpion stings, snake bites, and the bites of rabid animals. small to medium size, annual, hairy, leaves 1-4 in, ovate, Just toothed, stalked, more or less woolly, sometimes nearly opposite, spikes 1-8 in., mostly leaf-opposite, calyx lobes linear, corolla lobes round-toothed, fruit separating into two 2-seeded 2-pointed nutlets ; for other characters see the last species. Plants of the Punjab. 343 Herss, linecr, wirh ALTERNATE EXXSTIPULATE SIMPLE LEAVES. Cynoglossum micranthum, Nila-krav. BoRAGINACEA). Bebe, rv. 156. The Plains to 8,000 ft. Simla (Collett) Kashmir. Cynoglossum lanceolatum, BoRAGINACEA. FE. Bei. iv. 156, The Plains. Cynoglossum denticulatum, BoRAGINACEA. B. Be daie eT: The Plains to 9,000 ft. Cynogiossum Wallichii, BorAGINAOEA. B. Bu lis. 157, Himalaya, 4-10,000 ft. Simla, Mahasu (Collett). Baluchistan (Duke). Solanum nigrum, -Nicandra physaloides, Datura Stramonium, Lear Marains Tooruen. PETALS UNITED. medium size to large, hairy, hairs long, white, with bulbous bases ; leaves 14-34 by }-4 in., narrowly lanceolate, pointed at both ends, very rough above, minutely round- toothed ; flowers ;45 in. diam., white scales in the throat, blue-black, in widely-forked racemes, upper flowers sessile, lower shortly stalked, calyx 5-lobed, lobes minute, blunt, corolla lobes 5, blunt, stamens 5, beneath the corolla throat scales, style short ; nutlets 4, 4, in., ovoid, forming a de- pressed pyramid, with hooked bristles on all sides. very like the last species, but leaves broadly lanceolate, stronely nerved beneath, racemes long with all the flowers stalked, nutlets $ in. like the last species, but leaves ovate or oblong-lance- olate, more or less toothed, calyx lobes ovate, nutlets bordered with a line of broad-based, united hooked bristles, faces nearly naked. very like the last species, but sometimes prostrate, leaves lanceolate to ovate, calyx lobes oblong. see Herbs, Hrect, Alternate, Exstipulate, Lobed. ee Herbs, Erect, Alternate, Exstipulate, Lobed, seo Herbs, Hrect, Alternate, Exstipulate, Lobed. 344 Plants of the Punjab. Heres, Ereot, wirh AurerNate ExsripuLare Simphe Luaves. Datura fastuosa, Hyoscyamus niger, Hyoscyamus, muticus, Verbascum Thapsus, Mazus rugosus, Veronica deltigera, Veronica Anagallis, Veronica biloba, Veronica laxa, Veronica cana, Veronica javanica, Veronica arvensis, Veronica serpyllifolia, Chirita bifolia, Chirita pumila, Lear Margins ToorHep. PHTALS UNITED. see Herbs, Erect, Alternate, Exstipulate, Lobed. see Herbs, Hrect, Alternate, Exstipulate, Simple, Entire. see Herbs, Hrect, Alternate, Exstipulate, Simple, Entire. see Herbs, Unbranched, Alternate, Eixstipulate, Simple. see Herbs, Unbranched, Opposite, Exstipulate, Simple. STaMENs ‘'l'wo. see Herbs, Unbranched, Alternate, Exstipulate, Simple. see Herbs, Unbranched, Alternate, Eixstipulate, Simple. see Herbs, Erect, Opposite, Exstipulate, Simple, Toothed. see Herbs, Erect, Opposite, Exstipulate, Sim ple. see Herbs, Erect, Opposite, Exstipulate, Simple. see Herbs, Erect, Opposite, Exstipulate, Simple. see Herbs, Toothed. see Herbs, Toothed. see Herbs, Toothed, see Herbs, Toothed. Erect, Erect, Erect, Erect, Opposite, Opposite, Opposite, Opposite, lixstipulate, Eixstipulate, Eixstipulate, Eixstipulate, Simple, Simple, Simple, Simple, Plants of the Punjab. 845 Heres, Erect, with ALTERNATE ExstIpULATE SIMPLE LEAVES. Serophularia calycina, Serophularia Scopolii, Scrophularia polyantha, Buchnera hispida, Centranthera hispida, Leptorhabdos linifolia, Lindenbergia macrostachya, Lindenbergia polyantha, Lindenbergia urticeefolia, Pedicularis carnosa, Lousewort, SOROPHULARIACE®. BeBe Wsivisls. Himalaya, 5-9,000 ft. Simla, Mashobra (Collett). Lear Marains ToorHep. PETALS UNITED. STAMENS FOUR. see Herbs, Erect, Opposite, Exstipulate, Simple, Toothed. see Herbs, Erect, Opposite, Exstipulate, Simple, Toothed. see Herbs, Erect, Opposite, Exstipulate, Simple, Toothed. see Herbs, Hrect, Opposite, Exstipulate, Simple, Toothed. see Herbs, Hrect, Opposite, Exstipulate, Simple, Toothed. very like Leptorhabdos Benthamiana, except that the leaves are linear and calyx lobes _linear-lanceolate : see under Herbs, Erect, Alternate, Exstipulate, Lobed. see Herbs, Hrect, Opposite, Hxstipulate, Simple, Toothed. see Herbs, Erect, Opposite, Exstipulate, Simple, Toothed. a see Herbs, Erect, Opposite, Exstipulate, Simple, Toothed. small to medium size, annual, roughly velvety, branches ascending ; leaves 1-3 by 4-% in., ovate or oblong, teeth rounded, blade prolonged into the leaf stalk, tip blunt ; flowers 1 in. long, pink purple, in racemes or spikes 1-6 in. long, bracts often longer than the flowers, leafy, calyx 5-lobed, lobes crested, corolla 2-lipped, tube twice as long as the calyx, upper lp arched, curved from the swollen middle, beak straight, blunt-pointed, lower lip 2 in. broad, 3-lobed, stamens 4,1n unequal pairs, under the upper lip, style slender, stigma nearly round ; capsule broadly ain short- pointed, slightly protruding from the calyx, woe in., many, circular, flattened, black-dotted. 846 Plants of the Punjab. Herss, Erecr, with ALTERNATE HxsTipULATE SIMPLE LEAVES. Platystemma violoides, Lobelia trialata, CAMPANULACES. Hab: Tay. 425. The Plains to 5,000 ft. Naldera (Collett). Caltha palustris, Acroglochin chenopodioides, Chenopodium album, Whiie Goose-foot, Bathu, lunak. CHENOPODIACH ©. Byibesl.i vs 8. The Plains to 12,000 ft. Simla (Collett), Kashmir. Baluchistan (Lace), Chenopodium Botrys, Lear Mareins ToorHeEn. PETALS UNITED. COROLLA TWO-LIPPED. STAMENS FOUR. see Herbs, Unbranched, Alternate, Exstipulate, Simple Toothed. STAMENS FIVE. small to medium size, annual, smooth, stem 3-angled, winged ; leaves }-1 in., ovate or lanceolate, sharply toothed, or round toothed towards the tip, base wedge-shaped, entire, almost sessile; flowers }-+ in., pale blue or white on 1-flowered, slender axillary stalks, calyx 5-toothed, teeth linear, short-pointed, corolla 2-lipped, upper lip 2-fid, lower 3-lobed, stamens 5, anthers united, tipped with bristles, stigma 2-lobed; capsule 4-4 in., 2-valved, seeds flattened, blunt. PETALS NONE. see Herbs, Erect, Alternate, Exstipulate, Lobed. see Herbs, Erect, Alternate, Exstipulate, Lobed. medium size to large, pale green or mealy-white, stem angled, often striped green, red, or purple ; leaves 1-2 in., when cultivated often 4-6 in., stalked, lower ovate or oblong, margins more or less grooved, toothed, or entire, angled or lobulate, upper usually narrow, entire ; flowers minute, green, sessile, clustered in short axillary simple or branching clusters often forming large terminal branching racemes. sepals 3-5, keeled, petals none, stamens 1-5, styles 2-8, seed vessels (utricles) membranous, contained in the per- sistent sepals, seeds smooth. This plant is grown as a rain crop, the seed is as nutritious as buck wheat, the leaves are eaten as a pot herb, see Herbs, Mreet, Alternate, Exstipulate, Lobed, } Plants of the Punjab. 847 Heres, Ergot, with ALTERNATE ExstTIPULATE SIMPLE LEAVES. Chenopodium opulifolium, Chenopodium Blitum, Sundar, kwpald. CHENOPODIACE. Be Ble vad. Kashmir, 8,500 ft. Baluchistan (Lace). Euphorbia pilosa, Euphorbia micractina, HUPHORBIACEA. Bebe dive 2b. Kashmir on Pir Panjal (Jacquemont), Euphorbia helioscopia, Sun spurge, Gunda-bute, chatriwal, HKUPHORBIACEA, FE. Biv: 262. The Plains to 8,000 ft. Simla (Collett), Gurgaon. Baluchistan (Stocks). Euphorbia falcata, e Lear Mareins TootHep. PETALS NONE. see Herbs, Erect, Alternate, Exstipulate, Lobed. medium size, smooth, stem rather stout, white ; leaves 1-3 in., bright green, triangular, base forked or heart-shap- ed, long-pointed, deeply unequally toothed, stalk slender, longer or shorter than the blade ; flowers }-4 in. diam., in sessile axillary clusters and in terminal leafy spikes, sepals 1-3, succulent, berry-hke in fruit, not enclosing the seed vessel, stamen 1, seed smooth, margin blunt, opaque. see Herbs, Hrect, Alternate, Exstipulate, Simple, Hntire. small, perennial, slightly hairy, stems short ; leaves minute below, $ in. higher up the stem, oblong with rounded ends, distant rounded teeth, floral leaves equal to the rays, clustered at the end of stem or branches ; flowers in com- pound umbels, rays (flower stalks) 4-3 in., male and female organs in one cup-shaped 4-5-lobed calyx, lobes ovate with few scattered hairs, almost concealed by 5 horizontal kidney- shaped glands placed in their angles,glands smooth, rounded, fleshy, margins woolly, stamens many, anthers globular, surrounding a stalked orbicular depressed, warted, 3-lobed capsule, hanging down on one side, styles 8, united at the base, dividing into 2 seeds 74, in. diam., ovoid. small to medium size, annual, smooth, much branched above, leaves 3-2 in., stem leaves ovate, with a broad tip or oblong, narrowed into the stalk, leaves round the flowers 2-4, small, flowersin umbels agin the last species, rays 5, calyx ;'5 in. diam., top-shaped, smooth, 4-lobed, glands yellow, rounded, entire, styles ununited, capsule § in, diam., smooth, seeds minutely net-veined ; for other charac- ters see the last species. The juice is used in skim diseases, and the seed as a vermifuge. see Herbs, Hrect, Alternate, Exstipulate, Simple, Fintire. 348 Plants of the Punjab. Heras, Erecr, with ALTERNATE ExstipuLATE SimMpLE LEAVEs. Lear Mareins Loornep. PETALS NONE. Chrozophora see Prostrate Herbs, Alternate, Exstipulate, Simple. tinetoria, : Chrozophora obliqua, see Prostrate Herbs, Alternate, Exstipulate, Simple. Chrozophora plicata, see Prostrate Herbs, Alternate, Exstipulate, Simple. Acalyph small, annual, weak, straggling, more or less velvety, prachystachya, nettle-like ; leaves 1-3 in., ovate, pointed, round-toothed, EUPHORBIACE. base heart-shaped ; flowers minute, green, in small sessile EF. B. I. v. 416. clusters in short axillary spikes } in. long, both sexes on the Himalaya, same spike, male flowers few, at the end of spikes, sepals 4, 4-8,000 ft. stamens 8, female fiowers 1-3, sessile, in the axils of bracts, Simla (Collett). cut into 3 linear, entire, one-nerved, blunt spreading lobes, Acalypha ciliata, Kuppi, kokal. HUPHORBIACE. F. B. I. v. 417. The Plains to 6,000 ft. Valleys below Simla (Collett). Subathu. sepals 3-4, styles free, thread-like, long, divided into comb- like processes ; capsules roughly hairy within the bracts, 3-celled, 3-seeded, seeds nearly round, nearly smooth. like the last species but larger, leaves 2-3 in., sharply toothed, long-pointed, spikes # in., bracts of female flowers pale coloured, usually 6-10, circular, with a long marginal fringe, capsule smooth. ‘This plant acts as a laxative and vermifuge. Herss, Erect, wirh AurprNaAte Exstiputate LoBup LEAVES. Adonis eestivalis, RANUNCULACER. Fart. ao. The Plains from 1-6,000 ft. Rawalpindi, Peshawar, Kashmir, Hazara, Kotgarh (Collett). Baluchistan (Stocks). PETALS UNUNITED. medium size, annual, nearly smooth, leafy, branched or not ; leaves much lobed and divided into thread-like seg- ments, sessile; flowers 4 in. diam., yellow or scarlet with a purple centre, solitary at the end of stem or branches, sepals 5, ovate, green or slightly coloured, soon falling off, petals 5-8, longer than the sepals, spreading, stamens many, fruit ovoid or oblong, of many, small, wrinkled, pitted carpels, tipped with the persistent styles, closely allied to the Pheasant’s eye, Adonis autumnalis of Britain. Plants of the Punjab. 349 ai Heres, Erect, with ALTERNATE Exstrpunate Lospep Lravas. Adonis chrysocyathus, RANUNCULACESR. BS Bieae 25; Himalaya, in Chamba and Kashmir. Adonis serobiculata, RANUNCULACER. fo Be Es Th: Kishtwar (Stewart). Ranunculus, hirtellus, RANUNCULACER. By Bil 18: Himalaya, 6-10,000 ft. Mahasu, Narkanda (Collett), Ranunculus sceleratus, Celery-leaved Buttercup or Crow-foot, RANUNCULACER. BBt i wis The Plains to 5,000 ft. River bed below Paniah, Simla, Sutlej Valley (Collett). Peshawar, PETALS UNUNITED. small, perennial, rootstocks horizontal, scaly, stems several, leafy ; radical leaves 3-6 in., much lobed and divid- ed, segments narrowly linear ; flowers 2 in. diam., yellow, sepals 7-8, ovate with a broad tip, many-nerved, petals 16-24, twice the sepals in length, narrowly ovate with a broad tip, blunt, not spreading at first, stamens many ; fruit of many carpels in a dense head, 2 in. diam., carpels smooth, flattened in front, convex and keeled behind, not angular, swollen, style tapering, bent back. very like Adonis estivalis, but the achenes are more sharply angled with a flattened collar at the base. small to medium size, perennial, slightly hairy, branch- ed, many-flowered ; radical leaves 1}-2 in. diam., deeply 83-lobed, heart-shaped, long-stalked, segments coarsely toothed, often lobed, stem leaves digitately 8-5-fid, seg- ments narrow, entire or toothed near the tip ; flowers 4 in. diam., yellow, in branching racemes, sepals 5, green, soon falling off, petals 5, with a glandular spot at the base, stamens many, fruit oblong, of many carpels, carpels sometimes flattened, crowned by the style, which is some- times hooked. Closely allied to Goldilocks, Ranunculus auricomus of Britain. small to large, annual, smooth, yellowish-green, stem stout, hollow, leaves radical, 4-1? in. diam., stalked, deeply divided into 8 wedge-shaped segments, segments lobed, bluntly toothed near the top, stem leaves sessile, flowers 3-1 in diam,, pale yellow, many, sepals equal in length to the petals, reflexed, achenes many, small, blunt, or pointed, smooth, in oblong to eylindrical heads ; for other characterg see the last species, ‘This plant is acrid and is sometimes used to raise blisters, It is found on wet ground. 850 Plants of the Punjab. Heres, ErReot, with ALTERNATE ExstreuLATE LoBED LEAVES. Ranunculus letus, Buttercup, RANUNCULACE. H...B. od. 1.09; Himalaya, 4-8,000 ft. Sutlej Valley. Ranunculus muricatus, Ranunculus arvensis, Corn Buttercup, Chambal. RANUNCULACES. Boa. 20: Himalaya, 4-7,000 ft. Simla, in cornfields (Collett). Kashmir, Pathankot, Baluchistan (Stocks). Delphinium uncinatum, RANUNCULACES. F. B. 1.1. 24. Himalaya, west of the Jhelum, 9-7,000 ft. Salt Range. PETALS UNUNITED. medium size, perennial, covered with flat-lying hairs, rootstock woody, leaves radical 2-4 in. diam., long- stalked, deeply 38-lobed, segments deeply cut, sharply toothed, stem leaves smaller, shortly stalked, flowers 1 in. diam., bright yellow, long-stalked, sepals hairy, achenes in round heads, smooth, flattened, not dotted, margins thickened ; for other characters see the last species. This plant is closely allied to Ranunculus acris of Britain. see Herbs, Unbranched, Alternate, Exstipulate, Lobed. small to medium size, annual, pale green, slightly hairy only on the upper parts, leaves radical, 1-8 in. diam., long-stalked, soon withering, wedge-shaped or ovate with a broad tip, 2-3-toothed or lobed, stem leaves shortly stalked, deeply divided into 2 or 3 narrow lobes, lobes entire or the tip lobed or toothed, flowers 4 in. diam., pale yellow, sepals pressed against, and half the length of the petals, achenes 5-10, in round heads, flattened, usually covered with hooked spines, styles straight or hooked ; for other characters see the last species. medium size, annual, or perennial, almost smooth, few- leaved, branched, or not ; leaves radical 2in., deeply divided into 5 parts, segments deeply divided, stem leaves smaller ; flowers } in. long, white or bluish-purple in long many- flowered densely glandular-hairy or smooth racemes, sepals 5, petal-like, free, the upper one prolonged behind in a hooked blunt swollen spur, others flat, petals 4, 2 upper each prolonged as a spur within the spurred sepals, blade small, 2 lateral petals flat, stalked, blades smaller than the sepals, stamens many, flattened at the base, tapering upwards ; follicles 8, many -seeded, tipped with the persistent styles, seeds wrinkled or folded. Allied to the Larkspur, Delphinium Ajacis of Britain, Plants of the Punjab. 351 Heres, ERECT, WitH ALTERNATE ExstrpuLaTE Lopep LEAVEs. Delphinium inecanum, RANUNCULACES. He Be La; 25; Himalaya, 6-8,000 ft. Kashmir. Delphinium saniculzfolium, RANUNCULACER. We 4 eit. 25. The dry hills west of the Jhelum (Fleming). Deiphinium denudatum, Munila, judwar. RANUNCULACER. Hee Beebo, 2o- Himalaya, 5-10,000 ft. Sunla (Collett). Kashmir. Delphinium elatum, RANUNCULACES. jh Bag Ee RO a Himalaya, 10-12,000 ft. Kashmir. Delphinium vestiium, Juhi. RANUNCULACER. Ph, B36, Himalaya, 8-12,000 ft. Fagu, Narkanda (Collett). Sangri. PETALS UNUNITED. like the last species, but the leaves are cut into three, the segments are much divided, the flowers are 13 in. long, bright blue, the spur almost straight, cylindric, anterior petals 2-fid, medium size, branches spreading, stiff, grey velvety or smoothish, leaves 14-8 in. diam., radical leaves nearly cut to the base, lateral segments deeply 2-lobed, lobes all wedge-shaped and divided, flowers 4 in. long, pale blue, in many-flowered long racemes, spur rather longer than the flowers, awl-shaped, anterior 8-fid, white, back hairy, follicles 8, smooth or velvety ; for other characters see the last species. medium size, smooth or slightly downy, leaves radical, 2-6 in. diam., circular, long-stalked, divided nearly to the base, segments 5-9, narrow, pinnately lobed, often toothed, stem leaves few, lower nearly sessile, upper sessile, 3-lobed, lobes narrow, mostly entire, flowers 1-14 in. long, few, scattered in much branched racemes, bracts linear, brac- teoles 2, sepals spreading, from deep blue to yellowish-grey, spur cylindric, nearly straight, petals blue, lateral 2-lobed, hairy ; for other characters see the last species. medium size to large, stem smooth or hairy, leaves 4-6 in. diam., rounded or kidney-shaped, 5-7-lobed or divided, segments oblong-wedge-shaped, 3-lobed or various- ly cut, flowers pale blue or purplish, hairy outside, in long much branched racemes, lower bracts leafy, 3-lobed, brac- teoles linear, sepals oblong, blunt; spur awl-shaped, equal to the sepals ; for other characters see the last species. medium size to large, unbranched below, very hairy, leaves radical 6-12 in. diam., stalk 6-12 in., 5-7-lobed, lobes rounded, deeply cut or toothed, stem leaves 2-3, similar but smaller, flowers 1-13 in. long, in crowded branched or unbranched racemes, often 12 in. long, bracts linear or lanceolate, lower sometimes 8-lobed, bracteoles 2, sepals dark blue, erect, tips converging, broad, rounded, equal to or longer than the eonical incurved spur, petals dark blue, lateral ovate, entire; for other characters see the last species. 852 Plants of the Punjab. Herss, Erect, with ALTERNATE ExstiepuLATE Losep LEAVES. Delphintum ‘eashmirianum, Amlin. RANUNCULACES. BB 1.4. 26. Himalaya, 11-16,000 ft. Kashmir. Aconitum Lycoctonum, RANUNCULACES. Bb. ti. 20. Himalaya, 7-11,000 ft. Baghi Forest (Collett). Kashmir. The Chor. Aconitum Napellus, Aconitum heterophylium, Atis, sukhihar. RANUNCULACES. i, he be ov Himalaya, 8-12,000 ft. Fagu, Narkanda (Collett). Mahasu, Kashmir, Hazara. PETALS UNUNITED. like the last species, but more softly hairy, smaller, flowers in a flat-topped cluster, formed of few-flowered racemes, spur straight, conical, sepals 1 in. long, follicles 3-7, large, perennial, smooth or velvety, stem hollow, much branched ; leaves 6-10 in. diam., deeply divided, circular, segments 5-9, lobed and sharply toothed, lower long-stalked, upper nearly sessile ; flowers 1 in. long, pale yellow, or dull purple in long, branched, terminal racemes, felted, bracts minute, sepals 5, petal-like, ununited, upper one helmet-shaped, with a short beak and a long dorsal cylindrical or conical prominence, the others flat, the 2 lateral broader than the 2 lower and much shorter than the helmet, petals 2 or 4, concealed within the sepals, 2 upper in the helmet, long-stalked with a short concave spurred blade, 2 lower very small or absent, stamens many, flat, wide at the base, tapering upwards, styles short, straight ; follicles 8, spreading, seeds many, coat folded, see Herbs, Unbranched, Alternate, Exstipulate, Lobed. medium size, branched or not, leaves 2-4 in. diam., ovate or circular-heart-shaped, more or less 5-lobed or toothed, teeth blunt or short-pointed, stalked, upper leaves stem-clasping, sharply toothed, sessile, flowers 1 in. long, dull green-blue with purple veins, in many-flowered branch- ed racemes, bracts sharply toothed, helmet-pointed in front, top rounded, lateral sepals as long as the helmet, follicles 5, downy, seed coat smooth ; for other characters see the last species. The root of this plant supplies a valuable febrifuge, atts, Plants of the Punjab. 858 Hers, Erect, wire ALTERNATE ExstiputaTe Losyp Luaves. Papaver hybridum, Poppy, PAPAVERACES. hBetdt §lTa The Plains west of the Jhelum, Peshawar, Rawalpindi. Papaver Rheas, Field poppy, Lala, lal post. PAPAVERACES. Hebel tel tT Himalaya, 5-7,000 ft. Kashmir. Rawalpindi. Papaver dubium, Longheaded Poppy, PAPAVERACER. Bes ist. CLT. Himalaya, ° ‘4-7,000 ft. Simla, in fields. (Collett). Papaver somniferum, Opium poppy, Post, afim. Pap AVERACEA. Bb ae The Plains to 7,000 ft. Cultivated. PETALS UNUNITED. small, annual, little branched, juice milky ;. leaves cut pinnately into segments, which are again cut, somewhat hairy, radical stalked, stem leaves sessile ; flowers 1-2 in. diam., scarlet with a black spot on long stalks, nodding in bud, sepals 2, ovate, hairy, blunt, concave, falling off as the flower opens, petals 4 in unequal pairs, crumpled in bud, soon falling off, stamens very many, thickened upwards, style none, 4 stigmatic rays on the capsule ; capsule } in. long, smooth, narrowly oblong, opening by pores close under the rim of the stigmatic disk, seeds many, kidney-shaped, small, surface minutely netted. very like the last species, but a little larger, flowers much larger, scarlet, capsule smooth, stalked, stigmatic rays 8-12. very like the last species, but often smooth, leaf seg: ments usually narrower, stigmatic rays 6-12, capsule ovoid, sessile. medium size to large, annual, smooth, often unbranch- ed, leaves oblong, stem-clasping, lobed and toothed, flowers large, whitish purple or scarlet, sepals smooth, stigmatic rays 5-12, capsule 1 in. diam., round, stalked, seeds white or black ; for other characters see the last species. Opium is the hardened juice which exudes from incisions made on the surface of the half ripened capsules. Oil is expressed from the seeds. AA 354 Plants of the Punjab. Herss, EReot, with ALTERNATE ExstrpuLATE Lopep LEAVES. PETALS UNUNITED. Argemone Mexicana, medium size to large, annual, juice yellow, smooth Mexican or Prickly with bluish-green waxy gloss, prickly ; leaves 3-7 in., ob- Poppy, long, cut into pinnate, spinous toothed segments, thistle- Sialkanta, like, half stem-clasping, variegated green and white ; bher-band. flowers 1-2 in. diam., bright yellow, terminal on short leafy PAPAVERACER. branches, sepals 8, prickly, ovate, produced below the tip Bag. Al: into a short horn, petals 6, stamens very many, style The Plains to very short, stigma 4-6-lobed; capsule 1-14 in., oblong- 5,000 ft. ovoid, prickly, opening by 4-6 valves, seeds many, round, Badrighat below surface netted. Oil is expressed from the seeds for illumi- Jutogh (Collett). nating purposes, it is used as an aperient in half drachm doses, the juice is used in dropsy, jaundice and skin diseases. Meconopsis aculeata, medium size, annual, prickly ; leaves 4-8 in., oblong Gudi, kunda. or lanceolate, long-pointed, divided pinnately into seg- PAPAVERACER. ments, long-stalked, stem leaves sessile; flowers 2-3 in. Pb. 118. diam., bright blue-purple in simple or branched racemes, Himalaya, stalks slender, prickly in fruit, sepals 2-8, petals 4-5, stamens 11-15,000 ft. many, style half as long as the capsule, stigmatic lobes The Cher radiating on its clubbed extremity ; capsuleffi-2 in., (Collett). oblong, short, densely prickly, seeds many, small, wrinkled. Kashmir. In Kashmir the root is supposed to have narcotic pro- Marali. perties. Corydalis Govaniana, see Herbs, Unbranched, Alternate, Exstipulate, Lobed. Corydalis see Herbs, Unbranched, Alternate, Exstipulate, Lobed Moorcroftiana, Corydalis see Herbs, Unbranched, Alternate, Exstipulate, Lobed, Gortschakovii, Corydalis cornuta, small to medium size, root spindle-shaped, perennial, FUMARIACER. stems often prostrate, succulent, branched ; leaves long- HD. 4. 20. stalked, much divided, leaflets deeply lobed, segments Himalaya, small, ovate ; flowers 4-2 in., yellow, tips purple, in terminal 8-10,000 ft. many-flowered dense long racemes, bracts small lobed Simla (Collett). or entire, sepals 2, small, scale-like, petals 4, erect, tips converging, the two outer larger than the two inner, united at the base, the upper one broad, concave, produced into a hollow spur, curved blunt at the tip, lower one flat, narrow, inner petals narrow, stalked, keeled, stamens 6 in 2 sets of three, lower set with spurs projecting into the petal spur, style thread-like, stigma 2-lobed; capsule 4 in., ovate, e-valved, seeds several, opaque. Planis of the Punjab. 855 Heres, Erect, with ALTERNATE Exstiputaiz Lospep LBAvEs, Fumaria parviflora, Fumitory, Pitpapra, shahtara. FUMARIACES. BY BYE i 198: The Plains to 6,000 ft. Simla (Collett). Rawalpindi, Lahore, Gurgaon, Baluchistan (Stocks). Barbarea vulgaris, Yellow rocket or Winter cress, CRUCIFERE. ober tubo. Himalaya, 6-10,000 ft. Simla (Collett). Arabis glabra, Arabis tibetica, CRUCIFER®. if B. 1.1386, Kashmir, . 9-16,000 ft. Cochlearia flava, CRUCIFER. FP. :B: FE. v, 14% The Plains. PETALS UNUNITED. small, annual, slender, pale green, much branched; ” leaves 2-3 in., much divided into lobes, again divided into 5 segments; flowers }-4 in., whitish or pink with purple tips in terminal or leaf-opposed racemes, bracts lanceolate, sepals 2, small petals 4, 2 outer dissimilar, upper broad, concave, produced into a short rounded spur, lower flat, narrow, 2 inner narrow, stalked, keeled, stamens and style as in the last species ; fruit very small, round, wrinkled when dry, rounded at the top with 2 pits, seed one, This plant is used as a febrifuge and a diaphoretic. small to medium size, perennial, smooth, stems angled, stiff, leafy, branches few, short ; leaves 2-4 in., pinnately _ lobed, lower lobes few, small, narrow, terminal lobe large, ovate, sometimes all narrow or the leaves oblong, deeply toothed, lower leaves stalked, upper sessile, stem-clasping ; flowers small, yellow, in racemes, sepals 4, erect, equal, alike, petals 4, stalked, equal, spreading, placed crogs- wise, stamens 6, 2 short, 4 long, green fleshy glands near the base of the stamens, style short, stigma round ; capsule #-1} in., linear, 4-angled, erect or nearly spreading, seeds small, in one series, ovoid without a margin. see Herbs, Unbranched, Alternate, Exstipulate, Simple. small, perennial, with star-shaped hairs, stems many, branched, leafy ; leaves radical stalked, ovate with a broad tip or oblong, the blade prolonged down the stalk, more or less hairy, lobed or toothed upper stem leaves sessile, lanceolate, coarsely toothed or entire ; flowers small, white_ or pinkish, in racemes, sepals 4, short, erect, lateral pouched, stellately hairy, petals 4, twice as long as the sepals, stalk short, stamens and style as in the last species ; capsule 14 in. long, narrow, linear, curved, smooth, seeds small, in one series, not margined. small, annual, smooth, branched, root long, spindle- shaped, leaves 4-5 in., lanceolate, pinnately divided, lower stalked, upper smaller, shortly stalked, base forked, flowers small, yellow, sepals spreading, equal at the base, petals entire, shortly stalked, capsules round, smooth, styles short, thick, seeds many, wrinkled, in 2 series; for other characters see the last species. This plant ig found in damp places. e AA 856 Plants of the Punjab. Herss, Erect, wirh ALTERNATE ExstipuLatE Lospep Luavzs. Malcolmia torulosa, Sisymbrium Sophia, Flixweed, CRUCIFERS. Ree los 5 0; The Plains, west of, the Jhelum, 1-7,000 ft. Salt Range, Peshawar, Kashmir, Baluchistan (Stocks). Sisymbrium Columne, CRUCIFERA. BOG: don, 150: Himalaya, 7-10,000 it. Kashmir. Sisymbrium Irio, Sisymbrium Leeselii, CRUCIFERZE. Fob. i. 151. Kashmir, 5-7,000 ft. Sisymbrium Alliaria, Brassica nigra, Black mustard, Rar. CRUCIFERR. mot 1.1, LO, The Plains to 9,000 ft. PETALS UNUNITED. see Herbs, Toothed. Erect, Alternate, Exstipulate, Simple, medium size, annual, slightly velvety or quite smooth, leafy, branches ascending, leaves much divided, segments short, linear, flowers small, yellow, in loose bractless racemes, sepals short, petals long-stalked, capsules 1 in., spreading or erect on long slender stalks, cylindric, some- what flattened, curved, almost beaded, mid rib prominent, stigma almost sessile; for other characters see the last species. large, annual, slightly branched, smooth or hairy be- low, leaves lobed with the end lobe largest, angled and in upper leaves forked, segments ovate-oblong to lanceolate, toothed, and pointing backwards, flowers large, pale yellow, sepals erect, smooth, capsule 3- 4j in. long, spreading, very slender, curved, stalk very stout ; for other characters see the last species. see Herbs, Unbranched, Alternate, Exstipulate, Lobed. like the last described species, but more branched, style short with a distinct 2-lobed stigma. see Herbs, Toothed. Erect, Alternate, Exstipulate, Simple, large, annual, more or less hairy, stiff, branched ; leaves 4-8 in., all stalked, lower lobed with a large terminal lobe, upper entire ; flowers }-} in. diam., bright yellow, in long naked racemes, sepals 4, spreading, lateral pouched at the base, petals 4, placed cross wise, stamens 6, 4 inner longer in opposite pairs ; capsules }-} in., slender, pressed against the stem, beaded, cells 3-5-seeded, beak slender, seedless, seeds oblong. Plants of the Punjab. 857 Heres, Erxor, with ALTERNaTE ExstipuLatE LoBEp Luavss. ‘Brassica campestris, ‘Indian Colza, Kali sarson. CRUCIFER®. ep Ti. Toe. The Plains to 6,000 ft. Brassica Napus, Indian Rape, Torta, pila sirson. CRUCIFERA. He Bs J. iel56: The Plains to 6,000 ft. Brassica Tournefortii, CRUCIFERZ. BOB. ie t56: The Plains. Western Thibet (Edgeworth). Cultivated. Brassica juncea, Asl rai, badshahi-lai, chotiya-lar. CRUCIFERR. FY) Bed bor: The Plains to 6,000 ft. PETALS UNUNITED. medium size to large, annual, root spindle-shaped, stem sometimes unbranched ; leaves, lower 6-8, pinnately divided with the terminal lobe largest, rounded, stalked, upper smaller, oblong or lanceolate, base forked, bluish- waxy green above, more or less hairy beneath ; flowers 1 in. diam., bright yellow, in flat-topped clusters, lengthening sepals nearly erect, waxy bluish-green turning yellow before falling, inner pair longer than the outer, petals falling before the cluster lengthens ; capsules 2-3 in. long, beak stout, conical, often 1 in. long and seedless, seeds 30-80, nearly round, nearly smooth, dingy white to brown ; for other characters see the last species. The oil express- ed from the seeds (kirwa tel) is used for cooking and light- ing. like the last species of which it is almost a variety, but smaller, more branched, leaves smaller, flowers smaller, petals with a pale green narrow stalk, capsules beaded, seeds 20, bright brown, finely wrinkled. The seed is largely exported. small, annual, hairy or smooth, leaves radical in a rosette, pinnately divided with the lobes pointing back- wards and terminal lobe largest, rounded, lobes toothed, with scattered white hairs, stem leaves linear-lanceolate, entire or divided, flowers small, pale yellow, capsules 2} in., erect, slender, smooth, flattened, beaded, beak } in., slend- er, tapering, seeds flattened ; for other characters see the last species. large, annual, smooth, stems tinged with purple, leaves, lower stalked, blades 6-8 in., pinnately divided , or with the terminal lobe largest, upper small, nearly — sessile, lanceolate, toothed, flowers 4} in. diam., bright yellow, in short flat-topped clusters, lengthening into ra- cemes 8 in. long, sepals spreading, petal stalks green, capsules 21 in. long, } in. thick, beaded, beak narrowly conical, nearly din. long, seeds many, round, brown, finely wrinkled ; for other characters see the last species. This plant is widely cultivated for the production of mustard oil. | 858 Plants of the Punjab. a | a A NE | oS SEG So SED Herss, Ereot, wirh ALTERNATE ExstipuLATE LoBpep LEAvEs. Brassica alba, White mustard, Sufed rar. CRUCIFERS. il oe Be me ay A The Plains. Ferozepore. Diplotaxis Griffithii, Burami muli, 81ZGQ1. CRUCIFERE. Mien. 157, The Plains west of the Indus, Kalabagh, Salt Range. Eruca sativa, Taramira, duan. CRUCIFERZ. yp. 03. 158. The Plains to 10,000 ft. Mashobra (Collett). Lahore. Capsella Bursa-pastoris, Shepherd’s purse, CRUCIFER®. BoB. 4. 1.1p9. The Plains to 8,000 ft. Simla (Collett). Rawalpindi. Lahore. PETALS UNUNITED. medium size, annual, hairy, leaves stalked, hairy, — pinnately divided, segments ovate, toothed, capsules 1 in., stalked, cylindrical, spreading, beaded, beak 4 in., flat- tened, 1-2-seeded ; for other characters see Brassica nigra. This plant igs rarely cultivated as a field crop, usually found in English gardens and eaten young with cress. medium size to large, annual, stout, hairy, leaves, lower shortly stalked, oblong, entire or toothed, or pin- nately divided, upper lanceolate, less divided, flowers large, purplish or white, sepals 4, spreading, equal at the base, capsules 14-2} in., linear, flattened, seeds many, flattened, in 2 series, oblong; for other characters see Brassica. This plant is eaten as a pot herb. medium size, annual, smooth or slightly hairy, bluish- sreen waxy gloss; leaves 1-4 in., pinnately divided, sessile, segments coarsely toothed, terminal one largest, upper leaves smaller, nearly entire ; flowers ?-1 in. diam., pale yellow or white, in racemes, darkly veined sepals 4, erect, lateral pouched, petals 4, stalked, stamens 6, 2 short stigma round ;capsule 3-1 in., pressed against the stem,, erect, oblong-ovoid, prolonged in a flat, pointed seed- less beak, seeds in 2 rows, many, round. This plant is cultivated as a field crop in winter, oil extracted from the seeds is chiefly used for burning, too acrid for food. small, annual, root long, tapering, stem more or less. covered with forked hairs ; leaves radical, usually pinnate- ly divided, sometimes lanceolate, terminal lobe broadly triangular, segments nearly entire, upper pinnately divided, lobed at the base, stem clasping, uppermost lanceolate ; flowers ;!, in. diam., white, in racemes, sepals 4, spread- ing, equal at the bage, petals 4, short, stamens 6, 2 shorter ; capsules } in. diam., flat, triangular, seeds many, in2 rows. A common weed. Planis of the Punjab. 359 Herss, Erzot, with Atternate ExstipunaTe Lopep Luaves, Lepidium sativum, Garden cress, Halim,. shargundet. CRUCIFERA. Be Bete ni 59. The Plains to 9,000 ft. Simla (Collett). Lepidium Draba, Bijindak. CRUCIFERA. Py Be Tia 160. The Plains. Peshawar. Thlaspi arvensis, Thliaspi cardiocarpum, Thlaspi alpestre, Neslia paniculata, Chorispora tenella, Sedum trifidum, CRASSULACEA. fF. Belew, 420. Himalaya, 6-12,000 ft. Simla (Collett). Dalhousie. - PETALS UNUNITED. small, annual, smooth ; leaves radical long stalked twice pinnately divided, stem leaves sessile, pinnately divided or lanceolate; flowers small, white, in long racemes, sepals 4, erect, equal at the base, ‘petals 4, stamens 6, 2 shorter ; capsules 4 in., ovate with a notch at the tip, margins winged, seeds solitary in each cell. A garden crop. The leaves are eaten raw and the seeds used as a cure for dysentery as they are very mucilaginous. medium size, perennial, velvety, branched or not, stem zig-zag, leaves oblong, waxy and toothed, upper lobed at the base, flowers in branching racemes, capsules 4% in. triangular ; for other characters see the last species. This plant is used as a pot herb and for fodder. see Herbs, Erect, Alternate, Exstipulate, Toothed. Simple, see Herbs, Erect, Alternate, Exstipulate, Toothed. Simple, see Herbs, Erect, Alternate, Exstipulate, Simple, Toothed. Erect, Alternate, see Herbs, Eixstipulate, Entire. Simple, see Herbs, Erect, Alternate, Exstipulate, Simple, Entire. small, perennial, smooth, rootstock woody with a crown of scales, stems annual ; leaves 2-4 in., oblong, suc- culent, sessile, 3-5-lobed, lobes spreading, unequal, 4-1 in., entire or toothed, blunt ; flowers } in. long in bud, white - or pale pink, stalked in branched leafy clusters, calyx 4-5, lobed nearly to the base, lobes narrow-lanceolate, petals 4 or 5, linear-lanceolate, twice as long as the calyx lobes, stamens twice as many as the petals ; follicles 4-5, many-- seeded, styles short, recurved in fruit, seeds oblong with rounded ends, flattened. This plant grows on rocks and trees ; it turns crimson when withering. 360 Plants of the Punjab. Heres, Erect, with ALTERNATE ExsriputatE LoBep Leaves. Cnothera rosea, Eryngium ceruleum, Dudhahi, poli, pahari gajar. UMBELLIFERZ. BB. £01,669. Kashmir, 5-6,000 ft. Eryngium Billardieri, UMBELLIFERA. Pep, 1. 1.670. Kashmir, 5-6,000 ft. Sanicula europaea, Sanicle UMBELLIFERS. F. B. I. 11. 670. Himalaya, 4-12,000 ft. Simla, Mashobra (Collett). Kashmir. Coriandrum sativum, Cuminum Cyminum, PETALS UNUNITED. see Herbs, Erect, Alternate, Exstipulate, Simple, Toothed. medium size to large, perennial, stem unbranched below, branched above, smooth, spinous ; leaves radical, 5 by 132 in., stalks 2-6 in., oblong-heart-shaped, not lobed, round-toothed, not spiny, lower stem leaves similar, but smaller, upper stem leaves sessile, palmately divided into lanceolate spiny segments; flowers small, white, in un- branched heads, bracts 5-6, 1 in., linear with a few spines on the margins, bracteoles linear, spiny, longer than the flowers, calyx 5-toothed, teeth lanceolate, awl-shaped, spiny, calyx tube densely scaly, petals 5, white, narrow, erect, stamens 5; fruit } in., nearly cylindric, carpels 2, dorsally nearly flat, nearly concave on the inner face, primary ridges not prominent, secondary absent, oil canals inconspicuous, axis wanting, one seed in each carpel. The root is taken as an aphrodisiac and nervine tonic. very like the last species, but radical and lower stem leaves are divided and the stem is branched below. medium size to large, annual, smooth ; leaves palmate- ly divided into 8-5 segments, ovate, toothed, often lobed, teeth finely pointed, radical leaves 2-6 in. diam., long- stalked, stem leaves few, smaller, umbels are formed of small umbels on rays, bracts few, leaf-like, rays unequal, frequently forking, branches ending in a small head of flowers with small linear bracteoles, flowers minute, white, chiefly one sexual perfect, flowers sessile, male stalked, calyx tube woolly, almost prickly, teeth green, lanceolate, petals white, notched. fruit 4, in., ovoid, flattened, covered with hooked bristles; for other characters see the last species. see Herbs, Erect, Alternate, Exstipulate, Compound. seo Herbs, Erect, Alternate, Exstipulate, Compound. Plants of the Punjab. 861 ; : ‘Herss, Erucr, wits ALTERNATE Exstiputarr Losep Leaves, PETALS UNITED. FLOWERS, MINUTE, IN HEADS, ALL TUBULAR. -Dichrocephala latifolia, CompositTz. F. B. I. i. 245. Himalaya, 1-9,000 ft. ‘Simla (Collett). Dichrocephala ‘ehrysanthemifolia, Composit. BeBe En. 945: Himalaya, 6-7,000 ft. Simla (Collett). Cyathocline lyrata, Composit. Bebo lle 240. The Plains to 5,000 ft. Sutlej Valley (Collett). , Blumea laciniata, CoMPOSIT. F: B. I. mi. 264: The Plains. medium size, annual, velvety or hairy ; leaves 14-4 in., stalked, pinnately divided lobes, irregularly coarsely toothed, terminal lobe broadly ovate; flowers minute, inner yellow, outer white, in heads, + in. diam., discoid on slender stalks forming branching racemes, pappus of inner flowers none, of outer 2 minute bristles, corollas, outer very slender, 2-3-toothed, inner 4 or 5-lobed; achenes smooth, flat. like the last species, but the leaves are smaller, stem- clasping, heads ¢ in. diam., usually solitary on thick, diverging stalks, corollas turning dull purple before wither- ing. small to medium size, annual, velvety, sweet scented ‘ leaves 1-5 in., sessile, pinnately divided, lobes narrow, sharply toothed ; flowers very minute, rose purple white in discoid heads % in. diam., arranged in small rounded branch- ed flat-topped clusters, floor of heads elevated, concave, naked, bracts of heads in 2 series, lanceolate margins transparent, pappus none, inner ‘flowers 2-toothed, outer 5-toothed, anther-bases not tailed: achenes (seeds) minute oblong, smooth. This plant usually grows on the borders of rice fields and the banks of streams and ditches. large, annual, stout, velvety or woolly ; leaves large, membranous with lobes pointing back or with a large ter- minal lobe or almost pinnately divided, toothed ; flowers minute, yellow, in many heads, }-} in. diam., on sepals in flat-topped open clusters, floor of head flat, naked, velvety, bracts of head outer few short, inner many, narrow, short- pointed, slightly longer than the flowers, pappus white, inner flowers 5-toothed, outer 2-8-toothed, anther-bages forked, tails small, slender; achenes minute, ribbed, silky. 362 Plants of the Punjab. Heres, Erect, with ALTERNATE ExstipuntATE Lossp Lzavzs. PETALS UNITED. FLOWERS, MINUTE, IN HEADS, ALL TUBULAR. Blumea membranacea, Composit”. F, B. I. iu. 265. The Plains. Laggera pterodonta, Laggera aurita, Carpesium trachelifolium, Xanthium strumarium, Burweed, Chota dhatura, ban-okra, wangan tsurue ComposiTH. F. B. I. iu. 308. The Plains to 5,000 ft. Valleys below Simla (Collett). Matricaria chamomilla, Cotula anthemoides, Babuna. ComMposiTa. A Re re hes The Plains. very like the last species, but more slender, more branched, flower stalks slender, glandular, floor of head very narrow, smooth, bracts slender with scattered bristles on the margins. see Herbs, Erect, Alternate, Exstipulate, Simple Toothed. see Herbs, Erect, Alternate, Exstipulate, Simple, Toothed. see Herbs, Erect, Alternate, Exstipulate, Simple, Toothed. medium size to large, annual, rough, coarse ; leaves long-stalked, heart-shaped, lobed, toothed, triangular, 2 by 1 in., or circular, 4 in. diam., ; flowers male and females in separate heads, combined in axillary or terminal clus- ters on the same plant, male heads highest, round, 4 in. diam., bracts few, short,‘narrow, in one series, floor of head cylindric, flowers many, each in a transparent seale, pappus none, corolla white or green, 5-toothed, female heads ovoid, $ in. long, outer bracts few, short, inner many, in one series, narrow, united, covered with hooked bristles and crowned with 2-hooked beaks, flowers 2, pappus and corolla none, style branches long, protruding between the beaks, achenes ovoid, thick, enclosedin the hardened bracts. ‘This weed is common round villages, it is a good diuretic, useful in irritability of the bladder, in gleet and leucorrheea. An oil is expressed from the seeds. gee Herbs, Erect, Alternate, Exstipulate, Lobed, Inner, flowers tubular, Outer ligulate. small, annual, hairy or almost smooth, often prostrate 5 leaves 4-4 in., much divided, segments lobed, lobes trian- cular-lanceolate, stalks half stem-clasping ; flowers minute, yellow, in solitary terminal heads 4-4 in. diam., on thread. like naked stalks, floor of heads nearly flat, tubercled, bracts of heads nearly in 2 series, margins transparent, inner Plants of the Punjab. 868 Herss, Erect, with ALTERNATE Exstrpunatn Lopep LeEavzs. PETALS UNITED. FLOWERS, MINUTE, IN HEADS, ALL TUBULAR. Cotula hemispherica, Composit #&. BeBe Wom. 316: The Plains. Tanacetum gracile, Tanacetum nubigenum, Artemisia Dracunculus, Tarragon, CoMPposItTz. Po Bick rite 82.0. Himalaya, 14-16,000 ft. Lahul (Jaesckhe). Artemisia parviflora, Kanyurts. Composit. F’, B. I. iii. 822. Himalaya, 3-10,000 ft. corollas 4-toothed, blunt, entire, narrow wings. eyes. outer conic or none, anther-baseg pappus none; achenes ovate with thick The plant is used as an application to sore small, annual, smooth or hairy above, leaf segments very many, linear, terminating in a short hard point, heads drooping in fruit, achenes angled, not winged ; for other characters see the last species. see Herbs, Unbranched, Alternate, Exstipulate, Lobed. see Herbs, Unbranched, Alternate, Exstipulate, Lobed. medium size, perennial, green, strongly-scented, smooth, stem grooved, ribbed; leaves radical divided into 8 segments or none, stem leaves 1-14 in., sessile, linear or linear-oblong, entire or toothed ; flowers very minute, greenish in nearly round heads }1in. diam., sessile or stalked in branching racemes, bracts of heads broadly oblong with a very broad transparent margin and a very narrow green disk, floor of head naked, pappus none, outer corollas 2-8- toothed, inner 5-toothed, anther-bases blunt, achenes very minute, oblong, faintly streaked. This plant was intro- duced into Europe, and is cultivated for flavouring in cookery, it is not apparently used for this purpose in India. medium size to large, perennial, shrubby, scentless, smooth or slightly hairy, stem grooved, much branched, leaves 1-2 in. long, wedge-shaped, stalked or nearly sessile, divided at the tip or entire, all have 2 strap- shaped stipule-like lobes near the base of the leaf stalk, flowers 6-10, very minute, greenish, in round nodding heads 5-4 in. diam. in long straight branching racemes, achenes oblong with rounded ends, smooth, brown ; for other charac- ters see the last species. 864 Plants of the Punjab. G Herss, Error, with ALTERNATE EXXstTIPULATE LOBED LEAVES. PETALS UNITED. FLOWERS, MINUTE, IN HEADS, ALL TUBULAR. Artemisia scoparia, Pila-jau, churt saroj, dant. Composit». BSB. i am."525. The Plains to 7,000 ft. Valleys below Simla (Collett). Rawalpindi (Douie). Baluchistan (Hughes-Buller). Artemisia annua, CompositT#. F, B. I. iii. 328. N.-W. F. Province 5-5,000 ft. (Stewart). Artemisia maritima, Worm seed, or santonica, Shih, sariqun, afsantin-ul-bahr. Composit”. F. B. I. iii. 323. Himalaya, 7-9,000 ft. ~ Kashmir. Baluchistan | (Lace). medium size, annual, rootstock often perennial, smooth below, green and slightly hairy above, branches many, slender, faintly scented, leaves radical 1-3 in. long, stalked, broadly ovate, much divided, segments linear, stem leaves thread-like, flowers very minute and numerous, nodding, sessile or on threadlike stalks in one-sided branched ra- cemes, bracts of heads oblong, glistening, blunt, thin with narrow green disks, achenes ;', in. long ; for other characters see the last species. This plant is used for its purgative action. medium size, annual, very slender, strongly scented, smooth, branches deeply grooved, leaves lower much di- vided, broad, 3 in. diam., segments toothed or lobulate, with stipule-like divided at the base of the stalk, heads 74-4, in. diam., nearly round in very slender one-sided branched drooping racemes, bracts of the heads smooth, inner circular, green, with thin margins, afterwards altogether papery, shining ; for other characters see the last species. medium size, perennial, shrubby below, much branch- ed, leaves 4-2 in., lower ovate, twice divided, segments small, spreading, linear, blunt, stalks slender, upper leaves undivided, linear, heads 3-8-flowered, ovoid or oblong, erect, often reddish, crowded in spiked tufts, bracts of heads linear-oblong, outer green felted, inner thin, short- pointed, smooth ; for other characters see the last species. The flower heads are used as anthelmintics. Santonin, which is much used in European medicine, is obtained from these flower heads. Plants of the Punjab. 865 pen Herss, Erect, with ALTERNATE ExstipuLatE Lopep LEAvzs. PETALS UNITED. FLOWERS, MINUTE, IN HEADS, ALL TUBULAR. Artemisia vulgaris, medium size to large, perennial, aromatic, shrub-like, Mugwort, Flea bane, grey velvety or felted, stems leafy, much branched, leaves Chambra, afsantin, buimadaran. Composit. (Does orig ee Himalaya, 5-12,000 ft. Artemisia Roxburghiana, CoMPposiITz&. Ba Bele ti 826, Himalaya, 5-10,000 ft. Kashmir. Artemisia vestita, ComMPoSsITs. F. B. 4. in. 326. Himalaya, 7-10,000 ft. Simla (Collett). Kashmir, Salt Range. Artemisia laciniata, CompositTH. F. B. I. iti. 326. Kashmir, 9,000 ft. (Clarke). Artemisia Moorcroftiana, CoMPOSITA. Pabels ine i. Kashmir, 9-13,000 ft. Spiti. lower 2-4 in. long, stalked, ovate, much divided, grey felted beneath, stipule-like lobes at the base, stem leayes often sessile, linear-lanceolate, entire or 3-fid, heads 4-2 in., ovoid or rounded, clustered or seriate, in nearly one- sided branched racemes, brownish, yellow, bracts round, heads wooly or nearly smooth, outer green, inner thin ; for other characters see’ the last species. very like the last species, but rootstock creeping, not shrubby, leaves smaller, more finely cut, flowers nearly always purple. very like the last species, but more shrubby, leaves still more finely divided, upper surface green, white-felted beneath. very like the last species, but leaves smaller, both surfaces alike, heads larger, flowers more numerous. very like Artemisia Roxburghiana above, but the heads. cee long interrupted spikes or racemes with spaces of 3-3 in, between the solitary heads or clusters of 2-8 heads. 366. Plants of the Punjab. nen NEE Heres, EReor, with ALTERNATE Exstipunate Lopep Leravzs, PETALS UNITED. FLOWERS, MINUTE, IN HEADS, ALL TUBULAR. Artemisia Absinthium, Wormwood, Vilayati afsantin. ComposiIT#&. F. B. I. ii. 328. Kashmir, 5-7,000 ft. (Thomson). Artemisia Sieversiana, Afsantin, dauna. ComMPosiIT#&. F. B. 1. iu. 329, Himalaya, 8-10,000 ft. Kashmir. Lahul. Gynura angulosa, Emilia sonchifolia, Sencio Levingili, Echinops echinatus, ComPposiIT™®. F. B. I. iui. 358. The Plains to 8,000 ft. Rawalpindi. Baluchistan (Hughes- Buller). medium size to large, perennial, grey velvety, very aromatic, stems angular, ribbed; leaves 1-2 in., ovate or ovate with broad tips, two or three times divided into spreading linear or lanceolate blunt segments, grey on both surfaces, radical and lower stem leaves narcomnd into winged stalks ; heads 4-4 in. diam., stalked, half round, in drooping terminal one-sided racemes, bracts round, heads oblong, grey, narrow thin margins, inner circular broad thin margins, floor of heads covered with long straight hairs ; flowers yellow, anthers long-pointed, achenes yy in. long ; for other characters see the last species. This Ee 18 used as a stomachic tonic and vermifuge. The oil is a narotic poison, a French liqueur is prepared from it. very like the last species, but annual, heads much larger, widely separated on long loose racemes, anthers bristle-pointed, its properties are very similar to those of the last species. see Herbs, Erect, Alternate, Exstipulate, Simple Toothed. : gee Herbs, Unbranched, Alternate, Exstipulate, LobaL. gee Herbs, Erect, Alternate, Exstipulate, Simple. Toothed. medium size, annual, thistle-lke, stiff, spreading ei J much branched, white cottony; leaves 3-5 in., oblong sessile, pinnately divided, lobes triangular or oblong, J spinous, spines often 1} in., heads in white balls 1-1} in. diam., with many stout spines, each head contains one flower, outer bracts 6-8, lanceolate, smooth, inner 4 in. long, united, tips bristly, hardening round the silky achene pappus of short bristles, corolla tubular, slender, deeply cut into 5 segments, anther-bases forked, style-arms thick. Plants of the Punjab. 367 Herss, Erect, with ALTERNATE ExstIpuLATE LoBED LEAVES. Echinops cornigerus, ComposiTm. fo Be Ft in. 358: Himalaya, 6-9,000 ft. Simla (Collett). Kashmir. Echinops niveus, ComposiItm. fF Bek ii. 359: Himalaya, 4-6,000 ft. Simla (Collett). Cousinia minuta, Lakhtet, kandiart, Composit zm. Bul. 1. 359: The Plaing, west of the Jhelum. Salt Range. Sakesar. Rawalpindi. ° Cousinia Thomsoni, CoMPposiTm. ¥.-B: I. 1: 360, Himalaya, 10-14,000 ft. Lahul, PETALS UNITED. FLOWERS, MINUTE, IN HEADS, ALL TUBULAR. very like the last species, but stem undivided below, very leafy, leaves much larger, balls much larger, often without spines, flowers much larger. very like the last species, but the leaves are much more divided, often curved back. small, annual, branches spreading, thistle-like ; leaves sessile, oblong or lanceolate, pinnately divided, somewhat spinecent, grey, cobwebby on both surfaces ; flowers yellow, in small numerous heads, round, terminal or in the forks of the branches, floor of heads with smooth bristles, bracts round heads, 15-20, triangular-lanceolate, stout, spread- ing, turned back, tips spinous, pappus hairs in one series, rough, soon falling off, corollas tubular, slender, unequally 5-fid, anther-bases forked ; achenes smooth, ovoid with a broad top, flattened, 5-7-angled, abruptly ended with minutely toothed ring. This plant when young is eaten as a vegetable in the Salt Range. large, biennial, stout, cottony, stem not winged, branched, leaves radical, 5-10 by 2-1} in., stalked, linear, deeply pinnately divided, segments horizontal, triangular, with a stiff-long spine, cobwebby above, white felted be- neath, stem leaves ovate-lanceolate, sessile or forked at the base, flowers 4-} in. long, in terminal stalked heads, 11-2 in. diam., bracts of heads many, woolly, 4-1} in. long, floor of heads with rough hairs, 2 in. ; for other characters see the last species. 868 Plants of the Punjab. Herss, ErRnot, with ALTERNATE ExstipuLATE LoBep Luavgs. PETALS UNITED. FLOWERS, MINUTE, IN HEADS, ALL TUBULAR. Cousinia auriculata, CoMPosITé. F. B. I. i. 860. The Plains west of the Indus. Kashmir Valley. Cousin a microcarpa, CoMpPosiITm. PBA. i. 3860. Kashmir, 5-6,000 ft. Carduus nutans, Musk Thistle, Kanchari, tiso. bada- ward. ComposiItTm. PA. doa: S61; Hima laya ; 6-12.000 ft. Simla, Narkanda, in fields (Collett). Kashmir, Hazara, Murree (Douie). Cnicus or Carduus arvensis, Creeping Thistle, Bhur-bhur. ComposiTm. EF. B. FT. 107862: The Plains to 7,000 ft. Valleys below Simla (Collett). Choa Saidan Shah, Gujar Khan (Douie), Baluchistan (Lace). very like the last species, but smaller, heads solitary, bristles of the floor of the head twisted below. very like the last species, but more slender, radical leaves with the segments pointing backwards, stems winged, pappus none. t medium size to large, biennial, often unbranched, stout, cobwebby, stem winged, wings spinous, grooved ; leaves 6-12 in., oblong, pinnately lobed, margins wavy, spiny ; flowers crimson, in clustered or solitary nodding heads, 3-14 in. diam., ovoid or round, bracts of heads lan- ceolate with awl-like points or outer or all ending in erect or reflexed spines, floor of head flat, densely bristly, pappus soon falling off, copious, long, rough, united below into a ring, corolla-tube long, deeply 5-lobed, anther-bases forked, style-arms short, blunt ; achenes smooth, 4-angled, pale brown. The leaves are used to curdle milk, and the flowers as a febrifuge. large, stems many, not winged, often unbranched, not perennial, creeping, tufts of different sexes; leaves 8-5 in. long, sessile, linear-oblong or ovate witha broad tip, pinnately lobed, lobes separating with spinous tips, felted beneath, rough above ; flowers dull purple, male in round heads 4-1 in. diam., female in much longer heads with looser bracts, heads generally solitary or clustered, bracts of heads smooth or cobwebby, outer short, ovate, or tri- angular ending in a short spine, inner gradually longer with wavy, often recirved tips, innermost hnear-lanceo- late with thin margins, floor of heads densely bristly, pappus copious, long, soon falling off, with a ring at the base, corolla-tube long, deeply divided into 5 lobes, anther- Plants of the Punjab. 369 Hurss, Erect, with ALTERNATE ExstrpuLaTE LoBep LeEaveEs. PETALS UNITED. FLOWERS, MINUTE, IN HEADS, ALL TUBULAR. Cnicus involucratus, CoMPosITzA. PAB: TF me3e2? Himalaya, . 8-12,000 ft. Kashmir. Cnicus argyracanthus, Composit am. Hebe Lie 962. Himalaya, 6-9,000 ft. Simla, Facu, (Collett). Murree. Cnicus Wallichii, ComposiTa. BB. 1. n1e868. Himalaya, 5-9,000 ft. Simla, in fields (Collett). Murree. Silybum Marianum, or Carduus Marianus, Milk thistle, ComposiITm. FOB. 11m S64 The Plains west of the Indus to 8,000 ft. Hazara, Kashmir. bases forked, style arms short, blunt, achenes smooth, linear-oblong, flattened, 4-angled, pale brown. A com- mon weed in cultivated land. The seeds yield an oil some- times used for burning. Cnicus and Carduus are very like each other, but Cnicus has greener bracts and more feathery pappus. like the last species, but radical leaves 12 in. long, deeply pinnatifid, stalked, bristly above, felted below, stem leaves broad, stem clasping, heart-shaped, flowers pale yellow, 1 in. long, male and female in the same heads, 14 24 in. diam., bracts of heads all spinulose, corollas 5-lobed, but not deeply, pappus 2 in., brown. . very like the last species, but more slender, leaves always smooth above, heads ?-1 in., more numerous, smaller, densely clustered, corollas 4in., white, pappus $ in., nearly white. like the last species, but larger, the tips of the inner bracts dilated, occupying a large part of the head, flowers dull yellow, 3 in. long, pappus brownish white. & medium size to large, annual or biennial, shining, smooth, stem grooved, not winged ; leaves large, with strong spines, lobed, green above marbled with white ; flowers rose-purple in large solitary, terminal, nodding heads, 1-2 in. diam., bracts of heads leathery with a spine 4-#? in. long, outer with a short point, floor of head fleshy, densely bristly. pappus white, united at the base, anther-bases forked, style nearly entire; achenes } in., transversely wrinkled, black or grey, flattened. 370 Plants of the Punjab. Heres, ERECT, WITH ALTERNATE ExstIPULATE LOBED LEAVES. . PETALS UNITED. FLOWERS, MINUTE, IN HEADS, ALL TUBULAR. Saussurea candicans, Batula, kala zri. Composit é. F. B. I. i. 8738. The Plains from 2-7,000 ft. Salt Range, Hazara, Kashmir, Simla (Collett). Baluchistan (Lace). Saussurea, hypoleuca, Kat, kust. CoMPosIT#. FE. B. I. ui. 874. Himalaya, 7-13,000 ft. Hatu (Collett). Kashmir. Saussurea Jacea, Saussurea Lappa, The Costus, Kat, kust, CoMPposiITé. Ry seal. dit..01 6 Kashmir, 8-12,000 ft. (Falconer). medium size to large, annual, leafy, unbranched below, heads erect ; leaves radical, 1-6 by 3-14 in., sometimes 18 by 6 in., stalked, oblong or ovate, with a broad tip, pin- nately lobed at the base, generally smooth above, white- cottony or felted beneath, stem leaves sessile, smaller, lan- ceolate, few ; flowers pale red in erect long-stalked solitary, or clustered heads, 1-14 in. diam., bracts of heads lanceolate, long-pointed, cottony or velvety, floor of heads with long bristles, pappus-hairs 4 in. long, very slender, corollas 4 in. long, anther-bases deeply and irregularly divided ; achenes 4 in., 5-angled, rough. The seeds are used as a carminative in Indian medicine. large, annual, slender, leafy, branched above, heads nodding ; leaves white-felted beneath, radical 6-10 in., narrow, pinnately divided, lateral lobes pointing back, terminal lobe much larger, oblong, stem-leaves 8-8 in., pim- nately lobed, laterallobes 2-4 pairs, oblong, less than 1 in. long, terminal lobe 2-4 by 1-3 in., triangular, short-pointed ; flowers dark-purple, in solitary nodding, globose heads, 14-2 in. diam., bracts of heads lanceolate, long-pointed, bristly, purple, floor of heads with long bristles, anther tails long, awl-shaped, split at the tip or not ; achenes } in., 4-angled, pappus 4 in., brown. see Herbs, Erect, Alternate, Exstipulate, Simple, Entire. very large, stem undivided below, velvety; leaves rough above, smooth beneath, irregularly toothed, radical with the stalk 2-8 ft. long, stalk lobed and winged, ter- minal lobe often 12 in. across, stem leaves 6-12 in. long with the stalk, base forked, half stem-clasping ; flowers ? in. long, dark purple, in nearly round, sessile, axillary or clustered heads, 1-14 in. diam., bracts of heads many, purple, ovate-lanceolate, long-pointed, stiff, recurved, floor of heads with long bristles, anther tails fringed, pappus hairs 2 in., brown, achenes 4 in., curved, flattened, top cupped. The root is exported in large quantities from Kashmir ;it has a seentlike orris root, and is much used in perfumery, also in Hindu medicine as a tonic and aphrodisiac, and as a cure for asthma, toothache, rheuma- tism, and as an application to ulcers especially when attacked by maggots. Plants of the Punjab. 371 Heres, Erect, with ALTERNATE ExstipuLATE LoBep LEAVEs. PETALS UNITED. FLOWERS, MINUTE, IN HEADS, ALL TUBULAR. Serratula pallida, Tricholepis elongata, Tricholepis tibetica, Volutarella divaricata, Badaward. CoMPosiITz. EE. Belin. 388; The Plains to 3,000 ft. Sargodha, Shahpur District. Baluchistan (Lace). Zoegia purpurea, CoMPOSITA. B. B. I. ii. 384. Hills between Kashmir and Waziristan (Stewart). Baluchistan (Lace). Centaurea Cyanus, Corn Flower or Blue bottle, CoMPoOsITz. FE. B. on 384: The Plains, west of the Jhelum. Baluchistan. (Hughes-Buller). see Herbs, Erect, Unbranched, Alternate, Exstipulate, Lobed. see Herbs, Erect, Alternate, Exstipulate, Simple, Toothed. : am > see Shrubs, Alternate, Exstipulate, Lobed. medium size, annual, straggling, stiff, branches long, angled ; leaves 1-2 by }-2in., rarely 6 by 8 in., oblong, pinnately divided, lobes rounded with an abrupt point, crisped or waved ; flowers $in., pale purple in hard spiny heads, 4-1 by 1-3 in., bracts of heads with a long spread- ing or recurved spine, bristles of floor of head short, pappus hairs roughish silvery brown, corollas $ in. long, lobes 5, linear, anther-bases forked; achenes in., 4-5-angled, dotted, top broad. A troublesome weed. small, annual, slender, smooth ; leaves radical pin- nately divided, stem leaves undivided ; flowers purple, in long-stalked heads, floor of head densely bristly, bract of heads many, thin, bristly, tips bright purple, pappus of outer chaffy scales, middle long smooth bristles, inner short bristles, corollas 5-lobed, slender, anther-bases forked ; achenes ovoid, shining, obscurely ribbed, with concentric ridges below the top. medium size, annual or biennial, branched or not, slender, cottony ; leaves narrow, radical pinnately lobed with the terminal lobe largest or simple, stem-leaves linear ; flowers blue, in solitary or clustered heads, bracts of the heads oblong, cottony, blunt, broad tip with tooth- ed edges, floor of head densely bristly, outer corollas larger than inner, anther-bases forked, achenes oblong, somewhat 4-angled, grey, silky. BQ 872 Plants of the Punjab. Herbs, Ergot, with ALTERNATE ExstTIPULATE LOBED LEAVES, PETALS UNITED. FLOWERS, MINUTE, IN HEADS, ALL TUBULAR. Centaurea depressa, CoMPOSIT A. F. B. I. in. 385. The Hills west of the Indus. Baluchistan (Stocks). Centaurea Calcitrapa, Star-thistle, Composit ®. F. B. I. iu. 384. The Plains to 8,500 ft. Kashmir, Rawalpindi, Choa Saidan Shah (Douie). Baluchistan (Hughes-Buller). Centaurea iberica, CoMPOSIT® F. B. I. iii. 385. Kashmir, 5-6,000 ft. Baluchistan ’ (Stocks). Centaurea polycephala, Composit &. F. B, I. iii. $85. The Plains, west of the Jhelum. Peshawar (Stewart). Baluchistan (Stocks). very like the last species, but the heads are larger and the leaves are broader. like the last species, but the branches angular, widely spreading, bracts narrow, terminating in a yellow spine, flowers purple, pappus none, achenes small, white. very like the last species, but heads smaller, flowers paler, pappus very short. like the last species, but the branches with round white stems, outer bracts green, leaflike, pappus scaly. Plants of the Punjab. 378 Heras, Ereot, with ALTERNATE ExstipuLATE LoBED LEAVES. PETALS UNITED. FLOWERS, MINUTE, IN HEADS, INNER TUBULAR, OUTER LIGULATE. Carthamus lanatus, CoMPOSIT A. F. B. 1. ii. 386. Kashmir, 5-6,000 it. Brachyactis umbrosa, Conyza stricta, Inula Royleana, Vicoa auriculata, Vicoa vestita, Glossocardia linearifolia, Sert. COMPOSITA. ¥. B. I. iii. 808. The Plains, east of the Sutlej, Delhi. Achillea millefolium, small to medium size, annual, stiff, cobwebby, cot- tony or nearly smooth ; leaves 4-1} in., hairy, hard, green, radical pinnately lobed, end lobe largest, stem leaves ovate, half stem-clasping with a forked toothed base strong- ly 3-nerved, spinescent ; flowers pale yellow in heads 1-14 in. diam., outer br cts of heads 1-2 in., spreading, project- ing beyond the flowers, lanceolate, leafy, prickly on the sides, lower linear brown, thin, tip spinescent, bristles of the floor of the heads very long, anther-bases forked, tails fringed, pappus longer than the achenes of swordshaped scales, silvery or bronze-coloured; achenes} in., thick, 4-angled, pitted above, pale yellowish or grey. see Herbs, Hrect, Alternate, Hxstipulate, Simple, Entire. see Herbs, Hrect, Alternate, Exstipulate, Simple, Toothed. seo Herbs, Erect, Alternate, Exstipulate, Simple, Toothed. see Herbs, Erect, Alternate, Exstipulate, Simple, Entire. seo Herbs, Erect, Alternate, Exstipulate, Simple, — Toothed. small, annual, smells like fennel, much branched from the base, often prostrate ; leaves 4-2 in., pinnately divided, stalk long, slender, blade broadly ovate, segments thread- like ; flowers yellow, in shortly stalked heads 4 in. long, bracts of heads few, inner oblong with thin broad margins, outer one to three, slender, floor of heads flat, scales fow, flat, inner corollas. 4-toothed, outer ligulate, ligule 2- toothed, anther bases blunt, entire, pappus of 2 stiff bristles ; achenes }+ in. long, narrowly oblong, flattened. faces bearded. see Herbs, Unbranched, Alternate, Hxstipulate, Lobed. 374 Plants of the Punjab. SSS Eee Huerss, Erect, with ALTERNATE ExsTipULATE LOBED LEAVES. , PETALS UNITED. FLOWERS, MINUTE, IN HEADS, INNER TUBULAR, OUTER LIGULATE. Anthemis odontostephana, CoMposITm. FB. B. I. iu. 312. N.-W. F. Province, Peshawar (Vicary). Baluchistan (Griffith). Allardia tomentosa, CoMPosIT. F. B. I. in. 313. Himalaya, 13-16,000 ft. Kasbmir. Matriearia Chamomilla, Persian Chamomile, Babuna, suteigul. GomPposiTs. BB. 1. m2 SLs. The Plains. Matricaria preecox, CoMPoOSsIT&. F. B. I. iii. 316. N.-W. F. Province, Peshawar. small, perennial, stems many, from the root, grey velvety ; leaves 3-2 in. long, ovate, pinnately divided, segments entire or 3-5-lobed ; flowers and heads like the last species, but the floor of the heads covered with awl- shaped scales ; achenes crowned with blunt short teeth. small, perennial, tufted, covered with white wool, branches long, ascending, leafless upwards ; leaves 14-3 in. long, pinnately divided, oblong or linear-oblong, segments various ; flowers white, rosy or pink in terminal stalked heads, 2-3 in. diam., bracts of heads woolly, floor of head flat, naked, ligules 1 in. long, very many, entire, linear, disk-flowers tubular, 5-fid; achenes smooth, 5-angled, grooved and wrinkled, pale, pappus 4-} in. long, consist- ing of stiff purplish bristles, tips whitish or yellowish. small, annual or perennial, aromatic, much branched, smooth ; leaves 2-3 in, twice pinnately divided, segments thread-like ; flowers, inner tubular, yellow, outer ligulate, white in solitary, long stalked heads, $-? in. diam., bracts of heads oblong, margins white, floor of heads bare, pappus none, corolla inner tubular, 4-5-toothed, outer ligulate, ligule long, rarely short, anther-bases blunt, not divided ; achenes small, grey, 4-5 ribbed on one side. The flower heads and oil are used instead of true Chamomile (An- themis nobilis) as a tonic, febrifuge and in an infusion as an anodyne. like the last species, but not aromatic, leaves only once pinnately divided, bracts of heads with red margins, achenes ribbed on both sides, crowned with a lobed cup. This plant, when dry, may be mistaken for Anthemis odonto-stephana. Plants uf the Punjab. 375 Hures, Ersot with ALTERNATE HixstipULATE LoBED Leavss. PETALS UNITED. FLOWERS, MINUTE, IN HEADS, INNER TUBULAR, OUTER LIGULATE. Senecio graciliflorus, CoMPOSIT A. HS. an ose Himalaya, 8-13,000 ft. Mahasu, Narkanda (Collett). Patarnala, Kashmir. Senecio chrysanthemoides, CoMPosiITA. HB. iio. Himalaya, 8-138,000 ft. Simla, Mahasu (Collett). Kashmir. Senecio coronopifolius, ComMposiItTaé. Pye. inodeh. Northern Kashmir, 8-17,000 ft. (Thomson). Senecio Thomsoni, Senecio pedunculatus, Composit a. F. B. I. iii. 342. Himalaya, 9-12,000 ft. Kashmir, large, annual, smooth, stem round, zigzag, sometimes angled and grooved; leaves 4-6 by 2-4 in., thin, stalked at the base, not lobed at the base, pinnately divided into oblong, short-pointed, coarsely toothed segments, upper leaves linear, sessile ; flowers yellow, in numerous, often drooping, 5-8-flowered narrowly cylindric, 3 in. long, heads, in small clusters, forming terminal flat-topped branching racemes, bracteoles many, narrow, bracts of heads 5-7, linear, floor of heads naked, corollas inner 5-toothed, outer of 3-5 ligules deeply toothed, pappus white, 4; in., anther- bases blunt ; achenes ;, in., ribbed. like the last species, but stem not zig-zag, leaves larger, terminal lobe much the largest, ovate, irregularly lobed and toothed, stem-clasping with basal lobes, deeply toothed, upper leaves with many lobes, leaves often purple beneath, bracts of heads 10-12, oblong, ray flowers 8-12, ligules 3-toothed. small, annual, much branched from the base, slender, smooth, leaves 1-2 in., scattered, all on the stem, fleshy, narrow, pinnately divided, lower stalked, upper stem- clasping, lobed at the base, heads 3 in. diam., few, many- flowered, on long bracteolate stalks forming loose flat topped branching racemes, bracts of heads 15-20, narrow, short-pointed, ray flowers 8-12, ligules rolled up, inner flowers very slender, achenes rough, pappus white; for other characters see the last species. see Herbs, Erect, Alternate, Exstipulate, Simple, Toothed. small to medium size, annual, slender, much-branched from the base; leaves all stem ones pinnately divided, lobes linear, base simple or dilated and half stem clasping, flowers yellow in many-flowered narrowly bell-shaped, long- stalked heads 4 in. forming loose, flat-topped clusters, bracts round heads, 10-16 linear, long-pointed, ligules very short, achenes slender, pappus white ; for other cha- racters see the last species. 376 Plants of the Punjab. Se GE eee Heres, Ereor, with ALTERNATE HXsTIPULATE LOBED LEAVES. PETALS UNITED. FLOWERS, MINUTE, IN HEADS, ALL LIGULATE. Cichorium Intybus, Wild Chicory, Kasni, hand, gul, suchal. CoMPOSIT&. FOB. ae 39h. The Plains to 6,000 ft. . Simla, Boileaugan) (Collett). Lapsana communis, Nipplewort, ComposiT#&. F8. V4. 391. Kashmir, 5-6,000 ft. Rhagadiolus Hedypnois, Composit. F. B. I. iii. 392. Kashmir (Falconer), Baluchistan (Stocks). Crepis foetida, Hawk’s beard, Composit #®. FB. I. i. 898. The Plains from 1-8,000 ft. Rawalpindi (Douie). Kashmir. Baluchistan (Lace). Crepis sibirica, small to medium size, perennial, root tapering, fleshy, stem angled, grooved; leaves, radical 3-6 in., pinnately divided, lobes toothed, pointing backwards, upper leaves small, entire ; flowers blue, in solitary terminal or axillary clustered heads, 1-14 in. diam., stalk thickened in the middle, bracts of heads green, glandular-hairy, floor oi heads naked or slightly fringed, corollas all with 5-toothed ligules, style-arms long, pappus of short, erect, blunt scales ; achenes small, pale, angled with the crown of pappus scales. The cultivated variety of this, C. Endivia, is found in a few places. medium size, annual, smooth or-hairy, much-branched, leafy ; leaves, lower stalked, pinnately divided, terminal lobe largest, toothed, stem leaves ovate, upper linear, entire; flowers yellow, in many small loosely clustered heads, 4 in. long, on short slender naked stalks, bracts of heads 8-10, linear, stiff, keeled, blunt, smooth or glandular, floor of heads flat, naked, pappus none ; achenes + in., pale, shining, curved, 20-30 ribbed, ribs slender. small, annual, smooth or slightly hairy, branches many from the root; leaves 1-3 in., ovate-oblong, pinnately divided or toothed ; flowers yellow, in axillary or terminal heads, 4-4 in., bracts of the heads in one series, later on keeled and embracing the outer achenes, floor of heads naked, pappus of inner flowers scaly, outer short ; achenes 1-1 in., longer than the bracts, curved, narrow, smooth, beaked. small, annual, rough, branches many from the root ; leaves, lower 2-6 in., pinnately divided, toothed, end lobe tho largest, upper smaller, toothed or entire, heart-shaped, base half stem-clasping ; flowers bright yollow, in long-stalk- ed (in bud drooping), terminal clustered heads, 3 in, diam., bracts of heads many, outer rough with hooked hairs, then hardened and keeled, floor of heads flat, naked, pappus 1} in., soft, dirty white, corollas all ligulate, ligules long, 5-toothed ; achenes; outer } in., curved, pale, inner 4-3 in., straight, many-ribbed, red brown, beak very slender equal to the body. see Herbs, Unbranched, Alternate, Exstipulate, Simple. Plants of the Punjab. 377 Herss, Erect, with ALTERNATE ExstiputatE Lopep Leaves. PETALS UNITED. FLOWERS, MINUTE, IN HEADS, ALL LIGULATE. Crepis tenuifolia, CoMPOSIT. BeBe i ties 9p: Northern Kashmii, 12-15,000 ft. Crepis japonica, Composit &. BB) an. B95: The Plains to 10,000 ft. Simla (Collett). Crepis acaulis, Pterotheca Falconeri, Lactuea Seariola, The Prickly Lettuce, Kahu, khas, salad. CoMPosITé. ied oe eter: 207 Himalaya, 6-11,000 ft. Mashobra, Sutle} Valley (Collett). Murree, Baluchistan (Lace). Lactuea undulata, COMPOSIT &. F. B. I. iii. 404. The Salt Range (Fleming). Baluchistan (Stocks). small to medium size, perennial, root woody, stems many, stout, much branched, smooth; leaveg 4-8 in., narrow, radical, long-stalked, pinnately divided, lobes dis- tant, slender, long-pointed, toothed or entire, stem leaves linear, entire ; flowers yellow,in many heads, # in, long, forming flat-topped clusters, stalks bracteate, slightly velvety, bracts of heads, inner linear, outer very small, grey ; achenes + in., red-brown, flattened, shortly beaked, ribbed, rough, pappus silvery, soon falling off. small, annual, smooth, stems slender, branching, tuft- ed, leaves 2-6 in., radical, long-stalked, deeply lobed, lobes iregular, terminal largest, stem leaves few, small, flowers pale yellow, in many long-stalked heads 3-4 in‘, forming branching flat-topped racemes, stalks bracteolate, bracts of heads 6-8, narrowly oblong, smooth, erect, green, re- curved in fruit with a strong midrib, achenes +, in., hardly beaked ; for other characters see the last species. see Herbs, Unbrached, Alternate, Kixstipulate, Simple. see Herbs, Unbranched, Alternate, Exstipulate, Simple. medium size to large, annual or biennial, somewhat prickly towards the base, leafy, branched ; leaves 5-7 in., pinnately divided, segments toothed, pointing backwards, midribs and nerves prickly, stem leaves lobed at the base, half stem-clasping ; flowers yellow, in erect, cylindric, few- flowered, smooth, branching racemed heads 4 in, long, stalks bracteate, white, bracts of heads, outer triangular, inner linear, pappus silvery ; achenes + in., many-ribbed, ribs rough, brown, beak very slender, as long as the body. (Var. sativa, the garden lettuce, is smoother, more succu- lent, achenes black). This plant acts as a weak sedative. small, annual, succulent, smooth, stem short, branched from the base, leafy, leaves 2-3 in., dark-green, radical, sessile, pinnately divided, lobes entire or but little toothed, stem leaves half stem-clasping, base dilated or lobed, flowers bluish ‘or pinkish white in terminal or clustered erect, narrow, cylindric few-flowered heads 1 in.» long, achenes 3-8 in. long, beak very long, tip cleft, embracing the base of the beak ; for other characters see the last species. 378 Plants of the Punjab. Hares, Ernot, with ALTERNATE ExstTipULATE LOBED LEAvEs. PETALS UNITED. FLOWERS, MINUTE, IN HEADS, ALL LIGULATE. Lactuca dissecta, CoMPposIT @. BSB im. 405: Himalaya, 4-8,000 ft. Simla (Collett). Kashmir, Sakesar, Salt Range, Baluchistan (Lace). Lactuca longifolia, CoMPosITa. BSB. in. 405; Himalaya, 4-9,000 ft. Shali, Daha (Collett). Kashmir. Lactuca rapunculoides, Composit m. FYB, 1. in. 407. Himalaya, 9-12,000 ft. Kashmir, Lahul. Lactuca decipiens, Composita. BeBe. 10.407. Himalaya, 8-10,000 ft. Kashmir, Dras. Lactuca hastata, Composira. F. B. I. in. 407. Himalaya, A-12,000 ft. Simla, ‘Theog, in forest (Collett). very like the last species, but flowers blue, beak of achenes shorter, twice the body, heads +3 in. long. like the last, but the leaves are often entire with forked base and half pinnately cut lobes, very long, linear, beak of achenes shorter, only equal in length to the body or less. medium size to large, perennial, root tuberous or spindle-shaped, often unbranched, leafy, smooth or slight- ly bristly above, leaves, lower long-stalked, heart- or tri- angular-shaped with margins incurved or variously toothed, upper with winged stalks, forked at the base with 2 lobes, uppermost nearly sessile, often lanceolate, heads 4-2 in., blue or purple, drooping in clusters, bracts of heads very small, inner few, very narrow with dilated tips, achenes 4 in. long, very narrow, slightly flattened with rounded edges, narrowed into a brown beak, pappus dirty white ; for other characters see the last species. like the last, but the leaves are much lobed, heads much larger, 2 in. long. like the last, but much larger, leaves sometimes a foot long, heads ? in. long, achenes quite flat, achenes contracted into a brown cleft tip in which the white beak is situated. Plants of the Punjab. 379 5 t Heres, Ergot, with ALTERNATE Exstiputatn LoBep LEAVEs. PETALS UNITED. FLOWERS, MINUTE, IN HEADS, ALL LIGULATE. Lactuca macrorhiza, CompositTa. F. B. I. i. 408. Himalaya, 6-12,000 ft. Simla, Mahasu, (Collett). Kashmir, The Chor. Lactuea Lessertiana, Composit az. F. B. I. ii. 408. | Himalaya, 8-13,000 ft. Kashmir. Lactuca sagittarioides, Composit a. He Bele mi 410; Himalaya, east of the Ravi, 5-6,000 ft. Daha in Giri Valley (Collett). Dharmsgala. Lactuca polycephala, ComMposira. F. B. I. iti. 410. The Plains to 6,000 ft. gmail to large, perennial, root tuberous, alpine forms very small with few leaves and scapes, leaves variable in size and shape, usually pinnately lobed, sometimes orbicu- larly heart-shaped, stalks dilated or lobed at the base, naked or winged, flowers grey blue in terminal drooping heads 2-4, forming clusters, bracts of heads, outer lanceolate very much shorter than the 6-10 linear oblong inner ones, achenes §-% in., flat, black, smooth, 5-ribbed on either side, narrowed into a white beak, 2rds the length of the body, pappus silky white, equal to the achenes ; for other characters see the last species. like the last species, but never ‘large, leaves sometimes simple, heads blackish, flowers blue, beak of acheneg stout, pale, pappus yellowish, shorter than the acheneg. small to medium size, biennial, smooth, stems usually tufted, slender, 6-15 in., branched ; leaves radical, 2-3 in, long, long-stalked, forked at the base, lateral lobes hori- zontal, leaf stalk 6-10 in. long, narrowly winged at the top ; flowers yellow, in erect heads, 4 in. long, on naked flower- ing stems 6-18 in. long, branched above into a flat-topped cluster, bracts of head green, outer very small, inner 6-10, linear-oblong ; achenes +5 in., smooth, oblong-lanceolate, narrowed into the slender white beak, pappus white, as long as the achenes. small to medium size, annual, smooth, slender, found in wet places, leaves radical 3-10 by 4-3 in., linear or lance- olate, pinnatifid or toothed, narrowed to the base, stalked, stem leaves sessile, oblong or lanceolate, finely long-pointed, forked at the base with pointed lobes, flowers yellow, in many-flowered heads §-} in., arranged in branching umbel- shaped clusters, bracts of heads, outer minute, inner 6-10, linear-oblong, green, achenes 4 in., red brown, hardly flattened, with 10 strong smooth ribs, narrowed into a short slender brown beak, pappus 4 in., silvery ; for other characters see the last species. 380 Plants of the Punjab. Horas, Erect, witH ALTERNATE ExstiputaTE Losep LxEavss. PETALS UNITED. FLOWERS, MINUTE, IN HEADS, ALL LIGULATE. Prenanthes very like a Lactuca, but the heads are fewer flowered, Brunoniana, narrower, flowers rose-purple, achenes have no beak. Composit. Bo be 1,1. 40h. Himalaya, 6-9,000 it. Simla (Collett). Kashmir, Prenanthes see Herbs, Unbranched, Alternate, Exstipulate, Simple. violzfolia, Picridium | see Herbs, Unbranched, Alternate, Exstipulate, Simple. tingitanum, Sonchus asper, Sow thistle, CoMPOSITA). FL SB. 1. m.414. The Plains to 12,000 ft. Simla (Collett). Kashmir. Baluchistan (Lace). Sonchus oleraceus, Sow thistle, Dodak. CoMPOSITA). F. B.. 1, ai. 414. The Plains to 8,000 ft. Simla (Collett). Baluchistan (Stocks). medium size, annual, flowers from December to April, smooth, succulent, juice milky, stems hollow, grooved or angled ; leaves 6-10 by 2-3 in., radical stalked, hard, pin- nately lobed or lanceolate, toothed, teeth long, unequal, spinous, stem leaves half stem-clasping, forked, basal-lobes recurved, rounded ; flowers yellow, in ovoid many flowered heads 3-1 in. diam., forming terminal branching racemes, bracts of heads many, smooth, overlapping, groen, outer smaller, floor of head naked, flat, ligules long spreading, 5-toothed, pappus copious, white, not feathery ; achenes oval, flattened, 8-5-ribbed on each face, minutely trans- versely wrinkled, not beaked. very like the last species, but flowers in the summer only, leaves prickly, not spinous, teeth small, thin, terminal lobe large. The root and leaves were once used ag galactagogues : the latter are eaten as a vogetable and given to cattle. Plants of the Punjab. 881 ce a Heres, Error with ALTERNATE ExstiputatE Lospep Luaves. PETALS UNITED. FLOWERS, MINUTE, IN HEADS, ALL LIGULATE. Sonchus arvensis, Corn sow thistle, Sahadevi bari. CoMPOSITA. Pe buban. 414. The Plains to 8,000 ft. Simla (Collett). Sonchus maritimus, ComPosITa. FB. Bolin. 414: N.-W. F. Province, Peshawar (Stewart). Baluchistan (Stocks). Launza aspleniifolia, CoMPOSITm. Babe tpi. 405. The Plains. Launezea chondrilloides, CoMPosiTm. Pept. 406. The Plains west of the Ravi, Multan. Rawalpindi. Launeea secunda, very like the last species, but flowers in the autumn, rootstock creeping, leaves with the lobes pointing back- wards, heads and stalks glandular hairy. This plant is considered mildly sedative, the milky juice when dry looks like opium. very like the last species, but leaves linear-oblong, entire or toothed with the gaps rounded, heads few, smooth, achenes with thick end margins, faces with a thick middle rib and two slender lateral ones. medium size, biennial or perennial, juice yellow, smooth, flowering stems many from the root ; leaves 3-6 ind narrowly ovate with broad tip, lobed or pinnately divided, lobes minutely toothed, stem-leaves few ; flowers yellow, in smooth terminal heads, 4 in. diam., on bracteate stalks, forming branching racemes, bracts of heads green, outer small, inner linear, margins thin, floor of head flat, naked, anther-bases forked, style arms slender, pappus $+ in, copious, hairs white, not feathery, united into a ring ; achenes +, in., narrow, angled, ribs 4-5, very stout, not winged. like the last species, but leaves more divided, stem- leaves sessile, forked at the base, heads rather larger. gee Lobed. Herbs, Unbranched, Alternate, Exstipulate, 382 Plants of the Punjab. Heres, Ernot, with ALTERNATE ExstTIPULATE LOBED LEAVES. PETALS UNITED. FLOWERS, MINUTE, IN HEADS, ALL LIGULATE. Launza nudicaulis, Batthal, dudhlak. CoMPoSsITzA. BB. T. . 416: The Plains to 6,000 ft. Valleys below Simla (Collett). Baluchistan (Duke). Launza glomerata, Composit zm. Bee: tein, 417. The Plains. Solanum nigrum, Black night-shade, Kambei, makoi, kachmach. SoLANACE. F, B. I. iv. 229. The Plains to 7,000 ft. Simla in woods. (Collett). Solanum coagulans, Bari mauhari. SoLANACES. BO Be A, rv; 286. The Plains. like the last described species, but lobes of leaves point backwards, teeth of leaf margins white, cartilagin- ous, achenes distinctly ribbed, not winged, much shorter than the pappus. The plant is used in Indian medicine. like the last species, but heads broader, bracts of heads more blunt, more flowers in the heads, achenes Shorter than the pappus, corky, thickly ribbed, outer achenes 2-winged. FLOWERS NOT IN HEADS. medium size, perennial, shrubby, smooth or slightly velvety, not prickly ; leaves 84 by 2 in., lobed or coarsely toothed, ovate or oblong, narrowed at both ends, stalk 3 in.; flowers $ in. diam., white, on nearly umbelled, short stalks, 5-8, 4 in., united on to main stalks, which are extra- axillary, }-? in. long, calyx saucer-shaped, 5- rarely 4- or 6- toothed, teeth blunt, .4,in., corolla 5- rarely 4- or 6- lobed, wheel-shaped, tube short, stamens 5, rarely 4 or 6, in the corolla throat, anthers nearly uniting together to form a cone, style short, thick, stigma small; berry } in. diam., red or black, rarely yellow, round, seeds 4, in., discoid, very many, almost smooth. This plant has diuretic, tonic, alterative, and laxative properties. medium size to large, perennial, bushy, leaves 3-6 by 2-4 in., ovate, lobed or coarsely toothed, woolly beneath with star-shaped hairs, prickly, flowers 1-1} in. diam., blue, in lateral few-flowered clusters on main stalks, often paired, one bearing a perfect the other a cluster of male flowers, calyx-lobes triangular, tube bell-shaped, calyx at flowering time often spinous, corolla shortly lobed, hairy on the plaits without, berry 1 in. diam., yellow, much larger than the calyx, edible ; for other characters see the last species, Plants of the Punjab. 383 Ss Heres, ERECT WitH ALTERNATE EXSTIPULATE LoBED Lravus. Solanum xanthoearpum, Katehi, rinyni. SOLANACER. Be By Lviv. 286. The Plains to 7,000 fi. * Simla, Baluchistan (Lace). Lycopersicum esculentum, Physalis minima, Physalis peruviana, Nicandra physaloides, SOLANACER. EF. Bul. iv. 240. Himalaya, 3-6,000 ft. Simla (Collett). Kashmir. Datura Stramonium, Thorn apple, Tattur, dattura. SOLANACEA. F. B. I. iv. 242. Himalaya, 3-8,000 ft. Simla (Collett). Kashmir (Thomson). Baluchistan (Lace). PETALS UNITED. FLOWERS NOT IN HEADS, small, very prickly, spreading, rough with star-shaped hairs ; leaves 2-4 in., oblong, pinnately divided, nerves. on both surfaces armed with long straight prickles ; flowers 1 in. diam., blue, solitary or in small clusters, calyx 1in., lobes ovate-oblong, prickly, hardly enlarging in fruit, corolla lobes shallow, velvety without ; berry 4-3 in. diam., round, yellow or whitish with green blotches, seeds zy In. diam., smooth. This plant is much used as an expecto- rant and diuretic. see Herbs, Erect, Alternate, Exstipulate, Compound. see Herbs, Erect, Alternate, Exstipulate, Simple. see Herbs, Erect, Alternate, Exstipulate, Simple. PETALS UNITED. medium size to large, annual, smooth, native of Peru; leaves 4-7 in., ovate-lanceolate, irregularly lobed and toothed ; flowers 1-13 in. diam., single on recurved, usually axillary stalks, clayx divided into 5 lobes, lobes in fruit 1 by 3 in., much enlarged, ovate, heart-shaped at the base, overlapping the berry, net-veined, corolla bell-shaped, 5-lobed in pleats, stamens 5, attached at corolla-bage, style linear, stigma 3-5-lobed ; berry } in. diam. round, seeds very many, flattened, nearly discoid. This plant is said to be diuretic. large, annual, nearly smooth ; leaves 7 by 4 in., ovate, coarsely and irregularly lobed and toothed, stalk 1 in. : flowers 3-6 in. long, 1-3 in. across, white, single on short usually axillary stalks, calyx 1-13 by 4-1 in., green, 5- toothed, tubular, corolla tubular, funnel-shaped, mouth wide, 5-lobed, lobes 4 in., folding at the angles, lobes ending in long narrow points, stamens 5, attached near the base of the tube, not protruding, style thread-like, stigma 2-lobed ; capsule 14 by 1 in., ovoid, erect, covered with rigid sharp prickles, 4-celled, opening by 4 valves, seeds many, flattened, wrinkled. The seeds are used for poison- ing, and medicinally for asthma, the leaves are algo used for the latter purpose. 384 Plants of the Punjab. Heres, Ereor, wirh ALTERNATE Exstrputate Lospep Leaves. Datura fastuosa, Kala dhatura. SoLANACEA. F. B. Liv. 242. The Plains, Baluchistan. Hyoscyamus niger, Hyoseyamus pusilius, Verbascum celsioides, ScROPHULARIACH#. eB bay. 250. The Plains, Hasan Abdal (Aitchison). Kana Plain, Rawalpindi. Celsia coromandeliana, Kulahalla. ScROPHULARIACES. Be eek. iver. The Plains to 5,000 ft. Sutlej Valley (Collett). Scrophularia lucida, Scrophularia variegata, Scrophularia scabiosefolia, Veronica hedereefolia, PETALS UNITED. very like the last, but leaves less lobed, corolla often purple, larger, 7 in. long and 5 in. across the mouth, capsule shorter, recurving when mature, opening irregu- larly. see Herbs, Erect, Alternate, Exstipulate, Simple. see Herbs, Erect, Alternate, Exstipulate, Simple. large, annual, velvety, glandular, often unbranched, stem thick ; leaves, lower, 4-6 in., pinnately divided, stalked, upper heart-shaped, forked at the base, sessile, long- pointed ; flowers 4-4 in., yellow, in a long loose raceme, bracts ovate-lanceolate, each flower stalk 4-3 in., calyx 5-lobed, lobes oblong blunt, overlapping, corolla $ in. diam., wheel-shaped, lobes 5, broad, stamens 4-5, woolly, stigma undivided ; capsule ovoid, valves separating from the axis, seeds many, wrinkled. very like the last species, but lower leaves pinnately divided with a large terminal lobe, stem leaves ovate- oblong, sessile, not forked, stamens only four. The juice of this plant is used in dysentery as an astringent and sedative, also as an expectorant in bronchitis. see Herbs, Erect, Opposite, Exstipulate, Lobea. see Herbs, Erect, Opposite, Exstipulate, Lobed. see Herbs, Erect, Opposite, Exstipulate, Lobed. gee Prostrate Herbs, Alternate, Exstipulate, Lobed. Plants of the Punjab. 385 Herss, Erect, wits Auternate Exstiputats Lopen LEAvEs, Sopubia trifida, ScROPHULARIACER. BH. Bul. iv. 302. Himalaya, 3-7,000 ft. Jako, Simla (Collett). Leptorhabdos Benthamiana, SCROPHULARIACES. PaBeieiv 308: Himalaya, 5-11,000 ft. Simla. Mashobra, Matiana (Collett). Kashmir, Baluchistan (Lace). Pedicularis pectinata, SCROPHULARIACES., Be Bel. tv. 306: Himalaya, 7-11,000 ft. Theog, Narkanda (Collett). Kashmir. Pedicularls tenui ostris, ScROPHULARIACES, fe Beisivasoue Himalaya, 7-11,000 ft. Kashmir, Labul. PETALS UNITED. medium size, annual, slender, roughly velvety, branches ascending ; leaves }-14in., mostly divided into three, linear, sessile, lower opposite, or clustered, upper alter- nate, undivided ; flowers 4 in. diam., yellow in many termi- nal bracteate racemes, calyx 5-toothed, bell-shaped, woolly inside, corolla 5-lobed, tube short, lobes spreading, nearly equal, stamens 4 in unequal pairs, style long, broadened into a flat stigma ; capsule ovoid, longer than the calyx. medium size, annual, smooth, stem slender or stout, branched above, branches straight, erect, very slender ; leaves 1-8 in., deeply pinnately divided, segments linear or thread-like, lower leaves opposite, upper alternate ; flowers Lin. diam., pale pink in slender bracteate, minutely olandular racemes, calyx 5-toothed, bell-shaped, corolla 5-lobed, tube short, lobes spreading, nearly equal, stamens 4 in unequal pairs, style long, stigma minute ; capsule % in., oblong, flattened, enclosed in the calyx, seeds 2-4, wrinkled, small to medium size, branched or not, stout, smooth ; leaves, lower, 3-6 in., pinnately divided, lanceolate, seg- ments toothed or pinnately divided, stem-leaves 3 by 2 in., whorled, stalked, lanceolate, pinnately divided, segments toothed ; flowers 2 in., rose red, scattered on spikes, 2-6 in. long, often hairy, bracts ovate-lanceolate, as long as the calyx, calyx } in. long, swollen in fruit, teeth 5, entire, short-pointed, corolla-tube as long as the calyx, 2-lipped, upper lip swollen, sickle-shaped, beak long, tip twisted, stamens 4, in unequal pairs, hairy, attached at the bottom of the tube, style slender, stigma nearly round ; capsule 4 in., ovoid, short-pointed, seeds } in., ridged, deeply pitted. This plant is used as a cure for hemoptysis. like the last species, but the stem-leaves have blunt, round-toothed segments, bracts long-pointed, flowers yellow. co 386 Plants of the Punjab. Herss, Erect, with ALTERNATE ExsripuLATE LOBED LEAVES. Pedicularis gracilis, ScROPHULARIACE®. ROBeRiycso7. Himalaya, 6-10,000 ft. Mahasu, Narkanda (Collett). Pedicularis porrecta, ScROPHULARIACEA. FB. 1.17. 307. Himalaya, 10-12,000 ft. Towards Kashmir, (Royle). Pedicularis verticillata, Pedicularis pyenantha, Pedicularis megalantha, Pedicularis tubiflora, Sesamum indicum, Anemone vitifolia, RANUNCULACER. Pia. 1.5. Himalaya, 5-10,000 ft. Simla (Collett). Anemone rivularis, RANUNCULACER. isabel. Himalaya, above 5,000 ft. Simla (Collett). PETALS UNITED. like P. pectinata above, but stem slender, beak of corolla not twisted, colour of flower the same, seeds very minute. small, rootstock perennial, stems many from the root, leaves }-1 in., oblong, pinnately divided, lobes oblong, blunt tipped, toothed, bracts pinnately divided, flowers 2 in. long, beak long, twisted, seeds not as minute as those of the last species ; for other characters see the last species. — see Herbs, Unbranched, Opposite, Exstipulate, Lobed. see Herbs, Unbranched, Opposite, Exstipulate, Lobed. see Herbs, Unbranched, Alternate, Exstipulate, Lobed. see Herbs, Unbranched, Alternate, Exstipulate, Lobed. see Herbs, Erect, Opposite, Exstipulate, Lobed. PETALS NONE. medium size, rootstock perennial, stout, woody, stem white velvety, stout ; leaves, radical, long-stalked, 4-8 in. across, circular, heart-shaped, deeply 5-lobed, sharply toothed, upper surface smooth, lower white-felted, floral leaves similar but smaller and shortly stalked; flowers 13-2 in. diam., white in compound stalked clusters, sepals 5-8, silky outside, petal-like, petals none, stamens many, styles many, short ; fruit a head of many woolly achenes, like the last species, but leaves divided into three, segments in threes, flowers a little smaller, bluish outside, styles hooked. Plants of the Punjab. 387 Herss, Ereot, with ALTERNATE ExstipuLate Lospep LBAVEs. Caltha palustris, Marsh marigold, Mamiri, baringu. RANUNCULACEA. PoB. 1. Qi. Himalaya, 8-10,000 ft. The Chor (Collett). Hattu. Hazara. Acroglochin chenopodioides, Chenopodium album, Chenopodium opulifolium, CHENOPODIACEA. PPB Al avas. Kashmir and Lahul, 6-8,000 ft. Chenopodium murale, Netitle-leaved Goose foot, Batu, kurund, kharatua. CHENOPODIACER. Be Lew As The Plains. Baluchistan (Hughes-Buller). Chenopodium Botrys, CHENOPODIACEAR. BBs Tey et Himalaya, 4-10,000 ft. Simla (Collett). Peshawar. Baluchistan (Lace). PETALS NONE. medium size, perennial, smooth, rootstock thick, creeping, stem stout, branched, leafy ; leaves, radical, 2-5 in. across, circular or kidney-shaped, long-stalked, shining, deeply hollowed at the base, teeth small, close, regular, stem leaves smaller, upper sessile, embracing the stem like a cup ; flowers yellow or white, 1-2 in. diam., terminal sepals 5 or 6, petal-like, oval or oblong blunt, petals none, stamens many ; fruit a head of many narrow flattened, many-seeded follicles beaked with the persistent styles. The root is con- sidered poisonous in Hazara. see Herbs, Unbranched, Alternate, Eixstipulate, Lobed. see Herbs, Erect, Alternate, Exstipulate, Simple, Toothed. medium size, mealy white, especially on the flowers and lower surface of the leaves, stems angled and grooved : leaves 13 by 13 in., broad, blunt, margins irregularly lobed ; flowers minute, greenish, 2-sexual in axillary clusters, sepals 8-5, keeled, stamens 1-5, styles 2-8 ; seed vessel flat- tened, covered by the sepals, seed dotted, margin rounded. small, nearly smooth, bright green, rather foetid : leaves 3-3 in., broad, ovoid, angular sides lobed, sharply toothed, base wedge-shaped, stalked long or short, flowers in slender spikes, forming loose dense axillary clusters, sepals bluntly keeled, ineurved in fruit, seed sharply keeled, dotted, horizontal; for other characters gee the last species. This plant is used as a pot herb. small to medium size, very aromatic, stem erooved, ribbed, velvety with glands, a weed of cultivation, leaves 1-3 in., lower stalked, ovate or oblong-lobulate, upper more lanceolate, entire, flowers solitary or clustered, in short axillary or long terminal racemes, sepals velvety-glandu- lar, enclosing the seed vessel, seed horizontal, nearly round, smooth, margin blunt ; for other characters see the last species. The oil is used in America and France for coughs and colds and in the former as a vermifuge. 002 388 Plants of the Punjab. Hurss, Ergot, wirn ALTERNATE ExstipuLATE LoBeD LEAVES. Spinacia oleracea, Spinach, Valayati sag, palak. CHENOPODIACES. Be Belsys ob: The Plains to 7,000 ft. (Cultivated), Aquilegia vulgaris, Columbine, RANUNCULACES. Hee 725, Himalaya, 5-10,000 ft. Simla (Collett). Kashmir, Baluchistan (Lace). Actzea spicata, Baneberry, Herb Christopher, RANUNCULACES. BP. BSL a 729. Himalaya, 6-10,000 ft. Narkanda (Collett). Hazara. Cimicifuga feetida, Jiunh. RANUNCULACEA). SBS thee, Himalaya, 7-12,000 ft. Patarnala (Collett). Hattu. PETALS NONE. medium size, annual, smooth; leaves angular, ovate, long-pointed, broadly sharply pinnately lobed; flowers minute, greenish, males and females on different plants, male flowers in terminal leafless spikes, sepals 4-5, green, undivided, stamens 4-5, thread-like, female flowers in axillary clusters, calyx 2-4-toothed, in fruit enclosing the seed vessel, stigmas long, thread-like, united below, seed vessel hard, flattened, seed vertical. The leaves are eaten as a vegetable, and as a solvent of urinary calculi. CoMPOUND LEAVES. PETALS UNUNITED. medium size, root perennial, thinly hairy, stems leafy ; leaves with a waxy green gloss, lower long-stalked pinnate, pinnules with 3 leaflets, upper shortly stalked, leaf- lets 3, deeply 3-lobed, segments coarsely round-toothed ; flowers 1 in. diam., yellow-green, nearly white or purplish, drooping in a loose branching raceme with a few sessile leaves at the forks, sepals 5, flat, ovate-lanceolate, soon falling off, petals 5, base of each produced into a blunt hooked spur, projecting between the sepals, stamens many, inner ones reduced to scales; follicles 5, sessile, tipped with the persistent styles, many-seeded. medium size, perennial, rootstock woody, horizontal, covered with leafless sheaths ; leaves 12 in., pinnately com- pound, pinnules often with 3 leaflets, leaflets ovate-lance- olate, poimted, often lobed, pointed, deeply and sharply toothed ; flowers} in. diam., white, crowded in short ter- minal racemes, lengthening in fruit, sepals 4, petal-like, concave, soon falling off, petals 4, shorter than the sepals, stamens many, stigma sessile, flat; berry ovoid, black, smooth, seeds many, flat, smooth. This plant is not used medicinally in this country. In America the poisonous nature of the berries is known, the plant is used for rheu- matic and nervous diseases. large, perennial, leafy, smooth below, felted above ; leaves 6-18 in., pinnately compound, leaflets 1-3 in., ovate or lanceolate, deeply sharply toothed, terminal leaflet 3-lobed ; flowers } in. diam., white, crowded in short or long racemes, solitary in the axils of the upper leaves and combined in a terminal sometimes large and spreading branched raceme, sepals and petals 5-7, ovate, concave, one or two of the inner ones deeply 2-lobed, tips white, broad, Plants of the Punjab. 889 Heras, Hinecr, with ALTERNATE EXsTIPULATE COMPOUND LEAVES. Pzonia Emodi, Peeony, Ud-salap, mamekh. RANUNCULACEZ. Hae 30): Himalaya, 5-10,000 ft. Hazara. Epimedium elatum, Cardamine hirsuta, Cardamine impatiens, Cardamine macrophylia, Cleome brachyearpa, CAPPARIDACEZ., HB d.a:.169; The Plains, Sargodha, Peshawar, Baluchistan (Hughes-Buller), Cleome viscosa, Hulhul, bugra. CapPARIDACE®. BP, Bak iO The Plains to 7,000 ft. Simla (Collett), - PETALS UNUNITED. notched, stamens many, ultimately longer than the sepals, style short, stigma pointed ; follicles 4-8, } in. long, flat, tipped with the styles, seeds 6-8. This plant is used in America to cure rheumatism. ; large, perennial, stout, smooth ; leaves 6-12 in. long, leaflets 8, usually 38-fid, segments lanceolate, pointed, entire ; flowers 3-4 in. diam., white or red, few, usually solitary in the upper axils, buds round, sepals 5, circular, concave, green, persistent, outer ones ending in a leaflike point, petals 5-10, broadly ovate, concave, stamens many, style short, broad, recurved ; follicles 1-8, ovoid, 1 in., seeds few, large. The tubers cure uterine and nervous diseases, the seeds are purgative and emetic. seo Herbs, Unbranched, Alternate, Exstipulate, Com- pound. see Herbs, Unbranched, Alternate, Exstipulate, Com- pound. see Herbs, Unbranched, Alternate, Exstipulate, Com- pound, see Herbs, Unbranched, Alternate, Exstipulate, Com- pound. small, perennial, musky, glandular, rough, branched from the base; leaves with 3-5 leaflets, upper simple, leaflets 4-4 in., ovate with a broad tip or oblong ; flowers 4-1 in. long, yellow, long-stalked in leafy racemes, sepals 4, spreading, petals 4, stamens 6, sessile on the disk ; cap- sule 4 in., oblong, roughish, seeds kidney-shaped, minute, smooth, medium sizo, annual, glandular-velvety, sticky, leaves digitately compound, leaflets 8-5, unequal, largest 1 in., nearly sossilo, ovate, entire, flowers 4 in., yellow, long- stalked in racemes, petals reflexed, stamens 12-20, capsule 2-8 in., linear, seeds wrinkled ; for other characters see the last species. The seeds are used in medicine and curries, they act like those of mustard and are vormifuge. 390 “Plants of the Punjab. Hurss, Erucr, with ALTERNATE ExsTIPULATE COMPOUND LEAVES. Gynandropsis pentaphylla, Kathal, parhar. CAPPARIDACEA. EMS; 1.1, 170. The Plains. Gurdaspur. Boenninghausenia albiflora, Pissu mar. Rutace®. BABI, 1 496; Himalaya, 4-8,000 ft. Simla (Collett). Murree. Dietamnus albus, RUTACE. BeBOL 10487. Himalaya, 6-8,000 ft. Kashmir. Vicatia coniifolia, UMBELLIFER®. PB; O74: Himalaya, 6-12,000 ft. Hattu (Collett). Kashmir. PETALS UNUNITED. medium size, annual, glandular-velvety ; leaves digi- tately compound, long-stalked, leaflets 1-2 in., broad ovate with a broad tip, short-pointed or blunt, entire or slightly toothed ; flowers 4-2 in., white or purplish in sticky racemes, bracts 3-lobed, sepals 4, erect, petals 4, spreading, long- stalked, open in bud, stamens 6, joined below to the slender stalk of the capsule, stigma sessile ; capsule 2-4 in., long- stalked, nearly smooth, valves 2, seeds many, kidney- shaped, black, rough. A common weed. The leaves are eaten as a pot herb. The seeds are used medicinally like those of the last species. medium size, perennial, rooted, smooth or slightly velvety ; leaves twice pinnate, stalk slender, leaflets 1-3 in., ovate or heart-shaped with a broad tip, bluish waxy green beneath, terminal largest, stalked ; flowers 4-4 in. diam., white, inclined or uodding in compound terminal leafy many-flowered racemes, calyx very small, 4-5-lobed, persistent, petals 4-5, oblong, blunt, stamens 6-8, styles 3-5; fruit 4-4 in. of 6-8 free papery, few-seeded, dotted carpels, seeds kidney-shaped, black. The leaves when erushed have a foetid odour. medium size, perennial, strongly scented, covered with small glands, stem thick, not woody; leaves 6-12 in., stalk very thick, angular, pinnate, with a terminal leaflet, gland-dotted, leaflets 9-15, opposite, 2-4 in., sessile, ovate- lanceolate, toothed, dark green; flowers 1-14 in. long, pink or white in an erect terminal raceme, 6-12 in. long, sepals 5, small, lanceolate, petals 5, much longer than the sepals, lanceolate, nearly equal, spreading, stamens 10, equal to the petals in length, hairy, glandular, bristle- tipped ; capsule 1 in. diam., of 5 carpels, 2-3-seeded, to- mentose, beaked, seeds black, shining. FLOWERS, MINUTE, IN UMBELS. medium size, perennial, smooth, stem striate, slightly leafy ; leaves thrice pinnate, leaflets pimnately divided, segments linear, short-pointed ; flowers minute, dark red, mm compound umbels, main stalk 2-6 in., bracts linear, usually only one 4 in., primary rays 6-12, 4-2 in. long, stiff, unequal, bracteoles 3-6, often as long as the umbellules, calyx-teeth none, petals 5, ovate, with a broad tip ; fruit §-§ in., dise prominent, style short, carpels ovate, broadly grooved on the inner face, ridges slender, distinct, not winged, oil glands (vitte) 2-3 in each furrow. Plants of the Punjab. 391 Heres, Erect, Vicatia millefolia, UMBELLIFERA. iHaBe dei. OF Kashmir, Tragbol, 11,400 ft. (C. B. Clarke). Elzosticta meifolia, UMBELLIFER A. Bib il..ans O73: The Plains. Apium graveolens, Wild celery, Ajmud, bhutjhata. UMBELLIFERZ. FP. B. 1-u- 678. Himalaya, 1-2,000 ft. Salt Range, Choa Saidan Shah (Douie). Baluchistan (Stocks). Cicuta virosa, Cowbane or water hemlock, UMBELLIFERAE. ES By tn.679: Kashmir, Srinagar. WitH ALTERNATE EXsTrepuLATE CoMPOUND LEAVES. PETALS UNUNITED. FLOWERS, MINUTE, IN UMBELS. like the last species, but the ultimate segments are much finer, thread-like, fruit much smaller, less grooved on the inner face. medium size, annual, smooth, sometimes unbranched, root spindle-shaped ; leaves 2 or 8 pinnate, ultimate segments linear ; flowers minute, on 6-12 stalks, } in. long, in compound umbels with 5-11 rays, 3-1! in. long, bracts 5-6, lanceolate, bracteoles similar but smaller, calyx teeth none, petals notched at the tip, ovate with a broad tip, stamens 5, styles 2, short ; fruit broader than long, 4, -by j; In., ridges none, oil glands minute, 2-1 in each furrow. medium size to large, biennial ; leaves, radical, pinnate with large deeply lobed segments, stem leaves deeply divided into three, segments once or twice divided, coarse- ly toothed at the apex; flowers minute, white, on 6-16 stalks in compound umbels with 5-10 rays on a short leaf opposed main stalk, calyx-teeth none, petals 5, ovate, short- pointed, tip inflexed, stamens 5, styles 2; fruit qe-qiy in., orbicular, ridges distinct, narrow, vitte broad. This plant is found in wet places, it is poisonous when ° wild : the seed is used as a spice, apiol—a drug—is obtained from this plant. The cultivated plant is eaten when blanched, the leaves and seeds are used for flavouring soups. medium size to large, perennial, stem hollow, streaked ; leaves pinnate, stem leaves 2-3 pinnate, seements lanceo- late, toothed, leaflets 1-2 by 4-4 in. ; flowers minute, white, in compound umbels on main stalks, 2-8 in., terminal and leaf opposed, rays up to 15, 14-24 in., bracts none, bracte- oles 2-8, 3 in., linear, calyx-teeth 5, short-pointed, minute, petals 5, ovate with a broad notched tip, stamens 5, styles 2; fruit =; in., ovoid, primary ridges broad, corky, blunt, furrows very narrow, one oil gland, seeds half round, flat- tened. This plant is poisonous. 392 Plants of the Punjab. Heres, Erect, with ALTERNATE ExsTIPULATEH COMPOUND LEAVES. Carum Carui, Caraway, Zira siyah. UMBELLIFERZ. EB. B. 1. ir 680; Kashmir, 9-12,000 ft. Carum Bulbocastanum, UMBELLIFERA. HB, 7:68]. Kashmir, 6-9,000 ft. Baluchistan (C. B. Clarke), Carum Roxburghianum, Ajmud. UMBELLIFER®. B. Bile 4.692, The Plains. Carum copticum, Bishop’s weed, Ajwain. UMBELLIFER®. F. B. I. ii. 682. The Plains Baluchistan (Lace), PETALS UNUNITED. FLOWERS, MINUTE, IN UMBELS. medium size, smooth ; leaves twice pinnate, ultimate segments of the lower leaves lanceolate, }-4 in., of the upper linear, 4-1 in. ; flowers minute, white, in compound umbels, rays 3-8, 4-2 in., unequal, bracts 1-3, small, linear, or none, rarely divided, bracteoles small, linear or none, calyx-teeth 5, small, or none, petals 5, notched, often en- larged and irregular ; fruit 3-4 in., yellowish-brown, ovoid or oblong, sticky, laterally flattened, carpels rounded, nar- rowed upwards, primary ridges thin but very distinct, oil gland solitary, rather large; seeds dorsally somewhat flattened, smooth or slightly grooved on the inner face. This plant is often cultivated ; the seed is used asa spice, and medicinally as a carminative in flatulent colic. like the last species, but stem shorter, root tuberous, ultimate segments of ail leaveslinear, twice as many rays, fruit oblong, not narrowed upwards. like the last species, but root spindle-shaped, stem larger, ultimate segments of leaves narrowly linear-lan- ceolate, bracteoles 4-8, linear-lanceolate with thin bristly margins; fruit hairy. This plant is only known in its cultivated form, though it is very like Carum stictocarpum, which grows wild in Dehra Dun outside this area. The seed ig used to flavour curries and as medicine in hiccup and vomiting. medium size, annual, root spindle-shaped, ultimate segments of leaves linear, often 4-1 in. long, flowers pure white, bracts many, linear, sometimes divided, bracteoles 3-5, small, linear, rays velvety, fruit 74, in., ovoid, rough with hard tubercles, carpels dorsally flattened, ridges dis- tinct, oil gland solitary, small; for other characters see the last species. Widely cultivated, only known wild as an escape : seeds are used as a spice. Omum water is the distilled water of the seeds, also thymol: the former is used in cholera, the latter isa strong antiseptic, and cure for hookworm disease. Plants of the Punjab. 393 a ee Heres, Hrect, WITH ALTERNATE HxsTipULATE CompouND LBAVES. Sium latijugum, Water Pa‘snip, UMBELLIFERS. Hob. 1.11. 683: Kashmir, 5-9,000 ft. In ditches. Pimpinelia Saxifraga, var. dissectifolia, Burnet Saxifrage, UMBELLIFERA. HSB. FE. 12/685: Kashinir, Tilail, 18-000 ft. Pimpinella acuminata, UMBELLIFERAA. BY Bets ii. 686. Himalaya, 4-8,000 ft. Simla (Collett). Kashmir. Pimpinelia diversifclia, UMBELLIFERS. Be Be Da 688. Himalaya, 4-10,000 ft. Simla (Collett). Osmorrhiza Claytoni, UMBELLIFERAE. FL .Be Lists 690: Himalaya, 5-8,000 ft. Narkanda (Collett), Kashmir. PETALS UNUNITED. FLOWERS, MINUTE, IN UMBELS. medium size, smooth ; leaves pinnately compound, leaf- lets of the lower leaves 1 in., ovate or ovate-lanceolate ; flowers white, in terminal or lateral compound umbels, bracts and bracteoles several, calyx-teeth none, petals notched, fruit oblong with rounded ends, ridges much broader than the furrows, furrows with only one oil gland. small to medium size, biennial or perennial, branched from the root, stem curved, streaked, slightly leafy up- wards ; leaves radical pinnate, pinne deeply lobed, lobes lanceolate ; flowers often pink or purplish, in compound Shee flower stalks 5-10, 20" jy in., bracts none, bracteoles 3-5, g in., linear, rays 5-10, 4-14 in., unequal, stout, ascending, calyx-teeth none, petals 5, notched ; fruit 4 in., nearly pentagonal, nearly dorsally flattened, inner face plain, ridges thin, distinct, oil glands 2-8 in each furrow, styles very short, seed concave on the inner face. like the last species, but much larger, leaves twice pinnate, secondary pinne 1-2 in., toothed, long-pointed, flowers yellow-green, bracts 1-5, flower stalks 4-4 in, petals soon falling off, fruit smooth. large, perennial, hairy or velvety ; leaves pinnately compound, leaflets 3 or 5, very variable in shape, lanceo- late, 13-5 by 1-2 in., coarsely or finely toothed, usually heart-shaped, often long-pointed, leaflets 1-3 by $-1 in., toothed, sometimes deeply cut, bracts none or 1-2, }-4 in., linear, rays 6-16, 4-13 in., bracteoles 8-3, 4 in., or none, petals white, greenish, notched, 8-16, in an umbel ; fruit velvety. large, perennial, roots smell of aniseed ; leaves large, twice pinnate, leaflets in threes, 1-2 in., ovate or lance- olate, coarsely toothed, sometimes lobed ; flowers white, 8 to 6 in a compound umbel, bracts 1-5, linear, 4 in., rays 3-6, slender, 1-4 in., drooping, bracteoles about 6, lanceo- late, in., petals white, notched ; fruit 3 by TO in., ridges slender, distinct, furrows 2-8, with oil glands. ; 394 Plants of the Punjab. ee nEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE Herss, Brecr, with ALTERNATE EXSTIPULATE COMPOUND LEAVES. Cheerophyllum villosum, Jangli gajar. UMBELLIFERAE. BeBe lsn 600. Himalaya, 5-12.000 ft. Simla, Facu, Hattu, (Collett). Serai near the Chor. Cheerophyllum reflexum, UMBELLIFERA. Bee. 691. Himalaya, 5-9,000 ft. Simla, Fagu (Collett). Cherophyllum acuminatum, UMBELLIFERA. eta; 691. Himalaya, 5-9,000 ft. Mahasu, F'agu, Hattu (Collett). Cheerophyllum capnoides, UMBELLIFER”®. F. B. 1. 11. 691. Kashmir. Cheerophyllum eachemiricum, UMBELLIFER®. FEB. Ten, 692 Himalaya, 7-12,000 ft. Dalhousie, Kashmir. PETALS UNUNITED. FLOWERS, MINUTE, IN UMBELS, medium size to large, perennial, root tuberous or spindle-shaped, stem with many long hairs ; leaves large, twice or thrice pinnate, hairy, leaflets finely divided, seg- ments sharply lobed and toothed, sheaths of upper leaves inflated, hairy, margins white, bracts none, rays 36 ; flowers white, 10-15 in a compound umbel, bracteoles 2-5, 4-4 in., linear, white margined, soon reflexed ; fruit 4 in., ridges equal, distinct, blunt, furrows with one oil gland. like the last species, but much less hairy, fruit longer, barren flowers nearly always reflexed. like the last species, but more hairy, leaves once or twice pinnate, leaflets triangular, regularly toothed, rays 4-12, fruit } in. medium size, perennial, root tuberous, nearly smooth ; leaves once or twice pinnate, 4-5 in., ultimate segments j-} by 4-4 in., bracts none, rays 4-8, bracteoles 4-7, 3 in., lanceolate ; fruit } in., oblong-lanceolate, black, minutely dotted, no oil glands. like the last species, but somewhat larger, fruit only in., ridges just perceptible, one oil gland in the furrows. Plants of the Punjab. 395 Heras, Erect, with ALTERNATE Eixsti1PULATE COMPOUND LEAVES, Seandix Pecten- Veneris, Venus’s comb, UMBELLIFERS. Res bei 692. Kashmir, 5-6,000 ft. Salt Range, Baluchistan (Stocks). Anthriscus nemorosa, Chervil, UMBELLIFERA. Bese Ls 15.692: Kashmir, 7-11,000 ft. Seseli sibiricum, UMBELLIFER. Ro 6. 1. w; 698. Kashmir. Seseli indicum, Banjoan. UMBELLIFERZ. BOBS in, 698, The Plains, Kahuta, Rawalpindi. Pyenocyela glauca, UMBELLIFERZ. F. Boku, 694, The Plains. PETALS UNUNITED. FLOWERS, MINUTE, IN UMBELS. small, annual, smooth or slightly hairy ; leaves pin- nately compound, ultimate segments small, narrow ; flowers white, in short-stalked simple or compound umbels, bracts 1 or none, bracteoles } in., several, lanceolate, often divided or lobed at the apex, calyx-teeth none, or minute, petals notched ; fruit 1 to 2 in., oblong, flattened, beak long, ridges blunt, broad, oil gland solitary in each furrow. very large, perennial, nearly smooth; leaves large, twice or thrice pinnate, leaflets broad, pinnately divided, segments entire or toothed ; flowers white, many, in a com- pound umbel, calyx-teeth none or minute, petals notched, bracts 1-2 or none, bracteoles + in., 5-7, lanceolate, un- divided, rays 10-15, stout, smooth ; fruit 4in., black, ovate- oblong, hairy, ridges acute at the apex. large, perennial, nearly smooth; leaves 10-12 in,, twice pinnate, pinne nearly prickly, secondary pinne 1-2 in., ovate, toothed ; flowers white, in compound umbels, bracts none or one, rays 15-40, 1-241n., velvety, bracteoles 5-10, 4 in., lanceolate, calyx-teeth triangular, minute, soon faliing off; fruit + in., cylindric, flattened, ridges strong, vitte large. like the last species, but small, much branched ; leaves less divided, calyx-teeth none, bracts 4-5, rays 8-16 ; fruit smaller, nearly round, ridges thick. The seed is used as anthelmintic and carminative in Bengal and Madras. medium size, perennial, branched from the base, branches slightly velvety, rush-like, few-leaved ; leaves pinnately divided, radical leaves long-stalked, ultimate segments long, linear, nearly cylindrical ; flowers white, 9 in an umbellule forming an umbel } in. diam. on a long stalk, look like scabiosa, bracts 5-6, 4 in., linear, hairy, bracteoles similar but smaller, rays 4 in., petals white with a red mid-rib, notched, hairy, calyx-tube hairy, teeth small, lanceolate ; fruit oblong-lanceolate, 4-;1, in., ridges thread-like ; seeds lunate with a T-shaped groove on the imner face. 896 Plants of the Punjab. Hers, HReot, with ALTERNATE ExstTipuLatE COMPOUND LBAVES. Foeeniculum vulgare, Fennel, Saunf. UMBELLIFERE. HeB. 1: 0695. The Plains to 6,000 ft. Baluchistan (Lace). Prangos pabularia, Komal. UMBELLIFER. BOB. TL. 1. 695. Kashmir, 6-11,000 ft. Ligusticum marginatum, and elatum, Lovage, UMBELLIFERA. F8.4; 698. Himalaya, 6-9,000 ft. Simla, Mahasnu, Hattu (Collett). Selinum tenuifolium, UMBELLIFER. HB. 1. 112700. Himalaya, 6-13,000 ft. Mahasu, Matiana, Shali, Hattu (Collett). Selinum papyraceum, UMBELLIFER®. PB. i. 1,701, Himalaya, 8-12,000 ft. Kashmir. PHTALS UNUNITED. FLOWERS, MINUTE, IN UMBELS. medium size to large, biennial or perennial; leaves 2-4 pinnate, ultimate, segments linear, strongly scented when rubbed ; flowers yellow, in compound umbels, bracts none, bracteoles none or a few, linear, calyx-teeth none, petals notched ; fruit oblong, not flattened, ridges promi- nent, furrows with oil glands, seed flattencd, inner face slightly hollow, widely cultivated, root purgative, seeds carminative : the leaves are eaten as a pot herb. large, perennial, smooth ; leaves 12-18 in., 8-4 pin- nate, ultimate segments 4-1 in., bristle-lke ; flowers yel- low, in compound umbels, 6-18 in. diam., bracts 4-8, ? in., linear, bracteoles many, flower stalks 15-25 in an umbel, 4-4 in., calyx-teeth none, petals notched ; fruit, fitrasaliwm, 4-7 In., oblong, wings 4 in., broad, ridges large, oil glands small, many, seed flattened with the inner faee hollow anda T-shaped groove. ‘This plant is considered by some a good fodder plant, the fruit is carminative and diuretic. large, perennial, smooth, few leaved above ; leaves 8-10 by 3 in., 1-3 pinnate, pinng 1-!41n., deeply divided; flowers white, in compound umbels, on long stalks, bracts 1-5, 4 in., linear, rays 12-204-14 in., bracteoles 4-8, 4-} in., linear, calyx-teeth none ; fruit smooth, ovate, flattened, hardly } in. long, ridges all winged, lateral broadest. large, perennial, stems finely grooved, hollow ; leaves lower often 12 in. diam., 8-pinnate, tertiary pinne deeply and fimely divided ; flowers white, in compound umbels, rays many, hairy, bracts 4-8, ?-14 in., linear, often toothed or lobed, bracteolos 5-12, often longer than the umbellule, white-margined, often lobed, calyx-teeth linear; fruit smooth, + in., ovate or oblong, flattened ridges corky, all winged, lateral broadest. very like the last species, but the leaves are rather less divided, rays Jess hairy, bracteoles not white margined, fruit 4 in., much flattened, lateral wings papery - not corky. Plants of the Punjab. 897 Hoerss, Ernet, with ALTERNATE ExstTipULATE COMPOUND LEAVES. Selinum Candollii, UMBELLIFERA. Be Belo. FOO. Kashmir, 7-8,000 ft. Selinum vaginatum, UMBELLIFER. Pisa, ws 100: Himalaya, 6-12,000 ft. Mahasu, Hattu, Patarnala (Collett). Pleurospermum Govanianum, UMBELLIFERD. Beeb. as. 102: Himalaya, 10-15,000 ft. Kashmir. Pleurospermum Candollii, UMBELLIFERZ. Bp, By leis 108; Himalaya, 10-15,000 ft. Kashmir. Pleurospermum angelicoides, UMBELLIFERZ. Be Be ipa Kashmir. PETALS UNUNITED. FLOWERS, MINUTE, IN UMBELS. very like the first species, but fruit } in.. somewhat flattened, ridges all nearly equally winged, corky. hike the first species, but bracts few, inconspicuous, leaves smaller, secondary pinne lanceolate, scarcely lobed or divided, oil glands obsolete. small, perennial or biennial, nearly smooth, stem thick, hollow ; leaves 4-8 in., oblong, pmnate, pinne 4-14 in., toothed or cut but not deeply ; flowers white or purple in compound umbels, rays 1-5 in., many, bracts 1-8 in., with an oblong entire white margined sheath and limb divided, bracteoles ovate with a broad tip, toothed at the apex, embracing the round umbellule; fruit 4 in., oblong with rounded ends, skin loose, glistening, netted, ridges winged hollow, furrows with one oil gland, lateral ridges narrowest, seeds distinctly grooved on the inner face. very like the last species, but bracteoles entire, blunt tipped, the fruit has the lateral ridges broader and furrows with 2-8 oil glands. large, leaves 1-2 pinnate, 12-18 in., pinne 3-6 in., with oblong toothed segments, bracts 5-8, 1-12 in., narrowly lanceolate, entire, white-margined, bracteoles 5-8, 2 in., narrowly lanceolate, entire, rays 10-20, 1-4 in., fruit 4-3 in., lateral ridges broadest; for other characters see the first species of this genus. 398 Plants of the Punjab. Heres, Erect, with ALTERNATE E.xsTIPULATE COMPOUND LEAVES. Pleurospermum stylosum, UMBELLIFER®. | cea oe ea Pd 0 Kashmir, Lahul, 11-12,000 ft. Pleurospermum densiflorum, UMBELLIFERA. Boe: Len: 106. Himalaya, Kashmir, 11-14,000 ft. Pleurospermum Brunonis, UMBELLIFERA. He Bet.) 706. Himalaya, 9-14,000 ft. Kashmir. Angelica glauca, Chura. UMBELLIFER®. PAB is 06, Himalaya, 8-10,000 ft. Nurkanda, Hattu (Collett. Kashmir. Archangelica officinalis, Angelica, UMBELLIFERA. | a | ae ha 6 Li Kashmir, 8§-13,000 ft. PETALS UNUNITED. FLOWERS, MINUTE, IN UMBELS. large, leaves 2-pinnate, pinne 1-3 in., often pinnately divided, segments of secondary pinne 1] in., toothed or divided, bracts 4-6, 1-3 in., lobed or seins = divided at the tip, rays 10-35, 13-3 in., bracteoles 6-10, lanceolate, entire or divided at the tip, calyx-teoth none, style bases prominent, ridges nearly equal, hardly winged, skin loose wrinkled ; for other characters see the last species. small, leaves 8-4 in., 8-4-pinnate, ovate, ultimate segments linear or linear-lanceolate, bracts 5-6, 1-2 in., oblong, tips pinnate or divided, rays 5-12, 1-2 in., brae- teoles 5-8, a8 ong, white-margined, entire, or divided at the tip, fruit 4 -i in., ridges 5, nearly equal, broad, dorsal 1-vittate, eee furrows with 2 oil glands, seed grooved on the inner face ; for other characters see the last species. very like the last species, but fruit smaller, }-}in., furrows all 1-vittate, seed plane on the inner face. , large, annual or biennial, smooth, root aromatic ; leaves 1-2-3-pinnate, leaflets few, 1-3 in., ovate, toothed, waxy greenish-blue beneath ; flowers white or purple in compound umbels, bracts several, 1 in., linear, bracteoles many, } in., calyx-teeth none, petals notched, ovate with a broad tip, rays 20-80, 1-3 in., fruit } by 4 in., flattened, lateral ridges broadly winged, furrows with one oil gland, seeds 15 in. wide, hardly grooved on the inner face. . This plant 1 is used as a cure for flatulence and dyspepsia, the root is used to give food the flavour of celery. large, perennial ; leaves 12-86 in., ovate, 2-3-pinnate, leafiets 14-4 by #?-2 in., ultimate pinnge se silo, toothed, terminal often 8-lobed ; flowers white, in compound umbels, bracts few, small, bracteoles many, line ar, aS long as the umbellule, rays 10-80, 14-4 in., calyx-teeth none, petals ovate, hardly notched ; fruit } by 4 in., lateral ridges usual- ly winged, surface corky, oil glands many, small. The leaf stalks are used in confectionery and called angelica, Plants of the Punjab. 399 Ee Hurss, Hreot, with ALTERNATE E.xsTIPULATE COMPOUND LEAVES. Ferula Thomsoni, UMBELLIFER®. BoB. ni TOBE Kashmir, 5-6,000 ft. (Thomson). (C. B. Clarke). Ferula Jzschkeana, Asafeetida, FHivng. UMBELLIFERZ. Hy Be bre 708. Kashmir, 6-12,000 ft. Common. Baluchistan. Peucedanum graveolens, Dill, Sowa. UMBELLIFERA. BB Lait O09: The Plains to 9,000 ft. Peucedanum Thomsoni, UMBELLIFER. Ee Bere 11. Kashmir, 5-9,000 ft. Heracleum Thomsoni, UMBELLIFERA. Ue oe lenis (0 Himalaya, 9-15,000 ft. Kashmir, Lahul, Spiti. PETALS UNUNITED. FLOWERS, MINUTE, IN UMBELS. large, perennial, smooth; leaves 8-pinnate, lower leaves 12-24 in., ovate, tertiary pinne 2 by 4 in., nearly entire, mostly stalked, sheaths of stem leaves large with simple or almost compound umbels; flowers yellow, also in a terminal large leafless compound umbel, bracts none or small, soon falling off, bracteoles none or very small, calyx teeth none, petals ovate, blunt-tipped or notched ; fruit + by 4 in., oblong, much flattened, lateral ridges winged, vitte broad, one in the dorsal furrows. like the last species, but the leaflets on the margin are round toothed. ‘This is probably the source of asafo- tida from Kashmir, the drug oozes out of incisions on the roots, it is much used as a condiment in India and as a medicine for the cure of flatulence. medium size, perennial, smooth, aromatic ; leaves 2-3- pinnate, ultimate segments 3-1 in., linear ; flowers yellow, in compound umbels, bracts and bracteoles none, calyx teeth none or minute, petals ovate with a broad tip, notch- ed, styles small; fruit + by ;4 in., narrowly winged, oil gland large, solitary in each furrow, seed much flattened, inner face plane. ‘The leaves are used as a pot herb, the fruit is used as a condiment, and as a medicine, being a cure for colic. like the last species, but the stem is large, the leaves are 3-4 pinnate, ultimate segments 4 in., ovate, deeply divided, bracts and bracteoles few, umbels large, irregular, calyx-teeth none, fruit } in. small to medium size, perennial or biennial, grey velvety ; leaves 6-10 in., 2-pinnate, ovate-lanceolate, ulti- mate segments $-1 in., pinnately divided ; flowers white, in compound umbels, bracts 4-5, 3-4 in., rays 4-10, 1-2 in., bracteoles 5-8, § in., ovate-lanceclate, white margined, petals ovate with a broad tip, notched, fruit 4-4 by 4-2 in., velvety, flattened, shghtly winged, greenish, oil gland soli- tary in each furrow, 400 Plants of the Punjab. Heres, Hrect, with ALTERNATE E.XsTIPULATE CoMPOUND LEAVES, Heracleum pinnatum, UMBELLIFERS, "Fie Sia Dg ay & Kashmir, 10-16,000 ft. Heracleum eachemiricum, UMBELLIFERA. UGB. We C12. Himalaya, 5-8,000 ft. Mashobra (Collett). Murree, Kashmir. Heracleum canescens, UMBELLIFERA. Beeb Ad, ai; 718. Himalaya, 6-8,000 it. Simla, Mahasu (Collett). Heracleum candicans, UMBELLIFERA. PP. Bei. i. (14. Himalaya, §-12,000 ft. Simla, Mahasu, (Collett). Murree. Zosimia absinthifolia, ' UMBELLIFERZ. Ee Peel i a ly Base of the Hills west of the Indus. Baluchistan (Lace). PETALS UNUNITED. FLOWERS, MINUTE, IN UMBELS. like the last species, but white velvety ; leaves 1-pin- nate, pinne ovate, toothed or divided, fruit }-4 in., ovate with a broad top, rather more winged, whitish. medium size, stem leafless, leaves 2-pinnate, pinna® 1-3 by 54-4 in., sessile, nearly blunt-tipped, slightly toothed, bracts 2-4, 4-1 in., lanceolate, rays 6-10, 1-2 in., bracteoles 5-8, 4 in., lanceolate, fruit } in., velvety, narrowly winged ; for other characters see the first species. medium size, stem nearly leafless upwards, white, hairy ; leaves 3-12 in., 1-2-pinnate, oblong or ovate, pin- ne 4-3 in., ovate or oblong, short-pointed or blunt, toothed or lobed, bracts 1-4, } in., linear or lanceolate, or none, rays 6-16, 1-3 in., bracteoles 4-8, } in., linear or lanceolate, calyx-teeth linear, small, fruit 4 by }in., ovate with a blunt tip, broadly winged; for other characters see the first species. like the last species, but velvety not hairy, leaves and leaflets much larger. medium size, perennial, velvety or hairy ; leaves 4-8 in., 2-4-pinnate, velvety, oblong-lanceolate, ultimate seg ments 3-4 in., linear or narrowly lanceolate ; flowers whit- ish-yellow, in compound umbels, rays 6-16, 1-3 in., often stout, bracts and bracteoles usually 5, 4-3 in., lanceolate, ealyx-teeth linear, petals ovate with a broad tip, notched ; fruit 4 by } in., oblong with rounded ends, flattened, lateral ridge with a thick corky blunt wing, furrows with one oil gland, Plants of the Punjab, 401 aa ee eee Herbs, Hrect, with ALTERNATE E:xXsTIPULATE COMPOUND LEAVES. Coriandrum sativum, Coriander, Dhanya. UMBELLIFERAE. Hee slo. TT. The Plains to 2,000 ft. Baluchistan (Lace). Cuminum Cyminum, Cumin, Zira, zira sufed. UMBELLIFER®. PERS tie (it. The Plains. Daucus Carota, Carrot, Gajar. UMBELLIFER®. Pee. Lene 113. Himalaya, 5-9,000 ft. Kashmir, Cultivated in the Plains and Hills. Caucalis Anthriscus, Hedge-Parsley, UMBELLIFER®. ET) Beli: Himalaya, 8-9,000 ft. Simla, Mashobra (Collett). Kashmir, PETALS UNUNITED, FLOWERS, MINUTE, IN UMBELS. small to medium size, annual, smooth, strongly scented when rubbed ; leaves pinnately divided, segments of the lower leaves broadly ovate, lobed and toothed, of the upper thread-like; flowers white or purplish, in compound umbels, bracts none or few, linear, bracteoles few, thread-like, petals notched, ovate with a broad tip, calyx-teeth small, short-pointed ; fruit nearly round, ridges not prominent, oil glands solitary under the secondary ridges, seeds con- vex on one side, concave on the other. This plant is widely cultivated, the leaves are eaten as a pot herb, the seeds are used a condiment and a medicine. small to medium size, annual, slender, smooth ; leaves much divided, ultimate segments thread-like ; flowers white, in compound umbels, rays few, bracts and bracteoleg sever: al, linear, stiff, calyx-teeth small, awl-shaped, unequal, petals oblong or ovate with a broad tip, notched; fruit cylindric, tip narrow, primary ridges thin, distinct, second- ary slightly hairy, oil gland large, solitary under each secondary ridge, seeds like those of Carum Carui, Cara- way, but larger, lighter coloured, and with nearly twice as many ridges on the fruit. This plant is much valued in Indian medicine ag a carminative. medium size to large, annual or biennial, hairy, root fusiform ; leaves 2-3-pinnate, pinne divided, Segments narrowly lanceolate » flowers white, in compound umbels, rays usually many, outer ones converging in fruit, bracts usually very many, bracteoles many, 3-fid or simple, calyxe teeth small or none, petals ovate with a broad tip, notched: fruit =!; in., somewhat flattened, all ridges prominent,. bristles on the secondary ridges, white, glistening, united at the base only, of the primary ridges sessile, almost barbed, seeds half rounded, flattened on the back. medium size to large, annual, roughly hairy; leaves 1-2-pinnate, leaflets lanceolate, divided, segments entire or toothed, short-pointed ; flowers pale pink, many, forming compound long-stalked umbels, bracts 1-5, 4-3 in., linear, rays 5-12, very unequal, bracteoles several, linear, some- times longer than their umbels, calyx-teeth none, petals ovate with a broad-notched tip; fruit 4 in, primary and secondary ridges equally bristly, not prominent, bristles rough, curved, almost hooked, not barbed, seeds half rounded, deeply grooved on the inner face. DD 402 Plants of the Punjab. Heres, Erect, wite ALTERNATE I)xsTIPULATE COMPOUND LEAVES. Caucalis leptophyila, UMBELLIFERAE, BeBe Ts it. 419, Kashmir, 4-6,000 ft. Cauealis latifolia, Broad Caucalis, UMBELLIFER®. He Boek nl 719. Kashmir, 5-8,000 ft. Baluchistan (Lace). Psammogeton biternatum, Gargira. UMBELLIFERS. We Bt Ee .719. The Plains to 3,000 ft. Baluchistan (Stocks). Lactuea macrorhiza, Polemonium cceruleum, Jacob’s ladder, Greek Valerian, POLEMONIACE®. Ey B. 1. sy. 188. Himalaya, 9-12.000 ft. Kashmir, PETALS UNUNITED. I'LOWERS, MINUTE, IN UMBELS. like the last species, but leaves more finely cut, ulti- mate segments almost linear, umbels often lateral, main stalks 1-2 in., stout, rays 2-5, fruit larger, bristles longer, shining, almost barbed. small, almost prickly, stiff, leaves 1-2-pinnate, pinne often 1-2 in., oblong, toothed or divided half way to the mid-rib, bracts and bracteoles small, oblone, thin, white, rays 3-4, 1-3 in., fruit + in., primary and secondary ridges equally prominent and bristly; for other characters see the last species. small, annual, velvety or smooth, widely branched ; leaves 1-2-pinnate, segments of the bower leaves ovate, pinnately divided into narrow lobes, segments of the upper narrowly wedge-shaped and divided ; flowers white or pur- plish, in compound umbels on stalks 1-3 in., stout, lateral, and terminal, bracts 3-5, 4-4 in., narrowly lanceolate or linear, rays 5-10, 4-1 in., bracteoles 4-8, 4 in., lanceolate, sheathing the young umbellule, calyx-teeth none, petal ovate, with a broad-notched tip; fruit } in., ovoid, hairs on the ridges, white, styles very long, oil glands solitary under the secondary ridges. This plant is used in Sind as a stomachie. PETALS UNITED. see Herbs, Erect, Alternate, Exstipulate, Lobed. medium size to large, perennial, sticky, hairy or nearly smooth ; leaves 5 by 3 in., pinnate, leaflets 15 by 4 in., lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate ; flowers 1 in. diam., blue, in terminal flat-topped cluste:s, calyx bell-shaped, lobes ovate or lanceolate-oblong, barely sharp-pointed, corolla funnel-shaped, lobes spreading, ovate with a broad tip, stamens 5, attached near the corolla. base, hairy with a process below, style shortly 3-fid; capsule 4 in., ovoid, much overlapped by the ealyx, seeds 54, in., many, smooth, not winged. Plants of the Punjab. — 408 Heres, EReEcT, WITH ALTERNATE ExstrepuLaATE ComMpouNnD LEAVES. Lycopersicum esculentum, The Tomato, Bhatte, Villayati-bangan. SOLANACES. Heeb. Do ivy.257. The Plains to 6,000 ft. Amphicome arguta, BIGNONIACES. F. B. I. iv. 385. Himalaya, 7-8,000 ft. Road between Theog and Matiana, on rocks (Collett). Amphicome emodi, BIGNONIACEH. BL B. Liv. 885. Himalaya, 2-9,000 ft. Sutlej Valley, Subathu, on rocks, Jagoti, Rohru Valley. Kashmir. Thalictrum elegans, RANUNCULACES. BB ea. Himalaya, 10-18,000 ft. Hazara, the Chor (Collett). PETALS UNITED. large, annual, velvety ; leaves 3-6 in., pinnate, leaflets toothed ; flowers 2 in. diam., yellow, in few-flowered stalked clusters, sepals 5-6, narrow, corolla wheel-shaped, tube very short, lobes 5-6-fid, folded in bud, stamens 5-6, on the corolla tube converging in a long cone ; berry }in. diam., red, round, in cultivation much enlarged, of varying shape, seeds many, flattened, covered with minute projections. This South American plant is widely cultivated and is found as an escape. L medium size, perennial, woody at the base, smooth; leaves 3-5 in., pinnate, leaflets 5-7, lanceolate, and one longest sometimes lobed ; flowers 13-2 in. long, }-% in. wide at the mouth, pink in erect or drooping racemes, calyx 3 in., teeth linear, short-pointed, corolla funnel-shaped, tube curved, lobes entire, stamens 4, in unequal pairs, anthers facing each other, with a tooth-like process at the base of the stamen ; capsule 4-8 in. by 4-4, slender, cylin- drical, seeds 4 by 3, in., with a transparent wing on each side, which is split into strips. very like the last species, but the leaves are larger, leaflets more numerous, flowers larger, tube tinged with yellow. PETALS NONE. small, perennial, slender, stiff; leaves 9-3 in., stalks long, sheathing, compound, leaflets § in., 8-lobed, stalked, bluish-green below; flowers very small, green purple, in branching racemes, sepals 4-9, petal-like, soon falling off, petals none, stamens many, thread-like, pro- jecting beyond the sepals; fruit a head of small stalked achenes ; achenes 6-12, shorter than their stalks, thin, ventrate (?) suture winged, stigmas nearly lateral, incurved. DD2 404 Oe EE ee ee ee ee Plants of the Punjab. Heras, Erect, with ALTERNATE ExstipULATE ComMpoUND LEAvss, Thalictrum cultratum, RANUNCULACES. (i 2S eae Himalaya, - 8-12,000 ft. Kashmir. Thalictrum Chelidonii, RANUNCULACES. es. ed. 1, Himalaya, 8-12,000 ft. Kulu. Thalictrum reniforme, RANUNCULACES. DS a ee Himalaya, 8-10,000 ft. Mashobra, Narkanda (Collett). Kulu. Thalictrum pauciflorum, RANUNCULACE. “TNS eal er a Himalaya, 7-13,000 ft. Kashmir. Thalictrum pedunculatum, RANUNCULACES. TRS oie Ware ge BP Himalaya, 6-9,000 ft. Simla, Mahasu, Narkanda (Collett). Murree. PETALS NONE. large, leaves large, sheaths with small ear-like stipules, leaflets 1-4 in., bluntly 3-lobed, velvety beneath, flowers ereenish-white, sepals } in., achenes shortly stalked, 3-rib- bed on each side, style straight or hooked; for other characters see the last species. large, much branched, leaves large, leaflets of lower leaves 1 in. diam., orbicular-heart-shaped, round-toothed or lobed, smooth and pale beneath, flowers 1 in. diam. lilac or purple in branching racemes with long stiff branches, flower stalks to 1 in., tips bent down often in fruit, sepals blunt, oblong with rounded ends, achenes long-stalked many, thin netted, style curved in; for other characters see the last species. large, much branched, glandular when young, leaves large, sheaths large, ending in stipule-like processes, leaf- lets 1-14 in. diam., orbicular-heart-shaped, slightly 3- lobed, flowers 4-4 in. diam., greenish-white, sepals 28 an soon falling off, narrowly oblong, blunt-tipped, stamens ag long as the sepals, tinged with purple, achenes 3, in. style straight, velvety, 8-ribbed on cach side ; fon onan characters see the last species. medium size, smooth, leaves small, nearly sessile, leaflets ovate with a broad tip, wedge-shaped, 3-4-lobed, netted, all stalked, mid leaflet longest stalked, one or a few small flowers in a branching raceme at the end of long branches, sepals ovate, 3-nerved, short-pointed, achenes 3-5, ovate with a broad tip, 3-nerved on each side, style straight ; for other characters see the last species. a « medium size, sometimes half training, smooth, leaves 3-10 in., long-stalked, pinnules very long with 3 leaflets, leaflets 4-1 in., circular or ovate with a broad tip, usually 3-lobed, coarsely round-toothed, flowers large, whive, long- stalked in terminal branching racemes, sepals variable in size, }-1 in., oblong, blunt-tipped, twice as long as the stamens, achenes 3-2 in., linear-oblong, tapering at both ends, strongly ribbed, style curved in; for other characters see the last species. Plants of the Punjab. 405 Huress, Erect, with ALTERNATE ExsTIPULATE COMPOUND LEAVES. Thalictrum rostellatum, RANUNCULACE. PVBe. 02! Himalaya, 7-12,000 ft. Mahasu, Fagu, Narkanda (Collett). The Chor. Thalictrum saniculeforme, Thalictrum javanicum, RANUNCULACES. PO Bet 133 Himalaya, 6-12,000 ft. Simla (Collett). The Glen. Thalictrum foliolosum, Phalyart, chitra. RANUNCULACER. Hees to 14: Himalaya, 5-8,000 ft. Simla (Collett). Thalictrum minus, Lesser Thalictrum, RANUNCULACER. He Bee Himalaya, 9-12,000 ft. Kashmir, Baluchistan (Lace). PETALS NONE. medium size, rather stiff, much branched, leaves 2-6 in., lower pinnules often with 3 leaflets, leaflets 4-4 in., circular, more or less 3-lobed, round-toothed, sepals ;'; in., ovate, white, stamens shorter than the sepals, achenes nearly 54; in., style straight, tip hooked ; for other character; see the last species. see Herbs, Erect, Unbranched, Alternate, Com- pound. medium size to large, leaves 4-12 in., pinnules usually with 3 leaflets, leaflets 4-14 in., circular or ovate-oblong, 3-lobed, entire or coarsely round-toothed, stipule-like processes, fringed, flowers small, white, clustered in many branched racemes, sepals 75 in., ovate, stamens longer than the sepals, achenes 8-15, + in., oblong, strongly ribbed, style short, hooked; for other characters see the last species. large, smooth, leaves 6-18 in., pinnules often with 3 leaflets, leaflets 2-4 in., oblong-ovate, 3-lobed, round. or sharp-toothed, leaf stalks sheathing with ear-lke pro- cesses, flowers green, white or purple, in much branched bracteate racemes, sepals + in., ovate, stamens longer than the sepals, achenes 2-5, 4in., sharply ribbed, oblong, sharp at both ends; for other characters see the last species. The root is used ag a tonic in Indian medicine, it contains berberine in a soluble form. e very like the last species, but the leaves though sheath- ing have no stipule-like processes, flowers always a dingy purple. 406 Plants of the Puniab. Heres, Erect, with ALTERNATE EXsTIPULATE COMPOUND LEAVES. Datisea eannabina, Akalbir, bhangjala. DatISCACER. F..B. 1. 1. 656. Himalaya, 1-6,000 it. Kashmir. Ariszema utile, Ariseema intermedium, Ariseema Wallichianum, Ariseema tortuosum or helleborifolium, Ariseema curvatum, Ariseema flavum, Ariseema Jaequemoniil, PETALS NONE. large, stout, smooth ; leaves, lower pinnate, 12 in., leaf- lets 7-11, 6 by 1} in., stalked, lanceolate, coarsely toothed, tip !ong-pointed, entire, upper leaves of branches 1-3 in., linear-lanceolate, toothed or entire ; flowers small, yellow, shortly stalked in axillary clusters, male and female on different plants, male flowers calyx tube very short, 5- lobed, petals none, stamens 11-13 on the calyx, female flowers calyx-tube ovoid, 3-angled, 5-toothed on the ovary, petals none, styles 3, each divided into 2 linear stigmas ; capsule 4 in., oblong, opening at the top, seeds many, minute. The root, bark, and wood supply a yellow dye, a medicine is also obtained from this plant which i8 used in rheumatism, also in fevers. see Herbs, Erect, Unbranched, Alternate, Com- pound, see Herbs, Erect, Unbranched, Alternate, Com- pound. see Herbs, Erect, Unbranched, Alternate, Com- pound, see Herbs, Erect, Unbranched, Alternate, Com- pound. see Herbs, Erect, Unbranched, Alternate, Com- pound. see Herbs, Hrect, Unbranched, Alternate, Com- pound. see Herbs, Erect, Unbranched, Alternate, Oom- pound. Plants of the Punjab. 407 UNBRANCHED HERBS. Herss, UNBRANCHED, WITH OpposiTE STIPULATE SIMPLE LEaVEs. Monsonia heliotropioides, PETALS UNUNITED. see Herbs, Erect, Unbranched, Alternate, Stipulate. Simple. Herss, UNBRANCHED, with OpposiTE StipuLATE LoBEeD LEAVES. Alchemilia vulgaris, Lady’s Mantle, RosacE&. Ab Sti oU. Kashmir, 8-9,000 ft. Moliugo nudicaulis, FIcoIpEz. F. B. I. ii. 664. The Plains. Polygonum islandicum, Elatostemma surculosum, URTIOBACH. 15 Wpagl 5 Pel EA ae pa Himalaya, 4-7,000 ft. Simla, on damp rocks (Collett). PETALS NONE. small to medium size, covered with silky hairs, root- stock perennial, creeping, stem 6-18 in., unbranched ; radical leaves 2-3 in. diam., circular heart-shaped, 7-9- lobed, basal lobes overlapping, leaf stalks 6-18 in., stipules united into a funnel-shaped tube with short broad spread- ing toothed lips ; flowers } in. diam., yellow-green, in loose or crowded flat-topped clusters, calyx 4-5-lobed, petals none, stamens 1-4, on the mouth of the calyx ; achenes 1-2, enclosed in the membranous calyx-tube. small, annual, smooth, slender, stems many, leafless, scapes rising from a tuft of radical leaves ; leaves 1-2 in., oblong, blade prolonged, tapering to the base, stipules soon falling off ; flowers green, in clusters on branching stalks, sepals 5, ; in., oblong or oval, with thin margins, point blunt, petals none, stamens 3 or 5, stigmas 8, very small ; capsule 3, in., round, many-seeded, seeds minute, black, netted, shining, a small process at the hilum. see Herbs, Unbranched, Alternate, Stipulate, Simpie. small, annual, stems 2-8 in., slender, tufted, weak ; leaves 4-1 in., lanceolate, sessile, few, lower entire, upper toothed towards the tip, each leaf with a small oblong one opposite, which is often deflexed, stipules minute, cysto- liths many ; flowers minute, green, one sexual, mtermixed with minute bractleoles crowded in axillary, fleshy heads *!, in. diam., saucer-like, bordered by a circle of bracts, male and female on the same or different plants, male, sepals 4-5, stamens 4-5, female, sepals 8, unequal, persist- ent, stigma of a sessile tuft of hairs ; achenes ovoid, flat- tened. 408 Plants of the Punjab. Herss, UNBRANCHED, WITH OpposITE STIPULATE COMPOUND LEAVES. Oxalis Acetosella, Wood sorrel, GHRANIACER. SH, B:de1. Ao6s Himalaya, 8-12,000 ft. Baghi (Collett). Kashmir. Guldenstzdtia mirpourensis, Astragalus rhizanthus, Astragalus bakuensis, Oxytropis lapponica, Oxytropis mollis, Oxytropis Thomsoni, Oxytropis tatarica, Oxytropis microphylla, Trachydium Roylei, Thalictrum alpinum, Alpine Thalictrum, RANUNOULACEA. a ee ee Himalaya, 10-17,000 ft, Thalictrum nisulwtorm3, PETALS UNUNITED. small, perennial, velvety, root scaly, stemless ; leaves all radical, 1-2 in. across, compound, leaflets 3, sessile, ovate with a broad tip, faintly notched, lower surface often purple, stipules broad, large, thin; flowers $-# in. diam., white or pale lilac, solitary on long radical, 2-bracteate stalks, sepals 5, oblong, free, petals 5, veined with purple, stalked, 3-4 times as large as the sepals, stamens 10, 5 long, 5 short, united at the base, styles 5, more or less united ; capsule }in., ovoid, smooth, 5-angled, 5-celled, seeds 2 or 8 in each cell, seeds ribbed lengthwise. The seeds are shot out through the openings in the capsule. see Herbs, Unbranched, Alternate, Stipulate, Com- pound. see Herbs, Unbranched, Alternate, Stipulate, Com- pound. see Herbs, Unbranched, Alternate, Stipulate, Com- pound. see Herbs, Unbranched, Alternate, Stipulate, Com- pound. see Herbs, Unbranched, Alternate, Stipulate, Com- pound. see Herbs, Unbranched, Alternate, Stipulate, Com- pound. see Herbs, Unbranched, Alternate, Stipulate, Com- pound. gee Herbs, Unbranched, Alternate, Stipulate, Com- pound. see Herbs, Unbranched, Alternate, Stipulate, Com- pound. PETALS NONE. small, perennial, slender, smooth, tufted, stem 3-6 in., leaves all radical, pinnate or rarely 2-pinnate, leaflets small, rounded, 38-lobed, waxy bluish-green beneath ; flowers minute, greenish in racemes on an undivided main stalk, bracteoles oblong, thin, blunt, petals none, stamens many, anthers beaked ; fruit a small head of stalked oblong, streaked achenes. see Herbs, Unbranched, Alternate, Stipulate, Com- pound. Plants of the Punjab. 409 Heres, UNBRANCHED, WITH Opposite KXSTIPULATE SIMPLE LEAVES. Arabis glabra, Rock cress. CRUCIFERZ. Heb olde oe Himalaya, 6-10,000 ft. Arabis auriculata, CRUCIFER A. Bebe Isis 135, The Plains west of the Jhelum, Margalla Pass, Pindigheb (Douie). Kashmir, 5-6,000 ft. Arabis alpina, CRUCIFER A. a eackan lao: Himalaya, 5-12,000 ft. Simla (Collett). Murree. Arabis ampiaxicaulis, CRUCIFERAE. EB; Bo ts1.136. Himalaya, 5-9,000 ft. Narkanda (Collett). Murree (Douie). Arabis nuda, CRUCIFERAE. B, Bolton Kashmir, 5-6,000 ft. PETALS UNUNITED. large, annual or biennial, smooth except the leaves, stem 1-3 ft.; leaves oblong-lanceolate, radical ones 3-4 in., toothed, soon withering ; stem-leaves alternate, smooth, entire, many, base lobed, lobes pointed; flowers small, white or pale yellow, in bractless terminal racemes, sepals 4, short, erect, lateral ones pouched, petals 4, stalked, stameng 6, 2 outer opposite lateral sepals, 4 inner longer in opposite pairs, stigma nearly sessile ; pods 2-38} in., slender, erect, crowded, smooth, linear, stalked, flat, seeds in 2 rows, margined. : small, annual, covered with star-shaped hairs, stem 3-12 in., sometimes branched, leaves ovate-oblong, radical ones toothed, blunt-pointed, stem-leaves with blunt basal lobes, flowers small, white, pods 1-1} in., hairy, narrow, straight, slender, stigma small, sessile, seeds in one row, very small, margined; for other characters see the last species. small, annual, covered with forked and star-shaped hairs, sometimes slightly branched, leaves oblong-lanceo- late, coarsely toothed, radical ones stalked, stem ones sessile with blunt basal lobes, flowers 4 in. diam., white, sepals smooth, petals spoon-shaped with long stalks, pods 1}-24 in., erect, hairy, slender, seeds margined in one row ; for other characters see the last species. like the last species but perennial, larger, pods hori- zontal or drooping, seeds not margined, larger. small, annual, slightly hairy, leaves all radical, oblong- ovate with a broad tip, entire or toothed, flowers small, yellow, on several erect, stiff, leafless, many-flowered stalks, 1-5 in. long, sepals equal, blunt, green, smooth, petals twice as long as the sepals, pods 1-14 in., straight or curved, linear, much flattened, erect, seeds not margined; for . other characters see the last species described. 410 Plants of the Punjab. Heres, UNBRANCHED, WITH OPPOSITE EXSTIPULATE SIMPLE LEAVES. Draba alpina, Whitlow grass CRUCIFERS. 1 Lee 5 Sigl eaes © Si Himalaya, 12-17,000 ft. Kashmir. Draba muralis, Wall Draba, CRUCIFERS. HDs. 144. Kashmir, 6,000 ft. Erophila vulgaris, CRUCIFERS. Ree. 1.0..145. Kashmir, 5-6,000 ft. Eutrema primulzefolium, CRUCIFERA. Wp. 11. 152. Kashmir, 6-11,000 ft. Chorispora sabulosa, CRUOIFHRA. Mes. Lede EGn Himalaya, 7-10,000 ft. Kashmir. PETALS UNUNITED. small, perennial, rootstock stout with many crowded tufts of leaves, stems densely tufted, short, or 6-10 in; leaves }-1 in., all radical or one on the flowering stalk oblong or lanceolate, hairy all over or only along the margins, hairs simple or forked ; flowers rather large, yellow, solitary or clustered on radical stalks, 4-6 in. long, sepals, petals and stamens as in Arabis; pods }-} in. oblong with rounded ends, straight, smooth, 4-10-seeded, seeds in 2 rows, ovoid, flattened, not margined. small, annual, covered with star-shaped hairs, very slender, stem thread-like, zigzag, leaves 4-3} in., broad- ovate-oblong with rounded ends, coarsely toothed, radical ones few, stem ones few, sessile, lobed at the base or not, flowers minute, white, in a short raceme, lengthening in fruit, petals small, narrow, entire, pods 3-3 in., quite flat, seeds about 12; for other characters see the last species. small, annual; leaves all radical, spreading, ovate or oblong, entire or toothed, slightly hairy ; flowers small, white, on slender radical stalks, 2-8 in., erect, smooth, sepals 4, erect, equal at the base, petals 4, ovate with a broad, divided tip, stamens 6 ; pods } in., oblong, flattened, twice as long as broad, stalks long, slender, seed in 2 rows, many, small. small, perennial, smooth, stemless, root thick, spindle- shaped, leaves 3-6 in., all radical, stalked, broad, oblong, prolonged into the stalk, toothed towards the tip ; flowers small, white, in flat-topped clusters on leafy bracteate radical stalks, sepals 4, short, erect, oblong, persistent, equal at the base, petals 4, stamens 6; pods }-1 in., eylin- dric, curved, smooth, seeds few, irregularly in one or two rows. gymall, perennial, glandular-hairy, root thick, fleshy, spindle-shaped, dividing at the top; leaves all radical, tufted, stalked, oblong-lanceolate, entire or toothed ; flowers large, yellow or purple, in bractless racemes spring: ing from among the leaves, erowded at first, then length- ening to 6-9 in., sepals 4, erect, lateral ones pouched at the base, petals 4, stamens 6; pods 3-3 in. long, straight, curved or twisted, cylindrical with slight contractions, beak short, slender, cclls many in 2 rows, one-seeded, Plants of the Punjab. 411 Herss, UNBRANOHED, WITH OpposiTE ExstTipULATE SIMPLE LEAVES. Saponaria vacearia, Silene tenuis, Lychnis eachemeriana, Holosteum umbellatum, Umbellate Holosteum, — CARYOPHYLLACER. Bob. be 1.20%, Kashmir. Cerastium vulgatum, Stellaria bulbosa, Saxifraga diversifolia, SAXIFRAGAOGEA. EF. B,L..11.-898, Simla, Mashobra, Mahasu. The Chor (Collett). Kashmir. Saxifraga micrantha, SAXIGRAGACHA, F. B. I. 143894. Himalaya, 9-11,000 ft. Dharamsala (0. B. Olarke). PETALS UNUNITED. see Herbs, Erect, Opposite, Exstipulate, Simple, Entire. . see Herbs, Erect, Opposite, Exstipulate, Simple, Entire. see Herbs, Erect, Opposite, Exstipulate, Simple, Entire. small, annual, glandular, branched or unbranched, very slender ; leaves 4-1 in., narrow, radical, oblong with round: ed ends, stalked ; flowers 4 in. across, white or pale pink in terminal umbel-like clusters, erect, few, minor flower stalks half bent down after flowering, erect after fruiting, bracts small, thin, sepals 5, white, blunt, petals 5, rather longer than the sepals, stamens and styles 3-5; capsule longer than the sepals, nearly cylindric, seeds many, black, flattened, rough. see Herbs, Erect, Opposite, Exstipulate, Simple, Kutire. see Herbs, Erect, Opposite, Exstipulate, Simple, Entire. small to medium size, perennial, glandular-hairy, stems 6-18 in., leafy ; leaves, radical ones crowded, long-stalked, narrowed into the stalk or ovate, nearly heart-shaped, stem leaves 4-2 in., sessile or stem-clasping, ovate or broad oblong ; flowers 4 in, diam., yellow, in terminal flat-topped clusters, calyx 5-lobed, lobes reflexed in fruit, glandular, petals 5, glandular at base, stamens 10, styles 2, diver- gent, distinct; capsule ovate-oblong, 2-beaked, seeds many, minute, oblong with rounded ends, angular. like the last species, but velvety, leaves toothed, stem leafless with leaf-like bracts below the flower cluster, flowers white, petals hardly longer than the calyx-lobes, capsule smaller, seeds. streaked by 10 or 12 rows of minute projections. Plants of the Punjab. Heres, UNBRANCHED, WITH Opposite ExstTIPULATE SIMPLE LEAVES. Saxifraga imbricata, SAXIFRAGACAZ. FE. B. 1. a, 894. Himalaya, 12-17,000 ft. Saxifraga Jacquemontiana, SAXIFRAGACE. live 3 el es fe Himalaya, 13-18,000 ft. Kashmir. Saxifraga ramulosa, SAXIFRAGACEA. Beso ..i1. 395; Himalaya, 8-12,000 ft. Kashmir. Saxifraga filicaulis, | Saxifraga Brunoniana, SAXIFRAGACE A. B, B31. 1, S9T. Himalaya, 10-16,000 ft. Hattu, the Chor (Collett). Kashmir. Saxifraga flagellaris, SAXIFRAGACE A. Beli 597, Himalaya, 13-17,000 ft. Kashmir. PETALS UNUNITED. small, in tufts formed by stems, 1-3 in. long, branch- ine, crowded, curved upwards, with densely crowded small blunt leaves 4+ in. long, leaves $-} in. long, ovate with a broad tip, upper leaves with a white perforated pit at the apex, smooth or slightly bristly, flowers very small, white, solitary, sessile, calyx lobes ovate, blunt, petals narrow, twice as long as the calyx lobes, soon falling off ; for other characters see the last species. like the last species, but flowers yellow, nearly sessile or ona glandular stalk, } in. long, seeds smooth. like the last species, but the yellow flowers one to two on glandular velvety stalks, margins of leaves cartilagin- ous, with 1-5 pits at the apex, sepals glandular-velvety, petals ovate with a broad tip, stalked, much longer than the calyx lobes. see Prostrate Herbs, Opposite, Exstipulate, Simple. stems very slender, wiry, tufted, 38-8 in., runners leaf- less, thread-like with terminal rooting buds, lower leaves crowded, 4-} in., narrowly lanceolate, smooth, margins bristly, upper leaves few, smaller, flowers + in. diam., yellow, 2-40n one stalk, calyx lobes smooth, erect in fruit, petals 8 or 4 times the length of the calyx lobes ; for other characters see the first of these species. like the last species, but flowers brighter yellow, larger, flower stalks very short, petals often with red lines near the base. Plants of the Punjab. 413 Herss, UNBRANCHED, WITH OpposiITE EXXSTIPULATE SIMPLE LEAVES. Saxifraga ligulata, or ciliata, Bat pia, dharposh, SAXIFRAGACEA. Bab. rit, 398: Himalaya, 7-10,000 ft. Simla (Collett). Kashmir. Saxifraga Stracheyi, SAXIFRAGACEA. Be Uy 1 090. Himalaya, 8-14,000 ft. Hattu, the Chor (Collett). Kashmir. Parnassia nubicola, Grass of Parnassus, S AXIFRAGACE ZR. He Baleus 402. Himalaya, 6-12,000 ft. Simla (Collett). Kashmir. Parnassia ovata, SAXIFRAGACEA. BOB. lei. 4038: Himalaya, 8-15,000 ft. Kashmir. Sedum rosulatum, CRASSULACER. BOB re: Simla, on rocks, walls, ete. (Collett). Kashmir, 5-9,000 ft. PETALS UNUNITED. rootstock very thick, stem short, thick, fleshy, leaves 2-6 in., ovate or orbicular, in the autumn increasing to 12 in. diam., turning red, heart-shaped at the base, margins entire, fringed with bristles, hairy on both sides, growing smooth with age, stalk stem sheathing, flowers 1} in. diam., white, pmk or purple, ina branching raceme on a stalk 4-10 in. long, styles very long, fruit nearly round ; for other characters see the first of these species. The root, pakhanbed, is used as a tonic in fever, diarrhea and cough. like the last species, but leaves ovate with or with- out a broad tip, margins toothed, both surfaces smooth, leaf stalk sheathing nearly its whole length. small, perennial ; leaves 1-2 in., radical, long-stalked, ovate or oblong-ovate, heart-shaped, entire, short-point- ed ; flower 1 in. diam., white, solitary on a slender angular radical stalk, 6-12 in. long, stalk sometimes bearing a leaf, calyx-tube short, lobes 5, blunt, petals 5, entire or slightly toothed, stamens 5, alternating with 5 fleshy, flattened, 3-lobed staminodes, only one stamen is erect at one time, style very short or none, stigma round, 3-lobed ; capsule 4 in. long, ovoid with a broad top, 8-valved seeds, many, smooth, ovoid-oblong. very like the last species, but smaller, style longer. small, annual or perennial, succulent, smooth, rarely glandular-velvety; leaves radical }-14 in., ovate, prolonged into the stalk with a broad tip, or almost circular, stem leaves §-$ in. ; flowers 1 in., white, long-stalked in open loose clusters, calyx 4- or 5-lobed, nearly to the base, lobes oblong, smooth, rarely velvety, petals 4 or 5, free, oblong, nearly blunt, stamens twice as many as the petals, follicles 5, erect, small, thin-walled, seeds oblong with rounded ends, smooth, longitudinally streaked, 414 Plants of the Punjab. Heres, UNBRANCHED, WITH OpposiTE EXsTIPULATE SIMPLE LEAVES. PETALS UNUNITED. Sedum like the last species, but larger size, larger flowers, adenotrichum, sharp-pointed petals, petals striped with pink. CRASSULACER. F. B. I. 11. 420. Himalaya, 3-8,000 ft. Simla (Collett). Fagu, Kashmir, Baluchistan. Sedum trullipetalum, like the last species, but smaller size ; leaves ovate= CRASSULACES. lanceolate, petals yellowish-white with a very long base, Rab. 160.420. ovate-heart-shaped or lanceolate. Himalaya, 11-16,000 ft. Kashmir. Sedum Ewersil, like the last species, but larger size, leaves $-1 in. (RASSULACE ®. diam., nearly circular, flowers rose-purple,in dense clusters. 1 see as wae Himalaya, 8-15,000 ft. Matiana, Narkanda (Collett). Changlagalli | (Douie). Basleo Pass. Sedum pallidum, small, annual, stem 1-5 in., leaves 1 in., oblong to CRASSULACER. linear, flowers white, nearly sessile in clusters, sepals and URS By apr hie 7 petals 5, petals sharp-pointed, 8 times as long as the The Plains west of — triangular sepals ; for other characters see the last deserib- the Jhelum, Harru, ed species. Hasan Abdal (Aitchison). Peshawar (Vicary). Sempervivum like the last species but one, but perennial, larger acuminatum, size, leaves more fleshy, radical leaves 1-24 in. long, lance- CRASSULACER. olate-ovate with a broad tip, or nearly linear, stem leaves F. B. I. i. 422. 3-2 in., sessile, alternate oblong with a long point, flowers Himalaya, purple-rose, sepals 8, petals 8, oblong-lanceolate, stamens 10-15,000 ft. 16, follicles 8, many-seeded, seeds narrow. Kashmir, ” Plants of the Punjab. 415 Heres, UNBRANCHED, WITH OpposITE EXSTIPULATE SIMPLE LEAVES. Semepervivum mueronatum, CRASSULACEA. FP. Bot. 1. 428. Himalaya, 10-12,000 ft. Kashmir. Sempervivum sedoides, CRASSULACER. [Pel gM ert nae: 238 Kashmir, Pir Panjal (Falconer). Crassula indiea, CRASSULACE. He Ble AS: Himalaya, east of the Sutlej, 3-8,000 ft. Simla, Theog (Collett). Valeriana dioica, Marsh Valerian, VALERIANACES. Ee ol ar aed Himalaya, 11-138,000 ft. Kashmir, Lahul. Valeriana pyrolefolia, VALERIANCE. EF ..B. Fonnaae- Himalaya, 9-14,000 ft. Kashmir, PETALS UNUNITED. like the last species, but of smaller S1Ze, flowers white, smaller sepals oblong-lanceolate, long-pointed, seeds much smaller. like the last species, but smaller, sepals oblong, not long-pointed. PETALS UNITED. small, perennial, smooth, succulent; leaves 1- 131 radical ovate witha broad tip, the blade prolonged ae ane stalk, stem leaves alternate, sessile, oblong ; flowers 1in,, dull pink, in a terminal branching cluster, calyx divid- S into 5 lobes, pane 5, much longer an the sepals, stamens 5 ; follicles 5, many-seeded, oblong, smooth, net- veined. small, perennial, smooth, rootstock Slender, stem jointed ; leaves, radical long- stalked, ovate, entire, blunt, stem leaves pinnately divided, lateral lobes few, narrow, terminal blunt ; flowers white or pink, in flat- -topped branche ing clusters, praein small, oblong or linear, male flowers in compact clusters, calyx obscurely loped unrolling in fruit into 5-15 feathery bristles united at the base into a short wide funnel-shaped tube, corolla-tube 5« lobed, funnel-shaped, stamens 3, stigma divided into three or nearly entire; fruit oblong-lanceolate, flattened, 8 dorsal, 1 ventral, 2 submarginal “ribs, one- celled, 2- barren cell undeveloped, crowned by the pappus-like calyx. slightly velvety, rootstock thick, branching, stem succulent, leaves radical, 1 in. -diam., orbicular, stalked, stem leaned sessile, ovate, fruit smooth ; for other chara ters see the last species. 416 Plants of the Punjab. Herss, UNBRANCHED, WITH OpposiTE EXsTIPULATE SIMPLE LEAVES. Valeriana Wallichii, Bala mushk. VALERIANACES. Fh OBo4an/ P18. Valerianella dentata, Narrowfooted Cornsalad, VALERIANACER. ees O14: Kashmir. Valerianella Szovitziana, VALERIANACEA. Hee Po 2 1A: Kashmir, 5-6,000 ft. Adenostemma viscosum, CoMPOSITm. F. B. 1. in. 242. The Plains to 5,000 ft. Sutlej Valley (Collett). Saussurea obvallata, Saussurea Schuitzii, Saussurea Atkinsoni, Saussurea sorocephala, PETALS UNITED. like the last species, but the radical leaves are sharp- pointedly toothed; fruit hairy, stem leaves sometimes compound. The root is used in Indian medicine as an anti-spasmodic. small, oe branching, smooth or minutely velvety ; leaves 1-14 by }-}in., oblong, entire or somewhat toothed ; flowers white, in small heads forming flat-topped branching” clusters, bracts small, narrowly lanceolate, calyx obliquely abruptly cut across, toothed, much shorter than the fruit, corolla-tube short, plese 5, spreading, stamens 3, style~ minutely 3-fid; fruit ; im., ovoid, velvety, barren cells reduced to thread- like ridges, the 2 thread-like cells forming a rim round an ovate-oblong slight depression. small to medium size, annual, minutely velvety, ‘i 2 by } in., oblong-linear, somewhat toothed, fruit $-} in., ovate-oblong, scarcely curved, velvety or hairy, ‘barren cells as large as the fertile, calyx shortly cylindric, with one long horizontal linear tooth ; for other characters see the last species. FLOWERS, MINUTE, IN HEADS. ALL TUBULAR. medium size, annual, sticky and velvety, or smooth, robust or slender ; leaves 6 by 38 in., lanceolate or ovate, coarsely toothed, narrowed into the stalk, uppermost eel - flowers minute, white, all tubular in discoid heads Fy forming flat-topped branching clusters, bracts round, et ereen, in 2-series, pappus of 3 or 4 short club- like scales, corollas } in., 5-lobed, dilated upwards, style-arms long, thick ; achenes } in., 8-4 angled, sticky. see Herbs, Unbranched, Alternate, Exstipulate, Simple. see Herbs, Unbranched, Alternate, Exstipulate, Simple. see Prostrate Herbs, Opposite, Exstipulate, Simple. see Herbs, Unbranched, Alternate, Exstipulate, Simple. Plants of the Punjab. 417 Cee ea ee —— ee Heres, UNBRANCHED, WITH OpposiTE ExsTipULATE SIMPLE LEAVES, Jurinea ceratocarpa, Serratula pallida, Ainslizea pteropoda, Ainsliea aptera, Tussilago Farfara, Cremanthodium Decaisnei, Keelpinia linearis, Crepis sibirica, Crepis aeaulis, Crepis Stoliezkai, Pterotheca Faleoneri, Picridium tingitanum Tragopogon graceile, Tragopogon pratense, Tragopogon porrifolium, Scorzonera Stewartii, Epilasia ammophila, Wahlenbergia gracilis, PETALS UNITED. FLOWERS, MINUTE, IN HEADS. ALL TUBULAR. see Herbs, Unbranched, Alternate, Exstipulate, Simple. see Herbs, Unbranched, Alternate, Exstipu'ate, Simple. see Herbs, Unbranched, Alternate, Exstipulate, Simple. see Herbs, Unbranched, Alternate, Exstipulate, Simple. INNER TUBULAR, OUTER LIGULATE. gee Herbs, Unbranched, Alternate, Exstipulate, Simple. see Herbs, Unbranched, Alternate, Exstipulate, Simple. see Herbs, Unbranched, Alternate, Exstipulate, Simple. gee Herbs, Unbranched, Alternate, Exstipulate, Simple. see Herbs, Unbranched, Alternate, Exstipulate, Simple. see Herbs, Unbranched, Alternate, Exstipulate, Simple. see Herbs, Unbranched, Alternate, Exstipulate, Simple. see Herbs, Unbranched, Alternate, Exstipulate, Simple. see Herbs, Unbranched, Alternate, Exstipulate, Simple. see Herbs, Unbranched, Alternate, Exstipulate, Simple. gee Herbs, Unbranched, Alternate, Exstipulate, Simple. gee Herbs, Unbranched, Alternate, Exstipulate, Simple. gee Herbs, Unbranched, Alternate, Exstipulate, Simple FLOWERS NOT IN HEADS. gee Herbs, Erect, Alternate, Exstipulate, Simple, Toothed. EE 418 Plants of the Punjab, Heres, UNBRANCHED, WITH OpposiTE EXsTIPULATE SIMPLE LEAVES. Acanatholimon lycopodioides, Statice eabulica, Primula rotundifolia, PRIMULACE®. H. 5. Loin, 488. Himalaya, 11-12,000 ft. Kashmir, Primula Clarkei, PRIMULAGES. F. B. I. iu. 484. Kashmir, Poosiana, 5,000 ft. (Clarke). Primula denticulata, PRIMULACESR. Fc) iad) ASS. Himalaya, 7-13,000 ft. Simla on Jaku (Collett). Primula sibirica, PRIMULACEX. FB: 1. ii. 487. Kulu, Lahul, 18-15,900 ft. PHYTALS UNITED. see Herbs, Unbranched, Alternate, Exstipulate, Simple. see Herbs, Unbranched, Alternate, Exstipulate, Simple. small, perennial, more or less covered with yellowish- white powder, stem none, flowers on long stalks ; leaves radical, 1-44 in. diam., circular heart-shaped at the base, toothed, thin, on long stalks, 6-12 in. long; flowers 4-# in. diam., purple, in many-flowered umbels on long stalks from the root, bracts many, mealy, calyx 5-cleft, corolla tube twice as long as the calyx, lobes flat, forming a wheel- shaped salver, mouth ringed, lobes ovate with a broad tip, stigma round, stamens 5, within the corolla tube; capsule 1-1 in., oblong, 5-valved, seeds jt in., oblong with rounded ends, pale, rough. like a Viola, small, perennial, quite smooth, root- stock woody, slender, leaves 1-1} in., cireular with hollow- ed base, toothed, tip rounded, thin, stalk 2-4 in., very slender, base narrowly sheathing, flowers 4 in., each on a separate slender stalk, the length of the leaf stalk, calyx broadly bell-shaped, lobes short, corolla tube slender, mouth not ringed, salver-shaped, lobes 2-fid, capsule round, enclosed in the calyx, seeds - in. diam., nearly round, q black ; for other characters see the last species. small, perennial, somewhat powdery or mealy-looking, rootstock short, thick, leaves 2-4 in., blunt, oblong and prolonged into a short broad stalk, waved and wrinkled, minutely toothed or sessile, enlarging after flowering, base surrounded with fleshy scales, flowers 4 in, diam., purple to lilac, crowded into a round head-like umbel, terminal on a single bare radical stalk, 4-12 in long., corolla-tube slightly ringed, seeds coarsely rough ; for other characters see the last species. small, perennial, not mealy-looking ; leaves 4-1 in., ovate or oblong, prolonged into the stalk, blunt, entire or minutely round-toothed, leathery, crow: ¢c ‘ccether, mid- rib barely visible, flowers 4-3 in. diam., pink, in a 3-6- flowered umbel on a slender main radical stalk, 8-6 in. high, bracts erect, linear, base shortly produced, as long as the minor flower stalks, calyx tubular, + in,, 5-ribbed, lobes short ovate, corolla tube slightly longer than the Plants of the Punjab. 419° Henss, UNBRANCHED, WITH Opposite ExstTrpULATE SimpLE LEAVES. Primula involucrata, PRIMULACE®. FB. bm 48s: Himalaya, 18-15,000 ft. Kashmir. Primula elliptica, PRIMULACES. F. By. tn. 488° Himalaya, 8-12,000 ft. Kashmir. Lahul. Primula rosea, PRIMULACER. F. B. I. iii. 488. Himalaya, 10-12,000 ft. Kulu, Kashmir. Primula Stuartti, PRIMULAOEA. F. B. I. iii. 490. Himalaya, 12-16,000 ft. Maralkund. Primula petiolaris, PRIMULACER. F. B. I. iii. 498. Himalaya, 4-12,000 ft. Simla, Matiana, Mahasu, Narkanda (Collett). Maral, PETALS UNITED. calyx, mouth not ringed, lobes flat, narrow, deeply cleft, capsule cylindric, protruding from calyx, seeds => im, pale, smooth, angular; for other characters see the last species. > like the last species, but larger, leaves broader, longer stalked, main flower stalk longer, stouter, flowers white, larger, mouth of corolla tube ringed, shorter capsule, larger seeds. like P. gibirica above, main flower stalk longer, corolla purple, lobes broad. but leaves sharply toothed, calyx bell-shaped, deeply cleft, hke the last species, but leaves more dense, nearly sessile, main flower stalk short, stout, corolla rose-red, much larger than any of the above species, mealy or not; leaves 5-10 in., leathery, nearly erect, broadly or narrowly lanceolate with a broad tip, minutely round or sharp-toothed, mid-rib very broad, leaf stalk broad and thin below; flowers loosely umbelled, calyx teeth linear or lan- ceolate, corolla yellow or purple, mouth contracted, seeds very rough. mealy or not, generally on buds; leaves 2-6 in., oblong or ovate, thin, sessile or narrowed into a winged stalk, sharply or irregularly toothed; flowers 3-1 in., purple to white, solitary on slender distinct radical stalks, corolla funnel-shaped, lobes toothed, sometimes rounded, mouth not ringed ; capsule round, sunk in the broad calyx tube, seeds large, ‘black, nearly round, 420 Plants of the Punjab. Herss, UNBRANCHED, WITH OpposiITE ExstTIPULATE SimpLtE LEAVES, Primula minutissima, PRIMULACES. PB. A, 1.494. Himalaya, 12-15,000 ft. Kashmir, Primula floribunda, PRIMULACES. F..B. I. m1. 495. Himalaya, 3-6,000 ft. Simla (Collett). Kashmir. Androsace saxifrageefolia, PRIMULACES. F. B. I. im. 496. The Plains to 4,000 ft. Androsace rotundifolia, Androsace Aizoon, PRIMULACER. F. B. I. ui. 497. Kashmir, 8-11,000 ft. PETALS UNITED. very small, densely tufted, forming large patches of rosettes, each 3-fin. diam., leaves }-4 in., densely crowd- ed, dark green, lanceolate, flowers 4-4 in. diam., purple, sessile, upon a very short 1-8-flowered stalk sunk among the leaves, calyx divided to the middle, lobes oblong or lanceolate, much shorter than the corolla tube, corolla very large for the plant, lobes heart-shaped with the broad part at the tip ; for other characters see P. sibirica, small, velvety-sticky, leaves 14-4 by 4-14 in., ovate, thin, narrowed into a broad winged stalk, coarsely and irregularly toothed, flowers =} in. diam., yellow, unequally stalked in one or several whorls, one above the other, on slender solitary or tufted main flower stalks, 4-8 in. high, corolla salver-shaped, lobes notched, tube long, mouth ringed, capsule round, enclosed in the calyx, seeds +4, in., black angled, rough ; for other characters see P. sibirica. small, annual, velvety-sticky ; leaves 4-2 in. diam., rounded, heart-shaped, round-toothed, blade and stalk of equal length; flowers small, pink to white, in umbels, surrounded with bracts, terminal on slender main stalks, bracts 4 in., minor flower stalks 4-14 in., very unequal, calyx deeply 5-cleft, enlarging in fruit, and spreading into a star-shape, corolla salver-shaped, tube short, 5-lobed, mouth ringed or with folds, stamens 5, enclosed in the corolla tube; capsule round, 5-valved, seeds minute, nearly round, deeply pitted. see Herbs, Unbranched, Alternate, Exstipulate, Lobed. medium size, perennial, leaves }-1 in., very many, densely crowded, lanceolate, sessile, bristly, cartiligin- ous, flowers small, on long main flower stalks, 6-24 in. long, bracts round the umbels, 74 in., ovate, minor flower stalks 1-3? in., very unequal, calyx top-shaped, lobes oblong, blunt, divided to the middle, corolla lobes divided with appendages also split up; capsule with 2-fid valves, seeds large, angular, rough; for other characters see the last described species, Plants of the Punjab. 421 Hmres, UNBRANCHED, WitH Opposite ExstipuLatE Simpte LEAvEs. . Androsace sempervivoides, PRIMULACES. eye sat Pare: his Kashmir, 11,000 ft. Sind Valley (Collett). Erythreea Roxburghii, Charayatah. GENTIANACES. Pe Be ave 02: The Plains to 2,000 ft. Erythrea Meyeri, GENTIANACEZ. BLBy Loivs 102: Kashmir, 5-8,000 ft. Gentiana quadrifaria, Gentiana capitata, Gentiana venusta, Gentiana nubigena, GENTIANACEA. HOB lei. 116: Himalaya, 16-18,000 ft. Kashmir. PETALS UNITED. like the last species, but much smaller, bearing run- ners, plants forming rosettes $ in., nearly round, runners 1-14 in., short, stout, naked ; leaves 4-4 in., ovate with a broad tip, spoon=shaped thicks, tip straight with short sharp point ; flowers pink, small, umbelled ona solitary scape 1-3 in., bracts linear-oblong, calyx broadly top- shaped, lobes 5, erect in fruit, corolla 5-lobed, salver- shaped, lobes ovate with a broad tip, tips rounded, stamens 5, included in the tube; capsule 1-2-seeded, seeds larger, oblong, one side convex. small, annual or perennial ; leaves radical 1 by 4 in., ovate with a broad tip, many, persistent, stem leaves smaller, narrower ; flowers } in., pink, on long stalks, 4-4 in., in the forks of widely branching clusters, calyx + in., tubular, teeth 5, lanceolate or linear, corolla tube. longer than the calyx, lobes 5, very small, spreading, stamens 5 near the top of the corolla, short, linear, style linear, stigmas 2; capsule oblong, equal to the calyx, nearly 2-valved, 2-celled, seeds very small, net-veined. ‘The plant is very bitter and may be used as a tonic instead of chiretta.— like the last species, but radical leaves few, often 2 or none, clusters not so much branched, corolla tube scarcely longer than the calyx, flowers white. see Herbs, Erect, Opposite, Exstipulate, Simple, Mar- gins Entire. see Herbs, Erect, Opposite, Exstipulate, Simple, Mar- gins Entire. see Prostrate Herbs, Opposite, Exstipulate, Simple. small, annual or perennial ; leaves lower 24 by } in., stem leaves shorter, united at the base into a tube, oblong- linear ; flowers 14 by #2 in., 1 to 3 on each branch, calyx 4 in., teeth 5, 1 in., the space between two often folded, corolla funnel-shaped, lobes 5, $ in., short-pointed, stamens 5, stigmas 2; capsule 1 by 4 in., enclosed in the calyx, seeds very many, small. 499 ‘“. Plants of the Punjab. Heras, UNBRANCHED, WITH Opposite ExstTrepuLATE SIMPLE LEAVES. Gentiana Kurroo, Karu, kutki, nilkant. GENTIANACER. RB ay, Li, Himalaya, 5-11,000 ft. Shali, near the summit (Collett). Kashmir. Gentiana cortorta, Mazus rugosus, ScROPHULARIACE. Tve. Lory 259. The Plains to 7,000 ft. Simla (Collett). Lancea tibetica, SCROPHULARIACES. By BAL iv. 260: Himalaya, 11-16,000 ft. Kashmir. Picrorhiza Kurrooa, Kutka, kurru, kaur, SCROPHULARIACE A. F. B. 1. iv. 290. Himalaya, 9-15,000 ft. Kashmir. PETALS UNITED. = small, perennial, stout, leaves radical 3 by 4 in, oblong or linear, stem leaves 1 in., linear united at the base into a tube, flowers 13-2 in. long,? in. diam., solitary or racemed, calyx half as long as the corolla, lobes 5, linear, corolla lobes } in., ovate, short-pointed, capsule ? by + in., seeds twice as long as broad, short-pointed at one end, nearly tailed at the other; for other characters see the last species. see Herbs, Entire. Erect, Opposite, Exstipulate, Simple, small, annual, smooth or slightly hairy ; leaves radi- eal 1-3 in., oblong or ovate witha broad tip, narrowed to a stalk-hke base, coarsely toothed, stem leaves $-14 m., alternate, spoon-shaped ; flowers 4-3 in., pale blue or white, streaked with blue, upper lip darker,in racemes 1-6 flowers, calyx bell-shaped, 5-lobed half way down, corolla upper lip 2-lobed, erect, lower lip 3-lobed, spreading, stamens 4, in unequal pairs, style slender, stigma divided; capsule round or flattened, enclosed in the calyx, seeds many, very minute, pale. small, slender, rootstock creeping, horizontal ; leaves radical 1-34 in. long, blunt, leathery, narrowed into a half stem-clasping stalk 4-1 in. long ; flowers 3-1 in. long, blue, in a very short terminal raceme sunk amongst the leaves, bracts lanceolate, calyx bell-shaped, 5-toothed, corolla tube dilated above, upper tip nearly erect, concave, 2-lobed, lower lip large, 8-lobed, spreading, stamens 4, in unequal pairs, style thread-like, stigma divided ; fruit the size of a pea, round, not splitting open, protruding beyond the calyx, seeds many, small, nearly round, brown, small, perennial, rootstock as thick as the little finger, covered with withered leaf-bases ; leaves radical, 2-4 in., spoon-shaped, toothed, rather leathery, tip rounded, base narrowed into a winged sheathing stalk ; flowers }-4 in. long, bluish, in spikes 2-4 in. long on radical leafy flowering stems, calyx lobes 5, lanceolate, corolla tube curved, broad, upper lip nearly hooded, notched, lower lip 3-lobed, shorter, middle lobes shortest, stamens 4 ; capsule 4 in. long, ovoid, seeds curved, netted. The root is used as a bitter tonic and laxative with great effect in dropsy. Plants of the Punjab. 493 Herpes, UNBRANCHED, WiTH Opposite ExstTIPULATE SIMPLE LEAVES. Wulfenia Ambherstiana, ScROPHULARIACER. PB. I. iv. 291; Himalaya, 7-11,000 ft. Mahasu, Theog, Narkanda (Collett). Kashmir. Veronica ciliata, ScROPHULARIACER. F. B. I. iv. 292. Himalaya, 11-16,000 ft. Kashmir. Striga lutea, Striga euphrasioides, Didymocarpus pedicellata, GESNERACER. FF. B. I. iv. 845, Himalaya, 2-5,000 ft. Chamba. Didissandra lanuginosa, GESNERACES. FD, L3950, Himalaya, 5-8,000 ft. Valleys below Simla (Collett). PRTALS UNITED. small, perennial, smooth, rootstock woody; leaves 2-5in., oblong-ovate, with a broad tip, coarsely round tooth- ed or lobulate, leaf stalk 3-14 in. long ; flowers 3 in., blue, in bracteate one-sided spikes on radical stalks, calyx % in., 5-fid, segments short-pointed, corolla 4-lobed, lobes nearly erect, upper one minutely notched, stamens 2, included, style long, protruding, stigma minute, rounded ; capsule 4 in., oblong, 2-lobed, seeds many, ovoid, concave on one side, convex on the other. small, annual, covered with greyish velvet; leaves 2.11 in., ovate or oblong, blunt, entire or toothed ; flowers 4 in. diam., blue, sessile in nearly round heads, bracts as long as the calyx, sepals 4, oblong, blunt, } in., corolla lobes broad, stamens 2, included ; capsule + in., grooved, ovoid-oblong, blunt, tip notched, seeds. round, flattened, flat one side, convex on the other. gee Herbs, Erect, Opposite, Exstipulate, Simple, En- tire, corolla 2-lipped, stamens 4. see Herbs, Erect, Opposite, Exstipulate, Simple, En- tire, corolla 2-lipped, stamens 4. small, stem hardly any, usually none ; leaves 3-6-in., roundly ovate, smooth, dotted black, glandular above, leaf stalks 2-5in.; flowers 1in., purple, in many-flowered clusters onsingle stalks, 4in. long, bracts }in., ovate, often united, calyx }in., funnel-shaped, lobes 5, rounded, corolla 5-lobed, stamens 2, perfect, anthers touching in pairs; capsule 1-1} in., linear, long-stalked, seeds oblong with rounded ends, small, smooth, minutely netted. small, perennial, stemless ; leaves 3 by 14 in., oblong with rounded ends or ovate, stalked, round-toothed, upper surface wrinkled, lower densely hairy ; flowers 4 in. long, pale purple or white, in a terminal cluster on a tufted stalk 8-6 in. long, hairy at the base, calyx 5-lobed, persistent, lobes short-pointed, corolla 2-lipped, tube cylindric, upper lip erect, notched, lower larger, spreading, 3-lobed, stamens 4,in unequal opposite pairs, anthers touching, stigma flat, 2-lobed ; capsule 2 in., erect, curved, short-pointed, seeds many, minute. 424 Plants of the Punjab. Heres, UNBRANCHED, WiTH Opposite ExstTIPULATE SIMPLE LEAVES, Lagotis glauea, SELAGINACES. WB. v.59, Himalaya, 11-15,000 ft. Dracocephalum speciosum, LABIATA. F. B. I. iv. 665. Himalaya, 12-15,000 ft. Dracocephalum nutans, LABIATS. F. B. I. iv. 665. Kashmir. - 9-10,000 ft. Lallemantia Royleana, Stachys floccosa, Stachys sericea, Lamium, rhomboideum, PETALS UNITED. small, perennial, fleshy, rootstock stout, root fibres thick, fleshy ; leaves, radical, 2-3 in., oblong or ovate, toothed, leaf stalk very thick, stem leaves 3-14 in., blunt, half stem-clasping, often quite entire ; flowers small, blue or purple, in spikes, 2-5 in. long, on several flowering stems 3-5 in. high, bracts 4-4 in., calyx 4 in., 2-lobed, lobes minute- ly fringed, corolla slender, curved, 2-lipped, lower lip 2-4- lobed, stamens 2, anthers very large, kidney-shaped ; drupe small, 2-celled. small to medium size, annual, stem stout, 4-angled ; leaves, radical, 2-4 in. diam., round-heart-shaped, round- toothed, leaf stalk 5-12 in., slender, stem leaves smaller, sessile ; flowers 1 in., blue-purple with dark spots, in dense heads, in whorls on a large solitary spike, bracts small, round, calyx 4in., leathery, 2-lipped, upper lip ovate, lower lanceolate, 15-nerved, corolla-tube not ringed, 2- lipped, upper lip erect, notched, lower spreading, 3-lobed, midlobe largest, stamens 4, under the upper lip, nearly protruding; nutlets 4, 4 in., smooth, linear-oblong, top round-toothed. like the last species, but stems several, sometimes branched, flowers smaller, blue, calyx often purple, lower lip bristle-like, nutlets smaller. see Herbs, Erect, Opposite, Exstipulate, Simple, Tooth: ed, corolla 2-lipped, stamens 4, see Herbs, Erect, Opposite, Exstipulate, Simple, Tooth- ed, corolla 2-lipped, stamens 4. see Herbs, Erect, Opposite, Exstipulate, Simple, Tooth- ed, corolla 2-lipped, stamens 4. see Herbs, Erect, Opposite, Exstipulate, Simple, Tooth- ed, corolla 2-lipped, stamens 4. Plants of the Punjab. 425 7 a a ee Te Pp EEE TT ke ee Heres, UNBRANCHED, WITH Opposite ExstTIPULATE SIMPLE LEAVEs, Plantago major, Greater plantain, Luhuriya, wafgol. PLANTAGINACER. Be Bal. ivs 10a: The Plains to 10,000 ft. Simla (Collett). Peshawar. Rawalpindi. Kashmir. Baluchistan (Stocks). Plantago lanceolata, Rib-wort plantain, Baltanga. PLANTAGINACER. BBs be ivs-406. Himalaya, 5-8,000 ft. Simla (Collett). Kashmir, Salt Range. Plantago tibetica, PLANTAGINACEA, i. Bet. iv. 706: Himalaya, 4-11,000 ft. Simla (Collett). Kashmir. Plantago brachyphylla, PLANTAGINACER,. BOB Ave 0G: Himalaya, 9-13,000 ft. Kashmir. PETALS UNITED. small, perennial, smooth or hairy, rootstock stout : leaves 2-5 in., erect, oblong or oblong-ovate, 8-7-ribbed, nearly entire or toothed, leaf stalks sometimes 4 in. long ; flowers small, green, crowded or scattered in long spikes, 3-15 in. long, on short stalks, bracts equal in length to the calyx, calyx 4-fid, segments § in., smooth, keeled, corolla 4-lobed, stamens 4, style thread-like ; capsule small, en- closed in the calyx, 2-celled, cells 4-8-seeded, seeds very. minute, black. This plant is used as an _ astringent in dysentery for which it is an excellent remedy. like the last species, but leaves are only shortly stalked, narrower, 3-5-ribbed, 1-2 in. long, axils woolly, spikes short, main flower stalks long, deeply furrowed, sepals bristly, corolla smooth, capsules 2-cells, only 1-2-seeded. This plant is used as an astringent. very like the last species, but the leaveg are not 80 long, axils of leaves not woolly, spike slender, bracts oblong, blunt. : like the Plantago major, but smaller, and the seeds are only 1-2 in each cell and not angular. 426 Plants of the Punjab. Heras, UNBRANCHED, WITH Opposite ExstTIPULATE SIMPLE LEAVES. Plantago amplexicaulis, PLANTAGINACER. FB. Bs Tay. 706, The Plains west of the Sutle). Baluchistan (Stocks). Plantago ovata, Ispaghul. PLANTAGINACES. FE. B; Liv. 707. The Plains to 2,000 ft. West of the Sutlej. Baluchistan (Hughes-Buller). Plantago ciliata, PLANTAGINACES. Peake ety. 101. Punjab Hills, west of the Jhelum. Salt Range. Peshawar. Baluchistan (Lace). Plantago Psyllium, PLANTAGINACER. Boob. iaiv. 107: The Plains to 9,800 ft. West of the Indus. Microstylis muscifera, ORCHIDACE. F, B. I. iv. 689. Himalaya, 8-12,000 ft. _ Mashobra, Fagu, Hattu (Collett). PETALS UNITED. small, annual or perennial, stemless or branched from the base, almost smooth, leaves 3-6 in., very narrowly lanceolate, finely long-pointed, base sheathing, margin entire or slightly toothed, 5-nerved, main flower stalks very numerous, stout, smooth, spikes 3-1} in. long, ovoid, flowers large, bracts cup-shaped, sepals rounded, corolla lobes ovate, short-pointed, seeds 4 in., boat-shaped, brown ; for other characters see the last species. like the last species, but leaves much narrower, often thread-like, corolla lobes concave, rounded, blunt. The seeds (ispaghul) are used to cure dysentery. like the last species, but smaller, usually stemless, leaves broader, woolly or silky, corolla lobes long-pointed, woolly, capsule cells one-seeded. annual, small, stem stiff, glandular, velvety, leaves 1-14 in., linear or linear-lanceolate, flat, blunt, flower stalks shorter than the leaves; for other characters see the last species. STAMENS NONE. ANTHER ONE. small to medium size, perennial, stem tuberous below, sheathed, root fibrous ; leaves 2, 2-4 in., oblong or round- ed, blunt, sessile or stalked; flowers $ in., pale yellow- sreen in a terminal spike-like raceme on a flowering stem, 6-18 in. long, bracts lanceolate, shorter than the ovary, sepals 8, broadly lanceolate, petals 3, 2 lateral alike, spreading, the lower petal or lip ovate, short-pointed, column very short with short spreading arms, anther sessile on it, spur none; capsule ovoid, ribbed, seeds many, minute. Plants of the Punjab. 427 a eee Heres, UNBRANCHED, WitH Opposite Exsripubare SimpLe Luavns. Liparis rostrata, ORCHIDACE®. F. B. I. v. 694: Himalaya, 5-8,000 ft. Simla, Annandale, the Glen (Collett). Oreorchis micrantha, Calanthe tricarinata, Calanthe puberula, Calanthe plantaginea, Eulophia campestris, Salib-misri. OROHIDACEA. Beeb. Lowa. The Plains. Aneeetochilus Roxburghii, ORCHIDACER. BoB. Al avaie Sb: Himalaya, below 5,000 ft. fast of the Sutlej. Simla (Collett). PETALS UNITED. STAMENS NONE. ANTHER ONE. | small, perennial, root fibrous, stem swollen at the base ; leaves 2, 4-2 in., ovate ; flowers } in., yellow-green in a terminal raceme on a flowering stem 3-6 in., bracts 727 in., base broad, sepals lanceolate, 3-nerved, spread- ing, turned back, petals as long, very slender, lip (lower petal) 2-lobed with a short sharp point between the lobes, margins minutely toothed, spur none, column long, curved, upper half winged, anther hinged at the back to. the top of the column, pointed in front, stigma on top of the column between the wings. see Herbs, Unbranched, Alternate, Exstipulate, Simple. see Herbs, Unbranched, Alternate, Exstipulate, Simple. see Herbs, Unbranched, Alternate, Exstipulate, Simple. see Herbs, Unbranched, Alternate, Exstipulate, Simple. small to medium size, perennial, rootstock tuberous, flowers appear long before the leaves ; leaves long, narrow- plaited, flowers 3-5 in., yellow or green with pink stripes, lip purple, many in nearly one-sided racemes on a flower stalk 6-18 in., stout or slender, sepals 3, spreading, slightly attached to the base of the lip, mid-lobe of corolla, petals 4, narrower, lip as long as the sepals, side-lobes rounded, spur conical, nearly wedge-shaped, column rather slender, anther terminal, 2-celled ; capsule ? in., oblong with round- edends. The tubers are used as a tonic and aphrodisiac. small, perennial, stem creeping below; leaves 1-14 in., Ovate-heart-shaped, stalked, short-pointed, usually dark velvety green, netted with golden nerves ; flowers 2 in., White, in glandular velvety terminal 3-5-flowered spike on a stout or slender main stalk, bracts lanceolate, sepals 4in., dorsal smaller, forming a hood with the petals, ovate, green, petals broadly sword-shaped, white, terminal lobes of the open lip ovate with a broad tip as long as the fringed claw, spur as long as the sepals, column short, stigmatic lobes lateral. 428 Plants of the Punjab. Heras, UNBRANCHED, WITH OppositE ExstTIPULATE SIMPLE LEAVES. Spiranthes australis, Lady’s Tresses, ORCHIDACE#. BeBe yi 102: The Plains to 8,000 ft. Sunla (Collett). Zeuxine suleata, Epipactis latifolia, Epipactis consimilis, Epipactis Royleana, Orchis latifolia, Herminium Monorchis, Habenaria stenopetala, Habenaria digitata, Habenaria Susanne, ' Habenaria Pectinata Habenaria arietina, Habenaria intermedia, Habenaria marginata, PHTALS UNITED. STAMENS NONE. ANTHER ONE. small to medium size, perennial, ve lvety, roots fleshy; leaves 2-4 in., linear-lanceolate, base sheathing ; flowers ro-¢ in., pink, rarely white, crowded in a spiral slender Spike 2-6 in. long, bracts ovate-lanceolate, longer than the ovary, sepals lanceolate, the two lateral spreading, upper one with the petals forming a 3-lobed hood enclosing the column, tips recurved, tip oblong, joined to the foot of the column, base dilated, concave, having 2 small glands within, limb crisped along the margins, tip dilated, recurved, spur none, column short, prolonged upwards im a flat-point- ed process, overhanging the circular green stigma. see Herbs, Unbranched, Alternate, Exstipulate, Simple. see Herbs, Unbranched, Alternate, Exstipulate, Simple see Herbs, Unbranched, Alternate, Exstipulate, Simple. see Herbs, Unbranched, Alternate, Exstipulate, Simple. see Herbs, Unbranched, Alternate, Exstipulate, Simple. see Herbs, Unbranched, Alternate, Exstipulate, Simple. see Herbs, Unbranched, Alternate, Exstipulate, Simple. see Herbs, Unbranched, Alternate, Exstipulate, Simple. gee Herbs, Unbranched, Alternate, Exstipulate, Simple, see Herbs, Unbranched, Alternate, Exstipulate, Simple. see Herbs, Unbranched, Alternate, Exstipulate, Simple. seo Herbs, Unbranched, Alternate, Exstipulate, Simple. goo Herbs, Unbranched, Alternate, Exstipulate, Simple. Plants of the Punjab. 429 Heres, UNBRANCHED, WITH OpposITE ExsTIPULATE SIMPLE LEAVES. Habenaria Aitchisoni, ORCHIDACES. Be Bley 152, Himalaya, 7-9,000 ft. Kashmir. Habenaria latilabris or Edgeworthii, Habenaria densa, Habenaria goodyeroides, Habenaria Elizabethe, Habenaria galeancra, Habenaria decipiens, Curcuma angustifolia, East Indian Arrowroot, Tikhur. ScITAMINEA. PoBs wie 210) PETALS UNITED. STAMENS NONE. ANTHER ONE. small to medium gize, perennial, stem sometimes as thick as a goose-quill, sheaths few, small ; leaves 1-3 in., circular, tipped with a rigid point, not margined, inserted above the base of the stem ; flowers 4 in. diam., greenish, on a dense-flowered spike, bracts half as long as the ovary, 1 in., short- or long-pointed, sepals nearly equal, oblong- ovate, blunt, lateral spreading, dorsal erect, petals as long, ovate-lanceolate, lip as long as the sepals, divided to the base, side lobes longest, spreading, recurved, spur shorter than the short curved ovary, clubbed, stigmatic arms large, clubbed. see Herbs, Unbranched, Alternate, Exstipulate, Simple. see Herbs, Unbranched, Alternate, Exstipulate, Simple. see Herbs, Unbranched, Alternate, Exstipulate, Simple. see Herbs, Unbranched, Alternate, Exstipulate, Simple. see Herbs, Unbranched, Alternate, Exstipulate, Simple. see Herbs, Unbranched, Alternate, Exstipulate, Simple. STAMEN ONE. medium size, perennial, rootstock round, stemless ; leaves stalk 6 in., blade 6-12 by 2-83 in., lanceolate ; flowers 4 in., yellow, crowded, several in the axil of each bract, opening in succession, quickly fading, in stalked spikes 8-6 in. long, crowded by several enlarged, empty, pink bracts, lower bracts green, ovate, calyx short, 3-toothed, corolla tube } in., upper lobe erect, concave, ovate, 2 Valleys below Simla, lateral lobes shorter, oblong, within the corolla 8-petal- 4,000 ft. (Collett), like segments or staminodes, 2 lateral erect, the lower broader, spreading and usually lobed, stamen inserted on the mouth of the corolla tube, anther linear-oblong, curved, 480 Plants of the Punjab. Heras, UNBRANCHED, WITH OpposiTE HixsTIPULATE SIMPLE LEAVES. Keompferia Galanga, Chandra mula. ScITAMINE. F. B. I. vi. 219. The Plains, cultivated. Keempferia rotunda, Bhui-champa. ScIrTAMINE®. F. B. I. vi. 222. The Plains, cultivated. Hedychium coronarium, ScITAMINES. Bb, vi. 220. The Plains, cultivated. PETALS UNITED. STAMEN ONE. forked below ; capsule ovoid, 8-valved, seeds many, small, oblong. The starch called Arrowroot is chiefiy derived from the root of this plant, which is cultivated for this purpose. small, perennial, rootstock tuberous, root fibres eylin- dric, stemless; leaves 3-6 in., nearly round and nearly sessile, flat on the ground, appearing with the flowers, deep green, 10-12-ribbed, margin not thickened nor coloured, stalk short, grooved ; flowers 6-12, 1} in. long, white with lilac, in spikes on radical main flower stalks, sweet-scented, soon falling off, opening in succession, bracts small, green, lanceolate, calyx as long as the bract, short, cylindric, splitting down one side, corolla tube 1 in. long, slender, segments }in., lanceolate, staminodes 4 in., ovate-wedge- shaped, broad, petaloid, white, lip ins broad, white with a lilac throat deeply bifid below the middle, lobes blunt, stamen one, anther crest small with 2 shallow blunt lobes, style long, thread-like, stigma top-shaped ; capsule oblong. A perfume is obtained from the tubers, galanga. like the last species, but leaves 12 by 3-4 in., oblong, erect, stalked, purplish beneath, appearing after the flowers, flowers larger, more brightly coloured, more scented, corolla seoments linear, anther crest deeply divided. The roots of this and the last species are used to reduce swel- lings. large, perennial, rootstock horizontal, tuberous, thick, stem long, leafy, leaves in 2 opposite rows ; leaves 10-14 by 8-5 in., oblong or oblong-lanccolate, usually velvety beneath ; flowers 84 in., white or yellowish, fragrant, in dense flowered spikes, 6-12 in. long, outer bracts 14-2 2 in. by 1 in., first green then brown, oblong, 8-4-flowered, calyx shorter than the bract, cylindric, green, corolla tube 8 in., segments linear, reflexing, half as long as the tube, lateral staminodes 14-2 by } in., oblong or oblong-lanceolate, lip 14-2 in. broad, shallowly bifid, narrowed suddenly to a short claw, short lobes rounded, stamen equal to the lip, stalk of stamen red, anther about 4 in., style long, thread- like, stigma nearly round ; capsule oblong, smooth, 3-valved, orange inside, seeds many, small, surrounded by a fleshy crimgon substance, Plants of the Punjab. f= baw) Jacl. Herss, UNBRANCHED, WITH Opposite HxstTreULATE SIMPLE LEAVES. Hedychium spicatum, Sit-ruti, kapur- kachri. SCITAMINER. MiB: ivi oo Himalaya, 5-7,000 ft. Simla (Collett). Zingiber Zerumbet, Ginger, Kachur, nar kachur. SCITAMINEA. 1 eel i a oe The Plains. Zingiber officinale, Ginger, Adrak. ScITAMINE. BSB. 'T, vi. 246. The Plains, cultivated. Zingiber Cassumunar, Ginger, Banada. ScITAMINER. RoR. aes: The Plains. Alpinia Galanga, SCITAMINE. P. Behewmsehe: The Plains. PETALS UNITED. like the last species, but leaves quite smooth under- neath, bracts one-flowered, staminodes lanceolate, lip deeply bifid, not clawed, stamen shorter than the lip, capsule round. ‘The root is used as a carminative and as a scent in religious ceremonies by Hindus. large, biennial, rootstock horizontal, tuberous, pale yellow inside, stem leafy ; leaves 12 by 2-8 in., oblong-lan- ceolate, smooth beneath, stem-clasping with long sheaths ; flowers 1-14 in. long, whitish with a yellow lip, in spikes 3-4 in. long, produced from the rootstock on long stalks, bracts 1-14 in. long, orbicular, green with a paler edge, per- sistent, calyx cylindric, shortly 8-lobed, corolla tube cylin- dric, segments 3, 1 in. long, lanceolate, upper concave, lip with a midlobe ?# in. broad, mid-lobe notched, orbicular, basal-lobes large, orbicular, stamen pale, as long as the lip, style thread-like, stigma small, almost round ; capsule 1 in., oblong, 3-celled, splitting, seeds large, round, with a fleshy appendage. very like the last species, but the rootstock bears many sessile tubers, spike oblong-cylindric, bracts point- ed, corolla segments greenish, lip small, purplish-black, mid-lobe not notched, stamen dark purple, very rarely hag flowers, still more rarely seeds, cultivated. The rootstock is used as a carminative and a condiment. very like the last species, but rootstock perennial, bright yellow inside, leaves velvety beneath, bracts ovate, reddish, corolla segments whitish, lip yellowish-white with deeply bifid mid-lobe, basal auricles oblong, large, blunt, stamen yellowish-white, capsule small, round, cultivated as above. large, rootstock perennial, horizontal, tuberous, slight- ly aromatic, stem leafy ; leaves 1-2 ft. by 4-6 in., green and clossy on both sides, oblong-lanceolate, smooth beneath ; flowers # in., white tinged with lilac, in a terminal branch- ing raceme 6-12 in. long, calyx } in., greenish-white, 482 Plants of the Punjab. Herps, UNBRANCHED, witH Opposite ExstTrPULATE SIMPLE LEAVES, Alpinia Allughas, ScrrAMINE. PB idlyin259- The Plains. Canna indica, Hakik, sabbajaya. ScITAMINE &. F. B. I. vi. 260. The Plains, cultivated. Musa sapientum, Plantain, banana, Kaila. ScITAMINE. F. B. I. vi. 262. The plains to 4,000 ft. Baluchistan (only found culti- vated). Iris Aitchisoni, TRIDACE®. F. B. I. vi. 272. The Salt Range, 3,000 ft. Viecary (Aitchison). PETALS UNITED. oblique at the throat, tubular, 3-toothed, corolla tube cylin- dric, usually not longer than the calyx, corolla segments 1-1 in., greenish-white, linear-oblong, upper usually broader and more convex, lip distinctly stalked, 4 in., ovate with a broad tip, notched, white, veined with lilac, with a pair of awl-shaped reddish glands at the base of the stalk, sta- men shorter than the lip, curved, style thread-like, stigma nearly round ; fruit $in., orange red, 38-celled ; cultivated. The rhizome is used medicinally instead of ginger. like the last species, but smaller, leaves narrower, calyx longer, lip pink, fruit black, cultivated. The rhizome is used as in the last species. large, rootstock perennial, tuberous with many fibres, stem leafy ; leaves 12 in., oblong, short-pointed ; flowers 2 in., red and green, in a loose terminal raceme, bracts $ in., ovate, green, sepals 8, small, lanceolate, corolla tube 3-1 in., cylindric, lobes 1 in., green, lanceolate, segments 3, lanceolate, outer staminal, segments 8, 14 by 4-4 in., red, lanceolate with a broad notched tip, lip rather shorter, reflexed, notched, style united to staminal tube below, stigma round; capsule 4-3 in., tubercled, round, seeds black, the size of a pea. The seed supplies a purple dye, the root is used as a diaphoretic and diuretic. large, tree-like, stem succulent of leaf sheaths, eylin- drical, shoots springing from the root; leaves 4-5 ft., oblong, bright green above, paler beneath ; flowers 13 in. long, yellowish-white, on a drooping spike, male above, female below, bracts 2, forming a spathe, lower 6-8 in., upper shorter, ovate, reddish, calyx 1-14 in., 5-toothed at the tip, slit one side to the base, corolla shorter than the calyx, wrapped round the stamens and style, stamens 5, perfect, 6th obsolete, filaments stout, thread-like, style thread-like, stigma round, 6-lobed ; fruit 4-5 in., oblong, 8-angled, fleshy, sweet when ripe, yellow, no seeds in the cultivated form.. Much cultivated for its fruit. small, perennial, rootstock is a corm, 2 in. long, ovoid, coats brown, polished, stem 6-18 in. long, slender, 1-8- flowered ; leaves 6-18 by 4 in., one inside the other on opposite sides of the base of the stem, slender, flat, sword- like ; flowers lilac or yellow, 24 in. long, one enclosed in a leaf-like spathe, divided deeply into 2 long narrow lanceo- Cae? een ene Ma eee Sea es eee : Plants of the Punjab. 483 Heres, UNBRANCHED, witH OpposiTE ExstTtpuLATE SimpLE LEAVES. Iris spuria, TRIDACE®. HL. Vie 27 2s Kashmir, 6,000 ft. (Clarke). Iris aurea, IRIDACER. BY B. i: vi, 278; Kashmir (Royle, Jacqeumont), Iris milesii, TRIDACER. EBs Evi; 278. Kulu and Rarbutta Valleys (Brandis). Iris nepalensis, Chalnandar, sosan , shuti, chiluchi. TRIDACER. EA Saal bio sdb vies 2 Himalaya, 5-10,000 ft. Simla (Collett). PETALS UNITED. late segments, each flower has also 2 much shorter, nar- row, membranous bracts, sepals 3, petal-like, shortly stalked, reflexed, petals 8, smaller, linear spreading, tube 1-14 in., blade } in., stamens 8, inserted at the base of the sepals, style stout, stigmas petal-like, arching over the stamens, 2-fid, with a transverse dorsal crest; capsule leathery, 83-sided, enclosed in the spathe, seeds many. large, leaves 1-3 ft. by 3-13 in., sword-like, leathery, streaked, spathes 9-8-flowered, 2-8 in. long, linear-oblong, flowers 2-3 in. diam., lilac, sepals 3 in., broad, stalk keeled, petals 4-4 in., broad, style-arms lin. long, crests small, triangular, capsule 1-2 in., 6-ribbed, long-beaked; for other characters see the last species. very like the last species, but flowers yellow and larger, * like the last species, but the flowers are purple, the sepals are crested, style-arms with a large fringed crest, spathes many-flowered, flower heads branched. small, rootstock with fleshy finger-like roots, leaves 6 in. long at flowering time, 24 in. by 6 in, afterwards © streaked with purple lines and dots, spathes 14-2 in. long, 9-3-flowered, flowers pale lilac, 14 in. long, style-arms 1 in. and less, ‘capsule 1-14 in., oblong, flattened, 3-angled with a long slender beak ; for other characters see the last species. Cultivated in Kashmir and Hazara in graveyards and gardens, FP 434 Plants of the Punjab. Herss, UNBRANCHED, WITH Opposite ExstIPULATE SIMPLE LEAVES. Iris kumaonensis, Piaz, karkar, tezma. TRIDACE®. F. B. I. vi. 274. Himalaya, 8-12,000 ft. Marali (Collett). Kashmir. Iris Hookeriana, IRIDACER. HBL, va. 274. Lahul. Aletris nepalensis, H@®MODORACE®. F. B. I. vi. 264. Himalaya, 10-15 ,000 ft. The Chor, Marali (Collett). Ophicpagon intermedius, HmMODORACE®. F. B. I. vi. 269. Himalaya, 5-9,000 ft. Simla (Collett). Kashmir, Crocus sativus, Saffron, Kesar, zafran. TrRIDACE®, FP. B, IL. vi. 276. Kashmir only, cultivated. PETALS UNITED. very like the last species, but the stalk of the sepals is bearded, spathe one-flowered, capsule ovoid. very like the last species, but the spathe much longer 5 in., and 2-8-flowered, PETALS NONE. small, perennial, grass-like; leaves 3-8 by 4-} in, radical grass-like, nerves prominent ; flowers } in. long, white or pale pink in a short raceme on a stalk 4-12 in. long, velvety with one or two short leaves at the top, bracts linear erect, calyx corolla-like, lobes 6, blunt, turned back, persistent, stamens 6, opposite and attached at the base to the calyx lobes, style shorter than the stamens, 3-fid at the top; capsule round, 8-valved, seeds 6, brightly coloured. small to medium size, perennial, rootstock short, not stout, covered with old leaf bases ; leaves 6-24 by 3-4 in., tufted, linear, margins very minutely toothed; flowers 1 in., white, sometimes tinged with violet, often in pairs in racemes 2-5 in. long on leafless stalks as long as the leaves, bracts lanceolate, calyx bell-shaped, corolla-like, lobes 6 in 2 series, blunt, spreading, petals none, stamens 6, style longer than the. stamens, minutely 3-lobed at the top; fruit of 6 berry-like blue seeds resting on the calyx. small, perennial, rootstock a sheathed corm, stem none ; leaves radical, narrowly linear, grooved, margins curved back; flowers violet, solitary or clustered, nearly sessile, calyx funnel-shaped, tube slender, lobes 6 in 2 series, petal-like, petals none, throat of tube bearded sta- mens 8, on the throat, anthers yellow, style-arms exserted, orange red, nearly club-shaped, entire or lobulate ; capsule oblong, seeds nearly round. This plant is cultivated for the dye, it is also used in Indian medicine. Plants of the Punjab. 435 SSS ET EE A AE REE Heras, UNBRANCHED, WITH OpposiTE ExsTIPULATE SIMPLE LEAVES, Belamcauda chinensis, IRIDACER. ep. be Vie 2G. The Plains to 6,000 ft. Hypoxis aurea, AMARYLLIDACER. Mion Dv. 27 va Himalaya, *. 4-7,000 ft. Simla (Collett), _ Crinum defixum, Crinum pratense, AMARYLLIDACES, Ee Se atop 8 The Plains, rare, only cultivated. . Crinum latifolium, AMARYLLIDACER. BB. Lyi 288, The Plains, cultivated. Pancratium verecundum, AMARYLLIDACES. BB 2. 235. Foot of the Himalaya. PETALS NONE. small, perennial, rootstock creeping, stem erect, leafy ; leaves in 2 opposite rows, one bestriding the other, flat, sword-like ; flowers shortly stalked, main stalks branched, spathes several-flowered, bracts thin, calyx-tube very short, segments oblong, nearly equal, spreading, stamens 3, inserted at the base of the tube, style thread-like, arms long, tips kidney-shaped ; capsule ovoid with a broad top, seeds nearly round. This plant is only found cultivated. small, perennial, root tuberous round or oblong, with black fibres and pale fleshy roots, stemless ; leaves 3-6 by 4 in., rarely 12 in., linear base sheathing, nerves promi- nent ; flowers 4 in., bright yellow, single or in pairs on axillary scapes shorter than the leaves, calyx sessile on the ovary, divided nearly to the base, segments 6, in 2 series, lanceolate, spreading, green on the back, stamens 6 at the base of the segments and shorter than they are, style short, column-like, stigmas 8, erect ; capsule } in:, oblong, 3-valved, seeds many, small, black, round. see Water Plants, Opposite, Exstipulate, Simple. large, perennial or biennial, bulbs 4-5 in. diam., ovoid or round, neck 2-24 in. ; leaves 6-8, 18-86 by 14-2 in., linear, grooved, margin entire ; flowers 5-6 in., white, fragrant, nearly sessile, in umbels, 6-12-flowered on scapes 12 in. long, spathes 2, 2-3 in., triangular-lanceolate, calyx salver- shaped, calyx, tube 3-4 in., lobes 6, equal to the tube, lance- olate, petals none, stamens 6, on the throat of the tube, very long, red, spreading, style thread-like, stigma minute ; fruit nearly round, 3-celled, seeds large, few, rounded. like the last species, but much larger, stemless, leaves 3-4 in. broad, calyx tinged with red or nearly red over the back of the lobes, funnel-shaped, tube upcurved, lobes oblong or lanceolate, stamens curved. small, perennial or biennial, rootstock bulbous, round, 2 in. diam., neck long, cylindric ; leaves 1-14 by 4-3 in., thin, lanceolate with a broad long-pointed tip; flowers 43-54 in. long, green, on 2-6-flowered umbellate stalks, stout, 12 in. long, spathes 2, lanceolate, calyx funnel- shaped, tubes 3-4 in., lobes 14 in., linear, petals none, sta- mens 6, united to forma toothed cup, a bifid tooth between PP2 436 Plants of the Punjab. ® Herrss, UNBRANCHED, WITH OpposITE EXSTIPULATE SIMPLE LEAVES, Polygonatum geminiflorum, LILIACE. F. B. I. vi. 320. Himalaya, 7-11,000 ft. Kashmir. Polygonatum verticillatum, Whorled Solomon’s Seal, Mitha dudia, shakakal. LILACES. BOBO 1L. ‘vi. 821. Himalaya, 6-11,000 ft. Simla, Mashobra, Narkanda (Collett). Fagu, Kashmir. Polygonatum cirrifolium, Hemerocallis fulva, LILIAOE A. F. B. I. vi. 326. The Himalaya. PETALS NONE, each stamen, stamens much longer than the teeth of the cup, cup 3-1 in. long, style thread-like, longer than the stamens, stigma small; capsule large, 8-angled, seeds angled. _ medium size, perennial, rootstock horizontal, stem zigzag, rounded ; leaves 2-4 in., oblong or linear-oblong, green with a bluish waxy gloss ; flowers 4 in., white and green, 2 on each main stalk, }-3 in., calyx tube white, cylindric, lobes 6, green, much shorter than the tube, anthers 6, inserted above the middle of the tube, nearly sessile, style linear, straight, stigma small, berry round, blue-black, 8-celled, seeds nearly round, 2 in each cell. like the last species, but larger, leaves arranged round the stem in fours or eights, sometimes curled up at the tip, stem grooved, flowers 2-8 on one stalk. The root is eaten as @ food in the Kurram Valley and exported to Kabul and Peshawar, see Climbing Plants, Opposite, Exstipulate. large, perennial, rootstock short with fleshy root fibres ; leaves 12-24 by 1-14 in., radical, linear, ribbed, waxy bluish-green beneath; flowers 1-2 in. diam., orange yellow in a few branching raceme on a long naked main Hower stalk, calyx funnel-shaped, segments 6 in 2 tubes, outer shorter than the inner, outer segments orange yellow, oblong, short-pointed, inner very much broader, recurved, stamens 6 inserted at the mouth of the tube, protruding, style thread-like, bent down; capsule 8-celled, leathery, seeds black, shining, angled. This plant is eultiyated throughout India, Plants of the Punjab. 437 Heres, UNBRANCHED, WITH Opposite EXSTIPULATE SIMPLE LEAVES. Asphodelus tenuifolius, Asphodel, Piazi, bokat. LILIACER. PEBe ly vi..882. The Plains to 7,000 ft. Simla (Collett). Kashmir, Baluchistan (Stocks). . Asphodelus comosus, LILIACEA. t.B: Ling 882; Lahul. Eremurus himalaicus, LILIACE. LEN Sl ea SB Oe Himalaya, 7-10,000 ft. Eremurus persicus, LILIACE. Be Bel. vi,ooc. The Salt Range, Sakesar (Aitchison). Baluchistan (Stocks). Allium asealonicum, Shallot, Gandan, gandhana. LILIACE. BLS. wiser The Plains to 7,000 ft. Baluchistan (Hughes-Buller). PETALS NONE. small, annual, root fibres slender or fleshy ; leaves 6-12 by +); in., all radical, linear, slender, half rounded, hollow, long-pointed ; flowers 4 im. long, white, in brac- teate racemes ona branched main flower stalk, 6-24 in., calyx 6-lobed, lobes white with a central red brown streak, spreading, petals none, stamens 6, upper portion spindle- shaped, lower surrounding and covering the ovary, style straight, stigma 3-lobed ; capsule ¢ in. diam., round, wrinkl- ed, seeds 8, 38-angled. This is a weed of cultivation. The seed is used in Indian medicine as a diuretic. like the last species, but much larger, flowers 1-1} in. diam., white, with a green streak, leaves 14 in., broad, thick. like the last species, but very much larger, leaves 12-36 by 1-3 in., main flower stalk 24-36 in., flowers 1 in. diam., white, capsule 4 im. diam, triangular, the capsule has more seeds, seeds not winged. like the last species, but much smaller, flowers white with a brown central band in each segment, capsule 1 in. broad, seeds broadly 3-winged. small, annual, bulbs coated, strongly scented ; leaves basal, narrow, hollow ; flowers white, star-shaped, on very short minor stalks forming a head on one main flower stalk, enclosed at first in a spathe, calyx 6-lobed, petals none, stamens 6, inner stamens 2-toothed, style thread-like, stigma minute ; capsule small, 3-celled, 3-angled, seeds few, black, flattened. This plant 1s cultivated as a con diment, is not found wild. 438 Plants of the Punjab. Heras, UNBRANCHED, WITH Opposite EXSTIPULATE SIMPLE LEAVES. Allium porrum, Leek, LILIACER. By Bolsvisdsts The Plains to 9,000 ft. Allium Cepa, Onion, Pryaz. LILIACEA. BiB Flo wars37: The Plains to 9,000 ft., only found cultivated. Baluchistan. Allium sativum, Garlic, Lahsan. LILIACES. ib, L.vi. B37. The Plains, only found cultivated. Allium Semonovii, LILIACER. F. B. I. vi. 338. Himalaya, 8-14,000 ft. Kashmir. Allium Scheenoprasum, Chives, LILACEE. F. B. I. vi. 388. Himalaya, 8-11,000 ft. Kashmir, Baluchistan (Duke). PETALS NONE. like the last species, but there is a leafy stem, leaves linear, flat, keeled, longer than the flower stalk, minor flower stalks longer. This plant is only found culti- vated. like the last species, but bulb large, leaves hollow, rod-shaped, shorter than the swollen main flower stalk, head bearing flowers and smail bulbs, stamens protruding, simple or 2-toothed. This plant is widely cultivated as a condiment and a food. like the last species, but leaves flat, main flower stalk slender, spathe long-beaked, inner stamens 2-toothed. This plant is widely cultivated as a condiment. bulb cylindric, tufted, leaves 2-3, hollow, 4-4 in. diam., stout, about equal to the stout main flower stalk, spathes very long, persistent, heads 14 in. broad, flowers yellow, bell-shaped, lobes $-% in., oblong-lanceolate, long-pointed, stamens included ; for other characters see the Jast species. like the last species, but bulbs clustered, narrow, leaves 1-2 slender, grooved or rounded above, flowers pink or pale purple, lobes linear or lanceolate, stamens dilated at the base. This plant is only found cultivated and in European gardens, P.ants cf the Punjab. 489 Herps, UNBRANCHED, WITH OpposirE ExstTIPULATE SIMPLE LEAVES. Allium atrosanguineum, LILIACE. BB. L vi, 800; Kashmir, at Gilgit (Janner). Allium Fedschenkoanum, LILIACE. PSB! va. gece Kashmir at Barzil (Clarke). Allium rubellum, Jangli piaz, baranr paz. LILIACEz. H; Bed, vis 389. The Plains to 1,500-8,000 ft. Rawalpindi. Kashmir. ~ Baluchistan (Stocks). Allium lilacinum, LILIACEA. Be Devin. dod: Himalaya, 6-7,000 ft. - Mahasgu, Shali (Collett). Allium Stracheyi, LILIACES. BuBi Revie 840. Himalaya, 9,000 ft. Kashmir. Allium consanguineum, LILIACE. Ki Bacloaybera 40. Himalaya, 8-10,000 ft. Kashmir. PETALS NONE. like the last species, but leaves stout, flowers dark red, lobes oblong blunt, stamens short, triangular-awl-shap- ed, united at the base. like the last species, but leaves 8-5 by 4 in., much Shorter than main flower stalk, 24-86 in., flower pale yellow, lobe oblong-lanceolatec, long-poimted, stamens very short, immer with a dilated 2-toothed base, outer simpler. like the last species, but leaves 4-6, thread-like, half rounded or flattened, longer than the main flower stalk, flowers rosy, very small, stamens all simple, united at the very base. like the last species, but coats of bulb red-brown, leaves rounded or channelled, flowers larger, pale red, stamens protruding, inner 2-toothed at the very base. slender, bulbs small, clustered, narrowly ovoid, pro- duced into a long neck, leaves 3-4, 12 by +, in., narrowly linear, blunt, flowers pale yellow or rosy, lobes oblong, blunt, stamens simple, free, far protruding ; for other cha- racters see the last species. very like the last species, but larger, flowers golden - yellow, bulbs larger, Jonger with fibrous sheaths. 440 Plants of the Punjab. Heras, UNBRANCHED, WITH OpposiTE ExsTIPULATE SIMPLE LEAVEs. Allium Thomsoni, LILIACE. F. B. I. vi. 340. Kashmir, _ 12,000 ft. Allium Wallichii, LILIACEA,: Heb Vvie O84 Himalaya, 8-13,000 ft. Hattu (Collett). Allium victorialis, LILIACE. I. B. 1. vi. 342. Himalaya, 7-13,000 ft. Kashmir. Allium Govanianum, LILIACE. B, Bot win344. Himalaya, 8-12,000 ft. The Chor (Collett). Marali. Allium Clarkei, LILIACER. F. B. I. vi. 844. Kashmir, 7-11,000 ft. Skardo (Clarke). PETALS NONE. like the last species, but bulbs tufted, leaves 4-5, 6-9 by $-4 in., rather stout, sheathing the lower third of the stout rounded main flower stalk, 12-24 in. long, heads rather larger, flowers red-purple, calyx lobes oblong-lan- ceolate, short-pointed. large, bulbs hardly developed, clustered, stem base thickened, leaves basal, 24-36 by 4-2 in., linear or sword- blade-shaped, flat, longer than the stout angled main flower stalk, short-pointed, flowers 1 in. diam., purple, star-shaped, flower head 2-3 in: diam., calyx lobes linear, 4 in., blunt, reflexed, capsule top-shaped ; for other cha- racters see the last species. ; small, bulbs 2-3 in. long, clustered on an oblique root-stock, mearly conical or cylindrical, stem leafy ; leaves 6-10 by 1-34 in. from below the middle of the main flower stalk, stalked, oblong-lanceolate, blunt, or short- pointed, shorter than the flower stalk, narrowed into the leaf stalk, waxy bluish-green, main flower stalk round below, angled above ; flower $-? in. diam., greenish-white or yellowish, star-shaped, head 1-1} in. diam., calyx lobes t-4 In., spreading, reflexed, oblong, stamens simple, longer than the sepals ; capsule } in. diam., broader at the top. medium size, bulbs 1-4 in., clustered on an oblique jointed rootstock, nearly cylindrical or conical, leaves 6-24 by + 5-4 in., basal, very narrowly linear, flattish, keeled, blunt, about the same length as the main flower stalk, which is acutely angled, flowers white, ? in. diam., heads 2-3 in. diam., lesser flower stalks 1-1} in., calyx lobes 4 in. long, narre’7, stamens shorter than the calyx lobes ; for other characters see the last species. small, bulb 1 in. diam., ovoid, leaves 4-8, length 6-12 by '5-$ in., very narrowly linear or thread-like, shorter than the slender main flower stalk, blunt, flat, flowers white, small, $ in. diam., heads 1-14 1n., diam., minor flowers stalks $-3 in., clayx lobes } in., long-pointed, stamens shorter than the calyx lobes, capsule } in. broad at the top ; for other characters see the last species. Plants of the Punjab. 441 Herbs, UNBRANCHED, WITH Opposite EXSTIPULATE SIMPLE LEAVES. Allium atropurpureum, LILIACER. F. B. I. vi. 344. Himalaya, 8-10,000 ft. Kashmir, (Falconer). Dipeadi montanum, LILIACE A. PB. E yi.-346. The Plains, Delhi (Vicary). Dipeadi serotinum, LILIACEX. Pe Bes vit 346; The Salt Range. Tilla. Dipeadi hydsuricum, LILIACER. BOB yi. 847. The Plains, Ludhiana (Edgeworth). Simla below 5,000 ft. (Collett). Urginea indica, Indian Squill, Kanda, phaphor. LILIACES. P. Bilao 7. Himalaya, below 5,000 ft. Simla, Subathu (Collett). The Salt Range. PETALS NONE. medium size, bulb nearly ovoid, not on a rootstock ; leaves 2-4, length 12-24 by ;4-§ in., narrowly linear-oblong or lanceolate, shorter than the tall erect cylindrical hollow main flower stalk ; leaves rose-purple, stellate, heads 2-24 in, diam., minor flower stalks 3-1 in., calyx lobes linear- oblong, stamens about equal in length to the calyx lobes ; capsules round. smnall, bulb small ; leaves 4-6 in., rather fleshy, thread- like, deeply grooved above ; flowers ? in., white or greenish, in a 6-12-flowered raceme on a round main flower stalk 6-9 in., minor flower stalks 4-2 in., bracts lanceolate, long-pointed, about equal to the minor flower stalks, calyx lobes 6, in 2 series, forming a tubular bell-shaped flower, strap-shaped, glandular at the tips, stamens 6, in- cluded ; capsule $ in. diam., short, broad, many-seeded. seeds 4 in., oblong with rounded ends, flat. like the last species, but leaves 6-18 in., flowers brown, smaller, bracts equal to or longer than the minor flower stalks, capsule sessile, leaves usually longer. like the last. species, but leaves much shorter, 4-6 in., bracts much shorter than the minor flower stalks, flowers with green tube and pale pink lobes. bulb more than } in., bitter ; leaves radical 6-18 by 3-1 in., linear, nearly in 2 rows; flowers appearing be- fore the leaves, $ in. long, white with green lines, drooping or spreading, bell-shaped, in a terminal raceme, 6-12 in. long, on a main stalk 12-18 in., lesser stalks of raceme 1-1} in. long, slender, sepals 6, white with 3 green ribs in the centre, tip rounded, petals none, stamens 6, shorter than the sepals; capsule 3-? in. long, oblong, 3-valved, seeds many, flat, black. ‘The bulb is much used in Indian medicine and also as a substitute for European squill. 442 Plants of the Punjab. Herss, UNBRANCHED, WITH Opposite HxsTIPULATE SIMPLE LEAVES. Scilla Hohenackeri, LILIACEA. F’. B. 1. vis 349. The Plains, west of the Jhelum, Hasan Abdal (Aitchison). Lilium giganteum, LILIACES. Bet, vi; 849: Himalaya, 7-9,000 ft. Narkanda (Collett). Bahli. Lilium nepalense, LILIACES. F. B. I. vi. 850. Himalaya, 7-8,000 ft. Lilium polyphyllum, LILIACEA, Pope wir sb. Himalaya, 6-12,000 ft. Kashmir. Simla (Collett). Lilium Thomsonianum, LILIACER. F. B. I. wi. 352. Himalaya, 5-7,000 ft. Simla (Collett). Kashmir. PETALS NONE. small, bulb 4-1 in. diam., ovoid; leaves 4 to 6, 8-12 by $-fin., linear ; flowers blue, # in. diam., in few or many flowered racemes ona main flower stalk, 4-8 in., sepals 6, linear, recurved, blunt, petals none, stamens 6, anthers blue ; capsule round, 38-lobed, 3-celled, seed 3-6, nearly round, black. large, bulb 3-4 in. diam., tufted, stem 6-12 ft. high, hollow, 2 in. diam. at the base, stem leaves alternate ; leaves 12-18 in. long and broad, stalks of lower leaves 9-12 in., broadly heart-shaped ; flowers 5-7 in. long, white, tube purplish within, very fragrant in racemes, 1-2 ft., bracts large, calyx lobes 6, lanceolate with a broad rounded and recurved tip, petals none, stamens 6, anthers 4 in., yellow ; capsule 2-3 in., obtusely angled, seeds 4-4 in. broad, very thin. medium size to large, stem 2-3 ft., slender, stem leaves alternate, leaves 3-4 by 3-1} in., lanceolate, flowers 4-5 in., orange yellow, broadly funnel-shaped, solitary or few in a raceme or in umbel-like clusters, drooping, fragrant, calyx tube greenish outside with a stout rounded keel, calyx lobes 6, orange yellow with purple dots on the lower half of the recurved portion within, outer lobe lanceolate with broad tip, inner much broader, tips rounded, stamens 6, red, anthers 1 in., yellow, style protruding ; for other characters see the last species. bulb narrow, stem 38-4 ft., slender, leaves 4-5 in., linear or lanceolate with a broader tip, flowers 2 in. diam., dull- greenish or yellowish outside, white inside with long purple streaks, broadly funnel-shaped in a raceme on the naked top of the stem, 4-10-flowered, calyx lobes 6, lanceolate, in. broad, revolute from the middle, stamens 6, protrud- ing, anthers 4 in. long, capsule 1-1}; for other characters see the last species. = bulb 2-24 in., stems 1-3 ft., very stout, stem leaves alternate, leaves 2-8 by 4-4 in., narrow, thin, sessile, nar- rowed to a fine point, flowers 1}-2 in. long, pale-pink, many in a terminal raceme, 4-8 in. long, minor flower stalks 4-41n., calyx lobes 6, tips rounded, recurved, capsule }-? in. ; for other characters see the last species. Plants of the Punjab. 443 Heres, UNBRANCHED, WiTtH Opposite HExstTipULATE SimpLy Leaves. Fritiliaria Roylei, LILIACEA. Fo Bi. viesae. Himalaya, 8-12,000 ft. — Hattu (Collett). Marali, Fritillaria imperialis, Crown Imperial, LILIACE. H:B.L, vi. 35s- Himalaya, 7-9,000 ft. Kashmir, Lloydia serotina, Mountain Lloydia, LILIACES. Boi. Vi. oA. Himalaya, 12-15,000 ft. Kashmir. Hattu (Collett). Marali. Tulipa chrysantha, LILIACES. F. B. 1. vi. 855. The Plains. - The Salt Range. Baluchistan (Stocks). Tulipa stellata, Bhumphor, jal kukar, shandaigul. LILIACES. F. B. I. vi. 355. Himalaya, 5-8,000 ft. Simla (Collett). PETALS NONE. bulb depressed. scales thin, stems 1-2 ft., naked below : leaves 3-6 in a whorl or upper opposite, 2-5 by 4-1 in., linear- lanceolate, tips of upper leaves often linear and hooked ; flowers 1-14 in., bell-shaped, yellow-green chequered with purple, nodding, terminal, solitary or 2-4 in a short raceme, calyx lobes 6,each witha sticky gland at the base, tips rounded and not recurved, stamens 6, anthers linear- oblong, style straight, thick, divided into 8 points ; cap- sule 4-2 in., ovoid with a broad tip, 6-angled, 3-valved, seeds many, small, flattened, minutely winged. like the last species, but bulb larger, stem longer, leaves more crowded, all opposite, flowers larger, in umbels, yellow or brick-red, capsule almost 6-winged. small, bulb $-1 in., slender, stem 3-6 in., with 1-2 small leaves ; leaves 2-8 in., thread-like ; flowers 4-2 in. long, white with violet veins, few or solitary, calyx funnel-shaped, lobes 6, 3-3 in., distinct, ultimately spreading, tips rounded, petals none, stamens 6, style thick, straight, tip 8-lobed ; capsule {-3 in., nearly round, 3-valved, seeds many, small, flattened. small, bulb #-1 in. diam., stem 8-4 in.;leaves 4-5, lower 4-6 in., lanceolate, margins wavy, channelled, upper narrower ; flowers 1-14 in. long, yellow within, reddigh- brown. without, on a main flower stalk, 1 to 8 flowers, calyx bell-shaped, 2 rows of sepals, outer oblong, long-pointed, inner ovate with a blunt or abruptly pointed tip, stamens 6, stigmas 38, nearly sessile. The bulbs are eaten in Baluchistan and at Peshawar. like the last species, but leaves shorter, margins not wavy, flowers larger, white within, base yellow, rosy or greenish without. 444 Plants of the Punjab. Herss, UNBRANCHED, WITH OpposiTtr EXsTIPULATE SIMPLE LEAVES. Colehicum luteum, Suringan, harantutiya. LILIACER. Re, Levi: 306: Himalaya, 4-7,000 ft. Campbellpore, Abbottabad, The Gallis, Kashmir, Chamba. Merendera persica, LILIACE®. ets. £. vi. 857. The Salt Range, Baluchistan (Lace). Iphigenia indica, LILIACES. EB. 1. vi. 857. The Plains to 7,000 ft. Simla, Mahasu (Collett). Trillium Govanianum, LILIACE. F. B. I. vi. 361. Himalaya, 8-10,000 ft. Kashmir, Narkanda, Hattu (Collett). Paris polyphylla, LILIACER. F. B. I. vi. 362. Himalaya, 6-10,000 ft. Simla (Collett). PETALS NONE. solid coated bulb, ovoid, coats brown ; leaves 6-12 by 4-4 in., few, strap-shaped, short at the flowering time, longer at the fruiting ; flowers 1-1} in. diam., golden-yellow, tube 8-4in. long, 1-3 flowers on a very short main flower stalk, calyx funnel-shaped, tube very long and slender, lobes 6, nearly equal, nearly erect, oblong, blunt, stamens 6, shorter than the lobes, anthers yellow, style thread- like, much longer than the lobes ; capsule 1-1} in., valves with long recurved beaks. ‘This plant has the same pro- perties as European Colchicum, and is used in Indian medi- cine. solid coated bulb, long-necked, coats bright red- brown ; leaves 1-2 in. in the flowering time, 6-8 in. in the fruiting, dark green, linear, short-pointed ; flowers 1}-2in., pale lilac, 1 to 4 flowers on a short main flower stalk, calyx funnel-shaped, lobes with long slender stalks forming a tube, stamens 6, styles 3; capsule and seeds like those of Colchicum luteum. The root is probably sold as Colchi- eum in the bazaar. bulb 4 in. diam., round, neck 1-2 in., sheaths brown, stem 3-10 in., erect, leafy ; leaves few, 6-8 by }-% in., upper smaller, linear ; flowers }-} in. long, purplish, on minor flower stalks, 1-2 in., calyx star-shaped, lobes 6, equal, linear-awl-shaped, spreading, reflexed, stamens 6 ; capsule 4-3 in., oblong, 3-grooved, seeds many, round. small, smooth, rootstock creeping, short, thick, ringed, stem 6-10 in., erect ; leaves in a whorlat the top of the stem with a flower in the centre, 14-44 by 1}-4 in., broadly ovate ; flower 2 in., dark purple, calyx persistent, lobes 6, distinct, narrowly lanceolate, spreading in flower, reflexed in fruit, stamens 6, style purple, divided into 8 arms to the base ; berry 3-3 in. diam., long linear round, fleshy, seeds many, ovoid. small to large, rootstock ringed, thick. creeping, stem 12-18 in., erect ; leaves 4-9, 8-6 in., lanceolate, shortly stalked, long-pointed, arranged in a whorl at the top of the stem with a solitary stalked flower in the centre, calyx persistent, lobes 8-12, in 2 series, outer green, leaf-like, 1-4 in., inner yellow or yellow-green, usually shorter Plants of the Punjab. 445 Herps, UNBRANCHED, WiTtH OpposITE EXsTIPULATE SIMPLE LEAVES, PETALS NONB, than the outer, sometimes longer, stamens 8-12, style divided almost to the base into 4-5 erect short arms with curved tips ; capsule 1 in. diam., yellow-brown, 4-5-valved, seeds many, ovoid, scarlet. Heres, UNBRANCHED, WITH OpposITE ExsTIPULATE LOBED LEAvVsEs. Callianthemum cachemirianum, RANUNCULACES. fess, La. V4. Himalaya, 9-13,000 ft. Kashmir. Trollius acaulis, RANUNCULACES. FE. B.E. 1..22. Himalaya, 11-13,000 ft. Kashmir. Isopyrum thalictroides, RANUNCULACER. B-Be 1.1.28. Himalaya, Lahul. Corydalis rutzfolia, FUMARIACE®, E. Buksig 22. Himalaya, 6-10,000 ft. Simla (Collett). Murree (Douie). PETALS UNUNITED. small, perennial, stemless, densely tufted, smooth, with waxy bluish-green gloss, root fibrous ; leaves all radi- cal, pinnately divided into deeply cut rounded segments, long-stalked ; flowers 1-14 in. diam., white, on one-flowered stalks, 2-4 in., shorter than the leaves, sepals 5, soon fall- ing off, broadly rounded, petals 8-12, 3 times larger than the sepals, a pit at the base, oblong-wedge-shaped, broadly notched, stamens many ; fruits few, large ovoid; achenes tipped by the short style. small, perennial, rootstock stout, fibres thick, stem 8-6 n., longer in fruit; base clothed with thick fibres, leafy above the middle ; leaves radical, long-stalked, deeply palmately divided, lobes oblong-lanceolate, stem leaves 1 to 8, similar, base of stalk sheathing; flowers 2 in. diam., solitary, sepals 6-8, broad, oval, blunt or entire, spreading, petals 12-16, blade oblong, stamens very many ; carpels many, 1 inch long when ripe, thin, wrinkled, Style persistent. small, perennial, rootstock horizontal, fibrous or scaly, stem 4-8 in., slender ; leaves radical, much divided, seg- ments 2-38-lobed, wedge-shaped at the base, thin, stem leaves alternate, 3-lobed ; flowers $ in. diam., white, in few-flowered terminal branching racemes, sepals 5-6, oval, blunt, petals 5, very small, with a thread-like stalk, hooded, stamens 10 or more; follicles 2-4, oval, beaked by the style. small, perennial, rootstock slender, stem 3-8 in. ; leaves 2 or 8, pinnately divided, segments with 3 leaflets, nearly sessile ; flowers 3-1 in., bright purple, tips dark, in 6-12 flowered racemes, bracts oblong or lanceolate, leaf-hke, sepals 2, small, scale-like, petals 4, outer petals dissimilar, upper one broad, concave, produced at the base into a hollow spur about half as long as the petal, spur blunt, lower one flat, narrow, inner petals narrow, keeled, their 446 Plants of the Punjab. Heres, UNBRANCHED, WITH Opposite ExstIpuLATE LoBED LEAVES, Corydalis cachemiriana, FUMARIACES. HB. 4. 1238, Himalaya, 9-12,000 ft. Kashmir. Corydalis Govaniana, Butkis. FUMARIACES. F. B. 1.1. 124. Himalaya, 8-12,000 ft. Hattu (Collett). Corydalis Moorcroftiana, FuMARIACER. Be28.2L.4. 125, Himalaya, 10-17,000 ft. Corydalis Gortschakovii FUMARIACER. F.B, 1,3..125. Kashmir, 10-17,000 ft. Arabis taraxicifolia, CRUCIFER®. FAB AL 4, 486: The Plains, west of the Indus. Peshawar (Stewart). PETALS UNUNITED. crested tips united over the stigma, stamens 6, united in 2 sets of 8, lower set spurred at the base, the spur inside the petal spur; capsule 4 in., ovate, oblong, seeds small, black. like the last species, but a bulb, small and scaly, in- stead of a rootstock, radical leaves long-stalked, palmately divided into 3-5 lobes, flowers bright blue, capsule hnear oblong, pendulous. like the last species, but with a thick rootstock, crown- ed with withered leaf sheaths, leaves 2-pinnate, leaflets wedge-shaped, deeply lobed, bracts deeply lobed, flowers bright yellow. This plant is used in Indian medicine as a tonic. like the last species, but root spindle-shaped, flowers yellow with purple tips, leaves much divided. ~ like the last species, but much larger, flowers larger. small, annual, hairy, stems 6-9 in., many, spreading, almost leafless, weak ; radical leaves many, long-stalked, pinnately divided, terminal lobe large, rounded, entire, rarely toothed, lateral short, narrow, stalk 2-3 in., stem leaves few, alternate, sessile, oblong-lanceolate ; flowers 4 in. diam., white or pale pink, in loose racemes, sepals vel- vety or smooth, petals + in., stamens 6, pods 14-24 in. linear, flattened, smooth, valves thin, veinless, style long, short-pointed, seeds in one series. Plants of the Punjab. AAT See ae Heres, UNBRANCHED, WITH Opposite ExstTIpULATE Lopup LEAVES. Sisymbrium Wallichii, Sisymbrium Irio, Raphanus sativus, . Saxifraga odontophylla, Saxifraga sibirica, Androsace rotundifolia, Adoxa Moschatellina, Valeriana officinalis, Valerian, VALERIANACER. ee oe ts DT, Kashmir, 8-9,000 ft. Sonamerg. Valeriana Jeschkei, VALERIANACER. By B. T..in.:212; Himalaya, Lahul. Valeriana Stracheyi, VALERIANACER. FH, Bot a oe Himalaya, 4-8,000. Kashmir. PETALS UNUNITED. see Herbs, Unbranched, Alternate, Exstipulate, Lobed. see Herbs, Unbranched, Alternate, Exstipulate, Lobed. see Herbs, Unbranched, Alternate, Exstipulate, Lobed. see Herbs, Unbranched, Alternate, Iixstipulate, Lobed. see Herbs, Unbranched, Alternate, Exstipulate, Lobed. see Herbs, Unbranched, Alternate, Exstipulate, Lobed. PETALS UNITED, see Herbs, Unbranehed, Alternate, Exstipulate, Lobed. large, perennial, rootstock short, hardly thicker than the stem, bearing runners, stems 12-86 in. high, nodes minutely hairy ; leaves pinnately divided, labes narrowly oblong or linear, sometimes toothed, leaves often long- stalked ; flowers white or pink, in large loose flat-topped branching racemes, bracts ;4 in., oblong-linear, persistent, _ calyx lobes obscure in flower, forming in fruit 5-15 feathery “ bristles joined below into a short wide funnel-shaped tube, corolla tube funnel-shaped, lobes 5, spreading, stamens 8; fruit oblong-lanceolate, not hairy, flattened, 5-ribbed, 1-celled, 1-seeded, crowned by the persistent bristly feathered calyx. The root asarwn is exported as a medi. cine and a perfume. like the last species, but small, only 6-9 in. high, flower clusters only 1 in. diam., flowers small, radical leaves many at flowering time. slender, velvety, rootstock woody, very stout, stem 6-12 in. high, radical leaves none at flowering time, pin- nately divided but with a large rhomboid terminal lobe, flower cluster dividing into straight slender spikes, fruit covered with soft scattered hairs; for other characters see the last species. 448 Plants of the Punjab. Heres, UNBRANCHED, WITH OpposiTE ExstiPULATE LOBED LEAVES. PETALS UNITED. FLOWERS, MINUTE, IN HEADS. ALL TUBULAR. Tanacetum see Herbs, Unbranched, Alternate, Exstipulate, Lobed. senecionis, Tanacetum see Herbs, Unbranched, Alternate, Exstipulate, Lobed. Falconeri, Tanacetum see Herbs, Unbranched, Alternate, Exstipulate, Lobed. longifolium, Emilia sonchifolia, Saussurea taraxicifolia, Saussurea Kunthiana, Saussurea Faleoneri, Saussurea candicans, Saussurea hypoleuca, Saussurea Lappa, Jurinea ceratocarpa, Jurinea macrocephala, Serratula pallida, Centaurea Cyanus, Centaurea depressa, see Herbs, Unbranched, Alternate. Exstipulate, Lobed. see Herbs, Unbranched, Alternate, Exstipulate, Lobed. see Herbs, Unbranched, Alternate, Exstipulate, Lobed. see Herbs, Unbranched, Alternate, Exstipulate, Lobed. see Herbs, Erect, Alternate, Exstipulate, Lobed. see Herbs, Erect, Alternate, Exstipulate, Lobed. see Herbs, Unbranched, Alternate, Exstipulate, Lobed, see Herbs, Unbranched, Alternate, Exstipulate, Simple. see Herbs, Unbranched, Alternate, Exstipulate, Lobed. see Herbs, Unbranched, Alternate, Exstipulate, Simple. INNER TUBULAR, OUTER LIGULATE. see Herbs, Erect, Alternate, Exstipulate, Lobed. see Herbs, Erect, Alternate, Exstipulate, Lobed, Plants of the Punjab. 449 Heres, UNBRANCHED, WITH Opposite ExstipuLATE LoBep LEAVES, Gerbera lanuginosa, Kapasi, sung. Compositm. He Bale 390: Himalaya, 4-8,000 ft. Simla (Collett). Murree. Kashmir. Gerbera Kunzeana, CoMPOSsITa. F. B. I. iii. 890. Himalaya, 7-12,000 ft. Hattu (Collett), Kashmir, Crepis sibirica, Crepis tenuifolia, Crepis Stoliczkai, Pterotheca Faleoneri, Taraxacum, officinale, Dandelion, Dudal, kanphut, shamukei. CompositTm. H. Bove 401: Himalaya, 1-18,000 ft. Simla (Collett). Mashobra, Mahasu. PETALS UNITED. FLOWERS, MINUTE, IN HEADS. INNER TUBULAR, OUTER LIGULATE. small, perennial, silky woolly ; leaves radical 24-6 by 3-3 in., ovate or lanceolate with a broad tip, lobulate to- wards the base, or pinnately divided with a large end lobe, smooth, shining above, densely cottony below ; flowers white, in solitary heads on long leafless stalks, 4-12 in. long, bracts of heads many, erect, inner slightly longer than the pappus, outer shorter, floor of head flat, naked, pappus abundant, white, barbed, corolla tube slender, 2-lipped, inner 3-4-toothed, outer 3-toothed, anther bases divided, long-tailed, style-arms blunt ; achenes rough, flattened, ribbed, narrowed at the tip. The white felt on the back of the leaves is used for tinder, to stop bleeding, also for weaving into a coarse cloth. like the last species, but with thread-like bracts on the flower stalks, pappus chestnut-brown. ALL LIGULATE. see Herbs, Unbranched, Alternate, Exstipulate, Simple, see Herbs, Erect, Alternate, Exstipulate, Lobed, see Herbs, Unbranched, Alternate, Exstipulate, Simple. see Herbs, Unbranched, Alternate, Exstipulate, Simple. small, perennial, juice milky, root woody, upright ; ) leaves all radical, 2-8 in., narrowly oblong, pinnately divid- ed, lobes linear or triangular, pointing back, sessile ; flowers yellow, in smooth solitary heads on a leafless hollow stalk, 2-8 in. long, bracts of the head, inner linear, erect, almost equal, margins often white, tips usually thickened or hooked, outer short, ovate, erect or recurved, floor of head flat, naked, pappus abundant, white, soft, not feathery, ligules long, spreading, 3-5-toothed, often brown on the back, style-arms long ; achenes smooth, flattened, ribbed, narrowed to the base, minutely spiny above the GG 450 Plants of the Punjab. Herss, UNBRANCHED, WITH Opposite ExstipuLATE LoBED LEAVES. Taraxacum Wattei, ComposiT™m. F. B. I. iu. 402. Himalaya, 10-18,000 ft. Shali Peak near Simla (Collett). Pangi in Sutlej Valley (Watt). Lactuca Scariola, Lactuca undulata, Lactuca rapunculoides, Lactuca sagittarioides, Launea secunda, Androsace rotundifolia, Cortusa Matthioli, Mazus surculosus, Pedicularis pectinata, Pedicularis tenuirostris, PETALS UNITED. FLOWERS, MINUTE, IN HEADS. ALL LIGULATE. middle, contracted into a long slender beak tipped with the pappus. The root is used in medicine, very like the last species, but larger, head woolly, achenes white, beak stout, short, ribbed acutely. see Herbs, Erect, Alternate, Exstipulate, Lobed. gee Herbs, Erect, Alternate, Exstipulate, Lobed. see Herbs, Erect, Alternate, Exstipulate, Lobed. see Herbs, Erect, Alternate, Exstipulate, Lobed. see Herbs, Unbranched, Alternate, Exstipulate, Lobed. FLOWERS NOT IN HEADS. see Herbs, Unbranched, Alternate, Exstipulate, Lobed. see Herbs, Unbranched, Alternate, Exstipulate, Lobed, PETALS UNITED. see Prostrate Herbs, Opposite, Exstipulate, Lobed. see Herbs, Erect, Alternate, Exstipulate, Lobed. see Herbs, Erect, Alternate, Exstipulate, Lobed. = Plants of the Punjab. 451 Harps, UNBRANCHED, WITH Opposite ExstrpuLats LoBpep LrEaAvas. Pedicularis porrecta, Pedicularis brevifolia, SCROPHULARIACES. HB, Liv. 80T. Himalaya, 13-16 ,000 ft. Kashmir. Pedicularis verticillata, ScROPHULARIACE®. Pe isa 3093 Himalaya, 11-14,000 ft. Lahul (Jaeschke). Pedicularis pycanantha, SCROPHULARIACER. Rep ed von: Himalaya, 6-7,000 ft. Lahul, Hazara, Baluchistan. Pedicularis megalantha, PETALS UNITED. see Herbs, Alternate, Exstipulate, Lobed. small, perennial, velvety or woolly, rootstock stout, stem stout ; leaves less than 1 in., stem leaves sessile, ob- long, pinnately divided, lobes short, toothed ; flowers #in. long, in few-flowered spikes 1-14 in. broad, top-rounded nearly in the shape of heads, calyx lobes blunt, minutely round-toothed, corolla 2-lipped, tube 4-? in. long, cylindric, twice as long as the calyx, upper lip sickle-shaped, erect, then swollen with a long straight curved beak, longer than the lower lip, lower lip with 8 spreading lobes, stamens 4, in unequal pairs, anthers under the upper lip, meeting in pairs, style slender, stigma nearly round ; capsule $ in., oblong, nearly straight, short-pointed, seeds 7; in. long, pale, finely streaked and dotted. small, slightly hairy, rootstock rather slender, radi- cal leaves 2-8 in., stalked, stem leaves few, shorter, in circles, sessile or nearly sessile, oblong or linear-oblong, pinnately divided, lobes rather distant, ovate, divided and minutely round-toothed, flowers 3 in. long, pink purple, in spikes 1-3 by 14 in., lower circle of flowers distant with leafy bracts, upper closer together, bracts usually longer than the calyx, pinnately divided or round-toothed, calyx } in., lobes broad, very short, corolla tube broad, twice as long as the calyx, upper lip small, nearly straight, abruptly ended, much smaller than the lower lip, lower lip 4-2 in. diam., capsule 4 in., oblong-lanceolate, straight-long-point- ed, twice the length of the calyx, seeds #, in.; for other characters see the last species. small, stout or slender, smooth or slightly hairy, root- stock stout with fleshy tuberous root fibres, crowned with membranous sheaths, stems several, radical leaves 4-6 by 1-1} in., many, lobes irregularly cut or toothed, stalks 1-2 in., stem leaves shortly stalked, all lanceolate or ovate- lanceolate, pinnately divided, lobes linear, bent back, flowers 3 in. long, bracts lanceolate, long-pointed, longer than the calyx, calyx lobes awl-shaped, corolla tube longer than the calyx, upper lip linear, straight, rather longer than the lower lip, rounded, capsule oblong, shorter than the calyx, short-pointed, seeds } in., large ; for other characters see the last species. see Herbs, Unbranched, Alternate, Exstipulate, Lobeu. ae2 Plants of the Punjab. Heras, UNBRANCHED, WITH OpposttE ExstipuLATE LoBEp LEAVES. Pedicularis bicornuta, Pedicularis siphonantha, ScROPHULARIACE. PB Tay: BLS: Himalaya, 11-16,000 ft. Pedicularis rhinanthoides, Peducalris tubiflora, Pedicularis fissa, ScROPHULARIACER. RL BS. iv. 816.'s North Kashmir, Drags, 10-11,000 ft. (Henderson). Pedicularis versicolor, SCROPHULARIACE®. He, 4, Ty. 516. Himalaya, 9-13,000 ft. Kashmir. PETALS UNITED. see Herbs, Unbranched, Alternate, Exstipulate, Lobed. small, shehtly velvety or hairy, stems many, slender, leafy, leaves 2- 6 by 4-11 in., stalked, linear-oblong, pin- nately divided, lobes many, short, minutely round-tooth- ed, flowers up to 2 in. long, rose-pink, axillary and in ter- minal racemes or heads, calyx 3-}in., lobes crested, corolla tube very slender, 3-6 times as long as the calyx, upper lip a slender ringed horn, gradually narrowed from the base to the tip, lower lip broadly 3-lobed, capsule $-4 in. long, broadly oblong, longer than the calyx; for other characters see the last described species, This plant is said to be used locally as a medicine. see Herbs, Unbranched, Alternate, Exstipulate, Lobed. see Herbs, Unbranched, Alternate, Exstipulate, Lobed, stem stout, leafy, radical leaves 4-5 in., stalked, lan- ceolate, twice pinnately divided, lobes small, tough, toothed, flowers 1 in. long, pink, in dense-flowered woolly spikes, 2 in. long, lower bracts pinnately divided, middle ones divided into three, lobes lanceolate, round-toothed, longer than the calyx, calyx } in., swollen, woolly, teeth lanceolate, corolla quite smooth, corolla tube longer than the calyx, upper lip linear-oblong, sickle-shaped, swollen in the middle, incurved, shortly divided into two, hardly beaked, % in. long, lower lip shorter, broadly 3-lobed ; for other characters see the last described species. small, hairy above, stem solitary, 2 leaves, leaves 14-24 by 4-4 in, slender, shorter than ‘the blade, linear, divided pinnately, lobes short, oblong, blunt, round-toothed, flowers 1-1} in. long, yellow, with the upper lip often pink or red, in racemes 1-2} in. long, bracts pinnately divided, often longer than the calyx, calyx } in. long, lobes entire or toothed, corolla tube twice the length of the calyx, upper lip 4 in., erect, linear-oblong, slightly incurved, flattened, tip rounded, longer than the lower, lower }-% in. broad, 3-lobed ; for other characters see the last species. stout with 1 to stalk stout or Plants of the Punjab. : 453 Herss, UNBRANCHED, WITH Oppositr EixstipuLats Losprnp LEAVES. Eremostachys superba, LABIATA.. EY Beds iv. 695, Peshawar (Vicary). Baluchistan. Eremostachys Vicaryi, Gurgunna, rewandchint. LABIATAE. Ey BT rv. 695: Peshawar, Salt Range, Jhelum, Baluchistan. Eremostachys acanthocalyx, LABIATE. F. B. fT. iv. 695. Peshawar, Baluchistan. Anemone bifiora, RANUNCULACE, Babe ele Tr. Kashmir, 4-6,000 ft. Anemone rupicola, RANUNCULACE. BBO ko: Himalaya, 12-15,000 ft. jxashmir, PETALS UNITED. large, stem straight, base # in. diam., softly hairy; radi- cal leaves 8-12in., ovate, pinnately divided, lobes cut into lobules, broad, blunt, stalk hairy, stem leaves few, ovate, small, sessile, pinnately divided ; flowers 1 in., white, in dense-flowered circles on a stout woolly spike, floral leaves erect, concave, covering the flowers, soon falling off, calyx 3 in., nearly bell-shaped, woolly, mouth shortly - broadly 5-lobed, corolla tube within the calyx, upper lip erect, hooded, bearded within, lower lip broad, 3-lobed, mid-lobe largest, stamens 4, ascending, anthers meeting, upper pair of stamens fringed at the base ; nutlets 4, ovoid, with the top larger, 8-angled, top densely hairy, one- seeded. like the last species, but with stem and leaves larger, spikes longer, calyx and corolla smaller, calyx fully bell- shaped, scurfy, calyx teeth rounded. ‘The seeds are used as a cooling medicine. like the last species, but with linear-lanceolate spiny bracts, teeth of calyx also spiny. PETALS NONE. small, perennial, rootstock tuberous ; radical leaves long-stalked, divided into 8 lobes, lobes nearly round or wedge-shaped, floral leaves sessile, lobed to the middle ; flowers dull-red, small, 1 to 8 on a slender, smooth, main stalk 2-8 in. long, sepals 5-8, petal-like, no petals, stamens many ; fruit a head of sessile achenes with short styles imbedded in wool. like the last species, but rootstock long, slender, woody, lobes more or less stalked, sharply toothed or cut, flowers large, achenes in an oval head. 454 Plants of the Punjab. Herpes, UNBRANCHED, WITH OpposiITE ExstipuLATE Lopep LEAVES. Anemone vitifolia, Anemone Falconeri, RANUNCULACES. PPB 1138: Himalaya, Kashmir. Anemone obtusiloba, Rattanjog, padar. RANUNCULACES. Bo. dads 8: Himalaya, 8-15,000 ft. Fagu, Hattu (Collett). Anemone rupestris, RANUNCULACES. BAL. Ag: Himalaya, 10-15,000 ft. Kashmir. Anemone polyanthes, RANUNCULACES. Hapa: Himalaya, 10-12,000 ft. Hattu (Collett). Marali. Anemone narcissiflora, RANUNCULACES. © moe... a0, Kashmir. Anemone tetrasepala, RANUNCULACES, | segl al ee Beal OF Himalaya, 8-11,000 ft. Murree, Kashmir. Changlagalli (Douie). PETALS NONE. see Herbs, Erect, Alternate, Exstipulate, Lobed. like the last described species, but -rootstock short, stout, floral leaves oblong, small, entire or bluntly 8-lobed, - united, flowers white, solitary, achenes oblong, not imbedded in wool. like the last species, but rootstock clothed with old leaf sheaths, leaf lobes broad-sessile, floral leaves un- united, flowers white, purplish or golden. The root ana seeds are used as a domestic medicine, the juice of the root acts as a blister, the seeds cause vomiting and purging. very like the last species, but more slender, less hairy, lobes narrower, flowers golden-yellow. large, densely silky, rootstock stout, woody, leaves 5-7-lobed, 2-4 in. across, floral leaves 1-2 in., flowers 1-14 in, diam., white, in many-flowered simple and compound ~ umbels on main stalks, achenes broadly oval with a sharp short beak. very like the last species, but generally smaller in height of stem, size of leaves and flowers, umbels simple, achenes nearly round with an incurved beak. very like Anemone polyanthes, but with 4 sepals, achenes with a hooked, not a straight beak. Plants of the Punjab. » 455 Herss, UNBRANCHED, WITH Opposite ExstripuLATE LoBED LEAVES. Caltha palustris, Amorphophallus campanulatus Jangli-saran. ARACES or AROIDES. HB. vic 51S. The Plains. Biophytum sensitivum, GERANIACES. Be Be 436: The Plains to 6,000 ft. PETALS NONE. see Herbs, Erect, Alternate, Exstipulate, Lobed. large, perennial, root tuberous, 8-10 in. diam.; leaves 1 to 2, 12-36 in. broad, 8-lobed, lobes pinnately divid- ed, lobules oblong, short-pointed, leaf stalk dark green with pale patches ; flowers male and female continguous on a very stout spadix (rod) in a spathe (sheath) 6-9 in. across, orbicular, obovate, leathery or fleshy, green, usually with white spots, greenish-purple above, rough, dark purple within, towards the base, spadix very stout, exserted or included, dirty red and yellow with fetid smell, anthere 2-4, sessile, oblong, and ovaries globose or obovoid, style Bhort or long, stigma entire or 2-4-lobed ; berries obovoid. This plant is widely cultivated for its tuberous root (zamin kund) which is cooked and eaten, a8 a medicine it is uncooked, dried and sliced (saran). CoMPOUND LEAVES. PETALS UNUNITED. small, annual, stem long or short, stout or slender ; leaves 14-5 in. long, in a circle on the top of the stem, pin- nate, leaflets 6-15 pairs, 4-3 in., oblong, nearly straight except the terminal one, opposite, main leaf stalks swollen at the base ; flowers small, yellow, in umbels, main flower stalk 4-5 in., bracts rigid, bristly, minor flower stalks usually shorter than the sepals, sepals 5, lanceolate, rigid, grooved, glandular, bristly, petals 5, twice the length of the sepals, stamens 10, 5 outer smaller, styles 5, stigmas notched or divided ; capsule oblong with rounded ends, Shining, splitting into 5 valves, seeds few in each cell, minute, with broken ridges. Heres, UNBRANCHED, WITH ALTERNATE STIPULATE SIMPLE LEAVES. Viola biflora, VIOLACER. ES Badteeh32, Himalaya, 6-11,000 ft. Hattu (Collett). Kashmir, PETALS UNUNITED. small, perennial, smooth or velvety, rootstock slender, stem 8-12 in., erect or prostrate; leaves 1-2 in. diam., _ kidney-shaped, round-toothed, stipules ovate or oblong, stem leaves 2-3; flowers yellow, 1 or 2 on the same stalk, some large petalled which ripen a few seeds, others small petalled or without petals with many seeds, 2-brac- teolate, sepals 5, persistent, linear-obtuse, produced at the base, petals 5, erect or spreading, lower largest, base 456 ‘ Plants of th Punjab. Herss, UNBRANCHED, WITH ALTERNATE STIPULATE SIMPLE LEAVES. Viola Patrinii, VIOLACER. Be BST. 1183: Himalaya, 4-8,000 ft. Simla (Collett). Kashmir. Viola serpens, or canescenes, VILOACER. PB, a3. 184, Himalaya, 5-7,000 ft. Simla, Mahagu, Narkanda, in woods. . Viola odorata, Sweet violet, Banafshah. VIOLACER. BoB. 134. 184. Kashmir, 5-6,000 ft. Viola canina, Dog violet, VIOLACER. Hees 1. 1 Sb. Kashmir, 4-8,000 ft. Viola Faleoneri, VIOLACEZ. Pes, 1, 186, Kashmir. PETALS UNUNITED. produced in a hollow spur, streaked with black, the other- 4 petals flat, nearly equal, stamens 5, anthers sessile, erect, united ina ring, each tipped with a small triangular lobe, the two lower produced at the base in short spurs enclosed within the petal spur, stigma 2-lobed ; capsule ovoid, open- ing by 3 valves whose sides press on the smooth ovoid seeds, ejecting them successively with some force. stemless, without runners, rootstock woody, leaves 3-4 by 3-2 in., triangular, ovate, oblong or linear-round or sharp-toothed, base arrow- heart- or wedge-shaped, stipules linear, flowers 3-3} in. diam., lilac, sepals lanceolate, spur swollen, stigma 3-lobed, margined, capsule }-4in., straight ; for other characters see the last species. smooth or with scattered white hairs, stems short with long runners, leaves 1-2 in., ovate-heart-shaped, blunt or sharp-pointed, round and sharp-toothed, stipules toothed or fringed, flowers }-3 in., lilac, spur swollen, sepals short-pointed, capsules round, few-seeded, stigmas 38-lobed, sometimes with a lateral hooked beak ; for other charac- ters see the last species. Banafsha—an Indian medicine— is made from the flowers. rootstock stout, stemless, runners slender, leaves 4-1 in. diam., tip rounded, tufted, broadly ovate-heart-shaped, round-toothed, stipules lanceolate, awl-shaped, entire or toothed, sepals rounded at the tip, spur nearly straight, short, almost cylindric, style thickened above, stigma curved down; for other characters see the last species. The dried flowers are used in Muhammadan medicine ex- tensively especially as diaphoretics and diuretics. very like the last species, but stipules leafy, fringed, sepals short- or long-pointed. like the last species, but leaves covered with black glands, flowers much larger, 3? in. diam. Plants of the Punjab. 457 Herss, UNBRANCHED, WITH ALTERNATE STIPULATE SimpLe LEAvnzs. Viola cinerea, VIOLACER. Bs By neo: The Salt Range. Baluchistan. Monsonia heliotropioides, GERANIACES. Apia 428- The Plains west of the Chenab. The Salt Range. Multan. Crotalaria sessiliflora, Tephrosia tenuis, LEGUMINOSZ. EV oe (ita oan ta The Plains. Drosera Burmanni, Sundew, Mukha-jali. DROSERACEA. F. B. I. ii. 424. mhe Plains. PETALS UNUNITED. small, slightly powdery, smooth, stem 1-6 in., some- times branched, leaves 4-4 in. oblong-ovate or lanceolate, stipules leafy, fringed, flowers } in. diam., axillary, sepals lanceolate, bristle-pointed, spur very short, stigma lateral of 2 oblong disks; for other characters see the last species. small, annual, or with a woody rootstock, covered with white hairs ; leaves 3-1 in. long, chiefly radical, ovate, heart-shaped or rhomobid, minutely toothed, some- times almost lobed, leathery, densely silky, stalk longer than the blade, covered with long white hairs ; flowers ¢-4 in., violet or pink in umbels on erect slender main stalks, 2-8 in. long, sepals 5, overlapping, oblong, ultimately ovate with a broad tip andenlarged in fruit, petals 5, ovate with a broad tip, alternating with 5 glands, not longer than the sepals, stamens 15, 5 opposite the petals ; cap- sule 3 in. with a very long beak of 5 one-seeded carpels, carpels with 5 elastic tails, bearded on the inner side, sepa- rate from the beak. see Herbs, Erect, Alternate, Exstipulate, Simple. small, annual, stems thread-like, many from the base, with a few short hairs lying flat on the stem ; leaves 1-2 in. long, linear, narrowed suddenly and gradually at the apex, nearly sessile, smooth above, somewhat silky beneath, stipules minute, bristly, ascending; flowers } in., 1 to 2 together in the axils of the leaves, stalks thread-like, calyx bell-shaped, teeth lanceolate, much shorter than the tube, nearly equal, petals 5, dissimilar, long-stalked, upper one (standard) broad, nearly round, side ones 2 (wings) oblong, keel petals 2, curved in, not beaked, stamens 10, style short, smooth, thread-like; pod 3-1 in. long, linear, covered with a few flat-lying hairs, 6-10-seeded. smail, perennial, covered with sticky hairs ; leaves 3-14 in. long, all radical, wedge-shaped; flowers white or pink, in racemes on 1 to 8 main stalks, 3-8 in. high, the minor flower stalks erect in fruit, calyx of 4-8 persist- ent lobes, minutely dotted with prominences, petals. 4-8, withering, persistent, stamens as many a8 the petals, 458 Plants of the Punjab. Herss, UNBRANCHED, WITH ALTERNATE STIPULATE SIMPLE Leavas. Drosera peltata, Begonia picta, BEGONIACEZ. F. B. I. 1. 638. Himalaya, 3-6,000 ft. Simla, on damp rocks (Collett). Begonia ameena, BEGONIACES. F, B. I. ii. 642. Himalaya, 5-7,000 ft. Simla (Collett). Dalhousie. Polygonum islandicum, PoLYGONACES. F. B. I. v. 24. Himalaya, 12,000 ft. Kashmir, in marshy places. PETALS UNUNITED. styles D, undivided ; capsule 2-5-valved, seeds many, black, ovoid with a broad top. This is an insectivorous plant, the sticky hairs capture the insect and then dissolve its soft parts. bee Herbs, Erect, Alternate, Hxstipulate, Simple Entire. small, perennial, succulent, rootstock tuberous, stem 6-12 in., slender, velvety ; leaves 3-5 by 2-3 in., ovate . : * long-pointed, nearly equally heart-shaped, doubly finely toothed, upper surface roughly hairy, green, blotched with pink, lower surface velvety, blotched with purple, nerves prominent, stipules lanceolate, hairy ; flowers 1-14 in diam., pale pink, in axillary stalked cluster, male flowers, sepals 2, orbicular, coloured, velvety, petals 2, smaller ¢ . . ; 4 oblong, stamens about 30, anthers ovoid witha broad top, female flowers, sepals 2, large, velvety, petals 3, small, styles 8, nearly separate, divided half way up into 2 porinous branches, persistent ; capsule 1 in., velvety till ripe, 3-sided, angles -produced into 3 flat wings, one wing ie A . . . < ¢ in. broad, the other $ in., the third 1 in., seeds many, minute, light brown. . smaller than the last species, smooth, stem shorter often producing runners, leaves 8 by 2 in., smooth round and sharp-toothed, leaf stalk 2-3 in., stipules ovate smooth, flowers {-1 in. diam., female flowers sepals 2, large, opposite, ovate, one smaller lateral, all persistent, enlarged on fruit, the branches of the styles are caved capsule 2 by ? in., including the wings, seeds smooth, netted, longer than those of the last species ; for other characters see the last species. PETALS NONE. very small, annual, smooth, stems very slender, joint- ed, forming tufts, 1-6 in. high ; leaves 4-4 in, ovate with a broad blunt tip, stalked, often opposite, stipules short 2-lobed ; flowers very minute, in terminal or axillary clus- ters, bracts not tubular or sheathing, calyx 8-5-cleft, sta- men usually 1 or nearly 2, stigmas 2-8, nearly sensile : nut flattened, rather longer than the calyx lobes. Plants of the Punjab. 459 Heras, UNBRANCHED, WITH ALTERNATE STIPULATE SIMPLE LEAVES. Polygonum delicatulum, PoLYGONACER. BoB. De ws 2A:. Himalaya, 10-16,0000 ft. Kashmir, on wet rocks. Polygonum filicaule, PoLYGONACE. ed le ve 25, Himalaya, 9-16,000 ft. Kashmir, Hattu (Collett). Polygonum viviparum, Maslun, mamech, bilauri. PoLYGONACE. febofoy. 3l: Himalaya, 9-15,000 ft. Kashmir. Polygonum spherostachyum, PoLYGONACEA. fA S200 Bla 220 1 Himalaya, 11-15,000 ft. Scinde Valley, Kashmir. Polygonum amplexicaule, PoOLYGONACES. BOB wee 2: Himalaya, 6-8,000 ft. Simla, Mahasu (Collett). \urree. PETALS NONE. small, annual, very slender, smooth, tufted, stem 4-12 in., thread-lhke, jointed, leaves 4-4 in., ovate or ovate- heart-shaped, short-pointed, leaf-stalk #5 in., flowers 51, in. long, in axillary clusters, scarcely longer than the bracts, stamens 2-3, nut 38-angled, usually _much longer than the calyx lobes ; for other characters sec the last species. small to medium size, annual, somewhat bristly, stem very slender, 4-18 in., leaves 4-2 in., ovate or ovate-lan- ceolate, blunt or short-pointed flowers 4, in. long, white, in axillary and terminal sessile clusters, calyx lobes round- ed, 2 outer smaller, stamens 8-4, nut 8-angled, slightly longer than the calyx lobes ; for other characters see the last species. small, perennial, rootstock woody, stem 4-12 in., slen- der ; leaves 1-6 in., linear or linear-oblong, short-pointed or blunt, minutely round-toothed, base sharp, blunt, or heart-shaped, leathery, stipules tubular, without bristles ; flowers pink, nearly erect, lower ones replaced by bulbils in solitary erect slender spikes, 1-4 in. long, bracts ovate, long-pointed, calyx lobes 4-5, not enlarged in fruit, stamens 4-10 protruding or not beyond the calyx lobes, styles 2-3, long, thread-like, stigma simple; nutlet very small, 3-angled or biconvex. The root is very astringent and is used to cure gleet, diarrhoea and sore-throat. very like the last species, but differs in its dense spike , of bright crimson drooping flowers. large, perennial, smooth, tufted, rootstock woody, stout, stems 2-3 ft., green, almost leafless ; lower leaves 3-6 in. long, long-stalked, ovate-heart-shaped, long-point- ed, minutely round-toothed, upper leaves stem-clasping, stipules 1-2 in., narrow, tips torn; flowers red or white, 6-4 Im. diam., sometimes } in. diam., in 1 to 2 erect long-stalked racemes, 2-6 in. long, bracts ovate, calyx lobes 5, stamens 8, styles 3, long, free ; nut 3-angled, smooth, shining. 460 Plants of the Punjab. Heres, UNBRANCHED, WITH ALTERNATE STIPULATE SIMPLE LEAVES. Polygonum affine, PoLYGONACEA. HS BALA. 33. Himalaya, 8-14,000 ft. Kashmir. Polygonum rumicifolium, PoLYGONACE. BB. vol: Himalaya, 10-14,000 ft. Kashmir. Polygonum minus, Elatostemma pusillum, URTICACES. Ht. Bailey, bbs. Himalaya, 7-8,000 ft. Simla, on damp rocks in shade, often in moss (Collett). PETALS NONE. like the last species, but very much smaller, stems 4-12 in., leaves sessile or very shortly stalked, 2-4 in. long, flowers pink. small to medium size, green, root perennial, stout, stems 6-18 in., stem thick, grooved; leaves 3-5 by 13-3 in., broadly ovate, or ovate-heart-shaped, blunt or nearly short-pointed, wavy or even, stalk 4-1 in., stout, stipules large, loose, smooth ; flowers green, $-+ in. diam., in small axillary and terminal dense-flowered branching racemes, calyx lobes 5, orbicular, spreading, stamens 5-8, with alternate glands, styles 2-3, free, stigmas round; nut 3- angled, broadly ovate, about as long as the calyx lobes. The young parts are acid and eaten as rhubarb. see Prostrate Herbs, Alternate, Stipulate, Simple. annual, stem 1-6 in., slender, weak ; leaves } in., ovate, few, sessile, entire, sometimes with a small opposite leaf; flowers and other characters like Elatostemma sureulosum, see Herbs, Unbranched, Opposite, Stipulate Simple. Herss, UNBRANCHED, with ALYHRNATH StrPULATE LoBED Luavus. Thalictrum saniculeeforme, Monsonia hielotropioides, PETALS NONE. P see Herbs, Unbranched, Alternate, Stipulate, Com- pound. see Herbs, Unbranched, Alternate, Stipulate, Simpl, Plants of the Punjab. 461 Herss, UNBRANCHED, WITH OpposiTE ExstiputaTE LoBep Leaves. Geum urbanum, Herb-Bennet, Common Avens, RosacEm. HB. Fn 342. Himalaya, 6-11,000 ft. Simla (Collett). Geum elatum, RosacEm. F. B. I. 11. 348, Himalaya, 9-12,000 ft. Kashmir, Hattu (Collett). Alchemilla vulgaris, Petats None. large, perennial, somewhat softly hairy, stems 1-8 ft., rootstock woody; leaves radical large, 4-6 in., pinnately divided, lateral segments 6-12, nearly sessile, uppermost pair large, others all small but alternate pairs larger, end segment Stalked, nearly circular, 1-3 in. diam., often lobed, upper stem-leaves 3-lobed, lateral lobes sometimes merged in the end one, lower stem leaves similar to the — radical but smaller, stipules broad, toothed, often lobed, joined to the stalk ; flowers $-? in. diam., pale yellow in few-flowered long-stalked terminal clusters, calyx persist- ent, tube cup-shaped, lobes 5, alternating with 5 small bracteoles, lobes reflexed, petals 5, broadly ovate, stamens many ; fruit a round head of densely hairy dry achenes, each tipped with the hooked style, 4 in. long. This plant, was much used in Kurope by herbalists as an astringent, the clove-like flavour of the root caused its use as a flavour- ing to ale. like the last species, but stems smaller, radical leaves larger, segments round- or sharp-toothed, stem leaves few, small, pinnately lobed, flowers much larger, bright yellow, calyx lobes spreading, achenes tipped with a straight style + in. long. see Herbs, Unbranched, Opposite, Stipulate, Lobed. Heres, UNBRANCHED, WITH ALTERNATE STIPULATE COMPOUND LEAVES. Guldensteedtia mirpourensis, LEGUMINOS#. 1 ed oye enied blac Hazara (Stewart). PETALS UNUNITED. ‘ small, perennial, spineless, rhizome slender, branch- ed, leaves and flower stalks in a rosette at the surface, stemless ; leaves 14-2 in. long, stalk 4-1 in., leaflets 8-7, 4-1 in. long, oblong, blunt, slightly velvety ; flowers 3 in., almost sessile, 1-3 on stalks as long as the leaves, calyx 1 in., tube bell-shaped, not oblique, teeth 5, distinct lan- ceolate, long-pointed, upper broader, finely silky, as long as the tube, corolla } in., petals 5, dissimilar, upper one (standard) outermost, largest, round, wing petals 2, oblong, 462 Plants of the Punjab. Herss, UNBRANCHED, WITH ALTERNATE STIPULATE ComMPOUND LEAVES. Astragalus rhizanthus, LEGUMINOS#. BvBal: wlS1. Himalaya, 9-16,000 ft. . Kashmir, Lahul. Astragalus bakuensis, LEGUMINOSS. eeigdi t.d Oo. The Salt Range (Stewart). Oxytropis lapponica, LEGUMINOS. PB 1187. Himalaya, 9-17,000 ft. Kashmir. Oxytropis mollis, LEGUMINOS&. Bop: ued Himalaya, 10-12,000 ft. Lahul. PETALS UNUNITED. keel petals 2, united, half the length of the other petals, straight, blunt, stamens 10,in 2 bundles, style incurved, very short, stigma round; pod 4 in. long, linear, finely silky. small, perennial, stemless, rootstock woody, tufts 1 or 2 on the top of the rootstock; leaves 2-4 in. long, pinnate, leaflets 31-41, 4-} in. long, oblong, blunt, densely silky, stipules 3-3 in., lanceolate, united to the leaf stalk ; flowers 3-14 in. long, yellow, in dense many-flower- ed nearly sessile heads at the top of the rootstock, bracts 1.1 in., long, linear, densely silky, calyx $-3 in. long, tubu- lar, silky, teeth 5, linear, half as long as the tube, corolla half as long again as the calyx, wings shorter than the standard, keel shorter than the wings, stamens 10, upper free, others united; pod 4-2 in. long, oblong, swollen, densely silky, narrowed suddenly into a beak, 15-20-seeded. like the last species, but leaves much larger, 5-12 in. long, leaf stalks 2-6 in. long, densely hairy, leaflets $- in. long, linear, stipules 3-32 in., flowers yellow tinged with purple, larger in long-stalked loose many-flowered racemes. small, perennial, stemless or short-stemmed ; leaves 1-3 in. long, pinnate, leaflets 13-25, 4-4 in., lanceolate, green with a few flat-lying white silky hairs, stipules 1-1 in., leaf-opposed, united towards the base; flowers 4-Lin., purple, 6 to 20 in dense rounded heads on flower stalks, 1-4 ft. long, bracts minute, linear, calyx 4-} 1in., nearly sessile, covered with flat-lying nearly black silky hairs, teeth 5, linear, shorter than the tube, corolla 3-1 in. long, standard longest, keel shortest, pointed with a distinct tip ; pod 3-4 in. long, linear-oblong, 5-6-seeded, deflexed, covered with a few black or white hairs. like the last species, but in tufts 6-12 in. high, crowded at the top of a woody rootstock, leaves long-stalked, 2-8 im. long, leaflets densely white silky, oblong, flower stalks much longer than the leaves, heads finally 2-8 in. long, calyx longer, densely covered with black and white hairs, corolla half as long again as the calyx, pod longer, 6-8- seeded, ascending. Plants of the Punjab. 463 Heres, UNBRANCHED, WITH ALTERNATE STIPULATE CompounD LEAvess. Oxytropis Thomsoni, LEGUMINOS#. RoBal 1mgi38: Himalaya, 7-15,000 ft. Kashmir, Lahul. Oxytropis tatarica, LEGUMINOS&. BH. B.E. u. 138. Himalaya, 13-17,000 ft. Ladak, Spiti. Oxytropis microphylla, Niargal, tahsha. LEGUMINOSS. BE. B, Id. 139. Himalaya, 11-16,000 ft. Spiti. Geum urbanum, Geum elatum, Fragaria indica, The Indian Strawberry, Paljor, musrini. Rosacem. PeBalane 843; Himalaya, 3-8,000 ft. Simla, Mashc bra (Collett). Kashmir, PETALS UNUNITED. very like the last species, but leaves longer, 4-6 in., leaflets 2-1 in. long, 13-5, not so densely silky, flowers in racemes 8-4 in. long, flower stalks equal to or a little longer than the leaves, corolla twice as long as the calyx, pod 4-6-seeded. like the last species, but very small, only 3-4 in. high, leaves 3-1 in. long, leaflets $-3 in. long, stipules minute, flowers yellow, rarely tipped with purple, 20-40, in very dense long-stalked heads, calyx 4-} in., densely white silky, corolla half as long again as the calyx, pod 4-8 in. sessile, swollen, round-oblong, 5-6-seeded, shaggy with dense loose white silky hairs. small, perennial, stemless, 3-8 in. high, tufts at the top of a woody rootstock, the triangular, interlacing sti- pules covered with dense tufts of long white silky hairs, leaf 14-3 in. long, short-stalked, leaflets 4-1 in. long, linear- oblong, crowded, 2 pairs often opposite each other, form- ing a circle, edges much reflexed, flowers 4 in. long, purple, 4-15, in heads, at first close, then becoming 2-8 in. long, on flower stalks equal to or longer than the leaves, calyx covered with large sessile glands, pod linear, sessile, swollen, recurved, seeds 20-30; for other characters see the last species. This plant is browsed by yaks and sheep. _ see Herbs, Unbranched, Alternate, Stipulate, Lobed. see Herbs, Unbranched, Alternate, Stipulate, Lobed. small, perennial, silky hairy, rootstock stout with many long slender prostrate stems ; leaves mostly radical, tufted, long-stalked, digitately compound, leaflets 3-12 in., sessile, ovate, toothed, teeth small, often blunt, stipules joined to the leaf stalk, broad, toothed, stem leaves few, often simple ; flowers 3-1 in. diam., yellow, nodding, axillary or few in terminal clusters on slender naked stalks 1-5 in., equalling the leaf stalks, calyx persistent, tube spreading, bearing on its outer margin, 5 bracteoles alternating with 5 calyx lobes, bracteoles large, 8-lobed, lobes ovate or lanceolate, petals 5, broadly ovate with a broad tip, heart- shaped, stamens many ;achenes many, minute, sunk in the surface of a succulent red convex receptacle, 464 Plants of the Punjab. Heres, UNBRANCHED, WITH ALTERNATE SripuLATE CompounD Leavss. Fragaria vesca, Wild Strawberry, Kanzars, tawar, banaphal. Rosace®. F. B. I. u. 844. Himalaya, 5-8,000 ft. | Simla, Mahasu (Collett). Kashmir. Potentilla Sibbaldi, Rosacuze. F. B. 1. ii, 345. Himalaya, 9-15,000 ft. Bhagi, Hattu (Collett*. Potentilla albifolia, Potentilla ambigua, Potentilla fulgens, Potentilla anserina, Silver weed, RosacE®. FE, B. Tn. 850. Himalaya, 7-16,000 ft. Jalti, Kashmir (Clarke). Spiti (Thomson). PETALS UNUNITED. very like the last species, but flowers white, #-1 in. diam., bracteoles small, not lobed, leaf stalks sometimes bear an extra minute pair of leaflets, leaflets larger, sharply and deeply toothed, teeth tipped with tufts of hairs. stipules narrow, not toothed. ‘he fruit is edible, but gene- rally almost flavourless. This plant is cultivated in the plains as well as in the hills, but is the English variety with possibly some of the Indian strain, small, perennial, hairy, rootstock woody, stems tuited, 9-12 in.; leaves mostly radical, digitately compound, leaf- stalk 4 in. long, slender, leaflets 3, 4-2 in., wedge-shaped, ovate with a broad 8-5-toothed tip, stipules large, thin ; flowers 4 in. diam., yellow, in terminal flat-topped clusters on main flower stalks, 3-6 in. long, calyx persistent, tube shallow, bow]l-shaped, on its outer margin 5 linear bracteoles alternating with 5 triangular lanceolate lobes, erect in fruit, petals 5, narrowly ovate with a broad tip, hardly longer than the calyx lobes, stamens 5, alternate with the petals, sometimes 1-5 opposite to them, styles lateral short, per- sistent on the achenes ; fruit consists of a head of many hard ovoid smooth achenes on a flat hairy receptacle. 7 see Herbs, Erect, Alternate, Stipulate, Compound, see Herbs, Erect, Alternate, Stipulate, Compound, see Herbs, Erect, Alternate, Stipulate, Compound. rootstock very short, sending out long runners, leaves forming a spreading tuft 2-10 in., green above, silky beneath, lanceolate, pinnate, leaflets 4-2 in., sessile, 6-10 pairs with minute alternating ones, ovate with a broad tip, or oblong, deeply sharply toothed, silvery with white hairs beneath, stipules thin, flowers }-1 in. diam., yellow, on slen- der one-flowered, naked stalks, 1-6 in. long, calyx lobes lanceolate, long-pointed, bracteoles lobed, petals round, achenes many on a hairy raised receptacle ; for other cha- racters see the last species. Plants. of the Punjab. 465 Heres, UNBRANCHED, WITH ALTERNATE STIPULATE COMPOUND LEAVES. Potentilla Leschenaultiana, RosacEm. Be, B. lew. 850: Himalaya, 6-12,000 ft. Kashmir. Potentilla fragarioides, RosacEs. Babe. W, 350. Himalaya, 4-7,000 ft. Simla (Collett). Kashmir. Baluchistan. Potentilla Clarkei, Potentilla microphylla, Rosacea. BB. A, 1362. Himalaya, 10-14,000 ft. Marali near Baghi. Potentilla multifida, Rosacea. 1 gd el Rr is 545 Kashmir, 10-16,000 ft. PETALS UNUNITED. rootstock short, stout, hairy, hairs long, spreading, silky, leaves 1-10 in., pinnate without alternating minute leaflets, leaflets 5-7, 4-1 in., usually 5, ovate with a broad tip, coarsely toothed, white beneath, leaf stalk slender, stipules lower thin, entire, upper leafy, toothed, flowers 4-2 in., yellow, rarely white, in flat-topped custers on stalks 2-18 in. long, calyx hairy or silky, lobes trilangular, bracte- oles linear, petals heart-shaped with the broad end out- | wards, achenes minutely wrinkled; for other characters see the last species. very like the last species, but leaflets not white beneath. sec Herbs, Erect, Alternate, Stipulate, Compound. very small, forming dense moss-like tufts, dotted with bright yellow star-like flowers, leaves very small and crown- ed, only easily differentiated by a magnifying glass, silky or nearly smooth, leaves } in., leaflets 7,-34, in., divided into 8-5 lobes, leaf stalk thread-like, stipules comparatively large, blunt, thin, flowers 4-§ in., bright- yellow, 1 or 2 on a flowr stalk, slightly longer than the leaves, calyx lobes sharp- or blunt-pointed, bracte- oles oblong, petals projecting much beyond the calyx, round or ovate with a broad tip, stamens 380-40, achenes in around head on a woolly receptacle, many, minute, smooth, styles very short, ventral; for other characters see the last described species. stems many,rootstock short, leaves 4-2 in. diam., digi- tately compound with 5 leaflets or pinnate with longer leaf stalk, leaflets linear-oblong or ovate with a broad tip, pin- nately divided with linear or lanceolate segments, margins recurved, white felted beneath, flowers }-4 in. diam., yel- low in close or open flat-topped clusters or solitary, calyx silky, lobes ovate, short-pointed, bracteoles linear, oblong, blunt, petals cireular-ovate with a broad tip, notched, achenes many, smooth, minute on a hairy receptacle, style terminal ; for other characters see the last described specieg, HH 466 Plants of the Puryab. Herss, UNBRANCHED, WitH ALTERNATE STIPULATE ComMPoUND LuaveEs. Potentilla sericea, Potentilla desertorum, RosacE@. (ee ol Pah s isa5e Kashmir, 7-9,000 ft. Dry region, Potentiila nepaiensis, Potentilla kashmirica, Potentilla argentea, Potentilla reptans, Cinquefoil, RosacE@. HEB .1.-856; Kashmir. Potentilla argyrophyila, Potentilla gelida, Rosacem. Bebe 4. i. ool. Himalaya, 18-17,000 ft. Kashmir. PETALS UNUNITED. see Herbs, Erect, Alternate, Stipulate, Compound. softly hairy or glandular, stems tufted on a woody rootstock, leaves radical 4-8 in. long-stalked leaflets, 5, digitate, 1-2 in., sessile, thin, ovate with a broad tip, coarse- ly round-toothed, stem leaves shortly stalked or sessile with 3 leaflets, stipules }-3 in., lanceolate, uncut ; flowers 4-3 in. diam., dark yellow in round leafy heads, flower stalk lenethening in fruit, straight, stout, calyx 4 in. long, lobes lanceolate, short-pointed, bracteoles entire or 8-fid, petals projecting slightly beyond the calyx, achenes very minute, very many, wrinkled on around woolly receptacle, styles nearly terminal ; for other characters see the last described species, see Herbs, Erect, Alternate, Stipulate, Compound. see Herbs, Erect, Alternate, Stipulate, Compound. see Herbs, Erect, Alternate, Stipulate, Compound. rootstock woody, slightly hairy, runners long, slender, rooting and leafy at the knots, leaves digitately compound, leaflets 8 or 5, hardly sessile, 1-2 in., ovate with a broad tip or lanceolate with a broad tip, round and sharp-toothed, leaf stalks 1-6 in., slender, stipules small, oblong, entire, flowers 3-2 in. diam., yellow, solitary on axillary naked stalks, 1-4 in. long, calyx lobes broad or narrow, sharp- pointed, bracteoles ovate, entire, petals heart-shaped with the tip broad, achenes many, smooth, dark brown, styles nearly terminal ; for other characters see the last described species. see Herbs, Erect, Alternate, Stipulate, Compound. slightly velvety or glandular, usually small, rootstock generally small, leaves radical digitately compound, leaflets 8, 3-1 in. long, ovate with a broad tip or wedge-shaped, deeply round-toothed, stem leaves few, small with broad, ovate, large, entire stipules, 4-4in., leaf stalks 4-1 in., rarely 2in., flowers 4-1 in. diam., yellow, on slender minor stalks, 1-4 on slender main stalks, calyx lobes sharp-pointed, longer than the blunt-pointed oblong bracteoles, petals heart-shaped with a broad tip, achencs many, smooth, on a raised woolly receptacle, styles nearly terminal ; for other charactera seo the last described species. Plants of the Punjab. 467 Heres, UNBRANCHED, WITH ALTERNATE STIPULATE COMPOUND LiavEs. Potentilla doubjouneana, Rosacea. BeBe Tikit. Kashmir, 9-10,000 ft. Potentilla monanthes, RosacE&.- Fo Boles 358. Himalaya, 10-15,000 ft. Kashmir. Potentilla curviseta, Rosaces. Peper 358: Kashmir at Tilail (C. B. Clarke). Potentilla nivea, Rosace®. Pe Beltir, 358. Himalaya, 10-17,000 ft. Dry region. Potentilla Kleiniana, ROsachm. Hh aBi lie ag. Himalaya, 3-7,000 ft. Valleys below Simla (Collett), PETALS UNUNITED. very like the last species, but. stipules wedge-shaped with a broad divided tip, bracteoles divided into three at the tip. glandular or slightly velvety, large tufts of leaves and flower stalks 2-12 in. froma small rootstock, leaves radi- cal and stem shortly stalked, stalks rarely 1 in., leaflets 4-2 in., broadly wedge-shaped with a broad coarsely round- toothed tip, stipules 4-4 in., rarely cut, stem stipules broad- ly ovate, short-pointed, flowers 4-4} m. diam., yellow, on axillary or nearly terminal stalks, sessile and shortly stalk- ed on the top of the flowering stem, calyx lobes broad, blunt, bracteoles round-oblong, often larger than the calyx lobes, petals ovate-round with a broad tip, not projecting much beyond the calyx, achenes very many, minute, smooth, on a round woolly receptacle ; for other characters see the last described species. small, rigid, thinly silky, rootstock slender, crowned with stiff recurved, almost woolly, leaf bases ; leaves 2-3 in. long, few, stipules forming a narrow wing to the leaf-stalk for half its length, flowering stalks 2-8 in. long, 2-3-flowered, wiry, slender, minor flower stalks incurved after flowering, calyx 1 in., silky, lobes lanceolate, long-pointed, longer than the oblong bracteoles, achenes 5-6, hairy, large, ovoid on a flat woolly receptacle, styles terminal ; for other cha- racters sce the last species. This is the only Himalayan species with hairy achenes. very like small forms of Potentilla multifida. ~ smal!, annual, silkily hairy, stems many, long, spread- ing, zigzec, leaves digitately compound, leaflets 3 or 5, ovate or narrowly oblong, unequal, the longest 3-1} in., teeth blunt or sharp, flowers din. diam., yellow, in terminal flat-topped clusters, acheney minute, deeply wrinkled ; for other characters gee the last described species. : HH 468 Plants of the Punjab. Heres, UNBRANCHED, WITH ALTERNATE STIPULATE COMPOUND LEAVES. Potentilla supina, Rosacea, HB. 1, nm. 359. The Plains to 8,500 ft. Sutlej Valley (Collett). Rawalpindi. Agrimonia Eurpatorium, Common Agrimony, Rosacem. Boeck 1.56). Himalaya, 3-10,000 ft. Simla (Collett). Agrimonia pilosa, Rosack a. Hes, i ool. Kashmir, 6-8,000 ft. Trachydium Roylei, UMBELLIFERAE. BoB: t. a, 672. Kashmir, 11-14,000 ft. PETALS UNUNITED hairy, stems spreading, leafy, leaves 3-3 in,, stalks 4-2 in., pinnate, leaflets 3-9, oblong, blunt, lobulate or Panenens stipules ovate, entire, flowers } in. diam., yellow, solitary, axillary, calyx lobes and bracteoles blunt or sharp- pointed, petals do not project beyond the minute, smooth or ridged on a round for other characters see the last species, small, annual, calyx, achenes woolly receptacle ; large, perennial, hairy, stems 2-3 ft., rootstock woody, short or long ; leaves pinnate, lower ones 4-7 in., leaflets 6-21, larger ones 5-9, ovate, 4-1} in., coarsely toothed, very unequal, alternating with a numberof smaller ones, upper leaves gradually smaller with fewer leaflets, stipules large, leafy, 4-lunate, entire or toothed, united to the base of the leaf; flowers $ in. diam., yellow, in terminal spike-like racemes, each flower in the axil of a small, 3-cleft bract, with 2 smaller 3-toothed bracteoles at the top of its own stalk, calyx tube 4 in., top-shaped, grdoved, woolly, bear- ing outside its mouth a ring of small spines, hooked in fruit, calyx lobes 5, petals 5, oblong-ovate with a broad tip, stamens 5-15, styles 2, protruding from the calyx ; achenes 1 or 2, enclosed in the hard spinous calyx. ‘The root is a strong astringent used by European herbalists, unknown to Indians. very like the last species, but less hairy, calyx tube almost smooth, spines not hooked, small, perennial, smooth or minutely hairy, stemless or stem 2 in. long, thick, grooved, often hollow; radical leaves 3 in. including leaf sti ilk, doubly pinnate, oblong-lanceolate, ultimate segments lanceolate- ‘linear, leaf stalk sheathing at the base ; flowers minute, white or pink, ina solitary sessile anu bracts leaflike, braeteoles 6-10, single- or double-pinnate, calyx margins obsolete or prominent, petals 5, oblong with rounded ends, notched, stamens 5, styles 2 ; fruit 4-4 in., oblong with rounded ends, primary ridges, swollen, spongy, tubercled, 2 oil-canals between the ridges, seeds 2 half round, nearly 5-angled. Plants of the Punjab. 469 Hurss, UNBRANCHED, WITH ALTERNATE STIPULATE COMPOUND LEAVES. Elzosticta meifolia, Apium graveolens, Thalictrum saniculeforme, RANUNCULACES. BoB. ab, 2a. Himalaya, east of the Sutlej, 7-8,000 ft. Simla (Collett). PETALS UNUNITED. see Herbs, Erect, Alternate, Exstipulate, Compound. see Herbs, Erect, Alternate, Exstipulate, Compound. PETALS NONE. small, perennial, stiff, wiry, smooth, root fibrous, stem 6-12 in., leaf solitary, equal to the stem, radical, long-stalked, pinnules with 3 leaflets, leaflets }-1 in. diam., circular or ovate with a broad tip, 3-lobed, entire or coarsely round-toothed,stem leaves sometimes a few, small, stipules almost free ; flowers small, white, in wide-spreading branch- ing racemes, sepals 4-5, 4 in., ovate, petal-like, overlapping, soon falling off, petals none, stamens many, shorter than the sepals, anthers 4, in., pointed, carpels many,sessile ; fruit is a small head of ribbed, oblong, sessile achenes, 4 in. long, including the long straight beak hooked at the tip. Herss, UNBRANCHED, WITH ALTERNATE EXxsTIPULATE SIMPLE LEAVES. Arabis glabra, Arabis auriculata, Arabis alpina, Arabis amplexicaulis, Arabis nuda, Draba alpina, Draba muralis, Erophila vulgaris, PETALS UNUNITED. see Herbs, Unbranched, Opposite, Exstipulate, Simple. see Herbs, Unbranched, Opposite, Exstipulate, Simple. see Herbs, Unbranched, Opposite, Exstipulate, Simple. see Herbs, Unbranched, Opposite, Exstipulate, Simple. see Herbs, Unbranched, Opposite, Exstipulate, Simple see Herbs, Unbranched, Opposite, Exstipulate, Simple see Herbs, Unbranched, Opposite, Exstipulate, Sim; 1:. see Herbs, Unbranched, Opposite, Exstipulate, Simple. 470 Plants of the Punjab. Herss, UNBRANCHED, WitH ALTERNATE ExsrTipULATE SimpLe Leaves. PETALS UNUNITED. Sisymbrium strictum, medium size to large, annual, rough with star-shaped CRUCIFERZ. short hairs, stem 9-24 in., stiff; leaves 1-14 in., linear- F. B. 1.1. 149. oblong, gap-toothed, lower narrowed into a short stalk, Himalaya, upper sessile ; flowers small, pale pik on short stalks in 5-10,000 ft. racemes, at first short then lengthening in fruit, sepals Narkanda (Collett). 4, erect, petals 4, with long bases, stamens 6, 2 short op- Kashmir. posite the lateral sepals, 4 longer in pairs opposite the other 2 sepals, site short, stigma round, 2-lobed ; pods 1-2 in., erect, curv ed, narrow, slender, smooth, seeds many, in one row, not margined. Erysimum small to large, perennial, covered with short flat- hieraciifolium, lying forked, star-shaped and simple hairs, stems 6-24 in., CRUCIFERZ. stout or slender angled, leaves 1-4 in., 0 blong, gap-toothed, Res a. 158; upper sessile, fore a din. diam., orange-yellow, crowded Himalaya, in racemes, sepals bracts lateral slightly pouched, pods 6-18,000 ft. 14-2 in., nearly square ; for other characters see the last Matiana, Narkanda species. (Collett). Sangri, Murree. Erysimum odoratum, like the last species, but less hairy, flowers larger, 4-3 CRUCIFER®. in. diam., hairs on the upper leaf surface flat-lying, fixed FB. 1.1. 154. by the middle, with a few 5-pronged ones. Kashmir, 5-7,000 ft. Lepidium strictum, —s sce _Herbs, Erect, Alternate, Exstipulate, Lobed. Thlaspi arvense, sce Herbs, Erect, Alternate, Exstipulate, Simple, Toothed. Thiaspi alpestre, see Herbs, Alternate, Exstipulate, Simple, Entire. Silene tenuis, see Herbs, Erect, Alternate, Exstipulate, Simple, - Entire. ’ Drosera peltata, see Herbs, Erect, Alternate, LExstipulate, Simple, Entire. Bupleurum see Herbs, Erect, Alternate, Exstipulate, Simple, Candollii, intire. Bupleurum see Herbs, BHrect, Alternate, Hxstipulate, Simpie, jucundum, Entire. Plants of the Punjab. 471 Ee eae Heres, UNBRANOHED, with ALTERNATE ExstiPULATE SimpLe Leavus. PETALS UNITED. FLOWERS, MINUTE, IN HBHADS, ALL TUBULAR. Conyza japonica, ComposirTa&. Hai, Jet. Zoo The Plains to 7,000 ft. Simla (Collett). Lahore. Blumea lacera, Biumea hieracifolia, Laggera flava, Laggera alata, Laggera pterodonta, Laggera aurita, Leontopodium alpinum, Anaphalis nubigena, ComposiTZ. Be Be eta: Himalaya, 9-16,000 ft. Theog, Hattu (Collett). small, annual, hairy or woolly, rarely smooth, stem 6-12 in., often branched ; leaves 1-3 in., ovate with a broad tip, spoon-shaped, oblong or lanceolate, coarsely toothed, base of upper leaves sometimes dilated ; flowers minute, pale yellow, all tubular, in round heads in. diam., in termi- nal crowded flat-topped clusters, bracts of receptacle many, narrow, short-pointed, receptacle flat or convex, naked, outer corollas 2-8-toothed, inner 5-toothed, pappus hairs $ in., reddish, style-arms flattened ; achenes az ins, flattened, velvety. see Herbs, Erect, Alternate, Exstipulate, Simple, Toothed. see Herbs, Erect, Alternate, Exstipulate, Simple, Toothed. see Herbs, Erect, Alternate, Exstipulate, Simple, Toothed. see Herbs, Erect, Alternate, Exstipulate, Simple, Toothed. seo Herbs, Hrect, Alternate, Hxstipulate, Simple, Toothed. see Herbs, Erect, Alternate, Exstipulate, Simple, Toothed. see Herbs, Erect, Alternate, HExstipulate, Simple, Toothed. small, perennial, softly woolly or cottony, stems 1-8 in., tufted ; leaves one-nerved, }-3 in., lanceolate or oblong, with rounded ends, short-pointed or with a naked point, base contracted ; flowers minute, white, all tubular, solitary or in clusters of 3-5 heads, §-1 in. diam., receptacle bracts round, lanceolate, blunt, or almost sharp-pointed, 4-4 in. long, spreading in flower, outer woolly, receptacle naked, pappus hairs slender, soon falling off, corollas, outer very slender, 2-4-toothed, inner, 5-toothed; a chenes (seeds) minute, oblong, smooth. 472 Plants of the Punjab. Herss, UNBRANCHED, WITH ALTERNATE HXSTIPULATE SIMPLE LEAVES. PETALS UNITED. FLOWERS, MINUTE, IN HEADS, ALL TUBULAR. Anaphalis ecuneifolia, like the last species, but larger, often bearing runners CoMPOSIT#. bracts white. : BR. Bo 1.1279. Himalaya, 8-12,000 ft. Kashmir. Anaphalis like the last species, but with a more leafy, some- triplinervis, times zigzag stem, leaves larger, 3-nerved, often stem- CoMPOSITA. clasping. F. B. 1. iu. 281. Himalaya, 6-10,000 ft. Jalouri Pass in Kulu (Collett). Kashmir. Anaphalis "large, stout, leafy with dense white or brown wool cinnamomea, beneath the leaves, leaves 2-4 in., 1-3-nerved, narrowly CoMPOSITS. lanceolate, short-pointed, usually forked at the base, almost PB. tein. 281. stem-clasping, heads very many ; for other characters see Himalaya, the last species. 5-9,000 ft. Simla, Shali (Collett). Kashmir. Anaphalis adnata, like the last species, but leaves larger without the COMPOSIT&. brown wool beneath. Be Bh 11.1282, Himalaya, 6-8,000 ft. Simla, Shali (Collett). Gnaphalium like the last species, but very small, stems 2-4 in., Stewartii, flowers yellow, heads } in. diam., in loose or leafy racemes COMPOSITA. or spikes, bracts chestnut brown. F. B. 1. i. 289. Kashmir,. 10,000 ft. (Aitchison). | Plants of the Punjab. 478 Herss, UNBRANCHED WITH ALTERNATE HxsTIPULATE, SIMPLE LEAVES. Gnaphalium Thomsoni, ComMpPosiTé. BoB. L101. 290. Kashmir, 5-7,000 ft. Centipeda orbicularis, Carduus nutans, Cnicus arvensis, Creeping Thistle, Bhur-bhur. CoMPOSIT. if Be PE; ii. Ges The Plains to 5,000 it. Valleys below Simla (Col ett). Choa Saidan Shah (Douie). Saussurea obvallata, Kanwal, birm-kanwal. CoMPOSITE. F. B. I. ii. 8665. Himalaya, 10-15,000 ft. Kashmir. PETALS UNITED. FLOWERS, MINUTE, IN HEADS, ALL TUBULAR. like the last species, but heads 4 in. diam., in sessile round clusters, 1 in. in diam., with slender spreading leaves immediately beneath them, bracts brown, shining with a strong green central nerve, hali-way down. see Prostrate Herbs, Alternate, Exstipulate) Simple. see Herbs, Erect, Alternate, Eixstipulate, Lobed. large, perennial, spiny or prickly, rootstock creeping, stems many, 2-4 ft., not winged, upper cobwebby-felted ; leaves 3-6 by #-1 in., oblong, sessile, spinous, margin wavy or divided, upper surface pale, rough, lower white-felied ; flowers minute, dingy purple, all tubular in round and ovoid solitary or clustered heads, 1-14 in. diam., male and female heads on different plants, receptacle bracts smooth or cobwebby in several rows, outermost lea’y, outer short, ovate or triangular-ovate, ending in a short spine, inner gradually longer with undulate, often recurved tips, in- nermost narrow. linear-lanceolate, pappus hairs copious, in many rows, stiff, simple or barbed, corollas slender, 5-fid, in male heads anther-bases forked, tails slender, in female heads, style-arms short, blunt; achenes smooth, bluntly 4-angled, smooth or 5-10-ribbed, linear-oblong. small to large, perennial, smooth, root very thick, crowned with the balckened remains of old leaf stalks, stem 6-18 in., leafy. stout, terminated by the incurved bladdery veined translucent head of leaves 3-6 in. diam. ; leaves 4-8 in., lower leaves long-ovate with a broad tip, smooth, blunt, toothed, stem leaves oblong, concave, half stem-clasping, floral leaves boat-shaped, thin, enclosing ; 2-6 sessile or shortly stalked smooth heads of flowers flowers 4 in. long, purplish, in heads, 4-$ in. diam., bracts of receptacle lanceolate, in many rows, not spinous, tip- ped and often margined with black, receptacle (floor of head) densely bristly, pappus of hairs 4 in., brown, outer bristles rough or none, corollas 4 in., tubular, slender, 5-toothed, anther tails very short, divided, style-arms linear ; achenes ovoid with a broad top, flattened, smooth, ribbed. ‘The root is applied to cuts and bruises. A7T4 Plants of the Punjab. Heres, UNBRANCHED, wiTtH ALTERNATE ExstipuLatTs SimpLe Luaves. PETALS UNIPED. FLOWERS, MINUTE, IN HHADS, ALL TUBULAR. Saussurea Schultzii, CompositTz&. F. B. I. iii. 866. North Kashmir, 14-17,000 ft. Saussurea Atkinsoni, Saussurea Roylei, CoMposiTz. FB: 1. an. 870. Himalaya, 11-14,000 ft. Kashiir. Saussurea Candolleana, Composit. OB. A. a. 872. Himalaya, 8-10,000 ft. Kashmir. Saussurea piptathera, CoMPosITm. F. B. I. iii. 872. Himalaya, 9-12,000 ft. Chamba. Saussurea Lappa, Saussurea sorocephala, CoMPOSIT&. Bed. min877. Lahul, 14-18,000 ft. like the last species, but leaves radical linear-oblong, short-pointed, narrowed into a very stout stalk, stem leaves long-pointed, heads many, silkily woolly, bracts — long-pointed, pappus white. see Prostrate Herbs, Opposite, Exstipulate, Simple, small to large, perennial, smoothish or cottony, root stock stout, with old broad leaf stalk sheaths, stem 6-18 in., stout, thickened under the head of flowers, leaves radical 8-10 in., stalked, erect, long-lanceolate, long-point- ed, quite entire, or round-toothed and round-gapped, or pinnately divided at the base, stem leaves sessile, few, half stem-clasping, heads 14-2 in., usually solitary, rarely 2-8 felted, bristles of receptacle as long as the achenes, anther tails woolly, achenes } in., narrow, angled ; for other characters see the last doscribed species. large, stem 1-8 ft., stout, leafy, deeply grooved, a more or less by the prolongation of the leaves or their stalks, leaves 8-6 by 1-34 in., oblong or ovate-lanceolate, short- or long-pointed, abruptly narrowed below the middle, smooth above, cobwebby or cottony beneath, heads 4-2 in. diam., or smaller in dense flat-topped clusters, shortly stalked, bracts of receptacles ovate, blunt or sharp-pointed, smooth or silky, achenes 1 in. long, narrow, shining, angled, pappus 4 in. long, pale brown ; for other characters see the last species. very like the last species, but stem not winged, leaf bases forked. see Herbs, Hrect, Alternate, Exstipulate, Lobed. very small, densely tufted, densely woolly, rootstock perennial, branching, stem none or very short, leaves $-1 in., lanceolate-ovate with a broad tip, slightly toothed, heads very many, 4-1 in., sessile, densely crowded, surrounded by woolly leaves, in the hollow dilated top of the stems, if thero are any, corolla 4-4 in., bracts lanceolate, silky ; achenes 5-angled. Plants of ihe Punjab. ATS Herss, UNBRANCHED WITH ALTERNATE EXXSTIPULATE SIMPLE LHAVES. PETALS UNITED. FLOWERS, MINUTE, IN HEADS, ALL TUBULAR. durinea ceratocarpa, CoMPOSsIT. Be Bick iis 878. Kashmir, 9-15,000 it. small to large, perennial, slightly rough, stemless or stem up to 2 ft., with stout branches ; leaveg 2-5 in., linear-oblong or lanceolate, entire or pinnately divided, green on both sides, or white beneath, radical and loWer stem leaves often have the lobes pointing back, stalked, upper stem leaves sessile, base forked ; flowers 4 in., purple in sessile. or stoutly stalked heads, 1-14 in. diam., with linear leaves as bracts, receptacle bracts lanceolate, long- pointed, in many rows, overlapping each other, inner- most slender, erect, or recurved, outer shorter, linear green, receptacle (floor of head) flat, densely bristly, bristles longer than the achenes, anther-bases forked, anther tails . long, divided, style-arms short; pappus hairs in several Serratula pallida, CoMPOSIT&. add Vii, 879. Himalaya, 6-8 000 ft. Simla (Collett). Kashmir. Ainsliza pteropoda, Compositaz. EF. B. I. iu. 888. Himalaya, east of the Suilej, 5-6,000 it. Valleys below Simla (Collett). Kasauli. rows, outer bristly rough, inner 4 in., very slender, white ; achenes + in., rough, brown, 4-5-angled, angles ending in erect spines. large, perennial, smooth or slightly rough, sometimes branched from below, branches ending in long leafless one- headed stalks; leaves chiefly radical, stalked, broadly ovate or oblong, 3-12 by 2-6in., toothed, all of this charactex in the autumn, or 1-6 in. long, deeply pinnately lobed, stem leaves few or none ; flowers # in. long, purple, violet or whitish, in discoid heads 1-14 in. diam. , on long stalks, receptacle bracts smooth, in several rows, inner narrow, long with blunt tips, outer ovate, short-pointed, recept- acle bristly, bristles longer than the achenes, anther- bases forked, tails short, undivided, styles hairy, pappus hairs 3 1n., brown, stiff ; achenes 4+ in., oblong-ovoid, broad, flattened, pale, quite, smooth. medium size, perennial, felted, cottony or hairy, the flowering leafless stems appear in March and April, 1-2 ft. high, bearing many heads in spikes, after fruiting the stems disappear, in June the leaves appear 2-5 by 14-8 in., ovate or heart-shaped, short- or long-pointed, narrow- ed into a broadly winged stalk, finely toothed, during July to September a new stem bearing leaves, many closed heads: and buds appear, at the end.of October_the heads open and shed many seeds, but the corollas are concealed in’ the pappus, the leaves drop off in the winter and the buds produce perfect flowers in the spring; heads are discoid, 476 Plants of the Punjab. Herps, UNBRANCHED, WITH ALTERNATE EXSTIPULATE SIMPLE LEAVSS. \ \ Ainslizea aptera, Aaron’s Rod, CoMPOSIT&. F. B. I. iii. 388. Himalaya, 6-8,000 ft. Simla, Mahasu (Collett). Kashmir. Solidago Virga-aurea, Golden rod, CoMPOSITS. HB, Eeitis 245. Himalaya, 5-9,000 ft. Simla (Collett). Kashmir. PETALS UNITED. FLOWERS, MINUTE, IN HEADS, ALL TUBULAR. sessile, narrow, ?-4 in. long, in spikes, bracts of heads many, erect, smooth, stiff, short-pointed, inner long, outer shorter ; flowers 1-4, white or pinkish, 3 ina head as a rule, pappus feathery brownish, corolla tube slender, unequally- 5-lobed ; achenes + in., softly silky, 10-ribbed. very like the last species but in habit as well as ap- pearance, but radical leaves not winged, flowering stalks longer, heads in clusters. INNER TUBULAR, OUTER LIGULATE. small to large, perennial, smooth or velvety, stem stout, rarely branched; leaves lanceolate, lower 4-5 in., stalked, toothed, upper smaller, sessile,. entire ; flowers all yellow, ray flowers few in one row, strap-shaped, disk flowers tubular, 5-fid, in many heads, ? in. long, crowded in a long, leafy terminal branching raceme, bracts of reeep- tacle unequal, narrow, short-pointed, receptacle naked, pappus long, rough, style-arms flattened ; achenes 8-12- ribbed, smooth or slightly velvety. FLOWERS, MINUTE, IN HEADS, INNER TUBULAR, OUTER LIGULATE. Aster diplostephioides, CoMPOSIT®. BY B. i 10./251, Himalaya, 8-11,000 ft. Kashmir. medium size to large, stout, stem 12-18 in., leafy, leaves 2-8 in., lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, sessile, erect, short-pointed, entire, lower narrowed at the base ; flowers inner yellow, tubular, 5-cleft, outer blue, long, strap-shaped, in solitary heads 8 in. diam., bracts of receptacle lanceolate, leafy, outer long up to 1 in., pappus reddish, outer very short, white, style-arms flattened ; achenes } in., flattened. silky. Plants of the Punjab. 477 © Herss, UNBRANCHED, WITH ALTERNATE HXSTIPULATE! SIMPLE LEAVES, PETALS UNITED. * FLOWERS, MINUTE, IN HEADS, INNER TUBULAR, OUTER LIGULATE. Aster Laka, CoMPosIT#. Be Bet. un. 258: Himalaya, 10-11,000 ft. Laka above Dharmsala (Edgeworth). Erigeron multiradiatus, Inula racemosa, Inu‘a Royleana, Inula grandiflora, CoMPOSsITS. FOB, T. 1. 294: Himalaya, 8-12,000 ft. Matiana (Collett). Jalowri Pass in Kulu. Kashmir, Inula acuminata, CoMPposIT&. P. Be T. 11294: Himalaya, 8,000 ft. Kashmir. small perennial , rootstock woody , felted, stem 6-8 in., short, stout, leaves ovate or heart-shaped, short-point- ed, coarsely toothed, staiks broad, sheath-like, headg large, solitary on stout stalks, bracts of recepatcle very large, ovate, blunt, leafy, achenes hairy, pappus hairs whte or reddish equal to the corollas ; for other characters see the last species. see Herbs, Erect, Alternate, Exstipulate, Simple, Entire. see Herbs, Erect, Alternate, Exstipulate, Simple, Toothed. © see Herbs, Erect, Alternate, Exstipulate, Simple, Toothed, large, perennial, stem bristly or hairy above, leafy ; leaves 2-3 by 3 in., lanceolate, dilated at the base, sessile, glandular-toothed, fringed with long hairs; flowers 3-1 in. long, all yellow, in large solitary heads, 2-24 in. diam. ; bract: of receptacle toothed, inner narrow, short, outer long, leaf-like, inner corollas tubular, 5-toothed, outer strap-shaped, very slender, 3-1 in. long, 8-toothed, pappus 4 in., dirty white, anther-tails forked, style-arms linear, blunt ; achenes +4 in., angled, nearly. smooth, small, annual, stem 10-14 in., shining; leaves 1-4 in., base broad forked tapering toa long-pointed tip, sessile. heart-shaped, base slightly toothed, smooth, heads 4-3 in. diam., few in clusters, bracts of receptacle narrow. linear, long-pointed, green, erect, ligulate flowers recurv- ed, achenes ,; in. long with a few short hairs, pappus d in., pale red ; for other characters see the last species. 478 ee A Le oe a Plants of the Punjab. . Herps, UNBRANCHED, WITH ALTERNATE ExstipuLATE §iMPLE Luavzs. PHPALS UNITED. FLOWERS, MINUTE, IN HHADS, INNER TUBULAR, OUTER LIGULAFE. Tussilago Farfara, Colt’s foot, ComposiITm. F. B. I. ii. 880. Himalaya, 6-11,000 ft. Kashmir. Cremanthodium Decaisnei, CoMPOSITSE. F, B. I. iii. 881. Himalaya, 11,000 ft. Kashmir. Doronicum Falconeri, CoMPposiTm. F. B. I. iii. 888. Kashmir. 18,000 ft. Senecio nudicaulis, CoMPOSITE. F. B. I. iu. 840. Himalaya, 5-10,000 ft. Simla (Collett), Dharmpur, Sakesar, Salt Range, small, perennial, white, woolly, rootstock bearing runners ; leaves all radical coming after the flowers, 8-10 in., long-stalked, circular-heart-shaped, toothed, cobwebby above, white felted beneath; flowers bright yellow, in solitary heads 1-14 in. diam., on radical felted scaly leaf- less stalks 4-10 in. long, in the centre are about 40 tubular male flowers, surrounded by 800 female ligulate flowers, the female flowers are ripe before the male to prevent self-fertilisation, bracts of receptacle in one row, equal, with a few small outer ones, receptacle flat, naked, style- arms entire, blunt, pappus soft, very white; achenes slender, 5-10-ribbed. small, perennial, more or less velvety ; leaves chiefly radical, kidney-shaped, round-toothed, leathery, smooth or_white-felted beneath, leaf stalk stout ; flowers yellow, in solitary nodding heads, 14-24 in. diam. on leafless radical stalks, bracts of receptacle oblong, broad, long-pointed, inner corollas tubular, 5-cleft, ligulate, outer ligules broad, 8-toothed, style-arms blunt, entire, linear; achones + in. long, slender, 5-10-ribbed, pappus copious, white, rough. medium size, perennial, slightly velvety or smooth, stout, stem 12-18 in. high, nearly naked above ; leaves 5-6 in. long, ovate with a broad tip or spoon-shaped, stalked, slightly toothed ; flowers yellow, in 1-2 glandular-hairy heads, 2-3 in. diam., base top-shaped, bracts of the recep- tacle linear-lanceolate, long-pointed, in 2 rows, green, receptacle naked, corollas inner tubular, 5-fid, outer ligu- late, ligules very many, longer than the bracts, entire or 2-3-toothed, style-arms linear, no pappus in ligulate corol- las, pappus of tubular corollas short, reddish; achenes - oblong-top-shaped, 10-to many-ribbed. medium size, annual or biennial, stems 12-24 in., smooth, grooved; leaves 2-3 in. ovate with a broad tip, or spoon-shaped, round- or sharp-pointed, smooth above, white or purple-felted beneath, radical leaves spreading, narrowed into a winged stalk, stem leaves few, sessile, base stem-clasping ; flowers yellow, in many-flowered heads 4 in, diam,, forming terminal flat-topped clusters, bracts of the receptacle 10-14, in one row, ovate, pointed, 8-nerved, Plants of the Punjab. 479 Herss, UNBRANCHED WITH ALTERNATE ExstipuLATE Simpiy Luavas, PETALS UNITED. FLOWERS, MINUTH, IN HEADS, INNER TUBULAR, OUTER LIGULATE, Senecio alatus, CoMPosITm. BeBe it, 358 Himalaya, 6-9,000 ft Narkanda (Collett). The Chor. Senecio Kunthianus, Centaurea Cyanus, Centaurea depressa, margins broad, thin, receptacle flat, naked, corollas, inner tubular, bell-shaped, 5-fid, outer ligulate, ligules conspicu- ous, long, narrow, 8-toothed, style-arms blunt, tips minute- ly hairy, pappus white copious, soft ; achenes nearly cylin- dric, 5-10-ribbed medium size to large, smooth, velvety or cottony, stem short or long, stout, 1-4 ft., leaves 5-12 by 4-6 in., ovate- heart-shaped, or ovate-lanceolate, long-pointed, toothed, thin, stalk long with broad toothed wings, stem beyond the leaves long, simple or branched ; flowers yellow in 4-6-flowered slender, cylindric, shortly stalked heads 4-4 in. diam., in short racemes, forming large, ovate, terminal branched clusters, bracts of receptacles 4-7, linear, blunt, velvety, corollas, inner tubular, 5-fid, outer 2: ligulate, ligules broad, conspicuous, minutely 8-toothed; achenes 7, In. long, slender, smooth, or slightly velvety, ribbed, pappus white, much shorter than the tubular corollas. see Herbs, Erect, Alternate, Exstipulate, Simple, Toothed. see Herbs, Erect, Alternate, Exstipulate, Lobed. 4 see Herbs, Erect, Alternate, Exstipulate, Lobe FLOWERS, MINUTE, IN HEADS, ALL LIGULATE. Keelpinia linearis, CoMPOSITE. EB, hin, 392. The Plains, west of the Jhelum, to 14,000 ft. Rawalpindi (Douie) Kashmir. small, annual, smooth, or slightly velvety, root slender, stem 6-12 in., leafy, sometimes branched; leaves 2-6 bys ;5-t in., chiefly radical, linear, gradually narrowed at both ends, quite entire; flowers yellow, all ligulate in small stalked heads 3-4 in. diam., bracts of receptacle 5-7, narrow, nearly equal, thin, base keeled, outer ‘very few, small, receptacle naked, corollas all ligulate, ligules 5-tooth- ed, anther-bases forked; achenes 4-2 in. longer than the bracts, narrowly linear, incurved like birds’ claws, ribbed, dorsal ribs with hooked spines, terminal spines star-shaped. 480 Plants of the Punjab. Heres, UNBRANCHED, WITH ALTERNATE ExsTIPULATE SimpLe LEAVEs. PETALS UNITED. FLOWERS, MINUTE, IN HEADS, ALL LIGULATE. Crepis sibirica, CoMPoOSsIT &. F. B. I. ii. 894. Himalaya, 6-10,000 ft. Kashmir. Crepis blattaroides, Hawk’s Beard, CompPosiIrz. F. B. I. ii. 894, Kashmir, Sonemarg, 11,500 ft. Crepis acaulis, CompositTm. F. B. I. ii. 396. Himalaya, east of the Chenah, 1-3,000 ft. Crepis Stoliczkai, ComposiIT”m. F. B. I. in. 896. Himalaya, 10-13,000 ft. Kashmir, Tilail, Lahul, small to medium size, perennial, more or less rough, root spindle-shaped, very stout, stem 6-18 in., sometimes branched ; leaves 6-12 in., lowest stalked, lanceolate with a broad long-pointed tip, toothed or pinnately divided, end lobe largest, minutely toothed, stem leaves heart-shaped, half stem-clasping ; flowers yellow, all strap-shaped, in few stalked heads 1 in. diam., in terminal clusters, bracts of receptacle blunt, bristly, velvety; outer broadly ovate, inner linear, pappus } in., scanty, soft ; achenes 4 in., slen- der, ribbed, smooth, pale brown, gradually narrowed into a slender beak. like the last species, but larger, leaves 2-4 by 1-2 in., oblong-ovate with a broad short tip, entire or toothed, stem leaves few, large, sessile, bracts of receptacle lanceolate. sharp-pointed, achenes 4 in., red-brown, outer curved. small, perennial, stemless, smooth, root woody, straight, cylindric ; leaves chiefly radical, 2-12 in. long, lanceolate, linear, blunt or short-pointed, entire, toothed or pinnately divi ed; flowers yellow. in few heads, 1 in. long, 10-12-flowered on _ bracteolate stalks, 3-10 in., shorter than the leaves, outer bracts of receptacle very small, inner linear; achenes } in., oblong with rounded ends, flattened, ribs 10-20, smooth, pappus soft, silvery. longer than the achenes. like the last species but hairy, leaves long-staJked. heads } in. long, achenes } in., red-brown, pappus shorter than the achenes. Plants of the Punjab. 481 a Heres, UNBRANCHED, WITH ALTERNATE ExstIPpuLATE SIMPLE LEAVES. PETALS UNITED. FLOWERS, MINUTE, IN HEADS, ALL LIGULATE. Pterotheca Faleoneri, ComposiTz. BB. F. 11. 899. Himalaya, 5-9,000 ft. Matiana, Baghi (Collett). Kashmir. Hieracium crocatum, Hawk’s weed, CoMPosITm. F. B. I. in. 400. Himalaya, west of the Sutle}j, 6-8,000 ft. Dalhousie. Kashmir. Hieracium virosum, CoMPOSITA. F. B. I. ii. 400. Kashmir. 7-8,000 ft. Srinagar. Laetuca rapunculoides, Lactuca Lessertiana, Lactuca sagittarioides, Lactuea polycephala, Frenanthes Brunoniana, small to medium size; annual, stems many, rough, or glan- dular or smoothish ; leaves radical, 2-8 in., nearly sessile, ovate with a broad tip or long and spoon-shaped, toothed or pinnately divided ; flowers yellow, in heads 4-3 in. diam., on slender stalks, bracts of receptacle velvety, inner ones 8-10, equal, linear, short-pointed, outer few, small, usually spreading, receptacle flat, hairy, ligules long, broad, spread- ing, 5-toothed ; achenes { in., linear, prominently ribbed, minutely wrinkled, narrowed to both ends, not beaked, red when ripe, pappus very short, soft, white, not feathery. medium size, perennial, smooth or hairy, juice milky, stem 12-24 in., straight, sometimes branched, leafy ; leaves radical none, stem leaves 1-5 in., sessile, oblong with round ends, linear-oblong or lanceolate, waxy beneath, base rounded, or heart-shaped, entire or toothed ; flowers yel- low, in heads ? in. diam., few or many and-erect on downy, hairy, or smooth stalks, bracts of receptacle smooth, flat- lying, blunt, outer often slender, recurved, ligules 5-toothed, long, spreading, pappus copious, rough, rigid, brittle, tawny ; achenes % in., cylindric, faintly ribbed, black, shining, not beaked. medium size, perennial, smooth or very little hairy waxy green, stem stout, leafy, stiff, leaves 1-8 in., sessile, short, leathery, oblong-ovate, base heart-shaped, toothed, crowded, smooth above, slightly bristly on the margins and beneath, flowers yellow, in many heads, 2 in. diam., in short terminal bracteate umbellate flat-topped clusters, stalks short, stout, bracteolate, bracts of receptacle smooth, outermost small, spreading, achenes -, in., red-brown; for other characters see the last species. see Herbs, Erect, Alternate, Exstipulate, Lobed. see Herbs, Erect, Alternate, Exstipulate, Lobed. see Herbs, Erect, Alternate, Exstipulate, Lobed. see Herbs, Erect, Alternate, Exstipulate, Lobed. see Herbs, Erect, Alternate, Exstipulate, Lobed. 482 Plants of the Punjab. * Herps, UNBRANCHED, WITH ALTERNATE ExstTIPULATE SimpLE LEAVES. PETALS UNITED. FLOWERS, MINUTE, IN HEADS, ALL LIGULATE. Prenanthes violefolia, ComposiItTm. BBY T. ai. 412. Himalaya, 9-12,000 ft Hattu (Collett). Kashmir. Picridium tingitanum, Composit. Feb, fa 413, The Plains. The Salt Range, Tilla. Baluchistan. Tragopogon gracile, ComposiTa. BB wT. Himalaya, 6-10,000 ft. Simla (Collett). Hazara. Baluchistan. Tragopogon pratense, Goat’s beard, ComposiTm. F. B. I. iii. 418, Himalaya, 12-14,000 ft. small, very slender, juice milky, smooth except a few hairs on the leaf stalk, stem 12 in., sometimes sparingly branched ; leaves 1-2 in. long and broad, long-stalked, ovate-heart-shaped, triangular or forked, tip and basal lobes blunt or short-pointed, entire or obscurely toothed, waxy bluish-green beneath, leaf stalk sometimes winged, or dilated at the base, rarely with a pair of oblong lobes ; flowers 3-8, purple, in few, nearly solitary, pendulous heads, 3-2 in. long, in racemes, bracts of receptacle 4 in., inner linear, blunt, outer very small, receptacle flat, naked, pappus white, ligules 5-toothed, long, spreading, style-arms long ; achenes 4 in., oblong with rounded ends, contracted at both ends, smooth, angled, not beaked. The achenes differentiate it from Lactueca. small to medium size, annual, juice milky, smooth, stem 6-18 in., stout; leaves 1-5 in., radical long, ovate with a broad tip, or spoon-shaped, blunt, toothed, or pin- nately divided, stem leaves half stem-clasping, base forked into 2 lobes ; flowers yellow, in heads 1}in. diam., stalk thickened under the head, bracts of receptacle heart- shaped, very broad, thin margins thickened, tips imner oblong, receptacle flat, naked; achenes , in. long, pale corky, 4-angled or 4-ribbed, pappus4in., very soft and white, united at the base into a ring. small to medium size, biennial or perennial, quite smooth, juice milky ; leaves 8-10 by }-4 in., very narrow, linear, keeled, zig-zag, stem clasping, base dilated, radical often equalling the flower stalk; flowers yellow, in terminal large long-stalked heads, stalk not thickened above, bracts of receptacle 5-8, 3-1} in, long, shorter than the flowers, green, receptacle pitted ; achenes 4 in., smooth, slender, 5-angled, 5-10-ribbed, ribs smooth, beak short, not slender, pappus feathery, united in a basal ring. like the last species, but stem often branched, leafy, flower stalk hardly thickened above, bracts sometimes longer than the flowers, achenes 3-1 in., beak long, rough with short projections. Plants of the Punjab. 483 Heres, UNBRANCHED, WITH ALTERNATE ExstipuLATE SIMPLE LEAVES. PETALS UNITED. FLOWERS, MINUTE, IN HEADS, ALL LIGULATE. Tragopogon like the last species, but flowers purple, flower stalk porrifolium, much thickened above. Composit. F, B. I, ii. 418. Himalaya, 6-10,000 ft. Simla (Collett). Scorzonera small, annual, stemless ; leaves 3-8 by ;',-4 in., grass- Stewartii, like, linear or slightly dilated beyond the middle, woolly ComMposiItTm. or almost smooth below ; flowers yellow, in solitary, felted F, B. I. ii. 419. or almost smooth heads $-1 in. long, on naked stalks, usually The Plains, west of shorter than the leaves, bracts of receptacle shorter than the Jhelum, Harru, the flowers, outer ovate. short-pointed, inner oblong- Peshawar. lanceolate ; achenes + in. long, linear-oblong with 3 broad or 3 narrower white wings, ribbed, ribs with an irregular row of spinules, pappus reddish, as long as the achenes. Epilasia ammophila, small, annual, smooth, stemless or with stout leafy ComMPosITm. stem 6 in. high ; leaves 1-4 by 4-4 n., very narrowly linear Bee 419; or dilated about the middle, tip blunt, hard ; flowers bluish, The Plains, west of in solitary bell-shaped heads, 4-3 in., on stout naked hollow the Jhelum. stalks, one or more, 2-6 in. long, bracts of receptacle few, Sat Range. inner ovate-lanceolate, blunt, outer leafy, spreading, often Rawalpindi. projecting far above the heads; achenes + in. long, short, Baluchistan. 10-20-ribbed, ribs minutely toothed, pappus dark brown, silky, hairs mostly feathery. FLOWERS NOT IN HEADS. Wahlenbergia see Herbs, Erect, Alternate, Exstipulate, Simple gracilis, Toothed. Sphenoclea see Herbs, Erect, Alternate, Exstipulate, Simple, zeylanica, Toothed. Phyteuma small to large, perennial, nearly smooth, stems 6-48 Thomsoni, in.; leaves, lower nearly circular stalked, stem leaves 3 CAMPANULACE®. by 1% in., stalked, ovate-lanceolate, slightly round- F. Bo i. ii. 438. toothed ; flowers blue, small, many in loose branching Himalaya, west of racemes, branches 6-12 in., naked, minor flower stalks the Chenab, 4-1 in., calyx teeth, } in., 5, awl-shaped, corolla wheel- 6-8,000 ft. shaped, lobed nearly to the base, lobes 5, 4-4 by .1.-4 in., Kashmir. linear-oblong, stamens 5, very short, velvety, stigma 2- lobed ; capsule 2-celled, seeds minute, oblong with rounded ends. 112 484 Plants of the Punjab, —$ $$ $ $$$ ree Herss, UNBRANCHED, WITH ALTERNATE ExstTiPpULATE SIMPLE LEAVEs, Campanula aristata, CAMPANULACER. F. B. I. iii. 441. Himalaya, 11-16,000 ft. Kashmir. Pyrola rotundifolia, Larger Wintergreen, FERICACER. PD. im, 475. Himalaya, 9-10,000 ft. Kashmir. Acantholimon lycopodicides, PLUMBAGINACE. EB. ea. 479. North Kashmir, 11-14,000 ft. Statice cabulica, PLUMBAGINACER. 5, 1:40; 480. The Plains, west of the Jhelum, to 4,000 ft Baluchistan. Eritrichium strictum, PETALS UNITED. small to medium size, annual, smooth, stem 8-24 in. ; leaves, radical oblong, tapering equally at base and tip, long-stalked, nearly entire, stem leaves 14 by +1-+ in., linear ; flowers 4 in., deep blue, solitary, on a main stalk, 3-,'. in., calyx teeth 5, 4 in. lmear, corolla cone-shaped, lobes 5, lobed half way down, stamens 5; capsule ? by } in., narrowly oblong or nearly linear, contracted near the top, opening by valves close to the top, seeds very small, oblong with rounded ends. small, perennial, with short leafy stems and with annual flower stalks, smooth; leaves 1-2 in. diam., cir- cular, or broadly ovate, or ovate with a broad tip, or nar- rowed at both ends, stalk about equal to the blade in length ; flowers 4 in. diam., white and pink, drooping, in many- flowered racemes on stalks 6-8 in. long, calyx deeply 5- lobed, persistent, lobes broadly ovate, or ovate-lanceolate, petals 5, #in. long, circular or ovate with a broad tip, concave, sessile, stamens 10, style equal to or longer than the petals, stigma 5-lobed ; capsule 3-4 in. diam., 5-celled, crowned by the persistent style, seeds minute. small, prickly, densely tufted; leaves 1 by +, in., linéar-lanceolate, crowded, needle-pointed ; flowers 4 in. diam., rose-red, in branching spikes on many-flowered radical stalks, bracts 38, leathery with transparent mar- eins, calyx-tube 4-2 in., cylindric, 10-ribbed, smooth, mouth widely funnel-shaped, petals 5, oblong or ovate with a broad tip, united at the base with the stamens, stamens 5, opposite the petals, styles 5, distinct ; capsule within the calyx, oblong or 5-angled, thin, seeds cylindric. small to medium size, annual; leaves 14 by 2 in., all radical, oblong, spoon-shaped ; flowers small, pink, nearly sessile, scattered along the branches of a branching raceme on a solitary, erect, radical flower-stalk, 12-36 in. long, bracts } in., ovate or oblong, blunt with a large stiff point, leathery, margin thin, calyx with soft scattered hairs without, calyx tube 4-4} in., very narrow, smooth at first, funnel-shaped, with 5 ribs, in fruit only the 5 recurved ribs remain, petals 5, oblong spoon-shaped, united below with the stamens, stamens 5 opposite the petals, styles 5, distinct ; capsule within the calyx, oblong, spindle shaped. see Herbs, Erect, Alternate, Exstipulate, Simple, Entire. Plants of the Punjab. 485 Herss, UNBRANCHED, WITH ALTERNATE ExstTIpULATE SimpLE LEAVES. Onosma echioides, Ratanjot, laljart, koame. BoRAGINACES. Be bet. iv. 176: Kashmir, 5-9,000 ft. Onosma Thomsoni, BoRAGINACEA. Rep. live 118: Kashmir, 6,000 it. Banahal (Thomson). Onosma bracteatum, Gaozaban. BoraGINACEA. eB: balv. 179: Himalaya, 5-9,000 ft. Kashmir. Verbasecum Thapsus, Great Muliein, SCROPHULARIACER. Hobe l.iv.-250; Himalaya, 6-11,000 ft. Simla, Mashobra (Collett). Kashmir. Striga lutea, Striga euphrasioides, PETALS UNITED. small to medium size, biennial, hairy, stems 8-20 in., leaves oblong, stem leaves 24 by } in.; flowers 3 in., yellow, in one-sided, often forked, racemes, 1-6 in., bracts 4-1 in., leaf-like, calyx 5-lobed, lobes } in., narrowly oblong, in fruit 1 in. long sometimes, corolla } in. diam. at the top, smooth without, tubular, lobes 5, very short, stamens 5, attached near the middle of the corolla tube, linear, style longer than the stamens; nutlets 4, 4-4 m. long, stony, shining, white, smooth, often speckled. The root supplies a red dye for wool and is used for skin diseases, the leaves are used ag alteratives, the flowers as a cardiac tonic. like the last species, but perennial, leaves linear, white- woolly beneath, racemes small, bracts 4 in., linear, calyx not enlarged in fruit, nutlets smaller. like the lagt species, but stems much shorter, leaves much larger, lanceolate, rough above, silky white beneath, racemes short, round, calyx lobes enlarged in fruit to 1 in., flowers purple, nutlets rough. There is some doubt whether the gaozaban of the bazaars which comes from Persia is obtained from this plant. possibly the leaves are from one species and the flowers from another, it is much used in Indian medicine as a demulcent and alterative. large, densely covered with soft, yellow-grey star- shaped hairs, stem 38-6 ft., stout, winged with the pro- longed leaf-bases; leaves, radical and lower 4-12 in, stalked, ovate, upper 6-18 in., sessile, oblong-lanceolate ; flowers 3-1 in. diam., yellow, nearly sessile, crowded in terminal woolly spikes, bracts longer than the flowers, calyx 5-lobed, lobes overlapping, corolla concave, woolly outside, tube very short, lobes 5, spreading, nearly equal, broad, blunt, stamens 5, 3 short, hairy, 2 longer, smooth, style-top dilated, stigma simple; capsule ovoid, felted, seeds many, wrinkled, not winged. see Herbs, Erect, Opposite, Exstipulate, Simple, Corolla 2-lipped, Stamens 4. see Herbs, Erect, Opposite, Exstipulate, Simple, Corolla 2-lipped, Stamens 4. 436 Plants of the Punjab. a Herss, UNBRANCHED, WITH ALTERNATE EXSTIPULATE SIMPLE LEAVES, Microstyiis Walichii, ORCHIDACER. F. B. I. v. 686. Himalaya, east of the Sutlej, 4-7,000 ft. Simla, in woods (Collett). Microstylis muscifera, Microstylis cylindrostachya, ORCHIDACEA. Ff. B. i. v. 689, Himalaya, east of the Sutlej, 7-8,000 ft. Simla (Collett). Liparis rostrata, Liparis paradoxa, ORICHIDACEA. F.'B. 1. v. 694. Himalaya, cast of the Sutlej, 6-8,000 ft. Mahasu (Collett). PETALS UNITED. STAMENS NONE. ANTHER ONE. small, root perennial, annual flowering stalk swollen at the base, 6-10 in., ribbed, stem 2-3 in., leaves 2-4, usually 3, 4 by 2 in., ovate-lanceolate, short-pointed, sheathing ‘at the base ; flowers } in. long, yellow-green, more or less tinged with purple, in terminal racemes, bracts lanceolate, shorter than the capsule, sepals oblong, 2 lateral rather shorter than the dorsal, petals linear, longer than the Sepals, margins recurved, lips shield-like, broadly ovate, tip notched, basal lobes straight, short-pointed, sometimes sightly overlapping, spur none, column very short, anther sessile, stigma concave with short arms, just below the anther ; capsule ovoid, ribbed, seeds very many, minute. see Herbs, Unbranched, Opposite, Exstipulate, Simple. like the last species, but leaf only one, oblong or ovate, flowers 4 in., crowded, sepals broadly lanceolate, petals shorter than the sepals, lip ovate, abruptly pointed, mar- gin thickened, column without arms, see Herbs, Exstipulate, dimple. Unbranched, Opposite, smooth to medium size, perennial, roots fibrous, stem swollen at the base; leaves 3-5, broadly lanceolate, 5 by 2) In., sessile, sheathing, long-pointed ; flowers 4 in. across, yellow-green, striped with purple, in a terminal raceme on a stout angular naked main flowering stalk, 4-10 in, long, bracts 4 in. below to 4 in. above, triangular, sepals linear, yellow-green, margins reflexed, tip thin, short- pointed, petals oblong, striped yellow and purple, shorter than the sepals, tip inrolled, lip dull purple, 2 small conical] glands at its base, flat, broad reflexed, notched, column long, curved, upper half winged, spur none : capsule clup. Shaped, Plants of the Punjab. 487 Herss, UNBRANCHED, WITH ALTERNATE EXXsTIPULATE SIMPLE LEAVES. Oreorchis foliosa, ORCHIDACER. Bae, 1. v..709. Himalaya, east of the Sutlej, Mashobra, Mahasu, (Collett). Oreorchis indica, ORCHIDACEA Be Be E. v=. 709: Himalaya, 8-9,000 ft. Hattu (Collett). Oreorchis micrantha, ORCHIDACER. PB le v1 09% Himalaya, 8-10,000 ft. Mashobra, Mahasu (Collett). Calanthe tricarinata, ORCHIDACE. ‘Be Bek. Vv. SAT. Himalaya, 5-9 000 ft. Mahasu, Narkanda (Collett). Kashmir, PETALS UNITED. STAMBNS NONE. ANTHER ONE. sinall, perennial, root tuberous, leaf one, 3-6 in., lmear- lanceolate, narrowed down into a stalk, nerves prominent ; flowers 4 in long, red, shortly stalked in a terminal raceme ona slender main stalk 6-12 in., bracts } in. lanceolate, sepals linear-oblong, upper one straight, blunt, side ones curved, pointed, petals broadly oblong, blunt, lip 3-lobed, side lobes short, turned up, mid-lobe large, spreading, notched, lip attached to the foot of the column by a narrow recurved claw, spur none, column long, curved. like the last species, but stouter, flowers larger, petals curved. like the last species, but leaves longer, 12 by 4 m.., flowers white spotted with purple, 4 in. across, mid-lobe of lip crumpled, as well as notched. medium size, perennial, root fibrous, stem swollen at the base ; leaves 2-8, ovate, plaited, narrowed to the sheathing base, 8-15 by 2-8 in. ; flowers 2 in. across, green outside, edged with white, yellow-green inside, sepals and petals nearly equal, lanceolate. spreading, lip at the base joined io the side of the column, 3-lobed, side lobes small, rounded, erect, mid-lobe large, spreading, broad, with 3 large, purple, fleshy ridges along the middle, margin crumpl- ed, tip rounded, spur none, column short, thick, obliquely abruptly cut at the top, anther purple, conical, sessile on the top of the column; capsule drooping. 488 Plants of the Punjab. Heaps, UNBRANCHED, WITH ALTERNATE EXSTIPULATE SIMPLE LEAVES. Calanthe puberula, ORCHIDACES. F. B. I. v. 848. Himalaya, east of the Sutle), 4-6 000 ft. Below Narkanda (Collett). 2 Calanthe plantaginea, ORCHIDACES. F. B. I. v. 853. Himalaya, east of the Sutlej, 6-9,000 ft. Simla, the waterfall below Elysium (Collett). Eulophia campestris, Anesectochilus Roxburghii, Spiranthes australis, Zeuxine sulcata, ORCHIDACEA. F, B. I. vi. 106. The Plains, Mari. Rawalpindi. PETALS UNITED. STAMENS NONE. ANTHER ONE. like the last species, but leaves 5-7, 4-6 by 13-2 in,, ovate-lanceolate, narrowly pointed, flowers 1 in. across, pale lavender, mid-lobe of lip with 2 ridges at the base between the flat side-lobes, margin toothed, tip pointed, anther lavender. like the last species, but leaves many, 10 by 2 in., nar- rowly lanceolate, flowers 1} in. across, pale pink, mid-lobe of lip with 3 small ridges at the base, tip wedge-shaped, spur long, slender. see Herbs, Unbranched, Opposite, Exstipulate, Simple. see Herbs, Unbranched, Opposite, Exstipulate, Simple see Herbs, Unbranched, Opposite, Exstipulate, Simple. small to medium size, perennial, stem 2-6 in. high, smooth, leafy to the top; leaves 1-2 in., few or many, sessile, linear-lanceolate, erect, long-pointed, margins usually turned in, reddish; flowers 4 in. across, white, yellowish or pale pink, sweet-scented on spikes }-2 in., dense-flowered, bracts }-} in., erect, lanceolate, long-pointed, transparent, sepals 4 in., oblong, blunt, thin, petals oblong, blunt, trans- parent, lip yellow, equal to the sepals, boat-shaped, ending in a short velvety claw-tipped extremity with 1 or 2 lobes, column short, 2-keeled in front, stigmatic lobes 2 marginal, anther ovate, short ; capsule } in, long, oblong with rounded ends. Plants of the Punjab. 489 Herss, UNBRANCHED, WITH ALTERNATE ExstipuLATE SimpLE LEAVES. Cephalanthera ensifolia, Narrow Helleborine, ORCHIDACER. BD. Vis L258. Himalaya, 6-12,000 ft. Mahasu, Fagu, Matiana in forests (Collett). Narkanda, Jaku, Kashmir, Epipactis latifolia, Broad Epipactis, ORCHIDACER, FP. Be Fs vi..1 95. Himalaya, 6-10,000 ft. - Simla, Jaku (Collett). Dalhousie. Epipactis consimilis, ORCHIDACEA, F. B. I. vi. 126. Himalaya, 3-5,000 ft. Sutlej Valley (Collett). Peshawar, Kashmir, Epipactis Royleana, ORCHIDACE. H. B. Tove ae, Himalaya, 7-8,000 ft. Kashmir, PETALS UNITED. STAMENS NONE. ANTHER ONE, small to medium size, perennial, nearly or quite smooth, rootstock creeping, fibres many, long, thick, stem 6-18 in., grooved, leafy, lower part often has long sheath- ing scales; leaves 2-6 in., sessile, short-pointed, folded, lower lanceolate, upper almost linear-lanceolate ; flowers 2-4 In. long, white or lip spotted yellow, almost erect, bracts ovate, upper ones smaller than the ovaries, lower usually long, sepals and petals 3-3 in. long, tips converg- ing, sepals lanceolate, short-pointed, petals ovate, blunt, lip erect, deeply 8-lobed, base hollow, embracing the base of the column sido-lobes erect, rounded, mid-lobe broadly triangular, ridged and marked with a yellow spot, tip bluntly toothed, recurved, spur none, anther terminal, stigma broad, below the anther; capsule erect. medium size to large, perennial, rootstock creeping, fibrous, stem 12-36 in., stout, slightly velvety above, leafy , leaves 23-6 by 2-3 in., stem-clasping, lower orbicular, upper ovate-lanceolate, 4 by 2 in.; flowers + in. diam., dingy purple, crowded, bracts leafy, lanceolate, short- pointed, lower 2-23 in., upper 3-1 in., sepals and petals % in., lanceolate, short-pointed, ultimately spreading, smooth or nearly so, lip } in. long, jointed to the base of the column, base bowl-shaped, margins rounded, terminal part shorter, flat, triangular with 2 protuberances at the base, margins crumpled, almost toothed, spur none, column short, anther terminal, lobes 4, above the broad stigma. stem 12-24 in., slender, leaves 6 by 1} in. lanceolate, narrow, long-pointed, flowers 1 in. diam., orange-green, sometimes spotted, distant, sepals and petals 4 in, velvety, lip } in., base narrow, boat-shaped, terminal part 3-lobed, side-lobes turned up, tip lanceolate, spreading ; for other characters see the last species, like the last species, but more robust, lower leaves 3 by 1% in., orbicular, upper lanceolate, flowers 1 in. diam., red with yellow centre, lip longer than the Sepals. 490 Plants of the Punjab. Herss, UNBRANCHED, WITH ALTERNATE HExsTIPULATE SIMPLE LEAVES. Orchis latifolia, Marsh orchis, Salap, salab. ORCHIDACE. 5, >-¥1.- B27. Himalaya, 8-12,000 ft. Hattu, on wet ground (Collett). Kadrala, Kashmir. Herminium monorchis, Musk orchis, ORCHIDACE. feb, kewl. Himalaya, 10-13,000 ft. Kashmir. Herminium angustifolium, ORCHIDACE. F. B, I. vi. 129. Himalaya, 4-8 ,000 ft. Simla (Collett), PETALS UNITED. STAMENS NONE. ANTHER ONE. medium size to large, perennial, smooth, root tuberous, flattened, divided into 2 or 8 lobes; stem 12-36 in., stout, hollow, leafy or bearmg below sheathing seales ; leaves 2-1 in., oblong lanceolate, blunt, base sheathing; flowers 2 in. long, dull purple, crowded, lip spotted, on a cylindric crowded spike 1-6 in. long, bracts green, narrowly lance- olate, lower much longer than the flowers, upper slightly so or shorter, sepals and petals nearly equal, lateral sepals spreading, dorsal one with the petals forming a hood over the very short column, lip jomed to the column, turned down, round, almost 3-lobed, margins minutely toothed, spur straight, cylindric, nearly equal to the ovary, anther united to the column, cells separating, lobes 2, united to 2 round sticky glands above the broad 2-lobed stigma. Salap in the bazaars is imported; the drug is much esteemed by Indians as a nervine tonic and aphrodisiac. small, perennial, root of an oblong tuber, undivided ; leaves 2, rarely 3, 1-4 in., linear-oblong, flower stalk naked, rarely 2-leaves or 1-sheathed ; flowers 4 in. diam., yellow- green, musky at night, curved down, nearly all on one side of the spike, 1-2 in., bracts equalling or shorter than the . ovary, sepals and petals almost forming a hood, sepals oblong, blunt, petals unequal-sided towards the base, tips fleshy, ovate, hardly longer than the sepals, spur none, lip hardly longer than the sepals, 8-lobed, lobes narrow, base concave, column very short, stigma 2-lobed, anther joined to the face of the column, cells 2, attached to 2 round sticky glands ; in young flowers these are hidden in a minute shiny brown pouch. medium size-to large, stout or slender, root of 2 small ovoid tubers, stem 12-28 in., slender, leafy, leaves 4-8 in., few, linear, short-pointed, sheathing, flowers } in. long, green in crowded spike 2-10 in. long, bracts equal to the ovary, sepals oblong, blunt, petals Inear, thin, short pointed, lip linear, equal to or longer than the ; epals, narrow, trifid beyond the middle, side-lobes thread-like, mid-lobe very short, capsule } in., oblong, swollen ; for other cha- racters see the last species. Plants of the Punjab. 491 Herss, UNBRANCHED, WITH ALTERNATE ExsTIPULATE SimpLE LEAVES. Herminium pugioniforme, ORCHIDACER. FP: BE, vi, 480, Himalaya, 12-14,000 ft, Kashmir, Herminium gramineum, ORCHIDACEA. BOB: 1. vi. 18s Himalaya, 5-8,000 ft, Simla (Douie). Habenaria stenopetala, ORCHIDACEA. Pea. 1. vie 134. Road to Kashmir (Roy’e). Habenaria digitata, ORCHIDACE. Bo BA vis 154, Kashmir (Falconer), PETALS UNITED. STAMENS NONR. ANTHER ONE. small, 2-5 in. high, leaf solitary, long-spoon-shaped, blunt, shorter than the flower spike, flowers ;'z In. diam., on a few-flowered spike, bracts minute, orbicular, dorsal sepal orbicular, lateral very broad, blunt, petals smaller, oblong-ovate, lip dagger-shaped, not divided, hardly longer than the sepals, base dilated ; for other characters gee the last species. small, perennial, very slender, 1-leaved, 2-6 in. high, leaf linear, 1-4 in., short-pointed, flowers zn-g In. diam., greenish, facing one way, nearly erect, in a loose-flowered spike, 1-33 in. long, bracts awl-shaped, equal to the ovary, dorsal sepals oblong or broadly ovate, lateral ovate, blunt, spreading, petals erect, linear, almost sword-shaped, equal in length to the sepals, blunt, lip ovate, long-pointed, flat witha hollow base, slightly pouched beneath, equal to or shorter than the sepals, undivided, rostellum very large, equal to the anther, recurved, fleshy; for othe: characters see the last species. medium size, perennial, root tuberous, fibres fleshy stem leafy; leaves 6-8 in., oblong or ovate-lanceolate, stem-clasping, base narrowed or broad, stalked or sessile ; flowers 1 in. diam., greenish, in many flowered short racemes 4-6 in. long, bracts thin, equal to the ovaries, sepals 4-2 in, long, oblong-lanceolate, thin, 8-nerved, tips thread-like, as long as or shorter than the blade, petals deeply lobed, lobes slender, equal, or lower shorter, sometimes absent, lip divided into 3 thread-like segments, spur long, slender, equal to the ovary, anther-cells narrow, stigmatic processes long, club-shaped, rostellum large, triangular, erect ; capsule 3-§ in., linear-oblong. like the last species, but leaves ovate or ovate-oblong, bracts larger than the flowers, spur nearly clubbed with a minute erect tongue at mouth, capsule spindle-shaped, ribs thick, 492 Plants of the Punjab. Herss, UNBRANCHED, WITH ALTERNATE ExstTIPULATE SiMpLE LEAVEs. Habenaria Susanne, ORCHIDACES. Bee 1s vi. 1ST. Himalaya, east of the Sutlej. Simla below 6,000 ft. (Collett). Brogh, Sanawar. Habenaria pectinata, ORCHIDACER. HSB. 2 vt. 137. Himalaya, east of the Sutlej, 5-8,000 ft. Simla (Collett). Habenaria arietina, ORCHIDACEA. F. B. I. vi. 138. Himalaya, east of the Sutlej, 5-8,000 ft. Habenaria intermedia, ORCHIDACER. | 6 ER Himalaya, 5-7,000 ft. Simla (Collett). Kishmir. PETALS UNITED. STAMENS NONE ANTHER ONE, large, perennial, tubers 3-4 in. long, stem 2-4 ft., stout, leafy ; leaves 2-6 in., ovate-oblong, upper hooded, sheath- ing ; flowers 2-4 in. diam., white, fragrant, nearly sessile, erect, in a 3-5-flowered raceme, bracts leafy, sepals spread- ing, lateral oblong, ascending, blunt, dorsal very broad, petals small, linear, short-pointed, lip not longer than the sepals, 8-lobed, side-lobes broad, margins cut into comb- like fringes, segments unequal, often forked, mid-lobe narrowly lanceolate, entire spur green, slender, 4-5 in. long’, no stigmatic processes, rostellum very little marked. medium size, perennial, root tuberous, stem 12-24 in., very leafy, stout; leaves 4-6 in. long, ovate-lanceolate, rarely linear, upper or all sheathing, flowers 1-2 in. diam., white or yellowish-green, on a dense-flowered spike, 3-8 in, long, bracts leafy, equalling or longer than the flowers, sepals 5-nerved, dorsal lanceolate, erect, lateral ovate- lanceolate, petals linear, sword-shaped, smooth, blunt, slightly dilated on the. outer margin, 8-5-nerved, lip as long as the sepals, side-lobes fringed, comb-like, mid-lobe linear, entire, spur 4-2 in., tip almost clubbed, anther very large, stigmatic processes long, tips often sword-shaped, dilated, upcurved, rostellum just visible; capsule 3 in., sessile, spindle-shaped, ribs thick. This plant becomes black when dry. very like the last species, but petals velvety, not smooth, broader than the dorsal sepal, pouched on the lower margin, spur hardly clubbed at the tip. This plant becomes black when dry. small, perennial, root tuberous, stem 8-10 in. ; leaves 9-4 in., ovate or oblong, long-pointed, 5-7-nerved, base rounded or heart-shaped; flowers 2 in. diam., white or greenish, in few-flowered racemes, bracts broad, lower longer than the flowers, upper equal to the ovary, dorsai sepal recurved, white within, lateral reflexed, lanceolate, long-pointed, 5-nerved, petals strongly 5-nerved, lip 3- lobed to rds of its length, greenish-yellow except the narrow white base, side-lobes deeply fringed, segments Plants of the Punjab. 493 SE an aA a en eT eee Heres, UNBRANCHED, WITH ALTERNATE ExstiputaTe SimpLe LEAvEs. Habenaria ensifolia, ORCHIDACES. Po. Ey. 187: Himalaya, east of the Sutlej, 5-6,000 ft. Syree (Collett). Wrongly placed under H. pectinata, THe ae Ve Habenaria marginata, ORCHIDACES. Be Bed, vie l50, Himalaya, 5-7,000 ft. Simla (Collett). Habenaria Aitechisoni, Habenaria latilabris, or Edgeworthii, ORCHIDACEA. BSB. Tavis 58: Himalaya, 5-10,000 ft. Simla (Collett). Kashmir. PETALS UNITED. STAMENS NONE. ANTHER ONE. long, narrow, mid-lobe linear, entire, as long as the side- lobes, spur 27 in., pale green, curved, swollen at the tip, stigmatic-arms spreading, tips recurved ; capsule 14-2 in., stalked, spindle-shaped, beaked. large, smooth, stem 28-36 in., stout, leafy; leaves 3-6 in., oblong-lanceolate, white-margined, pointed, base, sheathing ; flowers }-} In. across, white, bracts narrow, long-pointed, slightly bristly on the margins, as long as the flowers, lip 1} in. long, 8-lobed, lobes linear, entire, spreading, mid-lobe shortest, thickest, edges recurved, spur 1} in., green, curved, swollen at the tip, stigmatic arms long, incurved. small, perennial, smooth, stem 4-10 in., sheaths many, erect, lanceolate, broad or narrow ; leaves 8 or 4 near the base of stem, 1} in., ovate, sessile, oblong or linear-oblong, margins yellow, base sheathing ; flowers 4 in. diam., yellow, crowded on a spike 2-6 in. long, bracts equalling the ovary, lanceolate, short-pointed, slightly bristly, Sepals green, equal, dorsal sepal broadly ovate, lateral sepals defiexed, petals yellow, ovate, sword-shaped, equal in length to the sepals, lip longer than the sepals, divided nearly to the base, lobes 8, lmear, entire-spreading, side-lobes having thread-like points, mid-lobe shortest and broadest, spur as long as the ovary, swollen below the middle, stig- matic arms long, joined to the lip, rostellum triangular ; capsule $ in., spindle-shaped, swollen, curved, doubtfully beaked. see Herbs, Unbranched, Opposite, Exstipulate, Simple. small to medium size, perennial, smooth except the sepals, stem 6-18 in., stout or slender, leafy ; leaves 3-5 in., usually sheathing, sessile, ovate or oblong, long-point- ed ; flowers 3-3 m. diam., yellow-green, on many-fiowered, not crowded spikes, 3-10 in. long, bracts lanceolate, lower shorter, upper longer than the ovary, sepals smooth or slightly bristly, dorsal sepal circular, concave, lateral spreading or bent-down, ovate, petals yellow, as long as 494 Plants of the Punjab. Herss, UNBRANCHED, WITH ALTERNATE HxsTIPULATE SIMPLE LEAVES, Habenaria densa, ORCHIDACHA. Rls yd. lbs: Himalaya, east of the Sutlej, 5-9,000 ft. Simla (Collett). Habenaria goodyeroides, ORCHIDACE. (TU ie Dna baal ho Himalaya, east of the Sutlej, 9-5,000 ft. Simla (Collett). Habenaria Elizabethe, ORCHIDACE®. New species not in | AS ei Himalaya, 8-10,000 ft. Simla (Lady Elizabeth Babington Smith), PETALS UNITED, STAMENS NONE. ANTHER ONE. the lateral sepals, fleshy, lower base pouched, lip yellow, longer than the sepals, linear or lanceolate, undivided broadest at the base, spur yellow-green, much longer than the ovary, slender, turned upwards, tip curved, stigmatic arms short, oblong, almost round, rostellum short, triangu- lar, blunt; capsule 4 in., sessile, spindle-shaped, shortly beaked, eurved. medium size, perennial, smooth, stout, stem 12-24 in., leafy ; leaves 24-4 in., many, ovate or oblong, long-point- ed, base sheathing ; flowers + in. diam. yellow-green, on a spike, 4-10 in., bracts 4-2 in., long-pomted, lower longer than and upper equal to the ovary, sepals green, thick, petals yellow-green, fleshy, lip green, a little longer than the sepals, undivided, linear, thick, spur club-shaped, shorter than the ovary, turned downwards, stigmatic arms large, oblong. medium size, perennial, smooth, stem 12-24 in., stout ; leaves about 4, 3-34 in., close together in the middle of the stem, ovate, base sheathing; flowers 4} in. diam., yellow- ereen, crowded on a spike, 6-10 in. long, bracts lanceolate, thin, equal in length to the ovary, sepals 3-3 in., lateral sepals lirear or ovate-oblong, petals ovate, pouched, lip broad, recurved, longer than the sepals, tip 3-lobed, mid- lobe broadest, spur small, bag hke, narrowed at the mouth, stiomatic arms short, oblong ; capsule $ in., sessile, spindle- shaped, short-pointed. ’ small, perennial, smooth, tubers 13 in., ovoid, stem 6 in., smooth, furrowed ; leaves 23-4 by 4-2 in., lanceolate, long-pointed or blunt, stem-clasping ; flowers very small, sreen, crowded on a slender spike, 4 in. long, bracts lan- ceolate, long-pomted, equal to or longer than the ovaries, sepals erect, dorsal ovate, blunt, hollowed out, lateral obliquely ovate, petals ovate-lanceolate, blunt, rather longer than the sepals, lip 8-lobed, longer than the sepals mid-lobe straight, broader than the lateral, lateral lobes linear, spreading, spur short, club-shaped. Plants of the Punjab. 495 Harps, UNBRANCHED, WITH ALTERNATE ExsTipuULATE SimpLE LEAVES. Habenaria galeandra, ORCHIDACE. HS Bek vil 168; Himalaya, 6-7,000 ft. Simla, on grassy sunny slopes (Collett). Habenaria Griffithii or decipiens, ORCHIDACER. BBs ivan 165, Lahul, 4-5,000 ft. (Thomson). Kurram Valley (Aitchison). Hemipilia cordifelia, ORCHIDACE. He Bela vi; Lor Himalaya, east of the Sutlej, 5-7,000 ft. Simla, Mashobra, Mahasu, on rocks (Collett). Satyrium nepalense, ORCHIDACE®. #. Bz Toviscik6s8. Himalaya, 4-6,000 ft. Simla (Collett). Kashmir, PETALS UNITED. STAMENS NONE. ANTHER ONE. small, perennial, smooth or almost so, tubers round or oblong, small, stem 6-10 in., slender, leafy ; leaves 1-2 in., oblong, blunt or nearly short-pointed, sessile, base con- tracted, bracts ovate, lower much longer than the flowers, upper shorter ; flowers 3 in. diam., purple, in a spike, 2-4 in. long, dorsal sepal narrowly lanceolate, erect, lateral as long, lanceolate, curved, long-pointed, spreading, petals shorter, lanceolate, curved, blunt, lip broadly triangular, spreading, or the sides recurved, base shortly stalked, terminal margin notched, spur conical, hollow, short, blunt, stigma below the anther on the column. small, perennial, tube, small, oblong, stem 5-8 in., slender, erect, or zig-zag, loosely leafy ; leaves 1-21 in linear-oblong, short-pointed or blunt, thin, lower almost stalked, upper sessile, base sheathing ; flowers 4 in. diam., crowded, brac.s ovaie-lanceolate, thin, longer than the ovary, sepals 4-4 in., dorsal ovate-lanceolate, blunt, lateral lmear-oblong, tip rounded, petals as long as the sepals, narrowly lanceolate, lip as ‘long as the sepals, nar- rowed upwards, terminal, teeth short- -pointed, middle one longest. small, perennial, smooth, tuber oblong; leaf one, 2-4 in., stem-clasping, ovate-heart-shaped, radical, broad, net-veined, dotted with purple; flowers 4-2 in. diam., pink-purple, in a few- or many-flowered terminal raceme, 4-10 in. long, bracts shorter than the ovary, dorsal sepal oblong, blunt, lateral oblong curved, petals almost short- pointed, erect, nearly forming a hood, lip ovate-oblong, 3-lobed, side lobes rounded, mid- lobe almost round-toothed, broad, spur curved, shorter than the ovary, tip 2- lobed, upturned, column very short, prolonged upwards ina broad, thin process, folded in the middle, projecting from between the anther cells, stigma on the column below the anther, small to medium size, perennial, root tuberous, stem 5-24 in., stout, shea hed ; leaves 4-10 by 2-4 in., few, ob- long to linear-oblong, fleshy, sessile, base sheathing ; flowers 4-4 in., pink, fragrant, crowded in a spike, 1-6 in, long, bracts tinged with pink, larger than the flowers, oblong or lanceolate, sepals narrowly oblong, lateral ones spreading, upper one recurved, petals smaller than the 496 Plants of the Punjab. Herss, UNBRANCHED, WITH ALTERNATE ExsTIPULATE SimpLE LBAVEs, Cypripedium cordigerum, Lady’s Slipper, ORCHIDACES. BeBe vis 170. Himalaya, 9-11,000 ft. Masohbra, Mahasu, Fagu, Narkanda (Collett). Jaku, Kashmir. Rosceea alpina, SCITAMINES. BBs 1. as 207. Himalaya, 6-11,000 ft. Simla (Collett). Kashmir. Rosceea procera, ScITAMINER. EP Bele vie 07: Himalaya, east of the Sutlej, 7-10,000 ft. Simla, Mahasu, (Collett), PETALS UNITED. STAMENS NONE. ANTHER ONE. sepals, recurved, lip superior, sessile on the base of the column, erect, hoof-like, margins turned back, spurs 2, pointing downwards, slender, rarely stout, about as long as the ovary, column short with 2 ear-like projections, stigma large, concave. ANTHERS TWO. medium size, perennial, smooth, root fibrous, stem 12-24 in., leafy ; leaves 5 by 3 in., ovate or lanceolate, short- or long- pointed, plaited ; flower one, green and white, 3 in. across, terminal bracts 1-4 in., leaf-lke, sepals green, longer than the lip, ovate-lanceolate, long-pomted, two lateral united under the lip, the third erect, above it, petais sreen or white, spreading, lanceolate, lip 1-1} in., white, sessile, forming an oval inflated open-mouthed pouch, column yellow, short, turned over, almost shutting the posterior part of the mouth, terminating in a shield-like projection, anthers 2, round, on each side of the base of the column ; capsule 14 in., erect, club-shaped. STAMEN ONE. small, smooth, stem 4-8 in., leafy, slender; leaves 2 to 4, 8-6 in., oblong-lanceolate, much enlarged after flowering, sessile; flowers 1 in. long, dark purple, in a terminal few-flowered spike, only one flower appearing at a time, calyx tube slit on one side, 2-toothed, corolla tube much longer than the calyx, upper lobe 4-2 in. diam., orbicular, slightly concave, lateral lobes linear-oblong, 8 petal-like staminodes within the corolla, the two lateral erect, the lower 3-3 in. long, 2-lobed, stamen one, short, grooved, inserted on the mouth of the corolla tube, produced at the base in a fork; capsule oblong-ovoid, opening by 8 valves, seeds many, small. medium size, smooth, stem 12-24 in., stout, leaves 8 t+0 6, 6 by 14 in., lanceolate, flowers several, 24 in. long, lilac, in terminal spikes, only one flower appear- ing at a time, corolla tube hardly longer than the calyx, upper lobe 12 in. long, margin turned in., forming a narrow flattened, pointed hood, lateral lobes limear-lanceolate, lower staminode 12 by 14 in., almost 3-lobed, spreading, notched at the tip ; for other characters see the last species, Plants of the Punjab. 497 Heres, UNBRANCHED, WITH ALTERNATE EXstTIPULATE SIMPLE LEAVES. Cautleya. lutea, ScITAMINER. F. B. I. iii. 208. Himalaya, 6-8,000 ft. Simla, Jaku, Mahasu (Collett), Kashmir. Cautleya spicata, SCITAMINEA. Habe |. vis 209. Himalaya, east of the Sutlej, 6-8,500 ft. diate. Jaku, Mahasu (Collett). Celosia argentea, Acroglochin chenopodioides, Beta vulgaris, Atriplex hortensis, Orache or Mountain spinach, Woraks, suraka. CHENOPODIACE®, KBE vi. & The Plains to 12,000 ft, leaves 6-9 by 4-1} in., PETALS UNITED. STAMEN ONE. medium oe perennial, stem leafy, 12-18 in., long-pointed, laniceolate or oblong-lanceolate ; flowers t fe | slender ;. usually purple beneath, ‘sessile, in., yellow, in drvoping terminal 6-12 loose-flowered spikes, sheaths red- striped, bracts oblong, green, one- -flowered,’ much shorter than the red calyx, ee is slit on one SiGe, >fas/ the calyx, upper lobes erect, 3-2 in., narrow, concave, 2 lateral lobes broader, reflexed, lateral staminodes nearly as long as the corolla lobes, erect tips forming a hood over the anther, lower deeply 2-lobed, reflexed, anther unl at the top, produced at the base in a fork ; capsule 1 in., red, round, valves 3, ovate, reflexed, red inside, seeds black, angular, top flat. like the last species, bué leaves larger, spike erect, bracts red, as long as the calyx, flowers many, crowded, corolla tube hardly longer than the calyx. : i det PETALS NONE. see Herbs, Erect, Alternate, Exstipulate, Simple. see Herbs, Unbranched, Alternate, Exstipulate, Lobed. ROLGARINE see Herbs, Erect, Alternate, Exstipulate, Simple. medium size, annual, stout; leaves triangular-heart- shaped, upper ovate- lanceolate, hot mealy ; flowers minute, ereen, in axillary spikes and in terminal branching racemes, male flowers bractless, sepals 3-5, oblong, blunt, stamens 3-5, female fiowers with 2 bracts, bracts flat, orbicular, increasing in size in fruit, forming a “g-valved covering to the fruit, petals none, stigmas 2, seed erect, The leaves are eaten as a pot herb, KK 498 Plants of the Punjab. Herss, UNBRANCHED, WITH ALTERNATE EXsTIPULATE SIMPLE LEAVES. Polygonatum multiflorum, Solomon’s Seal, LILIACE®. Bob. vi: O19. Himalaya, 6-9,000 ft. Mahasu, Narkanda (Collett). Kashmir. Smilacina pallida, LILIACES. F, B. I. vi. 8238. - Himalaya, east of the Sutlej, 8-11,000 ft. Hattu (Collett). Between Narkanda and Baghi. Lilium giganteum, Lilium nepalense, Lilium polyphyllum, Lilium Thomsonianum, Gagea lutea, Star of Bethlehem, LILIACES. He: Lavi. Boo, Himalaya, 6-13,000 ft. Narkanda (Collett), Kashmir, PETALS NONE. large, perennial, rootstock creeping, stem 24-86 in., arched, leafy, cylindrical; leaves 8-6 in., oblong-ovate, sessile many, nearly in 2 rows, all directed to one side ; flowers 4-2 in., white and green, in solitary 2-5-flowered axillary racemes, calyx tubular, white with 6 green lobes, petals none, stamens 6, inserted in the tube, style lmnear, straight, stigma small; berry 4 in. diam., round, blue- black, enclosed partially in the withered calyx, seeds few, nearly round. large, perennial, rootstock creeping, stem 24-36 in,, stout, naked below, leafy above; leaves 4-9 by 13-3 in., oblong-lanceolate, nearly sessile, velvety beneath, short- pointed ; flowers 4 in., white, in terminal, velvety, more or less crowded, simple or branched racemes 2-6 in. long, calyx § m., spreading, lobes 6, oblong, petals none, sta- mens 6 at the base of the calyx lobes; berry } in. diam., blue-black, round, seeds few. see Herbs, Unbranched, Opposite, Exstipulate, Simple, seo Herbs, Unbranched, Opposite, Exstipulate, Simple, seo Herbs, Unbranched, Opposite, Exstipulate, Simple, see Herbs, Unbranched, Opposite, Exstipulate, Simple. small, perennial, smooth, bulb solitary, about the size of a hazel nut, leaf one, radical, 8-8 by 4-4 in., lanceolate, overtopping the flowers; flowers } in. long, yellow, m a 3-6-flowered umbel on the top of the stem, calyx star- shaped when open, lobes 6, linear-oblong, usually short- pointed, green on the back, stamens 6, at the base of and shorter than the lobes ; capsule + in., oblong, 8-grooved, seeds many, flat. Collett calls this plant Star of Bethel- hem, but Bentham and Hooker give this name to Ornithogalum umbellatum, Plants of the Punjab, 499 Herss, UNBRANCHED, WITH ALTERNATE EXsTIPULATE SIMPLE LBAVES. Gagea persica, LILIACEA, PSB. levi. 859, Himalaya, 8,000 ft. Kashmir, Gagea reticulata, LILIACEA. Bek viz 356. The Plains to 6,000 ft. Salt Range, Kashmir. Commelina ceelestis, Juncus bufonius, The toad rush, JUNCACER. Be Bilt vie 392. The Plains to 18,000 ft, Juncus glaucus, Hard rush, JUNCACER. iiss levi, 893: Himalaya, 6-9,000 ft. Matiana, Theog (Collett). Kashmir, Juncus compressus, JUNCACEA. POR oh vin5os. Himalaya, Kashmir. 7,000 ft. (Jacquemont), PETALS NONE, like the last species, but leaf narrower, flowers many in a cluster, bracts many, very short, linear, each bearing a flower or bulbil in its axil, calyx smaller, lobes linear, blunt. like Gagea lutea, but leaf grass-like, bracts several, leaf-like, very unequal, whorled, calyx lobes linear, finely pointed. see Herbs, Erect, Alternate, Exstipulate, Simple, small, annual, pale-coloured, tufted, stems 1-10 in., slender, often branching from near the base ; leaves flat, few, chiefly radical, stem leaves shorter ; flowers 4-} in. long, solitary or in small clusters, sessile on the stem or branches, pale green, calyx inferior, lobes 6 in 2 rows, 3 outer lobes keeled, lanceolate, long-pomted with broad membranous margins, stamens 6, half as long as the calyx lobes ; capsule oblong, minutely pointed, shorter than the calyx. medium size to large, perennial, rootstock creeping, tufted, stems 12-36 in., many, tufted, pale green, stiff, cylindric, finely grooved, leafless, produced beyond the flower, bases closed with a leafless sheath ; leaves none or cylindric like the stems; flowers minute, brown, sessile solitary, stamens 6, shorter than the calyx lobes ; capsule ovoid, pointed, equal to or rather longer than the calyx. small to medium size, perennial, rootstock creeping, stems 6-24 in., tufted, rigid, slender, 1-2-leaved, hollow, somewhat flattened, striated ; leaves shorter than the stem, slender, grooved, nearly flat; tip awl-shaped, sheath with ear-shaped processes ; flowers almost solitary im terminal clusters, shorter than the thread-like lower bracts, com- pound, calyx lobes 14 in. long, linear-oblong, blunt, with green or brown thin margins about equal to the broad ovoid capsule, stamens much shorter or less than the the calyx lobes ; capsule 8-celled, shining, with a small point. 500 Plants of the Pumjab. Heres, UNBRANCHED, WITH ALTERNATE EXsTIPULATE SIMPLE. LEAVES. Juncus lampocarpus, The Jointed Rush, JUNCACER. E,-B; Tf. vi. $95: The Plains up to 13,000 ft. Simla (Collett). Lahore, banks of the Jhelum. Juncus prismatocarpus, JUNCACEA. F. B. I; vi.:395. The Plains to 10,000 ft. Sutlej Valley, Rampur (Collett). Juncus triglumis, JUNCACEA. F. B. I. vi. 3964 Himalaya, 42-15,000 ft. Kashmir. Juncus leucomelas, JUNCACER. Pap. L.vi. 397. Himalaya, 12-16,000 ft. Kashmir. Juncus membranaceus, JUNCACER. Wb. 4. vi.:$97. Hima! sya, 6-13,000 ft. K ashinir. PETALS NONE. small, perennial, rootstock horizontal, stems 4-10 in., densely tufted, leafy upwards, rather stout, soft, ulti- mately hollow, rounded ox flattened, leaves linear-awl- shaped, strongly partitioned, division showing externally, tubular; flowers small, sessile, 2-5-flowered, heads on branches of an umbel, lower bracts leafy, floral ovate- lanceolate, heads 4-1 in., calyx lobes 4 im. long, green or brown, margins thin, stamens enclosed; capsule green or brown, seeds netted, not tailed. medium size, perennial, tufted, rootstock very short, stems 18-24 in., rounded or flattened, sometimes lying down, rooting at the knots ; leaves 2-10 by 1-4 in., thread- like or broader, soft, flattened or rounded of one or many. tubes with indistinct distant partitions ; flowers green or brown, sessile, densely crowned in 6-10-flowered heads forming irregularly compound flat-topped clusters, lower bracts leafy, erect, shorter than the clusters, floral thin, lanceolate, long-pointed, calyx lobes 3-2 in. long, stamens very short; capsule much longer than the calyx, pris- matic or cone-shaped, seeds ovoid with a broad top or oblong with rounded ends. small, perennial, tufted, stems 2-6 in., stiff, slender, naked ; leaves short, solitary or few, awl-shaped, stiff near base of stem, 2-tubular ; flowers large, brown sessile in a solitary terminal 3-4-flowered sessile head, no clusters, outer bracts dark brown, spreading, usually shorter than the flowers, calyx lobes 4-1 in., seeds 4, in. long, includ- ing the long white tails. small, perennial, tufted, stem 2-6 in., thread-like, naked, hollow; leaves 1-2, very short, thread-like, 1-2- tubular ; flowers white, sessile, in a 8-8-flowered head, bracts brown, lower usually produced, calyx lobes 4-4 in. long, stamens exserted ; capsule ovoid-oblong, seeds long-tailed. small to medium size, perennial, stems 5-20 in., tufted, ultimately hollow, bearing runners, basal sheaths mem- branous, 1-3-leaved above the middle ; leaves thread-like, short-pointed, slender, flattish or grooved, tubular, sheath long, with ear-shaped processes ; flowers white, shortly stalked in a solitary sessile head, lower bracts longer or shorter than the head, floral ovate-lanceolate, transparent, Plants of the Punjab. 501 Heres, UNBRANCHED, WITH ALTERNATE ExsTIPULATE SIMPLE LBAVEs. Juncus himalensis, JUNCACER. H.B. vi. 398, Himalaya, 7-14,000 ft. Hattu (Collett). Kashmir. Juncus concinnus, JUNCACER. F. B. I. vi. 899. Himalaya, 7-13,000 ft. Simla (Collett). Kashmir. Luzula campestris, Wood Rush, JUNCACES. F. B. I. vi. 401. Himalaya, 10-14,000 ft. Kashmir. PETALS NONE.. calyx lobes 4 in. long, oblong-lanceolate, blunt, thin, inner longer, stamens 6, protruding, style and stigma short ; capsule far protruding, long-beaked, seeds =‘; in. long- tailed. small to medium size, perennial, stems 8-20 in., tall, stout, stiff, leafy below, one-leaved above, hollow, bear- ing runners ; leaves thread-like or margins rolled inwards, tubular, grooved above, barely partitioned, ear-like pro- cesses, small; flowers 4in., brown, in 3-8-flowered heads forming a cluster of several heads with branches sometimes one inch long, spreading, lower bract long, floral bracts 1.2 in. diam., calyx lobes 4 in. long, lanceolate, short- pointed, inner linear-oblong, with broad thin margins, tip longer than the stamens ; capsule nearly twice as long as the calyx lobes, tip conical, beaked, shining, dark brown, seeds + in. long, tails very slender. small ¢0 medium size, perennial, rootstock tuberous, stems tufted, not bearing runners, 4-18 in., hollow, fur- rowed, slender, more or less leafy ; leaves thread-like or with margins turned in, flat or furrowed, sheath thin ; flowers 4 in., white, 10-12, in sessile heads 3 across, some- times solitary, usually 2-5 in the fork and at the ends of one or two short branches, spreading from the top of the stems, lowest bracts long, slender or short, thin like the floral, calyx lobes } in. long, oblong-lanceolate, short- pointed, thin, inner shorter, blunt ; capsule very pale, shin- ing, ovoid, beak stout, protruding, seeds minute, long, brown, pointed at one end. small to medium size, perennial, grass-like, hairy, rootstock creeping, stem 6-18 in., slender, tufted ; leaves 9-8 by 4-1 in., smooth or with bristles long and white, near the base of the stem; flowers minute, dark brown, sessile in stalked ovoid heads + in. long in the forks and at the ends of very unequal branches of an erect terminal branching raceme, calyx lobes 6, 15-1, in. long, ovate- lanceolate, long-pointed, stamens 6, shorter than the calyx ; capsule shorter than the calyx, broadly oblong or almost round, blunt or with a stiff point, seeds 3. 502 Plants of the Punjab, Herss, UNBRANCHED, WITH ALTERNATE EXsTIPULATE SIMPLE LEAVES, Luzula spicata, JUNCACER. Ba, va. 401, Himalaya, 12-14,500 ft, Kashmir, PETALS NONE. like the last species, but smaller, 2-10 in. high, flowers larger in a solitary oblong drooping bracteate head. Herss, UNBRANCHED, WITH ALTERNATE ExstrpuLATE LoBEp LEAVES, Ranunculus faleatus, Ranunculus muricatus, Delphinium uncinatum, Delphinium incanum, Delphinium vestitum, Delphinium eashmirianum, Aconitum Napellus, Monk’s hood, Bikh or Bish. RANUCULACES. Ho. 28. Himalaya, 10-18,000 ft. east of the Sutlej, Aconitum heterophyllum, PETALS UNUNITED, see Herbs, Erect, Alternate, Exstipulate, Lobed. see Herbs, Erect, Alternate, Exstipulate, Lobed. see Herbs, Erect, Alternate, Exstipulate, Lobed. see Herbs, Erect, Alternate, Exstipulate, Lobed. see Herbs, Erect, Alternate, Exstipulate, Lobed. see Herbs, Erect, Alternate, Exstipulate, Lobed. small to large, perennial, smooth or slightly velvety ; leaves deeply palmately divided, segments linear, much divided ; flowers 3-1 in. long, bright or dull greenish-blue, in simple or compound few-or many-flowered racemes, bracts entire or divided into three, sepals 5, petal-like, posterior (helmet) three times as long as high, shallow, tapering to a slender beak, the rest flat, 2 anterior nar- rower than the lateral, petals 2-5, 2 posterior stalked, hooded, enclosed in the helmet, 3 lower small or none, stamens many ; follicles 8-5, sessile, hairy, seeds many, smooth. The root contains a deadly poison, it is used in medicine. see Herbs, Erect, Alternate, Exstipulate, Lobed. Plants of the Punjab. 508 Heras, UNBRANCHED, WITH ALTERNATE ExsTIPULATE LOBED LEAVES. Podophyllum Emodi, Paprt, banbakri. BERBERIDACES. Be Be i bdo. Himalaya, 6-12,000 ft. Matiana, Narkanda (Collett). The Chor, Hazara, Murree, Kashmir. Papaver somniferum, Meconopsis aculeata, Cardamine hirsuta, Hairy Bittereress, CRUCIFERAE, RoBi 138; The Plains to 10,000 it. Simla (Collett). Kashmir. Cardamine impatiens, Narrowieaved Bittercress, CRUCIFERAE. BB ke iss. Himalaya, 5-12,000 ft. Simla (Collett). Kashmir, PETALS UNUNITED. small to medium size, perennial, smooth, succulent, rootstock creeping, scaly, 2-leaved, flower stalk 6-18 in., leafy above; leaves 2, 6-10 in. across, circular, long stalk jomed to middle of leaf, divided deeply into 8 parts, each part lobed, sharply toothed, often blotched with purple ; flower solitary, rarely 2, 14 in. diam., white, rarely pink, sepals 3-6, petal-like, soon falling off, petals 6, stamens 6, style short, stigma crest-like, ridged ; berry 1-2 in., scarlet, ovoid, edible, seeds small, many, ovoid with a broad top, immersed in pulp. Closely allied to Podophyl- lum peltatum, L. May Apple—Podophyllin, an alkaloid extracted from the root of a Podophyllum, is used as a purgative. see Herbs, Erect, Alternate, Hxstipulate, Lobed. see Herbs, Erect, Alternate, Exstipulate, Lobed. small, annual, smooth, stem 38-12 in.; leaves 2-6 in., stalked, pinnately lobed, lobes 7, of the lower leaves broad- ly ovate or circular with a few large, lobe-lke teeth, of the uppermost often narrowly oblong, end lobe largest, blunt or rounded, stem leaves not lobed at the base ; flowers =y In., white, in racemes, sepals 4, very small, equal at the base, petals 4, stalked, narrow, erect, twice as long as the sepals, stamens 6, 2 outer short, opposite the lateral sepals, 4 inner longer in pairs, opposite the other two sepals, stigma almost sessile ; pods 4-1 in., erect, blunt linear, long, flat, reeds flattened, in one row, without a margin. This plant iS sometimes eaten as a pot herb. like the last species, but the base of the stem leaves divided with 2 long stem-clasping lobes, lobes of radis eal leaves 7-15, ovate, obtusely lobed, stem leaves longer, lanceolate, entire, pods pointed, when ripe they burst elastically, jerk out the seeds and curl up. 504 Plants of the Punjab, Hergs, UNBRANCHED, WITH ALTERNATE ExstTIPULATE LOBED LEAVES. Cardamiine macrophylla, CRUCIFER®. fpr. is 100; Himalaya, 7-12,000 it. Sangri near Narkanda (Collett). Murree, Kashmir. “Arabis glabra, Arabis taraxicifolia, Sisymbrium Wallichii, CRUCIFER. Pee 149. Himalaya, 5-7.000 ft. Kashmir, Salt Range. Sisymbrium Irio, London Rocket, Naktru a , jangli sarson, CRUCIFERZ. FB. 1.7, Too. The Plains. Raphanus sativus, Radish, Muli. CRUCIFER®. ef ay1 e100. The Plains to 16,000 ft. Chorispora sabulosa, PETALS UNUNITED. medium size, perennial, rootstock creeping, stems 12-18 in., stout, smooth, streaked, leaves 6 in., radical few, soon falling off, lobes 9, 11-3 in., irregularly, ‘sharply, deeply toothed, ending in a tie nearly entire, tail-like point, sometimes all pinnate, lobes of stem leaves smaller, mre numerous, flowers white, } in. long, crowded, pods #-1 in., first erect, afterwards spreading, with very ‘thick margins ; for other characters see the last species. see Herbs, Unbranched, Opposite, Exstipulate, Simple. see Herbs, Unbranched, Opposite, Exstipulate, Lobed. small to medium size, perennial, rough, hairy “with forked and star-shaped hairs, stem 6-18 in., slender, crect ; leaves radical 1-3 in., iebem side-lobes pointing back, end lobe large, stem leaves 4-134 in., few, linear-lanceolate, alternate, pinnately divided or almost entire ; fldwérs shia, white, changing to pink, sepals 4, petals 4, with long stalks, Shomer 6, 2 outer shorter, 4 inner longer, in opposite pairs, style short, tapering, stigma 2-lobed; pod 2-3} in. long, very slender, spreading, curved, smooth. like the last species, but much taller, smooth, leaves pinnately divided but lobes not pointing back, end-lobe large but often arrow-headed, flowers yellow, pods shorter, erect. ‘The seeds, khubkalan, are used as stimulant and expectorant in Muhammadan medicine. medium size, annual or biennial, rough or smooth, root fleshy, spindle-shaped or round, sometimes 12 in, long; leaves pinnately divided, end-lobes largest, rough with loose scattered hairs; flowers large, white or lilac with purple veins, in long bractless racemes, sepals ‘4, lateral ones pouched at the base, petals 4, stamens 6, 2 outer short, 4 inner longer in opposite pairs, style long ; pod 1 to 12 in., cy lindrie, thick, continuous with a long tapering beak filled with pith separating the seeds, sbods round, hanging. This plant is widely cultivated. see Herbs, Unbranched, Opposite, Exstipulate, Siniple. Plants of the Punjab. ‘505 HexBs, UNBRANCHED, WITH ALTERNATE EXSTIPULATE LOBED LEAVES. Saxifraga odontophylla, SAXIFRAGACEA, BO Bat: 1. 390; Himalaya, 10,000 ft. Kulu, Lahul. ‘Saxifraga sibirica, SAXIFRAGACEA. Hy Be Fi. 390, Himalaya, 9-14,000 ft. Hazara, Kashmir, Adoxa Moschateilina, The Moschatel, CAPRIFOLIACE. F. B. I. iii. 2. Kashmir (Falconer). Pir Panjal (C. B. Clarke). Tanacetum senecionis, Purkar. ComposiT&. PoBy 12n..319. Himalaya, 11-14,000 ft, Lahul. PETALS UNUNITED. small, perennial, hairy, stem 6-10 in., leafy; leaves radical kidney-shaped, stalked, with 7-12 shallow rounded lobes, stem leaves triangular, short-pointed ; flowers 3-6, white, clustered on a main stalk, bracts 2, unequal, at’ the base of the main flower stalk, calyx lobes 5, joined to the base of the ovary, overlapping, calyx tube short, bell- shaped, calyx lobes ovate-linear approaching each other, petals 5, longer than the calyx lobes, stamens 10, carpels 2, united below, narrowed upwards into a style, stigma in- ternal, almost round, ripe carpels dry, opening at the top, seeds small, oblong with rounded ends. very like the last species, but the flowers and the carpeis are smaller, stem leaves usually entire. small, perennial, rootstock short, creeping, stem 3-6 in., simple, terminating in a solitary flower stalk ; leaves radical $-2 i. diam., divided into 3 portions, each portion divided again into segments, stem leaf usually solitary, divided into three ; flowers small, green, inodorous, in a stalked head $ in. diam., calyx lobes 5, corolla lobes 5 in the central flower of the head with 4 or more lateral flowers with 6 calyx lobes and 6 corolla lobes, calyx tube united to the ovary, stamens 8-12, in pairs on the corolla, alternating with the lobes, styles 3-5; drupe +} in. diam., nearly round, pyrenes 4-5, flattened, seeds ovate, with a broad top, flattened. The plant in England has a musky scent. FLOWERS, MINUTE, IN HEADS, ALL TUBULAR. small, perennial, felted or woolly, root stout, woody stems few or many, 4-10in.; leaves radical 1-3 in., pal- mately divided, segments ;hort or long, lmear blunt ; flowers yellow, in heads 4-3 in., forming a flat-topped woolly cluster, bracts of the head broadly ovate with a woolly disk, margins broad, dry, brown, floor of head convex naked, corollas stout, cylindric, 5-toothed, anther-bases blunt, entire; achenes flattened, 5-angled, ovoid with a broad top, pappus hairs none. ‘The roots are somet’mes used for fuel. The English representative of this genus - is Tanacetum vulgare—Common ‘Tansy. 506 Plans of the Punjab, Herss, UNBRANCHED, WITH ALTERNATE ExstTipuLATE Lopep LEavas, PETALS UNITED, FLOWERS, MINUTE IN HEADS, ALL TUBULAR. Tanacetum Falconeri, CoMPOSITS. F. B. I. iii. 320. Kashmir. . 10,000 ft. Tanacetum longifolium, CoMPOSITR. F. B. I. iu, 320. Himalaya, 10-138,500 ft. Hattu, The Chor (Collett). Kashmir. Emilia sonchifolia, CoMPOSITS. F. B. 1. i. 836, The Plains to 6,000 ft. Valleys below Simla (Collett). Cnicus arvensis, Saussurea taraxicifolia, ComposIT»®. F, B. I. iu. 368, Himalaya, east of the Sutlej, 12-15,000 ft. Hattu (Collett). like the last species, but much larger, 12-24 in., leaves more oblong, lobes slender, sharp-pointed. like the last species in head of flowers, but differing in foliage, leaves radical, 5-10 in., linear, slender, segments thread-like, bracts of the head with purple margins in- stead of brown, heads with 50-60 flowers instead of 20 as in the last species. small to medium size, annual, smooth or rough, very variable, stems 10-24 in., sometimes branched ; leaves radi- cal 2-4 in., spreading, stalked, more or less pinnately divided: lobes entire or coarsely toothed, end lobe much the largest, stem leaves few, 1-4 in., sessile or stalked, base often lobed, stem-clasping, pinnately divided, lanceolate or ovate; flowers purple, in long-stalked clustered heads, $-} in. diam, bracts of heads in one row, narrow, equal, edges often unived, turned back after flowering, floor of head flat, naked, corol- las slender, 5-toothed, pappus white, abundant; achenes 5-angled, angles bristly. 4 ~ see Herbs, Unbranched, Alternate, Exstipulate, Simple. small, perennial, smooth or cottony, rootstock stout, with old black bases of leaf stalks, stem 1-6 in., usually 2 or 8 in., slender ; leaves stalked, spreading, linear, long, pinnately divided with lobes pointing back, smoothish above, white-felted beneath, lobes many, oblong or bluntly triangular, rarely toothed or lobulate, tips and teeth with a large stiff point on a nearly straight edge; flowers $ in., purple, in a solitary smooth rather cottony head, 1-14 in. diam., bracts of head lanceolate, not spine-tipped, Plants of the Punjab. 507 SX Herss, UNBRANCHED, WITH ALTERNATE ExstipuLatTe Loprep Lauavus. Saussurea Kunthiana, CompositTz. F, B, I. iii. 869. Himalaya, 14-16,000 ft. Kashmir, Saussurea Falconeri, CompositTa. Fe Bk. i. 369; Kashmir, 13,000 ft. (Clarke). Saussurea candicans, Saussurea hypoleuca, Saussurea Lappa, The Costus, Kut, kust-talk, patchak. ComposiTa. Ba Beloit. 376. Kashmir, 8-12,000 ft. PETALS UNITED. FLOWERS, MINUTE IN HEADS, ALL TUBULAR. Sometimes curved back, floor of head densely bristly, corollas slender, deeply 5-lobed, anther-tails short, woolly, pappus hairs 3 in., pale brown, outer hairs few, rough; achenes oblong, 4-ribbed, wrinkled. like the last species, but stemless, lobes of the leaf 4-3 in. long, broader, more square, lobulate, upper sur- face never smooth, achenes rough with short firm excre- scences. like the last species, but woolly, stem stout, corolla 1} in, see Herbs, Erect, Alternate, Exstipulate, Lobed. see Herbs, Erect, Alternate, Exstipu'ate, Lobed. large, perennial, velvety above, very tall, robust, stem 6-7 ft., } in. diam. ; leaves radical with the leaf stalk 24-36 in. long, triangular with a long-lobed winged stalk, terminal-lobe of leaves 12 in. diam., stem leaves 6-12 in. long, including the stalk when present, base half stem-clasp- ing with ear-shaped lobes ; flowers 3? in. long, dark purple in nearly hard round axillary sessile or in a terminal cluster of 2-5 heads, bracts of the head ovate-lanceolate, numerous, long-pointed, stiff, recurved, smooth, bristles of the floor of head in. long, pappus hairs in 2 rows, outer also feathery, $ in., brown, anther-tails fringed ; achenes 4 in., curved, flattened, margins thickened, one rib on each face, top cupped, contracted. The plant is much used in Indian medicine, it was much valued by the ancients, it supplies a perfume and is used as a stimulant and an aphrodisiac, 508 Plants of the Punjab. Herss, UNBRANCHED, WITH ALTERNATE ExstiputAtTe Losup Luavzs. PETALS UNITED. FLOWERS, MINUTE, IN HEADS, ALL TUBULAR. Jurinea ceratocarpa, Jurinea macrocephala, Dhup, gugal, shangar. ComposiTa. EB 378. Himalaya, 11-14,000 ft. Kashmir. Serratula pallida, Tridax procumbens, Achillea Millefolium, ‘Milfoil or Yarrow, ~Momadru chopandiga (Kashmir). Buimaderan (Pushtu). Composit”. Pepa? inhore. Himalaya, 6-11,000 ft. Mahasu, Hattu (Collett). ‘Kashmir, see Herbs, Unbranched, Alternate, Exstipulate, Simple. medium size, perennial, root woody, stemless ; leaves 6-18 by 14-7 in., oblong-lanceolate, pinnate or pmnately divided, lobes contiguous, lobulate or pinnately divided, sometimes crisped, finely toothed, teeth short-pointed or with a large stiff pomt on a nearly straight margin, cob- webby or cottony above, white-felted beneath, flowers 1-1} in., purple, in many sessile or shortly stalked heads 3-30, 2-1 in. diam., stalks of head stout, cottony or felted at the base, bracts of the head 3-1} in., outer ovate-lance- olate, inner oblong-lanceolate, long-poimted, rough or smooth, erect, bristles of floor of head short, very stiff, united into cups; achenes 4-4 in., curved, flattened, '4-5- angled, ashy grey, tubercled, pappus hairs abundant, 1 in., brown, united at the base. The roots called Dhup are used as incense in Thibet, and exported to the Plains as a medicine. see Herbs, Unbranched, Alternate, Exstipulate, Simple. INNER TUBULAR, OUTER LIGULATE. see Prostrate Herbs, Alternate, Exstipulate, Lobed. small to medium size, perennial, velvety, root bear- ing runners, stems 6-18 in., grooved, leafy ; leaves 2-6 in., narrowly oblong-lanceolate, pinnately divided and re-divid- ed, segments close set, linear, short-pointed, radical stalked, stem leaves sessile ; flowers, inner yellow, outer white or pinkish, in ovoid, Shortly-stalked heads } in. diam., crowd- ed in compound flat-topped branching racemes, bracts of head few, erect, outer shorter, floor of head flat, covered with thin oblong scales, nearly equal to the corollas, inner flowers 5-toothed, outer ligules rounded, reflexed, anther- bases blunt, style-arms tipped with long brushes of hairs, pappus none ; achenes oblong, flattened with 2 hard wings, shining. This plant was used in Europe as an aromatic, stimulant and is still used'in India. Plants of the Punjab. 509 Heras, UNBRANCHED, WITH ALTERNATE ExstipuLATE Lopep LEAVES. PETALS UNITED, FLOWERS, MINUTE, IN HEADS, INNER TUBULAR, OUTER LIGULATE. Anthemis odontostephana, Centaurea, Cyanus, Centaurea depressa, Gerbera lanuginosa, Gerbera Kunzeana, Crepis sibirica, Crepis acaulis, Crepis tenuifolia, Crepis Stoliczkai, Pterotheca Falconeri, Lactuea Seariola, Lactuca undulata, Lactuca dissecta, Lactuca rapuncuoides, Lactuca sagittarioides, see Herbs, Erect, Alternate, Exstipulate, Lobed. see Herbs, Erect, Alternate, Exstipulate, Lobed. see Herbs, Hrect, Alternate, Exstipulate, Lobed, see Herbs, Unbranched, Opposite, Eixstipulate, Lobed, ALL LIGULATE. see Herbs, Unbranched, Opposite, Exstipulate, Lobed. see Herbs, Unbranched, Alternate, Exstipulate, Simple, see Herbs, Unbranched, Alternate, Exstipulate, Simple. see Herbs, Erect, Alternate, Exstipulate, Lobed. see Herbs, Unbranched, Alternate, Exstipulate, Simple see Herbs, Unbranched, Alternate, Exstipulate, Simple. see Herbs, Erect, Alternate, Exstipulate, Lobed. see Herbs, Erect, Alternate, Exstipulate, Lobed. see Herbs, Erect, Alternate, Exstipulate, Lobed. see Herbs, Erect, Alternate, Exstipulate, Lobed. see Herbs, Erect, Alternate, Exstipulate, Lobed, 510 Plants of the Punjab. Hnres, UNBRANCHED, WITH ALTERNATE Exstipunatp Losep Leaves. PETALS UNITED, », FLOWERS, MINUTE, IN HEADS, ALL LIGULATH. Launza secunda, CoMPposiT». F. B. I. in, 416, Himalaya, 4-8,000 it. Sutlej Valley (Collett). Hazara. Androsace rotundifolia, PRIMULACES. F. B. I. ii, 496. Himalaya, 5-11,000 ft. Simla, Mashobra (Collett). Murree, Kahuta, Sakesar (Douie). Cortusa Matthioli, PRIMULACES. F, B. I. iii. 501. Kashmir, Lahul, 7-9,000 ft. Celsia coromandeliana, Be medium size to large, annual or perennial, smooth juice yellow, stems nearly solitary, leafless, stiff, unbranch- ed or sparingly so; leaves radical many, 4-8 by 1-3 in. oblong, pinnately divided, margins of old leaves set with minute sharp hard teeth, stem leaves none or few ; flowers yellow, in narrow heads 3-3 in. long, shortly stalked, soli- tary or in small clusters of 2 or 8, forming long one-sided racemes, bracts of the head many, green, margins white inner long, narrow, equal, outer shorter, floor of head flat naked, pappus soft, white, not feathery, united below ; achenes narrowly oblong, strongly ribbed. FLOWERS NOT IN HEADS. small, perennial, velvety-glandular or hairy; leaves all radical, 4-14 in. diam., stalk 1-4 in., rounded-heart- shaped, lobed, lobes very shallow, round-toothed, blade shorter than the stalk ; flowers deep to pale pink, in umbels at the end of slender erect stalks, bracts round, umbels wedge-shaped, toothed, sessile or stalked, calyx tubular 5-lobed, lobes short-pointed, enlarged and spreading in fruit, corolla salver-shaped, 4-4 m. diam., tube shorter than the calyx, narrowed, wrinkled at the mouth, lobes 5 spreading, entire or slightly notched, stamens 5, included 1 the corolla, style short, stigma round ; capsule ovoid cplitting from the top im 5 valves, smaller than the calyx, ceeds few, usually 2, minute, rounded, granulate. PRFTALS UNITED. small, perennial, velvety ; leaves 1-4 in. diam., rounded- heart-shaped, 7-9-lobed, lobes shallow, round-toothed, flowered umbels at the end of slender stalks much longer than the leaf stalks, bracts }-} in., lanceolate, calyx bell- shaped, 5-lobed, small, lobes ovate, corolla tube very short, deeply cleft into 5 lobes, throat naked, lobes oblong blunt, anthers 5, nearly sessile at the base of the corolla, forked, nearly meeting above, style thread-like, protrud- ing; capsule ovoid, 5-valved, many-seeded, see Herbs, Erect, Alternate, Exstipulate, Lobed. Plants of the Punjab. 511 Heres, UNBRANCHED, WITH ALTERNATE ExstTIPULATE LoBED LEAVES. Mazus sureulosus, Pedicularis pectinata, Pedicularis tenuirostris, Pedicularis porrecta, Pedicularis brevifolia, Pedicularis verticillata, Pedicularis pyenantha, Pedicularis megalantha, ScROPHULARIACE). Be ie Weve, ober. Himalaya, 7-14,000 ft. Matiana, Hattu, Baghi (Collett). Dungagalli. Kashmir, Pedicularis bicornuta, SCROPHULARIACE. PB. B. Live ol, Himalaya, 9-18,000 ft. Kashmiy, PETALS UNITED, see Prostrate Herbs, Opposite, Exsti- .iate, Lobed. seo Herbs, Erect, Alternate, Exstipulate, Lobed. see Herbs, Erect, Alternate, estou Lobed. see Herbs, Erect, Alternate, Exstipulate, Lobed. see Herbs, Unbranched, Opposite, Exstipulate, Lobed. see Herbs, Unbranched, Opposite, Exstipulate, Lobed. see Herbs, Unbranched, Opposite, Exstipulate, Lobed. medium size, velvety or hairy, stem 12-24 in., stout, erect, leafy; leaves radical 2-10 in., pinnately divided and re-divided, oblong-lanceolate, lobes short or long, round-toothed, stalk slender, stem leaves sometimes as long ; flowers 21 in. long, yellow, in bracteate racemes 4-10 in. long, at length loose-flowered, bracts pinnately divided, lower ones longer than the flowers, calyx tubular, hairy, teeth 5, irregularly cut, crested, corolla 2-lipped, tube nearly cylindric, twice as long as the calyx, upper lip erect, flattened laterally, sickle-shaped, enclosing the stamens and style, abruptly bent, produced, beak long, incurved, tip toothed, lower lip large, 1 in. broad, spreading, 3-lobed, stamens 4, in unequal pairs, anthers covering in pairs, style long, slender, stigma round, often projecting from the tip of the beak; capsule 3-14 in. long, oblong, short-pointed, half protruding from the calyx, short-point- ed, seeds 2 in. long, finely netted, often few. like the last species, but stemless or stem short, stout, 6-24 in., bracts round-toothed, corolla yellow as in tle last species, tip of upper lip divided into two, capsule finely long-pointed, twice as long as the calyx, 512 Plants of the Punjab. Heres, UNBRANCHED, WITH ALTERNATE ExstIPULATE LoBpEpD LEAvEs, Pedicularis siphonantha, Pedicularis rhinanthoides, ScrROPHULARIACES. F. B. I. iv. 314, Himalaya, 11-13,000 ft. Pedicularis tubiflora, ScROPHULARIACE. F. B, I. iv. 314. Himalaya, 11-16,000 ft. Kashmir. Pedicularis fissa, Pedicularis versicolor, Anemone biflora, Anemone rupicola, PETALS UNITED, see Herbs, Unbranched, Opposite, Exstipulate, Lobed. small, perennial, smooth below, stem = or. more, 4-10 in., stout, curved, radical leaves 2-3 by 4-3 in,, linear or oblong, pinnately divided deeply or not, lobes ae short, bluntly lobulate, round-toothed ; flowers, 1-13 long, pale or bright pink in short racemes, bracts leaflike calyx 4 in., thin, shortly cleft with 2 short teeth, slightly hairy, corolla tube 2 or 3. times as long as. the calyx, upper lip sickle-shaped, swollen in the middle with a slender incurved or S-shaped beak, lower lip 3-1 in. diam., lateral lobes. large, rounded, mid one small; capsule 2 in, long, oblong-lanceolate, straight or curved, blunt with a, lateral point, 4-4 of it projecting from the calyx, seeds ‘5 in. long, oblong, blunt; for other characters see the last, described species. small, perennial, smooth, stem 38-6 m., many from the root, short, leafy, stout, often branched ; leaves 1-3 by 4-4 in., radical leaves. very many, stalked, linear, pin; nately div Aided, deeply or not, lobes many, short, round- toothed ; flowers 14-24 in. long, yellow with dark spots on the low er lip, axillary in the very short racemes, bracts leaflike, longer than the calyx, stalks of the axillary flowers up to ? in., calyx 3 in., smooth, with large crested lobes, corolla tube slender, up to 2 in. long, upper lip erect, swollen, with a slender deflexed twisted beak, lower lip 3-3? in. broad; capsule 3-2 in long, oblong-lan- ceolate, short-pointed, ee of it projecting from the calyx, seeds ad in., minute, narrow, black ; for other characters see the last Species, see Herbs, Unbranched, Opposite, Exstipulate, Lobed, see Herbs, Unbranched, Opposite, Exstipulate, Lobed. PETALS NONE, see Herbs, Unbranched, Opposite, Exstipulate, Lobed. see Herbs, Unbranched, Opposite, Exstipulate, Lobed. Plants of the Punjab. 518 Se ee Heres, UNBRANCHED, WITH ALTERNATE ExstipuLATE Lossup Leavss, Anemone vitifolia, Anemone Faleoneri, Anemvne obtusiloba, Anemone rupestris, \ Anemone \ polyanthes, \ Anemone tetrasepala, Anemone elongata, Caltha palustris, Acroglochin chenopodioides, CHENOPODIACEA, BB. ve 2, Himalaya, 5-8,000 ft. Kashmir. Typhonium diversifolium, ARACH or AROIDER. Ros. Tews 510, Himalaya, 6-8,000 ft. Rampore, Sutlej Valley (Collett). PETALS NONE. see Herbs, Erect, Alternate, Exstipulate, Lobed. see Herbs, Unbranched, Opposite, Exstipulate, Lobed. see Herbs, Unbranched, Opposite, Exstipulate, Lobed. see Herbs, Unbranched, Opposite, Exstipulate, Lobed, see Herbs, Unbranched, Opposite, Exstipulate, Lobed. see Herbs, Unbranched, Opposite, Exstipulate, Lobed. see Herbs, Unbranched, Opposite, Exstipulate, Lobed. seo Herbs, Hrect, Alternate, Exstipulate, Lobed. medium size, annual, smooth, stem 12-24 in., stiff, straight ; leaves 1-24 in., stalk 4-1 in., lobulate, slightly irregularly toothed ; flowers ;} in. diam., minute, green, sessile, clustered in the axils of short axillary groups, shorter than the leaves, } in. long and broad, branches rigid, spreading, speals 5, almost short-pointed, petals none, stamens 1-3, dilated below, style short, stigmas 2, awl- shaped ; capsule shaped like a dise, depressed, opening circularly, seed black, shining, horizontal. small, perennial, root tuberous, round, stems 3-9 in., slender, leaf solitary, rarely 2, appearing with the flowers, 3-6 in. long and broad, forked at the base, triangu- lar like an arrow head, divided into 3-7 oblong to narrowly linear lobes, stalk 8-12 in., slender ; flowers fetid, male and female minute, clustered on a rod (spadix), female purple in a green sheath (spathe) 2-8 in. long, striped and tinged with purple, on a main stalk, 2-9 in. long, spathe tube short, margins free, overlapping, blade lanceolate, finely pointed, spadix terminating in a columnar, blunt, smooth, dark purple process, 14 in. long, protruding from or enclosed in the spathe, female flowers purple, crowd- ed round the base of the spadix, sepals and petals none, LL 514 - Plants of the Punjab, Heres, UNBRANCHED, WITH ALTERNATE ExstipuLaTE Loprp Laaves. Amorphophallus eampanulatus, PEATLS NONE, ovary ovoid or round, stigma sessile, neutral flowers con- sisting of scales above the female for a distance of ? in. on the spadix then the male flowers consisting merely of almost sessile anthers ; berries ovoid, 1-2-seeded, seeds round. see Herbs, Unbranched, Opposite, Exstipulate, Lobed. Herss, UNBRANCHED, WITH ALTERNATE EXSTIPULATE COMPOUND LEAVES, Cardamine hirsuta, Cardamine impatiens, Cardamine macrophylla, Cleome viscosa, Oxalis Acetosella, Trachydium Roylei, Elzosticta meifolia, Apium graveolens, Menyanthes trifoliata, Buckbean or Boybean, GENTIANACE®. PBT ty, 180. Kashmir. Amphicome arguta, PETALS UNUNITED. see Herbs, Unbranched, Alternate, Exstipulate, Lobed. see Herbs, Unbranched, Alternate, Exstipulate, Lobed. see Herbs, Unbranched, Alternate, Exstipulate, Lobed. see Herbs, Erect, Alternate, Exstipulate, Compound. see Herbs, Unbranched, Opposite, Stipulate, Com- pound. see Herbs, Unbranched, Alternate, Exstipulate, Com- pound. see Herbs, Erect, Alternate, Exstipulate, Compound. see Herbs, Erect, Alternate, Exstipulate, Compound. PETALS UNITED. perennial, roostock creeping or floating, stems covered by the loose sheaths of the leaf bases ; leaves with 8 leaf- lets, leaf stalks 3-8 in. long, leaflets nearly sessile, 2 by 1 in., flowers 4-3 in., white or bluish, in racemes 1-6 in. long, on stalks 3-6 in. long, sepals 5, oblong-lanceolate, corolla shortly funnel-shaped, divided half way down into 5 lobes, lobes fringed or crested within, stamens 5, on the corolla tube ; capsule }-4in.. round, seeds +; in., many, shining, yellow, smooth. This plant was once considered in Europe an excellent tonic. see Herbs, Erect, Alternate, Exstipulate, Compound Plants of the Punjab, 515 Herss, UNBRANCHED, WITH ALTERNATE EXxsTIPULATE ComPoUND LEAVES, Amphicome Emodi, Ariszema utile, ARACE or AROIDEA. BB. bo wi. 499: Himalaya, ,000-9,000 ft. Kashmir. Arisema intermedium, ARACE OF AROIDEA. Be Besley. 500) Himalaya, 7-9,000 ft. Simla, Mashobra, Mahasu (Collett), Ariseema Wallichianum, ARACEZ or AROIDER. F.Boke-viz 500. Himalaya, cast of the Sutle}, 6-8,000 ft. Mashobra, Mahasu (Collett). Jaku, Baghi, Nathiagali (Douie). PETALS UNITED. see Herbs, Erect, Alternate, Exstipulate, Compound. PETALS NONE. small to medium size, perennial, root tuberous, 3-5 in. diam., depressed above; leaf solitary, stalk 8-10 in., thick, smooth, green, base sheathing, digitately compound, leaflets 3, sessile, oblong-ovate or ovate with a broad tip, margins wavy, golden, round-toothed ; flowers small, one sexual, crowded on a fleshy, erect rod or spadix, terminat- ing the stemmoreorless enclosed in a sheath, or spathe} lower portion of spathe (tube) folded round the spadix, upper portion of spathe (limb) open, spreading, male flowers scattered, consisting of a shortly stalked head of 8 anthers, female flowers crowded, consisting of an one- celled ovary, spathe-limb 4 in. broad, red-brown or purplish, netted, oblong or ovate with a broad end, broadly notched or 2-lobed with a short purple tail that bends round the long thread-like tail of the spadix, lobes of limb forming 2 dull violet flaps which overhang the tube, spadix stout, tail purple, suddenly narrowed from a broad disc-shaped lobed base into the twisted thread-like extremity, fruiting spike naked ; berries red, usually one-seeded. rootstock oblique or shortly creeping and rooting, leaf usually solitary, sometimes two, leaflets ovate, long- pointed, lateral oblique, middle one longest, spathe green, striped with purple and white, limb gradually narrowed into a long point, spadix tail green, base only purple, male and female flowers on different plants ; otherwise like the last species. root tuberous, depressed, leaf solitary, leaflets broadly ovate, shortly-pointed, middle one circular, spathe-tube ribbed, dark green on a pale ground, limb broad, abruptly contracted in a short tail-like tip, centre dark purple- striped, margins chequered with pale green veins, ex- tremity of spadix purple ; otherwise like the last species, LL 9 516 Plants of the Punjab. Henrss, UNBRANOHED, WITH ALTERNATE HXSTIPULATE COMPOUND LEAVES, Ariszema tortuosum, Kiriki kukr. ARACE or AROIDER. F. B. I. vi. 500. Himalaya, east of the Sutlej, 6-8,000 ft. Simla (Collett), Ariszema flavum, ARACE Or: AROIDER. F. B. I. vi. 503. Himalaya, 5-9,000 ft. Simla, Mashobra (Collett). Kashmir. Ariszema Jaequemontii, ARACE or AROIDER. FABLE vis b00; Himalaya, 7-8,000 ft. Simla (Collett). Murree (Douie), Kashmir. PETALS NONE. rootstock tuberous, spheroidal up to 5 in. diam., leaves 2-3, pedately compound that is palmate with the lateral leaflets on a common stalk, leaflets 9 up to~15, unequal, most of them stalked, ovate-lanceolate, long- pointed, spathe tube narrow, mouth contracted, limb green, broad, ending on a long-pointed tip, spadix prolonged into a far protruding, tail-like extremity, first erect then curved down and again erect, purple or the end green, male and female flowers usually on the same plant, anthers white or pale yellow or blue or purple ; otherwise like the last species. In Collett’s Flora Simlensis A. hellebori- folium and A. curvatum take the place of this species. The root is used to kill the worms which infest cattle in the rains. rootstock round, leaves usually 2, sometimes only one, pedately compound, leaflets 9 to 11, unequal, nearly sessile, lanceolate-long-pointed, spathe purple inside, tube very short, green, limb short-pomted, yellow spadix short, thick conical, yellow, club-shaped, enclosed in the spathe, male and female flowers on the same plant, male sessile, anthers united, forming a continuous layer ; otherwise like the last species. rootstock tuberous, nearly round, stems 12-24 in., sometimes mottled, a much more elegant plant than any of the other species, leaves usually two, sometimes one, digi- tately compound, leaflets 5-7, unequal, lanceolate, 3-8 by 1-2 in., spathe green-striped with fine white lmes, longi- tudinal tube long, narrow, limb fairly broad tapering into a slender long, green or purple thread-like, erect or droop- ing tail, spadix prolonged into a thin tapering extremity, much shorter than the tail of the spathe, dhe tip curved forwards and protruding to one side ; otherwise like the last species, Plants of the Punjab. 517 SSS ea ee EEE LES ee ALP SRE ene PROSTRATEH PLANTS. PRostRATE SHRUBS WITH OpposiTts Exstipunare Simpie Leavas. Lonicera parvifolia, Thymus Serpyllum, Micromeria biflora, Ephedra vulgaris, PRosTRATE SHRUBS Capparis spinosa, Alysicarpus vaginalis, Desmodium triquetrum, var. pseudo- triquetrum, (D. C. Prod, ii. 826). LEGUMINOSZ. F. B. I. 1. 168. Himalaya, along the base, east of the Ravi to 4,000 ft. Kangra. Flemingia strobilifera, var, fruticulosa, LEGUMINOS&. BB; Tne 2a. Himalaya, ~ 4-9,000 ft. Simla (Collett). Dalhousie. PETALS UNIFED, see Shrubs, Opposite, Exstipulate, Simple. see Shrubs, Opposite, Exstipulate, Simple. see Shrubs, Opposite, Exstipulate, Simple. see Leafless Plants, Petals None. WitH ALTERNATE STIPULATE SimpLE Leavzs, PETALS UNUNITED. see Shrubs, Alternate, Stipulate, Simple. see Prostrate Herbs, Alternate, Stipulate, Simple, small, branches prostrate, grooved, triangular, almost smooth, leaflet one, 4-5 in. long, narrowly oblong-lanceo- late, short-pointed, base rounded or almost heart-shaped, green, smooth, netted on both sides, 2 stipels small, united to the upper margin of the wing of the leaflet stalk, stalk 1in., broadly winged, stipules 4-3 in., persistent ; flowers 4 in., purple, in narrow axillary and terminal ra- cemes, 6-10 in. long, consisting of solitary clustered flowers in the axils of thin stipule-like bracts with similar but smaller ones at their base, calyx 4 in., bell-shaped, teeth 5, upper 2 teeth triangular, lower 8 linear, corolla 3 In., upper petal (standard) broad, outermost, 2 lateral (wing) petals more or less adherent to the two united lower petals (keel) blunt, stamens 10, in two bundles of 9 and of 1, style incurved, stigma minute, round; pod 1-2 in, long, joints 6-8, thin, a little broader than long, smooth, except for a few flat-lying hairs along the sutures. small, branches prostrate, 6-18 in., spreading from the root ; leaves 13-3 in., ovate or nearly circular, dark green- reddish when young, folded into plaits, nerves prominent below, stipules 7 in., linear; flowers 4 in. long, pink or white, in small clusters enclosed by folded, transparent, dry, circular bracts, nearly 2 in. across, arranged in 2 rows in short racemes, with zigzag central stalk, bracts shortly stalked, } in. long, deeply heart-shaped, calyx } in., finely hairy, teeth 5, lanceolate, lowest longest, corolla 518 Plants of the Punjab. ProstrRATE SHRUBS WITH ALTHRNATE STIPULATE SIMPLE Lpavas. Prunus prostrata, Cotoneaster, nummularia, Cotoneaster microphylla, Rosachs, EBL 1. 387, Himalaya, 4-10,000 ft. Simla (Collett). Narkanda, Hattu, Kashmir. Ficus foveolata, PETALS UNUNITED. hardly protruding from the calyx, petals nearly equal, upper petal (standard) broadly ovate, spreading, keel (lower) petals incurved, blunt, stamens 10, upper one free, others united, style incurved, thicker in the middie, tip smooth, stigma small; pod } in,, short, oblong, swollen, seeds 1 or 2. see Shrubs, Alternate, Stipulate, Simple. see Shrubs, Alternate, Stipulate, Simple. small, dense, intricately branched; leaves }-} in,, ovate, short-pointed or blunt, dark green, shining above, velvety or felted beneath, margins recurved, stipules bristle- like, soon falling off; flowers 4 in., white, usually solitary, axillary, calyx tube bell-shaped, lobes 5, short, persistent, petals 5, round, stamens many, styles 2 5, stigmas round ; berry } in., round, bright red, containing 2-5 bony one- seeded nutlets. PETALS NONE. see Climbing Plants, Alternate, Stipuiate, Simple. ProstRATE SHRUBS WITH ALTERNATE STIPULATE COMPOUND LEAVES. Flemingia congesta, var. semialata, Rubus macilentus, Rosachs. F. B. I. 1. 336. Himalaya, 4-6.000 ft. Hazara (Stewart). PETALS UNUNITED. seo Prostrate Herbs, Alternate, Stipulate, Compound. nearly smooth, without glands, prickly, trailing, stems stout, red brown, bluntly angled, shining, prickles }4-} in., much flattened, stout, straight or hooked ; leaves com- pound, leaflets 3, }-2 in., rigidly leathery, brown when dry, smooth on both sides, terminal leaflet ovate-lanceo- late, long-pointed, lateral ones sessile, smaller, sometimes circular, mid-rib beneath with hooded prickles, stalk stiff sometimes velvety along the grooved upper surface, doubly round-toothed, stipules bristly ; flowers 4 in. diam., in flat-topped branching 1-3-flowered racemes, main flower stalk 4-? in., velvety, axillary or almost terminal, calyx without bracteoles, persistent, silky outside, felted within tube spreading, 5-lobed, lobes tailed, erect in fruit, petals 5, Plants of the Punjab. 519 Prosrrare SHRUBS WITH ALTERNATE STIPULATH CompouND LuAvEs. Rubus elliptieus, Lal Anchhu, akht, Rosacem. F. B. I. ii, 386. Himalaya, 2-7,000 ft. Simla, Mashobra (Collett). Rubus fruticosus, var. discolor, Bramble, Blackberry, Alish, kanachi. Rosacez. fobs Ue tl. oot. Himalaya, west of the Chenab, Ja au, Murree. Rubus antennifer, Rubus purpureus, var. subinermis, RosacEs. BB. Ear. aos, Kashmir, 8-10,000 ft. PETALS UNUNITED, circular-ovate with broad tip, stalked, longer than the sepals, st:mens many ; fruit round, yellow or orange, enclosed in the calyx, drupes 20-80, smooth, on a columnar velvety receptacle, seed rugged. The fruit is eaten. like the last species, but larger, shaggy, with long, tawny bristles, upper surface of leaflets green, velvety, lower grey-felted, carpels silky, The fruit which is golden yellow has a pleasant flavour like a raspberry. like the last species, but branches and under-surface of leaves white, felted with star-shaped hairs, flowers pink- in large ovate dense branching racemes, calyx lobes short, reflexed in fruit, carpels quite smooth, fruit black, seed pitted. ‘The fruit is eaten. gee Prostrate, Herbs, Alternate, Stipulate, Compound. common in water channels, straggling over the banks, branches stout, shining, pale or dark yellowish, purple, glandular hairs few, scattered, prickles replaced by strong bristles, leaflets 8-5, 2-4 in. long, smooth above, white beneath, broad ovate or circular heart-shaped, coarsely sharply doubly round-toothed, lateral leaflets sessile, smaller, leaf stalk 1-8 in., stout, pale coloured like the branches, stipules bristly, glandular, flowers 3 in. diam., drooping, solitary in the lower axils, 2-4 in., clusters on one stalk in the upper, calyx velvety, bristly, lobes ovate- lanceolate, finely long-pointed, erect in fruit, petals smaller than the calyx, circular-oblong, fruit red, round, enclosed — in the calyx, of many felted drupes on a columnar velvety receptacle ; for other characters see the last described. Species. 520 Plants of the Punjab. ProstRaTE SHRUBS WITH ALTERNATE EXsTIPULATE COMPOUND LEAVES. Rubus pungens, Rosaces, F. B. I. ii. 841. Kashmir, 7-8,000 ft. Kagan. Potentilla fruticosa, Potentilla Salessovii, PEWALS UNUNITED. stems very long, slender, not glandular except some- times the leaf and flower stalks, prickles many, slender, straight, branches long, cylindric, trailing, green, smooth except the velvety tips, leaves 2-4 in., stalk very slender, sometimes glandular, unarmed or with faintly hooked prickles, leaflets 5-7, 1-1} in., sessile, bright green on both sides, thin, ovate, deeply sharp-toothed, terminal leaflet broader, heart-shaped, 8-lobed, stipules narrow, lanceolate _ or bristle-like, flowers about 1 in. diam., erect, solitary or 2-3 on an axillary long stalk, fruit round, small, drupes few ; for other characters see the last species. see Shrubs, Alternate, Stipulate, Compound. see Shrubs, Alternate, Stipulate, Compound. ProstRATE SHRUBS WITH ALTERNATE EXxSTIPULATE SIMPLE LEAVES. Capparis spinous, Gaultheria nummularioides, ERICACER. PL Bud, iip4b7, Himalayas, 5-9,000 ft. The Chor, Marali (Collett), Gaultheria trichophylla, ERICACEA. f.B. 1, 02467, Himalayas, 10-13,000 ft. Lahul (Jaé:chke), PETALS UNUNITED. see Shrubs, Alternate, Stipulate, Simple. PHTALS UNITED. small, prostrate, much branched, ieafy, stems creep- ing over banks, hairy; leaves } by 4 in., ovate from a round- ed base, short-pointed, minutely stalked, smooth above, bristly beneath, flowers reddish-white, minute on stalks iv in., covered with leathery, smooth, ovate bracts, calyx teeth 4 in., lanceolate, corolla + by ?; in. wide, tubular, lobes minute, stamens 10 ; capsule 4 in, diam., succulent, blue black. small stems, wiry, prostrate, much branched ; leaves 4 by }in., oblong from a narrow base, nearly sessile, margin even or minutely toothed, smooth on both surfaces, margins usually with long hairs; flowers red or white, on stalks x m., densely clothed with o\ate bracts ;; in. long, calyx teeth ;*;in., ovate-oblong, ccrolla } in. long and wide, bell-shaped, stamens 10; capsule = in, diam., calyx succue lent, blue black. Plants of the Punjab. 521 pee eo ee. Prostrate Heres with Opposire Sripunare Simpre Leaveg Portulaca quadrifida, Chounlayi, lunak, PortTUuLACER. FE. Bal: & 247. The Plains. Zygophyllum simplex, Aletha. ZYGOPHYLLACEA. Hobe lol, 424. Southern Sandy Plains. Multan (Hdgeworth). Baluchistan (Hughes-Buller). Hedyotis hispida, Hedyotis stipulata, RUBIACER. BL Bot, ii, 63. Himalaya, east of the Ravi, 3-8,000 ft. Valleys below Simla (Collett). Dalhousie. Oldenlandia corymbosa, PETALS UNUNITED, annual, succulent, widely spreading, stems threade like, rooting at the joints ; leaves 57s in., ovate or ovate- lanceolate, flat, very shortly stalked, very fleshy, stipules formed by a rig of long white hairs ; flowers small, yellow solitary, terminal surrounded by a circle of 4 leaves calyx of 2 sepals united below, free part soon falling off em- bracing lower half of ovary, petals 4, goon falling off, stamens about 8, style thread-like, divided to the middle into 4; capsule brittle, splitting transversely seeds flattened, kidney-shaped, minutely studded. A common weed. It is used as a pot herb and sometimes cultivated, the flower opens only for 2 hourg at midday, annual, small, smooth, prostrate, slender, much branch- ed; leaves small, cylindric, fleshy, blunt, sessile stipules lanceolate, short-poimted ; flowers white or yellow with red or purple spots at the base, 1 or 2 on short stalks among the stipules, calyx 4-5-lobed, hooded, ovate with a broad tip, persistent or deciduous, overlapping, petals 4-5-stalked, spoon-shaped, overlapping, twisted. stamens 8-10, longer than the petals with a divided scale at the base ; capsule 4-5-angled, 5 cells containing 2-8 spindle- shaped smooth seeds, which are eaten by the nomad tribes of the Punjab. . PETALS UNITED. see Herbs, Erect, Opposite, Stipulate, Simple, perennial, widely spreading, smooth, stemg 12-24 in rooting at the joints, cylindrical, smooth ; leaves 3-2 i ovate or lanceolate, thin, short-pointed, stalk 1-1 a stipules frmged deeply with long bristles ; flowers small, white, in short stalks forming closely crowded sessile or shortly stalked axillary or terminal clusters, 3-+ in. diam.; calyx lobes 4, shortly pointed, persistent, lanceolate re. curved, longer than the fruit, corolla funnel- or bell- shaped, lobes 4, ovate or linear, stamens 4 in the tube or throat of the corolla, style thread-like, stigma 2-lobed : fruit thin, broadly globose, seeds many, small, angular, pitted. : : see Herbs, Erect, Opposite, Stipulate, Simple, Entire, 522 Plants of the Punjab, Prostraes Hares with Oprpositm Sriputarz SIMPLE LaBavus, Oldenlandia diffusa, RuBIACES, PB owe 6D, The Plains, Oldenlandia erystallina, RuBIACES. F. B. I. iii. 65, The Plains to 6,000 ft. Annandale in Simla, on gravel walks (Collett). Spermacoce hispida, Madanaghant, RuBIACER. F. B. I. i. 200. The Plains to 3,000 ft. Mollugo hirta, Posprang, gandibutr. FIcoIDEs. F. B. 1. ii. 662, The Plains, PEPALS UNIVED. very like the spreading form of the last species, but smoother, flower stalks shorter, stouter, capsules larger, very like the last species, but leaf margins not re- curved, calyx teeth much larger, triangular, lanceolate, not awl-shaped. root annual or perennial, stems prostrate, branches ascending, 6-14 in., stout, 4-angled, bristly hairy or smooth ; leaves 4-14 by 4-% in., ovate or spoon-shaped, short-pointed or blunt, stiff, rough, margins thickened, hard, bristly, stipules thin, short, broad, united to the leaf base, fringed with long bristles ; flowers 4-3 in., blue or white, 4-6, shortly stalked in a circle, axillary or terminal, bracteoles as long as the calyx, thread-like, transparent, calyx ovoid, teeth 4, linear-lanceolate, corolla 4-4 im. long, funnel-shaped, 4-lobed, stamens 4, on the throat or tube of the corolla, style slender, stigma 2-lobed; capsule hairy or velvety, rounded at the base, seeds -+4,-4 in., oblong, granulate, opaque. The root like that of sarsaparilla is given as an alterative. PETALS NONE. woolly with star-shaped hairs, stems much branched, leafy ; leaves 4-1 in., ovate with a broad tip, usually but rarely round to narrowly lanceolate, stalk to } in., stipules soon falling off; flowers }-} in., greenish, usually sessile, axillary, clustered or in racemes, sepals 5, }-} in., oblong, short-pointed, persistent, petals none, stamens 5-10, styles 8-5, linear, short ; capsule a little shorter than the sepals, oblong, thin, 8-5-celled, seeds many, covered with raised points, a membranous scale attached with a linear tip curl- ing half round the seed. A weed of cultivation. It is used as @ purgative, PRosg#Rate Euphorbia thymifolia, Chota dudhi. KuPHORBIACES, K. Bols vy 202: The Plains to 4,000 ft. Valleys below Simla (Collett). Euphorbia granulata, EKuUPHORBIACER. BY Be Te y; 252: The Plains. Euphorbia Clarkeana, ~ Canal weed, KUPHORBIACEA. i, oa. de Ve Boos The Plains, Lahore, Ferozepore. Leeanthus Wightii, UrticacEs. Bebe b. vi559, Himalaya, east of the Ravi, 4-12,000 ft. Simla on old walls (Collett). ft Planis of the Punjab, 528 Hgpres WITH Opposite STIPULATE SIMPLE LEAVgS, PETALS NONE. annual, juice milky, much branched from the root, leafy, velvety ; leaves } in., oblong, blunt, fleshy, teeth short-pointed or rounded, stipules fringed with a long point; flowers very minute, almost solitary, greenish, axillary, especially in the crowded termina branchlets, top-shaped, velvety, sepals 4, short, bristly, petals none, glands green 5, horizontal, almost concealing the sepals, smooth, fleshy, male flowers many, consisting of one stamen with a round anther, female -flowers, one surrounded by. several males, consisting of a 3-celled, stalked ovary, styles 3, branched; tips short, straight or recurved ; cap- sule 1, in. broad, velvety, keeled, seeds wrinkled. The seeds, hazardana, are aromatic and astringent, the juice is purgative. like the last species, but perennial, woolly, smaller, leaves ;5-4 in. not toothed, capsule hairy, not keeled, seeds faintly itted. annual, smooth, reddish, stems thread-like, many, spreading from the annual root, leaves 4-} in., linear- oblong, entire or toothed at the rounded tip, leathery, base almost lobed on one side, leaf stalks very short. stipules large, bristly, from a toothed base, flowers ;y in., axillary, bell-shaped, chiefly seen towards the tips of lateral branches, smooth, lobes lanceolate, toothed, longer than the glands, styles very short, capsules #7; in. broad, quite smooth, keeled, seeds acutely 4-angled, slightly wrinkled transversely ; for other characters see Huphorbia thymi- folia just above, This plant always appears on lawns especially where canal irrigation is used, it is almost im- possible to eradicate it. succulent, velvety, stems prostrate, rooting below then ascending, 1-4 in., weak; leaves 4-1 in., obliquely ovate, 3-nerved at the base, stalked, toothed, stipules thin, united, entire or toothed; flowers minute, pink, bracteolate, crowded on axillary, stalked heads 3-4 in, diam., stalks barely 1 in. long, male and female in differ- ent heads on the same or different plants, male calyx 4- or 5-lobed, lobes nearly equal, stamens 4 or 5, female calyx 3-lobed, lobes very unequal, one large hooded above, two flat, persistent, ovary straight, stigma divided into a tuft of hair-like branches, not persistent ; achenes narrow, ob- long, ved, longer than the calyx, 524 Plants of the Punjab. 8 ProstRATE HeRBS WITH OPPOSITE STIPULATE SimpLE LEAVES. t Lecanthus Wallichii, URTICACES. Repel ys p00: (See under L. Wightii). Himalaya, east of the Ravi, 4-10,000 ft. Simla, the Glen, in damp places. (Collett). Jaku. Elatostemma sessile, Elatostemma surculosum, Pouzolzia indica, var, alienata, UrticacEes. PB. d: vs os. The Plains to 5,000 ft. Valleys below Simla, on dry rocky slopes (Collett). Koti. Pouzolzia pentandra, Pippira-sari. URTICACE. Her Lv. 000. The Valleys below 3,000 ft. Hast of Kangra (Collett). Pouzolzia hirta, Urticacnm®. HBV. 000. The valleys below 5,000 ft. Bast of Chamba (Collett), PETALS NONE. stems 12-24 in., stout, leaves 2-4 in., tip long, tail- like, heads 4-1} m. diam., on stalks 2-12 in. long, calyx of female flowers 4-lobed, lobes nearly equal, hooded at the tip, achenes ovoid, purple-brown, shorter than the calyx ; for other characters see the last species. see Prostrate Herbs, Alternate, Stipulate, Simple. see Herbs, Unbranched, Opposite, Stipulate, Simple, small, roughly velvety, stems half prostrate, branches slender, spreading; leaves }-1 in., ovate, long-stalked, thin, entire, pointed, base rounded, 3-nerved; flowers minute, pale green, one sexual, in small axillary clusters, male and female in the same or different cluSters on the same different plants, male calyx shortly stalked, 4-lobed, stamens 4, female calyx sessile, tubular, enclosing the ovary, style long, linear, protruding, soon falling off; achenes enclosed in the ribbed, sometimes winged calyx. annual, smooth, stem prostrate below, diffusely branch- ed, leaves sessile, or nearly so, lanceolate or linear- oblong, entire, pointed, lower ones 1-4 in., opposite, upper ones alternate, crowded, smaller gradually upwards, stipules short, flowers in small clusters, sometimes of only 2 or 8 flowers, male calyx usually 5-lobed, stamens 5, achene enclosed in the broadly 8-winged calyx ; for other characters see the last species. The fibre is used for cord- age. almost prostrate, stems smooth, velvety or slightly hairy, 6-26 in., slender, often branched ; leaves 1-4 in, ovate or lanceolate, entire, pointed, sessile or nearly so, stipules broad, long-pointed, flowers in small rounded ‘ dense clusters, male calyx usually 5-lobed, stamens 5, achene enclosed in a strongly ribbed, sometimes winged calyx ; for other characters see the last species. ine Plants of the Punjab. 525 . Prostrate Harss with Opposite Stiputats LLopED LEAvzs. Fagonia Bruguieri, Damahan, dhama. ZYGOPHYLLACER. By Bole 420. Peshawar (Falconer). Baluchistan (Hughes-Buller). Geranium nepalense, Bhanda. GERANIACER. Peek tei 45); Himalaya, . §-9,000 ft. Simla (Collett). Geranium pusillum, Small-flowered Geranium, GERANIACEA. Fy Be Io 482. Kashmir (Falconer) Geranium rotundifolium, Round-leaved Geranium, GERANIACER. FB. be 452. Himalaya, 6-9,000 ft. Kashmir, Peshawar, Hoshiarpur, Baluchistan. PETALS UNUNITED. like Fagonia arabica but lower leaves 8-lobed, upper simple, branches prostrate, leaflets ovate, fleshy, young branches almost 4-angled, grooved, spines longer than the leaflets. This plant is used locally ag a febrifuge and tonic. perennial, velvety or softly hairy, not glandular stems 6-18 in., prostrate, spreading, branches rooting at the swollen joints, rising ; leaves 14-3 in. diam., circular, palmately 3-5-lobed, lobes equal or nearly so, irregularly lobed, toothed, stipules 4 in., narrowly lanceolate ; flowers $-% in., pale purple in pairs on axillary stalks, reflexed after flowering, sepals 5, free, ending in a bristle-like tip, almost as long as the petals, usually silky, petals 5, free, slightly notched, stalked, alternating with 5 glands, sta- mens 10, 5 long alternating with 5 short, united at the base, base of flower prolonged upwards in a persistent 5-grooved, tapering column, styles 5, united to the column, stigmas linear, simple, terminal; capsule 5-lobed, 5-celled, cells 1-seeded, at the base of the column, when ripe the cells and the lower part of the styles separate from the column, the styles coiling up with a jerk, ejecting the seeds, seeds small, smooth. This plant is used as an astringent, the root supplies a red dye. annual, very slender, velvety, prostrate, much branch- ed, leafy, glandular above, leaves $-1 in. diam., round, kidney-shaped, deeply 5-9-lobed, lobes wedge-shaped, 8- lobed, stipules short, flowers } in., blue-purple, petals heart-shaped with a broad tip, hardly longer than the hard point on the straight margin of the sepal, bristly at the base, as are the stamens, capsule 4 in. long, seeds smooth ; for other characters see the last species. almost erect with very slender spreading branches, glandular-hairy, leaves }-14 in. diam., kidney-shaped, 7-lobed, lobes broad, bluntly lobulate, leaf stalks very slender, flowers 4 in. diam., red, petals wedge-shaped, entire, larger than the calyx, fruit ¢ in. long, seeds deeply pitted ; for other characters see the last species. 526 Planis of the Punjab, Prosgrare Heres with Opposites Sripunavs Lossp Lezavazs, Geranium molle, Dove’s foot Gernanium, GERANIACES, iB, 1.1. 482. Himalaya, 6-9,000 ft. Kistwar (Thomson). Geranium lucidum, Crane’s Bill, GERANIACHE. cm 5, 1.4. 485. Himalaya, 6-9,000 ft. Simla on old walls (Collett). Geranium ocellatum, Bhand. GERANIACER. Papel asao: Low hills at 1,000-6,000 ft. Simla, Annandale (Collett). Madhopur. Salt Range. Kashmir, Erodium eicutarium, Sterk’s bill, GERANIACER. F. B. I. 1. 484, The Plains to 8,000 ft. Simla (Collett). Murree, Kashmir, Baluchistan. PEFALS UNUNIFED. like the last species, but flowers purple, petals bristly at the base, carpels wrinkled, seeds smooth. annual, nearly smooth, shining, branches bright red, leaves 3-14 in. diam., circular 5-7-lobed, lobes 5-fid, wedge- shaped, lobes short, broad, stipules } in, short-pointed, flowers 4 in. diam., pink, calyx 5-angled, sepals erect, short-pointed minutely, tips converging, petals entire ; for other characters see the last species. annual, grey-velvety or hairy, glandular, much branch- ed, stems 12-18 in., prostrate or rising, leaves 4-2 in., diam. circular, palmately 5-7-lobed, lobes 3-lobulate, toothed, petals pink, bases dark purple forming an almost black centre in the fiower, sepals short-pointed with a minute bristle-tip, petals broad, entire; for other characters see the last species. ‘This plant is used as an astringent. annual, hairy, sticky-glandular, stems tufted, branches prostrate, 6-24 in. long, joints swollen, leaves 13-4 m., chiefly radical, pinnately divided, pinnules 14-22, pinnately divided, lobes again divided, stipules ovate-lanceolate, long-pointed, thin, flowers small, purple, often spotted in stalked axillary, erect 2-10-flowered umbels, minor flower stalks grey, bracts small, ovate, united, transparent, sepals 5, short-pointed, minute tip, petals 5, unequal, entire, alternating with 5 glands, stamens 5, alternating with 5 staminodes ; other characters like Geranium nepalense except that the ripe carpels are pitted at the top, styles silky on the inner side. Planis of the Punjab. 527 Prosgrass Heres wives Oprrosirn Szriputare Losap Laavezs. Erodium malacoides, Erodium stipaceum, GERANIACES. BY, Bee 1.435¢ The Plains, west of the Indus, Bannu (Stewart). PuPALS UNUNITED. see Herbs, Erect, Opposite, Stipulate, Lobed. annual, grey, root woody, branches straggling, leaves 4-1 in., oblong, round-toothed, lobed or pinnately divided, stalk slender, flowers 4 in. diam., in several flowered umbels, sepals concave, strongly 3-nerved, silky grey with a hard point, petals narrowly wedge-shaped, equal to the sepals, stamens bristly, inner much longer and broader, fruit 3-4 in. long, slender, rough with transverse wrinkles at the tip of the valves, beak very long, hairs yellow; for other characters see the last described species. Pros#ra?z Heres with Opposirs StirputAts CoMPOUND LEAVES. Tribulus terrestris, Caltrops, Gokhru, lotak, bakhra. ZYGOPHYLLACES. EB. Be Pat 428: The Plains to 11,000 ft. On sandy soil. Lahore, Nurpur, Kangra District. Tribulus alatus, Gokhri kalan. ZYGOPHYLLACER. Be Buk. 423. The Plains, Mul an, Dera Ismail Khan. Flemingia vestita, LEGUMIiINOSH. F.B. ha. 230; Himalaya, east of the Sutlej, 4-7,000 ft. Simla, on grassy slopes (Collett). PETALS UNUNITED. annual or biennial, prostrate, silky branches 12-24 in.; leaves abruptly pinnate, 4-1 in., leaflets 5-7 pairs, almost equal, tipped by a stiff point on a straight edge ; flowers 1-2 in. diam., yellow, solitary on stalks shorter than the leaves, sepals 5, 4-4 in., long-pointed, silky, petals 5, soon falling off, spreading, stamens 10, alternately longer and shorter, the latter with a small gland outside, ovary sessile, hairy, 5-12-lobed, stigmas 5-12 ; fruit 5-angled of 5-12 cocci with 2 long and 2 short spines, smooth or hairy, seeds 2 or more in each cell. This plant is used much as a demul- cent and diuretic, especially the seeds. like the last species, but fruit broadly pyramidal, somewhat pointed, cocci hairy, 2-seeded, the spines united into toothed wings, This plant is used in the same way as the last species. , velvety or hairy, root tuberous, stem prostrate, trail- ing, 12-24 in.; leaves digitately compound, leaflets 3, 1} by 1 in., almost sessile, minutely hairy, stipules }-3 in., lanceolate, persistent, leaf stalk 4-1 in.,; flowers 3-3 in., bright red, in a close cluster of 3-6 on minutely hairy axil- lary stalks, longer than the leaves, bracts 4 in., oblong, silky, pointed, soon falling off, calyx 4-2 in., densely brown-velvety, teeth 5, narrow, long-pointed, lower the the longest, petals 5, hairy, nearly equal, longer by half 528 Plants of the Punjab. —— ee rrrrrrrrrrnrnnnEEEEEREEEE ERE ProsTRATE HERBS, WITH OPposITE STIPULATE CompouND LEAVES. PETALS UNUNITED. than the calyx standard (upper petal) broadly ovate, spreading, keel (lower petals) imcurved, short-pointed. stamens 10, upper one free, others united, style incurved, tip hairy ; pod 4 in., enclosed in the calyx, seed one. The root is edible, the plant is said to be cultivated for the root ; it might be cultivated with advantage as it has a pleasant flavour like Arachis hypogea. Prostrate Herss witn Opposite ExsTipuLATE SIMPLE LEAvEs. Frankenia pulverulenta, FRANKENIACER. f. B: T. 1. 212, The Plains on sola land. Baluchistan. Gypsophila cerastiodies, CARYOPHYLLACEZ, Bi bnd. bel. Himalaya, 6-12,000 ft. Mashobra, Matiana Narkanda (Collett). Kashmir. Cerastium trigynum, CARYOPHYLLACES. i ss i PR Himalaya, 11-17,000 ft. Kulu, Kashmir. PETALS UNUNITED. small, annual, slender, much branched, branches leafy, wiry, jointed, 6-18 in. long; leaves %-} in., ovate with a broad tip, broadly notched, grey beneath, very shortly stalked ; flowers minute, pink, solitary in the forks of the branches, calyx 4-6-fid, persistent, smooth, strongly ribbed, cylindric, petals 4-6, small, stalk with a scale, sta- mens 4 or more, free or united at the base, style slender stigma 2-5-lobed ; capsule enclosed in the persistent calyx, seeds many, oblong or ovoid. small, perennial, velvety, stems several, 4-8 in., slender, spreading ; leaves 4-2 in. by 4-$in., ovate with a broad tip or spoon-shaped, radical stalked, stem leaves sessile, all slightly bristly ; flowers 3-3 in., white with faint purple streaks, sessile or shortly stalked in branching clusters or rarely solitary in the forks, calyx } in., bell-shaped, velvety, 5-toothed, teeth blunt, with strong curved hairs, petals 5, spoon-shaped, notched, stalked, stamens 10, style; 2-8; capsule 4-valved, seeds few or many, broad, black, rough. small, perennial, tufted, stems :preading with alter- nating hairy lines or smooth ; leaves }-} in., oblong-lan- ceolate, «mooth, scattered, blunt, often curved down ; flowers 4 in. diam, white, in 1-3-flowered dividing clusters, bracts green with thin edges, sepals 5, rarely 4, linear- oblong, spreading, petals as many as the sepals, deeply 2-fid, stamens 10, styles usually 3; capsule oylindric, seeda with 8 rows o! knobs. Plants of the Punjab. 529 ProstRATE Herps with Opposite ExstTipuLATE SIMPLE LEAVEs. Stel'aria aquatica, Water Starwort, CARYOPHYLLACE®. By Bele te 220: Himalaya, 4-8,000 ft. Simla, Narkanda, in wet places (Collett). Murree. Stellaria media, Common Chickweed, CARYOPHYLLACER., Be Be le 280% The Plains to 14,000 ft. Simla (Collett). Kashmir. Stellaria latifolia, CARYOPHYLLACE®, HBr oo 2at. Himalaya, east of the Sutlej, 6-10,000 ft. Hattu. Stellaria longissima, CARYOPHYLLACEA. HE. Bek. 1282. Himalaya, east of the Sutlej, 8-12,000 ft. Hattu. Stellaria decumbens, var, polyantha, CARYOPHYLLACES. F. B. I. 4. 284. Kashmir, 11-15,000 ft., in rocky and gravelly places. PETALS UNUNITED. large, percnnial, velvety, stems 12-36 in., angular, trailing along the ground, angu’ar, brittle, branched ; leaves 1-2 in., heart-shaped, ovate, thin, short-pointed, sometimes bristly, lower leaves long-stalked ; flowers 4 in. diam., white, in leafy axillary or terminal clusters, sepals 4 or 5, 4 in., enlarged in fruit, sticky, lanceolate, free to the base, petals the same number as the sepals, and 14 times as long, narrow, deeply 2-lobed, stamens 10, styles 5 ; capsule 1 in., ovoid, rather larger than the sepals, with five 2-fid valves, stalks turned down, curved at the tip, seeds many, round, rough with minute blunt pro- jections. like the last species, but stem with one line of hairs, petals shorter than the sepals, or none, flowers smaller than those of the last species, 4 in., stamens 3-10, styles 38, seeds brown, rough with minute sharp projections. like the last species, but stems shorter felted when young, then smooth, shining, lower leaves nearly round, abruptly pointed, upper lanceolate, all sessile, flowers 1 in. diam., solitary, long-stalked, sepals 4, petals 4, twice as long as the sepals, stamens 8, styles 2, capsule much short, Simple, Entire. small, perennial, stems none or 3 in. high; leaves }-} in., narrowing to each end, or ovate with a broad blunt tip ; flowers 1 in., blue, one to three nearly sessile on the short densely leafy annual shoots, calyx tube }in., lobes 5, }-} in., linear, small, short-pointed, corolla 1 by }-4 in., tubu- lar, 5-lobed, folds between the lobes, stamens 4-5, not protruding from the corolla ; capsule $-$ by }-} m., seeds very many, small, round, not winged, coat very loose, netted, white, glistening, Plants of the Puniab. 535 Prostrate Herpes with Opposite ExstipuntaAte Simpte Leavss. Mazus surculosus, SCROPHULARIACES. FE. Bs ave 260; Himalaya, east of the Sutle], 3-7,000 ft. Simla, the Glen * (Collett). Valley below the Convent. Garden at Barne: Court. Herpestis monniera, Barambhi, safed chamni. SCROPHULARIACES. Bo Bivkiav. 272: The Plains to 4,000 ft. Sutle] Valley, Suni (Collett). In wet ground. Vandellia pedunculata, SCROPHULARIACE®. Rb ledve 282: The Plains in swamps. Bonnaya brachiata, Bonnaya veroniceefolia, SCROPHULARIACER. F. B. I. iv. 285. The Plains. PETALS UNITED. small, perennial, nearly smooth, stems often tufted with long leafy runners rooting at the joints; radical leaves 1-3 in., broadly ovate with a wide tip, narrowed to a stalk-hke base, irregularly toothed, often pinnately divided at the base, stem leaves similar but smaller ; flowers 4-% in., pale blue or white in terminal racemes, calyx shortly 5-toothed, bell-shaped, corolla 2-lipped, 4-4 in. long, tube short, upper lip erect, 2-lobed, lower much larger, spreading, 3-lobed, with 2 prominent yellow glan- dular ridges at the base, stamens 4, in unequal pairs, en- closed, stigma flat, 2-lobed ; capsule enclosed in the calyx, round or flattened, blunt, valves entire, seeds many, very minute, ovoid. small, perennial, quite smooth, creeping, rather sue- culent, branching, 4-10 im. long, rooting at the joints; leaves $-? in., oblong-ovate with a broad tip, blunt, sessile, entire ; flowers nearly } in. diam., pale blue, purple veined, single on alternate axillary stalks, longer than the leaves, bracteoles 2, calyx 4-3 in., deeply 5-lobed, lobes unequal, upper ovate, short-pointed, corolla tube cylindric, longer than the calyx, lobes 4, spreading, nearly equal, upper one notched, stamens 4, in unequal pairs, enclosed style linear, stigma round, 2-lobed ; capsule 2-grooved, ovoid, short-pointed, seeds many, very minute. This plant ig used by Hindus as a diuretic and aperient. small, annual, smooth, stem sometimes creeping, branches 4-10 in., slender, prostrate ; leaves 4-1 in., ovate, slightly round-toothed, blunt or nearly short-pointed, shortly stalked ; flowers small, white or pale blue with a white spot, stalked, solitary, axillary or in racemes, sepals 5, + in., free, half as long as the linear-lanceolate capsule, corolla tube cylindric, 2-lipped, upper lip erect, broad, concave, notched, lower broad, spreading, 3-lobed, stamens 4, 2 posterior usually enclosed, 2 anterior arched with a small blunt tooth, stigma divided; capsule 4 in., seeds wrinkled. see Herbs, Erect, Opposite, Exstipulate, Simple, Toothed. like Vandellia pedunculata, but leaves oblong or ob- long-lanceolate or ovate with a broad tip and toothed, flower violet, stamens 2, staminodes 2, capsule projecting far beyond the calyx. 536 Plants of the Punjab. ProstRatE HERBS witH Opposite ExstipuLATE SIMPLE LEAVES. Glossostigma spathulatum, SCROPHULARIACE. EF. Bz. 1v. 288. The Plains. Limosella aquatica, Hemiphragma heterophyllum, SCROPHULARIACESR. F. B. I. iv. 289. Himalaya, east of the Sutlej, 6-12,000 ft. Hattu (Collett). Veronica Angallis, Veronica Beccabunga, Brooklime, SCROPHULARIACER, F, B, I. iv, 298, The Plains at 1,500 to 6,000 ft., in wet places. Rawalpindi, in wet places, PETALS UNITED. very small, smooth, creeping, densely tufted, branches rooting ; leaves ;,-} m., narrowly spoon-shaped, tapering into a stalk; flowers minute, blue, axillary, so itary on slender stalks, shorter than the leaves, without bracteoles, calyx ,'; in. long, 3-lobed, bell-shaped, corolla tube shorter than the calyx, lobes 5, nearly equal, stamens 2; capsule equal to calyx, seeds small, ovoid. see Water Plants, Opposite, Exstipulate, Simple. small, velvety, stem 12-24 in., creeping, very slender, loosely tufted ; leaves on the stem, 4-2 in. diam., circular-heart-shaped, or ovate, or kidney-shaped, almost sessile, thin, hairy on both sides, those on th° branches go-e In., needle-like, forming tufts or heads, stiff, short- pointed, face deeply grooved, back convex, bristly ; flowers 4 in. diam., pink, axillary, usually sessile in the tufts of the needle-like leaves, calyx lobes 5, narrow, corolla 4 in. diam., tube short, slender, lobes 5, rounded, spreading, nearly equal, stamens 4, on the base of the corolla, equal; fruit black, 4 in. diam., polished, ovoid, fleshy, seeds many, minute, ovoid, smooth. see Herbs, Erect, Opposite, Exstipulate, Simple, Entire, Stamens 2. small, per:nnial, smooth or very slightly velvety, succulent, stem hollow, branches 6-18 in., spreading ; leaves 1-2 in., narrowed at both ends or oblong blunt round and sharp-toothed, base rounded, sessile or shortly stalk- ed ; flowers 4 in. diam., blue or pink in few- or many-flower- ed axillary racemes, 2-4 in., bracts usually shorter than the flower stalks, calyx divided deeply into 4-5 lobes, ovate, oblong, almost sharp-pointed, corolla wheel-shaped, lobes 4-5, spreading, stamens 2, protruding; capsule 2:- grooved, somewhat flattened laterally, swollen, round, seeds biconvex. This plant is used in Kashmir medicine § in Europe it was valued as an antiscorbutic and is now used locally as a styptic. Plants of the Punjab. 587 Prostrate Heres with Opposite EXsTiIPULATE SIMPLE LEAVE . * Veronica agrestis, Procumbent Speedwell, SCROPHULARIACEA, F. B. I. iv. 294. The Plains to 6,000 ft. Valleys below Simla (Collett). Kashmir, Rawalpindi, Murree (Douie). Khanki, Gujranwala District. Veronica persica, Buxbaum’s Speedwell, SCROPHULARIACER. FB. I. iv. 294. Himalaya, 6-7,000 ft. Kashmir. Nelsonia campestris, Hygrophila polysperma, ACANTHACEA. F, B. I. iv. 406. The Plains to 5,000 ft., in wet places. Rungia repens, ACANTHACES. BB brea 49: The Plains. PETALS UNITED. small, annual, almost velvety, branches 6-18 in., Shu many, leaves 4-1 in. diam., ovate, heart-shaped or cir- cular, coarsely round and sharp-toothed, shortly stalked, flowers 4-4 in. diam., blue or white on slender drooping stalks in the axils of and as long as the upper alternate leaves, forming terminal racemes, calyx lobes blunt, calyx + in. diam,, notched, lobes 2, round or flattened, 1- many- seeded, seeds oblong or round, cup- shaped, with minute projections ; for other characters see the last species. like the last species, but is much larger in all its parts, flower stalks longer than the leaves, flowers larger, bright blue, lobes of the capsule broad, widely separating, capsule much broader than long. see Herbs, Erect, Opposite, Exstipulate, Simple, Entire. small, annual, 6-18 in., branches rooting; leaves 4-14 in., narrowly oblong to ovate, narrowed into a short stalk, smooth, almost entire; flowers 4 in., pale blue or white, in terminal dense oblong or linear spikes, bracts 4-4 in., broadly oblong narrowed to each end, overlapping, bracteoles } in., lanceolate, calyx tubular, 5-fid, hairy, teeth lmear, + in., corolla tube swollen at the apex, 2-lipped, oblong, straight, stamens 2, style long, hairy ; capsule 4-4 in., linear or narrowly oblong, seeds 20-80, ovoid, flattened, white, hairy when wetted. small, perennial, much branched, branches rooting, 4-angled, nearly smooth when crushed, has a scent of thyme ; leaves 2 by % in., oblong-lanceolate, nearly sessile ; flowers + in., white with pink spots, in dense axil- lary or terminal one-sided spikes, 2 by 4 in., the 2 leaves 538 Plants of the Punjab. ProstrRATE HERBS witH Opposite EXsTIPULATE SIMPLE LEAVES. . Lippia nodiflora, Bhuiokra, mokna, bukan. VERBENACES. Hob. 1: iv. 563. The Plains to 3,000 ft. Sutlej Valley, Suni (Collett). Jallalabad, Ferozepore District. Calamintha umbrosa, Nepeta erecta, Dracocephalum stamineum, LABIATA. F. B. I, iv. 666. Himalaya, west of the Chenab, 11,000 ft. Kashmir. PETALS UNITED. close to the base much smaller, bracts closely regularly in 4 rows, overlapping, + by 4-4 m., white, margin broad, prominent, bracteoles 4 im. linear-lanceolate, calyx 4 in., 5-lobed, lobes linear-lanceolate, corolla 2-lipped, upper lip notched, short, lower lip 38-lobed, stamens 2, style thread- like, stigma minutely divided ; capsule } in., ovoid or ob- long, minutely thinly hairy, seeds 4, 7; in. diam., con- centrically wrinkled, ovoid, flattened. This plant is used as a vermifuge and as a cure for rmgworm. small, perennial, prostrate, branches 6-30 in., rooting at the joints, making large patches; leaves 1 in., ovate, with broad tip or spoon-shaped narrowed to the sessile base, toothed near the top; flowers ;4, in. long, pink or white, © crowded in axillary, long-stalked oblong-ovoid, bracteate heads, $ by 4+ m., bracts ;4, in., ovate, calyx minute, divided into 2, hairy, corolla 4-75 in., tube slender, 2- lipped, upper lip 2-lobed, lower lip longer, 38-lobed, sta- mens 4, in unequal pairs, enclosed in the corolla, fruit dry, minute, dividing into two one-seeded nutlets. This plant is used as a demulcent and as a cooling drug. see Herbs, Opposite, Exstipulate, Simple, Entire, Corolla 2-lipped, Stamens 4, Outer Pair Longest. see Herbs, Erect, Opposite, Exstipulate, Simple, Toothed, Corolla 2-lipped, Stamens Four, Inner Pair Longest. small, stems many from the root, much-branched, ereen or purple, prostrate then rising, round, few-leaved ; leaves 3-2 in. diam., circular-heart-shaped or kidney- shaped, deeply round-toothed, wrinkled, smooth or felted, stalk of lower leaves 1-3 in., very slender ; flowers small, dark blue, in felted crowded circles forming terminal heads and one or more on the stem, calyx }-}in., nearly equally 5-cleft, sessile, felted, often coloured, teeth ovate-lanceolate, corolla small, 2-lipped, upper lip erect, notched, lower spreading, 8-fid, mid lobe largest, projecting but little beyond the calyx, stamens 4 in unequal pairs, inner pair longest, projecting from the corolla, ascending undes the upper lip ; nutlets 4, smooth. Plants of the Punjab. 589 Prostrate Herpes with Opposite ExstTipuLATE SIMPLE LEAVES, Seutellaria prostrata, LABIATA, FB. pa Ge7. Himalaya, 8-14,000 ft. Kashmir, Murree (Douie). Baluchistan (Lace). Scutellaria grossa, Scutellaria repens, LABIATA. Fi Bs diav. 669. Himalaya, 1-6,000 ft. Valleys below Simla (Collett). Kashmir. Scutellaria linearis, Mastiara. LABIATA. F. B. I. iv. 669. Himalaya, 3-8,000 ft. Simla, Naldera (Collett). Kashmir. Salt Range. Brunella vulgaris, Lamium rhomboideum, % PETALS UNITED. small, perennial, rootstock stout, stems 4-8 in., many, much branched, zigzag, felted ; leaves 4-1 in., ovate, base heart- or wedge-shaped, coarsely toothed, stalked ; flowers 1 in., yellow, tipped with violet in short leafy terminal spikes, 4-angled in bud, bracts leafy, calyx 2-lipped, bell- shaped, lips short, broad, entire, closing after flowering, upper lip bearing on its back a small transverse scale- like protuberance; in fruit the upper lip falls off, lower hip closes the mouth, corolla 2-lipped, long, usually sharp- ly curved, erect, not ringed within, upper lip entire or notched, erect, lower broad, 3-lobed, stamens 4, in un- equal pairs, outer pair longest, ascending under the upper lip, anthers hairy; nutlets 4, very minute, with a few minute hairs. see Herbs, Erect, Opposite, Exstipulate, Simple, Toothed, Corolla 2-lipped, Stamens 4, Outer Pair Long- est. like the last described species, but stems long, stout, bluntly 4-angled, base of leaves not heart-shaped, abrupt or short-pointed, flowers } in., yellow sometimes tinged with purple, in long narrow racemes, 6-10 in., curved, not leafy, glandular-hairy. like the last species, but stems tufted, round, leaves linear, margins entire, recurved, flowers 3-1 in., pale purple, tip of lower lip yellow, racemes very short, $-1 in., corolla tube nearly straight, throat much swollen. This plant though bitter is eaten on the Salt Range. see Herbs, Erect, Opposite, Exstipulate, Simple, Entire, Corolla 2-lipped, Stamens 4, Outer Pair Long- est. see Herbs, Erect, Opposite, Exstipulate, Simple Toothed, Corolla 2-lipped, Stamens 4, Outer Pair Long- est. 540 Plants of the Punjab. Prostrate Herps with Opposite ExstirpuLATE SimpLE LEAVEs. Lamium amplexicaule, Henbit, LABIATAE. PB s1v2 679: The Plains to 2,000 ft. to the Himalaya at 10,000 ft. Simla on borders of fields (Collett). Baluchistan (Lace), Lamium album, White dead nettle, LABIATA. PSB Mieiw. 679. Himalaya, 5-10,000 ft. Simla on roadsides (Collet. ). Murree (Douie). Kashmir. Teucrium Royleanum, LABIATA. Beep; Aeiv.: 100. Himalaya, 8-6,000 ft. Mahasu (Collett). Kashmir. small, annual, hairy or nearly smooth, branched from the base, bending up from a prostrate base ; leaves 4-3 in., circular, deeply round-toothed, lower long-stalked ; flowers in., purple-red in axillary circles, lower circles distant. uppermost often crowded in leafy head, floral leaves sessile, broader than long, calyx small, bell-shaped, velvety, teeth 5, as long as the tube, converging in fruit, corolla 2? or less, very slender, straight, velvety, tube slender at the base, much wider at the mouth, longer than the calyx, upper lip erect, arching, spreading, lateral lobes absent, mid-lobe circular, notched or 2-lobed, abruptly contracted at the base, stamens 4, in unequal pairs, ascending under the upper lip, outer 4 3 + 2-lipped, PETALS UNITED. pair longest ; nutlets 3- angled, scaly. like the last species, but perennial, rootstock creeping ovate-hcart-shaped, round or sharp-toothed, floral stalked, calyx teeth longer than the tube, teeth long, awl-shaped, spreading in fruit, 1 in., white or pale pink, lateral lobes of corolla tube curved, with runners, flowers corolla present, narrow, nutlets small, perennial, stem prostrate, rooting below, then rising, 12-18 in. with runners, velvety, felted or woolly ; ovate or oblong-ovate, heart-shaped, short- stalk 4-1 in., white in 2-flowered clusters forming ter- bracts lanceolate, longer than the bell-shaped, woolly, teeth 5, upper tooth broad- round: d, short-pointed, 2 lower lance- corolla one-lipped, lower lip 5-lobed, long, spreading, lateral lobes tooth-like, terminal lobe broad, concave, tube twice the | ngih of the calyx, stamens 4, in unequal pairs, outer pair longest, pro- truding from the back of the corolla mouth; nutlets 4, minute, netted, almost wrinkled, enclosed in the calyx leaves 13-3 in., pointed, white or yellow, minal r minor flower stalks, calyx 4 olate, teeth, leaves larger, ?- naked. toothed, acemes 2-3 in., long-pointed, larger, ins. lateral 1-3" -m., reflexed, shorter, slender : hood-like, flowers in. lower lip 4-2 in, ' 27s SR. Plants of the Punjab. 541 Prostrate HersBs witH Opposite ExstrputATE SimpLE LEAVES. Teucrium Scordium, Water Germander, LABIATR. BBs iy. 002. Kashmir (Jacquemont), in wet places. Stellaria media, Ammania peploides, Trianthema monogyna, Swet, sabuna, bishkapra. FIcoipEz. H.b. bai. 660. The Plains. Lahore. Trianthema erystallisna, Alettve. FIcoIDER. FB. 1n:..660. The Plains. Trianthema pentandra, Bishkapra, itsit, narma. FICOIDER. F. B. I. 11. 660. The Plains. Baluchistan (Stocks). PETALS UNITED. fetid, glandular, leaves 4-14 in., oblong, blunt, ses- sile, coarsely toothed, base wedge-shaped, flowers 4 in., rose-purple in 2-6-flowered axillary racemes, calyx 4 In., shortly bell-shaped, base pouched, teeth triangular, nearly equal ; for other characters see the last species. PETALS NONE. see Prostrate Herbs, Opposite, Exstipulate, Simple, Petals Ununited. see Prostrate Herbs, Opposite, Exstipulate, Simple, Petals Ununited. small ; leaves 4-14 in., ovate, with a broad tip, stalk 1 in., dilated, membranous at the base; flowers small, solitary, axillary, sessile, calyx tube short, thin, closely sheathed by the base of the leaf, lobes 5, blunt with a hard point, coloured within, petals none, stamens about 15; capsule } in., mitre-shaped, beak projecting, lower part 8-5-seeded, style one, seeds kidney-shaped, black, with’ undulating lines. like the last species, but leaves rather smaller, nar- rowly lanceolate with a broad tip or narrowed to both ends, flowers densely clustered, calyx tube green with many ribs not sheathed by the base of the leaf stalk, sta- mens 5, capsule smaller, beak a circular corky flat dise with a central depression, seeds 2, discoid, black. like the last species, but perennial, woody, leaves larger, flowers in sessile clusters, calyx lobes ovate, sta. mens 5, beak of the fruit mitre-shaped, separating into 2 one-seeded parts. This plant is used locally as an ab. dominal astringent and as ecbolic. like the last species, but capsule larger, } in., seeds 10-15, dull black with undulating lines radiating from the 542 Plants of the Puniab. ProstRATE HerRss witH Opposite ExstipuLAts SimpLE LEAVES, PETALS NONE. Trianthema hydaspica, FIcoIpE. the centre, flowers separated or clustered. F. B. I. 1. 661. The Plains, Multan (Edgeworth), Orygia decumbens, FIcoIpEs. F.8. I. 11. 661. The Plains. Baluchistan (Stocks). Gisekia pharnaceoides, FIcoIpE®. iB. Ln. 664, The Plains. Baluchistan (Stocks). Boerhaavia repens, NYCTAGINACER. Boast. 00. The Plains to 7,000 ft. Valleys below Simla (Collett). Bewal, Kullar (Douie). Lahore, Koti. Baluchistan (Stocks). Boerhaavia repanda, small to medium size, smooth, stems 6-18 in., triangu- lar ; leaves 3-1 in., also alternate, ovate with a broad tip, fleshy, entire, tipped with a rigid point, stalk 4 in. ; flowers 4 in. diam., purplish-green in few-flowered loose terminal or leaf opposed clusters, with small lanceolate bracts at their divisions, sepals 5, ovate with dry thin edges, petals none, stamens 12 or more, staminodes many, small, styles 5, thread-like ; capsule > in. diam., round, papery, enclosed in the persistent sepals, cells 5, opening dorsally, seeds many, dull black, kidney-shaped, with many concentric raised lines. small, succulent, smooth, branches prostrate or ascend- ing ; leaves 3-13 in., oblong, prolonged into the stalk, fleshy, abounding in raphides ; flowers 2 in., greenish or purplish, in axillary dense clusters, sepals 5, oblong-oval with thin margins, petals none, stamens 5, dilated below ; fruit of 5, free, thin, carpels, one-seeded, seeds blackish, rounded on the back, almost kidney-shaped, covered with glandular dots. This plant, when fresh, is said to bea specific against tape worm. medium size, perennial, root spindle-shaped, branches 6-24 in., creeping along the ground, or ascending, smooth or slightly velvety ; leaves $-2 in. linear, ovate-oblong or rounded, blunt or short-pointed, base rounded or heart- shaped, thick, usually white beneath, stalk often as long as the blade; flowers minute, reddish in head-like clusters forming long slender stalked branching racemes, calyx 5-lobed, funnel-shaped, petals none, stamens 2-3 ; fruit $ in. long, shortly wedge-shaped, 5-ribbed, sticky all over, top rounded, see Climbing Plants, Herbs, Opposite, Exstipulate Simple, Plants of the Punjab. 548 Prostrate Herss with Opposite Exstipunate Simpin Leaves. Boerhaavia verticillata, Peperomia reflexa, PIPERACER. Bs Bole veo: Himalaya, east of the Sutlej, 4-6,000 ft. Simla, below Annandale (Collett). PETALS NONE. see Climbing Plants, Herbs, Opposite, Exstipulate, Simple. small, perennial, velvety, stem 8-10 in., stout, densely branched, tufted, leafy, branches rooting at the joints, creeping over rocks and trees; leaves 4 in., broadly ovate, nearly sessile in circles of four; flowers minute, green, half sunk in the stem of the spikes, 3-1 in., stalked, erect, calyx none, stamens 2, stigma sessile minutely 2-lobed ; berries one-seeded, not splitting. PrRostRaTE HERBS wiTtH OppositE ExstipuLATE LoBED LEAVES. Tridax procumbens, CompositTm. BY Bs ham. 3th The Plains. Mazus surculosus- Alternanthera sessilis, AMARANTACES. BY Be hay tote The Plains to 4,000 ft. Valleys below Simla, in wet places (Collett), PETALS UNITED. medium size, perennial, hairy, weak,st raggling; leaves 1-2 in. long, ovate or lanceolate, pinnately divided, deeply irregularly toothed ; flowers minute in heads, 3 in. diem., on long solitary stalks, inner flowers tubular, outer ligulate, bracts of head few, outer short, broad, green, floor of head flat or convex, scales thin, shining, pappus hairs short or long, feathery, shining, style-arms hairy ; achenes top-shaped or oblong, silky, brown. see Prostrate Herbs, Opposite, Exstipulate Simple, PETALS NONE. small to medium size, nearly smooth, branching from the base ; leaves 1-3 in., ovate or narrowly oblong, blunt, rather fleshy, sometimes almost toothed ; flowers 4-4, in., white, in axillary, often clustered, heads 4-3 in. long, sepals 5, unequal, smooth, stiff, anterior and 2 posterior flattened, 2 lateral innermost, concave, petals none, stamens Be anthers 2-3; fruit is an utricle, dry, flattened, winged, enclosed by the persistent sepals, seed one, 544 Plants of the Punjab. ProstRATE Herps with ALTERNATE STIPULATE SIMPLE LEAVES. Portulaca oleracea, Indian purslane, Kulfa, lunak. PoRTULACES. BoBetl. 1. 246; The Plains to 5,000 ft. Sargodha. Sida humilis, MALVACER. F. B. I. i. 828. The Plains to 5,000 ft. Valleys below Simla (Collett). Koti. Corehorus Antichorus, Baphuli, kurand. TILIACEA. B25. 4. 7,898, The Plains to 3,000 ft. Valleys below Simla (Collett). Reinwardtia trigyna, Crotalaria prostata, Crotalaria humifusa, LEGUMINOS#. Beall, Ole Himalaya, east of the Sutlej, 4-6,000 ft. Simla (Collett). PETALS UNUNITED. small, annual, smooth, succulent; leaves 4-14 in., flat, oblong-wedge-shaped or spoon-shaped, thick, pale, and glistening beneath, stalk very short, tip abruptly terminated or notched, stipules minute, thin, or none; flowers small, yellow, solitary or clustered, terminal with a circle of leaves, sepals 5, united below, petals 5, as long as the sepals, very delicate, soon falling off, stamens 8-12, style 8-5-fid ; capsule brittle, splitting transversely, seeds many, dark brown, kidney-shaped. This plant is used as a cooling, a demulcent, and a diuretic medicine. small, perennial, trailmg, with star-shaped hairs ; leaves 3-2 in., broadly ovate or nearly circular, heart- shaped, toothed, slightly hairy, stalks 1-2 in., stipules soon falling off; flowers } in. diam., pale yellow, axillary, solitary or in pairs, distant or in loose racemes, stalks joint- ed at or above the middle, calyx 5-angled, valvate, tubular below, segments triangular, acute, petals 5, free above, united below, longer than the calyx, broad, abruptly ter- minated, staminal tube dividing into many anther-bearing processes ; fruit enclosed in the persistent calyx, carpels 5, shortly pointed with 2 horns, one seed in each carpel. small, perennial, velvety with star-shaped hairs, root- stock woody, branches tortuous, interlacing, 6-7 in. long ; leaves 4-2 in. long, roundish, pleated, toothed, base 3-nerved, shortly stalked, stipules free ; flowers small, yellow, on 1-2- flowered short stout stalks, opposite to the leaves, sepals 4-5, petals 4-5, usually shorter than the sepals, stamens many, style short, stigma shortly lobed ; capsule 1-1} in,, cylindric, 4-valved, beak entire, seeds many. This plant is used as a demulcent. see Shrubs, Alternate, Stipulate, Simple. see Prostrate Herbs, Alternate, Exstipulate, Simple. small, perennial, hairy, stems slender, prostrate, 6-12 in.; leave 4-1 in., circular-ovate, nearly sessile, lower surface densely red hairy, stipules small, awl-shaped ; flowers } in. long, yellow, in loose 3-6-flowered racemes on curved stalks 2-8 times as long as the leaves, calyx } in., 2-lipped, densely silky, teeth 5, linear, very long, the two upper more or less united, petals hardly longer than the calyx, upper petal (standard) cirenlar notched, often with Plants of the Punjab. ProstratE HERBS wiTH ALTERNATE STIPULATE SIMPLE LwavsEs, Crotalaria hirsuta, LEGUMINOS&. P-bs a. 68. The Plains to 4,000 ft. Simla (Collett). Indigofera linifolia, Tork. LEGUMINOS. Be By I. it. 92, The Plains. Alysicarpus monilifer, LEGUMINOSZ. POR: bE wc157,. 4 The Plains. Alysicarpus hamosus, LEGUMINOS. B. Boll sh The Plains. PETALS UNUNITED. a small hard knob just above the short stalk, two lateral wing petals shorter than the standard, the lower petal (keel) strongly curved, pomted, stamens 10, all united in a tube split along the upper side, 5 stamens long, 5 short, style strongly curved, bearded on the inner side below the stigma ; pod + in. long, oblong, smooth, shortly stalked, 6-8-seeded. small, perennial, hairy, trailmg over the ground or other plants, leaves 1-2 in., ovate, sessile, short-pointed, stipules linear, minute, flowers 4 in. long, yellow, sometimes spotted with purple, in 2-3-flowered racemes on stalks shorter than the leaves, calyx hairy, petals 14 times as long as the calyx, pod ? in., oblong, densely hairy, seeds 8-10 ; for other characters see the last species. small, perennial, procumbent, silvery velvety with laterally attached hairs, stems many, much-branched ; leaves 4-1 in. long, linear, pointed at both ends, silvery above and below, stipules minute, bristly ; flowers 4 in. long, bright red or white, in 6-12-flowered copious dense nearly sessile racemes, calyx ;4, in., bell-shaped, silvery, teeth 5, long, linear, bristle-like, corolla 2-3 times as long as the calyx, soon fallmg off, standard petal ovate with a broad tip, keel straight, blunt, stamens 10, upper free, others united, style smooth, curved in ; pod minute, round, unarmed, one-seeded, seeds round, shining. The seeds are eaten as bread in times of famine, and used medicinally in febrile eruptions. small, perennial, hairy, stems densely tufted ; leaves 4 in., oblong, blunt, often heart-shaped, smooth, stalked ; flowers ;1,-} in., pale pink, in close 4-8-flowered racemes, calyx obscurely hairy, teeth 5, very narrow, rigid, corolla not longer than the calyx, stamens 10, upper stamen free, others united, pod 4-3 in. long, necklace-shaped, 2-6- jointed, densely covered with hooked hairs. small, stem densely covered with short spreading hairs, branches many, spreading, half erect, leaves 4-1} in., cir- cular, blunt, shortly stalked, flowers in 4-6-flowered ra- cemes, calyx A, in., pod 4-8 in., flattened, 3-5-jointed- netted, velvety ; for other characters see the last species NW 546 Plants of the Punjab. ProstRaATB HERBS WITH ALTERNATE STIPULATE SimPpLe LEAVES, Alysicarpus rugosus, LEGUM! NOS, BB.1s i, 159, The Plains to 4,000 ft. Valleys below Simla (Collett). Dharmpur, Flemingia strobilifera, Hydrocotyle asiatica, Brahmamduki, khulakhudi. UMBELLIFERAE. F. B. I. ii. 669. The Plains to 2,000 it. Sutlej Valley, Suni, in wet places. (Colleit). Hydrocotyle javanica, Hydrocotyle roytundifolia, Polygonum recumbens, PoLyGONACEs, F, B. i Vv. 25, Himalaya, 4-8,000 ft. Simla (Collett), Kashmir. PETALS UNUNITED, small to medium size, nearly smooth, stems 6-24 in., leaves 4-1 in., ovate or oblong, stipules $-4 in., thin, lance- olate, longer than the leaf stalk, flowers }-4 in., pale pink, crowded in terminal racemes, 1-4 in. long, pod sessile, } in., joints 8-5, hairless, wrmkled, 1-seeded, enclosed within the calyx ; for other characters see the last species. see Prostrate Shrubs, Alternate, Stipulate, Simple, small, perennial, succulent, very slightly velvety, stems prostrate, rooting at the joints, branches zigzag, erect ; leaves 4-24 in., kidney-shaped or circular, round, toothed, long-stalked, shining, stipules small, thin, united to the leaf stalk ; flowers minute, purplish-white, sessile, 3-4, in small umbels, on stalks shorter than the leaves, bracts ovate, few, small, embracing the flowers, calyx teeth none, petals 5, minute, ovate, pointed, slightly over- lapping, stamens 5 ; fruit 4-3 in., carpels 2, oblong, almors cylindric, curved, slightly flattened, netted, wrinkled, each with 9 curved ridges, coat white, thick, woody. This plant is supposed to be of use in leprosy, as it is a cutaneous stimulant and alterative. The leaves are sometimes used as a pot herb. see Prostrate Herbs, Alternate, Stipulate, Lobed. see Prostrate Herbs, Alternate, Stipulate, Lobed. PETALS NONE, small to. medium size, thickened at the joints, root stock perennial, stems stout, woody, long, much-branched, grooved, prostrate and ascending ; leaves }-3 in., broadly ovate, shortly stalked, rough, especially on the margins and under surface, stipules 4-4 in., tubular, with 2 long bristles ; flowers small, white or pink, in axillary clusters, calyx 4- or 5-lobed, stamens 4 or 5, styles 3, free, minute ; nut }$ in., 8-angled, black, smooth, shining, enclosed in the calyx, Plants of the Punjab. 547 Prostrate HERBS WITH ALTERNATE STIPULATE SIMPLE LEAVES. Polygonum cognatum, PoLYGONACES. Pes Ll, ve 2be Himalaya, 11-14,500 ft. Kashmir. Polygonum aviculare, Knot grass, Machoti, kesra, banduke. PoLYGONACEA, F. B. I. v. 26, Himalaya, 6-10,000 ft. Simla (Collett), Kashmir, Baluchistan (Boissier). Polygonum tubulosum, PoLyYGONACER, if Bel, v.27, Himalaya, 6-7,000 ft. Lahul. Polygonum plebejum, PoLYGONACER. FOB. vedi. The Plains to 5,000 f°. Valleys below Simla (Collett). Kashmir. Indus Valley. PETALS NONE. like the last species, but stems short, little branched, calyx very thick, lobes round with white margins, nut 35 in., ovate, flattened. medium size, annual, smooth, stem and branches pros- trate, 12-24 in., leafy, finally grooved, leaves 3-1 in., nar- rowly lanceolate, almost sessile, sometimes glandular- dotted, stipules long, tubular, nerves several, strong, straight, flowers small, green with white or red tips, in axillary clusters, nut. minutely wrinkled ; for other charac- ters see the last species, This plant is applied externally as an anodyne, the seeds are emetic and cathartic. like the last species, but branches angular not grooved, leaves linear, margins recurved, flowers sessile, calyx with short teeth, not distinctly 3-sided, smooth, shining. like Polygonum aviculare, but entirely prostrate, stipules few, nerved or nerveless, not rhombic, smooth, not wrinkled. PETALS NONE. small, smooth, root long, stem decumbent or erect, branches many; leaves 1-3 by 35-} in., narrow, linear, blunt, forked a: the base, stipules short, thin ; flowers pink, in clusters of heads, }-} in. diam., shorter than the leaves, bracts minute, calyx 7) in. long, nearly round, lobes broadly oblong, stamens 5-8; nut oblong-ovate, 3-angled, black, shining. see Prostrate Herbs, Alternate, Stipulate, Simple. Prostrate Hxerss with ALTERNATE STIPULATE CompouND LEAVES. Oxalis corniculata, Amboti, amlika. GERANIACES. F. B. I. 1. 436. The Plains to 8,000 ft. Simla (Collett). Baluchistan (Lace). Argyrolobium roseum, Crotalaria medicaginea, Gulabi. LEGUMINOSA. ‘oR 6 gk i oe = i The Plains to 5,000 ft. Valleys below Simla (Collett). Suni. Charmpur. Baluchistan (Stocks). PETALS UNUNITED. small, annual or perennial, creeping, branches ascend- ing, hairy, stems much branched, rooting at the joints; leaves 4-1 in. across, long-stalked, stipules united at the stalk, leaflets 8, pale green, narrow at the base, broad at the tip ; flowers yellow, in small long-stalked clusters, sepals 5, free, overlapping, petals 5, tip broadest, twice as long | ag the sepals, notched, stamens 10, styles 5, distinet ; capsule 5-celled, $-1 in., tipped with the styles, nearly cylindric, felted, seeds many, small. The leaves are con- sidered to be cooling and the juice removes warts. see Herbs, Erect, Alternate, Stipulate, Compound. small, perennial, green, branches many, slender, thinly covered with flat-lying silky hairs ; leaves with 3 leaflets, leaflets 1-2 in., nearly sessile, broadly wedge-shaped or narrowly ovate with a broad tip, stipules minute ; flowers 1 in. long, yellow, in 2-6.flowered racemes, calyx 2-lhpped, teeth 5, long, linear, 2 lower united, velvety, corolla twice as long as the calyx, standard orbicular, wing petals shorter than the standard keel, strongly incurved, pointed, stamens 10, all united in a tube, style strongly curved, bearded on the inner side below the stigma ; pod + in., glohowe, velvety, seeds 2, Plants of the Punjab. 553 Prostrate Heres with ALTERNATE STipuLATE Compounp L#&avss. Trifolium pratense, Purple clover, Treparta, chitbatta. LEGUMINOS&. Po BSE 2-86: Himalaya, 4-8,000 ft. Simla (Collett). Trifolium repens, Dutch clover, Shamrock, Shaftal, shotul. LEGUMINOS&. F. B. I. ii. 86. Himalaya, 20,000 ft. Simla (Collett). Baluchistan (Stocks). Trifolium fragiferum, Strawberry clover, LEGUMINOSA, BBs ei 86; Kashmir, Baluchistan (Duke). Trifolium minus, Lesser clover, LEGUMINOS&. F.+B.l in 862 ‘Simla (Collett). Parochetus communis, LEGUMINOS&. ¥. Bo Ala. 86. Himalaya, east of the Sutlej, 4-13,000 ft. Matiana in grass (Collett). PETALS UNUNITED. small perennial, hairy, stems reclining ; leaves of 3 leaflets, leaflets ovate or oblong, entire or toothed, tip blunt or notched, end leaflet sessile, stipules united to the leaf stalk, large, ovate, veined, long-pointed, much shorter than the leaf stalks ; flowers small, purple, many in long- stalked ovoid or round heads, 3-1} in. diam., with 1 or 2 leaves at the base, calyx bell-shaped, teeth 5, nearly equal, or 3 lower longest, narrow, longer than the tube, petals ‘arrow, persistent, keel blunt, stamens 10, upper free, rest united, style lightly curved, smooth ; pod very small in the withered corolla, seed one. This plant supplies good fodder. like the last species, but stipules narrow, oblong, flowers white or tinged with pink, pod 3-4-seeded. very like the last species, but flowers pinker, calyx enlarged in fruit forming a red bladder round the small, 1-2-seeded pod. annual, nearly smooth, stem trailing, stipules broadly lanceolate, nearly as long as the leaf stalk, heads } in. diam., ovoid, flowers yellow, pod obovoid, 1-seeded, calyx not enlarged in fruit; for other characters see the last species, perennial, hairy, stems long, fine, rooting at the joints ; leaves of 3 leaflets, leaflets heart-shaped with the pointed end inwards, entire or minutely toothed, stipules lance- olate, nearly free; flowers 4-2? in. long, deep violet blue, solitary or in pars at the end of a stalk longer than the leaves, calyx tube 5-toothed, bell-shaped, petals free, standard erect, stalked, keel shorter than the wing petals, stamens 10, upper stamen free, others united, style smooth, turned in; pod 3-1 in., straight, tipped with the style, seeds many. 554 Plants of the Punjab. eS SS.” Ln nn a Prostrate Herpes with ALTERNATE SriputaTE CompounD Luavss. Trigonella polycerata, Sainji, china. LEGUMINOS. RB .4. 31, Ole The plains to 6,000 ft. Simla (Collett). Lahore. Baluchistan (Stocks). Trigonella gracilis, LEGUMINOSA. B-. 1. ui, 88. Himalaya, 5-9,000 ft. Naldera (Collett). ' Trigonella pubesceus, LEGUMINOS. UB, 1,11, 88, Kashmir, 5-7,000 ft. Medicago falcata, Medicago lupulina, Black Medick, Trefoil, LEGUMINOSA. F.-5. i. 0.90, The Plains to 10,000 ft. Baluchistan (1329), PETALS UNUNITED. small, annual, slender, covered with flat-lying velvety felt; leaves with 3 leaflets, leaflets $-} in., small, ovate with a broad tip, upper half toothed, lower half entire, wedge-shaped, nearly sessile, end one stalked, sharp tecth, stipules joined to the leaf stalk, lanceolate, long-poimted ; flowers pale yellow, 2-4 in an umbel, umbel stalk without bristle, calyx bell-shaped, hairy, teeth 5, distinct, nearly equal, shorter than the tube, petals narrow, rather longer than the calyx, standard and wings nearly equal, keel shorter, blunt, stamens 10, upper free or nearly so, others united, style smooth, slightly incurved ; pod 1-2 by +, m., slightly flattened, curved, net-vemed, smooth, 10-20-seeded. smooth, or nearly so, stems 6-18 in., trailing, slender leaflets 1-4 in., stipules linear, faintly toothed, flowers 1-3in an umbel, umbel stalk tipped with a bristle, calyx slightly hairy, petals a little longer than the calyx pod 4 by 3 m., flat, straight, marked with fees veins, 6-$-seeded ; for other characters see the last species, like the last species, but stouter, dcwny, umbel-stalk not ending in a bristle, pod linear-oblong, 10-12-seeded. see Herbs, Erect, Alternate, Stipulate, Compound. biennial, stem 12 in., trailing, finely downy ; leaves with 3 leaflets, leaflets }-4 in., ovate with the tip broad upper part toothed, lower entire, lateral nearly sessile, end one stalked, veins runn’ng out into sharp taaths stipules narrowly lanceolate, long-pointed, united to the leaf stalk; flowers very small, bright yellow, many in round or ovoid heads, + in. diam., calyx bell-shaped, teeth 5, dis- tinct, petals twice as long as the calyx, slightly projecting from the calyx, standard sessile, keel shorter than the wing petals, blunt, stamens 10, upper one free, others united style smooth, incurved ; pod +; in., smooth, minute, sickle- shaped, black when ripe, tip coiled, seed solitary. This plant forms good pasture with clover and grass, Plants of the Punjab. 555 ProstrRaAtE Herss with ALTERNATE STIPULATE ComMPOUND LEAVES. Medicago orbicularis, LEGUMINOS&. BP. 5, f.190; Kashmir, Baluchistan (Duke). Medicago laciniata, LEGUMINOS&. BS. vei. 902 The Plains. Baluchistaz (Stocks). Medicago denticulata, Toothed Medick, LEGUMINOS&. The Plains to 5,000 ft. Valleys below Simla . (Collett). Peshawar. Baluchistan (Stocks). Medicago minima, Bur Medick, LEGUMINOS&, EF. Bebe 91, Kashmir, 5-6,000 ft. Lotus corniculatus, Birds’ foot trefoil, LEGUMINOSA. Fe Badia. 9t, Himalaya, 2-10,000 ft. Simla, Matiana, Hatu (Collett), Murree. PETALS UNUNITED. like the last species, but annual, stipules cut deeply into lobes, heads 2-3-flowered, petals projecting far out of the calyx, pod 3-2? in. broad, with 4-5 flattened spirals, unarmed. like the last species, but flowers in 1-2-flowered heads, stalk with bristle, pod $ in., nearly round with 4-5 sharply armed spirals. like the last species, but rather longer, pod with 2-4 spirals, the veined face §-} in. broad without the spines which are hooked, #,-} in. long. like the last species, but stipules entire, stems less than 6 in. long, pod 4 in. broad, nearly round, formed of 2-4 spirals, with 2 rows of hooked prickles. perennial, smooth, stem slender, decumbent; leaves with 5 leaflets, leaflets 1-2 in. ovate with broad tip or ob- long, almost sessile, stipules of minute glands; flowers 4 in. long, yellow, often streaked with pink, 5-10 in a long- stalked axillary umbel, with a leaf of 8 leaflets beneath, calyx bell-shaped, teeth 5, corolla twice as long ag the calyx, standerd longer than the wings, keel incurved, pointed, stamens 10, upper free, others united, 5 alter- nate ones longer; pod 1-14 in., straight, cylindric, seeds several, divided by pith. 556 Plants of the Punjab. i ee ee Prostrate Heres with ALTERNATE SrTipuLATE CompouND LuAvEs, Indigofera enneaphylla, LEGUMINOS&. , Beebo. 41,94; The Plains to 4,000 ft. Lahore. Indigofera trifoliata, LEGUMINOS#. Ps: 1. 1.96. The Plains to 4,000 ft. Indigofera anabaptista, Astragalus amherstianus, LEGUMINOS#. 1 Le ae al bel be Himalaya, 6-10,000 ft. Simla (Collett). Chamba. Baluchistan (Lace). Astragalus subumbellatus, LEGUMINOS™. HB. Le ita lo, The Plains to 6-7,000 ft. Hazara, Kashmir, Rawalpindi ( Douie), PETALS UNUNITED. annual or perennial, rootstock woody, stems many in a bunch from the root, trailing, with scattered white flat-lying hairs; leaves 1-1} in., with 5-9 nearly sessile leaflets, leaflets small, firm, lanceolate with a broad tip, notched, tipped with an abrupt poimt, stipules ovate, tipped with a hard sharp point, thin ; flowers red, small, nearly sessile, in oval dense shortly stalked spike-like heads, bracts lanceolate, long-pointed, thin, calyx hairy, teeth long, bristle-like, petals projecting slightly from the calyx, standard ovate with a broad tip, keel straight, not beaked, spurred on each side near the base, stamens 10, upper stamen free, others united ; pod § in., oblong cylin- drical, covered with white flat-lying hairs, seeds 2 with a division. perennial, stems much branched, trailing, covered with flat-lying white hairs, leaflets 3, sessile, 3-1 in. long. oblong, gland-dotted, flowers small, red, crowded in small sessile racemes, calyx 4, in., teeth long, bristle-like, corolla 3-4 times the calyx, pod $in., linear, straight, rather angled with 2 narrow wings one each side of either suture, 6-8- seeded ; for other characters see the last species. see Herbs, Erect, Alternate, Stipulate, Compound. annual, thickly covered with shining white hairs, stems 6-18 in., tufted, slender, trailmg; leaves 1-1} in., odd pinnate, leaflets 13-17, narrowly oblong, $ in. ; flowers 1 in. long, pale yellow or pink, in stalked axillary racemes, 4-2 in. long, bracts minute, bristle-like, calyx 1.1 in., teeth bristle-like, as long as the tube, petals narrow, stalked, standard erect, wings equal to the incurved blunt keel, stamens 10, upper free, others united; pod 3 in, sessile, curved, almost divided lengthwise by the lower suture, seeds 10-12. like the last species, but petals more than twice as long as the calyx, pod longer, 20-24-seeded. Plants of the Punjab. 557 ProstRAtE HERBS WITH ALTERNATE STIPULATE COMPOUND LEAVES. Astragalus tribuloides, —Ogar. LEGUMINOS#. [gl opal ie i bpp The Plains, Rawalpindi. Fatehjang (Douie). Baluchistan (Stocks). Astragalus hamosus, Akhil-ul-malik. LEGUMINOSA. Pee. tai. 129) The Plains, Lahore, Peshawar. Astragalus contortuplicatus, Astragalus himalayanus, LEGUMINOS#. Cad 8c, 4 Pi eg (210 Himalaya, §-13,000 ft. Lahul, Kulu. Kashmir. Astragalus leucocephalus, Zornia diphylla, LEGUMINOS&. pb. lei. 147, The Plains to 5,000 ft. Valleys below Simla (Collett). PETALS UNUNITED. like the last species, but flowers in dense sessile heads» pods 3 in. long, very little recurved, velvety in clusters often sticking out like spokes of a wheel. The geeds are used locally as medicine like the last species, bu, stouter, heads stalked, pod long, cylindrical, smooth, much recurved. This plant is used as an emollient and demulcent. see Herbs, Erect, Alternate, Stipulate, Compound. like the last described species, but stems very slender, 12-24 in., with distant internodes, flowers lilac, in stalked rounded heads, pods linear-oblong, stalked, almost one- celled, 5-6-seeded. see Herbs, Hrect, Alternate, Stipulate, Compound. n annual, almost erect, tufted, wiry ; leaves stalked of one or two opposite pairs, leaflets 3-1 in. long, lanceolate, smooth, leathery, dotted with black glands, stipules lan- ceolate with a long spur ; flowers yellow, 4 in., nearly sessile, in erect axillary loose racemes, 1-3 in. long, bracts in pairs, leaf-lke fringed, almost hiding the flowers, calyx thin, half the length of the petals, teeth 5, 2 upper united, 2 lateral very short, lowest equal to the upper, standard round, keel incurved, blunt, stamens 10, united, alternately long and short bearing round or oblong anthers, style imeurved, smooth ; pod of 2-5 one-seeded joints, prickly, projecting beyond the bracts. 558 Plants of the Punjab, Prostrate Herss witH ALTERNATE STIPULATE ComPpouUND LEAVEs. Lathyrus Aphaca Lathyrus sativus, Kisarv. LEGUMINOS. F. B. I. i. 180. The Plains to 4,000 ft. Kalabagh, Indus Valley. Lathyrus spheericus, LEGUMINOS#. F. B. 1. u. 180. The Plains to 5,500 ft. Simla (Collett). Lathyrus pratensis, Meadow pea, LEGUMINOS, Heo, 1. 1. 180, Himalaya, 6-8,000 ft. Mahasu, Fagu, (Collett). Kashmir, Lathyrus inconspicuus, LEGUMINOSA. i, B. 1. ii; 180, The Plains to 6,000 ft. Simla (Collett), Baluchistan (Stocks), Phaseolus trilobus, Mungani, LEGUMINOSZ. BE, B: I. uw 204. The Plains to 7,000 ft, PETALS UNUNITED. see Leafless Plants, Herbs, Petals Ununited. annual, smooth, much branched, trailing, stems 4- angled, winged ; leaves ending in a 8-fid tendril, leaflets ap linear-lanceolate, long-pointed, entire, stipules broad, entire, long-pointed, partly forked; flowers blue purple, pink or white, ? in., solitary, stalk longer than the leaf stalks, calyx teeth spreading, lanceolate, twice as long as the tube, standard blue purple, broad, keel pink ; pod 14 in., upper margin 2-winged, seeds 4 or 5. A prolonged diet of this pulse is supposed to cause paralysis. . like the last species, but stem wingless, flowers red- dish, as long as the calyx, pod linear, wingless, many- seeded. like the last species, but perennial, the 2 leaflets lanceolate, flowers yellow, many in long-stalked racemes, 3 times the calyx. like Lathyrus Sphericus, but leaf stalk not winged, leaf ending in a bristle not a tendril, annual, or perennial, stems slender, trailing not twining, smooth or slightly hairy ; leaves of 38-leaflets stipules large, oval, leaflets 1-2 in. long, deeply 8-lobed. central division spoon-shaped, lateral nearly sessile, end one long-stalked ; flowers } in. long, pale yellow, in short head-like axillary racemes, bracteoles ovate, calyx be}}- Plants of the Punjab, 559 PRostRATE Hures with ALTERNATE StipuLATE ComPpouND LEAVES, Phaseolus aconitifolius, Moth. LEGUMINOS&. F, By I..1.-202; The Plains to 4,000 ft. Baluchistan } } (Hughes-Buller). Phaseolus Mungo, a Phaseolus calearatus, Desmodium triflorum, Kudaliya. LEGUMINOSA. F. B.-L. 11. 178. The Plains to 6,000 ft. Giri Valley (Collett). Kashmir. PETALS UNUNITED. shaped, teeth 5, 2 upper united, lowest tooth longest, petals much longer than the calyx, standard round, spread- ing, keel narrow, long, blunt, twisted in a complete spiral, stamens 10, upper free, others united, style spirally twist- ed, bearded below the oblique stigma ; pod 1-2 in., curved, cylindric, smooth, seeds 6-12. This plant is sometimes cultivated, chiefly for fodder or the food of the poor. like the last species, but stipules lanceolate, much smaller, central division of leaflets strap-shaped, not spoon-shaped, bracteoles linear, pods stouter. The whole plant forms excellent fodder, the pulse is not much eaten or liked. see Climbing Herbs, Alternate, Stipulate, Compound. see Climbing Plants, Alternate, Stipulate, Compound. perennial, hairy, much branched, stems tufted, pros- trate, sometimes rooting at the joints, 6-18 in.; leaves of 3 leaflets, in. long, stalk 3 in., stipules lanceolate, persistent, leaflets 4-3 in., ovate with a broad base, wedge- shaped, thin, smooth above, sparsely covered with flat-lying hairs beneath ; flowers 4 in. long, bright blue, solitary on hairy drooping, thread-like stalks in leaf- opposed clusters of 2-6, calyx densely hairy, teeth 5, very long, 2 upper united, 8 lower distinct, equal, petals longer than the calyx, standard broad, erect, keel nearly straight, blunt, stamens 10, upper nearly or quite free, others united, style incurved, smooth; pod 3-3 in., sessile, slightly curved, net-veined, upper margin straight, lower slightly indented, joints 8-5, joints one- seeded. This plant is common in pastures and forms good fodder. 560 Plants of the Punjab, a SL a Ee Le ae Prostrate Heres witH ALTERNATE STIPULATE Compounp LmAVEs. PETALS UNUNITED. Desmodium like the last species, but stems trailing, not rooting parvifolium, at the joints, stipules as long as the leaf-stalks, corolla Khetsunsunt. purple, pod straight, both margins deeply indented. LEGUMINOS#. This is also a good fodder plant. F. B. 1. 11. 174. The Plains to 6,000 ft. Simla, Summer Hill (Collett). Vigna vexillata, see Climbing Plants, Alternate, Stipulate, Compound. Rhynchosia aurea, see Climbing Plants, Alternate, Stipulate, Compound. Rhynehosia minima, see Climbing Plants, Alternate, Stipulate, Compound. Rhynehosia see Climbing Plants, Alternate, Stipulate, Compound. Falconeri, Rhynchosia see Climbing Plants, Alternate, Stipulate, Compound, himalensis, . Flemingia congesta, perennial, stems slender, triangular, trailing ; leaves of var. semialata, 3 leaflets, leaf stalks winged, leaflets lanceolate, stipules 4 Bara salpan, in. long, lanceolate, soon falling off, end one wedge-shaped, LEGUMINOS2. lateral ones obliquely rounded at the base, lower surface F. B. I. ii, 229. with a few minute red glands and silky hairs on the veins ; Himalaya, flowers white with purple in long loose branching racemes, 8-5,000 ft. often longer than the leaves, bracts §-} in., silky on the Chamba. back, soon falling off, calyx }-3 in., densely covered with silky brown hairs, teeth linear-lanceolate, lowest longest, corolla hardly protruding from the calyx ; pod 3 in., oblong, slightly downy, 2-seeded, seeds small, round, black, smooth, shining. Waras, the yellow dye, is obtained from the glands on the pods of a variety of this species, Flemingia vestita, perennial, root tuberous, edible, said to be sometimes LEGUMINOSAE. cultivated, stems trailing, 12-24 in., branched, densely F. B. I. ii. 280, covered with short grey hairs ; leaves 2 in, long, leaflets 3, Himalaya, closely touching, 3-1 in. across, ovate with a broad tip, 4-7,000 ft. base wedge-shaped, minutely hairy on both sides, stipules Simla, on grassy 1-3 in., persistenty lanceolate ; flowers }# in., bright red, slopes (Collett). in small dense 8-6-flowered heads on long axillary stalks Plants of ihe Punjab. 561 ProstRaATE HeErRBs witH ALTERNATE STIPULATE CompounD LB5AVES. Cassia mimosoides, LEGUMINOS#. Abs leon «266: The Plains to 5,000 ft. Valleys below Simla (Collett). Dharmpur, Rubus saxatilis, Rosacea. ; F. B. I. 11. 333. Himalaya, 10-11,000 ft. Kashmir. Rubus nutans, Rosaceae. F, B. I. ii. 884, Himalaya, 8-10,000 ft. Simla (established). Rubus Clarkei, RosacEz. Ey Bede aout Kashmir, Sonamerg, 9,250 ft. | (C, B. Clarke). PETALS UNUNITED. bracts 4 in., silky, oblong roundish, with a short hard point, calyx 4-3 in., densely brown velvety, teeth almost equal, corolla projecting far out of the calyx, keel much incurved, distinctly beaked ; pod + in., enclosed in the calyx, oblong, finely hairy, one-seeded. perennial, stems several, hairy, spreading, branches slender, downy ; leaves 1-2 in., leaflets 40-100, + in., midrib close to the upper margin, a small circular sessile gland between or below the lowest pair; flcwers } in., yellow, axillary, solitary or in clusters*of 2-3, calyx 5-parted, lobes 4-4 in., lanceolate-long-pointed, overlapping, petals 5, nearly equal, spreading, upper one innermost, stamens 10, all free, nearly equal; pod 1} by 4 im., flat, hairy, seeds 15-20. Var. dimidiata, Stamens 5. perennial, woody, rhizome, short, erect, stems annual. slender, prostrate or erect, smooth or slightly velvety, no glands, prickles few, slender, straight ; leaves of 3 leaf- lets, 5-8 in. long, leaf stalk 3-5 in., very slender, stipules linear or linear oblong, leaflets 2-3 in., thin, lateral almost sessile with wedge-shaped bases, outer margin often lobed ; flowers 4 in. diam., white, 1-4, shortly stalked on the top of a slender main stalk, calyx without bracteoles, per- sistent, tube spreading, lobes 5, petals 5, small, slender, stamens many, fruit with few large scarlet drupes, stone net-veined. rootstock perennial, stems annual, slender, 12-24 in. long, covered with stiff red-brown hairs; leaves 84-7 in. long, leaf stalk 2-4 m., stipules large, broadly ovate or oblong, entire or toothed, leaflets 14-3 in. diam., round, almost lobed, doubly sharp-toothed, thi, dark green, base wedge-shaped ; flowers 14 in. diam., white, usually solitary, axillary, stalk stout, calyx tube woolly, lobes 3.4 in., large, long-pointed, pinnately cut towards the tip, shorter than the ovate, broad-tipped petals, fruit of a few scarlet drupes, stone smooth. stems very slender, covered with slender straight sharp prickles, loosely covered with spreading hairs ; leaves 8-6 in., with 3 leaflets, stalk 1-3 in., stipules pcr- sistent, oblong, green, velvety, blunt or short-pointed, entire or toothed, leaflets 2-8 in. across, round, blunt- toothed ; flowers 4 in., drooping, solitary in the lower axils 00 562 Plants of the Punjab. Prostrate Heres with ALTERNATE STIPULATE CoMPoUND LEAVES, Rubus antennifer, RosacEm. F. B. I. ii. 337. Kashmir, Sonamerg, 9,250 ft. (C. B. Clarke). Rubus foliolosus, RosacEz. F. B. I. ii. 840. Himalaya, 5-8,000 ft. Mahasu (Collett). Fragaria indica, Fragaria vesea, Potentilla fulgens, Potentilla reptans, Potentilla kleiniana, Potentilla supina, PETALS UNUNITED. clustered in the upper ones, bracts green, small, oblong, calyx tube not bristly, lobes narrow-lanceolate, fruit of a few smooth drupes, stone pitted. like the last species, but stouter, leaflets round with a long tip, lobulate, stipules linear-lanceolate, long-pointed, flowers 3 in. across, erect, calyx-lobes with long filiform tips. small, perennial, like a small prostrate variety of Rubus lasiocarpus, see Erect Shrubs, Alternate, Stipulate, Compound, see Herbs, Unbranched, Alternate, Stipulate, Com- pound. see Herbs, Unbranched, Alternate, Stipulate, Com- pound, see Herbs, Erect, Alternate, Stipulate, Compound. see Herbs, Unbranched, Alternate, Stipulate, Com- pound, see Herbs, Unbranched, Alternate, Stipulate, Com- pound, see Herbs, Unbranched, Alternate, Stipulate, Com. pound, ProstRATH Heres with ALTERNATE ExstTIPULATE SimpLB LEAVES. Maleomia strigosa,; CRUCIFERA. F. B. I. i. 146. Salt Range, Baluchistan (Stocks), PETALS UNUNITED. small, annual, rough, hairy, with a few stiff branches 6-18 in. long, like Maleomia Africana, and Malcomia toru- losa, see Herbs, Erect, Alternate, Exstipulate, Simple; leaves 2 or 8 in. long, long-stalked, flat on the ground, oblong-lanceolate, toothed ; flowers pwiple, 1 in. diam., pods 1-14 in, long, cylindrical, stout, thicker at thebase, Plants of the Punjab, 5638 Prostrate Heres with ALTERNATE ExstTIPULATE SIMPLE LEAVES. Sisymbrium foliosum, Portulaca oleracea, Heylandia latebrosa, LEGUMINOS&. FOBT. 1 65; The Plains. Crotalaria prostrata, LEGUMINOS&. By Be ior, The Plains to 6,000 ft. Dharmpur, Chenab Valley. Bupleurum jucundum, Hedera, Helix, Commelina nudiflora, CoMMELINACES. B. B. devi. 369. The Plains. PETALS UNUNITED. gradually narrowing to a blunt point, seeds almost in two series at the base of the pod, one series towards the tip. see Herbs, Erect, Alternate, Exstipulate, Simple, see Herbs, Erect, Alternate, Stipulate, Simple, annual, silky, much branched; leaves }-# in., ovate- heart-shaped, unequal at the base, close set, almost sessile ; flowers 4-} in., yellow, solitary, nearly sessile in the axils of most of the leaves, calyx top-shaped, teeth 5, lanceolate, 3 lowest deepest, corolla projecting far out of the calyx, standard large, round, wings smaller, ovate, with a broad tip, keel petals narrow, united behind, lessening into an incurved beak, stamens 10, united in a tube, slit on the top ; pod 4-} in. long, silky, oblong, 1-2 seeded. perennial, stems zigzag, trailing, covered with silky brown hairs, slender, 6-12 in. ; leaves 4-14 in. long, oblong- ovate, with a broad tip, sessile, blunt, pale, stipules none or small; flowers + in., yellow, in 2-4-flowered racemes, twice the length of the leaves, calyx ,-;4, in., densely red, hairy, teeth 5, linear long, petals 5, hardly longer than the calyx, standard steaked with red, stamens 10, all united in a tube with a slit along the upper side; pod 3 in. oblong, smooth, seeds 12-18, gee Herbs, Erect, Alternate, Exstipulate, Simple, see Climbing Plants, Alternate, Exstipulate, Simple. perennial, succulent, stems slender, creeping, rooting at the nodes; leaves 14-3 by 4-2 in., lanceolate, nerves parallel, bases sheathing; flowers blue and white, in 9 clusters, branches 1-3-flowered, stalk 4-2 in., emerging one at a time froma terminal complicate green spathe, ovate-lanceolate, 2-1 in., sepals 8, thin, 2 inner often united at ihe base, petals 8, longer one larger, white or pale blue, often stalked, stamens 8 perfect, 2-3 imperfect; capsule 8-celled, 2 anterior cells 2-seeded, posterior one-seeded. 002 564 Plants of the Punjab. PrRostRATE HERBS witH ALTERNATE ExstTIPpULATE SIMPLE LEAVES. Commelina benghalensis, Kanshura, kanna. CoMMELINACES. PAB tev. 370. The Plains to 6,000 ft. Valleys below Simla (Collett). Commelina obliqua, Aneilema spiratum COMMELINCAE. EB; As Vio 4 « The Plains. Aneilema nudiflorum, CoMMELINACES. Pees Ls, vi 378. The Plains to 5,000 ft. Valleys below Simla (Collett). Aneilema Hamiltonianum, COMMELINACER. FP. 5. I. vi; 880. The Plains, in marshy ground, Polygala crotalarioides, Polygala Hohenackeriana, Polygala erioptera, PETALS UNUNITED. like the last species, but leaves a little broader, blunt, spathes 2-3 together, base auricled on one side. see Herbs, Erect, Alternate, Exstipulate, Simple, Entire. small, perennial, stems tufted, branches 6-10 in. ; leaves small, sessile, flat, oblong, sheaths bearded, flowers blue, crowded ina small branching leafy raceme, bracts ovate, persistent, sepals 3, free, thin, petals 8, ovate with a broad tip, equal, stamens 8, staminodes 3 ; capsule oblong or almost round, } in., 3-angled, seeds 3-7 in each cell, straw-coloured, smooth, or minutely roughened. like the last species, but larger, seeds wrinkled, pitted, 2 in each cell. like the last species, but smaller, stem rooting, creep- ing, branches few, leaves 14-2 in., linear-oblong, flowers white or pink, capsule }$-} in., seeds 16 in each cell, in two series. PETALS UNITED. see Herbs, Erect, Alternate, Exstipulate, Simple. see Herbs, Erect, Alternate, Exstipulate, Simple. see Herbs, Erect, Alternate, Exstipulate, Simple, Plants of the Punjab. 565 Prostrate HERBS witH ALTERNATE EXXSTIPULATE SIMPLE LEAVES. | Polygala chinensis, Common Indian Milkwort, Meradu. PoLYGALACEA. FH; BiL. 1. 204. The Plains to 5,000 ft. Simla, in valleys (Collett). PETALS UNITED. small, annual, stout, leafy, stems usually lying along the ground, 3-10 in. long ; leaves $-2 in. long, round-oblong to narrow-linear, thick, leathery, stalks very short ; flowers 1-1 in., long, yellow, straight or drooping, in short crowded axillary racemes, bracts 3, sepals 5, unequal, outer sepals ovate, small, green, 2 inner (wings) very oblique, much larger, short-pointed, yellow, finely vemed, petals 3, un- equal, united at the base, 2 upper small, lowest (keel) longest, concave, tip lobed, crested with a finely divided fringe, stamens 8, united in 2 sets of 4 each, joined to the petals, style long, incurved ; capsule ovate, notched, fringed, narrowly winged, 2-celled, enclosed in the calyx, seeds appendaged, one in each cell. FLOWERS, MINUTE, IN HEADS, ALL TUBULAR. Filago germanica, Anaphalis cuneifolia, Anaphalis contorta, Lasiopogon lanatum, CoMPosITm. Be Bisliane 287. The Plains west of the Indus. Peshawar. Gnaphalium pulvinatum, CoMPOSIT#. F. B. 1.ifi. 289. The Plains. Baluchistan (Lace). see Herbs, Erect, Alternate, Exstipulate, Simple, Entire. see Herbs, Unbranched, Alternate, Exstipulate, Simple, Petals United. see Herbs, Erect, Alternate, Exstipulate, Simple, Entire. minute, annual, densely woolly, much _ b:anched, branches from the root filiform, lying flat on the ground, whole plant 1-2 in. diam., looks like a cluster of woolly balls, leaves and flowers hidden in the wool ; leaves ;1,-} in., linear-oblong or spoon-shaped ; flowers very minute in heads, round, woolly clusters surrounded by the floral leaves, bracts of heads linear, blunt, thin, floor of head small, naked, pappus feathery. small, annual, woolly, branches many, spreading from the root, lying on the ground ; leaves small, spoon-shaped, narrowed into a short stalk; flowers yellow, minute, in heads -4, in. diam., buried in the wool in the axils of crowded terminal leaves, bracts of heads linear, slender, recurved, green with sharp transparent tips, corollas outer 3-4-tooth- ed, inner 5-toothed ; achenes slender, oblong, pappus hairy in one series, soon falling off, 566 Plants of the Punjab. PrRostRATE HERBS WITH ALTERNATE EXXSTIPULATE SIMPLE LEAVES. PETALS UNITED. FLOWERS, MINUTE, IN HEADS, ALL TUBULAR. Ceesulia axillaris, ComposiItz. Ts dew Oks The Plains to 3,000 ft. Sutlej Valley, in rice fields (Collett). Pulicaria angustifolia, Cotula aurea, Centipeda orbicularis, Nakkchikm, pachittie. ComMposITa&. ft B.A dit, Obl. The Plains, in moist places. Saussurea Atkinsoni, CoMPOSIT. F. B. I. ii. 867, Himalaya, 10-13,000 ft. Kashm yr, small, annual, smooth, stems 6-12 in., stout, branched, prostrate or almost erect ; leaves 2-6 in., sessile, narrowly lanceolate, long-pointed, tapering to the forked base, teeth small, far apart; flowers blue, in axillary sessile round heads, 4-2 in. diam., each head consisting of minor heads with one flower, bracts 2 to each flower, opposite, surround- ing it, keeled and winged at the back, tips erect, free pappus scales with a sharp point, corolla tubular, 5-toothed ; achenes -1-4 in., flattened, a promiment ridge down the 1 centre of each face, with scattered hairs. see Herbs, Erect, Alternate, Exstipulate, Simple, Entire, Flowers in heads, Inner Tubular, Outer Ligulate. see Prostrate Herbs, Alternate, Exstipulate, Lobed, very small, annual, smooth or rather woolly, stems spreading from the root, very many, 4-8 in. long, slender, leafy ; leaves 4-4 in. long, oblong-ovate with a broad tip, teeth few; flowers yellow, very minute in round solitary axillary almost sessile heads, ,*-4 in. diam., corollas bell- shaped, 4-fid, floor of head naked, bracts of the head in 2 series, spreading in fruit, pappus none ; achenes 4-angled, tip blunt, angles hairy, hairs simple. stemless, rootstock undivided, smooth, 0. mid-ribs of leaves beneath velvety, leaves 3-5, 24-4 by 1}-3 in., stalked or sessile, spreading flat on the ground, broadly ovate with a broad tip, or oblong with rounded ends, thin, toothed, net-veined ; flowers 4 in. long, bluish purple in a sessile solitary head, ?-1 in. long, inner bracts of head linear-oblong, thin, outer ovate-lanceolate, erect or recurved, smooth, or margins velvety, corollas all tubular; achenes smooth pappus } in, brown, outer bristles few, roughish, Plants of the Punjab. 567 ProstRATE HERBS WITH ALTERNATE EXXsTIPULATE SIMPLE LEAVES. Tpomea aquatica, Convolvulus Aitchisoni, CoNVOLVULACES. Po Be hiv. 218: The Plains, east of the Jhelum. Rawalpindi. The Salt Range to 5,500 ft. Sakesar. ‘Convolvulus microphyllus, CoNVOLVULACES. 1 Tyee op eh Bl is The Plains, east of the Jhelum, Bhera, Sargodha. Kahura (Douie). Baluchistan (Lace), ‘Convolvulus pluricaulis, var. macra, Porprang, dodak. CONVOLVULACER. F. B. I. iv. 218. The Plains to -5,000 ft. Delhi, Kashmir. ~Convolvulus glomeratus, var. Volubilis, ‘ CONVOLVULACER, F. B. I. iv. 219, ~The Plains. PETALS UNITED. FLOWERS NOT IN HEADS. see Water Plants, Alternate, Eixstipulate, Simple, perennial, rootstock woody, annual, flowering stems 4-3} in., covered with yellowish-brown hairs ; leaves lower 2 in., lanceolate or oblong, upper linear; flowers 1 in., white, hairy, in pairs on stalks 1 in. long, bracts 2 in., nar- rowly lanceolate, sepals 5, 4 in., linear-lanceolate, very hairy, corolla widely funnel-shaped, hairy on the 5 plaits without, stamens 5, meluded, style thread-like, stigmas 2, distinct; capsule round, 2-celled, 4-seeded, seeds smooth. like the last species, but yellowish wool instead of hairs, flowers rose yellow, axillary or on short branches, 1-4 together, smaller, barely 4 in. @ like the last species, but flowers larger, pale pink, like the last species, but larger, twining, flowers closely crowded on to one stalk summit, corolla larger, } in., tubular, mouth narrow. 568 Plants of the Punjab, Prostrate Herss with ALTERNATE EXSTIPULATE SIMPLE LEAVES. Evolvulus alsinoides, Sankhpushpt. CoNVOLVULACE. BR By Tay... 220. The Plains to 6,000 ft. Valleys below Simla (Collett). Kalka. Baluchi-tan (Stocks). Wahlenbergia gracilis, Campanula argyrotricha, CAMPANULACER. F. B. I. iii. 441. Himalaya, 8-11,000 ft. Hattu (Collett). Common on rocks. Androsace sempervivoides, Androsace lanuginosa, Lysimachia chenopodioides, Lysimachia alternifolia, PRIMULACER. F. B. I. iii. 504. Himalaya, 2-6,000 ft. Valleys below Simla (Collett). Samolus Valerandi, PETALS UNITED. hairy, annual branches 4-12 in., many, wiry: leaves 4-3 in., lanceolate or ovate, entire, sessile or so; flowers 3-4 in., pale blue or white, solitary or 2 or 3 together in a terminal raceme, bracts small, linear, persistent, hairy, sepals 4-2 in., lanceolate, hairy, corolla widely funnel-shaped, tube very short, obscurely 5-lobed, folding at the angles, stamens 5, rising from the base of the corolla, styles 2, ending in 2 linear stigmas ; capsule 2-celled, round, seeds 4, smooth. This plant is used as a tonic and febrifuge. Muhammadans think that it has an especial action on the brain and memory. small, perennial, see Herbs, Erect, Alternate, Exstipulate, Simple, Toothed. annual, covered with flat-lymg, needle-like hairs, stems many, 4-8 in., weak, curved ; leaves $ by 4in., ovate, entire or toothed, thin ; flowers $ by 4 in., blue, long-stalked, solitary or in racemes, calyx teeth 5, }-} in., oblong, corolla. bell-shaped, 5-fid, slightly hairy without, stamens 5, free ; capsule 4} in. diam., base rounded, seeds minute, little flattened. see Herbs, Unbranched, Opposite, Exstipulate, Pimple, Petals United. see Prostrate Herbs, Opposite, Exstipulate, Simple, Entire. see Herbs, Erect, Alternate, Exstipulate, Simple, Entire. small, smooth, branches 2-8 in., prostrate, leafy ; leaves 1-4 in., sessile or stalked, oblong-Janceolate or ovate, short- pointed ; flowers yellow, solitary, axillary, stalks slender, as long as the leaves, calyx lobes lanceolate, longer than the corolla, oland- -dotted, corolla + in. diam.,. wheel-shaped, stamens 5, united at the base ; capsule small, ; round, splitting from the top by 5 valves, seeds many, minute. see Entire. Herbs, Erect, Alternate, Exstipulate, Simple, Plants of the Punjab,: 563 Prostrate Herps with ALTERNATE EXxstTiIPpULATE SIMPLE LEAVES. Goldenia precumbens, Tripungkha. BoRAGINACE®. PeBal iv.i44. The Plains. Heliotropium supinum, BoRAGINACER. KOB. I. iv. 149. The Plains. Heliotropium strigosum, Safed bhangra, chitiphul, gorakh panu. BoRAGINACES. BB. iv l51. The Plains to 5,000 ft. Valleys below Simla (Collett). Lahore, Dunera, Baluchistan (S‘ocks). Heliotrop-um indicum, Cynoglossum Wallichii, PETALS UNITED. small, annual, flat on the ground, rough, hairy ; leaves 1-1} in., oblong with rounded ends and ovate with a broad tip, coarsely toothed, or almost pinnately divided ; flowers 3 in., white, axillary, sessile, upper sometimes in a one- sided leafy spike, calyx 4-lobed, lobes narrow, corolla tube open, short, 4 lobes overlapping in bud, stamens 4, on the corolla tube; frwt an almost dry drupe consisting of 4 pyrenes almost united, forming a pointed 4-ribbed pyramid, one seed in each pyrene. annual, prostrate, softly hairy, many branches, form- ing a patch 12 in. diam,; leaves 3-1} in., oblong with rounded ends or ovate ; flowers small, white, on short woolly spikes, calyx } in., ovate, woolly, 5-lobed, corolla tubular, throat not hairy, tube 3 in., ovate, lobes 5, spreading, very small, round, stamens 5, on the corolla tube enclosed within it ; fruit dry, 2-4-lobed, of 4 or less nutlets, 4 by 4 in., margins broad, smooth. like the last species, but perennial, covered with white flat-lying hairs, stems tufted, spreading, leaves linear- lanceolate This plant is used locally to cure poisonous bites and stings, it is also used as a diuretic and laxative. see Herbs, Erect, Alternate, Exstipulate, Simple, Toothed. see Herbs, Erect, Alternate, Exstipulate, Simple, Toothed. 570 Plants of the Punjab, ProstRATE HpRBs witH ALTERNATE ExstTIPULATE SIMPLE LEAVEs. Asperugo procumbens, BoRAGINAOER. TB. Tu iv. 166; The Plains to 7,000 ft. Rawalpindi. Baluchistan (Stocks). Bothriospernum tencilum, BORAGINACER. F. B. I. iv. 167. The Plains to 4,000 ft. Gastrocotyle hispida, Arnebia hispidissima, Arnebia Griffithii, Arnebia Thomsoni, Ipomeea Batatas, Ipomea aqautica, Calystegia hederacea, CONVOLVULACES, EF. B. I. iv. 217. The Plains. PETALS UNITED. rough, hairy, spreading, stem angled, angles beset with minute recurved prickles; leaves 1-24 in., oblong, spoon-shaped, nearly entire ; flowers 3 in. diam., purplish blue or white, axillary, almost sessile, solitary or paired, calyx bell-shaped, 5-fid, stiff, lobes in flower =, in., oblong, calyx in fruit 4 m. diam., net-veined, lobes large, tri- angular, corolla tube short, mouth closed with 5 scales, lobes 5, overlapping in bud, blunt, spreading, stamens 5 ; nutlets 4, }-4 im., erect, laterally flattened, smooth, stony. weak, annual or biennial, rough, hairy, prostrate, 12-24 in.; leaves 1 by 4-2 in., ovate-lanceolate, lower stalked ; flowers small, white, axillary, stalked, the upper passing into a raceme with bracts, calyx 5-partite, lobes narrow, hardly enlarged in fruit, 4-4 in., lanceolate or linear, corolla } in. diam., tube short, throat with 5 scales, lobes 5, blunt, spreading, stamens 5, enclosed in the tube ; nutlets 4, #)-;1; m., no angles, roughly granular, scar on see Herbs, Erect, Alternate, Exstipulate, Simple, Entire. see Herbs, Erect, Alternate, Exstipulate, Simple, Entire. see Herbs, Erect, Alternate, Exstipulate, Simple, Entire. see Herbs, Erect, Alternate, Exstipulate, Simple, Entire. see Climbing Plants, Alternate, Exstipulate, Simple. see Water Plants, Alternate, Exstipulate, Simple. annual, smooth, prostrate in cultivation, climbing in bushes ; leaves 1-8 in., heart-shaped or arrow-head-shaped, entire or lobed; flowers 1 in., pink purple, nearly bell- shaped, on one-flowered stalks,» 2 in. long, bracts 2, 1 in. ovate, enclosing the calyx, persistent, calyx deeply 5-lobed, lobes }4 in., oblong, blunt, smooth, inner smaller, corolla 5-lobed, lobes 5-plaited, almost entire, stamens 5, on the tube and enclosed in it, style thread-like, stigmatic lobes 2, oblong; capsule } in., ovoid, smooth, almost pointed, seed smooth. Plants of the Punjab. 571 Prostrate Herpes with ALTERNATE EXsTIPULATE SIMPLE LEAVES. Convolvulus arvensis, Evolvulus alsinoides, Cyanotis cristata, CoMMELINACEA, F. B. I. vi. 385. Hilly districts to 4,000 ft. Sutlej Valley (Collett). Cyanotis barbata, CoMMELINACE. H. .By Lv: 385. Himalaya, 5-8,000 ft. Simla (Collett). Kashmir, Cyanotis axillaris, Soltar), bagha-nulla. COMMELINACEA. F. B, I. vi. 888. The Plains. Andraichne telephoides, KUPHORBIACES. F, B. I. iv. 284. The Plains, west of the Jhelum. The Salt Range. Baluchistan (Stocks), PETALS UNITED. see Climbing Plants, Alternate, Exstipulate, Simple, see Herbs, Erect, Alternate, Exstipulate, Simple, Entire. stems 6-18 in., slender, creeping, rooting, smooth or hairy, branches leafy ; leaves 2-4 by $-3 in., ovate, oblong, sessile ; flowers blue, in short clusters within 2 series of overlapping green, sickle-shaped bracts, petals and stamens protruding, clusters terminal sessile, 2 or 8 together, sepals 8, green, lanceolate, almost equal, joined below, petals 8, spreading round, almost equal, stalks _ joined in a tube, stamens 6, bearded ; capsule } in., blunt, 3-celled, 2 seeds in each cell, seeds pitted, streaked. like the last species, but often tufted, leaves linear- lanceolate, flowers dark blue, clusters hairy, axillary as well as terminal, capsule 4-angled. like the last species, but larger, stouter, flowers in the axils of the leaves. small, perennial, root woody, stems very many, pros- trate, 8-12 in., slender, leafy ; leaves 2-4 in., oblong with rounded ends, ovate with a broad tip, sessile, leathery ; flowers ~, m. diam., on stalks shorter than the leaves, male flowers clustered in the axils, female solitary, males, calyx 5-6-lobed, petals 5-6, small, lanceolate, disk glands twice as many or as many, 2-lobed, alternating with the petals, females, calyx larger, petals minute or none, styles short, 2-fid ; capsule 4,-4 im. diam., round, depressed, 3 cocci, seeds curved, wrinkled, 512 Plants of the Punjab. nn nneee nnn Prostrate Herss witH ALTERNATE EXSTIPULATE SIMPLE LEAVES. PETALS UNITED. Chrozophora annual, prostrate, felted with star-shaped hairs, tinetoria, root stout, branches 6-10 in. ; leaves 14-23 in., long-stalked, EuPHORBIACE. from ovate gap-toothed or entire to rounded bluntly lobed, BB. L408. thick, softly felted on both sides ; flowers sessile, axillary, The Plains. bracteate racemes, bracts one-flowered, male flowers crowded The Salt Range. at the top of the raceme, female solitary, stalked, males, Baluchistan calyx round or ovoid, segments 5, petals 5, short, stamens (Lace). 5-20, united below, females, calyx segments narrow, petals narrow or none, disk glands short, broad, styles 38, 2-fid ; capsules 4 in. diam., covered with silvery scales, 3 2-valved cocci, seeds one in each cell. Chrozophora obliqua, like the last species, but more erect bushy plant, sta- EUPHORBIACEZ. mens usually 5, leaves ovate, gap-toothed, not lobed. F.sB. I. v. 409. The Plains to 5,000 ft. Kashmir, Ferozepore. Chrozophora plicata, like Chrozophora tinctoria, but upper surface of leaves KUPHORBIACES. rough, no fringed silvery scales on the capsule, leaves F. B. I. v. 409. larger. The Plains. PETALS NONE. Orygia decumbens, see Prostrate Herbs, Opposite, Exstipulate, Simple. Digera arvensis, see Herbs, Erect, Alternate, Exstipulate, Simple, Entire. Amarantus small, smooth, branches 6-18 in., leafy, slender, many, tenuifolius, spreading from the root, prostrate or ascending ; leaves 4-1 AMARANTACE. in. long, linear-oblong, or widened to the round«d blunt BS Bivih iNet 2s or 2-lobed tip; flowers small, green, in axillaty clusters, The Plains. bracts shorter than the sepals, sepals 2, oblong, concave, nearly as long as the round, flattened, thin utricle, petals none, stamens 2, utricle plicate when dry, seeds 5 in, diam., brown, border blunt. 7Erua lanata, see Herbs, Erect, Alternate, Exstipulate, Simple, Entire. =a Plants of the Punjab. 573 ~ Prostrate Herpes with ALTERNATE EXsTIPULATE SIMPLE LEAVES. Halocharis violacea, CHENOPODIACES. PIBeleye 19: The Plains, west of the Jhelum. The Salt Range. 2,000 ft. Baluchistan (Stocks). Thesium himalense, SANTALACER. PLB ve 229: Himalaya, 5-10,000 ft., east of the Chenab. The Salt Range. Sakesar. PETALS NONE. small, annual, slightly hairy, hairs very long, pros: trate, branched ; leaves }-$ in., lmear, almost 8-angled, sessile, fleshy, tipped with rigid hairs, floral leaves oblong, equal to bracteoles ; flowers minute, hidden by long bristles, axillary, solitary on almost head-like spikes, sepals 5, lan- ceolate, transparent, petals none, stamens 5, anthers produced into an ovoid violet appendage ; urticle ovoid, flattened, thin, stigmas 2, slender. perennial, parasitic on the roots of other plants, strag- gling, stem 6-18 in., slender, prostrate or almost erect, often much branched ; leaves 1-2 in., linear, sessile ; flowers small, yellow or pale green, stalked, forming terminal racemes, simple or branched, bracts 8, leaflike, one much the longest, calyx lobes 5, blunt, stamens 5, styles short, linear, stigma round ; nut 4 in., ovoid, wrinkled, topped by the calyx. Prostrate HERBS witH ALTERNATE EXsTIPULATE LOBED LEAVES. Hypecoum procumbens, Horned cumin, FUMARIACES. 1 del oie ind 108 The Plains. Peshawar, Multan. The Salt Range, Choa Saidan Shah, Rawalpindi, Bhera (Douie). Corydalis ramosa, Corydalis cornuta, Citrullus colocynthis, Corallocarpus epigeea, PETALS UNUNITED. small, annual, stems 3-12 in., many, slender, lying on the ground ; leaves 2-4 in., pinnately divided, segments lmear or oblong, cut, upper sessile, whorled ; flowers 4 in. diam., yellow, few, stalked in racemes, sepals 2, small, scale-like, soon falling off, petals 4, spreading, 2 outer flat, blunt, 2 inner 3-lobed, middle toothed or divided, lateral lobes linear-oblong, blunt, stamens 4, free, opposite the petals; capsule 14-24 in., 2 in. wide, slender, curved, almost flattened, breaking up into one-seeded joints, seeds many, flattened. The juice is said to have the same effect as opium. see Herbs, Erect, Alternate, Exstipulate, Lobed. see Herbs, Erect, Alternate, Exstipulate, Lobed. see Climbing Plants, Alternate, Exstipulate, Lobed. PETALS UNITED. see Climbing Plants, Alternate, Exstipulate, | obed. 674 Plants of the Punjab: a —— Prostrate Heres with ALTERNATE ExstTipuLATE Lopep LEAVES, Grangea maderaspatana, Mustaru. ComMpPosiTz&. F. B. I. iii. 246. The Plains. Baluchistan (Stocks). Glossocardia linearifolia, Seri. ComposiITm. F. B. I. iii, 308. The Plains, east of the Sutle}. Delhi. Chrysanthellum indicum, ComposITz. F. B. I. iii. 810, The Plains to 4,000 ft., in west sandy ground, Tridax procumbens, Composit &. Fos bin. 8lt. The Plains. Cotula anthemoides, ra PETALS UNITED, small, perennial, softly hairy, prostrate, a weed, form- ing patches, 6-12 in, wide; leaves pinnately divided with gaps ; flowers yellow, in almost round solitary leaf-opposed shortly stalked heads, corollas tubular, outer 4-5-cleft, bracts in few series, outer green, floor of head convex, naked ; achenes flattened, pappus hairs united into a cylin- drical fringed tube, small, annual, usually prostrate, smooth, smells lke fennel, branches 8-10 in., grooved; leaves 4-2 in. long, slender, pinnately divided on slender stalks, segments nar- rowly linear, with a small tip on a straight edge; flowers yellow, inner tubular, outer ligulate, on small terminal axil- lary heads, 4 in., ligule 2-fid, outer bracts of head small, usually 8 with a green midrib, thin, margin bristly, mner larger, oblong, blunt, smooth with thin margins ; achenes 1 in., densely bearded with stiff hairs, pappus of 2 smooth spreading tufts of bristles. This plant is used sometimes for food and as a medicine. small, annual, lying on the ground, smooth, stems stiff, square, grooved, smooth, or rough; leaves 1-3 in. long, triangular pinnately divided, stalk dilated at the sheath- ing base, segments oblong or wedge-shaped with the broad end outwards, bluntly lobed or cut, with an abrupt point at the apex of each division, succulent, translucent ; flowers yellow, inner tubular, outer ligulate in small stalked termi- nal axillary heads, } in. diam., enlarging in fruit, bracts in 1-2-series, equal to the achenes, oblong or narrow tapering to each end, ligules spreading, entire or 2-toothed, pappus of a minute crown ; achenes -', in. long, very thick, oblong, wedge-shaped with the broad end upwards, grooved, margin smooth. small, perennial, weak, straggling along the ground: hairy, stems 12-24 in., a few leaves scattered along them ; leaves 1-2 in. long, pinnately divided, ovate or lanceolate, segments few, narrow, deeply irregularly toothed ; flowers yellow and white, inner tubular white, outer ligulate yellow in very long stalked heads, # in. diam., floor of head flat or convex, bracts of head few, outer short, broad, green, corollas inner tubular, 5-fid, outer 8-fid ; achenes brown, topshaped or oblong, silky, pappus hairs 4 in. long, shining, feathery. see Herbs, Erect, Alternate, Exstipulate, Lobed, Plants of the Punjab. 575 a EE SS SS SE Prostrate Heres with ALTERNATE ExstipuLATE Lospep Lravszs, Cotula aurea, CoMPOSITA. PSB: -E niysi6; The Plains, Peshawar. Rhagadiolus Hedypnos, Calystegia hederacea, Solanum xXanthocarpum, Veronica hedereefolia, Ivy speedwell, ScROPHULARIACEA, F. B. I. iv. 294, Kashmir, 6,000 ft. Chrysosplenium tenellum, SAXIPRAGACEA. Fo. Brian, 401, Himalaya, 9-10,000 ft. Baghi, Marah, on wet rocks (Collett). Amarantus tenuifoiius, PRTALS UNITED. small, annual, nearly smooth, stems 2-4 in,, lying down from the root; leaves 1-3 in., pinnately divided, segments very finely divided and sub-divided or entire ; flowers yellow, in axillary and terminal stalked heads, 4-} in. diam., bracts of the head broadly oblong, floor of head naked, corollas flattened, lobed at the base, walls very thick below, mouth 4-lobed, pappus none ; achenes oblong flattened, striated. ; see Herbs, Erect, Alternate, Exstipulate, Lobed. see Prostrate Herbs, Alternate, Exstipulate, Simple. see Herbs, Erect, Alternate, Exstipulate, Lobed. annual, hairy, branches many, 6-18 in.; leaves 3-2 in. diam., circular ovate, 5-7-lobed, stalked, stalk short, widened upwards, lobes rounded ; flowers 4 in. diam., pale blue, on solitary axillary stalks, opening one after the other as the branch lengthens, stalks equal to the leaves in length, calyx 4-5-partite, lower segments united, heart- shaped, bristly, long-pointed, extending beyond the corolla, thin, corolla wheel-shaped, lobes 4-5, spreading, stamens 2, projecting out of the corolla tube ; capsule 2-grooved, lobes round or flattened, seeds one to many, large, black wrinkled, nearly round with a deep pit on the inner side, PETALS NONE. annual, delicate, smooth, stems thread-like, 1-3 in., leafy, lying along the ground interlacing; leaves barely zin. broad, kidney-shaped, notched at the base, toothed, lobed, lobes 4-6, shallow ; flowers ;4, in. diam., green-yel- low, stalked solitary, scattered, calyx tube joined to the ovary, lobes 4, overlapping, blunt, petals none, stamens 8, styles 2; capsule 2-beaked, splitting open cross-wise at the top, seeds small, smooth, shining. see Prostrate Herbs, Alternate, Exstipulate, Simple, 576 Plants of the Puryjab . CLIMBING PLANTS. CLIMBING PLANTS wiTH OpposITE STIPULATE SIMPLE LEAVES. Sageretia oppositifolia, Drange, girthan. RHAMNACE. F, B. I. 1, 641. Himalaya, 2-6,000 ft. Valleys below Simla (Collett). Sageretia theezans, Piper brachystachyum, Humulus lupulus, The Hop, UrRTICACES. BAB. Ly. 404 Himalaya, 7,000 ft. Simla. Kashmir. Cultivated. perennial, woody, spinous, young parts felted, branches long, slender, half climbing ; leaves 2-4 in. long, lanceolate- ovate, short or long-pointed, toothed, leathery, dark green and smooth above, stalks }in., stipules small, soon falling off or changed into prickles ; flowers very small, yellowish- green in large terminal branching racemes, velvety and often leafy, bracts leaflike, calyx 5-parted, lobes keeled within, persistent, tube cup-like, petals 5, hooded, stalked, stamens 5, style short, 3-grooved, stigmas 3, drupe } in. long, top-shaped, 3-celled, not lobed, black when ripe, seeds 3. see Climbing Plants, Alternate, Stipulate, Simple. see Climbing Plants, Alternate, Stipulate, Simple. LoBep LEAVES. perennial, rough, bristly, rootstock stout, branched, stems tall, twining, rough or prickly with reversed bristles ; leaves 8-4 in. diam., dark green, upper ovate, lower 3-5- lobed, stalked, heart-shaped, toothed, stipules lateral, persistent ; flowers green, males and females separate, males in branching racemes, 3-5 in. across, females in pairs in the axils of broad bracts of a catkin-like ovoid spike, male flowers. 4+ in. diam., sepals 5, overlapping, stamens 5, united to the sepals, female flowers in heads 4 in. diam., yellow, styles purple, fruiting 1} im. diam., scales circular ; fruit an ovoid spike of overlapping bracts, in the axils, 9 flattened achenes each in its sepal. The plant was culti- vated in Kashmir, it has some sedative action, and is used in brewing beer. CLIMBING PLANTS witH Opposite E:xsTIPULATE SIMPLE LEAVES. Hiptage Madablota, Kampti, endra, chopar. MALPIGHIACER. (ara ge igs bg The Plains to 3,000 ft. Sutlej Valley (Collett). Gurgaon, PETALS UNUNITED. tall, woody, perennial, smooth except young parts which are grey felted ; leaves 4-6 in., ovate-lanceolate, shortly stalked, entire, smooth, thick ; flowers ? in., white with a yellow spot, fragrant, showy in axillary velvety racemes forming a leafy branching termimal raceme, 2 bracts near the middle of the stalks, calyx 5-parted, felted, a large smooth brown sticky vulva-shaped gland on the outer surface, petals 5, free, reflexed, silky, stalked, unequal. much longer than the calyx, upper petal with a large yellow spot, others white, margins wavy, fringed, stamens 10, Plants of the Punjab. 577 Crimping PLANTS witu Opposite ExstreunATE Simpue LEAVEs. Hydrangea altissima, SAXIFRAGACEA. F. B. I. u. 404. Himalaya, 4-8,000 ft. Narkanda, in forest (Collett). Combretum decandrum, Punk. CoMBRETACES. Bod. 15 459: The Plains to 2,000 it, Quisqualis indica, Rangun-ki-bel. CoMBRETACES, F. Be I; in. 459, The Plains. Cultivated. PRTALS UNUNITED. curved, united below, lowest twice as long as the others, style long, curved ; fruit of 1-3 round, 8-winged nuts + in. diam., wings unequal, narrowly oblong up to 2 in., often a 4th shorter wing present. The juice is used as an in- secticide, and as a cure for scabies (itch). perennial, woody, climbing, branchlets smooth ; leaves 3-6 in., ovate or lanceolate, sharply toothed, long-pointed, smooth along the nerves on the lower surface ; flowers in rounded compound hairy clusters, 8-6 in. across, sterile flowers with white calyces, fertile flowers small, incon- spicuous, sterile flowers calyx lobe petal-like, white, 14in. across, 4-lobed spreading, petals none, fertile flowers, +5 in. long, calyx tube joined to the capsule, 4-toothed, petals 4, white, falling off like a cup, stamens 10, styles 2, diverging ; capsule 2-4-celled, crowned with the persistent calyx and styles, seeds minute, tailed at each end. The bark is used as a substitute for paper. large, perennial, woody, young parts silkily velvety, branches hanging down, and almost climbing, covered with white bracts in flower; leaves 4-5 in. long, oblong, sud- denly long-pointed, smooth, stalks 4 in. ; flowers 7 in. long, ereenish-white, in dense very woolly branching racemes, bracts 2-3 in. long, woolly, bracteoles 4 in., linear, almost persistent, calyx urn-shaped, hairy, lobes 5, lanceo- late, awl-shaped, almost erect, soon drooping off, petals 5, oblong, smooth, stamens 10 ; fruit about 1 in. long, oblong or narrowed to both ends, with 5 broad wings, seed one, large, perennial, woody, rambling climber ; leaves 4 in., oblong, long-pointed, entire, almost smooth, stalks 4-4 in., rusty woolly ; flowers 14-23 in., rose or scarlet, in short spikes, axillary and terminal, bracteoles 2 in., lanceolate, almost persistent, calyx long, slender, 5-fid, teeth tri- angular, short-pointed, petals 5, oblong or almost round, stamens 10, short; fruit 3-1} in. by. 3 in., dry, leathery, black, very sharp at the five sharp angles, seed one. A handsome climber. PP 578 Plants of the Punjab. CLIMBING PLANTS witH Opposite ExstTrpULATE SIMPLE LEAVES. Rubia cordifolia, Indian Madder, Manjit, RuBIACES. F. B. 1. 1. 202. Himalaya, 2-8,000 it. Simla, Mashobra (Collett). Baluchistan (Hughes-Buller). Rubia tinctorum, European Madder, RuBIACES. F. B, I. i. 208. Kashmir, cultivated (Falconer). Baluchistan (Lace), Rubia himalayenese, RuBIACER. F. B. I. iii. 203, Kashmir (Falconer). Rubia albicaulis, RuBIACE. F, B, I. iii. 204. The Plains from 2-8,000 ft. The Salt Range. Murree. Galium rotundifolium, PETALS UNITED. rootstock perennial, roots long, cylindrical, stems stout, branches 4-angled, smooth or rough with bristles directed backwards; leaves 2-4 in., heart-shaped-ovate, long-pointed, long-stalked, in circles of four, nerves and margins prickly ; flowers minute, dark red, in terminal crowded branching racemes, branches divided in threes with opposite sessile heart-shaped bracts, calyx tube round, smooth, no teeth, corolla tube very short, lobes 5, ovate, short-pomted, tips incurved, stamens 5, style 2-branched ; fruit + in, diam., round, or almost 2-lobed, black, 2-celled or 1-celled, juice red, seeds 2, small. The red dye, manjtt, is made from the roots. very like the last species, but leaves narrower, corolla wheel-shaped, anthers linear-oblong, not round. like the last species, but not cultivated, more slender, broader, shorter, leaves long-stalked, corolla more funnel- shaped. like the last species, but doubtfully climbing, branches often white, quite smooth, upper green with white thicken- ed angles, leaves sessile, opposite, or 4 in a circle, linear- lanceolate, flowers yellow, see Prostrate Herbs, Opposite, Exstipulate, Simple, Plants of the Punjab. 579 CLIMBING PLANTS wiTH OppositrE ExsTIPpULATE SIMPLE LEAVES. Galium Aparine, Cleaver’s Goose Grass, RuBIACES. EH By Tein 205. Himalaya, 8-12,000 ft. Hattu (Collett). Galium mollugo, Hedge Goose Grass, RuBIACE. BP Be Fe ini, 207. Himalaya, 5-12,000 ft. Simla (Collett). Galium spurium, RUBIACER. F. B. I. ii. 208. Kashmir. Jasminum Sambae, Arabian Jasmine, Motia, chambel, mugra. OLEACEA. He Batam) The Plains to 2,000 ft. Cultivated, Jasminum pubescens, Kundphul, kunda, OLEACER. BB. 1 itis 692; The Plains to 8,000 ft. Cultivated, PETALS UNITED. annual, rough with reflexed hairs or prickles, branches 4-angled, climbing or trailing; leaves 3-14 by 4-} in., sessile, 6-8 in a circle, linear, bristles pointed, no nerves ; flowers minute, white tinged with green, on axillary 3- flowered stalks, and in terminal leafy branching racemes, longer or shorter than the leaves, calyx tube ovoid or round, no teeth, corolla wheel-shaped, lobes 4, spread- ing, stamens 4, short, anthers just protruding, styles 2, short ; fruit small, dry, round, almost 2-lobed, covered with hooked bristles, seeds 2, small. like the last species, but perennial, leaf margins recurved, fruit smooth, granulate. very like the last species, but annual, leaves almost sessile, flower clusters slender, leaves larger, blunt, broader. perennial, woody, branchlets velvety; leaves 1-5 in., ovate, shortly stalked, nearly smooth; flowers } in., white, fragrant, in 8-flowered clusters, bracts small, calyx teeth 5, velvety, } in. long, linear, corolla salver-shaped, tube narrow, lobes 5, } in. oblong, blunt, or sharp-pointed, stamens 2, included, stigmas 2; berry + in. diam., carpels 1-2, round, black, surrounded by the almost erect awl- shaped calyx teeth, seed one in each carpel. The fragrant oil is extracted from the flowers which are also used as votive offerings ; they are used as a lactifuge. like the last species, but covered with yellowish brown silky hairs, leaves 24 by 1 in., ovate-lanceolate, flowers in dense clusters longer than the highest leaves. Pp2 580 Plants of the Punjab, a SSS _ CuimBinc PLaNnts with Opposite ExstipunatE SimpLEe LEAVES, Vallaris Heynei, Ramsar, chamari-ki-vel. APOCYNACER. F. B. I. iii. 650. The Plains to 5,000 ft. Sutlej Valley (Collett). Cultivated. Beaumontia grandiflora, APOCYNACER. F. B. I. iii. 660. The Plains. Cultivated. Trachelospermum fragrans, APOOCYNACER, POD, A. 11.067: Himalaya, 2,6000 ft. Valleys below Simla, Lansdowne Falls. (Collett). PETALS UNITED, perennial, woody, twining, bark pale, axils of leaves glandular ; leaves 14-4 by 2-14 in., narrowed to both ends or oblong or linear-oblong, long pointed, minutely dotted, stalk 3-2in. ; flowers 3 in., white, fragrant, in axillary droop- ing velvety clusters, 3-10-flowered, calyx 5-partite, segments -narrow, ovate-oblong, blunt, equal to the short corolla tube, corolla salver-shaped, tube =1, in., naked, lobes 5, broad, overlapping to the right, spreading, stamens 5, at the top of the tube, anthers protruding, meeting in a cone touching the stigma ; fruit 6 by 2 in., of 2 straight follicles, tapermg frcm a rounded base to a stiff point, seeds 1 in. ovate, beaked, with a tuft of very long hairs, A handsome white-flowered climber. evergreen, stem stout, woody, a lofty climber, shoots rusty velvety ; leaves 7-12 by 3-7in., oblong-ovate with a broad tip ending in a long point, smooth above, rarely felted beneath, stalks 3-1 in. ; flowers 3-5 in. long in few- or many-flowered terminal clusters, bracts leafy, calyx lobes 5, 1-2 in. long, oblong-lanceolate, long-pointed, corolla tubular and bell-shaped, lobes 5, 1 in., rounded except the tip, broad, overlapping to the right, stamens 5, at the top of the tube, included in the throat ; anthers 2 in., horny, forked, meeting over and touching the stigma ; fruit very fleshy, long, woody, dividing into 2 horizontally spreading follicles, seeds ? in. Jong, flattened, ovate or oblong, crown- ed with a tuft of hairs 1} in. long. perennial, woody, smooth, shoots and leaf stalks vel- vety, branches hanging down; leaves 8-5 by 1-14 in., lanceolate, narrowed to both ends, long-pointed, stalks 4-4 in. ; flowers 4in. long and 1 in. diam., white, fragrant, in axillary and terminal loose branching racemes, major and minor stalks slender, calyx small, lobes 5, lanceolate, 4-4 in. long, corolla tube 4-4 in., with constricted mouth, lobes 5, spreading, oblong, overlapping to the right, twisted to the left, stamens as in the last species, anthers included but not horny; fruit of 2 follicles, 4-8 in, long, separated from below, curved and almost touching at the tips, seeds 2 in, long, many, slender, white, with a tuft of long hairs, Plants of the Punjab. 581 CuimBInc PLaANnts witH Opposite ExstrpuLATE SIMPLE LEAVES. Iechnocarpus frutescens, APOCYNACES. F. B. I. i. 669, The Plains to 2,000 ft., east of the Sutlej. Sirmur Hathni Khund. Cryptolepis Buchanani, Karanta. ASCLEPIADACE. BS Bile iy, Oy The Plains to 4,000 ft. Giri Valley (Collett). Lahore. Cryptostegia grandiflora, ASCLEPIADACEA, Poe Bs ive 6. The Plains, widely found as an escape, also cultivated. PETALS UNITED, perennial, woody, a closely, clinging climber, smooth, or branches and lower surface of leaves softly felted ; leaves 2-3 by 3-14 in., narrowed at both ends, oblong or lanceolate ; flowers very small, white or whitish purple, in axillary and terminal rusty velvety racemes, 1-3 in. long, calyx 5-fid, 8 in., lobes ovate, blunt, corolla } in. diam., twice as long as the calyx, salver-shaped, mouth and margins hairy, lobes narrowed to the long point, overlap- ping to the right, stamens at or below the middle of the tube; otherwise like the last species ; follicles 3-6 by § in., very slender, curved, widely spreading, seeds 4 in., not beaked, tuft of white hairs. perennial, smooth, twining, juice milky; leaves 3-6 by 1-24 in. oblong or narrowed to both ends, leathery, shin- ing above, stalk 4 in. ; flowers 2 in. diam., yellow, in very loose, slender, short, many-flowered, axillary, branching racemes, calyx small, 5-lobed with 5 scales within, lobes short, sharp-pointed, corolla tube very short, lobes 5, lanceolate, scales 5, club-shaped at the top of the corolla tube closing its mouth, stamens 5, at the bottom of the tube, bases broad, united to the stigma, anther tips long, meeting over it, pollen glandular joined in masses in pairs in each anther cell, stigma conical ; follicles 2-4 in., straight, stiff, 4-2 in. diam.,in the middle, gradually narrowed, smooth, separating, seeds } in. long, oblong-ovate, tuft of hairs 1 in. long. perennial, woody, stout, smooth, juice milky, the latex contains much good rubber, but it is separated from the other constituents with difficulty ; leaves 3-4 by 13-2 in., narrowed to both ends, blunt, leathery, shinmg above, stalks 4-2 in. ; flowers 14 in. long, 2 in. diam., white . nged with pinkish purple, in terminal 3-branched short spr ading clusters, bracts soon falling off, calyx 5-partite, lcbes 3-3 in. long, lanceolate, corolla funnel-shaped, tube short, throat bell-shaped, lobes 5, broad, overlapping and twisted to the left, short-pointed, scales 5 at the base of the throat, clefi into thread-like segments, stamens and anthers as in the last species, stigma convex ; follicles 4-5 by 1-1} in.; straight, thick, woody, widely separating,- thickest at the base, seeds } in. long, ob!ong-ovate, flattened, tnft of hairs 14 in. long, very fine. 582 Plants of the Punjab. CLIMBING PLANTS witH OpposiTE ExsTipUuULATE SIMPLE LEAVES. Periploca Hydaspidis, Oxystelma esculentum, Dudhlutta, gharote, gann. ASCLEPIADACEA. PL a Boe ee hy a The Plains. Pentatropis spiralis, Ambar vel, vanveri, arkpushpi. ASCLEPIADACEA. Bes! Tin. 19! The Plains. Demia extensa, Karial, siali, trotu. ASOLEPIADACE®. Pei iv.'20. The Plains to 3,000 ft. Valleys below Simla (Collett). The Salt Range. Changa Manga. Baluchistan (Hughes-Buller). PETALS UNITED. see Leafless Plants, Petals United. perennial, decidous, very slénder, smooth ; leaves 4-6 by 4-lin., lanceolate or linear, finely long-pointed, thin, stalks $in., very slender ; flowers white and rose-coloured, with purple veins, 1 in. diam., in few-flowered, slender, stalked clusters, calyx small, corolla 5-lobed, bristly, tips overlapping to the right, 2 rows of scales, one row at the bottom of the corolla, the other joined to the bottom of the stamens with dilated bases, 2-keeled within, pollen masses one in each cell, flattened, hanging down, waxy ; follicles 2-3 in., oblong-lanceolate, seeds } in., very many, broad-ovate, flat with a tuft of hairs. annual, slender, smooth, twining herb, roots tuberous ; leaves 1-1} in., ovate, lanceolate or oblong, leathery, stalk $-3 in. ; flowers } in. diam., green, in axillary umbel-like clusters on very short stalks, calyx minute, 5-partite, corolla wheel-shaped, 5-fid, lobes ovate-lanceolate, long and fine- pointed, overlapping to the right, twisted to the left, scales 5 in the tube united vertically to the back of the anthers with free tips and spurred bases ; follicles 24-3 in., spindie shaped, smooth, seeds }in. long, ovate, flat with a tuft of hairs. The roots are eaten. perennial, slender, twining, hairy, juice milky ; leaves 2-4 in. across, broadly ovate, long-pointed, deeply notched at the base, stalk 2-4 in., velvety beneath ; flowers 4-? in. diam.; yellow-green, tinged with pink at the base, fetid, long stalked in axillary umbel-like clusters, calyx 5-fid, lobes small, ovate, velvety, corolla tube very short, lobes broad, fringed, scales in 2 rows, outer 10, minute, united to the base of the staminal tube, inner 5, white, laterally flattened, joined to the staminal tube, spurred behind, tips long, linear, spirally twisted over the stigma, stamen stalks jomed, anther tips bent in, pollen masses waxy, stigma almost 5-angled; follicles 14-2 in., lanceolate, long-pointed, covered with long soft prickles, seeds } in., velvety, ovate, with a tuft of hairs. The fibre is equal to flax, the juice is emetic and expectorant. , Plants of the Punjab, 588 CuimBING PLANTs witH Opposits Exstiputate SimpuE Leavezs, Holostemma Rheedei, ASCLEPIADACER. BBs 21: Himalaya, 3-5,000 ft., east of the Sutlej. Valleys below Simla (Collett). Cynanchum Dalhousie, ASCLEPIADACES. SB. live. 25. Himalaya, east of the Sutlej, 5-7,000 ft. Simla (Collett). Cynanchum auriculatum, ASCLEPIADACES. | aes Aad De ea Himalaya, 6-12,000 ft. Mashobra, Mahasu (Collett). Murree (Douie). The Glen, Simla. Marsdenia Roylei, Murkula, tar, kurang. ASCLEPIADACEA., PS Be ive 35. Himalaya, 3-7,000 ft., east of the Sutlej. Simla, Jaku, Annandale. (Collett), PETALS UNITED. perennial, smooth, twining, juice milky ; leaves 24-4 by 13-8 in., ovate, short-or long-pointed, base deeply notched, long-stalked, nerves red ; flowers 1-11 in. diam., purple, outer surface silvery white in axillary umbel-like few-flowered clusters, main stalks 1-2 in. long, minor stalks as long, calyx 5-partite, lobes not glandular, corolla cup-shaped, tube very short, lobes 5, broad, short-pointed, thick, overlapping to the right, a 10-lobed fleshy ring united to and round the staminal tube, anthers large, oblong, horny, shining, united in a 10-winged column, pollen masses waxy, stigma 5-angled ; follicles 6 by 14 in., smooth, short, thick, spindle-shaped, green, seeds with a tuft of hairs. perennial, twining, smooth except for a line of hairg running between the joints ; leaves 8-7 by 4-1 in., linear- lanceolate, long-pointed, deeply notched at the base, stalk 3-z In.; flowers § in. diam., pale green in almost sessile smooth umbels, calyx 5-partite, lobes ovate, corolla tube very short, smooth, lobes 5, reflexed, a bell-shaped ring of 10 teeth nearly equal to the corolla with 10 small scales within near the base, staminal tube 10-winged, anther tips small, inflexed, pollen masses waxy, stigma 5-angled ; follicles 2-4 in., slender, tapering, smooth, seeds with a tuft of hairs. like the last species, but leaf stalks with a pair of leaf- like appendages, flowers long-stalked, corolla velvety within, yellow-greenish, the ring within the corolla is much smaller, 5-teeth and 5 scales instead of 10. perennial, twining, woody, softly felted, juice milky ; leaves 3-5 by 14-3 in., ovate-lanceolate, notched at the base, long-pointed, often velvety beneath, stalks 14-2 in. ; flowers $ in. diam., orange, collected densely in axillary umbel-like clusters, calyx-5 partite, about half ag long as the corolla, hairy, corolla almost bell-shaped, fleshy, tube short, lobes 5, velvety within, hairy without, spreading throat smooth or hairy, 5 scales at the base of the staminal tube, flat, linear, erect, much longer than the tube, tips free, leaning towards each other, anther tips inflexed, pollen masses waxy ; follicles 3 by 1 in., thick, straight, 584 Plants of the Punjab. CuimBING PLants witn OppositE EXsTIPULATE SimpnE LEAvEs. Pergularia pallida, ASCLEPIADAOE®, BSL iv. 33: The Plains to 5,000 ft. Rawalpindi (Douie). Below Murree. Pergularia odoratissima, ASCLEPIADACES. BB) Lav;.38. The Plains, Cultivated. Pergularia minor, ASCLEPIADACEE. FE, B. 1.17. 88. The Plains. Cultivated. Tylophora hirsuta, ASCLEPIADACER, BG. 1, iy, 43. The Plains to 5,000 ft. Pathankote (Clarke). Tylophora tenerrima, ASOLEPIADAOHA. F. B. I. iv. 44. Himalaya, 3-6,000 ft., east of the Sutlej. Simla, the Glen (Collett), PETALS UNITED. beaked, deeply wrinkled, seeds 4 in. long, with a tuft of hairs. The fibreis very fine, and very strong, and makes good fishing lines. perennial, almost smooth, twining ; leaves 2-4 by 11-3 in., ovate, notched at the base, stalked, short-pointed ; flowers ? in. diam., yellow-green, in axillary umbel-like clusters, calyx 5-partite, corolla tube 4 in. long, dilated below, smooth, corolla salver-shaped, lobes narrow, much longer than the tube, scales and anthers as in the last species but the scales oblong, tips bearing a linear appendage on inner side; follicles 8 by 2 in., smooth, tapering, seeds ovate, concave. like the last species, but flowers very sweet-scented, often orange coloured, throat of corolla hairy not smooth. hike the last species, but leaves often 2-lobed at the base, flowers smaller, corolla lobes shorter and broader. perennial, twining, stems stout, densely felted, hairs reflexed ; leaves 24-4 by 14-2 in., ovate or ovate-lanceolate, short- or long-pointed, velvety or felted on both surfaces, base round, blunt or notched, stalks 3-14 in., stout ; flowers $-4 im. diam. white or pale green, in few-flowered umbels on long zigzag stalks, calyx 5-partite, lobes lanceolate, hairy, corolla wheel-shaped, lobes 5, broad, short, slightly overlapping to the right, scales fleshy, united to the very short column, other characters like the last species; fol- licles 2 by 4 in., tapering, long-pointed, smooth, seeds 4 in. long, ovoid, flat, winged with a tuft of hairs. like the last species, but less hairy, leaves only } in. broad, flowers purple. Plants of the Punjab. 585 CiuimBine PLants witH Opposite Exstiputate Simpue Leaves. Hoya longifolia, ASOLEPIADACE. BP. Bi T, iv; 56: Himalaya, 1-4,500 ft., east of the Sutlej, Valley below Chota Simla (Collett). Leptadenia reticulata, ASCLEPIADACEA. BO Bel iv 63: The Plains, east of the Sutlej. Ambala(Edgeworth). Ceropegia bulbosa, ASCLEPIADACES. Bt Ae tv. 67. The Plains. Multan (Aitchison). Thunbergia fragrans, ACANTHACE. FS Be 1ve390: The Plains to 4,000 ft. Cultivated. PETALS UNITED, perennial, smooth, stems climbing over trees and rocks, rooting, branches hanging down; leaves 2-6 by 2-1 in., narrowly-lanceclate, short-pointed, fleshy, stalks z-1 in., very stout ; flowers #-1 in. diam., white waxy tinged with pink, in axillary shortly stalked umbel-like clusters, stalks 2 in. long, calyx 5-partite, lobe ovate, smooth, corolla 5-lobed, lobes triangular, tube very short, scales thick, jomed to the staminal tube, flat spreading in a star- shape, inner angle produced in a short point, back round, other characters like the last species; follicles 4-6 in, straight slender, seeds $ in., lanceolate, tufted with long hairs. perennial, twining, leafy, bark corky, young part grey-felted ; leaves 1-2 in., ovate-heart-shaped or narrowed at both ends, short-pointed, leathery, pale, stalks 3-4 in. ; flowers 4 in. diam., thick, velvety, in crowded axillary umbel-like grey clusters, which are solitary or in pairs, 3-1 in. diam., calyx shortly 5-lobed, top-shaped, lobes blunt, corolla wheel-shaped, lobes 5, tips keeled on the face, tube smooth, shining from the scales which are continued half way down the lobes ; follicles 24-3 by 4-3 in., thick, straight, smooth, almost woody, beak thick, curved, seeds + in. long, narrowly ovoid, winged, flat, with a tuft of hairs. perennial, root tuberous, stem very slender, twining ; leaves various, 1-5 by 4-1 in., linear-lanceolate, stalked or almost sessile, always fleshy ; flowers 3-1 in., greenish, in 3-5-flowered axillary umbel-like clusters on stalks 4-1 in. long, calyx 5-partite, lobes 4, in. long, narrow, corolla straight, narrow, mouth slightly dilated, 5-angled, lobes 5, 4-$ in., linear from a triangular base, hairy within, tube purple within, slender ; follicles 4in. long, slender, cylin- dric, seeds 4 in. long, linear-oblong, winged, tufted. perennial, climbing, stems slender, hairy or smooth ; leaves 2-3 by 4-14 in., ovate, or oblong, short-pointed, base notched deeply, or forked, toothed, stalk 4-14 in. ; flowers 1} in., white, fragrant or not, axillary, one, rarely two, in an axil, stalks 1-3 in., bracts leaf-like at the base of the stalk, bracteoles ? in., oblong, calyx } in. enlarging in fruit to 4, divided into 12-16 long-lanceolate teeth, hardly longer than the tube, corolla 5-lobed, lobes rounded, tube curved, dilated, stamens 4, in unequal pairs, near the bottom of the tube, style funnel-shaped, 2-lipped ; capsule 2-1 in., smooth, shining, round, abruptly narrowed into a 586 Plants of the Punjab. ——_————— CrmmBiInG PLANTS witH OpposiTE EXxstrpuULATE SIMPLE LEAVES. Bridelia stipularis, EUPHORBIACE. poB. fv. 270: Himalaya, 2-4 000 ft. Kashmir. Boerhaavia repanda, NyYcTAGINACER. F. B. I. iv. 709. The Plains, east of the Sutle}. Boerhaavia verticillata, NyoTAGINACEA. EB. Lav. 710 The Plains, west of the Jhelum. Th> Salt Range. Mt. Tilla. (Aitchison). ZErua scandens, AMARANTACES. F. B. I. iv. 727. The Plains to 5,000 ft. Valleys below Simla (Collett). Koti, PETALS UNITED. sword-like beak, seeds 4, 4-4 in., ovoid or dorsally flat- tened, wrinkled. . perennial, woody, half clmbimg, covered with yellow- ish-brown felt ; leaves 2-8 by 3-5 in., narrowed to both ends, ovate with a broad tip, or circular-oblong, base round or notched, slightly felted beneath, :talk }-} m., stout, felted ; flowers very small, green, in small axillary clusters or long spikes with long stipular bracts, male and female together, calyx 4 in. diam., lobes lanceolate, long-poimted petals 5, circular, shortly stalked, male flowers sessile: s'amens 5, united below in a column, female flowers stalked, styles 2, 2-branched; drupe 4 mm. long, oblong bluish-black in the calyx which is enlarged to 4 in., stones usually 2. PETALS NONE. perennial herb, half-climbing and straggling over things, branche: pale, 6 ft. long, smooth or velvety ; leave 1-3 in., triangular-ovate or heart-shaped, short- or long-pointed, stalk $-14 in., slender ; flowers minute, pink in 2-6-flowered umbels on slender stalks 1-2 in., minor stalks 4-1 in., hair-like, calyx 5-lobed, % in. diam., iube 1 in., petals none, stamens 1-5, projecting far out of the tube; fruit tin. long, slender, covered with large glands slightly ribbed. very like the last species, but leaves broader, blunt- er, flowers smaller, sometimes white, fruit smaller, 4 in., club-shaped, with large half round glands round the top. perennial, climbing, grey-felted ; leaves 1-4 in., ovate stalked, hairy, short-pointed; flowers minute, silvery white, crowded in ses:ile ovoid or oblong axillary branch- ing spikes }-1 in. long, calyx 5-partite, thin, hairy on side lobes lanceolate, finely pointed, stamens 5, or 4, alternating with staminodes, petals none ; fruit dry ovoid utricle in the calyx, one-seeded Plants of the Punjab. 587 a a a SS a a EE CLIMBING PLANTS wiTtH Opposite ExstTIpULATE SIMPLE LEAVEs. Ephedra peduneularis, Kuchan, lastuk. GNETACER. EY B. Iv. 64F. The Plains, west of the Jhelum. The Salt Range. The Park, Rawalpindi. Dioscorea glabra, Chinese yam, Di1oscoREACE. BeBe bs vii 294. The Plains to 5,000 ft. Valleys below Simla, Fifth Waterfall (Collett). Dioscorea sativa, Polygonatum cirrifolium, Gloriosa superba, Kariari, mulim. LILIACER. PoBuTs vi. 358: The Plains to 5,000 !t. Sutlej Valley, Subathu (Collett). PETALS NONE. perennial, male and female flowers on different plants jointed at the nodes, producing long runners, often with a bluish-grecn waxy gloss, branchlets often in tufts and thread-like, sometimes roughish, slender ; leave: often want- ing, consist of thread-like and linear scales at the nodes ; flowers in the axils of opposite bracts on solitary or clustered catkins and cones, male catkins often on stalkg 1-14 in., rarely axillary, or sessile, 6-20-flowered, male flowers calyx of 2 sepals, anther; 2-10, sessile, female flowers 4 pairs of bristly bracts, lower pairs united, plate-like, uppermost shortly 2-fid, ovule naked with outer coat formed into a tube which is the style; fruit :ometimes with fleshy red bracts which look almost like grapes and are juicy and edible, seeds oblong, convex on one side, flat on the other, coat dry. perennial, smooth, male and female flowers on different plants, root tuberous, stems stout, flattened, twining a leaves 3-8 by 1-43 in., orbicular, ovate-oblong, base deeply notched, net-veined, s'alk 1-34 in., tip forming a long tail- like poit; flowers minute, greenish on slender axillary spike:, male spikes 1-14 in., many, clustered, spreading, male flowers round, single or clustered, berry 2-lobed, sometimes simple, seeds 2 or 1. see Shrubs, Opposite, Exstipulate, Compound. gee Shrubs, Opposite, Exstipulate, Compound. PRTALS NONE. perennial, woody, smooth or silky, stem round, chmbing by its leaflets; leaves with 3 leaflets, stalked, clustered at the node‘, leaflets ovate, toothed or deeply divided ; flowers 2-3 in. diam., white, often scented, solitary on stalks longer ‘han the leaves, sepals 4, oblong, flat, spreading, tip rounded, smooth or silky outside, petals none, stamens many, smooth; fruit is a head of almost sessile achenes, styles persist as long feathery tails. Plants of ihe Punjab, 589 Sea eS eR en Si oe 2 Sg ee ne ee ee. CuimBING Puant- with OppositrE ExstipuLate Compounp LEAVES, Clematis barbellata, RANUNCULACES. PRB 1.33 Himalaya, 5-12,000 ft. Mashobra, Mahasu, ‘n forest (Collett). Hatiu. Clematis grata, Ghantiali, bilirr. RANUNCULACE®. Be Bs ti 3. Himalaya, 2-8,000 ft. Simla, Mashobra (Collett). Murree (Dou:e). Clematis Gouriana, RANUNCULACEAR. Bo Be Tsi, 4 ~ Himalaya, 1-3,000 ft. Valleys below Simla (Collett). Clematis puberula, RANUNCULACES. Be bin 4s Himalaya, 4-7,000 ft. Simla, Mashobra (Collett). Clematis graveolens, RANUNCULACES, Fs B, 151, 4. Hima'aya, 6-11,000 ft. Murree, Kulu. Baluchistan (Lace). PETALS NONE, like the last species, but flowers dull purple, sepals long-pointed, stamens hairy. like the last species, but stems hairy, furrowed, leaves pinnate, usually of 5 leaflets, leaflets lobed, deeply cut, flowers cream-coloured, fragrant, in long branching racemes, sepals oblong-ovate, felted outside, stamens smooth, achenes velvety. like the last species, but smooth, flowers smaller, pale yellow, achenes hairy. The juice causes blistering. like the last species, but downy, flowers few, larger in leafy branching racemes, achenes silky, like the last species, but smooth, stem not grooved, le-flets much divided, flowers strongly scented, upper flowers of raceme often solitary with a pair of pinnate leafy bracts on the stalk, achenes velvety. 590 Plants of the Punjab. CLIMBING PLANTS wItH OpposiTE ExsTIPULATE COMPOUND LEAVES. PETALS NONE. Clematis orientalis, like the last species, but smooth, with a waxy gloss, RANUNCULACES. leaflets circular to ovate-lanceolate, flower yellow with BH, Bod; 1:6. purple mottling, sepals ovate with a long point, achenes Himalaya, hairy. 8-14,000 ft. Baluchistan (Stocks). Clematis nutans, like the last species, but silkily velvety, stem deeply RANUNCULACES. grooved, leaflets 8-5-lobed, sepals pale yellow, erect with 158 oA Ras recurved tips, silky velvety without, achenes large. Himalaya, east of the Sutlej, 2-5,000 ft. Clematis connata, like the last species, but stems faintly grooved, the RANUNCULACER. bases of the leaf stalks united round ihe stem, sepals felted ee. Lab. on both surfaces. Himalaya, 4-10,000 ft. Simla, Mashobra (Collett). Clematis Buchaniana, very like the last species, but much rougher, more RANUNCULACE. hairy, leaflets broader, flowers larger, sepals ribbed, achenes Feo. T4,'6, densely hairy, Himalaya, 5-10,000 ft. Simla (Collett). CLIMBING PLANTS witH ALTERNATE STIPULATE SIMPLE LEAVES. PETALS UNUNITED. Capparis sepiaria, see Shrubs, Alternate, Stipulate, Simple. Capparis horrida, perennial, woody, young parts brown-felted, armed His, ardanda. with recurved thorns, laterally flattened ; leaves 14-4 in. CAPPARIDACEA, long, ovate or oblong, blunt or sharp pointed, thinning BB ie: a78. above, stipules consist of 2 thorns; flowers 14-2 in. The Plains, across, white turning to pink or purplish, solitary or 2-4 east of the Sutlej. in a vertical line on the branches on stalks $-1 in. long, Hathni Khund, sepals 4 in 2 series, petals 4, sessile, overlapping, oblong, Sirmur, bristly, shorter than the stamens, stamens many, purple, ovary stalked, stigma sessile; fruit 1-14 in. diam., on a sout stalk, fleshy, almost round with 4 blunt angles, seeds many, ‘The fruit is eaten in pickle, Plants of ihe Punjaby 591 CLIMBING PLANTS WITH ALTERNATE STIPULATE SIMPLE LBAVEs. Celastrus paniculata, Malkangni, sankhu. CELASTRACEAR. BB ie 61: The Plains to 4,000 ft. Koti below Dharmpur, near Kasauli. Zizyphus Cnoplia, Berchemia floribunda, RHAMNACER. BB: 2-637. Himalaya, 3-6,000 ft., east of the Jhelum. Sageretia oppositifolia, Sageretia theezans, Dargola, ankol, thum. RHAMNACE. EB. B. 11. 641. Himalaya, 6-8,000 ft. Valleys below Simla, Naldera, Suni (Collett). The Salt and Suleman Ranges, 2-5,500 ft. Hazara. PETALS UNUNITED. perennial, woody, branches hanging down, bark covered with small warts excrescence; leaves 24-5 in, long, ovate or circular, toothed, abruptly pointed, stipules minute, soon falling off or none; flowers 4 in., yellow- green, in terminal branching racemes, that hang down, bracts fringed, calyx 5-parted, lobes rounded, toothed, petals 5, $ in., oblong, entire, stamens 5, style short-pointed ; capsule } in. diam., round, cells 3, seeds 8 or 6, embedded in a red fleshy substance. The seeds afford a yellow oil which is said to be a nervine tonic and to cure Beri beri; oleum nigrum is obtained from these seeds distilled with aromatics and in Indian medicine is much used as a diaphoretic, diuretic and nervine stimulant. see Shrubs, Alternate, Stipulate, Simple. perennial, woody, branches smooth, waxy when young ; leaves 2-4 in. long, ovate or oblong, short- or long-pointed, stalks 2-1 in., stipules within the axils, bifid; flowers small, yellowish-green, 6 in a cluster, clusters forming large terminal branching racemes, calyx 5-parted, tube cup- shaped, lobes lanceolate, petals 5, spoon-shaped, stamens 5, stigma 2-lobed ; fruit $ in. long, purple, cylindrical, stone 2-celled. see Climbing Plants, Opposite, Stipulate, Simple, perennial, woody, spinous, branches long, slender, scurfy on spines and flower branches; leaves 14-2 in., ovate or narrowing to both ends, minutely toothed, dark green, smooth above, velvety beneath when young; flowers very small, yellowish-green, sessile on long slender inter- rupted spikes, calyx 5-fid, lobes keeled within, short- pointed, petals 5, hooded, stalked, stamens 5, style short, 3-grooved, stigmas 3 ; fruit } in. round, 8-celled, 3-seeded, leathery, dark brown, edible, sweet. The leaves are sometimes used as a substitute for tea in China, the fruit is much eaten. 592 Plants of the Punjab. CLIMBING PLANTS wiItH ALTERNATES STIPULATE SIMPLE LEAVES, Helinus lanceolatus, RHAMNACER. F. B. I. 1. 644. The Plains from 1-5,000 ft. Valleys below Sipi. (Collett), Vitis lanata, VITACER. PB 4. 6b; Himalaya, to 6,000 ft. Valleys below Simla (Collett). Vitis latifolia, Panibel. VITACER. F. B. I. i. 652. Himalaya, 2-8,000 ft., east of the Sutlej. Vitis vinifera, The Grape Vine, Angur. VITACER. HbA, 602, The Plains to 6,000 ft. Cultivated. Baluchistan. Vitis parvifolia, VITACER. F. B. I. 1. 652. Himalaya, 3-6,000 ft. Simla, Mahasu (Collett). Crotalaria hirsuta, Rosa paniculatus, PETALS UNUNITED. perennial, woody, slender, smooth, branches grooved with terminal unbranched tendrils; leaves 1-24 in., ovate or ovate-lanceolate, shortly stalked, entire, stipules small or soon falling off; flowers + in. across, pale yellow in umbels, each umbel with a bract 3-3 in. long, at the top of the stalks 3-1 in. long, calyx 5-lobed, tube cup-shaped, petals 5, hooded, stamens 5, style short, 8-cleft, stigmas recurved ; fruit } in. diam., round, contained in the calyx, seeds 3, leathery, flattened. perennial, woody, extensive climber, generally covered with red-brown wool or felt ; leaves 8-6 by 2-3 in., ovate, deeply notched at the base, sometimes almost lobed, tooth- ed, pointed, woolly above, becoming smooth with age, densely felted below, stipules membranous, often large; flowers small, yellow-green, in large branching racemes, flower stalk often bearing a simple or forked tendril, calyx 5-lobed, cup-shaped, petals 5, often joiming at the tips, stamens 5; fruit } in. diam, round, purple, 2-celled, 4-seeded, seeds } by 3. like the last species, but quite smooth, stems hollow, leaves often 8-7-angled or lobed, flowers reddish-brown, fruit smaller, only 2-seeded. like the last species, but often felted, flowers without tendrils, style very short, thick, fruit 3-3? in. long, round or ovoid, white green or purple, succulent, juicy. like the last species, but quite smooth, stems solid, slender, leaves only 2-4 in., often 3-lobed, flowers in erect racemes, 1 in. long, fruit + in., black, round. see Prostrate Herbs, Alternate, Stipulate, Simple. gee Climbing Plants, Alternate, Stipulate, Lobed, Plants of the Punjab. 593 CLIMBING PLANTS wITH ALTERNATE STIPULATE SIMPLE LEAVES. = Polygonum dumetorum, PoLyGONACE. B.B. Lye 54: Himalaya, 4-9,000 ft. Polygonum pterocarpum, PoLyGoNACE. Heeb. ive 54. Himalaya, 5-9.000 ft. Simla, Annandale (Collett). Cherot Nullah. Piper brachystachyum, PIPERACER. Hele Wiehe he Himalaya, 2-5,000 ft. Valleys below Chota Simla (Collett). Ficus foveolata, Nagar jaman, grelu. UrRTICACER. BP.B. avs 028. Himalaya, 2-7,000 ft. Simla, the Glen, Elysium (Collett). Valleys below Kasumpti. chamba. PETALS NONE. annual, stem twining or prostrate, cylindrical ; leaves 13-4 in., broadly ovate, heart-shaped, long-po'nted, stipules tubular, short ; flowers minute, green or tinged with pink: in short axillary, almost erect racemes, minor flower stalks hair-like and recurved, not winged to the base, usually jointed, calyx 5-partite, segment: blunt, enlarging in fruit to + in., 3 outer segments bluntly keeled to broadly winged, calyx in fruit broadly oblong or ovate with a broad top, stamens 8, styles 8, very short ; nut 4 in. long, 3-angled. very like the last species, but the fruiting calyx is much larger up to din., or 14 in., segments more broadly winged, nut 4 in. perennial, woody, smooth, rambling, stems very long, scrambling over trees and rocks, swollen and rooting at the jomts, branches slender, warted ; leaves, lower leaves 1-2 in., circular, pointed, upper 2-5 by 1-2 in., ovate, long- pointed, narrowed to the base, stipules various ; flowers minute, purp'e in the axil of a very small bract, crowded on catkin-like spikes, male and female flowers on separate plants, male spikes 2-3 in., slender, drooping, calyx none: petals none, stamens 2, female spikes } in. long, ovoid, stigmas 3, sessile, spreading, fruiting spike round ; berries qo In. diam., crowded, 1-seeded. perenn al, woody, stems, when creeping and prostrate over rocks or tree trunks, rooting at the nodes, velvety or hairy. in shady and damp places, when climbing in open ground, not rooting and smooth ; leaves on creeping stems, 2 in., thin, lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate on iruiting branches and in the open, 8-6 in., leathery, base rounded, notched or wedge-shaped, tip often long-pointed, stalks } in., velvety, stipules 4 in., in pairs, hairy ; figs 4-4 in. diam., round, depressed above, solitary, axillary, shortly stalked, often warty and wrinkled, basal bracts 3, ovate, short- pointed, often reflexed. QQ 594 Plants of the Punjab, CLIMBING PLANTS witH ALTERNATE STIPULATH LOBED LEAVES, Vitis latifolia, Vitis vinifera, Vitis parvifolia, Cardiospernum halicacabum, Bauhinia Vahlii, Malghan, malu. LEGUMINOSAE. BBA, ii, 279, Himalaya, 2-4,000 ft., east of the Chenab. Sutlej Valley. Kalka (Collett), Rubus paniculatus, Kala-akht, pulla, Rosacnm. F, B, I, ii, 829, Himalaya, 8-7,000 ft. Simla, the Glen, below Mahasu (Collett), PETALS UNUNITED. see Climbing Plants, Alternate, Stipulate, Simple. see Climbing Plants, Alternate, Stipulate, Simple, see Climbing Plants, Alternate, Stipulate, Simple. see Climbing Plants, Alternate, Stipulate, Compound, very large, woody, stems and branches one to two hundred feet long, two tendrils at the end of branchlets, young parts rusty or grey-velvety ; leaves 4-18 in. across, deeply notched, divided to 4rd of its length into 2 blunt lobes, almost leathery, dark green and slightly hairy above, felted beneath, stalk 3-6 in. long, stout, stipules blunt, curved ; flowers 3 in. across, white, in dense terminal long- stalked flat-topped racemes, k wer lesser flower stalks 1-2 in. with persistent linear bracteoles, calyx tube 3-} in., cylindrical, lobes 2, rusty-felted, petals 5, ovate with a broad tip, shortly stalked, almost equal, hairy outside, sta- mens 8; pod 6-18 by 2-3 in., hanging down, flat, woody, rusty-felted, seeds 8-12, 1 in. diam., brown, flat. This plant produces a good fibre, the seeds and leaves are used ag tonics and demulcents. The seeds are roasted and eaten. perennial, pithy, upper stems and branches, except the upper surface of the leaves, covered with white on yellowish. felt, prickles few, small; leaves 8-5 in., broadly ovate, base notched, long-pointed, more or less lobed, upper surface practically smooth, lower white felted, tooth- ed, stalk 1-2 in., slender, rarely prickly, stipules small, divided into long segments ; flowers 3-1 in. diam., white, often long stalked, in spreading felted terminal branching racemes, bracts linear-oblong, toothed, calyx 5-lobed, lobes silky, ovate, short- or long-pointed, tip often cut, longer than the petals, erect in fruit, petals 5, very small, linear- oblong, stamens many ; fruit round, of many black ox dark purple, succulent, one-seeded drupelets, Plants of the Punjab. 595 eee CLIMBING PLANTS witH ALTERNATE STIPULATE CoMPOUND LEAVES. Vitis carnosa, or trifolia, Karik, amal-bel, VITACEA. F. B. I. i. 654, The Plains. Baluchistan (Hughes-Buller). Vitis himalayana, Phlankur, zemaro. VITACER, HB; ft, 695, Himalaya, 6-9,000 ft. Simla (Collett). Kashmir. Vitis divaricata, VITACER. Bo Be iets 657, Himalaya, 4-7,000 ft. Simla, Vitis capriolata, VITACER, fb. 1.1. 659, Himalaya, 4-7,000 ft. Simla, the Glens Mashobra, on trees and rocks, Cardiospe:mum Halicacabum, Lataphatkari. SAPINDACER. FE. B. 1..1..670, The Plains to 4,000 ft. Valleys below Simla (Collett), PETALS UNUNITED. perennial, stems slender, fleshy, branches angular, covered when young with velvet; leaves 2-6 in., with 8 leaflets, long-stalked, leaflets 1-3 in., broadly ovate or ovate- lanceolate, blunt or pointed, fleshy or almost thin, toothed, almost sessile, stipules oblong, tendrils wiry opposite the leaves, usually branched; flowers 4} in., greenish-white, shortly stalked on usually axillary 3-5-rayed umbellate clusters, calyx 4-toothed, petals 4, distinct, stamens 4, style distinct ; fruit roundish, black, fleshy, 2-4-seeded: seeds } by 4 in,, triangular, wedge-shaped. like the last species, but stems woody, leaves larger, lateral leaflets oblique, tendrils absent, flowers larger. like the last species, but stem more slender, cylindric, downy, leaf-stalk longer, 3-4 in., leaves thin, flowers ied or dark brown in umbellate clusters on woolly stalks with a forked tendril an inch from the top, petals and stamens 5. like the last spec’es, but quite smooth, leaves with 5 leaflets, calyx, petals, and stamens in fours. annual, almost smooth, stem slender, grooved ; leaves 14-8 in. triangular or ovate, leaflets or lobes 8, deeply cut, long-pointed, smooth, stalks 2-3 in. long, stipules absent or small, soon falling off; flowers 4 in., white, in axillary racemes, lowest pair of minor stalks formed ins to tendrils, sepals 4, rounded, concave, 2 outer smaller, petals 4, in pairs, rounded, 2 larger lateral, jointed to the sepals, each with a notched scale above the base, 2 smaller lower, remote from the stamens, each with a crested scale, stamens 8, style 8-fid; capsule 3-celled, $-# in. wide, 3. QQ2 596 Plants of the Punjab. CLIMBING PLANTS witH ALTERNATE STipuLATE CompounD LEAVES. Abrus precatorius, Gaungchi, ratak, labri. LEGUMINOS®. 1 ie SLRS is OG The Plains to 8,500 ft. Cicer soongaricum, Tizhu, sarri. LEGUMINOS#. Bb. Tez 176. Hima’aya, 9-15,000 ft. Spiti, Lahul. Vicia hirsu‘a, Hairy vetch or tare, Masur-chana. LEGUMINOS#. ee oi Dag TN Ie The Plains to 6,000 ft. Jaku, Simla, PETALS UNUNITED. angled, winged, seed: black with white heart- haped pro- tuberances. This plant is used medicinally, the green parts eaten as a vegetable. ‘The root is emetic, diuretic, and laxative, the seeds, hab-ul-kalkal, ave ‘onic and dia- phoretic. perennial, woody, branches many, smooth ov silky, slender ; leaves 2-3 in. long, leaflets 20-40 in oppo:ite pairs, 3-5 by 4-3 in., ligulate-ob/ong, thin, smooth above, silky beneath, leaf stalk ending ina tendril; flowers 4in., pink or white, in dense axillary stalked racemes, shorter than the leave, calyx ;4, in., thinly silky, bell-shaped, teeth very short, corolla much protruding, standard petal ovate, wing petals narrow, keel petals curved, stamens 9; pod 1-14 in. long, thick, oblong, 3-5-seeded, seeds the size of a pea, nearly round, usually scarlet and black or white and black. The seeds, rat’, are used by jewellers as weights ; as the specific name denotes, they are also used as beads in rosaries. The root is used as a substitute for liquorice. The powdered seeds are used to poison cattle by in- sertion under the skin in the shape of a mall pencil and called sui. When applied io the conjunctiva, purulent ophthalmia is caused. annual, widely spreading, stems wiry, finely velvety or smooth ; leaves 3-4 in., ending in a spiral tendril, leaf- lets 20-40, ovate with a broad tip to wedge-shaped, veins marked, stipules 3-3 in., palmately divided; flowers # in., pink, blue or white, solitary in the axils on stalks 14 in. with a large bract, calyx 2 in., pouched, calyx tube oblique, teeth 5, lanceolate, corolla projecting, standard petal broad, stamens 10; pod 1 in. long, densely velvety, linear-oblong, narrowed into the styles, seeds nearly round, beaked. The seeds are eaten, also used locally to fatten cattle. A vinegar forms with the dew on the leaves. annual, hairy, stems slender, 1-8 ft., velvety ; leaves 13-3 in., even pinnate ending in a twisted tendril, leaf- lets 10-16, 3-1 in., stipules almost forked, too‘hed at the base ; flowers } in., white tinged with blue, in six- or 'ess- flowered racemes, shorter than the leaves. calyx bell- shaped, teeth 5, 8 lower longest, corolla just projecting from the calyx, standard erect, broad, keel nearly straight, obtuse, shorter than the wings, stamens 10, upper free ; pod 4-4 in., hairy, oblong, short-pointed, black, seeds 2. A weed of wheat fields, sometimes cultivated for fodder, Planis of the Punjab. 597 CLIMBING PLANTS witH ALTERNATE STIPULATE COMPOUND LEAVES. Vicia tenera, LEGUMINOS#. BIBER we VF, Hima aya, 3-8,000 ft., east of the Sutlej, Simla (Collett). Sanawar. Vicia pallida, LEGUMINOSA. BYB: eas 78, Himalaya, 4-9 000 it. Simla (Co!lett). Kashmir. Vicia Griffithii, Vicia rigidula, LEGUMINOS&. He Bilon, 178; Hima aya, 7-9,000 ft. Kashmir. Lathyrus sativus, Pisum arvense, Field Pea, Desi maitar, kala mattar. LEGUMINOSZ. es Sd eG te hee a The Plains. Cultivated. Pisum sativum, Garden Pea, Gol mattar. LEGUMINOS&. BoB. lo. 484, The Plains. Cu! .vated. PETALS UNUNITED. like the last species, but perenn al, nearly smooth. flowers many in a raceme, pale pink, pod longer, seeds 6-8. like the last species, but much taller, leaflets more numerous, corolla pale lilac. see Herbs, Hrect, Alternate, Stipulate, Compound. like the last described species, but the veins of leaflets: waised, corolla larger, reddish. see Prostrate Herbs, Alternate, Stipulate, Compound. annual, smooth, waxy green, leaves ending in a branched tendril, leaflets 4-6, stipules ovate, large, toothed at the base, flowers pink and purple on one to few-flowered stalks, style thick, laterally flattened, pod net-vemed, seeds greenish-yellow with red mottling, smooth, angled ; for other characters see the last species. The seed, peas, are eaten and the plant is used for fodder. like the last species, but larger, flowers white, pods broader, seeds white, round. The plant is grown almost entirely for fodder. Plants of the Punjab. CuimBING PLants witH ALTERNATE STIPULATE CoMPOUND LEAVES. Amphicarpea Edegworthii, LEGUMINOS&. UP 5 tee Ay Himalaya, 5-6,000 ft. Simla (Collett). Shuteria vestita, var. involucrata, LEGUMINOS®. Hee.) 181, Himalaya, 3-7,000 ft., east of the Sutlej. Simla, Dhami (Collett). Dumasia villosa, LEGUMINOS&. 2B. a. 11 So. Himalaya, 3-7 000 .t. Simla, Annandale, Shali (Collett). Teramaus labialis, LEGUMINOSAE. F. B. I. ii. 184, The Plains, PETALS UNUNITED. annual, velvety, stem slender, twining; leaves of 3 leaflets, leaflets 14 by 1 in., broadly ovate, thin, end one stalked, lateral ones nearly sessile, stipules } in. long, oblong or lanceolate, bracts like the stipules ; flowers 4 in., reddish, usually solitary or in pairs, rarely racemed, calyx 4in., teeth lanceolate, awl-shaped, much shorter than the tube, corolla } in., petals equal, standard and wing petals with aspur on each side of their bases, stamens 10, 9 united, style thread-like, beardless ; pod 1 in long linear, recurv- ed, 2-3-seeded. perennial, hairy, stem slender, twining ; leaves of 3 leaflets, leaflets 1-24 by 4-11 in., ovate, entire, blunt, lateral almost sessile, end one stalked, stipules lanceolate, short- pomted ; flowers $in., white tinged with pink, 2 or 38 together in axillary racemes, bracts of the one or two lowest groups of flowers orbicular, leaflike, forming cups, calyx tubular, teeth 5, short, 2 upper united, lowest longest, petals longer, standard petal erect, ovate with a broad tip, keel nearly straight, blunt, shorter than the wings, stamens 10, all but the upper one united, style smooth, curved ; pod 1-1} in., narrow, flat, beaked with the bage of the style, seeds 5 or 6. annual, densely hairy, grey or rusty, stem slender, twining ; leaves of 8 leaflets, leaflets 14-3 by #-12 in., ovate, blunt or short-pointed, lateral almost sessile, end one 2-3 in., stalked, stipules minute, bristle-like ; flowers 4-2 in., yellow or purplish, in axillary bracteate racemes, 2-6 in. long, bracts.and bracteoles thread-like, calyx 4-3 in., tubular, mouth oblique, teeth minute, petals twice the calyx in length, standard ovate with broad tip, erect, wings and keel neary equal, keel slightly curved, all stamens but upper united ; pod 1-14 in. long, yellow-felted, flat, linear, contracted between the seeds, seeds 8 or 4. annual, slender, hairs flat-lying, scattered ; leaves with 38 leaflets, 24-44 in., leaflets 1-2} in., ovate-oblong, thin, lateral rather smaller, stipules minute, awl-shaped, soon falling off; flowers 3-4 in., reddish, in long loose axillary racemes, 1-4 in., calyx $-} in., teeth 5, nearly equal, corolla not protruding far, stamens all united ; pod 14-2 in., limear, smooth, recurved, hooked with the permanent style, seeds 8-12. Plants of the Punjab, 599 CLIMBING PLANTS WITH ALTERNATH STIPULATE CompouNnD LEAVES. Kueuna pruriens, Cowiteh or cowhage, Kawaneh, goncha. LEGUMINOSA. Bebo in Ley, The Plains to 2,000 ft. Hathni Kund. Spatholobus Roxburghii, Mula, mala. LEGUMINOSE. | Be Bs Trik 193, The Plains, Pueraria tuberosa, Sural, siali, . LEGUMINOSA. By. Be 1. 19%. The Plains to 4,000 it. Basantpur, Sutlej Valley (Collett). PRTALS UNUNITED. annual, slender, branches velvety with flat-lying hairs at first, almost smooth afterwards ; leaves 6-9 in. of 8 leaflets, leaflets 8-5 in. long, ovate-oblong, grey silky below, almost smooth and green above; flowers 13-14 in. long purplish in long, short-stalked drooping racemes, 6-12 in., bracts small, lanceolate, calyx 2 in., teeth 5, 2 upper united, lowest longer than the middle ones, corolla protruding far, keel and wings about equal, standard half as long; pod 2-3 in, long, ribbed, covered with grey or rusty weak irritating bristles, seeds 5-6. The irritating hairs on the pods are used in medicine as anthelmentics. The powdered seeds are used in Indian medicine as aphrodisiac, the root as a nervine tonic, perennial, woody, stout, branches covered with dense grey down ; leaves of 38 leaflets, leaflets 6-8 in., ovate with a broad tip or narrowed to both ends ; flowers 4 in., bright red to white,in terminal branching racemes, 1-14 ft. long, very downy, calyx 4-} in., bell-shaped, densely grey velvety, teeth 5, lower lanceolate, corolla half as long again ag the calyx, keel nearly straight, blunt, stamens 10, all united but the upper one; pod 8-4 in. long, 1 in. broad, covered with rusty felt especially towards the tip, stalk 4 in, long, seed one. A gum like kino exudes from the bark, an oil is obtained from the seeds, which is used for cooking. perennial, roots tuberous, stems velvety, twining, widely climbing, leaves falling in winter ; leaves of 8 leaf- lets, arranged pinnately, leaflets 4-9 in., broadly ovate- accuminate, lateral oblique, green smoothish above, densely white velvety beneath, stipules minute, soon falling off, ovate-heart-shaped ; flowers 4-4 in., bright blue, in dense leafless. twiggy, often branched racemes, bracts minute, calyx 3-1 in., very silky, teeth almost blunt, 2 upper united, corolla distinctly spurred at the base, wings obliquely oblong, keel blunt, stamens 10, all united, style thread-like, much incurved, beardless; pod 2-3 in. long, flat, linear, contracted between the seeds, densely covered with soft brown bristle-like hairs, tipped with the style base, seeds 2-6, divided by partitions. The tubers, bilai kand, are given as food for cattle, also used as a cooling medicine, more rarely as human food. 600 Plants of the Punjab. CLIMBING PLANTS WITH ALTERNATE STIPULATE COMPOUND LEAVES. Phaseolus Junatus, Lima Bean, Lobya. LEGUMINOS#. F. B.1.1'. 200. The Plains. Cultivated. Phaseolus vulgaris, French or Kidney Bean, Bakla, loba, babri. LEGUMINOS#. F. B. I. ii. 200. The P’a‘ns to 7,000 ft. Cultivated. Phaseolus Mungo, var. radiatus, Green Gram, Mung. LEGUMINOS&. FE. B. I. 1. 208, The Plains to 7,000 ft. Phaseolus calearatus, Ghurush. LEGUMINOS#. F. B. I. u. 208, The Plains, 7,000 ft. Valleys below Sim : Col ett). Brogh. PETALS UNUNITED. biennial, stems twining, first minutely downy, then a'most smooth; leaves of 3 leaflets, leaflets nearly equal, usualy lobed, margins entire, latera! almost sessile, end one ‘ong-stalked, stipules small, basifixed : flowers small, greenish yellow, in loose short-sta ked, many-flowered racemes, 6 in. long, bracts small, soon falling off, bracteoles minute, calyx ;, m., teeth all very short, corolla hairy outside, keel very long forming a spiral beak, stamens 10, all united but the upper one, style much twisted, bearded down the side; pod 2-3 by 8-3 in., upper suture recurved, lower rounded, oblong, seeds 2-4. large, wh te or mottled. The young beans are cooked like French beans, when older they are shelled, the seeds alone are boiled and eaten. like the last species, but annual, flowers white, pink, or lilac, longer, racemes few-flowered, bracteoles persistent, ovate, pods 4-6 in., linear, straight. Cultivated for its green pods. like the last species, but more hairy, stipules ovate, leaflets rarely lobed, flowers yellow, crowded’ in a round raceme, pods much smaller, a little recurved, seeds green, yellow or black. Cultivated for its seeds which are eaten as dal. like the last species, but stipules 'anceolate, racemes not round, bracteoles linear, seeds red or cream colour. Cultivated both for ‘ood and fodder. Plants of the Punjab. - 601 . SS eae) CuImBING PLANTS WITH ALTERNATE STIPULATE CompounpD LHAvss. Vigna Catiang, var. sinensis, Lobia, rawan. LEGUMINOS&. eB. Li. 205. The Plains. Baluchistan (Hughes-Buller), Vigna vexillata, LEGUMINOS#. F. B. I. ii. 206, The Plains to 8,000 ft. Simla, on grassy slopes (Collett). Clitoria Ternatea, Aparayit. LEGUMINOSA. BB. lo1208, The Plains. Dolichos Lablab, Sem, sembi, kala lobia. LEGUMINOS#. F. B. I: 1) 209, The Plains to 6,000 ft. PETALS UNUNITED. annual, smooth, twining; leaves of 3 pinnate leaf- lets, leaflets 8-6 in., broadly or narrowly ovate, entire or slightly lobed stipules 4-$ in., ovate-lanceolate, per- sistent; flowers 1 in., yellow or reddish, few in almost round - ed racemes, calyx } in., bell-shaped, teeth sharp-pointed, corolla far-protruding, keel not lobed, stamens 10, all united but the upper one, style long, thread-like, not twist- ed; pod 4-24 in. long, linear, slightly constricted between the seeds, 10-15-seeded. Cultivated with millets in the kharif for its seeds as food, and its stalks and leaves for fodder. root spindle-shaped, perennial, roughly hairy, twining or trailing ; leaves of 3 leaflets, leaflets 2-6 in. long, broadly ovate or lanceolate, short- or long-ponted, rounded at the base, latera! almost sessile, end one staked, st pules 4-4 in., lanceolate; flowers 1 in., reddish-purple, 2-4, on very long stalks, bracteoles needie-like, calyx 4 in., silky, bell- shaped, teeth 5, lanceolate, corolla much protruded, stand- ard circular, spreading, kee! beaked, much incurved, blunt, not spiral, stamens 10, all united but the upper one ; pod 8 4 in., slender, 10-15-seeded. perennial, woody, downy, slender; leaves 4 in, ‘ong, leaflets 8-7, 1-2 in. long, ovate or oblong, blunt, almost leathery, stipules small, thin, persistent ; flowers 14-2 in., bright blue with orange or white centre, solitary, axillary, bracteoles large, blunt, calyx 4-2 in., tubular, thin, teeth 5, lanceolate, corolla w.th spoon-shaped large standard, wings and incurved kee! much shorter, stamens-10, all united, or all but one united, style incurved, flattened ; pod 2-4 in., flattish, linear, slightly hairy, 6-10-seeded. This plant supplies a dye from the flowers and seeds, different parts are used medicinally, as emetics and cathartics like jalap. The plant is sacred to Durga. perennial or annual, nearly smooth, twining, root tuberous ; leaves 4-12 in. long, stalks 2-8 in., leaflets 3, 2-6 in. long, ovate, short-pointed, entire, base wedge- shaped, stipules 4 m., ‘anceolate ; flowers 2 in. wh te or pink, in loose racemes, 6-9 in. long, on stalks 5-8 in. long, bracteoles ob'ong, calyx 3 n., bell-shaped teeth 5, «hort, triangular, corolla much protruded, kee! blunt or beaked, stamens 10, a!l but upper one united, s'yle thickened upwards; pod 14-2 in., flat, linear or oblong, recurved. tipped with he style base, seeds 38-5. Cultivated for it: green pods. - §02 Plants of the Punjab, CyIMBING PLANTS WiTtH ALTERNATE STIPULATE CoMPOUND LEAVES, Dolichos biflorus, Horse Gram, Kulti, kulat. LEGUMINOSAE. BeBe ia deol. The Plains to 5,000 ft. Valleys below Simla (Collett). Atylosia mollis, LEGUMINOS. Be. i213. Himalaya, 2-6,000 ft. Valleys below Simla, Haripur (Collett). Chamba. ; Atylosia scarabzeoides, LEGUMINOS. F, B. I. ii. 215. The Plains to 6,000 ft. Atylosia platyearpa, LEGUMINOS#, F. B. I. 1. 216. Himalaya, 1-8,000 ft. Simla (Collett). Rhynchosia aurea, LEGUMINOSS. BS By 41./ 221. The Plains to 3,000 it. Kangra Valley. PETALS UNUNITED. like the last species, but leaves smaller, flowers yellow, one or two almost sessile in the axils of leaves. The seeds are eaten but are indigestible, the stems and leaves are used for fodder. perennial, densely velvety or felted, stems long, twining ; leaves of 8 leaflets, with resmou dots and felted beneath, leaflets 1-2 in., ovate, nearly equal, lateral almost sessile, end one stalked, stipules minute, soon fall- ing off; flowers 1-1} in., yellow, in axillary racemes, calyx 2 in., grey, downy, teeth 5, almost equal, short-pointed, lowest longest, corolla twice the calyx, remaining till the podis developed, standard circular, spreading, keel blunt, slightly imcurved, stamens 10, all united but upper one, style thread-like, incurved, smooth ; pod 14-2 in., oblong, flat, grey-velvety, grooves between the seeds, tipped with the style base, seeds 8-10. like the last species, but less velvety, branches often trailing, leaflets smaller, flowers smaller, in axillary clusters corolla soon falling off, pod smaller, densely hairy, seeds 4-6, like the last species, but more slender, leaflets circular flowers a little larger, corolla soon falling off, as in the last species. annual, stems very slender, widely trailing, covered with fine and spreading hairs; leaves with 8 pinnate leaf- lets, stalks 1-3 in., leaflets 4-2 in. across, ovate with a broad tip, end one stalked, stipules minute, lanceolate ; flowers 2-1 in., bright yellow, in close many-flowered short-stalked raceme:, calyx teeth bristle-like, lowest longest, corolla hardly projecting, keel incurved, not beaked, stamens 10 all united but the upper one, style long, thread-like, much neurved; pod 8-4 in. across, round, thin-walled, tipped with-the sty!e base, 2-seeded, with a faint line showing between the seeds, seeds with a waxy appendage, Plants of the Puniab. 608 CuimBInG PLANTS WITH ALTERNATE STIPULATE CompounnD LEAVES. Rhynchosia minima, LEGUMINOS&. BS Bol. 1 228; The Plains to 4,000 it. Sutlej Valley (Collett). Rhynchosia Faleoneri, LEGUMINOS&. F. B. I. i. 224. Shahi, 7,500 ft. (Collett). Rhynchosia himalensis, LEGuM:NOsz. Be Be E0225, Himalaya, 3-6,000 ft. Simla (Collett). Murree. Rhynchosia sericea, LEGUMINOSA. BeBe Ti 295. Himalaya, 2-6,000 it. Simla, Mashobra (Collett). Flemingia congesta, var. Semialata, Flemingia vestita, Ceesalpinia Bonducella, Fever Nut, Katkaran. LEGUMINOS&. EF. B. I. ii, 254, The Plains to 6,000 ft. PETALS UNUNITED. like the last species, but twiming, stem very slender, leaflets smaller, circular, flowers smaller, corolla much exserted, twice the calyx. like the last species, but more or less hairy, raceme long-stalked, pod 1 in. hke the last species, but surface sticky, leaflets leng- pointed, flowers yellow with purple veins. like the last species, but stems thick, leaflets larger, flowers dark red. see Prostrate Herbs, Alternate, Stipulate, Compound. see Prostrate Herbs, Alternate, Stipulate, Compound, perennial, woody, branches, leaf stalks and flower stalks covered with short hard yellow prickles; leaves 12-18 in. long, twice pimnate, pinne 12-16, leaflets 12-202 in. long, very shortly stalked, oblong, blunt, thin, stipules divided ; flowers $-2 in., yellow, many in dense axillary simple or branched racemes, bracts linear, projecting beyond the buds, recurved, calyx rusty-felted, 5-parted, lobes oblong, lowest largest, concave, overlapping, petals 5, 604 Plants of the Punjab. a ee SSS CLimBInG PLANTS WITH ALTERNATE STIPULATE CoMPOUND LEAVES. Ceesalpinia sepiaria, Mysore Thorn, Urn, arlet. LEGUMINOSZ. Be fe 31/256. The Plains to 4.000 it. Sutlej Valley, Basantpur, Subathu (Collett). Acacia Intsia, Arhai-ka-bel. LEGUMINOSZ. F. B. 1. 1. 297. The Plains to 3,000 ft. Rubus niveus, Rosa moschata, Kujt, karw. RosacEs. F321, 0. S61. Himalaya, 4-8,000 ft. Simla (Collett). PETALS UNUNITED. circular, spreading, upper *mallest and innermost stalked, stamens 10, free ; pod 2-3 in., oblong, densely covered with prickles, tipped with the style, seeds 1 or 2, round or ovoid, 3 in., shining, hard. The powdered seeds are used as a febrifuge, and the seeds are made into necklaces and rosaries. like the last species, but prickles pale brown, not yellow, flowers larger, racemes long-stalked, not branched, stamens woolly at the base, longer than the petals, pods longer, 3-5 in., smooth, with a wing on one side, not prickly, seeds 4-8, flattened mottled. perennial, downy, prickles minute, hooked, numerous, often in vertical lines; leaves 2-pimnate, 10-18 in. long, pinne or side branches of main leat stalk 12-16, leaflets 16-24, 4-4 in., strap-shaped-oblong, stipules soon falling off ; flowers } in., pale yellow, im dense round heads, $-3 in. diam., forming large terminal branching racemes, bracts minute, lanceolate, calyx broadly funnel-shaped, 4- or 5-toothed or lobed, petals 4 or 5, more or less united, sta- mens 50 or more, projecting, free or united at the base ; pod 4-6 by 3-1} in., straight, strap-shaped, 8-12-seeded, stalked—vVar. Cesia, only differs in the number of leaflets, 40-60. see Shrubs, Erect, Alternate, Stipulate, Compound. perennial, smooth or nearly so, covered with scattered stout, hooked prickles ; leaves 3-6 in., leaflets 8-7, 1-3 im., ovate, nearly equal, toothed, short-pointed, stipules united to the leaf stalks, glandular, awl-shaped ; flowers 13-2 in. diam., yellowish-white, fragrant, in large branched velvety, not prickly, clusters, bracts awl-shaped, calyx small, ovoid, lobes 5,4 in., lanceolate, long-pointed, often pinnately divided, bent back after flowering, shorter than the petals, petals 5, large, spreading, circular, ovate with broad tip, stamens many, styles united into a column projecting far beyond the calyx tube; fruit 4 in. diam., almost round, dark brown, consisting of many long hairy achenes, enclosed in the fleshy calyx tube, . Plants of the Punjab. 605 CuimBInG Phants with ALTERNATE ExstTIPULATE SIMPLE LEAVES. Schizandra grandiflora, MAGNOLIACES. F. B. 1.1. 44. The Himalaya, east of the Sutlej, 6-10,000 ft. Simla, Jaku, Matiana, Narkanda (Collett). Cocculus laurifolius, Coceulus villosus, Hier, kursan. MENISPERMACE®. BEB ator: The Plains to 3,000 ft. Giri Valley’ (Collett). Baluchistan (Hughes-Buller). Coceulus Lezeba, Vallur, parwatti. MENISPERMACES. Beebe le in 102: The Plains to 3,000 ft. Valleys below Simla (Collett). The Park, Rawalpindi Chakwal (Douie) Baluchistan. (Lace). PETALS UNUNITED. perennial, woody, smooth, branches long, slender, twining ; leaves 8-6 by 1-2 in., ovate or oblong-lanceolate, long-pointed, alternate or clustered, teeth small, distant, rather fleshy, stalks and veins beneath red ; flowers 1 in. diam., white, round, solitary, fragrant, on stalks 1-2 in. long, axillary or in the axils of scales near the base of short lateral leafy branches, sepals 8, petal-like, petals 6, waxy, white often tinged with pink, ovate, concave, outer | maller, male flowers, stamens 40, small, united below into a column, female flowers larger, sepals more brightly coloured, ovaries many, minute, sessile on a column, in fruit lengthening to 6-9 in. with many round sessile 2-seeded red berries 4 in. diam. see Trees, Alternate, Exstipulate, Simple. perennial, grey-felted, hairy; leaves 2-8 in. long, ovate or ovate-oblong, sometimes 8-lobed, hairy, stalk 4 in. ; flowers minute, male few, narrow in axillary branching racemes, 1-14 in. long, female 1-8, sessile at the end of short axillary stalks, sometimes in racemes, sepals 6, in 2 series, outer smaller, petals 6, smaller than the sepals, usually auricled,in male flowers stamens clasped by the petals, 6, free, anthers 4-lobed, in female flowers staminodes 6, ovaries 3, style simple ; drupes 3} in., dark purple, laterally flattened, stone beautifully moulded. A bluish-purple ink is made from the fruit juice, the roots and leaves are used in medicine as a demulcent, a laxative and an alterative. like the last species, but leaves linear-oblong, mala flowers in sesssile axillary clusters, female 1-8, sessile at the end of short axillary stalks ; the plant is used locally in the treatment of malarial fever. 606 —~_——_——_—_ Plants of the Punjab. CLIMBING PLANTS witH ALTERNATE EXsTIPULATE SIMPLE LEAVEs, Stephania elegans, MENISPERMACES. BB Ae 108: Himalaya, east of the Sutlej, 6-7,000 ft. Valleys below Simla (Collett). Stephania rotunda, . MENISPERMACES, F. B. I. i. 103.55 The Plains to 6,000 ft. Valleys below Simla (Collett). Cissampelos Pareira, Dakh nirbisi, katort. MENISPERMACES, BB. 1. 1.108, The Plains to 6,000 ft. Valleys below Simla (Collett). Meerua arenaria, CAPPARIDACE. i ass, The Plains to 2,000 ft. The Park, Rawalpindi, Delhi, Celastrus paniculata, PETALS UNUNITED. perennial, smooth, branches angled, slender ; leaves 21-4 by 1-23 in., triangular-ovate, entire, short-pointed, base rounded, pale beneath, stalk from the middle of the blade ; flowers . in., purple, in axillary umbels, solitary or several in a long-stalked cluster, male flowers sepals 6, long-pointed, petals 8, thick fleshy ovate with a broad tip, stamens 6, united into a column, anthers round the dilated top, female flowers sepals 3, petals 3, style 3- branched ; drupe small, red, smooth, round, stone flatten- ed, horse shoe-shaped, sides hollow, perforated. like the last species, but roots tuberous, leaves round, flowers yellow. perennial, velvety or felted; leaves 1-4 in. across, circular or broadly ovate, stalk long, attached to the under surface of the blade ; flowers small, male flower in stalked branched axillary clusters or on long axillary stalks, each cluster in the axil of a small leaf-like bract, sepals 4, hairy, ovate, spreading, petals united in a 4-lobed cup, stamens 4, united in a short column, anthers round the margin of the summit, female flowers crowded in long axillary racemes in the axils of round bracts, sepal 1, velvety, broadly ovate, petal 1, opposite the sepal, smaller, deeply lobed, style 8-fid ; drupe 4 in., scarlet, hairy, round. The bark and leaves are used in medicine, the root, katort, however, is more esteemed, being used as a demuleent, diuretic and tonic. perennial, woody, smooth or velvety ; leaves 4-8 in., broadly ovate, short-pointed, blunt or notched ; flowers 2-1 in. long, white, in terminal clusters or on lateral shoots, calyx funnel-shaped, lobes 4, valvate, petals 4, lanceolate, short-pointed, smaller than the calyx lobes, stamens many, protruding, placed upon the column bearing the ovary ; berry 2-5 in. long, fleshy, deeply contracted between the 2 seeds. see Climbing Plants, Alternate, Stipulate, Simple. Plants of the Punjab. 607 Ne AR eS ae FSP at reer SYN SS PE ea es 7, Curmpine Puants with ALTERNATE Exstipunate Simpy LeAvss. Sabia campanulata, SABIACEA. BeBe ietly Himalaya, 5-9,000 ft., east of the Sutlej, Mashobra, Narkanda (Collett). Hedera Helix, VY; Kuri, kurol, karbaru. ARALIACER. By l. 115739, Himalaya, 6-10,000 ft. Simla (Collett). The Salt Range. Smilax parvifolia, LiniAcez, F. B. I. vi. 804. Himalaya, 5-8,000 ft. Simla (Collett). Kashmir, Smilax vaginata, LILIACER., Bo Bik vis 805: Himalaya, 6-9,000 ft. Simla, Jaku, Mahasu, Narkanda (Collett), Kashmir, PETALS UNUNITED. perennial, smooth, branches always have bud scales at their base ; leaves 3-7 in. long, oblong-lanceolate, long- pointed, netted below ; flowers 3? in. diam., brown-purple, bell-shaped or round, axillary, solitary, stalks 1-2 ati club-shaped, calyx 5-parted, very short, lobes almost equal, overlapping, petals 5, 4-4 in. long, ovate, concave, blunt, stamens 5, styles 2, simple, erect, more or less touch- ing, tips recurved ; drupe } in. diam., round, solitary or in pairs, wrinkled, flattened, stone 1-seeded. perennial, stem smooth, climbing by means of many small rootlets; leaves 3-4 in., linear-lanceolate, heart- shaped-ovate, entire or lobed, stalk 4-2 in. ; leaves on barren branchlets more lobed and smaller than those on flowering branches; flowers yellow-green, small in stel- lately hairy umbels, solitary, or 2 or 8 together, sometimes compound, bracts triangular, bracteoles minute or none, calyx not toothed, petals 5, valvate, stamens 5, styles united ; fruit } in. diam., smooth, round, yellow turning black. perennial, rootstock thick, creeping, branches round, smooth, without prickles, often zigzag; leaves 24-34 by 14-13 in., broadly lanceolate, base heart-shaped, long- pointed, waxy-green below, tendrils 2, on the top of the leat stalk sheaths; flowers minute, purple, on solitary stalked axillary umbels, male and female on different plants, bracts many, sepals 8, linear-oblong, petals 8, nar- rower, male flowers, stamens 6, shorter than the sepals and petals, female flowers, staminodes 8, stigmas 8, sessile, recurved ; berry 3-4 in. diam., round, blue black, seeds usually 2. like the last species, but branches often mottled, leaves ovate or almost round, no tendrils, no bracts, in female flowers 6 staminodes. 808 Plans of the Punjab. CuIMBING PLANTS wiTtH ALTERNATE E:xsTIPULATE SIMPLE LEAVES, Smilax aspera, LInIAcEz. F. B. I. vi. 806. Himalaya, 4-7.000 ft. Simla (Collett). Kashmir. Cicsampelos Pareira, Tricosanthes dioica, Palwal. CUCURBITACER. | FB. 1) 01,609: The Plains to 8,000 ft. Herpetospermum caudigerum, Cephalandra or Coccinia indica, Codonopsis rotundifolia, CAMPANULAOES. BY. B: 1. a. 482. Himalaya, 7-11,000 ft. PETALS UNUNITED. like the last species, but branches grooved, more or less prickly, leaves usually mottled, marg ns, nerves, and stalks sometimes prickly, tendrils long, flowers sweet- - scented, bracts minute, berries red at first, then blue- black. PETALS UNITED. see Climbing Plants, Alternate, Exstipulate, Simple, Petals ununited. annual, stems rough, woolly, slender, climbing by lateral 2-fid tendrils; leaves 8 by 2 in., ovate-oblong, hollow at the base, gap-toothed, not lobed, stiff, rough on both sides, stalk # in ; flowers 14-3 in white, male and female on different plants, male flowers not racemed, woolly outside, calyx tube 12 in., narrow, teeth 5, linear- erect, corolla 5-fid nearly to the base, lobes long-fringed, stamens 8, anthers free, long-linear, female flower solitary calyx and corolla as in the male ; fruit 2-34 in., orange-red when ripe, oblong, pointed, smooth, seeds 3-4 in., many, flattened, corrugate on the margin. Cultivated for its fruit which is cooked as a vegetable ; the root, leaves and juice of the fruit are used as a purgative, bitter tonic and febrifuge. see Climbing Plants, Alternate, Exstipulate, Lobed. see Climbing Plants, Alternate, Exstipulate, Lobed. perennial, twining, root tuberous ; leaves 2 by } in., linear or ovate from a rounded base, toothed, slightly hairy or smooth, stalk 3? in. ; flowers 3-1} by ? im., purple or bright grey blne on solitary stalks 1-6 in., axillary, ter- minal, calyx-lobes 5, 3 by 4-4 in., often toothed, corolla widely bell-shaped, shortly 5-lobed, stamens 5, free, style cylindric, stigma 8-lobed ; capsule 4-3? in. broad, beak } in., fleshy, then dry, seeds ;1, in., very many, netted, slightly flattened, brown, Plants of the Punjab. 609 CLIMBING PLAN?s WITH ALTERNATE EXXSTIPULATE SIMPLE LEAVES. Embelia Ribes, Babrung. MyYRSINACEA. FE. Budleinnbt3: The Plains to 5,000 ft. Ipomza Bona-Nox, Moon flower, CoNVOLVULACER. PBs liv. 197. The Plains to 4,000 ft. Cultivated, from Tropical America. Ipomzea muricata, CONVOLVULACER. By By iv; 197. Himalaya, 1-5,000 ft, Kangra. Ipomea purpurea, COoNVOLVULACER. F. B. I. iv. 200. The Plains to 7,000 ft. Valleys below Simla (Collett). Cultivated. Ipomeea barlerioides, COoNVOLVULACES. EY Be Toay2 20: The P ains to 4,000 ft. PETALS UNITED, perennial ; leaves 3 by 1} in., narrowed at both ends. entire, smooth, long-pointed, base wedge-shaped, stalk 4 in.; flowers 4, m., white, in grey velvety branch- ing terminal and axillary racemes, minor flower stalks longer than the flowers, calyx 5-lobed, persistent, petals 5, overlapping in bud, stamens 5 ; fruit small, round, one, rarely two-seeded. The powdered seeds form an excellent anthelmintic. annual, smooth or rough with projections, twining ; leaves 3-8 in., heart-shaped, ovate, short-pointed, smooth, entire, or angular, or lobed, stalk 3-6 in. long; flowers 3 by 3-5 in., white, fragrant on 1-5-flowered stalks, 2-6 in, long, bracts soon falling off, calyx deeply 5-lobed, lobes 3 in., ovate, blunt or short-pointed, corolla funnel-shaped, tube 8 by 3 in., corolla mouth wth lobes 8-5 in. across, lobes shallow, 5 plaits, stamens 5 on the corolla just pro- truding, style thread-like, stigma 2-lobed ; capsule 1 in., ovoid-oblong, narrowed upwards, seeds 4, smooth. like the last species, but a weaker plant usually rough with projections, leaves 2-4 in., flowers much smaller, corolla tube 1-2 by 3 in., flower stalk much thickened in fruit. like the last species, but hairy, leaves a little larger, flowers pink, corolla tube short, capsule } in., 8-celled. 6-4-seeded. like the last species, but leaves ovate-oblong, stalk short or none, flowers solitary, larger, purple, or purplish white, capsule 4 in., 2-celled. 610 Plants of the Punjab. CLIMBING PLANTS witH ALTERNATE EXsTIPULATE SIMPLE LEAVES. Ipomza Batatas, Sweet Potato, Shakarkand. CoNVOLVULACER. BB? 1.av.202) The Plains. Cultivated. Introduced from America. Ipomea eriocarpa, Bhanwar. CoNVOLVULACES. F. B. I. iv. 204. The Plains to 4,000 ft. Valleys below Sim’a, (Collett). Koti. Ipomeea chryseides, CoNVOLVULACER. F. B. I, iv. 206. The Pla ns to 4,090 ft. Valleys below Simla (Collett). Ipomeea obscura, CoNVOLVULACER. fea, vy. 207. The Plains to 8,000 ft. Ipomeea sepiaria, CoNVOLVULACES. EB. I. iv, 209. The Plains. Ipomea agautica, Ipomeea cymosa, CoNVOLVULACES. EB: 1 AV; Bids The Plains to 4,000 it, PETALS UNITED. smooth or slightly hairy, tubers red, white or rarely yellow, stem usually hairy, often prostrate, leaves ovate, heart-shaped, short-pointed, angular, more or less lobed, flowers 2 in. or more, purple or many-flowered, long stalks, corolla widely tubular, funnel-shaped, stamens included, capsule 4-celled, widely cultivated and eaten ; for other characters see the former species. hairy, twining, leaves 24 by 1 in., oblong-heart-shaped, short-pointed, stalk 1 in., flowers # m., pink, sessile in heads, bracts } in., hairy, calyx lobes like the bracts, but smaller, corolla bell-shaped, capsule + in., round, hairy, 2-celled ; for other characters see the former species. annual, smooth, twining much, sometimes prostrate, often rough with very small projections, leaves 14 by 1} in., broadly ovate, heart-shaped, entire, or 3-lobed, toothed, long-pointed, flowers $-3 in., yellow, im close clusters on stalks 3-3 in. long, calyx lobes § in., finally spreading ; capsule } or more, wall thick somewhat angular, seeds almost velvety ; for other characters as the former species. like the last species, but flowers white or yellowish with a purple spot at the base, on ‘ew-flowered stalks, capsule ovoid, seeds densely brown-velvety. like the last species, but perennial, flower stalks long, flowers larger, pale purple or white with a dark spot, see Water Plants, Alternate, Exstipulate, Simple, like the last described species, but annual, leaves larger, heart-shaped or with forked base or oblong, blunt- pointed, flowers white or yellowish in compact clusters on short stalks. Plants of the Punjab, 611 CLIMBING PLANTS witH ALTERNATE ExstIPpULATS SimpLe LEAvEs, Ipomeea Turpethum, Chita bansa. CoNVOLVULACER. BoB, iv.-212, The Plains to 8,000 ft. Ipomeea pilosa, CoNVOLVULACER. ed 6 Ae geal The Plains to 8,000 ft. Valleys below Simla. Subathu (Collett). Koti. ; Calystegia hederacea, Convolvulus glomeratus, var. Volubilis, CoNVOLVULACER, Be Bek iv. 209; The Plains. Convolvulus arvensis, Lesser Bindweed, Hiranpaddi. CoNVOLVULACE. FB. Be Liv. 219, The Plains to 7,000 ft. Simla (Collett). Lahore, Delhi, Rawalpindi. Porana paniculata, CoNVOLVULACE. B. Bakr. 223. The Plains to 3,000 ft. PETALS UNITED. like the last species, but stem stouter, square, winged, flattened or almost round, leaves larger, ovate or oblong, flowers in few-flowered clusters, capsule much larger, seeds smooth. The bark of the root, turbud, is superior to jalap without the nauseous taste of the latter. like the last species, but hairy, leaves broadly ovate, often 3-lobed, white, woolly beneath, corolla small, purple, capsule smaller. see Prostrate Herbs, Alternate, Exstipulate, Simple. stems distinctly twining ; leaves and heads larger than Convolvulus clomeratus, to which refer under Herbs, Erect, Alternate, Exstipulate, Simple, Entire. annual, smooth or almost velvety, stems twining, some- times prostrate; leaves 1-3 in., ovate-heart-shaped, base lobed or forked, stalk 4-3 in. ; flowers 2-1 by 1 in., purple with white or yellowish centre, solitary or 2-3 on an axil- lary stalk, bracts small, calyx deeply 5-lobed, lobes ovate, blunt, corolla tube very : hort, mouth wide, funnel-shaped, almost 5-lobed, folding at the angles, stamens 5 on the corolla tube at the base, unequal, style single, dividing into 2 short linear stigmas; capsule 4-4 in., 4-valved, smooth, seeds 4. A common weed of cultivation. The root, hiranpaddi, is used as a substitute for jalap. perennial, lofty twining climber, densely softly felted’ branches long, drooping ; leaves 8-5 by 2-3 in., ovate, heart" shaped, stalked, entire, long-pointed, velvety above, fel” ted beneath ; flowers 4-4 in., white, crowded in terminal drooping branching racemes, bracts persistent, calyx lobes 5, ~z in., 8 enlarging in fruit, corolla bell-shaped, very shortly lobed, smooth, stamens 5, style very short, stigma barely 2-lobed ; capsule } in. diam., round, hairy, 3 enlarged calyx lobes, 2 by 4 in., blunt, velvety, 2 othey lobes + in., linear, seed one, RR2 612 Plants of the Punjab. SS eens eee ates Nsisl ie AS AM OER CS Crimp NG PLants with ALTERNATE ExsTIpULATE SIMPLE LEAVES, PETALS UNITED, Porana racemosa, like the last species, but almost smooth, flowers deeply Snowcreeper, lobed, larger, in long racemes, calyx lobes all enlarged in CoNVOLVULACEA, fru.t. He 4s: ig 222: Himalaya, 2-6,000 ft. Hathni Kund on the Jumna. Koti. Planted at Lahore in the Lawrence Gardens. Solanum Dulecamara, see Shrubs, Erect, Alternate, Exstipulate, Simple. PETALS NONE. Deeringia perennial, branches long, arching, rambling; leaves celosioides, 2-5 in., ovate or broadly lanceolate, stalked, long-pointed ; AMARANTACER, flowers 4 in. diam., greenish-white in long branching com- We; liv. 714, pound racemes, calyx 5-parted, green, segments ovate, The Plains to concave, spreading or reflexed, stamens 5, united below, 5,000 ft. style short, 3-parted ; berry } in. diam., red, round, on the Koti. persistent calyx, seeds 3. FErua scandens, see Climbing Plants, Opposite, Exstipulate, Simple. Basella rubra, annual, smooth, fleshy, twining, much branched ; leaves Poi. 2-7 in. diam., broadly ovate, or heart-shaped, or circular, CHENOPODIACHR. narrowed into the stalk, entire; flowers minute, red or F. B. I. v. 20. white, sess'le on axillary stalked, simple or branched spikes, The Plains. 1-6 in. long, bracts m‘nute, soon falling off, bracteoles 2, formng a cup united to the calyx, calyx 5-fid, fleshy, lobes short, incurved, stamens 5, on the tube mouth stig- mas 3; fruit a berry, red, white or black, formed from the ca yx lobes containing the round utricle, thin. Cultivat- ed as a pot herb, also used medicinally as demulcent and diuretic. Tragia involvucrata, perennial, evergreen, twining, hairy or felted with Barhan‘a, stinging bristles ; leaves 1-4 in., very varied in form, ‘rom EvuPHORBIACEA, Inear-oblong to broadly ovate-heart-shaped, long-pointed, F. B. I. v. 465. toothed, and from ent're to deeply 38 fid or 3-partite with The Plains. toothed almost pinnate lobes; flowers minute (male and ‘emale flowers separate, but in the same plant) in ter- minal axillary and leaf opposed racemes, 1-2 in., slender, Plan's of che Punfab. 618 EE Croapinag PLrants with ALTERNATE EXxstTIPULATE SIMPLE LEAVEs. Dioscorea deltoidea, Tar, kans. _DioscoREACER. Rab. evic 291. Himalaya, 6-10,000 ft. Simla, Narkanda (Collett). Jaku. Dioscorea sativa, Asparagus racemosus, Polygonatum eirrifolium, Litiacez. HS Bed vi. 822. Himalaya, 5-10,000 ft., east of the Sutlej. Simla, Matiana, Narkanda (Collett). Gloriosa Superba, PETALS NONE. bracts small or minute, male flowers above in the racemes ; shortly stalked, calyx round, 3-partite, stamens 3, pistil- lode 8-fid, female flowers few, below in the raceme, calyx, lobes 6, overlapping, hairy, in fruit ? in. diam., stiff, stel- lately spreading, oblong, pinnately divided ; capsule 4 in diam., cocci 8, 2-valved, seeds mottled. The root is used as an alterative and diuretic. very like Dioscorea glabra, but leaves alternate, ovate- lanceolate, spikes solitary, male spikes long, calyx lobes _ broadly oblong ; for other characters see Dioscorea glabra under Climbing Plants, Opposite, Exstipulate, Simple. see Climbing Plants, Opposite, Exstipulate, Simple. see Leafless Plants, Petals None. perennial, rootstock thick, creeping, annual stems un- branched, climbing by the tendril-like tips of the leaves, upper part zigzag, leafy, a seal-like mark is leit on the rhizome when the annual stem comes off, hence the name Solomon’s Seal ; leaves in circles of 3-6, 3-5 in. long, linear, narrowed to the tendril-like tips, sessile; flowers 3 in., white, often tinged wiih green or purple, drooping in axil- lary whorled, short, loose 9-4-flowered racemes ; flower stalks jointed near the top, calyx tubular, 6-lobed, petals none, stamens 6, inserted in the tube, very short, style linear ; berry }-} in., round, blue-black, seeds few. see Climbing Plants, Opposite, Exstipulate, Simple, Cumping Puanrs with ALTERNATE ExstTipuULATE LosBgep LBavas. Cocculus villosus, Coeculus Lexwba. PETALS UNUNITED. see Climbing Plants, Alternate, Exstipulate, Simple. see Climbing Plants, Alternate, Exstipulate, Simple, 614 Plants of the Punjab. SE ee CurimBING Puants with ALTERNATE ExsrripuLATs Lospep LEAVES. Dicentra Roylei, FUMARIACE. Fe ae AD Himalaya, 5-6,000 ft. Simla (Collett). Cardiospermum Helicacabum, Hedera Helix, Lagenaria vulgaris, Bottle Gourd, Kaddu, tumri, tumba. Cucu RBITACE®. 5B: 1,.11,'618. The Plains to 3,000 ft. Luffa zgyptiaca, Ghia-tori. CucurRBITACHS. Be B, lee G14; The Plains to 3,000 ft. PETALS UNUNITED. root perennial, stems annual, slender, climbing by branched tendrils on the leaf-stalks ; leaves 2-4 in., pinnately divided, segments }-1 in., ovate to linear-lanceolate, leaf- stalk often ending in a branched tendrils; flowers 2-1 long, yellow, sometimes tinged purple, on stalks 3-1 in., longer than the lanceolate membranous bracts, forming clusters on 2-4-flowered main stalks, sepals 2, small, soon falling off, petals 4, outer similar, oblong, concave, base dilated, tip hooded, inner narrow, stalked, keeled, stamens 6 in 2 bundles, opposite the outer petals, style long ; capsule 1} in. long, narrowly oblong, prolonged by the style, seeds black, shining, in 2 series, appendage small. see Climbing Plants, Alternate, Stipulate, Compound. see Climbing Plants, Alternate, Exstipulate, Simple. annual, velvety, tendrils 2-fid, stems stout, 5-angled ; leaves up to 6 in., ovate or round, 5-angular or lobed, base notched, toothed, stalk long with 2 glands at the apex; flowers 2-4 in. diam,, white, solitary, male and female on the same or different plants, male flowers on stalks to 6 in. long, female on stalks 1 in. long, male flowers, calyx tube 3 in. long, funnel-shaped, velvety, teeth 5, narrow, petals 5, 1-2 in. long, hairy on both sides, crumpled, ovate with a broad tip, stamens 8, anthers joined, enclosed, female flowers, calyx and corolla as in the male, style short with 3-fid stigmatic lobes; fruit up to 18 in. long, bottle or dumb- bell shaped, thick, almost woody, seeds # by § in, % in. thick, with a groove parallel to and near the margin, white. The young fruit is cooked as a vegetable, the dried shell is used to hold water and also to form the base of a stringed instrument, sitar. annual, hairy, tendrils 3-fid ; leaves 4 in. diam., kidney- shaped-circular, 5-angled, or lobed, toothed, usually rough, dotted on both sides, stalk 2 in., without gland at the apex ; flowers 14-2 in. across, yellow often with raised hairy green veins, male and female flowers on the same plant in the same axils, male flowers clustered on a long stalk with short lesser stalk to each, often with a small, ovate, entire sticky bract, calyx tube top-shaped, lobes 5, triangu- lar or lanceolate, petals 5, ovate with a broad tip, stamens 5, anthers free, protruding, female flowers solitary Plants of the Punjab. 615 setae 2 ERIE ANTE AALS LN ECR Cet NOS et ee ee Be CurmBING PLANTS witH ALTERNATE E\XsTIPULATE Lospep LBAVEs. Luffa acutangula, Kalv tort. CucURBITACEX. HB, fu...615. The Plains to 3,000 it. Cucumis trigonus, Bislumbhi, mdrayan. CucURBITACESR. Reb. lea, 6f9: The Plains to 3,000 it. Baluchistan (Frére). Cucumis prophetarum, CUCURBITACES. BL Be Fan 619. The Plains in the south of the Punjab. Baluchistan _ (C. B. Clarke). Cucumis Melo, The Melon, Kharbuza. CUCURBITACE. BB ali. 680- The Plains to 2,000 ft. Cultivated. PETALS UNUNITED. on a stalk 1-3 in. long, calyx tube projecting above the ovary, lobes and petals as in the male, stigma 38-lobed ; fruit 5-12 in. long, club-shaped, smooth, slightly 10-ribbed, seeds in. long, many, narrowly winged, usually black, smooth or slightly knobby. Cultivated for its young fruit which is eaten as a vegetable: the dry iruit consists of a net work of fibres and is used as a flesh brush. very like the last species, but stamens 3, fruit smaller, sharply 10-angled. The young fruit is eaten like the last species, root perennial, stems annual, rough, tendrils short, unbranched ; leaves 1-2 in., palmately 38-7-lobed, or 5- angled, toothed, stalks 4-14 in. ; flowers 4 in. diam., small, yellow, males and females on the same plant, males celus- tered in the axils, females solitary, all shortly stalked, stalks 3-1 in., in male flowers calyx tube top-shaped, or bell-shaped, lobes 5, petals 5, stamens 8, anthers free, in female flowers calyx and petals ag in the male, style short, stigmas 3, blunt; fruit 14 in. long, ovoid, or slightly 3- angled, 8-striped or 10-striped. The fruit is sold as a drug and used as a purgative like Colocynth. like the last species, but stems whitish, leaves 3-5- lobed, smaller, fruit smaller, 1 in. long, green with pale white stripes and soft bristles. like Cucumis trigonus. but leaves larger, 3 in. diam., male flowers in clusters, fruit round, ovoid, long, or twisted. T'wo varieties are much cultivated—C. utilissimus, Kakri, the fruit is ova! to narrowly cylindrical and twisted to 38 ft. long, eaten raw and cooked, the seeds are pounded and eaten as meal. C. Momordica, Tuti, phunt, fruit 1-2 ft. long, 3-6 in. diam., weighs 4-8 lbs., is cooked as a vegetable when young. : 616 Plants of the Punjab. CuimBING PLants wiTH ALTERNATE ExstipuLaTzeE Losep Lzaves, Cucumis sativus, The Cucumber, Kira. CUCURBITACEA. F/B} Ea; 620; The Plains to 4,000 it. Citrullus colocynthis, Colocynth, Makal. CUCURBITACES, FB. T1620. The Plains to 2,000 ft. Baluchistan (Aitchison). Citrullus vulgaris, The Waier Melon, Tarbuza. CUCURBITACER. PS Be a Ge. The Plains to 2,000 ft. Baluchistan (Aitchison), Tricosanthes palmata, Lal vndrayan. CUCURBITACEA., HS, 2.01. 606, ‘Lhe Plains to 5,000 ft, Tn moist jungle, Valleys below Simla (Collett). Duuera below Dalhousie, PETALS UNUNITED. like the last species, but leaves larger, stalk longer, ovary covered with prickles, fruit 12 by 14 in., yellowish- green, slightly triangular, cylindrical. ‘wo varities—one with an oval fruit ripens before the rains and the other with a long fruit ripens towards the middle and end of the rains. perennial, rough, stems angular, trailing, tendrils 2-fid ; leaves 23 in. by 2 in., ovate, 3-7-lobed, deeply divided, middle segment compound, pinnatifid, stalk 1 in. ; flowers 1 in. diam., yellow, solitary, male and female on the same plant, in male flowers calyx tube bell-shaped, lobes 5, petals 5, } in., ovate with a broad tip, stamens 3, anthers scarcely joining, in female flowers calyx and corolla as in male flowers, style short, stigmas 3, kidney-shaped ; fruit up to 3 im. diam., round, variegated with dark green and white, pulp dry, spongy, bitter seeds 4-} in., not mar- gined. Colocynth is obtained from the seed-bearing portion, oil from the seeds and the root is used as medicine. very like the last species, but a great climber, young shoots woolly at the tips, leaves much larger, more divided, petals greenish without, fruit up to 10 in. diam. , oblong with rounded ends, coat greenish waxy, clouded, flesh red, juicy, seeds margined. Much cultivated; the fruit of the wild plant is bitter or sweet. PETALS UNITED. perennial, rough, stem angular, tendrils 3-fid, lateral single spiral; leaves 2-6 in. diam., more or less deeply 8-7-lobed, base notched, toothed, roughly velvety, stalks 1-3 in. ; flowers 14-3 im. diam., white, male and female usually on different plants, male flowers on 2 axillary stalks, one with a single flower, socn falling off, the other with a raceme, short at first, then growing to 6-10 in., bracts sheath- ing the raceme, broadly ovate, margins deeply toothed, calyx tube 4 in., funnel-shaped, lobes 5, lanceolate, toothed, corolla 5-fid nearly to the base, lobes 5, margins long fringed, stamens 8, shori, female flowers solitary, axillary, shortly stalked, calyx and corolla as in the male, style Plants of the Punjab. 617 ———————————————— ee CuimBING PLANTS WITH ALTERNATE ExstipunatEe Lospgp Luavss. Tricosanthes eucumerina, Jangli chichinda. CUCURBITACER. BE. Byte ni 609: The Plains. Tricosanthes anguina, Snake gourd, Chichinda. CUCURBITACER. F. B. I. ii. 610. The Plains. Cultivated. Herpetospermum caudigerum, CucURBITACE. Beb.ck, i 613; Himalaya, 5-8,000 ft., east of the Sutlej. PETALS UNITED. 1 in., 8-cleft ; fruit 13-2 in. diam., round, smooth, red striped with yellow, seeds many, in green pulp. The f-uit and roots are medicinal. like the last species, but annual, stem twining, leaves a little smaller, almost kidney-shaped, stalks 2 in., fruit ovoid-conical, streaked with white, then yellow, seeds in red pulp, corrugated. ‘The fruit is eaten as a vegetable and the young shoots as a pot herb. very like the last species, but the fruit is long, 1-3 ft.. cylindrical narrow, sometimes contorted, in colour like T. Cucumerina. The fruit is eaten as a vegetable. annual, velvety, tendrils 2-3-fid ; leaves 4-6 in. diam. ovate, little lobed, base notched, long-pointed, toothed, stalk 2-4 in.; flowers 14-2 in. diam., yellow, male and female flowers on different plants, male flowers racemed, main stalk 8 in., minor stalk 1 in., no bracts, calyx tube j-1 in. long, funnel-shaped, lobes 5, linear, corolla 5-lobed, almost to the base, lobes entire, stamens 3, short, anthers Valleys below Simla joined, female flowers solitary, shortly stalked, calyx and (Collett). Benineasa Cerifera, _ or hispida, White Gourd, Melon, Petha. CUCURBITACE. FOB? I. 1: 616. The Plains. Cultivated. corolla as in the male, style 4 in., tip 8-clett, stigmas 2-lobed ; capsule 3 by 14 in., ovoid, narrowed to both ends, opening by 8 valves, triangular, seeds 12, } in. long, flattened, minutely pointed at one end, something like a beetle, embedded in fibrous, almost dry pulp. annual, softly hairy, stems stout, angular, tendrils 2-fid; leaves 4-6 in. diam., kidney-shaped, round, base notched, more or less deeply 5-lobed, stalks 3-4 in. with- out glands ; flowers large, yellow, solitary, without bracts. male and female on the same plant, male flowers on stalks 3-4 in., calyx tube bell-shaped. lobes 5, leaf-like, toothed, corolla 5-lobed, almost to the base, ovate with a broad tip, stamens 3, almost on the mouth of the tube, anthers free, protruding, female flowers calyx and corolla as in 618 Planis of the Punjab, CLIMBING PLANTS witH ALTERNATE ExstTipULATE LoBED LEAVEs3. Momordica Charantia, Karela. CUCURBITACES. Bae. OL: The Plains to 3,000 ft. Cultivated. Momordica balsamina, CUCURBITACES. eB. f.41.-617. The Plains to 8,000 ft. Cultivated. Momordica dioica, CuUCURBITACES. Bey 1g Oke The Plains to 5,000 ft. PETALS UNITED. the -male, style thick, with 3 zigzag stigmas ; fruit 12-18 in. long, oblong, fleshy, with a waxy bloom, seeds many, oblong, flattened. ‘The fruit is sometimes eaten as a vege- table or cut into cubes crystalised and eaten as a sweet- meat. annual, young parts velvety, tendrils undivided ; leaves 1-3 in. diam., circular, kidney-shaped, deeply cut into 5-7 narrow almost pinnatifid lobes, thin, lobes toothed with a short abrupt point on a straight edge narrowed to the base, stalks 1-3 in. ; flowers 1 in. across, yellow, male and female on the same plant, male flowers solitary on slender stalks 2-4 in. long with a circular or kidney-shaped entire bract at or below the middle, calyx tube short, bell-shaped, lobes 5, ovate, short-pointed, corolla 5-lobed nearly to the base, lobes 3-$ in., stamens 38, short, anthers at length free, female flowers solitary on stalks equal in length to the male one, with the bract near the base, style long, stigmas 8; fruit 1-5 in. long, orange yellow, ovoid+ narrow- ing to both ends, ribbed lengthways with rows of triangular tubercles, seeds 4 in., flattened, corrugate, on the margin, immersed in red pulp. The fruit is cooked and eaten as a vegetable, it is somewhat bitter. like the last species, but leaves 3-5-lobed, lobes lobu- late, bract on the male flower stalk near the top, toothed, not entire, variegated, no bract on female flower stalk, corolla lobes dark brown at the base, fruit a redder orange, seeds nearly smooth. The fruit is eaten as a vegetable, or as a pickle when young, like the last species, but perennial, roots tuberous, male andfemale flowers on different plants, leaves not so deeply lobed, male flower stalk 2-6 in., bracts near the top, cowl like, embracing the flower, calyx lobes oblong with a narrow tip, corolla lobes 1 in., stamens 2-anthered, 2-fid half way down, female flower stalk equal to the male, bract small, below the middle of the stalk, fruit shortly beaked, densely clothed with soft spies. The fruit when young is cooked in curries, the tuberous root is also cooked as a vegetable, or ee Plants of the Punjab. 619 Crimping Puants with ALTERNATE ExstTipuLATE LoBED LBAVEs. Cephalandra or Coccinia indica, Kandurt. CucURBITACES. EP. Bak waeo2k: The Plains to 3,000 ft. Cucurbita maxima, The Common Gourd or Spanish Gourd, Kadu. CUCURBITACE. PSbe tei. O22: The Plains to 4,000 ft. Cultivated, Cucurbita Pepo, The Pumpkin, CUCURBITACES. Bebe. 622; The Plains to 4,000 ft. Cultivated. Cucurbita moschata, The Musk or Melon Pumpkin, Sitaphal, mtha kadu. CUCURBITACER. Ke Be ai 622; The Plains to 4.000 ft. Crltivated. PETALS UNITED. perennial, root tuberous, hardly hairy, tendrils un- divided ; leaves 2-4 in. diam., 5-angled, or lobed, rough, toothed, base notched, stalk 1in.; flowers 1 in., while, solitary, without bracts, male and female on different plants, male flowers on astalk 1 in. long, jointed below the flower, calyx tube bell-shaped, short, lobes 5, linear- oblong, reflexed, corolla bell-shaped, 5-lobed half way down, lobes long, triangular, stamens 8, anthers joined, protruding, female flowers on a stalk }in. long, calyx and corolla as in the male, style long with 3 bifid stigmas ; fruit 1-2 by }-1 in., scarlet, ovoid or oblong, smooth, pulp red, seeds many, cvoid, flattened, margined, on Section the fruit looks like a pomegranate. The fruit is cooked and eaten when young, when ripe it is eaten uncooked. This plant also supplies a drug used in diabetes. annual, hairy, tendrils 2-4-fid ; leaves 4-6 in. diam., ovate, stiff, 5-lobed, lobes rounded, sinus between lobeg very shallow, base notched, stalk almost ag long as the blade, hairs soft ; flowers 3-4 in., yellow, all solitary, male and female flowers on the same plant, male flowers, stalk 4 in., calyx tube bell-shaped, 5-lobed, lobes lanceolate- linear, fleshy, corolla bell-shaped, 5-lobed almost half way down, stamens 8, inserced low in the corolla tube, anthers joined, female flowers, stalk 14 in., calyx and corolla ag in the male, style short, stigmas 8, bifid ; fruit large, yellow, fleshy, oblong or flattened at both ends, stalk stout, corky striated, not grooved, seeds many. The fruit is very com. monly eaten as a vegetable and when ripe will keep good for months. like the last speees, but lea? lobes sharp-pointed, sus between lobes deep, hairs on leaf stalk stiff, stalk of fruit woody, strongly grooved. like the last species, but leaves soft, hairs of leaf stalk soft, calyx tube very short or none, lobes spoon-shaped or leafy at the tips, fruit smaller, paler colour. 620 Plants of the Punjab. CurmmBina PLaNts witH ALTERNATE EXsTIPULATE LoBED LEAvVEs. Bryonia or PETALS UNITED. annual, rough or smooth, stems angular, slender, Bryonopsis laciniosa, tendrils 2-fid; leaves 4-6 in., deeply 5-lobed, lobes 2-8 Gargu-naru. CuCURBITACER. F. B. I. i. 622. The Plains to 2,000 ft. Mukia scabrella, or Melothria maderaspatana, Gwala-kakri. CucURBITACEE. F. B. I. i. 628. The Plains to 6,000 ft. Mashobra (Collett). Zehneria or Melothria umbellata, Bankakra. CucuRBITACE. F. B. I. 11. 625. The Plains to 7,000 ft. Simla, Mashobra (Collett). in., often rough and dotted above, sinus often broad or narrow, stalk as long as the blade, often rough with firm excrescences at the apex; flowers small, yellowish, male and female flowers on very short stalks clustered together in the same axils, male flowers, calyx tube widely bell- shaped, 5-toothed, teeth smooth, awl-shaped, corolla deeply 5-lobed, stamens 3, inserted low down in ihe calyx tube, anthers free, female flowers, calyx and corolla as in the male, style slender, 8-fid at the top; fruit ? in. diam., sessile, often 2 or 8 together, green with white lon- gitudinal stripes, seeds }in., ovoid, margin corrugated, often with excrescences on the faces. The young shoots are sometimes cooked as a vegetable, the plant when in fruit is used medicinally, as an aperient and tonic. annual, stem slender, angular, rough, tendrils un- branched ; leaves 1-3 in., ovate-heart-shaped, 3-7-angled, not deeply lobed, toothed, long-pointed, very rough ; flowers } in. diam., yellow, almost sessile, solitary, or in small clusters, male and female flowers on the same plant, male flowers, calyx bell-shaped, 5-toothed, teeth awl- shaped, corolla deeply 5-lobed, stamens 3, inserted low in the calyx tube, anthers free, female flowers, calyx and corolla as in the male, style club shaped, stigma 3-lobed ; berry } in. diam., bright red, round, seeds few, rough, strongly margined, The seeds have a sudorific action, and the root is used in flatulence. perennial, root tuberous, smooth or velvety, tendrils branched, sometimes flower-bearing ; leaves very variable, 6 by 4 in., broadly ovate or triangular with forked base, or 8-5-lobed, lobes unequal, narrow, diverging ; flowers } in. diam., yellow, male and female generally on different plants, sometimes on the same, male flowers in umbels, calyx smooth or velvety, bell-shaped, 5-toothed, teeth short, corolla deeply 5-lobed, hairy within, stamens 8, rather long, inserted low in the calyx tube, anthers free. female flowers calyx and corolla as in the male, style 3- lobed at the top; berry #-14 in. long, bright red, ovoid, smooth or velvety, seeds 6-12, oblong, smooth. The fruit is edible, the root when cooked is eaten, the seeds and leaves are used as medicine. Plants of the Punjab. 621 CLIMBING PLANTS wiTH ALTERNATE ExxstTIPULATE LOBED LEAvVEs, Ipomea Bonanox, Ipomeza Quamoclit, CoNVOLVULACES. F. B. I. iv. 199. The Plains to 4,000 ft. Cultivated. Ipomea hederacea, CONVOLVULACE. ByBedsivs 199: The Plains to 6,000 ft. Simla, Shali (Collett). Ipomea Batatas, Ipomeea pes-tigridis, CoNVOLVULACER. Bees tei -204. The Plains to 4,000 ft. Ipomea chryseides, Ipomea vitifolia, CoONVOLVULACES. PB. lov: 218. The Plains to 4,000 ft. Ipomea pilosa, Calystegia hederacea, Convolvulus arvensis, Tragia involucrata, Dioscorea deltoidea, Cardiospermum Halicacabum, PETALS UNITED. see Climbing Plants, Alternate, Exstipulate, Simple. hke Ipomea bonanox, but leaves pinnately divided, segments linear, corolla generally crimson, more rarely white, sepals } in., narrowed to both ends, corolla tube 1 in., mouth 2 in. diam., capsule } in., 4-celled. like the last species, but hairy, leaves ovate-heart- shaped, more or less deeply 3-lobed, lobes ovate, long- pointed, corolla pale-blue tinged with pink or yellow, tube very short, sepals linear, hairy, capsule 8-celled. see Climbing Plants, Alternate, Exstipulate, Simple. like the last described species, but leaves deeply 5-9- lobed, base notched, capsule 2-celled. see Climbing Plants, Alternate, Exstipulate, Simple, like the last described species, leaves with base notch- ed, palmately 5-lobed, corolla yellow. see Cl mbing Plants, Alternate, Exstipulate, Simple. see Prostrate Herbs, Alternate, Exstipulate, Simple. see Climbing Plants, Alternate, Exstipulate, Simple. see Climbing Plants, Alternate, ili ee see Climbing Plants, Alternate, Exstipulate, Simple. ComMPouND LEAVES. see Climbing Plants, Alternate, Stipulate, Compound, 622 Plants of the Punjab. WATER PLANTS, HERBS WITH Opposites STIPULATE SimpLH Lwaves. PETALS NONE. Polygonum medium size, perennial, rootstock woody, creeping ; amphibium, leaves usuaily floating, long, stalked or nearly sessile, and PoLYGONACER, in air, blunt or short-pointed, slightly toothed or bristly, ¥. BA, v104: oblong or lanceolate, sticules smooth or rouzh, abruptly Kashmir. terminated ; flowers bright red in racemes spike-like, soli- Zanichellia palustris, tary, very stout, 1-2 in. long, densely flowered, main flower stalks stout, hairy, bracts short-pomted, blunt or short- pointed, bristly, calyx } in., not nerved, 4-or 5-parted, much longer than the shining nut, stamens 4-8, styles usually 2; nut doubly convex. see Herbs, Alternate, Stipulate, Simple. ’ Herss witH Opposite ExstTIpuLATE SIMPLE LEAVES. Stellaria aquatica, Ammannia peploides, Ammannia rotundifolia, Limnophila Roxburghil, ScROPHULARIACE®. HB; 1. iv. 265. The Plains to 6,000 ft. Chamba. PETALS UNUNITED, see Prostrate Herbs, Opposite, Exstipulate, Simple. see Prostrate Herbs, Opposite, Exstipulate, Simple, © see Prostrate Herbs, Opposite, Exstipulate, Simple. PETALS UNITED. medium size, annual, aromatic, growing in water, root creeping, stem stout, nodes often rooting, under water, or giving out much divided leaves; leaves and flower stalks and buds covered with glandular dots ; leaves 2-8 in., stalked, ovate, blunt, minutely toothed, leathery, dotted beneath, often wrinkled, narrowed into a stalk 3-1 in., nerves many, stout; flowers 4 im. long, blue, mouth yellow, in sessile or stalked axillary heads, calyx 5-lobed nearly to the base, segments nearly equal, lanceolate- short-pointed, corolla 2-lipped, tube cylindric, upper lip erect, 2-lobed, lower spreading, 3-lobed, stamens, 4 in unequal pairs, enclosed in the corolla, anther cells stalked, widely separated from one another, style bent at the top, stigma flat, 2-lobed; capsule ovoid, seeds many, small, angular, Plants of the Punjab. 623 WATER PLANTS. HERsBs WITH Opposite ExstipULATE SIMPLE LEAVES. Limnophila _ hypericifolia, — SCROPHULARIACER. HeaB ok. Iv; 209. The Plains to 5,000 ft. Kanera. Limosella aquatica, Common Limosel, ScROPHULARIACER. F, B. I. iv. 288. Kashmir, 5-8,000 ft. Veronica Anagallis, Veronica Beceabunga, Utricularia orbiculata, LENTIBULARIACER. PEE: I. ive go4. Himalaya, 2-8,000 ft. On wet rocks in streams below Simla. Hygrophila polysperma, Hygrophila salicifolia, PETALS UNITED. like the last species, but the stem is unbranched, smooth, leaves stem-clasping, smaller, never much divided, nerves few, flowers 3 in. larger, pink-purple, solitary, axil- lary, forming leafy spikes. small, annual, creeping, tufted, smooth; leaves 1-2 in., long-stalked, sometimes fascicled, oblong, narrowed into the stalk, never divided ; flowers 4, m., pink or white, axillary, without bracts, calyx bell-shaped, 5-toothed, corolla nearly wheel-shaped or bell-shaped, 5-lobed, lobes nearly equal, stamens 4, filaments thread-lke, anthers touching, style short, stigma rounded ; capsule } im. diam., round, seeds many, small, ovoid. see Herbs, Erect, Opposite, Exstipulate, Simple, Entire, Petals United, Stamens 2. see Prostrate Herbs, Opposite, Exstipulate, Simple, small, annual, delicate, stems creeping, thread-like, leafy ; leaves } in. diam., in tufts or alternate, crowded, orbicular or ovate with a broad tip, interspersed with minute bladder-like vessels ; flowers + in. long, lilac, form- ing terminal racemes on very slender erect naked scapes, 2-6 in. high, springing from leafy rosettes, calyx free, divid- ed nearly to the base in two very unequal rounded segments, corolla 2-lipped, base prolonged backwards in a tubular, curved, pointed spur, upper lip very short, erect or recurved, notched, lower much larger, spreading, 8-lobed, base convex, closing the mouth of the spur, sta- mens 2, enclosed in the corolla, attached at the base of the upper lip, filaments curved, style very short, stigma 2-lipped ; capsule round, enclosed in the enlarged calyx, seeds many, minute, covered with barbed hairs. The small bladder-like vessels devour insects, they each have a little trap door which opens inwards. see Prostrate Herbs, Opposite, Exstipulate, Simple. see Herbs, Erect, Opposite, Hxstipulate, Simple, Entire, Corolla 2-lipped. 624 Plants of the Punjab, WATER PLANTS. HERBS WITH OpposiTtE EXsTIPULATE SIMPLE LEAVES. Hygrophila spinosa, Hydrilla verticillata, Janjh, jala. HyDROCHARITACER. BBO: y659. The Plains to 2,000 ft. In still or slowly running waters. Baluchistan. Lagarosiphon Roxburghii, « HyDROCHARITACEA, ib. ve Ooo. The Plains in stagnant water. Hydrocharis Morsus-rane, Frog Bit, HypROCHARITACES. r F. B. I. v. 662. Kashmir, in stagnant ‘ water. PETALS UNITED. see Herbs, Erect, Entire, Corolla 2-lipped. Opposite, Exstipulate, Simple, small, submerged, leafy, forming large masses, male and female organs in separate flowers; leaves }-4 in., linear or oblong-lmear, four to eight leaves in a whorl, with a short sheathing one at the base of each branch, and a short pair above this ; flowers 4 to + in. long, male flowers solitary, shortly stalked in small sessile nearly round sheaths, rough with short processes, sepals 3, ovate, green, petals 8, oblong or wedge-shaped, stamens 3, anthers large, kidney-shaped, the male flower when mature escapes from the sheath and floats on the water, female flowers 1-2, sessile in a tubular 2-toothed sheath, sepals and petals as in the male flower, styles 2-3, lmear, undivid- ed, stigmas 3, fringed, the styles and stigmas are contained in a beak of the ovary which projects beyond the sheaths ; fruit awl-shaped, smooth or rough, seeds 2-3, oblong. This plant is used by sugar refiners to cover the sugar and allow water to pass through slowly. medium size, stem thread-like, branching, leafy, sub- merged, male and female organs in separate flowers ; leaves 3-4 im. long, linear-lanceolate, often twisted, nerveless, short-pointed, scattered ; male flowers minute, many, on a short spadix on an ovoid 2-valved axillary sessile sheath, sepals 8, petaloid, petals rather shorter, anthers 2, ovoid, female flower solitary, sessile in a narrow oblong sheath, sepals and petals as in the male, styles 8, stout, notched on the filiform beak of the ovary ; fruit ovoid, oblong, or linear, many-seeded, small, annual, floating, bearing runners which produce buds, break off in the autumn, sink to the bottom and come up next spring to become new plants ; leaves 1-1} in. diam., circular or kidney-shaped, quite entire, often reddish beneath, male and female organs in separate flowers ; flowers 1} in. diam., male flowers 2-3 in a stalked two- leaved sheath, sepals 3, green, small, oblong, petals 3, thin, broadly ovate witha broad tip, papery,¢rumpled, wh te, stamens 6-9 with 8-6 staminodes, filaments forked, female flowers solitary, long-stalked, sepals and petals as in the male flower, but witha fleshy tubercle at the base, stami- nodes 6 in pairs, stigmas 6, linear, 2-fid ; fruit fleshy, ovoid or oblong, 6-celled, seeds many, Plants of the Punjab. 625 WATER PLANTS. Herbs with Opposite ExstirpuLats Simpuy Leaves, Ottelia alismoides, HyYDROCHARITACEA. F. B. I. v, 662, The Plains, in tanks and ditches. Callitriche stagnalis, Water Starwort, HaLLoRRHAGIDACER, F. B. I. ii. 484. Himalaya, 5-10,000 ft. Kashmir, Sipi below Mashobra. Callitriche verna, HALLORRHAGIDACED, F. B. I, ii, 484. Himalaya, 5-8,000 ft, Kashmir, 7,000 ft. Changlagalli (Douie). Vallisneria spiralias, Sawala, syala, HyDROCHARIDACES. F. B. I. v. 660, The Plains to 2,000 ft. Baluchistan (Stocks), PETALS UNITED, medium size, submerged, roots fibrous ; leaves crowded, very variable, the submerged narrow, the floating long- stalked orbicular or oblong, heart-shaped, 2-6 by 1-2 in. or even 7 in. diam., 7-11-nerved, stalk 1-10 in.; flowers white, solitary sessile on a tubular 2-fid sheath, sheath 1-1} in., 5- or-6-winged, wings waved unequal, sepals 3, linear or oblong, petals 1 in. broad, stamens 6-15, styles 6, linear, 2-fid ; fruit 2 in. diam., oblong, 6-valved, enclosed in the sheath, crowned by the withered flower, 6-grooved, linear- obloug to round, seeds many, oblong, PETALS NONE, small, floating, submerged, or growing on mud, stems slender, brittle, much branched, rooting at the joints; leaves 4 in. long, ovate or very narrow, entire, lower op- posite, upper crowded into little rosettes ; flowers minute, axillary, usually solitary, each between two minute bracts (sometimes wanting), calyx and corolla none, in male flowers one stamen, filament long, in female flowersa 4-lobed ovary, styles 2, long, thread-like ; fruit round, flattened, sessile, mar- gins winged, short-pointed, dividing into 4 one-seeded nuts. like the last species, but the leaves are often oblong, fruit not winged, blunt, medium size, tufted, stemless, submerged; leaves 5-10 by $ in. varying with the depth of water, linear, translucent, green ; flowers male and female separate in sheaths, male flowers many, minute on long stalks in a 3-lobed short-stalked sheath § in., sepals 8, petals none, stamens 1-3, the sheath breaks off and floats at the surface when the anthers shed the pollen, female flower solitary in a tubular 8-toothed sheath on a long thread-like coiled stalk, sepals 3, petals none, staminodes 8, 2-fid, stigmas 8, broad, notched ; fruit linear enclosed in the sheath, seeds many. - lor purposes of propagation, the flower is carried to the surface by the un-coiling of the spiral stalk, after fertilization it is again submerged by the stalk coiling up again; fruit linear, many-seeded, This plant is used similarly to Hydrilla verticillata in sugar refining, 88 626 Plants of the Punjab. bre terete enna een eeneeeeeeeesneeeee eed eee WATER PLANTS. H®RBS WITH Opposite ExstiputatTn SimpLte LEAVES. Crinum defixum, AMARYLLIDACES. F. B. I. vi. 281, The Plains, on swampy river banks. Naias major, NAIADACES. F.:B. I. vi. 569. The Plains to 8,000 ft. PETALS NONE. large, bulbous, neck cylindric, bulb large, spindle- shaped ; leaves 24-36 by ?-1 in., linear, erect, blunt-pointed, concave ; flowers 4-5 in., white tinged with red, fragrant at night, sessile in ovate-lanceolate sheaths, 14-2 in. long, in umbels, 6-15-flowered on stout main stalks 14-2 ft. long, calyx 6-segmented, tube 24-8 in., segments nearly as long, narrowly linear-lanceolate, corolla none, stamens 6, bright red, shorter than the segments, anthers 4 in.; fruit 1 in, diam., nearly round, 1-2-seeded. submerged, rootstock creeping, stem cylindrical, branched, thread-like ; leaves 4-14 in. long, linear, teeth 4-8 on each side, triangular, dorsally spinous ; flowers male and female on separate plants, minute, solitary, axillary, male flowers conssit of an oblong tube, 2-8-toothed with an inner tube, thin, transparent, stamen one, united to the inner tube, female flowers consist of one sessile. oblong carpel, stigmas 2-3, thread-like; achene ,-$ in., seed erect. HeRBs WITH Opposite ExstrpuLATE Lopnp LEAVES. Myriophyllum verticillatum, HALORRGAGIDACER. EB, aan, Kashmir, 7,000 ft., in ponds. Myriopyhilum spicatum, Water Milfoil, HaLoRRHAGIDAOEA. F. B. I. ii. 488, Himalaya, 1-5,000 ft, Kashmir, Baluchistan, PETALS UNUNITED. small, stem floating, smooth, varying in length with the depth, leafy; leaves whorled, in fours, pinnately divided, segments simple, distinct, hair-like, 4-4 in. ; flowers male and female separate, small, sessile in whorls of 4, form- ing slender axillary spikes projecting above the water, one large, 2 minute bracts round each flower, upper flowers of spike male, lower female, of male flower calyx 4-toothed, petals 4, concave, stamens 8, short, of female flowers calyx 4-grooved, teeth 4, minute, petals minute, stigmas 4, nearly sessile; fruit nearly square, not deeply grooved, dividing into 4 one-seeded nutlets. very like the the last species, but the spikes always terminal, fruit narrowly but deeply grooved, carpels more or less tubercled on the back. Plants of the Punjab. 627 WATER PLANTS HERBS WITH OpposiTs ExstipuLtatTe Lopep Lwavns, L mnophila sessilifiora, ScROPHULARIACE. By B21. tv: 270: The Plains, in rice fields and marshes, Limnophila heterophylla, ScROPHULARIAOEZE, EBs Lo ive270;. © The Plains, in rice fields and marshes, Limnophila gratioloides, ScROPHULARIAOE, PB. leivi 271, The Plains. Kangra and Dharmsala, 8-4,000 it, Baluchistan. Utricularia stellaria, LENTIBULARIACEA. He Le iv. 328; The Plains, in rice fields and marshes. PETALS UNITED. small, annual, slender, hairy, covered with glands ; leaves 4 in. long, 3-6 ina whorl, lobed or pinnately divided, upper leaves often opposite and entire ; flowers 4 in. long, blue, sessile, axillary, solitary, calyx 5-lobed nearly to the base, segments nearly equal, lanceolate, long-pointed, corolla 2-lipped, tube cylindric, upper lip erect, 2-lobed, lower sreading, 3-lobed, stamens 4, in unequal pairs, en- closed in the corolla, anther cells stalked, widely separated, style bent at the top, stigma flat, 2-lobed; capsule ovoid, seeds many, small, angular. _ like the last species, but much larger, stem smooth, many, much divided leaves, calyx lobes less long-pointed. small, simple or branched, smelling of turpentine, smooth, leaves 4-2 in. long, lower leaves often finely divid- ed, flowers stalked, sometimes racemed, calyx 4-} in., corolla } in. ; for other characters see the last species. stem floating, leaves submerged ; leaves much divided into hair-like segments, interspersed with bladders ; flowers yellow, bracteate, stalked, 1 to 8 together, 3 in. long on main stalks which are 2-8 in. long, standing out of the water, smooth, bearing about the middle a cluster of oblong vesicles, calyx of 2 segments, lobes entire, or nearly so, ovate, corolla } in. diam., 2-lipped, upper lip entire or notched, lower larger, 3-6 lobed, spur curved, shorter than the lower lip, stamens 2, broad, anthers ovate, style short, stigma 2-lobed; capsule 4 in., round, fruit sepals 3-4 in., seeds many, small, thickly discoid, concavo- convex caused by the turning in of the thin barely winged margin, 882 628 Plants of the Punjab, WATER PLANTS. HeERBs with Oprositn ExstrputaAtH LoBED LEAVES, Utricularia flexuosa, LENTIBULARIACEA. KF. B. Liv: $29: The Plains, in rice fields and marshes. Utricularia exoleia, LENTIBULARIACE. FSD; fav. $29. The Plains, in rice fields and marshes (uncommon). Ceratophyllum demersum, Hornwort, CERATOPHYLLACES. PB. 1o-y.639: The Plains to 8,000 ft., in still water. Naias graminea, NAIADACE®. F. B. I. vi. 569. The Plains. Naias minor, NAIADACER, F. B. I. vi. 569, The Plains, PETALS UNITED, like the last species, but generally larger, corolla }-$ in. long, main flower stalks with only a few scales. like the last species, but very much smaller, capsule much larger than the sepals, seeds with thin margin, open, nearly entire. PETALS NONE. rootless, submerged, slender, fragile, stem 8-36 in, long, densely leafy, green; leaves 1 in. long, whorled, divid- ed into thread-like toothed lobes, spreading in water, closing together when lifted out of the water; flowers minute, axillary, sessile, male and female flowers on the same plant, male flowers solitary, calyx of 6-12, narrow, 2-fid awl-like, segments, petals none, stamens 20-30, very short, anthers erect, with a minute float at the top to enable it to remain near the surface, pollen of the same specific gravity as the water to enable it to float about tillit strikes a stigma, female with the same calyx as the male flower, no stamens, ovary sessile, ovoid, one-celled, style awl-like, stigmated surface on one side; fruit a small leathery ovoid, some- what flattened nut with a hooked style on the top, and 2 curved spurs on each side above the base. rootstock creeping, submerged, stem 1-2 ft., branched, thread-like ; leaves 3 to 1 in., narrowly linear, long-pointed, soft, sharply many-toothed, basal lobes (auricles) erec’, lanceolate, toothed on both edges; flowers male and female on the same plant, minute, axillary, clustered, male flowers consist of an outer tubular or inflated tube with a thin transparent inner one, stamen one, united to the inner tube, female flowers consist of one sessile carpel with or without a transparent tube outside, stigmas 2-4, slender ; achenes oblong, seed erect. but very slender, much less broad, leg very like the last species, branched, leaves less acutely toothed, transparent, basal auricles rounded. Plants of the Punjab. 629 WATER PLANTS. Heres with ALTERNATE STIPULATE SIMPLE LBAVES. Nymphea alba, Water-Lily, Brimposh, nilofar. NYMPHHACER. Woe Ber a4: Kashmir. Nymphea Lotus, Chota Kanwal. NyMPH= CE. Hobe Ts 1-114: The Plains. Nympheea stellata, Bambher, nilpadma. NyMPH#ACES. FB. E 1..114. The Plains. Euryale ferox, Gorgon fruit, Makhana, jewar, NyYMPHHACER. Bib ete bib. Kashmir. PETALS UNUNITED. large, perennial, rootstock creeping, submerged 3 leaves 5-10 in. diam., base heart-shaped, nearly circular, quite entire, floating, stalks long, hollow, in deep water ribbon-like, submerged leaves are sometimes found, stipules at the base of stalks ; flowers 3-4 in. diam., floating, stalks long from rootstock, sepals 4, petals many, stamens many, petaloid, anthers without appendages, linear, pollen bristly, stigmas 6, forming a rosette of 6 rays in the centre of the top of the round berry 14 in. long in which the 16 carpels containing many minute seeds are sunk, at first the carpels sink to the bottom and ripen, then burst, the seeds first float then sink. like the last species, but rootstock short, erect, tuber- ous, leaves undulating sharp-toothed, arrow-shaped when young, flowers often pink or red, sepals blunt, ribbed, pollen smooth, anthers without appendages. The root is often eaten, and is used as a cooling medicine and de- mulcent. like the last species, but the leaves often entire, flowers sometimes blue or purple, petals 10-30, stamens 10-30, stigmas 10-30, anthers with long appendages. The root and seeds are often eaten. large, perennial, densely prickly, stemless, rootstock thick, short ; leaves 1-4 ft. diam., oval or circular, green above, downy reddish beneath with strong spiny ribs ; flowers 1-2 in. long, partially submerged, violet inside, green and shining outside, sepals 4, erect, with recurved spines on their backs, petals 20 or so, in 8-5 series, shorter than the sepals, narrowly-ovate-oblong, stamens many, in bundles of 8, linear, stigma depressed, concave discoid ; berry 2-4 in. diam., nearly round, prickly, crowned with the persistent sepais, seeds 8-20, size of a pea to @ cherry, coat pulpy, skin thick, black. The seeds are roasted and eaten, and considered very digestible and very strengthen. ing, 680 Plants of the Punjab. WATER PLANTS. HERBs WITH ALTERNATE STIPULATES SIMPLE LEAVES. Nelumbium speciosum, Sacred Lotus or Egyptian Bean, Kanwal, pamposh. NyYMPHECES. 5, 1.4. 116. The Plains to 6,000 ft. Kashmir. Pind Dadan Khan. Trapa bispinosa, Horn nut, Singhara. ONAGRACES, or HypDROCARYACEA. BB. 1, i. 590. The Plains, in stagnant waters. Trapa natans, ONAGRACES or HyprocaRYACE&. F, B. I. ii, 590. Kashmir. Polygonum orientale, polygonum glabrum, PETALS UNUNITED. large, perennial, juice milky, rootstock submerged, stout, creeping ; leaves 24-36 in. diam., waxy, bluish-green, cupped, thin, standing above the water, stalks 3-6 ft. long, full of spiral vessels, surface smooth or prickly, joined to the centre of leaf-blade ; flowers 4-10 in. diam., white or pink, sepals 4-5, soon falling off, petals many, concave, veined, soon falling off, stamens many, soon falling off, _ anthers with a clubbed appendage, carpels many, sunk in spongy base of the flower, which breaks off the stalk, then floats about, finally rots and the carpels each with one seed sink to bottom of the pond and take root, styles many, stigma terminal. The rootstock is eaten; and the seed is used as a heart stimulant. medium size, perennial, floating, stem long, zigzag, submerged portion at intervals gives off much divided pairs of green organs-like stipules at the base of the old leaf scars ; leaves 2 by 24-3 in., floating, crowded into rosettes on the upper part of the stem, dark green, shining above, woolly beneath, tips slightly round-toothed, stalk 4-6 in, long, woolly, stipules linear, thin, soon falling off ; flow- ers small, white, axillary, solitary, stalked, calyx tube short, 4-fid, 2 segments or all are persistent, becoming spinescent on fruit, petals 4, small, stamens 4, style awl- shaped, stigma round ; fruit 1-14 in. long and broad, horny, ovoid witha broad top, one-celled, ripening under water, 4-angled, 2 or all spinescent with a short beak on the top for the seed radical to protrude, seed one. The plant is often cultivated in ponds, the seed is much eaten raw or cooked. like the last species, but the floating leaves only 1 im. diam., tip toothed deeply, stalk 2-4 in., smooth, under surface only slightly hairy on the nerves, fruit only 3? in., broad, all 4 angles spinescent, 2 lateral spines shorter. PETALS NONE. see Herbs, Erect, Alternate, Stipulate, Simple, Entire, see Herbs, Hreot, Alternate, Stipulate, Simple, Entire, Plants of the Puryab. Sees 631 WATER PLANTS. HERBS WITH ALTHRNATE, STIPULATE, SIMPLE LBAVES. Polygonum Hydropiper, Polygonum flaccidum, Polygonum strigosum, Polygonum amphibium, PoLuyYGONACES. Peeieuk va ot, Kashmir. Polygonum lanigerum, Potamogeton indicus, NAIADACEA, BP Be Lavi 565; The Plains to 5,000 ft. Potamogeton natans, NAIADACES. Bas vas 665: The Plains to 5,000 ft. Kashmir. Potamogeton javanicus, NAIADACES. F: B. I. vi. 566. The Plains to 7,000 ft. Simla (Collett), PETALS NONE. see Herbs, Erect, Alternate, Stipulate, Simple, Entire. see Herbs, Erect, Alternate, Stipulate, Simple, Entire. see Herbs, Erect, Alternate, Stipulate, Simple, Entire, medium size, perennial, partially submerged, rootstock creeping, woody ; leaves usually long-stalked and floating, or nearly sessile and aérial, blunt, “oblong oF lanceolate, stipules tubular, abruptly ended, smooth or hairy ; flowers 4 in. long, red, in spike-like stout racemes, 1-2 in. long, main stalk stout, bracts more or less tubular, calyx 4-5 fid, 4 in., not nerved, much longer than the nut, petals none, stamens 4-8, styles ss atin ovoid, biconvex, shining, see Prostrate Herbs, Alternate, Stipulate, Simple. medium size, submerged, rootstock creeping, stem cylindrical ; floating leaves 3-44 by 1-24 in., oblong ‘with a rounded — tip, leathery, lower submerged, leaves longer, narrower, papery, stipules 1-1} in. , free ; flowers small in spikes on a main stalk rising from a membranous sheath, bractless, sepals 4, concave, green, anthers 4, sessile, on the segments, carpels 4, sessile, :tigma nearly sessile, persistent ; drupelets small, smooth, seeds nearly kidney- shaped. like the last species, but leaves folded at the ingertion of the stalk, submerged leaves, if any, long, narrow, sessile, main flower stalk stout, stipules 4-5 in., much longer, drupelets larger, keeled at the back, shortly beaked. like the last species, but stem very slender, leaves 4-14 in., ovate-oblong, pointed at both ends, stalk very short, submerged leaves linear, long-tipped, stipules 4-1 in., main flower stalk slender, flower spikes not crowded with flowers, sepals round, drupelets 4 in.. stout, ribs toothed, beak stout, hooked; 682 Plants of the Punjab, WATER PLANTS. HERBS WITH ALTERNATE STIPULATE SIMPLE LBAVES. Potamogeton perfoliatus, NAIADACE. F. B. I. vi. 566. Himalaya, 4-8,000 ft. (Collett). Baluchistan, (Stocks). Potamogeton erispus, NAIADACEZE. F. B. I. vi, 566. The Plains to 1,000 ft. Kashmir (Collett). Khanki, Potamogeton lucens NAIADACES. Boa ayaa, (567, Kashmir, 5-6,000 ft. (Collett). Potamogeton pectinatus, NAIADACES. F. B. I. vi. 567, The Plains to 12,000 ft. (Collett), Khanki. Potamogeton pusillus, NaIADAOEB. F. B. I. vi. 567, Kashmir; 6,000 ft; PETALS NONE. like the last species, but all leaves submerged, stem stout, dividing into two, leaves 1-4 in., ovate, heart-shaped, stem clasping, margins even, upper leaves opposite, stipules small, soon falling off, flower spikes crowded, sepals long- stalked, drupelets ;4, m., hardly ribbed, flattened, beak short, straight. like the last species, but stem slender, flattened, leaves 1-3 in., narrowed at the base, linear or upper opposite and half stem-clasping, tip rounded, margins very wavy, finely toothed, flower spikes few-flowered, very short, flowers very small, drupelets larger, 3 in., ovoid, flattened, long-beaked, ribs entire or toothed. like the last species, but stem stout, leaves large, 4-10 in., nearly sessile, lanceolate, very slightly wavy: upper leaves sometimes floating, stipules large, long, 2- winged or keeled, flower spike stout, drupelets +5 in., stout, convex on both sides, shortly bluntly beaked, stem thread-like, densely branched on opposite sides, leaves 3-8 in. by 3)-3 in., very narrow, grass-like, base sheathing, margins slightly thickened, stipules like small lobes on the edge of the lobe sheath, flowers at intervals along the spike, drupelets 4 in., large, stout, smooth, hardly beaked ; for other characters see the first described species of this genus, like the last species, but leaves 4-8 in., narrowly linear or thread-like, stipules small, not united to the sheath, flowers few, minute, clustered, drupelets stoutly beaked, bluntly ribbed. Plants of the Punjab, | wa 633 WATER PLANTS. Herpes with ALTERNATE §TIPULATH SiMpLE LEAVES. ParaLs NONE, Ruppia rostellata, large, slender, branched, submerged, found in brackish NAIADACES. waters, stem 2 ft. and more; leaves 1-3 in., thread-like, F. B. I. vi. 568. sheaths stipule-like ; flowers minute, 2-6 together within The Plains to a leaf sheath on a short main stalk, which lengthens after 5,000 ft. flowering, straight or slightly twisted, sepals and petals Kalar Kahar. none, anthers 2, sessile ; carpels 4, in fruiting long-stalked, stigma sessile, obliquely ovoid 3; in. long, shortly beaked. Zannichellia small, very slender, submerged, stem 3-6 in., branched ; palustris, leaves 1-3 in., linear, in threes or opposite, stipules small, Horned Pond Weed, sheathing, thin ; flowers minute, one male and one female NAIADACES. flower sessile in the stipules, no sepals or petals, male flower Po. Evi. 568. one long stamen, anther 2-celled, female flower 4 one- The Plains to celled carpels, style long, stigma discoid; achenes 2-4, 15,000 ft. curved, flattened, usually covered with small projections Common in marshes or wrinkled, sometimes stalked, crowned by the persistent and ponds (Collett). style from which it gets its English name, HERBS wiITH ALTERNATE STIPULATE LOBED LEAVES. PETALS NONE. Ranunculus small, submerged, leaves much divided into thread- aquatilis, var. like segments, stipules half attached with large processes ; trichophyllus, flowers white, small, in panicles, sepals 3-5, petals none, Water Crowfoot, stamens few, styles short ; fruit is a head of beaked achenes, RANUNCULACER. transversely wrinkled. Bes. by 16; : The Plains to 10,000 ft. Kashmir, Baluchistan. Heres wrt ALTERNATE STIPULATE CoMPOUND LBAVEs. ie PETALS UNUNITED. Neptunia oleracea, annual, prostrate, floating on water, rooting at the Lajalu, pani lajak. joints of the stem which gives out leaves and flower stalks, LEGUMINOSS. stem stout ; leaves twice pinnate, stipules obliquely heart- F. B. T.it:-285. shaped, persistent, pinne 4-6, 2-3 in. long, with 8-15 The Plains, pairs of leaflets, 4-4 in. long, strap-shaped, thin, sensi ive ; east of the Sutlej. flowers minute, yellow in dense heads on axillary main stalks, the flowers of base of head being replaeed by yellow 684 Plants of the Punjab. WATER PLANTS. HERBS WITH ALTERNATE STIPULATE CoMPOUND LEAVES. PETALS UNUNITED. flat protruding staminodes, main stalk 8-12 in., ascending, smooth, bracts small, ovate, nearly blunt-tipped, calyx minute, bell-shaped, 5-toothed, petals 5, strap-shaped, united at the base, stamens of perfect flowers protruding, anthers gland-crested, style thread-like, stigma club- shaped ; pod 3-1 in., oblong, strap-shaped, beaked, seeds 6-8. This plant is often eaten as a pot herb. Heres WITH ALTERNATE ExstTiIpuLATE SimpLE LEAVES. Jussieua repens, ONAGRACES. ds. 001. 587. The Plains. Thanesar. In water and on the banks of tanks. Jussieua suffruticosa, Lal-bunlunga, bun-lung (Beng.). ONAGRACES. fobs nH. 587. The Plains, not the south-western desert region. Ludwigia parvifiora, ONAGRAOES,. F. B. I. ii. 588. The Plains. Common in marshes, rice fields, banks of rivers, PETALS UNUNITED. small, prostrate, succulent, c eeping on land and floating in water, stem supported on water by white vesi- cles 4-1 in. below the msertions of the leaves on the stem ; leaves }-3 in., ovate or lanceolate with a broad tip, blunt, narrowed imto the stalk, smooth or hairy ; flowers 1. in. diam., whitish yellow on stalks 4-14 in. !ong, 2-bracteate at the top, calyx tube linear, teeth 4-6, short-pointed, persistent, petals 4-6, usually 5, 4 in. long, ovate with a broad tip, white with yellowish veins towards the base, stamens twice the humber of petals, style short, stigma 4-5-lobed ; capsule $-14 in. long, linear-cylindric, woody, smooth or with scattered hairs, seeds very many, 4- cornered without a tuft of hairs, corky, with a netted skin. large, perennial, branching, sometimes woody and shrubby, growing in wet places, banks of rivers and swamps, leaves 2-3 in. long, sessile, lanceolate, ovate- lanceolate, rarely linear, short- or long-tipped, narrowed to the base, usually more or less woolly, flowers 4-1} in. diam., yellow, calyx teeth 4, petals 4, 1-3 in., capsule 1-2 in. long, linear, 8-ribbed, papery, seeds almost hemis- pheric, coat brown, shining, not corky ; for other characters see the last species. It isused in dysentery, flatulence and constipation. erect, small, smooth, 8-24 in. high; leaves 1-3 in. long, lanceolate, linear-lanceolate, or linear-oblong, nar- rowed to the base ; flowers small, yellow, on short stalks, axillary, solitary, main flower stalk 2-bracteate at the top, calyx tube linear, teeth 8-5, short-tipped, persistent, petals 8-5, small, stamens the same number as the calyx teeth, style simple, stigma round; capsule $-4 in, long, Plants of the Punjab. 630 WATER PLANTS. Hxprss WItH ALTERNATE EXSTIPULATE SIMPLE LBAvns. Samolus Valerandi, Limnanthemum nymphzoides, Kuru, khair-posh. GENTIANACES. ets IV ASL. Himalaya, 6-9,000 ft. F Kashmir. Limnanthemum cristatum, Tagarmul, ghain-chu. GENTIANACEAE. PB. Biv Ast. The Plains. Limnanthemum indicum, (LENTIANAOES. Ee B.teiv. 181. The Plains. Hydrolea zeylanica, HyDROPHYLLACES. Bebo. 1v.135. The Plains to 4,000 ft,s in swamps. PETALS UNUNITED. swollen, slightly 4-angled, seeds in many rows in the 4-5 cells of the capsule. seg Entire. Herbs, Hrect, Alternate, Exstipulate, Simple, PETALS UNITED, stems long, floating, raotig at the joints; leaves 1-2 im. diam., nearly opposite, circular, deeply notched at the base, leaf stalk 1-2 in. ; flowers 14-2 in. diam., yel- low, on minor stalks, 1-4 in., forming umbels on main flower stalks clustered in the leaf axils at the joints, calyx lobes 5,3 by } in., oblong, corolla wheel-shaped, deeply 5-lobed, lobes without a longitudinal fold down the middle, slightly bristly and minutely round-toothed at the margin, sta- mens 5 on the corolla tube, style short; capsule 1 in,, oblong with rounded ends, seeds } in., many, discoid, winged. ‘This plant is largely used for fodder. like the last species, bwt flowers much smaller, corolla white, yellow at the base within, lobes 5-6 entire with a longitudinal fold down the middle, capsule } in., seeds small, many, rough. ‘The different parts are cooked and eaten in many districts. hike the last species, but flowers larger, corolla lobes fringed without a longitudinal fold down the middle, capsule larger, seeds many, smooth. medium size, annual, prostrate, branched. flowering parts sticky ; leaves 2 by } in., lanceolate, narrowed at the base; flowers blue in terminal racemes, 1-2 in. long, on lateral branches, bracts }-4 in.; calyx segments 5, lan- ceolate, } in., nearly divided to the base, longer than the capsule, corolla widely open, bell-shaped, almost wheel- shaped, lobes 5, 4 in, overlapping, stamens 5, anthers arrow-shaped, styles 2, distinct, stigmas round ; capsule 4 in,, seeds minute, 636 Plants of the Punjab. . WATER PLANTS. HERBS WITH ALTERNATE EXSTIPULATE SIMPLE LEAVES. Ipomeea aquatica, Ganthian, nari, nalr. CONVOLVULACE. P61; rv. 210. The Plains. Monochoria hasteefolia, PoNTEDERIACES, F. B. I. vi. 862. The Plains. Monochoria vaginalis, PoNTEDERIAOCEA. F. B. I. vi. 368. The Plains to 5,000 ft. Kashmir. Typha angustata, Reed Mace, Lesser Cats’ Tail, Patura, kundar, pitz. TYPHACE A. F. B. I. vi. 589. The Plains to 5,000 ft. Kashinir, PETALS UNITED. annual, smooth, stems lymg on mud or floating on water, hollow ; leaves 3-6 in., stalk 1-6 in., generally long, oblong-heart-shaped, or forked at the base, entire or angular, almost lobed; flowers 2 in., pale purple, on 1-5-flowered stalks, 2-7 in. long, mmor flower stalks long, 1-2 in., bracts small, sepals 5, 4 im. long, almost equal, smocth, corolla 5-plaited, margin very shortly lobed, smooth, stamens 5, included ; capsule } in., ovoid, 4-2- seeded, smooth, seeds minutely closely silky. The leaves are eaten as a vegetable, the dry juice forms an excellent purgative. PETALS NONE. rootstock creeping, spongy; leaves 6-7 by 5-6 in. arrow-shaped, long-stalked, erect or floating, blunt or short-tipped, many nerved, stalk of the floral leaf swollen above, clasping the short main flower stalk, stalks of the basal leaves 18-24 in., broad and sheathing at the bise ; flowers 3-1 in. diam., violet blue, dotted with red, long- stalked in racemes, calyx petaloid, bell-shaped, segments 6 unequal, larger ovate with a broad tip, smaller oblong, spurred, longest one with blue anther, the rest yellow, capsule } in., nearly round or oblong, seeds small. like the last species, but rootstock short, nearly erect, leaves linear to ovate and ovate-heart-shaped, few nerved, flowers short-stalked in spikes rather than racemes. lower part of stem is a thick rhizome, stem 6-10 ft., projects high out of the water ; leaves #-1 in. broad, linear erect or floating, spongy, half cylindric above the sheath ; flowers in very dense cylindric spikes (catkins), upper part yellow of male flowers, lower brown of female flowers, male flowers consist of 2-5 stamens, enclosed in a number of hairs, female flowers consist of one carpel, one persistent style enclosed in hairs; achenes minute, membranous, covered with a tuft of hairs. The leaves are used for matting, the young shoots and roots are eaten, Plants of the Punjab, 637 a Ee D, WATER PLANTS, Hares with ALTERNATE EXsTIPULATH SIMPLE DHAVES, Typha Laxmannl, TYPHACES. F, B. I. vi. 489. Kashmir, 9,000 ft. Baluchistan. Sparganium ramosum, Burweed, TYPHACES. FB 1 vis. 490, The Plains to 5 000 ft. Kashmir. Pistia Stratiotes, Jalkhumbr. AROIDES OF ARACACEA. Ry. Bil. viv 497; The Plains. PETALS NOMB, ~ like the last species, but much smaller, stem 2-8 ft., leaves slender, half cylindric at the sheath, male spikes 1-2 in., female g-1 by }-} in., hairs very short, shorter than the styles. rootstock oreeping, stem 1-4 ft., erect, leafy; leaves 2-5 ft., 1 in. or less, broad, linear, margins concave, 8-edged at the base ; flowers in round heads with leafy bracts below, male and female in separate heads, heads sessile on the branches of a panicle, male heads olive brown, $-3 in, diam., soon falling off, male flowers of 2-3 stamens sur- rounded by 8-6 membranous linear scales, female heads 1 in. diam., in fruit, female flowers of one persistent style with a unilateral stigma surrounded by 8-6 thin lnear soales ; drupe } in. long, angled, sessile, shortly beaked. perennial, stemless, floating in the still fresh water, bearing runners, tuft of simple white rootlets and leaves; leaves 1}-4 in. long, apex rounded or broadly notched, wavy, velvety above and below, fogether forming an erect cup ; flowers minute, sessile on a stalk (spadix) within a white sheath (spathe) 4 im. long, spathe obliquely bell-shaped, woolly without, pouched, closed below, contracted about the middle, the spadix jo ned to the back of the tube of the spathe below, male and female flowers on one spadix, male above, female below, neuter between, male flowers ccnsist of a few sess le united stamens or rather anthers beneath the top of the spadix, anthers with vertical slits, a ring of minute neuters below them, female flowers consist of a solitary conical ovoid, one-celled ovary, a conical style with a discoid stigma; fruit membranous, few seeded, seeds oblong or ovoid with a broad top. ‘The plant is sup- posed to purify water, the leaves are demulcent, and the ‘oot laxative, 688 Plants of the Punjab. WATER PLANTS. Herss with ALTERNATE ExsTIPULATE LoBED LEAVES. PETALS UNUNITED. Nasturtium small, perennial, stem 6-12 in., branched, growing in palustre, wet places ; radical leaves many, stalked, 2-6 in., pinnately Marsh Water Cress, divided, lobes toothed, lower distinct, narrow, end one large, CRUCIFERE. broad, stem-leaves similar, or ovate-lanceolate, sessile, FB. 1. i188; toothed ; flowers small, bractless, yellow, in long loose The Plains to racemes, sepals 4, short, spreading, equal at the base, 10,000 ft. petals 4, short, narrowed at the base, equal in length to Simla (Collett). the sepals, stamens 2. 4 or 6, stigma nearly sessile, rounded ; pod 2-} in., oblong, slightly curved when ripe, splitting by 2 valves, leaving the seeds crowded in 2 series attached to the central stalk. Nasturtium indicum, like the last species, but annual, upper leaves with a CRUCIFERS. large broad end lobe, frequently with small auricles, pods #23 1. 1. 154. narrow, cylindrical, $-? in., seeds wrinkled. The Plains to al 7,000 ft. Kashmir. Nasturtium very like the last species, but smaller, leaves less divid- montanum, ed, pods longer, 1-14 in., seeds oblong, flattened. CRUCIFER2. FP. B. I. i. 184. The Plains to 7,000 ft. Simla (Collett). PETALS NONE. Caltha palustris, see Herbs, Evect, Alternate, Exstipulate, Lobed. Heres with ALTERNATE EXsTIPULATE CoMpouND LEAvVms. PETALS UNUNITED. Nasturtium like Nasturtium Palustre, see above under Lobed officinale, Leaves, but is found floating with long creeping stema, Common leaves 2-4 in,, pinnate, leaflets sessile, 4 in., entire or wavy, Water Cress, flowers white, racemes short, petals longer than the sepais. Piriya halvm. This plant is much eaten by Europeans, to a smaller extent CRUCIFERS. by Indians ; it is considered to be antiscorbutic and stimu- F, B, 1. i. 188. lacing to the appetite. The Plains to 7,000 ft. Simla, Kashmir, Baluchistan, Plants of the Punjab. 689 WATER PLANTS. Herss WitH ALTERNATE HEXSTIPULATE CoMPOUND LEAVES Jinanthe :tolonifera, Water Dropwort, UMBELLIFERS. Be Bo, 1-695, The Plains to 5,000 ft. Valleys below Simla (Collett). Kashmir, in marshes. Acorus Calamus, Sweet Flag, Bach, warch, bariboj, AROIDEZ or ARACER. FP. B.. E.*vis 505: The Plains to 8,000 ft. In marshes. Alisma Plantago, Water Plantain, ALISMACEA. F. B. I. vi. 559, Himalaya, 1-7,000 ft. Patarnala, in marshes. Alisma reniforme, ALISMACEA. F. B. I. vi. 560, The Plains to 5,000 ft. In marshes. PETALS UNUNITED. large, perennial, stem 2-4 ft., sueculent, thick, prostrate or ascending, often floating, rooting at the lower joints, bearing runners at the base ; leaves once or twice pinnate, upper often of only 3-leaflets, leaflets lanceolate 1-2 by 4-1 in., toothed, sometimes lobed ; flowers white, small, many m a eompound umbel, umbels leaf-opposed, long- stalked, bracts 1-8 or none, bracteoles several, linear up to $ in., rays 15-30, nearly equal, calyx 5-toothed, teeth lanceolate, short-pointed, petals 5, unequal, notched, ovary 2-celled, styles 2, carpels 4 by 3, in., ovoid with a broad tip, ridges 5 distinct but not raised. UNBRANCHED, stem 6-12 in., flat, rootstock thick, creeping ; leaves all radical, tufted, 2-3 ft. by 4 in., margins crimped ; flowers — small, yellow-green, along a stalk spadix) 1}-8 in. long, tapering in a leaf-like sheath (spathe), narrow, sepals 6, free, persistent, petals none, stamens 6, at the base of the sepals, berries yellow, green, angular, 1-8-seeded, seeds oblong. The rootstock is used as flea-bane in this country, also as an emeticin large doses, in small doses it is useful in flatulence or dyspepsia. medium size, perennial, root fibrous, stems 1}-3 ft., base swollen, leaves all radical, undivided, entire, 84 by 1$ in., ovate-lanceolate, base tapering or slightly heart- shaped, stalks 13-10 in. ; flowers 4 in. diam., pink with a yellow base, on long slender unequal stalks in bracteate clusters forming a large terminal pyramidal branching raceme, sepals 3, green, persistent, petals 8, thin, soon falling off, stamens 6, ovaries many, small, in a ring, style slender, stigmas terminal; achenes 20-30 in one circle, surrounded by the three enlarged sepais. like the last species, but the leaves are leathery, kidney- shaped or circular with a heart-shaped base, flowers $,in. diam., white. 640 Plants of the Punjab, Ali-ma oligococcum, ALISMACE. ABS, a2 560. The Plains, in marshes, Sagittaria sagittifolia, Arrow Head, ’ ALISMACEA. Piihol.wi. 561. The Plains, in tanks. Sagittarla guayanensis, ALISMACER. BP, B.1.-71, 561. The Plains, in tanks, Butomus umbellatus, F owering Rush, ALISMACES, F. B; 1.2 vi. 562. The Plains to 5,000 ft. Kashmir, in marshes, Triglochin palustre, A row Grass, NAIADACEA. F. B. I. vi. 568. Himalaya, 8-15,000 ft. Baluchistan (Lace). WATER PLANTS. HERBS UNBRANCHED. PETALS UNUNITED, like the last species, but leaves 3-6 by 2-8 in. broad ovate, heart-shaped, flowers pink and small. stemless, perennial; leaves vary, submerged ones ribbon-shaped, floating, have an ovate blade, those above the water are arrow-shaped, 2-8 in. long, blunt or short- pointed, stalks 8-18 in., triangular; flowers ? in, diam., white with purple base, in branching racemes or spiked clusters, sepals 3, green, petals 3, thin, stamens 6 or more ; © fruit of a round or oblong head of flattened winged achenes ; achenes flat, dorsally winged, wings broad, entire or slightly round-toothed. like the last species, but 'eaves broadly ovate, deeply notched at the base, blunt-pointed, 1-2 in., lobes broad, short-pointed, or blunt, notch broad or narrow, flowers % in. diam., white, achenes flat, surrounded by a broad toothed wing. large, smooth, rootstock stout, creeping ; ‘eaves all radical, 86-48 by } in., linear, erect, 3-edged, long point- ed, base sheathing ; flowers 1 in. diam., pink, in simple bracteate umbels, on a long bare erect stalk, umbels many- flowered, bracts 8, lesser flowers stalks 2-4 in., sepals 3 and petals 8, both pink, leathery, persistent, stamens 9 ; fruit of 6 leathery, beaked, many-seeded follicles, seeds linear-oblong, furrowed. small, rootstock creeping, stem 6-24 in., tuberous, bearing runners, growing in marshes ; leaves 2-12 in., | ush- like, 3 cylindrical ; flowers small, green with purplish mar- gins on short minor stalks, in a raceme on a slender cape, sepals and petals 8 each, green, concave, soon fallng off, stamens 6, styles short, often united ; fruit } in. long cf 3 carpels with recurved tips, lying flat against the stalk, Triglochin maritimum, NAIADECES. F. B. I. vi. 568. Hima'aya, 12-16,000 ft. In marshes. Aponogeton monostachyon, NAIADACER. F. B. I. vi. 564. The Plains. In tanks. Aponogeton ecrispum, NAIADACES. 1 Hed bail ay aaa | ove The Plains, in tanks. Lemna minor, Lesser Duckweed, LYuMNACEA. F. B. I. iv. 556. The Plains to 9,000 ft., itagnant water. Plants of the Punjab. 641 WATER PLANTS. Herss UNBRANOHED. PETALS UNUNITED. like the last species, but larger, stouter, more tuber- ous at the base, leaves slightly flattened at the tip, flowers larger, carpels 6, PETALS NONE submerged, rootstock tuberous ; leaves 8-6 in., floating, oblong, short-pointed or blunt, base wedge-shaped, rounded or notched ; flowers white, on sessile single or double spikes on a long stalk, young spikes enclosed in a conival sheath which soon falls off, sepals 8, ovate with a broad tip to lanceolate, petals none, stamens 6, fruit of 3 smooth leathery carpels, seeds 4-8. " r like the last species, but leaves much larger, 1-3 ft., submerged, linear-oblong to lanceolate, thin, transculent, flat or undulate, spike solitary, sepals much longer than the three to four smooth 1-2-seeded follicles. Herss LEAFLESS. PrraLa NONE. minute, floating, growing in colonies bearing a leaf-like frond and one single root-fibre with a root cap; the frond 1-1 in. long, broadly ovate or oblong, nearly flat on both surfaces, green above ; flowers in the marginal cleft of the frond, at first enclosed in a minute sheath (spathe), sepals and petals none, stamens 2, style long, ovule one ; fruit a bottle-shaped utricle with one leathery seed. This piant ig generally propagated by buds, which appear in the groove at the back of the frond. 642 Plants of ihe Punjab. ne WATER PLANTS. Herss LEAFLESs. PETALS NONE. Lemna gibba, . like the last species, but frond larger, 4-4 im. diam. Gibbon’s Duckweed, circular, flat above, convex below, ovules 2-7. LEMNACES. P58. A; vi.bo6, The Plains to 7,000 ft., in stagnant water. Lemna trisulea, like the last species, but frond larger, 4-2 in., lanceolate LEMNACES. ~* with a broad toothed tip, not convex below, ovule one. gp linle te Guay epitay ee i The Plains, in stagnant water. Lemna polyrrhiza, like the last species, but root fibres several, clustered, Great Duckweed, frond 4-4 im. diam., broadly ovate or circular, both surfaces LEMNACES. nearly flat, dark green above, usually purple below, ovules PBL wind: 1 on 2: The Plains to 5,000 ft., in stagnant water. Wolffia arrhiza, minute, like grains of green sand, root fibres none, Rootless Duckweed, frond 4, in. and less in diam., upper surafce flat, lower LEMNACER. swollen, flowers consisting of one sessile anther and one HBr Lyi bb: ovule bursting through the upper surface of the frond. The Plains to 10,000 ft., in stagnant water. Tamarix articulata - Casuarina equisetifolia, CASUARINACEA. BH. Bei. v. 598. The Plains, planted, Capparis aphylla, Tamarix gallica, Tamarix salina, Tamarix dioica, Periploca aphylla, Periploca hydaspidis, ASCLEPIADECER. BeBe le ive Le. The Plains to 4.000 ft. Kashmir. Leptadenta Spartium, Orthanthera viminea, ~ Plants of the Punjab. aes 648 LEAFLESS PLANTS. TREES. see Trees, Hrect, Alternate, Exstipulate, Simple. large, wood reddish, bark fibrous, stripping in long pieces, branches drooping, branchlets thread-like, cylin- dric, almost 6-8-angled, grooved, falling in winter, jointed, internodes } in., ending in a sheath of 6-8 united, awl- shaped scales (leaves ?) ; flowers minute, male and female. on the same or different trees, male flowers in superposed cups in terminal cylindric or almost clubbed spikes, 4 in, long, sepals 1 or 2, coneave, stamen 1, anther large, female flowers in ovoid or round heads, bracteate or 2-bracteolate, style 2-fid ; fruit ? in. diam., of hardened bracts, oblong- ovate with a broad tip, 12 rows of achenes winged, wing terminal, tipped by the style. SHRUBS. PETALS UNUNITED. see Shrubs, Erect, Alternate, Stipulate, Simple. see Shrubs, Hrect, Alternate, Exstipulate, Simple, see Shrubs, Erect, Alternate, Exstipulate, Simple. see Shrubs, Erect, Alternate, Exstipulate, Simple, PETALS UNITED. see Shrubs, Krect, Opposite, Exstipulate, Simple. perennial, smooth, twining, branches wiry, tortuous, 3 in. thick, sometimes clustered ; leaves (if any) }-4 in., opposite, linear, thick, just pointed ; flowers 4 in. diam., yellow, in loose terminal or axillary clusters 4-1 in. across, often opposite, very many, stalk thick, erect, bracts soon falling off, calyx 5-lobed, lobes quite smooth, overlapping, rounded, corolla wheel-shaped, lobes 5, oblong, blunt, velvety within, smooth without, mouth with a 10-lobed (corona) ring with 5 awl-shaped hairy processes, stamens 5, ununited, broad, short, flat, anthers bearded, touching over the stigma, stigma convex ; follicles 2, cylindric, smooth, seeds flattened, ovoid, winged with a tuft of hairs (coma). see Shrubs, Krect, Opposite, Exstipulate, Simple. see Shrubs, Erect, Opposite, Exstipulate, Simple, 7 TT2 644 Anabasis phyllophora, Anabasis setifera, Calligonum polygonoides, Viscum articulatum, Pudu, pan. LORANTHACES. HeB. 1. v;.226. Himalaya, 3-6,000 ft., east of the Ravi. S mla, the Glen (Collett). Chamba. Viscum japonicum, LORANTHACER. Hebel. y.226. Himalaya, 5 7,060 ft. Simla, the Glen (Collett). Matiana. Euphorbia Tirucalli, Erhedra vulgaris, cr gerardiana, var. saxatilis, Amsamia, budshur, chewa. GNETACER. Ry Lv. 640 & 863. Himalaya, 7-12,000 ft. Shali (Collett). Plants of the Punjab. LEAFLESS PLANTS. SHRUBS. PETALS NONE. see Shrubs, Erect, Opposite, Exstipulate, Simple. see Shrubs, Erect, Opposite, Exstipulate, Simple. see Shrubs, Erect, Alternate, Exstipulate, Simple, - perennial, parasitic on trees, such as Cordia vestita, Purus Pashia, Cornus capitata, much branched, green, main stem rounded, branches flat, streaked, furrowed length- wise, contracted at the knots, hanging down, internodes 1-2 in. long ; flowers minute, green, clustered at the top of the joints, male and female in the same cluster, sessile, .groups of 8, two or several groups at a joint, male flowers calyx 3 or 4-parted, lobes thick, soon falling off, anthers broad, sessile, united to the calyx lobes, female flowers, calyx as in the male, stigma sessile; berry ;}, in., yellow, smooth, juicy, 1-seeded, sticky. like the last species, but parasitic on ( ercus incana, Tlex dipyrena, Rhus, Olea, Rhododendron, er ct, only 6 in, high, branches fleshy, flat; jomted, joints 3-3 in., not groov- ed, calyx lobes nersistent, crowning the berry. see Shrubs, Erect, Opposite, Exstipulate, Simple. small, stiff, smooth, a’most erect, branches green, slender, finely crooved, often curved, membraneous sheath- ing scales at the joints take the place of leaves; flowers minute in the axils of upper bracts of small cones, bracts united, opposite bracts not margined, lower empty, male and female cones on different plants, male cones solitary or in pairs, more rarely in clusters of 8, flowers 8-4 pairs, calyx short, tubular, thin, flattened, 2-lobed, stamens united, forming a column projecting from the calyx with a top of 5-8 round anthers, female cone solitary, bracts 2-3 pairs, flowers one or two, the flower is a single sessile erect naked ovule of two coats, the inner coat protruded as a stylo ; fruit } in. long, ovoid, pink or red, sweet, edih!e seeds onc or two enclosed in the juicy bracts. Plants of the Punjab. 645 LEAFLESS PLANTS. SHRUBS. : PETALS NONE. Ephedra pachyelada, like the last species but larger, stouter, rougher, GNETACES. bracts margined. The plant is used for tanning and the F. B. I. v. 641. fruit is eaten, Himalaya, 7-15,500 ft. : Kashmir, HERBS. PETALS UNUNITED. Lathyrus Aphaca, annual, stems trailing, prostrate, wingless, slender, Yellow Vetchling, leaves and leaflets none, stipules 2, leaflike, forked, with Rewan, rewart. a long tendril between them; flowers 4in., yellow, one to LEGUMINOSS. two on a long stalk, calyx } in., bell-shaped, oblique, teeth Bele 179: 5, petals 5, slender, broad, erect, notched, keel nearly The Plains to straight, blunt, shorter than the wings, stamens 10, all 7,000 ft. united but the upper one, style incurved ; pod 1-14 m., Kundal, Rohtak. linear-oblong, wingless, 4-6-seeded. This plant is some- times cultivated for fodder. Monotropa uniflora, smooth, stem erect, leafless, with scales, parasitic, MoNOTROPACES. waxy white, scales ?im., broadly lanceolate; flowers # BeBe. i. te 476; in., waxy white, solitary, nodding, sepals 4, free, scale- Himalaya, like, nearly as long as the petals, petals 5, free, overlapping, 6-8,000 ft. stamens 10, nearly as long as the petals, style short, thick ; Simla, the Glen, capsule erect, 5-celled, seeds many, minute. Narkanda (Collett). Hypopitys like the last species, but yellow brown, scales ovate, lanuginosa, oblong, flowers yellow brown in a bracteate raceme, end MoNnoTROPACES. flowers 5 petals, 10 stamens, others 4 petals, 8 stamens, if Brio. 476. petals 4 in., hairy within, This plant is found in pine Himalaya, forests. 8-10,000 ft. Mashobra, Narkanda. . PETALS UNITED. Caralluma edulis, see Herbs, Erect, Opposite, Exstipulate, Simp'e Mi, 646 Plants of the Punjab. LEAFLESS PLANTS. HERBs. PETALS UNITED. Boucerosia perennial, leafless, stems erect, fleshy, thick, 4-angled, Aucheriana, angles toothed, 2-6 in. high, branches 3-4 in. diam. ; flowers Charungli, pamanke. ASCLEPIADACES. F. B. I. iv. 78. Dry hills, east of the Jhelum. The Salt Range. Cuscuta reflexa, Dodder, Nilathari, zarbuti. CoNVOLVULACES. F. B. I. iv. 225. The Plains to 6.000 ft. Mashobra, Fagu, Matiana (Collett): Sanawar. Cuscuta chinensis, CONVOLVULACER. FP. B. 1. iv.,226, Himalaya, 5-7,000 ft, west of the Sutlej, — Kashmir, Chamba. Cuscuta capitata, CONVOLVULACEA., Bods ty. Sos Hima'aya, 6-12,000 ft. Kashmir to Simla, 4 in. diam., purple, in heads, calyx lobes 5, narrow, ovate-— lanceolate, corolla wheel-shaped, deeply divided, lobes 5, lanceolate, hairless, pustular above, a narrow ring (corona) within the corolla, 5-lobed, united to the column, lobes 2-fid, awl-shaped, with a linear fleshy projection on the inner surface, inflexed over the anther, column minute, stigma 5-angled, low, conical; follicles 2, 3-4 in., slender, straight, tips rounded, seeds flat, winged, witha tuft of hair. This plant is considered stomachic, tonic, and car- minative. annual, parasitic, leafless, stems twining, thread- like, attached by minute disks, succulent ; flowers 4-4 in., long, yellow, waxy white, fragrant, shortly stalked m many ~ small racemes or clusters, calyx 5-lobed, lobes = in., ovate, blunt, corolla }-4 in., lobes 5, short, triangular, reflexed, stamens 5, attached near the throat of the corolla tube, ~ stigmas 2, sessile, diverging, long, short-pointed ; capsule 1-1 in., fleshy, round, 4-seeded. The seeds are used as a carminative medicine. The seeds germinate in the ground as soon as the young planthas reached a host, suckers. penetrate the bark of the host, the root of the parasite then dies and it loses its connection with the soil. like the last species, but styles 2, long, stigmas round, corolla lobes lanceolate, longer pointed, not reflexed. like the last species, but stems pink, flowers much smaller, in heads, coro!la ovoid, covered without, wifli minute papille, styles long, stigmas equally long. a AoA ry, Cuseuta europea, Greater Dodder, CoNVOLVULACES. Habe Liv eke Himalaya, 5-12,000 ft. - Kashmir. Cuscuta planiflora, CoNVOLVULACEA, Robs env t The Plains to 6,000 ft. Lathreea squamosa, or squamaria, Common Toothwort, SCROPHULARIACES. F. B; I. iv. 318. Himalaya, 6-9,000 ft. Baghi Forest (Collett), — Hattu. AEginetia pedunculata, OROBANCHACES. BH bk tv; ons The Plains to 7,000 ft. ’ Murree. Cistanche or Phelipza tubulosa, OROBANCHACER. By Bebe i394. The Plains. Lahore (Thomson). Plants of the Punjab. 647 LEAFLESS PLANTS, Heres. PETALS UNITED. like the last species, but styles shorter than the stigmas. y very like the last species, but styles short, stigmas longer, corolla tube much longer than the calyx. perennial, pale pink, leafiess, parasitic on the roots of trees, stems creeping underground, fleshy, covered with short thick scales, much branched, branches erect, aerial, 4-12 in. with a few thin scales bearing terminal racemes of flowers ; flowers 3 in., creamy white tipped with pink purple, many in bracteate racemes, lengthening and straightening as they open, calyx 2-lipped, 4-lobed, tubular, hairy, corolla 2-lipped, upper lip entire, lower 3-lobed, ~both lips almost erect, stamens 4, in unequal pairs, noar the top of the tube, anthers slightly touching, hairy ; capsule ovoid, 2-valved. Thescales have small cavities lined with glands like those of insectivorons plants, remains of insects are found in these cavities, the proteid matter possibly absorbed by the glands. annual, leafless, parasitic on the roots of grasses, small, 3-6 in. high, red or yellow, stem very short, + in. thick, ‘ creeping underground, secapesshort, stout, very fleshy ; flowers 14-21 in. long, yellow with blue, on long slender stalks 1-4 in., at the base bracts 4-1 in., ovate, blunt, calyx spoon-shaped, split down the front, fleshy, corolla tube broad, uncurved, 2-lipped, lobes 5, broad, 2-upper united, | stamens 4, unequal, style long, tip curved, stigma 2-lobed ; capsule ovoid, 2-valved. annual, large, leafless, smooth or velvety, parasitic, “stem 12-60 by 3-3in., unbranched, scaly, scales 4-1 in, lanceolate ; flowers 1-1? in., yellow, in crowded spikes 6-10 by 1-3 in., bracts 3-3 in., lanceolate, longer than the calyx, bracteoles linear, narrower and shorter, calyx 3-32 in,, broadly tubular-bell-shaped, lobes 5, nearly equal, blunt, | 648 Plants of the Punjab. Se ee Orobanche kashmirica, OROBANCHACER. F, B. I. iv. 824. Kashmir. Tilail (Clarke). Orobanche cernua, ORoBANCHACES. F. B. I. iv. 325. The Plains to 12,000 ft. Orobanche borealis, OROBANCHACES. F. B. I. iv. 325. Himalaya, 7-8,000 ft. Murree. Orobanche Solmsii, OROBANCHACER, F. B. L. iv. 825. Kashmir, Kishtwar, 8-11,000 ft. (Falconer). LEAFLESS PLANTS. HERBS. PETALS UNITED. corolla much ineurved, dilated above, slender below babe inflated, mouth 3-1} in. diam., lobes broad, short, nearly equal, stamens 4, almost projecting from the corolla tube, hairy, anthers woolly ; capsule ovoid, laterally flat- tened, 2-valved to the base, seeds many, almost round. annual, small, velvety, leafless, parasitic, pale brown stem 12 by } in., unbranched, scaly, scales 4-4 in., lanceolate, few, distant, flowers 3-23 n., pale brown in few loose brac- teate spikes, bracts 4-3 in., lanceolate, longer than the calyx, bracteoles none, calyx } in., divided te the base behind, 5-toothed, teeth broad, short-pointed, corolla broad, softly velvety, tube curved, 2-lipped, upper lip erect, lower 38- lobed, lobes rounded, stamens 4 in unequal pairs, inserted at the base of the corolla tube, anthers included, spurred at the base, minutely hairy, style long, tip curved, stigma 2-lobed ; capsule 2-valved, seeds very many, round. like the last species, but almost smooth, flowers blue in crowded spikes, calyx lobes lanceolate, calyx divided to the base behind, almost in front, 2-lobed, 3 lower corolla lobes long-pointed, anthers long-pointed. like the last species, but roughly velvety, calyx with 4 long awl-shaped teeth and a median, very small tooth. like the last species, but stem stouter, flower yellow not blue, calyx segments bi-fid to the middle. Orcebanche epithymum, Red Broom Rape, OROBANCHACES. HW. Balsiiv. 025. Himalaya, 7-12,000 ft. Simla, Mahasu (Collett). Kashmir. Orobanche indica, Sarsan banda. OROBANCHACES. Be Belp iv 3826: The Plains. Thanesar. Orobanche ramosa, Branched Broom Rape, OROBANCHACER. Be Bedivs 3826. Kashmir, Jammu, Banahal, 6-7,000 ft, Orobanche psila, - OROBANCHACER, EF. B. Tetv. 827. Kashmir at Mapanon, 9,000 ft. (Clarke). Corallorhiza innata, Spurless Coral Root, ORCHIDACER. RK. B.Lvs 710, Kashmir (Jacquemont), Plants of the Punjab. 649 LEAFLESS PLANTS. HERBS. PETALS UNITED. like the last species, but stickily velvety, parasitie on thyme roots, stems often tuberous below, calyx divided to the base, before and behind, segments undivided, flowey orange brown. like the last species, but parasitic on mustard roots, sometimes much branched from the base bracteoles 2, calyx divided only to the base behind, 4-or 5-toothed, corolla blue, straight. This parasite grows on the roots of mustard and tabacco plants. Cows taught to eat it give more milk, very like the last species, but parasitic on hemp and lucerne roots, calyx lobes slender, awl-shaped, from a broad base, corolla tube white, lobes blue, like the last species, but not branched, calyx divided to the base in front and behind, segments 2-fid, lobes awl-shaped, corolla tube curved. . perennial, erect, leafless, red brown, rootstock eoral- like, jointed, scape 6-10 in., slender, not branched, sheathed, sheaths loose ; flowers } in. long, yellowish green, few in a terminal spike, almost sessile, bracts minute, Sepals 3, ovate-lanceolate, lateral deflexed, petals 8, equal to the sepals, incurved, tip hanging, united to the base of the column, 38-lobed, side lobes narrow, middle blunt, slightly notched, column short, erect, witha terminal lid. like anther, 2 pairs of round pollen masses, 650 Neottia listeroides, ORCHIDACEA. Hiss a. vi, 4 03. Himalaya, 5-9,000 ft. Simla, in forest (Collett). Jaku, Kashmir. Gastrodia orobanchoides, ORCHIDACE. is, A. wa. 22; Himalaya, 7-8,000 ft. Epipogum aphyllum, Leafless Epipogum, ORCHIDACER. H. BT, vi. 124, Himalaya, 6-8,000 ft. Fagu, the Chor, in forest (Collett), Plants of the Punjab. LEAFLESS PLAN'S, HERBS. PETALS UNITED. perennial, erect, leafless, brown, roots forming a dense mass of fleshy fibres growing on rotting vegetation in shade, stem unbranched with the raceme 8-14 in. high, sheathed, stout or slender, stiff, sheaths 3-4, loose ; flowers 4 in. red or brown-green in a loose flowered velvety raceme, 6-12 in., bracts 4-3 in., ovate-lanceolate, as long as or longer than the ovary, sepals 3, ovate-lanceolate, concave, erect, then spreading, petals 3, smaller, linear, blunt, then spread- ing, lip hanging from the base of the column, 2-3 times-as long as the sepals, linear, oblong, tip broad, 2-lobed, mid- rib broad, dark green, column short, incurved, prolonged into a pointed process stretching over the stigma, 2 pairs of pollen masses hanging from the gland of the rostellum ; capsule 4 in. lons, erect, narrowed at both ends, seeds . minute. perennial, erect, leafless, yellowish-brown, root a large oblong ringed tuber, parasitic on roots, stem 10-24 in., stout, sheaths short, loose ; flowers 4-3 in., yellow, in a many-flowered loose raceme, bracts nearly as dong as the flowers, oblong, short-pomted, sepals and petals united into a 5-lobed tube, split in front, lip short, united below to the column and the sepals and petals ovate recurved, column erect, nearly as long as the tube, narrowiy 2-winged, stigma prominent, anther terminal, pollen masses 2 ; capsule 2 in., erect, swollen. perennial, leafless, rare, grows on decaying leaves, only found in Herefordshire in Britain and there on two occasions, rootstock creeping, tuberous above, branches short, fleshy, stem 4-8 in., stout, erect, sheathing, sheaths 1-2, short, blunt ; flowers 3 in., yellow pink in a 3-6 flower- ed terminal raceme, bracts large, shorter than the flowers, raceme thin, oblong, sepals 4-3-in., narrowly lanceolate, petals are like in size and shape to the sepals, lip above, joined to the base of the column, oblong, whitish with red glandular warts, 38-lobed, middle much the largest, pointed, recurved, concave, spur large, equal to the lip, blunt, column short, anther thickened, 2-celled, terminal, pollen masses 2, connected by slender tails to a triangular gland on the column ; capsule 8-valyed, seeds very many, minute. | Planis of the Punjab. e541 Balanophora involuerata, BALANOPHORAOGEA, F. B. I. vi. 287. Himalaya, 6,000 ft. Kotgarh, Simla Hills (Thomson) (Collett). Asparagus filicinus, Alla palla, satzarra. LILIACEA, BF, B. I. vi. 814. Himalaya, | 4-7,000 ft. Mashobra (Collett). Kashmir, Nathiagalli. Asparagus gracilis, LILIACEA. fb. vis 3815; The Plains to 6,000 ft. Valleys below Simla (Collett). Rawalpindi. Baluchistan. Asparagus racemosus, Satawar, shakakul. LILIACER. FH. B: 1 vi. 816, The Plains to 4,000 ft. Valleys below Simla (Collett). Below Fagu. LEAFLESS PLANTS. HERBS. PETALS UNITED. smooth, fleshy, fungus-like, leafless, parasitic on the. roots of trees, rootstock tuberous, 8-4 in. diam., warted, flower stems 1-6in. long burst fromthe rootstock which forms a sheathed ring at the base, on the stem about the middle a ring of 2-4 scales (involucre) contain yellow or red flower heads or cones, flowers minute, interspers- ed with club-shaped cellular bodies (bracteoles), male flower consists of a tube (calyx) of 8 united lobes sunk in the head, stamens 8, united in a column, female flowers consist of a round flattened ovary narrowed into a slender style, sometimes clustered round a, bracteole ; fruit minute, brittle, seed round. rootstock perennial, stout, creeping, stems annual, erect, zigzag, hollow, much branched, smooth, unarmed: leafless, minute scales in their axils, tufts of 2-5 flattened curved branchlets (cladodes) 4-1 in.; flowers Tris In, white, drooping, single or in pairs, stalks 4 in., very slender, jomted about the middle, calyx bell-shaped, 6-parted, stamens 6, at the base of the calyx Icbes, ovary 3-angled, 3-celled, style 1, stigmas 3; berry } in. diam., round, red, seeds 2-6. The root is used as a tonic and astringent. like the last species, but prickly on the lower branches, cladodes straight, stiff, flowers ¢ in., calyx-seements spread- ing. like the last species, but stems climbing, prickles + in., curved, round, spreading, flowers in racemes, 1-4 in, long. This plant is used as a demulcent, diuretic, alterative and antidysenteric. Asparagus adscendens, Safed musli. LILIAOE A. FOB. J. vi. 81% The Plains to 6,000 ft. Suni (Collett). Planis of the Punjab. LEAFLESS PLANTS. Hurss. PETALS UNITED. like the last species, but stems straggling, half elimb- ing, prickles 4-2 in. straight cladodes erect in tufts of 6-20. The root isusedas ademulcent and tonic, often instead of salep. PLANTS OF THE PUNJAB. Index of the Botanical, English and Vernacular names of Plants. ac A. Aaron’s Rod Adele ABELIA— triflora ABIES— Webbiana ABRUS— precatorius ABuTILON— Avicennze bidentatum graveolens indicum ACACIA— arabica Catechu eburnea Farnesiana Intsia Jacquemontii leucophlcea modesta Senegal ACALYPHA— brachystachya ciliata ACANTHOLIMON— lycopodioides ACANTHOPHYLLUM— macrodon AcER— cesium caudatum leevigatum oblongum pentapomicum pictum _villosum Ach ACHILLEA— Millefolium ACHYRANTHES— aspera bidentata ACONITUM— heterophyllum Lycoctonum Nap-lus Acorus— Calamus ACROCEPHALUS— capitatus AcROGLOCHIN— chenopodivides PAaqn. KAOOANMWNMWA GS Ct S io“e) ActzA— spicata ADENOCAULON— bicolor ADENOSTEMMA— viscosum ADHATODA— Vasica ApONIsS— zstivalis chrysocyathus serobiculata Apoxa— Moschatellina Adrak /ACMANTHERA— tomentosa ANGINETIA— pedunculata AiGLE— Marmelos AQRUA javanica lanata scandens AYSCHY NOMEN E— indica AiscuLus— Hippocastanum indica Afim Afsantin 29 A fsantin-ul-bahr AGERATUM— conyzoides AGRIMONIA— Kurpatorium pilosa Avrimony, common Ailan AILANTHUS— excelsa AINSLIZA— aptera pteropoda Ajmud or) AJUGA— bracteosa parviflora Ajwain Ak Akalbir PAGE. Akarkarha Akas Nim Akhi Akhil-ul-malik Akhreri Akhrot Akra Aksan 99 Al ALBIZZIA— Julibrissin Lebbek odoratissima procera stipulata AiCHEMILLA— vulgaris Alethi ALETRIS— nepalensis Alettie Alfalfa ALHAGI— maurorum Alish ALISMA oligococcum Plantago reniforme ALLARDIA— tomentosa Alli pallu ALLIUM— ascalonicum ~ atropurpureum atrosanguineum Cepa Clarkei consanguineum Fedschenkoanum .. Govanianum lilacinum porrum rubellum sativum Schcenoprasum Semonovii Stracheyi Thomsoni victorialis Wallichii Almond . 5 —EE ll INDEX A-~—continned, - ina} | sae Amrolu 54 | ANTHRISCUS— PAGE. Amrut 2 | nemorosa 39% Amsania 644 | ANTICHARIS:-— ALNUS— Amul 65 | linearis ~ 212 nepalensis A 18 | ANABASIS— ANTIDESMA— nitida sc 18 phyllophora 70 | Ghesembill i 14 Alpino circea - 184 setifera 70 | ANTIRRHINUM— : x «= pennycicss 7 322 | ANZcTOCHILUS— Orontium 171 v Chalictrum 408 Roxburghii 427 _ Aparajit 601 ALPINIA— ANAGALLIS— AprrumM— Allughas . 432 arvensis 154 | graveolens 391 Galanga 431 | ANAPHALIS— | APONOGETON— Alsi 275 adnata {72 | crispum 641 ALTERNANTHER\ — araneosa 285 monostach yon ; 641 sessilis 43 cinnamomea 472 | Apple 12 ALTHZA— controta 286 | Apricot Wy Ludwigii 551 cuneifolia 472 | AQUILEGIA-— officinalis - 237 nubigena 471 vulgaris 388 Alucha 1] | triplinervis 472 | ARABIS— ALYSIUARPUS- + | dnar 53 | alpina 409 hamosus 545 | ANDRACHNE— amplaxicaulis 409 monilifer 545 cordifolia 115 | auriculata : 409 rugosus 546 telephioides 71 | glabra . 409 vaginalis 517 | ANDROGRAPHIS— nuda 409 ALyssumM— echioides 168 | taraxicifolia 446 minimum 273 | ANDROSACE— tibetix 355 Am 30 Aizoon 420 | ARALIA— Amal-bel 5 595 lanuginosa 53 cachemirica 109 Amaltas R 25 | muscoidea 534 | Arambu are 287 Amaranth, pris”! : 313 rotundifolla 510 | ARCHANGELICA— AMARANTUS—- saxifrageefolia 120 officinalis 398 Blitum 314 sempervivoides 421 | ARcTIUM—- caudatus 314 villosa 534 Lappa 288 xangeticus 314) ANeILEMA— Ardanda 590 paniculatu: 314 Hamiltonianum 64 | ARDISIA— polygamus 314 nudiflorum 64 humilis 119 spinosus 313 spiratum 564 | ARENARTA— tenuifolius 572 | ANEMoNE— foliosa 149 viridis 314 | biflora 153 vlanduligera 530 Ambara 45 Faleoneri 154 | holosteoides 149 Ambar vel 582 | narcissiflora 454 | kashmirica =, 149 Amblu 14 obtusiloba 154 | Meyeri 149 Amboti 552 polyanthes 454 | neelgerrensis 530 American jute 226 | rivularis 386 | serpyllifolia 530 Amla 14 rupestris 454) Arend 130 Amlanch 127 rupicola 453 | ARGEMONE— Amldandi 84 tetrasepala 454 Mexicana 354 Amlika 552 vitifelia 386 | ARcosTtEmMMA— Amlin 352 | Angelica 398 | verticillatum 133 Amlok 33 ANGELICA— | ARGYROLOBIUM— Amlora 247 glauca 398 flaccidum 91 AMMANIA— Angharehindi 82 roseum 249 baccifera 179 | Angu 7) Arhai-ka-bel 604 multiflora 173 Angur 592) Arhar dal 98 pentandra 179 | ANISOMELES— | ARTIS A2MA— peploides 532 Cvata ne 211 curvatum 406 rotundifolia ae. 5321 A kol x 591 flavum . 516 salicifolia Ag 179 | Ankra 263 intermedium ; 515 senegalensis 179 Anoarissus— Jacquemontii ee 516 AMORPHOPHALLUS— latifolia Pa 36 tortuosum a 516 campanulatus ae 455 | ANona— utile 515 AMPHICARPA— squamosa 110 Wallichianum yy 515 Edgeworthii 598) Anctis— Arjha san ae 116 Amruicomr— calycina 134) Arjun . 36 arcuta wd 403 | ANTHEMIs— | Arkhar . 44 emodi vs 403 odontestephana ., 374 Arkhol . 44 ee eee ! INDEX 11 A—coneluded. Pacn. Pace Pacu. | AsTRAGALUS—concluded— _ Badaward 371 cashmirensis 258 | Badhshahi-lai 357 Arkpushpr 582 | chlorostachys 101 | Badranj 206 Arlei 604 cicerifolius 103 | Badror 37 Arnatto 8 ciliolatus 256 | Baggi buti 213 ARNEBIA— contortuplicatus 257 | Bagha-nulla 571 Griffithii 306 Falconeri 256 | Bagnu 21 hispidissima 306 | frigidus 256 | Bahamb 45 tibetana 306 graveolens 101 | Baheru 35 Thomsoni 306— hamosus 557 | Baal 88 Arrow head 640 himalayanus 557 | Bairi 84 » grass 640 leptocentrus 103 | Bajan 78 ARTEMISIA— leucocephalus 258 | Bakain 42 Absinthium 366 | longicaulis 101 | Bakar 3 amygdalina 330 | malacophyllus 102 | Bakeh: gap annua 364 melanostachys 258 Bakesh 30 Dracunculus 363 multiceps 103 | Bakhra 527 laciniata 365 Munroi 258 | Bakhtmal 92 maritima 364 polyacanthus 102 | Bakla : 64 Moorcroftiana 365 prolixus 257 ” 600 parviflora 363 | pyrrhotrichus 102 | Bakli 3 Roxburghiana 365 | rhizanthus 462 |» 36 scoparia 364 | Stewartii 101 | Bakrati 100 Sieversiana 366 | strobiliferus 104 | Bakru 56 vestita 365 | subumbellatus 556 | Bala mushk 416 vulgaris 365 | tribuloides 557 | BALANOPHORA— Aru 10 trichocarpus 256 | involucrata 6 1 Arua 42 zanskarensis 103 Bal basant 76 Asafeetida 399 | Atis 352 | BALIOSPERMUM— Asain 36 | Atri lal 170 axillare 86 Asgand 121 | ArRIPLEX— | Bal raksha 286 » 309 | crassifolia 315 Balsam 323 Ash, common 7 | hortensis 497 | Balianga 425 Ashphodel 437 | AryLosta— — Balut 87 Asl rai 357 mollis 602 Bambher 629 ASPARAGUS— platycarpa 602 | Bammewa 125 adscendeus 652 | scarabeoides 602 | Bana 18 capitatus 318 Austakhadus Lip aes 61 filicinus 651 | Ava chiretta 156 Banada 431 sracilis 651 | Avens, common 461 | Banafshah 456 racemosus 651 | AVERRHOA— | Banajwain 67 ASPERUGO— Bilimbi “41, Banakhor 109 procumbens 570 | Carambola 41 | Banana 432 ASPERULA— | AXYRIS— | Banaphal 464 brachyantha 154 amaranthoides 315| Banar 266 cynanchica 153 | AZADIRACHTA— Banbakhara 55 ASPHODELUS— indica 42 | Banbakri 66 comosus 437 | RGcrs 503 tenuifolius 437 | | Banda 65 ASTER— | Banduke 547 altaicus 291 | B. | Baneberry 388 amellus 290 | | Bangha-nulla 571 asperulus 333 | Banguch 54 diplostephioides 476 | Babchi 237 | Ban gulab 108 Laka 477 | Babri 600 | Banjoan 395 molliusculus 290 | Babrung 609 | Bankakra 620 pseudamellus 299 | Babul 26 | Ban kapas 24 Thomsoni 333 5 27 | Banmaru 62 ASTILBE— Babuna 362 | Bin nimbu 130 rivularis 272 es 374 | Ban-okra 362 ASTRAGALUS— Baburi 175 | Banphal 234 Aitchisoni 257 | Bach 639 | Banphant 58 amherstianus 556 | Bada 19 | Bansa 66 bakuensis 462 1 as 88 | Bansa=bansu 255 bicuspis 104 | Badam 10 Bansa siyah 168 Candolleanus 102 | Badaward 368 | Bansu LV INDEX B —continued. Pan, Han’ | Bed 19 Bhur-bhur : 473 Pace. | Beda 20 Bhutjhata : 391 | Bedanjir 130 Biar 3 Ban tulsi 175 | Bedleila 19 | Bibsar 130 Banyan 16 Bregonta— | Bichua 138 Baphuli 544 amoena 458 BripEns— Barambhi 535 picta 458 cernua 188 Barangi 66 | Behel 8) pilosa 219 Barani piaz 439 | Bekhal 80 tripartita 219 Bara salpan 560 | Bekhar 80 Wallichii 220 BARBAREA— Bekh-akwar 185 Bihi 81 vulgaris 355 | Bel 42 Bijindak 350 Barberry 50 | Betamcaupa— _ Bikh 502 Bargat 16 chinensis 435 Bilauri 459 Barghauna 122 | Beli 20 | Bilimbi S 41 Barhanta GD ies 128 | Bilin ; 4] Bariara DOS | pees 130.) Biliri : 589 Bariboj 639 | Bengan 129 | Billi lota 206 Bari kunder 120 | Bentncasa— BropHytTuM— » mauhari 129 cerifera 617 sensitivum ; 455 - ay 382 | Ber 9 | Bird’s foot trefoil ‘ 555 Baringu 387 | Berain 138 | Birm-kanwal ‘ 473 Barkanghi 226 | BERBERIS— | Bis : 20 BARLERIA— aristata 50] ,, 112 acanthoides 167 | Lycium 51 | Bish : 502 cristata 168 vulgaris D0 | Bishkapru 541 Burma 39 | BercHEMIA— Bishop's weed 392 Barna 40 Edgeworthii 77, Bislimbhi 615 BARRINGTONIA— floribunda ‘91 Bistendu 33 acutangula 31 lineata 77 | Bisu 19 Barru 112 | Berata— | Bithua 298 BartTs1a— estivosa 47 | Bitsu 88 Odontites 200 | ammannioides 136, Brxa— . Bartsia, red 200 | odorata 477 | Orellan 8 Busant 76 | Bersu 115 | Blackberry 519 BasELLA— Brura— | Bladder Campion 182 rubra 612 vulgaris 497 | » Dock 232 Basi— | Bettar 127 | > senna 100 sacred 175 | Beruna | BLAINVILLEA— sweet 175| alnoides 18| latifolia 187 wild 177| _ utilis 17 BuupHaRis— Bassant 150 | Bhabar 248 | edulis : 194 Bata 60 | Bhains 88 sindica 3 193 Bather : 74 Bhan 114) Blue bellof Scotland .. 341 Bathu , 314 Bhand 526 ,, bottle J 371 5 5 346 Bhanda 525 » pine ; 39 Bat pia ‘ 413 | Bhang 248 | BLumEa— »» sinjal 13 | Bhangjala 406 amplectens 326 Battal 29 Bhanjira 192 hieracifolia 327 Batthal 382 | Bhans 180 lacera 327 Batula 370 | Bhant 67 laciniata 361 Batu 387 | Bhanwar 610 membranacea 362 BAvUHINIA— Bhat niggi 124 Wightiana 326 purpurea 22 | Bhatte 403 Baumert .— racemosa 22 | Bhedara 127 | platyphylla 5C letusa 10 | Bhekar 66 | Ba NNINGHAUSENIA— Vahlii 594 | Bhendi 245 albiflora 390 variegata 22 | Bhentri 127 | BOERHAAVIA— Bauna 63 | Bher-band 354 | elegans 180 Bayabirang 119 | Bhil 127 | repanda 586 Bazrbang 310 | Bhilawa 31 | repons 542 Bean, broad - 264 | Bhindi 246 | verticillata on 586 » Egyptian “0 630 | Bhui-champa 430 Boi kalan we 123 BEAUMONTIA— | Bhuiokra os 538 | Bokat os 437 grandiflora ee 580 | Bhumphor te 443 | BomB,x— Bebrang Py 118 | Bhur-bhur ~ 368 Malabaricum oid 24 } in eel SA EINE acacia nner nasties INDEX v B—concluded. | Pace Fe PaGt. BonnAYA— PAcky | Bun-lung 634 CaLOTROPIS— ea 2 Cs : veronicefolia andollii 279 | F Bor a | diversifolium 380 ere Bosta— | falcatum 280 | Galt plustris 387 Amherstiana 123. jucundum 279 Caen 527 BoswELLIA— lanceolatum 279 ied ole serrata 49 | longicaule 280 | osm ie eracea 570 BorTrHRIOSPERNUM— | Maddeni 281 P OE A tenellum 570 setaceum 281 argyrotricha 568 BovucERosIa— | tenue 280 aristata 484 Aucheriana 646 B Thomsoni 279 | iris 84] Box 71 uplever 279 casnmiriana 342 Boya 206 Burani muli 358 colcrete 349 Boybean B14 Burans 32 | ¢ atstolis 34] BRACHYACTIS— Burdock 588 aces ire 53 menthodora 334 sai a 336 ea WeEe 523 robusta 291 Bur-Marigold 188 ee umbrosa 291 a Wee 555 (1c eee 432 Brahmamduki 546 urnet saxifrage 293 fe Bramble 519 Burweed 362 | ¢ sativa 248 BRAssicA— 29 637 SOE alba 358 But 2] ast 158 campestris 357 ere ee Ca i usa 158 oe poe pa ae Citi ig nae 357 | Boron 446 me ie 356 |" umbol ea 19 Tournefortii 357|B umbellatus 640 ate 590 BREWERIA— uttercup fie 350 epiaria 13 latifolia 121 Buxbaum’s Speedwell .. 537 |G spinosa 73 BRIDELIA— 2) |) Baxs— ee te montana sempervirens 71 ursa-pastoris 358 retusa os Buzru 52 Sh ae stipularis 586 ae 88 rutescens 309 Brimposh 629 minimum 309 Brind 2 C. phere 209 Brinjal 1 ’ +ANA— feeeieene ue ae e 115 brevispina 100 bei) aD eB CARALLUM Brookweed 297 farinosa 2 BRUNELLA— CG 51 edulis 156 aa at SALPINIA— Caraway 399 Et iets 177 nares 603 | CARDAMINE— ino pu cherrima 25 hirsuta 503 aciniosa 620 sepiaria * i é BRYOPHYLLUM— Paes 04 impatiens 503 calycinum 185 axillaris C macrophylla £04 BucHNERA— Caan usee 566 | CARDIOSPERMUM— hispida 190 indicus C ees 595 Buckbean pe ‘e ‘ds 98 | CARDUUS— BucKTHORN 514 | CALAMINTHA: nutans 268 ir Cli di Indian a Nee te lum 177 | CAREY A— sea 125 | VLaALANTHE— am Eyer al a Buckwheat 23 beac 5 A— Budanar ne cee Ws ie Car andas 59 BupDLELA— tricarinata pi 6! eas 59 asiatica 7 6] | CaLENDULA— 7 eee 142 paniculata Se 61 arvensis 294 Sie - Budshur 644 tiouialie . 5 abrotanorides at 288 Bugra . 389 | CALLIANTHEMUM— P ie facie , ae 329 Bui a 164 sachemirianum 445 A abel ; 328 »” : 993 | CALLICARPA— i fngines ie he : 336 sO a Bui-kalan “3 315 pene = oy C: Te TBE re 19 Brveata -* 508 | CALLITRICHE— ; fi Gita wkan op 538 stagnialis 52 625 oxyacantha ee ie Bullace : cae xyacal As 339 Be a Be el el vi C — continued. CaRUM— Bulbocastanum Carui copticum Roxburghianum CARYOPTERIS— Wallichiana CASEARIA— graveolens tomentosa Cassta— Absus Fistula mimosoides obvata occidentalis Sophera ‘Tora CassIoPE— fastigiata Castor oil CASUARINA— equisetifolia Catmint CaUcaLis— Anthriscus latifolia leptophylla Caucalis, broad CAUTLEYA— ~ lutea spicata CEDRELA— serrata Toona CEDRUS— Libani CELASTRUS— paniculata ; rigida ss Celery-leaved Buttercup Celery, wild Cniosia— argentea cristata CnLsta— coromandeliana ., CELTIS— australis CENTAURRA— Calcitrapa Cyanus depressa iberica polycephala CENTIPED A— orbicularis CENTRANTHERA— hispida CRENTUNCULUS— tenellus ('RPHALANDRA— indica CEPHALANTHERA— ensifolia Page. INDEX me | ChpHALOSTIGMA— hirsutum 392 | CerastrumM— 392 dahuricum 392 Thomsoni 392 trigynum vulgatum 64 | CeRATOPHYLLUM— demersum 83 | CeROPEGIA— 84 bulbosa Wallichii 266 | CamRoPpHyLLUM— 25 acuminatum 561 cachemiricum 266 capnoides 105 reflexum 105 villosum 265 | Chakis Chakotra 117 | Chaksu 130) Chakunda Ohalmeri 642 | Chalnandar 206 | Chamari-hi-vel | Chamba 401 | Ae 402 | Chambal 402 | Chambel 402 | Chambeli Chambra 497 | Chamhun 497 | Chamomile, Persian Chamra 43 | Chamror 43 oe Charayatah 40 | Chan Chana 591 | Chandni 113 | Chandra mula 349 | Chang 391 | Changma Charayaia S15) nal 313 | Charmaghz | Charungl: 384, Chastang | Chalo 15 | Chatra Chatriwal 372 | Cheesemaker 371 | Chenar 372 | CHmnorpopIumM— 372 album 372 Blitum Botrys 566 rurale opulifolium 345 Cherailu Cherry, bird 297 »» sweet 5, wild 619 > Chervil Chewa 489 Chhota kupha |e ee ees SSS Pagan. | 341 | Chichinda Chichra 147 , Chick pea 147 | Chickweed, common 528 | Chicory, wild 147 | Chikri | Chikti G2ZS5l ee Chil 585 | Chilli 155; ,, Bird’s eye | Chilassi kandahari 394 | Chiluchi 3 3 3 3 94 | Chilla 94) ss 94 | Chinaka 94 Chinese yam 80 | Chini 30 Chir 66 | Chirchitta 265 | Chita bansa 14 Chiretta 433 . 580 % 71 | Currrra— Le bifolia 350 pumila 579 | Chirunda 365 | 72 | Chita bagnu », bansa 10 Chilana 374 | Chitbatta 1 4 96 | Chiti bo 34 | Chitiphul 20 | Chitra 21 3 37 | Chitrak 262 | Chives 430 ] 1 421 646 264 215 347 | 9 | 346| ,, 347 387 387 | Chounlayt 387 305 644 ] 59 | Chochar Choda 56 | Chogak 20 | Choka 63 | Choklu Chopar 45 | Chopra CHORISPORA— sabulosa 10 tenella Chota dhatura dudhi 22 5, Aal-kusa 23 » Kanwal » kirayata lasura Chotiya lat Chotra CHROZOPHORA— 18 obliqua 12 plicata 1] tinctoria 11 } CorySANTHELLUM— indicum CHRYSOSPLENIUM—— 66 tenelium ob 61s. er eae INDEX vil C—continued. Page Paen: Paae. | CoceuLus— | Coriander 401 laurifolius 29 | CoRIANDRUM— Chua 314 | Leeba 605 sativum 401 Chuma 125 | villosus 605 | Corntarta— Chura 398 | CocHLEARTA— nepalensis ? 52 Chutisirin £3) flava 355 | Corn butter-cup 350 Churi saroj 368 Cock’s comb 313} 4, flower 371 Churial 109 | Codlins and cream 183 » galium 3 152 CicER— 9 5 Kp 324) 5, mint 193 arietinum 262 | CoponoPrsis— »» Snap Dragon 171 soongaricum 596 | ovata 296 | ,, sow thistle : 381 CicHoORIUM— | rotundifolia 608 | ,, spurry : 132 Intybus 376 | CoLcHicum— Cornel 4 CrcuTa— luteum 444 | CoRnus— virosa 391 | CoLEBROOKIA— | capitata 3 CIMIcIvuaa— oppositifolia 64 Macrophylla 3 foetida 388 CoLEUus— oblonga 3 CINNAMOMUM— aromaticus 202 sanguinea 54 ut eae ie =e po ae | Cortusa— inquetrol » Colocynt ) Me cio i Crrc#A— Colt's foot 478 | Matthios ae alpina 184 | Columbine 388 | CORYDALIS— cordata 184 | CotuTEa— cachemiriana 446 lutetiana 184 | arborescens 100 cornuta 3 34 CISSAMPELOS— CoMBRETUM— Gortschakovii 446 Pareira 606 | decandrum 517 Govaniana : 446 CIsTANCHE— | COMMELINA— Moorcroftiana 446 tubulosa 647 | benghalensis 564 TamMosay . 573 CITRULLUS— | ccelestis 281 rutefolia 445 colocynthis 616 Hasskarlii 281 | CoryLus— vulgaris 616 | nudiflora 563 Colurna ; 19 Crrrus— obliqua £81 | Costus ‘ 370 Aurantium 30 | ConvoLvuLUS— » . 507 decumana 30 Aitchisoni 307 | CoTONEASTER— medica at 113) Le 567 acuminata r 81 Cleaver’s Goose Grass .. 579 | arvensis 611 bacillaris ; 81 CLEMATIS— glomeratus 307 microphylla E 518 barbellata 589 | om 567 nummalaria 82 Buchaniana 590 a 611 | Cotton 90 connata 590 microphyllus 307 | CoruLA— Gouriana 589 a 567 anthemoides 362 orata 589 pluricaulis 307 aurea B75 graveolens 589 | i 567| —-hemispheerica 363 montana 588 | Conyza— CoryLEDON— nutans 590 | japonica 326 Oreades 384 orientalis 590 ys 47] | Coustnra— puberula 589 | stricta 335 auriculata 368 CLEOME— viscidula 326 microcarpa 368 brachycarpa 389 | CoraLLOcAaRPUS— minuta 367 _ papillosa 275 | epigea 573 Thomsoni 367 quinquenervis 275 CoRALLORHIZA— Cowbane 391 viscosa 389 | innata 649 | Cowitch K99 CLERODENDRON— | CoRcHORUS— Cowhage 199 infortunatum 67, acutangulus 235 | Crab, Siberian 12 phlomoides 63. Antichorus 544.| Crane’s Bill 139 serratum 66 capsularis 234 =n é 526 CLITORTA— | fasciularis 235 | CRANIOTOME— Ternatea 601, olitorius 234 versicolor 211 Clove, pink 142 tridens 235 | Crape, China 53 Cyicus— trilocularis 234 | CrassuLA— argyracanthus 369 | CorDIA— ivdica é 415 arvensis 368 | Myxa 33 | CRATmGUS— ~ 473 | obliqua 34 Clarkei : 23 involucratus 369 | Rothii 34 crenulata , 81 Wallichii 369 | vestita 34 Oxyacantha ; 23 | I vu INDEX C—coneluded. , Pace, Pics Pace. | Cuscura—concluded— | Darune— europea x0 647 *cannabina 124 CRATEVA— planiflora Pe 647 oleoides 124 . religiosa 40 reflexa 646 | Darchir 39 CREMANTHODIUM— Custard apple 110 Dargola 591 Decaisnei oc 478 | Cyamopsis— | Darli 43 CREPIS— psoralioides 252 | Darunaj-akrabi 337 acaulis 4°0 CyanoTis— | Dasan 131 blattaroides 480 axillaris 571 | Dasarni 131 foetida 376) barbata 571 | Date palm 45 japonica a“ 377 cristata . 571 | Datisca— sibirica sf 480 | CyaTHOCcLINE-—— | cannabina 406 Stoliezkai 480) lyrata os 361 | Dattura 383 tenuifolia 377 | CyaTHuLA— DatuRA— Cress, garden 359 | capitata 180 | fastuosa 384 » winter 355 | tomentosa 180 Stramonium 383 CrEsSsA— Cyponra— Davucus— critica 121 | vulgaris 81 | Carota 401 CrinumM— CyNANCHUM— Dauna 366 defixum 626 Arnottianum 155 | DeBREGEASIA— litifolium 435 | auriculatum 583 | hypoleuca 87 pratense 435 | glaucum 155 | Decrrnera— Crocus— Dalhousiz . 583 celosioides 612 sativus “(A 434 Jacquemontianum.. 155 | DrLpHINIuUM— CROTALARTA— Vincetoxicum 154 cashmirianum 352 alata 78 | CyNoGLossumM— denudatum 351 albida 114 denticulatum 343 clatum 351 Burhia 114 | furcatum 299 incanum 351 hirsuta 545 lanceolatum 343 | uncinatum 350 humifusa 544 | micranthum 343 saniculfolium 351 juncea 115 | microglochin 299 vestitum 351 medicaginea 552 | nervosum 300 | Dendlu 150 mysorensis 224 Wallichii 345 | Denthar 63 prostrata 563 | Cypress 5 | Desi matiar 597 sericea 78 | CyPpRIPEDIUM— | DesMoDIUM— sessiliflora 224 cordigerum aie 496 | concinnum 97 Crow-foot 349 floribundum 96 Crown Imperial 443 gangeticum 79 CRY PTOLEPIS— gyrans 97 Buchanani aye 581 D | latifolium 7 CRYPUTOSTEGIA— laxiflorum 95 grandiflora 581 oxyphyllum 96 CucuUBALUS— Dabra 262 parvifolium 560 baccifer 145 | Dadhuri 17 podocarpum 95 Jucumber 616 | Dadmar: ez 179 polycarpum 97 CucumIs— Daduri ate 49 sequax 96 Melo 615 | DmpaLACANTHUS— telizefolium 96 prophetarum 615 nervosus Mi 52 triflorum 559 sativus 616} Damra— triquetrum 517 trigonus 615 extensa a 582 | Deter 262 CUCURBITA— Dagarmul ae 635 | Drurzra— maxima ee 619 | Dak - 128 corymbosa 52 moschata Oe 619| Dakh nirbisi ie 606 staminea 52 Pepo Re 619 | DaLBERGIA— Devidar 5 Cudweed be 285 Sissoo f 24 | Devil’s claw 222 Cumin A" 401 | Dalchini ne 5 | Dev-reus 81 CumMINUM— Dalima od 125 | Dhak 24 Cyminum ** 401 | Dalmi 125 | Dhama 526 CuprrEssus— Dalunchi 52 | Dhan 53 torulosa oe 5 | Damahan 525 | Dhanla 53 CurcuUMA— Daman 9 | Dhanya 401 angustifolia .* 429 | Damtura 310 | Dharposh 413 Currant, black ap 128] Dandelion i 449 | Dhatura, kala 384 CusouTa— | Dandura ia 310 | Dhau 36 capitata oe 646} Dant hakun ne 86 | Dhauldak 24 chinensis fs 646 | Danti 364 | Dhaura 3 i enema INDEX a 1X D_- con luded, | Page, PaGE. PAGE. DoLIcCHONDRONE— Dhaura 3 53 stidulata oe 2 | ELmosticta— Dher’ a 107 | DoticHos | meifolia 391 Dholeu oF 61 biflorus =Ne 602 | ELATOSTEMMA— Dhup be 508 | Lablab Ge 601 pusillum a 460 Dhur chnk ie 125 | Dopahariya Be 246 ____ sessile Bc 550 Dhura-dru A 313 | Dor if 44 | surculosum elt 407 Dhurpi sag sua 215 | Doronrcum— | Elder, Dwarf s 50 DIAN THUS— Falconeri oF 478 Elephant apple a 41 angulatus ays 182 Roylei AY 337 Elm ph 14 Cachemiricus ae 182 | DRaBa— 5 | ELSHOLTZIA— Caryophilus Me 142 | alpina ae 410 | cristata ar 192 crinitus es 142 muralis oe 410 | incisa ae 191 Jacquemontii te 182 | DRAcocEPHALUM— | polystachya ts 64 Diar =e 40 | moldavicum ae 209 | strobilifera Ke 192 DIARTHRON— | nutans ar 424 | EMBELIA— vesiculosum oe 317 | speciosum be 424 Ribes Ma 609 DicrENTRA— stamineum we 538 robusta as 119 Roylei o 614 | DRosERA— | EMILtA— DrcHROCEPHALA— | Burmanni We 457 | sonchifolia oe 506 chrysanthemifolia .. 361 peltata So 278 | Enchanter’s night shade 184 latifolia aan 361 | DRymMarta— | Endra a 576 DIcHROSTACHYS— cordata 56. 132 | EN@rLHARDTIA— cinerea e. 105 | Duan Fic 358 | Colebrookiana Sc 46 DicLipTERA— Dud ae _Enicostrma— Roxburghiana oF 170 | Dudal ik 449 | littorale bs 157 Dicoma— Dudhali eh 360 | Ensi %; 54 tomentosa ae 289 | Dudhi He 4 | EPHEDRA— DicTamMNUS— “A 52 137 pachyclada ae 645 albus Rs 390 | Dudhlak a 382 | peduncularis mc 587 DrpiIssANDRA— Dudhlutia 7 582 | vulgaris ee 644 lanuginosa ue 423 | Dudi * 9] | Epruasta— DrpyMocARPUS— Dudla ee 38 ammophila ae 483 pedicellata We 423 - 3 43 | Epilobe, Hoary a 18F DIGERA— Dula fs 245 Pte . 325 arvensis ae 572 | DumMAsta— | » Pale re 184 Dill fe 399 villosa af 598 | EprLoprum— DroscorEA— Durbui = 128 | angustifolium 2 151 deltoidea SZ 613 | Dutclt clover ae 553 | hirsutum Se 183 glabra be 587 | Dwarf palm oY. 129 | ” .- 324 sativa a 587 | DysopHyLLA— | latifolium af 151 Di1ospyRos— crassicaulis ae 191 | origanifolium sf 278 Lotus a. 33 parviflorum saheer aelloe montana i 33 9 Ae -325 DrpcaDI— E. roseum a 184 hydsuricum 4c 441 | EpPIMEDIUM— montanum Ke 44] elatum a 389 serotinum age 441 | Hast Indian Arrowroot 429 | KrrIpactis— DIpLoTaAxIs— 7 » serew Tree 73 | consimilis Me 489 Griffithii is 358 | HBENUS— latifolia Ses 489 Dipsacus— stellata as 92 Royleana Be 489 inermis i 218 | Ecutnops— Epipactus, broad a 489 strictus ae 218 cornigerus i 367 | EpIPoGuM— DIPrTerGiIumM— echinatus a3 366 aphyllum ne 650 glaucum ae 111 niveus os 367 | EREMostacHysS— Dock ee 231 | EcHINOSPERMUM— acanthocalyx a 453 Doda ae 13 barbatum fe 302 superba ae 453 Dodak Se 308 minimum Se 301 Vicaryi aK 453 5 te 43 | Egy plant Be 129 | EREMURUS— “ of 380 | EHRETIA— himalaicus 56 437 Dodan =e 567 acuminata “ie 34 persicus ae 437 Dodder oa 646 levis i 34 | Er1igGERON— DopoNEA— obtusifolia wi 120 alpinus ae 292 viscosa on 123 | Enamonus— asteroides aig 334 Dog violet ie 456 hortensis a> 38 bellidioides ac 335 Dogwood ae 54 umbellata ee 125 canadensis ie 291 eR a eS RY ST TS x INDEX BE — concluded. ae meas EuPHRASIA— PaGeE. otticinalus 200 Flame tree 48 European Madder 578 Flax 275 ErrgERoN—concluded— Evrotra— » Bush 16 linifohus ae 334 ceratoides 123 |Flea bane 293 multiradiatus 292 | EoryaALDB— + 334 BRIO BOTRYA— ferox 629 | fs 365 japonica 12 | Eurrema— FLEMINGIA— ERITRICHIUM— primulzfolium 410) congesta 560 basifixum 302 | EvoLvULUS-— strobilifera 517 strictum 302 alsinoides 308 | vestita 527 FrRopIuUM— + 568 | be 560 ciconium 141 | Exacum— |Flixweed 356 cicutarium 526 pedunculatum 5c 156 |Flowering rush 640 malacoides 141 tetragonum 156 |FLUEGGIA— stipaceum 527 | Eyebright 200 | Leucopyrus 126 EROPHILA— microcarpa 126 vulgaris 410 “4 ‘Fa nrcuLuM— ERvucA— | I . vulgare 396 sativa 358 | Forget-me-not 304 }iryN@IuM— FRAGARTA— Billardieri 360 | Fagonta— indica 463 corulum 360 arabica 139 vesca* 464 ERYSIMUM— . Bruguieri 525 |Frangipani tree 33 hieraciifolium 470 | FacopyrumM— | FRANKENIA— odoratum 470 cymosum 231 | pulverulenta 523 repandum 321 | esculentum 231 | Frast 20 ERYTHREZA— tataricum 231 | FRAXINUS— babylonica 158 | Farash 29 | excelsior A Meyeri 421 | Faridbuti 111) floribunda 7 ramosissima 157 | Farid muli 110 xanthoxyloides 8 Roxburghii 421 | FarsETIA— FRITILLARIA— EryTHRINA— egyptiaca - 111 imperialis 443 indica 24 Hamiltonii 111 Roylei 443 suberosa 24 Jacquemontii , 110 | French Bean 600 Buctip1uM— Fenugreek 250 | Frog Bit 624 syriacum 274 | Fennel 396 | FumaRTA— EuGENIA— FrRONIA— parviflora 355 Jambolana 2 Elephantum 41 | Fumitory 355 EvLorntAa— FERULA— | Purrunj-mushk 175 campestris 427 Jeschkeana 399 EvonyMus— Thomsoni 399 cannabinus 58 | Fetid cassia 265 Hamiltonlanus 47 | Fever nut 603 G. tingens 2| Frcus— EupatoR1uM— bengalensis 16 | cannabinum 58 clavata 86 | Gach marich 09 Reevesil 57 Cunia 17 GaGEa— EurHorBIA— clastica 16) lutea 498 antiquorum 85 foveolata 593 | persica 499 Clarkeana 523 glomerata 17 | reticulata 499 dracunculoides 318 | hispida 49 | Gaggar yurmi 118 modi 137 infectoria 16 GamLonra— falcata 318 nemoralis 17 calycoptera 49 granulata 523 | palmata 91 hymenostephana 49 helioscopia 347 | religiosa 16 Gajar 401 hypericifolia 137) retusa 16 Galgoja 39 Maddeni 318 | Roxburghii 17 | Gat1umM— micractina 347 | Rumphii 16 acutum 533 Nivulia 85 | Field pea 597 Aparine 579 pilosa 317 | FILAGO— boreale 152 pilulifera 137 arivensis 285 ceratophylloides 153 prolifera 318 | germanica 285 mollugo 570 Royleana 85 | Fir, Himalayan silver 40 rotundifolium 532 thymifolia 523 | FLACOURTIA— setaceum 153 Tiruealli 71 Ramontchi 36 spurium 579 Wallichii 317 | Flag sweet a 635 tenuissimum 153 Le aaa saaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaacaaaeaaaaamaammaaaaamaaaa INDEX : x a G—continued. Paae. Paar GERANIUM—co .cluded— PaGe. rotundifolium 4 525 | Go sa an 119 Tuberaria cae 140 | Gokhri kalan aie 627 GaL1uM—concluded— Wallichianum 140 | Gokhru hs 527 tricorne 152 | GnRaANIUM— Gokshura we 174 triflorum 162 | Dove’s foot 526 | Gokula kanta 3 174 vernum a5 533 | meadow et 13) | GoLD BAcHIA— verum on 153 Round leaved oa 525 1 vigata aye 322 vestitum y 152 Small flowered .. 525 | Golden rod ‘o> 476 Gandal he 5; | GERBERA— GoOLDENIA— Gandalu ee 4] Kunzeana ae 449 procumbens ee 569 Gandan ie 437 | lanuginosa as 449 | Gol matter aim 597 Gandanim ot 41 Germander Be 194. | Goncha ae 599 Gandera fs 120) Grum— Gondi ; 34. Gandhana Es 437 elatum =e 461 | Gondni A 35 Ganthula va 50 urbanum Me 461 | GoosrEBERRY— Gandial wa 149 | Ghain fs 125 cape ot 309 tandibuti ye 522 Ghain-chu siz 635 rouch Ta 127 Ganger se 74 Ghantiali da 588 | Gorakh panu ae 569 » if 78 >: 2 ats 589 | Gora lane 124 Ganhira Ne 120 | GHAREI— Gorgon fruit 5 629 Gani Se 582 | Kashmalu et 209 | Gosum : 46 Ganthian i 636 | Gharote Ey! 582 | GossyPIuM— Gaozaban me 485 Ghaz % i) arboreum ne 90 Garden pea cn 597 | Ghia-lori ae 614 barbadense ie 90 Gargas =. 74) Ghui 5 17 herbaceum aie 90 Gargira a 402 Ghuraske a 123 | Gourd, bottle - 614 Gargu-naru 43 620 | Ghurush oe 600 > common aes 619 Garkath #3 115 | Ghwa bc 112 » spanish 619 Garlic ae 438 |Gibbon’s duckweed... 642 » white fers 617 GASTROCOTYLE— Gidi ae 336 | Gram ors 262 hispida at 303 | Gilas ae 11 » green i 600 GASTRODIA— | Gingaru ae 81 | GRANGEA— orbanchoides of 650 | Gingclly ae 197 maderaspatana .. 574 GAULTHERIA— Ginger ae 431 | Grape vine ae 592 nummularioides .. 520 Gipsywort Ae 193 | GRAPTOPHYLLUM— trichophylla as 520 | GIRARDINIA— hortense ok 66 Gaungchi ape 596 | heterophylla 4 248 | Grass of Parnassus aa 413 Gaunt ae 78 | Girgitti a6 130 | Great Luckweed xa 642 Gaunta a 119 | Girthan ee 576 ., Mullein Ms 485 Gean mS 11 | Gisex1a— », Willow herb ae 324 CanriaNA— pharnaceoides ee 542 | Greater Lodder : 647 aquatica Se 159 | GLoc 21pron— » plaintain ie 425 argentia he 160 | velutinum x 14 | Greek Valerian oe 402 eachemirica a 160 | GuortosAa— Grelu ee 593 capitata ae 160 | superba Az 587 | GREWwiIA— carinata on 160 | GLossocaRDIA— asiatica a 9 contorta ae 161 linearifolia ie 373 opposititfolia Ete 8 decemfida ie 159 | os A 574 olygama J 15 detonsa a 161 | GLossogyNE— populifolia oe 74. Kurroo oe 422 | pinnatifida siya 220 salvifolia - "4 Moorcroftiana 8 158 | GLossosTIGMA— vestita ah 9 nubigena “se 421 | spathulatum Ne 536 villosa se 15 quadrifaria he 159 | Ghuycosmis— Guar Fs 252 tenella 2 159 pentaphyllr rs 130 | Guava i, 2 vensuta ie 534 | GMELINA— Guch x BS GERANIUM— arborea a0 5 | Gud a 354 collinum de 140 | GNAPHALIUM | Gudlet a 78 lucidum he 526 | hypoleucum ee 286 | Gugal 508 molle se 526 indicum a 287 | Guggal ee 127 nepalense BE 525 luteo-album ae 286 | GuizoT1sa— ocellatum et 526 | pulvinatum v 565 | abyssynica ue 188 palustre os 140 Stewartii oe 472 | Gul af 376 pratense =. 139 | ‘Thomsoni ie 473 Gulabi i 552 pusillum as 525 | Goat’s beard ha 482 | Gulbadla ee 23 rectum be 140 Gobla te 49 Gulchin $e 33 Robertianum a 141 | Gogina ores 31 Gul dupahuria bat 246 G—concluded. GuLDENSTZDTIA— mirpourensis Guldoda Gulili Gulkhairo Gulmendi Gulsakari Gun yunda-bute Guracha Gurgu Gurguli Gurgunna Gurgura Gurhal Guruk mundi Gwa Gwala darim kri 3° GyMNOSPORIA— montana Royleana Wallichiana GYNANDROPSIS— pentaphylla GyNURA— angulosa GyPsoPrHILA— cerastiodies Stewartii HABENARIA— Aitchisoni arietina densa digitata EBlizabethe ensifolia galeandra goodyeroides Griffithi intermedia latilabris marginata pectinata stenopetala Susanne Hairy bittercress + spurge » vetch Haisa-ka-patta Hakik Hala ALENIA— elliptica Haleo Halim HaLocHaARIs— sulphurea violacea HaLoxyLon— multiflorum recuyum Halu PAGE. 461 215 4 237 323 INDEX HamMILTona— suvaolens Hand | Hane | Hanuz | Harantutiya | Hararh | Hare’s ear | Harh | Harmal Harnauli | Harrana Harsingar Hathajort | Hatmul | Hattajuri Haurijal | Hawk’s beard 99 9° Hawkweed ”> Fe picris Hawthorn Hazarmani HEDERA— Helix Hedge garlic », Goose Grass » - Parsley » stachys HrepycHIumM— coronarium spicatum | HepyYoTIs— hispida stipulata HepyYsSARUM— astragaloides cachemirianum laxiflorum microcalyx strobiliferum -| HELICTERES— Isora HrLinus— anceolatus ] 3 | HELIOTROPIUM— dasycarpum Fichwaldi indicum rariflorum strigosum supinum undulatum zeylanecum HEMBPROCALLIS— fulva HEMIGRAPHIS— latebrosa HemrpPrr1a— cordifolia Hemp agrimony HEMIPHRAGMA— heterophyllum HmMIPILIA— cor lifolia Henbane PAGE. 48 376 Henbit 7 Henna 8 HErRACLEUM— 444 cachemiricum 36 candicans 279 canescens 36 pinnatum 241 Thomsoni 130 Herb-Bennet 234 ,, Christopher 58 ,, Robert 222 HermMintum— 164 | angustifolium 342 gramineum 59 monorchis 376 | pugioniforme 480 | HERPESTIS— 339 | monniera 481) Hamiltoniana 339 | HERPETOSPERMUM— 23 | caudigerum 232 | HnyLanpIA— latebrosa 607 | Hrpiscus— 321 | Abelmoschus 579 | eancellatus 401 | esculentus 213 | ficulneus Gibsoni 430 — hirtus 431 | pungens | rosa-sinensis 133 | Sabdarifia 521 | Solandra | surattensis 260, suriacus 260 Trionum 260 | vitifolius 261 | Hier 260 Hreracium— crocatum 73 | yrenan heides umbeliatum 592 | virosum vulgatum 298 | Hill toon 298 | Hing 342 | Hiprpopum— 299 rhamnoides 569 | salicifolia 569 | HieragE— 342 | Madablota 298 | Hiranvaddi His 436 | Hiungarna Hius 190 | Hog-plum tree 495 58 | Honan? uPpNa— antidysenterica Holly, Himalayan Honopre1 BA— intergrifolia | Holma HotMsK1oLpIA— singuinea ve ne ee U EEE NEE EEREREEAS ERED INDEX - a XII | Hyportiys— H—concluded. Paas, Pacn: la SMe TS ze 645 InvLa—concluded— Erna 135 Cappa ae ley HoLostamMaA— Wy ane oh ‘ere cuspidata a 117 Rheedei GRO ge a aA ae grandiflora eye YY, Horostrcm— officinalsis < ; graveolens by. 262 umbellatum us 41] racemosa se 335 Honey suckle, Himalayan 56 | I Royleana bas 335 Hop 36 576 | ao | PHIGENIA— Horrra— ichNocarrus— 581 indica be. 444 dichotoma a 157|__ frutescens 581 | tpomaa— Horehound, white aS 211 | IrLoga— x 285 aquatica =a 636 orn rut a 630 Fontanessii es AS barlerioides es 609 » wort a 62g | hbEx— ‘ Batatas ie 610 Horned cumin Se 573 dipyrena sl 9 Bona-Nox ans 609 4» pond weed 633 | odorata ve : chryseides ae 610 Horse chestnut 6 ILYSANTHES— 172 cymosa 23 610 > Gram 602 | parviflora ms 5 5 eriocarpa 610 > mint 192 Jmli = hederacea 621 », radish tree 44 | [MPATIENS— 236 muricata 609 HovurtuyNrIAa— amphorata : 13 6 obscura 610 cordata 232 amplexicaulis as pes-tigridis 621 Hoventi— Balsamina us 323 pilosa 2h 611 dulcis a 10 brachycentra oe 237 purpurea te 609 Hoysa— Edgeworthii oe 236 | Quamoclit ‘fs 621 longifolia = 585 laxiflora Qe 236 sepiaria 3 610 H ‘kmandaz 5 288 micranthemum 237 Turpethum an 611 - ie 290 racemosa : ae Vitifolia mi 621. Hulashing : 44 Roylei 136 | Tars— Holhul 7 389 scarbrida 235 Aitchisoni 432 Hulia ne 29 | sulcata ; on 136 aurea af 433 Hum Ae | _Thomsoni on 136 Hookeriana His 434 Humbu 112 | indian almond 3c 35 kumaonensis Sa 434 HumuLvus— | ” buckthorm oe 10 milesii be 433 lupulus 5 576, +» Colza a 357 nepalensis J 433 HypRANGEA— | + coral tree oe 24 spuria ae 433 altissima ae 577 | »» cork tree os . 7 Isafgol Ae 425 Hyprinn — | » hemp op 248 Isopyrum— verticillata ve 624| » horsechestnut .. 7 thalictroides 4 445 HyprocsaRis— | >» laburnum . 25 | Tsnaghul a 426 Morsus-rane 624! 55 Madder ve 578 | Trza— cat Hy pDRocoTyLE— oP milkwort, com- 565 nutans be 115 asiatica te £46 mon. ¥ ltsit ie 541 javanica Ste 550 » purslane “- 544 Ivy At 607 rotundifolia He 551) >» rape or 357 Evy speedwell We 575 Hy DrRoLra— »» Bhododendron .. 53 | xora— zeylarica ae 635 | » Senna se 266 coccinea a 48 Hyororama— ' os, Squill “ pack p lys erma as 537|_ 5, strawberry . 463 calicif: Hia if 173 | indigo - 8 s; inosa ne 174 | [NpIGorERA— J. HyMENODICTYON— | anbaptista as 254 excelsum ae 47 : tropurpurea o. 99 HyoscyamMus— | cordifolia Sie 224 } jacob’s ladder ats 402 ni er = 310) Dosua bi: 100 | SascuKEA— muticrs 3c 311 enneaphylla ae 556 | gentianoides P 161 pusillus a 310 Gerardiana .s 99 | latisepala te 161 Hyprcoum— hebepetala 99 | Jai He 131 procumbens Pe 573 | lirsuta . 254 | Saint Pa) 100 Hv rERIcum— li: ifolia oe 545 | Jainter Pe 255 cernnurm a 5 | pulchella 29 | Jait a 100 elodeoides es 150 tinctoria 98 | Jal a 443 a P 6 531 trifoliata ‘ 55¢ | Jala uy 624. lysimac! oides oe fl] _ trita Be 92 | Jalidar hed 15 nap i le se 531 | 7ndrayan re 615 | Jalkhumbi nM 637 patulvm ee FL | Invra— | Jal kukar ay 443 perf ratum oe 150 acuminata 477 | Jalnim ae 19 rset: J—coneluded. tae. be _ PaGE. | JUNIPERUS— communis 126 KaLrancua— Jaman 2 pseudosabina 127 spathulata 185 Jamoi 12 recurva 127 Kali jarri 196 Jand 26 | JURINEA— + sarson 357 Jangli badam 35 ceratocarpa 475 | ,, stris 28 », chichinda 617 macrocephala 508 »» lore G15 5» frast 21 modesta 289, zewar 280) » gajar 394 J USSIEUA— 5) zirt 325 y» methi 238 repens: 634 | Kallri buti 166 yy» muli 327 | suffruticosa 634 | Kambal 44 » praz 439 | J USTICIA— Kambei 382 »» prpli 16 Betonica 169 | Kampti 576 1, saran 455 diffusa 170 Kana 28] 5» sareon 504 heteroca rpa 169 | Kanachi 519 Janjh 624 pubigera 169 | Kanakchampu 22 Japhrota 83 | simplex 170 , Kanchari 368 Jaramla 233 Jute 234 | Kanda phaphor 44] Jarul 3 | Juti 130 | Kander 73 JaSMINE— ~ Juli misak 342 | Kanderu 9 Arabian 579 | Kandiara 103 Spanish 72 K | Kandiari 308 JASMINUM— an : hves 367 dispermum 088 Kandla 10 grandiflorum 72 | | Kandu 113 humile 131) Kachlec 112 | Kanduri 619 officinale 71 | Kachmach 382 | Kandyari 129 pubescens 579 | Kachnal 22 | Kaner 120 Sambac 579 | Kachnar 22 | Kangha 239 Jazwm 82 | Kachur 431 | Kangt 318 Jati 72 Kaddu 614 | Kangu 122 JATROPHA— Kadera 48 | Kanji 10 Cureas 83 | Kadu 619 + 243 Jawasa 79 | Kaem 1 | Kanjura 281 Jayanti 255 | KaMPYERiA--- Kankol mirch 195 Jeku 124 | Galanga 130 | Kanna 80 Jersey cudweed 286 | rotunda 430) e 564 Jewar 629 | Kafri marich 309 | Kanphul 449 Jew’s mallow 234 | Kafur-ka-pat 65 | Kans 613 Jhampt 239 | Kaghak 127 | Kanshura 564 Jhar-bert 76 | Kagsari 124 | Kansi 127 Jhau 112 | Kagshi 3 | Kanta-nutia 313 Shingan 44 | Kahu 3 | Kantiari 332 Jiaputa 38 ” 377 | Kanwal 473 Jinjru 56 | Kaila 432 | cf 630 Jiunt 388 | Kai-zaban 118 | Kanyurts 363 Jonkmari 154 | Kail 39 | Kanzars 464 Judwar 351 | Kaiphal 38 | Kapas 90 JuUGLANS— Kaira-ka-jhor 237 | Kapasi 449 regia 45 | Kakhum 118 | Kapasiya 245 Juhi 351 | Kakkar 46 | Kapper 30 Jujar 31 | Kakkari 43 | Kapur-kachri 431 Junous— Kakkar-tumaku 31] | Karaita 222 bufonius £82 | Kaknaj 308 | Karang 25 * 499 | Kakri 73 | Karanta 581 compressus 499 | Kakronda 327 | Karaunda 59 coninnus 501 | Kakua 149 | Karbaru 607 glaucus 499 | Kal 248 | Karela 618 himalensis 501 | Kal akhi 594 | Kareta 238 lampocarpus 500 » Obvsa 125 Kargnalia 35 1 ucomelas 500 » dhatara 384 | Karial 582 mem branaceus 500 », lobia 601 | Kariari 587 prismatocarpus 500 » mattar 597 | Karik 595 triglumis 500 55 mewa 121 Karil 8 ‘uniper 126 », tulst 175) Karir 604 - 127 5 eort 370 Karkar 434 A tia K_— concluded. PAGE. Karkoa We 30 Karku aie PAL] Karttul te 15 Karu a 422 Karun oe 15 Kasa a6 17 Kashmal a 50 Kaswr 38 3 Kasni a 376 Kaspat a 231 RKasturi-bhendt on 245 Kasumbha Re 332 Kasundu ea 105 Kat i 370 Katai oe 30 Katambal ee 247 Katori Ef 606 Katbel Bie {1 Kateli or Katel « Be 383 Kathal as 390 Kathgular ce 17 Kathi ate $04 Kathmarra Re 37 Kathu ee 99 35 . 231 Katkaranj 603 Katori 606 Katta-mithu os 232 Kaula ie 36 Kaunts a 234 Kaur ats 422, Kauroa-ro +3 316 Kauri-butt 217 Kawanch ane 599 Kedari chuu - 314 Kelo ae 40 Kenthi sa 99 Ker ae 248 Kesar ae 434 Kesra ie 547 Khabarra ae 120 Khagshi ue 15 Khaindu ae 59 Khar Bt 27 Khair-posh i 635 Khajur Ale 45 Khamrak ae 4] Khar ans 70 Kharak ae 15 Kharanja ia 87 Kharatua 387 Kharbuza Ae 615 Kharmach SY) 108 Kharsan A 114 Kharshu ate 18 Khas 3 377 Khaskhasa ae 123 Kherbaba a 81 Khetsunsu: 1 3 560 Khichar ‘ 122 Khip 114 Khira 616 Khor : 27 | Khulakhudi Khurbanri Kidney bean Kikar Kikra Killar Kilu Kimlu Kinkar Kip Kira Kira ov Kerru-kerin Kirtki kukri Kirch Kirimar Kirnt Kisari Kitsermu Knot grass Koame KocHIA— indica KaLPrntAa— linearis Koiral Kokali Komal Korake Koshta Kowar Krishnachura Kuchan Kudaliya Kugina Kujo Kukai Kukar Kukarhat Kukuha Kukur bicha Kulahalla Kulat Kulfa Kulthi Kulti Kultu Kum Kumala Kumbi 99 Kumhar Kumta Kum paiman Kun Kunda ” Kungku Kundar? Kundphul Kupald Kupast Kuppt Kura Kural Kurand Kurang 544 583 Kurt Kurkan Kurkani | Kurol Kurru Kursan Kuru Kurund 39 Kust Kust-talk Kusum Kussumb Kut Kutch Kutilal Kutki Kutri Kypia— calycina L. Labri LABURUNUM— Himalayan Indian Lac tree Lactuca— decipiens dissecta hastata Lessertiana longifolia macrorhiza polycephala rapunculoides sagittarioides scariola undulata Ladies’ bed straw Lady’s Mantle », slipper » Lresses LAGAROSIPHON— Roxburghii LAGENARIA— vulgaris LAGERSTR@MIA— Flos-Regi- indica parviflora LaGGERA— alata aurita flava pterodonta Laghme LaGoTis— glauca Lahsan Lahura Lai Lajalu | Lakhar = Sa Xvi INDEX J : PAGE. | L— continued. a | Littum— Pace. | Lena— giganteum AP 442 aspera t L09 nepalense “ 442 Lakhtei Age 367 | Leek ae 438 | polyphyllum a 442 Lala 3 353 | Lelar iY. 115 | Thomsonianum 442 Lal Anchhu “ps 519 | Lemna— | Liljahri DA 140 » bunlunga - 634 sibba Re 642 | Lima Bean a 600 », indrayan aA 616 minor et 641 | Lime aE 113 », marich s 309 polyrrhiza ors 642 | LinrumM— » murgha pe 313 trisulea ei 642 indicum ig 532 5» post st 353 Lemon - 113 | LiunantHEmMumM— » sag a 314) Lendi a 300 cristatum ss 635 55 (BETES : 28 Lendua y 38 indicum 635 Laljari 140 , Lens— nympheoides 635 .: 485. esculenta 264 | LimnopHiia— LALLEMANTIA— Lentil 264 - gratioloides 627 Royleana 209 | Lenwa 300 heterophyllia 627 LamMiumM— | Lronor1s— hypericifolia 623 album 540 | nepetzefolia 215 Roxburgii 622 amplexicaul » 540 | Leonrorpoprum— sessiliflora 627 rhomboideum 213 | alpinum 471 | Litonra— Lana 70 | Leonurus— acidissima 130 - 123 | Cardiaca 222 | Limosal, common 623 » gora 70 Lermacarats— | LimosELLA— », shori 70) hyalina 174 aquatica 623 LANCEA— purpuricaulis 174 | Lrinarta— tibetica 422 Lepriprum— minor 312 LANTANA— Draba 359 | LiInDELoFIa— Camara 63 | sativum 359 Benthami 300 indica 63 | strictum 470 spectabilis 300 LAPSANA LrerraDENIA— LINDENBERGIA— communis 376 reticulata 585 macrostachya 198 Larger Wintergreen 484, spartium 61 polyantha 198 Lastopocon— _ LepropERMIs— urticefolia 198 lanatum 565 lanceolata 49 | Linseed 275 Lastuk 587 | virgata 49 | LiInum— Lasura 33 | Lerrornaspos— mysorense 276 ss chota 34 | Benthamiana 385 perenne 276 Lataphatkari 595 | LrsrepEZA— strictum 276 Lathia 110) elegans 93 usitatissimum 275 Latjira 181) eriocarpa 94 | Lirparis— LATHRAA— Gerardiana 93 paradoxa 486 squamosa 647 | juncea 93 rostrata 427 LarHyrus— macrostyla 94 | Lippra— altaicus 265 sericea 93 | nodiflora 538 Aphaca 645 Lesser Bindweed 611 | LirtosprrmuM— inconspieuus 558 | » cat’s tail 636 | arvense 305 liteus 265 , clover 553 officinale 306 pratensis 558 » Ducekweed 641 tenuiflorum 305 sativus 558 » Thalictrum 405 | Lirsma— sphericus 558 Lettuce, Prickly 377 | lanuginosa 37 Latkhan or Latkan 8 | Levcas— | polyantha 37 LAUNN © A— aspera 178 | sebifera 37 aspleniifolia 381 Cephalotes 215 umbrosa 37 chondrill ides 381 hyssopifolia 178 | Liu 12 glomerata 382 lanata 214 | LLtoypra— nudicaulis 382 nutans 214| _—serotina 443 secunda 510 urticefolia 214 | Loba 600 LAVATERA— Lewar 126 | Lopetta- kashmiriana 242 LnyorsrERraA— trialata 346 LAwsonra— formsa 57 | Lobia GOT alba 53, Liavusticum— Lobya 600 Leafless Epipogum 650 marginatum and _ Lodar 33 Lrecantuus— elatum 396 | Lodhpathan; 33 Wallichii 524 Liausrrum— Lokat 12 Wichtii 523 compactum 58 | London Rocket 504 | NEE INDEX L—concluded. Paan. Pie Paar. | LysiImacH1A— alternifolia 568 | Marigold ae 294 chenopodioides 297 | Marjoram, wild ae 176 LONICERA-— japonica : 534 | Mark as 2 alpigena 57 lobelioides : 296 ,, ae 34 angustifolia 56 | pyramidalis 5 297 Marking nut tree vo 31 asperifolia 55 MarLEA— glauca 55 | begonizfolia ae 40 heterophylla 57 | M. Marorphali = 73 hispida 55 | Marphalor Morphal .. g9 microphylla 57) Macuitus MARRUBIUM— obovata 56 Duthiei 37 vulgare A 211 parvifolia 56 odoratissima 36 | MarspENra— orientalis 57 | Machoti 547 Roylei a 583 purpurascens ee 55 | Madanaghanti 522 | Marsh betony we 212 quinquelocularis 56 | Madder, European 578 » Mallow a 237 spinosa 56 » Indian oe 578 » marigold . 387 Loqtat 12 | Marva— » Orchis ol 490 LorantTHUsS— arenaria Ap 606 »» Valerian ! 415 cordifolius 56 65 | Masa— » water cress " 638 elatus re 65 indica 4 32 | Martynra— longiflorus 65 | Maharukha : 42 diandra ae 992 vestitus 65 | Mahur : 61 | Marwan ae 72 Lotak 527 | Maida-lakri ° 37 | Masho ie 67 LotTononis— Mainphal ; 48 | Maslun rl 459 Leobordea 250 | Majnun 20 | Mastiara Ae 539 Lorus— Makal 616 | Masur chana ae 596 corniculatus 555 | Makhana 629 2 dal By 264 LouREA— Makoh 77 | Masuri td 52 vespertilionis 241 | Makoi 382 | MarricaRra— Lousewort 345 | Mala 599 Chamomilla a 374 Lovage 396 | Malan 104 precox we, 374 Love-lies bleeding 314 | Mancomra— Maulsari * 39 Tubar 316 africana 319 | Mawal pis 313 LIudh 33 strigosa ae 562 | Mazri : 129 Lucerne 252 toruiosa 320 | Mazus— Ludut 296 | Malghan 594 rugosus i 4292 Lupwic1a— Malkangni 591 surculosus fy 543 parviflora 634 | MatLorus— Meadow pea as 558 Lurra— philippinensis a 38 » sweet 54 266 egyptiaca 614} Mallow, large oe 243 | MEconorsis— acutangula 615 x marsh 5 237 aculeata ae 354. Luhuriya 425:1>>,, musk . 245 | Mepicaco— Lunak 346 | Malu 5 594 denticulata ae 555 oF 521 | Matva— falcata ee 952 oc 544 sylvestris Ae 243 laciniata ete 555 LuzoLa— verticillata x 242 lupulina 2 554 spicata 502 | MatvastrRumM— minima 5 555 campestris 501 tricuspidatum - 238 orbicularis AE 555 LycHNIs— Mamech ote 459 sativa ee 252 Cachemeriana 145 | Mamekh ate 389 | Medick : 252 coronaria 145 | Mamiri at 387 »» black ay 554 indica 146 | ManarrERA— », toothed a 555 nutans 146 indica 30 | Mehal : 13 pilosa 146 | Mangle - 128 | Mehnde Be 53 Stewartii 146 | Mango oe 30 | MetastomMa— Lycrum— Manjit : 578 Malabathricum ., 53 barbarum 122 | Maple : 2 | MELHANIA— europeum . 122 Be k 6 futteyporensis At 74 ruthenicum ats 122| Mareila ; 114 Hamiltoniana ae 74 LycoPpERsIcuMm— Marianus : 369 tomentosa a 14 esculentum 403 | Marich, Gach : 309 | Merra— Lycorstis— 3 Kapri ‘ 309 Azadirachta 50 42 arvensis 303 mye fl bea! : 309 Azedarach te 42 Lycorus— Marchob at 1 | Melilot At 251 193 | Marchula ee 130; ,, white ‘iP 251 europeus XVill M— concluded. PaGeE. MELILOTUS— alba parviflora MELIOSMA— dilleniaefolia pungens Melon ” MELOTHRIA— maderagpatana Mendu MENTHA— arvensis - sylvestris MENYANTHES— trifoliata Meradu MERENDERA— persica MERIANDERA— strobilifera Merino MERTENSIA— echioides clongata moltkioides racemosa Metha Methi Michaelmas Daisy MicRoMERIA— biflora hydaspidis MicrostyLis— cylindrostachya muscifera Walichii Milfoil Milkwort MILLINGTONIA— hortensis Mimosa— hamata rubicaulis MimuLus— gracilis Mimusops— Elengi hexandra Mint, corn »» Horse Meri Mirzanjosh Mistletoe Mitha dudia » kadu Mith-patta Mithridate mustard Mock orange Mokna Mo.LiLvuaco— hirta nudicaulis stricta Mourkra— parviflora ne ss 251 | Momadru chopandiga .. 251 | Momorpica— : balsamina 30 Charantia 30 dioica 615 | Monkey flower 617 | Monk’s hood MonocHorra— 620 hastzfolia 123 vaginalis MonorrRopa— 193 uniflora 192 | Monsonra— heliotropioides 514 Moon flower 564 | Mortcanp1a— tortuoga 444 | Mortna— Coulteriana 65 longifolia 108 persica Mortnpa— 304 tinctoria 303 | Mormnca 304 pterygosperma 304 | Moru 251 | Morus— 250 alba 290 indica leevigata 68 serrata 68 | Moschatel Mosita— 486 dianthera 426 | Moth 486 | Motherwort 508 | Motia 282 | Moti-lane Mountain agh Ap Lloydia as spinach 106 | Mouse-ear chickweed 106 | Mral Mucuna— 17] | pruriens Mudar 32 | Mugra 32 | Mugwort 193 Mukha-jali 192 | Muxra— 39 | scabrella 176 | Mula ‘0 | Mulberry 436 | Muli 36 | Mulim 322 | Mulin 52 | Mundi Munila Mung 522 | Mungani 407 | Muradh 135 | Murkula | Murraya— exotica 304 — Keenigii ; 508 | Musa— | sapientum 618 Mushk-dana 618 | Mushk-tara 618 | Musk Orchis 171| ,, thistle is 502) ,, or Melon Pumpkin | Musna 636) Musrini 636 Mustard, black | ” white 645 | Mustaru Myosoris— 457 arvensis - 609 | ceespitosa stricta - 274 sylvatica ; Myriacris— 186 | nepalensis 186 Wallichii 185 | Myrica— Nagi 1 | Myricarra— germanica : 44 | Myr1opHyLLUM— 18 | spicatum ‘ verticillatum 15 | Myrsinr— 15) africana A 15 semiserrata s 15| Mysore Thorn 505 195 N. 559 | 222 | Natas— 579 graminea - 124 | major . 29 minor 443 | Nabar 497 | Naga 147 | Nagar jaman 122 | Nagdaun Nagphana 599 | Nakkehikni 60 | Nali 579 | Naktrusa 365 | Nanagke 457 | NANNORHOPS— Ritchiana 620 | Navi 599 | Naringi 15 | Nar kechur 111) Narma 504 Naro Pe 587 | Narrowfooted Cornsalad 7 | Narrow Helleborine 328 | Narrow-leaved Bitter- 351 cress 600 | Nashpali 558 | NasturRTITUM— 128 indicum 5838 montanum ‘ ap a renjaneenosearnenaeSSrerpesteempas otinmeeioe oro seeces ster ee eS ee Nastrurtium—concld.— otficinale palustre °° NELSONIA— campestris NELUMBLUM— speciosum NEorrra— listeroides NEPETA— campestris Cataria ee ciliaris as Clarkei connata discolor distans elliptica erccta eriostachya glutinosa Govaniana eracilifiora leucophylla linearis mollis nervosa raphanorhiza ruderalis salviefolia spicata supina Nrprunta— oleracea Ner NERIUM— odorum NESLIA-— paniculata Nettle, English ® oe Nettle-leaved goose foot Niala te Niargal NicanDRA— physaloides Nichni NIcoTraNa— rustica ac tabacum ; Nila-krav ai Niggt Se Nightshade, black 35 woody . Nikki kander ste Nil he Nilathari s Nilkant , Nilkattei 4 Nilofar 3 Nilpadma Nim Z Nimbu : Nipplewort ‘ Nirg ndi - N— concluded. PAGE. i38 638 168 630 | ONONIS | OLEA— | Olive INDEX Niazbo NonnEA— pulla se Northern galium NorHosaRrvuA— brachiata ee NoTocERaAsS— Canarianse ie NycTrantTHoEsS— Arbor-tristis NymPHaxA— alba lotus A stellata a O. OcIMUM— basilicum sanctum Oda-brini OpINA— Wodicr CENANTHE— stolonifera ar | CENOTHERA— rosea ‘a Ogai ~ 40 Okra , Ola : OLAx— nana ao Olchi ] ae OLDENLANDIA— aspera si coccinea corymbosa erystallina diffusa cuspidata glandulifera | Oleaneder ts | OLIG OMERIS— glaucescens Onion By | ONOBRYCHIS— Stewartii ere hirsina nc OnoSMA— bracteatum wie echioides te Thomsoni | Op I0PAGcoN— intermedius OprpuNTIA— Dillenii = Orache Orange | ORCHIS— latifolia we OR: ORCHIS— micrantha foliosa indica te | ORIGANUM— vulgare OROBANCHE— borealis cernua epithymum indica kashmirica psila ramosa Solmsii ORoxXYLUM— indicum ORTHANTHERA— viminea | ORTHOSIPHON— pallidus rubicundus OrRyGIA— decumbens OSBECKIA— stellata Osler OSMORRHIZA— Claytoni OsyRIS— arborea OTOSTEGIA— limbata OrrELIA— alismoides OUGEINIA— dalbergioides OxALIS— _Acetosella corniculata OxyBAPHUS— himalaicus OxyYSsTELMA— esculentum OxyTROPIS— cachemirica lapponica meinshausenii microphylla mollis tatarica Thomsoni P: Pachittie Padam Padar Padena Padlu PRONIA— Emodi Peony Paghambr-i-phul Pahari gajar 3 kikar ,, kiretta -5 pipal Pakana Pakh Palach ‘ rrp ere sr Ee, INDEX XxX P—continued, Pace. PaGE. PaaGu. Palak a 388 PHLOMIS— Palak-juhi ae 66 PEDICULARIS—concld.— bracteosa ea 217 Paljor ee 463 | carnosa 345 cashmeriana 4 216 Paltu af 79 | fissa 452 setigera a3 216 Palwal ac 608 gracilis 386 spectabilis st 216 Pama ae 126 | megalantha 51} Stewartii z 69 Pamanke af 646 — pectinata 385 | Poa BpE— Pamposh a5 630 | porrecta 386 lanceolata 37 Pamukh Sc 222 pycanantha 451 | Paanrx— Pan ae 644 rhinanthoides 512 sylvestris oe 45 PANCRATIUM— siphonantha 452 | Phog , 84 verecundum oe 435 tenuirostris 385 Phok Se 84 Panda =e 65 | tubiflora 512 | Puryma— Pangra fe 24 | versicolor 452 leptostachya oh 200 Pantbel ae 592 | verticillata 451 | Phulahi fe 27 Pani-ki-sanbhalu se 72 | Peelu 59 | Phulanch oP 128 Panirband Be 122 | PEganumM— Phulla oe 78 Pani tajak a 633 Harmala 241 | Phuman ae 215 Panjakka pe 306 Penny cress 322 | Phut on 56 Panj-pilchi is 112) PenrarerEs— PHYLLANTHUS— Panr de 175 pheenicea 246 distichus Ae 14 Pansra Bo 64 | PENTATROPIS— Emblica ; 14 Panwsr ots 265 | spiralis 582 Niruri z 233 Papar we 25 | PEPEROMIA— parvifolius F 86 PAPAVER— reflexa 543 | simplex : 86 dubium he 353 PERGULARIA— | urinaria 232 hybridum ae 353 | minor 584 | PHysaLis— Rheas be 353 odoratissima 584 minima $3 308 somniferum aie 353 | pallida 584 peruviana ae 309 Papra ats 196 | PertLLA— PHYSOCHLAINA— Papri sr 14 ocimoides 192 prealta : 310 a ate 503 | PerrpLocA— PHYSORHYNCUS PARACARYUM— aphylla 60 | brahvicus as 111 glochidiatum es 301 hydaspidis 643 PHyTEUMA heliocarpum a 301 | PeristRopHE— Thomsoni oe 483 microcarpum se 301 | bicalyculata 170, PHyToLacca— Parhar es 390 Persian lilac 42 | acinosa ane 316 Paris— 1 elke os 58 | Piaz : 434 polyphylla v6 444, ,, chamomile 3741s, oe 438 PARKINSONIA— Persicaria 228 | Piazi : 437 aculeata ae 25 PeTALIDIUM— | Prcha— = PARNASSIA— barlerioides 62 Morinda He 40 nubicola ae 413 PruceEDANUM— | PrcRASMA— ovata oe 413. graveolens 399 | quassioides : 131 PAROCHETUS— | Thomsoni 399 | ProrIDIUM— communis oe 553 | Petha 617) tingitanum os 482 PARROTTIA— | PHAGNALON— Picr1s— Jacquemontiana .. 83 niveum 286 hieracioides Hc 339 Parvatti - 605 Phagwar 91 ProroRHIZA— Parwana zs 119 Phalijari 405 Kurrooa “ 4122 Patajan oe 38 Phalsa 9 | Prerus— Pataki ate 113° Phalsh 4 ovalifolia es 32 Patchak ic 507 Phaphra 231 Pigeon pea + 98 Pathor : 34 PHASEOLUS — Pila jau . 364 Pathor chur ; 202 aconitifolius 559| =, ‘sirson : 357 Patira ale 636 calearatus 600 Pilcehi : 112 Patrang oe 62 lunatus 600) Prnea— Patthar or Pathar te 126 Mungo 600 peploides sie 138 Patthra di 319 trilobus 558 seripta : 139 Patwa es 244 vulgaris 600 umbrosa ad 138 Peach ‘ie 10 PHTLADLEPHUS— Pilkhan ve 16 Pear 12. ——s coronarius 52 Pimpernel ee 164 Pearlwort 530 Philku 56 PIMPINELLA— ; PEpIOULASIS— Phindak 23 acuminata ; 393 bicornuta ee 611 Phitni 16 diversifolia 3 393 brevifolia e 451 | Phlankur 595 Saxifraga 393 re oe SS a ee 2 a a re ee es a x1xX P—contynued. Page. | Page. | PoLyeonuM—cone Id.— PAGE. PLUcHEA—concld ,.— | pterocarpum Ys 593 Wallichiana 116, recumbens oe 546 Pimpri nts 83 | PLUMBAGO— | rumicifolium aig 460 Pinli ae 51 zeylanica 226 sagittatum 5c 551 Pinus— PLUMERIA— serrulatum 549 excelsa 39 acutifolia 33 sibiricum “xe 230 Gerardiana 39 | Podina 192 , a5 ne 552 longifolia 39 | PopopHyLLUM— sinuatum oe 551 Pipal 16 Emodi 503 | spherostachyum .. 459 Pipat-buti 342 | PocostemMon— | stagninum as 228 PIPER— plectranthoides 191 | strigosum 549 brachystachyum . 593 | Pot 612 | tortuosum : 85 Pippira-sart A 524 | PoInclAaNA— | tubulosum is 547 Pippu 156 pulcherrima : 25 | vaccinifolium Ae 548 Pirhi 96 | Pokar-mul A 188 | virginianum ia 227 PreraNntHus— PoLEMONIUM— viviparum fe 459 nepalensis me 91 ceeruleum 402 Polygonum, slender .. 548 Piriya halim Ae 638 | Poli 332 es pale aie 228 PIsTACIA— PoLyCARPZA— Pomegranate at 53 integerrima a5 46 corymbosa 133 | Ponc¢amMra— Pistra— PoLYCARPON glabra Pie 25 Stratiotes 637 Leeflingize 133 | Poplar, Himalayan . .. 21 Pissumar 390 | PotyGaLaA— ,, Lombardy 20 Pisum— abyssinica 283 >, white ie 21 arvense 597 chinensis 565 | Poppy 353 sativum 597 crotalarioides 28Siaae eneldi 353 Pitz 636 erioptera ae 284 » longheaded 353 PITHECOLOBIUM— Hohenhackeriana .. 283 ,, Mexcian ; 304 dulce 23 28 leptalea 283 >» opium me 353 Pit-papra oe 355 persicariéfolia 284 » Prickly : 354 Piyaz a 438 sibirica 284 | PopuLus— Plantain 7 3 432 triphylla 282 alba Shamrock Shamukei Shandaigul Shangal Shangar Shargundei Sharifa Shangar Shepherd’s purse | Sherawane | Shewa Shiah kanta Shih | Shikari mewa Shing ” Shingari Shintak Shisham Shishona Shee flower Shora SHOREA— robusta Shotul eer S—continued. PAGE. Shrubby potentilla .. 108 a5 sueda 123 Shukardana 64 Shun ars 20 SHUTERTA— vestita 598 Shuti 433 Siali 582 by de 599 Sial-kanta a 354 Sialu 40 Siaru 87 Sicka 10 Srp a— earpinifolia ms 238 cordifolia ats 239 crewloides 229 humilis ; 544 rhombifolia ate 239 spinosa 238 ‘SIEGESBECKIA— orientalis 187 Sikanda 109 Siki é 47 Sil ae 313 SImLENE— apetala 178 arenosa : 144 conoidea 143 Falconeriana 183 Griffithii 144 inflata - 182 Moorcroftiana 5 143 tenuis 144 Webbiana 145 ‘Silk cotton tree ~ 94. Silver weed 464 ‘SILYBUM— Marianum é 369 Simak : 239 Singhara 630 Singi ai 47 Sinji Wott 76 oe ae 251 ‘Sipil ae 280 -Siran Be 28 Siris ac 28 Sirma Be 125 Sirsa ‘ 28 Sis oS 114 SIsYMBRIUM— Alliaria : 321 ‘Columnze F 356 foliosum ; 320 ‘himalaicum AS 320 Trio ore 504 Leeselii re 356 mollissimum S10 273 rupestre ue 321 Sophia oa 356 strictum ato 470 Thalianum rs $20 Wallichii ate 504 Silaphal Sie 33 Sit-ruti Sittu SrumM— latijugum Sizgat SKIMMIA— Laureola Skullcap, common SMILACINA— pallida SMILAX— aspera parvifolia vaginata SMITHTA— ciliata ceminiflora sensitiva Snake gourd Snow creeper Soapnut tree SoLtanumM— coagulans 99 duleamara eracilipes os indicum Melongena nigrum verbascifolium xanthocarpum Solet SoLENANTHUS— circinnatus SOLIDAGO Virga-aurea Solomon’s seal Soltarj Somni SoncHus— arvensis asper : maritimus 336 oleraceus she SopHoRA— mollis Fics Moorcroftiana Px SopuBla— trifida Sorrel, red ” ce Sosan Sowa 5 Sow thistle te a3 eorn a Spang jha oe SPARGANIUM ramosum 6 SPpaTHOLOBUS— Roxburzhii sc SrrRGuLA— arvensis 50) pentandra se rubra 4c SPERMACOCE— hispida He stricta SPHARANTHUS— indicus | SPHENOCLEA— | zeylanica oe | Spiderwort Spinach | SPINACTA— oleracea Spinbajja SPrraA— Aruncus | bella canescens | sorbifolia ae | vaccinifolia ae | vestita | SPILANTHES— acmella | SPONDIAS— | Mangifera | Spruce, Himalayan | Spurless Coral Root | Spurry, corn ; » sand St | Squinancywort = STacHys— | floccosa ate melisseefolia palustris ee parviflora sericea ‘5 sylvatica ae tibetica pie | StaAPHYLEA— Emodi ae Starga ae Star of Bethlehem STaTrcE— cabulica STELLARIA— aquatica ore bulbosa crispata decumbens glauca ae latifolia ats longissima 56 media ste paniculata Ao STEPHANIA— elegans ee rotunda se STEPHEGYNE— parvifolia ee STERCULIA— villosa we St. John’s Wort, com- mon oe Stork’s bill 22 Strawberry clover Po is tree 50) a wild we XXVl S— concluded. PaGE. STrR1GA— euphrasioides és 173 lutea Ws SrROBILANTHES— alatus 63 atropurpureus 190 Dalhousianus 62 glutinosus 62 Sumpa— fruiticosa 123 Suchal ~ 376 Sukhihari 352 Sulambra 44 Sulia 29 Sum 55 7 Sumac 3 131 Sumali j 63 Sundar 347 Sundew 457 Sung 449 Sun spurge 347 Suraka 497 Sural or 599 Surch Es 125 Suringan 444 Suteigul 374 SWERTIA— alata 164 alternifolia 298 angustifolia 164 Chirata 163 ceerulea 165 cordata 163 cuneata 165 paniculata 162 petiolata 165 | pulchella 164 purpurascens 162 speciosa 164 tetragona 163 Thomsoni 165 | Swet 541 Swet-berela ‘ 239 Sweet flag oe 639 Syala 625 | SymMPLocos— cratzegoides : 33 SyrimGa— Emodi 58 persica 58 | ot ig TABERN EMONTANA— coronaria 59 Tadrelu see T'andrelu 168 Tagarmul 635 Taksha 463 Tali 24 Talisfur 118 Talist 118 Talkar 114 Talmakhana 174 Tamarind TAMARINDUS— indica Et Tamarix TAMARIX— articulata dioica gallica salina TANACETUM— Falconeri longifolium senecionis Tandra Tang Tar ’” Tara Taramira TARAXACUM— officinale Wattei | Tarbuza | Tare » hairy Tarragon Tatara Taimorang Tatri see Tekri Tattur | TAVERNICRA— nummularia Tawar Taxus— baccata | Tazakizun | Teak Teasel | TECOMA— undulata TECTONA— grandis | Teila _ Tejbal | Tekra Ss 9 Teiegraph or Semaphcre plant. | Tepari see Tipari TEPHROSIA— pauciflora purpurea tenuis villosa | Ter | TERAMNUS labialis Pi | TERMINALIA— Arjuna belerica Catappa Chebula tomentosa | TEUCRIUM— | quadrifarium Royleanum Scordium | Tezma 541 434 Thail Mi Thale cress 7 Thalein a THALICTRUM— alpinum ard Chelidonii AE cultratum ae elegans . | foliolosum as javanicum oe minus pauciflorum 5S pedunculatum rE reniforme os rostellatum ote saniculeforme Ae Thamther Tharwar THERMOPSIS— barbata Thesi | THESIUM— | himalense Thilak | Thistle, creeping 93 | a: milk | A. musk ne star THLASPI— | alpestre arvense cardiocarpum Thor Thora see Thura Thorn apple Thum Thiinu THUNBERGIA— fragrans Thura ae Thyme a | Thyme-leaved Sandwort = Ba speedwell THYMUS— Serpyllum Tiari Tidhara-sehnd 5 | Tiger’s claw Tikhur Til TILL.2A— pentandra pharnaceoides | Tilpattar | Tilphara | Timar rakh | Timbal Timru | Tingi Tipart or Tepari Tiphar Tiso ct Tita os Titakhana Tithu TT XXVil EE T'— concluded. | 2 PaGE. Priri 43 | ” ele 44 Trtire oes 114 Tizhu Be 596 Toad flax ie 312 » rush a 499 Tobacco 311 Tomato 403 Toothbrush tree 59 . Toothwort, commeu .. 647 * ‘ToRENIA— cordifolia 199 Toria 357 Torjaga 7 Torki 545 Tos 40 Touch-me-not 323 TRACHELOSPERMUM— fragrans 580 TRACHYDIUM— Roylei 468 TRAGIA— involvucrata 612 TRAGOPOGON— gracile 482 | porrifolium 483 pratense 482 TRAPA— bispinosa 630 | natans 630 Tretoil 554 TREMA— politoria 15 Trepaira 553 TRIANTHEMA— crystallisna 54] hydaspica 542 monogyna 541 pentandra 541 TRIBULUS— alatus she TPT | terristris 527 | TRICHODESMA— africanum 166 indicum 166 TRICHOLEPIS— elongata 331 furcata 331 Stewartil 331 tibetica 129 TRICOSANTHES— anguina - 617 cucumerina a 617 dioica 410 608 | palmata 616 | TRIDAX— | pocumbens =f 543 | ” oe 574 TRIFOLIUM— fragiferum oe 553 minus ie Daa pratense oe 553 | repens 553 TRIGLOCHIN— maritimum palustre TRIGONELLA— corniculata i Emodi ae Foenum-grecum gracilis polycerata pubesceus TRILLIUM— Govanianum Tripungkhi TRIUMFETTA— annua Ac plosa oc rhomboidea rotundifolia TROLLIUS— acaulis Tror Trotu Tserkar Tukhm malanga 9° ” » ferunjmiskh Tulati-patr TuLIPA— chrysantha stellata Tulsi sy (HOD SL: Tumaku Tumba Tumbt Tumra Tumri Tun Tung Tungla Tunica— stricta Tunnu TussILAGO— Farfara Tut Tutre TyLOPHORA— hirsuta PG tenerrima ae TyHPA— angustata re Laxmanni AG TYMMELA— arvensis ae TyPrHoNIUM— diversifolium ae Uv. Ud-salap = Ugal a ULmus— Wallichiana UMBELLATE— Holosteum PaGez. Umtoa xis 14 URARIA— lagopus ae 94 neglecta 95 picta a 262. | Urbal Ae 17 URENA— repanda 243. UrRGINEA— ; indica 441 Urn 604 UrtTica— dioica 138 parviflora : 138 pilulifera aye 137 Usturgar or Ustarkhan 139 UTRICULARIA— exoleta 628 flexuosa 625 orbiculata 623. stellaria Bae 627 V. Wager ae viscosa 150 Valerian 447 VALERIANA— dioica ie 415. dentata Ae 416 Jzschkei 55 447 officinalis Ess 447 pyrolefolia : 415. Stracheyi BS; 447 Szovitziana 416 Wallichii 416 V ALLARIS— Heynei at 580: V ALLISNERIA— ' spiralias 5 625. Vallur a 605 VANDELLIA— _ erustacea ue 172. erecta LZ nummularifolia 199 pedunculata 535. sessiliflora ye 199 Vanveri 582 Vargalum 120 Vasaka Ae 66. Vena ‘ 120 Venetian Sumach 114 Venus’s comb 395- VEREASCUM— celsiodes 384 Thapsus 485 VERBENA— officinalis 222. VERNAL— Speedwell 167 VERNONIA— anthelmintica ee 325: cinerascens 116 cinerea : 325: ' agrestis a0 537 Anagallis oy 167 i XV INDEX V—concluded, oe Page, | Pack. ne Bz Wood apple 41 PAGE. Negundo 12 » forget-me-not .. 305 VERONICA— c= eatohe 72) 4, Rush 501 arvensis 344 | Waris. » sorrel 407 Beceabunga 536 | capriolata 595 | Worm seed 364 bilcha 344 | beet 595 »» wood 366 BIER 244 | divaricata 995 | Wotiangil 288 ciliata 423 | himalayana 595 | Woundwort 212 deltigera 344 lanata 592 | WRIGHTIA— hederefolia 575 | latifolia 592 tomentosa 4 javanica 344 | parvifolia 592 | WoLrenra— lax 344 ~ vinifera 592 Amherstiana 423 persis 537 VOLUTARELLA— serpyllifolia 167 PE ATIORES 371 x verna 167 | | XANTHIUM— ; La iad 3 - W. Bang ee 369" Vetch oe ane | prrmeoe aeeaay longifolium : 35- A. ove | gracilis 5 Vizv0RNUM— Wall Draba ian coriaceum 54 | Walnut 45 ¥. cotinifolium 54 | WatsuRa— fcetens 55 | ternata 43 Yarrow ; 508 nervosum 54 | Wana 72 | Yellow rocket $ 355 ee 54 ian rare 362 eee vetchling ms —_— ar ote 1 coniifolia 390 | Warch ne 630 3 millefolia 391 | Water Crowfoot 633 Z. Vicra— » Cress, common 638 | Zafran a 434 Faba B 3 264 s, dropwort 639 | Zamar A 123 Griffithii ‘ 263 », Germander 541 | ZANNICHELLIA— hirsuta ; 2 596 A hemlock 391 palustris = 634 narbonensis : 264 ay) ally: 629 | ZANTHOXYLUM— pallida , 597 3s melon 616 alatum 110 peregrina “ 263 »» Milfoil 626 | Zarbuti 646 rigidula 2 597 », Parsnip 393 | ZpEata— sativa . 263 »» pepper 229 purpurea 371 sepium 7 264 », plantain 639 | ZEHNERIA— tenera A 597 ss speedwell 167 umbellata ; 620 SE i aa 263 », starwort He Zemaro . 595 auriculata 293 WENDLANDIA— peek ; aia req ; vestita 336 _exserta 1 sulcata é 488 : Viena— White dead nettle 540 | ZINGIBER— pane a 3 Suey es Cassumunar = 431 exillata 3 » . gour 317 officinale ‘ Villayati afsantin 4 366 ;, horehound 21y Zerumbet neh » bangan é 403| ,, Melilot 251 | Zira 401 A oe ‘ 2 29| ,, mustard 358] ,, styah 392 53 Langni - 243 | Whitelow grass 410 », sufed 401 a eekar “ 25 | Whorled Solomon’s Seal 436 | ZizyPHUS— By “e 3 26 | Wig tree 114 Jujuba “ 9 » sag : 388 | WIKSTREMIA— nummularia . 76 ara NEA— __ canescens ve 124 cenoplils ° 77 rutescens 87 | Willow, crack 20 oxyphylla ° 76 VioLa— », French 151 vulgaris ° 76 biflora : 455 + weeping 20 | ZonNtA— por ag ; ne a He , aie i diphylla - 253 3 er er Trea Sh 3 m Falconeri - 456 | Winter cress : AC 355 | ZostMra_— ee odorata : 456 | WiTHANIA— absinthifolia a8 400 Patrinii ° 456 coagulans ee 122 | Zufah yabis ee 68 m Aig aim K 456 somnifera ee 309 The ee 205 iolet, sweet A 456 ” ow 121 | Zukm haiyat ee 185 ViscuM— WoLrria— Zurdalu oe i album ; 70 arrhiza as 642 | ZyaorpHyLLUM— artioulatum oe 644 | WooprorpIa— simplex oe 521 japonicum 2 644 floribunda + 53 : thon rene Me : } f he pik ¥ 4 tat pi Y he : a ' 4 me eet eei. 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