ISONOUS PLANTS

OF ALL COUNTRIES

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200M/09-98-981815

POISONOUS PLANTS

OF ALL COUNTRIES

BY

a: bernhard-smith

in

I.ATE HOUSE-SURGEON TO LORD LISTER, KLN'g's COLLEGE HOSPITAL, LONDON

GRADUATE OF THE FACULTY OF MEDICINE, PARIS UNIVERSITY ;

DIPLOMATS OF THE SOCIETY OF APOTHECARIES, LONDON ;

MEMBER OF THE BRITISH MEDICAL ASSOCIATION ;

SURGEON TO THE PENINSULAR AND ORIENTAL STEAMSHIP COMPANY.

SECOND EDITION

LONDON

BAILLIERE, TINDALL & COX

8, HENRIETTA STREET, COVENT GARDEN, W.C. 2
1923

PRINTED IN GREAT BRITAIN

PREFACE

In publishing the present work I have to acknowledge my
indebtedness to Mr. W. Miller for the many names I have
culled from his " Dictionary of the English Names of Plants " ;
also to the curators of the Natural History Museum, and the
Botanical Gardens at Kew, Penang, and Colombo, for their
courtesy in affording me opportunities for study.

I have been criticised, regarding a former work, for not
naming the toxins of many of the plants. When these
principles have been identified, and possibly a revised classifi-
cation made by the Botanists, I shall be in a position to make
amends in a future edition.

The plants illustrated, and whose numbers correspond to

their descriptions in the text, are reduced one-fifth. The

Micro-Fungi and Bacteria are magnified five hundred

diameters.

THE AUTHOR.
London,

January, 1923.

46839

INTRODUCTION

The poisonous principles contained in the plants described
in the following pages are now known to exist even under
cultivation, although cultivation may modify their virulence;
and exposure, also, to the influence of heat, acids, or anti-
septics, would seem in many cases to render the toxin inert.

Sea-water, or the iodine contained in it, appears to be
incompatible to vegetable toxins ; and it is an interesting and
significant fact that iodine, besides being antagonistic to very
many, of the alkaloids, will destroy most Micro-Fungi and
those of the Bacteria which cause infectious disease.

Among Micro-Fungi the Pyrenomycetes, Carpomycetes, and
Oomycetes need a living host, which they have the power of
selecting — i.e., Puccinia graminis selects Wheat and Barbery,
while P. coronata prefers Grass and Buckthorn. Pencillium
and Aspergillus, however, will thrive equally on living or dead
organic food-material.

The virulence of the microscopic plant causing Glanders
{Bacillacece) is increased when grafted from the horse to man,
just as the mistletoe-plant thrives best when artificially
grafted from one species of tree to another.

Again; since all Bacteria have come from a common
ancestor, we assume certain ultra-microscopic forms which
have become acclimatised to mankind; and we must, for the
present, suppose these forms to be m the nature of a ferment,
or enzyme, produced by the Bacterium.

The affection known as Dengue is caused by one or more of
these ultra-microscopic ferments. Pellagra will ultimately
prove to be due to vitamin deficiency, and not to the fungus
Pencillium glaucum. Sprue, on the other hand, is almost

VUl

INTRODUCTION

certainly caused by one of the yeast fungi {Monilia psilosis ?),
but the causation of animal malignant growths is still far
to seek. Further research, however, into the life-history of the
twelve "wild yeasts" known to inhabit the human intestinal-
tract, should lead to incidental, if not definite, results.

It has been found impracticable to arrange the species in
botanical order according to their poisonous effects ; although,
no doubt, as we learn more, we shall be able to classify them
more approximately.

Such of the Micro-Fungi and Bacteria as are known to be
hurtful are here noticed under the head of Specific Irritants;
and the treatment suitable to each case of poisoning must be
adopted. In the treatment of poisoning by the larger plants,
however, our remedies include :

Antidotes

Diluents (wash out the stomach with plenty of warm water).
Emetics (especially Mustard).

Tannin — i.e., strong Coffee or Tea.

Iodine. — Dilute Solution. For Opium poison-
ing.

Digitalis.— Tinct. B.P. Rxx. hypoderm. For
Aconite poisoning.

Pilocarpine. — Nit. gr. J. hypoderm. In poison-
ing by Deliriants.

Alcohol; or Strong Ammonia to nostrils.
Strychnine. — Sol. B.P. Tl\ii. hjrpoderm.
Atropine. — Gr. J. hypoderm.
Faradic Current.
Oxygen Inhalation.
Artificial Respiration.

poisoning

Stimulants

Opium. — In
Irritants.
Sedatives ^ Chloroform Inhalation.
Chloral.
Pot. Brom.

Purgatives (Castor Oil).

Demulcents (Sweet Oil; Raw Eggs).

Rest and Warmth.

by Purgatives or

In poisoning by Con-
vulsives or Irri-
tants.

CLASSIFICATION

ACTING ON THE BRAIN.

I. Narcotics.
Papaveracese.

II. Deliriants.

Solanacese. Linacese. Dipterocarpacese, Cannabinse.
Menispermacese.

III. Inebriants.
Leguminosse. Compositae.

ACTING ON THE SPINAL-CORD.

CONVULSIVES.

Loganiacese.

ACTING ON THE HEART.

I. Depressants.

Solanacese. Umbelliferse. Lobeliacese. Leguminosse.

Rutacese. Rubiacese.

II. Asthenics.

Rosacese. Leguminosae. Ranunculacese. Apocynacese.

Urticaceee. Scrophulariacese. Liliacese.

ix

CLASSIFICATION

IRRITANT POISONS.

I. Purgatives.

Liliacese. Cucurbitaceae. Guttiferse. Convolvulacese.
EuphorbiacesB. Ranunculacese.

II. Irritants with Nerve-Symptoms.

Fungi. Umbelliferse. Coniferse. Euphorbiacese.
Leguminosse.

III. Simple Irritants.

Aracese. Thymelacese. Amarylidacese. Liliaceae. Ranun
culaceae. Cucurbitaceae. Oleaceae. Aristolochiacese. Caryo
phyllaceae. Compositae. Balsaminacese. Fumariacese. Bora
ginacese. Caprifoliacese. Dioscoriacese. Celastracese

Rhamnacese. Papaveracese. Crassulacese. Droseracese
Iridacese. Polygalacese. Polygonacese. Plumbaginacese
Anacardiaceee. Leguminosese.

SPECIFIC IRRITANTS.

I. Micro-Fungi.

Palmellaceae. Tinese. Perisporiacese. Urediueae. UstilagineaB.
Peronosporese. Hjrpocracese. Mucorinese. Erysiphese.

II. Bacteria.
Coccacese. Bacillacesa.

PRINCIPLES xi

POISONOUS PRINCIPLES CONTAINED IN THE
PLANTS DESCRIBED.

VEGETO-ALKALOIDS.
Compound Ammonias. They are nitrogenous, hitter Prin-
ciples, which act as bases. They are sparingly soluble in water ^
and combine with acids to form salts :

Aconitine. Adamstonine. Agaricine. Akargine. Alstonine.
Arecoline. Arictine. Artarine. Atropine. Berberine. Brucine.
Buphanine. Buxidine. Buxine. Calabarine. Calamine.
Carpaine. Cevadine. Chelidonine. Chelerythrine. Chloroxylo-
nine. Choline. Cicutine. Clematine. Cocaine. Codeine.
Colchicine. Conine.* Coniceine. Consolidine. Coroniline.
Curarine.* Cusperine. Cynapine. Cynoglossine. Cystisine.
Delphinine. Delphinoidine. Delphinisine. Dioscorine. Drumine.
Emetine. Ergotoxine. Erythrine. Erythrophloine. Eserine.
Fumarine. Gelseminine. Glaucine. Gleditischine. Grandi-
florine. Guipsine. Gymnocladine. Harmaline. Heliotropine.
Hydrastine. Hyoscyamine. Hyoscine. Imperialine. Incine.
Jervine. Laurotetanine. Lobeline.* Loliine. Lophorine.
Lotm?idine. Mandragorine. Mercurialine. Mescaline. Morphine.
Muawine. Muscarine.* Nandanine. Narcissine. Nicotine.*
Oleandrine. Pelhtarine. PeUotine. Phalline., Phytolaccine.
Piliganine. Pilocarpine. Piperovatine. Piscidine. Pithecolobine.
Porphjrrine. Pseudaconitine. Pukateine. Rhoeadine. Ricinone.
Sanguinarine. Sapotoxine. Scrophularine. Senechifoline.
Solanine. Sparteine.* Spigeline. Stillingene. Strychnine.
Taxine. Temuline. Thebaine. Timbonine. Trigonelline.
Veratrine. Veratrone. Xanthoxyline.

* Liquid and volatile.

GLUCOSIDES.

Carbo- Hydrates which are usually crystalline. When decom-
posed by Acids {or Chemical Ferments = Enzymes) they split up
into Glucose and an Alcohol, Aldehyde, Phenol, or other product :

Acorin. Adonidin. ^sculin. Amygdalin. Andromedo toxin.
Anemonin. Antiarin. Arbutin. Arnicin. Artemesin. Asarin.
Asclepiadin. Bryonia. Cerberin. Chiancin. Chrysarobin. Con-
vallamarin. Convallarin. Coriamyrtin. Crocin. Cuscutin.
Cyclamin. Digitalin. Digitoxin. Erecolin. Frangulin. Gitalin.
Githagin. Hederin. Heleborin. Inulin. Iridin. Jalapin.

xii PRINCIPLES

Kurakin. Ligustrin. Ligustron. Linarin, Mallo toxin.
Megarrhizin. Oubain. Paristyphnin. Phaseoluvatin. Poly-
galin. Rhinanthin. Ricin. Rosaginin, Santonin. Saporubin.
Smilacin. Stropanthin. Tanghinin. Tutin. Xanthostrumarin.
Xyloglostein.

OEGANIC ACIDS.

Hydro-Carbons requiring a vital power to effect their
formation :

Absinthic. Angelic. Chrysophanic. Crotonoleic. Equis-
teic. Euodic. Filicic. Formic. Helvellic. Prussic. Rheo-
nilic. Sphacelinic.

NEUTRAL PRINCIPLES.

Proximate, crystalline bodies whose chemical characters have
not been determined :

Aloin. Andirin. Apocynamarin. Apocynin. Aristoloctin.
A-toxin. Boldin. Coloc3Tithin. Convolvulin. Coumarin.
Echujin. Elaterin. Euphorbin. Hysenanchin. Lactucin.
Lininarin. Lupinotoxin. Megarrhizatin. Menianthin. Mo-
nesin. Mjnristicin. Narthecin. Nereodorein. Nereodorin.
Periplocin. Phylanthin. Plumbagin. Podophyllo toxin.
Robin. Scillipiain. Scillitoxin. Syringin. Thevetin.
Thevetoxin. Urechitoxin. Vellarin. Viburnin.

RESINS.

Complex Hydro-Carbons which are formed among the
Oxidation-products of the Volatile Oils :

Cambogin. Euonymin. Gratiolin. Guiacum. Mezerein.
(Enanthin.

VOLATILE OILS.

Aromatic, non-greasy Hydro-Carbons which impart their
pro2}erties to water ; and contain Alcohols, Ketones, Stearop-
tines, etc. :

Anemone. Baneberry. Bay. Bomeol. Cannabinon
Cardol. Cedar. Cicuta. Crotonal. Euphorbia. Hounds-
tongue. Jequiritol. Pennyroyal. Plumbago. Rue. Savin
Tansy. Toxicodendrol. Valerian. Wintergreen. Yew.

ACRID JUICES AND MILKS.
Not yet identified.

POISONS ACTING ON THE BRAIN

I

NARCOTICS

Symptoms. — Giddiness; dimness of sight; contracted pupils;
headache; noises in the ears; confusion of ideas, and drowsi-
ness, passing into insensibility.

PAPAVER SOMNIFERUM {Cultivated in Britain). 1.

OPIUM POPPY — WHITE POPPY — CARNATION POPPY — PEONY
POPPY — JOAN SILVERPIN — BALE-WORT.

Papaveracece. — Capsule nearly globular. — Leaves unequally
divided, glaucous. — Waste places; 3 ft.; annual; July; white
or purplish, purple at base. {Fatalities.)

Toxic Principles.— mORTBISE, CODEINE, THEBAINE,
also contained in Papaver somniferum floreplenum, Papaver
somniferum nigrum.

The nozicms poppy — quencher of the mind. — Cowper: " The Salad.^*

PAPAVER RHiEAS {British). 2.

CORN POPPY — CORN FLOWER — CORN ROSE — CANKER ROSE —
COCK ROSE — COP ROSE — COPPER ROSE — BLIND EYES —
HEAD ACHE — RED WEED.

Papaveracece. — Capsule smooth, nearly globular. — Flowers
deep scarlet, often brown at base. — 2 ft.; annual; June and
July; Cornfields; common.

Toxic Principle.— RHJEADm (MORPHINE ?).

Though he partook the poppy's red effrontery. — Browotnq: " SordeUo.""

Library

POISONOUS PLANTS OF ALL COUNTRIES

II

DELIRIANTS

Symptoms, — Spectral illusions; delirium; dilated pupils;
thirst, and dryness of the mouth; inco-ordination. Occasion-
ally, though rarely, there are paralysis and tetanoid spasms.

DATURA STRAMONIUM {British). 3.

THORN APPLE — DEVIL'S APPLE — DEVIL's TRUMPET — DEWTBY
— J AMES-TOWN- WEED — STINK- WEED — APPLE PERU.

Solanacece. — Leaves ovate, angular and sinuated. — Fruit
spiny. — Waste ground; 2 ft.; annual; July-September; white.
(Fatalities.)

Toxic Principles.— ATROPINE, HYOSCYAMINE, HYOSCINE,
also contained in D. alba,D. arborea, D. ceratocaiila,D. fastuosa,
D. ferox, D. Metel, D. tatula.

At the further end of the palm-house stood
The tree of knowledge of Evil and Good.

RoBEET Ross: " The Landgrave.'^

HYGSCYAMUS NIGER (British). 4.

COMMON HEN-BANE — COMMON HEN-BELL.

Solanacece, — Leaves downy, sinuated. — Stem clasping. —
Flowers sessile. — Waste ground; 1 ft.; annual; July; dingy
yellow, with purple veins. (Fatalities.)

Toxic Principles.— HYOSCYAMDUE, HYOSCINE, also con-
tained in H. albus, H. muticus, Duboisa myoporoides.

Upon my secure hour thy uncle stole
With juice of cursed Hebenon in a vial.
And in the porches of my ears did pour
The leperous distUment.

Shakespeare: " Hamlet,**

POISONS ACTING ON THE BRAIN

W8A

4 POISONOUS PLANTS OF ALL COUNTRIES
SOLANUM TUBEROSUM {Cultivated in Britain). 5.

COMMON POTATO.

Solanacece.—A tuber.— Stem herbaceous.— Leaflets ovate.
—Flowers in racemes.— 1 ft.; annual; June-August; bright
purple; stamens yellow. — Fruit green. {Fatalities.)

Toxic Principle.— SOLARISE.

Let the sky rain potatoes^
, . . I will shelter me here.

Shakespeabe : " Merry Wives of Windsor.'^

SOLANUM CRISPUM {Cultivated in Britain). 6.

POTATO TREE.

Solanacece. — Stem woody. — A wall climber. — Leaves ovate.
— Flowers in clusters. — perennial; June-August; 6 ft.; light
purple; stamens yellow. ^

Toxic Principle.— SOLASINE, also contained in S. baha-
mense, S. carolinense, S. Lycopersicum, Scopala atrapoides,
S. japonica, S. verbascifolium.

No purple bloom the Child
of Nature brings
From flattery^ s nightshade . . .

Coleridge : '' To a Yourig Lady.''

MANDRAGORA OFFICINALIS.
MANDRAGORA VERNALIS {S. Europe). 7.

COMMON MANDRAKE — MEDICINAL MANDRAKE — DEVIL's APPLES.

Solanacece. — A herb; hardy; perennial; almost stemless. —
Root spindle-shaped, forked, 4-5 ft. — Flower white to bluish,
odour foetid, large, reticulately veined; corolla campanulate,
5-fid, lobes broad, flat, imbricated; May.— Fruit, a large
berry. — Leaves petiolate, oblong - lanceolate and ovate,
undulated; 1 ft. long; tasteless.

Toxic Principle.— mA^DBAGORlNE,

Quit, quit, for shame! this will not move.

This cannot take her ;

If of herself she will not love.

Nothing can make her ;

The D 1 take her !

Suckling: " Encouragements to a Lover.^*

POISONS ACTING ON THE BRAIN

SOLANUM DULCAMARA (British). 8.

WOODY NIGHTSHADE — BITTER-SWEET — FELON WORT — FELON
WORT MORTAL — FELON WOOD.

Solanacece. — A climbing shrub. — Leaves cordate. — Flowers
in drooping clusters. — Hedges; abundant; 6 ft.; June-August;
bright purple; stamens yellow. — Berries red; bitter-sweet
flavour.

Toxic Principle.— SOLANUHE.

. . . the dusky flowers of nightshade
Or its red and tempting fruit.

Coleridge: "" To a Friend.'^

SOLANUM NIGRUM [British). 8a.

BLACK NIGHTSHADE — GARDEN NIGHTSHADE — HOUND's
BERRY — PETTY MOREL.

Solanacece. — Stem herbaceous. — Leaves ovate; waved. —
Flowers in drooping umbels. — A common weed; 1 ft.; annual;
June-September. — White; stamens yellow. — Berries black.

Toxic Principle.— SOLANINE, OS per cent.

The taste thereof was as hot honey sweet,
And in the mouth ran soft and riotous.

Swinburne: ''St. Dorothy.''

ATROPA BELLADONNA (British). 9.

BELLADONNA — BANE WORT — BLACK CHERRY — DEADLY NIGHT-
SHADE DWALE — DWAY BERRIES — GREAT MOREL —

NAUGHTY man's CHERRY.

Solanacece.— ^tem herbaceous.— Leaves ovate; tasteless.—
Flowers solitary.— Waste ground; 3 ft.; perennial; June; dull
purple. — Berries black. (Fatalities.)

Toxic Principles.— ATROVmE, HYOSCINE.

Nor suffer thy pale forehead to be kissed
By nightshade ... ,,,,,„

Keats: " Ode to Mdamhdy.

6 POISONOUS PLANTS OF ALL COUNTRIES
ERYTHROXYLUM COCA {South America). 10.

COCA BUSH — SPADIC BUSH.

Lirmcece.—A shrub; 2-4 ft.— Leaves closely placed; alter-
nate; shortly stalked; lanceolate; entire; glaucous beneath,
with a longitudinal arched line on either side of midrib. —
Flowers drooping; 3 to 4 in axils of leaves, pale yellow.—
Fruit oblong ovoid, smooth, red.— Seed filling the endocarp.

Toxic Principle.— COCAINE.

I don't care if it snows ! — Popular Catchword.

LINUM CATHARTICUM {British). 11.

PURGING FLAX — FATRY FLAX — DWARF FLAX — FAIRY LINT—
MILL-MOUNTAIN.

Linacece. — Leaves opposite, obovate; upper ones lanceolate.
— Dry pastures; common; 4-6 ins.; annual; June-September;
white or yellowish.

Toxic Principle.— LimiNARnSi.

— the unripe flax
When, through its hat j -transparent stalks at eve.
The level sunshine glimmers with green light.

Coleridge: " Fears in Sditvde.'^

DRYOBALANOPS CAMPHORA.

DRYOBALANOPS AROMATICA {Sumatra and

Borneo). 12.

CAMPHOR TREE.

Dipterocarpacece. — A gigantic tree; evergreen; 100 ft. —
Flowers yellowish red, in axillary panicles. — Leaves alt.,
obtusely acuminate, involute, stipules convolute, elliptic,
entire, coriaceous, shining, deciduous, oblong, terminating the
branches with a point, veins running from midrib to margin.
— Flowers in racemes; calyx permanent, tubular, afterwards
forming elongated wings over fruit; ovary superior, three-
celled. — Fruit a drupe. — Aromatic.

Toxic Principle.— BORNEOL, also contained in Rosmarindus
officinalis, Ledum palustre.

Tuis capiUus albus est odoribus. — Horace: '' Epode xvii."

POISONS ACTING ON THE BRAIN

8 POISONOUS PLANTS OF ALL COUNTRIES
CANNABIS SATIVA (Asia). 13.

COMMON HEMP — INDIAN HEMP — BHANG — FIMBLE.

Cannahince. — Stem 3-10 ft.; slightly woody. — Leaves
numerous, alternate, palmate, on long petioles, deeply serrate,
linear, lanceolate. — Flowers, stamens 5, stigmas protruding
beyond perianth. — Fruit one-seeded, supported by a bract. —
annual . — yellowish .

Toxic Principles.— OIL OF HEMP, TRIGONELLINE, also
contained in Trigonella f oenum graecum.

As a heart that it's anguish divine in
The green bud cloven . . .

Swinburne; " Hespera."

ANAMIRTA PANICULATA {India and Malay Peninsula).
MENISPERMUM COCCULUS. 14.

COCCULUS INDICUS.

Menispermacece. — A large woody twiner. — Bark cork-like. —
Leaves alternate ; on stalks thickened at both ends, and pre-
hensile.— Flowers small; dioecious; in pendulous, compound
racemes, 1 ft. long, springing from the old wood; pale green. —
Fruit, usually two; rounded, ovoid drupes; h in. black. — Seed
reniform on section.

Toxic Principles.— FlCROTOXm, CURARINE.

Hope grew round me like the twining vine

And fruits and foliage not my own, seemed mine.

Coleridge: " Dejection."

Ill

INEBRIANTS

Symptoms.— Excitement of cerebral functions, and of the
circulation; loss of power of co-ordination, and of muscular
movements, with double vision; leading to profound sleep, and
deep coma.

POISONS ACTING ON THE BRAIN 9

PISCIDIA ERYTHRINA {West Indies). 15.

JAMAICA DOGWOOD — FISH-POISON TREE.

Leguminosce. — The only known species of this genus. — A
tree; 30 ft. — Flowers white, and mixed with blood-colour;
appearing before the leaves; calyx-teeth broadly triangular;
standard silky-hoary outside the claw, almost equalling the
calyx; panicles lateral, sometimes ovate and dense flowered,
scarcely 3 ins. long (sometimes elongate thyrsoid, 6-12 ins.
long). — May. — Leaves alt. pinnate, exstipulate; leaflets 7-11,
oval, obovate, or broadly oblong, obtuse or shortly acuminate,
at length coriaceous, 2-4 ins. long on stalks J in. long. — Pod
lance-shaped, bearing 4, projecting, longitudinal wings.

T oxic Principle.— PISCIDINE, also contained in P. carthagi-
nesis.

Blasted by that rose-acacia
We're so proud of / . . .

Browning: " Soliloquy of the Spanish Cloister.^'

ARTEMISIA PAUCIFLORA.
ARTEMISIA LERCHEANA {Scandinavia). 16.

WORM SEED — SANTONIN.

Compositce. — Shrubby. — Rootstock branching from the
crown. — Shoots short; numerous; 1 ft.; woody-white. —
Branches erect. — Leaves alternate. — Flowers crowded in
spike-like panicles; 3-5 in each head; bluish. — perennial.

Toxic Principle.— SAl^TONJN.

Daisies, smell-less yet most quaint.

Beaumont and Fletcher: " Bridal Song.''

ARTEMISIA MARITIMA {British). 17.

SEA WORMWOOD — GARDEN CYPRESS.

Compositce. — Erect. — Leaves downy, bipinnatifid, with
linear segments. — Flowers in drooping racemes. — Sea-shore,
1 J ft. — perennial. — September. — yellowish.

Toxic Principle.— ARTEMISIN,

Meantime, just medidate my madrigal

0' the mugwort that conceals a dewdrop safe.

Browning: " Sordello.''

10 POISONOUS PLANTS OF ALL COUNTRIES
ARTEMISIA ABSINTHUM {British). i7a.

ABSmTH — COMMON WORMWOOD — OLD WOMAN.

CompositcB.—Le3ives bipinnatifid ^dth lanceolate segments,
downy.— Waste places; 1ft.; perennial; August ; dingy yellow.
Toxic Principle.— ABSINTHIC ACID.

. . . These for frenzy he
A speedy and a sovereign remedy ;

The hitter wormwood, sage and marigold. ^^

Beaumont and Fletcher: " Clorin s Song.

POISONS ACTING ON THE SPINAL
COED

GONVULSIVES

Symptoms. — Clonic (intermittent) spasms, extending from
above downwards; opisthotonos very violent; but trismus
(lockjaw) rare; swallowing spasmodic; death, usually, in less
than three hours, or rapid recovery.

STRYCHNOS NUX-VOMICA {Southern India,
Java, etc.). 18.

NUX-VOMICA TREE — POISON-NUT — CROW-FIG KACHITA.

Loganiacece. — A moderate-sized tree. — Trunk short; thick.
— Bark smooth. — Leaves opposite; without stipules; shortly
stalked; oval-rotundate. — Flowers in tricotomous cymes at
ends of branches; greenish white. — Fruit a smooth, shining,
globular berry ; 2 ins. ; rind tough ; orange ; filled with soft pulp
in which seeds are irregularly immersed. — Seeds 1-5; circular;
flat; hollowed; 1 in. by J in. thick; covered with silky hairs.

Toxic Principles.— STRYOlSNmE, BRUCINE.

And there was strychnine in the cup ;
And he did take and drink it up. , , ,,

A. E. Housman: " The Shropshire Lad.

STRYCHNOS TOXIFERA (Guiana). 19.

CURARE — CURARI — URARI — WOURALI — ARROW-POISON.

Loganiacece.— ^tem climbing, densely covered with long,
spreading, ferruginous, harsh hairs; attaching to other plants
by means of the gyrate ends of its young shoots. Leaves

11

12 POISONOUS PLANTS OF ALL COUNTRIES

rough, with coarse hairs, 5 veined, roundish, obtuse, or ovate-
oblong and shortly acuminate. — Fruit large, round; seeds
imbedded in gummy, bitter pulp.

Toxic Pr^7^c^^^es.— STRYCHNINE, BRUCINE, CURARINE,
also contained in S. castalnsei, S. triplinerva.

And from one hand the 'petal and the core
Savoured of sleep ; and duster and curled shoot
Seemed from another hand like shame's salute.

RossETTi: " Love's Baubles.''^

STRYCHNOS IGNATII (Philippines). 20.

ST. IGNATIUS'S BEAN.

Loganiacece. — A small tree; scandent. — Stem erect. —
Branches numerous; long; opposite; smooth; climbing; quad-
rangular at extremities. — Leaves opposite; shortly stalked;
6 ins.; smooth oval; entire. — Flowers numerous; on axillary,
sub-quadriflorous peduncles, arranged in panicles. — Calyx
short; five-toothed. — Corolla funnel-shaped, with the tube
seven times the length of the calyx, and five, spreading, obtuse
segments; white. — Stamens five. — Fruit large; 4-7 ins.;
smooth; ovoid (variable). — Pericarp thick; brittle; one-
celled; whitish. Seeds numerous; pressed together; rendered
irregular through mutual pressure; 1 in. by J in.; testa thin;
covered with silky hairs.

Toxic Principles.— STRYCBNINE, BRUCINE.

. . . lips ivhereon has hied
Some great pale fruit's slow colour, shed
From the rank hitter husk whence drips
Faint blood between her lips. . . .

Swinbuene: " The Year of Love.''

STRYCHNOS TIEUTE (Java). 21.

FALSE UPAS TREE — UPAS RADJA — POKROE — TSHETTIK.

LoganiacecB. — Large, climbing shrub; 120 ft., branched
above. — Root woody, thick as a child's arm. — Flowers | in.,
pedunculate, corymbose, axillary, in lax cymes, greenish
white; stamens five, jasmine -smelling; June- July. — Fruit

POISONS ACTING ON THE SPINAL CORD 13

14 POISONOUS PLANTS OF ALL COUNTRIES

big as an apple, pink, at first brownish-yellow; September-
October. — Leaves opposite, solitary, oblong, three-nerved,
acuminate, on short petioles; hooks opposite, solitary.
Toxic Principles.— STBYCHNTNE, BRUCINE.

. . . this apple-hlossom^ s part
To breed the fruit that breeds the serpent's art.

RossETTi: " Barren Spring.'^

STRYCHNOS COLUBRINA.
STRYCHNGS LIGUSTRINA {Java, Timor, Coromandel). 22.

EAST INDIAN SNAKE-WOOD.

Loganiacece. — Climbing tree; 15 ft. (lowlands, in the sun-
shine), 12 ins. diameter. — Wood bitter, heavy, hard, mottled.
— Flowers greenish-yellow, small ; in terminal, solitary cymes ;
calyx five parted; stamens 4-5. — November-December. —
Fruit, "prune reine," "prune Claude"; usually only one
matures at end of cyme; pulp yellow, succulent, containing
2-8 scattered seeds. — Leaves opposite, glabrous, ovate or
elliptic, shortly petioled, obtusely acuminate, three-nerved,
no stipules; tendrils lateral, becoming ligneous.

Toxic Principles.— STRYCHNINE, BRUCINE.

Too sweet in the rind, say the sages.
Too bitter the core.

Swinburne: " Dolores.^*

FAGR^EA LANCEOLATA. POTALIA LANCEOLATA.
NICANDRA LANCEOLATA {Java). 23.

Loganiacece. — Tree ; (3,000 ft. above sea). — Flowers in
terminals, solitary or 3-5; calyx cut in 4 divisions, conical,
persistent; stamens 5 ; strongly smelling; white. — Fruit
glabrous, green spotted, with a sticky style at apex; pericarp
transparent, sticky; pulp soft, bitter, nauseous, containing
many small ovoid seeds.

Toxic Principles.— STRYCHNINE, BRUCINE, AKAR-
GINE (?).

Plants at whose names the verse feels loth.
Prickly and pulpous and blistering and blue.
Livid, and starred with a lurid dew.

Shelley: " The Sensitive Plant. ^^

POISONS ACTING ON THE SPINAL CORD 15

BIGNONIA SEMPERVIRENS.

GELSEMIUM NITIDUM {South America and

United States). 24.

GELSEMESr — CAROLINA JASMINE — WILD JESSAMINE — FALSE
YELLOW JASEMINE.

Loganiacece. — A woody climber. — Leaves opposite; per-
sistent; lanceolate ; shortly stalked. — Flowers usually soli-
tary.— Fruit an ovoid capsule; f in.; 2-celled. — Seeds large;
pale brown. — March and April ; yellow ; bitter flavour.

Toxic Principle.— GELSEmNNE,

Great jasmines opened wide
The dusk with odours out-wear.

Samain: " Summer Hours.^*

SPIGELIA MARILANDICA {Cultivated in Britain). 25.

CAROLINA PINK — INDIAN PINK — WORM GRASS.

Loganiacece. — Hardy, perennial; 18 ins. — Flowers in simple,
or forked, short spikes; calyx 5 parted, red outside, yellow
within; corolla IJ ins., lobes 5, valvate, at length spreading;
stamens 5, affixed to tube; July-August. — Leaves opposite,
sessile, ovate -lanceolate acute, penni-veined. — Stems hairy,
4-sided, simple, erect.

Toxic Principle.— SPIGELJNE.

Ripe with luxury, with kisses dried,
The bitter flesh of pinks.

C. ViLDRAc: " Chrysanthemums.''^

POISONS ACTING ON THE HEAET

I
DEPRESSANTS

Symptoms. — Vertigo; vomiting; abdominal pain; confused
vision; convulsions; occasional delirium; paralysis; syncope;
sometimes asphyxia.

NICOTIANA TABACUM {Cultivated in Britain). 26.

VIRGINIAN TOBACCO PLANT.

Solanacece. — A coarse, hardy, glaucous plant, 6 ft. — Root
tapering, long. — Leaves alternate ; lower ones sometimes 2 ft.
long; shortly stalked; ovate; entire. — Flowers in terminal
panicles; dull pink. — Capsule formed by persistent calyx.
Seeds numerous; pale brown. — annual. — August-November.
{Fatalities.)

Toxic Principle. — NICOTINE, also contained in N. repanda,
N. rustica.

And while the smoke of blond tobacco curves
And blends its perfume with the flowers that wither.
You hear a gipsy music wafting hither
Its sweet narcotic to caress the nerves.

Pierre Lievre: " A Gathering of Gallants.^'

CONIUM MACULATUM {British), 27.

HEMLOCK.

Umbelliferce. — Stem polished, spotted with purple. — Leaves
dark, glossy green; tripinnate. — Fruit with waved ridges. —
Hedge-banks. — 4 ft. — biennial. — June and July ; white.
{Fatalities.)

Toxic Principles.— COmmE, CONICEINE.

My heart aches, and a drowsy numbness pains
My sense, as though of hemlock I had drunk.

Keats: " Ode to a Nightingale.*^
16

POISONS ACTING ON THE HEART 17

LOBELIA INFLATA {North America, and cultivated in

Britain). 28.

INDIAN TOBACCO — ASTHMA WEED — EMETIC WEED.

Lobeliacece. — Stem erect; glaucous; 1-2 ft. — Leaves alter-
nate; sessile; lower ones stalked. — Flowers stalked in upright
racemes, and branched below. — Fruit inflated ; nearly globular;
crowned by remains of corolla. — Seeds minute; numerous;
orange; with raised network. — annual or biennial; pink.

Toxic Principle. — LOBELINE, also contained in L. urens.

Had old Hippocrates, or Galen

That to their books put medicines all in,

But knoivn this secret . . .

No Indian drug had e'er been famed.

Johnson: " Volpone.'"

CYTISUS SCOPARIUS {British). 29.

BROOM.

Leguminosce. — A shrub with angular branches, and small,
ternate leaves. — Woods and heaths. — Very common. —
3-10 ft. — May and June. — bright yellow.

Toxic Principle.— SPARTEINE,

Fateful story of the old doom :
Yellow bane, desire and bliss ;
Mystic glory of the gold broom.
Every flower an unborn kiss.

Marion Cran: " Song of a Woman.'''*

PHYSOSTIGMA VENENOSUM {West Africa). 30.

CALABAR BEAN — CHOP NUT.

Leguminosce. — Climber. — Stem woody; cylindrical; 50 ft. —
Leaves alternate; pinnately trifoliate. — Flowers in long,
zigzag racemes; rachis set with solid tubercles. — Pod com-
pressed; pointed; 4-7 ins.; lined inside with white wool. —
Seeds 3; IJ ins. by f in. ; testa smooth; chocolate; hilum long;

2

18 POISONOUS PLANTS OF ALL COUNTRIES

POISONS ACTING ON THE HEART 19

black ; tasteless and odourless. — ^perennial. — mauve with
crimson centres.

Toxic Principles.— ESERmE, CALABARINE, ERYTHRO-
PHLCEINE, MUAWINE, also contained in ErythrophlcBum
Guineense.

. . . flowers
Fierce at the heart with fire that half comes through.
But all the flower-like white stained round with blue.

Swinburne: '^ Anactoria.^^

PILOCARPUS PENNATIFOLIUS {Brazil). 31.

JABORANDI.

Rutacece. — Shrub ; 4-6 ft. ; Branches erect. — Leaves alter-
nate; without stipules; IJ ft.; leaflets opposite; in 2-5 pairs
and 1 terminal. — Flowers small; on short pedicels; arranged
round an erect raceme, 18 ins. long, which terminates a branch -
let. — Fruit composed of 5 carpels, spreading round a hard axis.
—Seed solitary; black. — Spring and early summer; violet.

Toxic Principle.— TILOCAKPJNE.

. . . all was well ;
Old circumstance resumed its former show
And on my head the dews of comfort fell
As ere my woe.

Thomas Habdy: "^4 Wasted Illness.

RUTA GRAVEOLENS {Cultivated in Britain). 32.

COMMON RUE — COUNTRYMAN'S TREACLE — AVE GRACE — HERB
OF GRACE — HERB OF REPENTANCE.

J?wtocecB.— Herbaceous shrub; 2 J ft.— Leaves alternate;
persistent; compound; lower tripinnate; upper pennate;
leaflets linear-oval.— Inflorescence a terminal, corymbrose,
irregularly trichotomous cyme. Flowers on long stalks;
petals alternating with, and exceeding sepals.— Fruit hard;
rough; roundish; 5-lobed.— Seeds ovoid-angular; testa black;
rough. — perennial. — greenish-yellow.

Toxic Principles.— OIL OF RUE, EUODIC ACID.

. . . the old rue-bush
Shudders as he pulls.

Cowpeb: " The Salad.'"

20 POISONOUS PLANTS OF ALL COUNTRIES
PSYCHOTRIA IPECACUANHA {Brazil). 33.

IPECACUANHA.

Rubiacece.— Stem ascending, somewhat shrubby.— Leaves
ovate-lanceolate, slightly pubescent; leaflets slightly cordate;
bracts large. — Flowers white, in involucred head; corolla
tubular; 5-cleft; stigma 2-parted.— Berry 2-seeded; receptacle
chaffy.

Toxic Principle.— EMETINE, also contained in Asclepias
asthmatica.

The ipe-caa-goene (in the native Brazilian language), w little wayside-
'^ant emetic, is our ipecacuanha. — Tylor: " Anthropology."'

II

ASTHENICS

Symptoms. — Numbness, and tingling in the mouth; abdo-
minal pain; vertigo; vomiting; purging; tremor; occasional
delirium; paralysis; dyspnoea, ending in syncope.

PRUNUS LAUROCERASUS {Cultivated in Britain). 34.

COMMON LAUREL — CHERRY-BAY.

RosaceoB. — Evergreen shrub; sometimes 20 ft.; branches
spreading; gray-green; shining. — Leaves thick; alternate;
ovate-lanceolate; margin faintly serrate; midrib prominent
})elow. — Flowers in upright racemes from leaf axils ; petals 5 ;
soon falling; stamens 20; spreading.— Fruit a cherry -like
drupe; shining; blue-black.— Seed solitary .—May ; white.

Toxic Principle.— AMYGDALm, yielding PRUSSIC ACID.

'Twas a sunrise of blossoming and May.

BeneatJi a flowering laurel-thicket lay

Sorddlo. Browning: " Sordello."

POISONS ACTING ON THE HEART 21

PRUNUS AMABA {Cultivated in Britain). 35.

BITTER ALMOND.

Rosacece. — Tree; bark pale brown. — Leaves alternate; lan-
ceolate; sharply serrate. — Flowers nearly sessile on last year's
branches ; appear before leaves ; calyx reddish ; petals 5 ; pink ;
stamens 30. — Fruit a drupe ; 1| ins. ; ovoid ; with furrow on side ;
downy. — Seed solitary (seed of " Amara " somewhat smaller
than the best varieties of " Dulcis "). — March {Fatalities.)

Toxic Principle. — PRUSSIC ACID, also contained in seeds of
P. americana, P. avium, P. claudiana, P. insitia, P. lusitanica,
P. padus, P. serotina, P. spinosa, P. domestica, Persica vulgaris,
Armeniaca vulgaris, Lotus arabicus, Laurus nobilis.

Another will entice me on, and on
Through almond-blossoins . . .

Keats: " Sleep and Poetry.'^

PHASEOLUS LUNATUS {India). 36.

HIBBERT BEAN — SUGAR BEAN — LIMA KIDNEY BEAN — POIS
D'aCHERY — JAVA BEAN — HARICOT DU CAP.

Leguminosce. — Twining, herbaceous, biennial. — Flowers 4-5
on a raceme; keel with style and stamens spirally twisted;
calyx campanulate ; 5-toothed ; corolla papilionaceous, white ;
July. — Legume scimitar-shaped, smooth, compressed, many-
seeded; hilum of seed oval-oblong. — Leaves pinnately tri-
foliate; leaflets with partial stipules; racemes axillary;
pedicels in pairs.

ToxicPrinciples.—VRUSSlC ACID, PHASEOLUVATIN.

Soon as the pea puts on the bloom. — Michael Bruce: " To the Cuckoo.''

-LATHYRUS APHACA {British). 37.

YELLOW VETCHLING — YELLOW-FLOWERED PEA.

Leguminosce. — Leaves usually absent, stipules very large and
leaf -like; sagittate; glaucous.— Fields ; rare; 1-2 ft.— annual.
— June-August; yellow.

Toxit Principle.— PRUSSIC ACID, also contained in L.
cicera, L. clymenum.

A foul first steam of trodden «ares.— Swinburne: " Phcedra.''

22 POISONOUS PLANTS OF ALL COUNTRIES
ADONIS VERNALIS [Cultivated in Britain). 38.

OX-EYE.

Ranunculacece. — Herbaceous perennial; 1 ft. — Flowers
solitary, terminal; petals 10-12, oblong, rather denticulate. —
March. — yellow. — Leaves, lower ones abortive, upper sessile
and multifid with very entire lobes.

Toxic Principle. — ADONIDIN, also contained in A. ammen-
sis» A. cupana.

Bring corn-flag, tulips, and Adonis flower. — Johnson: " Shepherd^ s Song. "
ACONITUM NAPELLUS [British). 39.

monk's hood — monk's cowl — COMMON ACONITE — WOLF's
BANE — VENUS' CHARIOT — BEAR'S FOOT — • HELMET
FLOWER — LUCKIE's MUTCH — FRIAR's CAP — SOLDIER' S CAP
— TURK'S CAP.

RanunculacecB. — Lateral petals hairy inside. — Leaves
deeply 5-cleft; the lobes deeply cut. — Riversides; rare; 3-4 ft.
— perennial. — June; blue. [Fatalities.)

Toxic Principle.— ACOmmiNE,

Where the niched snow-bed sprays down its powdery fall,
There its dusky blue clusters the aconite spreads.

Arnold: ''Switzerland.''

ACONITUM FEROX [Himalayan Mountains, India). 40.

BISH POISON — INDIAN ACONITE — NEPAUL ACONITE.

Ranunculacece. — Rootstock fleshy; tuberous; with lateral
tubers ; — 6 ft. ; erect ; stout ; branched above. — Leaves alternate ;
deeply cut into 5 irregularly indented lobes. — Flowers arranged
on long stalks, on long racemes. — Fruit of 5 f oUicles ; pubescent.
— Seeds black. — perennial. — indigo blue.

Toxic Prmci^Ze.— PSEUD-ACONITINE, also contained in
A. arctophonum, A. cammarum, A. lagactonum, A. lycoctonum,
A. meloctonum, A. myoctonum, A. vulparia.

No, no, go not to Lethe, neither twist
Wdfs-bane, tight-rooted, for its poisonous wine.

Keats: " Ode on Melancholy.' '

POISONS ACTING ON THE HEART

23

24 POISONOUS PLANTS OF ALL COUNTRIES
ERANTHIS HYMENALIS {Cultivated in Britain). 4L

WINTER ACONITE — WINTER HELLEBORE — WINTER WOLF's

BANE.

Eanunculacece. — Hardy, tuberous-rooted perennial ; 3-8 ins.
— Flowers yellow, solitary, sessile; petals 6-8, tubular; sepals
petal-like; January-March. — Leaves divided, involucre of
3 deeply -cut leaflets.

Toxic Principle.— ACOmTlNE.

. . . dear as a winter flower ;
A slight flower growing alone, and offering
IV s frail cup of three leaves to the cold sun.

Browning: " Pauline.^ ^

ACTIEA SPICATA (British). 42.

HERB CHRISTOPHER — BANE BERRY — GRAPE-WORT.

Eanunculacece. — Raceme erect; elongated. — Petals as long
as stamens. — Mountain woods. Rare; 2 ft. — perennial. —
June. — white. — Berries black.

Toxic Principle.— OIL OF BANEBERRY.

Lo, the herb of healing, when once the herb is known.
Shines in shady woods bright as new-sprung flame.

Meredith: " Phoebus with Admetus.^^

DELPHINIUM STAPHISAGRIA {Cultivated in Britain). 43.

STAVES-ACRE — LOUSE- WORT.

Eanunculacece. — 3-4 ft. — annual. — Stem glaucous every-
where, erect, stout, slightly branched, cylindrical. — Leaves
alternate, on long stalks. — Flowers on long stalks from axils
of leafy bracts. — Fruit of 3 follicles opening at inner suture;
seeds 12 to the follicle, J in., quadrilateral, netted, chocolate.
— blue and pink with orange anthers.

Toxic Principles. — DELPHININE, DELPHISINE,
DELPHINOIDINE.

Slim-robed in blue and green
Like larkspurs.

M. Radford: " Love's Ferrying.''^

Library

POISONS ACTING ON THE HEART 25

DELPHINIUM CONSOLIDATA {British). 44.

wild larkspur — branching larkspur — dolphin flower
— king's consound — knight's spur.

Eanunculacece. — Stem erect, with straggling branches. —
Leaves sessile, with many linear segments. — Fields. — 2 ft. —
annual. — July. — blue or pink.

Toxic Principles. — DELPHININE, DELPHISINE,
DELPHINOIDINE, also contained in D. trolliiolium, D. bella-
donna, D. elatum, D. cheilanthum, D. bicolor.

Larks-heels trim. — Beaumont and Fletcher: " Bridal Song.""

NEREUM OLEANDER {Cultivated in Britain). 45.

OLEANDER — COMMON OLEANDER — ROSE BAY — DOG BANE —
SOUTH SEA ROSE.

Apocynacece. — A shrub; 6 ft. — Leaves opposite, or in threes.
— Flowers crimson or yellow; sometimes double; stamens
upon the corolla. — Fruit sometimes a double berry; ovaries
2-styled. — July-September. {Fatalities. )

Toxic Principles.— OLE A'NDRmE, ROSAGININ, also con-
tained in Aspidosperma quebracho.

And oleanders Uooined to deeper red

Where his bright youth flowed crimson on the ground.

Wilde: " Eavenna.'^

STROPHANTHUS HISPIDUS {Western Africa). 46.

WHITE-WOOLLY KOMBE BEAN — GABOON ARROW POISON —
KOMBE.

Apocynacece. — A woody climber; 6 ft. — Petals united;
ovary 2-style. — Corolla-lobes 4 ins. long, peduncles terminal,
2-4 flowered, pink. — June. — Stamens 5 or more upon the
corolla. — Seeds oval; arrow-like, with comose appendices;
100-200 contained in long follicles. — Leaves approximate.

26 POISONOUS PLANTS OF ALL COUNTRIES

obversely lanceolate, obtuse or subacute. — ^Branches erect,
glabrous. — Stem contains a milky sap.

Toxic Principles.— STROVUANTHm, INCINE.

. . . the high wind sings
Fanning the hairs, who wave like feather' d wings.

Shakespeabe: " Venus and Adonis."

TANGHINEA VENENIFERA.
CERBERA TANGHIN {Madagascar). 47.

ORDEAL-TREE — POISON TANGHIN.

Apocynacece. — (The only species of the genus.) Small,
glabrous, evergreen tree; 20 ft. — Flowers in large, terminal
panicles, each supported by 2 bracts; corolla salver-shaped,
with pale pinkish lobes, and a green, funnel-shaped tube,
hairy within; stamens 5; calyx 5-fid; May. — Fruit purplish
tinged with green, consisting of a pyriform, ellipsoid, double
drupe, 2-3 ins. long, enclosing an acuminated, fillimentaceous,
woody nut. — Leaves alternate, smooth, lanceolate, thick;
6 ins. ; clustered towards points of branches, directed upwards.
— Stem contains a milky sap.

Toxic Principles.— UMlGUmiN, CERBERIN.

The blood-like blossom, the dull red fruit :
Though the heart yet sickens, the lips yet sv)eet.
With sullen savour of poisonous pain.

Swinburne: " The Triumph of Time.^'

ANTIARIS TOXICARIA (Java, Borneo, Sumatra,
Philippines). 48.

UPAS-TREE — ANTSJAR — POHON UPAS — HYPO — MALAY ARROW

POISON.

Urticacece. — Tree; 100 ft. before the branches; (lowlands
and dark valleys). — Wood, light, white, hard, milk-bearing ;
bark deeply scarred where leaves have fallen. — Flowers poly-
gamous, male in dense heads, receptacle fungus-like, downy,
turbinate, pedicellate; female flowers small, sessile, without
bracts; anthers 4; no pistils, ovary adheres to involucre.

POISONS ACTING ON THE HEART

27

28 POISONOUS PLANTS OF ALL COUNTRIES

monoecious; June-September; green. — Fruit a drupe, fleshy,
1 -seeded. — Leaves alternate, with deciduous stipules, simple,
oblong, unequally cordate, very entire, often lobed, smaller
ones hairy.
Toxic Principle.— A^TIABJN,

On the blasted heath

Fell Upas sits, the hydra-tree of death.

Daewin: " Loves of the Plants.'''

URTICA PILULIFERA [British). 49.

ROMAN NETTLE.

Urticacece. — Leaves opposite, ovate, deeply serrated, with
stinging hairs. — Fertile flowers in globular heads. — Waste
ground; 1-2 ft.; annual; June and July; green.

Toxic Principle. — FORMIC ACID, also contained in U.
crenulenta, U. urentissima, U. gigas, U. dioica, U. urens.

In dock, out nettle :
DonH let the blood settle.

Country Incantation.

FICUS ROXBURGHn.
FICUS DiEMONA.

FICUS TOXICARIA {Tanjore). 49a.
Urticacece. — Young shoots thickly clothed with soft, white
hairs. — Leaves opposite; stalked; oblong and oblong-cuneate ;
acute; sometimes serrate; above smooth; below downy and
reticulated with soft, hairy veins; 2-12 ins.; petioles round,
with a green gland on each side of base ; stipules within leaves,
deciduous. — Flowers (male) monandrous. — Fruit (hypantho-
dium) yellow-green, size of a large nutmeg; obovate; very
hairy; umbilicus closed by cordate, imbricate scales; growing
(a) usually in pairs, in radical, withering racemes which are
frequently of great length, apices penetrating the ground ; or
(6) entire raceme and fruit underground, or (c) growing from
trunk and branches.

Toxic Principle. — ^ACRID MILK.

The fig-tree wild that grows on tombs. — Johnson: " Song of the Hags.''

POISONS ACTING ON THE HEART 29

DIGITALIS PURPUREA {British). 50.

COMMON FOX-GLOVE — THROAT WORT — BLOODY FINGER — DEAD
men's bells — FAIRY FINGERS — FINGER FLOWER — FLAP
DOCK — LUSMORE.

Scrophulariacece. — Leaves ovate - lanceolate ; rugged ;
crenated; downy. — Woods and hedge-banks; common in
hilly districts; 2-5 ft.; biennial. — June and July. — crimson,
speckled within. Rarely white. {Fatalities.)

Toxic Principles.— mOlTALm, DIGITOXIN, GITALIN, also
contained in D. lutea.

. . . long purples
That liberal shepherds give a grosser name.
But our cdd maids do dead-men^ s- finders call them.

Shakespeare.

LINARIA VULGARIS {British). 51.

common TOADFLAX — YELLOW TOADFLAX — WILD FLAX —
BUTTER AND EGGS — BUTTERED HAYCOCKS — EGGS AND
BACON — DRAGON BUSHES — FLAX WEED — GALL AND WORM-
WOOD— GALL WORT — RAMSTED.

Scrophulariacece. — Stems erect. — Leaves linear-lanceolate,
glaucous. — Calyx smooth; shorter than the spur. — Hedges;
common; 1-2 ft.; perennial. — June and July. — Bright yellow
and orange.

Toxic Principles.— GRATlOLm, LINARIN.

Soon shall we have gold-dusted snapdragon. — Arnold: " ThyrsisJ*

GRATIOLA OFFICINALIS {S.E. Europe). 52.

HEDGE HYSSOP — POOR MAN'S HERB.

Scrophulariacece. — In dense masses; marshes. — Root creep-
ing, jointed. — Stem 2 ft., erect, a little branched. — Leaves
J in. opposite, smooth, obtuse, lanceolate.— Flowers solitary,
on long stalk, fr. 2 bracts below calyx; corolla white striped
with red, tube longer than calyx, covered inside with yellow
iiairs. — Fruit a 4-sided capsule, ovate, acuminate. Seeds many.

Toxic Principle.— GRATIOLIN.

Cedar-wood, and scarlet, and hyssop. — Leviticus xiv.

30 POISONOUS PLANTS OF ALL COUNTRIES
URGINEA SCILLA [Gape, Mediterranean Coast). 53.

MEDICINAL SQUILL — SEA ONION.

Liliacece. — Rootstock covered with scales forming a bulb;
6 ins.; globular. — Leaves from base of flowering stem; appear-
ing long after flowers; lJ-2 ft. — Flowers numerous; on long
pedicels, in erect raceme, 1 ft.; rachis IJ ft. — Fruit 3-lobed;
yellow. — Seeds 6 in each cell; J in.; flattened; chocolate. —
perennial. — May and June; greenish.

Toxic Principles. —SCJLLlTOXm, SCILLIPIAIN, also con-
tained in U. altissima, Scilla indica, Agrapanthus umbellatus,
Crinum asiaticum.

Sap, what retards amid the summer's blaze
The autumnal bulb, till pale declining days ?

KiRKE White.

SCILLA BIFOLIA [British). 54.

TWO-LEAVED SQUILL — EARLY SPRING SQUILL.

Amaryllidacece. — Raceme lax, without bracts. — Leaves 2,
lanceolate. — (A doubtful native.) — 4-5 ins.; perennial. —
March- April; blue.

Toxic Principle. — NARCISSINE, also contained in S. amcena,
S. autumnalis, S. brachyphylla, S. campanulata, S. corymbosa,
S. fraseri, S. lilio-hyacinthus, S. patula, S. peruviana, S. siberica,
S. taurica, S. vema.

What gladness wakes at Vernal Equinox
My perky squUlette o' the window-box ?

Flower Calendar

CONVALLARIA MAJALIS (British). 55.

COMMON LILY OF THE VALLEY — MAY LILY — MUGGET — CONVAL
LILY — LIRICON FANCY.

Liliacece. — Flowers in drooping racemes. — Leaves in pairs;
ovate -lanceolate. — Hill -woods, common; 6-9 ins. ; perennial.
— May; white; berries red; bitter flavour. {Fatalities.)

Toa:icPrmci^Ze5.— CONVALLAMARIN, CONVALLARIN, also
contained in C. japonica.

Like to a native lily of the dell. — Keats: " Isabella.'^

POISONS ACTING ON THE HEART 31

32 POISONOUS PLANTS OF ALL COUNTRIES
SCHCENOCAULON OFFICINALE {South America). 56.

SABADELLA VERATRINA — CEVADILLA.

Liliacece. — 5 ft. — Leaves all from the bulb; linear; grass-
like; keeled; with a strong midrib. — Flowers on spiked
raceme; numerous; green, anthers orange. — Fruit a capsule;
3 follicles ; J in. — Seeds 2-5 in each follicle ; chocolate.

Toxic Principles.— YE'RATRJNE, CEVADINE.

The Sephcdica, budaing with young bees
Upreared its purple stem around her knees.

Poe: '' Al Aaraaf."

VERATRUM ALBUM.
ASAGR^A OFFICINALIS (Alps). 51.

WHITE-FLOWERED WHITE HELLEBORE — LANG WORT — LYNG

WORT.

Liliacece. — Rootstock short; fleshy; black outside; white
inside. — 4 ft.; erect; unbranched except at inflorescence. —
Leaves alternate; sessile; forming sheaths to stem; longi-
tudinally ribbed. — Flowers numerous; sessile. — Fruit of 3
follicles. — Seeds 12 to each carpel; pale brown. — perennial;
white. {Fatalities.)

Toxic Principles. — VERATRINE, CEVADINE, VERA-
TRONE, JERVINE, also contained in V. nigrum, V. viride.

As fair as the fabulous asphodels. — Shelley: " The Sensitive Plant.^'

COLCHICUM AUTUMNALE {British). 58.

COMMON MEADOW SAFFRON — MEADOW CROCUS — AUTUMN
CROCUS — MICH^LMAS CROCUS — PURPLE CROCUS — FOG
CROCUS — NAKED LADIES.

Liliacece. — Leaves erect; broadly lanceolate; withering in
summer. — Meadows; 4-8 ins.; perennial; September-Novem-
ber; purple. {Fatalities.)

Toxic Principle. — COLCHICINE, also contained in C. Specio-
sum.

Through Alpine meadows soft-suffused
With rains where thick the crocus blows.

Arnold; Stanzas from the " Grande Chartreuse."

IRKITANT POISONS

I
PURGATIVES

Symptoms. — Abdominal pain; vomiting and purging;
cramps ; strangury and tenesmus, followed by collapse ; and
sometimes accompanied by drowsiness and slight nervous
symptoms.

ALOE SOCOTRINA {West Indies, and cultivated in Britain). 59.

SOCOTRINE ALOES TREE.

Liliacece. — Stem woody; scarred; branching dichotomously.
— Leaves crowded at ends of branches; sessile; 15-20 ins.;
curved at base, then erect and incurved; tapering; concave
above, convex below ; with numerous white prickles on margins.
— Flowering-stem tall; erect; slender. — Flowers numerous;
stalked; crowded on raceme. — Fruit a blunt capsule; 1 in.;
3-celled. — Seeds numerous; compressed. — 6 ft.; annual; early
spring; pink, with yellowish tips.

Toxic Principle. — ALOIN, also contained in A. barbadensis,
A. ferox.

He sate upon the terrace,

Plucked and threw

The powdery aloe-ctisps away.

Browning : ' ' Sordello. ' '

MOMORDICA ELATERIUM.

ECBALIUM ELATERIUM {Cultivated in Britain and

South Europe). 60.

SQUntTING CUCUMBER — WILD CUCUMBER.

Cucurbitacece. — Root tapering; white; fleshy. — Stems pros-
trate; lJ-3 ft.; branched; cylindrical; translucent. — Leaves
alternate ; on long, tapering petioles ; deeply cordate ; rounded

33 3

34 POISONOUS PLANTS OF ALL COUNTRIES

auricles at base; no tendrils; lobed and undulated. — Glaucous
everywhere. — Flowers unisexual; stalked; 1 or 2 ins.; axillary
peduncle. — Fruit oblong-ovoid; J-3 ins.; pendent; capped by
withered flower. — Pericarp thick; white inside; filled with
juice, in which lie numerous pale-brown seeds; when ripe
suddenly separating from stalk, and violently expelling con-
tents through orifice. — perennial; pale yellow, centres green.
Toxic Principle.— "ElATEBm,

. . . ay, his word
Was " run the cucumber into a gourd.
Drive Trent into Apulia.''

Bkowning: " SordelloJ'

ERYTHROPLEUM GUINEENSE {Sierra Leone). 6L

CASCA BARK — SASSY BARK — ORDEAL BARK.

Leguminosece. — Tall tree ; common in water- valleys. — Leaves
alternate; pinnate. — Flowers numerous; small; growing on
peduncles.

Toxic Principle.— ACRID JUICE.

/ met the grey mist. Death, . . .

He reached me flowers as from a withered hough.

0 Death / what hitter nosegays givest thou ?

Meredith: " Past Meridian.'"

GARCINIA CAMBOGIA {Siam and Cochin China). 62.

GAMBOGE TREE.

Guttiferce. — Tree; 25-50 ft. — Branches many; spreading. —
Leaves opposite; on short petioles without stij^ules; oval;
midrib prominent beneath. — Flowers dioecious; coming from
leaf -axils of previous years; pale yellow. — Fruit the size of a
crab -apple; spherical; depressed at top; surrounded at base
by 5 persistent sepals; 4-celled; fleshy; yellow-green. — Seeds
1 to each cell.

Toxic Principle.— CAMBOGJN,

That in the mortar ? — Fou call it a gum ?

Ah ! the hrave tree whence such bright oozings come.

Browning: " The Laboratory,''^

IRRITANT POISONS 35

EXOGONIUM PURGA.
IPOMCEA PURGA {West Mexico). 63.

JALAP PLANT — MORNING GLORY.

Convolvulacece. — Herbaceous twiner. — Stems numerous;
slender; twisted; 12 ft.; arising from crown of tubercular —
Roots, which are nearly globular; tapering; mottled brown;
white inside. — Leaves alternate; on long stalks; cordate;
pointed ; entire. — Flowers in small axillary cymes of 3 ; corolla
2iins. ; salver-shaped; glabrous; tube 2 ins., contracted on
joining limb. — perennial; June-September; purplish-pink.

Toxic Principle.— COJ'iYOLV'ULm, also contained in I.
turpethum, I. purpurea.

The crimson morning dazzled me mine eyes. — Labor: " A S'pring Morning.'^
CONVOLVULUS SCAMMONLA [Cultivated in Britain). 64.

SCAMMONY.

Convolvulacece. — Root very long; perpendicular; straight;
unbranched; woody; exuding milky juice when wounded. —
Stems numerous; twining; hollow. — Branches widely spread-
ing. — Leaves alternate ; scattered ; triangular. — Flowers
numerous; solitary; bracts opposite; small; leaf -like. Corolla
widely funnel-shaped; 2 ins. — Fruit a capsule; J in.; not
exceeding persistent sepals. — Seeds 4; angular; chocolate. —
perennial; cream, pink stripes beneath.

Toxic Principle, — JALAPIN, also contained in C. oriza-
biensis.

Puck is abroad, and his faery hand

Dance in a ring where the moonflowers glow.

H. Simpson: " A Faery Flute.''

CROTON TIGLIUM [East Indies). 65.

CROTON OIL PLANT.

Euphorbiacece. — A small tree. — Branches many; spreading.
— Leaves alternate, on longish stalks; ovate-lanceolate; entire.
— Flowers arranged on short pedicels, on spiked raceme;

36 POISONOUS PLANTS OF ALL COUNTRIES

IRRITANT POISONS 37

stamens long; pale-green. — Fruit a globular capsule; 3-celled;
smooth. — Seeds J in.; oval; dull, brownish-gray; without
odour; hilum faintly marked. — Stem contains a milky sap.

Toxic Principles.— CROTO'NOL, CROTONOLEIC ACID, also
contained in C. variegatum, C. verreauxii.

Where the deadly croions grow. — Anon.: " India Revisited.''^

RlCmUS COMMUNIS {India and South Europe). 66.

CASTOR OIL PLANT — CASTOR BEAN — PALMA-CHRISTI.

Euphorbiacece. — Stems, 5 ft. (40 ft. in Tropics); hollow;
glaucous. — Leaves alternate; lanceolate; serrate. — Flowers,
petals none; stamens numerous; green. — Fruit a blunt,
grooved, tricoccous, spined capsule. — Seeds 3, oval, flattened,
smooth; shining; mottled; raphe raised. — yellowish; Fruit
green to purple.

Toxic Principles. — RICIN, RICINONE, also contained in
R. sanguineus.

Populus frugi castusque verecundusque. — Horace.

CALTHA PALUSTRIS {British). 67.

MARSH MARIGOLD — WATER BUTTERCUP — MEADOW BRIGHT —
MEADOW BOUT — MEADOW GOWAN — OPEN GOWAN — WATER
GOWAN — YELLOW GOWAN — MAY BLOBS — BOOTS — GOLDS
— GOLDmS.

Ranunculacece. — Stem erect. — Lower leaves large; rounded;
heart-shaped; deep glossy green. — Marshes and river-sides. —
l-lj ft. — perennial; May; bright yellow.

Toxic Prmc*2??e«5.— JERVINE, HELLEBORIN.

. . . winking maryhuds begin
To ope their golden eyes.

Shakespeake ; " Cymbelene.'"

38 POISONOUS PLANTS OF ALL COUNTRIES

ROTTLERA TINCTORIA.
MALLOTUS PHILIPPINENSIS {Asia and East Indies). 68.

KAMALA — KAMELA.

Euphorbiacece. — A tree; 20-30 ft.; trunk 3-4 ft. round. —
Leaves ovate; veins prominent beneath, which is covered
with hairs. — Flowers dioecious ; arranged in axillary panicles ;
3 styles, spreading. — Capsule trigonous ; globular ; covered with
crimson powder.

Toxic Principle.— mALLOTOXm.

Like to Diana in her summer weed.
Girt with a crimson robe of brightest dye
Goes fair Samela.

Geeene: " Samda.'*

PODOPHYLLUM PELTATUM {North America). 69.

AMERICAN MAY APPLE — AMERICAN MANDRAKE — PODOPHYLLIN
PLANT — WILD LEMON — WILD BUCK-FOOT — RACOON BERRY.

Eanunculacece. — Rhizome creeping; 6 ft.; marked at in-
tervals of 3 ins., with last year's stems, and simple roots,
terminating in erect, flowering, stem, (the horizontal growth
starting from base of stem) ; 1 ft. ; cylindrical. — Leaves opposite
or single; peltate; deeply cut into 5-7 segments; serrate. —
Flower solitary ; on short, curved peduncle from fork between
leaves. — Fruit an edible, ovoid, 2 ins., yellow, indehiscent
berry. — Seeds 12; yellow. — perennial; May; white.

Toxic Principle. — VODOVKYLLOTOXJN, also contained
in P. Emodi.

The bee that quits the mandrake' s cups.

Madison Cawein: " The Yellow Puccoon."

HELLEBORUS VIRIDIS {British). 70.

GREEN HELLEBORE — BASTARD HELLEBORE — BEAR'S FOOT —
boar's FOOT.

Eanunculacece. — Stem few flowered. — Leaves dark green;
digitate. — Calyx spreading. — Woods on chalk. — 1 ft.;
perennial ; April ; green.

Toxic Principles.— JEKVmE, HELLEBORIN.

The fair Helleboras attractive shone.— Darwin: ''Loves of the Plants.'"

IRRITANT POISONS 39

HELLEBORUS FCETIDUS (British). 71.

STINKING HELLEBORE — SETTER WORT — BEAR's FOOT — BAR
FOOT — OX HEEL.

JRanunculacece. — Stem many flowered. — Calyx converging.
— Leaves pedate. — Woods; 1 ft.; perennial; January- April;
green, tipped with purple.

Toxic Principles.— JERVJNE, HELLEBORIN.

Belle of the forest : everywhere she dips
And dances prettily, and pouts her lips.

Anon.: '' The Dryad.''

HELLEBORUS NIGER [Cultivated in Britain). 72.

CHRISTMAS ROSE — BLACK HELLEBORE — BEAR's FOOT —

Christ's wort.

Ranunculacece. — Rhizome black; knotted; fleshy; with
many interlaced branches giving off numerous, straight roots.
— Leaves from extremities of rhizome branches; on long
stalks; deeply divided into 2-4, serrate lobes, successively
smaller towards the petiole. — Flower-stalk terminating
rhizome ; rarely 2 ; large bract beneath flower ; sepals 5, large ;
petals 13, or more, short, green. — Stamens numerous. — Fruit
follicular; sessile. — Seeds in 2 rows; black. — perennial;
December-March; white. {Fatalities.)

ToxicPrinciples.—JERVDUE, HELLEBORIN, also contained
in H. orientalis.

Then rejoiced she, laughing with love ; and scattered
Roses, awful roses of holy blossom.

Swinbtjkne: " Sapphics.'^

40 POISONOUS PLANTS OF ALL COUNTRIES

II

IRRITANTS WITH NERVE-SYMPTOMS

Symptoms. — Abdominal pain ; vomiting and purging ; dilated
pupils; headache; tetanic spasms; occasional convulsions;
sometimes rapid coma.

FUNGI (British).

TOADSTOOLS.

Parasitic or saprophytic Thallophytes, containing no
Starch or Chlorophyll. — Thallus developed from a Mycelium.
— Fructification on a Spore-bearing Pileus.

Fungi take up carbon as carbohydrate either from the
living cells of their host, or from the dead remains of other
organisms.

Toxic Prmci2??es.— MUSCARINE, AGARICINE, PHALLINE,
A-TOXIN.

Class : — Hymenomycetes.

Order, Species.

Agaricike^.. Agaricus muacarius
" Fly Agaric "
,, . . Agaricus pantherinus .

" Mottled Amanita "
„ . . Agaricus phalloides

" Stinking Amanita"
t, . . Armillaria citri

„ . . Tricholoma fulvellus .

" Tawny Tricholome "
„ . . Agaricus purus

" Pure Mycena"
„ . . Agaricus epipterygius .

" Nodding Mycena"
»y . . Cantharellus aurantiacus

" Poisonous Chantarella"
,» . . Lactarius piperatus

"Hot Toad Stool"

Habitat.
Woods, under Birches, etc.

Scarlet. (Fatalities.)
Mountains, Woods, under

Trees. Dun.
Under shady Trees. Dun.

(Fatalities.)
Clusters round dead

Stumps. Yellow.
Thickets. Brown.

Dead Leaves, Stumps in

Woods. Pink.
Dead Leaves, Stumps,

Moss. Green.
Under Trees, Fields. Dun.

Woods, Groves, White.

41

Cldss ;— Hymenomycetes {continued).

Order. Species.

Agarigine^ . . Lactarius fuliginosus

" Yellow Milked Toad Stool '
,, . . Lactarius torminosus . .

" Bearded Toad Stool "
,) . . Lactarius rufus

"Rufous Toad Stool"
,, . . Lactarius pyrogalus

" Red-Milked Toad Stool "
;, . . Hygrophorus psittacinus,

„ . . Russula Emetica

"Emetic Toad Stool"
„ . . Gomphidius glutinosus . .

" Solitary Toad Stool"
,, .. Pleurotus pulmonarius . .

,, . . Volvaria gloiocephalus . .

" Silky Toad Stool "
,, . . Agaricus lividus

" Bulbous or Poisonous
Mushroom "
pRATELLiE . . Hypholoma fascicularis
" Bundled Toad Stool"
PoLYPORE^ . . Boletus bovinus

" Glutinous Fungus "
,, . . Boletus satanas

" Devils' Fungus"
,, . . Boletus luridus

" Lurid Fungus"

,, . . Boletus piperatus

" Peppery Fungus "

Habitat.
Shady Woods. Gray.

Woods, Waysides. Pink.

Pine Woods. Brown.

Groves, Meadows, Gray.

Open Spaces. Green.
Damp Woods, round Trees.

Crimson. {Fatalities.)
Pine Woods. Purple.

In Tufts on old Stumps.

Gray.
Tree Trunks. Gray.

Among Grass, in Woods.
Pinkish.

Clearings, Decayed Trees.
Orange.

Heathy Fir Woods.
Yellow.

Woods. White and Crim-
son. {Fatalities.)

Woods and Pastures.
Purplish and Orange
{Fatalities.)

Woods. Yellow.

Glass : — Gasteromycetes.

Phalloide^ Phallus impudicus

,, .. " Common Stink-Horn "

" Devil's Horn"
" Stinking Pole-Cat Fungus"
" Foetid Wood- Witch "

Woods. Pinkish.

You demi-puppets that
By moonshine do the green sour ringlets make
Whereof the ewe not hites.

Shakespeare: " The Tempest.

42

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IRRITANT POISONS 43

(ENANTHE CROCATA (British). 73.

WATER HEMLOCK — HEMLOCK DROPWORT — DEAD TONGUE —
BELDER ROOT — BEN DOCK.

Umbelliferce. — Leaflets all wedge-shaped, many cleft. —
Fruit linear-oblong with slender ridges. — River-sides; much
like celery before flowering; 3-5 ft. ; perennial. — July; white. —
Acrid. (Fatalities.)

Toxic Principle.— (EN ANTKJN.

Moot of hemlock digg'^d i' the dark. — Shakespeare: " Macbeth.'*''

(ENANTHE PHELLANDRIUM.
PHELLANDRIUM AQUATICUM (British). 74.

HORSE BANE.

Umbelliferce. — Leaflets with many, narrow, wedge-shaped
segments. — Subaqueous leaves hair-like. — Fruit ovate with
broad ridges. — Ditches; 2-3 ft.; perennial. — June and July;
pinkish. — Acrid.

Toxic Principle.— (EN ANTUm.

Neu desunt epulis rosce
Neu vivax apium neu
Breve lilium.

Horace: " Lib. I. Ode, xxxvi."

(ENANTHE FLUVIATttlS (British). 75.

RIVER WATER DROPWORT.

Umbelliferce. — Stem leaves pinnate, tubular. — Root throw-
ing out runners. — Styles very long when in fruit. — Ditches;
perennial; 2-3 ft. — July and August; pinkish. — Acrid.

Toxic Principle. — (ENANTHIN, also contained in 0. fistu-
losa.

Do not chew the hemlock rank
Growing on the weedy hank ;
But the yellow cowslip eat.
That will make the butter sweet.

Jane Taylor: " The Cow.'''

44 POISONOUS PLANTS OF ALL COUNTRIES

1& ^t.

IRRITANT POISONS 45

CICUTA VIROSA {British). 76.

WATER HEMLOCK — COW BANE.

Umbelliferce. — Leaves biternate; with linear-lanceolate leaf-
lets.— Umbels opposite the leaves. — Ditches; perennial; 3-4 ft.
— August; white. — Local. {Fatalities.)

Toxic Principles.— OIL OF CICUTA, CICUTINE, also con-
tained in C. maculata.

And in the warm hedge grew lush

Green cow-bind and the moonlight-coloured may.

Shelley: " The Question.'"

iETHUSA CYNAPIUM {British). 77.

fool's parsley — ass's parsley — dog's parsley — LESSER
HEMLOCK — FALSE PARSLEY — FOOL's CICELY.

Umbelliferce. — Leaflets all wedge-shaped, with lanceolate
segments, dark glossy green. Leaves of involucels, long, point-
ing downwards. — A common weed; 6 ins. -2 ft.; annual. — July
and August; white. {Fatalities.)

2^oxic Principle.— CYNAPISE, also contained in A. fatua.

Where the cow-parsley skirts the hawthorn hedge.

RossETTi: " SUent Noon.^*

JUNIPERUS SABIN-aa {Cultivated in Britain). 78.

SAVIN.

Coniferce. — Evergreen shrub (under cultivation may become
a tree of 20 ft.) ; compact.— Branches numerous ; much divided.
—Leaves opposite, or in 3's ; closely packed; of 2 forms : (1) on
the elongated branches more distantly placed; triangular;
subulate; (2) on the smaller lateral branches; rhomboidal;
with a central gland. — Flowers small; dioecious; male catkins;
female cones.— Fruit berry-like; formed by enlargement and
coalescence of the scales; on dropping stalk; purple with

46 POISONOUS PLANTS OF ALL COUNTRIES

whitish bloom. — Seeds 1-3; ovoid. — May and June; greenish.
{Fatalities.)

Toxic Principle.— OIL OF SAVIN.

. . . lustful turpentine.
You that entice the veins and stir the heat
To civil rmitiny, scalding the seat
Our reason moves in, and deluding it
With dreams and wanton fancies, till the fit
Of burning lust be quench' d ;by appetite
Robbing the soul of blessedness and light.

Beaumont and Fletcher: " Clorin^s Song.''

TAXUS BACCATA {British). 79.

COMMON YEW — PALM.

Coniferce. — An evergreen tree. — Leaves linear; in 2 rows;
crowded. — Woods on chalk. — March and April; yellowish. —
Berries pink. {Fatalities.)

Toxic Principles. —TAXmE, OIL OF YEW, FORMIC ACID.

From the forced fissures of the naked rock
The yew-tree bursts.

Coleridge: " Brockley Coomb.''

EUPHORBIA RESmiFERA {Morocco). 79a.

EUPHORBIA GUM PLANT — DARKMOUS — DERGMUSE.

Euphorbiacece. — A leafless plant, resembling a cactus. —
Trunk short; stout. — Stem much branched; 4 ft. — Branches
curved; upright; fleshy; quadrangular, with blunt angles on
which are plates (scutella), each bearing 2 spines (altered
stipules). — Leaves represented by a small tubercle fused with
the plate. — Flowers monoecious ; in clusters of 3 ; coming off a
little above stipular spines. Fruit a small capsule; perennial;
pale yellow. — Juice yellow.

Toxic Principle.— EUFHOBBUa.

The Cactuses are all true American citizens by birth.

Grant Allen: N. American Review.

IRRITANT POISONS 47

EUPHORBIA PEPLIS (British). 80.

PURPLE SPURGE — HYSSOP SPURGE.

Euphorbiacece. — Stem procumbent, forked. — Leaves oblong,
semi-cordate at the base. — Plant glaucous. — Sandy shores.
2-6 ins. ; annual ; July ; reddish. Stem contains a milky juice.

Toxic Principle— EUTKOnBm.

I know a flower, it has purple leaves, and a star in its heart, and its juice is
as white as milk. — Wilde: " The Fisherman and his Soul.''

EUPHORBIA PILOSA (British). 81.

DOWNY SPURGE — HAIRY SPURGE.

Euphorbiacece. — Leaves ovate-lanceolate, hairy beneath. —
Bracts elliptical. — Umbel 5-cleft. — Capsules hairy. — Woods
near Bath (naturalized ?); 2 ft.; perennial; June; yellowish-
green; glands yellow. — Stem contains a milky juice.

Toxic Principle.— EU^HORBm.

Alas / the bitter banks in WiUowwood
With tear-spurge wan.

RossETTi: " Willowwood.'"

EUPHORBIA HELIOSCOPIA (British). 82.

SUN SPURGE — cat's MILK — CHURN STAFF — IRBY DALE GRASS.
LITTLE GOOD — LITTLE GOODY — WART GRASS — WART WORT.

Euphorbiacece. — Umbel 5-cleft. — Leaves bright green, obo-
vate, somewhat cuneate, serrated towards the end. — Capsules
smooth. — A common weed; 6-10 ins; annual; July and
August; yellowish green. — Stem contains a milky juice.

Toxic Principle.— EUTKOBBTN,

And in his hand a wreath of hdiochrise
He brought.

Baenes: " Madrigals.''*

48 POISONOUS PLANTS OF ALL COUNTRIES
EUPHORBIA PLATYPHYLLA {British). 83.

BKOAD-LEAVED WARTED SPURGE.

Euphorbiacece. — Leaves obovate-lanceolate. — Umbel usually
5-cleft. — Bracts cordate. — Capsules warted. — Fields; 1-2 ft.;
annual; June-October. — Glands yellow. — Stem contains a
milky juice.

Toxic Principle— EVTHORBm,

Wart on the finger^ s sure to linger ;
Wart on the thumb's soon gmie.

Country Saying.

EUPHORBIA HIBERNA (British). 84.

IRISH SPURGE — MAKINBOY — MAKIN-BWEE.

Euphorbiacece. — Leaves and bracts elliptical; hairy beneath.
— Umbel 5-6 cleft. — Capsules warted. — Thickets; 1-2 ft.;
perennial; May and June; green; Glands purple. — Stem
contains a milky juice.

Toxic Principle.— EUFUORBm.

Low down ivhere the thicket is thicker with thorns
Than with leaves in the summer.

Swinburne: " Hesperia.''^

EUPHORBIA PORTLANDICA (British). 85.

PORTLAND SPURGE.

Euphorbiacece. — Leaves very glaucous; obovate-lanceolate.
— Stems red. — Umbel 5-cleft. — Glands, of involucrum with 2
long horns. — Capsules rough at the angles. — Southern coast;
6 ins. -2 ft.; perennial; August-September; yellowish; Glands
deep orange. — Stem contains a milky juice.

Toxic Principle.— EWKORBm,

— Flowers that squander

Gold as golden as the gold of hives.

Swinburne: " In the Salt- Marshes'*

IRRITANT POISONS

49

50 POISONOUS PLANTS OF ALL COUNTRIES
EUPHORBIA PARALIAS {British). 86.

SEA SPURGE.

Euphorbiacece. — Leaves imbricated, glaucous ; lower obovate-
lanceolate; upper linear-lanceolate. — Umbel 5-cleft. — Cap-
sules wrinkled. — 1 ft.; perennial; August and September;
greenish; glands orange. — Stem contains a milky juice.

Toxic Principle.— EVPRORBm,

Like sea-marsh made thick with brine and mire.

Swinburne: " A Ballad of Burdens.'*''

EUPHORBIA PEPLUS {British). 87.

PETTY SPURGE — WART WEED.

Euphorbiacece. — Leaves broadly obovate, tapering to a
petiole. — Umbel 3-cleft. — A common weed; 4 ins.-l ft.;
annual; June-November; greenish, glands yellow. — Stem
contains a milky juice.

Toxic Principle.— EUFKOBBm,

Green-yellow bursts from the copse
The laughing yaffle.

Meredith: " Love in the Valley.'^

EUPHORBIA EXIGUA {British). 88.

DWARF SPURGE.

Euphorbiacece. — Leaves and bracts rather rigid; lanceolate;
acute. — Umbel 3-cleft. — Glands with 2 long horns. — Corn-
fields; 5-6 ins.; annual; July; greenish. — Stem contains a
milky juice.

Toxic Principle.— EUFRORBm.

Alas ! what rampant weeds now shame my fields.

Cowper: " On the Death of Damon.''*

IRRITANT POISONS 51

EUPHORBIA LATHYRIS {British). 89.

CAPER SPURGE — CAPER BUSH — MOLE PLANT — MYRTLE SPURGE
— EUPHORBIA OIL PLANT — WILD CAPER.

Euphorbiacece. — Leaves oblong-lanceolate, cordate at the
base, glaucous.— Bracts cordate.— Umbel 4-cleft.— Capsules
smooth.— Thickets; 1-2 ft.; biennial; July; greenish.— Stem
contains a milky juice.

Toxic Principles. —EVVKOIiBlN, OIL OF EUPHORBIA.

The single little turret that remains

On the plains

By the caper overrooted.

Browning: " Love among the Ruins."

EUPHORBIA AMYGDALOIDES {British). 90.

WOOD SPURGE.

Euphorbiacece. — Leaves broadly lanceolate, tapering at the
base, hairy beneath. — Bracts perfoliate. — Umbel 5 to 6-cleft,
with scattered peduncles below. — Capsules dotted. — Woods;
common; 2-4 ft; perennial; April- June; yellowish; glands
yellow. — Stem contains a milky juice.

Toxic Principle. — EUPHORBIN, also contained in E. myrti-
folia, E. cyparissias.

Out of the sun

The wood-spurge flowered,

Three cups in one.

RossETTi: " The Wood-Spurge.""

HIPPOMANE MANCHINELLA {Central America, West
Indies). 91.

MANCHINEAL TREE.

Euphorbiacece. — Terrestrial; tree; 50 ft. — (The only species
of this genus). — Fruit capsular; of 3 one-seeded cells; fleshy,
sweet smelling, yellowish-green. — Flowers small, incon-
spicuous, of separate sexes; May. — Leaves stalked, alternate,

52 POISONOUS PLANTS OF ALL COUNTRIES

shining green, egg-shaped or elliptical with edges cut into
saw-like teeth, having a single gland on upper side at junction
of stalk and leaf. — Milk, in all parts of plant, has vesicant
properties.

Toxic Principle.— OIL OF EUPHORBIA, also contained in
Excsecaria agallocha, Cameraria latifolia.

False and fair-fdiaged as the manchineal.

Coleridge: " To the Rev. George Coleridge."

BUXUS SEMPERVIRENS {British). 92.

COMMON BOX TREE.

EuphorbiaceoB. — An evergreen shrub. — Leaves oblong-ovate,
convex, shining. — Chalk hills, local, 3-15 ft. — April; yellowish.
— Stem contains a milky juice.

ToxicPrinciples.—BVXmE, BUXIDINE, OIL OF EUPHOR-
BIA, also contained in the varieties : — angustif olia, arborescens,
argentea, aurea, myrtifolia, pyramidata, rosmarinifolia,
rotundifolia, suffruticosa.

The holly hitherto did sway ;
Let box now domineere.

Herrick: " Candlemas-Eve."

JATROPA CURCAS.
JATROPA URENS {Ooromandel). 93.

PHYSIC NUT — SPURGE NETTLE.

Euphorbiacece. — Small tree ; 2-4 ft. — Bark light ash-coloured.
— Flowers in terminal panicles, or from exterior axils ; many
small, yellow-green, anthers 10; June-September. — Ovary
oblong, smooth. — Leaves scattered, stalked, cordate, 5-angled,
smooth, divisions cut or even pennatifid, often discoloured.

Toxic Principle.— AORID JUICE.

Sweetest nut has sourest rind. — Shakespeare: ''As you Like It."

IRRITANT POISONS 63

JATROPA MANIHOT {Tropics). 94.

TAPIOCA — CASSAVA — MANDIOC PLANT.

Euphorbiacece. — Herbaceous; perennial; 5-9 ft. — Root very
large, cylindrical, yellow, tapering, 3 ft.; filled with milky
juice. — Leaves triangular-linear, palmate. — Flowers on stalked
panicles, orange. — Fruit glabrous; rough with raised ridges.

Toxic Principle. — ^ACRID JUICE, also contained in J.
Gossypiifolia.

There was an old man of Tobago

Who ate tapioca and sago

Till much to his bliss his physician said this:

'''' To a leg, Sir, of mutton you may go.''^

Lear: " Book of Nonsense.''^

PARIS QUADRIFOLIA [British). 95.

HERB PARIS — FOUR-LEAVED GRASS — ONE BERRY — TRUE LOVE.

Euphorbiacece. — Leaves ovate, 4 in a whorl below the flower,
dark green. — Woods; perennial; 1 ft. — ^May and June; green;
berry black.

Toxic Prmc*:p^e.— PARISTYPHNIN.

And this reviving herb whose tender green
Fledges the river-lip on which we lean —

Omar Khayyam: " Eubyaat.''

MERCURIALIS PERENNIS (British). 96.

dog's mercury — HERB MERCURY — WILD SPINACH — KENTISH

BALSAM.

Euphorbiacece. — Stem simple. — Leaves rough. — Fertile
flowers on long stalks. — Woods and thickets; common; 1-2 ft.
— perennial. — April and May ; green.

Toxic Principles. —OIL OF EUPHORBIA, MERCURIALINE,
CHOLINE.

The weed that creeps
Along the humblest ground.

Wordsworth: " To May.'*

54 POISONOUS PLANTS OF ALL COUNTRIES

S /04

IRRITANT POISONS 55

CYSTISUS LABURNUM {Cultivated in Britain). 97.

COMMON LABURNUM — -BEAN TREFOIL — HE BROOM — FALSE
EBONY — GOLDEN RAIN — GOLDEN CHAIN.

LeguminoscB. — Tree; 30 ft. — Flowers in drooping racemes;
corolla papilionaceous; standard large, ovate. — Pedicels and
calyces clothed with adpressed pubescence. — Pod with upper
suture keeled. — Leaves petiolate, digitate, trifoliate; leaflets
ovate-lanceolate; pubescent beneath. — April-June; yellow.
(Fatalities.)

Toxic Principle. — CYSTISINE, also contained in C. hirsutus,
C. alpinus and others. Ulex europaeus, Saphora tomentosa,
S. speciosa, Baptisia tinctoria.

Laburnums dropping wells of fire. — Tennyson: " Ifi 3Iemoriam.''
ANDIRA ARAROBA {Bahia). 98.

GOA-POWDER TREE — ARAROBA-POWDER TREE — BAHIA-
POWDER TREE.

Leguminosce. — A tree; 50 ft. — Flowers yellow, in axillary
or terminal panicles. — Leaves alternate, unequally pinnate;
leaflets ovate-lanceolate, glabrous. — Pod drupaceous, greenish-
yellow, glabrous; pulp fleshy, enclosing a single hard nut.

ToxicPrinciples.—CHRYSAROBm, CHRYSOPHANIC ACID.

/ dreamed of a jungle flowered with hurning scents.
Moist with the tufts of musk and creeper glooms,
A jungle of the Indies drunk with blooms,
Where gold of fertile rottenness ferments.

Samain: " Visions.'"

Ill

SIMPLE IRRITANTS

Symptoms. — Burning pain in the throat and stomach;
thirst; nausea; vomiting; tenesmus; purging; dysuria;
dyspnoea and cough occasionally. Death through shock;
convulsions; exhaustion; or starvation due to injury to
throat or stomach.

56 POISONOUS PLANTS OF ALL COUNTRIES
RICHARDIA AFRICANA {Cultivated in Britain). 99.

WHITE ARUM — TRUMPET LILY — LILY OF THE NILE.

Aracece. — Herb; 2 ft. — Flowers enclosed in a white spathe;
monoecious; massed on an orange spadix. — Leaves radical^,
saggitate, borne on long petioles. — Spring and summer. —
Rhizome thick. — Greenhouse perennial.

Toxic Principle. — ^ACRID JUICE, also contained in R. macu-
lata, R. hastata.

Nor stay tiU on the last year's lily -stem

The white cup shrivels round the golden heart.

RossETTi: " Barren Spring.^'

ARUM MACULATUM {British). 100.

CUCKOO PENT — LORDS AND LADIES — WILD ARUM — WAKE
ROBIN — PORTLAND SAGO — PORTLAND STARCH ROOT —
LAMB-m-A-PULPIT — JACK-IN-A-PULPIT — LILY GRASS —
MANDRAKE — NIGHTINGALES — CALVES' FOOT — FRIAR's
COWL — BULLS AND COWS — BOBBING JOAN — BOBBINS — ■
BLOODY man's FINGER — AARON — ADAM AND EVE —
adder's meat — ARROW ROOT.

Aracece. — Leaves halberd-shaped, glossy, usually spotted.
— Spadix club-shaped. — Hedges, banks and thickets; 6-10 ins. ;
perennial ; May. — Spathe greenish ; spadix purple. {Fatalities. )

Toxic Principle. — ^ACRID JUICE, also contained in A. atro-
nibens, A. crinitum.

Fen-water and adder' s-meat

The ways are sair fra' the Till to the Tyne.

Swinburne: " The Sea-SwaUows."

ANTHURIUM FERRIERENSE {Cultivated inBritain). 101,

BANNER PLANT — FLAMINGO PLANT — TAIL PLANT.

Aracece. — Dwarf -growing evergreen; 1 ft. — Flowers on
peduncles which spring from among the base of the leaf-
stalks; spathe ovate-oblong, crimson; spadix whitish; June-
September. — Leaves oblong-lanceolate, 18 ins., leathery.

IRRITANT POISONS 57

Toxic Principle.— ACRID JUICE, also contained in A.
candidum, A. divaricatum, A. dracontium, A. dracunculus,
A. italicum, A. macrorihizon.

. . . writhen flakes of flame.

RossETTi: " Love's Fatality.'''

PHILODENDRON SIMSII {Cultivated in Britain). 102.

Aracem. — A shrub; stem stout; erect. — Flowers; spathe
crimson, inflated at base, expanding above into an oval hood
rather exceeding the spadix; nearly sessile; March. — Leaves
cordate-saggitate, 2 by IJ ft., with raised, purple veins
beneath; petioles rounded, IJ ft. long.

Toxic Principle.— ACRID JUICE.

A lily pale, with damask dye to grace her.

Shakespeare: " The Passionate Pilgrim.''

DAPHNE LAUREOLA {British). 103.

SPURGE LAUREL — COPSE LAUREL — WOOD LAUREL —
DV7ARF BAY.

Thymelacece. — A shrub. — Leaves broadly lanceolate. — Ever-
green.— Flowers in axillary racemes. — Woods; 2-8 ft.; March;
yellowish-green; berries black. {Fatalities.)

Toxic Principle.— MEZEREm,

Crown me, willing Melpomene,
With Delphic bay.

Horace: " Ode" xxx.

DAPHNE MEZEREUM {British). 104.

COMMON MEZEREON — MYSTERIOUS PLANT — SPURGE FLAX —
SPURGE OLIVE — DWARF BAY.

Thymelacece. — A shrub. — Leaves lanceolate, deciduous. —
Flowers sessile, usually 3 together. — Woods; 4-8 ft.; March;
pink. Berries scarlet.

Toxic Principle.— MEZEREIN,

Bring too some branches forth
Of Daphne's hair.

Johnson: " Shepherd's Song."

58 POISONOUS PLANTS OF ALL COUNTRIES
DAPHNE GNIDUM {South Europe). 105.

SPURGE FLAX — FLAX-LEAVED DAPHNE.

Thymelacece. — Bush; 2-5 ft. — Branches many; slender;
ascending. — Leaves alternate; numerous; persistent; crowded
at summit; linear; sessile. — Flowers arising from several ter-
minal panicles. — Fruit \ in.; ovoid; tapering; scarlet; July-
September; white.

Toxic Principle. — MEZEREIN, also contained in D. alpina.

Apdlo hunted Daphne so
Only that she might Laurel grow.

Marvell: " Thoughts in a Garden.''^

NARCISSUS MOSCHATUS {British). 106.

MUSK-SCENTED DAFFODIL.

Amaryllidacece. — Spathe single-flowered; nectary bell-
shaped; erect, with 6 crisped segments, equal to the perianth.
— Moist woods; 1 ft.; perennial; March; yellow.

Toxic Principle.— NARCISSJNE,

I know a wood which hides the daffodil.

Arnold: " Thyrsis.''

NARCISSUS POETICUS {British). 107.

poet's daffodil — WHITSUN LILY.

Amaryllidacece. — Spathe single-flowered; nectary very
short, depressed, crenated on the margin. — Heaths and pas-
tures; 1 ft.; perennial. — May; white; nectary edged with
crimson.

Toxic Principle.— THARCISSINE.

And here narcissus -root, for swellings best.

Beaumont and Fletcher: " Clorin's Song.''

IRRITANT POISONS

59

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60 POISONOUS PLANTS OF ALL COUNTRIES
NARCISSUS JOHNSTONII {Cultivated in Britain).

QUEEN OF SPAIN.

Amaryllidacece. — (Corbularia group). — Flowers yeUow; outer
segments much contracted; tube in centre composed of con-
fluent stamens.

Toxic Pri7iciple.—NARCISS'INE,

To ivhat strange end hath some strange god made fair
The double blossom of two fruitless flowers ?

Swinburne: " Herma'phroditusy

NARCISSUS PSEUDO-NARCISSUS {British).

AFFADIL — AVEREL — BELL ROSE — BUL ROSE — COMMON DOUBLE
DAFFODIL — CROW BELLS — CHALICE FLOWER — DAFFIDOWN-
DILLY — LENT LILY — LENT ROSE.

Amaryllidacece. — Herbaceous perennial. — Leaves sword-
shaped. — Flowers hermaphrodite ; composed entirely of petals;
white or yellow. — Fruit a 3-celled capsule. — March-April.

Toxic PrwcfjpZe.— NARCISSINE.

Daffodils that come before the swallow dares,
And take the winds of March with beauty.

Shakespeaee.

NARCISSUS POLYANTHUS.
NARCISSUS TAZETTA {Cultivated in Britain). 108.

POLYANTHUS NARCISSUS — FRENCH DAFFODIL.

Amaryllidacece. — Spathe many-flowered; nectary some-
what elongated. — I ft; perennial; May. — pale yellow, or white;
nectary yellow.

Toxic PrmcipZe.— NARCISSINE.

. . . in the spritig the narciss shows its head
Nor withers till the rose has flamed to red.

Wilde: '' Desespoir.''

IRRITANT POISONS 61

GALANTHUS NIVALIS (British). 109.

COMMON SNOWDROP — CANDLEMAS BELLS — BULBOUS VIOLET

FAIR MAIDS OF FEBRUARY — PURIFICATION FLOWER.

Amaryllidacece. — Flowers solitary, pendant. — Meadows and
thickets; 4-8 ins.; perennial. — February and March; white,
inner segments tipped with green.

Toxic Principle .— NARCISSINE.

The frail snowdrop

Born of the breath of Winter.

Barry Cornwall.

HYACINTHUS NONSCRDPTUS.
AGRAPHIS NUTANS (British). 110.

BLUE BELLS OF ENGLAND — WILD HYACINTH — BLUE BOTTLE —
CRAKE FEET — CROW BELLS — CROW LEEK — CULVERKEYS
— COMMON BLUE BELL — DOG's LEEK — HAIR BELL — -HARE
BELL.

Liliacece. — Flowers in drooping racemes. — Leaves linear,
flaccid. — Woods and thickets; abundant; 6-10 ins.; peren-
nial.— May and June ; blue, sometimes pink. — Bitter flavour.

Toxic Principle.— ACRID JUICE.

. . . faint half-whisperings
Steal from the bluebeirs nodding carillons
Each breezy morn.

Wilde: " Humanitad.''

HYACINTHUS ORIENTALIS (Cultivated in Britain).

ORIENTAL HYACINTH — (CZAR PETER — ANNA MARIA).

Liliacece. — Flowers in crowded racemes. — Leaves linear. —
6 ins.-l ft.; perennial; March and April; blue, white, yellow,
crimson, pink. — Bitter flavour.

Toxic Principle. — ^ACRID JUICE, also contained in H.
romanus.

The bee sucked in by the hyacinth.

Browning: " Woman and Eoses.^'

62 POISONOUS PLANTS OF ALL COUNTRIES
FRITILLARIA MELEAGRIS {British). IIL

snake's head — FRITILLARY — DROOPING TULIP — GUINEA-HEN
FLOWER — CHEQUERED DAFFODIL — CHEQUERED LILY.

LiliacecB. — Stem 1 -flowered. — Leaves linear-lanceolate. —
Moist meadows; 1 ft.; perennial. — April; pink.

Toxic Principle. — IMPERIALINE, also contained in F.
imperialis.

/ know what white.

What purple fritUlaries

The grassy harvest of the river-fields.

Above hy Ensham, down by

Sandford, yields.

Arnold: " Thyrsis.'^

CLEMATIS VITALBA {British). 112.

traveller's joy — BIND WITH — BITING CLEMATIS — HEDGE

VINE — lady's bower — MAIDEN's HONESTY — OLD MAN

OLD man's beard — SMOKE WOOD — VIRGIN's BOWER.

Ranunculacece. — A climbing plant, with pinnate leaves. —
Fruit feathered with long silvery plume. — Hedges, on chalky
soil; perennial; June and July; whitish.

Toxic Principle.— CLEMATINE,

. . . straggling traveller^ s-joy
Each hedge with yellow stars will bind.

Wilde: " Humanitad.''

CLEMATIS RUBRO-VIOLACEA {Cultivated in Britain). 113.

PURPLE CLEMATIS.

RanunculacecE. — Woody climber; 20 ft. — Leaves opposite;
do not sheath stem. — Flowers; petals none; carpels 1 -seeded;
July-October; sepals oblong-lanceolate; acute; membrana-
ceous; violet-coloured, with prominent midrib.

Toxic principle.— CLEMATINE.

The purple clematis upon the wall
Welcomes its Emperor to his Ancient Hall.

Anok.: " New Masters.^'

IRRITANT POISONS 63

CLEMATIS FLORIDA.
CLEMATIS HYBRIDES {Cultivated in Britain). 114.

LARGE-FLOWERED CLEMATIS — JACKMAN'S CLEMATIS.

Eanunculacece. — Hardy climber. — Flowers pale white, pink,
etc., spreading; sepals 6-8; lanceolate; peduncles 1 -flowered,
longer than the leaves; double or single; April-September. —
Leaves ternately decompound; leaflets ovate-acute, entire.

Many other varieties are also cultivated.

Toxic Principle.— CLEMATmE,

AtC my oan fine Jackmari's i' purple
A-rohin'' the ^ouse like a Queean.

Tennyson: " The Spinster's Sweet- Arts.''

ANEMONE NEMOROSA (British). 115.

WOOD ANEMONE — WOOD WIND FLOWER.

Eanunculacece. — Flowers solitary, with involucrum of 3
stalked, deeply-cut leaves. — Petals 6. — Woods and thickets;
6-8 ins.; perennial; April; white, purplish underneath.

Toxic Principles.— A^EMOlsim, OIL OF ANEMONE.

The coy anemone that ne'er uncloses

Her lips until they're blown on by the wind.

H. Smith.

ANEMONE APENNINA {British).

BLUE ANEMONE — APENNINE WIND FLOWER.

Eanunculacece. — Petals numerous. — Leaves triternate; in-
volucrum of 3 deeply-cut, ternate leaves. — Woods; a doubtful
native; 6 ins. ; perennial; April; blue.

Toxic Principles.— ANE-mOiam, OIL OF ANEMONE.

0 blood-begotten frail anemone.

J. Hicks: " Questions."

64 POISONOUS PLANTS OF ALL COUNTRIES

ANEMONE CORONARIA {Cultivated in Britain). 116.

POPPY ANEMONES — POPPY WIND FLOWER — COMMON GARDEN

ANEMONE.

Ranunculacece. — Flowers many, solitary, varying much in
colour; sepals 6, oval, approximate; April-May. — Leaves
sessile, ternate, segments multifid ; lobules linear, mucronated.

Toxic Principles.— ASEMOl^JN, OIL OF ANEMONE, also
contained in A. hortensis, A. Pulsatilla.

There grew pied wind-flowers.

Shelley: " The Question."

RANUNCULUS FLAMMULA {British). 117.

SMALL SPEAR WORT.

Ranunculacece. — Lower leaves ovate-lanceolate, serrated,
with long foot-stalks. — Stem reclining. — Ditches and wet
places; common; 1-2 ft.; perennial; June -September; yellow.

Toxic Principle.— ACBJD JUICE.

. . . cuckoo-huds of yellow hue
That paint the meadows with delight.

Shakespeaee: " Spring.''

RANUNCULUS AURICORMUS {British). 118.

WOOD CROWFOOT — GOLDILOCKS.

Ranunculacece. — Leaves 3-parted, with deeply-cut lobes. —
Stems erect, slender, many-flowered. — Petals with a pore at
the base. — Dry woods; 1 ft.; perennial; April-June; yellow.

Toxic Principle.— ACRID JUICE.

Therewith fantastic garlands did she make
Of crowflowers . . .

Shakespeare.

IRRITANT POISONS

65

//6 lA

/2/

;^'

66 POISONOUS PLANTS OF ALL COUNTRIES

RANUNCULUS FICARIA {British). 119.

LESSER CELANDINE — BUTTERCUP — CROWFOOT — MARSH PILE

WORT.

Banunculacece. — Leaves heart-shaped. — Flowers solitary,
with many petals. — Roots consisting of clustered tubers. —
Hedge-banks and shady places ; common ; 4-6 ins. ; perennial ;
March and April ; yellow.

Toxic Principles. —ACRID JUICE, ANEMONIN.

There's a flower that shall he mine,
^Tis the little celandine.

Wordsworth: " To the Small Celandine.'^

RANUNCULUS SCELERATUS (British). 120.

CELERY-LEAVED CROWFOOT.

Banunculacece. — Lower leaves palmate, with 3 slightly
lobed segments; shining; lower ones fingered in 3 lobes. —
Fruit forming a cylindrical head. — Watery places; common;
1-2 ft.; annual; June-September; yellow. {Fatalities.)

Toxic Principles.— ACRID JUICE, ANEMONIN.

The tufted crow-toe.

Milton: " Lycidas.''

RANUNCULUS ACRIS {British). 121.

BUTTERCUP — BUTTER DAISY — UPRIGHT MEADOW CROWFOOT
— BLISTER PLANT — CROW FLOWER.
MEADOW RANUNCULUS — YELLOW GOWAN.

Banunculacece. — Stem erect, hairy, round. — Calyx spread-
ing; petals with a small scale at the base. — Very common in
meadows and pastures; 1 ft.; perennial; June; yellow.

Toxic Principle.— ACRID JUICE.

All will be gay when noontide wakes anew
The buttercups, the little children's dower.

Browning: " Home-thoughts from Abroad.'*

IRRITANT POISONS 67

RANUNCULUS BULBOSUS {British). 122.

BUTTERCUP — BUTTER DAISY — BULBOUS CROWFOOT — CROW
FLOWER — ST. ANTHONY'S TURNIP.

Banunculacece. — Root bulbous. — Flower stalks furrowed,
hairy. — Calyx reflexed. — Pastures; common; 1 ft.; perennial;
May; yeUow.

Toxic Principle.— ACRID JUICE.

Buttercups that wUl he seen
Whether we will see or no.

Wordsworth: " To the Small Celandine.''

RANUNCULUS ASIATICUS {Cultivated in Britain). 123.

GARDEN RANUNCULUS — TURBAN RANUNCULUS.

Ranunculacece. — Leaves 3-parted, with deeply-cut lobes,
serrated. — Flowers solitary; nectary aborted; 1 ft.; June;
crimson, sometimes yellow.

Toxic Principle.— ACRID JUICE.

Frossis-foot men call it

For his levys are like the frossis fet.

Country Incantation.

P.ffiONIA OFFICINALIS {Cultivated in Britain). 124.

GARDEN P^ONY.

Ranunculacece. — Herb, shrubby. — Root large. — Leaves 3-
parted. — Flowers solitary, sometimes double; petals whorled
— 3 ft. ; perennial. — August ; white to crimson.

Toxic Principle.— ACRID JUICE.

. . . glut thy sorrow on a morning rose
Or on the wealth of globed pceonies.

Keats: " Ode to Mdanchdy."'

68 POISONOUS PLANTS OF ALL COUNTRIES
AQUILEGIA VULGARIS {British). 125.

COLUMBINE.

Ranunculacece. — Leaves 2-ternate, lobed. — Spur of petals
incurved. — Woods and pastures; 18 ins.; perennial; June;
purple or rose colour.

Toxic Principle.— ACRID JUICE.

The cdumbine in tawny often taken.
Is then ascribed to such as are forsaken.

Browne: " Britannia's Pastorals.'^

BRYONIA DIOICA {British). 126.

RED BERRIED BRYONY — COMMON WHITE BRYONY — WHITE
WILD VINE — WILD HOP — DEVIL'S TURNIP — GRAPE WORT —
MANDRAKE — MURRAIN BERRIES — TETTER BERRY.
ISLE OF WIGHT VINE.

Cucurbitacece. — Stems climbing. — Leaves palmate, rough;
dioecious. — Hedges; common; perennial; May; green; Berries
red. {Fatalities.)

Toxic Principle.— BRYONIN.

. . . glossy -berried mandragore.

Wilde: " Humanitad.^^

CUCUMIS COLOCYNTHIS {Central Europe). 127.

BITTER APPLE — COLOCYNTH.

Cucurbitacece. — Root woody; branched; yellow; crown
brown. — Stems prostrate; rough; branched. — Leaves alter-
nate; with lateral tendril; deeply cleft; undulated; on long
stalks.— Flowers unisexual; solitary; on long peduncles.—
Fruit globose; 3 J ins. ; smooth ; rarely longitudinally furrowed;
mottled; 1 -celled; pericarp hard, but thin; yellow.— Seeds
numerous; immersed in white pulp; J in.; compressed; brown.
— perennial. — pale yellow.

Toxic Principle.— COLOCYSTUm,

And one went out into the field to gather herbs, and found a wild vine, and
gathered thereof wild gourds. . . . They cried out, and said, . . . There is
death in the pot. And they could not eat thereof. — 2 Kings iv. 39-40.

IRRITANT POISONS

m\nM>

70 POISONOUS PLANTS OF ALL COUNTRIES
LIGUSTRUM VULGARE {British). 127a.

COMMON PRIVET — PRIM PRINT — PRIM.

Oleacece. — A shrub. — Leaves elliptic -lanceolate, nearly ever-
green.— Hedges and thickets; 4-8 ft.; June; white.

Toxic Principles.— LmVSTBJN, LIGUSTRON, SYRINGIN,
also contained in L. sinense.

Candidior folia nivei
Galatea, ligustri.

Ovid.

ASARUM EUROPIUM {British). 128.

ASARABACCA — CAHARET — HAZEL WORT — WILD NARD.

AristolochiacecB. — Stems creeping and rooting. — Leaves
kidney-shaped, in pairs. — Sepals recurved. — Mountain woods;
2-4 ins.; perennial; May; brown: brown juice.

Toxic Principles. — OIL OF BAY, ASARIN, also contained in
Pimenta acris, A. canadensis.

Nunc et Achcemenio
Perfundi nardi juvat.

Horace " Epode'' xiii.

SAPONARIA OFFICINALIS {British). 129.

COMMON SOAP WORT — SOAP WORT GENTIAN — HEDGE PINK —
BOUNCING BET — CROW SOAP — FULLER'S HERB.

Caryophyllacece. — Leaves ovate-lanceolate, opposite. — -
Calyx cylindrical; flowers often double. — Hedge-banks and
waste places; 2 ft. ; perennial; August; pink.

Toxic Principle. — SAPORUBIN, also contained in Sapindus
emarginatus, S. saponaria.

With the help of soapwort he foamed at the mouth.

Froude : " Cagliostro.'^

AGROSTEMMA GITHAGO {British). 130.

CORN COCKLE — BASTARD NIGELLA — WILD SAVAGER.

Caryophyllacece. — Flowers large; teeth of calyx projecting
beyond the corolla; petals very slightly cleft. — Plant covered

IRRITANT POISONS 71

with silky hairs. — Corn-fields; common; 2-3 ft.; annual; July;
purple.

Toxic Principle. — SMILACIN, also contained in Dianthus
plumarius, D. chinensis, D. caryophyllus, Anagallis arven-
sis, .ffisculus hipposcastinum, Quillaja saponaria, Gosophila
struthian.

Truly she doth as far excdl our women nowadays
As doth the gilly-flower a weed.
And more a thousand ways.

Hey wood: " A Praise of His Lady.''

ANACYCLUS PYRETHRUM {Levant). 131.
PELLiTORY — Alexander's foot — -Bertram — lung wort.

Compositce. — Stem procumbent, or ascending; branched;
numerous. — Root long; tapering; vertical. — Leaves alternate;
oval in outline; deeply bipennatisect ; segments again 3 -fid. —
Glaucous. — Heads terminal; disk-flowers bisexual; yellow;
ray-flowers female; in a single row; white, pink below. —
Fruit obovoid: smooth; forming a short, scarious pappus. —
perennial . — Apr il- June .

Toxic Principle. — INULIN.

June-lightning the strong insect-ridder
To stop the fresh spinning.

Browning: " Another Way of Love.''

ARNICA MONTANA (Mid. and South Europe). 132.

MEDICINAL leopard's- BANE — MOUNTAIN TOBACCO — MOUNTAIN

ALKANET.

Compositce. — Rhizome black; 2 ins. — Flowering-stem 9 ins.;
erect; cylindrical. — Leaves opposite; few; sessile; oblong-
ovate; entire. — Flower-heads solitary on summit of stem, or,
rarely, by lateral branches. — Fruit linear-oblong; striate.—
Glaucous. — perennial; June and July; yellow.

Toxic Principle. — ARNICIN, also contained in Dorinicum
pardalianches.

The marigold that goes to bed with the sun.
And with him rises weeping.

Shakespeare.

72 POISONOUS PLANTS OF ALL COUNTRIES
mPATIENS NOLI-ME-TANGERE (British). 133.

TOUCK-ME-NOT — COMMON YELLOW BALSAM.

Balsaminacece. — Spur loosely recurved. — Watery, shady
places ; local. — 1-2 ft. ; annual ; July and August ; bright yellow,
with orange spots.

Toxic Principle.— ACRID JUICE.

With lenient halm, my Oberon, hence
To fairy -land be driven.

Cowfer: " To Miss Macarteny.''

ERYSIMUM CHEIRANTHOIDES (British). 134.

TREACLE WORM SEED — TREACLE MUSTARD.

Fumariacece. — Leaves lanceolate. — Waste places and fields.
— 1-2 ft.; biennial. — May-November ; yellow.
Toxic Principle.— FJJMARINE.

Wherever coxdd thrust

Some burnt sprig of bold hardy rock-flower

Its yellow face up.

Browning: " Englishman in Italy.'' ^

CYNOGLOSSUM OFFICINALE (British). 135.

hound's tongue — COMMON DOG'S TONGUE — GIPSY FLOWER.

Boraginacece. — Leaves lanceolate, broad, downy, sessile .- —
Waste ground; common; 2 ft.; biennial; July; magenta.

Toxic Principles.— OIF OF HOUND'S TONGUE, CONSOLI-
DINE, CYNOGLOSSINE.

From my banks I pluck this flower
With hdy hand, whose virtuous pow'r
Is at once to heal and draw.

Beaumont and Fletcher: " Clorin's Song.'^

SYMPHORICARPOS RACEMOSUS (Cultivated inBritain). 136.

COMMON SNOW BERRY — ST. PETER'S WORT.

Caprifoliaceoe. — Hardy, deciduous shrub; 4-6 ft. — Flowers
in loose and somewhat leafy, interrupted, terminal spikes;
coroUa bearded inside; petals united; stigmas sessile. — July-

IRRITANT POISONS

73

/J 7

/38

/42

74 POISONOUS PLANTS OF ALL COUNTRIES

September; pink. — Drupes white, baccate, globose, fleshy,
4-seeded, persistent. — Leaves opposite, shortly petiolate,
ovate, entire, glaucous below.

Toxic Principle. — LOTURIDINE, also contained in S.
montana, S. occidentalis, S. microphyllus, S. vulgaris.

Chloris in the snow. — Herbert.
TAMUS COMMUNIS {British). 137.

BLACK BRYONY — ISLE OF WIGHT VINE — LADIES' SEAL — ■
MANDRAKE — MURRAIN BERRIES — OX BERRY.

Dioscoriacece. — A climbing plant, with heart-shaped, net-
veined, glossy leaves. — Thickets; perennial. — June; green;
Berries red.

Toxic Principle.— ACRID JUICE.

Green grapes of Proserpine
Where no leaf blooms or blushes
Save this whereout she crushes
For dead men deadly wine.

Swinburne: " The Garden of Proserpine.'"

EUONYMUS EUROPiEUS {British). 138.

COMMON SPINDLE TREE — SKEWER WOOD — DOG WOOD — CAT

WOOD — PIG WOOD — PRICK WOOD — LOUSE BERRY TREE.

ANANBEAM.

CelastracecB. — A bush. — Leaves opposite; flowers 4-parted.
— Hedges; common; May; greenish. — Capsules crimson, with
orange seeds. {Fatalities.)

Toxic Principle. — EUONYMIN, also contained in E. atropur-
pureus.

Flushing like the dogwood crimson in October.

Meredith: " Love in the Valley.''

RHAMNUS CATHARTICUS {British). 139.

COMMON BUCKTHORN — FRENCH BERRIES — RAIN BERRY — RHINE
BERRY — hart's THORN — RHINE THORN — WAY THORN.

Ehamnacece. — A bush, with spiny branches. — Flowers 4-
cleft, in dense clusters. — Thickets. — ^May ; green; Berries black.

IRRITANT POISONS 75

Toxic Principle. — FRANGULIN, also contained in R. fran-
gula (succulent), R. purshianus.

. . . These rhamnus branches are,
Which, stuck in entries, or about the bar
That holds the door fast, kill all enchantments, charms
( Were they Medea's verses) that do harms
To men or cattle. . . .

Beaumont and Fletcher: " Clorin' SomjV

GLAUCIUM LUTEUM {British). 140.

YELLOW HORNED POPPY — SEA POPPY.

Papaveracece. — Stem smooth. — Stem-leaves wavy. — Pods
very long, curved. — Plant glaucous. — Sea-coast; 1-3 ft.;
biennial. — June-August; bright yellow.

Toxic Principles.— OLAUCmE, CHELERYTHRINE.

Yes, I have brought, to help our vows.
Horned poppy.

Johnson: " Sang of the Hags.'^

CHELIDONIUM MAJUS (British). 141.

CELANDINE — COCK-FOOT — TETTER WORT.

Papaveracece. — Flowers in umbels. — Plant slightly hairy. —
Juice yellow, acrid. — ^Waste ground and thickets; 2 ft. ; peren-
nial.— ^May and June ; yellow.

Toxic Prmc^^^es.—CHELIDONINE, CHELERYTHRINE, also
contained in C. grandiflorum.

For leprosy, darnell and celandine.

Beaumont and Fletcher: " Clorin' s Song.''

SEDUM ACRE [British). 142.

COMMON STONE CROP — BITING STONE CROP — COUNTRY PEPPER
— CREEPING JACK — RUN AWAY JACK — GOLDEN MOSS — GOLD
DUST — WALL MOSS — WALL PEPPER — JACK OF THE BUTTERY.

Crassulacece. — Leaves close, alternate, fleshy, somewhat
ovate, spurred at the base; bright green. — Flowers in trifid
cymes.— Walls and rocks; common; 1-2 ins.; perennial;
June ; bright yellow.

Toxic Principle.— ACRID JUICE.

. . , the orpine patch
Blossoming earliest on the log-house thatch.

Browning: " Sorddlo.

76 POISONOUS PLANTS OF ALL COUNTRIES
SEDUM ALBUM (British).

WHITE STONE CROP — WORM GRASS.

Crassulacece. — Leaves scattered, cylindrical, fleshy. —
Flowers in many-branched panicles. — Rocks and walls;
2-4 ins. — perennial; July; white; anthers red.

Toxic Principle. — ^ACRID JUICE, also contained in S.
rhodola.

Foul standergrass, from me and mine
I banish thee.

Beaumont and Fletcher: " Clorin's Song.'*''

DIONCEA MUSCIPULA {Cultivated in Britain). 143.

FLY CATCHER — VENUS 'S FLY TRAP.

Droseracece. — Dwarf herbaceous perennial; 6 ins. — Flower
white, in terminal corymbs ; July and August. — Leaves radical
on long footstalks, which are dilated at the top into a 2-lobed
irritable limb, beset with one row of long hairs on the margin
folding together in the manner of the teeth of a trap. Move-
ment takes place on irritating the bristles at the centre of the
lobe.

Toxic Principle. — ^ACRID JUICE, also contained in species of
Pinguicula, Nepenthes, Sarracena.

A sensitive 'plant in a garden grew,
And the young winds fed it with tender dew :
And it opened its fan-like leaves to the light.
And dosed them beneath the kisses of night.

Shelley: " The Sensitive Plant.'"'

CROCUS SATIVUS {British). 144.

SAFFRON CROCUS — COMMON SAFFRON PLANT.

Iridacece. — Stigma hanging out of the flower in three deep
linear segments. — Meadows; 6-8 ins.; perennial; September-
November; purple. {Fatalities.)

Toxic Principle. — CROCIN, also contained in C. luteus and

others.

The boundless waving grass-plains stretch,
Thick-starred with saffron . . .

Arnold: " The Strayed Reveller.'"

IRRITANT POISONS

77

^5^^
mp^

78 POISONOUS PLANTS OF ALL COUNTRIES

IRIS PSEUDACORUS [British). 145.

YELLOW IRIS — YELLOW FLAG FLEUR DE LUCE — JACOB'S

SWORD — WATER FLAG.

Iridacece. — Inner segments of perianth smaller than the
petaloid stigmas, the outer very broad. — Seeds angular. —
Watery places; common; 3-4 ft.; perennial; June; yellow.

Toxic Principle.— IRIDIN.

Where the hold sword-lily cuts the dear waters.

Beowning: " Flight of the Duchess.''

IRIS FCETIDISSIMA [British). 146.

STINKING IRIS — STINKING GLADWIN — ROAST-BEEF PLANT —
GLADER — GLAD IN — BLUE SEGGIN.

Iridacece. — Inner segments of perianth spreading, outer nar-
row.— Seeds rounded; foetid. — Pastures and thickets; 1-2 ft.;
perennial; June-August; purple, sometimes yellow. — Seeds
orange.

Toxic Principle. — IRIDIN.

Before the sphinx the witched iris pales.

R. M. Bloch: " A Beethoven Sonata.''

(1) IRIS FLORENTINA.

(2) IRIS VARIEGATA. (3) IRIS AMCENA.

(4) IRIS NEGLECTA.

(5) IRIS RETICULATA. [Cultivated in Britain.)

(1) FLORENTINE IRIS — ORIS ROOT PLANT — ORRICE ROOT PLANT.
(2) VARIEGATED IRIS. (3) DELICATELY TINTED IRIS.

(4) GERMAN FLAG IRIS BROAD-LEAVED FLAG IRIS.

(5) EARLY BULBOUS IRIS.

(1) Iridacece. — Rhizome cylindrical; 12 ins.; rarely
branched; ringed. — Leaves sword-shaped; equitantly sheath-
ing below. — Flowering-stem much exceeding leaves ; branched ;
flowers solitary; terminal. — Fruit a capsule; 1 in.; 3-celled;
faintly triangular. — perennial. — May; white.

Toxic Principle.— JRIDIN.

IRRITANT POISONS 79

(2, 3, 4) Iridacece. — Flowering-stem obovate-unguiculate,
erect, clustered, 4-5 flowered, glaucous, forked, 3 ft.; May;
perennial. — Leaves tufted, few, sword-shaped, glaucous.

Toxic Principle.— IRIDIN.

(5) Iridacece. — Flowers variously coloured ; February-March.
— Leaves generally 2 to a tuft, as high as flower at flowering-
time, afterwards growing to 1 ft. or more.

Toxic Principle. — IRIDIN, also contained in I. tuberosa and
others. Viola canina odorata, V. palmensis, V. sylvatica,
V. tricolor.

. . . the nests
And nooks retain their long-ranged vesture-chests
Empty and smelling of the Iris-root.

Browning: " Sordello.''

POLYGALA SENEGA {North America). 147.

SENECA SNAKE ROOT.

Polygalacece. — Leaves alternate, sessile, lanceolate. — Stems
numerous, slender, erect. — Flowers crowded in a terminal
spike ; petals 3. — Seeds 2. — 6-12 ins. ; perennial ; May and June ;
pink.

Toxic Principle. — POLYGALIN, also contained in P. amara.

. . . grass out of a watery rock,
And their long tangles in each other lock.

Shelley: " The Medusa.''

RHEUM PALMATUM {Cultivated in Britain). 148.

TURKEY RHUBARB — MEDICINAL RHUBARB — PALMATE-LEAVED
RHUBARB — SHARA-MOTO — DJUNTSA.

PolygonacecB. — Root with a vertical axis 1 ft. long, and
equally thick; many slender rootlets 2 ft long. — Flowering-
stem 7-10 ft.; cylindrical; hollow; striate; red. — Leaves at
root on petioles 2 ft. long; 5-lobed; deeply and unequally
serrate; stem-leaves becoming smaller. — Flowers numerous;
on spreading pedicels ; 2-3 together on branchlets of panicle,

80 POISONOUS PLANTS OF ALL COUNTRIES

which come off in tufts at each joint. — Fruit triangular in
section; winged. — perennial; June; white.

ToxicPrinciples.—'RKEOl!ilLlCACID, CHRYSAROBIN, also
contained in R. compactum, R. undulatum, R. australe.

. . . with your rhubarb words you must contend
To grieve me worse . . .

Sydney: " Sonnets to Stella.'"

PLUMBAGO CAPENSIS {Cultivated in Britain). 149.

CAPE LEAD WORT.

Plumbaginacece. — Shrub, half-hardy climber; 2 ft. — Stem
angularly striate, glaucous. — Flowers in terminal, short,
approximating spikes; corolla-tube thrice as long as calyx. —
Summer-autumn; pale blue. Leaves oblong-obtuse, entire,
mucronulate. — Fruit dry, unilocular, 1 -seeded.

Toxic Principles.—VUmB AGIN, OIL OF PLUMBAGO, also
contained in P. europsea, P. coccinea, P. larpentse, P. rosea,
P. scandens.

Where bright plumbago-blossoms curling high
Strive to repeat the odour of the sky.

Anon.: " The Greenhouse."

DIPTERYX ODORATA {Guiana and Cayenne). 150.

TONQUIN BEAN — TONGA BEAN.

Leguminosce. — A hard-wooded tree; 60-80 ft. — Leaves alter-
nate; simple-winged. — Fruit-pods almond-shaped, each con-
taining a fragrant, black seed. — Flowers on a spike; papiliona-
ceous; pale purple.

Toxic Principle.— COVMARIN, also contained in Angraecum
fragrans, Anthoxanthum odoratum, Asperula odorata, Melilotus
(species), Eupatorium (species).

Sweet-smelling of pine-leaves and grasses.
And blown as a tree through and through
With the winds of the keen mountain-passes.
And tender as sun-smitten dew.

Savinbttrne: " To Walt Whitman in America.""

IRRITANT POISONS 81

RHUS TOXICODENDRON {N. America). 151.

POISON IVY — TRAILING POISON OAK.

Anacardiacece. — A shrub; climbing by rootlets over rocks,
etc., or ascending trees. — Flowers greenish-yellow, in loose,
slender, axillary panicles; June. — Leaves alternate, simple;
leaflets 3; rhombic, ovate, mostly pointed, rather downy
beneath, variously notched, sinuated, or cut-lobed. — Stem
contains a milky juice.

Toxic Principle.— TOXICODENDROL.

Arteris atque hedera procera adstringetur Hex.

Horace: " Epode" xv.

RHUS VENENATA.
RHUS VERNIX {N. America). 152.

POISON ELDER — POISON ASH — POISON SUMACH — SWAMP
SUMACH — DOG WOOD.

Anacardiacece. — A hardy, deciduous tree. 6-18 ft. — Flowers
green, small, polygamous, in loose and slender, axillary and
bractate, terminal panicles. Calyx 4-6 parted, persistent;
petals 4-6, much spreading, imbricated; stamens 4-10; July.
— Fruit in small, dry, compressed drupes. — Leaves alternate,
simple; leaflets obovate-oblong, entire, rather glabrous than
pubescent, reticulately veined below, veins above red-purple,
becoming red on decay. — Stem contains a milky juice.

Toxic Principle.— TOXICODENDROL, also contained in
R. arborea, R. caustica, R. diversilobaj R. metopium, R. radi-
cans, R. coriaria.

As knops that stud some cUmug to the pith
Pricked for gxLm.

Browning: " SordeUo.''

82 POISONOUS PLANTS OF ALL COUNTRIES

? I

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-2?

SPECIFIC lEEITANTS

I
MICRO FUNGI

Bl ASTOM YCETES . — PalmellacecB.

* 1. Oidium albicans . . . . thrush.

* „ dermatitidis . . . A

* „ tropicalis . . . . h oidiomycosis.

* ,, para-tropicalis . . J

Hyphomycetes. — Erysiphece.

* Erysiphe Tuckeri . . . . vine mildew.

* Monilia psilosis sprue.

* Sporothrix Schenkii . . . . sporothricosis.

* Streptothrix actinomycetes • • Jactinomycosis.

* 2. ,, asteroides . . j

* „ madurae . . . . mycetoma.

* Hemispora stellata . . . . hemisporosis.

* Macrosporium tomato . . . . tomato blight.

* Pityrosporium cantliei . . tropical seborrhoea.

* Fusisporium lolii . . . . darnel-grass fungus.

* „ solani . . . . [potato blight.

* „ roseolum. . . . J

Tinece.

* Megalasporon endothrix . . 1

* „ ectothrix . . Vringworm.

* 3. Microsporon Audouini (in hair);

* 4^ ^^ furfur . . . . pityriasis versicolor.

* „ minutissimum . . erythrasma.

* 5. Achorion Schonbeinii . . . . favus.

* 6. Trichophyton Mansoni . . takelan ringworm.

* Epidermophyton cruris . . ) j^hqbi itch.

* „ rubrum . . )

* „ inguinale . . hongkong foot.

* Endodermophyton concentri- \

* cum [tinea imbricata.

* .. indicum J

83

84 POISONOUS PLANTS OF ALL COUNTRIES

Hyphomycetes. — PerisporiacecB.

* 7. Pencilium glaucum

* 8. Aspergillus fumigatus

* ,, barbae

* ,, flavus

* „ niger

• |pellagra(?).

. SYCOSIS.

• - AURAL MYCOSIS.

Phycomycetes. — Mucorinece.

* 9. Mucor mucedo aural mycosis.

Pyrenomycetes. — HypocracecB.

* 10. Claviceps purpurea . . . . ergotism.

Toxic Principles.

ERGOTOXINE.

SPHACALINIC ACID.

Puccinia grammis
coronata

C ARPOM YCETES . — UrcdinecB .
• mildew.

Ustilago carbo . .
,, maydis
,, destruens

Tilletia caries . .

Ustilagince.

.. ..]

SMUT.

BUNT.

Toxic Principle.
GITHAGIN.

OoMYCETES. — PeronosporecB.

* Phytophthora infestans

* Exoascus pruni

POTATO BLIGHT.
PLUM DISEASE.

SPECIFIC IRRITANTS

85

II

BACTERIA

Non-Neticleated Organisms, parasitic to Man. — From -(^ inch.

They produce certain changes in the Nidus by absorbing

water or excreting pigments, etc.— Reproduction, hourly,
by elongation and fission or spore-production.— Colonies
recognisable to the naked eye as to size, shape, and colour
when cultivated on a suitable medium.

ScHizoMYCETES. — CoccacecB.

Micrococcus solaniferum
„ thecalis . .

11. „ tetragenes

12. ,, Meletensis
,, zymogenes

, neof ormans

13. Dipiococcus lanceolatus

14. ,, gonorrhoeae

15. „ catarrhalis

16. „ meningitidis

17. Streptococcus pyogenes --

18. Staphylococcus pyogenes aureus septicemia.

albuS PYEMIA.

GREEN POTATO -POISON.
LANDRY'S PARALYSIS.
ENTERITIS.
MALTA FEVER.
MALIGNANT ENDOCARDITIS.

CANCER (associated with),

PLEUROPNEUMONIA.

GONORRHCEA.

CATARRH.

CEREBRO-SPINAL

MENINGITIS.
ERYSIPELAS.

Bacillacece.

* 19. Bacillus anthracis

* ,, botulinus

acnes . .

* 20.

,9

diphtheralis

•J

lactomorbi

* 21.

5>

leprae

»>

strepticus

* 22.

^

tetani . .

* 23.

tuberculosis

,,

Frischii

24.

>>

coli

>>

dysenteriae

25.

influenzae

26.

,,

mallei . .

ANTHRAX.

ptomaine-poison

(botulism),
acne vulgaris,
diphtheria,
milk sickness.

LEPROSY.

ULCUS MOLLIS.

TETANUS.

TUBERCULOSIS.

RHINOSCLEROMA.

ENTERITIS.

BACILLARY DYSENTERY.

INFLUENZA.

GLANDERS.

86 POISONOUS PLANTS OF ALL COUNTRIES

27. Bacillus cBdematus maligni

28. ,
29.

, pertussis
, pestis

30.
3L

pneumoniae
, proteus

32.
33. ,

, pyocyaneus
, typhosus
, typhi . .

EMPHYSEMATOUS

GRENE.
WHOOPING COUGH.
PLAGUE.

LOBAR-PNEUMONIA.
PTOMAINE -POISON.
PEMPHIGUS.
TYPHOID FEVER.
TYPHUS FEVER.

GAN-

* Those marked with an asterisk (*) will stain with a solution of iodine
-f- certain analine dyes. (" Gram-positive.")

APPENDIX

PLANTS REPUTED POISONOUS

Agaricus

Abrus precatoribus
Acnistus arborescens

{Defiiershii
Schimperi
venenata

Acorns calamis

Adamstonia digitata
Aesculus hipposcasta-
nernn

^seruginosus
dryophilus
excelsa
sprita
verna
Vvirosa
Agave f cBtida
Aglaonema conunutata

Alstonia scholaris

Amianthium muscoe-

toxicum
Amyris toxifera

Anacardium [l^^^f^] cashkw-k^

Anagalis arvensis
Anagyris foetida

Anchusa officinalis

Andira anthelmintica

Anhalonium|L^^^|^;^^.. }mescal

87

CORAL-BEAD PLANT
DEADLY DWALE

HOTTENTOT-POISON
BUSH

SWEET FLAG

BAOBAB TREE
HORSE -CHESTNUT

FUNGI

FOETID ALOE
PHILIPPINE POISON
DART

DITA-BARK TREE
AMERICAN FLY-POISON

Toxic Principles.
JEQUIRITOL.

I OUABAIN.

f CALAMINE.
\ ACORIN.

ADAMSTONINE.

iESCULIN.

f ALSTONINE.
\ PORPHYRINE.

JANCA TREE

SCARLET PIMPERNEL
STINKING-WOOD

ALKANET

CABBAGE TREE

CARDOL.
CYCLAMIN.

f CONSOLIDINE.
\ CYNOGLOSSINE.

ANDIRIN.
( MESCALINE.
- PELLOTINE.
[ LOPHORINE.

88 POISONOUS PLANTS OF ALL COUNTRIES

Anthemis cotula
Apocynum androsoemi-

folium
Apocynum cannabinum

Areca catechu
Arictus hypogrea
Aristolochia grandiflora
Arum dranunculus
Arum Italicum
Asclepiadacum {species)
Asperugo procumbens
Asperula {species)

Aspidium filix mas
Astrantia m^ajor
Azalea pontica

DOG S CHAMOMILE
AMERICAN FLY-TRAP

AMERICAN HEMP

BETEL -NUT PAI.M

PELICAN
DRAGON
ITALIAN

FLOWER

ARUM

ARUM

GERMAN MAD -WORT

MALE FERN

BLACK MASTER -WORT

YELLOW AZALEA

Toxic Principles.

PRUSSIC ACID.
APOCYNIN.

APOCYNA-

[MARIN.
ARECOLINE.
ARICTINE.
ARISTOLOCTIN.

ASCLEPIADIN.

LAUROTETA-

NINE.
FILICIC ACID.

Ball Ota nigra
Bassia longifolia
Berberis

STINKING HOREHOUND
ILPA OIL PLANT

■g . fangustifolia 1 west-indian poison -

urena "[succulenta f berry

Blepharis Capensis
Boldoa fragrans
Boletus felleus
Brugmansia
Buphane toxicaria

boldo tree

fungus

cape poison-bulb

BERBERINE.

BOLDIN.

BUPHANINE.

Calotropis | gig^^tea

^ ( procera
Calycanthus glaucus
Capparis cynophallo-

phora
Carica Papaya
Cassia occidentalis
Cerbera Ahonai
Cestrum aurantiacum

Chserophyllum temulen-

tum
Chailettia toxicaria
Cheiranthus Cheiri
Chenopodium vulvaria
Chiacocca racemosa
Chianonthus virginica
Chloroxylon Swietenia

mudar plant

carolina allspice
bottle-cod root

papaw tree
stinking -wood
serpent's bane
night - blooming

JASMINE
COW PARSLEY

AFRICAN rat's -BANE
WALLFLOWER
STINKING GOOSE-FOOT
CHIANCA ROOT

SATIN WOOD

CARPAINE.

CHIANCIN.

CHLORO-

[XYLONINE.

PLANTS REPUTED POISONOUS

89

Chrysophillum glycy- monesa-bark tree

phoelum
Circoea Lutetiana

Toxic Principles,
MONESIN.

ENCHANTER S NIGHT-
SHADE
FCETID BUG-BANE
LATTICE STINKHORN

Cirmicifuga foetida
Clathrus cancellatus

{asper illudens
porrens
sulphureus
Convolvulus sepium
Coprinarius papilonia-

ceus
Coprinus picaceus
Coriaria ruscifolia

Coriaria thymif olia

Cornus sanguinea

Coronilla scorpioides

Coronilla varia

Corynocarpus laevigata

Crataegus oxyacanthes

Crepis foetida

Cuscuta epithymuin

Cuscuta Europoea

Cyclamen Eui'opaeum

Cynornoreum coccinseum scarlet mushroom

OF MALTA

Cyprepedium pubescens large yellow

lady's -slipper
Cytinus broom fungus

bell-bind

MAGPIE MUSHROOM
NEW-ZEALAND TOOT-
PLANT
NEW-ZEALAND INK-
PLANT
SKEWER-WOOD
SCORPION SENNA
ROSY-CROWN VETCH
KURAKA TREE
MAY TREE

FCETID HAWKSBEARD
SMALL DODDER
GREAT DODDER
COMMON CYCLA3VIEN

Daphne tartonraria
Derris uliginosa
Dioscorea villosa
Drosera rotundifolia
Dysodia chrysanthem-
oides

Echium vulgar e

Epipremnum mirabile
Equisteum arvense
Erigeron canadensis
Eryrugo maritima
Eupatorium (species)

{arborea ^

Drummondi Y
officinarum J

HERB TERRIBLE

COLIC-ROOT YAM

SUNDEW

FCETID MARIGOLD

TUTIN.
CORIAMYRTIN.

CORONILLINE.
KURAKIN.

CUSCUTIN.
CYCLAMIN.

DIOSCORINE.

viper's bugloss

fCONSOLIDINE.
tCYNOGLOSSINE.

TONGA PLANT

FALSE HORSE-TAIL EQUISTEIC

CANADIAN FLEA-BANE [ACID.

DRUMINE.

90 POISONOUS PLANTS OF ALL COUNTRIES

Toxic Principles.

Euphorbia pilulifera

Euphorbia punica

Euryale ferox
Exoascus pruni

AUSTRALIAN SNAKE-
WEED

SCARLET - FLOWERED
SPURGE

PLUai DISEASE

Fagus sylvatica

Galega frutescens
Galipea cusparia
Garcia nutans

'bilobum
callis-

TIPSY-WOOD

Gastrolobium

CUSPERINE.

tachys
calycinum
obovatum
vspinosum

Gaulteria procumbens

Genista tinctoria

GeofEroya inermis

Gleditschia ferox

Gleditschia triacantha

Gonioma Kamassi
Guiacum officinale
Gymnocladus dioica

Gyrometra esculenta

AUSTRALIAN CATTLE-
POISON PLANTS

WINTERGREEN
dyer's GREENWOOD

HONEY-LOCUST THORN
COMMON HONEY-
LOCUST
AFRICAN BOXWOOD
LIGNUM VIT^
FALSE COFFEE-BEAN

OIL OF WINTER.
[GREEN.

GLEDITIS-

CfflNE,

GUIACUM.
GYMNOCLA-

[DINE.

SAPOTOXINE.

Hedeoma Pulegioides

Hedera helix
Heliotropum Europseum
Helleborus atrorubens
Helleborus officinalis

Helvella esculenta
Hura crepitans

Hyssnanche globosa
Hydnocarpus piscidia
Hydnora Africana
Hydrastis canadensis
Hydrocotyle vulgaris

AMERICAN PENNY-
ROYAL

IVY

HELIOTROPE

RED CHRISTMAS -ROSE

HELLEBORE OF THE
ANCIENTS

FUNGUS

monkey's dinner-
bell
hy^na-poison
ceylon fish-poison

golden seal
sheep's-bane

OIL OF PENNY-
ROYAL.
HEDERIN.
HELIOTRO-

[PINE.

HELVELLIC

[ACID.

HY-ffiNANCHIN.

HYDRASTINE.
VELLARIN.

PLANTS REPUTED POISONOUS

91

Hygrophorus coniciis

Hypochseris radicata
Hyssopus officinalis

Ileodictyon cibarium

Ilex vomitoria

lUicium/^^^^!^^^^"^
(^religiosum

Jatropa stimulans
Juniperus virginica

Kalmia angustifolia
Kalmia latifolia
Kibara macrophylla

Toxic Principles.

VISCID -WHITE MUSH-
ROOM

cat's ear
common hyssop

thund er - dirt

FUNGUS
EMETIC -HOLL"X

-POISON-BAY

STINGING BUSH
RED CEDAR

SHEEP-POISON LAUREL
CALICO BUSH
BLACK-INK BERRY

OIL OF CEDAR.

Lactarius-

aurantiacus

blennus

helvus

nectatus

thyogalus

virtus

Lactuca virosa

rbalanophora

T J £! I nelosis

Langsdorfia^^j^^p^l^,

V. cnemis
Lathraea orobanche
Lathrsea squamosa
Lathyrus cicera
Lathyrus hirsutus
Lathyrus sativus
Laureola Novae Zea- pukatea

landse
Ledum palustris
Leontice thalictroides
Lepidium piscidium

MILK-BEARING FUNGI

WILD LETTUCE

BROOM RAPE
TOOTH-WORT
FLAT-PODDED VETCH
ROUGH-PEA
CHICK-PEA

LACTUCIN.

PUKATEINE.

MARSH CYSTUS

SOUTH - SEA - ISLAND
FISH-POISON

Limaciumj ^

carnosus
chrysodon
Lolium temulentum

Lonicera pericyclseme-

num
Lonicera xylosteum
Loranthus Europaeus

BEARDED DARNEL-/ TEMULINE.

GRASS \ LOLUNE.

COMMON HONEY-
SUCKLE
FLY HONEYSUCKLE XYLOGLO-

CONTINENTAL [STEIN.

MISTLETOE

92 POISONOUS PLANTS OF ALL COUNTRIES

Lotus Australis

Lupinus densiflorus

Lupinus luteus
Lycopodiiim selago

Malphigia urens
Marasmius iirens
Margeria anthelmintica

Megarrhiza Californica

Melaleuca cajeputi
Melampyrum arvense
Melianthus cornosus
Menianthis trifoliata
Mentha pulegiiun
Monotropa iiniflora
Morchella esculenla
T.;r f aliaceus

^y^^^^X alcalinus
Myristica fragrans

Nandina domestica
Narthecium ossifragum
Nepeta calaria
Nepeta glechoma
Nerium odoratum

Ocyonura viride
Ornithogalum thyrsoides
Orobanche minor
Oxytropis foetida

Pachyrizus angulatus
Psederia foetida
Pannus stypticus
Passiflora foetida
Paullinia pinnata
Pavia glabra
Pedicularis palustris
Peganum harmala
Periploca grseca
Philadelphus coronarius

Phoradendron flavescens
Phyllanthus conami

AUSTRALIAN SHEEP S-

POISON
CALIFORNIAN SHEEP'S-

POISON
YELLOW LUPINE
FIB CLUB -MOSS

COW-ITCH CHERRY

Toxic Principles.

LUPINOTOXIN.
PILIGANINE.

MEGARRHIZIN

r MEGARRHIZIN.
\ MEGARRHIZA-

CAJEPUT TREE
COW-WHEAT

[TIN.
RHINANTHIN.

CAPE HONEY-FLOWEB
BOG BEAN

MENIANTHIN.

PENNYROYAL

ICE -PLANT

MOREL FUNGUS

[fungi

NUTMEG

MYRISTICIN.

BOG ASPHODEL

NANDININE.
NARTHECIN.

CAT MINT
GROUND IVY

SWEET - scented/ NERIODORIN.
OLEANDER I NERIODOREIN.

FEVER PLANT

BROOM RAPE
FCETID OXYTROPE

ERYTHRINE.

WILD WATER-LEMON

LOUSEWORT
SYRIAN RUE
CLIMBING DOG'S-BANE
LARGE - FLOWERED

SYRINGA
AMERICAN MISTLETOE
BRAZILIAN TIPSY-

WOOD

TIMBONINE.

HARMALINE.
PERIPLOCIN.

PHYLLANTHIN.

PLANTS REPUTED POISONOUS

03

Physalis Alkekengi
Phytolacca decandra
Phytophthora infestans
Piper ovatum

Pithecolobium bigemi-

num
Polygonum hydro -piper
Prenos glaber
Ptychotis Ajowan
Punica granatum
Pyrus sorbus

WINTER CHERRY
VIRGINIAN POKE
POTATO DISEASE

WATER PEPPER
INK WINTER -BERRY
J A VANE E PLANT
POMEGRANATE -TREE
COMMON SERVICE-

TREE

Toxic Principles.

PHYTOLACCINE.

PIPERO-

VATINE.
PITHECOLO-

BINE.

PELLITARINE.

Rafflesia
Randia aculeata

Rhinanthus crista -gall i
Rhizophora Mangele

Rhododendron
species)

(many

Rhoemeria hybrida
Ribes depalens
Ribes inebrians

Ribes prostratum
Robinia pseud-acacia
foetidus
furcatus
Russula-| nitidus
ruber
sanguinea

WEST-INDIAN INK-
BERRY
YELLOW RATTLE
MANGROVE -TREE

RHINANTHIN.

C ARBUTIN.
J ANDROMEDO-
1 TOXIN.

I ERECOLIN.

VIOLET HORN -POPPY

INTOXICATING BLACK-
CURRANT
FCETID CURRANT
WHITE LOCUST-TREE

^FUNGI

ROBIN

Sambucus ebulis
Sambuciis nigra
Sanguinaria canadensis
Sapindus emarginatus
Scabiosa succisa
Scleroderma vulgare

Scrophularia aquatica
Scrophularia nodosa
Sebastiana lucida

Senechis latifolius

DWARF ELDER

COMMON ELDER

RED PUCCOON

SOAP-BERRY

BLUE SCABIOUS

DARK PUFF-BALL-

FUNGUS

WATER FIG-WORT

GREAT FIG-WORT

WEST-INDIAN POISON-
WOOD

GROUNDSEL

SANGUINARINE.

SCROPHULA-

[RINE.

SENECHI-

FOLINE.

94 POISONOUS PLANTS OF ALL COUNTRIES

Sequora gigantea

Serjana lethalis

Simaruba amara
Solanum grandiflorum

Solanum hirsutum

Solanum lycopersicum
Solanum melongera
Solanum sodomeum

Stillingia sylvatica

Stropanthus gratus
Swaysona Greyana

Symphlocarpus foetidus

Tanecetum vulgare
Tephorosia toxicaria

Terminalia chebula
Thalictrum foetidimi
Thapsia foetida
Thelephora palmata
Thesium humifusum

Thevetia neritolia

Thuja occidentalis

Torreya grandis
Torreya taxifolia
Toxicocephoela specta-

bilis
Toxicocephoela Thun-

bergii
Tragopogon pratense

Tricholomaj '^?*"f"t
( virgatus

Trichosanthes coulbrina

Urechites suberecta

Valeriana officinalis
Verbascum Thapsus
Verbena officinalis

CAIilFORNIAN BIG-

TREE

BRAZILIAN FISH-
POISON

BITTER DAMSOE

BELL -FLOWERED
NIGHTSHADE

HAIRY NIGHT-
SHADE

TOMATO

EGG-PLANT

BLACK-SPINED NIGHT-
SHADE

queen's ROOT

STROPANTHUS
AUSTRALIAN POISON-
PEA
SKUNK CABBAGE

TANSY

NIGERIAN INDIGO-

PLANT
NEGROE's OLIVE-TREE
FCETID MEADOW-RUE
DEADLY CARROT

BASTARD TOADFLAX

EXILE OIL-PLANT

AMERICAN ARBOR-

VIT^
STINKING YEW
STINKING CEDAR
WINTER-SWEET

HOTTENTOT ORDEAL-
TREE
goat's -BEARD

I FUNGI
SERPENT -GOURD

ALL-HEAL
GREAT MULLEIN
VERVAIN

Toxic Principles.

GRANDI-

FLORINE.

STILLINGINE.

APOCYNIN.

ECHUJIN.

OIL OF TANSY.

f THEVETIN.
\ THEVETOXIN.

URECHITOXIN.

OIL OF

[VALERIAN.

PLANTS REPUTED POISONOUS

95

Veronica elliptica
Viburnum opulus
Viburnum prxinifolium

Vicia faba

Vinca (major and minor

17. ., . f officinale \

Vincitoxicum'l . ^^^ jtame-poison

SPEEDWELL
GUELDER-ROSE
AMERICAN BLACK

HAW
STRAIGHT-BEAN
PERIWINKLE

Viscum album

MISTLETOE

Toxic Principles.

VIBURNIN.

GUIPSINE.

Walsuria piscida
Wisteria Sinensis

EAST-INDIAN FISH-

POISON
CHINESE WISTARIA

Xanthium Strumarin

SMALL BURDOCK

{Cari- ^ r

boeum U^Tuq-. wood -tree \
linumj

XANTHOSTRU-
MARIN.

XANTHOXY-

LINE.
ARTARINE.

The following plants are known to set up Dermatitis venenata
in certain persons who handle them at certain seasons.
Kanngiesser states that one in two hundred, more especially
women after forty years of age, is susceptible.

Aconite. Amyris balsamifera. Ai^bor \dt8e. Archangel.
Belladonna. Bourbon Tea-plant. Bryony. Buttercups.
Cape Poison-bulb. Celandine. Cinchona. Clematis. Coffee.
Copaiba. Cowage. Croton. Cubebs.

Daffodil.

East-Indian Headache Tree. Eucalyptus.

Fig. Fir. Fraxinella.

Goa - powder Tree. Gonioma kamasai. Gooseberry. Green

Hellebore.
Hop. Hyacinth.
Indian Chrysanthemum. Ivy.
Jonquil.

Laportea noroides. Larch. Leopard's -bane. Lily-of-the-Valley.
Manchineal. Marjoram. Meadowsweet. Melilot. Myrtle.
Nightshade.
Oleander.
Pastinica urens. Pepper Cress. Pine. Poison Tanghin. Poppy.

Poplar.
T, • 1 /Arenda, Obconica, Chinese Primrose, Cortusa Primrose,
JrTimula:! siebold's Primrose, Soft-leaved Prunrose.

Rhodes-Wood.

-p, f Poison Ivy, Poison Sumach, Red Lac Sumach, Japan

Knus:-^ Varnish.

Rue.

Salacin. Sandal- Wood. Sassafras. Satin- Wood. Savin. Spurge.
Squu'ting- Cucumber. Stropanthus.

Teak. Tomato.

Upas -Tree.

Valerian. Vernal Grass. Virginia-Creeper.

Willow. Woodruff. Wound -wort.

96

GLOSSARY

Acuminate. Tapering to a long
point.

Acute. Pointed.

Alternate (leaves). Placed alter-
nately on either side of stem.

Annual. Living for one year.

Anther. Part of stamen (pollen-
bearing).

Awn. A terminal bristle.

Axil. Place of attachment to stem.

Basidium. A specialized, repro-
ductive cell, in Fungi.

Berry. A fruit having all layers of
pericarp fleshy and succulent.

Biennial. Living for two years.

Bract. A leaf in whose axil a
flower is placed.

Calyx. Outer whorl of flower.
Campanulate. Bell-shaped.
Capsule. A seed-case.
Carpel, Part of pistil of flower.
Chemotropism. The influence of

certain chemicals on fungus-

hyphse.
Chlorophyll. The source of the

green colour of plants.
Chotomous. Divided.
Clasping. Adhering laterally.
Cone. Fruit of Conifers.
Convolute. One margin rolled in-
wards towards midrib.
Cordate (leaves). Heart-shaped, or

with rounded lobes at base.
Coriaceous (leaves). Dry or leathery.
Corolla. Inner whorl of flower.
Corsnnb. A flattened panicle.
Cuneate (leaves). Wedge-shaped,

tapering towards base.
Cyme. Two or more peduncles

springing beneath terminal

flower.

Deciduous. Falling when ripe or
withered.

Dehisce. To split.

Dentate (leaves). Outwardly point-
ing teeth at margin.

Digitate (leaves). Leaflets radiating
from point of stalk.

Dioecious. Barren and fertile
flowers on separate plants.

Drupe.

fruit.

A uni- or bi-locular stone-

EUiptic (leaves). See Oval.
Endocarp. Innermost layer of

pericarp.
Entire. Not lobed or divided.
Evergreen (leaves). Persistent.

Follicle. A unilocular capsule de-
hiscing only by the ventral
suture.

Glabrous. Not shining.
Gland. A secreting organ.
Glaucous. Whitish green.
Glume. A form of bract.

Herbaceous. Not woody.

Hilum. Portion of ovule attached
I to placenta.

I Hispid. Covered with stiff hairs.
' Hypothandium. Inflorescence sur-
I face hollowed like a pitcher.

Imbricate. Overlapping like tiles.
I Inferior. Below.

Inflated. Expanded.

Involucre. A form of bract.
i Involute. Rolled inwards towards
midrib.

Lanceolate (leaves). Broadest be.

low middle, tapering towards

apex.
Linear (leaves). Very narrow, but

flat.
Lobe. A division of corolla of

flower.
Loculus. A cavity.

Midrib. Central rib, or nerve.

Monoecious. Barren and fertile
flowers distinct, but on the same
plant.

Mucronate (leaves). With midrib
i projecting from apex.

Mycelium. A development of the
germinating spores of Fungi, ex-
hibiting Chemotropism.

Nectary, Honey-secreting part of
I flower.

1 Nidus. (Parasites), situation in the
I Host.
97 7

98 POISONOUS PLANTS OF ALL COUNTRIES

Oblong (leaves). A long oval.
Obovate (leaves). Egg-shaped, with

broadest part at apex.
Obtuse (leaves). Blunt at apex.
Oval (leaves). Longer than broad,

with ends equally rounded off.
Ovary. A receptacle for the ovules.
Ovate (leaves). Egg-shaped, with

broadest part below.
Ovoid. More or less oval.

Pale. A chaS-like bract.

Palmate (leaves). With finger-like
lobes.

Panicle. A compound raceme.

Papilionaceous. Butterfly-like.

Pappus. A persistent, growing
calyx.

Pedate (leaves). Divided into three
branches; outer into leaflets at
inner margin.

Pedicel. Flower-stalk.

Peduncle. Common stalk of in-
florescence.

Peltate (leaves). With stalk at-
tached to under side.

Pendent. Hanging.

Perennial. Living for several years.

Perianth. Floral envelope.

Pericarp. Rind of fruit.

Persistent. Not falling.

Petal. A division of corolla of
flower.

Petiole. Leaf-stalk.

Pileus. A cap-shaped Fructifica-
tion.

Pinnate (leaves). Composed of a
row of leaflets either side of stalk, j

Pinnatifid. Pinnately lobed.

Pistil. Reproductive part of flower.

Pollen. A fertilizing body found in
the Anther.

Procumbent. Lying mostly on
ground.

Pubescent. Downy.

Raceme. A stalked flower-spike.
Rachis. Axis of inflorescence.
Radical. Springing from root.
Raphe. Connection between seed

and placenta.
Reniform. Kidney-shaped.
Reticulate. Net-veined.
Revolute (leaves). Margins rolled

back.

Rhizome. A form of underground

stem.
Root-stock, A form of underground

stem.

Sagittate (leaves). With acute lobes

at base.
Scale. A peltate hair.
Scandent. Climbing.
Segment. A division.
Sepal. A division of the calyx of

flower.
Serrate (leaves). Saw-like teeth at

margin.
Sessile. Placed directly on stem.
Sinuate (leaves). With broad,

shallow, rounded indentations at

margin.
Spadix. A spike surrounded by a

spathe.
Spathe. A form of bract.
Spike. A simple peduncle.
Spinous. Furnished with thorns or

prickles.
Spore. A non-sexual reproductive

cell.
Stamen. Accessory reproductive

part of flower.
Standard. Uppermost petal of

papilionaceous flower.
Stem. Flower, fruit, and leaf-
bearing part.
Stigma. Part of pistil of flower.
Stipule. A leaf -like appendage.
Striate. Lined.
Style. Part of pistil of flower.
Subulate (leaves). Awl-shaped; as

thick as broad.
Superior. Above.
Suture. A seam on the ovary.

Temate. Three leaflets from apex
of petiole.

Testa. Covering of ovule.

Thalloph3rte. A plant constructed
of cells only.

Thjrrse. A much-branched, pyra-
midal panicle.

Tuber. A form of underground
stem.

Umbel, stem terminating in nu-
merous, stalked flowers.
Undulate. Waved.

Whorled, Arranged in a circle.

Library

.'->* 1 -^

INDEX

Aaron, 56
Absinth, 10

Achorion Schonbeinii, 83
Acid Absinthic, 10
,, Chrysophanic, 55
„ Crotonoleic, 37
,, Equisteic, 89
„ Euodic, 19
„ Filicic, 88
„ Formic, 28, 46
„ Helvellic, 90
„ Prussic, 20, 21, 87
,, Rheonilic, 80
,, Sphacalinic, 84
Acne vulgaris, 85
Aconite, 22
Aconitine, 22-24
Aconitum arctophonum, 22
,, cammarum, 22

ferox, 22
,, lagactonum, 22

,, lycoctonum, 22

,, meloctonum, 22

,, myoctonum, 22

,, napellus, 22

,, vulparia, 22

Acorin, 87

Acrid Juices, xii, 28, 34, 52, 53, 56.

57, 61, 64, 66, 67, 68, 72, 74, 75, 76

Acrid Milks, 26, 35, 37, 41, 46, 47,

48, 50, 51, 52, 53, 70, 75, 81
Actea spicata, 24
Actinomycosis, 83
Adam and Eve, 56
Adamstonine, 87
Adder's meat, 56
Adonidin, 22
Adonis ammensis, 22
,, cupana, 22
,, vernalis, 22
^sculin, 87

iEsculus hipposcastaneum, 71, 87
iEthusa cynapium, 45

,, fatua, 45
Affadil, 60
AgaricincB, 40-42

99

Agaricine, 40
Agaricus arvensis, 42
,, campestris, 42
,, crustiliniformis, 42
,, epiterygius, 40
,, fastibilis 42
,, lividus, 41-42
,, muscarius, 40
,, pantherinus, 40
,, phalloides, 40
,, purus, 40
Agrapanthus umbellatus, 30
Agraphis nutans, 61
Agrostemma githago, 70
Akargine, 14
Alexander's foot, 71
Aloe Barbadensis, 33
,, ferox, 33
,, socotrina, 33
Aloin, 33
Alstonine, 87
Amaryllidacece, 58, 60, 61
American mandrake, 38
,, may-apple, 38
Amygdalin, 20
Anacardiacece, 81
Anacylus pyrethrum, 71
Anamirta paniculata, 8
Ananbeam, 74
Andira araroba, 55
Andirin, 87
Andromedotoxin, 93
Anemone Apennina, 63
,, coronaria, 64
,, hortensis, 64
,, nemorosa, 63
,, Pulsatilla, 64
Anemonin, 63, 64, 66
Angallis arvensis, 71
Angraecum fragrans. 80
Anna-Maria hyacinth, 61
Anthoxanthum odoratum, 80
Anthrax, 85

Anthurium candidum, 57
,, divaricatum, 57

,, dracontium, 67

100 POISONOUS PLANTS OF ALL COUNTRIES

Anthurium dracunculus, 57
,, Ferrierense, 56

,, Italicum, 57

,, macroi'ihizon, 57

Antiarin, 28

Antiaris toxicaria, 26

Antsjar, 26

Apennine wind-flower, 63

ApocynacecB, 25, 26

Apocjniamarin, 88

Apocynin, 88, 94

Apple Peru, 2

Aquilegia vulgaris, 68

AracecB, 56, 57

Araroba-powder tree, 55

Arbutin, 93

Arecoline, 88

Arictine, 88

Aristolochiacece, 70

Aristoloctin, 88

Armeniaca vulgaris, 21

Armillaria citri, 40

Arnica montana, 71

Arnicin, 71

Arrow poison, 11
,, root, 56

Artarine, 94

Artemesia absinthum, 10
,, lercheana, 9
,, maritima, 9
,, pauciflora, 9

Artemesin, 9

Arum atrorubens, 56
,, crinitum, 56
,, maculatum, 56

Asagrsea officinalis, 32

Asarabacca, 70

Asarin, 70

Asarum Canadensis, 70
,, Europseum, 70

Asclepiadin, 88

Asclepias asthmatica, 20

Aspergillus barbae, 84
,, flavus, 84
,, fumigatus, 84
,, niger, 84

Asperula odorata, 80

Aspidosperma quebracho, 25

Ass's parsley, 45

Asthenics, 20-32

Asthma weed, 17

A-toxin, 40

Atropa belladonna, 5

Atropine, 2

Aural Mycosis, 84

Autumn crocus, 32
Ave grace, 19
Averil, 60

Bacillacece, 85, 86
Bacillary dysentery, 85
Bacillus acnes, 85

,, anthracis, 85

,, botulinus, 85
coli, 85
diphtheralis, 85

,, dysenterise, 85

,, Frischii, 85

,, influenza}, 85

,, lactomorbi, 85

,, leprae, 85

,, mallei, 85

,, oedematus maligni, 86

,, pertussis, 86

,, pestis, 86

,, pneumonise, 86

,, proteus, 86

,, pyocyaneus, 86

,, strepticus, 85

,, tetani, 85

,, tuberculosis, 85
typhi, 86

,, typhosus, 86
Bacteria, 85
Bahia-powder tree, 55
Bale wort, 1
Balsaminacece, 72
Bane berry, 24

,, wort, 5
Banner plant, 56
Baptisia tinctoria, 55
Bar foot, 39
Bastard hellebore, 38

,, nigella, 70
Bean trefoil, 55
Bearded toadstool, 41
Bear's foot, 22, 38, 39
Belder root, 43
Bell rose, 60
Belladonna, 5
Ben dock, 43
Berberine, 88
Bertram, 71
Bhang, 8

Bignonia sempervirens, 15
Bindwith, 62
Bish poison, 22
Biting clematis, 62

,, stonecrop, 75
Bitter almond, 21

INDEX

101

Bitter apple, 68

,, -sweet, 5
Black bryony, 74

,, cherry, 5

„ hellebore, 39

,, nightshade, 5
Blastomycetes, 83
Blind eyes, 1
Blister plant, 66
Bloody finger, 29

,, man's finger, 56
Blue anemone, 63

,, -bells of England, 61

,, -bottle, 61

,, seggin, 78
Boar's foot, 38
Bobbing Joan, 56
Bobbins, 56
Boldin, 88
Boletus bovinus, 41
,, luridus, 41
,, piperatus, 41
,, satanas, 41
Boots, 37
Boraginacece, 72
Botulism, 85
Boule de neige, 42
Bouncing Bet, 70
Box tree, 52
Branching larkspur, 25
Broad-leaved flag iris, 78

,, warted spurge, 48

Broom, 17
Brucine, 11, 12, 14
Bryonia dioica, 68
Bryonin, 68
Buckthorn, 74
Bulbous crowfoot, 67
,, mushroom, 41, 42
,, violet, 61
Bulls and cows, 56
Bui rose, 60
Bundled toadstool, 41
Bunt Fungus, 84
Buphanine, 88
Butter daisy, 66, 67
„ and eggs, 29
Buttercup, 66, 67
Buttered haycocks, 29
Button, 42
Buxidine, 52
Buxine, 52

Buxus angustifolia, 52
,, arborescens, 52
,, argentea, 52

Buxus aurea, 52

,, myrtifolia, 52

,, pyramidata, 52

,, rosmarinifolia. 52

,, rotundifolia, 52

,, sempervirens, 52

,, suffruticosa, 52

Cabaret, 70

Calabar bean, 17

Calabarine, 19

Calamine, 87

Caltha palustris, 37

Calves' foot, 56

Cambogin, 34

Cameraria latifolia, 52

Camphor tree, 6

Cancer, 85

Candlemas bells, 61

Canker rose, 1

Cannabince, 8

Cannabis Sativa, 8

Cantharellus aurantiacus, 40

Cape lead- wort, 80

Caper bush, 51
,, spurge, 51

Caprifoliacece, 72

Cardol, 87

Carnation poppy, 1

Carolina jasmine, 15
,, pink, 15

Carpaine, 88

Carpo7nycetes, 84

Caryophyllacece, 70

Casca Bark, 34

Cassava, 53

Castor bean, 37
,, oil plant, 37

Cat milk, 47
,, wood, 74

Catarrh, 85

Celandine, 75

Celastracecp, 74
} Celery-leaved crowfoot, 66
I Cerbera tanghin, 26
I Cerberin, 26

j Cerebro-spinal Meningitis, 85
I Cevadilla, 32
j Cevadine, 32
I Chalice flower, 60

Champillion, 42

Cheeseroom, 42

Chelerythrine, 75

Chelidonine, 75

Chelidonium grandiflorum, 75

102 POISONOUS PLANTS OF ALL COUNTRIES

Chelidonium majus, 75
Chequered daffodil, 62

lily, 62
Cherry bay, 20
Chiancin, 88
Chloroxylonine, 88
Choline, 53
Chop nut, 1 7
Christmas rose, 39
Christ's- wort, 39
Chrysarobin, 55, 80
Churn staff, 47
Cicuta maculata, 45

,, virosa, 45
Cieutine, 45
Claviceps purpurea, 84
Clematine, 62, 63
Clematis florida, 63
hy brides, 63
,, rubroviolacea, 62
,, vitalba, 62
Coca bush, 6
Cocaine, 6
Goccacece, 85
Cocculus Indicus, 8
Cock foot, 75

,, rose, 1
Codeine, 1
Colchicme, 32
Colchicum autumnale, 32
„ speciosum, 32

Colocynth, 68
Colocynthin, 68
Columbine, 68
Compositce, 71
Coniceine, 16
Coniferce, 45, 46
Conine, 16

Conium maculatum, 16
Consolidine, 72, 87, 89
Conval lily, 30
Convallamarin, 30
Convallaria japonica, 30

,, majalis, 30

Convallarin, 30
Convolvulacece, 35
Convolvulin, 35
Convolvulus orizabiensis, 35
,, scammonia, 35

Convulsives, 11-15
Cop rose, 1
Copper rose, 1
Copse laurel, 57
Coriamyrtin, 89
Corn cockle, 70

Corn flower, 1
„ poppy, 1
,, rose, 1

Coronilline, 89

Coumarin, 80

Country pepper, 75

Countryman' s treacle, 19

Cow bane, 45

Crake feet, 61

CrassulacecB, 75, 76

Creeping Jack, 75

Crinum Asiaticum, 30

Crocin, 76

Crocus luteus, 76
,, sativus, 76

Croton oil plant, 35
,, tiglium, 35
,, variegatum, 37
,, verreauxii, 37

Crow bells, 60, 61
fig, 11

flower, 66, 67
foot, 66
leek, 61
soap, 70

Cuckoo pint, 56

Cucumis colocynthis, 68

Cucurbitacece, 33, 68

Culverkeys, 61

Curare, 11

Curari, 11

Curarine, 8, 12

Cuscutin, 89

Cusperine, 90

Cyclamin, 87, 89

Cynapine, 45

Cynoglossine, 72, 87, 89

Cynoglossum officinale, 72
Cystisine, 55
Cystisus alpinus, 55
,, hirsutus, 55
,, laburnum, 55
,, scoparius, 17
Czar-Peter hyacinth, 61

Daffidowndilly, 60

Daphne alpina, 58
„ gnidum, 58
,, laureola, 57
,, mezerium, 57

Darkmous, 46

Darnel-grass Fungus, 83

Datura alba, 2
,, arborea, 2
,, ceratocaula, 2

INDEX

103

Datura fastuosa, 2
,, ferox, 2
„ Metel, 2
,, stramonium, 2
,, tatula, 2
Dead mens' bells, 29

,, tongue, 43
Deadly nightshade, 5
Delicately-tinted iris, 78
Deliriants, 2-5
Delphinine, 24, 25
Delphinium belladonna, 25
,, bicolor, 25

,, cheilanthum, 25

,, consolidata, 25

,, elatum, 25

,, staphisagria, 24

,, trollifolium, 25

Delphinoidine, 24, 25
Delphisine, 24, 25
Depressants, 16-20
Dergmuse, 46
Dermatitis venenata, 96
Devil's apple, 2, 4
,, fungus, 41
,, horn, 41
,, trumpet, 2
,, turnip, 68
Dewtry, 2
Dhobi Itch, 83
Dianthus caryophyllus, 71
,, Ghienensis, 71
,, plumarius, 71
Digitalin, 29
Digitalis lutea, 29

,, purpurea, 29
Digitoxin, 29
Dionoea, muscipula 76
Dioscoriacece, 74
Dioscorine, 89
Diphtheria, 85
Diplococcus catarrhalis, 85
,, gonorrhoese, 85

,, lanceolatus, 85

,, meningitidis, 85

Dipterocarpacece, 6
Dipteryx odorata, 80
Djuntsa, 79
Dog-bane, 25

,, -wood, 74, 81
Dog's leek, 61
,, mercury, 53
,, parsley, 45
,, tongue, 72
Dolphin flower, 25

Dorinicum pardalianches, 71
Double dafEodil, 60
Downy spurge, 47
Dragon bushes, 29
Drooping tulip, 62
DroseracecB, 76
Drumine, 89

Dryobalanops aromatica, 6
,, camphora, 6

Duboisa myoporoides, 2
Dwale, 6
Dwarf bay, 57

,, flax, 6

,, spurge, 50
Dway berries, 5

Early bulbous iris, 78
,, spring squill, 30

East Indian snake- wood, 14

Ecballium elaterium, 83

Echujin, 94

Edible mushroom, 42

Eggs and bacon, 29

Elaterin, 34

Emetic toadstool, 41
,, weed, 17

Emetine, 20

Emphysematous gangrene, 86

Endodermophyton concentricum, 83
,, Indicum, 83

Enteritis, 85

Epidermophyton cruris, 83

,, inguinale, 83

,, rubrum, 83

Eranthis hymenalis, 24

Erecolin, 93

Ergot-of-rye Fungus, 84

Ergotism, 84

Ergotoxine, 84

Erysimum cheiranthoides, 72

Erysipelas, 85

Erysiphe Tuckeri, 83

ErysiphecB, 83

Erythrasma, 83

Erythrine, 92

Erythrophleum Guineense, 19, 34

Erythrophloeine, 19

Erythroxylum coca, 6

Eserine, 19

Euonymin, 74

Euonymus atropurpurcus, 74
,, Europasus, 74

Eupatorium {species), 80

Euphorbia amygdaloides, 51
„ cyparissias, 51

104 POISONOUS PLANTS OF ALL COUNTRIES

Euphorbia exigua, 50

gum plant, 46

helioscopia, 47

hiberra, 48

lathyris, 51

myrtifolia, 51

oil plant, 51

paralias, 50

peplis, 47

peplus, 50

pilosa, 47

platyphylla, 48

Portlandica, 48

resinifera, 46
EuphorhiacecB, 35, 37, 38, 46, 47, 48,

50, 51, 52, 53
Euphorbin, 46, 47, 48, 50, 51
Excaecaria agallocha, 52
Exoascus pruni, 84
Exogonium purga, 35

Fagrsea lanceolata, 14
Fair maids of Februarv, 61
Fairy fingers, 29
„ flax, 6
„ lint, 6
False ebony, 55
,, parsley, 45
„ upas tree, 12
,, yellow jasmine, 15
Favus, 83
Felon wood, 5
,, -wort, 5
>> », mortal, 5

Ficus daemona, 28
,, Roxburghii, 28
,, toxicaria, 28
Fimble, 8
Finger flower, 29
Fish-poison tree, 9
Flamingo plant, 56
Flap dock. 29
Flaps, 42
Flax-leaved daphne, 58

„ weed, 29
Fleur de luce, 78
Florentine iris, 78
Fly agaric, 40
,, catcher, 76
FcEtid wood witch, 41
Fog crocus, 32
Fool's cicely, 45

,, parsley, 45
Four-leaved grass, 53
Foxglove, 29

Frangulin, 75
French berries, 74

„ dafiodil, 60
Friar's cap, 22

,, cowl, 56
Fritillaria imperialis, 62
,, meleagris, 62

Fritillary, 62
Fuller's herb, 70
Fumariacece, 72
Fumarine, 72
Fu7igi, 40, 41, 42

,, Micro-, 83, 84
Fusisporium lolii, 83

,, roseolum, 83

,, solani, 83

Gaboon arrow-poison, 25
Galanthus nivalis, 61
Gall and wormwood, 29

„ -wort, 29
Gamboge tree, 34
Garcinia cambogia, 34
Garden anemone, 64
,, cypress, 9
„ nightshade, 5
,, paeony, 67
,, ranunculus, 67
Gasteromycetes, 41
Gelseminine, 15
I Gelsemin, 15
Gelsemium nitidum, 15
German flag-iris, 78
Gipsy flower, 72
Gitalin, 29
Githagin, 84
Glader, 78
Gladin, 78
Glanders, 85
Glaucine, 75
Glaucium luteum, 75
Gleditischine, 90
Glucosides, xi, xii
Glutinous Fungus, 41
Goa-powder tree, 55
Gold dust, 75
Golden chain, 55
,, moss, 75
,, rain, 55
Goldilocks, 64
Goldins, 37
Golds, 37

Gomphidius glutinosus, 41
I Gonorrhoea, 85
I Gosophila struthian, 71

INDEX

105

Grandiflorine, 94
Grape-wort, 24, 68
Gratiola officinalis, 29
Gratiolin, 29
Great morel, 5
Green hellebore, 38

,, potato-poison, 85
Guiacum, 90
Guinea-hen flower, 62
Guipsiae, 95
Guttiferce, 34
Gymnocladine, 90

Hairy spurge, 47
Hare bell, 61
Haricot du Cap, 21
Harmaline, 92
Hart's thorn, 74
Hazel-wort, 70
Headache, 1
He-broom, 55
Hederin, 90
Hedge hyssop, 29
,, mushroom, 42
pink, 70
vine, 62
Heliotropine, 90
Helleborin, 37, 38, 39 .
Helleborus fcetidus, 39
,, niger, 39

,, orientalis, 39

,, viridis, 38

Helmet flower, 22
Hemispora stellata, 83
Hemisporosis, 83
Hemlock, 16

,, dropwort, 43

Hemp, 8
Henbane, 2
Hen-bell, 2
Herb Christopher, 24
,, mercury, 53
,, of grace, 19
,, of repentance, 19
„ Paris, 53
Hibbert bean, 21
Hippomane manchinella, 51
Hongkong Foot, 83
Horse bane, 43

,, mushroom, 42
Hot toadstool, 40
Hound's berry, 5

,, tongue, 72
Hyacinthus non scriptus, 61
,, orientalis, 61

j Hyacinthus Romanus, 61
! Hyeenanchin, 90
I Hydrastine, 90

Hygrophorus psittacinus, 41

Hymenomycetes, 40-42

Hyoscine, 25

Hyoscyamine, 2

Hyoscyamus albus, 2

,, muticus, 2

,, niger, 2

Hyphoioma fasciculariis, 41

Hyphomycetes, 83, 84

Hypo, 26

Hypocracece, 84

Hyssop spurge, 47

Impatiens noli-me-tangere, 72
ImperiaUne, 62
Incine, 26
Indian aconite, 22
,, hem J), 8
,, pink, 15
,, tobacco, 17
Inebriants, 8-10
Influenza, 85
Inulin, 71
Ipecacuanha, 20
Ipomea purga, 35
,, purpurea, 35
,, turpethum, 35
Irby Dale grass, 47
Iridacece, 76, 78, 79
Iridin, 78, 79
Iris amoena, 78
,, Florentina, 78
,, foetidissima, 78
,, neglecta, 78
,, pseudacorus, 78
,, reticulata, 78
,, tuberosa, 79
,, variegata, 78
Irish spurge, 48

Irritants with Nerve Symptoms, 40-
55
Simple, 55-81
Specific, 83-86
Isle of Wight vine, 68, 74

Jaborandi, 19
Jack in a pulpit. 56

,, of the buttery, 75
Jackman's clematis, 13
Jacob's sword, 78
Jalap plant, 35
Jalapin, 35

106 POISONOUS PLANTS OF ALL COUNTRIES

Jamaica dogwood, 9
Jamestown weed, 2
Jatropa curcas, 52

,, gossypiifolia, 53

,, manihot, 53

,, urens, 52
Java bean, 21
Jervine, 32, 37, 38, 39
Joan silverpin, 1
Juniperus sabinEe, 45

Kachita, 11
Kamala, 38
Kamela, 38
Kentish balsam, 53
King's consound, 25
Knight's spur, 25
Kombe, 25
Kurakin, 89

Laburnum, 55
Lactarius f uliginosus, 41
,, piperatus, 40
,, pyrogalus, 41
,, rufus, 41
,, torminosus, 41
Lactucin, 91
Ladies' bower, 62

seal, 74
Lamb in a pulpit, 56
Landry' s Paralysis, 85
Lang -wort, 32
Large-flowered clematis, 63
Lathyrus aphaca, 21
,, cicera, 21
,, clymenum, 21
Laurel, 20
Laurotetanine, 88
Laurus nobilis, 21
Ledum palustre, 6
Legiiminosece, 9, 17, 21, 34, 55, 80
Lent lily, 60
,, rose, 60
Leprosy, 85
Lesser celandine, 66
,, hemlock, 45
Ligustrin, 70
Ligustron, 70
Ligustrum Sinense, 70
,, vulgare, 70

LUiacece, 30, 32, 33, 61, 62
Lily grass, 56
„ of the Nile, 56
,, of the valley, 30
Lima kidney bean, 21

Linacem, 6
Linaria vulgaris, 29
Linarin, 29
Lininarin, 6
Linum catharticum, 6
Liricon fancy, 30
Little good, 47
Lobar pneumonia, 86
Lobelia inflata, 17

,, urens, 17
Loheliacece, 17
Lobeline, 17
Loganiacece, 11-15
Loliine, 91
Lophorine, 87
Lords and Ladies, 56
Loturidine, 74
Lotus Arabicus, 21
Louse berry tree, 74

-wort, 24
Luckie's mutch, 22
Lung- wort, 71
Lupinotoxin, 92
Lurid fungus, 41
Lusmore, 29
Lyng-wort, 32

Macrosporium tomato, 83
Maiden's honesty, 62
Makin-bwee, 48
Makinboy, 48
Malay arrow-j^oison, 26
Malignant endocarditis, 85
Mallotoxin, 38
Mallotus Philippinensis, 38
Malta Fever, 85
Manchineal tree, 51
Mandioc plant, 53
Mandragora officinalis, 4

,, vernalis, 4

Mandragorine, 4
Mandrake, 4, 56, 68, 74
Marsh marigold, 37

,, pile- wort, 66
May blobs, 37

„ Uly, 30
Meadow bout, 37
bright, 37

,, crocus, 32

,, go wan, 37

,, ranunculus, 66

,, safEron, 32
Medicinal leopard' s-bane, 7
,, mandrake, 4
,, rhubarb, 79

INDEX

107

Medicinal squill, 30

Megalosporon ectothrix, 83
,, endothrix, 83

Megarrhizatin, 92

Megarrhizin, 92

Melilotus {species), 80

Menianthin, 92

Menispermacece, 8

Menispermum cocculus, 8

Mercurialine, 53

Mercurialis perennis, 53

Mescaline, 87

Mezerein, 57, 58

Mezereon, 57

Michaelmas crocus, 32

Micrococcus Meletensis, 85
5, neoformans, 85

,, solaniferum, 85

,, tetragenes, 85

, thecalis, 85

,. zymogenes, 85

Microsporon Audouini, 83
furfur, 83
,, minutissimum, 83

Mildew, 84

Milk sickness, 85

Mill mountain, 6

Mole plant, 51

Momordica elaterium, 33

Monesin, 89

Monilia psilosis, 83

Monk's cowl, 22
,, hood, 22

Morning glory, 35

Morphine, 1

Mottled amanita, 40

Mountain alkanet, 71
,, tobacco, 71

Muawine, 19

Mucor mucedo, 84

Mucorinece, 84

Mugget, 30

Murrain berries, 68, 74

Muscarine, 40

Mushroom snowball, 42

Musk- scented daffodil, 58

Mycetoma, 83

Myristicin, 92

Myrtle spurge, 51

Mysterious plant, 57

Naked ladies, 32
Nandinine, 92
Narcissine, 30, 58, 60, 61
Narcissus Johnstonii, 60

Narcissus moschatus, 58
,, poeticus, 58
,, polyanthus, 60
,, pscudonarcissus, 60
,, tazetta, 60

Narcotics, 1

Narthecin, 92

Naughty man's cherry, 5

Nepaul aconite, 22

Nepenthes {specie-s), 76

Nereum oleander, 25

Neriodorein, 92

Neriodorin, 92

Nettle, 28

Neutral Principles, xii

Nicandra lanceolata, 14

Nicotiana repanda, 16
,, rustica, 16
,, tabacum, 16

Nicotine, 16

Nightingales, 56

Nodding mycena, 40

Nux vomica tree. 1 1

CEnanthe crocata, 43
,, fistulosa, 43

fluviatillis, 43
,, phellandrium, 43
(Enanthin, 43
Oidiomycosis, 83
Oidium albicans, 83
,, dermatitidis, 83
,, para-tropicalis, 83
,, tropicalis, 83
Oil of anemone, 63, 64

,, of baneberry, 24

„ of bay, 70

,, of Borneol, 6

„ of Cardol, 87

,, of cedar, 91

,, of cicuta, 45

,, of Crotonol, 37

,, of euphorbia, 51, 52, 53

,, of hemp, 8

,, of hound's tongue, 72

,, of Jequiritol, 87

,, of pennyroyal, 90

,, of plumbago, 80

,, of rue, 19

,, of savin, 45

,, of tansy, 94

,, of toxicodendrol, 81

,, of valerian, 94

,, of wintergreen, 90

,, of yew, 46

108 POISONOUS PLANTS OF ALL COUNTRIES

Old man, 62

,, man's beard, 62

,, woman, 10
OleaceoR, 70
Oleander, 25
Oleandrine, 25
One berry, 53
Oomycetes, 84
Open gowan, 37
Opium poppy, 1
Ordeal Bark, 34

,, tree, 26
Organic Acids, xii
Oriental hyacinth, 61
Oris root plant, 78
Ouabain, 87
Ox berry, 74

., eye, 22

„ heel, 39

,, mushroom, 42

Pseonia officinalis, 67

Palm, 46

Palma-Christi, 37

Palmate-leaved rhubarb, 79

PalmellacecB, 83

Papaver floreplenum, 1
,, nigrum, 1
,, rhaeas. 1
,. somniferum, 1

Pavaveracece, 1, 75

Paris quadrifolia, 53

Paristyphnin, 53
Pellagra, 84
Pellitarine, 93

Pellitory, 71
Pellotine, 87
Pemphigus, 86
Pencilium glaucum, 84
Peony poppy, 1
Pepjoery Fungus, 41
Periplocin, 92
Perisporiacece, 84
Peronosporece, 84
Persica vulgaris, 21
Petty morel, 5

,, spurge, 50
Phalline, 40
Phalloidece, 41
Phallus impudicus, 41
Phaseolus lunatus, 21
Phaseoluvatin, 21
Phellandrium aquaticum, 43
Philodendron Simsii, 57
Phycomycetes, 84

Phyllanthin, 92
Physic-nut, 52
Physostigma venenosum, 17
Phytolaccine, 93
Phytophthora infestans, 84
Picrotoxin, 8
Pig wood, 74
Piliganine, 92
Pilocarpine, 19
Pilocarpus pennatifolius, 19
Pimenta acris, 70
Pinguicula {species), 76
Piperovatine, 93
Piscidia carthaginensis, 9

,, erythrina, 9
Piscidine, 9
Pithecolobine, 93
Pityriasis versicolor, 83
Pityrosporium cantliei, 83
Plague, 86

Pleuropneumonia, 85
Pleurotus pulmonarius, 41
Plum Disease, 84
Plumbagin, 80
Plumbaginacece, 80
Plumbago Capensis, 80
coccinea, 80
Europsea, 80
larpentse, 80
rosea, 80
scandens, 80
Podophyllin plant, 38
Podophyllotoxin, 38
Podophyllum emodi, 38

,, peltatum, 38

Poet's daffodil, 58
Pohon upas, 26
Pois d'Achery, 21
Poison ash, 81
,, elder, 81
,, ivy, 81
,, nut, 11
,, sumach, 81
,, tanghin, 26
Poisonous chantarella, 40

,, mushroom, 41, 42

Poisons acting on Brain, 1-10
„ on Heart, 16-32
,, ,, on Spinal Cord, 11-15

Pokroe, 12

Polyanthus narcissus, 60
Polygala amara, 79
,, senega, 79
Polygalacece, 79
Polygalin, 79

INDEX

109

Polygonacece, 79
Polyporece, 41
Poor man's herb, 29
Poppy anemone, 64

,, wind flower, 64
Porphryrine, 87
Portland sago, 56
,, spurge, 48

,, starch root, 56

Potalia lanceolata, 14
Potato Blight, 83, 84

,, tree, 4
Pratellce, 41
Prick wood, 74
Prim, 70

„ print, 70
Privet, 70
Prunus amara, 21
,, Americana, 21
,, avium, 21
,, claudiana, 21
,, domestica, 21
,, msitia, 21
,, laurocerasus, 20
,, Lusitanica, 21
,, padus, 21
,, serotina, 21
,, spinosa, 21
Pseudaconitine, 22
Psychotria ipecacuanha, 20
Ptomaine-Poison, 85, 86
Puccinia coronata, 84
,, graminis, 84
Pukateine, 91
Pure mycena, 40
Purgatives, 33-39
Purging flax, 6
Purification flower, 61
Purple clematis, 62
,, crocus, 32
,, spurge, 47
Pysemia, 85
Pyrenomycetes, 84

Queen of Spain daffodil, 60
Quillaja saponaria, 71

Racoon berry, 38

Rain berry, 74

Ramsted, 29

Banunculacece, 22, 24, 25, 37,

39, 62, 63, 64, 66, 67, 68
Ranunculus acris, 66

Asiaticus, 67

38,

Ranunculus auricormis, 64
,, bulbosus, 67

,, ficaria, 66

„ flammula, 64

scelleratus, 66
Red- berried bryony, 68
,, -milked toadstool, 41
,, weed, 1
Resins, xii
Rhseadin, 1
Ehamnaceoe, 74
Rhamnus catharticus, 74
,, frangula, 75
,, purshianus, 75
Rheum Australe, 80
,, compactum, 80
,, palmatum, 79
,, undulatum, 80
Rhinanthin, 92, 93
Rhine berry, 74
,, thorn, 74
Rhinoscleroma, 85
Rhus arborea, 81
,, caustica, 81
,, coriaria, 81
,, diversiloba, 81
,, metopium, 81
,, radicans, 81
,, toxicodendron, 81
,, venenata, 81
,, vernix, 81
Richardia Africana, 56
,, hastata, 56

,, maculata, 56

Ricin, 37
Ricinone, 37
Ricinus communis, 37
,, sanguineus, 37
Ringworm, 83
River water dropwort, 43
Roast-beef plant, 78
Robin, 93
Roman nettle, 28
Eosacece, 20, 21
Rosaginin, 25
Rose bay, 25
Rosmarindus officinalis, 6
Rottlera tinctoria, 38
Rubiacece, 20
Rue, 19

Rufous toadstool. 41
Run-away-Jack, 75
Russula emetica, 41
Rutacece, 19
Ruta graveolens, 19

110 POISONOUS PLANTS OF ALL COUNTRIES

Sabadilla veratrina, 32
Saffron crocus, 76

,, plant, 76
Sanguinarine, 93
Santonin, 9
Saphora speciosa, 55

,, tomentosa, 55
Sapindus emarginatus, 70

,, saponaria, 70
Saponaria officinalis, 70
Saporubin, 70
Sapotoxine, 90
Sarracena {species), 76
Sassy Bark, 34
Savin, 45
Scammony, 35
Schizomycetes, 85, 86
Schoenocaulon officinale, 32
Scilla amoena, 30
,, autumnalis, 30
„ bifolia, 30
,, brachyphylla, 30
,, campanulata, 30
,, corymbosa, 30
,, Fraseri, 30
,, Indica, 30
,, lilio-hyacinthus, 30
,, patula, 30
,, Peruviana, 30
,, Siberica, 30
,, taurica, 30
,, verna, 30
Scillipiain, 30
Scillitoxin, 30
Scopala atrapoides, 4
,, japonica, 4
,, verbascifolium, 4
ScrophulariacecB, 29
Scrophularine, 93
Sea onion, 30
„ poppy, 75
,, spurge, 50
,, wormwood, 9
Sedum acre, 75
„ album, 76
,, rhodola, 76
Seneca snake root, 79
Senechifoline, 93
Septicaemia, 85
Setter wort, 39
Shara-moto, 79
Silky toadstool. 41
Skewer wood, 74
Small spear-wort, 64
Smilacin, 71

Smoke wood, 62
Smut Fungus, 84
Snake's lie^ad, 62
Snowberry, 72
Snowdrop, 61
Soapwort, 70

,, gentian, 70
Socatrine aloes tree, 33
Solanacece, 2, 3, 4, 5, 16
Solanine, 4, 5
Solanum Bahamense, 4
,, Carolinense, 4
,, crispum, 4
,, dulcamara, 5
,, Lycopersicum, 4
,, nigrum, 5
,, tuberosum, 4
Soldier's cap, 22
Solitary toadstool, 41
South-sea rose, 25
Spadic-bush, 6
Sparteine, 17
Spigelia Marilandica, 15
Spigeline, 15
Spindle tree, 74
Sporothricosis, 83
Sporothrix Schenkii, 83
Sprue, 83

Spurge flax, 57, 58
,, laurel, 57
nettle, 52
., olive, 57
Squirting cucumber, 33
St. Anthony's turnip, 67
St. Ignatius' s bean, 12
St. Peter's- wort, 72
Staphylococcus pyogenes albus, 85
,, ,, aureus, 85

Stavesacre, 24
Stillingine, 94
Stink-horn, 41
,, -weed, 2
Stinking amanita, 40
,, gladwin, 78

hellebore, 39
,, iris, 78
,, polecat fungus, 41
Stonecrop, 75

Streptococcus pyogenes, 85
Streptothrix actinomycetes, 83
,, asteroides, 83

,, madurae, 83

I Strophanthin, 26
I Strophanthus hispidus, 25
I Strychnine, 11, 12, 14

INDEX

111

Strychnos castaineei, 12
,, colubrina, 14

,, Ignatii, 12

., ligustrina, 14

,, nux vomica, 11
,, tieute, 12
,, toxifera, 11
,, triplinerva, 12

Sugar bean, 21
Sun spurge, 47
Swamp sumach, 81
Sycosis, 84

Symphoricarpos microphyllus, 74
,, montana, 74

,, occidentalis, 74

,, racemosus, 72

,, vulgaris, 74

Syringin, 70

Tail plant, 56
Takelan Ringworm, 83
Tamus communis, 74
Tanghinea venenifera, 26
Tanghinin. 26
Tapioca, 53
Tawny tricholome, 40
Taxine, 46
Taxus Ibaccata, 46
Temuline, 91
Tetanus, 85
Tetter berry, 68

„ -wort, 75-
Thebaine, 1
Thevetin, 94
Thevetoxin, 94
Thorn apple, 2
Throat wort, 29
Thrush, 83
Thymelacece, 57, 58
Tilletia caries, 84
Timbonine, 92
Tinece, 83

Tinea imbricata, 83
Toadflax, 29
Toadstools, 40-42
Tomato Blight, 83
Tonga Bean, 80
Tonquin Bean, 80
Touch-me-not, 72
Trailing poison oak, 81
Traveller's joy, 62
Treacle mustard, 72

,, wormseed, 72
Tricholoma fulvellus, 40
Trichophyton Mansoni, 83

Trigonella foenum graecum, 8
Trigonelline, 8 •
Tropical Seborrha?a, 83
True love, 53
Trumpet lily, 56
Tshettik, 12
Tuberculosis, 85
Turban ranunculus, 67
Turkey rhubarb, 79
Turk's cap, 22
Tutin, 89

Two-leaved squill, 30
Typhoid fever, 86
Typhus fever, 86

Ulcus mollis, 85
Ulex Europseus, 55
UmhelLiferce, 16, 43, 45
Upas raj da, 12

„ tree, 26
Upright meadow crowfoot, 66
Urari, 11
Urechitoxin, 94
Uredinece. 84
Urginea altissima, 30

scilla, 30
Urtica crenulenta, 28

,, dioica, 28

„ gigas, 28

,, pilulifera, 28

,, urens, 28

,, urentissima, 28
Urticacece, 26, 28
Ustiloginece, 84
Ustilago carbo, 84

,, destruens, 84

,, maydis, 84

Variegated iris, 78
Vegeto-Alkaloids, xi
Vellarin, 90
Venus' chariot, 22
„ fly-trap, 76
Veratrine, 32
Veratrone, 32
Veratrum album, 32
,, nigrum, 32
viride, 32
Viburnin, 95
Vine MildcM-, 83
Viola canina odorata, 79

,, palmensis, 79

,, sylvatica, 79

,, tricolor, 79
Virginian tobacco plant, 16

112 POISONOUS PLANTS OF ALL COUNTRIES

Virgin' s bower, 62
Volatile Oils, xii
Volvaria gloiocephalus, 41

Wake robin, 56
Wall moss, 75

,, pepper, 75
Wart grass, 47
,, weed, 50
,, -wort, 47
Water buttercup, 37
„ flag, 78
,, gowan, 37
,, hemlock, 43
Way thorn, 74
White arum, 56
,, bryony, 68
,, -flowered hellebore, 32
" poppy, 1
,, stone crop, 76
,, wild vine, 68
,, -woolly kombe bean, 25
Whitsun lily, 58
Whooping cough, 86
Wild arum, 56
„ buck foot, 38
,, caper, 51
,, cucumber, 33
„ flax, 29
„ hop, 68
„ hyacinth, 61
,, jessamine, 15
,, larkspur, 25

Wild lemon, 38
,, nard, 70
,, savager. 70
,, spinach, 53
Winter aconite, 24

,, hellebore, 24

,, wolf's bane, 24
Wolf's bane, 22
Wood anemone, 63

,, crow foot, 64

,, laurel, 57

,, spurge, 51

,, wind flower, 63
Woody nightshade, 5
Worm grass, 15, 76

,, seed, 9

,, wood, 10
Wourali, 11

Xanthostrumarin, 95
Xanthoxyline, 95
Xyloglostein, 91

Yellow balsam, 72

„ flag, 78

,, -flowered pea, 21

„ gowan, 37, 66

,, -horned poppy, 75

,, iris, 78

,, -milked toadstool, 41
toadflax, 29

,, vetchling, 21
Yew tree, 46

P}-inted in Great Britain for
Bailliere, Tindall, and Cox, by Billing and Sons, Limiiid, Guildford and Esher