BCBRARY Oi- 111- '..:..: ivy.wv i.^yiAMCAL GAilDEIi

Photo by Martin.

PLATYCERiUM BIFORME (SW.) BLUME. (IN CULTIVATION IN MANILA.

Nil. a«. — iri.\. i!»o.-.

DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR

BUREAU OF GOVERNMENT LABORATORIES

I. THE POLYPODIACEAE OF THE
PHILIPPINE ISLANDS

IL NEW SPECIES OF EDIBLE
PHILIPPINE FUNGI

BY

Edwin Bingham Copeland, Ph. D.

SYSTEMATIC BOTANIST

MANILA

BUREAU OF PUBLIC PRINTING
24036 1905

1. THE POLYPODIACE/E OF THE
PHILIPPINE ISLANDS.

LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL.

Department of the Interior,
Bureau of Government Laboratories,
Office of the Superintendent of Laboratories,

Manila, P. I., December 21, 190Jf.
Sir: I have the honor to transmit herewith and to recommend
for publication articles entitled "I. The Polypodiaceae of the Philip-
pine Islands,"' and "II. New Species of Edible Philippine Fungi,"
by Edwin Bingham Copcland, Ph. D., Systematic Botanist.
Very respectfully,

Richard P. Strong,
Director Biological Laboratory,
Acting Superintendeni Government Laboratories.
Hon. Dean C. Worcester,

Secretary of the Interior.

5

1. THli in)LVP0I)IACE.4-: oF THH PHIMI'IMNI-: ISLANDS.

INTRODUCTION.

The Pohjpodiaccw are distinguishod from the other orders of
true ferns by the character of the sporangium, which is usually
stalked and provided with a longitudinal annulus interrupted by
the stalk, and opening by a stomium at right angles to the annulus.
In the field, and without tlic use of the microscope, they can be
distinguished as a rule from other ferns by the following charac-
teristics :

They are rarely tree ferns, as are Marattiacew and Cyatheacece.

They are not filmy in texture, as are HymenophyUacece.

They are not dichotomously compound, like most of our Gleiche-
niacecc.

They do not have climbing fronds, as do most of our Schizaeacece.

In the Philippines, as elsewhere in the world, the Polypodiacece
are several times more numerous than are all other ferns combined,
and, therefore, a treatment of the order does not fall far short of
being an entire fern flora.

My attempt has been to collect and publish descriptions of all
the ferns known to have been found in these Islands. It is likely
that I have fallen considerably short of this goal, for in some groups
the discrepancy between my number of species and the larger one
given by IFnderwood ^ is far greater than can be explained by any
difference in our interpretation of specific limits. A history of the
work on the ferns of these Islands would be superfluous, since the
subject has been well handled within the past two years by both
^lerrill- and Underwood.

While I was engaged on this work practically no ferns collected
bfi'ore the Ahierioau occupation were available for study in Manila.

'Underwood, L. M.: A Summary of Our Present Knowledge of the
Fem3 of the Philippines. Contr. Bot. Dept., Columbia Univ., No. 20G,
1903.

'Merrill, E. D. : Botanical Work in tlie Philippines. Bull. (Philippine)
Bureau of Agr. No. 4, 1903.

7

8 POLYPODIACE^ OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS.

I am not personall}^ acquainted with a large part of those ferns
still known here only from earlier collections and have compiled
their descriptions from various sources', especially from the Synopsis
Filicum. Of the collections most frequently cited, those of Cuming,
Baranda, Steere, Warburg, and Loher are given on the authority of
other botanists; while I have at my disposition the collections of
Merrill, Elmer, Whitford, Barnes, other collectors employed by the
Bureau of Forestry and the Exposition Board, and my own.

Ferns have been among the plants most ill favored by the imposi-
tion of plural names, and therefore, in these days of chaos in nomen-
clature, they present the best of material for jugglery. Not caring
to take any part in the strife between the advocates of the different
"rules" of nomenclature, I have made it my chief principle to form
no new combination of names for any plant which already had, in
its proper genus, a name valid under any rules. Pending a gen-
eral agreement among competent botanists, it seems to me that
current usage should be the chief criterion in deciding a choice
between names. Because their adoption would have compelled me
to make new combinations for many species, rather than from any
preference for these generic names themselves, I have retained the
ones in common use, rather than those taken up by Underwood, for
Gymnopteris, Nephrodium, HymenoUpis, and Niphoholus. Chiefly
for the same reason, but in part too because I can not see that the
multiplication of genera adds a particle to the naturalness of the
presentation, I have maintained as very large genera Nephrodium,
Aspidium, Asplenium, and Poly podium.

It may not be superfluous to add that this Bureau will be very
glad to undertake the determination of any ferns which may be sent
to it. It is to encourage the interest in our ferns, and in response
to very numerous requests for a guide in the determination of the
local plants that this paper, our first systematic treatment of any
part of the Philippine flora, is published. I take the liberty of
copying literally, from Professor Underwood's already mentioned
paper, the following directions for the profitable collection of fern
specimens :

(1) In all ferns not over 2 feet high an entire plant should be secured,
but in plants growing in dense crowns the rootstock may well be split
lengthwise and several of the leaves removed before drying.

(2) In all ferns not over 4 feet high an entire leaf should be secured
if possible attached to the rootstock or to some portion of it. In case of

INTKolMCTKtN. 9

very wide Icavi's the lower piiiiia- on oin' sido niay bo cut away to prevent
the too great niassiny of foliage when the leaf is doiiijled on itself to make
a manageable specimen.

(3) In tree ferns the basal portion of the petiole should always be
secured, if possible, attached to the lower pinnules. Wiiere possible the
top of tlie eaudex should also be taken. Notes on the character of the leaf
scars sliould always be made.

(4) If the specimen taken does not sliow whether the leaves are scattered
or ccspitose this should always bo iiu'lud('<l in the notes.

(5) In ferns, of whatever size, invariably secure some portion of the
rootstock, for it nearly always possesses diagnostic characters.

(G) In largo loaves note whether the lowermost piinuo are larger than
the others or are reduced in size and if tiieir lamiiue staiul in the same
plane as the rest of the leaf or are set obliquely.

POr^vroDIACE/E.

Chiefly perennial plants, nu-fly annual, and rarulv arborescent;
leaves (called fronds) with the tissues of flowering plants —
epidermal, fibro-vascular, and fundamental ; spores borne in stalked
sporangia with incomplete longitudinal annulus and transverse
stomium.

Families of the Pohjpodiacece.

Stipe not articulate to the rhizome : sorus dorsal on its vein ;
indusium fastened beneath the sorus on all sides, ruptur-
ing irregularly over it (p. 14) I. Woodsik-e

Fronds not articulate to the rhizone ; sorl dorsal or terminal
on their veins, usually round, exceptionally extending
along the veins or over the parenchyma ; indusia fixed
by the center or at the top of a basal sinus, frequently
wanting (p. 15) II. Aspidie^

Stipe articulate to the rhizome, or not ; sorl, except In
Olcandra, terminal on the veins, often on the margin of
the frond, and the margin modified in connection with
them : indusium opening toward the margin or obliquely,
wanting in Monachosorum (p. 45) III. D.wali.ik.e

stipe, except in StenocMoena, not articulate to the rizhome ;
sori superficial, springing from the sides of the fertile
veins; indusium opening on the side away from the vein
or irregularly in Allantodia) or wanting (p. 66) IV. Asplenie^e

stipe not articulate to the rhizome ; sori near the margin,
on the ends of the veins or a strand connecting their
ends, protected, except in Nothochlceria, by the inflexed
and modified margin of the frond (p. 92) ., V. Pteridk,-e

Fronds simple and entire, not articulate to the rhizome ;

sori marginal or dorsal, linear, usually immersed (p. 106).. VI. Vittarie.e

Stipes articulate to the rhizome ; sori terminal or dorsal on
the veins, usually of definite form and size, without
indusia (p. 110) VII. Polypodie.?:

Fronds articulate to the rhizome or not ; sporangia cover-
ing the fertile surface, without being collected Into sorl ;
indusia therefore wanting (p. 1.36) VIII. Achrostiche.e

Artificial key to the ftiuiilirs and erratic genera.

1. Sori indefinite, covering the dorsal surface, in-
dusium wanting (Achrostichum L.).
2. Fertile region restricted to specialized apex

of simple frond (49) HymenoUpis

12 POLYPODIACE.E OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS.

2. Fertile region not so restricted.

3. Fronds articulate to rhizome.

4. Fronds pinnate (32) Stenochlwna

4. Fronds simple, dichotomous (62) Platycerium

3. Fronds not articulate to rhizome.

4. Fertile and sterile fronds alike.

5. Fronds simple (59) Elaphoglossum

5. Fronds pinnate (60) Achrostichum

4. Fronds dimorphous.

5. Veins free (7) Polybotrya

5. Veins forming areolae along

main veins (8) Stenosemia

5. Veins anastomosing
copiously.
6. Sterile frond 2-pronged (61) CheiropJeuria
6. Fronds pinnate in plan (9) Gymnopteris
1. Sporangia gathered into sori, which are sometimes
contiguous, or somewhat indefinite.
2. Sorl elongate, not marginal nor sunken.
3. Indusium wanting.

4. Fertile veins oblique to costa.

5. Veins free throughout (23) Condogramine

5. Veins free except near mar-
gin (26) Syngramme

5. Veins anastomosing copiously.

6. Sori anastomosing (24) Heinionitis

6. Sorl simple.

7. Stipe not artic-
ulate (25) Loxogramme

7. Stipe articulate

to rhizome (54) Selliguea

4. Fertile veins connecting main

veins (5) Meniscium

4. Sorl parallel to costa, one on each
side.

5. Frond pinnate (50) Taenitis

5. Frond tripartite (51) CUristopteris

5. Frond simple and entire (52) Drymoglossum

3. Indusium present Asplenie^e

2. Sorl elongate, sunken, fronds simple and

entire (Vittarie-s;

J \Polypodium elongatum

2. Sori marginal or submargmal, protected by

the inflexed margin of the frond Pteride^

2. Sori marginal or submarginal, apical on their

veins, indusium opening toward margin Davallie;e

2. Sorl dorsal on the fronds, round or nearly so.
3. Stipe articulate to rhizome, indusium

absent Polypodie.*:

3. Stipe articulate to rhizome, indusium

present Davallie.^;

3. Stipe not articulate to rhizome.

4. Indusium fastened on all sides,

rupturing in middle (1) Diacalpe

4. Indusium, when present, not fast-
ened on all sides.
5. Veins all free, sori terminal.
6. Pinnae articulate to

rachis (12) Nephrolepis

AUTll'lClAL KKV.

6. Plnncc not articulate to
rachls.
7. IndUblura attach-1 ^.^ Microlcpia
ed by base '^^^'^h^r^^ saccolovia

sides )

T.Induslum fixed
by base only,

or wanting A8PIDIE-«

5. Veins free, sort subtermlnal
or dorsal.
G. Frond quadrtplnnate,

sorus naked (20) Monachoaorum

6. Less compound, or

with Indusium A8PIDIE-«

5. Veins anastomosing Aspidie/E

13

I. WOODSIE^.

stipe not articulate to the rhizome; sorus dorsal on its vein; indusium
fastened beneath the sorus on all sides, rupturing irregularly over it.

(1) DIACALPE Blume.

Rhizome erect; fronds large, tripinnate; veins free; sorus usually one
to each segment, on the lowest acropetal veinlet; indusium spherical.
Two terrestrial ferns, in this part of the Avorld.

(1) D. aspidioides Blume. Stipes clustered, erect, 40 cm. high, scaly at
the base ; frond 25 to 50 cm. high, triangular-ovate ; pinnules oblong-cuneate,
lobed and more or less decurrent, submembranaceous, glabrescent, or
sparsely chaffy on the veins, disposed to blacken in drying.

Mountains of Benguet and Lepanto, not below 2,000 m., Loher,

India, southern China, and Malaya.

14

II. asimdihj:.

Fronds not articulate to tlic rliizome; sori terminal or dorsal on tlieir
veins, usually round, cxceijtionally extending along the veins or over
the parenchyma; indusia tixed by tlie center or at the top of a basal
sinus, never elongate, frequently wantimr.

Because the presence or absence of the iinlu-ium varies witliiu the
larger genera, atid even in some of their species, no classitication and
arrangement of tlie Aspidic(r is everywhere easy to use. But, for this
reason, any arrangement which tries to define its genera primarily by
this character is eminently artificial ami impractical.

This is the largest group in our fern flora, and, except for the genera
whose sporangia cover the dorsal surface, it is a very natural one,
distinguished from the Pohjpodie(c by the nonarticulate stipe and the
usually present indusium, from Aspleniece by the round sorus and indusium,
and from Davalliece by the latter's mode of attachment.

1. Frond pinnate or pinnately veined.

2. Sori definite, confined to the veins, fertile fronds or
segments not sharply differentiated.
3. Veins free.

4. Indusium oval, attached by its axis (2) DidymocMoena

4. Indusium orbicular, attached b>- its center.. (3) PoU/stichum

4. Indusium cordate-reuiform or wanting (4) Lastraea

3. Lowest veinlets of neighboring veins uniting to
form regular triangular areolse, usually with
a series of regular areolce outside.

4. Sori round (4) Ncphrodium

4. Sori elongate along the cross-veinlets (5) Meniscium

3. Veins anastomosing copiously (6) Aspidium

2. Fronds or their segments dimorphous, sori covering
the parenchyma.

3. Veins free (7) Polybotrya

3. Veins anastomosing.

4. Veins free toward the margin (8) Stenosemia

4. Veins anastomosing throughout (9) Gymnopteris

1. Frond and venation dichotomous (10) Dipteris

(2) DIDYMOCHLAENA Desvaux.

Fronds at least bipinnate, the basiscopic half of the ultimate divisions
almost suppressed; veins free, branched; sori terminal on them but not
marginal, somewhat elongate; indusium the shape of the sorus, fixed along
the middle, opening on all sides. A single variable species, terrestrial
in most tropical countries, resembling a Littdsaya more than any of its
relatives in Aspidiecr.

15

16 POLYPODIACE.E OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS.

(1) D. lunulata Desv. Rhizome erect, rising above the ground or not;
stipes clustered, fronds 1 to 2 m. high, commonly bipinnate; pinnules
almost dimidiate, trapezoidal, the lower margin almost straight, the upper
slightly rounded, entire, glabrous, herbaceous; sori 4 to G to a pinnule,
large, partly immersed.

Luzon, Cuming 142, Steere; Mount Apo, DeVore and Hoover 345, com-
mon at about 4,500 feet.

Pantropic.

(3) POLYSTICHUM Roth.

Fronds at least pinnate, usually tough or rigid, with toothed and
spinulose margins and the basiscopic half the less developed; veins free,
or in one species anastomosing sparsely and irregularly; sori round,
usually dorsal; indusium normally peltate, exceptionally reniform. A
reasonably natural genus, but difficult to define because of the many
directions in which single species or groups vary; related to both Neph-
rodiiim and Aspidium. Mostly terrestrial.

1. Pinnae articulate to rachis (Cyclopeltis) (1) P. presUmium

1. Pinnae not articulate, veins free {Eupolystichum) .

2. Simply pinnate (2) P. auriculatum

2. Lower pinnae pinnate, sori costal or medial.

3. Teeth aristate (3) P. aculeatum

3. Teeth blunt or mucronate (4) P. obtusuin

2. Lower pinnse pinnate, sori submarglnal (5) P. amabile

2. Lower pinnae at least bipinnate.
3. Teeth mucronate or awned.

4. Lower pinnae lanceolate-deltoid.

5. Rhizome creeping (6) P. aristatum

5. Rhizome erect (7) P. coniifoHum

4. Pinnae linear (8) P. horizontale

3. Teeth awnless (9) P. varium

1. Pinnae not articulate, veins inclined to anastomose toward

the margin (10) P. falcatum

(1) P. preslianum (J. Sm.) Moore. Rhizome creeping or oblique, short,
densely fibrillose; stipes clustered, 3 to 10 cm. high, naked or nearly so;
frond 20 to 40 cm. high, 8 to 10 cm. broad, simply pinnate; pinnse jointed
to the rhizome, broadly lanceolate, obscurely crenate, almost horizontal,
acute, cordate on the lower and truncate on the upper side at the base,
coriaceous, glabrous; veins forked about three times, the lower branches
falling short of the margin; sori in 1 to 3 rows on each side of the
costa, the costal row the most constantly complete.

Masbate and Catanduanes, Baranda ; Tayabas, Merrill 3351.

Malaya.

A sjjecies very near this, but with thinner foliage and the pinnae not
articulate to the rachis, occurs in Luzon and Mindanao, and probably
throughout the Archipelago; the two are decidedly too alike for me to
separate them generically, by recognizing J. Smith's Cyclopeltis.

(2) P. auriculatum (Sw.) Presl, var nervosum (Fee) Christ. Stipss
fasciculate, decumbent, 10 to 15 cm. long, scaly below or throughout; frond
about 30 cm. long, 5 cm. broad; pinnae numerous, subsessile, crenate,

AsriiMr.-i: i'dlvsikiii m. 17

without .iwns, falcate, acutt-, auriclcd nn tlic iii>por side, subcoriaceous ;
sori niiinitt'. scattered, iiidusia almost Wiintiiig.

Mount Mariveles, 1,400 ni., Lolur.

India to Fornuisa (tlie type).

(3) P. aculeatum (S\v.) Roth. Stipes tufted, 15 cm. and upward in
heipht. more or less clothed with ovate-lanceolate and fibrillose pale brown
.seniles; frond .30 to (iO cm. high, 20 cm. broad, bipinnate below or almost
throughout ; pinna; close, horizontal, lanceolate; pinnules ovatc-rhomboidal,
oblique, auricled on the acroscopic side at base, aristatc-serrate, sub-
coriaceous, almost glabrous; rachises fibrillose or scaly; sori principally
in rows, nearer the midrib than the margin. An exceedingly variable
species, or type of a large group of closely related species, of which our
material is not sufficient to determine which are distinct enough to be
profitably named. Beside fairly typical specimens the following varieties
are reported :

Flastatum Ten., Davao, Warbury 141.50.

.^uhamfrntim Christ. Davao, Warburf/ 14124, 141.30.

lint janense Christ, which is almost triiiinnate, Benguet, Loher.

Luzon, Steere; Davao, Warburg 14149, Copeland 10.31.

Cosmopolitan.

(4) P. obtusum (Mett.) Presl. Stipes tufted, 10 to 15 cm. high, densely
clothed with large, ovate-acuminate, bright brown scales; frond 30 cm. or
more high, 10 to 15 cm. broad, lanceolate; pinnte numerous, distant, linear-
lanceolate, the lower ones 6 to 10 cm. long; pinniiles distinct, oblong-
rhomboidal, the obscure teeth blunt or mucronatc, subcoriaceous, glabrous;
rachis densely fibrillose; sori in rows midway between the midrib and
margin.

Luzon. Cinning 234. Lobb ; Mount Arayat, Loher; Bagnio, Topping 170.
Xot very distinct from P. aculeatum.

(5) P. amabiie (Bl.) Presl. Rhizome creeping, scaly; stipes scattered,
about .30 cm. high, slender, stramineous, scaly toward the base; frond 30
cm. or more high, 20 to 25 cm. broad, with a lanceolate, acuminate, terminal
pinna, and 3 to (! similar lateral ones on eacli side; pinnules rhomboidal,
with at least half of the lower side cut away, 10 to 15 mm. long, over
half as broad, the upper side and outer half of the lower lobed and sharply
spinulose-serrate, subcoriaceous, glabrous; sori submarginal, small.

Benguet, Loher; Davao, Copeland 1114.
India to Formosa and Java.

(6) P. aristatum (Sw.) Presl. Rhizome creeping; stipes scattered, 30
to 50 cm. higli. clothed at least toward the base with linear or fibrillose
scales; frond 30 to 60 cm. high, 20 to 30 cm. broad, ovate-deltoid, tri-
or quadripinnatifid; lower pinna; largest, 15 to 25 cm. long, .subdeltoid;
lowest pinnules nnich largest, lanceolate-deltoid, 5 to 10 cm. long, with
subdeltoid lower segnnents; teeth copious, aristate; texture subcoriaceous;
glabrous, rachis nearly so; sori small, principally in rows near the
midrib; indusium sometimes reniform.

2403*; 2

18 POLYPODIACE.E OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANES.

Luzon, Steere; Bengiiet and Aiayat, Loher ; Caraarines, Bcnonda.
Africa to Japan and Polynesia.

(7) P. conifolium (Wall.) Presl. Rhizome erect; stipes clustered,
20 to 50 cm. liigh, clothed at the base with narrow black scales, stramineous ;
frond 30 to 50 cm. high, deltoid; pinnae deltoid, the lowest 10 to 15 cm.
long, with its lowest basipetal pinnule largest, usually falcate, 6 to 8 era.
long, its pinnules of the second order stalked and toothed or lobed, spinulose,
subcoriaceous, glabrous; sori mostly in rows along the midribs.

Luzon, Cuming 262; Benguet, Loher, Topping 192; Aiayat, Merrill 3815;
Mount Mariveles, Copeland, Barnes 130, 142; Whitford 130.
Africa to Polynesia.

(8) P. horizontale Presl., in Epim. Bot., p. 57. Stipes clothed with
short, ovate, and long, linear acuminate scales; frond about 1 m. high,
ovate, tripinnate; pinnae subopposite, short stalked, linear, very acute,
the lower ones horizontal; primary pinnules subsessile, oblong-lanceolate,
acute; secondary pinnules sessile, rhomboidal, obtuse, mucronate-dentate,
coriaceous, the veins beneath bearing scattered, minute scales; sori rather
large, with coriaceous, persistent indusium.

Luzon, Cuming.

(9) P. varium (L. ) Presl. Rhizome short, creeping; stipe 30 to 00
cm. high, densely fibrillose toward the base; frond 30 to 50 cm. high,
about 30 cm. broad; lower pinnae the largest, 15 cm. long, subdeltoid,
with the lowest basipetal pinnules elongate, 8 cm. long, and divided into
distinct, linear-oblong, falcate secondary pinnules; the rest of the frond
only bipinnate, teeth rather obscure, not spinulose; coriaceous, glabrous,
but rachis and midribs fibrillose; sori medial; indusia rcniform or peltate.

Baguio, Elmer 6,489; Arayat, Loher.
Japan and China.

(10) P. falcatum (L.) Diels. Stipes tufted, 15 to 30 cm. high, beset
at the base with large, dark scales; frond 30 to GO cm. high, ovate-
lanceolate, simply pinnate; pinnae numerous, the lower ones stalked, ovate-
acuminate, falcate, 10 to 15 cm. long, 2 to 5 cm. broad, entire or slightly
undulate, contracted suddenlj- on the upper side and often auricled;
rounded or obliquely truncate on the lower, coriaceous, glabrous, glossy
above; veins as a rule anastomosing toward the margin; sori small,
copious, scattered.

Mount Data, 2,250 m., Loher.
Natal across India to Hawaii.

(4) NEPHRODIUM Richard.

Fertile and sterile fronds or parts of the frond not differentiated, or
but slightly so; veins free, or the branches of adjacent veins anas-
tomosing to form regular areolae, triangular next the costa, trapezoidal
farther out; sori round, the indusim cordate-reniform or wanting. Mostly
terrestrial ferns, of medium or large size, thin or moderately firm, but
not very coriaceous, compound. Related through Pleocnemia to Aspidium.
A very large genus, so natural that even the separation of the two great

AS!'II»Ii:.K — NKrilUobUM. 19

suhficni'ia lca\i's .■•(•vfial ^pccii--^ in :ui cijuiN ocal position. In >pil<' of tliis
liomofii'iii'ity it iiu-ludi's a larj^t- iiiiiiilnr of <,'ciiira proposal at (liUcri'iit
timos.

Lastriiu: \'(iiis free.

1. Simply pinnate, pinna? not Incised beyond ihe middle nt .V. Itirtiins

1. Simply pinnate, pinntp Incised beyond the middle.

2. Lowest pinnrp not reduced conspicuously.

3. Lowest pinna> considerably loiiKer than others.

4. Frond over .30 cm. high (2) N. distana

4. Frond under 10 cm. high (3) N. (irammitoidea

3. Lowest pinnae not longer than others.

4. Segments of pinnie at right angle to

cost a.

5. Segments obtuse (4) N. cra.isifolium

_ „ . . 1(5) .V. Faurici clatius

5. Segments acute )

1(6) N. attenuatum

4. Segments of pinnae forming acute angles.

5. Veinlets less than 10 on a side.

6. Lower surface villous (7) N. calcaratum

G. Lower surface grandular .... (8) N. viacosum

(5. Lower surface glabrous (1.5) AT. sagenoidea

5. Veinlets more than 10 on a side.

6. Sori submarginal, texture

thin (9) A', iinmcrsum

6. Sori marginal, subcoriaceous (10) N. Ugulatum

2. Lowe.st pinna? reduced, veinlets simple.

3. Pinnie not lobed nearly to their midrib (11) N. exiguum

3. Pinna? lobed nearly or quite to their rachis.

4. Veinlets 4 or 5 on a side (12) N. Deddomci

4. Veinlets 8 to 12 on a side |'13) A'- Luersacni

1(14) N. orydon
2. Lowest pinnae reduced, veinlets forked.
3. Lobes of pinnse entire.

4. Sori subtermiiial, indusiuni absent (16) N. obacurum

4. Sori subterniinal. indusium present (17) N. syrmaticum

3. Lobes of pinnse toothed or pinnatifid.

4. Surfaces glabrous, young indusium red . (18) X. erythroaorum
4. Surfaces glabrous, indusium never red.... (19) N. Preslii

4. Lower surface villous (20) iV. flaccidum

1. Decompound (except .V. disscctiim) .

2. Small or middle sized ferms with erect rhizome.

3. Frond ovate-lanceolate, glabrous (21) N. sparaum

3. Frond deltoid, pubescent beneath (22) N. crcnatum

2. Small or middle sized ferns, rhizome creeping.

3. Sori marginal (23) N. reccdcna

3. Sori medial (24) A', hirtum

2. Large ferns, indusium usually Inconspicuous.

3. Bipinnatlfid (25) N. diaacctum

3. Bipinnate.

4. Lamina glabrous (26) N. intermedium

4. Both surfaces villous (27) iV. aapcrulum

3. Tripinnate.

4. Indusium present.

5. Frond not glabrous (28) N. aetigentm

5. Glabrous throughout (29) A', diviaum

4. Indusium wanting.

5. Rhizome erect (30) A'. or>iatum

5. Rhizome creeping (31) AT. ruguloanm

3. Quadripinnate .. (32) X. megaphyllum

20 POLYPODIACE.E OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS.

Goniopteris: Vemlets from neighboring veins anastomosing regularly.

1. Terminal pinna much exceeding the lateral, lobes uniform.

2. Sori small, lamina not villous (33) N. simplicifolium

2. Sori large, lamina villous.

3. Frond obtuse (34) N. Bakeri

3. Frond acuminate (35) N. canescens

1. Terminal pinna exceeding lateral or not, lobes of pinnas

very unequal (36) N. diversilobum

1. Terminal pinna hardly exceeding lateral, lobes uniform.
2. Rhizome creeping.

3. Lower pinnae hardly, if at all, reduced.

4. Pinnae entire (37) N. rubidum

4. Segments of pinnae entire.

5. Sori marginal in the lobes (38) N. pteroides

5. Sori not confined to lobes, pinnae
not lobed over half way to costa.

6. Indusium hairy (39) N. unitum

6. Indusium absent, sori in-
definite (40) 2V. aoristisorum

6. Indusium absent, sori definite.

7. Proliferous (41) N. proliferum

7. Not proliferous (42) N. urophyUwn

6. Indusium present, not hairy (43) N. moulmeinense
5. Sori not confined to lobes, pinnae

lobed two-thirds of way to costa.. (44) X. extensum

4. Segments of pinnae sharp toothed (45) N. Otaria

3. Lower pinnae shorter than the succeeding.

4. Glabrous (46) N. aridum

4. Not glabrous beneath.

5. Rachis nearly naked (47) N. cucuUatum

5. Rachis villous, sori marginal (48) N. loherianum

5. Rachis villous, sori medial.

6. Pinnae 15 cm. long, villous

beneath (49) N. invisian

6. Pinnae 25 cm. long, gland-
ular (50) N. hirsutiim

2. Rhizome erect.

3. Pinnae entire, or not lobed one-third of dis-
tance to midrib.
4. Lowest pinnae not much reduced.

5. Pinnae under 10 cm. long (51) N. glandulosmn

5. Pinnae over 20 cm. long (52) N. philippinense

4. Lowest pinnae reduced.

5. Rachis and lower surface glabrous (53) JV. latipinna
5. Rachis and lower surface not
glabrous.
6. Lower pinnje gradually

smaller and deflexed (54) N. amboinense

6. Lower pinnae very abruptly
reduced.
7. Veinlets 3 to 4 on a

side (55) N. Arbuscula

7. Veinlets 6 to 9 on a

side (56) N. pennigerum

3. Pinnae incised one-third or two-thirds of dis-
tance to midrib.

Asi'iiiiK.i; — .m;i'iii:()I»ii .m. 21

4. Lower ptnnse abruptly reduced to auri-
cles (57) .V. /us/ik/iz/k/ii

4. Lower pinns not abruptly reduced to
auricles.
5. Stipe black flbrlllose, later rough.. (58) N. fcrox
5. Stipe nalcpd or villous.

6. Frond about 40 cm. high.

sort medial (59) N. parasUicum

6. Frond about 1 m. high, sort

close to veins (60) N. trunratum

(1) N. hirtipes (Bl.) Hooker. Stipes tufted, 30 cm. or iiiort- liigli,
densely clotliod with long, blackish, fibrillose scales; frond CO to 100
cm. hi{;;h, 20 to 40 cm. hroad ; pinna' 10 to 20 cm. long, 2 to 3 cm. broad,
cleft about one-third of the way to the midrib into obtu.se lobes, herbaceous,
glabrous, the lower ones not reduced; rachis fibrillose like the stipe;
veinlets 4 or 5 on each side; sori medial, indusium sometimes wanting.

Benmiot and Ararat, Lohcr.
India and Malaya.

(2) N. distans (Don) Diels. Rhizome more or less creeping; stipes
30 to 45 cm. high, slender, glossy, stramineous or chestnut; frond 40 to
100,cin. high. 20 to 30 em. or more l)road; lowest pinnse rather tlie largest,
15 to 20 cm. long, 4 cm. broad, cut down nearly or quite to the rachis
into deeply piiiiiatilld pinnules 6 mm. broad, with obtuse or acute, toothed
or subentire lobes, herbaceous, slightly pubescent beneath; rachis naked;
veinlets slightly pinnate in the lower lobes, pellucid; sori scattered, copious,
e.xindusiate.

Benguet, Loher.
India to C'elel)es.

(3) N, grammitoides i Christ, Bull. Herb. Boiss. 6:193). Rhizome
short creeping, scaly; stipes weak, 3 to 4 cm. high, stramineous, clothed,
like the entire plant, with short, stiff, whitish hairs; frond 5 to 7 cm.
long. 15 to 20 mm. broad, catidate-attenuate, broadest at the base, bipin-
natifid; free pinnte about 0 pairs, remote, alternate, sessile, triangular-
deltoid, acuminate, incised below to the costa into acute, triangular,
crenatc lobes 4 mm. long; veins pinnate in the lobes; sori minute, round,

3 or 4 on each side of the vein; indusium minute and pilose, or wanting.
Mount Mariveles, 1,400 m., Loher.

(4) N. crassifolium Hooker. Stipes tufted, 30 cm. or more liigh.
glossy, slightly villous; frond 40 to GO cm. high, 20 to 30 cm. broad;
pinna; 10 to 15 cm. long. 2 to 4 cm. broad, their lobes obtuse, falcate,

4 to 6 mm. broad, reaching from half to two-thirds down to the midrib,
subcoriaceous, glossy but the midribs finely villous, lower pinna; distinctly
stalked; veinlets 10 to 12 on each side, with the sori nearer the midrib
than the margin; indusiiun small, evanescent.

Philippines, Loher; Negros, Copeland 93.
Malaya.

(5) N. Fauriei (Christ) var. elatius (Christ) probably belongs here.
It is a small fern, with very narrow fronds, and consequently short pinnae,

22 POLYPODIACE.E OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANIS.

and large sori; in the Pliilippine form the pinnae are incised at the base
to the rachis, or nearly so.

Mount Tonglon, 2,250 m., Loher.

Japan.

(G) N. attenuatum (J. Sm.) Baker. Stipes 30 cm. or more high, firm,
glossy, naked; frond about 100 cm. high, (SO cm. broad; pinmie 20 to 30
cm. long, 2 to 3 cm. broad, long-acuminate, incised three-fourths of the
way to the costa into spreading, entire, obtuse lobes 2 mm. broad, the
basal lobes much reduced, subcoriaceous, glandular beneath, lowest pinnae
slightly stalked; veinlets 12 to 16 on each side; sori in a close row,
indusiate.

Samar, Crnning 327; Rizal, Loher.

(7) N. calcaratum (Bl.) Hooker. Rhizome short, erect; stipes densely
tufted, stramineous, 20 cm. high; frond 30 to 40 cm. high, 10 to 15 cm.
broad; pinnae spreading, 4 to 10 cm. long, 1 to 2 cm. broad, cut down
two-thirds or more of the way to the midrid into oblique, subfalcate,
linear-oblong, acute or obtuse lobes, the lowest acroscopic the longest,
herbaceous or subcoriaceous, dark green, more or less villous beneath ;
veinlets 3 to G on each side; sori medial, indusium glabrous, persistent.

Philippines.

India and Malaya.

(8) N. viscosum Baker. Stipe 15 cm. or more high, firm, erect, reddish
brown, slightly seah', finely villous; frond 20 to 30 cm. high, about 10
cm. broad, oblong-lanceolate; pinnae close, 5 to 8 cm. long, 1 cm. broad,
cut down nearly to the midrib into close, spreading, linear-oblong lobes,
herbaceous, dark green, densely glandular beneath; veinlets 5 to 0 on a
side; sori medial, indusiate.

Philippines, Lobb.
Malacca and Borneo.

(9) N. immersum Hooker. Stipes tufted, CO cm. or more high, stra-
mineous, scaly at base, naked above, or sparsely pubescent at top; frond
100 to 200 cm. high, 40 to 60 cm. broad; pinnae 20 to 30 cm. long, 20
to 35 mm. broad, almost horizontal, acuminate, cut down almost to the
midrib into close, spreading, subacute, linear lobes 2.5 mm. broad, papyraceo-
herbaceous, pubescent with stiff white hairs nearly 1 mm. long; veinlets
10 to 15 on each side; sori nearer the margin than the vein, immersed
so as to be prominent on the upper side; indusium peltate.

Southern Luzon, Baranda ; Davao, Copeland 695. Our plant is atypical
in the close lobes and more pubescent fronds.
Assam to Xew Caledonia.

(10) N. ligulatum Hooker. Stipes gray, glossy, naked; frond about
100 cm. high, 30 to 50 cm. broad; pinnae 15 to 25 cm. long, 2 to 3 cm.
broad, cut down very nearly to the midrib into linear, obtuse, entire,
erecto-patent libes 2 mm. broad with more than their own space between
them, subcoriaceous, finely pubescent beneath, as is the rachis; veinlets
10 to 12 on a side; sori quite marginal, indusiate.

Luzon, Cuming 04; Cagayan-Luzon, Warburg 12216; Cebu, Cuming 343.

Asi-iiMi:.i: — NKi'iiicoitii M. 23

(11) N. exiguum llookiT. Stiju's tufted, 15 to 25 cm. l»i;,'li, sIcikIit,
•rrny, iinknl; linml Jd lu 25 iiii. lii^li, '.i to 5 cm. l)r«)ii(i ; pinna' 2 to 3 cm.
lonj;, 1 cm. Iiiiiiid. cut down liiilf way to tlic uiitlril) or more into close,
obtuse lobes, pjipv raceo-beibaceous ; raciiis villous; veinlets obscure, 2 to .3
on encli side; soii near tlu> veins.

Luzon, f'it)niii;i 251. 272.

(12) N. Beddomei Maker. Kliizome sliiider wide-creeping; stipe 15
to 25 (Ml. Iii^'li, slender, glossy; frond 15 to 50 cm. lii;,di. 5 to 10 cm.
broad, lanceolate; central piiuue the lar^'esl, I? to 5 cm. I<>n^', lanceidate,
cut (low II to tlieir racliis into close, ratiirr acute, entire lobes, {glabrous
except fnr the veins, liiin: lower |)iMMa' distant and dwindling down very
gradually; veinlets 4 to 5 on a side; sori close to the incurved margin,
indusiate.

Menguet, Lolur, TupiiiiKj '.V.W, Kliiicr ti4!tl.
India, Java, southern China.

(13) N. Luersseni Tlarriiigtmi, .Tourn. T.inn. Soc. 16:20. Stipes clus-
ter«'d. firm, shining, light i)uiplish; frond 45 to 75 cm. high, 15 to 25
cm. broad, oblong, tajx'ring abruptly to the base; jiinn.r 10 to 20 cm.
long, 2 to 4 cm. broad, lanceolate, acuminate, jointed at the base, cut
ilown almost <>r (Hiitt> to tlie rachis into numerous linear or olilanceolate
lobes 2 to 4 cm. long, mend)ranaceous, glabrous, lowest pinuic very small;
veinlets 8 to 12 on a side, distant; sori marginal, indusiate. Near X.
prolixum Baker.

Baluku Island, growing on the margin of a pond, Steere.

(14) N. oxydon (Baker in .lourn. of Bot., 1S79, p. 66, sub Bolypodio)
should probably be inserted lure.

Jolo Archipelago, Jiurbidf/c.

(15) N. sagenoides (Mett.) Baker. Stipes tufted, slender, 15 to 50
cm. high, almost black, polished, scaly at the base; frond 150 to 60 cm.
high, half as broad; pinnae 10 to 15 cm. long, .3 to 4 cm. broad, narrowed
gradually from the base to the apex, cut down nearly to tlie midrib into
linear-oblong, obtuse, crenate or entire lobes, papyraceo-herbaccous, gla-
brous; veinlets 6 to 10 on a side, forked; sori terminal on the acropetal
branch, nearer the margin than tlio vein, indusiate.

Davao. WarhK,;/ 14122, Vopeland 1238.
Malaya.

(16) N. obscurum (Fee) Diels. Stipes tufted, 30 cm. high, black,
glo.ssy, naked; frond 20 to 40 cm. high, deltoid-oblong, acuminate; pinnae
aboiit 10 cm. long. 2 to 3 cm. broad, cut three-fourtlis of the way to
the midrib into close, obtuse lobes 5 mm. broad, thin-papyraceous; veinlets
6 to S on a side, forked ; .sori subterminal on the acropetal branches,
medial.

Philippines. Cuniinfj 302; Rizal, Lohrr, a small form.
Tavoy ?

(17) N. syrmaticum (Willd.) Baker. Rhizome erect; stipes tufted,
30 to 60 cm. high, stramineous; frond 100 cm., more or less, high, less
than half as broad; pinna; 15 to 25 cm. long, about 4 cm. broad, cut down

24 POLYPODIACE.^ OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS.

almost to the midrib into slightly toothed lobes 5 mm. broad, subcoi'iaceous,
glabrous, the lowest stalked, not much reduced; veinlets 8 to 12, some-
times more than once forked ; sori subterminal on the branches, as near the
mararin as the midrib, indusium small but evident. Near N. crassifolium.

Luzon, Cuming 13, 14, 154; Sorsogon and Catanduanes, Baranda; Bohol,
Cuming 354; Davao, Copeland 669, 928, 953, small forms; Zamboanga,
Copeland 736.

India, Malacca.

(18) N. erythrosorum Hooker. Stipes tufted, 15 to 25 cm. high, more
or less densely clothed with long lanceolate and linear scales; frond
30 to 50 cm. high, 20 to 30 cm. broad, ovate-lanceolate; pinn* lanceolate,
the lowest the largest, 10 to 15 cm. long, cut quite down to the rachis
below into oblong-obtuse pinnules which are slightly, sometimes spinosely,
toothed, herbaceous but firm, glabrous; sori in rows of 6 to 9, near the
veins; indusium 1 mm. broad, flat, bright red when young.

Japan and China.
Benguet, Loher.

(19) N. Preslii Baker. Stipes 15 to 25 cm. high, slender, deciduously
fibrillose; frond 15 to 25 cm. high, 10 to 15 cm. broad, lanceolate-deltoid;
upper pinnae lanceolate, close; lowest pair deltoid, the upper pinnules
4 mm. broad, obtuse, entire, the lower ones pinnatifid with similar lobes
and broad uncut center, subcoriaceous, glabrous; rachis fibrillose; sori
about 6 to the lower lobes, dorsal on the veins, nearer the vein than the
margin.

Luzon, Cuming 255.

(20) N. flaccidum Hooker. Stipes tufted, 30 cm. or more high, slender,
stramineous, naked; frond 30 to 50 cm. long, 15 to 20 cm. broad; pinnae
7 to 10 cm. long, 2 to 3 cm. broad, cut do\\ai to a rachis with a narrow,
distinct wing into oblong lobes 4 mm. broad, cut about half way down in
turn, herbaceous, villous beneath, like the rachis; lower pinnae distant,
shorter than the others and deflexed; veinlets forked, or in the lower
lobes subpinnate; sori about midway between the vein and margin.

Benguet, Loher.
Himalayas to Java.

(21) N. sparsum Don. Stipes tufted, 15 to 30 cm. high, scaly near
the base, stramineous and glossy above; frond 30 to 60 cm. high, 20 to 30
cm. broad, ovate-lanceolate; lowest pinnae the largest, 10 to 15 cm. long,
3 to 5 cm. broad; lowest pinnule sometimes compound, the others lan-
ceolate, unequal sided, pinnatifid with oblong, obtuse lobes, herbaceous
but firm, glabrous, pale green; sori usually one to each lobe, near the
vein; indusium flat, naked, 2 mm. broad.

Benguet, Loher, Topping 282.
Mauritius to IMalaya and China.

(22) N. crenatum (Forsk.) Baker. Stipes 25 to 50 cm. high, stramin-
eous, glossy, densely clothed at the base with a tuft of lanceolate, bright
brown scales: frond 20 to 40 cm. high, deltoid; lowest pinnae much the
largest, deltoid, 15 to 25 cm. long, 6 to 10 cm. broad; pinnules lanceolate,

Asi '1 1 1 1 K.i-: — N 1 : 1 ■ 1 1 K< II ii r M . 25

often inibricatf, with ovate or olilon^' pinnatifiil scymcnts witli rmuidt'd
lobes, lifiljaci'ous, pale green, puliescenl lieiiealli as is (lie lacliis; soii
copious; iiuUisiuiu larj^e, pale, villous.

Cagayaii-Luzoii, W'dtbur;/ 12205; Benguet, Loher, Elmer (J48U, G5i).);
Arayat, Lohcr.

Cape \'ei<le {.-.hiiuls to (. liiiia.

(23) N. recedens (.1. bin.i Hooker. Khizoine wide-creeping; stipe
about 30 cm. iiigli, erect, villous, soft, clothed at the base with squarrose,
linear .scales; frond 40 to 00 cm. high, 30 cm. or more broad, deltoid;
lower pinniv much the largest, 15 to 30 cm. long, 10 to 15 cm. broad;
pinnules of tlii' lower side the largest, sometimes 15 cm. long, 5 cm.
broad, with distinct, one-sided lanceolate segments with close, slightly
toothed linear-oblong lobes, firm, nearly glabrous; rachiscs villous; sori
small, 0 to 8 around the margin of the larger lobes.

Luzon, Cuming 96.

Ceylon and southern India.

(24) N. hirtum (Presl.), non Hooker, irond deltoid, decompound, 30
cm. long; rachises clothed with copious appressed, linear, brown palese;
lower piiuia? the largest, deltoid, the lower side the more developed;
central pinna^ oblong-lanceolate; final segments oblong, entire, 2 mm. l)road,
moderately firm, glabrous; veinlets few, erecto-patent; sori medial.

"Philippines." Haetike.

(25) N. dissectum (Forst.) Desv. Stipes tufted, 30 cm. or more
high, railier slender, glossy, clothed toward the base with linear, dark
brown scales; frond 30 to 150 cm. high, 30 to 100 cm. broad, deltoid;
lower pinniie varying from simply pinnatifid, with broad obtuse lobes,
to 30 cm. long, with similar pinnatifid pimiules, the center usually uncut
for a breadth of 1 cm., and the uncut obtuse or acute ultimate divisions
equally broad, papyraceo-herbaceous, bright green, nearly glabrous; sori
copious, generally submarginal ; indusium flat, 1 nun. or more broad.

Luzon, Cuming 30, 24fl.
^ladagascar to Polynesia.

(26) N. intermedium (Bl.) Baker. Stipe 30 to GO cm. high, stout,
erect, densely clothed at the base with long, bright brown, silky fibrils;
frond CO to 100 cm. high, 30 to 50 cm. broad, subdeltoid; lower pinme
lanceolate, often 30 cm. long, 10 cm. broad; pinnules close, lanceolate,
witli distinct oblong-lanceolate segments with ligulate, subentire lobes
about 2 mm. broad, herbaceous, firm, glabrous or slightly scaly on the
midribs; sori small, copious, nearer the veins than the margin; indusium
thin, fugacious.

Benguet and Rizal, Loher.
Ceylon to Jajiiin.

(27) N. asperulum (J. Sm.). Stipe firm, terete, brownish, pubescent;
frond 40 to GO cm. high, 30 cm. or more broad; lower pinna* 15 to 25 cm.
long, 5 to 8 cm. broad; pinnules lanceolate, 1 cm. broad, oblique; cut
down to the rachis below into oblique, oblong, pinnatifid segments, sub-

26 rOLYPODIACE.^^: OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS.

'coriaceous, villous on both surfaces; veinlets immersed; sori copiovis, one
to each ultimate segment.

Luzon, Cuming G3 ; Albay, Baranda.

(28) N. setigerum (Bl.) Baker. Rhizome creeping; stipe 30 to 50 cm.
high, scaly at the base, naked in the middle, villous at the top, stramin-
eous; frond 40 to 100 cm. Iiigh ; lowest pinn» the largest, 20 to ."30 cm.
long, half as broad; pinnules close, linear-hmceolate, reaching a length
of 10 cm. their segments pinnatifid more than half way to the midrib,
herbaceous, glabrous or sparingly hirsute; sori minute, numerous; indu-
sium fugacious.

Cagayan-Luzon, Warburg 12207; Benguet, Topping 178; Rizal, Guer-
rero 1 .

India across Polj'nesia.

(29) N. divisum Hooker. Stipes 60 to 100 cm. high, brownish, glabres-
cent; fronds 2 to 3 ni. high, spreading; lower pinnse 30 to 50 cm. long,
20 to 25 cm. broad ; pinnules lanceolate, acuminate, their rachis very
slightly winged, their rather obtuse segments cut down over half way to
the midrib into sharp teeth or toothed lobes, papyraceous, glabrovis, deep
green; sori nearer the midrib than the margin, usually one to each
tooth or lobe, indusiate.

Mount Apo, CopeUind 1138.
India, Bourbon, Java.

(30) N. ornatum (Wall.) Baker. Rhizome erect; stipe densely chaffy
at the base and more or less so throughout, 50 to 100 cm. higli; fronds
1 m. high and upward, ovate, at least tripinnate, exceedingly variable,
villous beneath, herbaceous; sori often sheltered by the incurved margin,
exindusiate. This is rather doubtfully distinct from N. setigerum.

Luzon, Cuming 1, 75, 412; Rizal, Loiter; Davao, DeVore and Hoover
360, 361, Copeland 611.
India to Celebes.

(31) N. rugulosum (Labill.). Rhizome wide-creeping, rather hairy
than scaly; stipe 30 to 50 cm. high, puberulous and glandular; frond 30
to 120 cm. high, deltoid; lower pinnse the largest, themselves less broadly
deltoid, their pinnules with distinct, obtuse, more or less deeply crenate
segments I cm. long, 3 mm. broad, firm-papyraceous, viscid-puberulous,
very sparsely so above, pale green, especially beneath ; sori copious, or
one at the base of each tooth, on the upper side, exindusiate. This is
probably a form of X. punctatum Diels; but that name is invalidated under
the Berlin rules by Acrostiehum punctatum L., and under the Kew rules
by Sephrodium punctatum Parish. Strikingly like Hypolepis.

Baguio, Topping 252.

All warm countries except Africa.

(32) N. megaphyllum Baker. An enormeous fern, several meters high;
stipe 15 mm. or more thick, rough, clothed with appressed, subulate scales,
as is the rachis; frond ample, quadripinnate; pinnae 75 cm. long, 15 cm.
broad, stalked, acuminate; pinnules almost sessile, remote, alternate, ovate-
oblong; pinnules of the third order 3 cm. long, almost sessile, broadly

ASI'IDIK-K — Mil'lllCODll .M. 27

tiianj,MiIar-iiviitf, tlicir nu-liis imnowly wiiif^rd ; s<';;mt'iitH of the fourtli
(inlt-r ovate, incised into e<)ai>e tiMiiicateolitiise teetii, furfuraceous ; sciri
siiif^'le at tiie l)ase of tlie ultiniate lobes; iiiiliisi\iiu lenifonii.

Ua<^iiio, l-oliir.

Horiieo.

(.■{."{) N. simplicifolium llnok. Klii/.nnie ereepin-i ; stijies tufted, strong,
villous u|)\vard, al nut In cin. lii<,'li; frond lo to M) em. iiifjli. witli a
lanceolate : luniiiiate. entire ajiex about :? em. Inoad, an<l at its l)ase 1 to (i
small hlunt. sjiieadin;,', entire, distinct ijinna-, subcoriaeeous ; niiilrii) liis|iid
beneath, iind the |Hdniinent veins sli;,'htl_v so, main veins .{ mm. apart,
all the veinlets anastoiuosinf,'; sori minute, indusium wanting;.

Leyte, Cumin i/ :U.">.

Fiji.

(;U) N. Bakeri llai rin;;tcin. Khi/ome erect ( "M ; stipes clustered, light
brown, villous or scaly, 4 to lit cm. lii^li ; fnind oblong-oblanceolate, 10
to 1.") cm. high, 2 to ;{ cm. broad, obtuse, coarsely crenate or lobed one-
third the distance to the costa, with usually 2 to 4 distinct oblong-ol)ovate
sessile |dnna' at the base hanlly as large as the lobes, papyraceous, villous;
veinlets (1 to S pairs, tiie majority of tliem anastomosing; sori small,
midway on the veinlets, the indusium hairy, often absent.

Panay, terresti-ial in the mountains, Slccre.

( 3o ) N. canescens (Bl.) Christ. Rhizome creeping; stipe of sterile
Iroiid aliiiiit .'> cm., of fertile about 20 cm. high, erect, villous above; rachis
likewise villous; .sterile frond 10 cm. more or less, high, ovate-lanceolate,
acute, tlie terminal segment sometimes almost the whole length, sometimes
much less than half, crenate; pinnte truncate at both ends, crenate or
slightly lobed toward tlie broad apex, ]iapyraceous, mostly glabrous; fertile
frond similar except that tlie pinnie are usually narrower and occupy a
relatively large part of the frond; sori near the main veins, or irregularly
scattered, indusium usually absent. I follow Christ in referring this plant
to Blume's Gymnogramme canescens, though our plants are largely glabrous.
It is variable here as in Celebes (cf. Christ. Ann. .fard. Buitenz. 15:1."?0).

Isabela-Luzon, ^Vftrhurg IIGOS, llGll; Xueva Vizcaya, .Merrill 162;
Rizal, Loher; Lamao, Merrill 3130, Copeland 2.50; Samar, Cuming 322;
Davao, Copeland .503.

Java, Celel)es.

(30) N. diversilobum Tresl. Rhizome creeping or ascendent; stipe of
sterile frond 10 cm., of fertile 20 cm. high; rachis very closely villous;
frond 1.5 to 30 cm. high, lanceolate or ovate; pinmr opposite, acuminate,
below their apex dee])ly and variously lobed, crenate near the tnuicate,
sometimes auricled base, papyraceous, glabrous except for the costa; fertile
frond the same, sori midway on tlic veinlets, exindusiate.

Luzon, Cuming .51, 102; Xegros and Davao, Copeland .'^3. 698.

This and the preceding two species arc very close together, and probably
all very near .Y. parasitieum.

(37) N. rubidum Hooker. Stipes firm, erect, glossy, reddish brown,
naked; fr<iri<l :io to .M) cm. high. 30 cm. or more broad; pinnse numerous,

28 POLYPODIACE.E OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS.

the lowest stalked, 15 to 20 cm. long, 2 cm. broad, acuminate, entire or
nearly so, subcoriaceous, glabrous; veinlets obscure, 8 to 10 on a side;
sori close to the main veins, exindusiate.

Luzon, Cuming ; Camarines and Sorsogon, Baranda.

Java and Borneo ( ? ) .

(38) N. pteroides (Retz.) J. Sm. Rhizome hypogaeous, creeping; stipe
30 to 60 cm. high, slender, almost naked; frond 40 to 80 cm. high, 30
to 40 cm. broad; pinnae spreading, 15 to 25 cm. long, 1 to 2 cm. broad,
serrate with triangular teeth seldom one-third the depth to the midrib,
papyraceo-herbaceous, rachis and veins somewhat hairy beneath; veinlets
5 to 8 on each side; sori confined to the margin of the teeth, indusiate.

Rizal, Loher; Sorsogon, Baranda; Mindoro, Merrill 984; Culion, Merrill
484, 594; Mindanao, Cuming 293; Davao, Copeland G3G.
India and China to Queensland and Polynesia.

(39) N. unitum R. Br. Stipes 30 to 50 cm. high, brownish, naked;
frond 60 cm. or more high, 15 to 20 cm. broad; pinnae 10 to 15 cm. long,

1 to 2 cm. broad, cut from a third to half way down into spreading,
triangular, acute lobes, coriaceous, the lower ones not dwindling down;
veinlets 6 to 8 on each side; sori nearly terminal, principally in the
lobes, indusium hairy.

Luzon, Cuming 259.
Pantropic.

(40) N. aoristisorum (Harrington, in Journ. Linn. Soc. 16:30).
Rhizome short and thick, with slender, brown scales; stipes clustered,
8 to 15 cm. high, slender, gray slightly pubescent above; frond 15 to 25
cm. high, 2 to 4 cm. broad, linear-lanceolate, the lower pinnae reflexed;
pinnae 20 to 40 pairs, 12 to 16 mm. long, half as broad, elliptical, slightly
falcate, obtuse, coarsely crenate, auricled on the upper side, sessile or
nearly so, subcoriaceous, pubescent beneath, as is the rachis; veinlets

2 or 3 on each side, of which but one usually anastomoses with the
opposite one of the next lobe; sori not definitely bounded, the sporangia
more or less scattered.

Panay, terrestrial in mountains, Steere.

(41) N. proliferum (Presl.). Rhizome stout, creeping; stipes spread-
ing, naked, 5 to 20 cm. high; frond 30 to 60 cm. long, 15 to 30 cm. broad,
erect or decumbent, often elongate and rooting at the point and branched
copiously from the axils; pinnae 10 to 15 cm. long, 1 to 2 cm. broad,
broadest at the truncate or cordate base, obtuse, bluntly lobed about
2 mm. deep, subcoriaceous, naked or nearly so; veinlets 6 to 10 on a
side; sori medial, oval, sometimes confluent, exindusiate.

Luzon, Cuming 168; Benguet, Loher.
Africa to Polynesia.

(42) N. urophyllum (Wall.) Beddome. Rhizome horizontal, short and
stout; stipe 50 to 80 cm. high, erect, nearly naked; frond 60 cm. or
more high, 30 to 50 cm. broad; pinnae rather few, 20 to 30 cm. long,
about 5 cm. broad, acuminate, entire or crenate, sessile, papyraceous,

Asi'iinK.r. — xKi'iiKiMni M. 29

glahi"f)iis; vriiilct- alxiiit 1 .'i |>airs, tin' sdii iin'diiil on iIhtii, forming two
rows, or, near tin- iiiidril), tt-rniiiial and forinin}:^ a sin;,'l(' row, cxindusiate.

Luzon, liaiundit, Strcrc; Davao, \V(iibut(i 14171, Vupclutid !•.").!.

India to Queensland and I'olynrsia.

(4.'5) N. moulmeinense Hcddcmu'. Uliizonio short, creeping; stipe 60
to 120 cm. lii^rli, irict, naked unless at tlie lop; frond fiO to 120 cm.
higli, 40 to 00 cm. l)road ; piiniir usually more than (i on each side,
20 to 30 cm. long, scarcely 4 cin. l>n>ad, long-acuminate, entire or crenato
or more often serrate witii falcate teeth 2 to ."{ mm. deep, abruptly
contracted to the sessile nv suhsessile base, Hubcf)riaceous, glabro\is or
nearly so, smooth: vcinlcts about 15 on a side; sori medial on them,
mostly witli a \isii)Ie imlii^iuiM.

Rizal, Lohrr : Mindoro, MnriU f>07 ; Zamboanga, Copeland; Davao,
Cnprldiid 1240, called "Snio])" in I'agobo.

India and Malaya.

This species differs typically from tlie preceding; in being of finiier
texture, with more numerous, narrower, and more uniformly narrow piiuue
with less entire margin, more numerous main veins, and indusia; in
practice, they are not very distinct.

(44 1 N. extensum (HI.) Hooker. Stipe 30 to 60 cm. high, naked or
nearly so. brownish; frond 60 to 120 cm. high, 30 to .50 cm. broad:
pinna; 15 to 25 cm. long, about 2 cm. broad, cut ilown about two-thirds
of the way to the rachis into linear-oblong lobes, papyraceo-herbaceous,
naked or nearly so; veinlets 6 to 8 on each side, often only the lowest
pair united; sori nearly terminal, not confined to the lobes, indusiate.

llizal, Loher ; Albay, Baraiida.

India, Malacca.

(45) N. Otaria Baker (Anisocampium Cumingiainun Presl.). Stipe 15
to 30 cm. high, substraniineous ; frond 30 cm. or more high, witli a
linear-oblong terminal pinna 10 to 15 cm. long, 2 to 4 cm. broad, acuminate,
lobed one-fourth to one-third of the way to the midrib into fineh' serrate
lanceolate lobes, and 3 to 0 distant, spreading, similar lateral pinmr on
each side, the lower ones stalked, thinly herbaceous, glabrous; veinlets
6 to 8 on each side, the lowest uniting midway between the midrib and
the edge; indusia present.

Luzon, Cuming 230.

India.

(40 I N. aridum i Don) Baker. Stipe 30 cm. or more liigli. erect, naked;
frond about 100 cm. high. 30 to 50 cm. broad: pinnip 15 to 25 cm. long,
about 3 cm. broad, cut aho\it one-third of the way down to the midrib
into sulitriangular, acute lobes, coriaceous, glabrous or slightly hairy;
veinlets 8 to 10 on a side; sori in rows about midway between midrib
and margin.

Luzon, Cuming 278.

India. Malaya.

(47) N. cucullatum (Bhune) Baker. Rhizome wide-creeping; .stipe
30 cm. or more high, erect, brownish, nearly naked: frond 40 to 80 cm.
high, 20 to 30 cm. broad; pinn.-e close, 10 to 15 cm. long, 1 to 2 cm.

30 POLYroDIACPLE OF THE THILIPPINE ISLANLS.

broad, cut down one-third of the way to the midrib into triangular, acute,
subfalcate lobes, the lower ones dwindling down suddenly to mere auricles,
coriaceous, lower surface, like the rachis, densely pubescent; 8 to 10
veinlets on each side; sori subterminal, indusiate.

Luzon, Cuming 254; Cagayan-Luzon, Warburg 12206, 12212; Lepanto
and Rizal, Loher; Nueva Ecija, Merrill 283, 284; Benguet, Elmer 6486;
Mindoro, Merrill 879; Davao, ^Varhurg 14097, Copeland 326, 447.

India across Polynesia.

(48) N. loherianum (Christ, Bull. Herb. Boiss. 6:191). Rhizome
creeping; stipes subtufted, 30 cm. high, sparsely scaly at the base,
densely but closely strigose-pubescent above, as are the rachis and veins;
frond deltoid-ovate (aside from some auricles representing the lowest
pinnae), 30 cm. high, 18 to 20 cm. broad, acuminate; pinnae 10 cm. long,

2 cm. broad, horizontal, lanceolate, acuminate, sessile, cleft down to

3 mm. from the midrib into obtuse, oblong, falcate . lobes 3 mm. broad,
subcoriaceous, short-pilose, ash-brown; veinlets about 12 pairs, only the
lowest anastomosing, and these not always; sori small, marginal, crowded,
with pilose indusia.

Montalban, Rizal, Loher.

(49) N. invisum C'arruth. Rhizome stout, wide-creeping; stipe 30 cm.
or more high, stout, brownish, villous; frond 45 to 60 cm. high, 20 to
30 cm. broad; pinnae numerous, 10 to 15 cm. long, 1 cm. or more broad,
cut about one-third of the way to the midrib into sharp, triangular,
falcate lobes, subcoriaceous, the lower ones distant and dwarfed; rachis
and lower surface villous; veinlets 6 to 8 on each side; sori in rows
close to the midrib, indusiate; capsules setose.

Moimt Mariveles, Warhtirg 12759; Tayabas, Warhurg 12509.
Polynesia.

(50) N. hirsutum .J. Sm., Presl. Stipes 100 cm. more or less high, scaly
at tlie base, closely hirsute toward the top; frond 100 to 200 cm. high,
50 cm. or more broad; pinnae 20 to 35 cm. long, narrowly linear, acumi-
nate, incised about half way to the midrib into obtuse, falcate lobes,
subcoriaceous, closely glandular beneath ; rachis densely but closely hirsute,
surfaces very sparsely hairy; veinlets about 8 on each side; sori medial
on them.

Luzon, Cuming 82; San Ramon, Copeland 751, a form with about 13
veinlets on each side, the sori reaching most of their length.
Celebes.

(51) N. glandulosum J. Sm. Stipes tufted, 30 cm. or more long,
naked or slightly villous; frond 30 cm. or more high, 10 to 15 cm. broad;
pinnae 8 to 10 pairs, spreading, larger and closer on the sterile frond,
6 to 10 cm. long, 2 to 3 cm. broad, entire or nearly so, truncate and
sometimes auricled at the base, papyraceo-herbaceous ; rachis and lower
surface naked or slightly villous, sometimes glandular ; fertile pinnae
somewhat contracted; veinlets 4 to 8 on a side, with the sori close to
the midrib, indusiate. Near A', uropht/llum.

Luzon, Cuming 16; Leyte, Cuming 298.
Malaya.

ASl'UUK.K — NKl'llUnlH I M. 'M

(52) N. philippinense Itnkci, in Ann. I'.ot. 5:.'{27. Kroinl olilnng-
lanrt'olalf, l>i|«iiin:it il'nl. (il» In ".Ml cni. lii^'li, W to 43 em. lnoad, jilabrous
tliidii^'lioiit ; iiiniuf hiiicfolatc-aiiiiiiiiiatf al)<)iit 20 cm. Ion;; l)y 3 cm. broad,
flit tliiuii los tliaii liall way tn llif racliis into oliloii;;. crccto-patont
lobes, modi'iati'ly lirin. tlic Inwcr ones not dwarfi-d; vi-inlfts S to 0
pairs; .sori int-dial, witli linn. L'latnons. |>cr.si.stciit indnsia. Nr.ir \.
Arbu.snila.

Luzon, Cutnitifl 10, S4 ; Hen^riH't and Kizal, Lohrr ; Cebii, f'luninr/ 33H.

(53) N. latipinna Hooker. Stipes tufted, 10 to 1.") em. liiirli, slentbr.
naked; frond iU to :!0 em. IukIi, S to 12 cm. broad, tlio u|)per tliird
or lialf lanceolate, pinnatitid with broad oblonp lobes; below this .several
pinna' on each side, the lar^jest 5 to S cm. lon^r. about 2 cm. broad,
cut al)out one fonrtli of the way down into broad, oblonp. subfalc.ite
lobes, papyraceo-lierl)aceous. tlie lower ones much reduced and distant;
rachis and sides ;;labrous: .S to .'> di-'tMnt \iinlcts on each side, with a
sorus about the middle of each. Doubtfully distinct from .V. jiarasitiruni.

Isabela-Luzon. 11«;/^i//y/ ll.i't'.). ll()04, 11010. 11070; Manila. }Vfnhinfj
12747.

Honpkon^r. Java.

(;)4) N. amboinense Prcsl. Stipes tufted. 1.^ to 20 cm. high, grayish,
nearly naked; fronds (>() cm. ftr mf>re high, 20 to 30 cm. broad: pinnae
spreading, about 10 cm. long, 1 to 2 cm. broad, cut one-fourth of the
way to the midrib into obtuse, slightly falcate lobes, papyraceo-herbaceous,
the lower shorter and deflexed ; rachis and lower surface slightly pubescent;
veinlets 4 to li on a side; sori in rows close to the midrib.

Luzon, Cuwiiip 83; Leyte, Cuming 317.

India :uii] Mnlaya.

(;!.") ) N. Arbuscula Desv. Stipes tufted, 10 to 20 cm. high, naked or
slightly pubrsccnt ; frond 30 to ^0 cm. high, 1.") to 20 cm. broad; pinnip
close. nun:cMous, about 10 cm. long by 1 cm. bioad, cut not more than
one-fourth of the way to tlie midrii) into obtu.se lobes, herbaceous, several
of the lower pairs short and distant; rachis and lower side finely villous;
veinlets distant, 3 or 4 on a side; sori in close rows.

'■Pliilipi)ines."

India to Polynesia.

(.")(li N. pennigerum (IJi.) Hooker. Stipes tufted, stout, 20 to 30
cm. high, linrly vilidiis: frond fiO to 120 cm. high, 30 to 50 cm. broad;
pinnie numerous, spreading, 15 to 25 cm. long, about 3 cm. broad, acuminate,
cut about one-fourth of the way to the midrib into oblong, falcate lobes,
herbaceous or subcoriaceous, the lower ones dwarfed and distant ; rachis
and under surface finely villous; veinlets 6 to 9 on a side, the sori medial
on them, indusiate; capsules setose. Near Y. vwulmeineiise.

Bagnio. I.Dhrr.

Africa. India, .Malaya.

(57) N. hispidulum I'.aker. Stipes tufted, slender, 30 to 50 cm. high,
grayish, villous; frond 30 to 50 cm. high, 15 cm. broad; pinme distant,
spreading, about 10 cm. long, 1 cm. broad, acuminate, cut about half

32 POLYPODIACE.^ OF THE THILIPPINE ISLANDS.

way to the midrib into oblong, slightly falcate lobes, the lower pinnae
suddenly dwarfed to mere auricles; rachis and under surface finely villous;
veinlets 3 to 4 on each side, with a large sorus on each near the margin,
indusiate; capsules naked.

Luzon, Cuming 268; "Philippines," Baranda.

Malaya.

(58) N. ferox Moore. Stipe 30 to 80 cm. high, strong, densely fibrillose
with black hairs which leave the stipe rough when they fall ; frond 90
to 150 cm. high, 60 cm. broad; pinnse rather close, spreading, 15 to 40
cm. long, 2 to 3 cm. broad, very acuminate, cut about one-third of the
way to the midrib into lanceolate-falcate lobes, subcoriaceous, glabrous
and glossy; veinlets 10 to 12 on each side; sori close to the main veins.

Benguet, Loher, Topping, 162, 320, Elmer 6232; Albay, Baranda.
Malaya.

(59) N. parasiticum (L.) Baker. Rhizome short; stipes tufted, 30
cm. high, slender, deciduously hairy; frond 30 to 60 em. high, 30 cm. broad;
pinnse spreading, 10 to 15 cm. long, 2 cm. broad, obtuse or acuminate,
cut about half way to the midrib into subfalcate obtuse lobes, truncate
at the base, herbaceous, finely villous, the lower ones deflexed, usually
distant and rather shorter; veinlets 6 to 8 on each side; sori medial,
indusiate.

Isabela-Luzon, Warhurg 11976; Benguet, Topping 319; Rizal, Loher;
Mount Mariveles, Copeland 226, 1389; Albay and Masbate, Baranda;
Culion, Merrill 589; Davao, Warburg 14096.

All warm countries.

(60) N. truncatum Presl. Stipes tufted, stout, erect, 00 cm. high,
grayish, naked or slightly villous; frond 60 to 120 cm. high, 30 to 50
cm. broad; pinnse 15 to 25 cm. long, 2 to 3 cm. broad, very obtuse, cut
down one-third of the distance to the midrib, more deeply toward the
apex, into obtuse, spreading, oblong lobes, papyraceo-herbaceous, glabrous
or nearly so; rachis slightly villous; veinlets 6 to 8 on each side, with
a sorus near the base of each. This includes A", caudiculatum Sieb. and
N. abruptum J. Sm.

Luzon, Cuming 120, Steere, Baranda; Leyte, Cuming 317.
India across Polynesia.

(5) MENISCIUM Schreber.

Fronds simple or once pinnate; veins anastomosing as in Goniopteris,
the veinlets from adjacent veins uniting in pairs, and from the points
of fusion veinlets rimning toward the margin parallel to the main veins;
sori elongate along the cross-veinlets, exindusiate. A small genus of
terrestrial ferns, very closely related to Nephrodium, with which it is
perhaps better combined.

(1) M. triphyllum Swartz. Rhizome wide-creeping, the younger part
scaly; stipes slender, 20 to 30 cm. high, stramineous, slightly pubescent;
fronds simple, oblanceolate, 10 to 15 cm. high, 1, 5 to 2 cm. broad, acute,
repand, auricled at the base; or the auricles becoming free, as distinct

ASIMMK.T: — MKNISCII M. 33

I)iiinulcs, herbaceous, slij^litly inihcsccnt on tlie veins beneath; areolae 5 to
9 between cost;i ami inar;,'iii. 'Jlie simple form is M. simplex Hooker.

Isabela-Luzoii, WUrlitirii llCiOi); i.cyte, Cumiuy 201); Nejjros, Cope-
land 76.

India to Java and Formosa.

(2) M. cuspidatum Blumc. Stipe 30 to 100 cm. high, brownish,
naked; frond 40 to 100 cm. high, with few scattered pinna>, the terminal
like the lateral; pinna; erccto-patent, about 1.5 cm. long by .'5 cm. broad,
caudate-acuminate, usually falcate at the end, nearly entire, short stalked
or sessile, subcoriaceous, glabrous or nearly so, dark green above, with rows
of light or reddish dots marking the e.\current veinlets. This species
is very near ycphrodium iiroplii/llum, but must be specifically distinct
even if the genera were unilcil.

Luzon, Cuming 178; Mount Mariveles, Whitford 272; Leyte, Cuming
314; Mindoro, Cuming 301.

Himalayas, Java.

(0) ASPIDIUM Swartz.

Fertile and sterile fronds alike or nearly so, inclined toward a triangular
shape, and the pinnae toward a stronger development of the basiscopic
side; texture moderately thin; veins anastomosing irregularly, usually
very copiously, with or without free included veinlets; sori nearly always
round, on a distinct receptacle; indusiiun peltate, reniform or wanting.
An almost exclusively tropical genus of terrestrial ferns, whose greatest
development is reached in this region; intimately related, through Pleocne-
mia, to Xephr odium. The most of our species seem to be of very local
occurrence, and nut oven locally abundant: the number of species still
to be discovered is therefore probably large. The arrajigement of the
species adopted here is probably artificial, and it is therefore undesirable
to raise any of these groups (unless it be Pleoonemia) to generic rank.

1. Veins anastomosing very copiously.
2. Indusium wanting, Arcypteris.
3. Fronds simple.

4. Lowest lobes entire (1) A. Bryanti

4. Lowest lobes forked or lobed (2) .4. Barberi

3. Fronds pinnate.

4. Sori in rows along main veins.

5. Pinn.T? mostly entire (2) A. Barberi

5. Pinna} pinnatifld (3) .4. macrodon

4. Sori strictly marginal (4) .4. Brogniartii

4. Sori scattered.

5. Pinnre entire or once forked (5) .4. Jamaocnse

5. PinniB pinnately lobed.

6. Veinlets inconspicuous (6) .4. difforme

6. Veinlets very conspicuous

above (7) .4. Whitfordi

2. Indusium reniform, Saflcnia.

3. Sori in rows along main veins.
4. Frond not compound.

5. Rhizome erect (8) .4. heterodon

5. Rhizome creeping {9) A. decurrens

2403G -A

34 polypodiace.t: of the PHiLirpiNE islands.

4. Frond pinnate.

5. Margin of pinnae nearly entire.

6. Apex of frond entire (10) A. persorifcrum

6. Apex pinnatifid (H) A. pachyphyllum

6. Apex trifid (12) A. [irande

5. Pinnae pinnatifid.

6. With free included veinlets.. (13) A. siifolium
6. Without free included vein-
lets (14) A. cicutai-ium

3. Sori scattered.

4. Frond simple, pinnatifid (15) A. vastum

4. Frond pinnate.

5. Terminal pinna deeply pinnatifid.. (16) A. melanocaulon

5. Terminal pinna lobed at base (17) A. irriguum

5. Terminal pinna merely sinuate.... (18) A. Menyanthidis
2. Indusium peltate, Tectaria.

3. Lowest pinnae forked (19) A. repandum

3. Lowest pinnte pinnate (20) A. calcareum

1. Veinlets forming costal areolae, and a few others along the
main veins, Pleocnemia.
2. Caudex not subarborescent.
3. Sort round.

4. Indusium peltate (21) A. mcmbranaceum

4. Indusium reniform.

5. Frond bi-tripinnate (22) A. giganteum

5. Frond simple (23) A. heterophylhim

3. Sorus oblong (24) A. ambiguum

2. Caudex subarborescent (25) A. leuzeanum

(1) A. Bryanti Copeland. Stipe 20 to 40 cm. high, bearing sparse
horizontal scales on the back, and on each side a nnifonn wing 1 cm.,
more or less, broad, which is truncate near the base of the stipe; frond
30 to 50 cm. high, ovate, trifid with close lateral lobes or more often
quinquefld with the lower lobes remote and connected by a broad wing;
apical segment 20 to 30 cm. high, about 10 cm. broad, acuminate, entire
or subrepand, papyraceous, glabrous; lateral segments similar but smaller:
primary veins curved, almost reaching the margin, connected by conspic-
uous, arched cross-veinlets, the large, regular areolte thus formed divided
into small, irregular ones with free included veinlets; sori mostly in
rows along the main veins;, indusium none or fugacious.

Terrestrial in forest near Gimogon River, Negros, Copeland 82.

(2) A. Barberi (Hooker). Stipes tufted, 15 to .30 cm. high, slightly
scaly at the base; frond palmately 5-lobed, or more usually pinnate
with a large terminal segment and 1 to 4 pairs of pinnae, the upper ones
oblong-lanceolate, 10 to 15 cm. long, 2 to 3 cm. broad, nearly entire,
the lowest pair with a deep lanceolate lobe at the base on the lower side,
subcoriaceous, glabrous; areolae rather large and regular, with copious
free veinlets; sori copious, principally in two rows near the main veins.

Majayjay, Loher.
Malaya.

(3) A. macrodon (Reinw. ) Diels. Rhizome deciunbent; stipe 30 cm.
or more high, slightly scaly" below; frond 00 to 100 cm. high, half as
broad, the apex deeply pinnatifid, below this numerous lanceolate pinnae,
the lowest sometimes 30 cm. long, deltoid, cut do\\Ti to a narrow wing

ASIMKIK.i: — ASI'IDIIM. 35

into i>innatitiil, cli)se, liinceolato piiimilos, tliiii. }ilal)ious; areohp copious,
without free voinlets; sori small, in rows iioar the main voins.

Luzon, Ciiniiiig 0, 114.

Malaya ami Polynesia.

(4) A. Brogniartii (I?ory) Dicls. Rliizomo sliort, erect, densely scaly
at the top; stipe 150 cm. or more hifjh. dark hrown at tlic Imse, liplitor
above and j;ial)rous; frond oO to 100 cm. iii^li, lialf as lirf)ad, apex pin-
natitid into deep, re|)and or lobed segments; below tliis numerous distinct
pinnie, the lowest 15 to 20 cm. long, lanceolate-deltoid, lobed throughout
into broadly lanceolate lobes of which all except the lowest basipetal one
are entire or nearly so, subcoriaceous, glabrous; areohe copious, with
few or no free veinlets; sori rather small, quite conlined to the margin.

Rizal, Lohcr; Albay, Camarines and Masbate, Baranda; Xegros.
Copcland.
Malaya.

(5) A. iamaoense Copeliuid. Rhizome ascending; stipe 1.") to 2.} cm.
higii. with a few snuill, lanceolate scales at the base, fibrillose near tlie
top. like the rachis; frond 15 to 25 cm. high, deltoid, usually trifoliate,
with a deeply tripartite apical segment, less often with the apical
segment entire, or with an extra pair of entire pinnse intercalated; lowest
pinntp short-stalked, about 10 cm. long, furcate with the smaller, lower
segment distant, herbaceous, glabrous, margin entire; areola^ witli free
veins; sori copious, irregularly scattered, round or elongate, exindusiate,
bright, deep red.

On bowlders in creek bed, Lamao Forest Reserve, Luzon, Copeland 223.
This may not tn' distinct from .1. irririitiini.

(()) A. difforme lilume. Stipes ttifted. erect: .'?() cm. or more liigh,
scaly near the base; frond 1 in., moic or less, liigh, at least lialf as
broad; upper pinnse lanceolate, nearly entire or with broad obtuse or
falcate lobes reaching half way to the costa ; lower pinna? often deltoid,
with the lobes of the lower side prolonged and pinnatitid, subcoriaceous,
glabrous; areola" copious with few free veinlets; sori very copious,
scattered.

Isabela-Luzon, Wurhurff 115S9; Rizal and Laguna, Lohcr: Culion,
Merrill (j(;3 ; Davao, Warburg 141.32.

Malaya.

(7) A. Whitfordi Copeland. Rhizome suberect, very short, densely
scaly at llie apex; stipe 20 to 30 cm. high, dark l)rown at the base and
clothed with linear scales, lighter above and glabrous; frond 30 to 40
cm. high, deltoid, acuminate, papyraceous, glabrous, olive green, the white
veins conspicuous on the upjier surface; apex pinnatifid. the segments
broadly crenate and obscurely serrate; below this aliout (i free pinnit on
each side, erecto-patent, acuminate, lanceolate, pinnatifid more or less
than half way to the rachis into oblong, obtuse, entire or serrate lobes,
lower pinnre stalked; lowest ones deltoid, with one free basi.scopic pinnule
resembling one of tiie upper pinnie; v(>ins laxly anastomosing, without
free included veinlets; sori round or oblong, irregularly scattered but
wanting near the costa, exindusiate.

Lamao Forest Reserve, near the river. Luzon. Whitford 201.

o

6 rOLYrODIACE^E OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS.

(8) A. heterodon Copeland. Rhizome short, erect, woody; stipe 15 to
20 cm. high, glabrescent, bearing on each side a wing about 5 mm. broad
at the top, attenuate to the base; frond 20 to 30 cm. high, 3 or 5 partite,
herbaceous, glabrous; apical segment oblanceolate, 4 to 5 cm. broad, acu-
minate, serrate with irregular teeth 0 to 10 mm. long; lateral lobes smaller,
erecto-patent, less conspicuously serrate; primary veins reaching the
margin; areolae irregular with free included veinlets; sori large, in rows
along the main veins; indusiuni reniform, persistent.

Terrestrial in forest near Catalonan, Davao, Copeland 951.

(9) A. decurrens Presl. Rhizome creeping; stipe with a few scattered
paleae, and on each side a wing 5 to 10 mm. broad at the top attenuate
almost to the base; frond 50 to 100 cm. high, 30 cm. or more broad, cut
down to a broadly winged axis into 4 to 8 pairs of usually crenate lance-
olate segments 10 to 20 cm. long the lowest of which are sometimes
forked, herbaceous, glabrous; main veins distinct to the margin; areolae
copious, with free included veinlets; sori large, in regular rows along
the main veins; indusia reniform.

Luzon, Cuming 148; Rizal, Loher ; Sorsogon and Catanduanes, Baranda;
Mindoro, Merrill 1773; Davao, Copeland 967.
India to Polynesia.

(10) A. persoriferum Copeland. Rhizome short, ascending; stipe 40
to 60 cm. high, stramineous or brown, clothed at the base with lanceolate,
arciiate palese 12 mm. long, glabrous above, like the rachis; frond 30
to 50 cm. high, ovate, pinnate, the sterile the more ample; apical part
about 25 cm. high, 7 em. broad, acuminate, entire or subrepand, subcoria-
ceous, glabrous; lateral pinnae about 3 pairs, sessile, erecto-patent, subar-
cuate, lanceolate, 15 to 20 cm. long; fertile pinnae smaller, about 10 cm.
long, 2 cm. broad, obscurely crenate, the lowest stalked; main veins almost
reaching the margin; areolae irregular with free included veinlets; sori
in rows along the main veins, almost covering the entire lamina; indusium
reniform, very persistent.

River bank near Catalonan, Davao, Copeland 929.

(11) A. pachyphyllum Kunze. Rhizome short, apparently erect; stipe
30 cm. or more high, brownish, naked; from 60 to 100 cm. high, half as
broad, with a subdecurrent terminal part deeply pinnatifid at its base
and entire or sinuate above, and 4 to 8 erecto-patent lateral pinnae on
each side, acuminate, subcoriaceous, glabrous, the lower ones with a long
fork on the lower side; main veins almost reaching the margin; free
included veinlets copious; sori large, in fairly regular rows; indusium
reniform. {A. platyphyllum Presl.)

Cuming, Luzon, 224; Cebu, 339 and 340; Panay (?) 356 in part; Min-
danao, 290; Benguet, Topping 337, 338; Elmer, 6171.
Malaya and Polynesia.

(12) A. grande J. Sm., Mett. Stipe rufescent, shining; frond 1 m.
high, pinnate: apex deeply 3-lobed, composed of "three confluent pinnae;"
pinnae 5 to 6 pairs, 25 cm. long, 6 cm. broad, oblong-lanceolate, caudate-
acuminate, subsinuate, membranaceous, glabrous, the lowest stalked,

Asrii»ii:.i: — Asi-iim m. 37

cuneate at the base, umMjually l)i|)artitf; venation of Diynaria; soil in
i()\\s close to tiie main veins, large; indusiuin reniftJiiii, plane, eoriaceous.

•Lii/on?" Ciiniiiiti s. ii., or No. 'MM fide Baker, or Panay, .s. n., fide Presl
siili. A. (/I a ltd if olio.

The deseription does not siiow ulierein liiis is sullicienlly distinct from
A. pachi/pfn/lliim.

(13) A. siifolium (Willd.) Mett. Stipe 30 cm. .>r more liijfh, brownish,
naked; frond :i(i cm. or more hifih, 15 to 20 em. broad, with a broad,
oblong, acuminate terminal pinna, and 3 to 4 lateral ones on each side,
the lowest stalked, 8 to 10 cm. long, 5 cm. broad, forked at the base
and ratlur deeply lubed, subcoriaceous ; main veins close, distinct to the
marjrin; areola' line, with free included veinlets: .sori large, in rows close
to the main veins, often eontluent.

Luzon, Cuming 4.'
Java and Sumatra.

(14) A. cicutarium (L.) ISw. Rhizome ascending; stipe 30 cm. or
more hij:li. bearing scattered deciduous, spreading palea; frond 80 cm.
more or less high, subdeltoid, apex deeply pinnatifid; below this, 3 to G
pinnre on each side, papyraceo-herbaceous or subcoriaceous, glabrous unless
on the midribs, the lowest pinna; subdeltoid, deeply pinnatifid or pinnate
below; main veins distinct to near the margin; areolse with few or no
free included veinlets; sori rather large, in rows near the main veins;
indusium rotuid-reniform.

Isabela-Luzon, ]\'urbiirg 11973; Mount ^lariveles, Lohcr, Copeland 217;
Davao, ^Varburg 141GC.

Pantropic. E.Kceedingh' variable.

(l.>) A. vastum Blume. Rhizome creeping; stipes scattered, narrowly
winged often nearly or quite to the base; frond 1 m., more or less, high,
30 cm. or more broad, cut down to the very broadly winged rachis into
entire, linear-oblong segments 15 to 30 cm. long, 3 to 5 cm. broad,
papyraceo-herbaceous or subcoriaceous; main veins distinct three-fourths
of the way to the margin; areola; copious, with free included veinlets;
sori small, scattered.

Panay, Cuming 35G in p:irt.

India and ^I;il;iy;).

(IG) A. melanocaulon JMume. Rhizome ascending; stipe 30 cm. or
more high, ebeneous, glossy, scaly at tlie base; frond 30 to tiO cm. high,
ovate-deltoid, with a large, deeply pinnatifid terminal pinna, and 1 to 4
lateral ones on each side, the central one deeply pinnatifid with ovate-
acuminate lobes, the lowest stalked, 15 to 30 cm. long, 10 to 15 cm. broad,
often again pinnate at the base, papyraceo-herbaceous; main veins reaching
the margin; areola* fine, with free included veinlets; sori numerous,
minute, scattered; indusium fimbriate, fugacious.

Luzon, Cuming ;)7.

Malaga.

* This is inserted here on the authority of the Synopsis Filicum, p. 299.
A sterile frond in our herbarium strongly suggests Arcypteris, and both
Smith and Hooker (S|). Kil. V:8G) treated this plant as exindusiate.

38 POLYPODIACE.E OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS.

(17) A. irriguum J. Sm., Presl. Stipes tufted, 10 to 15 cm. high,
grayish, finely villose; frond 15 to 25 cm. high, 10 to 15 cm. broad,
subdeltoid, with a large oblong, terminal pinna with a pair of deep
lanceolate lobes at the base, and below - this 1 to 2 pairs of slightly
sinuate lateral pinnte, the lowest forked at the base, papyraceo-herbaceous ;
main veins flexuose; areolte fine, with free included veinlets; sori small,
scattered, often confluent; indusium small, fugacious.

Luzon, Cuming 31; Rizal. Loher.

(IS) A. Menyanthidis Presl. Rhizome creeping; stipe 15 to .30 cm.
high, brownish, naked; frond 30 to 60 cm. high, 30 cm. or more broad, with
an acuminate, oblong-lanceolate, sinuate terminal pinna 15 to 30 cm.
long, 2 to 4 cm. broad, and 2 to 4 similar ones on each side, the lowest
stalked, sometimes forked, subcoriaceous ; main veins, close, conspicuous,
reaching the margin; areolae fine, with copious free veinlets; sori small,
scattered, all on the .connected veinlets.

Sorsogon, Haenke; southern Camarines, Cuming 1S3 in part; Sorsogon,
Baranda.

New Guinea, Solomon Islands.

(19) A. repandum Willd. Stipe 30 to GO cm. high, grayish brown,
naked; frond (iO cm. or more high, 30 to 45 cm. broad, the apex deeply
pinnatifid, witli linear-oblong, slightly sinuate lobes; below this 4 to 8
pinnae on each side, 15 to 20 cm. long, about 3 cm. broad, acuminate,
narrowed to the base, sinuate, subcoriaceous, the lowest stalked and
forked; main veins distinct to the margin; areolae copious with free
veinlets; sori in distinct rows near the main veins; indusium orbicular,
peltate, 1 mm. broad.

Luzon, Cuming 1S3 in part; Sorsogon and Catanduanes, Baranda.

(20) A. calcareum Presl. Rhizome subcreeping; stipe 10 to 15 cm.
high, naked; frond 30 cm. or more high, ovate-lanceolate, with acuminate
pinnatifid apex, and below it 4 to 6 distant, stalked pinnae on each side,
the lowest deltoid, 15 cm. long, cut do\\'n to the racliis below into stalked
lanceolate-acuminate, deeply and obtusely lobed pinnules, subcoriaceous;
areolae not very abundant and mainly costular; indusium orbicular.

Leyte, Cuming 310.

(21) A. membranaceum Hooker. Rhizome ascending, with a mass of
black paleae at the apex: stipes tufted, about 30 cm. high, nearly naked,
with a few spreading linear paleae below; frond about as high as the
stipe, deltoid, acuminate, membranous, puberulous especially beneath;
upper part subbipinnatifid, free pinnae 5 to 7, lowest much the largest,
subdeltoid, 10 to 20 cm. long, pinnules on the lower side much the larger,
pinatifid into obong, entire or crenate segments; veins anastomosing
principally in costal arches; sori copious, mostly marginal in the lobes.

"Philippines," Cuming; Arayat, 800 m., Lohcr ; Davao, Copeland 898.
China, Formosa, Java, Ceylon.

(22) A. giganteum Blume. Stipe 30 to GO cm. high, brown, glossy;
frond 30 to GO cm. high, broadly deltoid, with pinnatifid apex and 4 to 5
pairs of pinnae of which the upper are decurrent, the lower stalked;

Asi'iDiK.K — Asriiur.M. 39

lowest iiimiii' very lar^a", ol)li(HU"ly di-ltoiil. piiniwli's mi its lia^isenpie side
prolonged, and at loast dt'oply pinnatitid in turn; vciiilcts iinastoniosing
at least near the midribs, without sterile included veinlets; indnsia
suhcordate. I suppose tliat Xriihiodiuin (I'leocnemiu) tjif/dntcutii ISaker
is our I'hilippine plant; if it is distinct from .1. yiytiutruin IMume, Baker's
name can not stand.

Leyte, Cuminfit; Caniarines and Alhay, liarninhi.

(23) A. heterophyllunn Mett. Rhizome creeping; stijie 5 to 10 em.
higli, densely villous; froml 10 to 15 cm. liiRli, linear-ohlonfr, simple, with
obtuse, oblonjr. slif;litly falcate lobes reaching one-fourth of the way to
the costa, coriaceous, villous on both surfaces, l)\it especially on the
margin and costa beneath; anastomoses of the veinlets not very regular,
l)ut suggesting (ioniopteris; sori midway the veins and the margin of the
lobes. Apparently related to yephrodiuDi canescens.

Samar, Ciiinlini '.V12.

(24) A. ambiguum (linokiTl Diels. Stipe slender, ncaily naked ; frond
40 to (')() cm. high. ."iO em. lnoad, oblong-deltoid, bipinnatifid; pinnte lance-
olate, 10 to 1.5 cm. long, 3 cm. broad, the lower ones slightly stalked,
cut half way or more to the rachis into linear-oldong lobes, the fertile
ones contracted, thinly herbaceous, dark green, rachis and both sides thinly
clothed witii long, jointed hairs; veinlets of the lobes often forked, the
lower ones forming costular areolte; sori oblong, confluent when the veins
fork : indusiuni none.

Luzon, Ciimiitfi 154 (Samar, Cuming 321?).

(25) A. leuzeanum I Presl) Kunze. Rliizonie erect, usually short but
sometimes arborescent, densely scaly at the crown; stipe 1 m.. more or less,
long, stout, striate; frond 1 to 2 m. long, subdeltoid; pinna; 30 to 50
cm. long, 15 to 25 cm. broad, upper ones simple, lowest ones pinnate on
the basiscopic side, and the large pinnules pinnatifid ; segments 10 cm.
long, 2 to 3 cm. broad, subfalcate, entire or sinuate; veinlets anastomosing
sparsely and irregularly, rarely free; sori in single close rows; indusia
orbicular-cordate, fugacious.

Luzon, Cuming 33, 34, 107; Rizal and Laguna, Lohcr ; Mindanao,
Cuming 289.

India and China to Polynesia.

(7 I POLYBOTRYA H.. P.. ami K.

Fronds at least pinnate, the fertile nuich contracted; veins free in the
I'hilippine species; sori originating in a receptacle on the veins, almost
or entirely covering the under surface, e.xindusiate. Our species are rather
sjnall terrestrial ferns.

1. Pinnae not articulate to rachis.

2. Setae projecting between teeth (1) P. appcndiculata

' 2. Without set».

3. Frond bipinnatifid (2) P. stciwsemioidcs

3. Frond bi- or tripinnate (3) P. apiifoUa

1. Plnnse articulate to rachis (4) P. articulata

40 POLYPODIACE^E OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS.

(1) P. appendiculata (Willd.) Blume. Rhizome short, creeping; stipe
of sterile frond 10 to 20 cm. high, of fertile 20 to 40 cm., erect, scaly
throughout, as is often the rachis; sterile frond 40 to 70 cm. long, apex
usually rooting; pinnae about 5 cm. long in the middle of the frond,
horizontal, lanceolate, acute, simply or doublj' serrate with the tip of a
vein excurrent from the sinus between each two main teeth, abruptly
contracted at the base, sometimes auricled on the upper side, papyraceous,
glabrous; fertile frond shorter and narrower, Avith obtuse pinnae, the
lower ones stalked; pinnae often rolled up in fruit and appearing to be
entirely covered by the sori.

Mount Arayat, Loher; Benguet, Topping 340, Elmer 6457 ; Mount Mari-
veles, Warburg 12508, Copeland 245.
India and Malaya, Hongkong.

(2) P. stenosemioides Baker sub Achrosticho. Stipes high, chestnut,
with a few lanceolate scales toward the base; sterile frond 30 to 45 cm.
high, 20 cm. broad, bipinnatifid, submembranaceous, glabrous except for
a few deciduous hyaline paleae on the margin; pinnae sessile, 10 cm. long,
3 cm. broad, numerous, pinnatifid to a broadly winged costa into oblong,
obtuse segments 5 mm. broad; fertile frond similar, but with a longer
stipe, nearly GO cm., and smaller and more lax pinnae.

Rizal, Loher.
Sarawak.

(3) P. apiifolia Hooker. Rhizome short, stout, erect; stipe of sterile
frond 2 to 7 cm. high, of fertile 15 to 20 cm. the former densely, the
latter very sparsely fibrillose; sterile frond 8 to 15 cm. high, 4 to 12
cm. broad, bi- or tripinnate; pinnae close, rhomboidal, they or their
divisions more dissected at the base than in the part above, where they
are broader, only the lowest pair ever with pinnate pinnules, rather
obtuse, with entire or dentate margin, herbaceous, glabrous beneath except
on the midribs; ultimate divisions of the fertile frond reduced to isolated
orbicular or globose, beadlike bodies 1 to 2 mm. in diameter.

Luzon, Cuming 26, Lobb; Rizal, Loher; Lamao Forest Reserve, Merrill
3129, Barnes F. B. 73, Copeland; Masbate and Bataan Id., Baranda.

(4) P. art icu lata .J. Sm. Stipe 30 cm. high, firm, erect, nearly naked;
sterile frond 30 to 80 cm. high, 20 to 30 cm. broad, bipinnate; pinnae
articulate to the rachis, narrowly lanceolate; pinnules unequal-sided,
oblong, obtuse, crenate, auricled on the upper side, subcoriaceous, glabrous;
pinnae of fertile frond 10 cm. long, linear-cylindrical, auricled on the
upper side.

Leyte, Cuming 296.
Celebes across Melanesia.

(8) STENOSEMIA Presl.

Sterile frond ample, fertile reduced to linear segments, both broadly
trifoliate in plan; basiscopic side of lower pinnae strongly developed;
veinlets anastomosing to form areolae along the midribs and main veins,
free toward the margin, without included veinlets; sori eventually covering
the dorsal or both surfaces. Indusium none.

ASl'lltlE.i: — STKNOSKMIA. 41

(1) S. aurita Pii-il. Rliizomo erect, .^liort ; >ti|>c of sti-rile frond 15 to
20 cm. lii;;li, vi Icrtik' JU to ;iO cm., i'l)i>iu-ous, Id-niin^i; a ffw lax palca-;
sterile frond 8 to 20 cm. liigli and broad, its central part dooply pinnatifid
witli entire, or obtusely serrate, lanceolate lobes; lateral |iinnip very
une(|uai sided, witli lowest basisoopie sej^mi'iit pinnatifid, nifinbi iinaceoiis,
glabrous or with scattered liairs, especially on tlie veins; fertile on the
same plan as the sterile. Imt rather smalitT and the segments hardly over
1 mm. broad; terrestrial.

Leyte, C'in/ii/1/7 2!t."i ; Zamboanga, ('(iiuldud 7.">X: Oavao. Wnrhurfj 14170,
Copeland O")?.

Malaya to Polynesia.

(9) GYMNOPTERIS I'.ernhardi.

Khizome usually ciecping; frond sinijiie or piiuialf, the iiTiib.' much
contracted; veinlets copiously anastomosing, with, or less frequently with-
out, free included veinlets; sori covering the entire dorsal surface, e.vindu-
siate. Mostly terrestrial ferns of small or moderate stature.

1. Sterile frond simple, entire, or nearly so.

2. Main veins evident nearly to the margin.

3. Free included veinlets usually wanting (1) Gf. Uiiitaeana

3. Free included veinlets copious (2) G. variabilis

2. Main veins obscure, short, or none.

3. Sterile frond about 5 cm. long (3) G. mitior

3. Sterile frond 15 cm. or more long.

4. Rhizome creeping (-1)0. lanceolate

4. Rhizome scandent (5) G. axillai-is

1. Sterile frond typically trifld (6) G. taccaefolia

1. Sterile frond typically pinnate.

2. Lateral pinnae but one pair (7) G. flagellifcra

2. Lateral pinnae several pairs.

3. Terminal pinna unlike the lateral.
4. Fonds 30 cm. or more high.

5. Terminal pinna entire or sinuate (8) G. subrepanda

5. Terminal pinna pinnatifid (9) G. rcpaiula

4. Fronds rarely 10 cm. high (10) G. inconsta»s

3. Terminal pinna like the lateral.

4. Free included veinlets few or none (11) G. contaminans

4. Free included veinlets regularly present.

0. Primary veins conspicuous (12) G. costata

5. Primary veins obscure (13) G. presliana

(1) G. linnaeana (Hooker), Rhizome wide-creeping; stipes 5 cm.
more or less high, slightly fibrillose below; sterile frond 10 to 20 cm.
high, 1 to 2 cm. broad, narrowed gradually to both ends, sometimes rooting
at the apex, entire, papyraceous, subopaque, dark green; main veins fine,
rather zigzag but distinct nearly to the margin; arcohe copious, without
free veinlets; fertile frond hardly 10 em. long, less than 1 cm. broad.

Rizal. Lohcr. This plant often has a pair of minute free pinna; at the
base of the linear frond; or even the sterile frond pinnate.
Malaya. "

(2) G. variabilis (Hooker) Bedd. Rhizome wide-creeping; stipe of
sterile from! 0 to 10 em. higli. of fertile 30 cm. or more; sterile frond .W

42 POLYI'UDIACE.E OF THE PHILirPINE ISLANDS.

cm. more or less liigli, contracted gradually to the base, oblong-spatulate,
acute or obtuse, entire, papyraceo-lierbaceous, glabrous; main veins prom-
inent, zigzag, reaching nearly to the margin, areolte copious, with free
included veinlets; fertile frond 15 to 30 cm. high, 4 mm. broad.

Davao, Warburg 14114.

India and ^lalaya.

(3) G. minor (Mett.) Bedd. (Dendroglossa normalis Presl in part.)
Rhizome wide-creeping, firm ; stipe of sterile frond 2 to 5 cm. high, glabrous,
stramineous; of fertile about 10 cm.; sterile frond 3 to .5 cm. high, 1 cm.
broad, obtuse, entire, with tapering base, herbaceous, glabrous; no main
veins, areolae and included veinlets copious; fertile frond 3 to 5 cm. high,
3 mm. broad.

Saniar, Cuming 32G in part.
Khasya hills in India.

(4) G. lanceolata Hooker. Rhizome woody, wide-creeping; sterile
frond sessile or decurrent on a short stipe, 15 to 30 cm. high, I to 3 cm.
broad, obtuse or acute, entire, narrowed very gradually below, herbaceous,
glabrous; main veins raised but falling short of the margin; areolae
copious, with free veinlets; fertile frond 15 to 30 cm. high, 2 to 4 mm.
broad, on a stipe 20 cm. high.

Saniar, Cuming 32G in part, a small form; Davao, Copeland 932.
India and Malaya.

(5) G. axillaris (Cav.) Presl. Rhizome wide-scandent, branching; stipe
of sterile frond short or none, of fertile about 10 cm. high, slightly scaly
at the base; sterile frond 15 to 30 cm. long, 2 to 3 cm. broad, obtuse,
entire, tapering gradually to the base, papyraceous, glabrous; no main
A'eins; areolae very copious, with free veinlets; fertile frond 15 to 30 cm.
long, 2 to 6 mm. broad, flexuous.

Luzon, JVee, Cuming 30; Albay, Baranda.

India and Malaya.

This and the two preceding species are sometimes regarded as forms
of G. variahilis.

(G) G. taccaefolia (Hooker) J. Sm. Rhizome short, stout, creeping;
stipe of sterile frond about ID cm. high, of fertile about 30 cm., both clothed
below with narrow, horizontal paleae; sterile frond 30 cm. more or less, long,
typically trifid, sometimes simple or pinnate, sometimes rooting at apex,
pinnae acute, entire, lanceolate, rachis winged in the more complex forms and
tlie lowest pinnae forked, papyraceous, glabrous; main veins distinct nearly
to margin, with regvilar transverse veinlets and copious areolae with included
veinlets; fertile frond typically trifid with middle segment 15 cm. long, the
lateral 10 cm., 3 to 4 mm. broad, exceptionally simple or pinnate. This
species is regarded as including Anapausia decurrens Presl, Gymnopteris
subquinqiiefida Presl, and G. lati folia Presl.

Luzon, Cuming 3 and 5; "Manila," Meyen, Gaudichaud; Rizal, Loher;
Mindoro, Cuming 357; Culion, Merrill 534.

(7) G. flageliifera (^Yall.) Bedd. Rhizome short and terrestrial, or
scandent up tree trunks when it is scaly and climbs by means of rootlets;

ASriDIE.i: — GYMNOl'TKKIS. 43

stipe of sterile fioiul 5 to 20 cm. liij,'li, of fertile 20 to 4it em., scaly or
glabrescent; sterile frond simple, or with 1 to 3 pairs of piiinu', the
terminal one lanceolate, entire, repand or siiliserrale, often elongate and
rooting, lateral ones more or less reduced, herliaceous, glai)rous: main veins
distinct, areohe of various forms, with few or no included vcinlets; fertile
fronds usually trifoliate or pinnate, .! to Id cm. long, lanceolate. This
species is well distinguished from tlie i)receding l>y the venation and the
longer, more slender rhi/.ome. This species includes I'oerilnpliris hftrrn-
clita Presl ami /'. ilirnsifitlid I'resl.

Isabela-Luzon, Warbin;) IKIO.S; •.Manila," Haenkc, Cuming 32; Sorsogon,
Ilaenkc, linranda ; Davao, Copcland 071, 7.")2. 950.

India and Malaya.

(S) G. subrepanda (Hooker) J. Sm. Rhizome w<^ody, wide-creeping;
stipe 15 to 30 (111. liigh, stout, erect, nearly naked; sterile frnnd simple
and 30 cm. long hy 3 to 5 cm. hroad, or pinnsite, and 00 cm. long hy 30
cm. broad, with several pairs of linear-oblong, entire or subrepand pinnfP,
subcoriaceous. glabrous; main veins distinct nearly to margin; areola; and
included vcinlets copious; fertile frond like the sterile, but smaller.

Luzon, Cuming 225; Isabela-Luzon. ^Vln■hlll■g 11022.

Penang.

(9) G. repanda (Blume) Christ. Rhizome creeping; stipe 15 to 30
cm. high, that of the sterile frond usually the longer, naked; sterile frond
30 to 00 cm. long, 20 to 30 cm. broad, sometimes elongate and rooting,
with numerous pinnie on each side, the lower ones 10 to 15 cm. long,
2 cm. broad, cut one-fourth of the way to the costa into entire, obtuse lobes,
herbaceous, glabrous; main veins distinct, areolfe copious, without free
veinlets; fertile pinna' much sinaller, stalked, entire or repand. Achrosti-
chum Quoyanuin (Jaud. is a fcuin with tlie lobes deeper and toothed. This
species is construed as including also Poecilopferis fiinuofta Presl, lletc-
roncuron arguttim F^e, and Heteroneurum cuspidafum Presl.

Luzon, Cuming 104. 105, 101; Sorsogon, Haenke; Leyte, Cuming 204.

Java to China and Polynesia.

(101 G. inconstans Copeland. Rhizome creeping, scaly; stipe of sterile
frond 1 to 3 cm. high, of fertile 3 to 10 cm., filiform, erect, green, glabrous
or scaly below; sterile frond 4 to 8 cm. or more long, usually pinnate,
linear to ovate in form, membranaceous, glabrous, the terminal pinna
usually elongate, linear, proliferous; lateral pinn;p 2 to 0 ])airs. lanceolate
to orbicular in form, usually entire, sessile, somewhat decurrent ; veins
inconspicuous, forming few areolae, without included veinlets; fertile frond
linear, with 2 to 4 pairs of round or oblong remote pinna' 1 to 4 nun.
long, the lowest sometimes stalked, with few or no veins beside the costa.

Lamao Forest Reserve. Luzon. Cnprlnnd 251, Merrill 31 2S.

Completely covering l)owlders in beds of streams.

(Ill G. contaminans (Wall.) Bedd. Rhizome short-creeping, thick;
stipe 30 to 40 cm. high, glabrescent; sterile frond 30 to 60 cm. high,
ovate; pinnnp 10 or more on each side, alternate, sessile or short-stalked,
lanceolate, acute, entire, crenate or pinnatifid; terminal pinna commonly

44 POLYPODIACE.E OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS.

elongate and proliferous; main veins evident about half way to margin,
areolae large, with few included veinlets; fertile pinnae much contracted,
entire or sinuate. This partly includes Achrostichum hlumeanum Hooker.

Luzon, Cuming 223, 225; Rizal, Loher ; Lamao, Copeland 249.

India, Burmah.

(12) G. costata (Wall.) Bedd. Rhizome creeping, bearing subulate
scales; stipe 45 cm. or less high; frond 60 cm. or more long; pinnae
reaching a length of 35 cm. and a breadth of 8 cm., stalked, acuminate,
entire, sinuate or crenate, subcoriaceous. glabrous; main veins very prom-
inent, close; areolae and included veinlets copious; pinnae of fertile frond
smaller and more coriaceous.

"Manila," Gaudichand.
Upper India, Burmah.

(13) G. presliana (Fee). Rhizome woody, short-creeping; stipe 10 to
20 cm. high, firm, erect, naked; sterile frond about 30 cm. long, half
as broad, witli numerous erecto-patent pinnae 5 to 8 cm. long, 1 cm. broad,
entire, narrowed to both ends, submembranaceous, glabrous, lower ones
short-stalked; rachis winged above; venation as in Goniophlehium, veinlets
uniting in pairs, with one free veinlet in each areola; fertile fronds usually
with longer stipes and pinnae much contracted.

Sorsogon, Haenke.
India.

(10) DIPTERIS Reinwardt.

Rhizome creeping, stipes not articulate to it; frond cleft to the base
into parts, which are dichotoniously divided or lobed; main veins dichoto-
mous; veinlets anastomosing, with free included veinlets; sori small, round,
mostly along the main veins and cross veins, without indusia. Striking
terrestrial ferns of large size, fan-shaped or reniform in general outline.

(1) D. conjugata (Kaulf. ) Reinw. Rhizome covered with dark brown,
linear scales; stipe usually 1 m. or more high, firm, brown, naked, polislied:
frond usually more than 30 cm. high and much broader, the halves lobed
at least two- thirds of the way down, their divisions successively more
shallowly, segments acute, coarsely or obscurely serrate, subcoriaceous,
glabrous, dark green above, glaucous and bluish beneath; main veins very
conspicuous, areolae copious.

Luzon, Cuming 155, Steere; Benguet, Mariveles, and Laguna, Loher;
Baguio, Topping 164, 238, Elmer 5782; Mount Mariveles, Merrill 3228,
Whitford 250; Davao, Warburg 14185.

Malava to Formosa and Polvnesia.

111. 1»A\ ALLIE.i:.

Sori (exci'i)t in Olcandia) terminal on their veins, on or near tlio margin
of the frond; indnsiuni opening toward tlie margin (wanting in ^Jo>nl■
vhonunim) ; margin of frond often modified in connection with sorus;
stipes articulate to rliizonie. or nut ; fronds usually at least deeply pin-
natifid: piiniules of segments usually more developed on tlic aeropetal side.

1. Finns not dimidiate, i. e., the lamina is more or less
developed on both sides of the costa.
2. Sorl separate and distinct.

3. Indusium fastened at the base only.
4. Pinnfe articulate to the rachis.

5. Stipe articulate to rhizome (11) Arthropteris

5. Stipe not articulate to rhizome.. (12) Nephrolepis
4. Pinnae not articulate to the rachis, or
frond simple.
5. Stipe articulate to rhizome.

6. Sori dorsal on veins, near

costa (13) Oleandra

6. Sori marginal or sub-
marginal (14) Ilumata

5. Stipe not articulate to rhizome.. (15) Saccoloma
3. Indusium fastened at base and sides.

4. Stipe articulate to rhizome J {16) Davallia

[Microlcpia ciliata
4. Stipe not articulate to rhizome.

5. Margin of frond hardly modified.

6. Ultimate divisions of frond

not cuneate nor sori

marginal (17) Microlcpia

G. Ultimate divisions cune-
ate, with sori on the

broad ape.\ (18) Odontoaoria

5. Margin united with indusium to

form a cup-shaped receptacle.. (19) Dcnnstaedtia

3. Indusium wanting (20) Monachosorum

2. Sorus continuous around the pinna (21) Schizoloma

1. Pinnte dimidiate, lower half obsolete (22) Lindaaya

(11) ARTHROPTERIS J. Smith, Diels.

Rhizome scandent, stipes articulate to it or a little above it; frond
pinnate, the pinnae articulate to the rachis; sori orbicular, indusium round-
reniform, fixed by the sinus, or (not in Philippine species) wanting.
A >niall rrenns very near Nephrolepis.

45

46 POLYPODIACE.E OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS.

(1) A. glabra Copeland. Rhizome wiry, climbing 3 m. high on tree
trunks, sparsely clothed with black appressed scales or their bases; stipes
about 5 mm. high, articulate well above the rhizome; frond 20 to 30
cm. high, 5 to 7 cm. broad, pinnate, with a terminal pinna rather
larger than the others; lateral pinnae aboift 8 mm. broad, obtuse, or the
upper ones subacute, obscurely crenate, slightly auricled, the upper side
abruptly truncate, the lower very oblique at the base, papyraceous, gla-
brous, remaining green when dried; sori orbicular, in a row a little
nearer the margin than the costa; indusium fixed by a very narrow sinus,
persistent.

E-wi-ig River, Paragua, Merrill 740.

(2) A. ramosa (Beauv. ) J. Sm. Stipes very short, scattered, on a
slender, wiry, wide-creeping rhizome; frond 15 to 30 cm. long, 3 to 7
cm. broad; pinn£E 1 to 3 cm. long, 1 cm. broad, slightly crenate, the
upper edge auricled and truncate, parallel with tlie stem, the lower
oblique; texture papyraceous; rachis and both sides slightly villose, the
whole plant turning blackish when dried; indusium roundish, very
fugacious.

Luzon, Cuming 101; Basilan, Steere.
Africa to Samoa.

(12) NEPHROLEPIS Schott.

Fronds pinnate; pinna? articulate to the rachis but rachis not articulate
to the rhizome; sori on the back of the pinnie, near the margin or remote
from it, in a row parallel to it, reniform, varying from broadly so to
orbicular. The most of our species are terrestrial with erect caudices
above the ground, supported by braces which also function as roots and
runners.

1. Indusium with broad sinus, opening toward apex of pinna (1) A', cordifolia

1. Indusium with deep sinus, opening obliquely toward margin. .
2. Rhizome short.

3. Frond nearly glabrous (2) N. exaltata

3. Frond hirsute (3) N. hirsutula

2. Rhizome scandent _ (4) N. volubUis

1. Indusium orbicular-reniform, attached at top of sinus or sub-
peltate.

2. Rachis nearly glabrous, sori far from margin (5) N. acuta

2. Rachis tomentose, sori near margin.

3. Pinna? hirsute (6) N. rtifescens

3. Pinna? glabrous (7) N. barbata

(1) N. cordifolia Presl. Caudex suberect or oblique, the wiry fibers
from it often bearing tubers; stipes tufted, wiry, 5 to 1.5 cm. high,
naked or scaly; fronds 15 to 40 cm. long, 2.5 to 3.5 cm. broad; pinnae
close, often imbricate, obtuse, entire or nearly so, the base cordate or
rounded on the lower side, with a short, sharp auricle on the upper,
subcoriaceous, nearly glabrous; sori large, in a row midway between
midrib and margin; indusium broad, firm, opening toward the apex of
the pinnae or somewhat obliquely.

i>A\ ALLii:,i: — m;i'iik<>i.i;i'is. 47

Bonfjuot, Lofier (altitiulo, 2,500 m.), h'lmcr G507 (form witli vcrj- chaffy
stipe and raoliis), (ir)2S (vorv lax, serrato form, in moist ravines),
Topping 2.J1 ; Nuova Kcija, Merrill 240; Arayat, SOO m., Lolicr ; Marivoles
1,300 m., Merrill 323(i.

Pantropic.

(2) N. exaltata Sciiott. Stipes tiifti-d, 10 to !."> em. Iii;.'li, naked or
sliglitly scaly; fnmds .10 cm. or more lonp, about 10 cm. broad; pinnir
close but not ind)rieate, tiie fertile linear, acute, usually sul)falcate,
sterile shorter ami less acute, base rounded on the lower side, auricled
on the upper, entire or nearly so, suhcoriaceous, neaily ;rh»lirous; soii
submurfjina! ; indusium reniform with a deej) sinus.

.Sorsogon, Baranda ; Rizal, Loher, Marave. A form with repeatedly
diehotomous pinnules is rnmmnn in cultivation in MMiiila.
Pantropic.

(3) N. hirsutula I'lcsl. Like A', exaltata, except that botli surfaces
of the pinnu', and es|)eeially the rachis, are downy.

Pataan Island. linraiida : Benguet and Manila, Lolirr ; cultivated in
Manila.

(4) N. volubilis •!. Sm. Rhizome scandent indefinitely, naked, pale
brown, wiry, beariiifr small clusters of fronds at the ends of very short
branches; stipes about 10 cm. long, firm, naked or nearly so; fron<ls
25 to 50 cm. long, 4 to 6 cm. broad, the rachis firm, sparsely chaffy on
the back; pinnte about 5 mm. broad, very obtuse, nearly entire, rounded
on the lower side at the base, ol)scurely auricled on the upper, coriaceous,
glabrous, or the costa minutely squamulose above; sori near the margin;
indusium reTiiform witli a deep sinus.

Luzon, Cumiuf] 37; Negros, Cuming 34G; Davao, Copeland 420, common
sterile in low thickets.
Himalayas to Xew (Uiinea.

(5) N. acuta Presl. Rhizome very short, erect, with scaly props;
stipes tufted, stout, 30 to 80 cm. high, squamulose at the base, glabrescent
above; fronds 80 to 120 cm. high, 30 to 40 cm. broad; pinna> 15 to 25
mm. broad, separated by less than their own breadth, acute, cuneate or
more abruptly contracted at the base, sterile entire, fertile obscurely
crenate, herbaceous or suhcoriaceous, glabrous or nearly so; sori almost
as near the costa as the margin; indusium becoming orbicular by the
meeting of the two broad basal lobes. (Includes X. macrophylla Presl.)

Luzon, Cuming 22, Steere; Benguet, Loher (altitude, 2,250 m.), Elmer
0145; ^fanila, Warburg, Marave; Tayabas. Warburg: Sorsogon, Jiaranda ;
Paragua, Merrill 725; Basilan, DeVore and Hoover- S6; Davao. Warburg
12757, Copeland 365, 029.

Pantro])ic.

(6) N. rufescens Presl. Caudex erect, stout, with numerous braces,
coated with small black, appressed scales; stipes 20 to OO cm. high, firm,
brown, glabrescent; frond GO to 100 em. high; pinnie 10 to 15 mm. broad,
acute, sterile entire, fertile more or less .serrate, broadly rounded at the
base on the lower side, the upper usually prominently auricled, herbaceous.

48 POLYPODIACE.E OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS.

under surface, and still more the rachis, ferruginous-pubescent; sori near
the margin; indusium becoming orbicular.

Cagayan-Luzon, Warburg 12221; Benguet, Elmer 623.5, G469; Topping
211; Sorsogon, Baranda; Manila, Santos, Ramos; Tayabas, Merrill 24.38;
Mindoro, Merrill 884; Davao, Copeland 389, 485, 589, the most char-
acteristic plant of the edges of drier thickets.

(7) N. barbata Copeland. Rhizome short, suberect, with many fine
supporting roots; stipes 10 to 15 cm. high, firm, sparsely scaly at the
base, glabrescent above; frond rather more than 50 cm. long, 8 cm. broad;
pinnae, the larger sterile ones 35 mm. long, 10 mm. broad, acute, entire, the
fertile 50 mm. long, 7 mm. broad, acuminate, more or less serrate toward
the apex, rounded on the lower side at the base, acutely auriculate on the
upper, subarcuate, subcoriaceous, glabrous, reduced toward the base of
the frond ; sori near the margin ; indusivun orbicular, the lobes overlapping.

Todaya, Davao, epiphytic on tree trunks, Copeland 1286.

(13) CLEAN DRA Cavanilles.

Rhizome creeping or erect, branching, scaly; stipes articulate to projec-
tions from the rhizome; fronds simple and entire, lanceolate; veins free,
running to the margin of the frond, sori on the backs of the veins, near the
costa; indusiiun reniform, fixed by the sinus, firm. This genus was
formerly classed with the Aspidieo', and has lately been separated as
constituting an isolated group. It seems to me, however, that the resem-
blances to A'arious Davalliece, and specially to the simple species of
Humata — the creeping, scaly rhizome, the articulate stipe, the free,
forked, closely parallel veins, the shape, attachment, and texture of the
indusium, and its opening obliquely toward the apex of the frond — all
these can not well be construed otherwise than as evidences of real
affinity; and that, while the position of the sori may well serve as a
generic character, it ought not to make us adopt a larger classification
that fails to express so many characters in common.

1. Rhizome woody, suberect.

2. Stipe articulate just below lamina (1) 0. coluirina

2. Stipe articulate "below its middle" (2) O. neriiformis

1. Rhizome creeping.

2. Palese squarrose (3) O. Whitmeei

2. Palese appressed — (4) O. Cumingii

(1) O. colubrina (Blanco) Copeland. Rhizome woody, stout, suberect,
branching, clothed with scales whose very narrow spreading tips are decid-
uous, leaving the persistent, imbricate, peltate bases, black with brown
margins; stipe articulate immediately below the lamina; fronds mostly
clustered, 15 to 20 cm. long, about 2 cm. broad, widening toward the
upper end, then abruptly contracted and caudate, narrowed gradually
toward the base, entire, the margin sometimes slightly cartilaginous under
the lens, ciliate with whitish hairs, with which the surfaces are sparsely
and the costa densely clothed, papyraceous; sori in an irregular row on
each side of costa ; indusia small, brown with white margins, firm, almost
without a sinus.

Mount Mariveles, Merrill 3238, Copeland 1381, Whitford 248.

1 >\ \ A LLI EJE — OLEA .N 1 > KA . 49

(2) O. neriiformis Cav. Rluzome woody, mostly erect, branching,
clothed witli appifssed scales; stipe articulate below the middle — that
is, loiifjer tliaii tlic out^'rowth of tlic iliizoine tiiat bears it — fronds scattered
or clustertd, 20 to 40 em. lii{,'li, 2 cm. broad, narrowed gradually toward
both ends, usually subcoriaeeous and glabrous; indusium oblique, lar^'e
enough to cover sorus. Tiiis species is con.strued as including Presl's

0. nwUis, with pubescent fronds, and 0. macrocarpa, with large sori and
ciliate margin.

Luzon. \ic, CuiiiiiKj 04. 00 in part; Baguio, Elmer G28C; Davao, War-
hurti UlSti.
Pantropie.

(3) O. Whitmeel Baker. Rhizome wide-creeping, 2 mm. thick, densely
beset witii squarrose paleie 4 mm. long; stipes (including both parts)
about 4 em. high, articulate about the middle; fronds 20 to .30 cm. high,
one-tenth as broail. aiimiiiiatc. narrowed to the base, slightly repand,
membranous, glabrous except for fine short hairs along the margin, and
narrow scales 2 mm. long standing horizontally from the costa, the latter
sometimes deciduous; sori large, almost orbicular, indusium membranous.

Mount Apo, DcVorc and Hoover 364; Copeland 1055.
Samoa, Colcl)fs.

(4) O. Cumingji J. .Sm. Rhizome creeping, 2 mm. thick, densely clothed
with appressed lanceolate-subulate scales; stipe (including both parts)
about 5 cm. high, articulate below the middle; frond 20 to .30 cm. high,
one-tenth as broad, lanceolate, acuminate, contracted rather abruptly at
the base, subentire, with narrowly cartilaginous margin, papyraceous, costa
and both surfaces slightly pubescent ; indusium rough.

Luzon. Cuming 60 in part; Baguio, Elmer 6513.
India, southern China.

(14) HUM ATA Cavanilles.

Rhizome creeping, scaly, the stipes articulate to it; sori terminal, at
the margin or somewhat remote from it : indusium reniform or more
elongate, fixed by its broad base. Mostly small epiphytic ferns, resembling
Davallia. from which they are distinguished by the free sides of the
(usually broader) indusium.

1. Euhumata : indusium thin.

2. Sterile frond entire.

3. Fertile frond entire (1)//. atujustata

3. Fertile frond lobed (2) H. hetcrophylla

2. Sterile frond pinnatifid or pinnate.

3. Lowest segments not greatly enlarged (3) H. gaimardiana

3. Lowest segments or pinnie very large.

4. Not more than bipinnatifld (4) H. rcpens

4. At least tripinnatlfid.

5. Sori on the teeth of the seg-

ments {

1(6) //. i'tiniiinjii

5. Sori almost covering segments (7) //. botrychioidcs

24036 4

50 POLYPODIACE.1^ OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS.

1. Leucostegia; indusium thin.

2. Frond about 2 dm. high, triangular (8) H. falcineUa

2. Frond more than 3 dm. high.

3. Sori 1 to 2 mm. wide (9) H. immersa

3. Sori minute (10) H. liiimenophyUoides

(1) H. angustata Wallich. Rhizome wide-creeping, scaly, stout; fronds
scattered, short-stalked, about 10 cm. long and 1 cm. broad, apex acute,
margin slightly and irregularly crenate, very coriaceous, glabrous or with
a few scales on the costa beneath; sori in a row along the edge.

E-wi-ig River, Paragua, Merrill 778, on rocks in forest.
Malaya.

(2) H. heterophylla (Desv.) J. Sm. Rhizome wide-creeping, scaly;
frond shortly stalked, 6 to 10 cm. long, one-fourth as broad, glabrous,
coriaceous; the sterile one ovate-lauceolate, entire or slightly lobed at the
base, the fertile one narrower, deeply sinuato-pinnatifid; sori 2 to 10
to a lobe.

Maquiling, Loher; Saniar, Cuming 338; E-\vi-ig River, Paragua, Merrill
763, epiphytic.

Malaya and Polynesia.

(3) H. gaimardiana (Gaud.) .J. Smith. Rhizome wide-creeping, scaly;
stipe about 1 cm. high, scaly or glabrescent; frond 10 to 15 cm. high,
3 to 5 cm. broad, ovate-lanceolate, cut down nearly or quite to the rachis
into parallel, entire or crenate, linear-oblong lobes, the lowest pair of
which are often deeply incised on their lower side, glabrou.s, coriaceous;
sori oblique, in full rows between midrib and margin.

Luzon, Cuming 01 ; Gimogon River, Negros, Copeland 54, in tree tops
in the forest.

Malaga and Polynesia.

Our plant is intermediate between Davallia parallela Wallich and D.
pectinata Sniitli.

(4) H. repens (L.) J. Sm. {Davallia pedata Smith). Rhizome wide-
creeping, scaly; stipe 5 to 10 cm. high, rather scaly; frond 5 to 10 cm.
long, 3 to 5 cm. broad at the base, deltoid in general outline, cut down
nearly to the rachis; upper segments linear-oblong, acute, erecto-patent,
inciso-dentate, the lower pair broader, deeply inciso-pinnatifid, especially
on the lower side; texture coriaceous; sori placed in rows on the teeth
on both sides of the lobes.

Arayat, Loher, Merrill 3818, differs from the type in that the sterile
frond is smaller and broadly lobed, and the fertile larger and more deeply
incised, and the rachis very scaly; Cagayan-Luzon, Warburg 12219; Mount
Mariveles, Merrill 3210, Forestry Bureau (Barnes) 347, Copeland.

India to Japan and Australia.

(5) H. vestita J. Sm. Rhizome wide-creeping, densely scaly; stipe
about 10 cm. high, rather scaly below; frond 10 to 20 em. long, 10 cm.
broad, deltoid in outline ; all except the upper pinnse cut down to a narrowly
winged rachis; barren frond with the segments of all except the lower
pinnae blunt, scarcely toothed; lobes of the fertile pinnae narrower, sharper
toothed; of the lower ones deeply so; texture coriaceous; sori placed on the
teeth of the segments.

D.WAI.I.IK.i;— li r.MATA. 51

Mount Data, .i.ioO in., Lohrr ; UuKiiio, Toiipitig 199 (?).

Java, C'l-yloii;

(ProWalily a iihtc vaiit-ty nf //. niirufs.)

(U) H. Cumingii (Hook.). Itlii/.oiuf creeping, scaly; stipe 10 cm.
hjgli, bdtli it ami ilir lacliis latlior scaly; sterile frond about 3 era. each
way, deltoid-conlate, cut down maily to the racliis; upper pinnie blunt,
sliphtiy tootlied. the lower [)air dieply ])iiiiiatifid below; texture coriaceous;
fertile frond 10 to 12 cm. lonj:, H em. broad, the same shape, but much
more di\idrd; lowest ]iinnulrs deeply pinnatilid with sharply toothed
lobes; sori placed in tiie tretli of the se<,'ment3.

iSaniar, Cintiinr) ]M.

(7) H. botrychioides •!. Sni. Klii/nmr wide-creeping, scaly; stipe 5 to
10 em. lii;,di, .scaly l)elow; frond ti to 20 em. Ion;;, o to 10 cm. broad,
deltoid in ;,'eiieral outline, decidedly dimorphous, the barren ones with a
narrowly-win^'ed rachis; lower pinna; cut down nearly to the rachis,
with deep bluntly-toothed segments; fertile pinna? much more finely divided;
pinnides of the lower i)innse cut down to a narrow rachis with narrow
sharply-toothed segments almost cf)vere<l with sori.

Toiiglon, 2.000 in., Loher; Haguio, J-JInier 584.3.

Aneiteum and Fiji.

This and the preceding three species are decidedly too near together.
A fern differing from H. botrj/chioides in lieing less divided grows on
Mount Apo, .Mindanao (Copeland 1030).

(vS) H. falcinella (Presl). Rhizome wide-creeping, thickly beset with
stitT, spreading hairs, ferruginous, turning toward black; stipe 5 to 10 cm.
high, glabrous, as is the frond; fronds about 13 cm. high, 10 cm. broad,
deltoid, tri- or quadripinnatitid ; main rachis slightly winged; lowest pinnsE
inequilateral; pinnules oblong, cut down nearly to the rachis into segments
which are again deeply toothed, idlimate segments of the fertile frond
falcate-mucronate, of the sterile frond broader and not so sharp; texture
subcoriaceous ; sori 2 to G to a lobe, placed at the bases of the teeth;
indusium thin.

Lej'te, C'lniiuif/ 304; Gimogon River, Negros, Copeland 72; epiphytic in
forest.

This fern has the aspect of Eudavallia and the palesE of Microlepia.

(9) H. immersa (Wall.) Diels. Rhizome hypogaeous, wide creeping,
stout, fibrillo.-^e; stipe 10 to 20 cm. high, erect; frond 30 to 4.5 cm. long,
15 to 25 cm. broad, deltoid, tripinnate; lowest ])innules lanceolate-deltoid,
5 to 8 cm. long, with broad segments, which are ol)li(|ue]y truncate at
the base below, and roundly lobed, with the lobes again crenate above;
texture herbaceous; .sori large (2 mm. broad), 1 to G to a segment, oblique.

Tonglon, 2.250 ni.. Lohrr. a large form; Baguio, Topping 246, 256, 304;
Elmer 5008. Mount Apo. Mindanao, DeVore and Hoover 322 (?).
India and -Taxa.

(10) H. hymenophylloides (151.) {Duvallia a/Jitiis Hook.). Rhizome
thick, densely clothed with sharp-pointed ferrugineous scales; stipe 10 to
25 cm. high, erect, strong; frond 30 to GO cm. long, 15 to 30 cm. broad,

deltoid-lanceolate, tri- or quadripinnate ; lower pinnules with oblong

52 POLYrODIACl<Li5 OF THE THILIPPINE ISLANDS.

rhomboidal lobes, the segments of which are deeply and finely inciso-
pinnatifid with sharp teeth; texture herbaceous; sori 2 to 6 to a segment,
small, placed at the base of the teeth.

Baguio, Loiter, a large form, with narrow lobes; Topping 307 ?.

Cuming's 117 and 215 (Microlepia tenuifoUa Presl), from Luzon, are
probably both this species.

(15) SACCOLOMA Kaulfuss.

Rhizome creeping, scaly, stipe not articulate to it; frond (in our
species) finely dissected; sori near, not on, the margin, small, numerous;
indusium short, attached by the broad base, thin. Our species is a large
terrestrial fern.

S. moiuccanum (Bl.) Mett. Rhizome creeping, clothed with large
pale-brown scales; stipe erect, about 3 dm. high, sparsely scaly; frond
6 to 10 dm. high by half as broad, quadripinnatifid, deltoid; pinna lance-
olate; the segments of the pinnviles cut down to the rachis into broadly
toothed, oblong lobes; texture membranous or subcoriaceous, both sur-
faces naked or nearly so; sori small, in the teeth, near the base.

Benguet, Loher 49, Elmer 6289.

Malaya and Polynesia.

(16) DAVALLIA Smith.

Rhizome short or creeping, scaly, the stipes articulate to it; sori at
or very near the margin; indusium usually elongate, attached at the
base and sides, the margin of the frond often so modified as to resemble
it. Mostlj' epiphytic ferns. The two sections would better be treated as
separate genera.

1. Prosaptia : fronds elongate, pinnatifid or siijiply pinnate.

2. Frond narrowly linear (1) D. cxaltata

2. Frond not narrowly linear.

3. Segments lobed (2) D. contigua

3. Segments nearly entire (3) D. alata

l.Endavallia; fronds deltoid, at least tripinnatifid (except

D. xcagncriana) .

2. False veins present between the true ones.

3. Sori flanked by prominent teeth (4) D. rpiphylla

3. No prominent teeth (5) D. clcgans

2. No false veins.

3. Sori marginal.

4. Paleoe of rhizome brown (6) D. soUda

4. Paleje whitish (7) D. buUata

3. Sori not reaching the margin.

,,,....,,,.., r (8) X). decurrcns

A. Distinctly deltoid < ,„, „ ,.

( (9) Z). divaricata

4. Lowest pinnae not enlarged (10) D. \oagn.eriana

(1) D. exaltata Copeland. Rhizome short, densely invested with linear
brown chafT; fronds sessile, crowded, pendent, half a meter long and less
than a centimeter wide, the lower third sterile, pinnatifid almost to the
rachis, the lower segments reduced; segments inequally triangular, coria-
ceous, obtuse, plane, glabrous; veins invisible; sori solitarj' in the apices
of the segments.

\>.\\ .\i.i.ii:.i: — i»A\ Ai.i.iA.

53

Mount AjM). MiiidaniKi, Cni„l,i,i<l Iniiti, on tn-i- Iniuk-, in iIm- iriossy
forest, ;it an altituilc i>f l.S(((l m.

(2) D. contigua Swait/,. Fronds tnltc.l. sc.H.silu or iirarly so, :!il to
4') cm. lonj,', al)oul •'! cm. l)ro!ul, liiicar-lanccolatc, cut iluwn nearly or
(|uilc to tlic raclii> into nunu'rous liiicar-acuniiiiali- or hlunti-^li, sli;,'litly-
tootlu'd IoIhs; texture ooriaoeous; .sori 1 to 8 to a lohc, plact'd in the
teetli on tlifir upjier |iait.

I-u/.on, Cumiuij Jli'.; r.eni_'uet. I'.biirr (i27">: Davao. Coinliiml Ull:?, DcVore
and Hoover 3'S't.

Coylon to PoIyniMJa.

(3) D. alata I'.l. i />. Kmcrswii Ilk. and fir.) Rootstalk erect, short,
scalv: Irnnds tutted. ses>ile, 20 to .'?() oni. liij,'li, :? cm. wide at the \vi(h'st
part, lincarlanceohite, out more than half way down to the rachis into
niuiicious linear-ohlon<j. or at tlu' lower part t rian;,nilar. loijes; texture
eoriaceous. minor vcin> invisihle; s(H i I to S, ]i!aceil round the edge of
tlie h)hes.

Mount .Mariveles, Topping.
luilia to I'orneo.

(4) D. epiphylla HI. IJhizonie tliick. fihrillose: stipe 10 to 50 cm.
long, erect, tirm; frond variable in size, deltoid-lanceolate, tri-quincjue-
pinnatilid; main rachis hardly at all winged; pinnules of the lowest
pinna^ lanceolate, segments narrow, niucronate, sharply toothed; texture
coriaceous; veins not immersed, one or two carried into each tooth; sori
small, suhmarginal, lialf-cupshaped, with the sharp mucro of the tooth
extending beyond them.

Davao, Waihiiru 141.S8, Copchnid.

Java and Malay Peninsula.

Not sulliciently distinct from />. rlcf/tnts.

(5) D. elegans Swartz. Rhizome stout, creeping, densely clothed with
wooly tibrous scales; stipe stout. 10 to 50 cm. high, brown; froiul 30 to
no cm. high, two-thirds as wide, deltoid tri- to quinquepinnatitid; main
rachis slightly winged toward the apex; ultimate segments oblong-deltoid
or narrower, themselves usually toothed, inaequilateral ; texture coriaceous;
venation prominent, irregular, with false veins free at both ends between
the true ones; sori several to a segment, marginal but exceeded by the
teeth; indusivim half-c\ipshaped.

I.u/oii, Cuiniiiii 77: Benguet, Klnirr 0385; Gimogon River, Negros,
Cojichind ti!); Capiz, I'anay, Copchnid.

Madagascar across Polynesia.

Very variable in size and the degree of di.ssection of the frond. Epiphytic
and terrestrial.

It. rifita Sw. is a larger ami h-s coriaceous form of this species, with
finer divisions.

(6) D. solida Swartz. Rhizome stout, densely clothed with adpressed
scales or fibers; stipe 10 to 15 cm. high, strong, erect; frond 30 to tJO
cm. long, deltoid, tripinnatifid ; apex with a moderately broad undivided
center; segments ovato-rhond»oiilal. deeply toothed, narrower and sharper

54 POLYPODIACE.T] OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS.

ill fertile frond; veins uniform; texture coriaceous; sori nearly or quite
marginal; involucre semicylindrical.

Cagayan-Luzon, Warburg 12203; Mount Mariveles, Merrill 3715.

Malaya and Polynesia.

D. solida var. caudata C'av. (as species) ; pinnules more divided with
narrower segments.

Baguio, Toppmg 272, Elmer 6005.

(7) D. bullata Wallich. Rhizome creeping, stout, densely clothed with
light-brown or whitish fibrillose scales; stipe about 10 cm. high, erect,
strong; frond 15 to 20 cm. long, almost as broad, deltoid, tri-quadripin-
natifid; pinnules of the lower pinnse lanceolate, 5 to 8 cm. long, witli
deeply inciso-pinnatifid oblong-rhomboidal segments; texture coriaceous;
sori deeply half-goblet shaped, occupying the greater part of the tooth
in which they are placed, marginal, with usually a horn on the outside.

Benguet, Loher, Elmer 0490 — epiphj'tic on Pinus, fronds purplish.
India to Korea and Celebes.

(8) D. decurrens Hooker. Rhizome stout, creeping, densely fibrillose;
stipe 10 to 15 cm. high, stout, erect; frond 30 to 60 cm. long, deltoid,
tripinnatifid ; main rachis hardly at all winged at the apex; pinnules of
the lower pinnae lanceolate-acuminate, 10 cm. long, 2 to 3 cm. broad, cut
down throughout Avithin a short distance of the rachis, with broadly-
toothed linear-oblong segments; texture subcoriaceous; veins uniform;
sori falling short of the margin; involucre half-cupshaped.

Philippines.

Resembles D. divaricata in the shape and position of the sori, but the
frond less divided.

(9) D. divaricata Bl. Rhizome creeping, stout, clothed with linear
ferruginous scales; stipe 15 to 30 cm. liigh, firm, erect; frond 60 to 90
cm. long, tripinnatifid; lower pinnae often 30 cm. long by 15 cm. broad;
segments deltoid, cut down to the rachis in the lower part, with linear-
oblong, sharply toothed lobes; texture coriaceous; veins uniform, not
conspicuous; sori half-cupshaped, placed obliquely as regards the central
veins in the teeth at some distance from the edge.

Montalban, Loher; Davao, Warburg 14137.
India to Hongkong and Java.

Best distinguished from D. solida and D. elegans by the position of the
sori.

(10) D. wagneriana Copeland. Rhizome stout, scandent, densely
clothed with lanceolate, acuminate, appressed brown scales; stipe stout,
scaly near the base, glabrous above, as is the thick, slightly winged
rachis; frond 20 to 25 cm. high, 10 to 15 cm. broad, glabrous, coriaceous,
tripinnatifid at the base only, the fertile narrower than the sterile;
the lowest pinnae not larger than the succeeding, with a few distinct,
deeply toothed equal pinnules at the base of each, followed by broadly
linear, acutely toothed segments; sori usually a little deeper than broad,
only rarely reaching the margin.

Todaya, Davao, 1,100 m., Copeland 1300; epiphytic in the crown of
high trees.

l»AVALLIK.li: — .MUItnLKl'lA. 55

( 17) MICROLEPIA I'n'sl.

Rhizoino creeping, liairy, stijK-s lutt artifulatf to it (exc. .1/. riliata) ;
sori neiir tlic iiiarj;in; indusiuiii usually as Wroad as loiifl. fastfiicd at the
base and sides. 'I'li rest rial and epipliyt ic ferns of various aspect. As
construed here, the genus ineludfs Wilnlin BitmIi. i .1/. pinndln and its
varieties).

1. DavalUxlts : fronds sprlnte, stipes Jointed to rhizome (1) .W. cilialn

1. Wibclia; fronds clustered, trncheldes preaent In specialized

receptacles of sorus (2) M. pinnala

1. Eumicrolcpia ; no tracheldes In receptacle, fronds seriate,
not Jointed to rhizome.
2. Induslum as long a.-s broad, or longer.

:{. Pinnules bluntly toothed (3) M. strigosa

3. Pinnules of lower pinnae Incised nearly to

rachls (l) M- ihoinboidra

2. Induslum broader than long.
3. Frond glabrous.

4. Small, pinnules crenately lobed (.5) .V. philippinensis

4. Large, pinnules cut nearly to racbls (6) M. platyphyUa

3. Frond not glabrous (7) M. Spclunra

(1) M. ciliata illk.l. Rhizome creeping, covered with soft, hrown
hairs; stipe 10 cm. liij^li. firm, erect, pubescent; frond 30 to 4.5 cm. I«mg,
half as broad, ovat«»laneeo!ate, tripinnatifid ; pinnie spreading, lanceolate,
the central ones the largest, 10 cm. or more long, 2 to 4 cm. broad, cut
down to a broadly winged rachis, with oblong pinnules cut about half
way down with faleatr, nnuronate teeth: texture thinly herbaceous,
flaccid; rachises and under surface softly hairy; sori 2 to 12 to a pinnule,
very small, placed near the center of the teeth near the base.

Luzon, Cnininy 174; Arayat 800 m., Loher. To<laya, Davao, 1,100 m.,
Co pel and 127.'^.

(2) M. pinnata C"av. Rhizome creeping, fibrillose; stipe nigrescent and
squamulose toward the base, strong, erect, 1,5 to 2.5 cm. long; frond 20
to 40 cm. long, 10 to 20 cm. wide, with distant linear slightly toothed
pinnre 10 to 15 cm. long, G to 8 cm. broad; texture coriaceous; sori one
to each tooth, small submarginal.

"Piiilippines," See, Mcycn ; Luzon, Vuminij l.'JO; Mount Mariveles, Loher,
Warhurn 14183.

Malaya and Polynesia.

Warburg's Davao plant is described as epiphytic. The Mariveles speci-
mens are terrestrial, witli rliizomes so short the fronds are clustered.

M. pinnata ( av. var. gracilis (Bl.) {DaraUia Luzonica Hk.) Lower
pinna' t ri])innat itid, deltoid: .sometimes bipinnate throughout. Interme-
diate forms occur.

Davao. Loher, Warburg 14137; Mount Mariveles, Merrill, .3213; Copeland.

(3) M. strigosa (Sw.) Free]. Rhizome stout, creeping, pubescent;
stipe erect, strong, 1.5 to 30 cm. high, both it and the rachis pubescent
throtighout ; frond .30 to 100 cm. long, 15 to 30 cm. broad, lanceolate,
bipinnatifid; lower pinnse 10 to 20 cm. long. 2 cm. broad, linear-lanceolate,
mtich ncimiinate, cut down to the rachis with unequal-sided, broadly and

56 POLYPODIACE^ OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS.

rather bluntly toothed, oblong, rhomboidal pinnules; texture subcoriaceous ;
veins beneath prominently raised and, like the rachises, more or less hairy;
sori 2 to 12 to a pinnule, small, placed at the base of the sinuses.

Luzon, Cuming 95; Tonglon, 2,250 m., Loher 46.

India to Hawaii and Fiji.

(4) M. rhomboidea (Wall.) Presl. Different from il. strigosa, of
which it is placed as a variety in Synopsis Filiciun, in being larger through-
out, the lower pinnules lanceolate-deltoid, 4 cm. long, cut down nearly to
the rachis into oblong lobes.

Baguio, Loher.
India.

(5) M. philippinensis Harrington, Journ. Linn. Soc. 16:27 (1878).
Caudex clothed thickly with narrow rufous scales; stipe about 15 cm.
high, dark brown, with a few scales below like those of the caudex,
glabrous above; frond deltoid, 8 to 20 cm. long, with about the same width;
rachis glabrous; lower pinnae deltoid and again pinnate, the upper becoming
simple, at the apex confluent; pinnules linear, crenately lobed, with the
divisions extending halfway to the midrib; the first pinnules on the lower
side much larger than the others ; texture coriaceous ; surface glabrous ;
venules immersed, ascending; involucre decidedly intramarginal, broader
than deep. (Near D. amhoynensis Baker.)

IMount Majayjay, Luzon, Steere.

(6) M. platyphylla (Don.) J. Sm. Rhizome creeping, stout, scaly;
stipe 60 to 100 cm. high, firm, erect; frond 1 m. long, tripinnatifid; lower
pinnae 30 to 40 long, 15 to 25 cm. broad, with distant linear lanceolate
pinnules, which are cut nearly to the rachis below into broad, bluntish,
toothed, oblong-deltoid lobes; texture subcoriaceous, both surfaces naked;
sori 2 to 12 to a segment, placed one in each tooth a short distance from
the edge, about 2 mm. across. '

Baguio, Loher 43.
Ceylon to the Himalayas.

(7) M. Speiuncae (L.) Moore. Rhizome horizontal; stipe strong, 3 to
10 dm. high, stramineous, minutely squamulose; frond 1 to 2 m. high, half
as broad, deltoid, usually quadripinnatifid; lower pinnae ovate-lanceolate;
pinnules lanceolate, cut down to a winged rachis into toothed or piunatifid
lobes, the lowest lobe on the upper side the largest; texture herbaceous;
rachis and pinnules hairy, and indusia ornately so; veins conspicuous;
sori at the base of the teeth.

Benguet, Loher, Elmer 6431; Province of Isabela, Warburg 11625; Mon-
talban, Warburg 12753; Tanay, Rizal, Ramos; Sampaloc, Tayabas, Warburg
12763; Malita, Davao, Copeland 665; Culion, Merrill 485.

Aroimd the Tropics.

(18) ODONTOSORIA Pre>l.

Rhizome short; stipes therefore clustered, not articulate to the rhizome;
fronds at least bipinnate; ultimate divisions (in our species) cuneate; sori
terminal, at or very near the truncate apex of the segment; indusium
fixed by the base and sides. Two confused species. Normally terrestrial.

l)A\ALI.Ii;.i: ODO.NTOSOKIA. i) (

(1) O. chinensis (l-.l •/. Sin. {Lindsaya tenuifolia (Sw.) Christ.)
Rliizoiiit' stout, (.rc'c|)iii;,', ilcnscly tilnillosc ; stipo stout, erect, polished,
linked, (hirk l)ro\vn, 1") to 'M) ciii. liij,'h ; froiul 'M) to 45 cm. Ion;,', half as
broail, ovate, quadriiiinnal itiil ; luwir [lituia- ovuti'laiiccolMtc, 10 to l."i (•m.
lonj:;, lialf as broad; ])imiiili's lanceolate, their sejjnieiits eiit down to the
raehis below with tootheil cuneate lobes, texture subcoriaceous, both
surfaces naked, the upper shining; sori terminal, usually solitary, often
rather broader than deep.

Toii^'lon, l.oOO ni., and Kilad. 1.200 m.. Lohrr lil ; Sampaloc, Tayabas,
Warhurg 127G2, Nueva Kcija, Merrill 20.5.
Madagascar to Japan and Polynesia.

(2) O. retusa (Cav.) J. Sni. Stipes strong, erect, not prickly or climb-
ing: frond tri|)iiiiiatifid ; lower pinna' .'?0 to 40 rin. long, 15 to 20 cm. broad:
pinnuh's laiu'colate-deltoid. tiie lower segments the same shape, 5 cm. long,
2 cm. broad, cut down to the racliis below, cunneate; texture herbaceous;
sori narrow, marginal, occupying the whole breadth of the lobes.

Sampaloc. Tayabas, Warbiirfi 127t'>l ; Limutan. Morong, Loher 62; south-
ern Luzon. Iktrintda 15; H.-nguet. Elmer 5J)17, 0004, Topping 3.34, 289;
Da vac, Copeland 970 and 12t)0.

To New Caledonia.

(lOi DENNSTAEDTIA I'.ernliardi.

Rhizome hair}', the stipes not articulate to it ; fronds at least bipin-
nate; sori marginal; indiisium united with the margin of the frond to
form a sharply differentiated globose receptacle. Rather large ferns,
superficially resembling Dicksonia, and formerly included under it.

1. Rachises not prickly.

2. Sori at bottom of sinuses.

3. Lower surface tomentose-glandular (1) D. Smithii

3. Frond glabrous (2) D.cuneata

2. Sori on ends of teeth.

3. Rhizome creeping, frond tripinnatifld (3) D. acabra

1. Rachises prickly, rhizome scandent (4) D. scandens

(li D. Smithii i Hk. i Christ. Frond tripinnate; lower pinna? 3 dm.
long, 1 dm. broad; pinnules linear-acuminate, their divisions distinct,
rather distant, narrow, acute, the lower ones 12 imn. long, 4 mm. broad,
slightly inciso-pinnatifid; rachises and under surfaces densely tomentose-
glandular; texture subcoriaceous; sori 2 to S to a segment; receptacle
subglobose, cupshaped, 0.5 mm. across.

Luzon, Cuming; Rizal, Loher; Davao, Warburg 14134. DeVore and
Hoover 333, from Davao, is probably this species, but has the segments
of the pinnies obtuse.

Java, Formosa.

(2) D. cuneata (Hk.) Christ. Frond ample, subdeltoid, quadrii)in-
natifid; rachises stramineous, naked; pinna? lanceolate, 15 to 30 cm. long;
pinnules close, short-stalked, lanceolate, 1 cm. broad: segments oblong-
rhomboid, 2 to 4 mm. broad, inciso-pinnatifid, cuneate at base, sessile,
more cut away on lower side; texture moderately firm; both sides green,

58 POLYPODIACE.'E OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS.

glabrous; veins subflabellate ; sori at base of ultimate sinuses; receptacle
cup-shaped, glabrous.

Luzon, Cuming 231; ]\Iount Arayat, Loiter.

Batjan.

(.3) D. scabra (Wall.) Moore. Rhizome wide-creeping; stipe 30 cm.
high, scabrous; frond 25 to 80 cm. high, deltoid or lanceolate, bipinnate;
pinnae lanceolate; pinnules quite distinct, the lower ones cut down nearly
to the rachis into numerous pinnatifid oblong deltoid segments, herbaceous
or subcoriaceous ; rachis and both surfaces more or less hairy; sori 2 to 6
to the lower segments; receptacles cup-shaped, subglobose.

Baguio, Loher.

India to Celebes and Japan.

(4) D. scandens (Bl.) Moore. Rhizome scandent; fronds sometimes
several meters long, growing indefinitely at the apex, climbing by means
of their pricklj' rachises, tripinnate, w'ith the segments bearing broad
teeth, flaccid; sori small, placed in the sinuses.

Davao, Warburg 14160.

IMalaya and Polynesia.

(20) MONACHOSORUM Kuntze.

Rhizome short; stipes therefore clustered, not articulate to the rhizome;
frond large, finely dissected ; sori a little below the tips of the veins,
indusium wanting. The Philippine species is a fairly large terrestrial
fern, of very doubtful affinity.

(I) M. subdigitatum (BI.) Kuhn. Stipes tufted, firm, 20 to 50 cm.
high, stramineous, glabrescent; frond 45 to 60 em. high, liardly as broad,
quadripinnate; pinnae horizontal, the lowest 20 to 30 cm. long, 10 to 15
cm. broad; pinnules lanceolate, their segments cut down in turn to their
rachis into divisions which in the lowest part of the frond are deeply
bifid, pellucido-herbaceous, dark green, tiirning back in drying, glabrous;
vein one in each ultimate segment, not reaching the margin; each vein
bearing one sorus below its apex.

Davao, Warburg 14178, DeVore and Hoover 323, Copeland 1032, 1143.

India, Malaya.

(21) SCHIZOLOMA Gaudichaud.

Fronds in the Philippine species tufted, pinnate; pinnae not dimidiate;
veins free; sori forming a continuous submarginal line, protected by the
more or less inflexed margin and the continuous extrorse indusium. Our
first species, not hitherto known from the Philippines, has the aspect
of an Asplenium, and in its fructification is strikingly like Vittaria, to
which genus it was first referred ; its nearest relatives are probably in
Lindsaya.

(I) S. divergens (Wall.) Diels. Stipes erect, about 10 cm. high,
black, polished; frond 15 to 30 cm. high, 3 to 4 cm. broad; pinnae close,
horizontal, except the lower ones which are strongly deflexed and much
reduced, lanceolate, obtuse, entire, obliquely truncate on the lower side

DA\ ALLli:.!': «CH1Z(>1J>.MA. .)'.)

and obtusely auricled on tlit' upper at tlu- hasf, subooiiaceous, glabrous;
veins inconspieuous, forked, costa wavy; sonM slij,'htly iiiterniptcd, or
continuous aro\nid botli sides and tlie a|)ex.

K-wii;; KiM'i-. i'arii;;iia, Mmill 7ti!l.

Malaya.

(2) S. heterophyllum iDiy.i ■!. Sm. Uliiz<jnie >iiort, creeping', clothed
witli line, liinwii -.cales; stipes clustered erect, 5 to 15 cm. hij^li, naked,
green above; imiid Ki to 20 cm. liif.'li, i)innate and lanceolate or bipinnate
ami deltoid; piniwe ^emiorhieular and ti\ed Ity tlie middle of tlie straight
side with radiate venation and cotitinuous -.ubmar^^inal imlusi\nn around
the upper side, or triangular with indusium along two sides, or trapezoidal
with usually contintU)Us indusiuui along upper and outer aides, outer
acropetal angli' rounded or acute, margin entire or finely toothed, papyra-
ceous, glabrous: veins free except in s(uus, or anastomosing more freely.
An exceedingly xaiinble fnii. some of whose forms are lianlly distinguish-
able from Liiidsiij/d.

Luzon, Ctttiiiny 27"); Mnmit .\lari\ele.s, Copclnnd l.'JTo, Whilforfl 11C2,
Topping 351.

Mniiritius to Honkong and Malaya.

(22) LINDSAYA Dryander.

Rhizome short or creeping, stipes not articulate to it; fronds at least
pinnate; the lower half of each pinna (or pinnule) almost or quite
undeveloped, the "midril)" tin relore miming along tiie entire lower margin;
sori along or near the upper margin; indusia fixed by the base. Small
ferns, terrestrial or e])iphytic, superficially resembling Adidntum.

I. Veins free.

2. Fronds once pinnate.

3. Upper edge of pinnje entire or lobed less
than half way to costa.
4. Rhizome stout and scandent.

5. Simple sori about as deep as
broad.
, 6. Upper margin, of pinna

entire or lobed (1) L. repcns

6. Pinna cleft nearly to

rachis (2) L. hymcnophylloUles

5. Sori narrow.

6. In an unbroken line (3) L. scandcns

6. In a broken marginal

line (4) L. pcctinata

6. Submarginal in the lobes.. (5) L. Merrillii
4. Rhizome not stout and scandent.
5. Pinnjp less than 1 cm. long.

6. Frond very narrowly

linear (6) L. (jracillima

6. Frond not narrowly linear.
7. Stipe flexuous, pin-
nae somewhat au-
rlcled (7) L. ovata

60 P0LYP0DIACE.5] OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS.

7. Pinnae not auricled.
8. Lamina very

thin (8) L. concirma

8. Lamina sub-
coriaceous .. (9) L. montana ■
5. Larger pinnae more than 1 cm.
long.
6. Upper edge of pinnae very

shallowly lobed (10) L. ciiUrata

6. Lobed one-third of way

to costa (11) L. adiantoidcs

3. Pinnae deeply bifid (12) L. lohcriana

3. Pinnae repeatedly cleft to the costa.

4. Rhizome stout (2) L. hymenophyUoidcs

4. Rhizome filiform (13) L. capiUavea

2. Fronds when fully developed bipinnate.

3. Upper edge of pinnules entire, pinnules

deep ■. (14) L. Laiicea

3. Shallowly lobed (15) L. rigida

3. Cleft nearly to the winged costa (16) L. triquctra

3. Cleft to the filiform costa (17) L. blumeaiia

(Diels puts the preceding two species in
the next section.)
1. Veins anastomosing : Synaphlebmw.

2. Anastomoses well below the sori.

3. PinnEe dimidiate at base only (18) L. Sarasinoruni

3. Dimidiate throughout.

4. Lobed one-third of depth (19) L. davallioides

4. Almost entire (20) L. lobata

2. Anastomoses in the sori only.

3. Rhizome stout '. (21) L. apoensis

3. Rhizome filiform ,. (22) L. pulchella

(1) L. repens (Desv.) Christ (DavaUia Desv., H. and B.). Rhizome
wide-creeping, paleaceous, climbing; frond simply pinnate, 20 to 45 cm.
long, 2 to 4 cm. wide; pinnae 1 cm. long, about half as broad as deep,
the lower line slightly curved, oblique at base, the upper rounded, nearly
entire or crenately lobed; texture pellucido-herbaceous ; sori marginal,
large, about as broad as deep, often confluent in the not crenate form.

Luzon, Hdetike, Cuming 50; Mount Mariveles, 1,400 m., Loher 59; Davao,
Warburg 14109 and 14182.

India and Mauritius across Polynesia.
Very variable in size.

(2) L. hymenophylloides Blume. Rhizome scandent, 1 to 1.5 mm.
thick, paleaceous; frond sessile, simply pinnate, larger ones 20 cm. long,
2.5 cm. wide; pinnae 15 mm. long, 6 mm. deep, cut down to a winged costa
into linear-cuneate, entire or forked segments, each bearing 1, or rarely 2,
roundish sori ; texture membranaceous, entire frond glabrous.

Mount Mariveles, Merrill 3220, Copeland 229, at 1,200 m. altitude.
Java and New Caledonia.

Regarded by Hooker and Baker as probably a variety of L. repens.
Put by Diels into § Synaphlebium ; but our material has free veins.

(3) L. scandens Hooker, Sp. Fil. I p. 205 t. 63 B. Rhizome stout,
wide-creeping, scandent, paleaceous; frond 20 to 30 cm. long, 4 cm. broad.

I)A\ Al.IJK.K — MNHSAVA. 61

simply pinnate; pinna' - cm. lon^'. lli mm. lnoad, tin- lower line slij^litly
tleeurveil, tiu- upper rounded, entire, the point l)roiidly rounded, placed in
a lony row cdose toj^etlier, l>ut not imbrieate; texture pidlucido lierbaeeous ;
costa marginal; sori in a continuous marginal line.

Pliilip|)incs, CumiiKj ; Mcuint l);L;.':it p:iii. Davao, WHiliuifi 14142.

Malay Peninsula.

Said to l)e sonietinir> liipiiinate, JMit very douKl fully distinct from
L. pectinata. The two characterized l>y tin- stout scandent rhizome.

(4) L. pectinata Hlume. Khizome stout, scandent, paleaceous; stipe
erect, very ^hort : lowei- fronds SO cm. long, 3 cm. broad, simply pinnate;
pinna' 1") ihtu. long, (i mm. deep, the lower line nearly straight, the
Mp|ier margin rnund. slightly cri-nate, the point Muiit. close together but
not imbricate; texture pelhicjilo lierbaceous; sori in an interru])ted line
along the upper edge.

Luzon, Cuiniini lH(i; Ma(|uiling. I.olirr CO: <iimogon River, Negros,
Co pel a lid 53.

Assam and Malay iigion.

Habit of }j. (Odonlolntiia) ixpens. J'.eside tiie tyj)iLal fr^mds, old
rhizomes produce fuiely dissected, much smaller sterile ones, resembling
those of Asplcniiiiii cpip}n/ticin)i and StrnochUiena [Tcratophyllum] , or
the fertile fronds of J,, aipillarra.

(5) L. Merrilli ( opelaiid. Khizome stout, scandent, shining, sparsely
clothed with spreading ferruginous paleae; stipe 2 to 5 cm. high, stout,
slightly scaly, at the top, straw-eolor, like the raeliis; frond about 80 cm.
long, 4 cm. wide, pinnate; lower pinnae stalked, the larger ones 22 mm.
wide by 0 mm. deep next the rachis, dimidiate, the base strongly drawn
<lo\\ii. making the pinn;v deepest there, apex usually acute, lower margin
entire, iipper inciso-crenate; glabrous, membranaceous; veins free; sori
wider than deep, the acute tips of the lobes projecting over them.

Baco River, Mindoro, MeniU 1774, on tree trunks in moist forest;
Sablan. Bonguet, Elmer 6124.

(6) L. gracillima roiieland. Rhizome short; stipes densely tufted,
erect brown, aliiiosi smootli. .'> em. high; froiul narrowly linear, about
320 by 0 mm., pinnate, glabrous; pinnse stalked, triangular or rhom-
boidal. 4 nmi. wide, 3 mm. deep, lower margin straight, upper rounded,
entire, or when sterile crenate, the lowest pinuic minute: texture herba-
ceous; veins free, flabellate; s«ri marginal, more often continuous.

Caraballo Sur, Luzon, Mcnill 287, on shady groiuid. altitude, 800 m.

(7) L. ovata .T. Sm. Rhizome short-creeping; stipe .") to 8 cm. high,
wiry, tiexuose, black; frond 10 to 15 cm. long, 2 cm. broad, simply
pinnate; pinna> 8 nun. long, 4 mm. deep, not imbrieate, the lower ones
with their own breadth between tliem. luirizontally ciMong, the point very
blunt, the lower side oliliquely truncate at the base, the upper slightly
auricled; texture subcoriaccous; sori in a continuous marginal line.

Luzon, Cuming 175.

(8) L. conclnna 1. Sm. Rhizome short-creeping; stipe 1.5 to 7 cm.
long, wiry, end ; liond l(t to 30 cm. long. 12 to 17 mm. broad, simply
pinnate; larger piinia- 7 nun. long, 4 mm. deep, very blunt on the outer

62 POLYPODIACE-E OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS.

edge, the upper edge very slightly crenate, the upper ones close together,
but scarcely imbricate; texture pellucido-herbaceous; sori in a continuous
or slightly interrupted line along the upper edge.

Luzon, Cuming 198; Tonglon, Loher 51; Gubat, Baranda 18, Lamao
River, Bataan Province, Merrill 3779, Copeland 271, 231, 228 (with remote
pinnae), Gimogon River, Negros, Copeland G7, 52 (pinnae imbricate).

Borneo.

Baker says this is merely a varietj' of L. citltrata.

(9) L. montana Copeland. Rhizome very short-creeping; ferruginous-
scaly; stipes 1 to 3 cm. high, tufted, slender, flexuous, red brown below,
upward becoming straw color and almost glabrous, like the rachis; frond
3 to 6 cm. high, 1.5 cm. broad, pinnate; pinnae stalked, 9 mm. broad,
6 mm. deep, the lower ones very deflexed, their lower margin reflex-arcuate,
upper margin round, entire or incised, general shape semiorbicular, upper
pinnae smaller, ascendent, with acute bases; texture coriaceo-meinbrana-
ceous; veins free, flabellate; sori submarginal, usually continuous.

Mount Mariveles, altitude, 1,100 m., Copeland 230, terrestrial.
Different from L. concinna in the much shorter fronds, and deflexed,
firmer, and much deeper pinnae.

(10) L. cultrata Swartz, Syn. 119. Rhizome short-creeping; stipe 3
to 6 cm. long, wiry, flexuose, rich brown; frond about 20 cm. long, about
2 cm. broad, simply pinnate; largest pinnae 12 mm. long, 6 mm. deep,
not imbricate, the lower margin straight or slightly curved, usually upwards,
the upper edge slightly lobed, so that the continuity of the line of the
fructification is broken, sometimes nearly entire, pinnse stalked; texture
coriaceo-membranaceous.

Luzon, Cuming 05. 243; Davao, Loher 50; Copeland 1268; Hinay-Gate,
Baranda 19; Benguet, Topping 197, 308.

^ladagascar and Himalayas to Queenslantl and perhaps Japan.

L. cultrata Sw. var. varia Copeland. Differs from the type in the much
shorter frond and stipe, membranous texture, and very variable form of
the pinnie.

Baguio, on rocks along streams, apparentl}' common, Elmer 6003, Top-
ping 191, 198.

(11) L. adiantoides J. Sm. [L. humilis Kuhn). Stipes nearly tufted,
black, polislied, wiry, 2 to 5 cm. high; frond 10 to 15 cm. long, about
2 cm. broad, simply pinnate; pinnae 1 cm. long, G mm. deep, the upper
imbricate, the lower edge straight or slightly curved, the upper rounded
and broadly lobed about one-third of the way down; texture pellucido-
herbaceous; sori marginal in the lobes.

Camarines Sur, Cuming 176; southern Luzon, Baranda 17.
Java.

(12) L. loherlana Christ, Bull. Herb. Bois. 6(1898) :144. Rhizome
short-creeping, firm; stipes 2 cm. long, fasciculate, terete, slender but
firm and erect, base purple; frond 12 cm. long, 1 cm. wide, lanceolate-
acuminate, simply pinnate; pinnae alternate on 2 mm. long petioles, 5 mm.
long, triangular-cuneate, lower edge entire, upper deeply bifid; lobes
broadly cuneate, with evident, forked, free veins; sori terminal, single

ltA\ ALlJi:.]; — MNliS.WA. Go

or <l<iul)le, tlie widtli of tlie lolw; indusiimi inllaiid: Icxturf moderately
linn; color yellowisii, stipe sti-amiiieoiis.

Ma;,'uio, Ijilirr .")('(.

nai>it of !i siinill ami >iini>!e fm in <'\ I,. riridiN (ol.

(!.■}) L. capiilacea Ciirist. Hull, iirii.. Hnis. 6 ( IS!)H ) : 144. Kliizoino
filiform, cieciiiiii; ami iiitertw iiied ; >{i\h- I.") niiii. loii^r. tllifonii, fuscescent,
rachist f;reen : frond 1 dm. loiifi, 1 em. wide, linear lanceolate, acuminate,
weak, liac'cid, .sul>l)i|>innate ; [linna' allernate. ."> mm. loiifj, ohlony-triaiifjular,
lower ed^'e entire with co.sta close to it. U])i»er e(I;;e incised almost or (|uite
to the costa into '.i or 4 erect se^^ments wiiich are linear, narrowed upward,
the lower segments forked: sori -mall, terminating the segments, flanked
on each side by acute teetli.

Ma(|uilinf,'. T.OO to 1.000 m.-. Loher .57; Bapuio, Elmer 0020.

The dissected sterile fronds adveiitive on old rhizomes of //. jiictiiKihi
resemlile this plant.

I 14) L. Lancea il.. ) (lirist t [.. trnprz'iformis Pry.). Rhizome short-
creepinji:: ^tipe stronji. er»'ct. 14 cm. long, green except at base; frond 10
to 20 cm. long, with a long entire |)oint and 1 to 4 pairs of rather rigidly
erecto-pateni luaiiche-., pinna' i|iiiimile>i about 2..'> cm. Iimil;. 1 cm. deep,
the lower line nearly straight or curved dowiiwards. the u|)|)er rounded,
entire, closely placed, but scarcely imbricate; texture pellueido herbaceous;
sori in a ctmtinuous line below the upper margin.

Negros, Gimogon River, Copeland tl(!: Davao, Loher 'rl.

Tropical America. Ceylon. Malay ri'gion.

(15) L. rigida -1. Sni. Khizome wide-creeping; stipe lo tn 1.") cm. liigii,
rigid, erect, prickly towards the base; frond with a long unbranclird central
point ami 1 to 4 pairs of flexuose lateral branches, 10 to 20 cm. long:
]>itiimles )i to ,S mm. broad, 4 mm. deej), the lower edge often falc.ite,
the upper three or four times blinitly. not (h'cply lobed. placed close
together but not imbricated; texture very thick and coriaceous; veins
prominent; sori in a marginal line on the lobes.

Davao, Lolier .lo ; l.uzon. linrdiidn 20.

Malay Peninsula.

The color of the mature frond is sepia brown, and the |)ale veins stand
out froni the groundwork in relief.

(I(!) L. triquetra (Baker) Christ (/.. tennifitlin \\\.) . Khizome
creeping, fibrillose; stipe strong, erect, 10 to 1.') cm. high: frond with
2 to 7 jiairs of pinna' and a ti'imiiial one; lateral pinna' spreading, with
subrigid rachiscs, 10 cm. long. 1 to 2 cm. broad; ])innules cut down on
the upi)ei- side into narrow simple or forked linear segments widl toward
the marly straight costa; texture pellucido-herbaceous, both surfaces naked;
sori small, terminal on the segments; indusium suborbicular.

Leyte, Ciiiiiixfi 300; Davao. Loher .58.

Java to Samoa.

(17> L. blumeana (Hk.). Rhizome creeping; stipe 10 to 1.') cm. high,
strong, erect; frond 20 to 30 cm. long, 1.") to 20 cm. broad, bipinnate;
pinna' rigid, ereeto-patent, 10 to 1.") cm. long. 1 cm. broad; ]>imiules thinly
herbaceous, cut down on the upper side into very slender tiliform simple

64 POLYPODIACE^ OF THE PHILIPriNE ISLANDS.

or forked segments to a recurved filiform rachis; sori small, nearly terminal
on the dilated apices of the segments; involucre suborbicular. Epiphytic.

Leyte, Cuming 309.

Celebes, Java.

(18) L. Sarasinorum Christ, Ann. Bot. Buitenzorg. 15:101. Rhizome
short-creeping; stipe 12 cm. high, reddish brown, clustered, brown-squa-
niulose, as is the rachis; the rest of the plant glabrous, herbaceous in
texture; frond 8 to 12 cm. long, simply pinnate or tripartite; pinnse
(pinnules) halved at the base, becoming equilateral toward the apex;
narrowly oval or rhomboidal, up to 3 cm. long, strongly bent outward,
on the outside lobed into 4 or 5 lobes, which are often forked, broad, obtuse,
with a thick, brown, apical sorus; veins freely anastomosing near the base,
free toward the margin.

Maquiling, Loher.

Celebes.

Differs from L. davallioides in that the pinnae are longer, narrower,
arcuate-deflexed, and not dimidiate at the apex, and the lobes broader,
deeper, and often forked.

(19) L. davallioides Blume. Rhizome short-creeping; stipe 6 to 12
cm. high, firm, erect; frond with a long central point and one to three
pairs of spreading curved branches. 4 to 8 cm. long; pinnae 1 cm. long,

5 mm. broad, the lower margin straight or slightly curved, the upper with
3 to 6 regular trimcate lobes one-third the depth of the pinnae, placed close
together but not imbricated; texture pellucido-herbaceoiis; veins anastomos-
ing below the base of the lobes; sori marginal in the lobes.

Castillo, 800 m., Loher .53; Daet and Gubat, Baramla 16; Mount Mari-
veles, Copeland 1380.
Malay region.

(20) L. lobata Poir. Rliizome short-creeping; stipe 10 to 20 cm. high,
firm, erect; frond simply pinnate or with a long unbranched apex, and 1 to

6 pairs of erecto-patent branches, 7 to 20 cm. long; pinnules 10 to 13 cm.
long, half as broad, the lower decurved principally at the base, the outer
margin rounded, the upper entire or incised enough to interrupt the
sorus, close-placed, but not imbricated; texture thinly pellucido-herbaceous;
veins anastomosing; sori marginal.

Luzon, Steere ; Paragua, Merrill 713.
India to Polynesia and Queensland.

Much resembling L. davallioides in general appearance, but the pinnules
are deeper and not so much lobed.

(21) L. apoensis Copeland. Rhizome 1 mm. thick, scandent, ferru-
ginous, almost glabrous; stipes 12 to 18 cm. high, straight or flexuous,
stovit, the bottom rich brown, upward green and nearly glabrous, as is
the rachis: frond about 20 cm. high, 6 cm. broad, pinnate; pinnae short-
stalked, glabrous, herbaceous, the larger ones 40 by 7 mm., the lower
margin arcuate, the upper incised into usually linear lobes, more deeply
toward the end of the pinna; veins free except sometimes in the sori;
sori small, roundish, just below the tip of the lobe.

1)A\ ALMK.T: LIN USA YA. 05

Mount Apo, Minilanao, altitude 1,(500 in., Copehiml llSl, DcVore and
Hoover ;U'>.'>.

(22) L. pulchella (Ilk.) [Ihivallia § Odontoloma Hooker). Rhizome
slender, wide creepinj,', and much branched; stipe slender, wiry, erect,
naked, reddish brown below, 2 to 4 cm. lonjj; frond 15 to 25 cm. long,
10 to 17 nun. broad; piniiiB slightly stalked, larger one3 8 mm. across,
5 mm. deep, the lower or all more or less curved upward, oldique at the
base, the upper cut into 2 to 3 blunt lobes or entire; texture membra-
naceous, rachis and both surfaces naked; sori small, placed in the lobes
at a short distance from the edge; veins sometimes anastomosing at the
apex, and then their sori confluent.

"Manila," .Y<5c, Cumiufj 217; Davao. ^yarhurg 141S0, Copeland 991 and
II 10, altitude, 4,000 and 0,000 feet; Baguio, Elmer 0019.

Fiji, Samao.

2408(i 5

IV. A8PLENIE.^^.

Sori superficial (not in grooves), springing from tlie sides of the
fertile veins; indusium opening on tlie side away from the vein, or
wanting; stipe not articulate to the rhizome.

1. Sori born along lateral veins or veinlets, not parallel to the
midrib.
2. Indusium wanting.

3. Veins free, fronds pinnate (23) Coniogramme

3. Veins anastomosing, fronds simple.

4. Sori anastomosing copiously (24) Hemionitis

4. Sori seldom or never anastomosing.

5. Veins invisible, anastomosing through-
out (25) Loxogramme

5. Veins visible, anastomosies marginal.... (26) Syngramme
2. Indusium present.

3. Veins forming regular areolae.

4. Indusium opening along its margin (27) CaUiptcris

4. Indusium rupturing irregularly (28) AUantodia

3. Veins free (unless at the margin).

4. Some sori double, on both sides of a vein,

the free sides opening (29) Diplazium

4. All sori simple (30) Asplenium

4. Sori between two veins, indusia attached to

veins, opening along middle (31) Triplilehia

1. Sori parallel to midribs (Blechnece) .

2. Indusium wanting, rhizome scandent (32) Stenochlacna

2. Indusium present, mostly terrestrial.

3. Veins free between sori and margin (33) Blechmon

3. Veins anastomosing between sori and margin (34) Woodwanlta

(23) CONIOGRAMME F6e.

Rhizomes creeping; fronds pinnate or bipinnate, glabrous, fertile frond
nowise differentiated; veins pinnately arranged, forked, in Philippine
material free; sori covering the veins from the midrib to well toward
the margin, exindusiate, without paraphyses. Large terrestrial ferns, thin
in texture.

(1) C. fraxinea (Don) Fee {Gijmnogramme Javanica Bl.). Stipe 0.3
to 1.2 m. high, naked unless at the base, stramineous or brown, polished;
frond about 1 m. high, broadly lanceolate, pinnate or bipinnate; pinnae
(or pinnules) .short-stalked, the upper sessile, lanceolate, long-acuminate,
entire or serrate, herbaceous; veins mostly once forked; sori along all
of them.

66

Asi'r.K.viK.i: — ('(ini(h;i; AMMi:. 67

Baguio, Elmer (idiii; Ar.iviit, Lnhrr ; Davao, Copeland OSO, ll:{.'>.

Tropical Africa across .Malaya to Hawaii.

Two reasonable (listiiict I'liilippiiie ferns are inchnled In-re, one entire
an<l usually .siin])Iy pinnate, tlic otlier serrate, Idpinnale, and more niein-
hriiiidus, usually iit a lii^Hicr allitmli'.

(24) HEMIONITIS i.iim.ieus.

■Rhizome short; stipes clustered, cliatTy, those of the sterile frond much
the shorter; fronds in the riiilippiiu' species entire or lobed, with ample
base, pubescent; veins cojiioiisly anastomosing, bearing sori throughout.
Striking ferns; with a cluster of sterile fronds on the ground, and the
single or few fertile ones long stalked.

(1) H. arifolia (Hurm.) Hcddome. Stipes of the sterile fronds 2 to 5
cm. long, of the fertile 2(1 to ."id cm., brown or l)hick, glossy, chafTy tiirough-
out; fronds 5 to 7 cm. long, ;{ to 4 cm. broad, entire or nearly so, apex
rounded, base deeply cordate, the fertile frond rather the smaller and
with more developed basal lobes, coriacous, lower surface chafTy, sparsely
unless on the costa and margin; midrib disappearing below the apex,
other veins almost invisible; sori forming a fine network over the fruiting
surface.

Corregidor, Cinning 285; Manila, Loher; Antipolo, Guerrero; Mount
Mariveles, Merrill 3259.

India.

The Philippine plant difl'ers from the Jii<lian in lia\ing narrower frond.s,
the sterile shorter stalked, stipes squamulose throughout, and textvire
more coriaceous.

(2) H. Zollingeri Kurz. Fronds clustered in a dense rosette; the
sterile nearly sessile, oblanceolate, entire, about 10 cm. long, membrana-
ceous; main veins distinct nearly to margin, with copious fine, irregular
areoliB between them; fertile fronds linear, slightly repand, 8 cm. long, less
than 1 cm. broad, with a stipe .'? to 5 cm. high; sori in 2 to .3 rows, parallel
with costa and margin, anastomosing by short cross-bars.

Pa nay, Steere.
Sumatra to f'elebes.

(3) H. gym noptero idea Copeland. Caudex short, erect, scaly at the
tip; fronds clustered, the sterile sessile or subsessile, 7 to 17 cm. long,
2.3 to .') em. broad, oblanceolate, obtuse or acute, margin repand and
crisjied. broad or contracted at the base, pa]ivraeeo-lierl)aeeous, dark green
•with light patches, glabrous except for the usually squamulous costa;
areolae rather large, with copious free included veinlets; fertile frond on
a stipe 5 to 15 cm. high, itself 5 to 10 cm. high, 2 to 4 mm. broad, the
lamina often interrupted; soriferous veins 1 to 3 on each side, about
parallel to the costa, occasionally anastomosing; entire lower surface
early covered by sporangia.

Lamao Koiest Reserve, terrestrial at lower elevations, Copeland. ^fcrrill
3113; Barnes lOO.

68 POLYPODIACB^ OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS.

(25) LOXOGRAMME Presl.

Fronds somewhat clustered, not articulate to the rhizome, simple and
entire, sessile or nearly so; veins immersed, anastomosing irregularly to
form large areolae with few or no included free veinlets, no main veins;
sori elongate, forming an acute angle with the costa or even parallel to
it, exindusiate.

Loxogramme is combined with SelUgtiea as a part of Gymnogramme in
Synopsis Filicum, and buried with it by Diels in Phymatodes. It differs
more than ordinarily generically from Selliguea in the venation and the
absence of articulations to the rhizome. The type species, L. lanceolata,
was more reasonably placed by Blume in Antrophyitm. Placing all these
exindusiate genera in the Aspleniece is arbitrary.

(1) L. involuta (Don.) Presl. Rhizome short-creeping, stout, clothed
with dull brown, lanceolate, acuminate scales; frond 30 to 45 cm. high, 5
to 6 cm. broad, subacute, somewhat repand and inclined to roll upward,
gradually attenuate to the base, very leathery, glabrous; costa stout and
prominent, veins invisible; sori oblique, almost reaching the costa and
margin.

Rizal, Merrill 2663; Davao, ^yarhurg 141 IG, Copeland 961.
India to Polynesia.

(2) L. lanceolata (Blume) Presl. Rhizome creeping, clothed with dull
brown linear scales; frond 15 to 30 cm. high, I to 2 cm. broad, acute,
entire, narrowed imiformly from well above the middle to the sessile
base, coriaceous but flaccid, glabrous, bright green; costa evident but not
stout, veins hidden; sori very oblique, falling well short of margin.

Benguet, Loher, Elmer 6276; Mount Mariveles, Copeland 1406.
Africa to Japan and Polynesia.

(3) L. parallela Copeland. Rhizome short-creeping, clothed with ashy
brown, lanceolate, acuminate scales; fronds linear, about 15 cm. high,
6 mm. broad, straight or sinuate, acuminate, entire, gradually attenuate
to the subsessile base, coriaceous, glabrous; costa conspicuous below, veins
invisible, free included veinlets none; sori oblong, in a single series on
each side of the costa, near and almost or quite parallel to it.

IMount Santo Tomas, Benguet, Elmer 6569.

(4) L. conferta Copeland. { Drymoglossum, Copeland in Perkins'
Fragmenta, Fas. Ill, 1905.) Rhizome slender, intricate, clothed with
small, thin, brown, lanceolate, acuminate scales; fronds short stalked,
forming a dense mat, coriaceous, the veins forming a few areolae without
free included veinlets, the sterile frond ecostate, elliptical, IS mm. long, 13
mm. broad, apex round, base cordate, fertile frond 25 by 3.5 mm., apex
round, base attenuate; sori midway between costa and margin, covering
the entire lamina when old.

Catalonan, Davao, Copeland 942; San Ramon, Zamboanga, Copeland
1583. The San Ramon plants are the younger, and show the real affinity
to Loxogramme. But it is a very foreign element in this genus.

o

ASl'l.KMK.K — .SV.NCiKA.M.MK. GO

(26) SYNGRAMME J. Siu.

Kliizumi; creeping; IroiKls !^iiiii>li', ami entire or merely sinuate, fertile
and sterile alike; veins pinnately arranged, simple or forked, anastomosing
near the margin only; sori in imbroken straight rows along the veins,
naked. Terrestrial ferns, notable for their ample simple fronds.

(1) S. vittaeformis J. Sm. Stipes suhtuftt-d, not very tall, naked,
flexuose, dark brown; fnm.l JO to 30 cm. tall. ■> to ti cm. broad, spatulate-
oblong, irregularly repand, acute, coriaceous, glabrous; veins line, parallel,
forming one or two rows of distinct areola; near the edge; sori extending
from the midrib to the margin.

Samar, Cuming 329.

(2) S. alismaefolia (Prcsl) J. Sm. Rhizome short, clothed with
minute chestnut liairs; stipes 20 to 60 cm. high, firm, polished, chestnut-
brown; frond 15 to 25 cm. long, 6 to 10 cm. broad, acuminate, entire,
witli roimded base, coriaceous, glabrous; veins fine, indistinct where they
unite, near the margin; sori on all tlie veins, from the midrib to where
they unite.

Luzon, Haenke; Gimogon River, Negios, Copeland 75.
Singapore.

(3) S. Wallichii Hooker (sub Gymnogram.) . Rhizome creeping under-
ground; stipes subfascicled, 15 to 40 cm. high, ebeneous; fronds subco-
riaceous-membranaceous, simple, 15 to 25 cm. long, 3 to 5 cm. broad in
the middle, broadly lanceolate or subelliptico-acuminate, entire, cuneate-
attenuate at the base; veins numerous, approximate, simple or forked,
anastomosing only near the margin, forming rarely more than 2 series
of oblong, hexagonal areolae; sori narrowly linear, on all the straight
veins, but hardly extending to the anastomosing ones. Distinguished
from .S'. alismaefolia by the longer fronds and the tapering base.

Jolo Archipelago, Burhidge.
Singapore and Borneo.

(27) CALLIPTERIS Bory.

Rhizome short, erect; fronds accordingly in clusters, simple, pinnate,
or bipinnate; veins from neighboring clusters anastomosing; sori as in
Diphizium, that on the lowest acropetal branch double, the others single
as in Asplaiium. Terrestrial ferns, mostly with large glabrous fronds.

Callipteris is combined with Diplazium by Diels, and both are included
in Asplenium in Synopsis Filicum. Underwood says twelve species are
known from the Philippines. Beside those here described, Presl enumerates
Microstcgia ambigua, M. serrulatn, and Callipteris attenuata.

1. Simple, or with terminal pinnre like lateral.

2. Cordate, lateral plnnee at most 2 pairs (1) C. cordifoUa

2. Not cordate.

3. Lateral plans at most 3 pairs, veins about 3

together (2) C. aliamaefolia

3. Lateral pinnae at most 6 pairs, veins 4 to 8

together (3) C. eUgans

70 POLYPODIACE^ OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS.

3. Lateral pinnae more than 6 pairs, veins mostly 2

together (4) C. pariens

1. Pinnate with pinnatifid apex (5) C. prolifera

1. Twice or more pinnate (6) C. escu2enta

(1) C. cordifolia (Blunie) J. Sm. Stipes clustered, 20 cm. long, firm,
erect, scaly below; frond 30 cm. long, 10 cm. broad, entire, cordate, acu-
minate, coriaceous; veins in close groups of about 4, anastomosing copiously
in the outer half of the pagina; sori reaching from the midrib to the
margin. Less frequently there are one or two pairs of smaller lateral
pinnae {Diplazium integri folium Blume).

Leyte, Cuming 307.
Africa to Polynesia.

(2) C. alismaefolia J. Sm. Hook. Journ. Bot. 3:409. Stipes 5 to 15
cm. high, firm, erect, scaly througliout; frond varying in shape from
simple, oblong-lanceolate, 15 to 25 cm. long, 5 to 8 cm. broad, entire,
acuminate, to ternate or pinnate, with a large terminal and three pairs
of lateral pinnse, each like the entire frond of the simple state, coriaceous;
veins about three to a group in the inner half, but anastomosing copiously
with hexagonal areolae toward the edge.

Luzon, Cuming 116; Davao, Warburg 14115 (simple), 14102 (trifoliate),
14177 (pinnate).

Celebes.

Although Presl separates this plant as the genus Ochlogramme from the
neighboring two, it is too near them for easy specific separation by the
descriptions.

(3) C. elegans J. Sm. Hooker's Journ. Bot. 3:400. (First described
as Anisogonium elegans Presl, Epim. Bot. p. 93. Asplenium lineolatum
^lett. in SjTi. Fil.) Stipes 15 to 25 cm. high, firm, erect, gray, scaly
below; frond occasionally simple, usually with a terminal pinna and
3 to G pairs of lateral ones, which are 15 to 30 cm. long, 5 cm. or
more broad, entire, often suddenly acuminate, coriaceous; rachis naked;
veins 4 to 8 to a cluster, uniting slightly toward the edge.

Luzon, Cuming 276; Leyte, Cuming 305 {A. grossa Presl).
Malaya.

(4) C. pariens Copeland. Caudex black, clothed with lanceolate, dark
brown paleae 8 mm. long; stipe channeled, about 35 cm. high, black
and somewhat scaly at the base, like the rachis above, green and clothed
with very minute fibrils; pinnae in the type 11 pairs, those of the lower
half of the frond larger, 10 cm. long, 4 cm. broad, ovate, acuminate,
base rovmded, short stalked, entire, subcoriaceous, glabrous; terminal
pinna like the lateral; upper axils bearing bulbils which grow into
yoimg plants before falling; veins once or twice forked, anastomosing
and indistinct in the marginal third of the blade; sori linear, straight,
extending as far as the veins are distinct.

Todaya, Davao, altitude 1,100 m., Copeland 1287.

(5) C. prolifera Bory (Asplenium decussatum Swartz, Syn. Fil.).
Stipe 20 to 40 cm. tall, firm, erect, muricate; frond 40 to 120 cm. tall,

Asi'hKMK.K — rALi.iriKias. ( 1

witli inmi.ious piiiniv iiml u hiii,'.' |iimi:ii iliil tcnninal scgnu-nt; pinniK 8
to 20 em. Iniijr. .$."> to ."> cin. hioail, I'litire or sciiiitc or sli<.'lit]y lohnd,
acuniiiiiitf, the lowiT .stalkctl, tlie uii|H'r senile and somcf iiiics inolifciniis ;
vi'ins in iiiiinate groups, tlic veinlets from noiphborin;.' v.iiis nnitiii;,' to
form a series of arclies; sori on all tln'-c vcinlct-, Imt tlir veins running,'
from tlie eosta to tlie margin stcrili".

Luzon and J.eyte, Cuiniiitf ."{(KJ ; l?aeo River. Mindoro, MmiU ITTti;
Davao, Copeland (503, 94!); San Ramon, Zamboanpa, Copeland 737.

Africa across Polynesia.

((() C. esculenta (Ketz). Caudex sometimes risinj; al«>ve tlie ground;
stipes :W to (■((» em. liigli. firm green, almost smootli : fruiting fronds
80 to l.")!! em. IiIliIi. lialf as wide, hipiimate; iiiiinulrs more or less lobod,
acute, truncate at base, sometimes auricled, glabrous, herbaceous; veins
pinnate running directly from costa to margin, sterile, tlicir branches
bearing sori. anastomosing in pairs from neighl)oring veins forming a
series of small mclii's.

Luzon, flacnke; Manila. Lohrr; Warhury 1274tl: Province of Pataan,
Merrill 2542, 25.52; Carranglang, Merrill 280; Penguet, Topping 210;
Davao. Copeland G04.

India to Malaya and Formosa.

The young plants are eaten as greens by uatives everywhere, called
"Paco."

(28) ALLANTODIA K. Brown (in part).

Veins forming 2 or 3 series of areolfc in the marginal lialf of the lamina
and ending in an intramarginal cross-vein; sori running from near tlie
costa to the first areola; indusium fastened all round its margin, and
vuiit\iring irregularly when the spores mature. A single terrestrial fern,
apparently related to Callipteris.

The first plant described in this genus has since been placed in
Asplenium § Athyrium; but the genus is now universally recognized as
defined here.

(1) A. javanica (Blume) Beddonie. Rhizome short; stipe about 30
cm. liigli; frond :!(i to GO cm. high, half as broad, pinnate; pinnie lance-
olate, entire or serrulate at the apex, glabrous, membranaceous.

Davao. Warburfi 14118.

India across Polynesia.

(29) DIPLAZIUM Swartz.

Rhizome creeping, or more often erect; fronds simple to tripinnate;
veins free; the lowest acroscopic branch of each vein bearing a double
sorus, the other fertile veinlets bearing single sori on the side facing
the apex of the vein the veinlet springs from, as in Asplenium. Mostly
robust terrestrial ferns. Palete often harsh and dark ; main roots usually
stout and black.

72 POLYPODIACE^ OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS.

On some species, and on sparsely fruiting fronds of others, the lowest
pinnae are sterile, and the sori present are all of the Asplenium type.

1. Simply pinnate.

. 2. Pinnae entire or nearly so.
3. Pinnas few.

4. Terminal pinna like lateral.

5. Sori reaching margin (1) D. bantamense

5. Sori remote from margin (2) D. palauanense

4. Apex pinnatifid (3) D. cultratum

3. Pinnae 8 or more pairs.

4. Veins once or twice forked.

5. Frond membranous (4) D. camarinuvi

5. Frond subcoriaceous (5) D. pallidum

4. Veinlets more numerous (6) D. sylvaticum

2. Pinnae lobed.

3. Upper half of pinna the more developed.

4. Stipe and rachis more or less hairy (7) D. grammitoides

4. Rachis naked, stipe nearly so (8) D. japonicuin

3. Pinnae equilateral.

4. Rachis naked unless at base.

5. Small, pinnae less than 10-jugate (9) D. bulbifcrum
5. Large, pinnae more than 10-
jugate (10) D. speciosum

4. Rachis fibrillose or hairy.

5. Lower pinnae sessile (11) P. sorsogonense

5. Lower pinnae stalked (12) D. petiolare

1. Frond barely bipinnate (13) D. brachypodum

1. Frond copiously bipinnate.

2. Pinnules lobed less than half way to costa.

3. Rachis naked, stipe nearly so (14) D. cyatheaefolium

3. Rachis naked, stipe scaly below (15) D. latifolium

3. Rachis and stipe tomentose (16) D. vestitum

2. Pinnules lobed more than half way to costa.

3. Fronds less than 50 cm. tall (17) D. deltoideum

3. Fronds 1 m. or more tall.

4. Sori reaching nearly to margin (18) D. meyenianum

4. Sori falling well short of edge.

5. Rachis green (19) D. polypodioides

5. Rachis ebeneous (20) D. ebenum

(1) D. bantamense Blume. Rhizome short, stout, scaly; stipe 15 to
30 cm. high, scaly at the base, firm, erect, stramineous; frond 20 to 40
cm. high, rarely simple, usually with a large terminal pinna and 1 to 3
pairs of similar but usually smaller lateral ones; pinnse 1 to 2 dm. long,
broadly lanceolate, entire or nearly so, acute or acuminate, narrowed to
an almost sessile base, glabrous, coriaceous; veins forked about three
times ; diplazioid sori extending from the midrib nearly to the margin.

Sablan, Elmer; Rizal, Ramos; Negros, Copeland 60, 80; Balabac Island,
Steere.

Himalayas, Hongkong, Malaya.

(2) D. palauanense Copeland. Stipe firm, 30 to 40 cm. high, black and
black-scaly at the base, stramineous or bro^vn above, glabrous; frond 30 to
60 cm. high, pinnate, terminal and lateral pinnse alike; pinnae about G pairs,
alternate, remote, larger ones 30 cm. long, rather narrowly lanceolate.

ASl'l.KMK-i: DIl'I.A/H.M. 73

acute, obscurely senate, glabrous, coriaceous, the lower ones short stalked;
veiii3 2 or 3 times forked; sori linear, not reaching the margin,
raiaiinii, in open wootls; altitude, "jOO m., Mrrrill 74ti.

(3) D. cultratum Tnsl Epim. Bot., p. 84. Stipes tufted, 10 to 15 cm.
high, gray, naked, or the upper part and the rachis bearing a short hyaline
horizontal pubescence; frond 15 to 25 cm. iiigh, half as liroad, pinnate
with pinnalilid apex; pinnie 3 to 5 pairs, oblong-ovate, acute, subfalcate,
nearly entire, narrowed abruptly at base, and auricled, the lower stalked,
coriaceous, glabrous; veins twice forked; sori linear, reaching the edge but
not the midrib.

Luzon, Cumin ff lOf), Steerc.

(4) D. camarinum liaker. Stipe and rachis dull brown, naked; frond
oblong, simply pinnatf. ."iO to 45 cm. long. 15 to 25 cm. broad; pinme 8
to 12 pairs, distant, stalked, linear-ligulate, acute, crenate, 10 to 15 cm.
long, 2 cm. broad, rather reduced on lower side, rounded on both sides
at base, lowest not reduced, membranous, glabrous, dull green; veins
distinct, in close, little ascending pairs, posterior forked, anterior simple;
sori reaching from costa to edge, indusium persistent.

South Camarines, Cuming.

(5) D. pallidum Blume. Stipe 15 to 30 cm. high, firm, erect, naked;
frond 30 to 00 em. long, 15 to 30 cm. broad, with numerous horizontal
pinnie on each side, the lower ones stalked, 4 cm. apart, 8 to 15 cm.
long, 2 cm. broad, linear-lanceolate, acuminate, base rounded especially
on the upper side, edge often sharply toothed, subcoriaceous ; veins once
or twice forked; sori in regular lines from the costa very nearly to the
edge.

Davao, terrestrial in the forest, Copeland 95G.
JIalaya.

The Davao fern is larger in every way than this description, copied
from Synopsis Filicum, states, but otherwise agrees perfectly.

(6) D. sylvaticum Swartz Syn. Fil., p. 92. C'audex decumbent or
erect, stout, short, bearing crowded stout roots; stipes 10 to .SO cm. high,
firm, erect, scaly at the base only; frond 20 to 40 cm. high, half as broad,
pinnate with pinnatifid apex; pinnse numerous but not crowded, acute,
broadly but shallowly lobed and lobes entire or obscurely toothed, rather
abruptly narrowed at the base, mostly stalked, glabrous, subcoriaceous,
pale beneath; veins pinnate-forked; sori not quite reaching the margin.

"Luzon," Haenke; Montalban, LoUcr ; Mount Mariveles, Copeland 238,
^yhitford 234; Davao, Copeland G72, 701.

Pantropic.

The plants with erect root stalks and those with decumbent ones are
undoubtably the same species.

(7) D. grammitoides Presl Epim. Bot., p. 84. Rhizome wide-creeping
slender, cluitly; slipos 10 to 20 cm. high, gray-green, clothed throughout
with light, slender scales; frond 15 to 25 cm. high, about 7 cm. wide,
pinnate below, pinnatifid above; pinnae acute, sessile, subauriculate; gla-
brous, membranaceous, cut half way to the costa into entire or dentate

74 POLYPODIACE.E OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS.

lobes; A^eins 4 to 7 forked; sori copious, the simjile ones linear-oblong, the
diplazioid oblong.

Luzon, Cuming 56; Baguio, Topping 156, Loiter.

Malay Islands.

Presl says Diplazium tenerum is a related species from Leyte, Cuming
333 in part.

(8) D. japonicum Thunb. Rhizome slender, wide-creeping; stipe 15
to 30 cm. high, stramineous or brownish, slightly scaly towards the base;
frond 25 to 35 cm. long, 10 to 15 broad, ovate-lanceolate, with 8 to 10
rather distant pinnse below the pinnatifid apex, the lower ones sessile,
10 cm. long, 2 cm. broad, cut down in the lower part two-thirds of the
way to the costa into close, oblong, slightly toothed lobes, herbaceous,
nearly naked, both surfaces, bright green; veins about 6 on each side
in the lower lobes, with sori on each reaching two-thirds of the way to
the edge, the lowest 3 mm. long, indusium broad, brown, tumid.

Davao, Warhtirg 14125.

•Tapan and Formosa to the Himalayas.

(9) D. bulbiferum Brack. (Aspleniiim Brakenridgei Bak.). Stipes 15
to 25 cm. high, lirm, grayish, naked; frond 30 to 45 cm. long, 15 to 25
cm. broad, the apex pinnatifid, below this 6 to 9 pinnae on each side, the
lower ones 3 to 5 cm. apart and distinctly stalked, 10 to 12 cm. long,
2 cm. broad, acuminate, sharply .serrate, cut down one-third of the way
to the costa into blunt incised lobes 6 mm. broad, subcoriaceous; veins
pinnate in the lobes; sori in long lines, reaching to the edge.

Philippines, Cuming 333, 388.

Fiji.

This is possibly D. tenerum Presl, from Leyte.

(10) D. speciosum Blume. Stipes tufted, 30 cm. or more long, firm,
erect, stramineous or brownish, nearly naked; frond 30 to 60 cm. long,
20 to 30 cm. broad, with 10 to 20 pairs of pinnae below the pinnatifid
apex, the lower ones often stalked, 10 to 15 cm. long, 3 cm. broad, very
acviminate, lobed down at least two-thirds of the waj' to the costa into close
slightly toothed lobes 6 mm. broad, truncate or subcuneate at base, herba-
ceous but firm ; veins pinnate in the lobes ; sori reaching nearly to the edge.

Philippines, according to Synopsis Filicum.
Malaya, Hongkong.

(11) D. sorsogonense Presl Tent. Pterid., p. 114. Stipes tufted, 10 to
15 cm. high, densely fibrillose below; frond 30 to 60 cm. long, 20 to 30
cm. broad, with numerous pinnae on each side, the lower ones sessile,
10 to 15 cm. long, 25 mm. broad, cut down regularly throughout two-thirds
of the way to the costa into spreading, blunt, subentire lobes about 4 mm.
broad, herbaceous; rachis slightly fibrillose; veinlets of the lobes simple,
with sori in regular rows reaching from the midrib to the edge.

Sorsogon, Eaenke ; Leyte, Cuming 301.
Himalayas, Malacca.

(12) D. petiolare Presl Epim. Bot., p. 86. Stipe brown, smooth;
frond about 50 cm. high, pinnate Avith pinnatifid apex; pinnae about 12 cm.

ASI'I.I'MK.K — IM1'I,A/I r.M. 10

lonp, the lowest a littli' .-.Imrtcr luit Imiiror stalked, linear, acute, pinnntifid
half way clown to the eosta, witli fi|uilat('ial, ae\itf hase, jjlalnons^, licr-
haeeous, brij,'ht <,M('fn ahovc, pale iM-neath; rachis densely beset witii short
patent liairs; veinlets all bearing' soil.
Bohol, CumiiKj ;{4!t.

(13) D. brachypodum (Bakfi). Stipes tufted, slender, about 2 cm.
high, dark firetii, willi a ivw niinvite linear scales; frond oblanceolatc,
acuminate, 10 to 15 cm. long, 2.5 cm. broad, bipinnate; lower pinniE
lanceolate-deltoid, G mm. broad, distinctly stalked, square on upper side,
cuneate-trunoate on lower, cut down to rachis below, many lower distant,
reduerd; lowest anterior pinnule much largest, cuneate-ojjiong, dentate,

2 to .3 mm. broad, tlie otliers lanceolate, entire; texture moderately firm,
surfaces dull green; railiis naked; veins pinnate in lower lobes; sori
medial, linear.

Luzon, Cuming 56.

(14) D. cyatheaefolium (Bory) Presl. Caude.K erect, subarborescent ;
stipe tirm. erect, dark brown, nearly naked; frond 45 to 00 cm. long,
30 to 45 cm. broad, lower pinna? 25 cm. long, 8 cm. broad, cut down to
their rachis in the lower two-thirds into numerous pinnules on each side,
the lower ones 4 cm. long, 1 cm. broad, the upper ones inciso-crenate, the
lower ones cut down (Hie-third of the distance to the costa into oblong,
falcate, sharply-toothed lobes, herbaceous; veins pinnate, with 3 or 4
veinlets on each side in the lower lobes; sori falling considerably short
of the edge.

Luzon, ('urn in q 15S.

(15) D. latifolium (Don). Caudex erect, subarborescent ; stipes tufted,
strong, erect, 30 em. or more liijih, livid, smooth, clothed toward the
base with linear crisped, dark brown scales; frond 1 m. long, 30 to 45 cm.
broad, subdeltoid, with about 12 pinna? on each side, the largest 30 cm.
long, 10 cm. broad; pinnules numerous, the largest 5 cm. long, 2 cm.
broad at the base, acuminate, slightly toothed, abruptly truncate at the
base on both sides, suV)Coriaceous; veins about 6 in a group; sori linear,
the lowest often 4 mm. long.

Philippines.

Ceylon to Celebes and southern China.

(16) D. vestitum Presl Epim. Bot., p. 87. Rhizome erect; stipe stout,
erect, brownisli, lunu-ntose, sometimes muricate; frond tlO to 90 cm. long,
25 to 45 cm. broad, with numerous pinnae on eacli side, the lower ones
25 cm. long, 10 cm. broad, with numerous distinct subsessilc pinnules,
which are 5 cm. long, 25 mm. broad, blunt, bluntly lobed to a depth of

3 to 0 mm., base narrowed suddenly or even cordate, thin-herbaceous; rachis
like the stipe; veins pinnate in tlie lobes, with 4 to 5 veinlets on each
side; lower sori G to 8 mm. long, not reaching the margin.

Samar, Cuming 336.

Luzon specimens, Merrill 2667 from Rizal, Copcland s. n., from Mount
Mariveles, resemble this in their pubescent rachises, but have acute pinnuh s,
and are very large, reaching a height of 3 m.

76 POLYPODIACE^ OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS.

(17) D. deltoideum (Presl) Christ. Caudex erect, clothed with black
palese, and bearing stout roots; stipes about 20 cm. high, black and black-
scaly at the base, glabrous and greenish above; frond 30 to 40 cm. high, two-
thirds as wide, deltoid, with a few distant pinnae; the lowest pinnae about
12 cm. long, 5 cm. broad, bearing numerous subsessile pinnules; pinnules
obtuse, lanceolate, cut two-thirds of the Avay to the costa into blunt lobes,
glabrous, herbaceous; veins pinnate-forked in the lower lobes; sori rich-
bro\\ii, reaching the margin.

Luzon, Cuming 29; Davao, Warburg 14126, Copeland 966, the Davao
plant differing from the type in having narrower pinnae and their rachis
green.

Celebes.

(18) D. meyenianum Presl Epim. Bot., p. 86. Frond probably about
1 m. high, ovate-triangular, bipinnate; pinnte 40 cm. long, alternate,
stalked, oblong-lanceolate, acuminate; pinnules subsessile, linear-oblong,
acuminate, pinnatifid three-fourths of way to costa into subopposite ovate-
oblong subfalcate obtuse serrulate segments, glabrous, thin-coriaceous;
veins pinnate-forked; rachis brown, channeled above; sori copious, reaching
from the midrib nearly to the edge.

"Manila," Meyen, Arayat, 800 m., Loher. Christ distinguishes this from
D. polypodioides by its thinner texture, broader, less serrate segments,
and sori less lined up. A plant from San Ramon, Zamboanga, Copeland
734, agrees with Presl's diagnosis, but the sori are sparse and remote
from the costa.

(19) D. polypodioides Blume. Caudex erect, subarborescent, densely
clothed at the top with long, dark bro\vn, fibrillose scales; stipes densely
tufted, erect or spreading, ebeneous at the base, green above, stiff, muricate,
50 to 100 cm. high; frond 1 m. or more high, rather over half as wide,
bipinnate; pinnae alternate, the lower ones in large fronds reaching a
length of 60 cm. and a breadth of 18 cm., bearing many alternate pinnules;
pinnules stalked, acuminate, cut down almost to their costa into numerous
linear-oblong obtuse more or less serrate segments, herbaceous or sub-
coriaceous; veins pinnate in the segments, veinlets numerous, simple; sori
in regular rows, usually falling considerably short of the margin.

Southern Luzon, Baranda; Isabela Province, Warhurg 11618, 11623;
Tarlac, Hall; Caraballo Sur, Merrill 233; Bataan Province, Barnes 132,
Copeland 235, Whitford 194.

India and Malaya.

Forms corresponding to Blume's D. asperum, with rather coriaceous fronds
are common, liut not separable even as a variety.

(20) D. ebenum J. Sm. differs from D. polypodioides in having a slender
naked ebeneus rachis, and erecto-patent lobes, with but 4 distinct veinlets
in each.

Philippines, Cuming 159.

(30) ASPLENIUIVl Linnaeus.

Sori simple, usually confined to the acropetal side of the veins; indusium
the shape of the sorus, and continuous across the vein in the few species

ASrLENlK.i: — ASPLENIUM. t I

in which tlio sorus cinvps across it. Fi-riis of the most various form,
simple to finely dissected, growing in all situations, and all over the
world. As construed iierc, it includes several sections the types of some
of which are different enough to have been generically separated, but
whose characters intergrade. Tlirough § Athi/rium it is closely related
to Diplazium.

1. § Neottioptcria ; frond simple, usually entire, elongate.

2. Veins connected near margin {Thamnoptcris) (1) A. Nidus

2. Veins as a rule free.

3. Frond entire, more or less coriaceous.

4. Induslum leaving a ridge at dehiscence (2) A. scolopendrioidcs
4. Induslum not leaving a ridge.
5. Stipe scaly.

6. Frond acuminate or cau-
date (3) A. aquamulatum

6. Frond merely acute (4) A. apoense

5. Stipe naked (5) A. vittaeforme

3. Frond serrate, membronaceous (6) A. cpiphyticum

1. i Euasplenium ; once or more pinnate, veins forked In
segments, sorl confined to one side of vein.
2. Frond once pinnate.

3. Pinnae deep, not narrower than oblong.
4. Rachls green, at least in part.

5. Rachls pubescent (7) A. loherianum

5. Rachls glabrous.

6. Plnnte aurlcled, frond nar-
row (8) A. tappingianum

G. No auricles, frond broad .. (9) .-1. subnorinale

4. Rachls glossy, nearly black (10) A. normale

3. Plnn£e usually linear-oblong or linear.

4. At least half of lower side of pinna

cut away (11) A. resectum

4. Plnnse equal sided at base.

5. Herbaceous, dark green (12) A. multilineatum

5. Coriaceous, pale green (13) A. wightianvm

4. Upper side of base of pinna; nearly ,

parallel with main rachls, lower side
obliquely truncate.
J 5. Veins conspicuous.

6. Frond herbaceous, dark
green.
7. Apex of plnnse round-
ed (14) A. tenerum

7. Apex of plnnse obtuse
or acute.
8. Inclso crenate

throughout .... (15) A. lunulatum
8. Upper side lobed

at base (16) A. Stcerei

7. Apex of pinnae acu-
minate.
8. Veins usually

simple (17) .4. prioiiurus

8. Veins forked .... (18) A. pcrsicifolium
6. Frond firmer, pale green.

7. Pinnules broad (19) A. griaeum

7. Pinnules narrow (20) A. hirtum

78 POLYPODIACE.E OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS.

5. Veins Inconspicuous.

6. Sori equal, at wide angle

to costa (21) A. anisodontum

6. Sori unequal, veins leav-
ing costa at very acute
angle.
7. Pinnae only toothed.... (22) A. macrophyUum
7. Pinnae deeply lobed.
8. Stipe nearly

smooth.
9. Sori al-
most
reaching

edge .-.. (23) A. falcatum
9. Fal ling
well
short of

edge .... (24) A. contigiium
8. Stipe fibrillose.. (25) A. crinicaide
8. Stipe chaffy,

sori costal .... (26) A. caudatum
2. Fronds more than once pinnate.
3. Stipe smooth.

4. Pinnules of lower pinnae few (27) A. cuncatum

4. Pinnules of lower pinnae many.

5. Pinnules inciso-serrate or lobed.. (28) A. affine
5. Pinnules cut to their rachis.

6. Segments inciso-serrate .... (29) A. nitidum

6. Segments deeply pinnatifid.. (30) A. laserpitiifoUum

3. Stipe wooly (31) A. prae mors urn

1. § Darea; ultimate segments linear, with solitary simple
veins.

2. Rhizome short, stipe long _ (32) A. Belangeri

2. Rhizome scandent, stipe short (33) A. scandens

1. § Athyriuvi ; sori more or less curved across their veins,
sometimes horseshoe-shaped.
2. Indusia naked.

3. Small fern, pinnules round-oval, lobes nar-

^ \var. philippinense

3. Large fern, pinnules elliptic-rhomboidal,

lobes broad (35) A. nigripes

2. Indusia ciliate (36) A. ivoodxcardioides

S Neottiopteris.

(1) A. (Thamnopteris) Nidus L. Frounds GO to 120 cm. long, 8 to 20
cm. broad, entire, acute or acuminate, tapering gradually into a short
stem, midrib rounded on the back; coriaceotis, glabrous; veins fine and
parallel, 1 mm. more or less apart, their ends connected; sori reaching
about half way toward the margin.

Luzon, Haenke, Cuming 59; southern Luzon, Baranda; Montalban, Loher;
Bagnio, Topping 299; Paragua, Merrill 722; Todaya, Davao, 1.000 m.
Copeland 1261, 1296.

Mauritius to Japan and New Caledonia.

Asplenium PhyUitidis Don is a smaller form, usually bearing longer sori.

Saraar, Cuming 319.

ASri.KMK.i: — ASl'I.KNUM. 79

T am uiial)lo to locate Thnmnoptcris stipitala Prc-tl. coll cot od in Luzon
by Cuiiiiii'j H*">.

(2) A. scolopendrioides .1. Sm. Kliizome S iiiin. in iliaiiit'tcr, clothed
with lanceolate, brown cliafT; stipe 2 to 4 cm. hifih, xealy or almost naked,
passinjj insensibly into the attenuate base of tiie frond; fronds 40 to 50
cm. iiif,'li, .'J to 4 cm. broad, apex caudate, marj^in entire, texture subco-
riaceous; veins oblique, usually simple, rather remote; sori reaching from
the midrib to witliin (i nun. of the marj^'in ; edpe of tin- indusium leaving
a distiiu't ridge f)n the lamina where it dehisces.

I'hiliiipines, Cumin;/ .118; Haco River, Mindoro, .]tcnill 1810. (This de-
cription adapted to Merrill's plant.)

Tlie fern of DcVorc and Hoover .329, from Mount Apo. difTers most
conspicuously in the indusium's leaving no prominent line wiiere it
dehisces, but the material in hand does not justify its description as a
new species.

(.3) A. squamulatum Hlume. Stipe tufted, ii to 10 cm. long, scaly
below; frond lanrrDlatc, .'{() to 70 cm. long, 4 to 0 cm. broad, acuminate,
base gradually attenuate to the stipe, entire or nearly so, lamina coriaceous,
glabrous, midrib somewhat chaffy; veins inconspicuous, as a rule free;
sori reaching fiom near midrib to within 1 cm. of the margin.

Southern Luzon, liaranda : Montalban, Loher; Todaya, Davao, 1,200 m.,
Copeland 1201. 1288.

Java, Borneo.

(4) A. apoense (opcland. Uhizome very .short, erect; stipes clustered,
stout, scaly, 1 to ."> cm. high, ])assing insensibly into the attenuate base
of the frond: costa stout, scaly; frond 20 to 3.1 cm. high, !.."> to 2.5 cm.
broad, entire, acute, glabrous, coriaceous; veins inconspicuous, erccto-patent,
usually forked; sori linear, reaching two-thirds of the way from the costa
to the margin.

Mount Apo, Mindanao, 1,800 m., Copeland 1108; epiphytic in clumps.

(.)) A. vittaeforme Cav. Rhizome creeping, naked; stipe short, erect,
naked; frond hin< dilate. 30 to 45 cm. long, 4 to 8 cm. broad, narrowed
to an acute point and very gradually into the stem below, the margin
obscurely toothed; texture coriaceous; veins simple, close, nearly horizon-
tal, the copious sori often reaching from the midrib nearly to the edge.

Davao, M'arhurfj 14112; southern Luzon, Baifnidn.

Java, Fiji.

The stipes are jointed to the rhizome, as in Polypodiuni.

(6) A. epiphyticum Copeland. Rhizome scandeut, bearing scattered,
minute scales; stipes about 8 cm. long, clothed with minute ferruginous
scales; typical fronds simple, 20 to .30 cm. high, about 4 cm. wide,
acuminate, base obtuse or subacute, margin serrate or crenate, texture
niembr:inaceous; costa stout, like the stipe; lamina glabrous; veins conspic-
uous, usually forked, almost transverse; sori linear, touching neither costa
nor margin; younger plants bear fronds bi-tri-pinuati-dissected; and there
are intermediate forms.

Davao, Mindanao, epiphytic on tnuiks in coast forest. Copeland GG4.

80 POLYPODIACE.B OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS.

§ Euasplenium.

(7) A. loherianum Christ, Bull. Herb. Boissier 6(1898) :152. Rhi-
zome small; stipe very short; fronds only 2 to 5, scarcely 10 cm. high;
rachis weak, flexuous, decumbent, pubescent ■with linear scales, base purple
or green, apex rooting; pinnjB alternate, 12 to 18 on each side, very
remote, 3 mm. long, ovate, deeply crenate-dentate; texture subfleshy; sori
oblong, early confluent and covering the under side of the pinnae.

La Trinidad, Benguet, Loher 99, on limestone.

(8) A. toppingianum Copeland. Rhizome creeping, chaflFy; stipe 3 to 8
cm. high, the base brown and chaffy, upward becoming like the rachis,
green and glabrous; fronds 10 to 15 cm. high, 2 to 2.5 cm. broad, her-
baceous, glabrous, acuminate, apex not rooting, pinnate; about 6 pairs
of pinnae free but sessile, and as many more connected by a wing widening
toward the cleft apex; pinnse smooth, thin, oblong, obtuse, serrate-crenate,
acroscopic half of lower pinnse auricled at base; sori mostly not confluent,
straight and confined to the one side of the vein, or curved and even
horseshoe-shaped.

Baguio, Topping 284, Elmer 5787.

A. toppingianum var. mistum Copeland. Differs from the type in being
larger, with the teeth of the pinnae more rounded, and especially in the
lowest pair of pinnse, which are of more than twice the dimensions of
those above, and deeply incised.

Baguio, with the type, Topping 194.

(9) A. subnormale Copeland. Fronds solitary or few on a short,
creeping, terrestrial rhizome; stipe about two-fifths of the total height,
smooth except at the base, slender, seldom straight, dark and polished,
but shading into a green rachis with green lateral lines representing
wings; frond 4 to 9 cm. high, lanceolate-ovate, acute, apex not rooting,
pinnate; distinct pinnae about 6 pairs, 2 or 3 more pairs indicated by
clefts, the lowest smaller tlian or equalling the next above, crenate, mostly
trapezoid, irregular in shape, but the lower half of the pinnae always cut
away to the midrib at the base, the base of the acroscopic half parallel
to the rachis : sori 6 or less to the pinna, not confluent ; indusia narrow.

Lamao River, Bataan Province, Copeland 236, 1395.

(10) A. normale Don. Stipe 2 to 6 cm. long, tufted, wiry, blackish,
polished; frond 10 to 25 cm. long, 10 to 17 mm. broad, with very numerous
close-placed pinnae, the lower ones reduced and deflexed, the point obtuse,
the edge inciso-crenate, the upper side auricled and narrowed suddenly
at the base, the lower truncate in a straight line; texture herbaceous;
rachis glossy, nearly black; veins mostly once forked; sori in two unequal
parallel rows.

Benguet, Loher, Elmer 6537.

Madagascar to Japan.

Christ inclines to regard this as a form of A. Trichomanes, to which
the Benguet plants are very close. This description is adapted to our
plant.

AJ^l'LKMlLE ASrLKMl .\1. 81

(11) A. resectum Smitli. Khizonic slentU-r, creeping on ground; stipes
scattercil. .-"KuiUr, 10 to 25 cm. liigli, dark hrown, jiolislu-d; fronds 20 to
30 cm. l>igl>, C cm. broad, acuminate witli nuimrous subses.?ilc pinna;,
till' lowest not reduced: |iiMn;c witli more than lialf nf tlic liasiscopic side
cut away, base of upper side truncate at a riglit angle, rather ol)tuso,
margin inciso-crenatc except tiic part cut away, niemijranaceous, glabrous;
racliis like the stipe or sonu'times green above; veins once or twice forked;
sori iKit tnueiiing either costa or edge.

Luziin. Cumiiuj 110; Tongloii 2.2.'>0 m., I-ohcr; Isabela Province, Warburg
11007; Davao, Vopcland 'J55, 1112.
Africa to Hawaii.

(12) A. multilineatum Hook. Stipe 1.5 cm. high, firm, erect, naked,
grayish gn-eii ; frond ;fO to 45 cm. long. 15 to 20 cm. broad, oblong-
lanceolate, with a long liiu'ar-lance(date terminal pinna and 0 to IS hitiMal
ones on each side, which are Id to 15 cm. long, 12 to 20 mm. broad,
acuminate, tlie edge faintly toothed, hut the point more deeply, the base
cuneato-truncate with a short petiole; texture herbaceous; color dark-green;
rachis naked; veins mostly simple, with sori on each reaching from the
midrib to the edge.

Tonglon 2,250 ni., Loher.
.Samoa and Fiji.

(13) A. wightianum Wail. Stipes tufted, 15 to 25 cm. high, greenish,
naked ; frond M) to 45 cm. long, 15 to 20 cm. broad, oblong-lanceolate,
witli (5 to 9 pinni? on each side, wliich are distinctly stalked, and the
lowest 5 cm. apart, 12 to 15 cm. hmg, 12 to 18 nnn. broad, acuminate,
irregularly crenate, tlie base gradually truncato-cuneate, equal on both
sides ; texture coriaceous ; color pale green ; veins inconspicuous, distant,
often forked; sori distant, falling short of the edge.

Luzon, iiteere.
Madras and Ceylon.

(14) A. tenerum Forst. Stipes tufted, firm, erect, grayish, nearly
naked, 0 to 25 cm. high; frond 10 to 40 cm. long, 3 to 12 cm. broad,
oblong-lanceolate, with 10 to 25 stalked horizontal pinna; on each side,
which are lA to 4 times as long as broad, bluntly rounded at the point,
the edge deeply toothed througliout, tlie two sides uiunjual, the upper
one narrowed almost at a right angle, sometimes slightly auricled, the
lower one very obliquely truncate, lower pinnse deflexed; texture lierbaccou3;
rachis compressed; veins usually simple; sori numerous, regular, parallel,
not reaching either edge or midrib.

Maiiuiling, Lohcr ; Davao, Warburg 14140; Baco River, Mindoro, Merrill
1771 (very large) ; Gimogon River, Xegros, Copeland 78; Mount Mariveles
1,050 m., Copeland (very small).

Ceylon across PoljTiesia.

This fern varies widely in stature, but is comparatively constant in other
respects.

(15) A. lunulatum Swartz. Stipes tufted, 5 to 10 cm. high, firm,
nearly nakfd. gray or ebeneous; frond 15 to 45 cm. long, 3 to 5 cm.

24036 6

82 POLYPODIACE/E OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS.

broad, narrowly lanceolate-oblong, with 12 to 20 horizontal pinnae on
each side, which are 3 to 4 em. long, 1 cm. broad, bluntish or acute at
the point, more or less deeply inciso-crenate throughout, the two sides
unequal, the upper one at the base narrowed suddenly at about a right
angle, the lower one obliquely truncate; lower pinnae often deflexed; texture
herbaceous; rachis firm, grayish; veins simple or once forked; sori falling
short of both edge and midrib.

Mountains of Panay, Steere.

Tropics, everywhere.

(16) A. Steerei Herrington. Stipe dark gray, 12 to 1.5 cm. high, firm,
with a few small, brown, scattered scales; frond 20 to 25 cm. long, 5 cm.
broad, oblong-lanceolate; pinnae 12 to 15 on each side, short petioled, 3 to 5
cm. long, 1 cm. broad, apex acute, margin coarsely crenate, unsymmetrical;
upper side abrupt at the base with a more or less distinct large lobe; lower
side obliquely truncate; lower pinnae slightly deflexed; texture firm, herba-
ceous; surface dark green above, browTiish below; veins distant, simjile, or
once forked; sori 2 to 8 in a row on each side of the midrib, regular, falling
a little short of midrib and margin.

Mount Majayjay, Luzon, Steere, in small clusters on tree trunks.

(17) A. prionurus J. Sm. Stipes tufted, 15 to 25 cm. high, firm, erect,
slightly scaly below; frond 30 to 45 cm. long, 15 to 25 cm. broad, oblong,
with 9 to 18 pinnae on each side, which are 10 to 15 cm. long, rather
over 1 cm. broad, very acuminate, deeply and regularly toothed throughout,
the base rather imequal, more truncato-cvmeate on the lower side, with
a short, distinct petiole ou the lower ones; texture herbaceous; veins
usually simple, with sori on each reaching nearly to the edge.

Philippines, Cuming 197.

Ferns collected by DeVore and Hoover, 348 and 377, from Blount Apo,
probably represent this species, but are too imperfect for certainty; they
seem equally near A. lineatum Swartz, indicating, as is suggested in
S\niopsis Filicum, that the two species are not distinct.

(18) A persicifolium J. Sm. Stipe and rachis gray, with a few
scattered minute gray scales; frond oblong-lanceolate, 60 to 90 cm. long,
often gemmiparous at apex; pinnae distant, ascending, 15 to 30 jugate,
subpetiolate, 10 to 12 cm. long, linear-ligulate-acuminate, 1 to 2 cm. broad,
distinctly inciso-crenate throughout, more cuneate on the lower than on
the upper side at the base, the lowest not reduced; texture thin but firm;
surfaces dark green, naked; veins erecto-patent, fine, forked, not close;
sori regular, parallel, 6 to 8 mm. long, reaching nearly to midrib and edge.

Southern Luzon, Baranda.

Formerly accredited to Hawaii, but incorrectly, according to Hillebrand,
Flora of Hawaiian Islands, p. 591.

(19) A. griseum Copeland. (A. insigne Copeland in Perkin's Frag-
menta, not of Blume nor Liebm.) Rhizome short, stout, densely coated
with large, brown scales; stipe 40 to 50 cm. high, stout, dark green or
brown, slightly chaffy; frond 30 cm. broad, more than 60 cm. higli, pinnate;
pinnae about 12 pairs, stipitate, about 20 cm. long by 3.5 deep, lanceolate,
acuminate, subserrate, tough-herbaceous, ash-green, somewhat unequal at

ASI'I.KNIK.i: — ASIT.KNUM. 83

t!i(* l)as<', oimcatc hclou, t runcato-ciiiK'atc above; veins oblique, usually
I'dikiil, conspicuous, sori larj!;e, close to tin- miiliili :iiiil rfucliinfj; half way
to tlio iuar;,'in.

Davao, .MiiKhiiuio, mi lucky licil ol .Sil)uliiii l!i\iT, alliludr, 7UU m.,
Copcliind !)S:{.

The a|>c\ i>f fi'itilr fioinU often wanting.'.

(20) A. hirtum Kaulf. Stipes tufted. ."> to 10 cm. hi;;ii. stron;^, erect,
brownisli, clrriiUmu^ly tibiillose; froml 'M) to 00 em. long, 10 to 20 cm.
broail, with very numerous liorizontal pinna' mi each .side, which are
5 to 8 cm. hniu, 1 cm. bruad. aeumiiuite, broadly not deeply tootiied, the
base on llw iip|ier side cmispieuously aurieled, on the lower side rather
suddenly but obli(|uely narrowed; texture coriaceous; rachis dark colored,
strong, iiion- or less tibrillose; veins oblique (Syn. l-'il. says inconspicuous;
Diels says evident I ; soii in two regular rows, wliicli f.ill cnn-iiderably
short of the edge.

Mount Mariveles, Merrill 3700, Barnes; Mount Ai'ayat, Merrill 3810,
Toppinii ; southern T>u/on. Bfinnuhi ; Moiuit Apo, DeT'orc and Hoover 310.

Madagascar to Polynesia.

A. hirtum Kaulf. var. repressum C'o|)eland. Dill'ers from the type in
being smaller, less than 2i) cm. high, almost sessile, and having obtuse
pinna>.

Mount Mariveles, 1,200 ni.. on exposed ridges, Merrill 3212.

A allien ill III nieyenicniUDi Presl, Epim. Bot. p. 73, said to differ from
.1. hi rill III in the serration of the pinnse and the form of the pubescence
is probably not really separable from it.

Manila. Meiim. f'lnniiifj 147.

(21) A. anisodontum Presl. Stipes tufted, firm, erect, gray, naked
or slightly fibrillose; t'mnil llo to 43 cm. long, 10 to 15 cm. broad, with
numerous horizontal or subfalcate sessile pinna? on each side, which are
5 to 8 cm. long. 1 cm. broad, acuminate, inciso-crenate, the base on the
upper side aurieled and narrowed ratlier ol)liquely, on the lower side
obliquely truncate; ti^xture subcoriaceous ; rachis firm, erect; veins oblique,
mostly once branched; sori parallel, in two regular rows, reaching nearly
from the midrib to the edge.

Luzon, Cinniiig 128.

Java.

No. 334 of DeVore and Hoover, from ]Mount Apo (but from no such
altitude as their label states) may be .1. anisodonlum, but is serrate,
not crenate; many pinnae have a free lobe in the place of an auricle, as
A. Steerei is described.

(22) A. macrophyllum Swartz. Stipes tufted, 15 to 30 cm. high, stout,
erect, browiii>li. nearly naked; frond 15 to 45 em. long, 15 to 30 cm.
broad, with 0 to 12 opposite pairs of stalked nearly horizontal pinnie,
which are 10 to 20 cm. long, 3 to 8 cm. broad, acuminate, sharply serrate,
the two sides nearly equal, but the lower one narrowed rather more
obliquely; texture subcoriaceous; rachis naked, firm, erect; veins very
obli(iue; sori in close long parallel lines reaching from the midrib nearly
fo the marj'in.

84 POLYPODIACE.E OP THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS.

Masbate and soiitliern Luzon, Baranda ; Montalban, Loiter; IMariveles,
1,400 m., Loher, Whitford 275; Culion, Merrill 509, Elmer's 6147, from
Baguio, is a small form of this.

India across Polynesia.

(23) A. falcatum Lam. Rhizome short-creeping; tipes tnfted, 10 to
15 cm. high, firm, erect, dark grayish, nearly naked; frond 15 to 35 cm.
high, 7 to 15 em. broad, with 6 to 12 stalked pinnae on each side, which are
4 to 7 cm. long, 1 to 1.5 cm. deep, acuminate, shallowly lobed and lobes
toothed, inequilateral, lower side very obliquely truncate, texture coria-
ceous; rachis almost naked; veins very oblique; sori reaching almost to
margin.

Luzon, Haenke; Calolbon, Catanduanes, Baranda.
Zambesi Land to New Zealand and Polynesia.

A. chamissonianum Presl, collected "at Manila" by Chamisso and Meijen,
may be a form of A. falcatum.

(24) A. contiguum Kaulf. Stipes tufted, 15 to 25 cm. high, firm,
erect, chestnut-brown, naked; frond 30 to 45 cm. long, 10 to 15 cm. broad,
with 20 to 30 horizontal subfalcate pinnse on each side, which are acuminate,
more or less deeply inciso-serrate or lobed, the base narrowed suddenly,
and sometimes auricled on the upper, obliquely truncate in a curve on
the lower side; texture subcoriaceous ; rachis firm, naked or slightly villose,
chestnut-colored; veins oblique, obscure; sori close, copious, falling con-
siderably short of the margin.

Arayat, 800 m., Loher; Montalban, Loher; Baguio, Topping 317.

Hawaii, Hindostan.

A. contiguum, var. bipinnatifidum Christ, Bull. Herb. Boiss. 6(1898) ;
152. Pinna^ again pinnate at the base; pimiules cuneiform, auriculate,
deeply dentate; looking like a hybrid between A. contiguum and A.
affine Sw.

Arayat, 800 m.; Tonglon, 1,900 m., Loher.

A. lepturus Presl, Epim. Bot., p. 72, is described as diff"ering from
A. contiguum in the form of the frond, which is lanceolate, about 20 cm.
high, and in the incision of the pinnae into sharply and inequally serrate,
truncate lobes; the sori seem to be costal, as in A. caudatum.

Luzon, Cuming 211.

(25) A. crinicaule Hance. Stipes densely tufted, 8 to 10 cm. long,
erect, dark brown, slightly fibrillose; frond 15 to 20 cm. long, 4 cm. broad,
with 9 to 15 horizontal pinntie on each side, which are 2 cm. long, hardly
1 cm. broad, bluntish, irregularly inciso-crenate, the upper side narrowed
suddenly, sometimes auricled at the base, the lower obliquely truncate;
texture subcoriaceous; rachis firm, slightly fibrillose, no distinct midrib;
veins subflabellate ; sori few, linear, very oblique.

Davao, Warburg 14163 and 14178.
India, southern China.

(26) A. caudatum Forst. Rhizome very short, adscendent; stipes
tufted, 0 to 15 cm. high, firm, erect, densely clothed with fine, brown
fibrillose scales; frond 15 to 35 cm. high, 8 to 16 cm. broad, with 20 to 30
pinnae on each side, the point acuminate, the edge deeply toothed sometimes

A.sri.KMK.K — ASl'LKMl.M. 85

lol)o»l iiioif tlian lialf way down In tlic racliis in the lower part, the two
sidos iiiit'([Uiil, till' iipiicr iiuriclrd mid riarrowfd sudih-iily, tlic lower very
ol)li(Hi(dy truncate at tlir Ka-r; texture eoriiiceou.H ; rarhis tleciduously
villoso; veins vi-iy (il)liqne; sori siihfhihelhite.

Arayut, 800 ni.; Tonjrlon, '2,2.')() in.: Marivoles, 1,400 ni., and .\f<)ntall>an,
Lohcr, pinnir stroiifily aurieled, rpseinhlin}^ .1. dimidiatiiin, hut tlie point
aciiininato; Xueva \'izoaya, Mrrrill 2!t5; IJarjuio, TdjtpiiKj 2(iti.

Tropics, around the worhl.

A. pohjoilon l'"orst., ooUeeted at Sorso^^on hy lhi<nLr and in I^iffiina l)y
Cumiuy, and .1. zaniiafulium Prosl, colh-cted at Sorsof^on by Uacnkc, are
hardly so[)arahlc by the descriptions from A. caudatum. Tarachia trun-
catiloba Presl is also tiie plant eoinnioniy called ,1. caudatum — on the
assumption tliat the leal .1. caiiiliit iDit Forst. is not, as Presl states,
A. honiduin i\ault.

(27) A. cuneatum i-ani. Stipes tufted, 15 to 2o cm. higii, firm, erect,
naked; frond 1") to 40 cm. long, 15 to 25 cm. broad, with numerous
spreading pinna' on each side, the lower ones 10 cm. long, .3 cm. broad,
lanceolate-delt()i<l, cut down to the rachis into several distinct ovate-
cuneate piiuiules, which are inciso-dentate and cut down in the lower part
nearly or quite to the rachis; texture subcoriaceous; rachis firm, grayish,
nearly naked; veins fin(>, conspicuous on the upper surface; sori linear,
suhllalu'ilate.

Davao, Wdrhin;/ 14144; Maquiling, Loher.

Tropics, every wliere.

See coininent under .1. I<iscrititiifuliu))i.

(28) A. affine Swartz. Stipe 15 to 30 cm. high, linn, erect, gray, nearly
naked; frond 30 to 45 cm. long, 15 to 30 cm. broad, with numerous pinnae
on each side, the lower ones lanceolate-rliomlioidal. cut down to the rachis
into numerous distinct rhomboidal pinnules, which are again inciso-serrate
or deeply lobed; texture subcoriaceous; rachis firm, naked; veins sub-
flabellate; sori copious, linear.

Luzon, Htccrc: Mount Marivelcs, 1,400 ni., Loher.

Ceylon to Hawaii.

(2fl) A. nitldum Swartz. Stipe .stout, erect, grayish-black, naked; frond
6 to 10 dm. high, with numerous lanceolate-deltoid pinn*. the lowest of
which are 20 cm. long, 8 cm. deep, with numerous stalked subdeltoid
pinnules, which are again cut down to their rachis into broad, flaixdlato-
cuneate segments inciso-serrate round the outer edge; texture .subcoria-
ceous; rachis stout, gray, naked; \cins channeled, (labellate; .sori siiort,
radiant.

Montalban, Marambibi, Loher.

India and Malaya.

This description (•o\irs two ferns.

(30) A. laserpitiifolium Lam. Stipes tufted on an erect .scaly root-
stalk, 20 to 40 cm. high, stout, erect, gray-black, naked; fronds reaching
a length of above 1 in., by one-third as broad, with numerous pinnte; the
lowest pinucT deltoid-lanceolate, with numerous stalked pinnules, the
lowest of which are again pinnate, and their segments incised or pin-

86 POLYPODIACE.E OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS.

natifid ; texture herbaceous ; veins fine, deeply channeled ; sori short, linear-
oblong, irregular.

Luzon, Cuming 43, Chamisso ; southern Luzon, Baranda; Montalban,
Loher; Batangas, Marave; Bataan Province, Barnes 153; Mindoro, Merrill
1814; Mindanao, l>iee.

India, across Polynesia.

This and the preceding three species are decidedly too near together.
Young plants of A. laserpitiifolium, and plants in poor situations, bear
fronds indistinguishable from those of the less dissected species. Thus
plants from Davao that would very probably have become typical A. laser-
pitiifolium bear fronds smaller and less dissected than typical A. cuneatum ;
and the same is true of Elmer's 6538, from Benguet.

(31) A. praemorsum Swartz. Stipes tufted, 10 to 20 cm. high, firm,
erect, wooly; frond 15 to 45 cm. long, 10 to 15 cm. broad, with 12 to 20
pinnae on each side, which are lanceolate-deltoid in general outline, 5 to 8
cm. long, 2 cm. broad, cut doA%-n throughout nearly or quite to their rachis
into linear-cuneate pinnules, which are sharply serrate on the outer edge;
texture coriaceous; rachis firm, erect, more or less fibrillose like the
stem ; veins deep-channeled, flabellate ; sori linear, radiant.

Arayat, 800 m., Loher.
Most tropical countries.

Specimens from Mount Apo, Copeland 1195, differ in that the pinnules
are ovate-cuneate, giving a very different appearance.

§ Darea.

(32) A. Belangeri Kunze. Stipes tufted on a very short, chaffy root-
stalk, erect, 15 to 30 cm. high, greenish, naked except near the base;
frond 30 to 40 cm. high, 10 to 12 cm. broad, with numerous horizontal
pinnae about 6 cm. long, 1.5 cm. deep, obtuse, the basiscopic side obliquely
truncate at the base, acroscopic somewhat auricled; cut down throughout
to a regularly winged rachis into linear, erecto-patent segments 1 mm.
broad separated by more than their breadth, the lowest of which are
once or twice forked; texture subcoriaceous; color pale green; rachis
compressed; one vein and sorus to each segment, the latter marginal.

Davao, Warburg 14133 and 14164, Copeland 1198.

Sumatra to Amboyna.

The Davao plants, to which this description is adapted, differ from the
typical in being broader, in the frequently more than once forked lower
segments, the chaffy base of the stipe, and thinner texture.

(33) A. scandens J. Sm. Mett. Stipes scattered on a stout scandent
rhizome, very short; frond 30 to 60 cm. long, 15 to 30 cm. broad, with
numerous horizontal pinnae, which are 10 to 15 cm. long, 4 cm. broad, cut
down to a distinctly winged rachis into numerous subdistant ovate-rhom-
boidal pinnules, which are cut do^vn to a rachis throughout; lower segments
again pinnatifid; ultimate divisions narrowly linear; texture thinly herba-
ceous; rachis firm, erect; one vein in each division; sori solitary, marginal.

Lej-te, Cuming 297.
New Guinea.

Asri,i:Mi:.K — asplkmi m. H7

§ Athyrium.

(:54) A. (Athyrium) Sarasinorum irliii>t Ann. hml. I'.nt. I'.iiitciiz.
15(1808) :12:i, var. ph i I i ppi nense (Christ Hull. l[.rl.. I'.nis. 6 (lS!t8):
154). C'audc.K .xlmrt, luarin^' lonf:, dark-hrown srah-s; stipes ;j to G in
a cluster, slciKJcr, weak, brown, sparsely sealy, 15 cm. (ir more liigh; froiiii
above 10 iin. liifjli, two-fifths as broad, acute, tripinnatilid ; pinna; 10 or
more on each side, alternate, the lowest the longest ; pinnules sessile or
the lowest short stalked, round-oval, divided to tiie costa below into
segniiMits whicli in turn are incised into linoar-lancoolate subacute lobes;
sori 1 to oacli lobe, sliglitly curved, with oval, loose, brown indusia.

Mount Data. Benguet, 2.250 ni., Lohcr.

The type of the siiccics in Celebes.

(35) A. (Athyrium) nigripes I'.lunie. Stipes tufted, 15 to .30 cm.
high, stiaiuiiiious, erect, scaly below; frond 30 to 60 ciu. long, 20 to 30
em. broad, ovate-lanceolate, with numerous pinna* on each side, the lowest
lanceolate, 15 to 25 cm. long, 4 to 5 cm. broad, cut down to the rachis
into numerous elliptico-rhomboidal pinnules, which are broadly lobed about
half way down and the lobes slightly toothed; texture herbaceous; lateral
veins of tlie segments forked: sori linear-oblong, often curved, 2 to 3 mm.
long, principally in two parallel rows close to the midrib of the pinnule.

!Mount Arayat, 800 m., Loher.
India to Java and Japan.

(36) A. (Athyrium) woodward ioides iPrcsl) Baker. Stipe firm,
erect, naked, tlark olu'>tnut-br(iwn : frond t!0 to 100 cm. long, 30 cm. or more
broad; lower pinnre 15 to 25 cm. long, 8 cm. broad; pinnules lanceolate,
slightly stalked. 4 em. long. 1 cm. broad, cut dowii two-tliirds of the way
to the costa into linear-oblong, subfalcate, finely toothed lobes, herbaceous,
glabrous; veins pinnate in the lobes, with 4 to 5 veinlets on a side, the
upper ones forked, ends clavate; sori oblong, confined to the lower lobes
close to the costa and not reaching more than half way to the margin.

Luzon, Cuming 153; Baguio, Loher.
Java.

(31) TRIPHLEBIA Baker.

Veins free; sori borne on a special receptacle between two parallel veins;
indusium double, each bounding vein bearing half of it, opening regularly
down the middle. Our two species are exclusively Philippine.

(1) T. longifolia (Presl) Baker. Differs from the following species
only in that the frond is simple and entire, and the line where the two
halves of the indusium meet is not emphasized.

Luzon, Ihicnke; Sorsogon, Barandu ; Davao, Warburg 14117.

(2) T. pinnata (J. Sm.) Baker. Stipe compressed, grayish; frond 50
to 120 cm. long, lanceolate-deltoid, rooting at the apex, with an entire or
finely crenate terminal pinna and 1 to 6 pairs of similar lateral ones,
glabrous, subcoriaceous; veins usually once forked; sori numerous, oblique,
linear, the indusium ridged where the halves meet.

Philippines, Cuming 1S7. 311; Biga, Catanduanes, Baranda.

88 POLYPODIACE.E OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS.

(32) STENOCHLAENA J. Smith.

High-scandent ferns, with pinnate dimorphous or polymorphous fronds;
veins free near the margin; sori parallel to the costa, finally spreading
over the whole under surface; indusium wanting. The stipe in some species
is segmented to the rhizome, as in Polypodiece. Stenochlaena is not very
evidently related to any other genus.

1. Stipes articulate to the rhizome.

2. Rhizome scaly, frond herbaceous (1) S. sorbifolia

2. Rhizome naked, frond coriaceous (2) S. palustris

1. Stipes not articulate to rhizome (3) S. laurifolia

(1) S. sorbifolia (L.) J. Sm. Rhizome climbing indefinitely high,
woody green, muricate, bearing few hard brown scales (roots?) ; stipes
obscurely articulate to rhizome, 10 to 30 cm. long, stramineous with or
without a conspicuous umber line; frond simply pinnate, the segments
articulate to the rachis on stalks about 1 cm. long; sterile pinnae 15 cm.
long, nearly 2 cm. broad, acuminate, entire or obscurely serrate, base
cuneate, glabrous, herbaceous or subcoriaceous ; fertile pinnae 20 cm. long,
filiform.

Castillo, 800 m., and Mariveles, 1,400 m., Loher; foot of Mariveles,
Barnes Forestry Bureau 368; Isabela Province, Warhurg 11600, 11974,
11978; Paragua, Merrill 773; Davao, Warburg 14107, 14108, 14111.

Pantropic.

Beside the sterile fronds described above, bipinnate variously incised
or divided ones also occur.

S. haenkeana Presl is a dubious species described from the sterile plant
alone; the pinnse are elliptic-oblong, abruptly acvuninate, rounded at the
base, the terminal twice as large as the lateral ; rhizome and base of
stipe clothed with peltate scales.

Sorsogon, Haenke.

(2) S. palustris (L.) Mett. Rhizome climbing iijdefiniteh', scaleless;
stipes naked, 15 to 30 cm. long; fronds 50 to 80 cm. long the sterile rather
the larger, pinnate, with almost sessile pinnse articulate to the rachis;
pinnae of sterile frond 10 to 12 cm. long, 2.5 cm. broad, finely but sharply
serrate, subcoriaceous, the two sides at the base forming a right angle;
segments of the fertile frond 15 to 20 cm. long, 3 mm. broad, the lower ones
remote.

Luzon, Haenke, Cuming 133; Davao, Copeland 532.

India to Queensland and Fiji.

S. Juglandi folia Presl is described as diff"ering from »S'. palustris in
having longer naked petioles, the sterile pinnae rounded at the base, fertile
pinnae leafy at the base, and muricate stipes; it is usually regarded as only
a form of the same species.

Luzon, Haenke, Cuming 133 in part.

(3) S. laurifolia (Hook.) Diels. Stipes firm, erect, naked; frond 60
to 90 cm. long, 30 to 45 cm. broad, simply pinnate; sterile pinnae 15 to
25 cm. long, 4 cm. broad, narrowed gradually from the cordate base to

ASI'LKMK.i: STKNOCIII.AKNA. 89

the apex, 9haii)l_v Imt finely tootht-d, sfssilc, not articulate to the rachis
and witlioiit a fiiaiid, coriacfdiis, ■.'lalnous; fertile piniiii- 15 to 2') cm. long,
about 1 cm. broad, the lower ones 1 cm. apart.

Luzon, Cuming 22(i.

Solomon Island.s.

S. fraxinifoiia I'resl Kpim. Hot., p. 104. Pinini" stalked; the sterile
oblon^-laiicc'ilatf, Mciiiiiiiiate, siibaeute and eipial at tin- base; fertile pinnx
narrowly linear. This plant is ineiudi'd iiv .1. Smith under .S'. acandens,
and placed by I'resl close to .S'. laurifolid, but with a dilTerent charac-
terization of the latter from that just piveii.

Xegros, Viiining 347.

(33) BLECHNUM Linninus.

Sterile fronds with free veins ^e\ceI)t in B. (irroUirc) , fertile with a
series of areola? along the eosta, otherwise free; soii along the far side
of these areohv, linear, usually continuous, parallel to the co.sta, sometimes
spreading over the parenchyma; indusium the shape of the sorus, opening
on the costal side. Mostly terrestrial ferns of moderate size, with erect
caudices. The two sections are usually treated as genera, but are not
sufficiently distinct.

1. %Eublechnum: sori close to the costa ; fertile and sterile fronds
not exceedingly different.

2. Fronds pinnatifld (1) B. nitidum

2. Fronds pinnate.

3. Lower pinna? contracted at base (2) B. orientale

3. Pinnne with spreading, adherent base (3) B. egregium

1. § Lomaria: sori occupying most of the space from costa to
margin ; fronds decidedly dimorphous.
2. Simply pinnate.

3. Sterile frond with costal areolae (4) B. areolaris

3. Sterile frond with free veins (5) B. capcnse

2. Bipinnate (6) B. Fraseri

(1) B. nitidum Presl. Stipes stout, erect, naked, 10 cm. high; frond
oblong-lanceolate, 30 cm. or more long, 10 to 15 cm. broad; pinnte numerous,
erecto-patent, subfalcate, linear, 10 cm. long, 1 cm. broad, narrowed
jrradually toward the point, dilated and connected at the base, the edge
inidulato-crcnate, the lower ones linear-acute and not much smaller than
the rest; texture coriaceous, both surfaces and rachis naked; veins fine;
sori in a continuous line close to the midrib; indusium conspicuous.

Luzon, Cuming 104; Sorsogon, Haenke.
India, Polynesia, southern Brazil.

(2) B. orientale L. Caudex erect, often subarborescent, clothed at the
crown with librillose, dark-brown scales; stipe 15 to 30 cm. high, strong,
erect, scaly at the base; frond 40 to 100 cm. high, ovate, with very numerous
close linear pinnae; pinnae 10 to 25 cm. long, 1 cm. broad, narrowed to a
long point, contracted to a sessile base, the upper ones decurrent, the lowest
abruptly reduced to mere auricles strung along the stipe; subcoriaceous,
glabrous; sori in a long continuous line close to the midrib.

Isabela, ^Varhurg 11975; Benguet, Loher, Elmer, 5824, Topping 243, 298;

90 POLYPODIACE.E OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS.

Nueva Vizcaya, Merrill 256; Culion Merrill 480; Panay, Copeland 56;
Basilan, DeVore and Hoover 56.

India to Australia and Polynesia.

The following species are included vinder Blechnum orientale: B. cum-
ingianum Presl, Luzon, Cuming 257, 259, 166; B. pyrophyllum Blume,
Luzon, Meyen; B. elongatum Presl, Manila, Meyen ; Blcchnopsis stenophylla
Presl, Luzon, Cuming 165, in part. B. salicifolium Kaulf., collected "at
Manila" by Chamisso, I have not been able to locate.

(3) B. egregium Copeland. Stipes clustered in form of a nest, 10 to
20 cm. high, stout, brown, black below and densely clothed with long black
scales; frond about 1 m. high, 30 cm. broad, pinnate, glabrous, moderately
dimorphous; pinnae acuminate, serrate, confluent at the top, lower down
attached to the rachis by a broad base but distinct, at the bottom reduced
gradually to remote auricles; fertile pinnae coriaceous, 15 cm. long, 15 to 20
mm. broad next the rachis, contracted gradually until the sorus occupies
very nearly the whole breadth; pinnae of the sterile frond thinner but
broader; indusia coriaceous, persistent.

Sibulan Eiver, Davao, along mountain creeks, Copeland 1314.

(4) B. areolaris (Harrington, Journ. Linn. Soc. 16:28). Caudex long,
slender, twisted, naked; stipe 15 cm. long in the sterile, nearly twice as
long in the fertile fronds, glabrous; barren frond ovate, 10 to 15 cm. long,
10 cm. broad, pinnate; pinnae 7 to 9, lateral nearly sessile, terminal stalked,
linear-lanceolate, 5 to 8 cm. long, 12 to 16 mm. broad, acute, finely serrate,
obtuse or roimded at the base; texture coriaceous; nerves forming a series
of arches close to the midrib, thus forming on each side a row of long
narrow areolae parallel to the midrib; beyond this, nerves are free and
simple or forking; surface naked, except that the midribs and nerves are
a little chaffy below; fertile pinnae 7 to 9, narrowly linear, 4 to 5 cm.
long, rather distant; indusium narr6w, marginal.

]Mount ^lajayjay, growing among the leaves of a Pandanus, Steere.

(5) B. capense (L.) Schlecht (Lomaria procera Spr.). Caudex stout,
woody, elongate, clothed with large ovate or lanceolate-acuminate ferrugi-
nous scales; stipe 15 to 30 cm. high, stout, erect, scaly below; frond 30
to 100 cm. high, one-third as broad, the fertile and sterile not always very
different, coriaceous; pinnae of sterile frond linear, the iQwer stalked, with
rounded or cordate base, acuminate; fertile pinnae narrowly linear; indusium
broad, membranaceous, ciliate, sometimes slightly intramarginal ; rachis
densely chaffy.

Luzon, Cuming 141.

Southern Hemisphere and Mexico.

(6) B. Fraseri (Cunn.) Mett. var. philippinense (Christ). Caudex
arborescent, 0.5 to 1.5 m. high, 1 to 2 cm. thick, black, clothed with lance-
olate-ovate, dark brown, subulate scales 3 mm. long, and above with the
bases of stipes, flexile, woody, bearing a crown of 6 to 8 fronds; stipe short,
3 to 4 cm. long, densely scaly; frond 40 cm. long, 20 to 25 cm. broad, long-
acuminate, attenuate to the base; pinnae about 12 to 18 on each side,
alternate, 1 to 2 cm. broad with their o^vn breadth between them, strongly

ASl-LKMIi-i; lU.KCllM .M. *Jl

decurrcnt, cleft almost to the costa into cniwdt'd lolits; lobea scarcely 1 cm.
lf)nf;, half as lnoiid. <rianj,'uI;ir-ol)lt>ii^', sul)fah'ati', limly hut aciitidy ser-
rato; rat'liis licaiinji tiiaiij,'uhir, oftt'ii hifurcate k)hos hftwei-ii th(; piiin.'p;
sori linear, midway between the niarj.'iii aii<l midrib of the lobe but soon
occupying the entire lamina; induKium narrow, gray, evanescent.

Central Cordillera of Luzon, grfgarioii^. n])parcntly fruiting raroly,
Lohcr.

Tj'pe of the species in New Zealand.

(34) WOODWARDIA Smith.

Veins anastomosing to form a series of areohe along the costa, and in
our species several series of similar areolae between this and the margin;
sori linear-oblong, one occupying each costal areola, the indusium opening
toward the costa. Large terrestrial ferns with bipinnatifid fronds.

(1) W. radicans (L. ) Smith. Rhizome sliort. ficct ; stipe 40 to 100
cm. high, strong, naked except at the base; frond 1 ni. <>r more high,
one-third as wide; pinnre broadly lanceolate, acuminate, subsessile, cut
down almost to the costa into narrowh' linear segments serrate toward
their apices, subcoriaceous.

Benguet, Loher, Elmer G512.

Warmer parts of Northern Hemisphere.

Our plant is intermediate between 11'. radicals as originally described
and IF. orientalis Swartz of Japan and Formosa, which is no longer
regarded as a distinct species.

V. PTERIDE.E.

Stipes not articulate to the rhizome; frond at least pinnate, in most
species more or less deltoid; sori near the margin, on the ends of the
veins, or- a strand connecting their ends, protected, except in Nothochlaena,
by the inflexed and modified margin of the frond.

1. Sorus on inner face of reflexed lobe (35) Adiayitum

1. Sori on main body of frond, on tips of veins.
2. Fronds not dimorphous.

3. Indusium continuous (36) Doryopteris

3. Indusium interrupted.

4. Sori distinct and solitary (37) Hi/poJepis

4. Sori more or less confluent (38) Cheilanthes

3. Indusium wanting (39) Nothochlaena

2. Fronds dimorphous (40) Plagiogyria

1. Sori on intramarginal strand connecting vein tips.
2. Extrorse indusium wanting.

3. Ultimate divisions fine, almost covered by sori (41) Oiiychimn

3. Ultimate divisions more ample.

4. Lowest pinnules like others (42) Pteris

4. Lowest pinnules stipule-like (43) Histiopteris

2. Extrorse indusium typically present.

3. Stipe with many vascular strands (44) Pteridium

3. Stipe with one vascular strand (45) Paesia

iCeratopteris, a fern growing in brackish or fresh marshes, may be looked for
here : it is not in the Polypodiacew.)

(35) ADIANTUM Linnaeus.

Stipes not articulate to rhizome, usually black and polished; frond,
in our species, pinnate to tripinnate, pinnse inclined to be dimidiate; por-
tions of the margin of the pinnules altered and reflexed, and a sorus borne
on the inside of each such portion and protected by it. A natural genus
of chiefly terrestrial ferns of most graceful habit, universally cultivated
under the name of "maiden-hair."

1. Sporangia springing only from veinlets.

2. Frond simply pinnate, apex rooting.

3. Frond glabrous, pinnules stalked.

4. Rachis not winged (1) A. philippense

4. Rachis winged (2) A. alatum

3. Frond hairy (3) A. caudatum

2. Frond tripinnate (4) A. Capillus -Veneris

1. Sporangia on veinlets and parenchyma between them.

2. Stipe and rachis glabrous (5) A. d iaphanum

2. Stipe and rachis squamulose (6) A. hispidulum

92

i''ii:i;ihi;.i:- Aiii.wn .m. \K]

(1) A. philippense I.. Stipos ;j to 20 I'ln. Iii;^li, wiry, !iakcil, ixilislied,
(lark hriiwii; Ircim l."> to 2'> cm. Ion;;, or tlio a|)cx morr [jrolonj^'cd nnrl
rooting, alioiit .'> cin. hroad, simply piimnto; piniui' variable, mostly about
2 cm. long by 1 cm. Ijroad, morr or less deeiduou.s from the upper end of a
stalk sometimes 15 mm. \i>u'^. tlie side toward the rachis forming an obtuse
angle with tlie basiseopic, <>r sometimes a straight line with it, tiie upper
and outer margins rounded, moie or less iiu-ised; veins only moderately con-
spicuous; sori nariHJwer than llie lubes they are borne on, and lunulatc
rather than straight. .1. hinuUitum Hurm.

Luzon, Ciiniintj 7'-i; I'hilippines, Kuhii ; Bagnio, FJmrr (i.)!)tj; Pangasinan,
Merrill 2>tl ; J^amao Forest Reserve, Cupclnnd .397; Manila, Muruvc, Topping
(i ; Albay, Hurdiidn.

Pantropie.

(2) A. alatum ('opeland. Like tlie preeeding species in size and general
appearance: stipe, rachis, and ])etiohdes with a membranous wing 0.5 mm.
broad on eacii side; petiolules ratlur shorter; iniur and lower sides of
pinme at about a riglit angle, u])i»er side nearly straight; venation very
prominent; sori the width of the lobes bearing them, .straight rather than
lunulate.

Lamao Forest Reserve, Copeland 243, 1:300; C'ulion, Merrill 482.

(3) A. caudatum L. Stipes tufted. s])reading, .3 to 10 cm. long, tonien-
tose; frond l.j tu 30 em. long, usually elongate and rooting at the apex,
simply pinnate; pinnie 10 to 15 mm. long, half as deep, horizontal or ascend-
ing, almost sessile, dimidiate, broadest next the base, lower line straight
and entire, upper finely incised more deeply than in the preeeding species,
herbaceous or sidjcoriaceous, villose; veins prominent, close; sori mostly
roundish, on the ends of the lobes.

Luzon, Cuniing 11; Cagayan-Luzon, Warburg 1221.3; Benguet, Loher,
Elmer 6403; Xueva Ecija. Merrill 278; Bataan Province, Merrill 1603,
Barnes Forestry Bureau 164, Whit ford 200; .Manila, Loher, Warburg;
Masbate, Baranda; Capiz, Copeland 55; Mindanao, Cuming 202; Davao,
Copeland 633.

Africa to Malaya.

(4) A. Capiilus-Veneris L. Stipes about 20 cm. high, black, polished;
fronil 20 to 411 cm. high, deltoid or narrower; lowest pinnae themselves spar-
ingly bipinnate: ultimate segments fan-shaped, 10 to 18 mm. deep, with
cuneate base and rounded, lobed outer side, membranous, glabrous; sori
(in Philippine specimens) decidedly broader than deep.

Benguet, Elmer 6417; Mariveles Loher.
Sojithern Kuro|if and Tropics everywhere.

(5) A. diaphanum I'luine. Stipe 10 to 20 cm. liigli, slender, blackish,
polished; frond In to 1.") em. liigli. 2 to 3 cm. broad aiul simply pinnate, or
usually with 1 to 3 branches at the base, which are sometimes nearly as
large as the terminal one; pinnules 1.5 cm. long, half as deep, lower line
ratlier decurved, upper parallel with it and crenate like the outer edge,
membranaceous, not quite glabrous; sori round-reniform, in the sinuses of
the upper and other margin. Beside the usual mature form, young plants

94 POLYPODIACE.E OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS.

with simi^ly pinnate fronds hardly 3 cm. high, on filiform stipes, are some-
times copiously fertile.

Benguet, Loher, Topping 22.5, 280; Lamao Forest Reserve, Whitford 266,
Copeland 1400; Davao, Copeland 969, 1113.

China to New Zealand.

(6) A. hispidulum Sw. Stipe (in Philippine plants) 3 to 15 cm. high,
deciduously squamiilous, then scabrous; frond pseudo-pedate. really tripin-
nate at base, the longer pinnae ascending together or somewhat divaricate;
segments about 1 cm. long, over half as deep, lower ones stalked, lower side
entire and straight or curved upward, upper and outer sides sharply toothed,
subcoriaceous, not quite glabrous; rachises decidedly hairy; sori round,
contiguous around the upper and outer margin; indusium hairy, con-
spicuously veined. Our plant is not the. typical A. hispidulum, but does not
seem to me reasonably separable from it.

Mount Mariveles, 1,200 m., Merrill 3250, Copeland 1390.

Paleotropic.

(36) DORYOPTERIS .J. Smith.

Rhizome short, its palese costate; stipe black and shining; frond more
or less deltoid, simple or pinnate with the pinnae not articulate to the
rachis. opaqiie; sori terminal, submarginal, in our species fusing laterally
and forming a continuous marginal line, protected by the narrow indusium
formed by the inflexed margin. A chiefly American genus, represented here
by two terrestrial species, readily distinguishable from Pteris by the black
stipes.

(1) D. concolor (Langsd. & Fisher) Kuhn. Stipe 10 to 15 cm. high,
erect, wiry, with a few scales near the base like those on the rhizome;
frond triangular, 5 to 10 cm. each way, cut down nearly to the rachis into
3 to 5 pairs of segments, of which the lowest, sometimes distinct pinnae, are
much the largest, and especially deeply cut on the lower side into oblong
segments, which in turn are deeply lobed, with margin entire in detail,
subcoriaceous, opaque, glabrous or glaucous beneath, greenish above, brown
beneath ; veins free, invisible, midribs conspicuous, black.

Luzon, Cuming (260 ?) ; Benguet, Elmer 6481; Manila, Loher.
Pantropic.

(2) D. ludens (Wall.) .J. Sm. Rhizome slender, creeping; stipe about
10 cm. high, that of fertile frond higher, naked unless at the base; sterile
frond variable in shape, ovate-lanceolate or triangular, hastate, deeply
cordate or auriculate, sometimes with two or three pairs of lobes, acuminate,
with entire or crisped margin, subcoriaceous, glabrous, pale green beneath,
dark above; fertile frond deltoid, 15 to 20 cm. high, cut down to a central
part 10 to 15 cm. broad into terminal segment and 1 to 3 pairs of lateral
ones, of which the lowest are deeply forked, all aciuninate, ascending, entire;
veins hidden, anastomosing everywhere; fruiting line continuous except at
the tips of the segments, narrow.

Luzon, Cuming 238; Benguet, Elmer 6349; Rizal, Loher.
India and ^lalava.

iTi:uii>i:.K — iivi'uLi:i'is. 1)5

(ST) HYPOLEPIS H.-inhanli.

Rhizome creeping, stipes imt articulate to it; fronds at least bipinnate,
tliiii, imhesccnt; veins free, soii iinrdly terminal, single in the sinuses,
piolecti'd by reflexed marginal lobes too small to rover them ["lermanently.
Our species is a large terri'strial fern.

(li H. tenuifolia Uernh. Rhizome wide-creeping, densely glandular-
puberulent; stipe about '.iO cm. high, maroon, shining, jjuberulous like the
rhizome but less so; frond 50 to 250 cm. high, (piadripinnatifid ; lower
pinna- ovate-lanceolate, 20 to 50 cm. long; |)innuies about 10 cm. long,
lanceolate; pinnules of second ordei- 2 to '^ cm. long, lanceolate, c\it
down about to the rachis into linear-oldong. tootiied ultimate divisions,
lierbaceous, sparingly glandular-pubescent beneath, the rachises more so;
sori placed in the sinuses of the teeth or ultimate division.s. The
resemblance of this species to yephrodiiiDi nuinlosu))\ is most striking,
extending to every detail except the position and protection of the sorus;
and in that matter I have specimens of the later species with the sorus
nearer the margin iliaii usual, witli the tip of the tooth somewhat curled
upward, strongly suggesting that these two ferns, apparently representing
widelv separated groups, may really be the same.

Luzon, Ctiiiiinr/ 118, 140, 233; Benguet, Loher; Lamao River, Copeland
233; Mount Apo, Copeland 1130, this plant possibly distinct.

Malaya to New Zealand.

(38) CHEILANTHES Swartz.

Rhizome short, scaly; fronds at least bipinnatifid; veins free; sori ter-
minal on tlieir thickened ends, usually confluent at maturity, protected at
first or permanently by the infolded and modified (membranous) margin of
the frond. Terrestrial ferns, chiefly of warm and dry countries.

1. Lower plnnte smaller than others (DC. Boltoni

1. Lower pinn.-r somewhat larger than others.
2. P'rond glabrous, not waxy.

3. Frond lanceolate, bipinnatifld (2) C. variatis

3. Frond deltoid, tripinnatifld (3) C. tenuifolia

2. Frond waxy beneath.

3. Frond and stipe chaffy (4) C. riifn

3. Frond and stipe not chaffy (5) C. fariiiosa

1. Lowest pinna decidedly largest (6) C. argoitea

(1) C. Boltoni f i>i)ilaii<I. Stipes densely clustered, 15 to 30 mm. high,
brown-idack, si)arsely clothed with liairs of the .same color; frond linear-
oblanceolate, larger ones IG cm. high, 15 mm. broad, bipinnate, broadest
two-thirds of the way to the top; pinnse almost sessile, remote, larger
ones 8 mm. long, (i nun. limad : pinnules 1 to 5 pairs, ovate, minute,
creniilate. jjlane when moist, curling up when dry, glabrous, very thin but
firm when dry; indiisjum interrupted.

Malalag, Davao, on rocks along sea, Copeland Glfi.

(2) C. varians Hooker. Stipes densely tufted, 5 to 15 cm. high, chest-
nut-brown, polished. fii)riIlose below, slender and brittle; frond 15 to 25 cm.

96 rOLYPODIACE.E OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS.

high, narrowly lanceolate, bipinnatifid ; pinnae in numerous pairs, lower ones
opposite, very remote, 3 cm. long, deltoid-acuminate, cut down to the rachis
in the lower part into oblong or linear-oblong entire or slightly toothed
lobes, herbaceous, glabrous; sori copious, continuous; indvisiiun narrow.

Luzon, Cuming 408.

Himalayas to ^Malacca and soiithern China.

(3) C. tenuifolia (Burm.) Swartz. Rhizome short-creeping; stipes
subtufted, 10 to 20 cm. high, wiry, flexuose, dark brown, polished; frond 10
to 20 'cm. high, deltoid, tripinnatifid; pinnae in numerous opposite pairs, the
lowest 5 to 10 cm. long, half as broad, with the largest pinnules on the
lower side, the latter pinnules cut down to the rachis into oblong, entire or
sinuate-pinnatifid segments, subcoriaceous, glabrous; sori subcontinuous ;
indusium narrow, brownish, more or less toothed.

Luzon, Cuming, 62, 281; Benguet, Elmer, stipe and rachis puberulous;
Manila, Loher, Warburg ; Culion, Merrill 508.

India to New Zealand and Polynesia.

This species sometimes occurs without any indusium, even when very
young; judged by its genus-characters it is then a Nothochlaena, but I
am unable to separate it specifically: examples are: ^Yhitford 536 and
Merrill 3134, both from the Lamao Forest Reserve.

(4) C. rufa Desv. Stipes densely clustered, 4 to 10 cm. high, densely
clothed with rusty-brown tomentum; frond 8 to 15 cm. high, ovate-lance-
olate, bipinnatifid; pinnae opposite, the lower remote or not, oblong;
pinnules on the lower side the larger, oblong or linear-oblong, crenate,
obtuse, both surfaces somewhat tomentose, the lower the more so and
beneath the pubescence waxy; sori copious; indusium ragged.

Bagnio, Elmer 6575.
Himalayas.

(5) C. farinosa (Forsk.) Kaulf. Stipes densely tufted, 10 to 30 cm.
higli, erect, dark brown, polished, scaly when young or at the base; frond
15 to 30 cm. high, narrowly ovate, tripinnatifid; pinna; opposite, the lower
pairs the larger, with the longer pinnules on the lower side; largest pinnules
deeply pinnatifid into entire, obtuse segments; most pinnae only pinnatifid,
papyraceous or subcoriaceous, glabrous, lower surface covered with white
or greenish or brownish waxy powder; sori forming a continuous narrow
line along the margin.

Luzon, Cuming, 235; Benguet, Topping 224, Elmer 5889; Arayat and
Mariveles, Loher. A triangular fern about 5 cm. high on Mount Mariveles
is not the next species and may be this.

Pantropic.

(6) C. argentea (Gmelin) Hook. Stipes densely tufted, 8 to 15 cm.
high, wiry, dark brown, polished, scaly at the base when young; frond
triangular, about 8 cm. in diameter, bi- or tripinnate, upper part not cut
down to the rachis; lower pinnae much the largest; cut down nearly to the
costa, and the lowest basipetal segment pinnatifid, dark green above, white-
waxy beneath ; sori very small, fusing.

Benguet, Loher.
Siberia to Malacca.

iTi:uiiu;.i: — .ndtiiocih.ak.na.

(30) NOTHOCHLAENA l!. I'.kiwii.

Stijjes clustcrod; fronds at Iciisl pimiatc; piniiir not very inequilateral,
not f,'Iabioiis; soii mi tlic ends of the veins, usuiilly coalescing when old,
naked or [)ar(ly covcrrd hy the unniodihed niarpin of the frond. Hardly
jullicit-ntiy separated from (.'hiiluntlirs liy tlie iiiodilieat ion of the margin
of the latter. C. icnuifolia has a form uilli imiiindilied margin, whieh
will he looked for here. Mostly natives of dry, warm countries.

(1) N. densa •!. .Sm.. Hooker. Hiiizome ereeping, sliort. scaly: >tipe
3 to 12 cm. higli. erect, (irm, like the rachis, maroon, hearing spirse tibrillose
pakw; frond Id to "JO cm. higli. 2 to .'{ cm. l)r()a<l. iripiiinatifid at hase;
pinnie ovate-lanceolate, the lowest ones deltoid, remote, eipialing or smaller
than those next above: pinnules linear-ohlong. entire or crenate or pinnat-
itid. obtuse, herbaceous, slightly hairy above, matted beneath with whitish or
brown tomentum: sori at length almost covering the lamina, partly pro-
tected at first by the incurved margin.

C'orregi<lor, Ciniiiiifi -iS-i : Heiiguet, Elmer 0384; .Mounl Mariveles, Loher.

(2) N. distans K. Br. Stipes densely tufted, about 8 cm. Ivigh, bearing
linear scales; frond 15 to 20 cm. high, 3 cm. broad, bipinnate; lower pinnae
remote, deltoid, cut down to the rachis into oblong, obtuse, entire or slightly
lobed pinnules, subcoriaceous, pale green and slightly villous above, lower
surface and rachis more or less densely coated with long, linear, fer-
ruginous scales; pinna; often imicii curled together, and the edge incurved.

Blount Mariveles, Loher.

Au.-tralia, New Zealand, New Caledonia.

(40) PLAGIOGYRIA Kuiizc.

Stipes clustered, the base abruptly enlarged and lienring 3 to tl spongy
projections on the upper side; fronds dimorphous, simply pinnate; veins
free; sori on the somewhat thickened ends of the branched veins, at maturity
sometimes covering the contracted frond; sporangium with an oblique con-
tinuous annulus; reflexed margin serving at first as an indusium, A small
genus of terrestrial ferns, with very much the appear-.ince of Blecltiiuin-
Lomaria, and sporangia resembling those of the Cyatheacefc.

(1) P. adnata iHhnne) Bedd. Rhizome short, erect; stipe 1.5 to 4.5 cm.
high, firm, erect, naked; frond ovate-lanceolate, 30 to 45 cm. high, 10 to 15
cm. broad; pinna' linear, falcate, the largest about S cm. long. 1 cm. broad,
the lowest equal to those next al)o\e them, narrowed at the base and
separated by rather more than their own breadth, those in the middle of
the .sterile frond widened at the base and contiguous, acuminate, finely
serrate, subcoriaceous ; rachis naked ; indusium brown, membranous, very
distinct.

^fount ^lariveles. 1,400 m. Loher.
India. .Ta]ian. .Tava.

(2) P. pycnophylla (Presl) Mett. var. remota ( lir. llhizome stout,
erect, woody; stipe stout, erect, naked, 15 to 25 cm. high; frond ovate-lance-
olate, GO to 90 cm. high, 15 to 25 cm. broad: pinmr very numerous, linear,

24(\'^,n 7

98 POLYPODIACE.E OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS.

spreading, 10 to 15 cm. long, separated by about their own breadth, con-
tracted toward the base, acuminate and finely toothed toward the apex,
coriaceous, glabrous, as is true of the other species, except when very young;
pinnae of the fertile frond more distant, short-stalked, with a gland at the
base; indusium at first conspicuous, brown.

Mount Data, Lepanto, Loher.

India and Malaya (the typical form).

(3) P. glauca (Blume) Mett. var. philippinensis Christ. Stipe 30 cm.
high, naked, erect: frond ovate. 30 to GO cm. high, 1.5 to 25 cm. broad; pinnw
separated by as much as their own breadth, linear, erecto-patent, 10 cm.
more or less, long, acute, minutely serrulate, contracted to the base, coria-
ceous; terminal pinna like the lateral; lower surface glaucous; fertile
frond similar except that the pinnae are more distant and narrowly linear.

j\lount Data, Lepanto, Loher.

India, .Java, Celebes (the typical form).

(41) ONYCHIUM Kaulfuss.

Rhizome creeping, chaffy; stipes light colored; frond finely divided,
fertile and sterile divisions more or less unlike; veins free except as the tips
of the veins of the fertile divisions are connected by an intramarginal
strand, on which the sorus is formed; indusium formed by the inflexed
margin, broad enough to reach the costa, or nearly so. A small genus,
differing from Pteris in the finely dissected frond and broad indusium.

(1) O. japonicum (Tliiuib.) Kunze. Rhizome wide-creeping, densely
beset with lanceolate-subulate brown palese; stipes 15 to 30 cm. high, naked,
stramineous or pale brown; frond 20 cm. or more high, ovate. 4- to .'v
pinnatifid; pinnae and pinnules of all orders except the ultimate segments
deltoid, with few divisions; ultimate divisions linear-cuneate, about 5 mm.
long, trifid at the apex of the sterile segments, the fertile very acute,
herbaceous or subcoriaceous, glabrous; sori light brown.

Benguet, Loher, Toppinr/ 159, 323.
Japan to India and .Java.

(2) O. auratum Kaulf. Rhizome short, densely scaly; stipes clustered,
stout, erect, naked, dull brown, 20 to 30 cm. high, those of the sterile fronds
shorter; fronds dimorphous, the sterile 15 to 20 cm. high, the fertile 20 tn
30 cm. botli ovate, quadripinnate, pinnae and pinnules mostly deltoid, with
few divisions ; ultimate segments of sterile frond minute, 3 mm. long, linear-
cuneate, trifid or entire, thin-coriaceous, glabrous; segments of fertile
frond 10 to 20 mm. long, 1 to 2 mm. broad, entire, cuspidate, given a pod-
like appearance bj' the broad indusia; sori bright golden yellow.

Luzon, Cuming 38, Lohh 452; Isabela-Luzon. ^Varhurg 11605, 12749,
12750; Nueva Ecija, Merrill 280; Benguet, Topping 173, 216. FAmer 5950;
Manila, Chamisso, Loher, Warburg ; ^Masbate. Baranda.

India and Malava.

(42 1 PTERIS Linnaeus.

Stipes not black and polished, traversed by a single fibro-vascular bundle;
frond at least pinnate, lowest pinnae usually the most developed, especially

1'TKU11H:.K — I'TKlilS. 99

on tlie lower side; soriis on a siil)inarj;iiiiil strantl ronnrctiiij,' tlic cmls of tlie
veins, wantiiifi in tlie sinus between tlie sef^nients, proteeteil by the reflexed
ami specialized niar<,Mn, without an extroise indusiuni. A genus of
terrestrial fer!i>. Mii>>t rcmaikuMe for the poor (lelinilion of the species.
Ainoii;,' our species, /'. rrilicii and /'. iiu<i(lri<iur\t(i are especially notable for
the number ii their more or less distinct forms and related species.

1. Veins free.

2. Fronds simply pinnate.

3. Pinna; ( uneate at base (\) P. opaca

3. Plnnje truncate or cordate (2) P. louiiifolia

2. Lowest pliuia" forked or pinnate.

3. Pinnules or sPKnienta of lowest plnnse 1 to 3.
4. Fronds all equally pliiiiiUe.
5. Sterile fronds serrate.

6. Stipes pale (3) P. crctica

6. Stipes dark (4) P. melanocaulon

5. Sterile fronds not serrate (5) P. pellucida

4. Sterile fronds more pinnate than the

fertile (6) P. cnsiformis

3. Segments or pinnules of lowest pinn;p at
least 5.

4. Only lower side plnnatifld (7) P. semipiitnata

4. Both sides Incised.

5. Only plnnatifld.

6. Apex serrate (8) P. distans

6. Apex entire (9) P. licteromorpha

5. Pinnate P. (Uspar

2. Lower pinnae at least biplnnatifld.

3. Lowest pinnfp not greatly enlarged.
4. Frond not over 1 m high.

5. Fronds all alike (10) P. quculriaurita

5. Fronds dimorphous (11) P. grevillcaiia

4. Frond well over 1 m. high (12) P. cxcelsa

3. Lowest pinnae greatly enlarged (13) P. Jongipes

1. Veins forming areolte along costa, otherwise free.

2. Ultimate segments abruptly widened at base (14) P. patois

2. Ultimate segments not abruptly widened.
3. Lowest pinnae of moderate size.

4. Margin entire (15) P. biaurita

4. Sterile margin crenate, large fern (16) P. kleiniaiia

3. Lowest pinna; greatly enlarged (17) P. tcalUchiaiia

1. Veins more copiously anastomosing (18) P. triparlita

(1) P. opaca .T. Sm. Stipe stronf.', erect, pale, finely pubescent: frond
60 to !>(» cm. hi-rh, oblong, simply pinnate; pinme in numerous ojjposite pairs,
the largest 30 cm. long, narrowly linear, entire, cuncate at base, coriaceous,
glabrous except for the costa beneath; racliia pubescent like the stipe; veins
sunk in the froml and only visible as faint striations: indusiiun narrow,
brownish.

Sainar or (^ebu, Cuming 342.
Celebes.

(2) P. longifolia L. Stipes clustered. l.> to 30 cm. high, firm, erect,
pale, more or less clothed at the base with pale In-own scales; frond 30 to
50 cm. high, 10 to 20 cm. broad, attenuate below, simply pinnate; pinntie
sessile, numerous. 10 to l.'> cm. long, the lowest reduced, the upper linear,

100 POLYPODIACEiE OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS.

acuminate, entire, truncate or cordate or subauricled at the base, subcoria-
ceous, glabrous; rachis naked or slightly scaly; veins close and fine, usually
once forked; indusiuni membranous, yellowish brown.

Luzon, Cuming 6; Cagayan-Luzon, Warburg 12214; Benguet, Loher, Manila,
Loher, Warburg; Camarines, Albay, and Catanduanes, Baranda; Zamboanga,
Challenger Exp.

Tropical and warm-temperate lands, everywhere.

(3) P. cretica L. Rhizome short-creeping; stipes 15 to 30 cm. high,
erect, wiry, naked, polished, pale; frond 15 to 30 cm. high, 10 to 20 cm.
broad; pinnse 2 to 6 pairs, the upper sometimes decurrent, ascending, the
fertile narrowly linear, sterile broader, spinulose-serrate, the lowest pair
usually cut about to the base into 2 to 3 linear pinnules, subcoriaceous,
glabrous; veins fine, close, parallel, simple or forked; indusiuni membranous,
pale.

Rizal, Loher; Mount Mariveles, Merrill 3122; Masbate, Baranda; Davao,
Copeland 700.

]\Iost warm countries; exceedingly variable.

Pteris stenophylla Hook, and Grev. is a varietj' with 3 to 5 pinnte
clustered at the apex of the stipe, collected on Gorregidor by Cuming, No.
283, known also from India.

(4) P. melanocaulon Fee. Rhizome erect, small; stipe slender, naked,
black, shining, fragile: total height 25 to 30 cm.; frond ovoid, pinnate, with
the basal pinnae forlced to the base ; pinnae stalked, linear, arcuate, sterile
toward the apex and crenate, acuminate, membranous, glaucous; venation
obscure, indusiuni broad. Treated as a variety of P. cretica in Synopsis
Filicum.

Isabela-Luzon, Warburg 11972; Benguet, Elmer 6160 ( ?) ; Rizal, Loher;
Catanduano^,, Baranda ; Jolo Archipelago, Burhidge; Davao, Warburg 14121.

(5) P. pellucida Presl. Stipe 30 cm. or more high, erect, naked, stra-
mineous, frond 30 to 60 em. high, ovate-lanceolate, simply pinnate, or the
lowest pinnae forked; pinnae 3 to 6 pairs, sessile, linear, entire or serrulate
toward the point, upper ones slightly decurrent, coriaceous, bright green,
often glossy; veins conspicuous, fine, close, simple or forked; indusium
membranous, broA\Tiish.

Luzon, Eaenle, Cuming 85; Benguet, Loher. Merrill's No. 3772, from the
Lamao Forest Reserve, may be this or a form of P. longifolia with the lowest
pinnae forked.

Guinea, India, Malaya.

(6) P. ensiformis Burman. Rhizome short, creeping; stipe of sterile
frond 5 to 10 cm. higli, of fertile, 10 to 30 cm. slender, erect, naked, stram-
ineous; sterile from 10 to 15 cm. high, 3 to 8 cm. broad, bipinnatifid or
bipinnate, the segments with rounded, dentate apex, obovate, about 10 mm.
long; fertile frond 20 to 30 cm. high, pinnate; pinnae entire or the lower
pinnatifid, 8 to 15 cm. long, linear, sterile apex serrate, upper ones adnate at
base, herbaceous, glabrous; veins usually forked, not conspicuous. Exceed-
ingly variable.

Luzon, Cuming 45, 46; Manila Loiter, Warburg 12745, Marave; Mindoro,

ri-i;iiiiti;.i: — ri'Kins. inl

Merrill :i;{47 ; Mashato ami Bataaii, Baranda; Capiz, Copeland 50; Davao,
Copeland 375.

India tn Polynosia.

(7) P. semipinnata I,. Stipe almvit .'to em. iiij,'ii, tirm, erect, naked,
briglit du'.stiuit hrowii ; fKiiid alxnit .">(i em. iii^'ii, liaif as luoad, ovate-lance-
olate, tlie upper part cut down to tlie raelii.s into close entire lobes, the lower
two-third.s with U to 8 pairs of opposite distantly-placed pinnu;; pinna; with
lon<,', entire points, and a broad entire wing on the upper side, but the
lower side with several liiii-ar pinnules, sterile margins finely serrate,
subcoriaceous, glabrous; veins simple or once forked; Indusium mem-
branous.

Luzon, Cuming 258. Merrill's No. 3790, from tin- Lamao Forest Reserve,
differs only in that all the divisions are shorter, and pmpoii innally broader.

India to .Tapan and Borneo.

(S) P. distans .F. Sni. Stipe about 1.1 cm. high, slender, erect, naked,
pale: frond about ;10 oiu. high, 10 to 1.1 cm. broad, upper part long, linear,
sharply .serrate, below this 12 to 20 pairs of close short lobes, the lower two-
thirds of the frond with G to 9 pairs of opposite, distant, linear-pointed
pinnu"; each with a few spreading pinnules at its base, coriaceous; rachis
scabrous; veins conspicuous, simple or once forked; sterile lobes finely
spinulose-serrate; indusium membranous.

Luzon. Cuiiiinii 410.

(0) P. heteromorpha F^e. Stipe 15 to 30 cm. high, naked, erect, pale;
frond 30 to 45 em. lii;;li. half as broad, ovate-lanceolate, the upper part with
a long entire terminal point, below which it is sinuate and furnished with
a few short, linear lobes; piniuv in several opposite pairs, the lowest of
wliich are 1 dm. apart, the upper ones entire or slightly compound at the
base, the lowest pair cut down nearly to the rachis, with several spreading
linear pinnules on each side, subcoriaceous, glabrous, the margins slightly
crisped; veins conspicuous, usually once forked; indusium narrow, mem-
branous.

Luzon, Cuming 409; Rizal and Manila. Loher.

Celebes.

P. dispar Kunzc is a fern differing from P. semipinnata only in that
the upper side of the pinnsc as well as the lower, is more or less pinnate:
they arc hardly s]>ecifically distinct.

Isabela-Luzon, Warburg 11G13.

China and .Japan.

(lOi P. quadriaurita llctz. Stipe 30 to 00 cm. high, strong, erect,
naked or slightly scabrous, stramineous or brownish; frond varying from
15 to 100 cm. in height, 10 to 30 cm. or more broad, with a terminal, central
pinna cut down nearly to the rachis into numerous, close, parallel linear-
oblong lobes 1 to 2 cm. long, 4 to 6 mm. broad, the sterile ones entire or
slightly serrate; lateral pinnse several pairs. 15 to 30 cm. long, 2 to 5 cm.
broad, the lowest ones usually again compound, having 1 or 2 similar but
smaller pinnules branching from the base on the lower side, all cleft to the
rachis into close, erecto-patent, entire, linear or linear-oblong segments;

102 POLYPODIACE.E OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS.

veins conspicuous, usually once forked; sori often continuous along the
whole margin of the segments.

Luzon, Cuming 69, 79; Isabela-Luzon, 'War'burg 11612; Nueva Vizcaya,
Merrill 234; Benguet, Topping 287, Elmer 5619, 6213; Arayat, Loher,
Merrill 3813, puberulous; Lamao River, Copeland 239; ^Manila, Warburg,
Merrill 642; Camarines and Masbate, Baranda; Jolo Archipelago, Burbidge;
Davao, Warburg 14120, DeVore and Hoover 254, Copeland 667. We have
many more specimens very near this.

All warm countries.

P. quadriaurita var. setigera Hooker is a form with fine, spine-like
scales on tlie rachises and main veins, at least on the dorsal surface, and
usually more linear segments.

Luzon, Cum,ing 253,413; Cagayan-Luzon, Warburg 12215; Arayat, Merrill
3814; Rizal, Loher; Basilan, DeVore and Hoover 93.

India, Hongkong.

(11) P. grevilieana Wall. "Dimorphic, barren stipe shorter, winged
toward the apex; barren frond pedately 5-fid, scarcely pinnate, margin
spinulose-serrate; fertile frond with 5 pinnfe, the lower pair bipartite,
veins exceedingly obscure. Suspiciously like P. quadriaurita, except that
the fronds are dimorphic."

Benguet and Rizal, Loher.
India.

(12) P. excelsa, Gaud. Stipe thick, erect, naked, glossy, pale brown;
frond nearly 2 m. high, sometimes more; terminal pinna 30 cm. or more
long, 8 cm. broad, with numerous close, falcate, linear lobes on each side,
Avhich are sometimes more than 5 cm. long, hardly 1 cm. broad, narrowly
obliquely decurrent, and slightly serrate where sterile; lateral pinnae
several, similar to the terminal one, the lowest remote, sometimes bipartite,
subcoriaceous, glabrous; veins once forked; sori not reaching the apex
of the segments.

Philippines, Gaudichaud.
Himalayas, Hawaii.

(13) P. longipes Don. Stipe 30 to 60 cm. high, erect naked, stramine-
ous; terminal pnina about 15 cm. high, linear, cleft to the rachis into
numerous erecto-patent, linear-oblong lobes which are obtusely toothed
toward the point when sterile; lateral pinnae numerous, close, the longest
simple ones about 15 cm. long, the lowest pair compound, sometimes nearly
as large as the whole of the rest of the frond, 30 cm. long, 15 cm. broad,
herbaceous, glabrous; veins not prominent, forked; sori falling short of
the apex of the segments. Costa of pinnules sometimes spinulose on the
upper side.

Luzon, Cuming 8; Masbate, Baranda.
India to New Guinea.

(14) P. patens Hooker. Stipe 30 cm. or more high, erect, naked glossy,
chestnut brown: frond ample, 1 m. high, 60 cm. or more broad; terminal
pinna 15 to 25 cm. long, 4 to 5 cm. broad, with several linear lobes on each
side, which are widened suddenly near the base on each side, the sterile
ones slightly serrate; lateral pinnae numerous, similar but larger, some-

ITKKlliK-K — ITKKIS. 103

times 45 cm. lonp, .'> cm. hroail, t!ie loweHt forked, scarcely coriaceous,
•llahrniis; vein-* <>l>li(|ne, not conspicuous, usually forketl, sori reaching
nearly to tlie end of tlie sc^jment. 1 am sceptical as to tliu anastomosing
of tlie veins.

Luzon, <'iiiiiint/ ]():{; Davao, Warbiini 141"i;{.

Himalayas to .lapan and Polynesia.

(l.">) P. biaurita 1.. Stipe 30 to (!() cm. lii;:li. strong, erect, naked, stram-
ineous; frond with a terminal pinna 1.") to :i(> cm. ion;:, .3 to ."> cm. broad,
cut down within al)out .'> mm. of the rachis into numerous s|irea(lin;c linear-
oblong lobes; lateral pinna- several pairs, similar to the terminal one, the
lowest rather remote and usually once forked, segments entire, obtuse,
papyraceous or subcoriaceous, glabrous; veins evident, forming single
areohc along the costa of the jiinna but entirely free in the segments.

i;i/.al. M'inirr 130.

I'aiit ro]iic.

P. armata Presl. "Fronds cordate-ovate glabrous glaucescent pinnate,
jiinna- ojiposite sessile pinnatifid lowest ones bipartite, segments linear
obtuse entire luieijual, terminal one elongate, repand, secondary rachises
and costa above spinose, stipes smooth." This is probably /'. qitadriauiita
var, sctificra, fitting perfectly \\itli tlie plant from Arayat.

Sorsogon. fhirnkr.

(10) P. kieiniana Presl. Total height 2 m.; frond pedately ovate,
pinnate; pinme broadly lanceolate, long-caudate, deeply pinnatifid into
subfalcate segments, crenate where sterile, submemljranaceous; sori falling
well short of the apex of the segments; otherwise like P. hiaurita, with
which Hooker and Baker imite it.

Cagayan-Luzoii. Wurhinfi 11017, 12202.

India.

(17,1 P. wallichiana Agardh. Stijx' about l.l cm. high, strong, naked,
glossy, bright chestnut brown: frond tri|>artite with lateral divisions
again forked, the central often GO cm. long, 30 cm. broad, with niunerous
lanceolate, sessile, o])])osite pinnules, the largest of which are l."> cm. long,
2 cm. broad, cut down within about 2 mm. of the costa into numerous
contig\ious linear-oblong lobes, the sterile ones nearly entire, herljaceous,
glabrous; lateral pinme nearh- as large as the terminal one; veins not
conspicuous, forming single areolae along the costa between the main
veins, rarely another areola at the base of the main vein; sori continuous
iijiiiii,' nearly the entire margin.

Luzon. ('Hilling 204, Lohh 4S1.

Himalayas to I^Jamoa.

(18) P. tripartita Sw. Stipe 30 to 100 cm. or more high, strong, erect,
naked, polished, stramineous or brownish, like the rachises; frond tripartite,
the central jiart (iO cm. or more long; terminal pinna l.^j to 2.') cm. long, 1.5
to 30 mm. broail, cut deeply into numerons close, linear or oblong lobes,
which are subfalcate and slightly toothed where sterile, herbaceous, glab-
rous; lateral pinnip numerous, close, all unbranched ; lateral divisions
similar, but shorter and usually branched; veins fine, anastomosing chiefly
along the costa and main veins, sori not reaching the apices of the segments.

104 I'OLYrODIACE.i: OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS.

Luzon, Cuming 41, 204; Isabela-Luzon, Warburg 11616; Benguet, Loher,
Elmer 6028: Lamao River, Copeland 242; Rizal, Ramos; Laguna. Loher;
Mindoro, Merrill 877; Masbate (?), Baranda; Paragua, Merrill 824a;

Tropics, Africa across Polynesia.

(43) HISTIOPTERIS Agardh.

Rhizome wide-creeping; stipe polislied, stramineous to purplish; frond
bi-quadripinnatifid, lowest pinnules usually stipule-like; sori as in Pteris,
but commonly continuous around the sinus, and the spores bilateral instead
of tetrahedral. A genus of pantropic terrestrial ferns, usually all reduced
to a single species.

(1) H. incisa (Thunb.) Agardh. Entire height commonly 2 m.; stipe
stout, erect, sometimes muricate toward the base; frond ovate or narrower,
bi-tripinnate; uppermost pinnae with entire oblong or linear-oblong pin-
nules; those next below with numerous long, pinnatifid pinnules, the lowest
of which are close to the rachis and often adnate to it; lowest pinnae often
very large, and quadripinnatifid, herbaceous or subcoriaceous, glabrous or
glaucous beneath; veins anastomosing to form several series of areolae,
free near the margin; sori interrupted, or continuous around the sinuses
and apices of the segments.

Luzon, Cuming 192; Baguio, Topping 239, Elmer 6007; Mount Mariveles.
Tropics and farther south.

(2) H. men tana Copeland. Rhizome beset with minute, brown paleae;
stipe firm, 10 to 20 cm. high; frond 15 to 30 cm. high, often broader than
high, bi-tripinnatifid, lowest pinnae slightly larger than succeeding, very
coriaceous; veins prominent, raised above upper surface; indusia broad,
margin everywhere rolled in, giving segments a lomarioid appearance.

Mount Apo, above 2,.500 m. ; DeVore and Hoover 332, Copeland 1049.

(44) PTERIDIUM Gleditsch.

Rhizome creeping, scaly; stipe with many fibro-vascular bundles; frond
at least bipinnate, deltoid; sorus on an intramarginal strand connecting
the ends of the veins, covered by an extrorse indusium, and this by the
infiiexed margin of the frond; spores tetrahedral. A single polymorphous
species.

(1) P. aquilinum (L.) Kuhn. Rhizome stout, wide-creeping, under-
ground; stipe 30 cm. or more high, strong, erect, naked, stramineous or
light bro^vn; frond 60 to 100 cm. or more high, 30 to 60 cm. broad; upper-
ir.ost pinnae simple, the next pinnatifid, then pinnate; the lowest the largest,
bipinnatifid or tripinnatifid, coriaceous, glabrous.

Le panto and Benguet, Loher,

Cosmopolitan, chiefly northern.

P. aquilinum var. lanuginosum Bory. Fronds evidently pubescent or
si'.ky-tomentose beneath; pinnules more generally and regularly pinnatifid.

Luzon, Cuming 24, 100; Bohol. Cuming 3.53.

Cosmopolitan, chiefly tropical.

Topping, No. 242, from Baguio is a mixture, perhaps including both
forms of this species.

iTi:i;ii>i:.]: — i-aksia. lOo

(45) PAESIA St. Hilaiiv.

Rlii/.omc cici'pin;,': stipe witli a siiijjlo liorsoMlioo-slinpod fibro-vascular
liiiii(llf; nt liiTwiso liki' I'ti'iiiliuin. iNrc])t tliat tlif cxtiorsc induHiiim !■*
soiiictimi's want in;,', am! tlic sport's art' bilateral.

(1) P. rugulosa (Lal5.| Kuiin. Stipo and racliisos slcndiM-, glutinous-
pubescent, castaneous; frond quadripinnatifid. rlioniboidal ; pinnse close,
erecto-patonf, under 30 cm. long; pinnules close, lanceolate, nearly .sessile,
1 em. broad; segments laneeolate, cuneate-truneate on lower side at base,
tlie lower deeply pinnatilid with oblique blunt lobes, subcoriaccous, glutinous
and minutely furfuraceous especially below, dull green; sterile segment
serrate, fertile with revolute margin, the sorus reaching to the costa.

ilount Data, Lepanto, in pine forest. Loher.

New Caledonia, (")talieite ( ?).

I do not know this fn n. hut liiul nothing in the descriptions to indicate
that it has an c.xtrorse indusium: its aspect must be that of Hypolepia, to
which it was assimied bv Hooker.

VI. VITTAIUE.E.

Fronds simple and entire, not articulate to the rhizome; veins free or
anastomosing without free included veinlets; sori marginal or dorsal,
linear, usually immersed. Small ferns, mostly epiphytic.

1. Sori single, lines parallel to the costa, fronds grass-like.

2. Sori on or near the costa (46) Monogramme

2. Sori in or near the margin (47) Vittaria

1. Sori following the veins and anastomosing with them, fronds

broader (48) Antrophyum

(46) MONOGRAMME Schkuhr.

Rhizome creeping; fronds (in our species) scattered, small, linear, with-
out other veins than the costa, glabrous; sorus on or near the costa, usually
protected by an outgrowth of leaf-tissue. Exceedingly simple epiphytes.

1. Sori on the costa (1) M. trichoidea

1. Sori beside the costa.

2. Outgrowth of tissue on both sides of costa (2) M. paradoxa

2. Outgrowth of tissue on one side of costa (3) M. dareaecarpa

(1) M. trichoidea J. Sm. Rhizome slender; fronds numerous, filiform,
10 cm. or less long; the fertile ones dilated in two or three places, and
there bearing the sori, with high-raised edges on each side.

Luzon, Cuming 1(jO.

(2) M. paradoxa (Fee) Bedd. Rhizome creeping, scaly; fronds form-
ing a turf, 5 to 'M cm. long, 1 mm. broad, flaccid, herbaceous; sori sunk in
a furrow on one or both sides of the costa.

Philippines, according to Synopsis Filicum.
Ceylon to Hawaii and Australia.

(3) M. dareaecarpa Hooker. Rhizome clothed with minute, narrow,
brown scales; fronds forming a turf on living trees, about 2 cm. high,
hardly 1 mm. broad near the top, subacute, narrowed downward but without
a distinct petiole, the fertile taller and relatively more slender than the
sterile, often notched at the apex by the projection of the pseudo-indusium;
sorus along one side of the costa, covered by an outgrowth from it
reaching almost to the margin, confined to the apex of the frond, not
more than 3 mm. long.

Gimogon River, Negros, Copelaiid G3.
Labuan, New Guinea ( ? ) .

The Xegros plant dift'ers from the type in the absence of a distinct stipe,
and the very short sorus.
106

VnTAIMK.K — VrriAKIA. 1<>7

(47) VITTARIA Smith.

llhizomo cn't'pin;;; fronds {jmss-likc, mure t<v Irss t\iftiMl; veins free; Miri
in enntinuiMis ni;UL,Mnal or inl r;imiir;;in;il iine>. Kitiplivtes in moist fort'sts,
very common, i'liere is no er^nns of ferns whose sjiecies are more ilillieiilt
of dctennination. Tlie followinj; list l>y no means e.xhausts tlie i'iiilippine
species; but includes all of who.se identity and distinctness 1 feel certain.

1. Sorus in a two-lipped marginal groove (1) V. ilonyata

1. Sorus a .'^UKlitly Intramarginal line, with the margin rolled
back over it at first.
2. Sorus narrow, fronds thii-k.

3. Sori subimmeraed (2) I'. U>ica(a

3. Sorl immersed (3) V. falcata

2. Sorus broad, fronds thin (4) V. xrolopcndrina

(1) V. elongata >S\v. Fronds 15 to (JO cm. lony, seldom 1 em. broad,
acute or oliiuse, coriaceous; veins simple, oblique, immersed, parallel, con-
nected by the int ramarj,nnal soriferous veinh't ; soi i (|iiite sunk in a mar<,'inal
groove with two nearly e(|ual lips o|)ening outward. As defined here, this
species includes V. cnsifonnis >>\v., collected in Luzon by Cuming, nos. 28
and 7G, and several other rather diverse forms.

Malanipa, Zamboanga, Challenyer Exp.; Jolo Archipelago, liurhidrje;
]?enguet and Kizal. Lohcr ; Mount Mariveles, Voiirlnnd 1401 : .Mount Apo,
Cupehnid 9!}2.

Tropics of Eastern Hemisphere.

(2) V. lineata 8w. Frond 1.") to 50 cm. long, less than 1 cm. broad, at-
tenuate below, passing insensibly into the stipe, coriaceous; costa reaching
the apex, veins innuersed, parallel, oblique; sorus intramarginal in a
shallow groove. ])rotected when young by the margin of the frond.

l?enguet, Lohcf, Toppituj 210, Elmer 0125, 0277; Blount Arayat, Loher,
Merrill; Mount Mariveles, Copclaud 221. 222; southern Luzon, Baranda;
Negros, Copeland 57.

Pantropic.

V. lineata, var. trichoides Christ. DifTers from the typical form in
having fronds only one-luill mm. broad, and the margin so folded over the
sorus that it may scarcely appear.

Davao, W'lnhiirn 1415L

(.3) V. falcata Kimze. Frond 10 to 15 cm. long. 3 nun. broad, obtuse,
narrowed gradually to the base, very thick; costa reaching the apex of the
sterile but not of the fertile fronds, veins short, (>l)li((ue, parallel, immersed;
sori quite sunk in slightly intranntrginal grooves. V. minor VC'e is a
smaller fern included here.

lviz;il, Lohcr.

iLilaya.

(4) V. scolopendrina M(>tt. Fronds .30 to 50 cm. long, 1 to 2 cm. broad,
acute, contracted gnulually to the ba.se, coriaceous, but not exceedingly
thick; costa thick, veins fine, oblique, simple; .«sorus in a rather broad
subniarginal groove protruding slightly from the n])per surface, protected
at first by the margin.

(atanduanes, lidrinnln : Davao. Wnrhurrj 14152.

Paleotropic.

108 P0LYP0DIACE.1: OF THI-: PHILIPPINE ISLANDS.

(48) ANTROPHYUM Kaulfuss.

Rhizome short, creeping, clothed with copious very narrow brown paleae;
fronds clustered, simple, entire, rather thick; veins anastomosing, without
free included veinlets; sori along the veins, in general lengthwise of the
leaf and anastomosing with the veins. Aside from Vitfaria, the nearest
relatives of Antrophyum in our flora are Loxogramme, treated by Blunie
as a section of it, and Hemionitis, under which the first species were
described. The species are variable, and not at all sharply distinguishable.

1. Stipe long (10 cm.) (DA. plantagineum

1. Stipe short or none.

2. Costa reaching half way up the frond (2) .-1. semicoslatiim

2. Costa disappearing near base of frond.

3. Apex broadly rounded (3) A. obtusum

3. Apex obtuse or acute.

4. Frond broad, sori free (4) A. callaefoJium

4. Narrow or sori anastomosing.

5. Frond very thick (5) .4. coriaceitm

5. Frond only moderately coriaceous.
6. Frond small (15 cm.), stip-

itate, sori free (6) .4. jyarvulum

G. Frond larger, sori usually

anastomosing (7) .4. rcticulatttm

(1) A. plantagineum Kaulf. Stipes stout, glabrous, about 10 cm.
high; fronds 10 to 20 cm. long, one-third as broad, broadest above the
middle, acute at both ends, very fleshy when fresh; costa wanting but
median line of frond sterile; sori copious, deeply immersed, anastomosing
somewhat.

Rizal, LoJier; southern Luzon, Baranda; Davao, Copeland 632.
India across Pol_vnesia.

(2) A. semicostatum Blume. Frond 15 to 40 cm. high, 5 to 8 cm. broad,
broadest near the apex, narrowed abruptly to the acute apex, and gradually
to the base or sliort stipe; costa blackish, visible half way up the frond;
sori copious, anastomosing freely, rising above the surface.

Sorsogon and Catanduanes, Baranda.
Ceylon across Polynesia.

(3) A. obtusum Kaulf. Fronds 2 to 6 cm. high, spatulate, gradually
contracted from the broad, rounded apex to a short stipe, thin-coriaceous,
very young fronds black-hairy; costa entirely wanting; sori in grooves
but rising well above surface, forking, and sometimes anastomosing.

Davao, Copeland 845, 931; Paragua, Merrill 786.
Bourbon, Java.

(4) A. callaefolium Blume. Fronds 15 to 30 cm. high, 4 to 8 cm. broad,
"spatulate-lanceolate," abruptly contracted to the acuminate or obtuse
apex, gradually to a base decurrent on a short stipe, coriaceous; costa
wanting; sori free, rather straight.

Rizal, Loher; Davao, Warburg 141G1, DeVore and Hoover 277, Copeland
1253.
Java, Celebes.

\ iTTA u I i;.i: — A Ni'Kor 1 n r M . I < »'. )

(5) A. coriaceum Wall. I'roiuls 15 to 20 cm. high, 1 to 2 cm. hroml,
narrowed <.Mii(lii!illy Iroin tlu' middle to the acute apex and usually sessile
hasc, very tliiik; costa want in;,'; sori entirely immersed, confluent or not.

Los Bafios, Loher.

Himalayas, soutliern Cliiiia, Malaya.

(C) A. parvulum lUume. Fronds 10 to 20 cm. hif,'li, 1 to 2 cm. broad, at-
tenuate from the middle to the acute apex and short stipe; costa wanting;
sori ratht-r spar.se and straight, in grooves, mostly free.

Mount Ajio, Cnpcland 1117.

.lava.

(7) A. reticulatum Kaulf. Fronds 15 to 50 cm. iii;.'li, mostly about one-
tenth as broad, exceedingly variable, broadest in tin- middle or near the
apex, gradually or abruptly contracted to an aemninatc or merely subacute
apex, attenuate below to a sessile base, or (in Pliilippine specimens) short
stalk, thin-coriaceous; costa black or green, usually visible for a few cen-
timeters into tlie frond, sometimes wanting, venation very evident; sori
jisually copious and anastomosing, rarely sparse, or even reduced to two
lines on each half of the lamina. This is our commonest Antrophyum, and
in one or another of its forms approaches almost all the other species. Our
conunonest form is A. fulratum Bl.. which is shorter-stalked than the type,
but not really distinguishable. A. Cumingii Fee, Cuming 416, also col-
lected in southern Luzon by Baranda, is likewise inseparable from it.

Benguet, Elmer 6126; Mount Arayat, Loher; Mount Mariveles, Merrill
2."i40, Copclanil 210. 211: Rizal. Merrill 2G65 : Davao, Copeland 974; .J«do
.Archipelago Jiurbidge.

India across Polynesia.

YII. POLYPODIE.^^:.

stipes articulate to the rhizome; indusiuni wanting. The fronds are
simple or variously cut, the pinnte as a rule equilateral ; veins free or
variously anastomosing; sori terminal or dorsal on them, usually of definite
form and size, superficial or less often sunken.

1. Sori linear, parallel to the midrib, sometimes spreading over
the parenchyma (Taenitidce) .

2. Sori on sharply differentiated apex of frond (49) Hymenolepis

2. Sori not confined to a specialized apex.

3. Fronds pinnate, stipes not articulate to rhizome.... (50) Taenitis

3. Fertile fronds trident-shaped (51) Christopteris

3. Fronds entire (52) Drymoglossum

1. Sori usually round, sometimes elongate but not along costa.

2. Fronds with stellate pubescence, fronds simple (53) Niphobohis

2. Fronds naked, or pubescence not stellate.
3. No distinct brown basal fronds.

4. Sori definite, not spreading over paren-
chyma.

5. Sori dorsal (54) Polypodium

5. Sori in reflexed outgrowths of margin.. (55) Lecanopteris
4. Sori spreading over parenchyma, confined
to apical segments of frond.

5. Frond pinnate (56) Photinopteris

5. Frond pinnatifid . (57) Dryostachyiim

3. Dimorphous, basal fronds brown and rigid (58) Drynaria

(49) HYMENOLEPIS Kaulfuss.

Rhizome stout, creeping, scaly; fronds simple, entire or repand, con-
tracted to a sharply differentiated fertile apex; no distinct sori in the
fertile region; veins anastomosing, with free included veinlets. Small or
moderate sized ferns.

(1) H. spicata (L. f.) Presl. (Including E. revohifa Bl. and H. ophio-
glossoides VA.). Kliizome creeping, scaly; stipe 2 to 4 cm. high, glabrous,
stramineous or the base ebeneous; sterile part of frond 15 to 40 cm. high,
one-tenth as broad, entire, attenuate to both ends, or more abruptly con-
tracted above, glabrous, herbaceous or coriaceous, flat or carinate; fertile
part narrowly linear, o to 2.3 cm. long, decurved. Epiphytic.

Luzon, Meijen, Cuming 02; Benguet, holier, Barnes Forestry Bureau 961;
Mount Arayat, Loher, Merrill: Moimt :\Iariveles. Copeland 213; Mount
Apo, Copeland 1001 (very small), 102G.

Madagascar to southern China and Pol%'nesia.

(2) H. platyrhynchos (J. Sm.) Kunze. ( Macropletlms Presl.) Rhi-
zome very short, scaly; fronds clustered, attenuate to almost sessile bases,

110

I'oLVl'oDlK.i: — 11 VMKNoLKl'lS. 1 1 1

sterili- i)art about 25 cm. liijjli, more tlian one-fiftli as i)ioail, mar;;in wavy,
both .surfaces jilahrous, coriaceous ; fertile sofjtnent ahout "> cm. h\<i\\,
more tlian one-fmirtli as broad, obtuse, witli a liroad laiiiiual win;,' on hotli
sides of the fertile area. Terrestrial or epiplivtic.

Luzon. Ciiniiii;/ \'.H\. SIr.rr; ItniuMiet, Ehitvr. lianns Of.O; Mount Arayat
800 ni., Lulicr.

Ceh'bes.

(.-)()) TAENITIS WilMenow.

Rhizome creeping, iiairy; stipes not articulate to it; fronds simply
pinnate: veins anastomosin;,'. without free included veinlets; sori linear,
about midway l)etween niar^'in and co.stu, iisually uninterrupted. Terres-
trial ferns of moderate size. Not very evidently related to its neighbors
here, and i)erhaps better transferred witli I'ldti/lnrnid to the neighborhood
of (.{ymnopteris.

( 1) T. blechnoldes Swartz. Stipe 20 to 40 cm. liigh. lil)rillose at base,
glabrous above, brown or iniironii ; frond 20 to 30 cm. high; pinna? 3 to fJ
jiairs, 1.") to 2."> cm. long, linear-lanceolate, entire, acute at both ends, sessile
or short-stalked, glabrous, cjiriaceous. bright green above, brownish below;
sori rather nearer tiu' margin than tlie costa.

Sorsogon, Baranda ; Xegros, Copelainl 71; (iuimaras, Cuminy 277: Para-
g\m, Merrill Tin.

(Vylon to Malaya.

Platytaenia requiniana ((Jaud.) Kuhn is a fern very like Tornitis in
its vegetative characters, but with the entire back of the contracted fertile
frond covered by sporangia. From tlie meager descriptions it seems likoly
to me that it is a (!ii»\)ioi)teris. but Diels ])laees it next to Taciiifis.

l'liili[)pines. X4e.

Moluccas to New Hebrides.

(.t1) CHRISTOPTERIS ( opeland.

lUiizome creeping, .scaly; froniis dimorphous, tlie sterile triangular,
ample, the fertile tripartite into linear segments; veins anastomosing with
free inchuled veinlets; sori parallel and close to the costa. linear, finally
covering: the whole surface. E])iphytio.

C. Sagitta (Christ) I'opeland. Ivliizome creeping or scandent. the
young part densely beset with spreading cinnaninn-colored li;\irs about S
nun. limg. which are deciduous, leaving older parts sparsely clothed with
ferruginous scales about 4 mm. long; stipes fuscous or ebeneous. of sterile
frond about 10 cm., of fertile about 20 cm. high, glabrous; sterile frond
triangular. 1.") to 20 cm. high, and Itroad. the points acuminate, with a trian-
guliir sinus 2 cm. high and wide where the stipe is attached, and broatl
shallow ones between the lateral points and the apex. glabriMis. coriaceous;
the 3 nurin ribs cons])icuous, their branches strictly ])arallel. subevident ;
fertile frond cleft to witliin 1 em. of the base into 3 narrowly linear some-
what sprea<Iing obtuse segments S to 20 cm. long. 3 nun. broad.

Henguet. Lohir : Moimt Mariveles, ('oitrhmtl. Whilfmil .121: Ilnrtliii
Forestry Bureau 1330.

112 PULYl'ODIACE.E OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS.

(52) DRYMOGLOSSUM PresL

Rhizome creeping; fronds simple and entire, dimorphous; veins anasto-
mosing; sori linear, parallel to the costa, mixed with peltate scales. Small
epiphytic ferns, -with apparent affinity to Niphobohis, from which they
are distinguished by the form of the sorus.

1. Sorus remote from margin (LemmaphyUum Presl).

2. Apex very obtuse (1) D. spatulatum

2. Apex subacute (2) D. carnosum

1. Sorus marginal (3) D. piloseUoidcs

(1) D. spatulatum Presl, Tent. Pterid. p. 227. Sterile frond elliptic-
lanceolate, obtuse, with acute base, fertile linear-spatulate, very obtuse, with
stipe 1 cm. long; sorus continuous but confined to the upper half of the
frond.

Manila, Meyen.

This species is distinguished from D. carnosum Hooker by the stipitate
but not decurrent, very obtuse fertile frond, and restriction of the sori
to its upper half: as the last character often marks a stage in development,
and D. carnosum is more or less stalked, D. 'spatulutum is a doubtfully
distinct species. There is no other record of any form of D. carnosum from
the Philippines, until the discovery of the following.

(2) D. carnosum Hooker. Rhizome wide-creeping, slender, sparsely
scaly; the sterile frond 5 to 6 cm. long, on a stipe 1 to 2.5 cm. long, rather
obtuse, the fertile fronds linear-spatulate, about 5 cm. long, 6 mm. broad, on
a stipe 3 to 4.5 cm. long, subacute, attenuate to the stipe; texture coria-
ceous; areolae large, with few free usually hamate veinlets; sori nearer tiie
midrib than the margin.

Mount Santo Tomas, Benguet, Elmer 65G2.
Himalayas, Formosa, Amboyua.

(3) D. piloselloides Presl. Rhizome firm, wide-creeping, with black
roots; sterile fronds obovate-elliptical 2 to 3 cm. long, 12 to 15 mm. broad,
fertile ones linear-oblong, 5 to 10 cm. long, 4 to 5 mm. broad, both narrowed
to a short stem, coriaceous; veins immersed, with copious free included
veinlets; sori in a broad continuous submarginal line.

Luzon, Cuming 115, Sfeere; large long-stipitate sterile fronds collected by
Loher on Tonglon are ascribed by Christ to this species; Davao, Copeland
349.

India to Celebes.

(53) NIPHOBOLUS Kaulfuss.

Rhizome creeping; fronds simple, almost always entire, coriaceous, with
stellate pubescence; veins anastomosing, with free included veinlets. Small
epiphytes, recognizable superficially by the narrow, rigid fronds.

1. Areolae regular, with included veinlets running
toward margin.
2. Fronds not, or but sliglUIy, dimorphous.

3. Lower surface loosely and copiously woolly.

4. Frond 2 to 3 cm. broad (D N. fissus

■i. Frond about 1 cm. broad (2) N. flocciger

roi.vroDiK.E— Mriioi'.ons. 1 13

3. Lower surfare nppressed — woolly.

4. Veins hidden (3) N. achroatichoidca

4. Veins evident (4) .V. Lingua

3. Lower surface very sparsely pubescent.

4. Veins evident (5) N. sphaeroatichum

4. Veins hidden (6) .V. variua

2. Fronds decidedly dimorphous.

3. Sterile frond n.'arly t;lnbroiis, apntulate... (7) S. adnasvcns

3. Sterile frond orbicular, very woolly (8) N. nuinmulariacfoliua

1. Areolne Irregular, with Included velnlets In various
directions.

2. Stipe 2 to 10 cm. high.

3. Palere of rhizome linear, entire (9) N. aaman-nsin

3. Palen> of rhizome ovate, serrulate (10) N. aiKjuxlatuH

2. Frond sessile (11) N. splende»8

(1) N. fissus Blunip. Rhizome stout, short-creeping, clothed with .^quar-
rosc, laiH'foliitc-iu'umiiiiitc ferruginous scales; fronds sessile or nearly so,
15 to M cm. higli, 1.") to :?.'> mm. broad, narrowed very gradually to both
ends, entire, aubcoriaceous, upper surface naked, lower densely coated witli
soft woolly, ferruginous tonu-ntum; veins invisible; sori close, scattered,
immersed among tlie tomciitum.

Henguct, Lohcr.
India, Java.

(2) N. flocciger Blume. Rhizome wide-creeping clothed with squarrose
laiK'euiate-acuininate scales which are ferruginous when young, turning
white; stipes .30 to 45 mm. high, floccose-woolly ; fronds 20 to 30 cm. high,
6 to li> inin. liioad. acute, attenuate to base, entire, rigidly coriaceous, upper
surface naked, lower densely matted with whitish or subferruginous to-
iiientum; veins invisible; sori immersed among the tomentum, covering the
upper part of the frond.

Luzon, Cuming f)3; Sorsogon, Baranda; Mount Arayat, Merrill 3820;
Mount Mariveles. Whitford 312.
India. -lava.

(3) N. achrostichoides (Forst.) J. Sm. Rhizome woody, wide-creeping
clothed with roundish or elliptical scales, black except at the margin; stipes
about 5 cm. high, stout, erect, glabrous or nearly so, conical at base and
inserted into the branch of the rhizome specialized to bear it; frond 30 to 40
cm. high, 10 to l") inm. broad, attenuate to both ends, entire, rigidly coria-
ceous, upper surface naked, lower with a closely appressed whitish tonit>n-
tum; veins invisible; sori distinct but contiguous, usually covering ratlier
more than the tipper half of the frond.

Luzon, Cuming {SS ■=('grlophorus blumeanus Presl ?) 127; Los Bafios,
Lohcr; Xegros, Coprland ; Davao. Copclaiid.

Ceylon to the New Hebrides and (Queensland.

(4 I N. Lingua (Thunb.) .L Sm. (The Philippine form, described here
is I'ohjiiiidiuin hrteractis Mett. ami Kuhn.) Rhizome wide-creeping, clothed
with spreading, lanceolate, ferruginous scales; stipes about 10 cm. high,
firm, erect ; frond not much higher, oblong-lanceolate or oval, apex often
cuspidate, base rounded, entire, coriaceous, upper surface naked, lower

24036 8

114 POLYPODIACE.E OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS.

matted with appressed tomentum; main veins distinct to the margin; sori
rather prominent, in close rows of 4 to 6 between the main veins.

Mount Mariveles, Loher.

India to Japan and Malaya.

(5) N. sphaerostichus (Mett.). Rhizome woody, wide-creeping, clothed
with ovate, acuminate, brown, crisped scales; stipe 6 to 10 cm. high,
firm, erect; fronds 10 to 15 cm. high, oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, base
narrowed abruptly, coriaceous, upper surface naked, lower sparsely tomen-
tose; main veins distinct to the margin; sori in several series between
the transverse veinlets, confluent, covering the whole lower surface.

Luzon, Cuming 127.
Celebes.

(6) N. varius Kaulf. Rhizome wide-creeping, clothed with scales whose
long ferruginous or whitish tips are squarrose near the growing points,
appressed farther back, then deciduous leaving the elliptical peltate bases,
black in the center; stipes 2 to 5 cm. high, glabrescent; fronds usually
somewhat dimorphous, the fertile 15 to 25 cm. high, 1 cm. more or less
broad, attenuate to both ends but more abruptly to the base, coriaceous,
glabrous or nearly so on the upper surface, the lower very sparsely
pubescent, sterile fronds usually shorter and relatively broader; veins
invisible; sori distinct but contiguous, covering rather more than the
upper half of the frond.

Luzon, Meyen, Chamisso, Cuming 17, 67, 88, 135, 240; Benguet, Barnes
Forestry Bureau 962, Topping 343; Mount Arayat, Merrill 3822; Corregi-
dor, Cuming 286; Romblon, Copeland 301; Culion, Merrill 545; Samar,
Cuming 323; Davao, Copeland 311, 038.

Java to China and Mariannes.

N. varius is construed here as including N. elongatus Bl., N. pertiisus
Spreng., A^. albicans Bl.. X. Blumcanus Kunze, and A. caudatus Kaulf.

(7) N. adnascens (Sw.) Kaulf. Rhizome wide-creeping, clothed with
scales whose slender tips are deciduous; .stipes 1 to 4 cm. high, erect,
puberulous; fronds dimorphous, the sterile rarely more than 6 cm. high,
10 to 15 mm. broad, broadest near the rounded apex, contracted to the stipe,
the fertile usually 10 to 15 cm. high, 6 to 10 mm. broad, broadest below the

' middle, both coriaceous, both surfaces smooth or sparsely pubescent ;
veins invisible; sori distinct but contiguous, occupying more or less than
the upper half of tlie frond, with dense pubescence between them.

Manila, Loher; Tayabas, Warburg; Mount Arayat, Merrill 3821; Capiz,
Panay, Copeland 102, 103; Davao, Copeland 554, 626, 656; a common epi-
phyte over beaches.
Africa to Fiji.

(8) N. nummulariaefolius (Sw.) J. Sm, Rhizome very slender, wide-
creeping, clothed with spreading bright-ferruginous fibrillose scales; stipes
scaly, of the fertile frond erect, 5 to 15 mm. high, of the sterile much
shorter, horizontal; fronds dimorphous, the sterile 10 to 15 mm. long,
orbicular or elliptical, with or M'ithout a basal sinus, upper surface glabrous
or sparsely stellate, lower with a very dense white or ferruginous tomentum,

roiAl-oKIK.?-: — MI'llul-.oIJS. 1 1')

fertile frond iibout 3 cm. liigli, G mm. broad, widoiiiMj,' toward tlie rounded
a|if'X, contractt'il gradually to tlu" stipe; veinn invisible; sori covering
tlie entire back.

Luzon, Cuming 240; Hizal Lolicr ; Mount Arayat, summit, Merrill .3810;
Mount Mariveles, Merrill 3757; Davao, Copeland r»94 (along beach), 034.

Imlia to Colcbcs.

(9) N. samarensis (Presl). Rhizome firm, wide-creeping, clothed witli
deciduous, spreading, white, liniMr .scales; stipe 3 to 10 cm. high, firm,
erect; frond 30 to 00 cm. higii, 1 to 2 cm. broad, coriaceous, upper surface
naked, lower witli dense wliitish tomentum; veins invisible by rcflrcted
liglit, anastomosing irregularly; sori confluent, occupying the whole surface
of the contracted upper half of the frond.

Samar, Cinttitui 323 in part; Albay, Barftiuhi : Arayat and Mariveles,
Lnhrr.

(10) N. angustatus (Sw.) J. Sm. Clothed with linear deciduous scales;
stipe 11 In ID (III. high, strong, erect; frond 15 to 30 cm. high, 2 to ') cm.
broad, very coriaceous, upper surface naked, lower clotlied with apprcssed
subferruginous tomentum; veins invisible by retlected light, forming fine
irregular areolte; sori large, on the upper third of the frond, near the
margin, sometimes confluent.

Luzon, ritiiihifi.

India to 'raliiti and New South Wales.

(11 N. splendens .1. Sm. Rhizome short, fibrillose; fronds tufted,
sessile or nearly so, 30 to 40 cm. high, one-fourth as broad, obtuse, attenuate
to base, coriaceous, upper surface with apprcssed scattered cottony fibers,
lower with dense ferruginous tomentum; main veins distinct and evident
to till' margin, with straight cross-veinlets, the areolsE thus formed divided
into a few smaller ones, with a few free veinlets running in any direction;
sori confluent, confined to the upper part of the frond, not reaching the
margin.

Rizal, Loher; Sorsogon, Baranda; Samar, Cuming 331; Davao, Copeland
GS4.

(54) POLYPODIUM Liniuieus.

Fronds articulate to the rhizome, the fertile and .sterile rarely ditTerent.
the sterile always green, glabrous or the pubescence not stellate; sori
dorsal on the frond, dorsal or terminal on the veins, or on their anas-
tomoses, without indusia. A very large genus, including ferns of every
habitat, the Philippine species never bipinnate. The preceding and the
four following genera are derived from Pohjpoditim, and intimately related
to some of its sections. The subgenera are sometimes regarded as genera,
as also have been various minor divisions not recognized at all in this
arrangement, but all are very intimately related, and their separation
costs as much as it gains in convenience, beside demanding many new
names.

1. Veins all free § Eupolypodium

1. Veins anastomosing to form regular areolfe, each with a single
free Included veinlet running toward the margin and bearing
the sorus $ Ooniophlchium

116 rOLYPODlACE.E OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS.

1. Veins anastomosing irregularly, with free included veinlets in
various directions.
2. Base of frond lilte tlie upper part.

3. Rhizome not inflated nor inhabited by ants.

4. Sori not confluent nor in single rows between

veins § Phymatodes

4. Sori in single rows between main veins and

often confluent § Selliguea

3. Rhizome inflated and inhabited by ants § MyrmccophiJa

2. Base of frond brown and rigid § Drynariopsis

§ EUPOLYPODIUM.

1. Fronds simple and entire.

2. Fronds hirsute, with red or brown hairs.

3. Hairs in stellate clusters (1) P. jagorianum

3. Hairs solitary as a rule.

4. Fronds 3 mm. or less broad.

5. Hairs long and flexile (2) P. Christi

5. Hairs short and stiff (3) P. MerrilUi

4. Fronds larger.

5. Veins trifid, stipe long (4) P. setigerum

5. Veins once forked.

6. Fronds obtuse (5) P. hirteUum

6. Fronds narrow, acute (6) P. sctosuni

2. Fronds glabrous.

3. Fronds stipitate.

4. Sori immersed (7) P. caespitosum

4. Sori superficial (8) P. fasciatum

3. Fronds sessile (9) P. sessilifoUum

1. Fronds crenate or shallowly lobed.

2. Sori scattered (10) P. plciosorokles

2. Sori in regular rows parallel to eosta (11) P. loherianum

1. Fronds pinnatifid very nearly to the rachis.
2. Sorus one on each segment.

3. Segments less than their own width apart... (12) P. cucullatum
3. Several times their width between segments.. (13) P. gracilUmum

2. Sori several on each segment (14) P. solidum

1. Fronds pinnate.

2. Veinlets simple.

3. Sori superficial.

4. Pinnw entire (15) P. inconspicimm

4. Pinnae slightly crenate.

5. Lamina hirsute (16) P. minutum

5. Lamina glabrous (17) P. macrum

4. Pinnie sharply toothed (18) P. subfalcatum

3. Sori immersed.

4. Sori parallel to costa (19) P. celebicum

4. Sori oblique to costa.

5. Young sorus almost inclosed.

6. Frond lax, 25 cm. or more

long (20) P. obliquatum

6. Frond firm, usually

smaller (21) P. decorum

5. Rim of cavity not covering sorus.

6. Rim of cavity elevated (22) P. craterisorum

6. Rim of cavity plane (23) P. subobliquatum

2. Veinlets forked.

3. Sori immersed (24) P. papillosum

3. Sori superficial (25) P. Leysii

rDi.Yi'oDiK.i: — I'oi.vroinrM. ] ] 7

§ GoMOPlILEItlUM.

1. Frond simple (2G) P. nummularium

1. Frond pinnate.

2. Lamina glabrous.

3. Margin entire (27) P. verrucoaum

3. Margin serrate (28) P. aubaurirulatuin

2. Lamina hairy (29) P. mollivulum

§ PlIYMATOOES.

1. Fronds simple, not deeply lobed.

2. Sort In a single row on each side of midrib.

3. Fronds more or less dimorphous, small.
4. Main veins evident.

5. Sorl not restricted to upper half (30) P. ner/lcctum

5. Sorl restricted to upper half (31) P. rlu/nrhitpltijUuin

4. Veins obscure.

5. Fertile frond broad (32) P. acccdens

5. Fertile frond linear (33) P. hammatisorum

3. Fronds alike, minute (34) P. Rudimentum

3. Fronds alike, larger.

4. Sorl round (35) P. stowphi/Utim

4. Sori oblong (36) P. lon<iifoHum

2. Sorl in several rows or scattered.
3. Venation fine or obscure.

4. Frond narrowly linear (37) P. tenuilore

4. Frond linear-oblanceolate (38) P. punctatum

4. Frond broadly oblauceolate (39) P. validum

4. Frond ovate (40) P. oodes

3. At least the main veins conspicuous.

4. Main veins falling short of margin.

5. Base attenuate (41) P. myriocai-pum

5. Base rounded (42) P. Umjuacforme

4. Main veins reaching margin.

5. Sori in two rows between main

veins (43) P. triquetrum

5. Sori scattered.

fi. Frond narrowed below.

7. Lamina membra-
nous (44) P. viembranaceum

7. Texture firmer.

8. Sori numerous.
9. S o r i

round.. (45) P. Zippclii
9. Sori ir-
regular (46) P. hctcrocarpum
8. Sorl few, large (47) P. hcmioiiitideum

6. Base of frond broad (48) P. musav folium

1. Shallowly lobed or plnnatifld (49) P. anomalum

1. Deeply plnnatifld. (Fertile simple entire fronds rare.)
2. Sori small and scattered.

3. Textile coriaceous (50) P. peutaphyllum

3. Texture thin.

4. Stipe naked, winged almost to base (51) P. insignc

4. Stipe usually chaffy, less winged (52) P. pteropus

2. Sorl large.

3. Fronds dimorphous (53) P. inciirvatum

118 P0LYP0DIACE.13 OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS.

3. Fertile and sterile fronds similar.
4. Sori superficial.

5. Sori uniseriate, rhizome scaly.

6. Frond green (54) P. trifidum

6. Lower surface blue (55) P. glaucum

5. Sori pluriseriate, rhizome

naked (56) P. affine

4. Sori shallowly immersed, veins in-
conspicuous (57) P. Pliymatodes

4. Sori deeply immersed, veins evident.

5. Segments linear-oblong (58) P. nigrescens

5. Segments linear (59) P. longissinium

1. Fronds pinnate.

2. Main veins conspicuous.

3. Rachis mostly winged by decurrent pinnae... (60) P. palmatutn

3. Most of rachis not winged (61) P. angustatum

2. Main veins not conspicuous.

3. Spots of lime en upper surface (62) P. albidosquamatum

3. Without lime spots (63) P. lagunense

§ Selligxjea.

1. Frond simple and entire.
2. Frond membranous.

3. Rhizome scales linear, nearly black (64) P. SelUguea

3. Rhizome scales lanceolate, brown (65) P. niacrophyllum

2. Frond coriaceous.

3. Apex caudate (66) P. caudiforme

3. Apex obtuse (67) P. vulcanicum

2. Frond exceedingly leathery (68) P. Elmeri

1. Frond deeply pinnatifid (69) P. elUpticuni

§ Mybmecophila.

1. Frond entire (70) P. sinuosum

1. Frond deeply pinnatifid (71) P. lomarioides

§ Dbynariopsis.

1. No specialized fertile part of frond (72) P. heracleum

1. Sori restricted to contracted apical part of frond (73) P. meyenianum

§ Eupolypodium.

(1) P. jagorianum Mett. Rhizome 3 to 10 cm. long, clothed with light-
brown chaff; fronds clustered, sessile or narrowed to a very short petiole,
the larger ones 10 cm. long and 6 mm. broad, entire, obtuse, coriaceous,
clothed, especially near the margin and apex, with reddish hairs about
1 mm. long, usually in stellate clusters; veins almost invisible, forked
once; sori near tlie midrib, on a linear-oblong superficial receptacle.

Philippines Jagor 835; Castillo, Loher; Mount Mariveles, 1200 m. Merrill
3230, Copeland.

(2) Polypodium Christi Copeland n. Sp. Rhizome short, bearing de-
ciduous stramineous paleae; stipes clustered, not articulate, 0 to 15 mm.
high, beset with short hairs; fronds linear, 4 to 8, or rarely to 15 cm.
high, 2 to 3 mm. broad, obtuse or subacute, very gradually attenuate
downward, entire or nearly so, subeoriaceous, both surfaces bearing scat-

POLYPOIUK.E — POLYPODIIM. 1 10

tered, stiff, nearly black liairs 1 to 2 mm. long; veins immersed, forked;
sori oblonp, (>lili<[uc, superficial, ultimately confluent. Epiphytic on mossy
trunks.

Mount Apo, Mindanao, Copeland 1520 (Typo), 1101.

I conceive this to be the plant from the same locality, Warburg 14140,
determined by Christ as P. purasilicum Mett. "aut ei proximum;" and
would have let my plants bear the same name and doubt, but that
Mcttenius' name is invalidated by /'. pnnisiticuin L.

(3) P. Merrillii ( (i|Mlan(l. Khizoine erect, short, clothed toward the
apex with lifjrlit-brown scales; fronds minute, the largest 2.3 mm. high,
less than 2 mm. broad, linear-oblanceolate, obtuse, contracted gradually
to a very short petiole or sessile, coriaceous, with a pube.scence of short,
straight red-brown hairs mostly confined to the upper surface and margin;
midrib eoiispiouous. veins simple, almost invisible; sori superficial, near
the midrib, and so large that they extend from near the margin to well
across it, forming a single wavy line, about 6 sori on a frond.

Paragua, Merrill 754, growing on rocks along a small stream in the
moimtains near tlio E-wi-iix River.

(4) P. set I genu m I'.lunio. Rliizome erect or creeping, very short; stipes
densely clustered, 3 to G cm. high, slender, densely beset with spreading
cinnamon-colored hairs about 2 mm. long; fronds 15 to 25 cm. high, about
17 mm. broad, ligulate, obtuse or subacute, entire, herbaceous or subcoria-
ceous, sparsely clothed throughout with soft hairs like those of the rachis;
veins immersed, twice or three times forked; the sori round, large, super-
ficial, dorsal on the first acropctal branch of each vein.

Mount Apo, Copeland 1000, 1059, 1204, epiphytic in the mossy forest.
Java and the Moluccas.

(5) P. hirtellum Blume. Rhizome short-creeping scaly; frond 5 to 8
cm. long, one-tenth as broad, obtuse, entire, contracted gradually to the
short stipe, subcoriaceous, sparsely clothed tlirougliout with long, soft,
brown hairs; veins hidden: sori in a single close row on each side of the
costa, nearer to it than to the margin.

Luzon, S!teere.

•Java and Coylon.

(G) P. setosum (Blume, Christ). Stipes clustered on an erect rhizome,
wiry, hirsute, about 2 cm. high; fronds 9 to 13 cm. long, about 7 mm. broad,
narrowed toward both ends, but not acute, entire or very slightly wavy,
subcoriaceous, sparsely hirsute; veins once forked, not or but slightly
visible by reflected light; sori terminal on the short acropetal branch,
superficial, round.

Luzon, Cumimj 222; Mount Mariveles, Copeland 215; Mount Apo, 1,800
m.; Copeland 1008.

Java, Celebes.

The Davao plant is typical; that from >[ariveles differs in having
longer hairs, more abundant near the margin, and veins quite invisible
by reflected light, the fertile ones of the broader fronds not infrequently
twice forked; but it is not safely separable. Neither can I distingiiish
P. Tlookeri Brack., also reported from the Philippines.

120 POLYPODIACE.ID OF THE THILIPriNE ISLANDS.

(7) P. caespitosum (Blume) Mett. Stipes clustered on a very short
chaflfy rhizome, 2 to 4 cm. high, wiry, weak, clothed with short weak hairs;
fronds 8 to 15 cm. long, rather over one-twentieth as broad at the middle,
gradually narrowed toward both ends, entire, subcoriaceous, usually quite
glabrous; veins as a rule twice forked, inconspicuous; sori somewhat
immersed, oblong, oblique to the costa.

Mount Apo, 1,800 m. Gopeland 1008a, 1009, 1010.

Java.

A very variable species, especially in the texture and venation, and
the shape and direction of the sori ; a form occurs rarely with two
irregular rows of sori on each side of the costa.

(8) P. fasciatum Mett. Rhizome strong, wide-creeping, clothed with
broad gray scales; stipes 2 to 5 cm. high, rigid, deciduously ciliate, frond 30
cm. or more long, 1 cm. broad narrowed gradually toward both ends, entire,
coriaceous, glabrous; costa prominent, veins immersed, forked; sori super-
ficial, oblong, arranged end to end close to the costa.

Mount Data 2,250 m., holier ; a dwarf form, scarcely 7 mm. high, with
stipe almost naked.
Malaya.

(9) P. sessilifolium Hooker. Fronds tufted, 7 to 22 cm. long, 4 to 6
mm. broad, narrowed gradvially below the point, bluntish, entire or slightly
undulate, subcoriaceous, glabrous; veins forked; sori oblong, placed end
to end close to the costa.

Luzon, Cuming 382.
Malaya.

(10) P. pleiosoroides Copeland. Rhizome short, creeping, its scales
broadly lanceolate, acuminate, stramineous; stipe 2 to 4 cm. high, slender,
densely beset with very short stramineous hairs; frond 10 to 15 cm. high,
one-tenth as broad, lanceolate, contracted to both ends, coriaceous, glabrous,
margin sinuate, especially toward the base, bearing a few siiort hairs;
veins immersed, inconspicuous, about 4 times forked; sori large, round,
superficial, in 1 to 3 irregular lines or altogether scattered.

Mount Apo, 1,800 m., Copeland 1011, epiphytic.

(11) P. loherianum Christ, Bull. Herb. Boiss. 6(1898) :197. Rhizome
short, with purplish hairs; stipes clustered, 1 to 3 cm. high, naked; frond
ligulate-lanceolate, 15 cm. high, 7 to 10 mm. broad, rather obtuse, gradually
contracted to the base, crenate-dentate, the teeth of irregular width, 3
mm. or less deep; nervature inconspicuous, veins pinnate in the teeth; sori
dorsal on the lowest acropetal veinlets, scarcely immersed, round or oval,
in a row rather nearer the costa than the margin, rarely a second imperfect
row present; textvire coriaceous.

Mount Data, 2,250 m., Loher.

(12) P. cucullatum Nees. Rhizome short, scaly; fronds very densely
tufted, nearly sessile, 7 to 15 cm. long, about 7 mm. broad, but little
contracted toward the ends, flaccid, glabrous or nearly so, pinnatifid to
the winged rachis into numerous obtuse segments 1.5 mm. broad, separated
by less than their o-wn breadth, each with a single conspicuous vein;

I'OI.VI'OIHK.I': — I'nl.VI'ol.ir.M. 1 iM

sorus oiii' ill cacli sf;,'mciit, laij;)'. .su|)('r(i<'ial, tin- Iouit linlf of tlio segment
folded over it until inatuiity.

Luzon, Cmninij "iOti, Slii-rc: Miniiil Mai ivcli-s, VoftrUnid Jlli; J)avao,
\\a)huni UISS, Coprlaiid 100.'). IdHl.

Ceylnii to Samoa.

(]:>) P. gracillimum ( opeland. Rliizoine ereepin;,' (»r sulierect, clotiied
Willi miiiuti' l)ro\\ii lanceolate scales; fronds in dense ehisters, almost
sessile, tiic laij,'er ones 12 cm. long, 4 nun. Inoad, tlaceid, filabrou.s tlirough-
out. ])inMatitiil alinnst to tiie laeliis into numerous tine, acute, remote,
decurient, ereeto])atent , alternate sei^nients; one vein and one sorus to
each segment, the lower half (t( the lamina fohh-d over the sorus.

Mount Ai)o, 1,800 m., epiphytic on mossy tree trunks, Copeland 1007.

(14) P. solidum JNIett. Rhizome short, erect, clothed with lanceolate
ferruginous scales; stipes clustered, glahrous, 0 to 2 cm. high; frond 8 to
15 cm. high. 1 to 2 em. hroad. narrowed from the middle toward hoth
enil>. aeiite. ]iinnatili(l down very nearly to the ebeneous rachis into erecto-
patent sharply serrate or incised acute segments, coriaceous, glabrous or
the lower surface glaucous; main veins of the segments conspicuous,
veinlets invisible, simple; sori large, round, costal. A small, relatively
narrow form, with short, broadly triangular, almost entire segments is
Grawmitix denficulnta Blnme.

Mount Apo, 1,800 m., Copchiud 1102, 1103.
Java.

(15) P. inconspicuum I'lume. Rhizome short-creeping, clothed witli
linear scales; froiuls sessile or nearly so, 10 to 15 cm. high, 1 cm. broad,
contracted toward the ends, pinnate; pinnae erecto-patent, entire, coriace-
ous, glabrous or glabrescent; veinlets immersed, simple; sori costal.

Davao, Warburg 14190.
Java.

(16) P. minutum I'dume. Stipes tufted, 4 to 7 cm. high, clothed with
soft yellowi.sh hairs; frond 10 to 15 cm. high, 2 cm. broad, narrowed toward
the ends, pinnate; pinnae close, erecto-patent, obtuse, crenate, papyraceo-
herbaceous, clothed on both sides with soft yellowish hairs; veinlets simple,
very short; sori costal, 1 to 3 on each side.

Luzon, Steere.
Ceylon, Malaya.

(17) P. macrum Copeland. Rhizome short, erect, densely covered with
roots, bases of dead stipes and brown scales; fronds crowded, on stipes 1 to
2.5 cm. long, the larger ones 25 cm. high, one-tenth as broad, narrowed
toward both ends, curved, lax, pinnate; pinna- 1 to 2 mm. broad, rather
acute, sinvKite, decurrent, the upper ones conHuent, the lower remote, sub-
coriaceous, glabrous; veinlets simple; sori superficial, somewhat elongate,
nearer the margin than the costa.

Mount Apo. Lf..')() ni., epiphytic on ntossy trunks. Copeland lOlfi.

(18) P. subfalcatum I'.lume. Ithizome short, erect; stipes 1 to 2 cm.
high, hairy; fronds about 15 cm. high, 2 to 3.5 cm. broad, narrowed toward

122 POLYPODIACI'LE OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS.

both ends, pinnate; pinnae close, spreading, decurrent, sharply toothed,
papyraceo-herbaceous, sparsely villose; veinlets simple; sori round, midway
between the costa and margin.

Luzon, Cuming 113, 205.

Malaya.

(19) P. celebicum Blume. Rhizome very short, clothed with linear
brown scales; stipes 4 to 8 cm. high, firm, erect, beset with short, cinnamon-
colored hairs; frond 35 to 50 cm. high, 5 to 7 cm. broad, apex of mature
frond rather abruptly contracted; pinnae linear, about 3 mm. broad, sepa-
rated by their owti width, acute, entire, coriaceovis, glabrescent; rachis
short-hairy; veinlets simple, inconspicuous; sori half immersed, oblong, near
the margin and parallel to it.

Mount Apo, 1,500 m., DeVore and Hoover 336, Copeland 1004, 1017.
Sumatra to Celebes.

(20) P. obliquatum Blume. Rhizome short, clothed with large lance-
olate scales; stipe 2 to 4 cm. long, firm, spreading hirsute; frond 20 to 40
cm. long, about 6 cm. broad, pinnate; pinnae narrowed from broad bases to
acuminate apices, horizontal or subfalcate, entire, coriaceous, glabrous;
pinnules immersed, simple; sori immersed, tlie rim of the cavity almost
roofing over the young ones, oblong, oblique to the costa, reaching almost
from costa to margin.

Mount Mariveles, Loher; Davao, Warburg 14173, Copeland 1018.

India across Malaya.

P. Schenkii Harrington, collected by Steere in Panay and by Loher in
Benguet, does not seem to be distinct.

(12) P. decorum Brack. Rhizome short, creeping, densely scaly; stipes
0 to 3 cm. high, firm, clothed with exceedingly short hairs or glabrescent;
frond 10 to 25 cm. high, rather firm, broadly lanceolate, rather abruptly
contracted to the ends, pinnate; pinnae close, erecto-patent or horizontal,
obtuse or acute, coriaceous, glabrous; veinlets simple, invisible; sori
immersed and when young almost roofed over, oblique, falling short of
both costa and margin.

Benguet, Topping 193; Arayat, Merrill; Mariveles, Copeland 214, Whit-
ford 244.

Ceylon to Hawaii.

A small form on mount Mariveles has usually a single sorus in or near
the apex of the pinna.

(22) P. craterisorum Harrington, Journ. Linn. Soc. 16:31. Rhizome
erect, clothed with brown lanceolate scales; stipes clustered, 1 to 4 cm.
high, hirsute with brown hair, firm, erect; frond 20 to 30 cm. long, 4 to
6 cm. broad, oblong or oblong-oblanceolate, tapering above and below,
pinnate; pinnae numerous, linear, about 25 mm. long and 4 mm. broad,
obtuse, entire, broadened and more or less confluent at the base, passing
below into the narrow lobed wing of the stipe; rachis pubescent, lamina
glabrous, membranous; veinlets simple, falling short of the margin; sori
confined to the upper part of the frond, immersed, oval, 5 to 10 in a row

l'(»LVl'<(Itli;.i: — I'OLVlMtDH M. 1 -J/)

on oiicli side of the costa. about midway between it and tlie margin; rim of
cavity project iiifj but not overarch infj.

Mount M;i jiiyjny, epiphytic on tree tiimks, fitcere.

(23) P. subobliquatum t'lirist, Hull. Herb. Boiss. 6(1898) :107. Khi
zome short-creeping, sparsely scaly; stipe 1 to 2 cm. higli, l)esct with very
short ciiuuimoncolori'd liairs; frond 10 to 1.^ cm. liigh, 2 cm. broad, oblong-
lancoohitc; pimia; obtuse, alternate with broad bases, remote, reduced toward
the ends of the frond, 2 mm. broad, coriacous, rufescent, glabrous; veinlets
oblique, simple, inconspicuous; sori 4 to (i on eacli side of costa, ovate,
scarcely immersed, midway between costa and margin, rim of cavity plane,
not at all crater i form.

Mount Mariveles, 1,420 m., Loher. This fern must he rare, as our ricli
collections from its type locality contain no representative of the group
without more or h-^s crnteriform rim around the sorus.

(24) P. papillosum Blume. Kliizome wide-creeping, subscaly; stipes 8
to 20 cm. Iiigh, firm, erect, almost glabrous; frond 30 to 50 cm. long, 4 to
6 cm. broad, drooping, abruptly acuminate, pinnate, lower pinnae not
reduced; pinna? close, horizontal, about 4 mm. broad, obtuse, serrate toward
the apex, herbaceous, glabrous; veinlets evident, forked; sori nearer the
margin than tlie costa, round, so immersed that they project, often more
than 1 mm. from the upper surface.

Luzon, Cuming 185; Nueva Vizcaya, Merrill 342; Sorsogon, Baranda;
Davao, Copeland 972, 982, 1277.
Malaya.

(25) P. Leys!! Baker. .Tourn. Bot. 17 (1879), p. 6G.
Sulu Arcliipclago, Burbidgc. Description not available.

§ Goniophlebium.

(20) P. nummularium Mett. Kliizome wide-creeping, slender, clothed
with linear subulate, ferruginous scales; stipes scattered, of sterile frond
short, of fertile 6 to 10 cm. high; fronds dimorphous, entire, the sterile
suborbicular, scarcely 2 cm. long, the fertile G to 10 cm. long and narrowly
linear, both coriaceous, glabrous; veins immersed, obscure, anastomosing
to form a regular series of triangular and rhomboidal areola;; sori in a
single series, round, superficial, but their position marked on the upper
surface of the frond.

Jala-Jala, Rizal. Mrucn; Laguna, Cuming 121.

(27) P. verrucosum Wall. Stipes 40 to 60 cm. high, glabrous, erect,
terete; frond 30 to 120 cm. high, 30 cm. broad, pinnate; pinnae numerous,
15 to 20 cm. long, about 2 cm. broad, entire, coriaceous, glabrous or nearly
so; veins forming several rows of areola^; sori confined to the costal areolfe,
immersed so as to form distinct papilla; on the upper surface.

Sorsogon and Bataan Island, Baranda ; Davao, Warburg 14155.

Malacca to northern Aust iMli;i.

P. (Goniophlebium) phlebodioides Copeland (ined.) is a still larger
fern with the bases of the pinihT acute, and mostly three rows of areola;,
diflfering from P. verrucosum in tliat the pinnte are broadly serrate.

Mount Apo.

124 POLYPODIACE.l] OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS.

(28) P. subauriculatum Blume. Rhizome wide-creeping, bluish, clothed
with broadly linear ferruginous scales; stipes 15 to 35 cm. high, firm,
brown, shining, glabrous; frond 40 to 120 cm. long, about 25 cm. broad,
firm, more or less horizontal, pinnate; pinnse 10 to 15 cm. long, one-tenth
as broad, acute or acuminate, serrate toward the apex, rounded or auricled
on the lower or both sides at the sessile base, herbaceous or subcoriaceous,
glabrous; areolae a single row in the original description, but 2 or 3
rows in more recent descriptions and in most of our specimens; sori only
in the costal areoliE, immersed.

Luzon, Cuming 244; Benguet, Lolier, Barnes 974; Mount IMariveles,
Merrill 3208, Whitford 318, Copelaiid 1382.
Himalayas to Samoa and New Caledonia.

(29) P. molliculum Copeland. Rhizome wide-creeping, clothed with
small, subulate, ferruginous scales; stipe about 10 cm. high, suberect,
becoming glabrous; frond 15 to 20 cm. high, 8 cm. broad, pinnate; pinnae
narrowly lanceolate, 6 to 8 cm. broad, acute, serrate, or crenate toward
the base, short-auricled, luore or less truncate, sessile but not adnate,
herbaceous, clothed on both surfaces with a short soft tomentum; veins
free beyond a single costal series of areolae ; sori scarcely immersed.

Baguio, epiphytic on pines, Elmer 6505.

§ Phymatodes.

(30) P. neglectum Blume. Rhizome slender, wide-creeping, clothed
with grayish-ferruginous scales; stipes scattered, 1 to 2 cm. high, firm,
glabrous; sterile fronds broadly ovate, 2 to 2.5 cm. high, 1.5 cm. broad,
obtuse, rounded below, entire, coriaceous, glabrous ; main veins very distinct
almost to the edge, veinlets half evident; fertile frond lanceolate-ovate,
obtuse at both ends, 3 to 3.5 cm. high; sori large, round, in a single row,
superficial, in well-developed fronds about 5 sori in each row, reaching
the entire length of the frond.

Luzon, Meyen: Mount Mariveles, on exposed ridges, Merrill 3244.
Java.

(31) P. rhynchophyllum Hooker. Rhizome firm, wide-creeping, with
copious fibrillose bright-ferruginous scales; frond dimorphous, the sterile
ones ovate, 3 to 4 cm. long, with stipes about the same length, fertile
ones 8 to 15 cm. long, 15 mm. broad, narrowed very gradually upwards,
obscurely toothed, on stipes 5 to 10 cm. long, coriaceous, glabrous; main
veins distinct to the margin, with copious fine areolae between them, with
free included veinlets; sori imiserial, confined to the upper half of the
fertile fronds.

Mount Mariveles, Loher.
Upper India.

(32) P. accedens Blume. Rhizome wide-creeping, slender, sparsely
clothed with linear-subulate, dull bro\\Ti scales; stipes 2 to 10 mm. high,
firm; fronds not very dimorphous, the sterile 2 to 4 cm. high, ovate,
obtuse or subacute, rounded or subcuneate at the base, coriaceous, glabrous
except for a few dark scales along the margin; veins invisible; fertile

riii.vi'((hii:.K— I'di.vi'ohir.M. 125

frond .'5 to S ciu. liijili, lower liioail |)ait st«Tilc, ii|i|iir |iiirt contracted
and soiiftTous ; sori ratlu-r larj,'t', iniincl, in ■^inj.'li' rows, often continent,
and covcrin;; tlie apex of tlie frond.

Luzon, fitcere; Bengnet, Elmer G128; Arnynt, Mmill :JS17; Mount Mari-
veles, Lohcr, Mcrrin 322;>, 37:)0, Whitford 314; Mount Apo, nrVore and
Ifnorer 325, ('oitrlainl : tlip Mount Apn i)lants are lar;.'er tlian tlioso from
Luzon.

Malaya ainl Tnlynt^sia

(33) P. hammatisorum !Iarriii;,'ton, .Fourn. Linn. Soc. 16(1S7S):32.
Kliizoine lonj; and -.lender, clothed with nicinhranous, lonfi-lanccolate, li<rlit
hrown scales; stipes scattered, those of the sterile frond 1 to 4 cm. hi;;h,
of the fertile 3 to 7 cm., slender, naked, erect : sterile frond elliptical,
1 to 4 cm. Ion;,', r» to 2;") nun. hroad, ohtuse, coarsely and shallowly crenate
except at tlie tajx'ring hase; fertile frond linear, .') to 12 cm. Ion;;, 4 mm.
broad, with a lobe under each sorus, coriaceous, ^ihihrous ; midrib distinct,
veins immersed; sori about 20 in a row on each side of the costa, nearly
opposite, lar^re, ;,'ivin;,' the fertile frond a knotted a|ipearaiice.

.Moinit Majayjay, on fallen timlK'r, Stecrc.

(34) P. Rudimentum ( n|>rlaii(l. Rhizome wide-creepinp, slender, cloth-
ed with linear-subulate scales; stipes 15 to 25 mm. high, filiform, straight
and erect, glabrous; frond orbicular-ovate, the fertile rather the narrower,
10 to 20 tnm. long, rounded at both ends, entire or with fine incisions
marking the jdaci' of teeth, coriaceous, very glal)rous; costa disappearing
below the apex, veins hidden, anastomosing irregularly or rarely free but
hamate; sori few in a row on each side of the costa, nearer it tlian the
margin, round, somewhat immersed.

Baguio, on wet boulders, Elmer 6022.

(35) P. stenophyllum Bluine. Rhizome moderately thick, wide-creep-
ing, densely cloihcd with linear, pale brown scales; stipes 1 to 2 cm. high,
firm, erect ; fronds 10 to 12 cm. high, 1 cm. broad, rounded above, attenuate
to the ba.se. entire, coriaceous, glabrous; veins immersed, invisible, with
few veinlcts; sori in single rows near the margin, round, deeply immersed,
and ])rominent from the upper side.

Luzon, Cumin fi 122.

Java to ( 'elebe-i.

(3t)) P. longifolium Mett. Rhizome short-creeping, woody, its scales
liiU'ur. \cry dark: sti|)e about 2 cm. high, not distinct from frond; frond
30 to 40 cm. liigli. 10 to 20 intn. l)road, subacute, entire and often revolute,
attenuate to the base, coriaceous, glabrous or nearly so; veins invisible,
areola; fine, with copious free veinlets; sori oblong, quite immersed, placed
in a single row cIo.se and parallel to the margin, separated by more than
their own length.

Mount .\toc. I.."i00 m.. Lolirr : Paragiia. Merrill 752.

Malaya.

(37) P. tenuilore Kunze. Rhizome slender, scandent ; frond 20 to 50
cm. high, at most 12 mm. broad, acinninate, entire, attenuate to the sessile
or sliortsti])itate base, coriaceous, glabrotis; main veins none, areoltr fine.

126 POLYPODIACE.E OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS.

invisible; sori minute, copious, scattered, sometimes confluent, especially
along the margin.

Mindanao, Cuming 287; Catanduanes, Barandaj Bengviet, Topping 262.

(38) P. punctatum (L.) Christ. Rhizome short, stout, with sparse
scales but usually covered with roots; fronds sessile or nearly so, 30 to
60 cm. high, one-tenth as broad, oblanceolate, acute or obtuse, attenuate
to the base, entire, subcoriaceous, glabrous; midrib prominent, veins
fine, not immersed, with copious fine areolae and free veinlets; sori small
and copious, scattered irregularly.

Baguio, Topping 314, Elmer 5884 (large sori); Mount Mariveles, Cope-
land 253, 257 (broad), Whitford 197; Rizal, Merrill 2353; Mount Apo,
Copeland 1194.

Tropical Africa across PoljTiesia.

(39) P. validum Copeland. Rhizome short, stout, clothed with ovate,
obtuse, cordate or peltate, appressed, brown scales; fronds clustered, almost
sessile, broadly oblanceolate, subacute, entire, attenuate to the base, thick-
coriaceous, brittle, glabrous; main veins fine but not immersed, running
almost to the margin, major areolae about 7 between costa and margin,
each inclosing many fine minor ones; sori numerous, minute, irregularly
scattered.

Davao, on rocks along Sibulan River, Copeland 973, 1259.

(40) P. oodes Kunze. Rhizome slender, clothed with small fibrillose,
yellowish scales; stipes distant, slender, glabrous; frond 4 to 6 cm. long,
3 cm. broad, ovate, entire, with rounded but hardly decurrent base, coria-
ceous, glabrous; main veins distinct nearly to the margin, with fine
areolae and free veinlets; sori rather large, few, scattered.

Philippines, Cuming 58; Mount Data, Benguet, Loher.

(41) P. myriocarpum Mett. Rhizome stout, creeping, sparsely scaly;
stipes subclustercd, 1 to 2 cm. high; frond 40 to 60 cm. high, 3 to 6 cm.
broad, acuminate, entire, attenuate to the base, papyraceous, glabrous or
the lower surface pubescent; main veins distinct two-thirds of way to
margin, where they are connected, forming a conspicuous row of large
rhomboidal areolae, outside which is a row of smaller ones, both including
numerous fine ones; sori numerous, minute, scattered irregularly.

Benguet, Topping 346, Elmer 6142; Mariveles, Merrill 2549, Copeland
227, Whitford 50; Rizal and Tarlac, Loher; Mindoro, Merrill 1772.
Cochin China, Malaya.

(42) P. linguaeforme ^lett. Rhizome stout, short-creeping; frond
sessile, 20 to 50 cm. long, 7 cm. broad, narrowed from the middle to
three-fourths of the way down, and then dilated again to the broadly
rounded base, entire, papyraceous, glabrous; veins very distinctly raised,
the main ones irregular, areolae subquadrangular, with an immersed sorus
on free or jointed veinlets in the center of each.

Castillo, Loher.

Borneo, the Solomon Isles.

(43) P. triquetrum Blume. Rhizome slender, creeping, clothed with
brown or whitish, lanceolate, acuminate scales; stijies 3 to 12 cm. high.

r(H.vi'()iiii:.i:— I'oLvi'oDn M. ] 27

tliDsc of tlie Irrtilf fronds tlic liij^licr, straij^lit or crooked, straiiiiiu-ourt,
glabrous; fronds somowliat dimorphous, tlie sterile 3 to 10 cm. long,
lanceolate or ovate, obtuse or acute, entire, roundeil or cuneate at the
base, coriaceous, glabrous, the fertile frond usually longer and narrower;
niai!i veins conspicuous very nearly to the margin, areola; invisible; sf)ri
moderately large, in two rows between each two main veins, round,
superficial. Including J', niinntre lUume, this species varies exceedingly
in the size and shape of the fronds.

Luzon, Ctiniiup •24.'>; lieiiguet, Lohcr, Topping 14!t; Arayat, Lohrr ;
Mount Mariveles, Barnes 34<). Whitfonl I2i'}, Vopelaud 11501.

ilalaj'a and Polynesia.

(44) P. membra naceum Don. Rhizome stout, clothed with ovate,
membranaceous scales ; stipe short, winged, erect, firm; frond 30 to 50
cm. high, about 8 cm. broad, narrowed gradually toward both ends,
repand or entire, very tliiti: iii^iiii veins distinct, with very copious fine
areola- with free veinicls; sori mostly in two rather irregular rows near
the main veins.

Philippines, fide Baker, Ann. of Bot. 5:477; Baguio, Elmer 5873, Topping
226, 263.

Ceylon to west China,

(45) P. Zippelii Blunio. Kiiizome creeping, clothed with thin, lance-
olate, squarrose, brown scales; stipes short and stout; fronds about 30
cm. high, 4 to 5 cm. broad, acute, decurrent below, entire or nearly so,
submembranaceous, glabrous; venation very evident; sori mostlj* in rows
along the main vein.s.

Philippines, Steere; Sorsogoii and Masbate, Baranda.

Java.

As originally described this species is very doubtfully distinct from the
preceding.

(40 1 P. heterocarpum Blumo. Rhizome wide-creeping, clothed with
squarrose, linear, dull brown scales; stipes .30 cm. or more high, angular,
winged above; frond 30 cm. or more long, oblong-lanceolate, subacute,
attenuate below, repand, thin but firm, glabrous; main veins distinct,
areola* rather ample; sori more or less in rows parallel to the main veins,
irregular in shape.

Benguet and Rizal, Loher ; Davao, Copeland 962, 965, 1251.

India to Borneo.

(47) P. hemionitideum Wall. Rhizome woody, hypogaeous; stipe about
10 cm. high, firm, erect; frond 20 to 50 cm. high, 10 cm. or less broad,
narrowed to both ends, entire, subcoriaceous, glabrous; veins very evident,
main ones not quite reaching the margin, areolae rather large; sori large,
irregularly arranged.

Isabela, Luzon, Warburr/ 11603, 11621; Marivcles, Warburg 11527.
India and south China.

(48) P. musaefolium Bluine. Rhizome woody, with ovate, dull brown
scales; stipe altoul 1 cm. high. \ery stout; frond over 1 m. high, 15 cm.
broad, oblanceolate, obtuse, nearly entire, broad -to the base, coriaceous.

128 l'()LYPOI)IACE.=F] OF THE rHILIl'l'INE ISLANDS.

glabrous ; venation evident, main veins running very nearly to the margin,
with regular arched cross veins; sori small, in rows parallel to the cross
veins and scattered.

Davao, epiphj'tic forming poor nests, Copeland 1295.

Malaya.

(49) P. anomalum Christ, Bull. Herb. Boiss. 6(1898) :201. Rhizome
creeping, clothed with ovate-subulate, crisped, brown scales; stipe 3 to 4
cm. high, stramineous, glabrous; frond 20 cm. high, 15 cm. broad, irregular
in form, attenuate below, undulate-crenate, or pinnatifid into lobes of
irregular form 3 cm. long, the apex of the frond irregularly dentate,
membranous, pale green, especially below, glabrous; main veins distinct,
areolae about 4 series along the costa, large ; sori large, round, irregularly
pluriseriate.

Mount Data, 2.250 m., Loher.

(50) P. pentaphyllum Baker, Ann. of Bot. 5(1891) :478. Rhizome
wide-creeping, woody, 3 mm. in diameter, sparsely clothed with small
laceolate-acuminate palete; stipe naked, 2 to 3 cm. high; frond 30 cm.
or more high, simple in the lower half, forming a mere wing to the
rachis, deeply pinnatifid in the middle into distant, linear-lanceolate lobes
1 cm. broad, membranous, green glabrous; veins fine, copious; sori minute,
scattered.

Philippines, WaUis ; Castillo, Arayat, and Los Baiios, Loher.

(51) P. insigne Blume. Rhizome slender, dull brown; stipe 10 to 15
cm. high, often winged throughout, glabrous ; frond 10 to 20 cm. high,
two-thirds as broad, with an entire, acute, lanceolate terminal lobe one-
third the height of the frond and 15 mm. broad, and 2 to 4 similar lobes
on each side, separated to within 1 cm. of the rachis, firm-horbaceous,
glabrous; venation fine, irregular, visible; sori small, irregularly scattered.

Luzon, Cuming 52, Brackenridge.
Malaj'a.

(52) P. pteropus Blume. Rhizome wide-creeping, bearing blackish,
lanceolate-subulate scales; stipe 10 to 15 cm. high, naked or as a rule
scaly; frond 10 to 20 cm. high, up to 5 cm. broad, rarely simple, usually
ternate or pinnatifid, with a large, broad, acute, repand terminal lobe and
similar but smaller lateral ones, thin but firm, dark green, glabrous; main
veins falling short of the margin, as in P. punctatum; sori small, scattered.

Samar, Cuming 324.

India and ^lalaya to Formosa.

(53) P. incurvatum Blume. Rhizome creeping, clothed with ovate,
whitish, membranous, appressed scales; stipe of sterile frond 10 to 15
cm. high, of fertile 20 to 40 cm. high, erect, firm, glabrous; fronds simple,
ternate or pinnatifid, or the fertile even pinnate; the sterile 10 to 20 cm.
long, mostly broadly triangular, the lobes broad, entire or repand, acute,
coriaceous, glabrous; fertile frond larger, with acuminate lobes about 1 cm.
broad; main veins reaching the margin, veinlets invisible; sori large,
round, one in each areola, in a single row between midrib and margin,
partly immersed.

i't)iAi'()i>ii:.K — i'()i.vi'(»i>irM. r21>

Davao, Warburg 141G2, Copeland 1063; difrerent from typical plants in
that tliP sori arc not entirely inuncrsed.
Java.

(54) P. trifidum Dnn. Kliizunie stout, creeping, elotlied witli large,
lanceolate, squnrrose, ferruginous scales; stipe 8 to 20 cm. liigli, erect,
firm, polislied; frond 10 to 15 cm. higli. most frcijiiently trifid. the segments
10 to 15 cm. long, one-tentli as hroad, or tlic sterih- rather broader,
acumiiiatf. intirc or repand, coriaceous, glabrous, green nn lM)tli sides;
main veins conspicuous to the Jiiargin, veinlets obscure: sori in single
series, rather nearer the niidril) tliaii the margin, one between each two
main veins.

Benguet, Loher, Elmer 5S15; Arayat, Merrill .3812; Mount Mariveles,
Loher, Vopcland 210, Whilford 142.
Ceylon to Japan.
This is very probably only an undeveloped state of /'. /xtlmatum.

(55) P. glaucum Kunze. Rhizome creeping, stout, clothed with acic-
ular, stitl', ])urplish brown palese 1 cm. or more long; stipe 15 to 20
cm. high, erect, firm, polislied; frond 20 to 30 cm. high, 15 to 20 cm.
broad, pinnatifid to witliin 5 mm. of the rachis into erecto-patent, acute,
entire segments 10 cm. long and 7 mm. broad, or the sterile rather broader,
coriaceous, glabrous, the imd^r side with a blue bloom; no main veins,
veinlets visible from the upper l)ut not from the lower side; sori superficial,
round, in single rows near the midribs.

Luzon, Cuming; Mount Mariveles, Whitford 147, Copeland 1392; epi-
phytic on hii.'h ridges.

(56) P. affine Blume. Rhizome woody, scaleless; stipe 30 to 45 cm.
high, linn, glossy; frond CO to 120 cm. long, 30 cm. or more broad, cut
down nearly to the racliis below, within 1 cm. of it above, into erecto-
patent, slightly repand, very acuminate lobes, 15 to 25 cm. long, about
25 mm. broad, papyraceous, glabrous; no main veins, areolce large; sori
superficial, in 2 to 3 irregular rows.

Luzon. Cuming 07; Sorsogon and Albay, Baranda.
Malaya.

(57) P. Phymatodes L. Rhizome wide-creeping, stout, bearing sparse
deciduous fibrillose scales, becoming glabrous except for very few appressed
ovate black palea?; stipes 10 to 20 cm. high, erect, firm, polished, brown;
frond e.xceedingly various, sometimes simple, lanceolate or oblong, acute
or obtuse, entire or nearly so, 10 to 20 cm. long; usually |iiniiatiti(l into
segments similar to the simple form, the sinuses reaching to about 1 cm.
from the rachis, usually rounded, coriaceous, glabrous; main veins none
or very fine and not nearing the margin; sori large, roimd, inuncrsed, in
single or double rows or scattered; epiphytic.

Luzon. Cuming 27, 201; >LTriveles and Manila, Loher; Tayabas, Merrill
3353; .Mindoro, Merrill 1780; (Jimogon River, Negros, Copeland 77;
Davao, Warburg 14113, Copeland 310, 057.

Africa across Polynesia.

24036 9

130 POLYPODIACE^ OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLAM, S.

(58) P. nigrescens Blume. Rhizome short, very thick, the ovate scales
usually concealed by roots; stipe 10 to 50 cm. high, firm, glabrous, straight;
frond rarely simple or ternate, usually pinnatifid to about 7 mm. from the
rachis into few or many broadly linear segments, which are acuminate,
entire or repand, 20 to .30 cm. long, 2 cm. or more broad, herbaceous,
glabrous, dark green; main veins fine, indirect, falling short of margin,
included free veinlets copious; sori round, deeply immersed, in single rows
nearer the midrib than the margin.

Benguet, Topping 339; Movmt Mariveles, Copeland 1404; Rizal and
Laguna. Loher ; Tayabas, Warburg 12756; vSorsogon, Albay, and Camarines,
Barcnida ; Davao, CopeUind 090, 9G4.

India across Polynesia.

(59) P. longissimum Blume. Rhizome very stout, clothed with large,
ovate, deciduous scales; stipe stout, 30 to 60 cm. high, polished, stra-
mineous; frond 40 to 100 cm. high, 25 to 35 cm. broad, pinnatifid to the
narrowly winged rachis into linear erecto-patent, acuminate, entire or
repand segments usually not more than 1 cm. broad, subcoriaceus, glabrous;
venation inconspicuous; sori deeply immersed, round, in single rows rather
nearer the midrib than the margin.

Rizal, Merrill I35C, 2267; south Luzon, Baranda; Basilan, DeTore and
Hoover 24 ( ?).

India to Java and Formosa.

(60) P. palmatum Blume. Rhizome creeping, densely clothed with
large, spreading, lanceolate-subulate ferruginous paleae; stipe 15 to 30
cm. high, firm, glabrous; frond 15 to 35 cm. high, 15 to 30 cm. broad,
pinnatifid very nearly to the rachis or pinnate; pinnae 10 to 15 cm. long,
1 cm. more or less broad, broadest in the middle, acvmiinate, entire or
subcrenate, cuneate-decurrent at the base, coriaceous, glabrous; main veins
conspicuous, veinlets obscure; sori round, in slight depressions, in single
rows, one sorus between each two main veins.

Luzon, Cuming, Steere; Benguet, Arayat, and Mount Mariveles, Loher;
Benguet, Topping 189, 292; Mount Mariveles, Merrill 3235, Copeland;
Davao, Warburg 14154, DeVore and Hoover 328, Copeland 1062; Jolo
Archipelago, Burbidge.

Malaya.

(61) P. angustatum Blume. Rhizome stout, creeping, clothed with
very large, ovate-lanceolate palese, brown with scarious margins; stipe 30
cm. high, firm, erect, glabrous; frond 35 to 45 cm. high, pinnate; pinnse
15 to 20 cm. long, 2 to 3 cm. broad erecto-patent, acuminate obscurely
serrate, the lower ones sessile, the upper broadly adnate to the rachis,
coriaceous, glabrous; main veins conspicuous, veinlets obscure; sori large,
round, superficial, in single rows, one sorus between each two main veins.

Mount Apo, DeVore and Hoover 330, 341, 376, Copeland.

Java and Celebes.

This species is imited with P. palmatum in Synopsis Filicum and by
Christ; Init the two Philippine species, each agreeing perfectly with the
figure and description of Blume, differ in the .size and position of the sori,

I'oi.viMuuK.K — i'(ii.vi'(»i>nM. 1 ;;i

sliapc, and iii:ir;:iii nt llir |iiiiii;f ami tlu'ir liffiloiii finiii llir racliis, aii<l
size of tlu' paliM'.

((i2) P. albido-squamatum r.luiiic. lUiizimif stouL. w idc-crcfpiiig,
clotlit'd uilli ii'ddi-li iir L'ra\ Iihami jJaliNc wliicli arc ovate at the base and
loii^sidmlalf ; stipe l.'i Id tn cm. liii,'li, <'rcct, judislicd; tnmd :U) to (iO
("III. lii^^li, al)<>ut ."{O cm. limad, |)iiinatc; piiina- crccto-patciit, linear or
lance(dale, vei_v acuminate, entiri- or nearly so, eoriaceovis, irlaiiroiis, llie
lower stalked, tlie upper sessile; main veins visilde liut not conspieuoii.s,
veinlets endin;; under suliniar;;inal lime-spots; sori in sin;;le rows, usually
nearer the niidril) than the niar;,'in. Philippine speeiniena are mostly
narrower than the type, helonj^inj,' in /'. rnriaii.t Illume, which is not a
distinct species.

liUzon, (Utmiufi 202, 230; Mounts Arayat and ^^ariveles, Lohrr ; Reu'iuet.
Tuppin;/ lot), 21.'), 202, Elmer ()2(13; Mount Mariveles, ('(jpcland ; .Jolo
Archiijehifxo, liurbiflf/c.

Malaya.

(t;;n p. lagunense Christ, 15ull. Herh. Roiss. 6(lSnS):201 cum lonne.
Khizome wide(icci)injr, solid, clothed with ovate-suhtilate, \iml>onate, reddish-
hrown appressed scales; stipe 10 to 1.5 em. hii.rh, lirm, fjlabrous; frond
15 to 20 cm. hifjh, 10 to 15 cm. broad, pinnate. dimor|)hous; |)inna? of the
sterile frond (i or 7 on each side, remote, oval, 4 cm. lonj^. 2 cm. broad,
acuminate, suberenate. sessile or short-stalked, coriaceous, <rlabrous; jjinnse
of fertile fiond lineai-lanceolate. caudate, ereeto-patent, 12 cm. Ioul,', 4 to
10 mm. broad, eremite; costa jjrominent, veins incons]>iciious, veinlets hidden;
sori lar^e, round, immersed, in single rows, one sorns between each two
main veins, midway between costa and margin.

Los Banos, Laguna, Loher.

^ Selliguea.

(04 1 P. Selliguea Mett. {(lifmnogramme membranacea Hooker). Rhi-
zome wide-creeping, clothed with small, linear, nearly black scales; stipe
5 to 1.5 cm. high, nearly naked; frond 15 to lU) cm. high, 2 to 4 cm. broad,
very acuminate entire, attenuate below and decurrent, papyraceo-herba-
ceous, glabrous; main veins distinct to the margin but zigzag and very
slender, united by similar transverse veinlets to form large hexangular
areohe; soii in oldiipie interrujited lines, one line between eacli two main
veins.

Saiiiar, Cinniin/ .325, .334.

Malaya.

(05) P. macrophyilum Mett. Rhizome creeping, clothed with small,
dark, lancenlate scales; sti|)e 2 to 3 cm. liigh, tirm, scaly; frond 30 to 00
cm. liigh, (! to S cm. iiroad. narrowed gradnally toward both ends, entire
or repand, ))apyraceo\is. glabrous; main veins conspicuous, not straight,
areohr rather (piadrangular, free veinlets evident; sori in single continunH
or interrupted rows between the main veins.

Bohol. Cintiiiif/ 351 ; llizal, Lnlur ; Bengtiet, Barnes 007.

Malaya.

132 POLYPODIACPL^ OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS.

(66) P. caudiforme Blume. Rhizome wide-creeping, clothed with ovate-
lanceolate, scarious-ferruginous scales; stipe 10 to 20 cm. high, firm,
glabrous; fi'ond 10 to 20 cm. high, the fertile lanceolate, the sterile ovate,
long-acuminate, entire or crenate, rounded or acute at the base, coriaceous,
glabrous; main veins conspicuous, reaching the margin, veinlets invisible;
sori large, globose or elongate, as wide as the space between the main
veins, rarely confluent; epiphytic.

Mount Apo, 1,800 m., Copeland, 1055, 1106.
!Malaya and Polynesia.

(67) P. vulcanicum Blume. Rhizome creeping, clothed with ovate,
brown scales ; stipe of the sterile frond 3 to 8 cm. high, of the fertile 8
to 20 cm., rigid, glabrous; sterile frond 3.5 to 6 cm. high, ovate, obtuse,
rounded below, entire, coriaceous, glabrous; fertile frond 5 to 12 cm. high,
ovate-lanceolate, obtuse, acute at base; main veins conspicuous, falling
short of margin, or barely reaching it, veinlets invisible; sori globose,
mostly confluent in rows from the costa to the margin, so large that they
touch across the main veins; terrestrial.

Mount Apo, above 2,100 m., DeVore and Hoover 337, Copeland 1048.
Sunda to Celebes, highest mountains.

(68) P. Elmeri Copeland. Rhizome creeping, stout, clothed with ovate,
acuminate scales 6 mm. long, with peltate, black-centered bases; stipes
stout, dark, glabrous, that of the sterile frond 3 to 6 em. high, of the
fertile 15 to 20 cm.; sterile frond ovate-triangular, about 10 cm. high, 6 to
8 cm. broad, obtuse, entire or subrepand, abruptly truncate at base,
glabrous, very rigidly coriaceous; main veins conspicuous, reaching the
margin, veinlets invisible; fertile frond 10 cm. high, 4 cm. broad, acute,
subentire, cuneate at base, coriaceous; sori uninterrupted, reaching from
the costa to tlie margin, not quite filling the space between the main veins;
epiphytic.

Mount Santo Tomas, Benguet, Elmer 6547.

(69) P. ellipticum Thunberg. Rhizome creeping, woody, bearing small,
lanceolate, brown scales; stipe 30 to 60 cm. high, firm, naked; frond 30
to 50 cm. high, 15 to 30 cm. broad, pinnate below, rachis winged above;
pinnae or segments 7 to 11 on each side, about 20 cm. long, linear-lanceolate,
acute, entire, herbaceous, glabrous; venation conspicuous, main veins
zigzag, not reaching the margin, areolae large, irregular, mostly with
single free veinlets; sori linear, oblique, touching the midrib but not
the margin; terrestrial. Includes Selliguea pothifolia J. Sm.

Luzon, Citniiny 53; Benguet. Elmer 5876. Barnes 903; Rizal. Loher ;
Mount Mariveles, Loher, Merrill 3116, Copeland 220; Catanduanes, Bar-
,anda; Samar, Cuming; Davao, Copeland 1256.
India to Japan and Queensland.

§ Myrmecophila.

(70) P. sinuosum Wallich. Rhizome wide-creeping, tubular, 1 to 3
cm. in diameter, covered with roundish peltate scales with black center
and scarious margin; stipes brown, erect, glabrous, of sterile frond about
4 cm. high, of fertile about 6 cm.; sterile frond about 10 cm. high, 1.5 to

i'DiAi'uDiK.T: — r(»iAi'<ji>ir.M. 133

2 cm. broad, obtuse, base subacute, entire, subcoriaccous, glabrous; fertile
frond about 20 cm. hifjli, l."> to 2 em. broad, .subacute, acute at base,
subcrcnate; veins bidden, main veins not n-acbing margin; sori large,
idiHiil, iminiTscd, in single rows ni'iiMT the margin than tlie costa.
Ta\'aba--. Mirrill :!.'i.")."i; Negros, l'<>}ii'liind lOl.

(71) P. lomarioides Kunze. Itbi/.ome forming a tbick, wide-spreading
crust, thickly clothed with small, peltate scales which are ferruginous
iti tiie center, with a scarious border; stipe about 10 mm. high, erect;
frond .^O to ')0 cm. high, 10 to 1.") em. broad, the sterile |iinnatifid into
close, horizontal, oblong, entire, obtuse lobes 2 cm. broad, tlie fertile cut
nearly to the rachis throughout into more numerous lobes, hardly 1 em.
broad, coriaceous, glabrous; veins hidden, irregular; sori round or oidong,
completely immersed, in single rows near the midrib.

Luzon, Cuiiiin;/ 242 ( ?).
Malaya to Formosa.

S Drynariopsis.

(72) P. heracleum Kimze. Rhizome very stout, clothed with long,
fibrillose, light-l)rown scales; fronds seriate, 100 to 3.50 cm. long, GO to
loo cm.; broad, the base reduced to a broad rigid wing, 15 cm. l)road,
weak in chlorophyll, the upper part cut down nearly to the rachis into
acute entire lobes 50 cm. long, 10 cm. broad, rigidly coriaceous, glabrous;
main veins distinct to the margin, with about eight series of large areoliE
inclosing numerous small ones with free veinlets; sori small, numerous,
scattered, slightly immersed.

Sorsogon and Catandnanes. Hdrmidn : Mindoro, Merrill ISOO.
Java, Celebes.

(73) P. meyenianum Schott. Rhizome very stout, densely beset with
long, linear, crisped, ferruginous scales; frond tiO to loo em. high, the
basal part about 15 cm. broad, shallowly lobed, rigid, brown; the sterile
vegetative region 40 to GO cm. high, 20 to 30 cm. broad, pinnatifid almost
to the rachis into ereeto-patent obtuse, entire lobes 2 to 3 cm. broad,
coriaceous, glabrous; main veins reaching the margin, between them four
or five series of rather regular major areola, each including about eight
rectangular minor ones; apical fertile part about 30 em. liigh, pinnate,
the pinnae sinuous, narrowly linear, about 20 cm. long, lobed to the
midrib into roundish segments, each covered by a single sorus.

Luzon. Cuming 40; Mount Mariveles, Merrill 3224, Whilford 221. Cope-
land 13SG, on lofty ridges.

(55) LECANOPTERIS Blunie.

Rhizome creeping, inflateil, ea\ernous and inhabited liy ants; fronds on
conical cavernous outgrowtlis of the rhizome, pinnatifid or pinnate; veins
anastomosing with free included veinlets; sori on reflexed marginal out-
growths of the fronds, facing upward. Epiphytic, usually in the tops of
lofty trees. Closely related to some species of Polypodium.

(1) L. carnosa lUwme. Rhizome and phyllophores forming a thick
close covering over the boat, glabrous on the outside; stipes about 5

134 roLYroDiACE.i: of the philiitixi-: islands.

cm. high, glabrous; fronds 20 to 30 cm. high, about 5 cm. broad, rachis
winged throughout; segments broadly or narrowly ovate, acute, contracted
at base, margin shallowly lobed by the soriferous projections, coriaceous,
glabrous; veins inconspicuous.

Leyte, Cuming 312: Mount ^Mariveles, Whitford 334.

Malaya.

(2) L. pumila Blume. Flora Java; T. 2, Tab. 04. Rhizome as in the
preceding; .stipe about 10 cm. high, glabrous; frond 20 to 30 cm. high,
about 7 cm. broad, rachis winged throughout ; segments lanceolate, obtuse,
hardly contracted at the base, lobed by the soriferous projections, firm
but pellucid; veins conspicuous. Blume's figure of this species (and of
the preceding as well) is unaccompanied by any description; the most
conspicuous difference between them seems to me to be in the form and
apex of the segments, and I have used his names for my plants on the
assumption that that diflference is diagnostic. The difference in texture
would be less easily figured.

Davao, Copeland 1299.

Java.

(5G) PHOTINOPTERIS .T. Sm.

Rhizome creeping; frond pinnate, the lower pinnae sterile, each subtended
by a stipule-like outgrowth, the upper fertile, very narrow, all articulate
to the rachis; veins anastomosing, with free included veinlets in all
directions; sori occupying the entire under side of the fertile pinn*.
Epiphytic. The sterile plants are readily recognizable by the auricles
subtending the pinna^.

(1) P. speciosa (Bl.) J. 8m. Rhizome bluisji. clothed with dirty-
brown fibrillose scales; stipe hardly 1 cm. high, glabrous arid brown, like
the rachis; sterile pinnae 10 to 15 cm. long, half as broad, ovate, abruptly
acuminate, subcuneate at the base, entire, coriaceous, glabrous ; main veins
and cross-veinlets forming large areolae evident, veinlets forming smaller
areolae inconspicuous ; fertile pinnae 10 to 15 cm. long, 3 mm. broad,
deciduous. A form with a single fertile pinnae was named P. simplex J. Sm.

Luzon, Cuming 04; Arayat, 800 m., Loher ; Mindoro, Cuming 362; Davao,
Copeland 649.

Malaya.

(57) DRYOSTACHYUM J. Sm.

Rhizome stout, creeping, scaly; fronds pinnatifid, the segments articulate
to the rachis; venation evident, with major, divided into minor areolae,
with free included veinlets; sori only on the contracted upper part of
the frond, coalescing so that each major areola includes a single cushion
of sporangia. Epiphytic, with large, conspicuous fronds, more or less
clustered into nests. Intimately related to Drynaria.

(1) D. splendens J. Sm. Fronds sessile, the lower part brown, rigid,
collecting humus into which the roots run, as the cup-leaves of Drynaria
do, shallowly lobed, about 20 cm. broad and more than as high; above
this a narrower part, about 40 cm. high and less than 10 cm. broad,

Tdi , ^ r( )i *i i-:.i<: — du yos'i'a c i n r m . 1 ; ;. >

siiiuatc-lohrd ; aliovc this .")() cin. or more of tlir sti'rilc rt';.'ioii, piiiiialirKi
uitliiii 1 ('111. of tlir iiicliis into frt'C'topatt'iit .H('{,'iiH'nt.s jiltout '27y cm. ionj,'
and 4 cm. hroad ; tinally llic fertile a|)cx, more than '.W cm. lii^'li. cut
to the rachi.s into .sei^ment.s l(( to 20 cm. loiij?, alxmt 1 cm. liroad, .sejiaratetl
by twice tlieir own l»rca(ltli; sori occupvinfj tlic entire rlnrsal surface
e.\cejit the niidril) and main veins rniiiiiii;: to tlie mar^'in.

Luzon, Ciniiinii S7 ; Hen;,'uct. 'I'niiiiiiiii -lA't; Davao, Vopcland 1285.

MaUicea to New (Iiiinea.

(58) DRYNARIA Hnry.

Rliizome very stout, scaly, cree|)in^'; fronds of two kinds, («) cup-loaves,
hrown. rijrid. like sessile oak leaves, and ( /» ) ordinary leaves, larjje, f;reen,
pinnatitid, with se<,Muents deciduous from tlu' raclTis, of pinnate; veins
anastomosiuf,' copiously, with free included veinlets in all directions. Larj^e,
conspicuous e|)ipliytes. Tiie cup-leaves collect quantities of detritus, form-
ing a soil into wliii'h the roots grow.

(1) D. quercifolia (L.) IJory. Scales of the rhizome about 1 cm. long,
brown, narrowly lanceolate, from a coidate base; cup-leaves 20 to .'JO
em. long, 1.1 to "io cm. broad, sliallowly lobed below, deeply toward the
ajM'X; normal fronds on petioles sometimes ."55 cm. long. winge<l nearly
or <iuite to the base; frtmd 00 to 100 cm. long, about .30 cm. broad,
pinnatitid as a rub' to about 5 jum. from the rachis, into segments 10 to
15 nun. broad; sori in regular rows, one row on each side of each main
vein luiming to the margin.

Luzon, Ciiniinfi 25, 273, 414; Nueva Viscaya, Merrill .311; Benguet,
Toppiiuj 174, 344; Mount Mariveles, Whit ford .372; Sorsogon, Catanduanes,
Bataan, and Masbate, liurandn ; Culion. Merrill; Capiz, Panay, Copeland 70;
fJuimaras, Ritchie, Forestry Bureau, 3(i; Cebu, Barrow 21; Davao, DeVore
and floorer 101, Copeland 1321.

India to Melanesia and Queensland.

(2) D. Linnaei Hory. Scales of the rhizome broa<]ly ovate with peltate
base; cup-leaves bluntly lobcd; normal fronds 00 to 100 cm. long, 15 to
30 em. broad, long stalked, cut down nearly to the rachis into entire,
erecto-patent lanceolate lobes, rigid, glabrous; sori small and scattered.

Cagayan, Luzon. Warhurr/ 12200, 12210; Davao, Warburg 14141.
Ceylon to Polyne:«ia and (^vu'enslaiul.

(3) D. rigidula (Sw.) J. Sni. Rhizome creeping, intertwined. <lothed
with ferrugineous, black-centred, long-pointed scales; cup-leaves sessile,
deeply cordate, oblong, narrowed upward, 15 to 25 cm. long, sinuate near
the base, deeply lobed toward the apex; normal leaves pinnate, 50 to
100 cm. or lufire long; pinuip 10 to 25 cm. long, broadly linear, acuminate,
une(|ual-side(l at base, on short, winged petiolules, very readily cast, serrate,
glabrous, hard; fertile pinna- usually narrower than the sterile, with a
single row of round, immersed sori along each side of the costa. A tree-
top fern, forming large nests.

Philippines, f'utniiiii 248, 2(i3 ; Mindanao, Copeland HW4.
Malacca to Polynesia and Australia.

VIII. ACROSTICHE.l^.

Fronds articulate to the rhizome or not so, simple, dichotomous, or
pinnate, when pinnate the pinnae equal-sided; sterile and fertile fronds
or parts of fronds distinct but not usually very different; sporangia
covering the fertile surface, without being collected into sori ; indusia
therefore wanting.

1. Fronds pinnate, or the primary venation so.

2. Fronds simple (59) Elaphoglossum

2. Fronds pinnate (60) Achrostichum

1. Fronds or main veins dichotomous.

2. Stipe present, not articulate (61) Cheiropleuria

2. Fronds sessile, articulate to rhizome (62) Platycerium

(59) ELAPHOGLOSSUM Schott.

Rhizome in our species creeping; fronds simple, entire, firm in texture,
the fertile and sterile not exceedingly different, clothed with broad,
ornate scales or glabrous; veins free unless at the margin; sporangia
densely covering the lower surface. A large genus in tropical America,
sparingly repre.sented in tlie Old World. Our species are epiphytes of
rather small size.

1. Margin cartilaginous, uot ciliate (1) E. conforme

1. Margin ciliate.

2. Surface glabrous (2) E. decurrens

2. Surface somewhat scaly (3) E. Cumingii

E. latifolium (Sw.) J. Sm. was reported by Harrington from Steere's
collection from Luzon: the species is usually regarded as exclusively Ameri-
can, and this determination was probably not quite accurate, or the
specimen may have been ascribed to the wrong region, as Steere collected
in tropical America.

(1) E. conforme (Sw. ) Schott. Rhizome woody, creeping or scandent.
clothed with large ovate, membranous palete 5 mm. long; stipes 5 to 15
cm. high, firm, erect, stramineous, glabrescent; frond 15 to 25 cm. high,
1.5 to 3 cm. broad, obtuse, cuneate at the base, entire and cartilaginous
at the margin, coriaceous, glabrous; veins mostly once forked.

Benguet and Arayat, Loher; Moimt Mariveles, 1,200 m., Merrill 3250,
Copeland 1384.

Pantropic.

Achrostichum ophioglossoides Mett. is a small thick-leaved form collected
at Manila by Meyen.

136

A(iiijnsii(iii:.K — i:L.\rii()<;Lt»ssi .\i. loT

(2 1 E. decurrens i Dfsv. ) . Uliizonif woody, the paloae large, ovate,
(lull brown; stiiu' tJ to 10 cm. lii^;li, firm, croct, scaly; frond 10 to 15 cm.
hi^li, 5 cm. broad, round at tlir apex, narrowed j,'radually to the stipe,
very thick, .s\irfaco f^labrous, but the Miari.'iM densely fringed with ovate,
yellowish, toothed, deciduous scales 1 nun. long; veins immersed, nearly
liidden.

Luzon, Ciiniinii lit.

(:{) E. Cumlngli (Fee). Rhizome woody, clothed witli large, ovate,
dull brown scales; stijie 15 to 20 cm. high, firm, erect, ^ca]y below; sterih-
frond 20 cm. high, 3 cm. l)road, obtu.se, narrowed gradually below, margin
densely fringed by mostly sligiitly intramarginal minute scales; frond very
thick, surfaces, especially tlie u|ii>er. cjotlied witli minute, scattered scales;
veins (juite hidden; fertile froiwl as long as tiie sterile but rather narrower.

Luzon, Cuming 193; Arayaf, I.ohrr.

(60) ACHROSTICHUM Linnaeus.

Rhizome thick, erect, stipes not articulate to it; frond large, simply
pinnate; pinnjT with prominent costa, and veinlets copiously anastomosing,
without free included veinlets; sporangia covering the backs of the fertile
pinna', except for the costa and sometimes for a narrow marginal line.
Large terrestrial ferns, in brackish marshes throughout the Islands. The
genus Achrostichum formerly included all ferns with the sporangia covering
the fruiting surface, without evident dilTerentiation of sori; which was
probably more convenient than the present, presumably more natural,
arrangement.

(1) A. aureum L. Rhizome woody, somewhat scaly; stipe .30 to 60
cm. high, stout, erect, polished ; frond (10 to 200 cm. high, .30 to 60 cm.
broad; pinnre numerous, 15 to 30 cm. long, about 5 cm. broad, stalked,
obtuse or sometimes retuse and bluntly mucronate, entire, glabrous,
leathery; areolae small, evident; upper pinnae fertile, hardly as large as
the sterile.

Manila. Loher, Mnrave, Merrill 57, Elmer 5510; Camarines, Rataan, and
Masbate, Baranda ; lloilo, Copcland, including a freak with forked pinna;;
Davao, Warburg ; Balabac, Steere.

Pantropic.

(61 I CHEIROPLEURIA Presl.

Rhizome creeping, stipes not articulate to it; fronds dimorphous, the
sterile dichotomously veined and lobed. fertile linear, costate: sori covering
the lower surface, excepting costa and margin. A fern remarkably distinct
in appearance, epiphj'tic or terrestrial in the mossy forest.

(li C. bicuspis Presl. Rhizome short, stout, densely clothed with
golden, jointed, hairs; stipes 20 to 40 cm. high, angular, stramineous,
naked except at the base; sterile frond about 10 cm. long, ovate or, if
the tips spread, as broad as long, normally lobed half way to the base
by a broad sinus into two erect or spreading acute lol)es, entire, subcuneate
at base, glabrous, thin-coriaceous; main veins dichotomtms ; veinlets anas-

138 POLYPODIACE.E OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS.

tomosing, witli copious branched included veinlets; fertile frond about 15
cm. long, I cm. broad.

Tonglon and Arayat, holier; Baguio, Topping 153, Elmer 5844; Mount
Mariveles, Copeland, Whit ford 331.

.Java to Formosa and New Guinea.

(62) PLATYCERIUM Desvaux.

Fronds articulate into a depression in the short rhizome, remarkably
dimorphous; "basal fronds," reniform in general form, sessile, closely
applied to the substratum, imbricate, sheltering the roots; and "normal
fronds," standing out from the substratum, dicliotomously branched, fertile
in definite parts; pubescence stellate: main veins dichotomous, veinlets
anastomosing, with free included veinlets, the mesh especially fine under
the fertile surface. A most natural genus of tropical epiphytes, whose
extraordinary appearance has made them universal favorites in cultivation.

(1) P. grande J. Sm. Basal frond very large, suborbicular, convex,
or the upper ones erect, deeply laciniate with spreading or inflexed
divisions; normal frond 1 to 2 m. long, pendent, in pairs, each with a
single fertile region on the broadly cuneate base, to which the two
repeatedly dichotomous appendages are attached; glabrous.

Luzon, Cuming 157 (fide .J. Sm.) ; Albay, Ticao, and Masbate, Baranda;
Davao, Loher.

Singapore to north Australia.

(2) P. biforme (Sw. ) Blumc. Basal fronds imbricate, very thick
especially toward the base, margin irregularly lobed; normal fronds 1.5
to 5 m. long, repeatedly dichotomous from a small subcuneate base, the
sterile division 2 to 3 cm. broad, continually forking, the fertile distinct,
stalked, reniform, entire, 15 to 20 cm. broad. (See frontispiece.)

Luzon, Cuming I5G; Albay, Ticao, and Masbate, Baranda; Davao,
Wariurg I4I47.

South India across Malaya.

INDEX TO Gt-NERA AND SUBGENERA.

[Names of subgenera are given in ilalics.]

Page.

Ac'hrostii'hum 137

Adiantiim 92

Allantodia 71

Antrophyum 108

Arci/ptcris 33

Arthropteris 45

Aspldium 33

Asplenlum 76

Atht/rium 87

Blethnum 89

Callipteris 69

Cheilanthes 95

Cheiiopleuria 137

Christopteris Ill

Coniogramme 66

C!/vloi)cltis 16

Dnrea 86

Davallia 52

Dennstaedtla 57

Diacalpe 14

Didymochlaena 15

Dipiaziuni 71

nipteris 44

Doryopteris 94

Drymoglossum 112

Drynaria 135

Drynnriopsis 133

Dryostarhyum 134

Elaphoglossum 136

Oouiophlebium 123

Goniojttcris 20

Gymnopteris 41

Hemionitis 67

Histiopteris 104

Humata 49

Hymenolepis 110

Hypolepis 95

Lastraca 19

Leranopteria 133

Leitrnstcijia 50

Lindsaya 59

Lomaria 89

Page.

Loxogramme 68

Menisi'ium 32

Mlcrolepla 55

Moiiachosorum 58

Monogramme 106

Myrnicrophila 132

Neottioptcris 78

Nephrodium 18

Nephrolepis 46

Niphobolus 112

Nothoihiaena 97

Odontosoria 56

Oleandra 48

Onychium 98

Paesia 105

Photinopteris 134

Phi/mntixlcs 124

Plagiogyria 97

PIcocncmia 34

Platycerium 138

Polybotrya 39

Polypodium 115

Polystichum 16

Prosaptift 52

Pteridium 104

Pteris 98

Platytaenia Ill

Saccoloma 52

Snfienia 33

Schizoloma 58

ScUiguca 131

Stenochlaena 88

Stenosemia 48

Si/iuiphlrhium 60

Syngramme 69

Taenitis Ill

Tectaria 34

Triphlebla 87

Vittarla 107

Wibeiia 55

Woodwardia 91

139

II. NEW SPECIES OF EDIBLE PHILIPPINE FLXdl.

By Edwix Bingham CorKi.ANn, I'li. 1).. Hotanist.

It is still true oi tiie i'hilippiiiL' Arc-liipi'lago, as until within a
decade it was of the entire Orient from Ceylon to Japan and Aus-
tralia, that its fungus flora is a practically untnuched field. From
the little work in it that has been possible for us, it appears that
our AgaricacecB, at least, are almost entirely new to science as well
as locally unknown. It can also be safely said, contrary to a
rather prevalent opinion of the condition in tropical countries, that
our Basidiomycetc flora is a very rich one, in species if not in
individuals.

As to their edilde ])r()i)ertie>, the writer has personally tested more
than 100 Philippine species, and can state with the confidence per-
sonal experience justifies that the species described here are without
exception palatable and harmless. In the individual descriptions
the statcTiient as to taste and odor apply of course to the mushrooms
when raw and fresh. The diagnoses of these fungi were originally
written in Latin. However, it was thought inadvisable to have them
ajjpear as a Government publication in this language; therefore the
following translation has l)een made, and the Latin diagnoses are
pul)lished in Annales ^Fycologici, volume 3, No. 1 :

Lycoperdon todayense ( oiiclaiii!. I'fiicliuin oliovate or pjTiforni. 1
to 1 cm. in liciglit. 1 to 1.") cm. in thickness, plicate at tlie base, entire
above, clothed when yoiui},' with minute deciduous warts or flakes which
are hyaline when moist, later finely and obscurely areolate, white at first,
turning; yellow, opening l)y a small aperture at the top; the fertile gleba
very distinct from the sterile, ctlluliir base; spores globose, smooth, 3.5
to 4 /x in diameter; capillitiiim rudimmtary, irregular, thick.

Todaya, Davao, caespito.se about tlf I>;i-m> nf a Musa.

141

142 EDIBLE PHILIPPINE FUNGI.

Coprinus confertus Copeland. Gregarious and caespitose, varying
greatly with the weather; pileus fleshy, conical; if grown in dry weather
very thick, covered with appressed, whitish, cottony flakes, the margin
entire or cleft a few times; hut when rainy thinner, clothed with an
evanescent, silky net, grayish-black, striate, with tawny or stramineous
disk and lacerate margin; gills grayish-black, crowded, lanceolate, free
but close; spores ovate, 14 to 16 by 7.5 to 9 /x truncate, black; stipe
white, smooth, hollow, in dry weather turbinate, 2.5 cm. high, 1.5 cm.
thick; but Avhen rainy, as much as 10 cm. high, G to 15 mm. thick, equal,
or narrowing upward, base equal or subbulbose, with a strong radical cord.

Manila, on horse manure.

This species is near C. picaceus Fries, differing from it chiefly in the
strongly rooting base and in growing on manure instead of on ground.

C. ater Copeland. Odorless, with fairly agreeable taste; pileus obtusely
conical at first, becoming plane, 14 mm. broad, disk tawny, periphery
passing from dark gray to very black, bearing minute, deciduous, dark
brown scales or granules, the flesh .30 /j, thick; gills free, narrow, black;
spores black, 15 by 0 /x, exstipitate; stipe fistulose, smooth, white, equal,
or narrowed upward, at most 5 cm. high, 1.5 mm. thick, most often 2.5
cm. high, 0.8 mm. thick.

Davao, on horse manure.

C. ornatus Copeland. Odorless, with fair flavor; pileus passing from
canipanulate to broadly conical, obtuse, 12 mm. wide, sulcate, the disk
tawny, ornately beset with dark brown granules, the periphery smooth
or pulverulent, changing from white or tawny to black; gills 7 mm. long,
1.2 mm. deep, narrowly adnate, without cystidia; spores 10 by 7 n,
black; stipe straight, 2.5 cm. or less high, 1 mm. thick, equal or slightly
contracted upward, smooth, white or hyaline, with ferruginous base, scarcely
hollow.

Gimogon River, Negros, on wood of various kinds, and ground in chip-
yard, mostly solitary. Related to C. ^taudtii Hennings.

C. Bryant! Copeland. Pileus passing from white through brown to
black, smooth, campanulate, G to 8 mm. high, 5 mm. wide, thin, odorless,
fine-flavored; gills free but touching the stipe, I to 1.5 mm. deep, dark
brown, obtuse; stipe straight, white, solid, 2.5 to .3 cm. high, 1.5 mm.
thick, equal, smooth, substriate at the top, wih scarcely thickened base
surrounded by white hairs 1.5 mm. long; veil obsolete; spores smooth,
brown, 8 by 4.5 /x, with hyaline, truncate apex.

Gimogon River, Negros, on a rotten Ficus trunk; a smaller form collected
on rotten wood by the Baroring River, Mindanao. This is a real Coprinus,
in spite of the spore color of Bolbitius. It bears the name of H. C. Hryant,
of the Forestry Bureau, my host when it was collected.

C. concolor Copeland. Odor none, taste mild; pileus conical, with
spreading margin, about 2.5 cm. high and wide, subfleshy, brown, very
smooth and naked, deliquescing first at the lacerate margin; disk brownish,
subumbonate; gills 2 mm. deep, free, crowded, obtuse, remaining a long
time pale, then turning dark at their edges first; spores dark brown, 8 by

COPRINUS CONFERTUS COPELAND.

('(»i'i:i.\rs. 14o

4..') m; •ystidia wantinj,'; stipt- al)()Ul '.• ciii. Ili^'ll. •'» iiiiii. tliick or a littln
inoif at till" Imsf, wliitt- or Itiowiiisli, smooth. liolJow, witlioiit alllull^l^s.
Todaya, Davao, tcncsti ial in fmcst.

Kati'ii by tlw l{a;.'ol>os. wlm call it ■■|i;,'lms."

C. volutus C.iix'laiiil. rilcii-. 1 ti. l.r. cm. wide, tliiii, naked, early
cxplaiiatc and later rev<iiiile or iiivnlnte, turnin;,' from ^.'ray to lilack, tiie
flat disk ferru^Mtioiis and warty. ^'ilN free l)iit very close, at first ohtuse
at hotli ends, soon splittin.L,' frnm ih.- top of lln' piieiis imt not from the
mar-^'in, spores lilaok, narrowly ovate, 12 to 1:5 hy (>."> /x; stipe 4 cm.
hi;,'h, 1 to l..'j mm. thick, sli;,'litly attenuate upward, white, naked, liollow.

Manila, on rottiiij; leaves.

DitVers from ('. dcliquescens Fries in that the himelhe are so close to
the stipe as to appear adnate.

C. revolutus ('oi)eland. Tilens 2 cm. or less wide, jjassinj^ from cam-
l)ainilati> liirou;,'h plane to broadly revolute, the disk flat and l)rown-ffran-
ulose, the periphery subfvirfuraceous, sulcate; ;,m11s 70 or less, barely
touchinj,' the stipe, narrow, acute at both ends, black; s|»ores 11 to Vi by
8 M, black, apiculate at l)ase; stijx' about 10 cm. hij,'ii, 1 to 1.5 mm. thick
at the top, 2 to 2.r> mm. toward tiie base, white, hollow, fraf,'ilo, velvety
below.

Manila, copro])hiloii.s.

Related to ('. iirhiilofiiis Zoli.. hut distingui.shed by the stipe's l)ein;,'
velvety below but imt bulbnu^: similar to C. roslni/iiiiniiN. liut essentially
ditFerent in the sjjlit <;ills. Anion;; the species of its own section, this
is notable for its crowded ^'ills.

C. rimosus Copeland. I'ileus 1..") to 2 cm. Iii^'h and wide, thin, cyliiidric-
canipanulate or conical, triuicate. naked, veiy eaily split downward tlirou^'h
the ;;ills and so plicate in ajJiH'arance, tawny-gray outside, turniuir black
in clefts, the tawny disk flat or concave; gills free and sonu'wiuit remote,
cut away toward the stipe, obtuse at the margin, black, becoming pale
with age, without cystidia; spores 1.") by l.?..') ^ black, typically subangular
and broadest toward the apex, stipe hollow, white, naked, eqiial.

Manila, on hcuse manure.

This species ditVeis from ('. iiliniliUs Fries in the iion exphiiiate pileus.
broader spores aiul habitat of niatiure.

C. pseudo-plicatus ('o|)eland. Pileus early llattened out, about '^ cm.
wide, iliin. at lirst s(|uainniose, becoming black because of its thinness,
deeply split downward throtigh the gills, making the structurally entire
margin cuspidate-dentate; disk brown, subumbonate. or in age concave;
gills about (iO, 3 mm. deep, adnate to a narrow collar, black, or pale after
the spores are cast; spores 20 to 22 by 11 to 12 fx obttise, thickest toward
the base, black; basidia SO fi high, disposed regularly over the hymenium,
l.T to 20 fi a]>art; stipe 10 cm. lu' h>ss high. 1 to 4 mm. thick, etpial.
straight, smooth, hollow.

Manila, on horse manure anil rut ten leaves.

Related to V. pUcntHis (Curt.) Fries and C. nociatus Fries but distin-
guished from both by the large spores, close gills and tlakes on the voting
pileus.

144 EDIBLE PHILIPPINE FUNGI.

Panaeolus pseudopapilionaceus Copeland. Pileus 1.5 to 3 cm. wide,
hemispherical, without umbo, whitish, not zonate, dry, naked, subfleshy;
gills narrowly adnate; stipe changing from nearly white to black, 6 to
10 cm. high, 1.5 to 3 mm. thick in the middle, thicker toward both ends,
white-powdery at the top, firm, with a narrow axial canal; spores 6.5 to
8 by 5 to 6 ;^.

Manila, on manured ground.

Very like P. papilionaceus Fries, but differing in inequal stipe, less adnate
gills, and especially in the shorter spores.

P. panaiense Copeland. Pileus 7 cm. or less wide, conical, tawny, fleshy,
the surface flocculose when dry, like blotting paper when wet; veil fuga-
cious; gills deep, adnate, ashy-black; spores elliptical, 7.5 to 9 by 5.5 to 6.5
IX, appendiculate; stipe 12 cm. or less high, 1 cm. thick, equal, solid, brittle.

Capiz, Panay, on horse manure.

Agaricus (Psalliota) Boltoni Copeland. Pileus 10 to 15 cm. wide,
passing from globose through cylindrical and conical to more or less plane,
clothed with brown scales which are denser and larger toward the fuscous,
fissured, plane or subvimbonate disk, fieshy, the flesh white, well-flavored,
almost odorless; gills UTunerous, crowded, free, 6 mm. deep, white when
young, ultimately dark brown; spores 8 to 9 by 5 to 6 /x, with short
basal appendage; stipe 8 to 15 cm. high, stout, with globose base, becoming
hollow with age; annulus fixed, ample, persistent, declined, subentire.

Davao. A striking species, common in sunny pastures; named for
Governor Bolton, of Davao.

A. (Psalliota) Merrillii Copeland. A large species, sometimes 10 cm.
high and wide, almost without taste or odor; pileus naked or scaly, turning
from white to brown, shining, subfleshy, truncate or with concave apex
when young, sometimes umbonate in the middle of the depression, when
old plane, with a horizontal, entire or incised border, 1 to 2 mm. broad,
derived from the veil ; gills about 250, crowded, 5 mm. deep, subacute at
the margin, salmon-colored when the veil ruptures, finally turning black-
brown; spores minute, 6 by 3.5 /x, uninucleate; veil rupturing late; annulus
high up, white on both sides, fioccose without, very lacerate, pendent; stipe
somewhat contracted toward the top, abruptly enlarged at the base, solid or
nearly so, whitish or turning brown outside and inside.

Manila, terrestrial imder trees.

This species is near A. platensis Sacc. & Sydow. (A. lepiotoideus Speg.),
but differs in its larger size, entire periphery, annulus white on both sides,
and abruptly enlarged base. It is very variable in color and scaliness.
Named for my colleague, Elmer D. Merrill.

A. (Psalliota) argyrostectus Copeland. Pileus 3.5 cm. wide, passing
from conical to convexo-plane, shiny white, always naked, subfleshy, with
unchanging gray flesh without odor, tasting like A. campestris; gills 3
mm. deep, free, obtuse at both ends, gray, turning dark; spores 5.5 to 6
by 4 to 4.5 /i, without gvittules; stipe 3 to 4 cm. high, 4 to 8 mm. thick,
firmly attached to the pileus, terete, scarcely enlarged do^vnward, solid or
nearly so; annulus membranous, pendent, early breaking up and disap-
pearing.

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Piivao, In sunny pastures, not coimuoii.

This species rescniblcs .1. (iifjcntcus Mrai-ndlc and .1. nrf/i/ropotamirus
Spej^. ; it flilftTs from tlu'iii in the pih'us' hciiij^ coiiieul at lirit, tlie disk's
shining liki' tlir |irii[)lii'iy, mi('iiaiij?iii;,' lli'sh, and ef^uttuhite spores.

A. (Psalliota) manilensis ((ipchiiid. I'ih-us coiivox, smootli, s(|uam-
ulose with (li>k il:it and dark lirnwn ; toward tiic inar;;iii, wdu-re tiie scales
arc sparse, liicuniin^ wliiti-, suhtli-shy; gills fri-e, rouniicd toward the stipe,
turninjij from rose to daikKmun ; spores about 7..") hy 4 fi, oi>tuse, <jl)li(iiu'
at the hasc; stipe ."» cm. liigii, 2.") mm. thick, i'(|ual, naked, smooth, hardly
solid; unnulus tixcd, entire, convex upward.

Manila, in lawns.

Resembles A. haematos pet-in us Bull, and .1. di/.tpitu's H. & Br.

A. (Psalliota) perfuscus Copdand. iMitire funf;us brown, darkening
with age, (idol Ir^s, with ilir llavor of .i. fiiiiipr.sti-is j pilcus early expanded,
;? to 4 cm. wide, imdiihite. -ciuamulose, subfleshy, disk slightly depressed,
margin strongly liut decidiiously appcndaged; gills free, close, obtuse at
both ends, 4 mm. deep; spores elliptical, 6 to 6.5 by 4.5 fi. obscurely 1- or
2-guttulate; stipe ^ to 4 cm. higli, 3 to 4 mm. thick equal, firm, naked,
subhollow; annuliis hii,di iqi. fugacious.

Manila, suh^'rej^arious on manured ground in the old botanical garden.

Resemliles .4. itis-i iniril ufi C'ookc and A. haematospeniiu.s Bull.

Lepiota chlorospora C'opeland. Pileus fleshy, passing from globose
through canipanulate to broadly conical, 8 cm. wide, 4 cm. high, the
pcrii)]iery sometimes explanatc, disk with a brown, entire or fissured cap,
periphery sparsely clothed with pale brown scales and fibers, white near
the entire or subciliate margin ; gills free, remote, 5 cm. long, 8 mm.
deep, crowded, narrowed toward the stipe, white at first, turning a
greenish-blue, their edges made of hyaline vesicles 25 to 35 by 20 ^;
spores hyaline-green, 8 by 5 /x, smooth, short-stalked, each with a single
large globule containing the green pigment; stipe 8 to 10 cm. high, 6 to 8
nun. thick, straight or crooked, knotted, firmly attached to the pileus,
brown outside and inside, with white pith; annulus 1 cm. broad, conspic-
uous, fixed, persistent, split in its own plane, white above until discolored
by the spores.

Manila, in lawns.

Distinguished from L. csculenta (Massee) Sacc. ami .Sydow by the brown
scales and fixed annulus. Massee established the genus Chlorophyllum
for these green-spored species; but it seems to me better to keep them in
Lepiota and extend its characterization sufficiently to cover them. The
s])ores are of tlie same color as those of Aspergillus fjlaucus.

L. manilensis C'opeland. Flavor excellent, odor almost none; ])ileu8
5 to 9 cm. wide, campanulate-conical, later flat, subumhonate, striate near
the margin, the disk densely clothed with minute brown scales, which
become sparse toward the margin; flesh whitish, unchanging; gills free,
not attached to a cidlar, crowded, deep, whitish, subacute at both ends;
spores variable, coinmonly 10 by t! to 7 fx. the largest 13 to 15 by 7.5 to 9
H, hyaline; stipe 10 cm. or less high, 1 cm. thick, tirm, cipial or somewhat

24036 10

146 EDIBLE PHILIPPINE FUNGL

thickened downward, with an axial canal, white or pale brown, naked;
ring movable, or half-fixed, entire, with a dark brown margin.

Manila, around Pithecolobium and Terminalia.

L. data Copeland. Odor and taste mild; pileus conical at first, but
soon flat, 4 to 6 cm. wide, urabonate, fleshy, silky-squamulose about the disk,
elsewhere naked, margin substriate, broadly reflexed when old, disk brown-
ish, periphery white, turning dark red; gills also turning from white to
dark wine-color, free, close, crowded, ventricose; spores 9 to 10 by r, to 6
fx, hjaline, symmetrical ;■ stipe 5 to 8 cm. high, 5 mm. thick at the middle,
somewhat thickened downward, but not bulbous, naked, with an axial canal;
ring midway, free, convex, narrow, entire, brown, fugacious, sometimes
attached to the margin of the pileus.

Manila, in manured lawns.

Judging by the descriptions, this resembles L. inebriata B. and Br. and
L. microspila Berk., both species Ceylonese.

L. Candida Copeland. Odor wanting, taste mild; pileus 7 cm. wide,
flat, strongly umbonate, dry, shining, almost naked, the disk fleshy, the
margin thin, substriate, minutely crenate, the flesh unchanging; gills free,
close, very crowded, lanceolate, subacute at both ends, thin, white; spores
9.5 by 6 fi,, hyaline, guttulate, apiculate; stipe 1.5 cm. high, 5 mm. thick
near the top, with a narrow axial hollow, much enlarged but not bulbous
in the solid lower part, naked, shining white, deeply sunken into disk
but not confluent witli it ; annulus high up, deciduous.

Manila, solitary in siuiny grass.

Well characterized by the strongly fusiform lower third of the stipe.

O

Copeland. Edwin Bin/The Polvpodiaceae of^'"

3 5185 00057 7393