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" is \ 1 et te eae ~ eSgnitbartttan tet , “ : : a eepess ha ta soatn ts Sasetn brie rogned-dese on ti a heaea Pathe Wee iahs yaleennentnione - = ; wien cliget 8 when bed fe irl vege ity woth ‘ taconite tel cotati hee ‘ ; iebed Pibet ore ma brbre 47 Pat: bat Sioby: etedt Pabnteee - : : yoy “iH ia state it nt . ; wos sy PUP ET LC St aa Staceereeaeas 4 - wet ihe Aone Ee apa anttiolre th hart ven hia bi piers Aiea bab ra Besar Ms atetetes te ’ Vem ep eh anh tah reaginfenste ; Hse r ihe ce, ; juke ue os ee aa ; To san i ' phehes Ophea sain Lee \ “ 4t-4v oy i" +2; ove i ‘y stat si ini ae ‘ ; "a ahaa pa ot ” Por pa ast ras afte Llestiiveimaine ett sions alee i a Sasitnainibnarneteie ‘ . > ee Dens) ie nd ee ty ecient Toesot ‘Ky oon ea py etb seer red ¢ ty “hei aah nate are asics hel maketh + ) itched: prtddeh ot fr ipicariupaones ‘ ; Be aT ae SE ale a i, ~ F "e! rsh Ab y As re te f i wy oy 4 epee i243 ite os y : \ tneasieere ab she i ne ie) i ‘ t athe te. ibankght ir f pte aera att ¥ ise : ‘ -hheths ri hiss iit af VPvnatise tit da ; ait f ; i sae : y + ; srormactshereh AAs trmenn re ‘ ; ; i ty aa pase ? bsipeates , , . pet iveerr iro iee g's shat , % jist ftdeth bb fined ta het i { oa piaeret? 4 . pil. . echt : Rilke pet Wayletetst es * Tene ae 5 H tee ad pi te oh aabatone : rye - ertsebc: was ty iota, aan ; “ by ieee nih hog pil ste att , é : i See- , 1 job pena’ ; “ Con ‘ ‘ “ae ry ut ‘ vane ee om ae . aeettA Ts : : rttens hes - its eines arbor i * ' 7) te ope brie ‘> ’ aheel eid , 4 ! he ‘ Urs ae ape oe : tah i 4 =" aia oath nr *» ety j favibne retry) i 3 + baumtesutariert yongs Bae 160 ae Senna tant anh ‘ Lilt aetna Hed +f peta ' rere matty ie serge epsiiatias sy oF nth toewaets Oe Adee Eine aati ibetsere Gill panty vate cube Hehe Ee ee pe ret et te ft ‘i ne joo ret eo} Baie ne ata unde ot : "ara eh Sheardeor egeen core ry Pomona College Journal of Entomology ~~ Volumes III and IV 1911-1912 goals sania of Zoolouy 0 of eee College Claremont, Califor Tae y Maia WAQURLIAA SADTEIN TERT EE 4: Sc hb ric ile : a re oe BHOMIO- Pie eae a ; de hirathes fa ree ang} bg edie pn Sok; car. Ere t Pe : Pra “5 ih avr - eee \ vi a ee oy. = a ~ Ds <2 SY, « - ee Dn 7 1 ssh, , ' ed Sti } Berar) A a Le : . j Fe” iy a 5 Wal ’ Sa! : — ee oe thee To anene Contents of Volumes III and IV Volume III, Number 1 Essig, E. O. The Use of Sodium Cyanide, 385-389. Essig, E. O. ; The Natural Enemies of the Citrus Mealy Bug ITI, 390-397. Davidson, W. M. Notes on Some Aphidide Taken in Placer County, 398-399. Essig, E. O. Aphidide of Southern California V, 400-403. Essig, E. O. Notes on Coccide Banks, Nathan The Phalangida of California, 412-421. Crawford, D. American Pes llidis III (Triozine), 422- 453. Grinnell, Fordyce West Coast News Notes 454-455. VI, 404-411. Volume III, Number 2 Essig, E. O. Host Index to California Plant Lice, 457-468. Essig, E. O. Notes on Coccide VI, 469. Chamberlain, R. V. The Chilopoda of California II, 470- 479. Crawford, D. L. American Psyllide IV, 480-503. Hall, H. V. M. Studies in Acarina I, 504-510. Coolidge, K. R. Notes on Rhopalocera, 511-514. Volume III, Number 3 Messenger, C. B. A Commissioner Makes Good, 515-517. Essig, E. O. The Natural Enemies of Mealy Bug IV, 518-522. Essig, E. O. Aphidide of Southern California VII, 523-557. the Citrus Smith, J. B. Noctinde of California III, Distant, W. L. A New Species of Cicadidz, 568. Stout, V. R. A New Subterranean Freshwater Am- phipod, 569-571. Stafford, B. E. A New Subterranean Freshwater Iso- pod, 572-575. Cook, A. J. Three Alarming Insect Pests, 576-577. Grinnell, Fordyce West Coast News Notes, 558-567. 578-579. Volume III, Number 4. Essig, E. O. Aphidide of Southern California VIII, 586-603. Essig, E. O. Natural Enemies of the Citrus Plant Lice, 604-616. Essig, E. O. Remedies for Plant Trees, 617-619. Kuwana, S. I. The White Flies of Japan, 620-627. Crawford, D. L. American Psyllide V, 628-632. Banks, Nathan The Pseudoscorpions of 633-640. Hall, H. V. M. Studies in Acarina II, 641-648. Lice on Citrus California, Volume IV, Number 1 Chamberlain, R. V. tie Cuilopoda of California III, 651- Schrader, Wilhelm Inbreeding of Junonia coenia under High Temperature through Twenty- two Successive Generations, 673-677. Bernhauer, Max Zur Staphylinidenfauna von Nordamer- ika 5. Beitrag, 678-683. Crawford, D. L. A Note on Certain Psyllidz, 684. Grinnell, Fordyce West Coast News Notes, 685-686, IV PomMoNA COLLEGE JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY Volume IV, Number 2 Crawford, D. L. The Petroleum Fly in California, 687- 697. Essig, E. O. Aphidide of Southern California VIII, (IX) 698-745. Dyar, H. G. Some Lepidoptera from Mexico, 746- 48. Hall, H. V. M. Studies in Acarina III, 749-751. Felt, E. P. Diarthronomyia californica, 752. Volume IV, Number 3 Felt, E. P. The Gall Midge Fauna of Western North America, 753-757. Essig, E. O. Aphididae of Southern California X, 758-797. Kell, D. The “Longulus” Scale, 798-800. Schrader, Wilhelm Cool Air Experiments with Junonia coenia, 801-806. Bryant, H. C. Some Insects and Other Arthropods in the Diet of the Western Meadow- lark, 807-809. Hilton, W. A. Sensory Sete of Tarantula and Some of its Relatives, 810-817. Longstaff, C. B. Butterfly Hunting in (Book Review), 818. Grinnell, Fordyce West Coast News Notes, 819-820. Many Lands Volume IV, Number 4 Weinland, H. A. The Cosmopolitan Habits of the Fruit Fly, 821-825. Essig, E. O. Host Index to California Plant Lice, II, 826-828. Alexander, C. P. The American Species of Adelphomyia Bergroth, 829-831. Hilton, W. A. A Preliminary Study of the Central Nervous System of Spiders, 832-836. Cole, F. R. Notes on the Diptera of Laguna Beach, 837-840. Bacon, Gertrude Some Collembola of Laguna Beach, 841-845. Shorter Articles and Important Litera- ture of the Past Year, 846-865. Grinnell, Fordyce West Coast News Notes, 866. Index to Volumes III and IV Acarina, 504, 641, 749, Acronycta cyanescens, 563. felina, 562. frigida, 563. hastulifera, 562. hesperida, 562. liturata, 564. marmorata, 564. mansueta, 563. noctivaga, 565. othello, 565. pacifica, 563. perdita, 565. quadrata, 564. tritona, 564. Adelphomyia, 829. americana, 829. cauga, 831. Aesthna, 859. Alfalfa weevil, 848. Alexander, C. P., 829. Aleyrodes aucubae, 625. akebiae, 622. camelliae, 625. citri, 621. euryae, 625. giffardi, 621. marlatti, 623. spinosus, 625. shizuokensis, 621. taonabae, 623. tokyonis, 622. Allograpta obliqua, 613. Allotrioza arbolensis, 444. magnoliae, 445. Amphopod, fresh water, 570. Anethops occidentalis, 475. Anthobium fenyesi, 679. orientale, 678. Aphalara artemisiae, 496. artemisiae augustiphennis, 499. calthae, 495. communis, 499, communis netzaria, 499, maculipennis, 495. minutissima, 500. nebulosa, 502. nebulosa americana, 503. Aphididae, 398, 400, 457, 523, 586, 698, 758, 826. Aphidius testaceipes, 614. Apis brassuae, 399, 523, 698. caryella, 764. caenothi, 523. citrifolii, 592. cookii, 587. glossypii, 590. hirsuti, 525. lutescens, 399, 401. maidis, 790. mededicaginis, 527. nerii, 530. platanoides, 759. rudbeckiae, 400. Arenophilus bipunticeps, 658. Arrup pylorus, 654. Artochia californica, 679 Asphondyliariae, 755. Atissa pygmaea, 838. Atwood, G. W., 847. Eacon, Gertrude, 841. Banks, N., 413, 633. Bernhauer, M., 678. Blothrus californicus, 640. magnus, 640. Bolitobius arizonensis, 681. californicus, 680. elefas, 681. nepigonensis, 681. Brazillian membracid, 864. Brewster, W., 848. Bryant, H. C., 807. Callipterus quercus, 399. Carbolic acid emulsion, 405. Carsidara concolor, 484. gigantea, 486. mexicana, 487. rostrata, 486. Carsidarinae, 481, Campodeidae, 860. Chaitophorus nigrae, 398. populifoliae, 399. salicicola, 532. Chamberlin, R. V., 470, 651. Chelanops acuminatus, 638. dorsalis, 638. oblongus, 638. pallipes, 638. Chelifer cancroides, 637. fuscipes, 637. scubrisulis, 637. Chilopoda, 470, 651. VI Pomona COLLEGE JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY Chordotonal organs, 853, 856. Chrysopa californica, 604. Chrysoplatycerus splendens, 521. Cicadidae, 568. Citrus mealy bug, 390, 518. Coccidae, 404, 468. Coccinella abdominalis, 608. callifornica, 607. Cole, T. R., 837. Coolidge, K. R., 511. Cook Al .0/050L- Crawford, D. L., 422, 480, 628, 687. Cryptops hyalinus, 476. Cynorta bimaculata, 415. Currant fly, 850. Damaeus cephalotus, 504. Daniels, N. W., 849. Dasyneuriariae, 754. Davidson, 398. Dendrolasma mirabilis, 418. Diarthronomyia californica, 752. Disease and insects, 849. Distant, W. L., 568. Dolichopus bakeri, 839. Doxocopa cocles, 510. Dyar, H., 746. Dytiscus, 856. Ecology of Dragon-fly nymphs, 859. Eichochaitophorus populifolii, 722. Ephelinus arizonensis, 680. Epicarsa corniculata, 488. Epidosariae, 754. Epitrioza medicaginis, 452. oaxacensis, 453. Eriococcus adenostomae, 408. Euchloe sara, 513. Eulecanium pruinosum, 404. Eumaeus atala, 512. Eurybunus brunneus, 419. spinosus, 419. Essig, E. O., 386, 390, 400, 404, 457, 468, 518, 523, 586, 604, 617, 698, 826. Essigella californicus, 780. Eyes of Dytiscus, 852. Delt we mene aa /oa Fossil Coleoptera, 861. Fullawaya saliciradicus, 735, 737. Fungus gnats, 860. Galls, 852. Gall midge fauna, 753. Garypus californicus, 635. Geophilus nasintus, 658. regnans, 657. rubens, 656. Gingla phonicoruma, 748. Gipsy moth, 847. Globipes spinulatus, 420. Gnathomercum melanonotum, 661. Gosiphilus bakeri, 672. laticeps, 672. minor, 672. Grinnell, F., 454, 578, 685, 820, 866. Guernsey, M., 859. Hall, H. V. M., 504, 749. Halteres, 853. Head glands, Orthoptera, 858. Hercostomus occidentalis, Hermannia hieroglyphica, 647. Hilton, W. A., 810, 818, 832, 853. Hippodamia convergens, 607. Hoploderma capitata, 508. Hyadaphis pastimacae, 534. Hylecoetus dermestoides, 862. Hyperaspis lateralis, 519. Ideobisium magnum, 639. threveneti, 639. Ideoroncus obscurus, 639. Ideopterus nephrelepidis, 538. Infantile paralysis, 849. Isopod, 573. Isotoma bidenticulata, 842. besselsii, 843. llonidinariae, 756. Junonia coenia, 673, 801. Kell, D., 798. Kuwana, 621. Lachnus dentatus, 398. juniperi, 541. pini-radiatae, 398. Lacinia, 858. Lascophthicus pyrastri, 611. Leg muscles, 857. Lepidoptera from Mexico, 746. Lepidosaphis gloverii, 406. Leptobunus californicus, 420. Leuronychus pacificus, 420. parvulus, 420. Lestremiinae, 753. Linotenia laevipes, 659. Liobunum bimaculatum, 421. exilipes, 421. Live Oak insects, 850. Lohmannia spinosa, 645. Longipeltina bakeri, 682. “Longulus” scale, 798. Loxostege aulocratoralis, 747. Lycaena hilda, 512. Macrosiphum albifrons, 543. californicum, 399. frigidae, 546. laevigatae, 548. rosae, 399, 550. Pomona COLLEGE JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY Meadowlark, diet, 807. Mecistocephalus anomalus, 653. limatus, 653. Melitaea colon, 510. Melanoxantherium rufus, 786. Membracidae, 864. Micrella monelli, 717. Mimanomma spectrum, 864. Monellia californicus, 767. Myriapoda, 860. Myzocallis alni, 764. Myzus persicae. 598. Nemastoma modesta, 417. Neotrioza immaculata, 450. laticeps, 451. Nitopus californicus, 420, Notaspis bilamellatus, 505. nuda, 640. pectnate, 749. Notobus inermis, 671. teniopsis, 670. Obisium macilentum, 639. Oligotrophiariae, 755. Oribata alata californica, 643. humida, 643. latincisa gigantea, 508. Orthezia artemisiae, 469. Ortholasma pictipes, 417. rugosa, 417. Otocryptops gracilis, 473. mundus, 473. sexspinosus, 473. Papilio mylotes, 513. Paraliodes encurvata, 646. Paratrioza cockerelli, 448. maculipennis, 450. ocellata, 447, 628. Pectiniunguis americanus, 668. heathi, 668. heathi catalinae, 669. montereus, 668. Pelopsis nudiuscula, 508. Pemphigus californicus, 700. fraxini-dipetalae, 553. populicaulis, 708. populimonilis, 398, 704. populitransversus, 398. Pepper tree caterpillar, 846. Perla, 858. Perrin, C. A., 848. Petroleum fly, 687. Phalangida, 412. Phlegmacera occidentalis, 417. Phthiracarus contractilis, 751. retralticus, 750. Plant lice, host index, 457, 826. Pleonectyptera cuernavacalis, 746. Proteinus densipens, 678. Protolophus, singularis, 419. tuberculatus, 419. Porotopace carolina, 858. Pseudoscorpious, 633. Pseudogarypus bicornis, 637. Psilopa petrolei, 687. Physlla alni trimaculata, 631. americana, 628. Psyllidae, 422, 480, 628. Psyllopa floridensis, 629. ilicis, 632. magna, 629. rubesiae, 630. Ptychoglene haematodes, 746. Receptulum seminis, 857. Rhopalocera, 511. Rhinopsylla antennata, 441. antennata proxima, 442. jalapensis, 490. Rhizobius lopanthae, 518. Rhizoglyphus longitarsus californicus, 751. Rhopalosiphum nymphaeae, 793. Rhopalosiphum dianthi, 399. Sensory system of insects, 855. Sensory setae, 855. Schrader, W., 673, 801. Schizoneura querci, 398. Sclerobunus brunneus, 416. robustus, 416. Scolopendra dihaani, 478. heros, 478. morsitans, 479. polymorpha, 478. Scolopocryptops miersii, 475. Scotolemon californica, 416. Scymnus sordidus, 520, 610. guttulatus, 395. Siphocoryne conii, 399. Smith, J. B., 558. Soniphilus secundus, 665. Spider book, 863. Spider’s nervous system, 832. Spider webs, 862. Fi Stafford, B. E., 573. Staphylini denfauna, 679. Static organs, 855. Si Claire beoole Sitalces californicus, 415. Stigma of bugs, 858. Sting of ants, 857. VIL Vill Stout, V. R., 570. Symdobius salicicorticis, 731. macrostachyae, 727. Syrphus americanus, 612. Tabiphilus rex, 665. Taiajuna claremontus, 662. occidentalis, 661. Tampiya pylorus, 655. Tampiyidae, 654. Taracus pallipes, 416. spinosus, 416. Terias linda, 511. Tarantula, 810. Termites, 850. Theatops erythrocephalus californiensis, 472. Thecla sunaethis, 513. Thomasia erucis, 741. Thorax of insects, 857. Toxoptera aurantiae, 601. Trioza albifrons, 438. assimilis, 438. aurantiaca, 628. frontalis sulcata, 436. longi stylus, 434. F PoMONA COLLEGE JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY mexicana, 439. mexicana minuta, 440. minuta, 432. minuta similis, 433. montana, 631. nicaraguensis, 436. proximata, 435. quadripunctata, 433. salicis, 432. similis fovealis, 438. tripunctata, 430. varians, 628. Triozinae, 422. Triozoida californica, 492. johnsonii, 492. Tuberolachnus viminalis, 774. Vertebrates and their kin, 862. Watophilus errans, 663. laetus, 663. Weinland, H. A., 821. White ants, 850. White flies of Japan, 620. White scale of mulberry, &48. Yrias prophronis, 747. Pomona College Journal of Entomology Volume III FEBRUARY 1911 Number 1 THE USE OF SODIUM CYANIDE BY E. O. ESSIG HORTICULTURAL COMMISSIONER OF VENTURA COUNTY At the middle of the past fumigation season, the fumigators of the southern part of the state, without any advanced warning, were forced to finish up the season with sodium cyanide. To a great many this meant that they were to begin using a substance with which they were totally ignorant. It came as a last resort to those who had not already fumigated, and its use was forced upon them. Personally, I had had no experience with the sodium cyanide, and did not know what serious mistakes might result from its use. It also meant that a new equipment was necessary for measuring the acid and water and that new charts must be printed for fumigators of the county. At once there was a clamor among the smaller fumigators for information concerning the use of the new material. They had no charts and no way of making new ones. The graduates for measuring the acid and water could not be had. In the face of these conditions the fumigators of Ventura County got together and began to find out for themselves the value of sodium cyanide and the best means of using it. Those who led in the work were: Mr. C. E. McFadden, from Fullerton, who had two large fumigation outfits working in this county, The Limoneira Company, and The County Fumigation outfit. Charts were printed, after the recommended dosage had been thoroughly tested. Graduates were made by etching ordinary glass pitchers and the work was delayed only temporarily. In all, more than 20 tons of the sodium cyanide was used with excellent results. Our experience was such as to give us perfect confidence in the use of this ma- terial for another year and by some it is preferred to the potassium cyanide. Believing that others may be interested in what we found out, our com- bined resultant observations and experiences are briefly stated in this article. KIND OF CYANIDE USED The only available cyanide, at the time, was what is known as the 133 per cent sodium cyanide, manufactured by the Roessler & Hasslacher Chemical Co., for sale by the Braun Corporation. [ first obtained 400 pounds for trial purposes, and observing no marked differences in it from what we were accustomed to, later ordered large amounts. 386 Pomona COLLEGE JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY PROPORTIONS We followed closely the directions laid down by R. S. Woglum and so used the chemicals in the following proportions: OMIM Cyanide sees eee ee 1 dry weight. Sulphuriciacid- sss - ek een 1% liquid “ Water” 25.0 ee ee ee z q - Some have recommended using 1 of acid instead of 1%, which will make a little saving, but which we considered too small to again change our apparatus. SCHEDULES Sodium cyanide, containing much more available hydrocyanic acid gas, is more powerful as an insecticide than potassium cyanide. The amount is therefore cut down 25% less thar the potassium. For a purple scale dosage we cut Woglum’s Schedule No. 1 just 25%, and for black scale cut the potassium cyanide purple scale dosage 25%. lt simply means that with three- fourths of a pound of sodium cyanide, as much efficiency may be obtained as from a full pound of the potassium cyanide. Accordingly a large number of schedules as per accompanying cut were printed for use in fumigating black scale. (Figure 133.) VENTURA COUNTY HORTICULTURAL COMMISSIONER E. 0. ESSIG FUMIGATING SCHEDULE FOR BLACK SCALE SODIUM CYANIDE DISTANCE AROUND, IN FEET SERBEEERER BEROEEEEE > = DISTANCE OVER, IN FEET DORCEmDE ald BEE NOTE.—Quarter and half ounces are omitted to make the schedule more practical for fleld conditions, Rroporttona for mixing chemicale—Sodium Cyanide 1. Sulphuric Acid 1'%, Water 2. Figure 133, Sodium Cyanide Schedule for Black Scale. Pomona CoLLEcE JOURNAL oF ENTOMOLOGY 387 These schedules are printed on fairly stiff paper so that they may be tacked upon a board for the use of the generator of the outfit. The figures are black and large enough to be plainly seen by the light of a torch or lantern on the darkest night. Half and quarter ounces are omitted, because of the difficulty in reading the small fractions at night and because few scales are fine enough to register so small amounts accurately. All less than half ounces are placed in the lower figure, while half-ounces or over are placed in the next higher figure. A more convenient way of fixing up this schedule is to have a cylinder made of zinc, with a narrow slot, the width of a row of figures, covered by a glass, and a wooden roller on the inside, similar to a rolling pin. Each end of the cylinder is closed with a cap with a hole in the center, in which turns the handles of the wooden roller. The chart or schedule is attached to the roller so as to revolve in the cylinder. The figures of the distances around are pasted along the top of the slot to conform with the like numbers on the schedule. In finding the dosage one has only to turn the roller until the distance over shows at the left-hand end of the slot, the figure at the top of the slot shows the distance around. In this way, the chart is kept perfectly dry and bright and the possibilities for making a mistake are reduced to a minimum. It is right to state here that this arrangement was first invented by Mr. McFadden, who uses it on all of his chemical charts. FIELD PRACTICE The Morrill System of marked tents was, of course, used with the above charts. The distance around the tree was taken with a tape line. It was early learned in our experiences that pacing was unreliable, because every man paced differently and some were very careless about the work at best. It takes very little longer to measure, than pace, and as one man had to be kept at this work it made the expense no greater at all and made no delays. Five men are used on an outfit of 20 to 30 tents, the duties of which are as follows: 2 tent pullers; 1 taper, who measured the trees around and passed along the empty generators; 1 generator who measured the acid and placed the generators under the tents; | cyanide man, who kept the records, weighed the cyanide and held up the sides of the tents for the generator to place the pots in position. Care must be taken that no man who handles acid touches a tent. ‘The taper wears a cloth glove, which will absorb anything that might adhere to the handle of the pot. A complete record of the dosage of every tree is kept, giving not only the dosage, but the temperature and time at the beginning of each throw. This field chart is tacked to a wooden roller, which fits into a zinc cylinder similar to the one used for the chart, except that the slot is open so that the dosage may be written down. ‘This is, I consider, a very important practice, for in cases of burnings or poor work the original dosage, with time, exposure, and temperature are at hand for ready reference. Many otherwise unaccountable damages, have thus been traced to an over dose or a cold period, while an underdose may explain a poor job. 388 PoMoNA COLLEGE JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY Tents are mended every day with a sewing machine. The patches are sewed on the underside so as not to cover up the numbers. And the seam is not so liable to catch on a limb as the torn canvas under the patch, which is not always sewed down. A full 1 hour or 45 minute exposure should be used, as is the common practice with potassium cyanide. OBSERVATIONS Temperature —In using potassium cyanide we were always very careful not to fumigate when it was between 36° or 40° F. above zero (or lower) because we were always sure to receive severe burnings. Even as high as 42° F. with moisture might prove disastrous. The fruit of the Valencia orange trees has been a source of considerable trouble with us on account of burnings. When it was decreed that we must use sodium cyanide, I was afraid of fumigating a Valencia orchard, so managed to get enough of the potassium to do the work. Every precaution was taken to observe all the rules regarding temperature and moisture, but in spite of everything we burned considerable of the fruit. The same was true in regard to cold and damp nights in our work on lemons. It was a practice with us to quit at 40° F. above zero or when the leaves of the trees became damp enough to strike them and feel the spray hit the hand. In this county there are many foggy and damp nights, which are excellent for the crops, but bad for fumigation. If the bulk of the work was not done during the months of September and October it was found difficult to do it afterwards. In using the sodium cyanide we found out that the matter of moisture and moderate cold 40° F. did not make any difference at all. In fact many tests were made when the trees were very damp and the thermometer was as low as 37° without a sign of burning. In these tests the regular black scale dosage, as shown, was used. This information we consider to be very valuable, because 1t will mean that more work can be done while the crew is in the field and in operation. Many nights we have been able to work but 2 or 3 hours, and under such conditions it was very difficult to keep a crew in the field at all. This may not have been the experience with all other parties, but was certainly so with all who used it in this vicinity. Killing Power—lIn the matter of efficiency against black scale, I am satisfied that the work done will equal that done by the use of the potassium cyanide. Some five or six hundred acres were fumigated and all results are splendid. There was no guess-work, nothing but intelligent and up-to-date fumigation with marked tents and chemical charts. Costs —Last fall potassium cyanide, 98 to 99 per cent pure, cost our growers 25% cents a pound delivered. Sodium cyanide cost 29 cents a pound delivered. The cost per ounce of potassium was approximately 1.593c; that of sodium, 1.801c; or about $.016 for potassium and $.018 for the sodium. The following table will give some idea of the difference in costs: PoMONA COLLEGE JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY 389 Tree measurements Ounces of cyanide Total cost Cyanide Over Around per tree Price per oz. per tree Potassium 30 50 11 .016 176 Sodium 30 50 8 018 144 Potassium 34 50 13% .016 221 Sodium 34 50 11 018 .198 Potassium 49 62 23 .016 368 Sodium 49 62 17 018 306 It will be seen that the cost is of enough importance to warrant the buying of the sodium cyanide, providing that it does as good work and will not burn the fruit or injure the foliage. With us it is just as good as the potassium without the injurious qualities and with the additional advantage that it does not burn damp and cold foliage and fruit as readily as does the potassium cyanide. I understand that the “American” sodium cyanide is much cheaper than the imported brand under discussion. It corresponds more to the potassium cyanide in the amount of available hydrocyanic acid gas available, being what is known as 98-100 per cent. Mr. Woglum made some tests regarding this chemical with the result that he pronounced it unfit for fumigation purposes. Since then Mr. C. E. McFadden, who has had a great deal of fumigation experience in the most practical way, gave this cyanide a trial. He told the writer that he got excellent results with it and I remember quite distinctly that he expressed his desire to get this form of sodium cyanide last fall in place of the European brand. From our experience with the sodium, I can see no reason why the cheaper quality will not do the work. It is at least worth trying, and I think that every progressive fruit grower should look into the matter. The cyanide outlook is not at all encouraging. If a cheaper form can be obtained, so much cheaper as the form under dis- cussion, it should be given a thorough test. Certainly I shall make experi- ments with it as soon as any quantity of it may be had. The one objection to sodium cyanide, not mentioned above, is the formation of the sodium or alkali salt from the residue. The residue of the potassium cyanide amounts to several dollars worth of good fertilizer to a ton, which is no little item in a large orchard, while the salt from the sodium cyanide has a negative value and is a distinctly harmful product. It might be ad- visable to empty the residue in a waste tank and dump it outside of the orchards because of this, but our experience with the cyanide, like that with the nitrate of lime, is so limited as to make any remedial remarks seem un- necessary. THE NATURAL ENEMIES OF THE CITRUS MEALY BUG III BY E. O. ESSIG Cryptogomus orbiculus This is the latest imported enemy of the citrus mealy bug (Pseudococcus citri Risso) which was secured by the California State Horticultural Com- mission through Mr. Geo. Compere irom the Philippine Islands. To date, colonies of this insect have been sent to many localities in this state where the mealy bugs, including both the citrus mealy bug and the long-tailed mealy bug (Pseudococcus adonidum Linn) exist. From articles to be included in the end of this work, it will be seen that great hopes are being placed upon this insect as a means of exterminating the mealy bugs, which are threatening our citrus groves and even the vineyards in Fresno County. Accordingly, with the rest, I received some of the first colonies to be sent out from the State Insectary. Mr. Geo. Compere brought the adults, pupz and larve, himself into this county and saw them given a proper start in breeding cages equipped for this special work. For six months now I have given this insect my very best attention and believing that others were also interested in it, I am taking this first opportunity to publish the following description, partial life-history, and field notes, together with photographs and drawings which may aid in the identification and recognition of this ladybird beetle and all of its forms, wherever found. Eggs. The eggs are lemon yellow in color, oblong in shape and are ap- proximately 0.33 mm. in length and 0.11 mm. in width. They are laid singly among the egg-masses of the mealy bugs, in the case of the citrus mealy bug, and among the young in the case of the viviparous form (the long-tailed species). The eggs may then be found upon the leaves, fruit, stems, or even the larger limbs and the trunks of the trees. The individuals I found were just being deposited upon a leaf by a female. Because of their minuteness, it would be difficult to find them except by watching the female as stated. From inside observations it takes these eggs about three weeks or a month to hatch. In the field it would take as long or perhaps longer. It must be remembered, however, that these observations have been made during the winter months, and that during the warm summer weather the eggs would hatch much quicker—between 2 and 3 weeks at the most. Larvae (Fig. 134 A). The photograph shows the larva, full grown, with its white cottony protective coating, while the drawing shows the larval body with this coat removed. When first born the young larve are yellow and have very little of the cottony covering. As they grow the covering is secreted very rapidly until the entire body is hidden under a snow-white mass of long filaments, which extend from the body in all directions. When disturbed these filaments are thrown in an upright position, but they usually remain spread Pomona CoLLEcE JoURNAL oF ENTOMOLOGY 391 out as shown in the photo. With the filaments extended the body averages from 5 to 8 mm. in length and from 3 to 4 mm. in width. The body proper averages 3.5 mm. in length and 1.1 mm. in width. The color is a rich yellow with a slightly dark blotch on each dorsal side of the prothorax (Fig. 134 A). Figure 134, Cryptogomus orbiculus: A, larva with wooly covering removed; B, pupa; C, adult. Head.—Narrower than prothorax, but nearly as long. Palpi quite large, antenne small. Spines long. The mandibles are strong and bifurcate. Pro- thorax with few spines and a dark blotch on each side of the dorsum. Meta- and meso-thorax normal and slightly longer and broader than the pro- thorax. Single spines on margins and two on each side of the dorsum, as shown in cut. Abdomen made up of nine segments with the posterior segment small. . There are few hairs as shown in the drawing. Legs short and slender, but strong. Light in color. Extend beyond the margins of the body when bare, but are not visible in the normal covered form. The larve being so small usually feed upon the eggs and the smallest mealy bugs. Occasionally, however, they may be observed devouring mealy bugs almost as large as themselves. They are quite active and feed rapidly. The appetite is what counts in judging any predaceous insect and this is a very important thing about the insect in question. When the larva is ready to moult for the last time it selects some hidden place in the crotch of a tree, under a mass of mealy bug eggs, in a dried leaf, or under the surface clods on the ground. Here it attaches itself at the posterior 392 PoMONA COLLEGE JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY end and transforms within the cottony case of the larval stage. The form gradually assumes a round shape and in this way the pupe may be told from the larve. Nymphs or Pupae. (Fig. 134 B). The drawing shows the pupal or nymphal body after it has been removed from the larval case in which it transforms. As is seen it shows the characteristic spines on the body as is shown in the three other members of the Scymnini, all of which are covered with the white cottony wax. The normal covered form of the nymph is about that of pupa, except that it gradually shortens up into somewhat of a spherical form. The body proper averages 2 mm. in length and 1 mm. in width. It requires from three weeks to a month for the insects to pass through this stage, but during the winter they may remain in the pupa cases for several months, if the weather is cold and damp. It is noticeable that the spines on the lateral margins of the abdomen do not appear on the three last segments, while in Scymnus guttulatus they extend to the last segment and in Cryptolaemus montrouzieri the same 1s also true, except that the spines are few on the next-to-the-last segment also. Adult (Fig. 134 C). The adult insect appears, at first sight, to be black, but upon closer examination it will be found that the background is black with one quite large reddish-brown spot on each elytra as shown in the drawing. The form is elongate oval. Length, 2.5 mm., width, 1.1 mm. The entire body is finely hirsute. Eyes hairy. Punctures on elytra finely set. Pro- thorax narrower than rest of body proper. Antennae small, hairy. Maxillary palpi, large. Labial palpi, normal. Mesothorax and metathorax nearly equa! in length, the latter slightly broader. Coxae not approximate. ‘Trochanters small. Femora large but short, tibia nearly as long as femurs, but much narrower. ‘Tarsi two-thirds as long as tibia. Claw normal. First abdominal segment as long as the second and third. The adults are most active and difficult to capture in the field. They take to wing as soon as disturbed or crawl in some small crevice with such 8a Cc a Figure 135. The Ladybird Beetles predaceous on the Citrus Mealy Bug: A, Cryptolaemus montrouzieri; B, Rhizobius ventralis; C, Cryptogomus orbiculus; D, Secymnus guttulatus. Pomona COLLEGE JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY 393 rapidity as to make their capture almost impossible. In the breeding cages they are easily taken by means of a small bottle. The first colony, numbering 20 adults and 40 larve was brought to my office on the 27th day of July, 1910, by Geo. Compere. They were imme- diately placed in a breeding cage and quantities of food placed at their dis- posal. The first brood from the larvee appeared the last of September and in October enough were out to make a liberation in the field. Another increase, in the form of a second brood, appeared in December and a third during the month of January. These broods were not clear cut, but distinct in the emerging of a large number of adults at one time. To date, January 20th, the following numbers have been removed from the breeding cage: 1910. @ctobers, U2 = 7 individuals. sc Lose 33 3 s 24S S43 > November 23... 25 t d 2A 50 te December _ 5............... 12 - ss SSS 10 oe LOE January ones 30 i Y 740) eee 200 left in cage (Larvee, pupze, and adults). This will give a fairly accurate account of the rate of increase that might be expected of this insect. The first colonies were placed in the field in October on an isolated in- festation of mealy bug. Since then three of the above colonies were also liberated on this tree. A close watch has been kept of the tree. Because of the lateness of the season or unfavorable weather, the insects did not do well in the open. ‘To date none of the larve or adults can be found. Perhaps with the coming of summer the infestation of mealy bugs will be entirely cleaned up. I shall not be in a position to give authentic data con- cerning the field work of this ladybird beetle until next fall, when I shall again record its progress. Suffice it at the present time to give the testimony of others who have written concerning this insect. Mr. Jeffrey, State Commissioner of Horticulture, has written of it: “George Compere has just returned to Sacramento from China, Japan and the Philippines, bringing over a large collection of predacious insects and Hymenopterous parasites of the mealy bug. There were fifteen packages in all, many of them inclosing large plants bearing hosts of mealy bugs and their enemies. We have been disappointed so often with these im- portations that no estimate of the effectiveness of these new beneficial insects will be made. Disappointments, however frequent, do not justify the abandon- ment of researches of this kind, but the work must be kept on and on as long as there is the slightest hope of results, for in the case of the mealy bug there seems no hope of control by mechanical appliances. ‘This renders 394 PoMoNA COLLEGE JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY the mealy bug one of the most alarming of all orchard pests, and it is now recognized as a most desperate infection with which to deal. Without pre- dicting success for the Manila importations [ may with propriety inform the readers of “The Times” how the new insects behave. Figure 136. Larvae of the Ladybird Beetles predaceous on the Citrus Mealy Bug: A, Cryptolaemus montrouzieri; B, Cryptogomus orbiculus; C, Scymnus guttulatus. Last February Compere left for the Orient with millions of mealy bugs upon plants encased for returning to California after the mealy bugs became infected. On his return he was met at Honolulu with a new supply upon which to feed his insects the latter portion of their journey. With all this supply the ladybirds devoured the material and hundreds of them had to be turned out in mid-ocean to conserve the food for the remainder. Compere arrived with about 1000 adults of the species known as Crytogomus orbiculus, the kind upon which some hope of success is based. This ladybug is somewhat smaller than the Vedalia, equally prolific and voracious. In the insectary at this writing may be seen the adults devouring full-grown mealy bugs and the young burying themselves in the egg masses as did the Vedalia twenty years ago with the white scale. I noted the time required by one of the ladybugs to devour a half-grown mealy bug. Five minutes finished the meal. On the bottom of a case of plants was a full pint of the white cover- ings so noticeable with the citrus mealy bug. All will depend upon the ability of the new insects to adapt themselves to our climatic and orchard condi- tions; and there we may look for failure, with a possibility that the mealy bug may meet the same fate as did the white scale. At any rate, thousands Pomona CoLiecE JouRNAL oF ENTOMOLOGY 395 of the new. importations will be sent out and fair trial given the Philippine insects. ‘They were found twenty miles east of Manila.” Scymnus guttulatus Lec. In December of the year 1909, I wrote the State Insectary at Sacramento for some predaceous or parasitic insect enemies of the mealy bug. In reply to this request the Acting Superintendent, Mr. F. Maskew, forwarded to me at once colonies of Scymnus guttulatus Lec. which had done good work on the mealy bug in the central and northern part of the State. The shipments received from the State Insectary are as follows: Date of shipment. No. of Individuals. Liberated. December 30, 1909 500 In orchard tents. December 31, 1909 300 Breeding cages and in open orchards January 3, 1910 100 In orchards. January 5, 1910 5 In tent houses built over trees, same as first shipment. These sendings amounted to 975 individuals, enough to give some idea as to their efficiency in a comparatively short time. As stated above 575 were liberated in special tent houses built over large trees infested with mealy bugs right in the orchard. Into these tents was kept a bountiful supply of mealy bugs throughout the entire year from Dec. 1909 until January 1911. The remainder were liberated in office breed- ing cages and in the open. Those liberated outside were lost completely. I have never been able to secure a single specimen of this species in the open. Those liberated in the tent houses had every opportunity that could be given them. They were protected from the winter and supplied with so many mealy bugs that the trees were greatly injured by their numbers. In spite of the conditions, little or no progress was made. At the end of a year we had taken out less than the number first liberated in the tent houses. They made no progress against the numbers of the mealy bugs at all. In the office they multiplied a little better and quite a number were liberated in the orchards. It might be that they must become acclimated before they are able to do good work, so we are still watching their progress. Several colonies have been sent to other localities, viz. Placentia, Hueneme, and Ventura and it may do better there. It is not out of the limits of this work to include a description of this species. Eggs—Very small and deposited singly among the egg masses of the mealy bugs or on the surfaces of the leaves among the young scale insects. Larvae. (Fig. 137 A and Fig. 136 C). The full grown larve cannot easily be told from that form of Cryptogomus orbiculus. They are covered with the same appearing, long white cottony filaments. The ventral side is bare and shows the yellow color of the body proper. The length of this species averages 6 mm., the width, 2.5 mm., with the covering and about half these measure- ments without the covering. 396 PomMoNA COLLEGE JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY The body proper is a rich yellow, without any black markings whatever. The shape is long and slender; tapering from the middle towards both ends. The head is as wide as the 9th abdominal segment. The 3rd and 4th abdominal segments are the widest. The body becoming narrower more abruptly posteriorly than anteriorly. The legs are rather long and slender. The spines are simple, long, and arranged normally, i. e., on each segment are two laterals, two near the lateral margins, two on the dorsum mid-way from the central axis to the sides. Then there are two pairs of short spines on either side of this central axis, as shown in the drawing. r 0 y \ INNS Nisan AV, Wy ae) Figure 137. Scymnus guttulatus Lec. A, larva; B, pupa; C, adult: a, labial palpus; b, maxillary palpus; ¢, tarsus and claw; d, antenna. The palpi are small and inconspicuous as are also the antenne. Nymphs or Pupae. (Fig. 137 B). The nymphs transform within their larval skins and are hid away in some secluded nook or in a dry curled-up leaf. The form is about the same as that stage of Cryptogomus orbiculus already described. Many of this species pupate on the undersides of the clods on the ground and especially among the fallen leaves. In collecting the adult forms with a sheet we found that more were to be had by disturbing the leaves and catching the emerging adults on the underside of the sheet, rather than jarring them from the trees. The pupz are 2 mm. in length and 1 mm. in width. The posterior ab- dominal segment has a very characteristic pair of appendages which are shown in the drawing. ‘There seems to be a marked difference in these supporters among the various forms already noticed. As has been stated they are known as the anal forks. The forks serve to hold the nymph in the skins of the larve. PoMoNA COLLEGE JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY 397 The entire body is thickly covered with stout spines, which are largest on the lateral margins of the abdominal segments. The color is the same as that of the leaves at first and gradually assumes the shade of the adult as it becomes transformed into that stage. Adult. (Fig. 135 D and Fig. 137 C). The following brief principal char- acters of this species are given by Casey as follows: “Black throughout, broadly oval, the legs piceous, each elytron with two transverse discal spots which are almost, or completely divided, each into two small pale spots, the outer of which are the more linear and oblique; punctures fine and close-set, the pubescence rather coarse, cinereous and con- spicuous but easily denuded. Length 1.8 mm., width 1.2 mm. Abdominal lines extending outward externally parallel to the edge of the segment and at a slight distance therefrom; prosternum relatively slightly wider between the coxe, flat and wholly devoid of carinz; genital or sixth ventral segment usually developed.” Jr. N. Y. Ent. Soc., Vol. VII, pp. 139, 155, 1899. The palpi and antenne (Fig. 137 a, b, d) are large and very hairy. The tarsi are well developed and covered with numberless hairs. The adults are very active, and difficult to find in the field. This form is liable to be confused with a native species Scymnus sordidus Horn, which is plentiful in Southern California and which also feeds upon the mealy bugs. The former is nearly black, with the brownish-red markings, while the latter appear reddish-brown throughout or even paler. I have not been able to find any economic treatment of this insect in entomological! literature, and am inclined to believe that it is of little im- portance as an enemy of the citrus mealy bug, though it may be an excellent predator on other insects. NOTES ON SOME APHIDID TAKEN IN PLACER COUNTY BY W. M. DAVIDSON During the month of August, 1910, I was at Penryn, in western Placer County, and was able to spend some time in observing and collecting plant lice in that region. Penryn is in the heart of the Placer County deciduous fruit district, but curiously enough I was unable to find any aphids on fruit trees, although there was abundant evidence—especially on plums and apples —of their presence earlier in the year. I suspect Aphis pomi De Geer, and Hyalopterus arundinis Fabr. were abundant in the spring. Several fruit growers affirmed that they had been numerous about leafing time. Doubtless Syrphus larvae—I observed a strong Syrphid fauna—and ladybird beetles had done their work. The flora of this region is that of the Sierra foothills. Among the trees most commonly met with are Pinus Sabiniana Dougl., Quercus lobata Née, Quercus wishizenti A. DC., Populus fremontii Wats., several species of Salix, and Alnus rhombifolia Nutt. Schizoneura querci Fitch A wooly Schizoneura on both leaves and twigs of Quercus wislizenii A. DC., the valley live oak. The species is abundant and is evidently the same as that found on Quercus agrifolia in the Santa Clara Valley. ‘The specimens agree fairly well with Fitch’s species, but this may be a different species. Lachnus dentatus Le Baron I found this insect on the narrow-leaved willow (Salix fluviatilis Nutt.). It is not common. Lachnus pini-radiatae Davidson This is a scarce species and occurs on the needles of Pinus Sabiniana Dougl. Pemphigus populimonilis Riley This and the next species were observed in abundance on Populus fremontii Wats. Pemphigus populitransversus Riley A late and apterous form in the galls. Chaitophorus viminalis Monell Abundant on Salix spp. I saw some trees which were blackened all over by fungi feeding on the honey-dew exuded by this insect. Chaitophorus nigrae Oestl(?) This is the same species that occurs in Santa Clara County, and which I listed as doubtful under Oestlund’s species in the Journal of Economic Entom- ology, Aug. 1910. I found no winged specimens. The apterous female PoMONA COLLEGE JOURNAL OF EN’TOMOLOGY 399 (vivipara) is dark brown with a median dorsal yellow line. It has the hairs and other characteristics of the genus Chaitophorus. On Salix spp. Chaitophorus populifoliae Fitch The specimens agree with Oestlund’s description of this species. Mr. J. J. Davis writes me that he is certain Oestlund’s specimens are not the same as those described by Fitch. Both alate and apterous viviparae occured com- monly on Populus fremontu Wats. Callipterus quercus Kalt This is the same insect that I listed under this name in the Journal of Economic Entomology Aug. 1910, p. 367. I cannot compare it satisfactorily with any native Callipterus, while it compares favorably with Buckton’s description of C. quercus. I have taken specimens of this insect in the Santa Clara valley on the under side of the leaves of Quercus lobata Nee, Q. cali- fornica Cooper, Q. douglasti H. and A., and on an imported English oak, Quercus robur (?). It seems to attack the last-named more severely than the others. On Q. lobata Nee, in Placer County. Aphis brassicae Linn On cabbages, uncommon. Aphis lutescens Monell This bright yellow insect was observed in abundance on the stalks and hoods of Asclepias mexicana Cav. Siphocoryne conii Davidson The Placer County specimens are identical with those taken at Palo Alto on Contum maculatum L,. and described by me in the Journal of Economic Entomology, Aug. 1909. The insect is rare in Placer County. Its food- plant is an umbelliferous plant which I have been unable to identify. Rhopalosiphum dianthi Schrank Common on Sonchus oleraceus 1, In the Santa Clara valley both this species and Macrosiphum sonchella Monell are found commonly on sow- thistle, sometimes together on the same specimen of food plant, but in Placer County I failed to find the latter species although I examined considerable numbers of the food-plant. Macrosiphum californicum Clarke Common on the tips of willow shoots where they cause the shoot to curl. They prefer the young stem growth to the leaves. Macrosiphum rosae Ream Fairly common on cultivated roses. APHIDIDAZ OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA V BY E. O. ESSIG Aphis rudbeckiae Fitch Winged Viviparous Female. (Fig. 138). Length, 2.25 mm., width, 1 mm., wing expansion, 9.5 mm. Prevailing color—Wine red with margins of abdo- men, thorax and head darker. Head—Narrower than thorax, dark reddish- brown, shining. Hyes—Dark with typical terete tubercles. Antennae (Fig. 140 A) arise from slight frontal tubercles, longer than the body, tapering, dark in color, slightly hairy—6-articled (7 according to older classification) ; I 0.188 mm., II 0.094 mm., III 1.05 mm., IV 0.76 mm., V 0.68 mm., VI 1.218 Figure 138. Aphis rudbeckiae, winged viviparous female. mm, (VI 0.188 mm. and VII 1.03 mm.). The sensoria are of various shapes, round and scattered, abundantly on article III, one on article V, and several in the nail-like process on article VI. Prothorax—Same color as head, without lateral tubercle, narrower than mesothorax. Rostrum—Reaches to first abdominal segment, dark at tip, stout. Abdomen—Dark red at margins, shiny, round and wider than thorax. Cornicles—Black, cylindrical, 0.85 mm. in length. Wide at mouth end. Legs—Long and slender, slightly hairy, dark at joints. (At the union of the femur and tibia, at the distal and of tibia, all of the tarsi and claws.) Wings—Hyaline, typical aphis form. (See cut.) Primary—Length 4 mm., width, 1.5 mm. Costal and sub-costal veins wide Pomona CoLLEGE JoURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY 401 and dark. Stigma long and as dark as costal veins. Other veins slender and brown. Secondary—Length, 2.5 mm., width, 0.7 mm. Style—Dark, longer than half the length of the cornicles. Apterous Viviparous Female. (Fig. 139.) Length, 2.5 mm., width, 1.5 mm. Prevailing color—Wine-red, maroon, to a dark reddish brown, throughout the body proper. Shiny. Antennae—Slightly shorter than those of the i Figure 140. A, antenna of winged viviparous female; B, antenna of apterous viviparous female of Aphis rudbeckiae; C, antenna of winged viviparous female; D, antenna of apterous viviparous female, of Aphis lutescens, 402 Pomona COLLEGE JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY winged form (Fig. 140 B); I 0.156 mm., II 0.65 mm., III 1.01 mm., IV 0.65 mm., V 0.506 mm., VI 1.175 mm., (VI 0.165 and VII 1.01 mm.). Slightly hairy. Cornicles—Dark, length, 1.5 mm. Rostrum reaches mesothoracic coxe. Collected by the author from Ambrosia psilostachya and Baccharis viminea. Aphis lutescens Monell Winged Viviparous Female. (Fig. 141 A.) Length, 1.75 mm., width, 1 mm., wing expansion, 7.7 mm. Prevatling color—Lemon yellow, with dark thorax and other dark markings as below described. Head—Narrower than thorax, Figure 141. Aphis lutescens: A, Winged viviparous female; B, apterous viviparous female. light yellow in color. Eyes—Dark, small. Antennae (Fig. 140 C)—Shorter than the body, pilose. Lengths of articles are as follows: I 0.063 mm., II 0.045 mm., III 0.376 mm., TV 0.25 mm., V 0.188 mm., VI 0.47 mm. (VI 0.094 and VII 0.376 mm.). There is a row of large circular sensoria on article III, one on article V near the distal end, and several in the nail-like process of article VI. ‘There are few hairs on the articles. Prothorax with a small lateral tubercle. Posterior half dusky in color. Rostrum—Reaches beyond the metathoracic coxe. Dark at the tip. Abdomen—Smooth, bright yellow, with margins spotted black as shown in drawing. Large black blotches around the bases of the cornicles, one blotch between these blotches, one behind this and a dark style. ‘Three dark spots on dorsal surface of abdo- men in front of the cornicles. Hairs on margins. Thorax—Dark. Cornicles— Cylindrical, dark, more than twice as long as the tarsus. Legs—Normal. Dusky at the union of the femur and tibia, at the union of the tibia and tarsus, the tarsus and also the claws. Slightly hairy. Wings—Normal as shown in the cut. Veins yellowish brown as is also the long and narrow stigma. Primary wings—Length, 3.75 mm., width, 1 mm. Secondary wings —Length 1.8 mm., width, 0.4 mm. Style—About half as long as the cornicles, dark, hairy. Apterous Viviparous Female. (Fig. 141 B). Length, 2 mm., width, 1.2 mm. Prevailing color—Bright lemon-yellow throughout. Antennae—Resembles PoMONA COLLEGE JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY 403 those of the winged form without the sensoria. The articles are somewhat variable in length; I 0.095 mm., II 0.071 mm., III 0.438 mm., [V 0.188 mm., V 0.2 mm., VI 0.469 mm. (VI 0.094 mm., VII 0.375 mm.). The head and thorax are yellow. The abdomen is very smooth and beautifully rounded and tapered as shown in the cut. Cornicles—Dark, usually extend outwardly at right angles to the body axis. Style—Dark. Other characters same as in winged form. This insect was very abundant this year feeding upon the small Milkweed, Asclepias mexicana, in all parts of Southern California. It is preyed upon by the larve of Syrphus sp., Chrysopa sp., Coccinella californicus, Hippodamia convergens, and by internal parasites. NOTES ON COCCIDE VI BY FE. O. ESSIG Eulecanium pruinosum Coquillett (Frosted Scale) Adult Female (See Fig. 142). The scale body varies in color from a pale to a dark reddish-brown. It is often covered with a fine coating of white, powdery wax, which gives it a grayish appearance. This wax does not always appear on the scale, and wherever it does appear it is worn off with age. Figure 142. Eulecanium pruinosum. The scale proper is slightly longer than broad, very convex, with irregu- lar surface. Length, 7 mm., width, 5 mm. The antenna is large at the base, 7-articled, with formula as follows: (3, 4, 7) (1, 2), 5, 6. The apical article is provided with a style at one side of the marginal-tip. Concerning the resemblance of this species to the European fruit scale, Lecanium corni (Bouche), J. G. Sanders, of the Bureau of Entomology, Washington, D. C., writes: “Its (frosted scale) general appearance is like a very large L. corni, very convex, dark reddish brown, variously pitted and grooved; the 7-jointed PoMoNA COLLEGE JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY 405 antenne and the legs and other characters are quite similar to corni, but the derm pores furnish the most evident character for the species * ™* ~* * The pores are small, clearly defined, and regularly arranged, but they do not show a tendency to arrange themselves in broken rows perpendicular to the margin as in L. corni.”’ Ec. Jr. Ent. Vol. II, p. 442. Eggs—Are ovoid in shape, yellowish-white in color, and are deposited be- neath the female scale in great numbers. Larvae.—Pale green or yellow in color, with many ridges running across the main axis of the body and one ridge running on the dorsal median axis. There are two characteristic hairs or spines on the anal lobes (one on each) which are half as long as the body. Host Plants—This scale has become quite a pest in some localities. On the peach and apricot it may do as much damage as the fruit scale, while on some of the ornamental trees it is most serious. In California it has been found on Apricot, Peach, Plums, Prunes, Pears, Apples, Ash, Locust, English Walnut, Grape, Rose, Osage Orange, Birch, and various deciduous ornamental trees. Habitat—It is the present belief that this insect is a native of Mexico and was introduced to its present localities on imported plants. It is not known outside of North America. Its present distribution is as follows: California (all parts of the State), New Mexico, Arizona, Mexico, New York, Massachusetts, Canada. Remedies.—The first work was done on this pest, in Los Angeles, during the year 1888, by D. W. Coquillett, who used the Resin Spray with good results. FORMULA FOR RESIN SPRAY USED BY COQUILLETT IRS eee Seva cpzene ese epl tn ase or aloe ee Re oe RR 30 Ibs. Wasi GrSOMale C/U Gy) eee net Re wee Oe aces ishmoil, 2.2 eo Wfattereton ticle: noes ree ream eee ee et 100 gallons of spray. As is well known this spray is very effectual against many of the coccids and was early used as a remedy for all scale insects by the State Board of Horticulture of this state. It is, however, somewhat difficult to mix and quite expensive. In my work on Lecaniums I have found the carbolic acid emulsion to be very effective. It is easy to make and inexpensive. ‘The formula for mixing is as follows: Wihalegoilt sod pices enn een ee eee eee eee 40 lbs. Crudercatbolicyacicl iiss. Rees he eee ee lh 5 gals. Winters top imincks: 0 sntte ee hhee eee aha ee ARO ee ee 40 gals. For use dilute 1 to 20 or if there is a very bad infestation dilute 1 to 15 of water. : , First heat the 40 gallons of water in a large iron kettle over a steady fire. Dissolve the 40 pounds of soap in the hot water. After it is thoroughly dissolved, add the 5 gallons of carbolic acid. Let cook for five or ten minutes and stir thoroughly. The resulting stock solution will be ready for use 406 PoMONA COLLEGE JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY and will keep for a long time. The spray resulting from diluting the stock solution is a perfect emulsion and needs no agitating while being applied. For this reason it is a splendid wash for greenhouses and gardens, where the applications of any insecticide must be made with a hand pump. Lepidosaphes gloverii Packard (Long or Glover’s Scale) There is liable to be some confusion in the minds of some of the fruit growers concerning the purple and long scales. ‘They resemble each other to a remarkable degree to the untrained eye, but if the differences are pointed out there can be no mistake regarding either. The following note is aimed to give a description of the long scale such as shall familiarize all with it, as well as a short history of its distribution. Figure 143, A, Lepidosaphes gloverii; B, Orthezia artemisiae. DESCRIPTION “The long scale is of a more linear shape (Fig. 143 A) than the purple scale, with which it is often associated. The outline of the body is not so often curved as is that of the purple scale. Female—The female scale is brownish, about .11 of an inch (3 mm.) in length, and less than one-fourth as wide. When crowded the scales adjust themselves to their surroundings by taking all sorts of shapes, and many will be dwarfed and malformed almost beyond recognition, except by micro- scopic examination. The young insects themselves are of a translucent waxy- PoMoNA COLLEGE JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY 407 white, with the outer edge of the last joint yellowish. As they grow older, they incline to purple, which becomes deeper as the insect increases m age. The adult female is about .05 of an inch (1.3 mm.) in length. The sucking proboscis is longer than the body. (See Fig. 144 D.) Male—The scale of the male is smaller than that of the female, about .04 of an inch (1 mm.) in length, and usually straight. The color varies from shades of brown to yellow when young, becoming darker with age, and reach- ing a dark brown in the older females. Generally speaking, densely clustered colonies, including both sexes, have a reddish hue. ‘The male insect is a minute, two-winged fly, .01 of an inch in length. Its body is pale pink in color, and about one-fourth as wide as long. ‘The eggs are elongate oval in shape, passing from a light to a purple color before hatching.” H. A. Gossard, Fla. Agrcl. Exp. Sta. Bull. No. 51, 1900, pp. 112-113. Figure 144. Details of Coccidae: A, leg; B, antenna of female of Orthezia artemisiae; C, pygidium; D, body out- line of female of Lepidosaphes gloverii. LIFE HISTORY “Development of the Insect and Formation of the Scale—Our observations show that the development of Glover’s Scale, is, up to certain point, almost parallel with that of M. citricola (purple scale), and that its failure at that point may be abnormal will be seen from the following: March 27, eggs under observation began to hatch. The young larve are purplish, with the front of the head and the margin of the body yellowish. Most of them settle almost immediately, and at two days the cottony secretion has covered one-half of the insect. At four days it reaches beyond the eyes, and the larva itself seemed to be more elongated, with the joints more dis- tinct. At six days most of them were entirely covered, with the excretion ex- 408 Pomona CoLLEcE JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY tending like two horns at each side of the head. With some there were only two or three transverse constrictions of the covering, giving them a very peculiar appearance. At seven days the future dentate appearance of the abdomen could already be detected through the skin and at eleven, several presented every appearance of a speedy moult, having pushed themselves forward from the covering. They remained in this state, however, without marked change, except that some secreted a tuft of waxy threads, which rose erect for two or three times the length of the scale. For twelve days more before shedding their first skin, which was done at the age of 23 days. The moult was performed in precisely the same manner as with citricola. Immediately after the moult the whitish permanent scale began to form. At thirty-two days one could begin to distinguish the legs and antenne of the future pupz in the males. At forty-four days the first female was observed to have cast its second skin; the color after the moult is white, with the anal segments and the middle of the body yellowish. About the same time the males become pupz, and at 45 days the first adult male was found. From this time up to the age of 102 days the female scales were watched daily, but no eggs were observed. At this age all either died or were mounted, so the age at which the eggs are deposited has not been determined. It may be that the non-development in this case was due to the fact that the females had not been fertilized.” Rept. Calif. Bd. Hort. 1895, pp. 183-184. “It apparently requires a great deal of moisture to thrive well, and hence is especially apt to be abundant on oranges or other plants grown in con- servatories, and this also accounts, doubtless, for its greater multiplication and injury in Florida than on the Pacific Coast. It has from three to four distinctly defined generations in a year. Breeding continues practically tnrougnout the season, the periods of growth being somewhat slower in the cooler rainy season of winter than in the summer. According to Hubbard, there are three periods in Florida when the young are especially abundant, marking in a rough way the appearance of the main broods, namely, March and April, in June and July, and in September and October; the fourth irregular brood, occurring in January or February.” C. L. Marlatt, Yearbook Dept. Agret. 1900, pp. 265-266. REMEDIES This insect is handled the same as purple, red, or yellow scale, viz., fumi- gated with the regular Purple Scale Dosage No. 1 originated by R. S. Woglum. Like these scales it may be handled at any period of the year, but the common practice is to fumigate at the season when the black scale may also be killed at the same time—from September Ist to January Ist. Host Plants—Orange, Pritchardia filamentosa; Lemon, Magnolia fuscata; Pomelo, Lime. Eriococcus adenostomae Ehrh Adult Female. (Fig. 145)—Length 3 to 4 mm., width 1.5 to 2 mm. Body—Dull purple and enclosed in a white or cream-colored sac of finely Pomona CoLLEcE JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY 409 woven texture. ‘This covering is somewhat longer than the body and is marked with depressions as shown in the photograph. With age this sac may become quite dark, almost brown—the adult female body withered up and only the eggs remaining. The body proper is dark purple, as stated above, is rather broadly oval in shape, and becomes perfectly transparent after having been boiled in KOH. The antenne remain light brown and are usually 7-articled (Fig. 146 D). Article III is the longest. Often the articles of the antennz of the same individuals will be irregularly segmented, as is shown in the accompanying drawing (Fig. 146 C). The antenna C is 8- articled, while antenna D is normally 7-articled, with a faint sign of division on the 7th article. Out of a great number of specimens examined, I found that there were more individuals with 8 articles than with 7, although this may be out of the ordinary. ‘There are very few hairs on any of the articles Figure 145. Eriococcus adenostomae. excepting apical one. None of the adult forms, which were through egg- laying had any legs at all, so I am not able to.give the data concerning them. The ventral derm has two alternating rows or rather large round openings or glands from the spiracles to the pygidium. Pygidium (Fig. 146 B), with one large spine and two short stout spines on anal lobes, with several short spines on the inner margins. Anal ring scalloped, bearing 8 long spines. Pores or gland openings scattered over derm. ¢ Eggs—Wine-colored or light purple. Deposited in the sac at the posterior end in large numbers where they remain until hatched in the spring. Adult Male (Fig. 146 A).—Sac about half as long as that of the adult female and narrow. ‘The smallest scales in the photograph are the male cases. The coloring is the same as those of the female. 410 Pomona CoLLEGE JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY Adult—Very minute (0.7 mm. long) with large wings. Color—Wine or dark reddish purple, covered with fine, white, waxy powder to give it a grayish appearance. Antennae—Normally long and hairy. Eyes, dark purple. Legs, slender and hairy. Wings, hyaline with typical venation. ‘Thorax large with hairy prothorax and dark dorsal band between wing-bases. Abdomen narrow and segmented distinctly at margins. Anal filaments nearly as long as body, and snowy-white. There is usually a spine-like style at tip of abdomen. This is in two divisions, resembling an ovipositor. Figure 146. Eriococcus adenostomae: A, adult male; B, pygidium of female; C, 8-articled antenna of female; D, normal 7-articled antenna of female. I chanced upon a very thick infestation of this scale ig the mountains above Santa Paula at an altitude of some 2000 feet. Only ChAmiso (Adenos- toma fasciculatum) served as a host plant, although growing in the same localities were numerous other trees and shrubs. Undoubtedly the insect had been in this locality for some years, for old dead shrubs bore traces of the female sacs. The infestation, though thick, had not spread over an area of more than 100 feet in circumference, while the host plant covered PoMONA COLLEGE JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY 411 acres and even miles uninterruptedly. This is accounted for by the fact that the scale has two internal parasites which I have been able to hatch from them in considerable numbers. This beautiful species was first described by Mr. Edw. M. Ehrhorn in the Canadian Entomologist, Vol. XXX, p. 244 (1898). Mr. T. D. A. Cockerell also had an article on the same insect in the Can. Ent. Vol. XXX, p. 246 (1898). This insect (Fig. 145) was first sent to the writer by Roy K. Bishop, Horticultural Commissioner of Orange County. Since that time I have ob- tained it in the vicinity of Santa Paula. The long white egg sac makes it at once conspicuous and easy to detect. It occurs in great numbers on the California Sage (Artemisia californica) during the later summer months. That it never increases to any damaging numbers may be explained by the fact that it is parasitized by a dipterous in- sect which is an egg feeder. In some dozen mounted females I was able to obtain several of the puparia of the parasite, but was not fortunate enough to obtain the adult fly. THE PHALANGIDA OF CALIFORNIA BY NATHAN BANKS UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE The Phalangida, or Opiliones as they are called by some writers, constitute a very distinct order of the Arachnida. ‘The body is seen to be of two large parts broadly connected to each other; the anterior part is the cephalothorax, the posterior part is the abdomen. ‘The cephalothorax is of one piece above, but usually shows one or two incomplete transverse furrows or grooves. There is also a furrow along each side and it is considered that the part beyond Figure 147. Dorsal and ventral views of a Phalangid. A, Dorsal view: a, palpus; b, mandible; ¢c, lateral pore; d, eye tubercle; e, cepha- lothorax; f, abdomen. B, Ventral view: a, mandible; b, palpus; ce, maxilla; d, pedal lobe; e, coxa I; f, coxa II; g, coxa III; h, coxa IV; i, advancement of abdomen; k, spiracle; 1, 2nd ventral segment; m, 3rd ventral segment; n, 4th ventral segment; o, 5th ventral segment; p, 6th ventral segment; s, anal plate. the furrow is the pleura. On this pleural portion near the anterior end is a small somewhat circular depression with a membranous bottom, this is the lateral pore. On the middle line of the cephalothorax and toward the anterior margin is a small rounded elevation with a simple eye on each lateral face, this is the eye-tubercle or eye-eminence. The abdomen is quite broad, never slender, and never depressed; usually quite convex above. Abdomen is considered to consist of eight segments, but in many forms the basal and median ones are poorly defined on the dorsum; on the venter there are usually six distinct segments. The underside of the cephalothorax is occupied by the cox, and by a median piece similar to and often called the PomMoNA COLLEGE JOURNAL oF ENTOMOLOGY 413 sternum. It is, however, something quite different; it is the basal ventral segments of the abdomen pushed forward over the bases of the coxe. It carries with it the opening of the genital organs, which thus in certain forms appear to issue close to the mouth. This advancement of the abdomen is so pronounced in many of our common forms that the coxe are crowded at the base, and so appear to radiate from a central point. Legs are usually long and slender, they consist of a basal joint, the coxa, almost wholly attached to the venter, a small trochanter, a long femur, a short patella, a long tibia, a long metatarsus, and a fairly long tarsus, more or less broken up into several articles. The metatarsi and the tibiz are oft times divided by what are termed false-articulations. The tarsus ends in one or two claws. In front of the first pair of legs are the palpi, which are of five joints, coxa, femur, patella, tibia, and tarsus, the latter often ends in a claw, and the femora sometimes bear spines. Between the palpi are the mandibles, falces, or chelicerz ; they consist of a large basal joint, or paturon, and an apical chelate claw. Male usually has the body either shorter or else more slender than the female, in some cases the male has the tarsus of the palpus more curved than in the female, and in others the male palpi are greatly enlarged. As a rule, the male has longer and more slenger legs than the female. In a few cases the male has the hind coxe enlarged; in many species the males are more spinose than the females. The Phalangida are commonly called ‘“harvest-men,” “erandfather greybeards,” or ‘“‘daddy-long-legs.” ‘They spin no web, and make no retreat or place of concealment. Usually they move slowly, but some can run rather rapidly; a few, when disturbed, feign death. They commonly feed on living insects which they capture with their jaws, or with the palpi. They appear to have few enemies, and their long legs and often hard and spiny body make them rather undesirable food for birds. Sometimes one finds a species of mite attached to their legs. When handied, they often exude from near the coxz, a whitish fluid, which in some cases has a dis- agreeable odor. The eggs are deposited in the fall or early spring, in crevices of the soil, or in wet or decayed wood. The young, on hatching, are in general similar to the adults, but often present differences in the palpi. Prob- ably all of them have but one generation a year. Phalangids are widely distributed; in the tropics are great numbers of curious species, while others live on the storm-swept peaks of high mountains. Several have been taken in caves; some of these cave forms also occur outside of caves, but in dark situations. The species do not vary much in appearance; in some of the mountain loving forms the colors vary from dark to light; in some species that have a long north and south range, the northern specimens have much shorter legs, and a less spinose body than specimens from the southern localities. There are probably about 100 species in the United States; 20 species are known from California. These belong to 16 genera that may be distinguished by the following synoptic table: 414 PoMONA COLLEGE JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY 1. First ventral segment of abdomen not extending in front of the hind coxz; hind tarsus with two claws or a compound claw at tip; palpus with the tibia and tarsus depressed; hind legs usually the Lenn St eke See eee ee ee Ae ee eee a ee First central segment of abdomen extends much in front of the hind coxz; each tarsus with but one simple claw; palpus with tibia and tarsus cylindrical; second pair of legs the longest... 5 2. Hind coxz wholly united to the venter, spiracles distinct...............Cynorta Find coxce ireevateapexsy spiracles ODSCUiesss: anne ee eee ee 3 35) Lworsuplerclawsstoweact iunind stevie 115s een ee en 4 A forked claw on each hind tarsus; palpus not as long as body SN SO Rie ar ea Nea eee ae eee eee ae Sclerobunus Figure 148. Head details of Phalangida: A, Eye tubercle of Ortholasma pictipes; B, head and claw of Sitalcina californica; C, head of Ortholasma rugosa. 4. Eye-tubercle arising from the anterior margin of the cephalothorax; Pali, SO shetty cit Ble Ty CCl y seco eee eee eee eee eee Sitalcina. Eye-tubercle arising some distance back from the anterior margin of the cephalothorax; palpi longer than the body............... Scotolemon. 5. Last joint of palpus with a claw at the end, this joint usually longer (Haveli GudaVeS FopeCekeleCab have yfoyh ght ae Ee Ee 10 Last joint of palpus without a claw at tip, this joint much shorter tina =the spre ceed try cy yy otra een see ee eee a ee 6 6. Palpi very short, concealed under a projection of the eye-tubercle........ 9 Palpi long and prominent 7 7. Mandibles longer than body, projecting forward Miandiblesishoster, mvc lo dl y, geese aac ra re eee 8 8. Fourth joint of palpus much thickened 2... Phlegmacera. Rourthy joint of palpusinotithickened == .ees een Nemastoma. 9. Eye-tubercle with a broadly spatulate projection; two spines each side on the anterior margin of cephalothorax.. en Ortholasma. Eye-tubercle with branched projection, a single and club-like spine each side on the anterior margin of cephalothorax.......endrolasma. Pomona COLLEGE JOURNAL oF ENTOMOLOGY 415 10. Male with the palpus much enlarged and the last joint a little shorter than the preceding joint; female with patella of palpus branched; palpal claw smooth; a row of teeth on each side of coxz..Protolophus. Last joint of palpus longer than the preceding joint; patella without AA DDSI Dip escape eg tee ee pl 11. Coxae II much shorter at base than I or III; femora and tibia | nie TB TOU gall chins el ime emer ee rent eae tee ree ee 12 Coxe II reaching as far down as base as I or III; femora and tibiagleand illienotientancedteness ==. eee A ee 13 iZeEyve-tubercle spinoses less = wminarkecie = qeee eee. Globipes. Bye-tubercle smooth, legsybandeds =e ee Eurybunus. 13. A group of spinules on the anterior margin of the cephalothorax; legs SREEMITOXSS OSH UR chee etd eR PPR eee ee ey No such spinules ........ o ee I 14. Palpal claw denticulate; a Neat “ouine at pace oF apne Thane ih Gee very long and slender, in adult with teeth along edge of some of [el CLO gh cee ka arse Mr Deck cnet ee RE Liobunum. Iealkoe ll Clay Siamvorol me Ieveas) UWI; SIONS Eee eee eee 15 15. Legs slender; femur I longer than width of the body........... enn tara: Legs shorter, femur I not as long as the width of the body Cp I et ge tue Pee eee a ee Lepiovunus: Cynorta Of this genus there is but one species known from California. Cynorta bimaculata Bks. This is a very hard-bodied form, yellow-brown in color, with two large, pale yellow spots on the dorsum of abdomen; there are no spines or tubercles on the dorsum (Eastern species have two spines or tubercles). It is only known from San Diego. Sitalcina n. gen. But one species described from California. Sitalces californica Bks. Color pale yellowish, legs whitish toward the tips. Eye-tubercle large, on the anterior margin of the cephalothorax, roughened and granulate. Dorsum of abdomen finely granulate, and with six transverse rows of larger granules. Third joint of palpus with two projections above and one below; fourth joint with two projections below, several small ones above; fifth joint with two projections below. Length 2 to 3mm. From Marin County, and Mt. Shasta. Sclerobunus Two species occur on the West Coast, one not yet recorded from California, but will doubtless occur in the northern part of that state. Pe Golomiteds tips ot Wess black, 32. ee robustus. Color-brown, tips of legs yellowiSly ccecceccccccceccecemceeeeteeecreeseseteene DPUNNEUS. 416 PoMONA COLLEGE JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY Sclerobunus robustus Packard The anterior femora have three or four little tubercles, each tipped with a stiff hair; each of the four posterior claws have one large projection each side; the male has the second joint of palpus more gibbous than in the female. Length 3 to 4 mm. Known from Mt. Shasta region, also Washington and Colorado. Sclerobunus brunneus Bks. Dorsum and legs have many little tubercles, each tipped with a stiff hair; each of the four posterior claws have two curved projections each side; second joint of palpus not as large as in S. robustus. Length 2mm. From Wash- ington. Scotolemon The species of this genus often live in caves, and such is the habitat of the one known Californian species. Scotolemon californica Bks. No eyes, eye-tubercle not prolonged into a spine. Pale yellowish, dorsum of abdomen rather darker. Dorsum with small pointed granules, those on the abdomen arranged in transverse rows; venter and coxe with similar granules, often tipped with a hair. Palpi large and stout, the joints with pointed processes; legs slender, finely granulate. J,ength 1.8 mm. From Alabaster Cave, Calif. Taracus Two species are known from California. 1. Body with many small projections, each tipped with a hair........... Spinosus. Body s without hait-beanne™ proj eCtion sans == essa eenen eee pallipes. Taracus spinosus Bks. Pale yellowish, claws of mandibles reddish-brown; cephalothorax smooth ; just behind the eye-tubercle is a median spine flanked each side by an oblique row of tubercles. Dorsum and venter of abdomen closely covered with pro- jections, each with a stiff black hair at tip, those on dorsum are curved. From Southern California. Taracus pallipes Bks. Rather brownish above, mandibles dark ; cephalothorax and abdomen smooth, without projections, the spine behind the eye-tubercle is not flanked each side by a row of tubercles. From Mt. Shasta, Calif., and also in Washington (Olympia). (Fig. 149.) Phlegmacera This genus is readily known by the swollen joints of the palpi, the last joint being very small; one species has been taken in California. Pomona COLLEGE JouRNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY 417 Phlegmacera occidentalis Bks. This is pale in color, with a large brown spot on the cephalothorax and over the base of the abdomen; legs are brownish, with white marks on base and tip of femora, tips of patelle and tibia, and fainter ones on metatarsi and tarsi. There is a pair of erect spines on base of abdomen, and in the male the basal joint of the mandibles is prolonged upward. From Santa Clara County, Calif., and also Washington. Nemastoma One species of these tiny Phalangids occurs in California; the palpi are slender throughout. Figure 149. Taracus pallipes. Nemastoma modesta Bks. Dorsum brown to red-brown; legs pale. From the broad, low eye-tubercle there extends obliquely backward a row of tubercles with flat tops broader than the base, on the base of abdomen is a transverse row connecting the rows from the eye-tubercle; on dorsum of abdomen are four small submedian white spines or processes; legs and palpi finely hairy. Mt. Shasta, Claremont, and Santa Clara County. Ortholasma Two species are found in California: 1. Process of eye-tubercle with six or more openings each side; femora and tibiz not banded Process of eye-tubercle with about 4 or 5 openings each side; REMOnar an Cmtl Dice aD arid CCl seeeeese. emer ee eee ens oer eee pictipes. rugosa. Ortholasma pictipes n. sp. Body brownish, a faint median pale stripe on abdomen; the process of eye-tubercle whitish; legs dark, two bands on femora and tibiz (except leg II), one near middle, one near tip; leg I] with band on femora toward tip, tibia mostly pale; eye-tubercle with only four or five openings each side, and the spikes projecting beyond the connecting rim; two spine-like processes each side on front of cephalothorax ; cephalothorax roughened mostly in two curved 418 Pomona CoLLEcE JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY rows behind, and on lateral edge; abdomen with connecting ridges, which form five longitudinal rows of areas, from the connections of the median row there are slight tubercles; around hind border is a row of rather clavate tubercles, and the posterior slope of abdomen is transversely roughened, legs roughened, the trochanters not so much as in O. rugosa; large processes at tip of coxze III and IV as in O. rugosa; venter also roughened as in O. rugosa. From Humboldt County, Calif., June 24, and Mt. Wilson, Sept. (Bradley) kindly given me by Prof. J. H. Comstock. Ortholasma rugosa Bks. Cephalothorax with a pair of spines on each side of anterior margin; pro- jection of eye-tubercle spatulate; dorsal surface with intersecting ridges which give rise to tubercles and processes; on the posterior margin is a row of simple spines, the larger ones near the middle; the coxze and trochanters roughened. Common in Southern Calif., Claremont; San Diego, Los Angeles, and Alameda Counties. Dendrolasma But one species is described. Figure 150. Dendrolasma mirabilis. Dendrolasma mirabilis Bks. Cephalothorax has a single clavate process each side on anterior margin; projection of eye-tubercle is branched; the dorsum has intersecting lines rorm- ing a definite pattern; on posterior margin is a row of clavate processes, each with a slight basal projection on each side; coxe and trochanters roughened, on coxe I and II at tip is a connected row of tubercles, and on coxz II one of these tubercles is greatly enlarged. From Coulterville, Mariposa County ; also Washington. (Fig. 150). Pomona CoLLeck JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY 419 Protolophus. Two species are known from California; the P. tuberculatus very much more common than the other. eeeeAbdomiunaltuberclest cima tre cere cee tuberculatus. Abdominal tubercles with a few apical spimes..ccecennnnnndt MQUlaris. Protolophus tuberculatus Bks. Gray to brownish, more or less mottled with brown; abdomen often red- brown, with a broad median dark stripe or vase-mark; coxze brownish, tro- chanters yellowish, rest of legs reddish or yellowish brown. Specimens come from Marin County, Santa Clara County, Los Angeles, Claremont, Haywards, Santa Catalina Island, and Santa Rosa Island. (Fig. 151.) Figure 151. Protolophus tuberculatus. Protolophus singularis Bks. Abdominal tubercles have from two to four spines; the anterior margin of cephalothorax is more spinose, and the palpi are more enlarged in the male, the second pair of legs more slender. From near San Diego. Eurybunus The legs are short, the femora and tibia of legs I and III thickened. Two species are described from California. ie body, smooth leo: NV) nearly as) lonosas) We brunneus. Body with transverse rows of spinules; leg 1V much shorter than II .. Spinosis. Eurybunus brunneus Bks. Dorsum brown, margin of abdomen narrowly white, coxe, trochanters, and part of femora yellowish, a band near tip, femora brown, the extreme tip whitish; base of patella brown, tip white; middle of tibia brown, base and tip white; same with the metatarsus; tarsi brownish; palpi and mandibles yellowish. Southern California. Eurybunus spinosus Bks. Grayish brown above, a black mark on each side of base of abdomen; femora I and III brown, with a pale ring on middle; tibiz I and III brown, mottled with pale; femora and tibie I] and IV whitish, with irregular brown 420 PoMONA COLLEGE JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY spots; all metatarsi pale; tarsi ringed with brown at the false articulations ; palpi pale, spotted with brown, black at tip. Los Angeles, Calif. Globipes But one species is known. Globipes spinulatus Bks. Reddish brown, dorsum somewhat mottled with brown, base of legs yellow- ish, rest reddish; cephalothorax and abdomen smooth; eye-tubercle low and with few spinules above; femur IL longer than the body, and more than twice as long as femur I. From Southern California. Leuronychus Two species are known. ee eAG DrowwnEconsall ts tiie messes ener emmere sent ene, See eer pacificus. INO dorsal Ms tietp eet ne ene oe eee ect et eee i parvulus. Leuronychus pacificus Bks. Whitish to grayish, with a broad median brown stripe; the patelle of legs brown, lineate with white; trochanters brown; spinules on venter and coxe. From Olympic, Wash., and Mt. Shasta, Calif. Leuronychus parvulus Bks. No stripe on dorsum, but a spot on abdomen in form of a Greek cross; patellze not lineate with white; trochanters pale; only stiff black hairs on venter and coxe. From Olympia, Wash., probably occurs in northern California. Leptobunus But one species known from California. Leptobunus californicus Bks. Whitish above, mottled with brown and black, the vase mark indefinite; femur I shorter than the body, tips of coxz pale, tibia I with two dark bands; apical brown rings on other joints, palpi not lineate with brown. Southern California., Los Angeles. Another species, 1. borealis, is known from Alaska ; it has the tips of coxe dark, one band on tibia I, and the palpi lineate with brown. Nitopus One species is recorded from California. Nitopus californicus Bks. Grayish above, indistinctly mottled with white and brown; femora and tibize with brown bands near base and tip; tibia II is much longer than metatarsus II, one false articulation in metatarsus I. From Los Angeles. Another species N. dorsalis, with a white median stripe, is known from Alaska; the tibia IJ is not longer than metatarsus II, and there is no false articulation in metatarsus I. Pomona CoLiecr JouURNAL oF ENTOMOLOGY 421 Liobunum To this genus belongs the excessively long-legged forms. Many species are known from the eastern United States, and from Europe, but only two are so far recorded from the West Coast, one of these, however, is very common. 1. Two large yellow spots over the junction of the cephalothorax and Gl pyaaSantcy ol amet cherie = o-oo a ee Meets tease ate peaeeten eee ee peeee ee ee See bimaculatum. No large yellow spots on junction of the cephalothorax and abdomen Se a ac sista cnbirensaie extlipes. Liobunum exilipes Wood Adult males are dark brown, with some scattered small pale spots, a larger pale spot in front of the eye-tubercle, and the palpus, except the tarsus, is black. The female is paler, and, when mature, shows a dark vase mark on the dorsum. Young are pale, mottled with brown and black. In both sexes the trochanters are darker than the cox, and the tips of the femora and tibiz are more or less distinctly paler than the rest of the joint. Specimens have been examined from Mt. Shasta, Santa Clara County, Los Angeles, Clare- mont, Santa Rosa Island, and it also occurs in Washington State. iageuan bimaculatum Bks. This species has still longer legs than L. exilipes; it is dark brown in color, with two prominent yellow spots, and the trochanters are no darker than the coxee. I have seen it only from near San Diego. AMERICAN PSYLLID& III (Triozinz) BY D. L. CRAWFORD The following descriptions complete the study of the Triozinae as based on the material now at hand. ‘The synopses which accompany the descriptions will supersede and replace the provisional synopsis as published in an earlier number of the JourNAL. Although there are several new genera and many new species here presented, yet there must be many more new forms in America still, and until these are studied thoroughly nothing in the nature of a monograph can be attempted. In the interest of science, therefore, it is hoped that all the material possible will be made available for study, for the furtherance of the knowledge of this important group of insects. The facial cones furnish striking and constant generic characters, as do also the pronotum and mesothorax. Undue emphasis, however, was at first put on the position and trend of the facial cones; this is of secondary importance, to be sure, but not a primary diagnostic character, since it separates synoptically the sexes of a species, as occurred in 7. tripunctata (Fitch) Riley. A striking variation occurs in the form of the pronotum. In the genus Allotrioza the pronotum is relatively very long and extending on its dorsal surface from the anterior margin of the dorsulum to the posterior margin of the vertex. In all or most of the other Tvriozinae the pronotum is relatively shorter and is partially concealed by descending behind the posterior margin of the vertex, and does not attain posteriorly to the surface of the dorsulum; this has been spoken of as the pronotum depressed below the dorsulum and head. ‘The dorsulum in the latter case is usually roundly pointed cephalad, and of rather a spherical-triangular shape. Very good diagnostic characters lie in the genitalia of the male, but since often only the female is represented in the collections, these characters can not well be used. In the preliminary study the term anal projection was suggested for the dorsal portion of the male genitalia. The term anal valve is more suitable and will be used hereafter. The lateral view of the anal valve is very important and should always be represented by a good clear figure. Of the female genitalia three general types are easily recognizable: the short, the long, and the extremely long and slender. ‘The first is, typical in the species Trioza salicis, the second in T. quadripunctata, and the third in T. longistylus. The veins of the forewings are nearly always set with fine microscopic hairs at regular intervals, but with very few exceptions these sete are visible only under very high power; occasionally, however, as in 7. mexicana, they are more conspicuous and easily visible under a low power of magnification. In many forms the wing membrane is covered with punctural dots but these are not visible except under the high power; in a few species these are very conspicuous, giving a fulvous, smoky appearance to the wing. Pomona CoLLecE JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY 423 Synopsis of the Genera of Triozinae A. Radius longer than basal portion of subcosta. B. Facial cones (as cones) entirely wanting or sub-obsolete. C. Vertex very deeply emarginate anteriorly at median suture, with the antennzee attached to the projecting rostra. Facial cones entirely wanting. D. Bi-rostrate appearance of head very marked; emargination very deep. Third antennal segment not very thick midway, sometimes some- what enlarged. Rhinopsylla Riley DD. Bi-rostrate appearance of head not so conspicuous, emargination deep but less than above. Third antennal segment very much en- larged and thickened midway, thicker than succeeding segments and almost as thick as preceding. Bactericera Puton. CC. Vertex not deeply emarginate anteriorly, without the peculiar bi- rostrate appearance. Facial cones sub-obsolete, with merely globose projections at insertion of antenne. Epitrioza Crawford. BB. Facial cones (as cones) not entirely wanting. C. Pronotum long, quite flat, not depressed below dorsulum and head ; dorsulum not strongly arched. Allotrioza Crawford. CC. Pronotum short, arched and distinctly descending cephalad; distinctly depressed below dorsulum and head; dorsulum quite strongly arched. D. Facial cones exceedingly short and small, scarcely projecting beyond vertex; labrum easily visible from in front; antenne inserted on frons and base of facial cones; vertex distinctly raised plate-like, and usually conspicuously colored; margin of vertex colored differ- ently from discal portion. Anal valve of male genitalia bilo- bate; claspers not acute at apex. Paratrioza Crawford. DD. Facial cones at least moderately long, or not exceedingly short; labrum not visible from in front. E. Thorax broader than entire width of head including eyes. Facial cones normal, usually moderately long, rather acutely rounded apically, more or less divergent. Trioza Forster. (Petalolyma Scott) EE. ‘Thorax distinctly narrower than entire width of head including eyes. Facial cones long, very slender and acute, closely appressed and not divergent in the least. Neotrioza Crawford. AA. Radius shorter than basal portion of subcosta; discoidal portion of subcosta almost wanting. Ceropsylla Riley. General Revised Synopsis of the Genus Trioza A. Forewings not entirely hyaline; with more or less dark banding. B. Subcosta bordered with dark band; radius straight, shorter than second cubital; first furcal two-thirds as long as third; genital segment of female very short; anal valve of male obtriangular, with large posterior lobe. T. californica Crawi. 424 Pomona COLLEGE JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY BB. Both cubital veins and radius bordered with dark bands; marginal cells darkened; radius long, flexed midway; first and third furcals subequal; female genital segment quite long; anal valve of male ob- triangular, with large posterior lobe. T. tripunctata (Fitch) Riley. BBB. Hind margin darkened from tip of clavus to apex of wing and through both marginal cells; radius straight, rather short; female genital segment short; anal valve small, with a rectangular posterior lobe. T. marginata Crawf. AA. Forewings without stripes or bands, hyaline or slightly fulvous. B. Sete on veins of forewing conspicuous; membrane of wing with punctural dots. Facial cones large. Female genital segment long. Anal valve large, arcuately lobate posteriorly. C. Body large; wings quite fulvous; setze on veins prominent. T. mexicana Crawé. CC. Body rather small; wings but slightly fulvous; sete not prominent. T. mexicana minuta Crawf. BB. Sete on veins of forewings very inconspicuous or wanting; wing membrane with few or no punctural dots. C. Dorsum and vertex conspicuously pubescent. D. Pubescence long, quite dense. Vertex bulging; facial cones very short; pronotum short. Wings large; second marginal cell un- usually large. Female genital segment moderately long; anal valve of male almost as large as ventral plate and similar in shape, with a dorsal epiphysis. T. diospyri Ashmead. DD. Pubescence not long, somewhat pulverulent. Vertex flat; facial cones moderately long; pronotum quite long. Wings not large; marginal cells subequal. Female genital segment rather long; anal valve of male small. T. bakeri Crawf. CC. Dorsum and vertex not pubescent, or if so, very inconspicuously. D. Facial cones very short and broadly rounded apically, quite vertical. Female genital segment exceedingly long and acute. Pronotum quite long. E. Epimeron long, visibly as long as episternum. Cone into eye more than twice; labrum very large. Genital segment nearly one-fourth as long as rest of body. T. longistylus Crawf. EE. Epimeron concealed partially, visibly not as long as episternum. Cone into eye scarcely more than twice; labrum not large. F. Epimeron visibly half as long as episternum. Style-like process of female genital segment about as long as basal portion. T. collaris Crawf. FF. Epimeron visibly only about one-fourth as long as episternum. Facial cones extremely short. Style of female fully twice as long as basal portion of genital segment. T. proximata Crawf. PoMONA COLLEGE JOURNAL OF EN‘TOMOLOGY 42! u DD. Facial cones not very short, at least moderately acute apically. Female genital segment not extremely long and acute. Pronotum usually rather short. E. Wings very broadly rounded apically, without any angulation what- ever (7. longicornis is typical of a rounded wing; 7. similis and T. albifrons I consider slightly angulated) ; furcation of second cubital on or behind long axis of wing from base of subcosta to apex of wing. Facial cones long, divergent. F. Thorax and vertex quite conspicuously striped and banded with yellowish white on dark ground color. T. varians Crawf. FF. ‘Thorax and vertex not striped or banded. G. Facial cones quite horizontal, easily visible from above. Radius short, straight; fourth furcal one-half as long as second cubital. T. rotundipennis Crawf. GG. Facial cones subvertical, only slightly visible from above. Radius long, curved ; fourth furcal less than one-third as long as second cubital. T. longicornis Crawf. EE. Wings not very broadly rounded, as above; more or less angulated or acute apically ; furcation of second cubital usually in front of the long axis of wing. Facial cones not very long. F. Length of forewing distinctly less than 3 mm. Body very small. Facial cones short, subacute. G. Genital segment of female long, with a short, slender ovipositor sheath. Labrum small. Prcepimeron mostly concealed, visibly only half as long as episternum; forecoxz mostly visible. T. nicaraguensis Crawf. GG. Genital segment of female very short; dorsal plate very obtuse. Labrum relatively large. Proepimeron visibly as long as or longer than episternum; forecoxe mostly concealed. H. Facial cones straight and quite parallel on inner margin, scarcely divergent. T. minuta Crawf. HH. Facial cones not entirely straight, somewhat divergent. Body slightly larger. T. minuta similis Crawf. FF. Length of forewing fully 3 mm. or more. Body not unusually small. G. Radius short, straight, without a curve; subcosta nearly or fully as long as margin of radial cell. H. Hind margin of wing with four spots visible to unaided eye, one on margin of each marginal cell, one on cubital cell, and one on anal angle. Vertex glabrous. Proepimeron mostly visible. T. quadripunctata Crawf. HH. Hind margin without four easily visible spots; three usual marginal spots present. Vertex slightly pubescent. Prcepi- meron mostly concealed. 426 Pomona COLLEGE JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY I. Body brownish red to orange. Thorax quite strongly arched; notal pubescence very inconspicuous. T. frontalis Crawf. II. Body dark reddish brown. ‘Thorax less strongly arched; notal pubescence slightly more conspicuous. T. frontalis sulcata Crawf. GG. Radius quite long, not straight, curved more or less in distal half. Cubcosta distinctly shorter than margin of radial cell. H. Head, facial cones, and notum whitish; vertex bulging, with a short sulcate impression midway on each side of median suture. Female genital segment short; anal valve of male spatulate. T. albifrons Crawt. HH. Head, facial cones and notum not whitish, vertex usually more extensively impressed. I. Facial cones scarcely divergent; head usually black. J. Facial cones almost straight on inner margin, scarcely divergent throughout ; cone into eye 1. T. salicis Mally. JJ. Facial cones conical, but slightly divergent, not straight on inner margin as above. Cone into eye 14%. T. nigrifrons Crawf. II. Facial cones distinctly divergent, conical. Cone into eye 1 or less. Head usually orange colored. J. Vertex conspicuously bulging over insertion of antenne. Facial cones moderately long, and quite stout and divergent. Fe- male genital segment moderately long; anal valve of male ovoid. T. assimilis Crawi. JJ. Vertex not conspicuously bulging over insertion of antenneze. K. Wings slightly fulvous, not entirely clear. Vertex not deeply impressed. L. Wings quite conspicuously fulvous; somewhat rounded at apex. Proepisternum short and relatively broad. Vertex between eyes four times the width of eye. Anal valve of male small, simple. T. fulvida Crawf. LL. Wings inconspicuously fulvous; rather subacute at apex. Preepisternum long and relatively slender. Vertex three times width of eye. Anal valve large, with a posterior lobe. T. aurantiaca Crawf. KK. Wings not fulvous, perfectly clear. L. Vertex with a marked sulcate impression on each side of median suture. Facial cones slender, very divergent. Fe- male genital segment moderately long. M. Abdomen white ventrad. Facial cones very slender. T. similis Crawf. MM. Abdomen unicolored, ventrad and dorsad. Facial cones not so slender. T. similis fovealis Crawf. PomMoNA COLLEGE JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY 427 LL. Vertex without marked sulcate impression; usually with a shallow impression. Facial cones not very slender, quite divergent. M. Wings somewhat rounded at apex. Cone into eye less than 1. Anal valve of male small and simple. T. fulvida similis Crawf. MM. Wings subacute at apex. Cone into eye fully 1. Anal valve of male quite long with a posterior epiphysis. T. nigra Crawf. Synopsis of the Genus Trioza Based Principally on the Genitalia A. Female genital segment very short, scarcely longer than preceding ventral sclerite. B. Dorsal plate of female genitalia rhomboidal, not arched between apex and genital pore, nor on ventral surface. Wings very broadly rounded. C. Ventral plate of female triangular; without epiphysis at apex. Fourth furcal less than one-fourth as long as second cubital; radius long. Facial cones subvertical, long. T. longicornis Crawf. CC. Ventral plate of female rounded, with an acute epiphysis at apex. Fourth furcal about one-half as long as second cubital; radius rather short. D. Anal valve of male simple, converging toward apex, somewhat knobbed at tip. Facial cones almost horizontal, long. T. rotundipennis Crawf. DD. Anal valve of male not simple, with a moderately large posterior lobe. Facial cones subvertical, rather long. Head and thorax more or less striped and banded. T. varians Crawf. BB. Dorsal plate of female not rhomboidal, rounded on both upper and lower surfaces. Wings not very broadly rounded. C. Forewing with black or brown band. Radius straight, rather short. Anal valve of male with a posterior lobe. D. Subcosta bordered with conspicuous black band for entire length. T. californica Crawf. DD. Subcosta normal; hind margin with brown band from tip of clavus to apex of wing and through both marginal cells. T. margimata Crawf. CC. Forewings without bands or stripes. Radius usually curved. D. Facial cones scarcely divergent, rather short. E. Facial cones almost straight on inner margin, not conical. F. Body small; wings very small. Dorsal plate of female very obtuse at apex. G. Facial cones scarcely divergent, quite straight on inner margin. T. minuta Crawf. GG. Facial cones slightly divergent in apical half. Body slightly larger. T. minuta similis Crawf. 428 PomMoNA COLLEGE JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY FF. Body normally large; wings normal. Dorsal plate of female quite acute apically. T. salicis Mally. EE. Facial cones quite distinctly, conical in shape, but only slightly divergent. T. nigrifrons Crawf. DD. Facial cones distinctly divergent, conical in shape, and quite long. EK. Anal valve of male simple, small, convergent to apex; claspers very small. F. Wings fulvous. T. fulvida Crawf. FF. Wings clear. T. fulvida similis Crawf. EE. Anal valve not simple, rather large, with a posterior lobe. F. Posterior lobe of anal valve quite large, reaching beyond base of claspers. Dorsal plate of female subacute and curved down in apical half. T. aurantiaca Crawf. FF. Posterior lobe of anal valve small, short, scarcely more than an epiphysis. Dorsal plate of female not curved down as above. T. nigra Crawf. AA. Genital segment of female not short, distinctly longer than preceding ventral sclerite; usually more than twice as long. B. Female without long, slender, acute, style-like ovipositor sheath; genital segment only moderately long. C. Vertex and notum conspicuously pubescent. D. Pubescence long, quite dense; vertex bulging; facial cones very short. Pronotum short. Wings large; second marginal cell unusually large. Anal valve of male about as large as ventral plate and similarly shaped. T. diospyri Ashm. DD. Pubescence not long, pulverulent; vertex flat. Facial cones mod- erately long. Pronotum quite long. Wings not large; marginal cells subequal. Anal valve of male small. T. bakeri Crawf. CC. Vertex and notum not conspicuously pubescent. D. Genital segment of female about as long as wide dorso-ventrally. Anal valve not spatulate. E. Dorsal and ventral plates equally long, quite stout, and not acute at apex. Vertex conspicuously impressed discally. F. Abdomen white ventrad. Facial cones very slender and acute. T. similis Crawf. FF. Abdomen unicolored. Facial cones not very slender. T. similis fovealis Crawf. EE. Dorsal plate distinctly longer and less acute than ventral. Vertex scarcely impressed discally. F. Veins of wing set with double row of sete. Anal valve straight on anterior margin, roundly lobate posteriorly; claspers large, not acute at apex. G. Sets on veins quite prominent; wing somewhat fulvous; punctural dots on wing membrane conspicuous. Body large, robust. T. mexicana Crawf. PoMONA COLLEGE JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY 429 GG. Setz less prominent; wings less fulvous; punctural dots not con- spicuous. Body smaller. T. mexicana minuta Crawé. FF. Veins of wing without sete, or if present scarcely visible. Anal valve of male ovoid, extending caudad. Claspers slender, curved, acute apically. T. assimilis Crawf. DD. Genital segment of female distinctly longer than dorso-ventral width. Anal valve more or less spatulate. FE. Both cubital veins and radius bordered with brown or black band. Anal valve large, with a large posterior lobe. T. tripunctata (Fitch) Riley. EE. Cubitals and radius without dark bands. Anal valve without large posterior lobe. F. Anal valve very large, spatulate, both margins subequal in length; with a bifurcate ridge extending from base toward each dorsal corner. G. Body brownish red to orange. ‘Thorax quite strongly arched. Notum finely and inconspicuously pubescent. T. frontalis Crawf. GG. Body dark reddish brown. ‘Thorax less strongly arched. Notal pubescence slightly more conspicuous. T. frontalis sulcata Crawf. FF. Anal valve not unusually large, subspatulate; posterior margin much shorter than anterior; bifurcate ridge wanting. G. Forewing with four spots on hind margin visible to unaided eye, one on margin of each marginal cell, one on cubital margin, and one on anal angle. Vertex orange to brown. Margins of anal valve arcuate. T. quadripunctata Crawf. GG. Forewing without four visible spots; three usual spots present. Vertex and facial cones whitish. Margins of anal valve quite straight. T. albifrons Crawf. BB. Female with a long, slender, acute ovipositor sheath; with basal portion of genital segment large, subspherical; genital segment very long. Facial cones quite short. C. Produced ovipositor sheath not longer than enlarged basal portion of genital segment. D. Produced sheath very short; body very small. Wing less than 2.5 mm. in length. Facial cones subacute. 7. nicaraguensis Crawf. DD. Produced sheath about as large as enlarged portion. Body nor- mally large. Wing more than 3.3 mm. in length. Facial cones rounded. T. collaris Crawf. CC. Produced ovipositor sheath much longer than basal portion of genital segment. Facial cones very short and rounded. D. Genital segment less than one-fourth the length of rest of body. Preepimeron visibly as long as episternum. 7. Jongistylus Crawf. DD. Genital segment fully one-fourth as long as remainder of body. Epimeron mostly concealed, visibly shorter than episternum. T. proximata Crawi. 430 Pomona COLLEGE JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY Trioza tripunctata (Fitch) Riley (Fig. 152, A; 153, G; 154, A; 155, A) (Psylla tripunctata Fitch) (Non Trioza tripunctata Low) Length of body (female) 2.8 mm.; (male) 2.3 mm.; length of forewing 3.5 mm.; greatest width 1.5 mm.; width of vertex between eyes .49 mm.; with eyes .80 mm.; general color brown to dark brown, dorsum black; head lighter; antennz yellowish, black at tip. Head deflexed, rather coarsely punctate, with eyes not as broad as thorax. Posterior margin of vertex narrowly elevated over middle half, slightly arcuate; vertex raised plate-like on each side of median suture; with a shallow, oblique depression on each side extending from posterior marginal ridge toward front and eyes; anterior margin of plates down-curved and emarginate at median suture. Eyes very prominent; anterior ocellus imbedded between conical insertion of antennz and base of facial cones. Facial cones medium in length, rounded apically, quite divergent, subvertical, moderately pubescent. Antenne of usual triozal form, yellowish, except two apical segments and tips of intermediate segments black. Thorax coarsely punctate, quite strongly arched. Pronotum moderately short, distinctly depressed below head and dorsulum; dorsulum quite heavy, ascending strongly, roundly acute cephalad, about as long as scutum. Meta- sternal spurs short. Wings quite large, roundly acute apically, almost two and one-half times as long as broad, broadest across middle of first marginal cell, distinctly narrowed in basal half; hyaline, except three brown bands along first and second cubital and radial veins and covering both marginal cells; radius not quite as long as second cubital, flexed midway; marginal cells subequal and similar in shape; third furcal vein very short; ventation brown, conspicuous. Male—Genital segment prominent, not as long as two preceding segments ; claspers stout, simple, long; anal valve large, extending beyond base of claspers. Pubescence short and sparse. female—Genital segment very long, almost as long as rest of abdomen, very slender and acute; dorsal plate slightly overreaching ventral and less acute; genital pore scarcely one-fourth as long as dorsal plate; ventral plate very acute; ovipositor very long and acute (exserted in type female) ; pubescence sparse and short. Redescribed from one male and one female taken by Mr. F. A. Sirrine at Jamaica, Long Island, October 11th. This species was described briefly by Fitch in 1851 as follows: “Wax yellow, dorsum black; legs and antennz pale yellow, the latter black at the tips; elytra hyaline, nerves brown, beyond the furcation widely margined with smoky fulvous; a blackish dot on the middle of the terminal margin of each of the inner apical cells. Length 0.16 inch.” The specific name was derived from the three marginal dots common to nearly all the Triosas. In 1877 1... Franz Low described a new European Psyllid as Trioza tripunctata, not know- ing of course that there was another Trioza of the same name then classed as a Psylla. In 1893 Riley placed Fitch’s Ps. tripunctata in the genus Trioza, Pomona CoLLecE JOURNAL oF EN‘toMOLOGY 431 Figure 152. Heads of Triozinae: A, Trioza tripunctata; B, T. salicis; C, D, T. minuta; E, T. quadripunctata; F, T. longistylus; G, T. assimilis; H, T. similis fovealis; I, T. mexicana; J, Allotrioza arbolensis; L, A. magnoliae; N, A. arbolensis; N, Paratrioza ocellata; O, Epitrioza medicaginis; P, H. oaxacensis; R, E. medicaginis; 8. Paratrioza ocellata; T, Trioza nicaraguensis. 432 Pomona COLLEGE JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY thus making two members of the genus bear the same name. According to Section 69 of the code of nomenclature now in preparation by the Entomolog- ical Society of Washington the tripunctata of Low must be changed. In 1908 the Japanese entomologist, Kuwayama, described a new Psylla, naming it Ps. tripunctata. Since this name is already synonymical in that genus from Fitch’s original description, this name can not be attached to the new Japanese species. This may become instead Psylla kuwayamai n. n. Trioza salicis Mally (Fig. 15258; 1545 Dy; 155, B) Length of body 1.9 mm.; length of forewing 3.0 mm.; greatest width 1.3 mm.; width of vertex between eyes .40 mm.; with eyes .68 mm. General color orange yellow to brown, notum and head darker; antenne black in apical half. Head deflexed, very finely punctate, with eyes not as broad as thorax. Posterior margin narrowly elevated over middle three-fifths, only slightly arcuate; discal area with broad shallow depression on each side of median suture, and bi-lobately projecting, with anterior ocellus imbedded under it at base of facial cones; vertex not raised plate-like. Facial cones rather short, acute, almost parallel on inner margin and scarcely divergent, almost vertical, sparcely pubescent apically. Antenne inserted on front below eyes, within; insertion yellow, the rest of vertex, front and facial cones black or dark brown. Thorax arched, rugosely punctate. Pronotum short, much depressed below dorsulum and head; proepimeron very distinctly visible. Dorsulum quite large, strongly ascending, rather acute anteriorly; lighter in color on anterior portion than posteriorly; meta-sternal spurs short. JVings hyaline, about two and a half times as long as broad, broadest across first furcal, subacute apically; anal vein very heavy and dark; venation very light brown. Female.—Genital segment very short, scarcely longer than two preceding tergites or anal ventral sclerite; dorsal plate overreaching ventral, almost glabrous, pubescence very sparse and brief; genital pore almost half as long as dorsal plate; ventral plate acutely beaked apically. at Ames, lowa, and from several females collected at Algonquin, Illinois ; all specimens were taken either in September or October. This species was first described by Mally in 1895 from specimens taken on willow (Salix) at Ames, Iowa. His description is taken up mostly with coloration and wing venation, two characters which are of little specific value in this genus. The male genitalia are scarcely described and not figured, and unfortunately there is no male specimen in this collection. Consequently this character must be described at some future time. Trioza minuta Crawf. (Giewls2 Cb 154 Bel 5516) Length of body 1.7 mm.; length of forewing 2.6 mm.; greatest width 9 mm.; width of vertex between eyes .40 mm.; with eyes .62 mm. General color very light orange yellow throughout ; antennz black apically. PoMONA COLLEGE JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY 433 Head quite strongly deflexed, very slightly impunctate, with eyes not as broad as thorax. Posterior margin of vertex arcuate, slightly elevated over middle one-third, scarcely emarginate at median suture; vertex scarcely raised plate-like ; discal area with a small fovea on each side posteriorly and a shallow divergent depression extending downward toward front. Facial cones short, vertical, scarcely divergent, almost straight and parallel on inner margin, quite acute, pubescence short and sparse. Antennz inserted on frons and side of facial cones; form of antennz as usual in genus. Thorax not strongly arched, more coarsely punctate than vertex, rather slender. Pronotum short, depressed below head and dorsulum, nearer to level of dorsulum than of head. Dorsulum ascending, about as long as scutum. Metasternal spurs short. JVings hyaline, very slender, fully three times as long as broad, broadest across first marginal cell, subacute apically; first furcal quite short, second and fourth subequal; venation brownish yellow, not conspicuous. Female.—Genital segment very short, about as long as two preceding ter- gites; dorsal plate very slightly longer than ventral, very broadly rounded apically; ventral plate acute and somewhat beaked at tip; pubescence short and sparse. Described from three females from Arizona in the C. F. Baker collection. Trioza minuta similis Crawf. Body small, slightly larger than species. Vertex very similar in form; facial cones less parallel and straight on inner margin, more divergent. Thoracic characters very similar to species. Wings slightly larger, but simi- larly veined. Female genitalia quite similar to species. Male.—Genital seg- ment rather short; claspers slender, simple, incurved apically. Anal valve proportionately rather large, bilobate, with posterior lobe. Described from several males and females from Oregon in the C. F. Baker collection. Trioza quadripunctata Crawf. (GRnee, 52) 1 Ss, Ile Gye (C5 al, ID) Length of body 2.3 mm.; length of forewing 3.3 mm.; greatest width 1.5 mm.; width of vertex between eyes .42 mm.; with eyes .71 mm. General color greenish yellow; antennz black in distal half. Head deflexed, somewhat punctate, with eyes almost as broad as thorax, Posterior margin of vertex narrowly elevated over middle two-thirds, slightly arcuate; vertex not elevated plate-like; discal area with a small fovea on each side between median suture and posterior ocellar area, and a sulcate de- pression extending obliquely toward front and lower margin of eye; broadly and deeply emarginate anteriorly at median suture, and protruding biloparesy over frons ; median suture distinctly emarginate ; facial cones medium in length, tather acute, quite strongly divergent, usually subvertical, sometimes almost horizontal, pubescence rather sparse and brief. Antennz inserted under pro- 434 Pomona COLLEGE JouRNAL oF ENTOMOLOGY truding vertical lobes above base of facial cones; antennal impressions scarcely larger than scape. Thorax strongly arched, more coarsely punctate than vertex. Pronotum rather long, depressed below head and dorsulum but not as much as usual; preepisternum long, reaching arcuately almost to suture of dorsulum and mesopleurites. Dorsulum large, about as long as scutum, roundly acute cephalad. Metasternal spurs short. Wings hyaline, relatively quite broad, only a trifle more than twice as long as broad, broadest across middle of first marginal cell, rounded apically but not broadly so; radius almost straight; marginal cells subequal; with four distinctly visible macule on posterior margin, the largest in first marginal cell, one on margin of cubital and second marginal cells and the fourth at tip of clavus; venation light brown. Male.—Genital segment large, larger than two preceding sclerites; dorsal surface of plate ascending caudad ; claspers long, simple, arcuate and incurved ; anal valve about as long as claspers, with a small posterior lobe on each lateral flap; pubescence sparse. Abdominal tergites short, extending about to third ventral sclerite. Female—Abdomen much heavier and broader than in male. Genital segment long, almost as long as rest of abdomen, quite acute apically ; dorsal plate slightly longer and less acute than ventral; genital pore fully one-third as long as dorsal plate. Described from one male and four females from Colorado; collector C. F. Baker. Trioza longistylus Crawf. (Fig. 152, F; 154, E; 155, E) Length of body with ovipositor 3.1 mm.; without ovipositor 2.5 mm. ; length of forewing 3.9 mm.; greatest width 1.6 mm.; width of vertex between eyes 48 mm.; with eyes .0 mm. General color greenish yellow; body quite large and robust. Head strongly deflexed, quite coarsely punctate on vertex and frons, with eyes not as broad as thorax. Posterior margin of vertex narrowly elevated, arcuate ; vertex not raised plate-like ; discal area on each side with an angulate- sulecate depression diverging from posterior marginal ridge toward frons and lower margin of eye; elevation along median suture quite broad; anterior margin not deeply emarginate at median suture. Facial cones short, rounded apically, divergent only in distal half, quite vertical, scarcely pubescent. An- tennz inserted on frons below termination of frontal sulca. Thorax strongly arched, more coarsely punctate than vertex. Pronotum quite long, somewhat depressed below head and dorsulum; with a fovea on each side above episternum. Dorsulum large, rather broadly rounded cephalad, strongly ascending; dorsulum caudad and scutum rugulose. Wings large, hyaline, about two and a half times as long as broad, broadest across first marginal cell, rounded apically but not broadly so; first marginal cell slightly larger than second; second furcal distinctly arched; second cubital about twice the length of fourth furcal; radius about as long as second cubital; claval margin very heavy and prominent; venation light brown. Pomona COLLEGE JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY 435 Female——Abdomen robust. Genital segment large, subglobose, greatly pro- duced caudad; dorsal plate slightly shorter than ventral; genital pore very small; both plates produced into an ovipositor sheath longer than genita) seg- ment basally; sheath and style together almost one-fourth as long as rest of body. Pubescence very sparse and brief. Described from three females in the C. F. Baker collection, two taken in Colorado and one in Santa Clara County, California. This species is very closely related to Trioza collaris Crawford, but differs in the following characters: 7. collaris—Facial cones not broadly rounded ; preepimeron short, not visibly as long as episternum; dorsulum with an acute epiphysis cephalad; both pronotum and dorsulum very sparsely pubescent ; Ovipositor sheath and style about as long as rest of genital segment. 7. long- istylus—Facial cones broadly rounded apically; proepimeron visibly fully as long as episternum; dorsulum without epiphysis cephalad; pronotum and dor- sulum not pubescent; ovipositor sheath and style twice as long as rest of genital segment. The two species are, however, of the same type and should not have been so far separated in the preliminary synopsis. Trioza proximata n. sp. Ghigs 1535 59155; F) Length of body (female with ovipositor) 3.4 mm.; (without ovipositor) 2.7 mm.; male 2.4 mm.; length of forewing 3.7 mm.; greatest width 1.5 mm.; width of vertex between eyes .44 mm.; with eyes .78 mm. General color light greenish yellow. Head moderately deflexed, with eyes not as broad as thorax, punctate. Posterior margin of vertex narrowly elevated; vertex not raised plate-like; discal area excised and impressed very similarly to T. longistylus; elevation along median suture quite prominent; anterior margin slightly emarginate at median suture. Facial cones short, rounded apically, more or less straight and parallel on basal half of inner margin, somewhat divergent distally, vertical to subvertical, moderately pubescent. Antenne inserted on frons and base of facial cones laterad. Eyes prominent. Thorax arched, more coarsely punctate than vertex. Pronotum moderately long, depressed below head and more or less below dorsulum; with a fovea on each side above pleurites. Dorsulum large, quite acutely rounded cephalad, sometimes almost pointed. Meta-sternal spurs very short. Wings hyaline, about two and a half times as long as broad, broadest across first furcal, broadly rounded apically; radius longer than second cubital; fourth furcal more than half as long as second cubital, Male.—Abdomen slender. Genital segment large, prominent; anal ventral sclerite small. Genital plate large, rounded; claspers long, slender, simple, curved forward and inward; penis long, slender; anal valve large, longer than claspers, almost straight on anterior margin, posterior margin broadly rounded, except distally; with a small epiphysis distally. Pubescence sparse and brief, 436 PoMONA COLLEGE JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY longer on anal valve. Female.—Genital segment and ovipositor very similar to that of 7. longistylus; dorsal plate somewhat longer than ventral; sheath and style together fully one-fourth as long as rest of body. Pubescence brief and sparse. Described from three females and four males collected at Oaxaca, Mex., and two females at Orizaba, Mex., coll. D. L. Crawford. This species is very closely related to 7. Jongistylus and T. collaris Crawford. The principal and most constant variation between these three species lies in the dorsulum, facial cones, and female genitalia. In all probability the male of the two United States species, still unknown, will prove to be very similar in respect to genitalia to the Mexican form. Trioza nicaraguensis Crawl. (hie Wo2 0 S455 iS) Length of body 1.7 mm.; length of forewing 2.3 mm.; greatest width .8 mm.; width of vertex between eyes .36 mm.; with eyes .56 mm. General color lemon yellow; antenne black apically. Insect small. Head moderately deflexed, quite coarsely punctate, with eyes not quite as broad as thorax. Posterior margin of vertex arcuate, scarcely elevated narrowly; vertex not raised plate-like; discal area with a fovea on each side midway between median suture and posterior ocellar region; without a de- pression or sulcus, or if present very slight; lobately produced cephalad over anterior ocellus, scarcely emarginate at median suture. Facial cones ratner short, acute, moderately divergent, more so in distal half than in basal, sub- vertical, very slightly and inconspicuously pubescent. Antennz slender, in- serted at base of facial cones below produced vertex laterad. Eyes com- paratively appressed, not as prominently bulging as usual. Labrum small. Thorax not large, arched but not strongly so. Pronotum short, depressed below head and dorsulum; prceepisterum large, subtrapezoidal; epimeron al- most invisible; fore cox large, mostly visible. Dorsulum quite acutely rounded cephalad, slightly overhanging pronotum. /Vings small, slender, deli- cate, hyaline, about three times as long as broad, broadest across first mar- ginal cell, subacute apically; radius not as long as second cubital; marginal cells subequal; venation yellowish, not conspicuous. Female.—Genital segment quite large, almost as long as rest of abdomen; dorsal plate smaller; both plates about equal in length; genital pore large about one-third as long as dorsal plate; both plates produced caudad into a short ovipositor sheath; sheath and style not quite as long as rest of genital segment. Pubescence sparse and brief. Described from one female collected in San Marcos, Nicaragua, by C. F. Baker. Trioza frontalis sulcata (Crawf.) (Syn. Trioza sulcata Crawford.) In general this varietal form is very similar to the species. Although coloration is but superficial and seldom a true varietal character, yet this Pomona CoLLEcE JOURNAL oF ENTOMOLOGY 437 Figure 153. Heads and male genitalia of Triozinae: A, Neotrioza immaculata; B, N. laticeps; C.D. Rhinopsylla antennata; E. Neotrioza immaculata; F, N. laticeps; G, Trioza tripunctata; H, T. quadripunctata; I, T. assimilis; J, T. proximata; L, T. mexicana; N, Allotrioza magnoliae; N, A. arbolensis; O, Paratrioza maculipennis; P, Epitrioza medicaginis; R, Paratrioza ocellata; S, P. cockerelli; T, Neotrioza immaculata; U, Rhinopsylla antennata. 438 PoMoNA COLLEGE JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY is the most apparent difference between the species and its variety. The species is brownish red to orange, usually quite light colored, whereas the varietal form is very dark reddish brown. ‘The principal structural differences are thoracic; the dorsulum in the variety is distinctly less arched than in the species, and the notum is finely pubescent; the notum of the species is also pubescent but much less conspicuously. These two forms were separated as species in the provisional synopsis chiefly on the difference in the trend of the facial cones, but this is not a sufficiently constant character to warrant this separation. The form mentioned in the provisional synopsis as Trioza sulcata similis is found on further study to be identical with 7. frontalis. ‘Therefore the varietal name becomes synonymical. Trioza similis fovealis (Crawf.) (Syn. Trioza fovealis Crawford) (Fig. 152, H; 154, I) This varietal form is very similar to the species in almost all characters. The following differences make it evident that it is truly a variety. The facial cones are distinctly shorter and less slender in the varietal form; the epimeron is not so prominent as in the species; the tergites of the abdomen are concolorous with the sternites; this character is of more importance than it might at first thought seem, since the relative coloration of the abdomen dorsad and ventrad is quite constant. ,The female genitalia are quite similar, though not exactly so. Described from one female taken in Colorado by C. F. Baker. It will be noted in Fig. M, on page 348, Vol. II, No. 4 of the Pomona JouRNAL, that the frons and the insertion of the antennz is erroneously repre- sented. ‘The illustration presented for the varietal form is more correct for the species, also. Trioza albifrons Crawi. (Fig. 154, L) Pomona JouRNAL Ent. Vol. II, No. 4, page 355. The type locality of the species is Claremont, California. Subsequent to the description of the species numerous specimens of both sexes were collected at Nordhoff, California, by D. L. Crawford, on teaves of nettle (Urtica holosericea). Since only the male was known from the Claremont forms, the characters of the temale are here added. Female——Abdomen large, stout. Genital segment long, almost three times as long as preceding ventral sclerite; dorsal plate very slightly longer and less acute than ventral plate; genital pore less than one-third the length of dorsal plate. Pubescence sparse. Trioza assimilis Crawf. (Big, 1525 (G3 15350. 154) El 1551G) Length of body 2.3 mm.; length of forewing 3.3 mm.; greatest width 1.4 mm.; width of vertex between eyes .47 mm.; with eyes .70 mm. General Pomona CoLLece JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY 439 color dark orange red to dark brown with a reddish tinge; abdomen greenish white; thorax often lighter colored laterad. Head moderately deflexed, with eyes not as broad as thorax, very finely punctate. Posterior margin of vertex slightly elevated narrowly, arcuate; vertex not raised plate-like; discal area almost plane; with a very shallow and slight depression in center; anterior margin quite strongly protruding over insertion of antenne, emarginate roundly at median suture; anterior ocellus under protrusion of vertex at base of facial cones. Facial cones medium in length, subacute, quite strongly divergent, subvertical to subhorizontal, usually not visible from above, moderately pubescent. Antennze normal, inserted on frons at base of facial cones laterad. Thorax quite strongly arched, more coarsely punctate than vertex. Pro- notum short, depressed below head and dorsulum; preepimeron usually only moderately visible, occasionally very prominent. Dorsulum strongly ascending, roundly acute cephalad. Scutum quite broad. Metasternal spurs small. Wings hyaline, almost two and one-half times as long as broad, broadest across first marginal cell, subacute to roundly acute apically, usually the latter ; radius as long as second cubital; radial cell very slender throughout; marginal cells subequal, the second a trifle larger ; anal angle usually concolorous with the rest of marginal veins, some times dark brown. Male—Abdomen more slender than that of female; flexible at fourth and fifth ventral sclerites. Genital plate not large; ventral plate normally rounded caudad and horizontal dorsad; claspers quite long, slender, acute, simple; anal valve rather small, extending scarcely to base of claspers; composed of two simple elliptical flaps, with a row of hairs dorsally. Pubescence sparse and brief. Female——Genital segment moderately large, longer than preceding ventral sclerite; dorsal plate longer and less acute than ventral; genital pore inclined toward anal tergite; pubescence sparse. Described from numerous males and females collected by C. F. Baker in Santa Clara County, California, and three specimens in Ormsby County, Nevada. This species is quite closely related to T. awrantiaca and T. fulvida Craw- ford. As was noted in 7. aurantiaca there is in this species more or less gradual variation in the characters mentioned as variable in the foregoing description. Among all the specimens studied, three males were found to have a slightly more acute wing and a black anal angle, the two characters seem- ing to be associated. Trioza mexicana n. sp. Ghig M1525 Ssh alot C1555 1) Length of body (female) 2.6 mm.; length of forewing 3.6 mm.; greatest width 1.5 mm.; width of vertex between eyes .52 mm.; with eyes .87 mm. General color reddish brown, usually quite dark, occasionally lighter. Head somewhat deflexed, with eyes not as broad as thorax, punctate. Pos- terior margin of vertex arcuate, scarcely elevated; vertex not raised plate-like, finely pubescent: discal area almost flat, with a slight foveal depression near +40 Pomona COLLEGE JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY posterior margin on each side of the median suture. Facial cones large, long, subacute, quite strongly divergent, intermediate between vertical and horizontal, easily visible from above, sparsely pubescent. Antennz inserted on frons at base of facial cones laterad. Eyes large, prominent. Labrum medium in size. Thorax arched strongly, coarsely punctate. Pronotum moderately long, arched and strongly descending cephalad, depressed below head and more or less below dorsulum; propleurites narrow. Dorsulum moderateiy rng, ascending to scutum. Metasternal spurs medium. /V/ings subhyaline, slightly dusky, covered over entire membrane with fine punctural dots; all veins s« with a double row of minute sete; less than two and one-half times as long as broad, broadest across base of first marginal cell, broadly rounded apically; marginal cells subequal; second furcal quite strongly arched; vena- tion prominent. Male—Abdomen more slender and smaller than in female. Genital seg- ment large, rounded; claspers long, only slightly tapering, abruptly broadened at tip; anal valve very large, long; straight on anterio! margin, lobately arched on posterior margin; with a small capitate lobe projecting caudad and dorsad; posterior margin with a conspicuous fringe. Pubescence sparse and brief. Female—Abdomen stout. Genital segment large, not quite as long as rest of abdomen; dorsal plate longer than ventral; both plates acute, slightly serrate apically; genital pore fully one-fourth as long as dorsal plate; ovi- positor quite long, not acutely pointed. Pubescence sparse and brief. Described from four males and numerous females, collected in the mountains near Cuernavaca, Mexico (altitude 10,000 feet), by D. L. Crawford. Food plant: Rhus sp. Trioza mexicana minuta n. var. Body distinctly smaller than in the species. Head quite similar to species; pronotum comparatively shorter and more depressed ; wings smaller, less dusky ; sete on veins less prominent, although present; venational characters similar. Genitalia very similar to species; male genitalia comparatively smaller. Described from three females and one male collected at Oaxaca, Mex., by D. L. Crawford. Rhinopsylla Riley This genus was erected for the single species Schwarzti, in 1883. While this species possesses characteristics which evidently separate it generically, still the description of the genus was made so restrictive by Riley that closely related species could not be included in a generic group with this species. The following description of the genus is more general and only characters are mentioned which belong to the entire Rhinopsylla group of species, rather than to the single species described by Riley. Body moderately slender, slightly arched dorsally, punctate. Head, including eyes, as broad or broader than thorax. Vertex very deeply and triangularly emarginate anteriorly at median suture, giving a very marked birostrate appearance. Antennz attached to apex of rostra, greatly increasing the - Pomona CoLLEcE JOURNAL oF ENTOMOLOGY 441 peculiar birostrate appearance; basal segment of antennz large and broad; second segment large, but smaller than first; third segment very long. Facial cones entirely wanting; face slightly swollen under insertion of antenne. This genus is very closely related, apparently, to the European genus Bactericera Puton, and in fact may be identical. The absence of the facial cones and the unusual length of the third antennal segment ally the two genera very closely. Low’s description of Bactericera gives as characters of the vertex: “Vertex half as long as width between eyes; with two flat, broad impressions, rounded anteriorly and extending well forward; emarginate at median suture; posteriorly almost plane.” It is quite probable that in the formation of the head the two genera are closely related. Until the European form becomes available for study, we should allow Rhinopsylla to stand as a very closely allied genus. The genus Bactericera can scarcely be erected into a subfamily, as distinct from Triozinae, as has been attempted by some, since there is too close a relationship existing between them. Synopsis of the Genus Rhinopsylla A. Fore femora distinctly enlarged, compressed, and curved. ‘Third antennal segment thicker midway than succeding segments. Wings slender, more than three times as long as broad. Rh. schwarsu Riley. AA. Fore femora not distinctly enlarged, compressed nor curved. ‘Third antennal segment slender, not thicker than succeeding segments. Wing's only two and a half times as long as broad. B. Birostrate appearance of head very pronounced; basal segments of antennze almost as broad as ends of projecting rostra. Body black. Rh. antennata Crawf. BB. Birostrate appearance less pronounced; basal antennal segments smaller ; sulcate impressions of vertex more pronounced. Body orange. Rh. antennata proxima Crawt. Rhinopsylla schwarzii Riley Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington, Vol. II, 1882-84, page 77. Rhinopsylla antennata (Crawi.) (Syn. Paratrioza antennata Crawf.) (lies, 15s), Cy Dy Wis 5), 4S); Length of body 1.8 mm.; length of forewing 2.7 mm.; greatest width 1.1 mm.; width of vertex between 44 mm.; with eyes .73 mm. General color black; abdomen white ventrad; antennz and tarsi lighter. Head not deflexed, with eyes about as broad as thorax, impunctate; broad posteriorly, when viewed laterally, and tapering toward insertion of antenne. Posterior margin of vertex arcuate, scarcely elevated narrowly; vertex not raised plate-like; discal area with a distinct sulcate impression extending for- ward and toward lower margin of eye on each side, anterior margin deeply wmarginate at median suture, making head appear strongly birostrate. An- 442 PomoNnA COLLEGE JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY terior ocellus at apex or emargination, visible from above. Facial cones en- tirely wanting; face slightly swollen beneath each antennal insertion and sparsely pubescent. Antennz inserted on truncate termination of rostrate lobes ; basal segment very large and broad, almost as broad as anterior margin of projecting lobes; second segment smaller; third segment longer than fourth and fifth combined, slender, not broader than succeeding segments. Labrum moderately large, posterior. Thorax scarcely arched, quite coarsely punctate. Pronotum moderately long, somewhat arched, not depressed below head and dorsulum; lateral im- pressions rather elongate, posterior; pleurites large. Dorsulum small. An- terior femora of normal length and thickness, scarcely arcuate. Wangs hyaline, small, about two and a half times as long as broad, broadest across base ot first marginal cell, subacute apically; radius shorter than second cubital; marginal cells subequal; fourth furcal terminating above apex of wing; vena- tion light, inconspicuous. Male—Abdomen moderately stout; white ventrad, black dorsad. Genital segment small, not much larger than preceding ventral sclerite; claspers small, subglobose basally, slender and acute apically; pubescence short and sparse. Anal valve about equal in size to ventral plate, almost straight on inner margin, strongly arched posteriorly; pubescence longer than on genital plate and claspers. Described from two males collected in Colorado, by C. F. Baker. Type in Nat. Museum. Rhinopsylla antennata proxima n. var. The chief variation from the species lies in the cephalic characters. The anterior emargination is less pronounced and the basal segments of the an- tennz are distinctly smaller, but of the same type. The sulcate depression on the vertex is more marked. The facial cones are entirely wanting but the enlargements under the antennal insertions are more distinct. The color is lighter in the variety, but this is not necessarily a varietal character. Described from one female collected in Colorado, by C. F. Baker. Allotrioza n. gen. Pronotum long, usually quite flat, not depressed below dorsulum and head; notum not strongly arched. Head not deflexed; vertex usually with a deep fovea posteriorly on each side of the median suture and more or less of a de- pression extending forward. Facial cones short, very broadly rounded apically, quite horizontal; labrum often visible from in front. Wings quite acutely rounded apically ; first marginal cell larger than second ; first cubital vein comparatively short, scarcely ever more than twice as long as first furcal, sometimes equal in length to first furcal. Type of genus: Allotrioza arbolensis Crawf. Synopsis of the Genus Allotrioza A. Wings not entirely clear, more or less maculated. Facial cones subacute viewed from side. Proepisternum almost horizontal; epimeron inferior. Pomona CoLLeck JOURNAL oF ENTOMOLOGY 443 Figure 154. Female genitalia of Triozinae: A, Trioza tripunctata; B, T. minuta; C, T. quadripunctata; D, T. salicis; E, T. longistylus; F, T. nicaraguensis; G, T. mexicana; H, T. assimilis; I, T. similis fovealis; J, Allotrioza magnoliae; L, Trioza albifrons; M, Allatrioza arbolensis; N, Epitrioza medicaginis; O, E. oaxacensis; P, Paratrioza ocellata; R, Neotrioza laticeps. 444 PoMONA COLLEGE JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY B. Both marginal cells and distal portion of cubital cell maculated. Wing subacute at apex. Vertex elevated distinctly along median suture. Body mottled. A. maculata Crawf. BB. With a more or less faint maculation across wing midway, from first marginal cell through most of radial cell; wing very acute at apex. Vertex more nearly flat, whitish. Body not mottled. ‘ A. acutipennis Crawf. AA. Wings entirely clear, not maculated. Facial cones broadly rounued. Proepisternum vertical; epimeron posterior and lateral. B. Body very small. Wings small, and less than two and a half times as long as broad; radius very short and straight. Female genital segment about as long as dorso-ventral width. Anal valve of male small. Eyes small. A. viridis Crawf. BB. Body large. Wings large, more than two and a half times as long as broad; radius not very short. Eyes large. C. Second marginal cell smaller than first; fourth furcal one-fourth as long as second cubital. Propleurites small. Female genital segment longer than dorso-ventral width. Anal valve large, longer than claspers. A. magnoliae Ashm. CC. Second marginal cell as large as first; fourth furcal one-half as long as second cubital. Propleurites very large. Female genital segment not longer than dorso-ventral width. Anal valve small. A. arbolensis Crawf. Allotrioza arbolensis (Crawf.) (Syn. Paratrioza arbolensis Craw.) (Pigs 1525 Je Mis 153.sNG S45 MSS ib) Length of body 2.6 mm.; length of forewing 3.9 mm.; greatest width 1.5 mm.; width of vertex between eyes .60 mm.; with eyes .96 mm. General -color light green throughout. Body very large. Head not deflexed, very large, coarsely punctate. Posterior margin of vertex somewhat arcuate; vertex quite distinctly raised plate-like; discal area with a deep fovea on each side posteriorly, and a marked excision diverging toward insertion of antennze, deeper at the margins of the excision than in the middle; a prominent elevation left on each side of median suture not quite attaining anterior margin of vertex; median suture very prominent. Eyes very large. Facial cones short, horizontal, broadly rounded at apex, slightly flexed midway, quite divergent, moderately pubescent. Antenne large basally, inserted beneath margin of vertex more or less laterad. Labrum very large, easily visible from in front. Thorax large, and broad, slightly broader than head including eyes, more coarsely punctate than vertex. Pronotum very long, about one-third as long as dorsulum, not depressed below darsulum and head; with a fovea on each side above pleurites ; propleurites large ; episternum unusually large. Dorsulum broad, but not proportionately long, rather triangular, quite acute cephalad. PoMONA COLLEGE JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY 445 Metasternal spurs of medium size; anterior pair present but very small. Wings hyaline, large, straight on hind margin, front margin arched, not quite three times as long as broad, broadest across first furcal; fourth furcal almost one-half as long as second cubital, terminating at apex of wing. Male——Abdomen quite stout. Genital segment of medium size; claspers moderately large at base, subacute apically; anal valve rather small, simple. (In the only two male specimens available the claspers are drawn down into the genital plate and not entirely visible.) Pubescence moderate. Female.— Abdomen larger than in male. Genital segment rather small, scarcely longer than two preceding ventral sclerites; dorsal plate longer than ventral, acutely pointed ; genital pore about one-fourth as long as dorsal plate, on descending area; ventral plate acutely pointed; pubescence rather sparse. Described from two males and four females collected by C. F. Baker in Arboles, Colorado. Food-plant; Shepherdia. In the preliminary synopsis of Triozinae this species was included in the new genus Paratrioza. The limits of this genus have been subsequently altered and another genus erected to include this and several other ciosely allied species. Allotrioza magnoliae (Ashm.) (Syn. Trioza magnoliae Ashm. Psylla magnoliae Ashm.) (hice 12. el ssa Ve Sas lS oe a) Length of body 2.7 mm.; length of forewing 3.8 mm.; greatest width 1.3 mm.; width of vertex between eyes .56 mm.; with eyes .94 mm. General color light yellowish green throughout. Body large. Head not deflexed, large, quite coarsely punctate. Posterior margin of vertex arcuate, rather narrowly elevated between ocellar regions; vertex not raised plate-like; vertex very similar in excision to that of A. arbolensis and A. maculata, but less marked than either. Antennz inserted on frons sub- laterad. Facial cones short, longer than in A. arbolensis, very broadly rounded apically subhorizontal, quite divergent, moderately pubescent. Labrum mod- erately large, scarcely visible from in front. Thorax large, long and quite broad, broader than head including eyes, slightly arched. Pronotum long, flat, not depressed below head and dorsulum, with a plicate marking extending from pleurites on each side about half the distance upward, pleurites not unusually large; forecoxe large. Dorsulum long, longer than scutum, rather acutely rounded cephalad. Metasternal spurs of medium size. JVings hyaline, large, rather slender, fully three times as long as broad, broadest across first marginal cell, both margins quite neariy equally arched, subacute apically ; first marginal cell much longer than second; first cubital not much longer than first furcal; fourth furcal about one-fourth as long as second cubital, terminating distinctly above apex of wing. Male.—Abdomen tapering roundly to genital segment; anal segment quite constricted. Genital segment moderately large, of usual form; claspers large basally, tapering abruptly, recurved at tip, almost as long as anal valve; anal valve truncately conical when viewed laterally, quite large. Pubescence 446 PoMoNA COLLEGE JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY moderate. Female—Abdomen larger than in male. Genital segment long, almost as long as rest of abdomen; both plates about equal in length and quite acute; genital pore long, about one-fifth as long as dorsal plate. Pubes- cence moderate. Redescribed from one male and three females collected at Crescent City, Florida, and loaned from the National Museum by the kindness of Dr. L. O. Howard. The original description was based on specimens taken at Jacksonville, Florida. For the brief and inadequate description as given at that time, see Canad. Entom. Vol. XIII, No. 10, page 224. The close resemblance in many respects to A. arbolensis is very marked; this resemblance was noted as a possibility in the preliminary synopsis, although no specimens were then avail- able for comparison. Allotrioza maculata (Crawf.) (Syn. Trioza maculata Crawé.) For the description of this species see Pom. Journ. Entom., Vol. II, No. 4, page 349, and figures accompanying. Allotrioza acutipennis (Crawf.) (Syn. Trioza acutipennis Crawf.) Pom. Journ. Entom. Vol. II, No. 4, page 350, with illustrations. Allotrioza viridis (Crawf.) (Syn. Trioza viridis Crawf.) Pom. Journ. Entom. Vol. II, No. 4, page 359, with figures. Paratrioza n. gen. Head more or less deflexed; vertex distinctly raised plate-like, pubescent, and margined with a band lighter in color than discal portion; center of discal area lighter than surrounding surface. Facial cones very short, small, acute, most easily visible from in front or above; antennz inserted on frons and outer basal portion of facial cones. Labrum visible from in front. Thorax not strongly arched. Wings rather small, usually about three times as long as broad. Abdomen short. Type of genus: . Paratrioza ocellata Crawf. Synopsis of the Genus Paratrioza A. Wings maculated, quite acute at apex; radius short and straight; second marginal cell much smaller than first. Vertex and notum not con- spicuously striped and banded. P. maculipennis Crawf. AA. Wings not maculated, subacute; radius rather long, curved; marginal cells subequal. Vertex and notum conspicuously striped and banded. B. Anal valve of male with a large, triangular, subacute posterior lobe; vertical axis shorter than horizontal. Facial cones horizontal, not por- rect, projecting outwardly. Antenne inserted in front. Vertex with a brown macula in center. P. cockerelli Sulc. Pomona CoLLEGE JOURNAL oF ENTOMOLOGY 447 BB. Anal valve of male larger, with a small rounded posterior lobe; vertical axis longer than horizontal. Facial cones porrect. Antennze inserted somewhat laterad. C. Vertex with markings white to dirty white. D. Vertex discally with a white macula, more or less extensive. P. ocellata Crawf. DD. Vertex discally without macula. P. ocellata nigra Crawf. CC. Vertex with markings fulvous to deep orange. P. ocellata flava Crawf. Paratrioza ocellata (Crawf.) (Paratrioza pulchella Crawf.) (Bisa IS2 Neo losheRe wlo4 eee obs Vil) Length of body 1.5 mm.; length of forewing 2.7 mm.; greatest width 1.0 mm.; width of vertex between eyes .44 mm.; with eyes .75 mm. General color light to dark brown, to the naked eye; striped and banded on head and thorax ; vertex black, with a whitish band bordering it and a white macula in center of discal area; dorsulum with a white stripe along median dorsal line, and a recurved stripe on each side extending from posterior margin semicircularly to near tegular epiphyses; scutum with a stripe on each side of the median dorsal line and an arcuate stripe sublaterad. Body very small and short. Head deflexed, with eyes about as broad as thorax, very finely punctate. Posterior margin of vertex arcuate, slightly raised narrowly; vertex elevated plate-like ; pubescent; discal area with a slight foveal impression posteriorly, quite plane except the elevated ocellar regions; scarcely emarginate at median suture anteriorly. Anterior ocellus visible from in front. Facial cones small, acute, divergent, almost horizontal, moderately pubescent; not easily visible from side. Antennz inserted on frons and outer base of facial cones. Labrum rather large, easily visible from in front. Thorax arched, punctate. Pronotum short, slightly arched, depressed below dorsulum, anterior margin lower than post-ocellar regions of vertex, prcepi- meron mostly concealed; forecoxze small. Dorsulum small, subacute cephalad. Metasternal spurs small. JVings small, hyaline, about two and three-fourths times as long as broad, broadest across first furcal, subacute apically; radius about as long as second cubital; first cubital long; first marginal cell some- what smaller than second; venation light yellowish brown. Male—Abdomen very short, more slender than in female. Genital segment rather short, larger than preceding ventral sclerite ; claspers long arcuate, mar- gins parallel, obtuse at apex; pubescence sparse and brief. Anal valve long, rather narrow, with a small rounded epiphysis on each flap posteriorly ; pubescence longer than on genital plate. Female.—Genital segment very small; ventral plate very short, acute caudad; dorsal plate about as large preceding tergite, subacute at apex; genital pore almost half as long as dorsal plate; pubescence sparse. Described from numerous males and females collected by C. F. Baker in Colorado and Arizona. Type in Nat. Museum. 448 PoMoNA COLLEGE JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY The cephalic and thoracic color markings are quite characteristic and con- stant. There is a variation, however, in the discal macula of the vertex. In some specimens this macula extends arcuately to the post-ocelli, and is quite broad, while in others it is narrow and does not attain to the post-ocelli. In some individuals it even tends to disappear entirely. Although the variauon is gradual and quite complete, it seems advisable to separate as a variety those forms in which the macula is scarcely present or entirely wanting. The cephalic markings are quite uniformly of a white or flavous white color. In a few individuals this varies toward flavous rather than white. A second variety seems to exist in which the cephalic markings are distinctly flavous. ‘The thoracic markings vary widely from white to dull dirty yellow. Paratrioza ocellata nigra n. var. General characters same as for species. Discal area of vertex without macula or stripe. Paratrioza ocellata flava n. var. General characters as for species. Cephalic markings dark flavous. Thoracic markings lighter flavous. Paratrioza cockerelli (Sulc.) (Trioza cockerelli Sulc.) (Gitte, WERE S\a 55), IE) Length of body 1.3 mm.; length of forewing 2.6 mm.; greatest width 1.0 mm.; width of vertex between eyes .39 mm.; with eyes .60 mm. General color light brown to brown, as seen with the naked eye; vertex colored very similarly to P. ocellata but less markedly so; thorax not so distinctly striped as P. ocellata. Head deflexed, with eyes not as broad as thorax, very finely punctate. Vertex raised plate-like, pubescent; discal area with a small foveal impression posteriorly on each side of the median suture; emarginate on aterior margin above insertion of antennze; scarcely emarginate at median suture; anterior ocellus under projecting vertex. Facial cones very small, subacute when viewed from in front, scarcely visible from side; projecting outward from face over insertion of antenne; labrum prominent; antennz inserted on frons more nearly in front than in P. ocellata. Thorax arched, punctate. Pronotum arched, depressed below dorsulum and head slightly; prceepimeron mostly concealed. Dorsulum small, subacute cephalad. Wings hyaline, small, a little more than two and a half times as long as broad, broadest across first marginal cell; radius about as long as second cubital; marginal cells subequal. Male.—Genital segment rather small; claspers long, arcuate, obtuse at apex ; anal valve long, straight on anterior margin, with a posterior, triangular lobe projecting from almost entire vertical length; vertical axis shorter than hori- zontal axis from tip of posterior lobe to center of anterior vertical margin. Pubescence sparse. Female—Genital segment very similar to that of P. ocellata; ventral plate relatively a littie larger. Figure 155. Wings of Triozinae: A, Trioza tripunctata; B, T. salicis; C, T. minuta; D, T. quadripunctata; Be longistylus; F,T. proximata; G, T. assimilis; T, T. mexicana; I, Allotrioza arbolensis; J, A. magnoliae; K, Trioza nicaraguensis; L, Paratrioza cockerelli; M, P. ocellata; N, Epitrioza medicaginis; O, Neotrioza laticeps; P, N. immaculata; R, Hpitrioza oaxacensis; G, Rhinopsylla antennata. 450 PomMoNA COLLEGE JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY Redescribed from one male collected at Boulder, Colorado, by Prot. ‘T. D. A. Cockerell. Food-plant: Capsicum annuum (pepper). The single male specimen sent me by Prof. Cockerell was imperfectly colored as compared with the description by Sule. His characterization of color and of the genitalia of both sexes was used in the above description since these characters were not readily available in my specimen. ‘The striking similarity to P. ocellata is apparent. The two species may be distinguished by the following characters: Paratrioza ocellata: Facial cones nearly porrect and horizontal; antennze inserted on frons sublaterad; vertex with a white macula in center; thorax; usually distinctly striped. Anal valve of male long and rather narrow, with a small rounded epiphysis posteriorly ; vertical axis longer than horizontal axis. Paratrioza cockerelli: Facial cones not porrect, projecting outwardly, hori- zontal; antennz inserted more nearly in front; macula in center of vertex brown; thorax not distinctly striped. Anal valve of male relatively shorter ; posterior lobe or epiphysis large, triangular, long at base, subacute at apex; vertical axis shorter than horizontal axis. Paratrioza maculipennis (Crawf.) (Syn. Trioza maculipennis Crawf.) Ghig1530)) Pomona Journ. Entom. Vol. II, No. 2, page 237. The facial cones are somewhat larger and more prominent in this species, but are manifestly of the same type. The male genitalia are more accurately represented in the figure herewith shown than in the location cited above. Neotrioza n. gen. Head with eyes distinctly broader than thorax. Facial cones quite long, very slender and acute, closely appressed and not in the least divergent. Vertex raised plate-like. Antenne inserted in front below vertex. ‘Thorax very slender and narrow. Pronotum short, depressed below head and dorsulum. Type of genus: Neotrioza immaculata Crawf. Synopsis of the Genus Neotrioza A. Facial cones long, vertical; cone into eye more than 1. Wing about two and a half times as long as broad. N. immaculata Crawf. AA. Facial cones retrose, not very long; cone into eye less than 1. Wing fully three times as long as broad. N. laticeps Crawf. Neotrioza immaculata (Crawf.) (Trioza immaculata Crawt.) CNS ISS AG Eel eu.) Length of body 1.7 mm.; length of forewing 2.7 mm.; greatest width 9 mm.; width of vertex between eyes .36 mm.; with eyes .59 mm. General color dark brown, thorax lighter; vertex black with yellowish border; facial cones whitish; antennz black throughout. Pomona COLLEGE JOURNAL oF ENTOMOLOGY 451] Head quite strongly deflexed, scarcely punctate, with eyes distinctly broader than thorax. Posterior margin of thorax only slightly elevated narrowly, arcuate, not emarginate at median suture; vertex slightly pubescent, raised plate-like, with the border yellowish orange in color and the discal area black ; discal area quite plane, except the elevated postocellar regions; anterior margin somewhat emarginate at median suture and slightly deflexed; anterior ocellus at base of facial cones and median suture of vertex. Facial cones long, slender, closely appressed and not divergent, very acute, vertical, very sparsely pubescent. Antenne inserted on frons, not laterad; very slender; two basal segments quite slender. Thorax arched, very slender and narrow, slightly punctate, sparsely and briefly pubescent. Pronotum short, depressed below dorsulum and _ head; pleurites small. Dorsulum ascending, narrow, rather broadly rounded cepha- lad. Metasternal spurs small and short. Vings small, hyaline, a little more than two and a half times as long as broad, broadest across second furcal, subacute apically; radius longer than second cubital; second furcal shorter than fourth furcal. Male—Abdomen slender, not arched. Genital segment small; ventral plate not as large as anal tergite; claspers spatulate, of medium length; anal valve long, extending to apical margin of ventral plate, broader at base than at tip; pubescence rather dense. Described from one male collected at Algonquin, Illinois, by Dr. Nason. Neotrioza laticeps (Crawi.) (Trioza laticeps Crawf.) (Big w1535) Bight smote a551@)) Length of body 1.6 mm.; length of forewing 2.7 mm.; greatest width 1.0 mm.; width of vertex between eyes .38 mm.; with eyes .62 mm. General color dark brown, thorax lighter; head and facial cones black. Head strongly deflexed, with eyes distinctly broader than thorax, very slightly punctate. Posterior margin of vertex only slightly elevated narrowly, arcuate, not emarginate at median suture; vertex raised plate-like, slightly pubescent ; quite black; discal area plane, except elevated postocellar region; anterior margin emarginate at median suture; anterior ocellus at base of facial cones and emargination of vertex. Facial cones long, shorter than in N. immaculata, slender, acute, closely appressed and not divergent, vertical or retrose, slightly pubescent. Antennz inserted on frons below frontal plates of vertex, in front; very slender; basal segments quite slender. Thorax arched, slender and narrow, punctate, briefly and sparsely pubescent. Pronotum short, depressed below head and dorsulum; pleurites normal. Dor- sulum ascending, narrow, quite broadly rounded cephalad. Wings hyaline, small, slender, fully three times as long as broad, broadest across first mar- ginal cell, subacute apically; radius as long as second cubital; second furcal fully as long as fourth furcal. Female——Abdomen slender. Genital segment almost as long as rest of abdomen, very acute caudad; dorsal plate longer and heavier than ventral; 452 ‘Pomona CoLLEcE JouRNAL oF ENTOMOLOGY genital pore about one-fifth as long as dorsal plate; ventral plate quite linear and very acute distally; pubescence sparse. Described from one female collected by G. R. Pilate in Louisiana. Epitrioza n. gen. Head small, scarcely deflexed; vertex more or less excised; facial cones almost obsolete, reduced to globose lobes scarcely visible from the side. An- tennze inserted on frons and base of facial cones laterad; labrum easily visible from in front below facial cones. Thorax not strongly arched, broader than head including eyes; pronotum rather short, distinctly arched and scarcely depressed below head and dor- sulum ; preepimeron only slightly visible; propleurites set rather obliquely ; fore- cox almost entirely visible in front of the mesepisternum. Wing venation quite similar to typical Triozinae; first cubital scarcely more than twice the length of first furcal. Type of genus: Epitrioza medicaginis Crawf. Synopsis of the Genus Epitrioza A. Body very small; wings small, less than 2.5 mm. in length, slightly coriaceous. Vertex raised somewhat plate-like, bulging over insertion of antenne. Pronotum quite long. Forecoxe short. Genital segment of female scarcely longer than dorso-ventral width. E. medicaginis Crawf. AA. Body normally large. Wings normal, more than 3 mm. in length, hyaline. Vertex not raised plate-like, not bulging over insertion of antenne. Pronotum quite short. Forecoxz long. Female genital segment about twice as long as basal dorso-ventral width. E. oaxacensis Crawf. Epitrioza medicaginis (Crawf.) (Paratrioza medicaginis Crawf.) (aie, WZ Oh RS Es Is aSZh INfe ISB), IND) Length of body 1.7 mm.; length of forewing 2.6 mm.; greatest width 1.0 mm.; width of vertex between eyes .43 mm.; with eyes .68 mm. General color yellowish green throughout. Body small, slender. Head scarcely deflexed, small, with eyes not quite as broad as thorax, some- what punctate. Posterior margin of vertex arcuate, slightly elevated nar- rowly; vertex raised somewhat plate-like; discal area with a distinct fovea on each side of median suture, near posterior margin and an oblique depression extending forward and toward eyes; anterior margin moderately emarginate at median suture above anterior ocellus. Facial cones reduced to two rather large globose lobes extending vertically downward, scarcely visible from side, slightly pubescent ; antennal insertions prominent, occupying large area laterad. Labrum large, prominent below facial cones from in front. Thorax small, not strongly arched, quite coarsely punctate; pronotum short, arched, not depressed below head and dorsulum; sides quite parallel; pro- pleurites obliquely set; prcepimeron small; forecoxze small, almost entirely Pomona COLLEGE JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY 453 visible. Dorsulum ascending, quite small. Metasternal spurs quite small. Wings small, hyaline, but very faintly coriaceous; less than three times as long as broad, broadest across first furcal, rounded apically but not broadly so; radius as long as second cubital; first cubital about twice the length of first furcal; fourth furcal fully half as long as second cubital; marginal cells sub- equal; venation rather inconspicuous. Male—Abdomen long and slender. Genital segment medium in size ; genital plate rounded; claspers bicuspidate, the posterior cusp longer, slightly more acute, glabrous; the remainder of surface of claspers sparsely pubescent ; ana} valve quite large, broad at base, distally more slender and terminating in an uniformly tapering epiphysis; sparsely pubescent. Female—Abdomen very long, less slender than in male. Genital segment moderately large; both plates of almost equal length, quite acute; genital pore small; sparsely pubescent. Described from one male and one female collected by T. D. A. Cockerell in Colorado. Food plant: Medicago sativa (alfalfa). Epitrioza oaxacensis n. sp. (Higw 1S25 SPE 1545 Or. 1555 IR) Length of body 1.9 mm.; length of forewing 3.3 mm.; greatest width 1.2 mm.; width of vertex between eyes .45 mm.; with eyes .70 mm. General color light green with a tinge of yellow. Body medium in size. Head scarcely deflexed, small, punctate; posterior margin of vertex arcuate, very slightly elevated narrowly; vertex not raised plate-like; discal area with a distinct fovea on each side near posterior margin and a short sulcate de- pression extending toward eye. Anterior margin somewhat emarginate at median suture. Facial cones reduced to globose lobes, very slightly angulated on inner margin; slightly visible from side, sparsely pubescent; labrum visible from in front below facial cones. Antenne inserted on frons and base of facial cones sublaterad. Thorax moderately arched, broader than head including eyes, quite coarsely punctuate; pronotum short, arched, scarcely depressed below head and dor- sulum, broader at pleurite than dorsally ; propleurites obliquely set ; prcepimeron small; forecoxze moderately large, almost entirely visible from in front of mesepisternum. Dorsulum moderately long, usually very narrow, occasionally normally broad, rounded cephalad. JVings rather large, hyaline, about two and a half times as long as broad, broadest across first marginal cell, quite broadly rounded apically; radius as long as second cubital; first cubital just twice the length of first furcal; fourth furcal slightly less than half the length of second cubital; marginal cells subequal; one specimen presents the anomaly of the furcation distally of the radius of both primary wings. Female-—Abdomen moderately stout. Genital segment long, slender; dorsal plate slightly longer than ventral, equally acute but less slender; genital pore small, elliptical ; pubescence sparse and brief. Described form four females collected by D. L. Crawford at Oaxaca, Mex. WEST COAST NEWS NOTES [In this department we hope to give in most numbers of the JOURNAL some idea of the doings and movements of western entomologists, notices of publications of interest to western students, notices of entomological meet- ings, etc. ‘To this end, we hope that students or collectors will send in all items of entomological interest about themselves or others. Address: Mr. Fordyce Grinnell, Jr., 572 N. Marengo Ave., Pasadena, Cal.] Mr. W. M. Mann, of Stanford University, spent the Christmas vacation in collecting at Pacific Grove. Mr. F. X. Williams, formerly of San Francisco, now of the University of Kansas, spent the fall months of 1910 visiting various museums in the east. The annual address before the American Association for the Advancement of Science was by Dr. D. S. Jordan on “The Making of a Darwin.” At the meeting of the Southern California Academy of Science held on Dec. 5, Dr. William Morton Wheeler gave a short talk on Museums and Museum Management; and Dr. Thomas Powell upon “The Appropriation of Food and the Energy Derived Therefrom by Animal Life,” illustrated with slides. Dr. William Morton Wheeler spent the first three weeks of December in Socuthern California, principally in Pasadena, collecting ants. He spent two days at Pomona College in company with Prof. Baker and Mr. Metz. Mr. Perey Leonard of Point Loma, near San Diego, is doing some in- teresting work on the habits of the Honey Ant, Myrmecocystis mexicanus mojave Wheeler. The Washington, D. C., entomologists are working on a code of nomen- clature for entomologists. A manuscript draft has been circulated in Southern California, for comments and criticisms. ‘The code will be a very useful docu- ment. Mr. E. P. Van Duzee, the hemipterist of Buffalo, N. Y., is planning to attend the meeting of the American Library Association in May, in Pasa- dena, and will spend several weeks of collecting in the vicinity. Pomona CoLLEGE JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY 455 The Annual Meeting of the San Diego Society of Natural History was held at the McNeece Building, San Diego, on the afternoon of January 12, 1911. Ford A. Carpenter is the Secretary. Mr. J. R. Haskin, of Los Angeles, is describing a new Melitaea (Lemonias ) related to gabbii, from the Mojave Desert, Calif., and Northern Arizona. Miss Julia D. E. Wright, former Secretary of the Santa Clara Valley Entomological Club, is now living in San Francisco. A new bill for the State Legislature, reorganizing county work in economic entomology is being drafted by representatives of our horticultural interests. One of the prime objects of this bill is the obtaining of competent men for this most important work. May wisdom prevail! Students of Pomona College have recentiy furnished large quantities of material to Mr. Banks, Dr. Folsom, Prof. Chamberlin and others to assist in the preparation of working synopses of California arthropods. These synopses promise to be a godsend to Californian students throughout tne state. On December 17, 1910, the corner stone of the County Museum Building was laid in Los Angeles. The style of architecture is Spanish Renaissance ; and the building will be beautiful and commodious. It is fireproof, being constructed of steel frame and brick laid in varying designs, with terra cotta cornices and trimmings. Steel trusses will support roofs of waterproof con- crete slabs covered with Spanish tiles. The south wing is to be occupied by the Southern California Academy of Sciences, for a museum of natural history; the north wing will be occupied by the Historical Society; and the west wing devoted to art under the direction of the Fine Arts League of Los Angeles. In time the museum will rank with any in the country. » \ = a) nace vi (Wau ‘ 5 si f =, , é pee’ wlth j ‘ [ rare, i ‘5 ei’ gue j aor oat ; was \. 1 \ , ~~ 5 "% - : ‘ ? 2 4 a 4 s i ct ay we, Oe W\4 : in nT ’ , q ¥ 4 ; i " ’ « Were ‘ ‘ ‘ a Ps . @ § 4 _ 4 ~ ; : i Gitar rue ier e : s*9 ya) ! . a | * » J ‘ / j 3 ‘ ~ . iu C an y ‘. Re . i baht) 16 ie a —— ‘io aes s \ o> a . “rie ‘i ’ wf ‘ s ¥ 3 eo @ a emt ~ = _ Pomona College Journal of Entomology Volume III MAY 1911 Number 2 HOST INDEX TO CALIFORNIA PLANT LICE (Aphididze) E. O. ESSIG HORTICULTURAL COMMISSIONER OF VENTURA COUNTY, CALIFORNIA The following index has been largely compiled from the works of W. T. Clarke, W. M. Davidson, H. F. Wilson, A. P. Hayne, Carroll Fowler and G. Del Guercio. For three years the writer has been collecting and studying this group of insects and has yet a large number of undetermined species to add. A rough preliminary list was sent to Prof. O. W. Oestlund (of the University of Minne- sota), Edith M. Patch (University of Maine, Agrcl. Exp. Station), Prof. Theo. Pergande (Div. of Entomology, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture), Prof. C. F. Baker (Pomona College), and Prof. H. F. Wilson (Univ. of Oregon, Agrel. Exp. Station), Mr. W. M. Davidson, Mr. Morrison (Stanford University), and Mr. J. T. Monell. The index has been completely remodeled according to their notes. I heartily invite all entomologists to assist me in the development of this index and in perfecting the list of synonyms of this very important group. Abies concolor Parry (White Fir). Lachnus abietis Fitch-Davidson, Jr. Ec. Ent. II, 299, 1909. Abies grandis Lindl. Lachnus occidentalis Davidson, Jr. Ee. Ent. IT, 300, 1909. Acer sp. (Maple). Drepanosiphum platanoides Schrk.- Wilson, Jr. Ec. Ent. II, 350, 1909. Acer dasycarpum Ehrh. (White or Sil- ver Maple). Drepanaphis acerifolii (Thos.) Del. Guer.-Davidson, Jr. Ee. Ent. ITI, 380, 1910. AcER NEGUNDO see Negundo aceroides Moench. Acer saccharinum Wag. (Soft, Rock or Sugar Maple). Drepanaphis acerifolii (Thos.) Del. Guer.-Davidson, Jr. Ec. Ent. IT, 303, 1909. Axper see Alnus. Alnus rhombifolia Nutt. (Alder). Callipterus alnifolie (Fitch MSS.)- Davidson, Jr. Ec. Ent. III, 375, 1910. Amaranthus retroflecus L. (Pigweed). Trifidaphis radicicola (Essig) Del. Guer.-Essig, P. C. Jr. Ent. I, 10, 1909. Ambrosia psilostachya DC. (Ragweed). Macrosiphum _rudbeckie _—( Fitch) Sanb.-Essig, P. C. Jr. Ent. III, 402, 1911. Amsinckia spectabilis F. & M. Myzus persice Sulz.-Davidson, Jr. Ee. Ent. III, 378, 1910. 458 Angelica sp. Aphis angelice Koch.-Wilson, Jr. Ec. Ent. II, 348, 1909. AppLe see Pyrus mali Linn. Apricot see Prunus armeniaca L. Arbutus menziesii Pursh. (Madrono). Rhopalosiphum arbuti Davidson, Jr. Ec. Ent. III, 378, 1910. Artemisia californica Less. (California Sage). Aphis medicaginis Koch, Morrison in litt. Arundo sp. (Bamboo). Callipterus arundicolens Clarke, Can. Ent. XXXV, 249, 1903. Asclepias mexicana Cay. (Milkweed). Aphis lutescens Monell-Davidson, Jr. Ec. Ent. III, 377, 1910. AsH-LEAvED Marie see Negundo ace- roides Moench. Avena sativa Linn. (Oats). Aphis padi L.-Davidson, Jr. Ee. Ent. III, 377, 1910. Baccharis sp. Macrosiphum baccharidis Clarke, Can. Ent. XXXV, 254, 1903. Baccharis viminea DC. Macrosiphum rudbeckie Fitch-Essig, P. C. Jr. Ent. III, 402, 1911. Bamsoo see Arundo. Barserry see Berberis. Basswoop see Tilia. BEAN see Phaesolus. Beecu see Fagus. Beer see Beta. Berberis vulgaris Linn. (Common Bar- berry). Liosomaphis berberidis (Kalt) Walk.- Davidson, Jr. Econ. Ent. III, 378, 1910. Beta vulgaris L. (Common Beet). Trifidaphis radicicola (Essig) Del. Guer.-Essig, Po. Jr. Ent. I, 8, 1909. Beta vulgaris L. var. (Sugar Beet). Pemphigus bete Doane-Clarke, Can. Ent. XXXV, 248, 1903. Betula sp. (Birch). Callipterus betulecolens (Fitch) Monell-Davidson, Jr. Ec. Ent. III, 376, 1910. Bidens laevis L. (Marigold). Aphis calendulicola Monell-Clarke, Can. Ent. XXXV, 250, 1903. Bircu see Betula. Pomona CoLLteGE JouRNAL oF ENTOMOLOGY Brack Musrarp see Brassica nigra Koch. Brack Watnut see Juglans sp. Buve Oak see Quercus douglasii H. & A. Brassica campestris Linn. (Wild Mus- tard). Aphis brassice L.-Davidson, Jr. Ee. Ent. II, 302, 1909. Brassica nigra Koch. (Black Mustard). Aphis brassice L.-Essig in Collec- tion. Brassica oleracea L. (Cabbage). Aphis brassice L.-Davidson, Po. Jr. Ent. III, 399, 1911. Myzus persice Sulz, Morrison in litt. Bromus secalinus L. (Chess, Cheat). Aphis avene Fabr.-Clarke, Can. Ent. XXXV, 254, 1903. BucktuHorn see Rhamnus. Burr Crover see Medicago denticulata Willd. Bursa bursa-pastoris (L.) Britt. (Shep- herd’s Purse). Aphis gossypii Glover-Clarke, Can. Ent. XXXV, 250, 1903. Burtercup see Ranunculus californicus Benth. CapBaGeE see Brassica oleracea L. Cairornia SaGeE see Artemisia califor- nica Less. CANAIGRE see Rumex hymenosepalus Torr. Capsicum annum var. abbreviatum Fing. (Celestial Pepper). Myzus persice Sulz.-Davidson, Jr. Ee. Ent. II, 303, 1909. Carnation see Dianthus caryophyllum L. Castanea sp. (Chestnut). F Callipterus castanea (Fitch) Gillette- Clarke, Can. Ent. XXXV, 249, 1903. Car’s VaLertan see Valeriana offici- nalis L. Ceanothus cuneatus Nutt. Aphis ceanothi Clarke-Davidson, Jr. Ec. Ent. III, 377, 1910. Ceanothus integerrimus H. & A. Aphis ceanothi Clarke, Can. Ent. XXXV, 250, 1903. CrerestiAL Pepper see Capsicum an- nuum var. abberviatum Fing. Cueat see Bromus secalinus L. Cuess see Bromus secalinus L. Pomona CoLLEGE JOURNAL CuestNuT see Castanea. Chrysanthemum indicum L. Myzus persice Sulz-Davidson in litt. Citrullus vulgaris, Schrad. (Water- melon). Aphis gossypii Glover-Clarke, Can. Ent. XXXV, 250, 1903. Citrus aurantium Linn. (Orange). Aphis citri Ashm. (?)-Essig, P. C. Jr. Ent. I, 47, 1909. Aphis gossypii Glover(?)-Essig, P. C. Jr. Ent. II, 223, 1910. *Macrosiphum citrifolii (Ashm.) Sanb.-Ashmead, Can. Ent. XIV, 91, 1882. Cuiuster Pine see Pinus pinaster Ait. Common Vatertan see Valeriana offi- cinalis L. Conium maculatum L. lock). Siphocoryne conii Davidson, Jr. Ee. Ent. II, 304, 1909. Copper Beracu see Fagus. Corn see Zea mays L. Cornus occidentalis (T. & G) Coville. Aphis helianthi Monell-Davidson in Poison Hem- litt. Corylus sp. (Hazelnut). Myzocallis coryli (Goetz.) Pass.- Clarke, Can Ent. XXXV, 249, 1903. Crataegus sp. (Hawthorn). Aphis crategi Monell-Clarke, Can. Ent. XXXV, 250, 1903. Crataegus oxyacantha L. (English Hawthorn). Aphis crateagifolie Fitch-Davidson, Jr. Ee. Ent. III, 377, 1910. Cruciferae (Mustard Family). Aphis brassice L.-Clarke, Can. Ent. XXXV, 250, 1903. Cucurbita pepo L. var. ovifera L. (Gourd). Aphis gossypii Glover-Davidson in litt. Cyanoglossum sp. _(Forget-me-not, Hound’s Tongue). Myzus persice Sulz.-Davidson, Jr. Ee. Ent. III, 378, 1910. Dianthus caryophyllum L. (Carnation). Myzus persice Sulz-Davidson in litt. *Hunter Aphidide of North America, Bull. 60, Ia. Agrel. Exp. Sta., p. 118, 1901. 459 or ENTOMOLOGY Diccer Pine see Pinus sabiniana Dougl. Dock see Rumex. Exum see Ulmus. ENnciINna see Quercus agrifolia Nee. Eneuisu Ivy see Hedera helix L. Eneusn Want see Juglans regia L. Epilobium sp. (Willow-Herb). Aphis cenothere Oestl.-Clarke, Can. Ent. XXXV, 252, 1903. Eriobotrya japonica Lindl. Japan Plum). Aphis pomi De Geer-Neuls in Collec- tion. European Grape see Vitis vinifera L. Evenine Primrose see Sphaerostigma. Fagus sp. (Copper Beech). Phyllaphis fagi (L.) Davidson, Jr. Ee. Ent. III, 376, 1910. Fause Spruce see Pseudotsuga doug- lasii Carr. FENNEL see Foeniculum. Fern see Filicales. Filicales spp. (Ferns). Idiopterus nephrolepidis Davis-Dav- idson, Jr. Ec. Ent. III, 376, 1910. Fir see Abies. Foeniculum foeniculum (Sweet Fennel). Siphocoryne fceeniculi Pass.-Clarke, Can. Ent. XXXV, 252, 1903. ForGet-mr-Nor see Cyanoglossum. Garpven Herrorrore see Valeriana of- ficinalis L. Gourp see Cucurbita pepo L. var. ovi- fera L. Grape see Vitis. GREEN Gace Pium see Prunus domes- tica var. cereola L. Hawrnorn see Crataegus. Hazexinvt see Corylus. Hedera Helix L. (English Ivy). Aphis hedere Kalt.-Essig, Po. Jr. Ent. II, 336, 1910. Aphis rumicis L.-Davidson, Jr. Ee. Ent. III, 376, 1910. Myzus persice Sulz.-Clarke, Ent. XXXV, 252, 1903. Aphis anglice Koch.-Wilson, Jr. Ee. Ent. II, 348, 1909. HE IoTROPE, GARDEN see Valeriana of- ficinalis L. Hemvock, Poison see Conium. Honeysuck Le see Lonicera. Hop see Humulus lupulus L. (Loquat, (L.) Kant. Can. 460 Hounn’s Toneur see Cyanoglossum. Humulus lupulus L. (Common Hop). Phorodon humuli Schrank.-Clarke, Bull. No. 160, Cal. Ex. Sta., 1904. Japan Puum see Eriobotrya japonica Lindl. Jasmin sp. (Jasmine). Macrosiphum jasmini Clarke, Can. Ent. XXXV, 252, 1903. Juglans sp. (Black Walnut). Monellia carye (Monell) Gill.- Clarke, Can. Ent. XXXV, 249, 1903. Juglans regia L. (English or Persian Walnut). Callipterus juglandicola _‘(Kalt) Walker-Essig, P. C. Jr. Ent. II, 302, 1909. Monellia carye (Monell) Gill.- Davidson, Jr. Ec. Ent. II, 301, 1909. Lathyrus odoratus L. (Sweet Pea). Macrosiphum ulmarie (Schrk.) Schout-Davidson in litt. Lathyrus sp. (Wild Pea). Macrosiphum ulmarize (Schr.) Schout.-Davidson, Jr. Ec. Ent. II, 304, 1909. Lauresrinus see Viburnum tinus L. Live Oak see Quercus agrifolia Nee. Live Oak, Vauury see Quercus wis- lizent A. DC. Lonicera hispidula Dougl. (Honey- suckle. ) Hyadaphis xylostei (Schrank) Schout.-Davidson, Jr. Ec. Ent. II, 303, 1909. Loguar see Eriobotrya japonica Lindl. Lotus americanus (Nutt.) Bisch. Aphis medicaginis Koch-Morrison in litt. Lupinus sp. (Lupin). Marcrosiphum ulmarie (Schrk.) Schout.-Davidson in litt. Lycopersicum esculentum Mill. (To- mato). Macrosiphum _lycopersici _Clarke, Can. Ent. XXXV, 253, 1903. Moprono see Arbutus menziesii Pursh. Matuow see Malva. Malva parviflora L. (Mallow). Myzus persice Sulzer-Davidson, Jr. Ee. Ent. II, 303, 1909. Map te see Acer. Marigotp see Bidens laevis L. Pomona CoLiteGeE JouRNAL oF ENTOMOLOGY Medicago denticulata Clover). Aphis medicaginis Koch.-Davidson, Jr. Ee. Ent. II, 302, 1909. MiILkwerp see Asclepias mexicana Cav. Monterey PINE see Pinus radiata Gord. Morus sp. (Mulberry). Aphis mori Clarke, Can. Ent. XXXV, 251, 1903. Muvserry see Morus. Musrarp, Buack see Brassica nigra Koch. Mustrarp, Common see Brassica cam- pestris L. Musrarp Famity see Cuciferae. Narrow-LeAveD Wittow see Salix flu- viatilis Nutt. Willd. ( Burr Negundo aceroides Moench. (Ash- leaved Maple). Chaitophorus negundinis Thos.- Davidson, Jr. Ec. Ent. III, 376, 1910. Nerium oleander L. (Oleander). Aphis nerii Kalt-Davidson, Jr. Econ. Ent. III, 377, 1910. Nert te see Urtica holosericea Nutt. NIGHTSHADE see Solanum. Oak see Quercus. Oar see Avena sativa L. OrnotTuHERA see Sphaerostigma. OLEANDER see Nerium oleander L. ORANGE see Citrus aurantium L. OrtIeENTAL PLaNE TREE see Platanus orientalis L. Orthocarpus purpurascens Benth. (Owl Clover). Macrosiphum orthocarpe Davidson, Jr. Ec. Ent. III, 380, 1910. Owx Crover see Orthocarpus purpur- ascens Benth. — Pra see Pisum. Pra, Wi1p see Lathyrus. Peacu see Prunus persica B. & H. Prar see Pyrus communis L. Persian WALNuT see Juglans regia L. Phaesolus sp. (Bean). Macrosiphum — ulmarie Schout.-Davidson, Jr. III, 380, 1910. Pigweep see Amaranthus retroflexus L. PINE see Pinus. Pinus MARITIMA Porr see Pinus pinas- ter Ait (Cluster Pine). (Schrk.) Ee. Ent. Pomona CoLieGe JourRNAL or ENTOMOLOGY Pinus pinaster Ait. (Cluster Pine). Pineus pinicorticis (Fitch) Shim.- Davidson, Jr. Ec. Ent. II, 299, 1909. Pinus radiata Gord. (Monterey Pine). Essigella californica (Essig) Del. Guer.-Essig, Po. Jr. Ent. I, 4, 1909. Lachnus pini-radiate Davidson, Jr. Ee. Ent. II, 299, 1909. Mindarus abietinus Koch.-Clarke, Can. Ent. XXXV, 248, 1903. Pinus sabiniana Dougl. (Digger or Sil- ver Pine). . Lachnus pini-radiate Davidson, Po. Jr. Ent. IIT, 398, 1911. Pisum sativum L. (Pea). Macrosiphum ulmarie — (Schrk.) Schout.-Essig, Po. Jr. Ent. II, 338, 1910. PLANE TREE see Platanuas. Platanus orientalis L. (Oriental Plane Tree). Drepanosiphum platanoides Schrk.- Davidson, Jr. Ec. Ent. III, 377, 1910. Pivum see Prunus domestica L. Pium, Green Gace see Prunus do- mestica var. cereola L. Porson Hemuock see Conium. Poprar see Populus. Populus sp. (Poplar or Cottonwood). Melanoxantherum rufulus (David- son) Schr.-Davidson, Jr. Ec. Ent. III, 376, 1910. Melanoxantherum saliceti (Harris) Schr.-Davidson, Jr. Ec. Ent. III, 375, 1910. Pemphigus populicaulis Fitch-Day- idson, Jr. Ec. Ent. II, 299, 1909. Pemphigus populitransversus Riley- Davidson, Jr. Ec. Ent. III, 372, 1910. Populus fremontii Wats. Chaitophorus __populifolie —_ Fitch- Davidson, Jr. Ec. Ent. III, 375, 1910. Pemphigus populimonilis _ Riley- Davidson, Jr. Ec. Ent. III, 374, 1910. Populus trichocarpa T. & G. (Cotton- wood). Thomasia populicola (Thos.) Wil- son-Essig, P. C. Jr. Ent. I, 99, 1909. 461 Pemphigus populicaulis Fitch-Day- idson, Jr. Ec. Ent. II, 299, 1909. Pemphigus populiconduplifolius Cow- en-Davidson, Jr. Ee. Ent. III, 374, 1910. Polygonum sp. Rhopalosiphum nymphee (L) Koch- Davidson, Jr. Ec. Ent. III, 377, 1910. Prunus armeniaca L. (Apricot). Hyalopterus arundinis Fabr.-Clarke, Can. Ent. XXXV, 249, 1903. Prunus domestica L. (Plum). Aphis persicee-niger Smith-Clarke, Can. Ent. XXXV, 252, 1903. Hyalopterus arundinis Fabr.-Fowler, Rep. Cal. Exp. Sta. Pt. I, p. 78, 1899-1900. Myzus persice Sulz.-Davidson, Jr. Ee. Ent. II, 303, 1909. Phorodon humuli Schrank-Davidson, Jr. Ec. Ent. III, 380, 1910. Prunus domestica var. cereola L. (Green Gage Plum). *Aphis alamedensis Clarke, Can. Ent. XXXV, 251, 1903. Myzus cerasi (Fabr.) Buck.-Clarke, Can. Ent. XXXV, 252, 1903. Prunus persica B. & H. (Peach). Aphis persice-niger Smith-Clarke, Can. Ent. XXXV, 252, 1903. Myzus persice Sulz.-Davidson, Jr. Ee. Ent. III, 379, 1910. Pseudotsuga douglasii Carr. (False Spruce). 7Gillettea coweni (Gill.) Borner- Davidson, Jr. Ec. Ent. III, 372, 1910. Pyrus communis L. (Pear). Aphis pomi (?) De Geer-Davidson, Jr. Ec. Ent. II, 302, 1909. Pyrus mali L. (Apple). Aphis pomi De Geer-Fowler, Rep. Cal. Exp. Sta. Prt. I, p. 78, 1899- 1900. Aphis sorbi Kalt.-Clarke, Can. Ent. XXXV, 252, 1903. Schizoneura Janigera Haus.-Fowler, Rep. Cal. Exp. Sta., Pt. I, 82, 1899-1900. Quercus sp. (Oak). Schizoneura querci Fitch-Clarke, Can. Ent. XXXV, 248, 1903. _*In description spelled Aphis alemedensis Clarke. 7Chermes cooleyi var. coweni Gillette 462 Quercus agrifolia Nee. (Live Oak, En- cina). Drepanaphis acerifolii (Thos.) Del. Guer.-Clarke, Can. Ent. XXXV, 249, 1903. : Schizoneura querci Fitch-Davidson, Jr. Ec. Ent. III, 374, 1910. Quercus californica Cooper. Callipterus quercus Kalt.-Davidson, Jr. Ec. Ent. III, 376, 1910. {Quercus kelloggii (?). Callipterus quercus Kalt.-Davidson, Jr. Ee. Ent. II, 302, 1909. Quercus imbricata. Callipterus hyalinus Monell-Clarke, Can. Ent. XXXV, 249, 1903. Quercus lobata Nee. (Valley or White Oak). Callipterus quercus Kalt.-Davidson, Jr. Ec. Ent. III, 376, 1910. §Quercus robur (?). Callipterus quercus Kalt.-Davidson, P. C. Jr. Ent. III, 399, 1911. Quercus wislizeni A. DC. (Valley Live Oak). Schizoneura querci Fitch-Davidson, P. C. Jr. Ent. III, 398, 1911. Ravisu, Wixp see Raphanus sativus L. RaGweEepD see Ambrosia psilostachya DC. Raiz Cororapo see Rumex hymenose- palus Torr. Ranunculus californicus Benth. (But- tercup). Pemphigus ranunculi Davidson, Jr. Ec. Ent. III, 373, 1910. Raphanus sativus L. (Wild Radish). Aphis brassice L. Essig. In Coll. Rep Dock see Rumecv. Rhamnus_ californica Esch. (Buck- thorn). Macrosiphum rhamni Clarke, Can. Ent. XXXV, 254, 1903. Rock Marie see Acer saccharinum Wang. Rosa sp. (Rose). Macrosiphum rose L. Davidson, Jr. Ee. Ent. II, 304, 1909. Myzus rosarum Walk.-Morrison in litt. Rosa californica C. & S. (Wild Rose). Myzus rosarum Walk.-Davidson, Jr. Ee. Ent. III, 379, 1910. tQuercus douglasii H. & A. (?). §Quercus rubra L. (?). Pomona CoLLeGE JoUuRNAL oF ENTOMOLOGY Rumex sp. (Red Dock). Pemphigus bete Doane-Clarke, Can. Ent. XXXV, 248, 1903. Rumex hymenosepalus Torr. (Raiz Col- orado, Canaigre). Pemphigus bete Doane-Clarke, Can. Ent. XXXV, 248, 1903. Rumez occidentalis Wats. Pemphigus bete Doane-Davidson, Jr. Ee. Ent. II, 299, 1909. Sace see Artemisia californica Less. Sr. Grorce’s Hers see Valeriana offici- nalis L. Salia sp. (Willow). Chaitophorus nigre Oestl.(?) David- son, Po. Jr. Ent. III, 398, 1911. Chaitophorus viminalis = Monell- Clarke, Can. Ent. XXXV, 248, 1903. Macrosiphum californica Clarke, Can. Ent. XXXV, 254, 1903. Melanoxantherium rufulus (David- son) Davidson, Jr. Ec. Ent. II, 301, 1909. Melanoxantherium saliceti (Harris) Davidson, Jr. Ec. Ent. II, 300, 1909. Siphocoryne salicis Monell-David- son, Jr. Ec. Ent. II, 303, 1909. Salix fluviatilis Nutt. Willow). §Lachnus viminalis Boisduval-Essig. In Coll. Det. by J. T. Monell. Scrophularia sp. Phorodon scrophularie Thos.-Clarke, Can. Ent. XXXV, 252, 1909. Senecio vulgaris L. (Groundsel). Aphis bakeri Cowen (?)-Davidson, Jr. Ec. Ent. III, 377, 1910. Myzus persice Sulz.-Davidson, Jr. Ee. Ent. III, 378, 1910. SHEPHERD’s Purse see Bursa bursa- pastoris Britton. Strver Marre see Acer dasycarpum Ebrh. (Narrow-leaved Sttver Pine see Pinus sabiniana Dougl. SnowsBerry see Symphoricarpus race- mosus. Sorr Marie see Acer saccharinum Wang. §See Tuberolachnus’ viminalis (Boyer) Mord. in Synonyms at end. Pomona CoLiEGE JOURNAL oF ENTOMOLOGY Solanum douglasii Dunl. (Nightshade). Trifidaphis radicicola (Essig) Del Guer.-Essig, Po. Jr. Ent. I, 8, 1909. Sonchus sp. Macrosiphum — sonchella —- Monell - Clarke, Can. Ent. XXXV, 253, 1903. Sonchus asper Vill. (Spiny-leaved Son- chus). Rhopalosiphum persice Sulz.-David- son, Jr. Ee. Ent. III, 378, 1910. Sonchus oleraceus L. (Sow Thistle). Macrosiphum — sonchella = Monell- Davidson, Jr. Ec. Ent. II, 304, 1909. Myzus persice Sulz.-Davidson, Jr. Ec. Ent. II, 303, 1909. Rhopalosiphum lactuce Kalt.-David- son, Jr. Ee. Ent. III, 378, 1910. Sorghum sp. Aphis maidis Fitch-Clarke, Can. Ent. XXXV, 251, 1903. Sow TuistLe see Sonchus oleraceus L. Sphaerostigma veitchianum (Hook) Small. (Evening Primrose). Aphis oenothere Oestl.-Davidson, Jr. Ec. Ent. III, 380, 1910. SPINy-LEAvVED Soncuus see Sonchus asper Vill. Spiraea salicifolia L. Aphis spireella Schout.-Davidson in litt. Spruce, Fause see Pseudotsuga doug- lasii Carr. Suecar Beer see Beta vulgaris var. L. Sucar Marie see Acer saccharinum Wang. Sweet Fennet see Foeniculum foenicu- lum Karst. Sweet Pra see Lathyrus odoratus L. Sycamore see Platanus. Symphoricarpus racemosus berry). Aphis albipes Oestl.-Davidson, Jr. Ke. Ent. III, 376, 1910. Tilia sp. (Basswood). Eucallipterus tilie (Linn.) Gill.- Davidson, Jr. Ec. Ent. III, 377, 1910. Tomato see Lycopersicum esculentum Mill. Triticum sp. (Wheat). Aphis avene Fabr.-Davidson, Jr. Ee. Ent. III, 377, 1910. (Snow- 463 Tuvip see Tulipa. Tulipa sp. (Tulip). Macrosiphum tulipe Monell.-David- son, Jr. Ee. Ent. III, 380, 1910. Rhopalosiphum tulipe Thos.-David- son, Jr. Ec. Ent. III, 377, 1910. Ulmus sp. (Elm). Colopha ulmicola (Fitch) Monell- Davidson, Jr. Ec. Ent. II, 299, 1909. Myzocallis ulmifolii (Monell)- Davidson, Jr. Ec. Ent. II, 301, 1909. Schizoneura americana Riley-Clarke, Can. Ent. XXXV, 248, 1903. Urtica holosericea Nutt. (Nettle). Macrosiphum —ulmarie —(Schrk.) Schout.-Davidson, Jr. Ec. Ent. II, 304, 1909. Urtica urens L. (Nettle). Myzus persice Sulz.-Davidson in litt. VALERIAN see Valeriana. Valeriana officianalis Linn. (Conium, St. George’s Herb, Garden Helio- trope, Cat’s Valerian). Macrosiphum valerianie Clarke, Can. Ent. XXXV, 254, 1903. Vattey Live Oax see Quercus wisli- gent A. DC. VaLiey Oak see Quercus lobata Nee. Vercu see Vicia. Viburnum tinus L. (Laurustinus). Aphis pomi De Geer-Davidson, Jr. Ee. Ent. III, 377, 1910. Vicia sativa L. (Vetch). Macrosiphum ulmarie —(Schrk.) Schout.-Essig, PC. Jr. Ent. II, 338, 1910. Viola sp. (Violet). Rhopalosiphum viole Perg.-Essig, PC. Jr. Ent. I, p. 4, 1909. Vitis sp. (Grape). §Phylloxera vastatrix Planchon-Day- idson, Jr. Ee. Ent. II, 1909. Vitis vinifera L. (Wild or English Grape). *Phylloxera -vastatrix Planchon- Hayne, Rept. Cal. Exp. Sta. p. 376, 1887-1895. WATERMELON see Schrad. Wueat see Triticum. Citrullus vulgaris §See Rhizaphis vastatrix Planch. in Syn- onyms. *Recorded by Hayne as simply Phylloxera. See Rhizaphis vastatrix Pl. in Synonyms. 464 Pomona CoLieGeE JouRNAL oF ENTOMOLOGY Wittow see Saliz. ¢ WiLtow-HERB see Epilobium. Zea mays L. (Corn). Aphis maidis Fitch-Clarke, Can. Ent. XXXV, p. 251, 1903. Wuire Marre see Acer dasycarpum Ehrh. Wuirte Oak see Quercus lobata Nee. Wip Pea see Lathyrus. Wip Rose see Rosa californica C. & S. SYNONYMS In order to make the above list as accurate and up-to-date as possible, duplicate copies of the first rough draft were sent to all of the American writers on this sub- At this time I have received returned copies from several, but have found it necessary to go ahead with the editing before all of the first copies are returned. All corrections in the future, however, shall be added as supplemental work, so that the present work shall con- I am ject for corrections, additions, subtractions, comments, ete. tinue to grow and be of more value as the various points are cleared up. especially indebted to Prof. O. W. Oestlund for the large list of synonymous names which he so thoroughly worked up. Also to Prof. H. F. Wilson, Miss Edith Patch, Prof. C. F. Baker, J. T. Monell, and W. M. Davidson. In preparing this list the following authors were constantly referred to: H. Scuovurepen, Catalogue Des Aphides DE Belgique, Dec. 1905. G. W. KirKxarpy, Canadian Entomolo- gist XXXVII, pp. 414-420, Dec. 1905. XXXVIII, pp. 9-18, Jan. 1906. XXXVIII, p. 135, Apr. 1906. XXXVIII, p. 202, June 1906. C. P. GituettTe, Journal of Economic Ent., I, pp. 302-311, Oct. 1908. I, pp. 359-369, Dec. 1908. II, pp. 351-357, Oct, 1909. II, pp. 385-388, Dec. 1909. III, pp. 367-371, Aug. 1910. III, pp. 403-407, Oct. 1910. Proc. Academy of Nat. Sci. of Phila- delphia, Jan. 1907. C. F. Jackson, A Synopsis of the Genus Pemphigus with Notes on Their Economic Importance, Life History and Geographical Distri- bution. O. W. Oxrstiunp, List of the Aphidide of Minnesota, 1886. Synopsis of the Aphidide of Minne- sota, 1887. Cyrus Tuomas, Eighth Rept. of Ento- mologist of Illinois, 1879. Tuomas A. WituiaMs, The Aphidide of Nebraska, April, 1910. H. F. Witson, Rep. Ann. of Ent. So- ciety of America, Dec. 1910. Entomological News XXI, pp. 147- 156, April 1910. Canadian Entomologist XLII, pp. 384-388, Dec. 1910. Jr. Econ. Ent. II, 364-350, 1909. E. M. Parcn, Bull. 181, Maine Agrel. Exp. Sta., May, 1910. Bull. 182, Maine Agrcl. Exp. Sta., p- 242, June, 1910. J. J. Davis, Ann. of Ent. Society of America III, No. 3, Sept. 1909. Entomological News XXI, pp. 245- 247, June, 1910. Jr. Economic Ent. III, pp. 482-499 Oct. 1910. Jr. Economic Ent. III, pp. 482-499, Dee. 1910. W. D. Hunter, Aphid. of N. A. Bull. No. 60, Ia. Agrel. Exp. Sta., 1901. T. D.. As iCockrrers, “Can: ) Ent: XXXVI, pp. 262-263, Sept. 1904. 1904 Aphis avenae (Fabr.) Perg. Bull. 44, Div. Ent. U. S. Dept, Agrel. 1775 Nectarophora avene Fabr. Ent. Syst. 736. 1886 Aphis annue Oestl. Aphid of Minn. p. 43. Pomona CoLLeGeE JourNAL or ENTOMOLOGY 1901 Aphis fitchii Sander. 13th Rept. Del. Agr. Exp. Sta. 128. After Schouteden Cat. Belgique 217, 1905. See Aphis padi L. and Macrosi- phum avene (Fabr.) Sanb. 1895 Aphis bakeri Cowen, Homop. Col- orado, p. 118. 1895 Aphis cephalicola Cowen, Hom. Colo., p. 118. L758 Aphis padi Linn. Aphis holei Ferrari. 1835 Aphis zee Bon. Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. IV, p. 658. After Schouteden, Cat. Aphid Belg. p. 225, 1905. According to Mordwilko 1909 the following: 1758 Aphis padi L. 1794 Aphis avene Fabr. Hence: 1758 Aphis padi L. 1775 Nectarophora avene Aphid Fabr. 1794 Aphis avene Fabr. 1904 Siphocoryne avene (Fabr.) Perg. (After suggestion of Oestl.) See Macrosiphum avene (Fabr.) Sanb. 1775 Aphis pomi De Geer, Memoires LTE 1775 Aphis pyri mali Fabr. Syst. Ent. 1843 Aphis mali Kalt. Mon. Fam. Bizapa ize 1901 Aphis padi Sand., 12th Rept. Del. Exp. Sta. p. 191. After Gillette, Jr. Ee. Ent. I, 303, 1908. 1879 Calaphis betulaecolens (Fitch) Monell, Bull. U. S. Geo. Survey. V;; 30. 1851 Aphis betulecolens Fitch, Cat. Hom. N. Y. 66. 1879 Callipterus betulecolens Thos. 8th Rept. Ent. III, p. 198. —Callipterus alnifoliae (Fitch) MSS. 1851 Lachnus alnifolie Fitch, Cat. Hom. N. Y. 67. 1910 Calaphis castanea (Fitch) Gill. Jr. Ee. Ent. III, 368. 1856 Aphis castanea Fitch. Rept. Ins. Nee TL Aga: 465 1870 Chromaphis juglandicola (Kalt.) Walk. Zoolog. V, 2006. 1843 Callipterus juglandicola Kalt. Monog Pflz. p. 151. 1897 Colopha ulmicola (Fitch) Monell, Can. Ent. IX, 102. 1858 Brysoerypta ulmicola 5th Rept. Ins. N Y. 843. 1862 Thelaxes ulmicola Walsh Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil. I, 304, 305. 1890 Pemphigus ulmicola Guide 524. 1879 Glyphina ulmicola Thos. 8th Rept. Ent. III, pp. 142, 204. 1883 Colopha compressa (Koch) Monell, Can. Ent. XIV, 15. 1909 Drepanaphis acerifolii (Thos.) Del Guer. Rey. Path. Veg. An. IV, No. 4. 1878 Siphonophora acerifolii (Thos.) Bull. III Lab. Nat. Hist. II, 4. Fitch, Pack. 1879 Drepanosiphum _acerifolii (Thos.) Monell, U. S. Geol. Sury. Woll, s2i- 1909 Phymatosiphum acerifolii (Thos.) Davis, Ann. Ent. Soc. Am. Sept. p. 196. 1909 Essigella californicus (Essig) Del Guer. Rev. Path. Veg. Ann. III, ps2: 1909 Lachnus ecalifornicus Essig, P. C. Jr. Ent. I, 4. 1910 Eucallipterus tiliae (Linn) Gill., Jr. Ee. Ent. III, 367. Callipterus tilize L. 1909 Gillettea coweni (Gill) Borner, Zol. Anz. XXXIV, 498. 1907 Chermes cooleyi var. coweni, Gill. Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. p. 10. 1854 Hyalopterus arundinis (Fabr.) Koch Pflz. 16. 1749 Aphis pruni Fabr. Syst. Ent. IV, 213. 1886 Aphis phragmitidicola Oestl. List. Aphid Minn. 44. Schouteden considered A. pruni and H. arundinis as separate species, Cat. Aphid. Belg. 230, 1905. 1868 Liosomaphis berberidis (Kalt.) Walk. Zoolog. p. 1119. 1851 Aphis berberidis Fitch, Cat. Hom. Ny. 65. 1857 Rhopalosiphum berberidis Kalt., Mon. Pflz. 95. 466 1906 Macrosiphum avenae_ (Fabr.) Sanb. Del. Agrcl. Exp. Sta. 1775 Nectarophora avene Fabr. Ent. Syst. 736. 1798 Aphis granaria Kirby. Trans. Linn. Soc. IV, 238. 1843 Aphis cerealis Kalt. Monog. Pfiz. I, 16. 1855 Siphocoryne cerealis Koch. 1876 Siphonophora granaria Buck. 1879 Siphonophora avene (Fabr.) Thos. Rep. Ent. III, 8th p. 51. 1887 Nectarophora granaria (Kirby) Oestl. Aph. Minn. 82. 1904 Macrosiphum cerealis (Kalt.) Perg. Bull. 45, Div. Ent. U. S. Dept. Agr. p. 18. 1904 Macrosiphum granarium (Buck) Perg. Bull. 45 Div. Ent. U. S. Dept. Agr. p. 14. It will be seen that there is a great deal of confusion regarding the synonymy of Aphis avenae (Fabr.) Perg., Aphis padi Linn., Macrosiphum avenae_ (Fabr.) Perg., Macrosiphum granarium (Kirby) Perg. Prof. Oestlund suggests the fol- lowing for the present: 1758 Aphis padi Linn. (Kalt.) 1906 Macrosiphum avene (Fabr.) Sanb. 1904 Macrosiphum cerealis (Kalt.) Perg. 1904 Macrosiphum granarium (Buck.) Perg. But he goes on to say that the above has not been thoroughly established and that the present arrangement of Per- gande’s should be accepted, which is as follows: 1904 Macrosiphum cerealis (Kalt.) Perg. 1843 Aphis cerealis Kalt. 1855 Siphonophora cerealis (Kalt.) Koch. 1904 Macrosiphum granarium (Buck) Perg. 1876 Siphonophora grana- ria (Buck). 1887 Nectarophora grana- ria (Buck) Oestl. 1906 Macrosiphum avene (Fabr.) Sanb. 1886 Aphis annue Oest- lund, Aphid Minn. p. 43 (?). Pomona CoLLeEGE JOURNAL oF ENTOMOLOGY 1911 Macrosiphum baccharidis (Clarke). 1903 Nectarophora __ baccharidis Clarke, Can. Ent. XXXV, 254. 1911 Macrosiphum californica(Clarke). 1903 Nectarophora californica Clarke, Can. Ent. XXXV, 254. 1911 Macrosiphum jasmini (Clarke). 1903 Nectarophora jasmini Clarke, Can. Ent. XXXV, 252. 1911 Macrosiphum lycopersici(Clarke). 1903 Nectarophora lycopersici Clarke, Can. Ent. XXXV, 253. 1911 Macrosiphum rhamni (Clarke). 1903 Nectarophora rhamni Clarke, Can. Ent. XXXV, 254. 1906 Macrosiphum rudbeckiae (Fitch) Sanb. 1851 Aphis rudbeckie Fitch, St. Lab. Nat. Hist. p. 66. 1878 Siphonophora rudbeckie (Fitch) Thos. III. St. Lab. Nat. Hist. No. 2, p. 4. 1879 Siphonophora rudbeckize (Fitch) Monell, Bull. U. S. Geol. Surv. V, 21. 1887 Nectarophora rudbeckie (Fitch) Oestl. Aphid Minn. p. 83. 1905 Macrosiphum ulmariae (Schrk.) Schout. Cat. Aph. Belgiq. p. 240. 1801 Aphis ulmarie Schrank. 1843 A. pisi Kalt. Monog. p. 23. 1855 Siphonophora pisi (Kalt) Koch. Pfiz. 1855 S. gei Koch. Pfiz. 1857 S. ulmarie (Schrk.) Kalt. 1887 Nectarophora pisi (Kalt.) Oestl., Aphid. Minn. 82. 1900 N. destructor Johnson, Can. Ent. XXXII, 56-60. Also Aphis onobrychis Boyer. Aphis lathyri Walker. 1911 Macrosiphum valerianiae (Clarke). 1903 Nectarophora valerianie Clarke, Can. Ent. XXXV, 253. 1911 Melanoxantherium rufulus (Dav- idson). 1909 Cladobius rufulus Davidson, Jr. Ee. Ent. II, 301. 1911 Melanowantherium saliceti (Har- ris). Cladobius saliceti Harris. Pomona CoLuLeGE JOURNAL or ENTOMOLOGY 1857 Mindarus abientinus Koch., Pfiz. 277. 1879 Schizoneura pinicola Thos. 8th Rept. Ent. III, p. 137. 1910 Monellia caryae (Monell) Gil- lette, Jr. Ec. Ent. III, 367. 1879 Callipterus carye Monell, U. S. Geo. Surv. V, No. 1, p. 31. 1860 Myzocallis coryli (Goetze) Pass., Gali Afidi, p. 28. Callipterus coryli Goetze. (After Kirkaldy in XXXVII, 417, 1905.) 1845 Myzus cerasi (Fabr.) Buck., Brit. Aphid. I, 174. 1822 Aphis cerasi Fabr., Syst. Ent. p- 734. 1876 Myzus persicae Brit. Aphid, 178. 1761 Aphis persice Sulz. Kenz. Ins. p- 105. 1801 A. dianthi Schr., Fauna Boica 1M 1857 Rhopalosiphum dianthi Schr., Koch., Die Pflz., 42. Can. Ent. (Sulx) Buck 1879 Megoura solani Thos., 8th Rept. Ent. Ill., p. 73. 1879 Siphonophora achyrantes Monell, Bull. U. S. Geol. Surv. V, No. 1, 18. 1886 Myzus malve Oestl., Geol. Surv. Minn. 14th Rept. Aphid of Minn., p. 31. (After Gillette, Jr. Ec. Ent. I, p. 359, 1908.) 1859 Pemphigus populicaulis Fitch, Rept. Ent. N. Y. V, 845. 1862 Byrosrypta populicaulis Walsh, Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil., II, 305. 1857 Phyllaphis fagi (Linn.) Koch. Die, Pflz. Aphid., 248. 1735 Aphis fagi L. Syst. Nat. II, 135. 1869 Pineus pinicorticis _ (Fitch) Shimer, Trans. Am. Ent. Soc. IT, 383. 1855 Cocecus_ pinicorticis Fitch, Trans. N. Y. Agrel. Soc. XIV, 871. 1858 Chermes pinifolie Fitch Trans. N. Y. Agrel. Soc. XVII, 741. 467 1841 Schizoneura lanigera (Hauss.) Hartig, Gei. Zeit. Ent. III, 367. 1802 Aphis lanigera Hauss., Ill. Mag. I, 229. 1819 Eriosoma mali Samon. 1824 Myzoxylus mali Blot. Mem. Soc. Linn. Calvados, I, p. 114. 1834 M. lanigera Arvilly, Die Moy- zoxile, p. 1. 1856 Pemphigus (?) pyri Fitch, I Rept. Ent. N. Y., p. 118: A. mali (Thos.) Bingly, —. 1897 Ceratovacuno lanigera Zehnt. Med. Proefs. Java, No. 37, p. 29. Rhizaphis vastatrix Planchon, Comp. Rend. Acad. Sci., Paris, p. 62. 1867 1868 Phylloxera vastatrix Planch. Comp. Rend. Acad. Sci., Paris, Sept. 14. 1855 P. vitifolie Fitch, Rpt. Ins. N. Niall 58: 1862 Brysocrypta vastatrix, Walsh, Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil. I, 305. 1897 Rhizocera vastatrix (Planc.) Kirk, N. Z. Dept. Ag. Lflts. No. 20; p: 3. 1854 Rhopalosiphum (L.) Koch. Pflz., p. 23. 1761 Aphis nymphe L. Syst. Nat. 1860 Siphocoryns nymphe (Fr.) Pass., Gali Afidi, 28. 1910 Aphis aquaticus Jackson, Ent. News. XXI, 245. 1910 Thomasia populicola (Thos.) Wilson, Can. Ent. XLII, 386. 1878 Chaitophorous populicola Thos. Bull. Ill. Lab. Nat. Hist. II, 10. 1909 Trifidaphis radicicola (Essig) Del Guercio, Riv. Path. Veg., Anno IMDS Ge 1909 Pemphigus radicicola Essig, P. Co Jre Ent. [5 110: 1908 Tuberolachnus viminalis (Boyer) Mord., Ann. Mus. Zool. Acad. Imp. Sci., XIII, 374. *Lachnus viminalis Boyer. *1872 L. dentatus Le Baron, 3d Rept. Ins. Il., 138. (?). *L. viminalis Fonse. *L. salicis Curtis. *L. saligna Walker. nymphae *After Schouteden, Cat. Aphid. Belg., p. 207, 1905. 468 Pomona CoLiece JourNAL oF ENTOMOLOGY ADDITIONS AND CORRECTIONS Number of the heading of my last study on the Aphidide of Southern California should have been VI and not V. On page 400, Vol. III, No. 1, the synonymy of Aphis rudbeckie should be: 1906 Macrosiphum rudbeckiae (Fitch) (Fitch) Thos. Ill. St. Lab. Nat. Sanb. Hist. No. 2, 4. : i i ny 1851 Aphis rudbeckie Fitch, Cat. ee oe ae se ear Homoptera, N. Y., 66. 1887 Nectarophora rudbeckiz 1878 Siphonophora rudbeckie (Fitch) Oestl. Aphid. Minn., p. 83. ADDENDUM TO THE SYNONYMY Siphocoryne Hyadaphis Kirkaldy. Mr. Davidson also made other corrections here, which had been done before the article went to press, so are not necessary here. Regarding other important points he wrote as follows: Drepanaphis platanoides Schrank. “I have commonly taken the apterous ovipa- rous female, but never the winged form.” Aphis atriplicis L. “I believe there is a record of Aphis atriplicis L. being found in Southern California on Atriplex sp. This is in an old number of the Southern California Academy of Sciences’ publications. According to some authors, atriplicis equals rumicis L.” “T have also a few additional things to suggest. In my first paper I mentioned Pemphigus populicaulis. This was later (as in my second paper) found to be P. populitransversus. As far as I am concerned, the former has not been found in this State.” “Similarly Aphis crategifolie Fitch was the species I took on Crate- gus, not crategi, although the latter has very possibly been reported. According to the International Zool. Congress Nomenclature Rules, my Pemphigus ranunculi must be changed and possibly ought to be listed P. sp. (ranunculi preoccupied) or just P. sp. Davidson.” Accordingly Pemphigus populicaulis Fitch must be struck off from the Host Index for the present. Prof. W. T. Clark reported Aphis crategi Monell on Cra- tegus sp. in Canadian Entomologist XXXV, p. 249, 1903. From Mr. J. T. Monell I have learned that the following synonyms should also be added: Chaitophorus viminalis Monell. Chaitophorus nigre Oestl. Siphocoryne capreae Fab. S. salicis Monell. Or according to later revision as follows: Hyadaphis pastinacae (Linn.) Schout. Siphocoryne capree Fab. S. salicis Monell. NOTES ON COCCID# VI E. O. ESSIG In Vol. III, No. 1, page 408, the insect described as Eriococcus adenostomae Ehrhorn is Lecaniodiaspis rufescens Cockerell. On page 411 the title and part of the description of Orthezia artemisiae Ckll. were omitted by the printers and was as follows: Orthezia artemisiae CkIl. This insect (Fig. 143 B. P. C. Jr. Ent. Vol. III, No. 1., p. 406) was first sent to the writer by Roy K. Bishop, Horticultural Commissioner of Orange county. Since that time I have obtained it in the vicinity of Santa Paula. The long white egg sac makes it at once conspicuous and easy to detect. It occurs in great numbers on the California sage (Artemisia californica) during the later summer months. That it never increases to any damaging numbers may be explained by the fact that it is parasitized by a dipterous insect which is an egg feeder. In some dozen females I was able to obtain several of the puparia, but was not fortunate enough to hatch out an adult fly. In describing this coccid, I can do no better than to duplicate here, Cocker- ell’s original description, which is as follows: “Orthezia artemisiae n. sp. Female: Immature form. Antenne and legs piceous. Body covered with white secretion. Dorsum with two rows of denti- form tufts; the first four directed forwards; the remaining seven, decreasing in size caudad, directed backwards. Nine lateral tufts; the first on a level with the second dorsal tufts, at right angles to the body; the others directed back- wards, and about of equal length, except the last two, which are longer and nar- rower, the last being longest. Caudal tufts extending caudad of last lateral tufts. “Mature Female: Differs by having the lamelle or tufts much elongated, the first dorsal erect, longer than broad; the remaining dorsal produced and no longer dentiform. The arrangement is now practically as in adult O. urticae (L.), except that the first dorsal lamalle are smaller (instead of larger) than the third. The hindmost lateral lamelle are also somewhat less produced than in urticae. Antenne and legs red-brown; antenne eight-segmented, three longest; five a little longer than four; six and seven about equal, and shorter than four; eight about as long as five. Length of insect, without ovisac, 21% mm. Ovisac moderate, white, distinctly ribbed.” “O. artemisae is nearest to O. annae, but the latter has the lamelle less defi- nitely formed, and differs also in the antenne.” Can. Ent. XXX. p. 19-20, 1898. THE CHILOPODA OF CALIFORNIA II RALPH V. CHAMBERLIN, PROVO, UTAH. FAMILY LITHOBIIDAE (continued) Genus Pseudolithobius Stuxberg Only the type species of this genus is known. Pseudolithobius megaloporus Stuxberg Antenne very short, consisting of nineteen to twenty articles, of which the ultimate is very long. Ocelli seven in two series (1-3, 3). Prosternal teeth 2-2 or 3-3. Angles of the ninth, eleventh and thirteenth dorsal plates produced. Coxal pores 2, 2, 1, 1, 1, very large, circular. Anal legs very short, crassate, spines 0, 1, 1, 0, the claw unarmed. Length of body 12 mm.; of antenne 4 mm.; of anal legs 2.5 mm. Known only from the type collected near San Francisco by Eisen. Thus far I have not identified this species in an abundance of material from California. Judging from the description of antenne, spining of legs, coxal pores, ete., it would seem practically certain that this species was based upon an immature specimen. Order Epimorpha The members of this order fall in two main groups or suborders which may be separated as follows: Key to suborders of the Epimorpha A. With twenty-one or twenty-three pairs of legs; pairs of spiracles nine, ten, eleven, or nineteen. Scolopendroidea. AA. Pairs of legs thirty-one or more; pairs of spiracles two less than the number of pairs of legs, being absent from the first and the last body segment. Geophiloidea. Suborder Scolopendroidea The members of the Scolopendroidea live for the most part in the warmer regions of the earth, the large tropical and sub-tropical centipedes belonging here. The members of the group are essentially nocturnal, during the daytime lying concealed in holes in the ground, under stones, bark, logs, fallen leaves, ete., and at night wandering about and often entering dwelling houses. They live chiefly upon insects, spiders, worms, and smaller chilopods. The body is elongated and varies from slender to robust. The antenne are short and are composed of from seventeen to thirty-three articles, the number varying mostly toward the lesser limit. Eyes either absent or composed of four simple ocelli on each side. Prehensorial feet with coxe completely fused in a prosternum which mesally extends cephalad in two processes which may or may not bear teeth. The basal plate, or dorsal scutum of segment to which prehen- sorial feet belong, either absent or rudimentary. Pairs of legs constant (either Pomona Co.tiece JourNaL or ENTOMOLOGY 471 twenty-one or twenty-three) both for genera and for species. Coxa of anal legs absent or fused with the pleure, forming thus the so-called pseudopleura or coxapleura, and the trochanter absent or rudimentary. The pseudopleure are strongly developed and are more or less produced caudad at mesal side into the so-called pseudopleural processes, the processes often bearing a number of spines which may also exist on the caudal margin ectad of the process; always densely porose over surface. Tarsi of anal legs from two to many segmented, those of the other legs undivided or biarticulate. The three families of this sub-order may be separated by means of the fol- lowing key. Of these three families two are known to be represented in Cali- fornia: Key to Families of the Scolopendroidea A. Without eyes; tarsi of all legs excepting the anal and penult pairs unseg- mented; tibia at distal end with one or two spines or with bristles ar- ranged in longitudinal rows beneath. Family Cryptopidae. AA. Eyes present, composed of four ocelli on each side; tarsi of anterior legs all biarticulate; tibia without spines at distal end or rows of bristles beneath. B. Spiracles oval or circular, oblique to long axis of body; tarsal spines generally present and two in number on the anterior legs; cephalic plate never overlapping the first dorsal plate; basal plate and longi- tudinal furrows never present. Family Otostigmidae. BB. Spiracles angular, triangular or narrowly slit-like, parallel to long axis of body; tarsal spines absent or only one in number; cephalic plate often overlapping the first dorsal plate or in other cases basal plate and longitudinal furrows present. Family Scolopendridae. Family Cryptopidae The genera of this family occurring within the United States may be sep- arated by means of the following key: Key to genera of the Cryptopidae A. Twenty-one leg-bearing segments; pairs of spiracles nine or nineteen. B. Last dorsal plate not longer than the penult, mostly shorter than wide, its caudal margin convexly excurved or bluntly angular. C. Pseudopleura not produced caudad into a slender process. Genus Crytops Leach. CC. Pseudopleura produced caudad into a slender process. Genus Anethops Chamberlin. BB. Last dorsal plate nearly twice as long as the penult, longer than wide, the caudal margin nearly straight. C. Nine pairs of spiracles. Genus Theatops Newport. AA. Twenty-three leg-bearing segments; pairs of spiracles ten or eleven. B. Anal legs with a claw and a two-jointed tarsus; prefemur of anal legs with but two spines; femur of prehensorial feet with a basal tooth. C. Seventh segment without spiracles (ten pairs of spiracles present). Genus Otocryptops Haas. 472 Pomona CotiteGe JourNAL or ENTOMOLOGY CC. Seventh segment with spiracles (eleven pairs of spiracles present). Genus Scolopocryptops Newport. BB. Anal legs without a claw and the tarsi transformed into a many jointed, antenna-like lash; prefemur of anal legs with rows of from three to six spines on ventral surface; femur of prehensorial feet without basal tooth. Genus Newportia Gervais. Genus Theatops Newport Of this genus, one species (7. erythrocephalus) occurs in southern Europe and three in North America, of which the one found in California is very close to the European form and is accordingly listed below as a subspecies to it. The members of this genus are of medium size (35-46 mm.), have twenty- one pairs of legs, and but nine pairs of circular or subcircular spiracles, not being present on the seventh segment. The antenne consist uniformly of sev- enteen articles. The anal legs are short and thick, with the claw strongly en- larged. Theatops erythrocephalus subspecies californiensis Chamberlin This is the only form of Theatops thus far known to occur on the Pacific coast. From 40 to 46 mm. in length. Brown in color, with antennae and legs yel- lowish. Teeth of prosternum 3-3, large. Tooth on femur of prehensorial feet rather large and stout. Tibie, except of last two pairs, armed with a spine both above and beneath. Anal legs stout, short, the claw about as long as the two tarsal joints together. Prefemur and femur both armed beneath toward mesal side with a single moderate tooth. Pseudopleura with process ending in a stout spine or tooth. The only record from the state is Quincy, Cal., the type locality. Probably the same form as that reported by Kraepelin from Oregon. Genus Otocryptops Haase This genus, of which some five species are now known, is represented in the faune of both hemispheres. Two species occur in California. The members of this genus when fully grown reach a length of mostly from 50 to 60 mm. They have twenty-three pairs of legs and ten pairs of oval spira- cles. As in the preceding genus, the antenne are composed constantly of sev- enteen articles. Anal legs not shortened, and the claw of moderate size. The California species may be identified by means of the following key, in which a new species from Idaho is also taken up: Key to Species of Otocryptops A. Ventral plates nearly all with a distinct median furrow; dorsal scuta mostly with a median furrow. ; B. Inner spine of prefemur rudimentary to entirely aborted; lateral angles of the last dorsal plate ending in a small spinous point; last ventral plate with caudal margin truncate or but weakly incurved. O. gracilis Wood. Pomona Coriece JourNnat or ENTOMOLOGY 473 BB. Inner spine of prefemur well developed; lateral angles of the last dorsal plate not at all spinous pointed; last ventral plate with caudal margin conspicuously concave. O. mundus sp. nov. AA. Ventral plates smooth, without a median furrow; dorsal seuta without a median furrow; cephalic plate margined laterally as well as at caudal angles. O. sexspinosus Say. Otocryptops gracilis Wood Yellowish brown to ferruginous or yellowish red in color. All articles of the antenne hirsute or the dorsal surface of the first alone smooth. Prosternum mostly with two small teeth. The median furrow of ventral plates deep and widened at middle of length. Processes of pseudopleure short. Prefemur with ventral spine well developed, the inner one obsolte or absent. Fort Tejon (type locality, Wood); Los Angeles (author); Claremont (com- mon, Pomona College Coll.); Stanford (Mann). Known only from California, where it is commonest in the southern portion of the state. It has not been recorded from north of Stanford. The species is closest to the following one: Otocryptops mundus sp. nov. (Figure 156, A, B, E, F) Head mostly smooth, finely punctate, especially over caudal and caudo-lateral portions. Margined caudo-lateral and also to some extent laterally. All articles of antennz pubescent or the first article smooth dorsally as in gracilis. Dorsal plates 5-22 strongly margined laterally, the fourth more weakly so, the twenty- third weakly so. Median furrows on dorsal plates much as in gracilis. Last dorsal plate but slightly narrowed caudad, caudal border less extended than in gracilis, the lateral angles rounded and wholly without indications of spinous point. Prosternum without teeth. Ventral plates from one to twenty-one with a longitudinal median furrow. Last ventral plate rather deeply excavated caudally. Pseudopleure with conspicuous, pointed caudal processes, decidedly longer than in preceding species. Anal legs very long and stout; both ventral and inner spine of prefemur stout and conspicuous. Brown; head and last seg- ments reddish; legs and antenne yellowish or yellowish brown, anal legs darker. Length ad 60 mm. Kendrick, Idaho (Mann), is the only known locality thus far. The species is very close to the preceding and might even be with reason re- garded as a subspecies to it. Otocryptops sexspinosus Say Brownish to deep rust red. Antenne usually with the first two articles glabrous and shining, the others densely hirsute. The prosternal margin nearly straight and smooth, without any indications of teeth. Prefemur of anal legs with both ventral and inner spine conspicuous. Pseudopleural processes large. Ventral plates smooth, without median furrow. No median dorsal furrow or line. One of the commonest of all chilopods throughout most of the state but becom- 474 Pomona CoLLeGE JouRNAL or ENTOMOLOGY Figure 156 A, last dorsal plate of Otocryptops mundus; B, ultimate ventral segment of O. mundus, ventral aspect, showing last ventral plate and left pseudopleura, with pores, caudal process, etc.; C, prefemur of right anal leg of Scolopendra polymorpha, dorsal aspect, showing apical process with its spines and some of the inner spines, etc.; D, left pseudopleura of S. polymorpha, ventral aspect, showing pores, caudal process with its spines, etc.; E, pseudopleura of O. mundus, lateral aspect, showing caudal process, etc.; F, prefemur of left anal leg, ventral aspect, of O. mundus, showing ventral and inner spine. Pomona CoLuLeGe JouRNAL or ENTOMOLOGY 475 ing rare southward, where it seems to be replaced by gracilis. Shasta Springs, San Francisco, Pacific Grove, Stanford. ete. (author). Genus Scolopocryptops Newport This genus, represented by only three or four known species, is represented in the faune of China and of North and South America. The genus is very close to Otocryptops in nearly all important structural char- acters, but differs in having eleven pairs of spiracles instead of the ten of the latter genus, the thirteenth body segment bearing the extra pair. One species is at present known from North America. Scolopocryptops miersii Newport Extremely variable in color. Most adults dark brownish black; legs yellow, the last pairs and the antenne proximally mingled bluish green and yellow. The three proximal articles of the antenne smooth and shining. Prosternum with angle at each side more or less produced into a tooth-like process. Femur of prehensorial feet bearing on mesal surface a rather large and stout basal tooth which at its base is one-sixth as wide as the femur. Ventral plates without me- dian furrow. Legs nearly glabrous. Legs back as far as the nineteenth pair with two tibial and one tarsal spine, most claws unarmed at base. Prefemur of anal legs with a stout spine beneath and a smaller one within. Length up to 100 mm. or more. Doubtfully recorded from California. However, it is widespread in the southeastern states and through Mexico, southward to Brazil, and it is naturally to be expected within this state. Genus Anethops Chamberlin The species listed below is the only representative of this genus known: Pairs of legs twenty-one. Spiracles ten pairs. Sterna with a median fur- row in some, crossed by a transverse impression. Antenne composed of sevy- enteen articles, thickened proximally. Processes of pseudopleure ending in a single spine. Tarsi of all legs excepting the last ones unsegmented. Claw of anal legs not of unusual size, armed at base with spines. Anethops occidentalis Chamberlin Ferruginous, feet pale. Most ventral plates with a cruciform impression, the longitudinal furrow deepest. Prosternum without dental plate. Tooth on femur of prehensorial feet small, acute. Length ad 35 mm. Known only from type specimen taken in San Gabriel canyon, Los Angeles county. Genus Cryptops Leach A cosmopolitan genus represented by more than two dozen known species, some of which range farther north than any others of the Scolopendroidea. Pairs of legs twenty-one. Pairs of spiracles nine. Antenne normally with seventeen articles, the number sometimes less. Dorsal scuta with two longitudi- nal furrows and often also a median keel. Sterna with distinct cruciform im- pressions. Prosternum without anterior extensions and with no dental plates. 476 Pomona CoLitecGe JourNAL or ENTOMOLOGY Prehensorial feet without a tooth on mesal face of femur, claws large. Pseudo- pleure without caudal processes, merely rounded caudally. Legs without tibial spines. Tibia and first tarsal joint of anal legs with a comb-like row of spines or teeth on ventral surface. Cryptops hyalinus Say Fulvous, the legs and antenne paler. Very slender. Prosternal margin with six to eight fine, short hairs. Eighteenth sterna with cross furrow only, the nineteenth to twenty-first mostly unfurrowed. Inner margin of pseudo- pleura rounded, porigerous area with about seventeen large pores, the smooth caudal border clothed only with scattered hairs. Spiracles small, circular. Pre- femur of anal legs ventrally with numerous spiniform bristles, without apical spiniform process; femur similarly clothed, without apical tooth or process. Tibia ventrally with seven to eight comb-teeth; the first joint of tarsus with four, neither with lateral spines. Length 15-20 mm. Doubtfully recorded from California (Kraepelin). A vial, possibly, but not certainly, from southern California (Catalina Island), and in the author’s col- lection, contains several specimens of this species. The species is widespread in the eastern and southeastern United States. Genus Newportia Gervais Between fifteen and twenty species of this genus are known, all from America and all but one (N. utahensis Chamb.) from tropical or sub-tropical localities. In the members of this genus there are twenty-three pairs of legs and eleven pairs of spiracles. First dorsal plate with a transverse cervical furrow. Ven- tral plates with longitudinal furrows but with no cross impressions. Proster- num with or without dental lamine. Femur of prehensorial feet without basal tooth. Pseudopleure with long, pointed caudal processes. Tarsi of anal legs composed of numerous segments, lash-like. While no species of this genus has as yet been found within California, it seems quite likely that the genus will be found to be represented in the southern portion of the state. The species of the genus are obscure in habit and most of them are known from one or from but few specimens. Hence, a species oceur- ring in a locality may long escape discovery. Family Scolopendridae The genera of this family known to occur within the United States may be separated by means of the following key: Key to genera of the Scolopendridae A. All legs lacking tarsal spines. B. Process of pseudopleura three to many toothed or spined, slender, sub- cylindric; no trace of basal plate. | Genus Hemiscolopendra Kraepelin. AA. All legs, excepting the anal, with tarsal spines (cephalic plate with cau- dal margin free). B. Claw of anal legs and without basal spines; cephalic plate but slightly overlapping the first dorsal. Genus Arthrorhabdinus Verhoeft. Pomona Cotiece JourNaL or ENTOMOLOGY 477 BB. Claw of anal legs with distinct basal spines; cephalic plate distinctly and considerably overlapping the first dorsal plate. Genus Scolopendra Linnaeus. Genus Hemiscolopendra Kraepelin This genus is peculiar to the western hemisphere. Its species have for the most part been considered under Scolopendra, which they conform to in general habit and structure. One species (J/. punctiventris Newport) is widespread in the eastern United States, but none is known from California. Genus Arthrorhabdinus Verhoeff _ Established as a subgenus to Arthrorhabdus, a South African genus, for the Texan species A. pygmaeus Pocock, a species which may possibly range across Arizona into southern California and which is accordingly included here. Genus Scolopendra Linnaeus This, the typical centipede genus, embraces about two dozen valid species and presents an excessive range under these of minor geographical forms, of which a very large number have by different authors been dignified as species. The variability in size, color, and many other characters is extreme. It is cosmo- politan in the warmer zones of the earth. No basal plate present. Antenne composed of seventeen to thirty-one arti- cles, of which the proximal four or more are glabrous. Prosternum with dental plate; femur of prehensorial feet with basal tooth. Pseudopleura with toothed or spined caudal process. A tarsal spine on each leg excepting last pair. Pre- femur of anal legs spined, always with spines at apical process or angle. The species occurring within California may be distinguished as follows: Key to Species of Scolopendra A. First dorsal plate with a deep transverse impression back of anterior mar- gin. B. Cephalic plate impressed with two fine longitudinal furrows which di- verge cephalad; length 100 to 200 mm. S. heros Girard. BB. Cephalic plate wholly without furrows or at most with a weak median furrow; first legs with two tarsal spines; length mostly from 50 to 100 mm. C. Apical process of prefemur of anal legs mostly with four spines; ce- phalic plate always without any furrows. S. polymorpha Wood. AA. First dorsal plate without a deep transverse impression back of cephalic margin (legs of first pair with but one tarsal spine). B. Prefemur of anal legs with none to five spines only. C. Prefemur of anal legs without spines beneath and at most with two on the inner or mesal surface. S. dehaani Brandt. CC. Prefemur of anal legs with four or five spines, of which two are always ventral in position. S. subspinipes Leach. BB. Prefemur of anal legs with ten to fifteen spines, of which six to nine are ventral in position and arranged in three series. C. Apical process of prefemur bearing three or four spines. , S. morsitans Linnaeus. 478 Pomona CoLLteGe JouRNAL or ENTOMOLOGY Scolopendra heros Girard Very large, attaining a maximum length of above 200 mm. Dark green to olive or chestnut brown; the head often showing both colors in parts or entirely chestnut. Prosternal teeth 4-4 to 5-5, the three inner ones more or less united or fused at base; caudal limiting furrows of dental plates forming nearly a straight line. Legs one to twenty with a tarsal spine, prefemora and femora unarmed at distal end above. Pseudopleural process bearing six to eleven spines, and one or two on caudal margin ectad of process. Prefemur of anal legs mostly with eleven spines on ventral surface, these irregularly scattered or else arranged in four series; five spines on inner surface and above; apical process bearing seven to eleven spines. Found from the southeastern states through Kansas, Indian Territory and Texas to Arizona and Mexico. Probably will be found in southern California. Scolopendra polymorpha Wood (Figure 156, C, D) Attaining a maximum length of about 140 mm. In color from clear or dark olive yellow to olive brown, the caudal borders of dorsal plate mostly dark green; legs yellow. Prosternal teeth four to four. First legs with two tarsal spines, legs two to twenty with but one. Prefemora and femora of these legs unarmed at distal end above. Pseudopleural process tipped with four to seven spines or points; one spine on caudal margin. Prefemur of anal legs with eight to ten ventral spines in two rows, and mesally with nine to thirteen; apical process end- ing mostly in four (rarely in three or five) spines. Known from Kansas, Indian Territory, Texas, Arizona and California, in the latter state being clearly the most common species. Specimens have been exam- ined from Stanford, Los Angeles (author and W. M. Mann), and Claremont (Baker, A. Pruett, F. M. Eakin, Helen Humphrey, A. Sugg, P.. Daggs, Helen Davis, K. Garner, A. M. Wire). Scolopendra dehaani Brandt Oceasionally reaching a length of as much as 200 mm. Very variable in color; from olive to green and brown, the caudal margin of dorsal plates commonly dark green; head and first dorsal plate often differently colored from rest of body. Prosternal teeth five to five (rarely four to four) to nine to nine. Prefemur of anal legs without spines beneath, with one to three within; apical process one or two pointed. Pseudopleural process with two spines or points. In the United States known only from California, where it has likely escaped from vessels. It is common in India, China, and the East Indies. Scolopendra subspinipes Leach Very similar to the preceding species in size and coloration, the former pos- sibly to be regarded as but a subspecies or variety. It differs from S. dehaani chiefly in having the prefemur of the anal legs armed beneath with from one to three spines. Cosmopolitan in tropical and warmer regions of the earth. In the United States known only from Florida and California. Pomona CoLLeGe JourNAL or ENTOMOLOGY 479 Scolopendra morsitans Linnaeus Mostly attaining a length not above 90 mm.; rarely 100 or 120 mm. Lemon yellow to reddish yellow, with or without green caudal borders to the dorsal plates; more rarely olive green to dark green with the head and last segment then mostly yellowish brown. Prosternal teeth four to four, four to five. Legs one to twenty with tarsal spine, leg twenty-one mostly without such. Pseudopleural process ending mostly in four points or spines, commonly a single spine on caudal margin ectad of process. Prefemur of anal legs ventrally with three rows of three spines each, mesally without spines, but dorsally with four to six spines in two rows; apical process bearing four spines (rarely five to eight). Cosmopolitan in warm and temperate regions. In the United States known from Georgia, Florida, Kansas, Utah, and California. AMERICAN PSYLLID# IV (A Partial Revision of Subfamiles) D. L. CRAWFORD For some years students of the family Psyllidae have recognized that the classification based upon wing venational characters was more or less superficial. One of the first difficulties encountered in the study of the inamense series of species and specimens in the collections at hand was the constant separation into widely distinct artificial groups of two forms really very closely related. The relative length of the cubital petiole and discoidal portion of subcosta in the sub- families Aphalarinae and Psyllinae is purely artificial and impossible, even Dr. Franz Low himself including under one or the other subfamily forms which by the diagnostic lines proposed by himself could not possibly be included therein. For instance, in the genus Aphalara, typical of the subfamily Aphalarinae, are included forms in which the cubital petiole is distinctly shorter than the dis- coidal portion of subcosta: Aphalara signata Low (Turkestanische Psylloden, F. Low, p. 254, with figures), and others by Low; Aph. multipunctata Kuwa- yama, and Aph. fasciata Kuway., and Aph. flava Kuway. (Trans. Sapporo Nat. Hist. Soe. Vol. II, 1907, Figs. 2, 3, 4). The unmistakable relationship of certain groups of species and genera in spite of previously existing groupings points to the fact that a complete revision and recast of the entire family is most necessary. This is shown very forcibly by the related genera in Carsidarinae, formerly known in part as Prionocnemidae, and, again, by the new genus T'riozoida, one species of which is without a cubital petiole and the other with a very short petiole, but both very clearly congeneric. The same fact is brought out further by the genera of the two subfamilies, 4 pha- larinae and Psyllinae. In each of these two groups are genera, which, if the length of the cubital petiole were overlooked, would be unavoidably thrown to- gether into the same genus, or, at least, very closely allied genera. In this paper the subfamily Carsidarinae is presented in as complete form as is possible at this time. The genus T'riozoida treated next is presented separately for the time being, since the relationships of the whole family must be consid- ered on the new basis, and this cannot be done until the entire group has been thoroughly studied. The treatment of this genus, however, is given here because of the extremely important evidence which it presents. The genus Aphalara is, also, treated as completely as possible now. Access has been had to authentically named specimens of several European species of the genus and the true relation- ships between these and common American species are here established. The genus is redescribed on a new basis, as are, in fact, all the genera herein pre- sented. Some confusion has arisen because of several manuscript names which Riley attached to certain species, especially in the Aphalarinae; authentic specimens of these are in the C. F. Baker collection from the National Museum, and their present references given here: Aphalara angustipennis..............-.----- Aph. artemisiae angustipennis Crawf. Aphalara utahensis.........----ccc.--c0000--00 Aph. artemisiae Forst. Pomona CotiecGe JouRNAL or ENTOMOLOGY 481 Aphalara harrisii.......... ... Aph. picta Zett. Aphalara occidentalis............--.--.---.--- Aph. minutissima Crawf. Aphalara Cptlooite.. oe. c.cc- cer nnee see ene Aph. nebulosa americana Crawf. In this paper are mentioned portions of a large number of Psyllidae received from Mr. W. D. Hunter of the Exp. Station at Dallas, Texas, and some, also, from Mr. E. S. Tucker at the same station. Carsidarinae (Syn. Prionocnemidae Scott pt., Ciriacreminae Enderlein pt. ) The name Prionocnemidae was proposed in 1882 by John Scott as a subfamily name for the two genera Carsidara and T'yora, both of which genera were based principally on the presence of a basal spur on the hind tibie. This name, of course, cannot stand, for several reasons; the subfamily name must terminate in imae and must be derived from the oldest genus in the group, which in this case is Carsidara; moreover, the use of the name Prionocnemidae is precluded in Psyl- lidae by the existence of a genus in Coleoptera, Prionocnemus Kirsch (1874). In 1910 Dr. Enderlein proposed the name Ciriacreminae for several genera pos- sessing the post-tibial spur, whether or not they were otherwise related. In the group he includes the genera Carsidara and T'yora and several other genera not closely allied to these. Regardless of the fact that the group is not.closely inter- related, this subfamily name is untenable for the reason that it has been derived from one of the last named genera. The presence of the basal post-tibial spur is not a character which necessarily relates all species possessing it. In this family there are several species with the armed tibia which are manifestly not related to each other in any way, ex- cept in that one character, and to place all these forms in one subfamily, as done by Enderlein, will result in as much confusion as from grouping genera on wing venation. A species undoubtedly belonging to Enderlein’s new and typical genus Ciriacremum in the collection at hand is not in the slightest degree related to the several species of Carsidara and its allied genera. The subfamily Carsidarinae must, therefore, be recognized as a very homo- geneous and closely related group, one characterization of which is the post-tibial spur usually present, and when present, in varying degrees of prominence. The principal diagnostic character of the group is in the thorax and head, with ac- companying minor characters of the appendages. To this subfamily are now referred several genera from the Aphalarinae, Psyl- linae and T'riozinae which are unmistakably and without the slightest doubt very closely allied to the genus Carsidara. This removal of genera from all subfami- lies shows that the characters heretofore used for separation of subfamilies in the Psyllidae have been only artificial and crude, at best. The primary characters would best be looked for in the thorax first, then the head and then the append- ages, the legs and the wings. To use venational characters of the forewing for the subfamily diagnosis is impossible, even when the difference is in the presence or absence of the cubital petiole, and much more so when the difference is a rela- tive one between the lengths of two short veins. It is a remarkable fact that Kuwayama did not discover the relationship of his genera T’enaphalara, Macro- 482 Pomona CoLtieGe JouRNAL or ENTOMOLOGY homotoma and Mesohomotoma, both to the genus Carsidara and to each other, and that, instead, he placed one in one subfamily and the others in another. The actual relationship of Kuwayama’s genera here mentioned cannot be truly as- certained until more is known about the cephalic, thoracic and genital characters. From his meagre descriptions and figures, however, it seems highly probable that his Mesohomotoma is congeneric with Carsidara Walker, and that all these genera are certainly Carsidarinae. Although the genus Freysuila Aleman, de- scribed by E. A. Schwarz in 1897 (Proc. Ent. Soc. Washington, Vol. IV, p. 196) is said to have no post-tibial spurs, nevertheless the deeply excised and strongly birostrate vertex, the unusually long antenne and the form of the wing place this genus without doubt with the Carsidarinae. Mr. Schwarz mentions its similarity to Homotoma and Rhinopsylla, which probably would indicate that the genus Homotoma, also, belongs in this subfamily. Although the genus is unknown to me in nature, I have little doubt but that it should be included with the above men- tioned genera, from the descriptions given of it. It is exceedingly interesting and an unquestionable fact that Rhinopsylla and probably Bactericera must be removed from Triozinae to this subfamily. The striking resemblance to these other genera in the peculiar birostrate appearance of the head and the presence of the post-tibial spur, and other characters of greater importance place all these genera in a remarkably homogeneous supergroup, in spite of venational differences heretofore thought to be primary. It is interesting to note that Riley overlooked the similarity in head structure between his Rhino- psylla and Carsidara and stated in connection with his description that ‘the re- markable formation of the head removes Rhinopsylla not only from the other genera of this subfamily but from all Psyllide hitherto described.” The following table of genera of this subfamily is based chiefly on purely artifi- cial characters since none others are available for the genera not represented in these collections. As soon as further knowledge of these other genera is available the true generic lines can be drawn and synopses made for them. In the interest of the study of this family it is strongly urged that such knowledge may be made available, especially in the form of clear and complete detailed drawings. DescrIPTION OF SUBFAMILY Vertex very deeply excised in front at median suture, strongly birostrate. An- tenne attached to apex of rostrate lobes; two basal segments very large and long; flagellum usually very long and slender. Facial cones entirely wanting; antennal bases sometimes swollen slightly. Anterior ocellus more or less visible from above, usually on dorsal surface. Labrum small, posterior; rostrum usually very long and slender. Thorax often quite narrow. Propleurites very long; epimeron largely visible. Posterior tibie usually distinctly spurred at base; spur sometimes more or less reduced. Wings very transparent and shining, usually very distinctly angu- late at apex; vein furcation scarcely dichotomous, the branches lateral instead of terminal. TABLE oF GENERA A. Cubital petiole wanting: fourth fureal terminating at or near apex of wing. Post-tibial spur small. Pomona Coiitece JourNAL or ENTOMOLOGY 483 B. Excision of vertex very deep. Third antennal segment slender, or at least distinctly less slender than second. Rhinopsylla Riley. BB. Excision of vertex not so deep. Third antennal segment very long and almost as thick at center as preceding segment. Bactericera Puton. AA. Cubital petiole distinctly present, variable in length. B. Fourth fureal terminating above apex of wing; apex within second mar- ginal cell. C. Antenne short; flagellum broadly compressed and densely pubescent. Fourth fureal terminating far above apex of wing. Homotoma Guer. CC. Antenne very long; flagellum very slender; third segment quite thick and densely pubescent. Fourth fureal not far above apex of wing. Posterior tibie not spurred at base. Anterior ocellus in front. Freysuila Aleman. BB. Fourth fureal terminating below apex of wing; apex between fourth furcal and radius. C. Wing broadly rounded at apex; antenne short, very stout, glabrous; ros- trum rather short; radius sharply angulated midway. Anterior ocellus in front. Epicarsa Crawf. CC. Wing acutely angulated at apex; rostrum long. D. First marginal cell as large as second. E. Pterostigma large, broad, short; radius short. Antenne short. Macrohomotoma Kuway. EE. Pterostigma long, narrow; radius long. Tyora Walker. DD. First marginal cell much smaller than second. Pterostigma long, or wanting. Anterior ocellus usually above. Antenne usually long, slender. E. Dorsal plate of female genital segment with a prominent convexity near apex and a tuft of long slender hairs thereon. Wings not more than three times as long as broad; fourth fureal strongly curved downward. F. Pterostigmal space wanting; radius very short; cubital petiole less than one-third the length of discoidal subcosta. Mesohomotoma Kuway. FF. Pterostigmal space present, open or closed; radius not very short; cubital petiole at least half as long as discoidal subcosta. Carsidara Walker. EE. Dorsal plate of female genital segment without densely pubescent convexity caudad. Wings very slender, more than three times as long as broad; fourth fureal almost straight. Pterostigmal space quite large, open; cubital petiole longer than discoidal subcosta. Tenaphalara Kuway. 484 Pomona CotiteGe JouRNAL or ENTOMOLOGY Carsidara Walker Head moderately small; vertex usually suleately impressed, scarcely plane, strongly birostrate anteriorly; anterior ocellus usually above, upon vertex; pos- terior ocelli anterior. Antenne large basally; flagellum very long and slender. Labrum small, posterior; rostrum very long, slender and acute. Thorax usually quite narrow. Post-tibial spur large, prominent. Wing shin- ing, hyaline, quite acutely angulate at apex; vein fureation scarcely dichotomous, lateral. Type of genus: Carsidara marginalis Walker. Carsidara concolor n. sp. (Figure 157, A; 158, C; 159, A; 160, D) Length of body 2.4 mm.; length of forewing 2.9 mm.; greatest width 1.0 mm.; width of vertex between eyes .40 mm.; with eyes .78 mm. General color light green, somewhat flocculent. Head not deflexed, with eyes about as broad as thorax, finely punctate; dorso- ventral width of profile greater than length through central axis of eye. Occipital margin arcuate; discal areas on each side of median suture with a long, oblique, suleate impression between posterior and anterior ocelli, and a smaller impression near anterior ocellus; posterior ocellar regions not greatly elevated; vertex very deeply emarginate and excised at median suture anteriorly, strongly birostrate. Anterior ocellus near apex of excision, but not on it, quite large, distinct. Antenne attached to rostrate lobes of vertex; basal segments very large; flagellum extremely long and slender, filiform; third segment much longer than fourth. Facial cones wanting; antennal bases scarcely swollen. Gene prominent. Labrum small, posterior; rostrum very long and slender. Eyes large, quite strongly bulg- ing. Thorax rather narrow, finely punctate. Pronotum rather long relatively; pro- pleurites very long and prominent; pleural suture curved, attaining almost to lower margin of dorsulum; forecoxe large, mostly visible. Dorsulum quite short, narrow. Metasternal spurs moderately long. Post-tibial spur prominent, quite large. Wings relatively quite large, hyaline, transparent, about two and three-fourths times as long as broad, broadest across first marginal cell, quite acute at apex; first marginal cell much smaller than second; fourth fureal rounded, terminating be- low apex of wing; radius long; pterostigmal space open, quite long and broad; cubital petiole shorter than discoidal subcosta; basal subcosta shorter than discoidal subcosta; with a distinct plica connecting base of fourth furcal to radius. Male—Abdomen moderately long.. Genital segment relatively large; claspers long, curved, obtuse at apex; auxiliary claspers shorter, erect, very acute at tip; anal valve very large, as long vertically as genital plate, with a short, broad pos- terior lobe; pubescence rather short and flocculent. Female—Genital segment almost as long as rest of abdomen, slender, acute at apex; dorsal plate with a strong convexity dorsad on basal two-thirds, and a tuft of long slender hairs at caudal end of convexity; both plates of almost equal length. 486 Pomona CoLtieGe JourNAL or ENTOMOLOGY This species is quite closely related to Carsidara dugesii Low, described from Mexico. There is a striking and constant difference, however, in the absence in the Cuban species of the conspicuous stripes and bands of the Mexican form. With the exception of minor differences in the cephalic characters the two species are quite similar. Described from numerous males and females collected at Havana, Cuba, by C. F. Baker. Carsidara gigantea n. sp. (Figure 157, D, F; 158, A; 160, A) Length of body 2.8 mm.; length of forewing 3.8 mm.; greatest width 1.4 mm.; width of vertex between eyes .47 mm.; with eyes .96 mm. General color light yellowish green throughout; distal portions of antennal segments black. Body very large. Head not deflexed, subglobose, finely punctate, with eyes not quite as broad as thorax. Occipital margin arcuate, scarcely elevated narrowly; discal area with a deep suleate impression between posterior and anterior ocelli, and a_ lesser one extending outward on each side from anterior ocellus; anterior ocellus almost in center of vertex on median suture; posterior ocelli well forward, almost opposite anterior ocellus; anterior margin very deeply emarginate at median suture, strongly birostrate; antenne inserted at apex of rostrate lobes; basal segments very large and long; flagellum very long, slender, filiform; third segment almost twice as long as fourth. Facial cones wanting; antennal bases scarcely swollen. Genz not prominent. Labrum very small, posterior, inconspicuous; rostrum very long, slender, acute. Eyes large, prominent. Thorax large, long, broad, punctate, indistinctly striped. Pronotum long, flat on dorsal surface; propleurites very long and large; pleural suture curved, visibly as long as episternum; forecoxe large, mostly visible. Dorsulum very long and broad. Scutum long. Post-tibial spur quite long and large. Wings large, hya- line, shining, about two and three-fourths times as long as broad, broadest across middle, quite acute at apex; first marginal cell much smaller than second; fourth furcal almost as long as second cubital, curved strongly, terminating below apex of wing; radius long; pterostigmal space open, large, long; cubital petiole not quite as long as discoidal subcosta; basal subcosta shorter than cubital petiole. Female—Abdomen large, stout. Genital segment very stout, relatively short, quite acute apically; dorsal plate large, abruptly acute at apex; ventral plate more slender,. equal in length to dorsal plate at apex but basally much shorter; pubescence rather dense and long. Described from three females collected in Granada, Nicaragua, by C. F. Baker. Carsidara rostrata n. sp. (Figure 157, C, E; 158, B; 160, C) Length of body 2.4 mm.; length of forewing 3.3 mm.; greatest width 1.1 mm.; width of vertex between eyes .40 mm.; with eyes .76 mm. General color light green. Body moderately large. Head not deflexed; profile subglobose; with eyes not quite as broad as thorax, punctate. Occipital margin arcuate, scarcely elevated narrowly; discal areas of Pomona CoLLeGE JouRNAL or ENTOMOLOGY 487 vertex deeply impressed with two oblique sulea on each side of median suture, one subtransverse and oblique and the other extending outward from anterior ocellus; anterior ocellus large, on median suture above the apex of excision; posterior ocelli well forward; anterior margin of vertex deeply excised at median suture, making vertex strongly birostrate, antenne inserted at apex of rostrate lobes; basal seg- ments large; flagellum very long, slender, filiform. Facial cones wanting. Gene not prominent. Labrum very small, posterior, inconspicuous; rostrum very long, slender, acute. Eyes large. Thorax broad, quite long, rather coarsely punctate, not strongly arched. Prono- tum relatively long, flat on dorsal surface; propleurites long, prominent; pleural suture visibly as long as episternum; forecoxe quite large, mostly visible. Dorsu- lum relatively short, broad, broadly rounded on both margins; scutum much longer than dorsulum. Post-tibial spur prominent, quite large. Wings relatively large, hyaline, almost three times as long as broad, quite acute at apex; first marginal cell very much smaller than second; fourth furcal almost as long as sec- ond cubital, strongly curved, and terminating below apex of wing; radius long; pterostigmal space closed, quite long and broad; cubital petiole about two-thirds as long as discoidal subcosta, as long as basal subcosta. Female—Abdomen stout. Genital segment almost as long as rest of abdomen, large, upeurved, quite acute; dorsal plate longer basally than ventral; ventral plate strongly upcurved on inferior margin near base; pubescence moderate. Described from three females collected by C. F. Baker in Chinandega, Nica- ragua. Carsidara mexicana n. sp. (Figure 157, B; 158, O; 159, B; 160, E) Length of body 1.9 mm.; length of forewing 2.9 mm.; greatest width 0.9 mm.; width of vertex between eyes .39 mm.; with eyes .72 mm. General color greenish throughout. Head not deflexed; profile longer than broad, rounded above; with eyes about as broad as thorax, finely punctate. Occipital margin arcuate, somewhat elevated narrowly, discal area of vertex deeply impressed with an oblique sulcus on each side of median suture extending well forward, and a very inconspicuous impres- sion on each side of anterior ocellus; anterior ocellus on median suture slightly above apex of excision; vertex on anterior margin deeply excised at median suture, strongly birostrate; antenne inserted on apex of rostrate lobes; basal segments large; flagellum very long and slender. Facial cones wanting; antennal bases searcely swollen. Labrum small, posterior; rostrum very long, slender, acute. Gene slightly swollen. Eyes large. Thorax scarcely arched, not very broad, quite coarsely punctate. Pronotum relatively long, flat on dorsal surface, extending well down laterally; propleurites long; pleural suture oblique, not as long visibly as episternum; epimeron more or less concealed; forecoxe large, almost entirely visible. Dorsulum relatively quite short, broad, not as long as scutum. Post-tibial spur conspicuous but smaller than in C. gigantea. Wings rather small, hyaline, almost three times as long as broad, broadest across second fureal; quite acute at apex; first marginal 488 Pomona CotieGe JouRNAL oF ENTOMOLOGY cell much smaller than second; fourth fureal almost as long as second cubital, strongly curved and terminating below apex of wing; radius rather short; pteros- tigmal space closed, rather short and broad; cubital petiole shorter than discoidal subeosta, as long as basal subcosta. Male—Abdomen moderately stout. Genital segment large; claspers long, strongly curved, obtuse at apex; auxiliary claspers shorter, very acute; anal valve quite large, vertically almost as long as genital plate, with a short, large, pos- terior lobe; pubescence moderate. This species resembles quite closely C. rostrata Crawf. and may possibly be the male of that species, although this is quite improbable. Described from one male collected by C. F. Baker at Acapulco, Mexico. Epicarsa n. gen. Head small; vertex flat, quite strongly birostrate; anterior ocellus at base of excision, easily visible from above; posterior ocelli anterior. LLabrum small, pos- terior; rostrum comparatively short. Antenne very stout and thick, relatively short; basal segments largest. Pronotum quite long, flat. Dorsulum long. Wings rather rounded at apex, otherwise similar to subfamily type. Type of genus: Epicarsa corniculata Crawf. Epicarsa corniculata n. sp. (Figure 157, G, H; 159, D; 160, F) Length of body 2.0 mm.; length of forewing 2.9 mm.; greatest width 1.3 mm.; width of vertex between eyes .43 mm.; with eyes .75 mm. General color dark brown or black; head and prothorax jet black; abdomen lighter; genitalia yel- lowish brown. Head not deflexed, with eyes almost as broad as thorax, finely punctate; occipital margin straight, emarginate at median suture, not elevated narrowly; vertex dis- cally quite plane, slightly elevated near eyes on postocellar regions, scarcely im- pressed; very deeply excised on anterior margin at median suture, strongly bi- rostrate; with a conspicuous tuberculous epiphysis near eye over insertion of an- tenn; postocular portion of occiput not large. Facial cones entirely wanting; antennal bases scarcely swollen; gene not prominent. Labrum very small, pos- terior, inconspicuous; rostrum relatively rather short and quite stout. Eyes quite large; posterior ocelli reniform, anterior; anterior ocellus in front at apex of ex- cision, visible from above. Antenne not long, very stout and thick; two basal seg- ments very large; third about as long as first two together; scarcely pubescent. Prothorax quite strongly arched, broad, coarsely punctate. Pronotum long, flat on dorsal surface; pleurites very large and long; pleural suture oblique, almost as long as episternum; forecoxe large, mostly visible. Dorsulum long. Post-tibial spur not very long, conspicuous. /JVings large, hyaline, shining, less than two and one-half times as long as broad, quite broadly rounded at apex; first marginal cell very much smaller than second; second very large; radial cell short, broad, pe- culiarly rhomboidal; radius angulate midway, almost contiguous with furcation of second cubital; without pterostigma; cubital petiole shorter than discoidal sub- costa; with a prominent black band along third fureal and distal half of radius; a black band along second fureal, and a third on radial subcosta. Pomona Co.tieGe JourNAL or ENromMoLoGY 489 Figure 158. Details of Psyllide A, Carsidara gigantea; B, C. rostrata; C, C. concolor; D, Rhinopsylla jalapensis; E, Aph. calthe; F, Aph. artemisiz augustipennis; G, Aph. pulchella; H, Aph. calthe; -I, Aph. minutissima; L, Aph. calthe; M, Aph. picta; N, Aph. calthze maculipennis; O, Carsidara mexicana (post-tibial spur); P, Aph. communis; R, Aph. picta; S, Aph. nebulosa americana; T. Aph, pulchella; U, Aph. minutissima. 490 Pomona CoLtLteGeE JourRNAL or ENTOMOLOGY Male—Abdomen quite stout. Genital segment relatively rather small; claspers short, slender, procurved; anal valve small, simple; auxiliary claspers small or wanting. Described from one male collected by C. F. Baker at Para, Brazil. Rhinopsylla jalapensis n. sp. (Figure 157, 1) Ke; 158, Di; 1595, C3605.) Length of body 2.6 mm.; length of forewing 3.7 mm.; greatest width 1.4 mm.; width of vertex between eyes .40 mm.; with eyes .67 mm. General color greenish brown. Head not deflexed, finely punctate, with eyes broader than thorax; profile sub- globose. Occipital margin arcuate, scarcely elevated narrowly; discal area with a deep sulcate impression extending obliquely toward outer margin of antenne; postocellar regions well forward, not elevated strongly; anterior margin deeply excised and emarginate at median suture; anterior ocellus at apex of excision, visible from above; antenne inserted on apex of rostrate lobes; basal segments large; flagellum very long and slender. Facial cones wanting; antennal bases swollen. Gene prominent. Labrum rather large, posterior; rostrum very long, slender, acute. Eyes large. Thorax arched, rather narrow, coarsely punctate. Pronotum short, depressed somewhat below dorsulum; propleurites long; pleural suture oblique, not as long visibly as episternum; forecoxe quite large, mostly visible. Dorsulum long, quite acutely angulated cephalad, almost as long as scutum. Post-tibial spur somewhat reduced, but distinctly present. WVings large, hyaline, acute at apex, about two and three-fourths times as long as broad, broadest across first marginal cell; first mar- ginal cell smaller than second; fourth fureal terminating at apex of wing; radius moderately long; pterostigma wanting; cubital petiole wanting. Male—Abdomen rather slender. Genital segment large; claspers large, stout, obtuse at apex; anal valve long, spatulate; pubescence moderate. Female—Genital segment almost as long as rest of abdomen, quite acute and slender; dorsal plate very slightly longer than ventral; pubescence rather sparse. Described from several males and females collected at Jalapa, Mexico, (D. L. Crawford). Formerly Known Species of the Carsidarinae Carsidara dugesii Low 1886—Neue Beitrage zur Kenntniss der Psylloden. F. Low, p. 160. Carsidara marginalis Walker 1876—Journ. Proc. Linn. Soc. of London, Vol. X, page 329. 1882—Trans. Ent. Soc. London, XVIII, part III, page 467. Tyora congrua Walker Ins. Saund Homopt. (Walker) page 111. 1882—Trans. Ent. Soc. of London, Vol. XVIII, part III, page 471. Macrohomotoma gladiatum Kuwayama 1907—Trans. Sapporo Nat. Hist. Soc. Vol. II, page 180. Pomona Cotitece JourNAL or ENTOMOLOGY 491 Mesohomotoma camphorae Kuwayama 1907—Loe. cit. page 181. Tenaphalara acutipennis Kuwayama 1907—Loe. cit. page 156. Homotoma ficus Linne 1767—Syst. Nat. T, I, part 2, p. 739 (Chermes ficus). 1844—Teconogr. (Insectes) Guerin, p. 376. (Genus Homotoma). 1868—Verhandl. d. k. k. bot.-zool. Ges. Wein. p. 896. (G. v. Frauenfeld). 1878—Ibid. (Low) p. 587. 1882—Ibid. (Low) p. 238. Homotoma radiatum Kuwayama 1907—Trans. Sapporo Nat. Hist. Soc. Vol. II, p. 181. Freysuila dugesii Aleman 1887—La Naturaleza (2) I, no. 1, pp. 21-26, Tab. III. 1897—Proc. Ent. Soc. of Washington, Vol. IV, p. 196. Freysuila dugesii ernstii Schwarz 1897—Loe. cit. Freysuila dugesii cedrelae Schwarz 1897—Loe. cit. Rhinopsylla schwarzii Riley 1883—Proc. Biol. Soc. of Washington, Vol. II, p. 78. Rhinopsylla antennata Crawford (and variety prowima Crawf.) 1910—Pomona Journ. Ent. Vol. III, No. 1, p—. Bactericera perrissii Puton 1880—Turkestanische Psylloden (F. Low) p. 264. Triozoida n. gen. Head strongly deflexed, with eyes almost or fully as broad as thorax. Vertex not punctate; post-ocellar regions elevated; occipital margin narrowly elevated; vertex rounded in front, with anterior ocellus visible only from front. Facial cones posterior, behind antennal insertions, with long pubescence. Labrum short, subglobose. Eyes large, prominent. Antenne inserted in front. Thorax arched. Pronotum not long, depressed below occiput and more or less below dorsulum, descending cephalad; propleurites together somewhat pyriform; dorsulum ascending, quite acutely rounded cephalad. Wings hyaline, triozine in form; cubital petiole present or wanting, greatly reduced; subcosta very heavy throughout. Anal valve of male rather small, rounded, simple. Type of genus: Triozoida johnsonii Crawf. 492 Pomona CoLLteGE JouRNAL oF ENTOMOLOGY Triozoida johnsonii n. sp. (Figure 157, L; 159, E; 160, G) Length of body 2.2 mm.; length of forewing 3.0 mm.; greatest width 1.0 mm.; width of vertex between eyes .48 mm.; with eyes .78 mm. General color dark brown or black; vertex shining black; dorsulum light brown. Head strongly deflexed, with eyes not quite as broad as thorax, not punctate. Occipital margin arcuate, narrowly elevated over middle; vertex between post-ocellar regions without foveal impressions, rounded toward the front as in Calophya; post-ocellar regions distinctly and sharply elevated; anterior ocellus under rounded vertex, somewhat visible from front, more easily from below. Facial cones short, obtuse at apex, vertical, posterior, behind antennal insertions, with very long pubescence distally. Labrum between and behind facial cones, ap- pearing almost a third cone; rostrum moderately long. Eyes very large, prominent, hemispherical as in Trioza, projecting forward beyond margin of vertex. An- tenne inserted in front of facial cones, of medium length; flagellum slender. Thorax arched, more coarsely punctate than head. Pronotum moderately short, descending cephalad below occiput, depressed below dorsulum; longer laterally; propleurites quite large, pyriform; pleural suture curved, extending to tip of episternum; epimeron largely visible; forecoxe relatively small, mostly concealed. Dorsulum long, converging cephalad to a rounded point, spherically triangular. Wings hyaline, shining, long, slender, almost three times as long as broad, broad- est across first marginal cell, sharply angulated at apex; first marginal cell smaller than second; fourth fureal terminating at apex ‘of wing; radius short, quite straight; cubitial petiole distinctly present but extremely short; subcosta very thick and dark from base to radial margin; with three punctural spots on margin of marginal and cubital cells. Male—Abdomen slender, rather long. Genital segment relatively not very large; rounded; claspers quite long, simple, subacute at apex, pubescent; anal valve short, broadly rounded, semi-ovate, simple, pubescent. Described from one male collected at Belize, British Honduras, by J. D. John- son. This species is very closely related to Trioza californica Crawf. in the struc- ture of the forewing, vertex, head and notum. The subcosta in T. californica is large and heavy and the two cubitals, much lighter, are often slightly petiolate. The similarity is so marked as to make these two species congeneric without a doubt. Triozoida californica Crawf. (Syn. T'rioza californica Crawf.) 1910—Pomona Journ. Ent. Vol. II, No. 2, p. 234. Aphalara Forst. Head scarcely deflexed. Vertex quite flat, not rounded, broader than long, with or without distinct foveal impressions or sulea; produced anteriorly into two roundly projecting lobes or epiphyses on each side of median suture. Anterior ocellus under vertex, usually some what stalked, and often slightly visible from above. Facial cones entirely wanting. Labrum prominent, elongate or subglobose. Antenne rather short. Pomona CotiecGe JourNAL or ENTOMOLOGY 493 Thorax arched. Pronotum terminating laterally in a distinct knob-like enlarge- ment (lateral tubercle of pronotum); propleurites exceedingly short, nearly square, rather depressed. Dorsulum variable in length, usually shorter than seutum. ings broadly rounded at apex, hyaline, maculate, fumate, or spotted; vein fureation distinctly dichotomous; pterostigma wanting. Anal valve of male with a long acute posterior lobe usually reaching to tip of genital plate, and often with an inferior epiphysis; claspers broadly spatulate to subspatulate at tip. Type of genus: Aphalara calthae Linne (1760). It has been necessary to reassign the diagnostic lines of this genus because of the artificiality of the previously accepted lines. After long and careful study of large series of species and specimens, it seems beyond question that the character Figure 159. Details of Psyllide A, Carsidara concolor; B, C. mexicana; C, Rhinopsylla jalapensis; D, Epicarsa corniculata; E, Triozoida johnsonii; F, G, Aphalara calthe: H, Aph. communis; I, Aph. minutissima; L, Aph. calthe maculipennis; M, Aph. artemisiz angustipennis; N, Aph. pulchella; O, Aph. picta; P, Aph. nebulosa; R, Aph. nebulosa americana; S, Aph. calthe. 494 Pomona CoLLteGE JouRNAL oF ENTOMOLOGY of the propleurites is of prime importance in this genus, as in many others also. This has been entirely ignored or overlooked by other students of this family. As accompanying diagnostic characters the absence of factial cones, and the long pos- terior lobe of the anal valve of the male are very constant. A recast of European species in accordance with this diagnosis will be necessary but, because only a few of these species are represented in the collections at hand, this cannot be attempted here. Synopsis of Species of Genus Aphalara A. Labrum very elongate, truncate at apex, descending from face anteriorly. Notum with four more or less distinct light colored stripes. Female genital segment very short. Anal valve of male slightly longer than genital plate. Wings fumate apically. Aphalara calthae L. AA. Labrum not elongate nor truncate, subglobose and more or less appressed to face. B. Wings more or less maculate or spotted. C. Wings with small brown spots and dots. D. Spots distinct and numerous, covering entire surface; wings whitish. E. Body small, wings quite white; spots well separated. Aphalara artemisiae Forst. EE. Body larger; wings less white; spots very thickly crowded and often merged. Aphalara artemisiae angustipennis Crawf. DD. Spots indistinct, few, and only in apical half. Wings fulvous. Aphalara communis metzaria Crawf. CC. Wings with macule, not spotted or dotted. D. Labrum quite long, extending forward as far as insertion of antenne. DD. Labrum short, not extending forward to insertion of antenne. Aphalara calthae maculipennis Low. E. Profile of head distinctly shorter than broad dorso-ventrally. Wings conspicuously attenuate basally. Anal valve of male with long, taper- ing lobe posterior; claspers spatulate-clavate. Aphalara pulchella Crawf. EE. Profile of head fully as long as broad or longer. Wings not con- spicuously attenuate at base. Anal valve of male conspicuously lanceolate; petiolate at base; claspers abruptly and greatly broad- ened at tip into transverse plate. Aphalara nebulosa americana Crawf. BB. Wings clear, not maculate or spotted. C. Body very small; wings small, white, transversely wrinkled. Profile of head almost round. Aphalara minutissima Crawf. CC. Body large; wings large, not white nor transversely wrinkled. D. Body of medium size, yellowish. Dorsum rather flat, not strongly arched. Wings rather slender, first marginal cell long. Aphalara communis Crawf. Pomona CotiteGe JourNAL or ENTOMOLOGY 495 DD. Body very large, brown. Dorsum quite strongly arched. Wings very large, attenuate at base; first marginal cell relatively short. Aphalara picta Zett. Aphalara calthae Linne (1760) (Figure 157, M, N; 158, E, H, L; 159, F, G, S; 160, I, M) (Syn. Aph. polygoni Forst.) (Psylla quadrilineata Fiteh, and (?) Aph. ewxilis W. & M.) Length of body 1.8 mm.; length of forewing 2.6 mm.; greatest width 1.0 mm.; width of vertex between eyes .47 mm.; with eyes .76 mm.; length .34 mm. General color brown, light to dark; vertex usually light; mesonotum with four stripes of light brown, lighter than ground color, two on each side of median line; stripes usually prominent, sometimes inconspicuous or indistinct; abdomen darker, some- what variegated. Head slightly deflexed, very coarsely punctate; profile relatively short, about nine-tenths as long as broad; with eyes not quite as broad as thorax. Occipital margin arcuate, centrally elevated slightly; discal area with a marked foveal im- pression on each side of median suture; emarginate anteriorly at median suture and over each antennal insertion. Facial cones entirely wanting. Gene distinctly swollen. Anterior ocellus under projecting vertex, not visible from above, scarcely stalked. Labrum very prominent, elongate, truncate at apex, yellow. Thorax broad, somewhat arched, coarsely punctate. Pronotum long, almost as long as dorsulum; with two foveal impressions on each side; propleurites very short, quadrate, depressed; forecoxe mostly concealed. Dorsulum short; with four light colored stripes on dorsal surface. Wings rather small, fumose, darker in apical half than in basal; sides subparallel, about two and a half times as long as broad, broadest across first marginal cell, broadly rounded apically; pterostigma wanting; cubital petiole shorter than discoidal subcosta and shorter than first cubital; marginal cells subequal; claval suture terminating very near to tip of first furcal; apex of wing between radius and fourth furcal. Male—Abdomen strongly convergent caudad. Genital segment moderately large; genital plate about as large as two preceding ventral sclerites; claspers rather short, laterally arched, narrowly spatulate at apex; anal valve large basally, with a long, slender posterior lobe, extending beyond tip of genital plate; axial epiphysis not large. Female—Genital segment short, scarcely longer than anal ventral sclerite; dor- sal plate longer than ventral and more acute; ventral plate very obtuse at apex. Redescribed from one female in the C. F. Baker collection determined by Dr. Franz Low, collected at Stockholm, Sweden, by Frauenfeldt, and from numerous males and females collected in various parts of the United States. This species was first described by Linne in 1760 from specimens on Caltha palustris. Forster later described a species on Polygonum as Aphalara polygoni, which Low declared after careful comparison to be identical to Aph. calthae. The name Aph. polygoni, therefore, is synonymical. In 1851 Fitch described a new species in America, naming it Psylla quadrilineata. As far as his very brief de- scription goes it compares very closely to the European Aph. calthae. According 496 Pomona CorttecGe JouRNAL or ENTOMOLOGY to C. W. Mally, Psylla quadrilineata is identical with Aph. polygoni, and therefore is undoubtedly another synonym of Aph. calthae. The species has apparently a world-wide distribution and consequently is sub- ject to more or less minor variation. The color varies from light to dark brown, sometimes almost unicolored, and often somewhat variegated. The notal stripes, for which Fitch named his quadrilineata, are usually very prominent, sometimes scarcely differentiated from the ground color when this is quite light, and some- times the stripes are almost wanting on the darkest notum; the wings are usually subhyaline, fumose, especially in the apical half, less so in basal half; often they are fulvous-fumate throughout, by transmitted light darker apically; the vena- tion is always conspicuous, though some of the venational characters are variable. The distribution in the United States as represented in the collections at hand is as follows: In the C. F. Baker collections from Colorado, Arizona, California, Oregon, Washington, Idaho, Louisiana, Illinois, Massachusetts; Colorado (E. S. Tucker), Texas (E. S. Tucker); Canada (C. F. Baker); Mexico (C. F. Baker) ; Havana, Cuba (C. F. Baker). From a single female from Aaken, Germany, determined by Dr. F. Low as Aphalara ewxilis W. & M., it seems that it is very probable that this species is synonymical with Aph. calthae L. Aphalara calthae maculipennis Low (Syn. Aphalara exilis rumicis Mally) (Figure 157, R; 158, N; 159, L; 160, T) This variety was described by F. Low in 1886. As the name indicates, the chief difference lies in the maculation of the wing in the apical portion. This is probably only an intensification of the apical fumose condition in the species. About the only prominent structural difference is in the labrum, which in the variety is relatively short and lying close to the face, not elongate and truncate and extending downward as in the species. The abdomen is often relatively stouter in the female than it is in the species. The notal stripes are less conspicuous. The characters of the labrum and the abdomen were not given by Low, but are quite probably true of his types. Whether or not these characters are of specific value will have to be determined by further study; for the present this will re- main as a variety of the species. The size of the insect varies quite widely, as it does also in the species. Redescribed from specimens in the C. F. Baker collections from Colorado, Ari- zona, Oregon, Washington, Illinois, Texas (E. S. Tucker). From Mally’s de- scription of his variety of Aph. ewilis W. & M., it seems beyond a reasonable doubt that it is synonymical with Low’s variety of calthae. Aphalara artemisiae Forster (Figure 157, O) (Syn. Psylla malachitica Dahlbaum) Length of body 2.0 mm.; length of forewing 2.6 mm.; greatest width 1.0 mm.; width of vertex between eyes .48 mm.; with eyes .82 mm.; length down center -36 mm. General color greenish white to greenish yellow throughout. Body quite variable in size. Figure 160. Details of Psyllide A, Carsidara gigantea; B, Rhinopsylla jalapensis; C, Carsidara rostrata; D, C. rostrata; E, C. mexicana; F, Epicarsa corniculata; G, Triozoida johnsonii; H, Aph. pulchella; I, Aph. calthe; J. Aph. calthe maculipennis; K, L, Aph. angustipennis; M, Aph. calthe; N, Aph. communis; O, Aph. picta; P, Aph. minutis- sima; R, Aph. nebulosa americana. artemisize 498 Pomona CoLieGe JourNAL or ENTOMOLOGY Head not deflexed, with eyes almost as broad as thorax; profile triangular. Oc- cipital margin arcuate; vertex almost plane, punctate, with a slight impression posteriorly on each side of median suture; anterior margin emarginate broadly at median suture and less so over each antennal insertion. Facial cones entirely wanting. Anterior ocellus somewhat stalked, under projecting vertex, not visible from above. Gene somewhat swollen. Labrum moderately large, posterior, sub- globose from in front, ovoid from side, slightly pubescent. Antenne short, scarcely longer than width of vertex with eyes; two basal segments large. Thorax large, broad, coarsely punctate, not strongly arched. Pronotum long, from one to two-thirds times the length of dorsulum; flat on dorsal surface; extend- ing down on both sides to central axis of eye; propleurites short, depressed; fore- coxe rather small. Dorsulum short, broad, almost as long as scutum. Wings rather small, covered with large, roundish brown dots over entire surface; sides subparallel; more than two and two-thirds times as long as broad, broadest across first marginal cell, broadly rounded apically; pterostigma wanting; marginal cells variable in size; second furcal varying from one-half to three-sevenths the length of radius; fourth furcal one-half to three-sevenths the length of second cubital, terminating at or near tip of wing. Male—Genital segment moderately large, claspers long, laterally arched, not tapering to apex, slightly spatulate; anal valve almost as long vertically as clasp- ers, with a very long, slender, posteriorly projecting lobe on each side, extending to tip of genital segment; pubescence sparse. Female—Genital segment very long, fully as long as rest of abdomen; dorsal plate longer and less acute than ventral; genital pore less than one-fourth the length of dorsal plate. Redescribed from one male from Pernitz, Austria, determined by Franz Low, and from several males and females from Colorado in the C. F. Baker collection. This species in the United States was named in manuscript Aphalara utahensis by Riley. Four English specimens in the collection determined by James Edwards as Aph. artemisiae Forst., belong to another species entirely. The male specimen on which this description is largely based is at one extreme of a large series of variations within the species. The numerous specimens in the collection form a continuous series, from the small and whitish body and whitish wings to forms with much larger and greenish yellow body and yellowish white wings; the dotting and spotting of the forewing, also, is widely but gradually variable from sparsity to great density and running together of dots, often to form macule. This fact makes the smaller and more sparsely dotted wings ap- pear to the naked eye as almost white, whereas those that are most densely dotted appear yellowish and occasionally light brown. By transmitted light, however, the undotted membrane is always white and corrugated. The structural charac- ters are quite constant throughout the species, with the possible exception of the minor details of wing venation. Although there exists a continuous series as de- scribed above, still it seems advisable to separate those most darkly spotted into a more or less distinct variety. Riley, from the material at his disposal, recognized two distinct species, apparently not having a complete series. His manuscript name for the larger and darkly spotted forms was Aph. angustipennis. Pomona Cottece JourNaL or ENTOMOLOGY 499 Aphalara artemisiae angustipennis n. var. (Figure 157, O; 158, F; 159, M; 160, K, L) Body larger than in the species, whitish yellow to yellowish; wings yellowish white, often brownish by dense spotting; wing membrane less corrugated. Struc- turally there is very slight differentiation. Described from many males and females collected in Colorado by C. F. Baker; determined by E. A. Schwarz as identical to Riley’s manuscript forms of Aph. angustipennis. Aphalara communis n. sp. (Figure 157, S; 158, P-; 159, H; 160, N) Length of body 2.7 mm.; length of forewing 3.0 mm.; greatest width 1.1 mm. ; length of vertex .36 mm.; width between eyes .52 mm.; with eyes .84 mm. General color greenish yellow; body moderately large. Head not deflexed, with eyes not quite as broad as thorax, not coarsely punctate. Occipital margin arcuate; vertex discally rather plane, with a shallow, lunate im- pression posteriorly; discal areas large; anterior margin roundly emarginate at median suture and less so over antennal insertions. Facial cones wanting. Gene quite swollen. Eyes prominent, large; anterior ocellus not visible from above, under vertex, scarcely stalked. Labrum not large, subglobose, slightly pubescent. Antenne inserted on frons under slightly projecting vertex. Thorax level, scarcely arched, large, broad, not coarsely pubescent, slightly rugulose. Pronotum large, long, prominent, almost as long as dorsulum; pleurites small, short; pleural suture oblique; forecoxz mostly concealed. Dorsulum broad. Wings large, rather long, hyaline and slightly flavous, about two and three-fourths times as long as broad, broadest across first marginal cell, broadly rounded apically ; first marginal cell long, more than half as long as radial cell; cubital petiole usually about equal in length to discoidal subcosta, sometimes shorter. Male—Genital segment very large, prominent; claspers long, conspicuously spatulate apically; anal valve large, with long posterior lobe; inferior cusp not large; penis long. Female—Abdomen large, heavy. Genital segment very long; usually longer than rest of abdomen; dorsal plate longer and less acute than ventral; genital pore relatively rather short; pubescence short and sparse. Described from numerous males and females collected by C. F. Baker at Pagosa Springs, Colorado. Distribution: In the C. F. Baker collections as follows: Colorado, Arizona, California, Nevada, Wisconsin, Louisiana, Alabama; Louisiana (F. C. Bishopp) ; Wyoming (C. W. Metz). This species is very closely related to Aph. nervosa Forst., a European species. The principal difference is in the wing membrane; in the European species it is conspicuously transversely wrinkled, subhyaline and not flavous; in the American species it is distinctly flavous and scarcely transversely wrinkled. Aphalara communis metzaria n. var. This variety is separated chiefly upon the presence of brown dots or spots in the distal portion of the forewing, somewhat as in Aph. angustipennis Crawf., but 500 Pomona Co.tieGe JourNAL or ENTOMOLOGY less conspicuous. In the variety as well as in the species there is a variation in the length of the female genital segment, sometimes being very long and occa- sionally rather short relatively, but always it is nearly or fully as long as rest of abdomen. Described from one female collected at Banner, Wyoming, by C. W. Metz, and several from Pagosa Springs, Colorado (C. F. Baker). Aphalara pulchella n. sp. (Figure 158, G, T; 159, N; 160, H) Length of body 2.0 mm.; length of forewing 2.6 mm.; greatest width 1.2 mm.; length of vertex .29 mm.; width between eyes .46 mm.; with eyes .72 mm. General color black to glossy jet, occasionally brown. Head not deflexed, with eyes not as broad as thorax, very deeply and conspicu- ously sculptured rugosely; profile short. Occipital margin arcuate, slightly ele- vated in center; postocellar regions quite elevated; discal areas with a foveal im- pression posteriorly ; anterior margin quite deeply emarginate or excised at median suture and less so over antennal insertions. Facial cones wanting. Gene swollen. Labrum rather small, subglobose, slightly pubescent. Antennal bases not swollen. Eyes prominent. Anterior ocellus scarcely stalked, very slightly visible from above. Antenne short. : Thorax broad, arched, very conspicuously and coarsely sculptured rugosely, more so than on head. Pronotum moderately long, attaining laterad to central axis of eye; pleurites short, depressed; pleural suture erect, arcuate; forecoxe mostly concealed. Dorsulum about twice as long as pronotum, arcuately rounded on both margins, without posterior epiphyses. Wings relatively rather large, at- tenuate basally, maculate more or less over entire surface, especially in distal half; scarcely more than twice as long as broad, broadest across tip of second fur- eal, very broadly rounded at apex; apex at or near tip of fourth fureal; first mar- ginal cell more than half as long as radial cell; second marginal cell large; cubital petiole scarcely as long as discoidal subcosta; pterostigma almost wanting. Male—Abdomen slender. Genital plate long; profile slender; dorsal margin straight, claspers large, clavate-spatulate, attenuate at base; anal valve large; posterior lobe very long, tapering as long as genital plate; axial epiphysis quite large, obtusely rounded; pubescence sparse. Female—Abdomen stout, short. Genital segment very long, much longer than rest of abdomen, slender, acute; dorsal plate longer and less acute than ventral genital pore relatively short, with a short fringe of hairs on inferior edge of dorsal plate over ovipositor; pubescence sparse. Described from one male and several females collected in Claremont, California, and San Mateo county, California, by C. F. Baker. Aphalara minutissima n. sp. (Figure 158, I, U; 159, I; 150, P) Length of body 1.4 mm.; length of forewing 2.1 mm.; greatest width .8 mm.; width of vertex between eyes .39 mm.; with eyes .70 mm. General color whitish, white to greenish-white. Pomona CotiteGe JourNaL or ENromMoLoGy 501 Head not deflexed, with eyes fully as broad as thorax, rather small, punctate. Occipital margin arcuate somewhat, not elevated narrowly; vertex discally quite plane, with a slight impression in center, and raised somewhat on postocellar re- gions; anterior margin not very deeply emarginate at median suture, slightly emar- ginate over antennal insertions. Facial cones entirely wanting; antennal bases not swollen. Genz not prominent; eyes small; ocelli small; anterior ocellus scarcely stalked, not visible from above. Antenne short, slender. Labrum relatively rather large, subglobose, pubescent; rostrum short. Thorax arched, quite broad, coarsely punctate. Pronotum long, about half as long as dorsulum, flat on dorsal surface; pleurites short, depressed; pleural suture erect, shorter than episternum, forecoxe rather large. Dorsulum short, broad; scutum much longer than dorsulum. Wings small, not hyaline, subcoriaceous, cor- rugated, whitish; about two and a half times as long as broad, broadest across first marginal cell, quite broadly rounded at apex; first marginal cell long, more than half the length of radial margin; second marginal cell short, triangular; radius long, curved apically; pterostigma wanting, cubital petiole slightly shorter than discoidal subcosta. Male—Abdomen short. Genital segment relatively large; claspers short, very broad and heavy, subspatulate at apex; anal valve very large; posterior lobe long and slender, longer than genital plate; inferior process small; axial epiphysis quite prominent. Female—Abdomen stout. Genital segment long, stout, subacute at apex; dor- sal plate slightly longer than ventral, serrated on inferior margin caudad. Described from many males and females collected in Ormsby county, Nevada, by C. F. Baker. This species may be known in some collections by the manuscript name of Aph. occidentalis. Aphalara picta Zetterstedt (Figure 158, M, R; 159, O; 160, O) (Syn. Aph. flavipennis Forst., Aph. nervosa Thoms. [nec Forst. ]) (Psylla alpigena M. D., Psylla sonchi Forst.) Length of body 3.3 mm.; length of forewing 4.2 mm. or less; greatest width 2.0 mm. or less; width of vertex between eyes .64 mm.; with eyes 1.16 mm. General color light yellowish brown to brown. Notum often more or less conspicuously striped longitudinally; abdomen darker; wings flavous. Body very large and stout. Head scarcely deflexed, large, vertex continuing plane of dorsum; profile tri- angular; with eyes not as broad as thorax, punctate. Vertex flat, almost plane, with a small fovea in rear center on each side of median suture; occipital margin arcuate, not elevated; postocellar areas scarcely elevated; anterior margin emargi- nate at median suture, and very slightly so over insertion of antenne. Facial cones entirely wanting; gene not swollen. Labrum very small, posterior, subglo- bose; rostrum short. Eyes relatively very large, covering most of side of head; an- terior ocellus under vertex, slightly stalked, not visible from above. Antenne short, : filiform, inserted beneath vertex, laterad. 502 Pomona Coiitece JouRNAL oF ENTOMOLOGY Thorax large, broad, not strongly arched, coarsely punctate, often striped lon- gitudinally. Pronotum long; lateral tubercle of pronotum large; pleurites small relatively, quadrate, compressed; forecoxe moderately large, largely visible. Dor- sulum longer than pronotum, transversely shorter. Wings very large, flavous, subhyaline, a little more than twice as long as broad, broadest across first marginal cell subapically, very broadly rounded at apex; apex at or above termination of fourth fureal; first marginal cell large; second cubital arcuate; radius rather short, curved slightly; cubital petiole usually nearly as long as discoidal subcosta; ptero- stigma wanting, or nearly so; venation conspicuous. Male—Abdomen moderately large. Genital segment large, prominent, broad- est at base; claspers long, spatulate, attenuate at base; anal valve large; posterior lobe long, slender, stiffly pubescent; inferior epiphysis acute, quite long; axial epiphysis long; penis large. Female—Abdomen stout. Genital segment long, almost as long as rest of ab- domen; dorsal plate longer and slightly less acute than ventral; pubescence stiff, prominent. Redescribed from four females from Aaken, Germany, determined by Dr. Franz Low, and from several males and females in the C. F. Baker collection from Colo- rado. Some of the European specimens are apparently co-types of Aph. flavipen- nis Forster. Aphalara nebulosa Zett (Figure 159, P) (Syn. Aph. radiata Scott, Aph. gramina Thoms. [nec Linne.]) Length of body 1.9 mm.; length of forewing 2.6 mm.; greatest width 1.1 mm.; width of vortex between eyes .38 mm.; with eyes .78 mm. General color brown, with light brown to yellowish markings and spots; abdomen darker; vertex lighter on border, dark discally; antenne and legs light. Head scarcely deflexed, not large, finely punctate; profile subtriangular, rounded in front. Vertex flat, not rounded, somewhat descending, with a shallow fovea on each side in rear center, and a shallow divergent impression extending for- ward therefrom; occipital margin arcuate, not elevated narrowly; vertex almost black on impressed area, with a yellowish margin all around, narrower in front; black area confluent at median suture; postocellar areas but slightly elevated; an- terior margin emarginate at median suture, receding to anterior margin of eye. Facial cones entirely wanting; antennal bases slightly swollen. Labrum small, posterior, subglobose; rostrum short; gene scarcely swollen. Eyes relatively rather large; anterior ocellus beneath vertex somewhat stalked, not visible from above. Antenne quite long, slender, filiform; two basal segments darker colored. Thorax not strongly arched, broader than head with eyes, punctate. Pronotum not very long, lighter in color than rest of notum; lateral tubercle about as large as episternum, pleurites small, quadrate, compressed; forecoxe small, not extend- ing to lower margin of mesopleurites. Dorsulum relatively rather long, darker than. pronotum but lighter than scutum; transversely shorter than pronotum. Wings rather large, subhyaline, maculate apically and less so basally; with a dis- tinct complete band extending from termination of radius across wing diagonally Pomona Couiece JourNAL or ENTOMOLOGY 503 to second fureal; other macule at apex and near center of wing; a little more broadly rounded at apex; apex at or near termination of fourth fureal; first mar- ginal cell very long; first cubital very short; second furcal not sharply angulate distally ; second cubital not strongly arcuate; second marginal cell broad; radius long, straight, except distally; cubital petiole about as long as discoidal subcosta. Male—Abdomen long, brown with light spots. Genital segment prominent, not very large; genital plate with a lateral, basal elevation on each side, much smaller caudad; claspers rather small, slender, with an abrutly and briefly spatulate trans- verse plate at apex, longer anteriorly than posteriorly; anal valve large; posterior lobe conspicuously lanceolate and petiolate; axial epiphysis short, obtuse; pubes- cence short, rather dense. Redescribed from two males from England, determined by James Edwards. This species, although it is European, is included in this paper because of the fact that there is an American form extremely close to it. This has been de- scribed as a variety of the European species. Aphalara nebulosa americana n. var. (Figure 158, S; 159, R; 160, R) The principal structural differentiation between species and variety lies in the labrum, male genitalia and forewing. The labrum in the variety is distinctly smaller and less conspicuous; the claspers of the male are distinctly larger; trans- verse plate almost as long as rest of clasper, while in the species it is but slighlty more than half the length of clasper. Wing less darkly maculated; apical band not complete across wing. Coloration is quite constant in species and variety. Described from one male in the C. F. Baker collection from Colorado. This variety may be known in cabinets by the manuscript name of Aph. epilobii. Note: The name T'rioza assimilis Crawf. is now changed to Trioza flori, since the former name is preoccupied by 7. assimilis Flor. In a paper just received from Dr. Kuwayama of Sapporo, Japan, a genus in Triozine has been named by him Epitrioza. Since the paper was published in 1909-1910 this name has the right of priority over the genus of the same name published in a previous number of this Journal (Vol. III, No. 1, 1911). The later name, therefore, may be changed now to Kuwayama Crawf. Also, a species of T'rioza, occurring in Japan has been named by him Trioza nigra. This also antedates the species of the same name described by myself in the Journal of December, 1910. This species may be known hereafter by the name Trioza nigrilla Crawf., instead of Trioza nigra Crawf. The name Neotrioza Crawf. is, also, pre- occupied by Neotrioza machili Kieffer (1905). My Neotrioza may be known as Neotriozella Crawf. STUDIES IN ACARINA I H. V. M. HALL, POMONA COLLEGE, CLAREMONT, CALIFORNIA. In the working up of large collections of Acarina recently made by me in the Eastern United States and in the Southwest, there appear a number of forms ap- parently undescribed, and I shall present fascicles of these from time to time, with carefully prepared descriptions and illustrations. Damaeus cephalotus n. sp. (Figure 161) Length .62-.64 mm.; color chestnut, polished. Abdomen hemispherical, without wings. Mandible chelate; cephalothorax quite large, anchylosed to abdomen, but with deep suture between. Without lamella or tectopedium. Rostral hairs stout and pectinate. Pseudostigmatic organ with long peduncle and gradually clavate head, not pointed at distal end. Interlamel- lar hair, fine and pectinate. Abdomen with scattering, stout, pectinate hairs near the edge. Legs thin, a little longer than abdomen, sparsely set with fine hairs. Figure 161. Damaeus cephalotus Pomona Cotiece JourNaL or ENToMoLoGy 505 A long hair on apex of penultimate joint. A few hairs on tarsi II, III and IV are fine and pectinate. Unguis monodactyle. Femora gradually clavate, projec- tion between legs I and II blunt anteriorly. Leg I on a chitinous projection of cephalothorax, coxe and trochanters I and II drawn into cephalothorax and ap- parently missing. This species is easily distinguished from D. tenuipes Michael, D. geniculatus Koch, and D. concolor Koch, by difference in length; also by gen- eral shape of pseudostigmatic organ and by absence of furrows or other markings on cephalothorax. Under rotting boards, New Haven, Conn., Notaspis bilamellatus n. sp. (Figure 162) : Length .79-.96 mm. Light chestnut, smooth, but not polished. Abdomen broader than long, globular, without wings. Cephalothorax large, anchylosed to abdomen. Mandible large chelate. Lamelle blades on edge, running from pseudostigmata and meeting forward; cusps of lamella thickened, free, and projecting forward horizontally. Lamellar hairs long, sout and smooth. Rostral hairs half as long, Figure 162. Notaspis bilamellatus 506 Pomona CotieGe JourNAL or ENTOMOLOGY stout and smooth. No translamella; pseudostigmatic organ with medium length stem and fusiform head. Interlamellar hairs long, stout, smooth. Femora with blades. Abdomen hairless. Legs about the length of abdomen, moderately set with long fine hairs. Unguis tridactyle. Last three pairs of legs inserted at edge of body. Anterior corners of abdomen not projecting. Several specimens under large stone, Claremont, Cal. In classifying this species in the genus Notaspis I have followed Michael. Michael and Banks disagree about this genus, Michael describing Notaspis as having the body smooth, while Banks affirms that the body is more or less rough. As this feature is used in both keys it is apt to cause con- fusion if the disagreement is not noticed. This species is most like N. burrowsi Michael, but differs in having no hairs on the abdomen, no translamella, and sim- ple hairs on the legs. Oribata setiformis n. sp. (Figure 163) Length .90-.96 mm. Color dark chestnut, polished. Abdomen globose with large wing-like expansions. Mandible thick and stout. No lamella. Dorsal covering extends forward to rostrum without break. Rostral hairs are pectinate. No trans- lamella. Interlamellar hairs stout and pectinate. Pseudostigmatic organ seti- LN Figure 163. Oribata setiformis Pomona Coutiece Journat or ENTOMOLOGY 507 form, smooth and one-fourth the length of body. Femora without blades. Abdo- men smooth, hairless, and as broad, just behind the wings, as three-quarters the length of the body. The wings project forward almost as far as rostrum, and are rounded anteriorly. Wings are sculptured transversely. The legs bear rather long bristles, several on each tarsus being feathered. Unguis tridactyle. Legs not quite half the length of body. Under rotting boards, New Haven, Conn. This species is distinguished from O. alata Hermann, O. dorsalis Koch and O. rugi- frons Stoll, by its large size and by its setaform pseudostigmatie organ. Figure 164. Oribata latincisa var. gigantea 508 Pomona CotiteGe JourNaL or ENromMoLoGy Oribata latincisa Ewing var. gigantea n. var. (Figure 164) Length .80-.98 mm. Color dark chestnut, polished. Abdomen globose with narrow, chitinous, wing-like expansions. Mandible, thick and stout. Lamella blade-like, horizontal. Cusps of lamella short, truncated, lamellar hair rising from shorter corner. Lamellar hairs stout, pectinate. Tectopedium I projects even with trans- lamella; tectopedium I bears stout, curved, pectinate hair projecting in front of rostrum. Rostral hairs not apparent. Pseudostigmatic organ capitate. Inter- lamellar hairs erect, stout, pectinate. Anterior end of abdomen rounded. Femora with blades. Abdomen and wings set with scattering, stout, pectinate hairs, not as stout as lamellar or interlamellar hairs. Wings of abdomen truncated anteriorly. Legs about one-third the length of body, sparsely covered with fine, pectinate hairs. A long, fine, bristle at apex of penultimate joint of legs I and II. Unguis tridactyle. A swollen, pectinate, specialized hair on the outer apex of antepenultimate joint, and another midway on outside of penultimate joint of legs I and II. Under rotting boards, New Haven, Conn. Somewhat like Oribatella bidentata Banks, but much larger and without the characteristic color markings of that spe- cies. Hoploderma capitata n. sp. (Figure 165, above) Length .8-.83 mm. Color yellow with black internal organs. Abdomen elliptical, about as broad as high, without wings. Cephalothorax hinged so as to fold down on ventral surface. Aspis without carina; genital and anal covers separate. Anal covers with short spines. No elliptical depressions on aspis. Pseudostigmatic organ capitate. Four long bristles on each side of aspis, and two similar bristles on an- terior end of dorsal abdomen. Legs half the length of body, sparsely set with fine hairs of which some on legs III and IV are pectinate. A long, thin bristle on apex of penultimate joint of leg I. Unguis monodactyle. Under drift-wood, Pawson Park, Conn. This species differs from H. globosum Koch, by having the pseudostigmatic or- gan capitate and with quite a stalk instead of sessile and fusiform, and by having only four hairs on the dorsum of abdomen and those placed well forward. Genus Pelopsis n. gen. Mandible broad at base, suddenly becoming styliform, terminated by minute chele. No spatulate hairs on any part. Rectangular projection from anterior mar- gin of abdomen. Unguis tridactyle. Pteromorphe attached to cephalothorax. Near to Pelops, but wholly without spatulate hairs. Pelopsis nudiuscula n. sp. (Figure 165, below) Length .51 mm. Color dark chestnut, polished. Abdomen with large, chitinous, wing-like expansions. Mandible broad at base, suddenly becoming and continuing slender and rod-like, chele small. Interlamellar hairs wanting. Lamella blade- like, horizontal, cusps of lamella deeply emarginate, the two tips being subequal Pomona Cotiece JourNAL or ENTOMOLOGY 509 in length. Lamellar hairs wanting. Tectopedium I ending in a long hair. Ros- trum rounded; rostal hairs stout, curved, pectinate. No translamella. Pseudo- stigmatic organ clavate, smooth. Abdomen without hairs, pyriform. Legs less than half the length of body, sparsely set with fine hairs, a few being pectinate, and one long bristle on apex of penultimate joint of leg I. Unguis heterodactyle, median claw much the heaviest. Lateral claws small and almost transparent. Rectangular projection from anterior margin of abdomen with a median chitinous point reaching almost to rostrum. Dorsum of abdomen hairless, not pitted. Under driftwood on salt marsh, Pawson Park, Conn. Figure 165. Hoploderma capitata, above; Pelopsis nudiuscula, below 510 Pomona Cotiece JourNnaLt or ENTOMOLOGY Paraphytoptus californicus Hall 1910—Pomona Journ. Ent. II, p. 280. This was inadvertently described as an Eriophyes, to which genus, strictly speak- ing, it does, of course, not belong. An opinion of Nalepa, kindly communicated by Mr. P. J. Parrot, states that this is probably the same as the European P. peravorus. His reasons for such a reference are not given. The galls of P. cali- fornicus as known here, are very characteristically distinct from any other known American phytoptid. NOTES ON RHOPALOCERA KARL R. COOLIDGE Terias linda Edwards This species, as Godman and Salvin long ago pointed out, is synonymous with T. tenella, Boisduval, an excessively common insect in Mexico, Central and South America. While linda is placed in our lists and given the habitat Arizona, I am not aware that any definite captures have been recorded from within the limits of our fauna. Edwards, in his original description, Papilio, Vol. IV, p. 53, 1884, writes, “From 1 m., 1 fm., taken in Mexico, a short distance from the boundary line of Ari- zona, by Mr. Morrison.” 7’. tenella is exceedingly prone to variation, as can be at- tested by its synonymy, which includes 7’. cirewmcincta Bates, T'. nisella Felder, T. nelphe Felder, T'. stygmula Boisduval, T. venustula Staudinger and Thecla xami Reakirt. It seems to be an overlooked fact that 7’. blenina Hewitson, is a synonym of this species, as was shown in the Biol. Cent. Americana, Rhop. Vol. II, p. 48, 1887. Siva Edwards, is known to be a synonym of blenina, and I would also place here castalis Edwards. Strecker, Cat., p. 89, 1878, puts castalis under damon, Cramer, but erroneously so. The chief difference between blenina and castalis seemed to be in the presence of a white spot at the base of the secondaries beneath in the latter, but as this character is variable, I can see no need in further separat- ing them. The case is somewhat similar to that of 7’. dumetorum Boisd., and equal T. affinis Edwards. T. cami seems to be a rather rare insect in Mexico. Melitaea colon Edwards There appears to be no apparent reason why this species should not be united with M. chalcedon Boisduval. I have gone over the original description carefully and find that in a series of chalcedons quite a few answer the description perfectly. Holland, Butt. Bk., p. 140, 1898, writes, “Of the same size and general appearance as M. chalcedon, with which I believe it to be identical, the only possible satis- factory mark of distinction which I am able to discover on comparing the types with a long series of chalcedon being the reduced size of the marginal row of yellow spots on the upper side of the primaries, which in one of the types figured on the plate are almost obsolete. They appear, however, in other specimens labeled type.” Wright says, Butt. West Coast, p. 147, 1905, that “Colon is a hill species of North- ern California,’ and that “The types are said to have been taken on Mt. Hood, but I believe that the collector made a little mistake about that locality.” Edwards, in his description, Papilio, Vol. I, p. 45, 1881, remarks, “From 3 ms., 2 fms., taken at Mt. Hood, Oregon,” but this is corrected later by Morrison, Papilio, Vol. III, p. 43, 1883, to “Sides of hills which line the banks of the Columbia river in West Washington territory and Oregon, being especially common near Kalama.” Doxocopa cocles Lintner Described in Papilio, Vol. IV, p. 141, 1884, from two specimens taken in Texas, presumably in the neighborhood of the Rio Grande. Has been standing in our lists as a valid species, although Messrs. E. M. and S. F. Aaron correctly noticed 512 Pomona CoLLteGeE JouRNAL oF ENTOMOLOGY shortly after the appearance of its description that it was identical with leilia Edwards, f. Leilia itself I believe will eventually prove to be a synonym of celtis Boisduval and Leconte, the differences characterized by Edwards disappearing in long series. Antonio Edwards, is the same as leilia, and montis Edwards, is but a geographical form not worthy of rank. Lycaena hilda Grinnell and Grinnell This species, described in the Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soc., XV, p. 47, 1907, from the San Bernardino mountains of California is synonymous with L. daedalus Behr, which has long priority. The authors of hilda remark that “This species is readily distinguishable from Cupido daedalus Behr, and other described forms by the bright red bands on the upper sides (in the female), which make a decided contrast with the ground color.” Also, “This is the same thing that is figured in Wright’s Butterflies of the West Coast as daedalus, but hilda is easily separable from daedalus by the characters just indicated.” Wright's figure of the upper surface of plate XXIX, fig. 361, b is unusual, and in fact it may not represent daedalus at all. The figure of the above, 361, and the lower surface of the ec, are quite typical, however, and agree exactly with the description of hilda. Dr. Hol- land gives a good representation of the female in his Butterfly Book, pl., 31, fig. 12. Behr himself applied the name aechaja to the reddish female before he was cog- nizant that it was the other sex of his daedalus m. These reddish bands vary consid- erably, in some cases being extensive, and again they may be more or less obsolete. Lycaena daedalus I would place subspecifically with icariodes Boisduval (mintha Edwards), with which it has been placed erroneously in our lists as a synonym. They are quite indistinguishable on the upper surface, but below may be differen- tiated as follows: 1. Spots edged with whitish; first submarginal series sub- obsolete; no terminal line om secondaries. LL. icariodes icariodes Boisduval. 2. Spots wholly black, except the red sagittate series on the secondaries; two distinct submarginal series; a fine black terminal line on secondaries. L. icariodes daedalus Behr. Moreover, there is an obviously different coloration of the wings beneath. This group is in need of thorough revising. Specimens of L. icariodes daedalus are in the collection of the Agricultural college at Fort Collins, Colorado, credited to Colorado by David Bruce, but I very much doubt its occurence in that state. Eumaeus atala Poey Mr. John L. Healy, in an article on the habits of this species, Ent. News, p. 179, 1910, remarks that it is curious that nothing should be known of the life- history of this butterfly, so common in certain portions of Florida. Schwarz has, however, Insect Life, Vol. I, p. 39, given a general outline of the life-history, and S. H. Scudder, Mem. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., Vol. III, p. 413, describes quite fully the larva and pupa. Dr. Holland in his Butterfly Book says of the early stages that “these await description,” but this statement is corrected in a supple- mentary note to the second edition, and the above references noted. Schwarz states that E. atala swarms in the pine woods between the Everglades and the shores of Biscayn bay, this being the region where Mr. Healy found it. The food- Pomona Coxtirce JourNaL or ENTOMOLOGY 513 plant is Zamia integrifolia Willdenow, a plant known by the natives as the “coon- tie.” It unfortunately seems to be the general consensus of opinion among lepidop- terists that once the life-history of a butterfly has been published there remains nothing to be known of that species. Mere stereotyped egg, larval, pupal descrip- tions do not, however, constitute the full biology. The late lamented W. H. Ed- wards created a wonderful change in our knowledge of Rhopalocera, but to the present and future generations there still remains an ever increasing field of observation. Thecla simaethis Drury This species has apparently been recorded in our fauna from Texas only, but I have recently seen a specimen in the collection of Mr. F. Grinnell, Jr., from the Chirachua mountains of Cochise county, Arizona, collected there by Mr. Virgil Owen. It was taken April 14, 1906. Papilio mylotes This is given in our catalogues as inhabitating Southern California, on the au- thority of Reakirt. Strecker, Cat., p. 68, 1878, in a note under mylotes says: “Two males, formerly in coll. Tyron Reakirt, were taken in Southern California and re- ceived from Dr. Heerman in 1862.” I can see no reason for still retaining this species in our faunal lists, for had it really occurred here it certainly would have been again met with long before this. Moreover, Reakirt, as is well known, was notoriously careless in his handling of data. In the Proc. Ent. Soc. Ph., Vol. V, 1865, he records, p. 219, Ceratinia lycaste from Los Angeles, California, and de- scribes var. negreta from the same locality. Further, p. 223, he publishes Mechan- tis californica from Los Angeles. Negreta is but an individual variant, and M. californica is a local form of the protean M. polymnia Linneus. None of these have been taken within the limits of the United States, and until definite captures are reported they should not be given a place in our lists. P. mylotes has a considerable synonymy, embracing P. Caleli Reakirt, P. tonila Reakirt, P. alcamedes Felder, P. aristomenes Felder, and P. eurimedes Boisduval. It occurs in Mexico, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua and Costa Rica, and is a close ally of P. iphidamas, and very probably but a local form of P. eurimedes from Guiana. Euchloe sara Boisd. The Pierid genus Euchloe, so far as my experience goes, is remarkably free from aberrations, although it is notorious for the variation and dimorphism dis- played. I have taken hundreds of EL. ausonides and E. sara, and a few E. lanceo- lata australis, but only once have I met with a true monstrosity. This sport of EZ. sara, form reakirtii, I netted in Millard canyon, on the west slope of the San Ga- briel mountains, on March 28 last. It is strikingly weird and, I believe, worthy of notice. The primaries differ at once from normal examples in being more elongate, the outer margin somewhat incurved, and the apex sharply cut. In the cell is a large quadrate black bar, and from it runs the usual orange patch, but the coloration is decidedly different from that of the normal example. Along the outer margin, nearly to the inner margin, is a wide, jet black margin, rounding 514 Pomona CoLLeGeE JouRNAL oF ENTOMOLOGY the apex, and separated from the orange directly at the apex by a wide, white band, which is itself slightly lined with black interiorly. The secondaries are also produced, of the usual soiled appearance, but more so than normally, and the mar- gins are more or less bordered with a greenish line which, for a short distance at the anal angle, is heavy. Beneath, the primaries have the orange patch repeated, but the cell spot is diminished, and the black margins of above are replaced by greenish blotching. The secondaries have the marginal lining heavier, and the marbling is much stronger than in the average specimen. ; Had this individual come from a new locality, and not in company with other Euchloeids, one would almost certainly describe it as new. Pomona College Journal of Entomology Volume III SHOP ANS IMU IT I ALS aial Number 3 A COMMISSIONER MAKES GOOD [The following editorial article in the “California Cultivator” of May 4, 1911, by Mr. C. B. Messenger, the Managing Editor, was written after a visit to Ventura County, during which he made a thorough inspection of the work of the Ventura County Horti- cultural Commissioner. Again and again, through the South, we have advocated with all our strength, the taking of the County Horticultural Commissionerships wholly out of politics, and the employment of trained men only, for this most important work. It has seemed strange to us sometimes to have to champion so self evident a proposition. It has only needed, after all these years, to have just one trained man employed in one of our counties, to make us wake up, rub our eyes, and come to a rather painful realization of all that we have been missing through these hard fought years, when the services of the best experts obtainable were urgently required. Countless thousands of dollars would have been saved to our people if this important work had been administered throughout by experts. Even with such a demonstration as the present one in progress, politics still governs this most important appointment in most of our counties, and the people still suffer sorely where they might, by choice, be benefited very materially. An expert horticultural commissioner is the most effective known form of horticultural insurance !—Ed.] No state in the Union has given the attention to horticultural quarantine and protection of its fruit and other products from the depredations of insects and fungi that California has. With the State Horticultural Commission and_ its deputies and employees in many sections of the state, and with most of the counties of the state conforming to the state law and maintaining county commissions, all sections are fairly well guarded. We say they are well guarded, and this is true theoretically, though it must be admitted that in some counties results have not justified the expense. In contrast, others show results most remarkable. We believe this latter class, however, may be counted easily upon one’s fingers. We would not discourage the work being done under the county commission law because of some of these failures or partial failures. The effort is in the right direction, and where politics has been obliterated, promise is given for proper results from the funds expended. In some counties results have not been what they should, because of lack of harmony between various producers rather than lack of ability on the part of the commissioner and his helpers. It was our pleasure recently to inspect one county where harmony and ability unite in accomplishment of remarkable results. It is not a big county, though it is big in some of its products. For instance, in lemons it produces over 200,000 boxes valued at well up towards a million dollars, oranges a couple of millions, dried apricots over five million pounds valued at nearly a half million dollars. Walnuts again is where it shines in the production of practically 4,000,000 pounds 516 Pomona CoLuirGe JourNAL or ENTOMOLOGY valued at nearly a half million dollars, and when it comes to Lima beans it is the greatest county in the state and the greatest producer of any small section in the world. As agriculture, or more particularly horticulture, predominates, its board of supervisors, not one member of which is a farmer, yet with keen business judgment, picked a young man fresh from college who has an ambition to make his county the cleanest in the state. We refer to Ventura County, whose commissioner is Mr. E. O. Essig. The board of supervisors has granted to the commissioner practically every request for supplies and appliances. His central office is located in Santa Paula, not the county seat, but in the center of the producing section of the county, EDWARD OLIVER ESSIG Horticultural Commissioner of Ventura County, California and this office is thoroughly fitted with cases containing specimens of insects and fungi, a fairly complete library, almost perfect filing appliances, and incubators for developing fungous growths, nearly everything needed in a laboratory for original investigation. In return for this confidence manifested by the board of supervisors, Mr. Essig has given his days to work in study and inspection in the field and his nights to work in the laboratory, and the result is that for original research and actual accomplishment we do not believe there is a commissioner in the state superior. Especially along the lines of wither-tip and mealy bug investigations has Mr. Essig been persistent. We do not recall any man or body of men that has gone Pomona CoxtieGe JouRNAL or ENTOMOLOGY 517 after the matter as he has. This work has been treated of more at length in former Cultivators; the carbolic spray which is proving so successful is the result of Mr. Essig’s investigations. The orchards of the Little Santa Clara Valley are practically all thrifty and well cared for. This little valley, but a few miles wide, extending from the northern end of the Southern Pacific tunnel in Los Angeles County through Ventura County, bending toward the ocean near the little city of Ventura, is one of the prettiest in the state of California. The orchards are watered either from the Santa Clara or its tributaries coming down from the mountains along the eastern side of the valley. The section about Santa Paula is largely devoted to lemon and apricot culture, though the English walnut groves cover many acres. Plantings of the last few years are more given to citrus than to deciduous fruits, and while some apricots are still being planted, we believe there are a far greater number of walnut trees being uprooted to make way for lemons than are being set out. The thrift of citrus trees was manifest on all sides, though in occasional instances the twig ends give evidence of the wither-tip fungus. The wither-tip has lost its terror now, for it has been proven both by work conducted under the direction of Mr. Essig and others that the application of Bordeaux is abundantly able to care for it; it is simply a question of carefulness on the part of the operator. In the matter of red spider control we saw work being done in the large orchards of the Teague-McKevett Company, and it was easy even for the layman to see the vast difference between trees recently sprayed and those not sprayed. Scarcely a leaf could be picked from the latter that was not covered with myriads of eggs and young of the red spider, while on the sprayed trees many leaves could be examined without detection of a single insect. The best part of this treatment is that it is economical. The ordinary commercial sulphur-lime mixture, 24 gallons to 100 gallons of water, is used. Mr Essig assured us that this was an absolute remedy for the red spider. Formulas for the Bordeaux mixture and the carbolic have been given in former Cultivators. The carbolic acid mixture has been successful not only on mealy bug but many other pests, and it, too, is a remarkably cheap mixture. Part of the day was spent on the great Limoneira ranch, with its 3,000 rich acres, of which 520 acres are in lemons, 450 acres in walnuts, and the balance in beans, hay and grazing land. It is a beautiful ranch, a profitable ranch, because given the very best of care. A visit to such a place is an education which other fruit growers should avail themselves of. THE NATURAL ENEMIES OF THE CITRUS MEALY BUG IV E. O. ESSIG HORTICULTURAL COMMISSIONER OF VENTURA COUNTY Among the less important coccinellids predaceous on the citrus mealy bug should be included Rhizobius lopanthae Blaisd., Hyperaspis lateralis Mul., and Scymnus sordidus Horn. Of these forms I have not been able to procure enough of the larval stages in the orchards here to make a careful study or drawings, so am simply giving a short description of the adult forms, with illustrations, so that the growers may know them whenever found. It will be remembered that these lady- bird beetles are more efficient feeders on insect pests, other than the mealy bug, but that they do much towards lessening the numbers of the latter. Rhizobius lopanthae Blaisdell Rhizobius toowoombae Blackb. Scymnus marginicollis Mann. The adult form of this insect (Figure 166 B) is from 1.66 mm. to 2.0 mm. in length, and width from 1.1 mm. to 1.4 mm. Elytra uniform in coloration and black throughout. Pronotum pale, with a median parabolic black spot at the base, which is normal in the males throughout but much extended in the female, where it involves all of the disk except the apical angles and a fine apical margin. Surface polished, the pronotum evidently punctate, the punctures of the elytra more or less coarse and distinct. The entire surface is densely covered with fine Figure 166 A, Hyperaspis lateralis; B, Rhizobius lopanthe; C, Scymnus sordidus. Pomona Cotitece JourNaL or ENTOMOLOGY 519 hair. Carine entire. Pronotal punctures equal in size throughout the disk, male modifications at the middle of the first ventral segment generally pronounced. Pronotal punctures very small and sparse throughout; male with a tubercle in the middle near the apical margin of the first ventral, the coloration (as stated above) of pronotum different in the two sexes, the male having a small transverse black spot at the middle of the basal margin, the female having the somite black, with pale apical angles and fine apical margin (See Fig. 166B). Legs brown or blackish throughout. Abdominal lines arcuate throughout, curving forward externally. Plates entire, the bounding are extending to the basal margin of the first segment; prosternum rather narrow and convex between the cox, with two strong and well developed carine, which are but rarely abbreviated in front. (After Casey on Scymnus marginicollis Mann.) This insect was found to abound along the Pacific Coast from Humboldt County to San Diego, and was introduced into this state by Mr. Koebele, but it was found to have existed here before his introduction. It is predaceous on San Jose Scale (Aspidiotus perniciosus), Red Scale (Chrysom- phalus aurantii), Yellow Scale (Chrysomphalus citrinus), Ivy Seale (Aspidiotus hederae), Oleander Scale (Aspidiotus nerii Bouche at Melbourne) and Mealy Bugs (Pseudococcus citri—Citrus Mealy Bug, and Pseudococcus adonidum—Long- Tailed Mealy Bug). It has also been reported as feeding upon Purple Scale (Lepidosaphes beckii) at San Diego. I believe that the greatest good comes from its work on Red Scale. Last fall I had an opportunity to visit certain orchards in Orange County with Commissioner Roy K. Bishop and he showed me countless numbers of the larve of this insect feeding on Red Scale and apparently doing much good work. In Ventura County, we have very little red, yellow, or purple scale, so it is impossible to find 2. lopanthae extensively, excepting in the orchards infested with the Citrus Mealy Bug. It is doubtful if any material good is done by it in holding this pest in check. The larve are light brown in color, slightly longer than the adult and are easily recognized by a light yellow, oblong blotch on the dorsum. Hyperaspis lateralis Mulsant (Figure 166 A. Male) Length .2 mm. to 3.0 mm., with 2.15 mm. to 2.4 mm. F'orm very short and broad with body broadly rounded and strongly convex. Head of male light, while black in female. Pronotum of male dark with lateral margins and fine apical margin light as shown in cut. Pronotum of female dark throughout. Eyes black. Elytra shiny black, punctures sparse and fine, but distinct. There are three red or pale spots on each as follows: Long and narrow spot on the margin at the humeral angle, a sub-marginal or oval rounded spot near the apex, another on the dorsum near the middle, and near the inner third of the width. The long humeral spot, or vitta, extends to the middle of the elytra. Legs black. This insect is a native of the southwestern portion of the United States and has been found in California, Arizona, New Mexico and Texas. It feeds almost entirely upon the mealy bugs and has been reported from New Mexico as feeding on Phenacoccus helianthi by J. D. Tinsley. In California it has been found 20 Pomona CoLiLeGE JouRNAL oF ENTOMOLOGY on feeding upon Pseudococcus ryani Coq., Erium lichtensioides Ckll., and Pseudo- coccus citri Risso. The adult form is nearly as predaceous as is the larva. The larva is covered with a white woolly secretion not unlike that of the larva of Cryptolaemus montrouzieri Mul., a picture of which was printed in the last number of this article. Due to the fact that it is very heavily parasitized it can do little effective work. From a single larva I succeeded in hatching seven internal parasites. Both larval and adult forms are met with frequently in the mealy bug infested orchards of Ventura County. Scymnus sordidus Horn (Figure 166 C) This is a small dark or light brown lady-bird beetle which is a native of Ventura County as well as of all Southern California. Body elongate oval. Length 1.65 mm., width 0.9 mm. Pronotum piceous, minutely, not very closely, punctulate, the sides not quite continuous. Elytra pale, with margins nubilously blackish, more broadly at base, finely and rather closely punctate. Abdominal lines extending outward externally parallel to edge of the segment and a slight distance therefrom, prosternum relatively slightly wider between coxe, flat and wholly devoid of carine; genital or “sixth’’ ventral segment, usually developed. (Casey, Cocill. of Am., Jr. N. Y. Ent. Soc. Vol. VII, pp. 139-156.) The larve of this insect are small and covered with long white filaments resembling the larve of Scymnus guttulatus Lec. Of the three coccinellids here mentioned this is the most effective worker on the citrus mealy bug. It may be found in large numbers in the orchards wherever the mealy bugs exist. I was able to procure this insect in great numbers in a nursery at Santa Ana last summer, where it was feeding on mealy bugs which infested a Broom (Cytisus). INTERNAL PARASITES There have been a number of attempts on the part of the State to introduce internal parasitic enemies of the mealy bug along with the predaceous coccinellids. Some three years ago Geo. Compere was able to import three species, the names of which were not known at the time. Some of these were liberated in San Diego County, but none in Ventura County. Strange as it may seem, I was able to breed out two distinct internal parasites from mealy bugs here, and one of these appears to be the same as one of the three introduced from the Philippine Islands by Compere. It is Chrysoplatycerus splendens Howard. How it was ever introduced into this county is not known, but it has now become widely distributed and quite numerous. Another internal parasite bred from the citrus mealy bug is Cheiloneurus dactylopii Howard. A dipterous parasite, Leucopis bella Loew., was also raised in consider- able numbers. I am indebted to Dr. L. O. Howard and J. C. Crawford for the determinations of the Hymenoptera and to D. W. Coquillett for the determination of Leucopis bella Loew. Pomona CotiteGe JourNAL or ENTOMOLOGY 521 Chrysoplatycerus splendens Howard Female—(Figure 167). Length 2.1 mm., expanse 1.93 mm., greatest width of forewing 0.51 mm., greatest length of forewing 1.28 mm., width of thorax 0.65 mm. Color—Black throughout, somewhat iridescent, which make the scutellum appear light in color. Head—Wider than prothorax, at least much wider than anterior portion. Antennae—(Figure 168 A, B, C). Large, and situated much below the middle of the forehead. Length 1.05 mm. Scutellum with a clump of hairs or bristles at apex. Abdomen pointed with a small tuft of hairs on the lateral margins just in front of the middle. Wings—(Figure 168 D, E). Apical two-thirds of forewings dark and hairy as shown in cut. Secondary wings slightly darkened and hairy. Veins as shown in drawing (Fig. D, E). Figure 167. Chrysoplatycerus splendens Legs—(Figure 168 F, G, H). Tarsi V articled. Foreleg much smaller than other two. Femur longer than tibia. First tarsal joint as long as II and III, II longer than III or IV, which are co-equal, I and V co-equal, but the latter much narrower. Large spine at base of tibia. Middle leg largest. Tibia longer than femur, with long spur on inner apical end, which is nearly as long as first tarsal article. Article I of tarsus as long as II, III and IV together, article II longer than III or IV (which are co-equal), article V not quite as long as II and much narrower. The hind leg is nearly as large as the middle leg. The tibia is only slightly longer than the femur, and has a single spine at the apical end (inner margin) which is not as long as the spine on the tibia of the foreleg. Article I of the tarsi is as long as II and III, II is longer than III or IV, III and IV are co-equal, V is longer than either III or IV, but not quite as long as II. All of the legs are hairy. Ley 242/ Pomona CoLLeGE JouRNAL oF ENTOMOLOGY The female is rather deliberate in her actions and may remain in a very small area for an hour or so, all the time busy examining the host. In doing this she holds her antennz, as is shown in the lateral view in Figure 167, and does all of the feeling with the tips of her antenne. These she moves very rapdily and when a suitable mealy bug has been found (those selected are about half-grown) she turns around and punctures it with the ovipositor and deposits her egg. From observations it is very probable that she deposits but one egg in an individual mealy bug. When touched or disturbed she jumps and may even fly away. She rests with the body close to the supporting fruit or leaf with the legs spread out at the sides and the antenne flattened out in front, not unlike two front legs. As stated above it was possible to obtain a large number of these internal parasites from small breeding cages filled with adult mealy bugs and their egg masses, but the good they do is very difficult to estimate. In breeding cages great numbers were kept confined for a year, but the number of mealy bugs increased enormously while the parasites almost entirely disappeared. In mounting hundreds of adult mealy bugs, I have been unable to procure one that contained the larval form of the parasites, but the empty cases, from which have issued the parasites are plentiful on the trees in the orchards. Gna lll Figure 168. Chrysoplatycerus splendens APHIDIDA OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA VII E. 0. ESSIG HORTICULTURAL COMMISSIONER OF VENTURA COUNTY These descriptions and drawings were made from fresh specimens, either living or immediately after they were killed. I did this in order to make the color notes as complete and exact as possible and to get the exact shape and proportions of each insect as it really appears before being mounted. All of the drawings were made with a camera lucida and no pains were spared to make them correct in the minutest detail. In determining these species I have sought freely the aid of the older workers and best authorities on this group. I wish especially to acknowledge the valuable help of Mr. J. T. Monell, Mr. John J. Davis, Prof. O. W. Oestlund and Prof. W. M. Davidson and for their ready co-operation in every way. Aphis brassicae Linne 1735 Aphis brassicae Linn, Syst. Nat. 1, 2, p. 734. CABBAGE LOUSE WINGED VIVIPAROUS FEMALE (Figure 169 A). Length of body 2.4 mm., width of mesothorax 0.7 mm., greatest width of abdomen 0.95 mm., wing expansion 6.9 mm. Prevailing color—Dark greenish-yellow or brownish, slightly covered with fine whitish powder. Head—Slightly wider than long, anterior portion darker than the base, ventral surface greenish. Antennae—(Figure 169 H). Reaching just beyond the middle of the abdomen—not quite to base of cornicles—dark, imbri- cated, sparsely haired, length of articles: I, 0.07 mm.; II, 0.08 mm.; III, 0.6 mm.; IV, 0.25 mm.; V, 0.28 mm.; VI, 0.65 mm. (spur 0.5 mm.), total 1.93 mm. Large number of circular sensoria on article III. Rostrum—Reaching to third coxe, light with dark tip and base. Prothoraw—Dark except narrow greenish band at base. Mesothorax—Black. Metathorax—Amber with black basal band. Abdomen—Dark green, yellowish brown or amber with dark transverse dorsal markings and marginal spots, ventral surface distinctly segmented, evenly colored, genital plate slightly dusky. Cornicles—(Figure 169 D). Cylindrical, slightly wider just before tip, short, black, length 0.15 mm. Legs—Normal, dark amber brown, coxe dark; femora with apical one-half darker; tibia with base and apex darker; tarsi dusky at base and tip. Wings—Hyaline, normal (see drawing). Primary— Subcostal wide, amber; stigma long, narrow, length 0.8 mm., width 0.15 mm., amber; veins amber brown. Style—Conical, as long or nearly as long, as cornicles, light green or dusky, length 0.15 mm. APTEROUS VIVIPAROUS FEMALE (Figure 169 B and C). Length of body 2. mm., greatest width of body 1.2 mm., robust and nearly globular in shape. 524 Pomona CoLLEGE JouRNAL or ENTOMOLOGY Prevailing color—Silvery gray due to quite a thick covering of fine whitish powder, ground color yellowish or pale green throughout. Head—Much narrower than the prothorax, dark. Antennae—(Figure 169 I). Half as long as the body, articles I and II dusky, remaining articles light with apical portions dark, lengths OR Mia - ~ oO masIO. Figure 169. Aphis brassicz ; A, winged viviparous female; B, C, apterous viviparous females; D, cornicle of winged female; E, cornicle of apterous female; F, style of winged female, dorsal aspect; G, style of apterous female, ventral aspect; H, antenna of winged female; I, antenna of apterous female. Pomona Coiiece JourNAL or ENTOMOLOGY 525 of articles: I, 0.09 mm.; II, 0.07 mm.; III, 0.5 mm.; IV, 0.2 mm.; V, 0.19 mm. ; VI, 0.48 mm. (spur 0.35 mm.), total 1.53 mm. Rostrum—Reaching just beyond first coxe, dusky. Prothoraw—Dark except basal margins which are lighter. Meso- and Metathoraz—Each with four small black spots on dorsum. Abdomen— With transverse dark markings and dark spots on the dorsum, segmentation obscure dorsally and distinct ventrally, genital plate dusky. Cornicles—( Figure 169 E). Cylindrical, slightly wider at base, short, black, length 0.17 mm. Legs— Normal, dusky, coxe color of body; femurs darker at apices; tibie dark at bases and tips; tarsi dark. Style—(Figure 169 G). Triangular or conical in shape, dark; length 0.17 mm., width at base 0.13 mm. Hosts—Occurs in great numbers upon Cabbage and Cauliflower (Brassica oleracea L.), Wild Mustard (B. campestris L.), Black Mustard (B. nigra Koch.), Wild Radish (Raphanus sativus L.). Locality—Throughout the entire state. Date of collection—Nov. 2, 1910. Serial number 8. This insect often does considerable damage to cabbage, cauliflower and other cruciferous plants in the garden. It collects in great colonies and may completely cover the host. It is partially controlled by natural enemies, the predaceous ones being Hippodamia convergens Guer., Coccinella californica, Hippodamia maculata DeG., and the larve of the Syrphid flies. The internal parasite, Diaeretus califor- nicus Baker, does good work in the southern part of the state. It may be controlled artificially by spraying with Kerosene Emulsion, Whale- oil soap, Tobacco decoction, or Carbolic Acid Emulsion. Aphis ceanothi-hirsuti n. sp. WINGED VIVIPAROUS FEMALE (Figure 170 A) Length of body 1.48 mm., width of mesothorax 0.6 mm., wing expansion 6.8 mm. Prevailing color—Very dark brown to almost black. Head—As wide as prothorax, black. Hyes—Very dark red. Antennae—(Figure 170 a). Dusky throughout, reaching nearly to base of cornicles, very sparsely haired, lengths of articles: I, 0.06 mm.; II, 0.06 mm.; III, 0.38 mm.; IV, 0.22 mm.; V, 0.2 mm.; VI, 0.44 mm. (spur 0.3 mm.) ; a large number (19-23) circular sensoria on III. Rostrum —Reaches just to metathorax, light yellow, brown at base and dusky at tip. Pro- thorax—Black, with distinct lateral tubercles. Mesothorar—Black with well developed muscular lobes. Metathoraz—Dusky, but not as dark as mesothorax. Ventral surface of thorax very dark brown or black. Abdomen—Dark amber brown, with marginal and transverse dark markings, all black behind a transverse line drawn across abdomen in front of the cornicles one-quarter the distance from the base of the cornicles to the base of the abdomen. This seems to be character- istic. Ventral surface dusky or dark brown. Cornicles— (Figure 170 b). Cylindrical, straight, black; length 0.3 mm. Legs—Normal, coxe black, femora of prothoracic legs amber with tips only dusky; femora of meso- and metathoracie legs amber at base and remainder dusky; tibe of all legs dark at extreme base and the tips; tarsi dark. Wings—Hyaline. Primary—Length 3.2 mm., width 1.1 mm.; costal vein 526 Pomona CotieGe JouRNAL or ENTOMOLOGY light, narrow, subcostal wide, light; stigma three times as long as broad, nearly a parallelogram in shape, dark to nearly black; stigmal vein well curved throughout its entire length; basal two-thirds of the first and second discoidals light, remainder dark; third discoidal obsolete at base, second branch arising two-thirds the distance from the union of the first branch to tip of vein. Secondary—Length 2 mm., width 0.55 mm., subcostal deeply curved at the base of the second discoidal. Style—Dark, conical, less than half the length of the cornicles and a trifle shorter than tarsi, hairy. APTEROUS VIVIPAROUS FEMALE. (Figure 170 B) Length of body 1.8 mm., greatest width of abdomen 1.1 mm., body well rounded. Prevailing color—Dark olive green to a greenish brown or amber. Head— Brown. Hyes—Very dark red. Antennae—(Figure 170 d). Slightly more than {} 12MM. Figure 170. Aphis ceanothi-hirsuti _ A, winged viviparous female; B, apterous viviparous female; a, antenna of winged female; b, cornicle of winged female; c, cornicle of apterous female; d, an- tenna of apterous female. 527 Pomona Co.tiecGe JourNAL or ENTOMOLOGY two-thirds the length of the body, articles I and II color of head, III and IV lemon yellow, the latter dusky at tip, remaining articles dusky, lengths: I, 0.05 mm.; II, 0.01 mm.; III, 0.38 mm.; IV, 0.22 mm.; V, 0.2 mm.; VI, 0.42 mm. (spur 0.29 mm.), total 1.28 mm. reaching to third coxe. Rostrum—Light yellow, brown at base with dark tip, Meso- Metathoraz—Much lighter in color, amber. Prothorax—With lateral tubercle, deep brown. thorax—Same color as the prothorax. Abdomen—Pale green with dark transverse dorsal markings, lateral dark marginal markings on ventral surface, small tubercle on lateral margin near middle. Cornicles—(Figure 170 C). Cylindrical, black, curved outwardly, slightly wider at base than at apex, length 0.45 mm. Legs—Coxe brown; femora of two first pairs yellow, with dusky tips, apical two-thirds of third pair dusky; tibie dark at extreme bases and tips; tarsi dark. Style—Half as long as cornicles and as long as tarsi, dark. Host—On the undersides of the older leaves of Ceanothus hirsutus Nutt. Usually scattering and not in thick colonies, Locality—Santa Paula Canyon, in mountains near Santa Paula, Cal., at an altitude of from 700 to 1500 feet. Date of collection—April 29, 1911. number 32. Serial This form was first believed to be Aphis ceanothi Clarke, but according to his original description in Canadian Entomologist XXXV, p. 250, 1903, the following differences are noticeable and appear to justify separation: ' Aphis ceanothi Clarke General—Winged form larger than apterous. Winged—Antennal articles IV and V sub equal. Cauda inconspicuous and _ yellow- brown. Abdomen clouded yellow-brown. Veins dark green. Apterous—Antennal articles IV and V sub-equal. Legs and antenne of a uniform color. Body globular. Hosts—Infesting tender tips and on blossoms of Ceanothus integerrimus. Aphis ceanothi-hirsuti n. sp. Apterous form much the largest. Antennal article IV slightly longer than V. Cauda plainly visible and dusky. Abdomen with distinct dark dorsal markings and black posteriorly. Veins yellow and dusky. Article IV longer than V. Legs and antenne not of a uniform color. Body elongated to globular. On older leaves of Ceanothus hirsutus Nutt. Never found on blossoms, al- though there were plenty on the trees. Aphis medicaginis Koch. 1857 1879 1880 1910 Aphis medicaginis Koch, Pflz., p. 94 Aphis medicaginis Koch, Monell, U. S. Geol. Surv. V, No. 1, p. 24. Aphis medicaginis Koch, Thomas, 8th. Rept. Ent. Ill., pp. 101, 192. Aphis medicaginis Koch, Williams, Aphid. Nebr., pp. 50-51. 528 Pomona Cotiece JourNaL or ENTOMOLOGY WINGED VIVIPAROUS FEMALE (Figure 171 A) Length of body 2.2 mm., width of mesothorax 0.6 mm., wing expansion 7.2 Prevailing color—Shiny or dull black, some forms may appear very dark brown. Head—Considerably narrower than prothorax, black or very black. Eyes —Dark red. Antennae—( Figure 171 C). On inconspicuous frontal tubercles, reach- ing nearly to the middle of the abdomen, sparsely haired, articles I, II, color of the body, III amber with dusky middle, IV, V and VI light with apical halves dusky, length of articles: I, 0.09 mm.; IT, 0.06 mm.; III, 0.3 mm.; IV, 0.26 mm.; V, 0.25 mm.; VI, 0.39 mm. (spur 0.25 mm.), total 1.35 mm.; five large sensoria on III. Rostrum—Reaching to second coxe, lemon yellow with black base and tip. Prothoraex—Black, with distinct lateral tubercles. Mesothoraz and Metathorarx— Black. Abdomen—Smooth, dark olive green or nearly black with darker lateral Figure 171. Aphis medicaginis A, winged viviparous female; B, apterous viviparous female; C, antenna of winged female; D, cornicle of winged female; E, pygidium of winged female, dorsal aspect; F, cornicle of apterous female; G, antenna of apterous female; H, pygidium of apterous female, ventral aspect. Pomona CoutieGe JourNAL or ENTOMOLOGY 529 marginal and transverse dorsal markings, one pair of small lateral tubercles near the base of the abdomen and a second pair just behind the cornicles, genital plate (Figure 171 D). Cylindrical, imbricated, wider at base and gradually narrowing to apex, black, three times as long as style, length 0.36 mm., dusky. Cornicles width at base 0.07 mm. Legs—Moderately long and hairy, coxe dark; femora lemon yellow with apical halves dusky; tibe lemon yellow with extreme bases and tips dusky; tarsi dusky. Wings—Hyaline, normal. Primary—Length 3.4 mm., width 1.25 mm., costal and subcostal veins and the stigma dark brown, remaining veins light yellow. Secondary—Length 2.1 mm., width 0.65 mm., veins light yellow. Style—(Figure 171 E). Conical, black, nearly as long as tarsi. APTEROUS VIVIPAROUS FEMALE (Figure 171 B) Length 1.9 mm., greatest width of abdomen 1.2 mm., small robust species. Prevailing color—Dull green or black with often a shade of maroon, many individuals slightly covered with fine white powder, others shiny black. Head— Dull reddish-green or black. Eyes—Dark red. Antennae—(Figure 171 G). Not half as long as the body, on slight frontal tubercles, articles I and II color of head, III, IV, and V lemon yellow—the latter with apical one-half dusky, VI dark. lengths of the articles: I, 0.05 mm.; II, 0.06 mm.; III, 0.14 mm.; IV, 0.13 mm.; V, 0.12 mm.; VI, 0.3 mm. (spur 0.2 mm.); total 0.7 mm. Rostrum—Lemon yellow with dark base and tip, reaches to third coxew. Thorarx—Dark green, maroon, or black, lighter ventrally. Abdomen—Somewhat globular, smooth, shiny or dull, varying from dark green or maroon to black, ventral surface lighter in color, genital plate dusky. Cornicles—(Figure 171 F). Cylindrical, black, shorter than in winged specimens, imbricated, wider at base than at apex, length 0.21 mm. Legs—Same as in winged specimens. Style—(Figure 171 H). Conical, dark with black spot at the ventral base, the distance across the base equals the length. Hosts—This species was obtained in rather limited numbers from the flowering shoots of the native Rattle Weed or Loco Weed (Astragalus leucopis Torr). It also feeds upon Medicago falcata, Caragana arborescens, Robinia viscosa, Meli- lotus italica, Wild Licorice (Glycyrrhiza lepidota), Artemisia californica Less., and Clovers. Loecality—Along the foothills of the Upper Ojai Valley, two miles from Nordhoff, at an altitude of 1,000 feet. Date of collection—May 15, 1911. Serial number 35. The species, as it occurs here, conforms remarkably well with the original description given by Koch, and there can be little doubt regarding its identity. In the description by Williams (Aphid. of Nebr. pp 50-1) the following differences are noted: Species DescriBepD By WILLIAMS Species As Founp at NorDHOFF Cornicles of the apterous female Cornicles of the apterous females longer than those of the winged females. shorter than those of the winged Antennal article III of the apterous females. forms longest. Article VI and the spur of it (which is commonly termed VII) is always longest. However, in spite of these rather indefinite differences, I believe this to be the true Aphis medicaginis Koch. 530 Pomona CoLLeGE JouRNAL oF ENTOMOLOGY Aphis nerii Fonscolombe 1841 Aphis nerii Fonse., Ann. Soc. Fr. X, p. 157. OLEANDER APHID WINGED VIVIPAROUS FEMALE (Figure 172 A) - Length of body 2.2 mm., width of mesothorax 0.6 mm., greatest width of abdomen 1.1 mm., wing expansion 6.8 mm. Prevailing color—Deep rich yellow and black. Wead—Narrower than pro- thorax, wider than long, dark. Hyes—Dark red. Antennae—( Figure 172 C). Black throughout, on a slight frontal tubercle, sparsely haired, reaching to base of the cornicles, lengths of articles: I, 0.09 mm.; II, 0.05 mm.; III, 0.48 mm.; IV, 0.38 mm.; V, 0.26 mm.; VI, 0.54 mm. (spur 0.42 mm.); total 1.80 mm.; ten circular sensoria on III. Rostrum—Reaching to third coxe, yellow with dusky base and tip. Prothorar—yYellow, with lateral tubercles. Mesothorax—Yellow with muscle lobes black. Metathoraz—Dusky yellow with muscle areas dark (see drawing). Abdomen—Smooth, bright saffron yellow with a black blotch behind each cornicle and in some instances there may be small dark patches on the dorsum. Cornicles— (Figure 172 D). Black, margins slightly serrate, cylindrical, with base slightly wider and gradually narrowing to tip, length 0.45 mm., width at base 0.12 mm., width at apex 0.08 mm. Legs—Normal, coxe of first and second pairs yellow, of third pair dusky; femora yellow with apical one-half black; tibiae with extreme bases and tips black; tarsi black. Wings—Hyaline, normal. Primary—Costal vein wide, dusky ; subcostal wide, yellow; stigma long and narrow, dusky; stigmal vein well curved; first and second discoidals nearly straight; third discoidal nearly straight with first branch arising near its middle, second branch arises nearly two-thirds distance from the base to the apex of the first branch; length of wing 8.2 mm., width 1.1 mm. Pasterior—Normal, with extreme base of first discoidal obsolete, length 1.55 mm., width 0.5 mm. Style—(Figure 172 E). Sickle-shaped black or dark brown, not quite half as long as cornicles. Anal plate—Dark. APTEROUS VIVIPAROUS FEMALE (Figure 172 B) Length of body 2.2 mm., greatest width of abdomen 1.1 mm. Prevailing color—Clear, bright saffron yellow. Head—Nearly as long as broad, dusky yellow. Eyes—Dark red. Antennae—(Figure 172 F). Not reaching to bases of cornicles, dusky with base of article III light, lengths of articles: I, 0.1 mm.; II, 0.08 mm.; III, 0.36 mm.; IV, 0.28 mm.; V, 0.25 mm.; VI, 0.57 mm. (spur 0.47 mm.), total 1.64 mm. Rostrum—Reaching just beyond second coxe, dusky with tip and base slightly darker. Thoraz—Yellow. Abdomen—Smooth, shiny, yellow throughout. Cornicles—( Figure 172 G). Cylindrical, slightly wider at base, margins serrate or rough, carried nearly at right angles to the body, length 0.47 mm., width at base 1.11 mm., width at mouth 0.08 mm. Legs—Coxe dusky yellow; femora with basal one-quarter yellow and apical three-quarters dark; tibia dusky yellow with bases and apices darker; tarsi dark, small. Style—(Figure 172 H). Conical, sickle-shaped, black, half as long as the cornicles, length 0.24 mm. Pomona CoLiteGe JouRNAL or ENTOMOLOGY 531 Host—Nerium oleander L. It occurs in great numbers upon the tender shoots and suckers, but does not infest the older growth. Locality—Throughout Southern California. I have taken it at Claremont, Los Angeles, Nordhoff, and Santa Paula. Date of collection—May 24, 1911. Serial number 38.. Bw. oO. Easto Figure 172. Aphis nerii _ A, winged viviparous female; B, apterous viviparous female; C, antenna of winged female; D, cornicle of winged female; E, pygidium of winged female, lateral aspect; F, antenna of apterous female; G, cornicle of apterous female; H, pygidium of apterous female, lateral aspect. 532 Pomona Co.iieGe JourNAL or ENTOMOLOGY This species corresponds exactly with the one by Thomas in his Eighth Report of the Ent. of Illinois, p. 95, 1880. It is strange to note that it does not appear to be the species described as Aphis nerii by Kaltenbach (Mon. Pflz. pp. 118-119), his species being darker and with green markings. I do not have the description of Fonscolombe, so can not compare it with the original, but take it that it is his species. Chaitophorus salicicola n. sp. WINGED VIVIPAROUS FEMALE (Figure 173 B) Length of body 1.6 mm., width of mesothorax 0.5 mm., greatest width of abdomen 0.69 mm., wing expansion 5.25 mm. Prevailing color—Very dark olive green to black. Entire body covered with fine hairs which are situated on small tubercles. Head—Black, narrower than prothorax, slightly wider than long. Eyes—Dark reddish-brown. Antennae— (Figure 173 e). Reaching to middle of abdomen, articles I and II color of head, III yellow, remaining articles dark, normally haired, lengths of articles: I, 0.06 mm.; II, 0.08 mm.; III, 0.31 mm.; IV, 0.17 mm.; V, 0.15 mm.; VI, 0.35 mm. (spur 0.25 mm.), total 1.12 mm.; four or five large circular sensoria on article ITI. Rostrum—Reaching to second coxe, light yellow with base and tip dusky. Abdomen—Plainly segmented, dark with lateral dorsal margins and a narrow strip between each segment olive green, ventral surface olive green with lateral margins somewhat darker, hairy. Cornicles—(Figure 173 ce). Truneate, much wider at base than at mouth, nearly as wide as the length, mouth slightly flared, length 0.08 mm., width at base 0.07 mm., dark olive green. Legs—Normal, hairy, coxe dark; femora of first pair light, of second and third pairs dark; tibie light with bases and tips dark; tarsi dark. JVings—Hyaline. Primary—Length 2.4 mm., width 0.8 mm., costal and subcostal veins well developed; stigma nearly oval in shape, length 0.5 mm., width 0.1 mm., rich olive green; stigmal vein well curved, arising near apical end of stigma; first and second discoidals nearly straight, arising 0.075 mm. apart; first branch of third discoidal arising one-third and second branch arising two-thirds the distance from the base of the discoidal to the end of the third branch; all veins olive green in color. Posterior—Length 1.5 mm., width 0.4 mm., normal. Style—(Ventral side Figure 173 a). Short, conical, longer than tarsi, olive green. APTEROUS VIVIPAROUS FEMALE (Figure 173 A) Length of body 1.5 mm., width of abdomen 0.9 mm. Very narrow at head, gradually widens posteriorly to middle of abdomen and then rounds off rather abruptly. Prevailing color—Dark olive green or dusky brown with light yellow longi- tudinal band on the middle of the dorsum extending from base of the head to the posterior end, lateral margins lighter in color than is the general body color. Head—Dark with yellow area at widdle of base on the dorsum. Eyes—Dark reddish brown. Antennae—(Figure 173 f). Reaching nearly to the middle of the abdomen, hairy, articles I, II, apical one-third of IV, V and VI dusky, III and basal two-thirds of IV light yellow, lengths of articles: I, 0.08 mm.; II, 0.07 mm.; Pomona CoLiteGe JouRNAL or ENTOMOLOGY 533 III, 0.3 mm.; IV, 0.17 mm.; V, 0.14 mm.; VI, 0.35 mm. (spur 0.25 mm.), total 1.11 mm. Rostrum—Reaching to second coxe, light yellow with dusky base. Cornicles—(Figure 173 d). Truncate, base nearly twice as wide as apex, either en- tirely light or light except base which is dark, length 0.1 mm., width at base 0.09 mm., width at mouth .05 mm. Legs—Short, stout, colored as in winged form. Style—(Figure 173 b, ventral side). Conical, light yellow, does not extend beyond tip of abdomen so cannot be seen from above. Young—The young nymphs vary from a light to a dark green in color, the young apterous forms are first light or yellow, becoming dusky after the first = oO Essie Figure 173. Chaitophorus salicicola _ A, apterous viviparous female; B, winged viviparous female; a, pygidium of winged female; b, pygidium of apterous female; c, cornicle of winged female; d, cornicle of apterous female; e, antenna of winged female; f, antenna of apterous female. 534 Pomona CotieGe JouRNAL or ENTOMOLOGY menit and early begin to show the light longitudinal dorsal band, which is very characteristic of this species. Host—This species occurs in small compact colonies on the dorsal sides of the leaves, or in large colonies on the tender shoots of the Narrow-leaved Willow (Salix laevigata Bebb.) Also taken in considerable numbers on Cottonwood (Populus trichocarpa). Locality—Along the inland streams near Santa Paula, Cal. A very common species. Date of collection—March 31, 1911. Serial number 18. Hyadaphis pastinacae (Linn.) Schout. SYNONOMY 1767 Aphis pastinacae Linn. Syst. Nat. I, 734. 1767 Aphis aegopodi Scopoli, Carn. 399. 1794 Aphis caprae Fabr., Ent. Syst., IV, 213. 1854 Rhopalosiphum cicutae Koch, Pflz., p. 24. 1854 Rhopalosiphum pastinacae Koch, Pfiz., p. 41. 1854 Aphis umbellatarum Koch, Pfiz., p. 116. 1860 Siphocoryne pastinacae Pass., Gali Afid. 1879 Rhopalosiphum salicis Monell, Bull. U. S. Geol. Surv. V. 26. 1860 Siphocoryne pastinacae Pass., Gali. Afid. 1905 Hyadaphis pastinacae (Linn.) Schout., Aphides Belgique, p. 229. WINGED VIVIPAROUS FEMALE (Figure 174) Length of body 2.3 mm., width of mesothorax 0.8 mm., greatest width of abdomen 0.8 mm., wing expansion 7.0 mm. Prevailing color—Green with dark brown, dark green or black markings. Head on the inner sides of the bases of the antenne instead of frontal tubercles. Eyes— Small, nearly as long as wide, narrower than prothorax, slight projections Dark red. Antennae—(Figure 174 D). Reaching to third abdominal segment (a little longer than half of the body length), dark throughout, sparsely haired, lengths of articles: I, 0.06 mm.; II, 0.05 mm.; III, 0.58 mm.; IV, 0.19 mm.; V, 0.13 mm.; VI, 0.48 mm. (spur 0.38 mm.), total 1.49 mm. ; circular sensoria on III very numerous and on short tubercles. Rostrum—Reaching to, or nearly to, second coxe, light yellow with extreme base and the tip dark. Prothorax—Long, widest at base, light green band around anterior end, narrow central marginal light green area at base, remainder dark or dusky. Mesothorax—Very dark or black, posterior end of muscular lobes highest and pointed, ventral surface, except cox, dark. Metathoraa—Dark dorsally and green ventrally. dbdomen—Distinctly seg- mented, rich green color with dorsal black or very dark green markings as shown in cut. Small characteristic tubercle or horn located on the middle dorsum of the penultimate segment, ventral surface dull green, anal plate (Figure 174 A, B, C). Area just above style appears glandular and dusky. Cornicles—Figure 174 G, H). Clavate, reaching nearly to tip of abdomen, light green with apical two-thirds (the swollen area) dusky, trumpet-mouthed, length 0.42 mm. Legs—(Figure 174 E, F). Rather long and slender, normal, hairy, coxe of first and second pairs green; Pomona CotLtece JouRNAL or ENTOMOLOGY 535 femora light; tibie light with dusky tips; coxe of third pair slightly dusky; femora light with apical one-third dark; tibie light with tips dark; tarsi dark. Wings— Hyaline. Primary—Length 3.2 mm., width 1.2 mm., venation normal, insertions and veins greenish-yellow; stigma dusky, long and narrow (length 0.85 mm, width 0.18 mm.) Secondary—Normal. Style—(Figure 174 A,B,C). Triangular or conical from dorsal view, sickle-shaped from lateral view, not half as long as the cornicles, dark. APTEROUS VIVIPAROUS FEMALE (Figure 175) Length of body 2.3 mm., greatest width of abdomen 1.2 mm., body well rounded posteriorly. Prevailing color—Shiny light green, may or may not have red spots on dorsum. Head—Yellowish. Antennae—(Figure 175 B). Half as long as the body, articles I, II and III yellowish green, IV with dark apex only, V and VI with bases and apices dark, middle yellow, lengths of articles: I, 0.09 mm.; II, 0.05 mm.; III, 0.33 mm.; IV, 0.12 mm.; V, 0.1 mm.; VI, 0.4 mm. (spur 0.3 mm.), total 1.09 mm. Rostrum—Reaching to third coxe, light green with dusky base and tip. Abdomen—Rather bluntly rounded posteriorly, dorsal posterior tubercle on penultimate segment large and prominent with two apical spines (Figure 175 D, E, F.) Cornicles (Figure 175 A). Clavate, yellowish-green with only the extreme 024M. Figure 174. Hyadaphis pastinace A, ventral view of pygidium; B, dorsal view of pygidium; C, lateral view of pygidium; d, antenna; E and F, tips of tibia and,the tarsi; G and H, cornicles. 536 Pomona CotiteGe JouRNAL or ENTOMOLOGY tip dark, length 0.52 mm. Legs—Bright yellowish-green throughout; tarsi (Figure 175 C) dark. Style—(Figure 175 D, E, F), conical and slightly sickle-shaped, light green; anal plate, dusky, Male—‘Walker describes male as small, with a red or yellow abdomen, and having black antenne, eyes, and head.” Buckton, Brit. Aphid. II, 29. =. Oo. ESSSIG. Figure 175. Hyadavhis pastinace ae cornicle; B, antenna; C, tip of tibia and the tarsus; D, dorsal view of py- gidium; E, lateral view of pygidium; F, ventral view of pygidium. Pomona Cotiece JourNaL or ENTOMOLOGY 537 Hosts—Oceur in very large and widely-spread colonies on the leaves and tender shoots of willow (Salix laevigata Bebb.) | Other writers have reported it upon the following hosts: ScHouTEDEN LINNE Salix aurita. Pastinaca sativa. Pimpinella magna. Fapricius Pimpinella saxifraga. Salix caprea. Erysimum vulgare. KALTENBACH Daucus carota. Salix babylonica. Buck ron Salix amygdalina. Apium graveolens. Salix alba. MoneLi Kocu Cicuta virosa. Heracleum sphondylium. Salia lurida. Salix nigra. OrstTLUND Angelica sylvestris. Archangelica atropurpurea. Aegopodium podagraria. Davis Chaerophyllum temulum. Zizia aurea. Davinson Salix sp. Locality—Along the Santa Clara River, Santa Paula, Cal. Date of collec- tion—April 11, 1911. Serial number 28. This species has been the source of no little confusion as may be told from the long list of synonyms above. I am especially indebted to Mr. J. T. Monell and Mr. John J. Davis for their aid in determining it. Mr. Davis writes: “Have just looked at the slides which you sent and consider them as Siphocoryne capreae, in other words what I called Siphocoryne (Hyadaphis) pastinacae Linn. I consider Hyadaphis the correct name of this genus. Even the European students seem to be unable to say whether capreae and pastinacae are synonymous or distinct and so I simply follow Schouteden and used the name pastinacae. 8S. salicis Monl. and S. archangelicae Oest. are synonyms of capreae. I intended to say above that the tubercle on the penultimate abdominal segment seems to be a good specific char- acter of this species. I know of no other Hyadaphis bearing this tubercle.” May 21, 1911. OTHER DESCRIPTIVE LITERATURE 1843 Aphis capreae F.-Kaltenbach Mon. Pflz., p. 109. 1879 Siphocoryne pastinacae L.-Buckton, Mon. Br. Aph. II, 24. 1879 Siphocoryne capreae Fab.-Buckton, Mon. Br. Aph. II, 27. 1880 Siphocoryne pastinacae L.-Thos. 8th Dept Ent. III, p. 84. 1880 Rhopalosiphum salicis Mon.-Thos. 8th Rept Ent. IIT, p. 194. 1887 Siphocoryne archangelicae Oestl. Aphid. Minn, p. 70. 1887 Siphocoryne salicis (Mon.)-Oestl. Aphid. Minn, p. 70. 1891 Aphis pastinacae Koch-Riley-How., Ins. Life, IV, 213. 1893 Siphocoryne salicis Mon.-Weed, Trans. Am. Ent. Soc. 20, p. 297. 1910 Siphocoryne pastinacae (L.)-Williams, Aphid Nebr., p. 62. 1910 Siphocoryne pastinacae L.-Davis, Jr. Ec. Ent., III, 493. 538 Pomona Cotiece JourRNAL or ENTOMOLOGY Idiopterus nephrelepidis Davis 1909 Idiopterus nephrelepidis Davis, Ann. Ent. Soc. Am. II, 3, p. 199. 1910 Macrosiphum kirkaldyi Fullaway, Rept. Hawaii Agrcl. Exp. Sta., pp. 22-23, 1910. WINGED VIVIPAROUS FEMALE (Figure 176 A) Length of body 1.50 mm., width of mesothorax 0.47 mm., greatest width of abdomen 0.65 mm., wing expansion 5.20 mm. Prevailing color—Very dark olive green to black, may be slightly brownish, especially mounted specimens. Head—Broader than long, olive green to brownish. Eyes—Very dark red. Antennae—(Figure 176 B, D, E, F). Situated on promi- nent approximate, frontal tubercles, slender, longer than the body, nearly hairless, whitish in color with articles I, II and III dusky throughout and the articulations of the remaining articles also black, lengths of articles: I, 0.1 mm.; II, 0.08 mm.; III, 0.42 mm.; IV, 0.25 mm.; V, 0.23 mm.; VI, 0.65 mm. (spur 0.5 mm.), total 1.78 mm.; sensoria are distributed on articles as follows: III with ten large circular (Figure 176 E), IV three large circular (Figure 176 D), V with two to three large E Orr =. Esso Figure 176. Idiopterus nephrelepidis _ A, winged viviparous female; B, antenna of winged female; C, cornicle of winged female; D, article [V. of antenna; E, article III. of antenna; F, article V. of antenna; G, showing variations in wing venation. Pomona CoLieGe JourRNAL oF ENTOMOLOGY 539 circular (Figure 176 F), VI one large circular. Rostrum—Reaching third coxe, light with base and extreme tip dark. Uhorawx—Dark olive green, nearly black. Abdomen—Olive or brownish-green, not as dark as _ head and thorax, segmentation on dorsum plainly marked by depressions. Cornicles—(Figure 176C). Cylindrical, slightly widest at base, with trumpet- mouth, basal one-third dark, remainder very light, length 1 mm., average width 0.21 mm. Legs—Long and _ slender, transparently-light in color, with coxe, tips of femora, tips of tibiw, and all of tarsi dark, nor- mally haired. Wings—Clouded along the veins. Primary—(Figure 176 A and G). Length 2.3 mm., width 0.8 mm., venation very variable as shown in drawings of “G,” costal and subcostal normal and distinct, with apical one-half clouded along borders; stigma nearly as broad as long with transparent area in center; stigmal vein, variable, clouded, when entire, is well curved throughout entire length, deeply curved so as to nearly touch first branch of third discoidal. This vein is sometimes only indicated by mere fragments and the clouded band, but the band is sometimes broken, as shown in drawings; first discoidal curving slightly inwardly, almost at right angles to the subcostal, short with very wide clouded borders; second discoidal vein curving inwardly, extending towards wing-tip; third discoidal with distinct first branch and _ rudi- mentary or indicated second branch; first branch arising nearly in center of the vein, second branch indicated near the very tip. Secondary—Length 1.25 mm., width 0.4 mm., veins lightly clouded, subcostal strongly bent at the junction with the second discoidal, first discoidal straight, short, arising just inside of the basal half of the subcostal, clouded borders, widest at base and tapers to point at end of the vein; second discoidal arising two-thirds the distance from the base to the tip of the subcostal, short, basal half clouded. Discoidals extend only three- quarters distance from subcostal vein to lower margin of wing. Style—Ensiform, sickle-shaped, color of abdomen, one-half as long as cornicles. APTEROUS VIVIPAROUS FEMALE (Figure 177 A and C) Length of body 1.3 mm., width of body 0.73 mm. Prevailing color—Very dark olive green to black throughout, dorsum with six longitudinal rows of small tubercles, a tubercle on every segment in each row, every tubercle of the two median rows with two white capitate hairs, while the tubercles of the four lateral rows have but one white capitate hair each, several such hairs on head and frontal tubercles. Head—Nearly square. Antennae—On prominent, approximate frontal tubercles, longer than body, nearly filiform, color same as in winged form, lengths of articles: I, 0.1 mm.; II, 0.08 mm.; III, 0.48 mm.; IV, 0.3 mm.; V, 0.28 mm.; VI, 0.7 mm. (spur 0.55 mm.), total 1.73 mm.; article III with one large circular and two smaller circular sensoria near base (Figure 177 D). Rostrum—Reaching slightly beyond third coxe, very light with dark base only. Cornicles—(Figure 177 B). Cylindrical, widest at base, with trumpet mouth, very pale with basal one-quarter dark, length 1.11 mm., width 0.14 mm. Legs—Slender, coxe color of body; femora transparently white; tibie Figure 177. Idiopterus nephrelepidis A, apterous viviparous female; B, cornicle of apterous female; C, apterous vivip- arous female, lateral aspect; D, article III of antenna of apterous female. Pomona CouiteGe JouRNAL or ENTOMOLOGY 541 white with dark tips; tarsi black. Style—Ensiform, sickle-shaped, one-half the length of the cornicles. Hosts—Feeding in large numbers upon the young and tender fronds of the Boston fern (Nephrolepis eaaltata). Davis reports this species as feeding upon Sword ferns, and Fullaway collected specimens from Acrostichum reticulatum. Neuls found it on cultivated violet at Claremont, Cal. Locality—House ferns at Santa Paula, Cal. Date of collection—March 18, 1911. Serial number 19. Davis first obtained this species from greenhouses in Chicago where it had no doubt been imported from other places. Since his description was published, Fullaway, of the Hawaii Agricultural Experiment Station, has described what I believe to be the same species from the Hawaiian Islands. It is, therefore, without doubt, a native of those islands and has been imported into the larger greenhouses on the Pacific Coast and from these to the various parts of the United States. It is yet a rare species and a very beautiful one. Davidson has collected it in the central part of the State and, as stated above, J. Neuls collected it on the Pomona College Campus at Claremont, Cal. Lachnus juniperi DeGeer JUNIPER LOUSE 1773 Aphis junipert DeGeer, Ins. III, 56. 1773 Aphis junipert DeGeer, Uberes III, 38. 1775 Aphis juniperi Fabr., Ent. Syst. IV, 218, 40. 1801 Aphis junipert Schrank, Fauna Boica IT, 119. 1843 Lachnus juniperi (DeGeer) Kaltenbach, Pflz., 153. 1857 Lachnus junipert Fabr.-Koch., Pflz., 243. 1881 Lachnus juniperi Fabr.-Buckton, III, 44. WINGED VIVIPAROUS FEMALE (Figure 178 A) Length of body 2.5 mm., width of mesothorax 0.8 mm., wing expansion 8.9 mm., body robust, flat, hairy. Prevailing color—Dark grayish-brown; the grayish color is produced by a slight covering of very fine, white powdery wax. Head—Brown, narrower than prothorax. Eyes—Very dark red or brown. Antennae—(Figure 178 C). Reaching to base of the abdomen, amber with the tips of articles III, IV, V, VI dark brown, covered with long fine hairs, lengths of the articles: I, 0.07 mm.; II, 0.07 mm.; III, 0.31 mm.; IV, 0.16 mm.; V, 0.19 mm.; VI, 0.2 mm.; total 1 mm.; with four large sensoria on III, one on IV, and two on V. Rostrum—Reaches just beyond third coxe, amber with base and tip dusky. Prothorar—Dark brown or black. Meso- and Metathorax—Black, hairy. Abdomen—Dark brown with whitish, powdery markings on dorsum, ventral surface a rich reddish-brown. Cornicles— (Figure 178 D). Truncate, base nearly twice as wide as mouth, basal half color of abdomen while the apical half is dark, nearly black, basal two-thirds hairy, length 0.13 mm., width at base 0.29 mm., width at mouth 0.1 mm. Legs—Stout, covered with long fine hairs; coxe color of body; femora amber or light yellow with apical 542 Pomona CotiecGe JourNAL or ENTOMOLOGY half dark; tibae light yellow with apical tip dark; tarsi dark. Wings—Large, hyaline. Primary—Length 4.1 mm., width 1.3 mm., costal vein narrow, amber; subcostal vein wide, amber; stigma long and narrow, amber, length 1.3 mm., width .025 mm.; stigmal vein short, basal half straight, apical half slightly curved; first discoidal straight; second discoidal curved slightly inwardly, base 0.02 mm. from base of first discoidal; third discoidal very faint, nearly obsolete, simply indicated by trace, first branch arising one-third and second branch arising two-thirds from its base to tip. Secondary—Length 0.25 mm., width 0.08 mm., subcostal slightly curved; first discoidal arising a distance of one-third and the second discoidal arising two-thirds the distance of the basal half of the subcostal, both slightly curved inwardly. Style—Rounded, inconspicuous, hairy. APTEROUS VIVIPAROUS FEMALE (Figure 178 B) Length of body 2.4 mm., greatest width of abdomen 1.5 mm., robust, wide across abdomen, hairy, flat. Prevailing color—Rich reddish brown or yellowish, somewhat rounded in shape and flat. Head—Very narrow, whole body widening from head to middle of abdomen, and then narrowing again to cauda. Antennae—(Figure 178 F). Reaching just to base of abdomen, hairy, light yellow with tip of IV, apical one-third of V Figure 178. Lachnus juniperi A, winged viviparous female; B, apterous viviparous female; C, antenna of winged viviparous female; D, cornicle of winged viviparous female; E, cornicle of apterous viviparous female; F, antenna of apterous viviparous female. Pomona Cotitece JourNAL or ENTOMOLOGY 543 and apical one-half of VI dusky, lengths of the articles: I, 0.08 mm.; II, 0.07 mm.; III, 0.8 mm.; IV, 0.12 mm.; V, 0.13°mm.; VI, 0.15 mm.; total .85 mm. Thorax—Widening from prothorax, which is very narrow, to base of abdomen. Mesothorawx—Much wider than the pro- or metathorax. dbdomen—Widest in middle, ground color is reddish-brown with two broad lateral and one broad central dorsal, white longitudinal stripes with a whitish transverse stripe between cornicles and several white blotches behind the cornicles. These white stripes and blotches are produced by the powdery wax and very noticeable irregularities may be observed because of uneven removal of this wax by some external means. The dark areas in the drawing show the ground color of the body while the white areas show the powdery wax. Cornicles—(Figure 178 E.) Truncate, much wider at base than at tip, entirely dark brown or dusky, basal two-thirds hairy. Legs—As in winged form. Style—Rounded, hairy, inconspicuous. Nymphs and Young—Brownish-red in color, without powdery secretion. Host—This species was found in great colonies on the bare twigs of Thuya occidentalis. European writers report it upon Juniperus communis only. Locality—Taken by the writer at Santa Paula and Claremont, California. I am indebted to Mr. J. Neuls, a student of Pomona College, for winged specimens, which I had been unable to secure. The apterous forms are plentiful, but it took nearly three years to obtain the winged specimens, although a sharp look-out was maintained all of the time. Date of collection—March 7, 1911. Serial number 7. This species seemed to be a new one at first, for it was hardly probable that the European species could have been first reported in America on the Pacific Coast, and not have been obtained in the Eastern states (a fact which I have not been able to ascertain). After a close study and comparison with the descriptions given in the works of Koch, Kaltenbach and Buckton, I am satisfied that this is the Juniper Aphid of Europe and has been introduced into the United States on nursery stock. Buckton gives this interesting note: “Mr. Hardy has found the black eggs on the twigs, and sometimes plentifully.”” “DeGeer states that the male is apterous.” *Mon. Brt. Aphides, III, p. 44, 1881. Macrosiphum albifrons n. sp. LUPINE APHID (Figure 179) WINGED VIVIPAROUS FEMALE (Figure 180 A) Length of body not including style 3.8 mm., width of mesothorax 0.85 mm., greatest width of abdomen 1.8 mm., wing expansion 11.02 mm., large, robust form. Prevailing color—Grayish-green, the body proper is bright green and appears so immediately after moulting. The gray color is produced by the secre- tion of a fine, white, powdery wax. This powder may be thick enough to cause the insects to appear silvery. The winged forms do not secrete as much of this covering as do the apterous ones and the green body may appear through the thin coating. Head—Somewhat darker than the remainder of the body, nearly as long as wide. Eyes—Small, dark red. Antennae—(Figure 180 a). Situated on slightly gibbous, prominent tubercles, longer than the body, sparsely haired, dusky with 544 Pomona Co.iieGe JourNAL or ENTOMOLOGY lighter areas at articulations, lengths of articles: I, 0.18 mm.; II, 0.11 mm.; III, 1.1 mm.; IV, 0.96 mm.; V, 0.8 mm.; VI, 1.6 mm. (spur 1.4 mm.) ; total 4.75 mm. Article III with about thirty large circular sensoria (Figure 180a). Rostrum— Reaching to second coxe, color of body with dark tip. Prothorax—Very narrow, light green. Mesothoraa—Light green with muscular lobes pink or amber. Meta- thoraa—Slightly dusky. dbdomen—Nearly globular in shape (many more so than the drawing shows), lightly covered with fine, white powder. Cornicles— (Figure 180c¢). Cylindrical, longer than style, light green with apical one-third dusky, length 0.88 mm., width at base 0.08 mm. Legs—Long, slender and very Figure 179. Macrosiphum albifrons Adult winged and apterous females on fruit clusters of Lupinus albifrons. Notice body form and the white powdery covering. hairy, coxe color of body; femora amber with apical half dark; tibize amber with apical tip dark; tarsi dark. Wings—Hyaline. Primary—Length 5.2 mm., greatest width 1.7 mm.; costal vein narrow; subcostal broad emerging into stigma; stigma long and narrow, length 1.4 mm., width 0.2 mm., basal half of stigmal vein sharply curved with apical half slightly curved to tip; first and second discoidals nearly straight; third discoidal with first branch arising near base at a distance from it of one-fourth from base to tip, second branch arising two-thirds distance from base of first branch to tip of second branch, all veins and stigma greenish- brown. Secondary—Length 3.4 mm., width 0.9 mm.; subcostal twice curved; first discoidal arising one-fourth the distance and second discoidal arising one-half the distance from the base to the tip of the subcostal. Style—Ensiform, two-thirds as long as the cornicles, green. Pomona CoxiiteGe JourNAL or ENTOMOLOGY 545 APTEROUS VIVIPAROUS FEMALE (Figure 180 B) Length of body 4 mm., greatest width of abdomen 2.4 mm., body robust. Prevailing color—Gray or silvery white due to the white powdery covering over the green body. Head and thoravx—Very much narrower than the abdomen. Eyes—Dark red, larger than those of winged form. Antennae—Much longer than the body, all articles dusky except I, II and basal one-fourth of III which Figure 180. Macrosiphum albifrons _ A, winged viviparous female; B, apterous viviparous female; a, article III. of winged female; b, cornicle of apterous female; c, cornicle of winged female. 546 Pomona CoLLEGE JouRNAL or ENTOMOLOGY are the color of the body, articulations light, lengths of articles: I, 0.15 mm.; II, 0.13 mm.; III, 1.2 mm.; IV, 0.95 mm.; V, 0.85 mm.; VI, 1.7 mm. (spur 1.4 mm.) ; total 4.98 mm. Rostrum—Reaching to second coxe, green with dark tip. Cornicles —(Figure 180 b). Apical one-fourth dark, remainder green, length 1.3 mm., width 0.12 mm. at base. Legs—Long, slender, hairy; coxe green; femora amber; tibie amber with dusky tips; tarsi dark, very small. Style—Ensiform, green, may be slightly dusky at marginal tip. Young—Green and covered with the powdery wax when very small. Host—Occurs in great colonies on the flower racemes of Lupinus albifrons. Locality—Santa Paula Canyon, near Santa Paula, Cal. Altitude 700 to 1500 feet. Date of collection—May 7, 1911. Serial number 34. This species greatly resembles M. destructor (John.), but is more robust, larger, and covered with the whitish powder. The abdomen of the winged form is distinctly globular and very characteristic. The abdomen of the apterous form is much wider than in M. destructor. It is quite effectually preyed upon by larve of Syrphid Flies, Coccinellids, and by internal parasites, which are very large. Macrosiphum frigidae Oestlund ARTEMISIA APHID LITERATURE AND SYNONYMY 1886 Siphonophora frigidae Oestl., List. of Aphid. of Minn., p. 20. 1887 Nectarophora frigidae Oestl., Aphid. of Minn., p. 83. 1910 Siphonophora frigidae Oestl., Williams, Aph. of Nebr., pp. 78-9. WINGED VIVIPAROUS FEMALE (Figure 181 A) Length of body 2.1 mm., width of mesothorax 0.65 mm., greatest width of abdomen 0.76 mm., wing expansion 7.5 mm., medium sized species, body sparsely covered with rather long fine hairs. Prevailing color—Very dark olive green or nearly black, shiny, iridescent green, very striking and beautifully colored, unless observed very closely will appear jet-black. Head—Wider than long, very dark or black. Hyes—Black or dark brown, medium in size. Antennae—( Figure 181 D). Ondistinct frontal (some- what gibbous) tubercles which are very wide, as long as the body, but not reaching to tip of the style, dark throughout except the base of article III which is light, cov- ered with many long fine hairs, lengths of articles: I, 0.12 mm.; II, 0.07 mm.; III, 0.69 mm.; IV, 0.45 mm.; V, 0.40 mm.; VI, 0.84 mm. (spur 0.7 mm.) ; total 2.57 mm.; at least fifteen large circular sensoria on article III. Rostrum—Reaching to second coxe, black. T'’horaz—Shiny black. Abdomen—Little wider than thorax, deep green with metallic luster, dorsal surface with many broad shallow pits which indicate the segmentation, hairy. Cornicles—(Figure 181 C), Cylindrical, widest at base, imbricated, black, with one or two hairs, reaching slightly beyond tip of style, length 0.50 mm., width at base 0.13 mm. Legs—Coxe dark; femora dark with light base; tibia with middle portion light and ends dark; tarsi dark; hairy. Wings—Hyaline, normally veined. Primary—Length 3.6 mm., width 1.25 mm.; Pomona Coxtiece JourNAL or ENTOMOLOGY 547 costal vein narrow, green; subcostal vein wide, merging into the full width of the stigma; stigma long, narrow, four times as long as broad, beautiful bright green; veins amber. Secondary—Length 2.2 mm., width 0.6 mm., base of the second discoidal obsolete, all veins amber. Style—(Figure 181 E). Ensiform or nearly cylindrical, black, little more than half the length of the cornicles, hairy, length 0.3 mm. APTEROUS VIVIPAROUS FEMALE (Figure 181 B) Length of body 2.2 mm., width of abdomen 1.25 mm., robust nearly globular form, with tuberculate, hairy dorsum. Prevailing color—Rich, dark olive green, shiny, iridescent, metallic. Head— Narrow, but wider than long. Hyes—Small, black or very dark brown. Antennae (Figure 181 G)—Situated on prominent frontal tubercles, reaching to tip of style, hairy, basal two-thirds of article III light, remaining dusky throughout, lengths of articles: I, 0.11 mm.; II, 0.08 mm., III, 0.71 mm.; IV, 0.49 mm.; V, 0.4 mm.; VI, 0.8 mm. (spur 0.65 mm.); total 2.59 mm. Rostrum—Reaching to second coxe, black. Prothorax—Searcely wider than the head. Meso- and Metathorax--Widening into abdomen so as to form a nearly globular body. Abdomen—Nearly as wide as Figure 181. Macrosiphum frigide _ A, winged viviparous female; B, apterous viviparous female; C, cornicle of winged female; D, antenna of winged female; E, style of winged female; F, cornicle of apterous female; G, antenna of apterous female; H, style of apterous female, 548 Pomona Co.LieGe JourRNAL or ENTOMOLOGY long, rather flattened, hairy, iridescent green. Cornicles—( Figure 181 F). Cylindri- cal, slightly wider at base and tapering gradually to tip, imbricated, black, with one or two hairs as shown in drawing, carried at nearly right-angles to the main axis of the body, length 0.65 mm., width at base 0.12 mm. Legs—Normal, hairy, coxe dark; base of femora light, apex dark; middle of tibie light, remaining dark; tarsi dark. Style—(Figure 181 H). Ensiform, black, half or slightly more than half as long as the cornicles, length 0.35 mm. Young—Dark metallic green. Male—Oestlund reports the male as small, apterous, reddish-brown, antenne as long or longer than body, black, except base of III light. Eyes with blunt tubercles, no ocelli. Beak reaching second coxe. Legs black with base of femora and tibia light. Abdomen longer than broad, flat above, with a row of black impressed dots above the insertion of the honey-tubes. Honey-tubes black, cylindrical, hardly twice the length of the tarsi. Style two-thirds the length of the honey-tubes. Anal plates black, upper rounded at end, lower divided into two diverging lobes or projections which are cylindrical, black and very hairy on the under surface. List. Aphid Minn., pp. 21-22. I have not obtained this form here. Hosts—Taken in great numbers from the tender shoots of the common Cali- fornia Sage (Artemisia californica Less.) Odcstlund collected it from Artemisia frigida. Locality—Santa Paula, Cal., in the dry washes at the mouth of the Santa Paula Canyon. Altitude 550 feet. Date of collection—April 4, 1911. Serial number 23. Macrosiphum laevigatae n. sp. WINGED VIVIPAROUS FEMALE (Figure 182 A) Length of body not including style 2.4 mm., width of mesothorax 0.49 mm., greatest width of abdomen 0.73 mm., wing expansion 7.4 mm., body very long and slender. Prevailing color—Green. Head—Nearly as wide as long, pinkish or yellow- ish green, with base slightly darker. Hyes—Red. Antennae—(Figure 182 a). Situated on prominent frontal tubercles, the inner margins of which are nearly at right angles to the head, (tubercles very slightly gibbous), reaching far beyond tip of abdomen or tip of cornicles, articles green, except apical tips of III and IV, the apical half of V and all of VI dusky, lengths of articles: I, 0.16 mm.; II, 0.09 mm.; III, 0.83 mm.; IV, 0.77 mm.; V, 0.73 mm.; VI, 1.7 mm. (spur 1.52 mm.) ; total 4.28 mm.; ten circular sensoria on III. Rostrum—Reaching to second coxe, light yellowish-green with dark tip. Prothoraz—Slightly wider than the head, without lateral tubercles, darker green than head with two dorsal lighter blotches. Mesothorax—Light green, muscle lobes amber or pinkish. Metathoraa—Light green. Abdomen—Long and slender, dark green with two lighter green longi- tudinal stripes extending full length on dorsum. Cornicles—(Figure 182 b). Very long, cylindrical, with slightly wider base and mouth, curved outwardly, green, apical one-seventh dusky and irregularly marked (Figure 182 c), slightly restricted before apex, length 1.1 mm., width 0.05 mm. Legs—Very long and _ slender, slightly hairy, coxe light green; femora dusky with basal one-third light green; Pomona CotieGe JouRNAL or ENTOMOLOGY 549 tibia somewhat dusky with tips darker; tarsi very small and dark. Wings—Long, narrow, hyaline. Primary—Length 3.4 mm., greatest width 1.1 mm.; costal vein narrow ; subcostal wide, light green; stigma long and narrow, widens from base to stigmal vein and narrows to point abruptly, length 0.8 mm., width at base of stigmal vein 0.2 mm., very light green; first and second discoidals nearly straight, _ ae h Figure 182. Macrosiphum levigate A, winged viviparous female; B, apterous viviparous female; a, antenna of winged female; b, cornicle of winged female; c, tip of cornicle of winged female; d, style of winged female; e, tip of cornicle of apterous female; f, cornicle of apterous female; g, style of apterous female; h, antenna of apterous female. 550 Pomona Co.iieGe JourNAL oF ENTOMOLOGY curving slightly inwardly, bases far apart; first branch of the third discoidal arising one-third the distance from the base, second branch arising three-fourths distance from base of first branch to apex of second branch; all veins except subcostal dark brown. Secondary—Length 2 mm., width 0.55 mm., veins normal. Style—(Figure 182d). Ensiform, somewhat sickle-shaped, light green, length 0.37 mm. APTEROUS VIVIPAROUS FEMALE (Figure 182 B) Length not including style 2.6 mm., width of mesothorax 0.51 mm., greatest width of abdomen 0.95 mm., very long and slender body, ofttimes the abdomen is no wider than the head and thorax. Prevailing color—Green with yellowish-green head and two such colored longitudinal stripes extending from head to tip of abdomen. Head—Very little narrower than thorax, lighter than rest of body. Thorar—Quite long and slender, general color of the body. Hyes—Red. Antennae—(Figure 182h). Very long reaching far beyond tip of style, articles I and II yellowish, color of head; III and IV amber with dusky tips, V amber with base and apical three-fifths dusky, VI dusky throughout, lengths of articles: I, 0.19 mm.; II, 0.09 mm.; III, 0.8 mm.; IV, 0.65 mm.; V, 0.69 mm.; VI, 1.33 mm. (spur 1.1 mm.); total 3.75 mm. Rostrum—Reaching to third coxe, light green with dark tip. Cornichkes—(Figure 182 e and f). Long, cylindrical, curved slightly outwardly, wider at base and mouth, restricted just before mouth, apex dusky and marked, length 1.1 mm., width 0.05 mm. Legs—As in winged form. Style—Ensiform, green, length 0.5 mai. Young—Very long and slender with abdomen no wider than head and thorax, green. Host—Large colonies infesting the tender shoots of the Narrow-leaved Willow Salix laevigata Bebb. Apterous forms present in considerable numbers on a few trees in different localities, but winged forms scarce. Locality—Along the streams near Santa Paula, Cal., and along the Sespe Creek. Date of collecting—April 26, 1911. Serial number 30. Macrosiphum rosae (Linn.) Schouteden ROSE APHID IMPORTANT SYNONOMY AND LITERATURE 1735 Aphis rosae Linn., Syst. Nat., II, 734. 1737 Aphis rosae Reaum., Mem., V, III, 21. 1761 Aphis rosae L. Sulz., Ins. Tab., 12. 1773 Aphis rosae Linn., DeGeer, Ins. III, 65. 1794 Aphis rosae Linn., Fabr., Ent. Syst., 216. 1801 Aphis dipsaci Schrk., Fr. Boica, II, 104. 1804 Aphis rosae Linn., Schrk., Fr. Boica, II, 117. 1822 Aphis rosae Linn., Fabr., Syst. Rhyng., 298. 1843 Aphis rosae Linn., Kalt., Mon., Pflz., 3-4. 1855 Siphonophora rosae Linn-Koch, Pflz., 178-9. 1876 Siphonophora rosae Reaumer-Buck, Mon. Brt. Aph., I, 103-9. 1880 Siphonophora rosae Reaumer-Thos. 8th Rept. Ent. Ill, p. 50-1. 1887 Siphonophora rosae (Linn)-Oestl., Aph. Minn., p. 81. 1905 Macrosiphum rosae (Linn) Schout. Aph. Belg., p. 240. 1910 Macrosiphum rosae (Linn)-Fullaway, Ann. Rept. Haw. Exp. Sta., 25. Pomona CoLLeGE JouRNAL oF ENTOMOLOGY 551 WINGED VIVIPAROUS FEMALE (Figure 183 A) Length of body not including style 2.2 mm., width of mesothorax 0.6 mm., greatest width of abdomen 1.1 mm., wing expansion 9.4 mm., a large species. Prevailing color—Green or pink, with dark dorsal markings as shown in the drawing. Head—Dark or black. Eyes—Dark red. Antennae—On prominent frontal tubercles, much longer than the body, dark throughout, lengths of articles: I, 0.14 mm.; II, 0.06 mm.; III, 1.3 mm.; IV, 0.8 mm.; V, 0.7 mm.; VI, 1.2 mm. (spur 1 mm.) ; total 4.2 mm.; article III (Figure 183 C) with very many circular sensoria. tostrum—Reaching to second coxe, light green or pinkish with dark tip. Prothoraz—Dark. Meso- and Metathorax—With muscle lobes black, remainder light dusky. Abdomen—Smooth, shiny, with lateral dorsal black spots and a few median ones; these may vary in size and distribution. Cornicles—Figure 183 E). Long, cylindrical, wider at base and restricted just before apex (the restricted area marked as shown in drawing), dark throughout, length 1.2 mm. Legs—Long, slender, hairy, coxe pale or dusky green or pink, depending upon whether the body is green or pink; femora with apical portions dark; tibie dark at extreme bases and the apical tips; tarsi dark. Wings—Normal, hyaline. Primary—Length 4.4 mm., width 1.5 mm., costal and subcostal veins wide, pale yellowish green; stigma long and narrow, opposite sides nearly parallel, length 1.2 mm., width 0.13 mm., pale yellowish-green in color; veins amber (see drawing for venation). Secondary—Length 2.5 mm., width 0.7 mm. Style—(Figure 183 G). Ensiform, length 0.5 mm., width at base 0.2 mm., lemon yellow in color. APTEROUS VIVIPAROUS FEMALE (Figure 183 B) Length of body not including style 2.7 mm., width of abdomen 1.75 mm., a large and long body. Prevailing color—Pale green or pink throughout. Head—Wider than long, apical portion dusky, basal light. Antennae—Situated on large, prominent, frontal tubercles, reaching beyond tips of the cornicles, articles I, II and VI dusky throughout, III light with extreme tip dusky, IV with both base and tip dusky, V with slight light area in middle only, lengths of articles: I, 0.14 mm.; II, 0.08 mm.; III, 1.1 mm.; IV, 0.72 mm., V, 0.58 mm.; VI, 1 mm. (spur 0.8 mm.) ; total 3.62 mm.; article III (Figure 183 D) with from ten to twelve circular sensoria. Rostrum—Reaching to second coxe, lemon yellow with dark tip. Thorax and Abdomen—Shiny, without marking or with very few. Cornicles—(Figure 183 F). Cylindrical, long, narrow, reaching nearly to tip of style, extreme base may be color of body, remainder dark with a lighter spot near the tip just in front of the constricted and mottled area shown in the drawing, length 2.3 mm., width 0.19 mm., cornicles of all forms curved slightly outwardly. Legs—Long and slender, hairy, coxe color of the body; femora with apical one-third dark; tibiae amber dark at apical ends; tarsi dark. Style—(Figure 183 H). Ensiform, very light lemon yel- low, length 0.62 mm., width at base 0.25 mm. Host—Infesting the tender tips and buds of all roses, wild and cultivated. Locality—Throughout the State. Taken by the writer in Humboldt, Sacra- mento, Los Angeles, Santa Barbara and Ventura Counties. Date of collection— Santa Paula, Cal., April 8, 1911. Serial number 3. S524 Pomona Cotiece JourNAL oF ENTOMOLOGY =. ©. xssto, Figure 183. Macrosiphum rose A, winged viviparous female; B, a winged female; D, antenna of apterous cornicle of apterous fem pterous viviparous female; female; E, ale; G, style of winged femal u C, antenna of cornicle of winged female; F, e; H, style of apterous female. on eo Pomona CoLieGe JourNAL or ENTOMOLOGY 5 Pemphigus fraxini-dipetalae n. sp. (Figure 185) CALIFORNIA MOUNTAIN ASH LOUSE WINGED VIVIPAROUS FEMALE (Figure 186 A) Length of body 3.50 mm., width of mesothorax 1.15 mm., greatest width of abdomen 1.75 mm., wing expansion 12.00 mm., very large species. Prevailing color—Black, abdomen covered with long bluish-white flocculence, which extends posteriorly. Head—Black, much wider than long, narrower than prothorax. Eyes—Dark red or brown, nearly black. Antennae—(Figure 186 D). Six-articled, reaching just beyond metathorax, brownish-black in color, very few hairs, length of articles: I, 0.1 mm.; II, 0.14 mm.; ITI, 0.63 mm.; IV, 0.32 mm.; V, 0.35 mm.; VI, 0.37 mm., (unguis 0.08 mm.) ; total 1.91 mm.; sensoria large, Figure 185. Pemphigns fraxini-dipetale On twigs of Fraxinus dipetala. Note the winged viviparous female and floccu- lently covered nymphs. transverse, twelve on article III, three on IV, usual number on V and VI. Rostrum—Reaches just to metathorax, light yellowish with dark base and tip. Prothorax—Very dark brown or black, three times as wide as long. Mesothorax— Very black, muscle lobes well developed and shiny. Metathorar—Black, short. Abdomen—Of living specimens very dark green or black, (in mounted specimens it may appear brown, orange or yellowish due to bleaching), covered with long bluish-white floceulence which is thickest posteriorly and decreases towards the base, where there is scarcely any, wax glands not distinct, row of small dark 554 Pomona CotiteGe JouRNAL or ENTOMOLOGY spots, each of which bears one or two hairs on lateral dorsum, (these do not show in fresh specimens, because the color is so dark), there are usually seven spots in each row. Legs—Stout, hairy, black throughout. Wings—Dusky throughout. Primary—Length 4.51 mm., greatest width 1.54 mm.; costal vein well developed, black, quite broad at base; subcostal wide, black; stigma nearly four times as long as broad, oposite sides nearly equal and parallel, black, darker along lower border, length 1.1 mm., width 0.3 mm.; stigmal vein arising two-thirds distance from base of stigma to apex, sharply curved throughout basal third with remaining apical third straight, brown; third discoidal straight, obsolete at base, arising quite distant from second discoidal; second discoidal arising near base of first discoidal (distant 0.19 mm.), first half straight, latter half curves inwardly as it approaches wing margin; first discoidal curves slightly outwardly, both veins brown. Sec- ondary—Length 3.2 mm., width 0.96 mm.; subcostal vein deeply curved at the junction of the discoidals, so sharp as to make it appear that the second discoidal was a continuation of it, brown; discoidals arise from a common short or narrow brown spot, bases may be close or approximate as shown in drawing (they may even arise from the same point) ; first discoidal curved outwardly, second discoidal nearly straight. Style—Obsolete, rounded, hairy. LARVAE OF THE WINGED VIVIPAROUS FEMALE (Figure 186 C) There were to be found only a very few of the apterous stem-mothers, but these few were giving rise to great colonies of the winged forms. The very young are reddish brown to very light yellow in color, naked. The legs are large— nearly as large as in the mature forms. Rostrum reaching far beyond the end of the abdomen. At the base, and in front of the antenne, are two anterior lobes which are very noticeable in the mounted specimens. In the very young the antenne consist of four articles as follows: I very large but poorly defined and searcely annulated, short; II twice at long at I; III as long as I, II and IV together; IV half as long as III. The drawing shows a more advanced stage. NYMPHS OF THE WINGED VIVIPAROUS FEMALE (Figure 185) By far the greatest numbers of individuals present are the nymphs, which with their cottony coat appear to be the apterous forms. As shown in the photo- graph, they are entirely, or nearly, covered with long white flocculence. This flocculence is arranged in rows, each row having a large number of individual patches. In the younger stages these patches show the flocculence to be arranged so as to form whorls. In the advanced stages the appearance of these whorls is destroyed. The color of the bodies is very varied and may be pink, rose, amber, yellow, or slate. In every case the color is constant for each individual. Antennae —Normally VI-articled, which are colored as follows: I and II color of body, III and IV color of body with dusky tips, V and VI dusky throughout. Rostrum— Reaching to the third coxe, apical one-half dusky. Legs—Dusky, articulations and tarsi darker. Cauda—Dark. APTEROUS VIVIPAROUS FEMALE (Figure 186 B) Length of body 3.75 mm., greatest width of abdomen 3.6 mm., very globose in shape. Pomona CoxiieGe JourNAL or ENTOMOLOGY 555 Prevailing color—Very dark brown or black throughout, nearly shiny, with very little or no powdery covering, and no flocculence. Head—Very small, half as wide as the thorax. Antennae—(Figure 186 E). Reaching just beyond thorax, black, hairy, lengths of articles: I, 0.12 mm.; II, 0.15 mm.; III, 0.26 mm.; IV, 0.18 mm.; V, 0.16 mm.; VI, 0.22 mm. (unguis 0.04 mm.) ; total 1.09 mm. Rostrum— Figure 186. Pemphigus fraxini-dipetale A, winged viviparous female; B, apterous viviparous female, stem mother; C, young winged viviparous female; D, antenna of winged female; E, antenna of apterous female. 556 Pomona CoLLeGE JouRNAL or ENTOMOLOGY Reaching to metathorax, lemon yellow, dusky at tip. T’horar—Gradually widens from prothorax backwards, segments compact and pushed up dorsally to form transverse lobes. Abdomen—Globular, as wide as long, several transverse depres- sions on dorsum, smooth. Legs—Short, stout, hairy. Style—Rounded, hairy, not visible in more robust forms, but distinct in smaller individuals. Apterous females are very scarce and I was able to obtain but a very few. Those found were in the curled leaves and producing great numbers of young. They appear to be true stem-mothers. Host—On Mountain Ash (Frazinus dipetala H. & A.). Winged forms and nymphs were found feeding on the undersides of the leaves, which they curled into knots of various shapes, upon the stems of the younger growth, at the bases of the suckers and hidden by the decayed and fallen leaves, while some forms were taken around the trunk of the trees at quite a depth underground. The nymphs, especially, were often found in large colonies on the young stems. The few adult apterous forms were found only within the masses of curled leaves, which usually occur at the tips of the new growth. Locality—The infested ash trees are located on the north slope of the moun- tains, six miles north of Santa Paula, at an elevation of from 1000 to 2000 feet. Date of collection—May 7, 1911. Serial number 33. This species differs from Pemphigus frazinifolii Thos. in the following: Pemphigus fraxinifolii Thos. Pemphigus fraxini-dipetalae n. sp. with white tinge. ent. Wings—Transparent mealy Dusky, with bluish tinge, transpar- Third discoidal vein arising near base of second, almost invisible, not obsolete at the base. Obliques in hind wing connected. Wing expanse 5.7 mm. Body—Length of body 2 mm. Abdo- men dark green, with large roundish spots on each side. Antennae—Article III form as long as IV and V together. Medium in size. of winged Third discoidal not arising near base of second, plainly visible and distinct, obsolete at base. Obliques in hind wing arising from a common dark spot, their bases may be at a common point or somewhat distant. Wing expense 12. mm. Length of body 3.5 mm. Body almost or black, side spots very small. Article III of winged form not as long as IV and V together. Very large. APHID SYNONYMY In connection with the Host Index to California Aphididae and the synonymy of the genera and species, it was stated that all additions and corrections would be added as fast as possible. first additions and corrections. I am therefore taking this opportunity to make the In a letter from Mr. John Davis he called attention to the following: First—That Calaphis betulaecolens Fitch is wrong in that the species betulaecolens does not belong to this genus, it being a fact that only the species betulella Walsh belongs to the genus Calaphis. Pomona Coxtiece JourNAL or ENTOMOLOGY 557 Second—Regarding Monellia caryae (Mon.) Gill. This species does not belong to this genus, but was placed there by mistake—the only species belonging to this genus being caryella Fitch. Third—Megoura solani is not a synonym of Myzus persicae (Sulz.), but a good and distinct species. Fourth—That Pemphigus vitifoliae Fitch should have priority of P. vastatria Planch., because it was so described twelve years before the latter. Fifth—That it has never been positively proven that Lachnus dentatus Le Baron is a synonym of the European Lachnus viminalis Boyer. I believe that this information will be valuable to all workers of this group and wish to state that if all would send criticisms and suggestions such as these from Mr. Davis the work would soon be placed upon a more certain and definite basis. It is my sincere wish that no mistake shall go without immediate correction and always extend an invitation for corrections such as the above. NOCTUID# OF CALIFORNIA III (Pantheinez, Raphia and Acronycta) JOHN B. SMITH, SC. D. RUTGER’S COLLEGE, NEW BRUNSWICK, NEW JERSEY The little group of genera here included are generally considered together, although the Pantheinae are almost as well separated from the Noctuidae proper as these are from some of the allied families. Raphia is, however, a distinctly intermediate form in many characters, and for practical purposes warrants the present association. The Californian species are not well known, and it is very likely that the list will be materially increased when proper collecting has been done. None of the species here considered come freely to light, nor are they easily seen or taken by the casual or general collector. They do not come to sugar; are rarely seen on flowers and, except when bred, are generally “accidental” captures, being noted on tree trunks, fences or stones, at rest during the day. The larve are usually quite striking in appearance, altogether unlike the cut-worm type, open feeders and not difficult to rear. A really good and repre- sentative collection of the species of Acronycta cannot be secured except by breeding. So far as eastern collections go, the representation of Californian species of Acronycta is extremely scant. None of the species are really well represented, and most of them have a few specimens only. The collections made many years ago in the Sierra Nevada region by Henry Edwards, form the backbone of our present knowledge of the California fauna, and nearly all the described species are based on insufficient material. There are two distinct elements represented: one that comes down the mountain ranges from British America and does not extend much if any south of Central California; the other a continuation of the desert fauna of Arizona and New Mexico, which extends to the coast and probably through a considerable part of the desert area of southern and southeastern California. During the decade or two last past, our knowledge of the Noctuid fauna of Vancouver, Washington and Oregon to the north and of Arizona to the east and southeast, has increased out of all proportion to that of California. Some mountain sections of the State are almost absolutely unknown, entomologically, and from the San Diego region I have recently had a lot of specimens for determination that makes me feel that practically all the Arizona desert species may be expected from it. (Since writing the above I am informed that the specimens sent me really come from east of the mountains, yet not over ninety miles directly west of San Diego.) ; Pantheine. This sub-family, termed Mominae by Hampson, differs essen- tially from the remainder of the Noctuidae by having vein Pomona CoLLeGe JouRNAL or ENTOMOLOGY 559 V_ of the secondaries as well developed as any _ other, and asising from the median vein close to IV. It is therefore typically quadrifid, although differing altogether in habitus from the quadrifid section of the more typical Noctuidae. The habitus is rather that of the Notodontidae and some of the species resemble these very closely in type and maculation. Other Notodontid characters are the short, rather weak, thorax, the longer, cylindrical abdomen of the female, the retracted head in which the tongue tends to become aborted and, except in Meleneta, the pectinated ‘antenne of the male (and sometimes female) in which the joints are short and the branches in consequence are very closely approximated. All the genera typically referred here have hairy eyes, and this combination of venation, hairy eyes and Notodontid habitus, makes the sub-family an easily recognizable one. Four genera are recognized in the American fauna, north of Mexico: Tongue short and weak, useless for feeding. Antenne pectinated in the male, simple in the female. Primaries trigonate, inner and outer margin approximately equal in length. Panthea Primaries more abruptly widening at base; apices more obtuse; inner margin longer than outer. Demas Tongue moderate, useful for feeding. Antenne pectinated in both sexes; though shortly in female. Charadra Antenne merely thickened in the male. Meleneta Demas has no representative on the Pacific Coast so far as we know at the present time, all but one of the species thus far known occurring on the Atlantic slope. Demas palata Grt. occurs in Colorado and Arizona, and it is not unlikely to occur in Southeastern California. It is easily the prettiest species of the genus with its clear black and white powderings, and the narrow black lines that resemble the ornamentation in Raphia most nearly. Panthea is, on the whole, more northern in distribution, and extends to the Pacific Coast: P. portlandia Grt., having been taken in Oregon and Washington, as well as in Vancouver and elsewhere in British Columbia. It is not improbable that this species also will be found in Northern California and it may be differ- entiated from the other species of the genus by its whitish gray, ground color, the transverse lines broad and diffuse, and the reniform spot obvious. No representative of the genus Charadra has been taken nearer than Texas, nor is it known from any point west of the Rocky Mountains. The Charadra decora Morr., described from California, is Mexican, but may occur in Lower California and almost certainly does in Arizona. Meleneta is from the Huachuca Mountains in Arizona, and may perhaps oc- cur in the desert areas of Southern California. The habitus and type of maculation is somewhat as in Charadra, or rather intermediate between that and Raphia. Raphia Hbn. For convenience the genus Raphia may be considered here because of its habitual and even structural resemblance to the other genera more strictly referred 560 Pomona Co.titece JourNAL or ENTOMOLOGY to the Pantheinae. The secondaries have vein V as strong as the others, but there is a tendency to remove it further from IV, and from its strong and direct association with the median. The head is retracted, small, front flattened, the tongue short and weak though perhaps useful for feeding; but the eyes are naked, unlike those of the Pantheid genera, which are hairy. The thorax is short and quadrate, the legs weak and short, and the general resemblance to the Notodontid structures quite as strong as in Demas. The antennae of the male are pectinated, while those of the female are simple. Six nominal species have been described of which two, abrupta and frater, occur in the Atlantic coast; but extend west to the Rocky Mountain region and through British America, almost across the continent: frater being the most abundant and widely distributed. A series of very much paler, more powdery forms, with the general type of maculation of frater, makes its appearance in the foothills of the Rocky Mountains in Colorado, and extends to the south and south- west into New Mexico, Arizona and Southern California. These are coloradensis Cram., elbea Sm., pallula Hy. Edw., and cinderella Sm. Of these the latter only is known to occur in California, and all my examples are from Los Angeles County. Cinderella is at once the smallest, most evenly colored and least contrasting of all the species. It is a pale, powdery, ashen gray, with all the normal markings present; but all powdery and diffuse—none of them sharply defined or contrasting. There is no connection between the median lines and the lower part of the median space is no darker than the rest of the wing. I should expect to find pallula and probably elbea as well, in California. ACRONYCTA Species of moderately robust form, tending to become slight in the smaller species. Head tending to become sunken, front flat or only convex, tongue moderate in length, tending to become soft and without function, palpi moderate or rather short, usually reaching about the middle of the front, eyes naked and without lashes. Thorax almost quadrate, without tuftings, vestiture a mixture of flattened hair and scales, tending to hairy. Abdomen untufted, reaching to or exceeding anal angle of secondaries and usually rather large in proportion to thorax. Legs moderate in size, tibia not spinose, anterior without armature at tip. The primaries vary quite a bit in form, ranging from broadly trigonate to narrow, almost lanceolate, so that sections of the genus may be conveniently based on the difference. There is a certain uniformity of color and maculation which renders the species rather easily recognizable, independent of structure. The ground color is almost always of some shade of gray, ranging from almost pure white with a scant powdering of black, to an almost black suffusion over the entire surface. The maculation is always in black, almost always more or less broken, and many species have short black dashes crossing the t. p. line opposite the cell or anal angle, which has given the term “dagger moths” to the members of the genus. Pomona Cotitece JourNAL or ENTOMOLOGY 561 The species of this genus were monographed by myself in the Proce. U. S. Nat. Mus. Vol. XXI, in 1898, and Dr. Harrison G. Dyar supplied descriptions and a classification of the then known larve. In 1909, Sir George F. Hampson described the species of the world in Vol. VIII of his Catalogue of the species of Noctuidae in the British Museum, and Dr. Dyar there adds further information on the early stages in that publication. The species included here are those that are recorded as from California in the publications above cited, with a very few additions of species almost certain to occur within the State. My own collection is very deficient in California material. 1. Primaries evenly trigonate, outer margin oblique, apices somewhat drawn out: markings tend to break up into spots or blotches on transverse lines; psi marks prominent wo Primaries abruptly widening at base, apices rectangular or a little rounded, outer margin a little arcuate; vestiture smooth, psi or dagger marks prominent. 7 Primaries broader, more evenly trigonate, apices rectangular, outer margin more even; vestiture rough or squammose, psi or dagger marks wanting 9 Primaries short, trigonate, stumpy in appearance 10 Primaries longer, narrow, subequal, apices rectangular or a little produced 1] 2. No longitudinal basal dash, line or streak 3 A longitudinal black basal line, not joined to t. a. line 4 8. Secondaries yellowish white in male, smoky yellow in female; primaries with an ochreous tinge; a dagger mark opposite anal angle, defined and crossing t. p. line hastulifera Secondaries grayish white in male, smoky gray in female; primaries bluish ash gray; dagger mark opposite anal angle less distinct and does not cross t. p. line hesperida 4. Primaries with ground color white, maculation tending to obsolescence felina Primaries with ground color blue gray 5 Primaries with ground color ash gray 6 5. Orbicular and reniform both present frigida Orbicular absent, reniform present cyanescens 6. Black powdered, veins somewhat smoky, giving a strigate appearance pacifica 7. Internal margin of primaries darkened by a black shading from base below the dash, to the t. p. line mansueta Internal margin concolorous 8 8. Very dark, even blue gray, t. a. line scarcely traceable, t. p. line and dashes distinct tritona 562 Pomona CoiitecGe JouRNAL oF ENTOMOLOGY Paler, with a reddish tinge, transverse lines distinct, a quadrate black patch between ordinary spots quadrata 9. Dark ashen gray, washed with smoky; black shadings tend to become strigate liturata Bluish white, markings black, so that primaries appear marbled marmorata 10. Primaries blotchy black and white, all the normal Noctuid markings present; secondaries smoky yellowish noctivaga 11. Maculation of primaries normal, median lines in usual relation to each other, black basal marks present; disc of thorax not uniformly blackish perdita Dise of thorax blackish; t. a. line of primaries unusually remote from base, median lines abnormally close together, no black basal marks othello Acronycta hastulifera S. & A. This is a large species, expanding up to two inches in the female, smooth, evenly whitish gray with a creamy tinge, all the maculation easily traceable but not contrasting. There is no basal streak, but a neat little black dash crosses the t. p. line opposite the anal angle. The species has a wide distribution, extending from the Atlantic to the Pacific; but is by no means common. I have male and female from California without specific data, and these do not differ from a bred pair from the Atlantic Coast. The species was not known to Hampson in 1909, and is not generally represented in collections. The larve feeds on alder and has been described and figured. Acronycta hesperida Smith This is even a larger species than hastulifera, the female reaching two and one-half inches in expanse. It is blue gray in color, very powdery, with all the maculation powdery and diffuse, broken and not contrasting. There is no dagger mark crossing the t. p. line opposite the anal angle, but there is a little black marked angle in the line that indicates its usual position. This seems to be a Pacific Coast species, extending northward into British Columbia and eastward to Manitoba. Exact Californian localities are not avail- able, but the Sierra Nevada Mountains are indicated. The larve of this species also is known and is said to feed on alder. Acronycta felina Grt. This is a moderate sized, rather narrow winged species, the female reaching an extreme of nearly two inches. The ground color is white with a yellowish tinge and the maculation is not well marked. There is a narrow, slightly sinuous basal line, the t. a. line is indicated on the costa, and the t. p. line is continuous across the wing, consisting of an almost continuous paler shading, followed by a slightly darker one. Slender, inconspicuous black lines or daggers cross the Pomona Co.tieGe JouRNAL or ENTOMOLOGY 563 t. p. line opposite the cell and anal angle. The orbicular is elongate, pointed, slightly defined; the reniform is a dusky, lunate spot. The type locality is Sierra Nevada, California, and the species is rare; most of those standing under that name in collections being erroneously determined. There are none in my collection. The larve is said to feed on poplar. Acronycta frigida Sm. Similar to felina in general type of maculation, but decidedly blue gray in ground, with all the maculation represented more clearly and cleanly marked. The t. a. line is at least indicated and the t. p. line is obvious throughout. The basal black streak is obvious and there is a line of black scales in continuance, joining it to the black streak crossing the t. p. line, which latter streak continues across the terminal space to margin above anal angle. The black dash crossing the t. p. line opposite the cell is equally distinct, and both orbicular and reniform are well marked. The type localities are Truckee and Sierra Nevada, California, and the species seems to be rare. The larve is said to feed on willow. Acronycta cyanescens Hamps. Resembles frigida so closely that I had considered it identical. It is, how- ever, much more powdery and obscure, the markings diffuse and ill-defined, the daggers crossing the t. p. line less obvious, the orbicular wanting. I am inclined to consider the latter character variable, and quite expect that well marked examples will have this mark at least traceable. The type locality is Vancouver, and my own single example is from Victoria, British Columbia; but I have little doubt that the species will be found to extend down the coast, and into California along the mountain ranges. Acronycta pacifica Sm. Rather a smaller and more fully marked species than the three just preceding. The ground color is pale, but the surface is densely black powdered and the veins are black marked, so that the insect has a strigate appearance, which is especially marked beyond the t. p. line. The basal streak terminates at the t. a. line and has an obvious tendency to fork, as in the more eastern Cinderella. Both dagger marks crossing the t. p. line are obvious but no conspicuous, and both orbicular and reniform are present. The type locality is Sierra Nevada, California, and besides the types I know of no other examples at present. Acronycta mansueta Sm. This is a smaller, broader-winged species than any of the preceding, the ground color of a smooth, even, pale blue gray. All the ordinary lines and marks are obvious, but not contrasting, the distinctive feature being the broad, blackish shading along the inner margin. This extends from base to outer margin, but is broken before the t. p. line. It is quite similar to falcula in general type of 564 Pomona Co.tieGe JouRNAL or ENTOMOLOGY maculation but differs from all other related forms by the shading just described. The secondaries are white. The species seems not rare and has been recorded from Los Angeles County, Nevada County, and Sierra Nevada, California. It expands not quite one and one-half inches. Acronycta tritona Hbn. This is even shorter and more obtuse-winged than mansueta, with very dark blue gray primaries and dull, smoky yellowish secondaries. The t. a. line is practically wanting, the median shade is marked over the costal area, and the t. p. line is distinct across the wing, outwardly shaded with black and crossed opposite anal angle by a conspicuous black dash. There is a short black streak which tends to become furcated. Both orbicular and reniform are incompletely marked. This is a wide-spread though hardly a common species: it ranges along the Atlantic Coast from Maine to Florida and has been reported across the country to Portland, Oregon, and the Pacific Coast generally. I have no Californian examples myself and no definite localities within that State are reported so far as I know. The larve feeds on Vaccinium. Acronycta quadrata Grt. This is a striking species, expanding about 1.75 inches, broad-winged but with distinct apices, very pale bluish gray in color, with distinct maculation and conspicuously contrasting black marks as follows: a broad basal streak, terminat- ing against basal line; a quadrate patch between orbicular and reniform, a short broad streak from the outer portion of t. p. line nearly to hind angle. The t. p. line is outwardly shaded with black, and the median shade is diffuse and brownish. Altogether a very easily recognizable and unmistakable species. I have only one Californian example, without date or definite locality, and no definite records as to distribution within the State seem available. In British Columbia and in Alberta it occurs in July and seems not rare. Acronycta liturata Sm. This is a dark ashen gray species, the primaries washed with smoky blackish, the secondaries white. The wings are rather elongate, of moderate width only, and the apices are well marked but not drawn out. The normal maculation is all present but obscure and diffuse, a blackish shade extends through the submedian interspace the full length of the wing, and a less obvious shading extends outward from the orbicular. The latter is characteristic, round, pale, with a round, dark central spot. The species expands nearly two inches and is very readily recog- nizable. It is perhaps a question whether this species actually occurs in California; but I have seen it from Oregon and have had a doubtful Californian reference, which may justify noting the insect in this connection. Acronycta marmorata Sm, Similar in type of maculation to liturata; but decidedly smaller, the pale shadings nearly white, so that the insect seems marbled. The mottling is less Pomona Cotiece JouRNAL or ENTOMOLOGY 565 powdery and diffuse and the longitudinal shadings are absent. The rather large, white, round orbicular, with its small dark central spot, is characteristic and helps to define the species; the secondaries are soiled whitish. The type locality is Folsom, California, and my example is dated May 7, 1885. It may be accounted rare. Acronycta noctivaga Grt. This is a comparatively small species, with stumpy primaries, the maculation a contrasting mottled black and white. The orbicular is small, round, black- ringed, with a blackish central dot: the reniform is large, blotchy, not sharply defined. In general type of maculation it is not unlike liturata, but in all points more contrasting and less diffuse. The secondaries are smoky, with a yellowish tinge in both sexes. The average expanse is about one and one-half inches or a little less, and the larve are somewhat general feeders on low bushes. I have no definite California locality for this species; but it has been recorded from Portland, Oregon, and New Mexico, and is of general occurrence throughout the Eastern and Central United States; therefore Northern California is at least not improbable. Acronycta perdita Grt. In this species the primaries are again more narrow and somewhat elongated, with somewhat pointed apices and oblique outer margin. The ground color is a dark blue gray and the maculation is black, diffuse, tending to become strigate. There is a dusky shading from base to outer margin throughout the lower half of wing, none of the transverse lines are completely marked, and the ordinary spots tend to become obscure or to disappear—especially the orbicular. There is more difference than usual between the sexes: In the male the secondaries are almost pure white, the primaries distinctly narrow and _ pointed, the maculation diffuse throughout. In the female the secondaries are smoky throughout, the primaries decidedly broader, apices less marked, and maculation better defined. The females expand two inches or more; the males usually a little less. The larve is reported as feeding on alder, ete. Sierra Nevada is the only California locality, and from that point it extends northward into British Columbia. I have it from Oregon and Washington as well; but it seems nowhere common. Acronycta othello Sm. Differs markedly in many respects from all the other Californian species. The primaries are narrower and more pointed in both sexes, although broader in the female than in the male. The median lines are very close together so that, with the broad, diffuse median shade, the lower portion of median space is almost continuously dark. The basal and terminal area are dark blue-gray without con- spicuous maculation, and contrast oddly with the contracted median space. The thoracic disk is uniformly blackish, and that shade extends over the collar and to the front. In the male the secondaries are white, in the female they are smoky with a blackish tinge. Expanse as in perdita. 566 Pomona CoLtiecGe JouRNAL or ENTOMOLOGY The only specimens known to me are from San Diego, California, and were sent in by Mr. George H. Field. Merolonche Grt. This has the same general appearance as Acronycta, but the vestiture is coarser, more divergent, and this gives the species a heavier appearance. The head is small, rather closely applied to the thorax, front a little protuberant, eyes small, tongue weak and useless for feeding, antenne shortly pectinated toward base in the male, simple in the female. Altogether, while the habitus is unmis- takable, the structural differences from Acronycta are strongly marked. There are only three species thus far known and these in such small series that they can scarcely be said to be well known. In my synopsis of the species in 1898, I separated them as follows: Median shade line distinct, angulated, forming the most prominent feature of the primaries; ordinary spots obsolete spinea Median shade line subordinate or wanting; ordinary spots present Less powdery; all the ordinary markings fairly evident; with a vague yellowish tinge lupini Densely powdered, obscuring the ordinary markings; total impression a bluish ash gray ursina I had only the types of spinea from the Edwards collection, seven examples of lupini, and a series of ursina from Colorado, with which I associated three examples from Sierra Nevada, California, rather doubtfully. In 1909, Hampson, in his catalogue, makes quite a different separation while making no suggestion of an error in the identification on my part. He writes: A. Forewing with strong black medial diffused line lupini B. Forewing with the medial shade indistinct a. Forewing thickly irrorate with black ursina b. Forewing suffused with purplish gray spinea Hampson had of lupini three types from the Grote collection; of ursina, two females from British Columbia and Colorado, of spinea three examples—types— from the Grote collection. All the lupini and spinea came originally through Mr. Henry Edwards and Mr. Grote labeled all the specimens “‘type’”’, some remaining in the Edwards collection, now in the American Museum of Natural History; the others going with his collection to the British Museum. It appears from the above that the species are variable, especially in so far as the median shade is concerned, Hampson finding it indistinct in his three examples of spinea, while in my seven it stood out strongly as compared with the same ornament in lupini. A better difference is, perhaps, that in spinea the ordinary spots are only indicated at best, or entirely absent; while in lupini they are well defined. Neither of the species is known in the larval stage. Ursini Smith, was described from Colorado, and is recorded by Hampson from British Columbia. I have California examples, from the Sierra Nevada, which I believe to be the same; but there is at least a doubt, and a thorough col- lecting for the species of this genus should give interesting and important results. Pomona CoiiecGe JourRNAL or ENTOMOLOGY 567 Arsilonche Lederer Moderately stout species, resembling Leucania, with fine hairy vestiture, rather narrow, somewhat pointed primaries which bear no trace of transverse maculation. The head is not so large as in Acronycta, yet scarcely retracted, and the eyes are of good size. Tongue weak, not used for feeding, palpi small, antenne simple in both sexes. Thoracic vestiture close, forming no tufts. The only Californian species is A. albovenosa Goeze, which occurs throughout Europe and the United States. In color the wings are very pale luteous gray, fading to almost white, the veins are whitish, margined with slate gray, the intervening spaces of the ground color. A more prominent slate-gray streak runs through the sub-median interspace from the base, fading out toward the margin, another starts in the median cell and widens outwardly, becoming diffuse. The secondaries are white or whitish, and the species average an expanse of 1.50 inches. There is considerable variation in the depth of ground and in the relative distinctness of the longitudinal markings; but the general appearance of the insect is remarkably constant. The larve is said to feed on grasses, smartweed and willow. It is an early species and California examples are dated from January to March. The American form was described as distinct by Grote, as A. henrici, but practically every student who has compared series from the European and American faunal districts in early and adult stages has united the two. In his recent catalogue Hampson again separates them, differentiating the American form by the somewhat more acutely produced primaries, while the streaks and irroations are said to be bright red-brown as against darker brown for the European form. Neither of these characters is constant although, as a rule, the European specimens are more dull in appearance—in which respect this species agrees with most others which are common to both countries. In the east the larve sometimes appear in very large numbers, although scarcely as an economic- ally important species. A NEW SPECIES OF CICADIDE W. L. DISTANT, LONDON, ENGLAND Rihana Bakeri n. sp. Head with the front black and a small ochraceous spot at apex, vertex ochraceous with a large transverse black maculate fascia; ocelli red; pronotum ochraceous, a central longitudinal fascia angularly dilated anteriorly and pos- teriorly, and the furrows, black; the anterior margin narrowly and the posterior margin broadly, pale ochraceous; mesonotum ochraceous, with a large central quadrate spot united to a long obconical spot on each lateral area, black, the central spot is marked by a looped ochraceous line, and each lateral spot is outwardly ochraceous, the central spot is also narrowly longitudinally united with the basal cruciform elevation, before the anterior angles of which is a small black spot; abdomen above black, the segmental margins testaceous; body beneath and legs ochraceous, basal margin of face black with a central ochraceous spot; tegmina and wings hyaline; tegmina with the costal membrane, postcostal area, and basal half of venation ochraceous, a longitudinal streak to basal cell, about apical half of venation and suffusions to the bases of the first, second, third, fourth and fifth apical areas, black; wings with the venation greenish-ochraceous, the veins to the apical areas mostly black, the anal area outwardly and inwardly broadly ochraceous; length of head more than half the breadth of space between eyes; length of abdomen in male about as long as head and pronotum together; face moderately prominent, centrally longitudinally black, the lateral areas obliquely transversely striate; opercula in male short, oblique, apically rounded, not extend- ing beyond base of abdomen, their internal angles almost meeting. Long. excl. tegm. male 17, female 18 mm. Exp. tegm. male 55 mm., female 57 mm. Habitat——Cuernavaca, Mexico. (Coll. Pomona College and Coll. Distant). By the markings of the tegmina, allied to R. swalei Dist. This species was collected by Mr. D. L. Crawford. 569 Pomona CoLtieGe JourRNAL or ENTOMOLOGY Grae (8S or ta yy — Sa aee SD Figure 187. Crangonyx alabamensis A, adult female; B, maxillipeds; C, first antenna; D, second antenna; E, palp of mandible; F, mandible; G, first maxilla; H, cutting edges of mandible; I, second maxilla. A NEW SUBTERRANEAN FRESHWATER AMPHIPOD VINNIE R. STOUT POMONA COLLEGE, CLAREMONT, CALIFORNIA The specimens examined were collected near Auburn, Alabama, in October, 1898, by Prof. C. F. Baker, from the bottom of a well through which ran a living stream. Crangonyx alabamensis n sp. (Figures 187 and 188) Length 5 to 7 mm. Entirely blind. Antenne a little longer than half the body; flagellum with about twenty-two joints and much longer than the peduncle; accessory flagellum very small, two-jointed. Second antenne more than half as long as first antenne, peduncle longer than flagellum, which is 9-11-jointed. Second gnathopod longer that first gnathopod and differing from it as follows: basal joint one-third longer than first gnathopod and lacking the long hairs on posterior margin; other hairs longer; carpus bearing a finely plumose palp-like epiphysis of three or four branches; palm more oblique and armed in both pairs with a row of stout, obtuse, notched spines. Periopod five was not present on any of the specimens but probably very closely resembles periopod four. Uropod one with rami subequal, two-thirds as long as peduncle; second uropod with rami unequal, outer a little more than half as long as inner; third uropod about half as long as telson, ramus small and tipped with two or three spines. Telson about two-thirds as broad as long, and tapering but little to the entire, slightly rounded apex, which is armed with eight or nine slender spines. This species is closest to Crangonyx tenuis (S. I. Smith), taken in Connecticut, but differs from it in that the side-plates are not so shallow; first antenne much longer than second antennz, and with more joints than in C. tenuis; first gnathopod stouter, but second gnathopod more oblique; second uropod extending farther than either first or third; telson not arcuate. *Miss Stout and Miss Stafford, advanced students in the Department of Biology, who have been making special studies of certain Amphipoda and Isopoda, have now worked out thoroughly these two interesting blind species taken many years ago in a well in Southeastern Alabama. The locality is far from any previous locality recorded for either of these genera. Only by accident, while fishing for large slugs on the walls of a well, for use in the zoological laboratory, was running water discovered in the bottom of the well. A trap composed of old pieces of ragged wood was effectual in raising many specimens to the surface.—Ed. Pomona Co.tirce JouRNAL or ENTOMOLOGY 571 Figure 188. Crangonyx alabamensis A, first gnathopod; B, second gnathopod; C, first pereipod; D, second pereipod; E, third pereipod; F, fourth pereipod; G, first pair of pleopods; H, second pair of pleopods; I, third pair of pleopods; J, second and third pairs of uropoda and telson; K, first pair of uropoda. A NEW SUBTERRANEAN FRESHWATER ISOPOD BLANCHE E. STAFFORD POMONA COLLEGE, CLAREMONT, CALIFORNIA These specimens of Caecidotea were found by Prof. C. F. Baker in the waters of a well in Auburn, Alabama, and represent an interesting new species. Caecidotea alabamensis n. sp. (Figures 189 and 190) The body without the antenne and the uropoda measures in length about 9 mm., in width about 1.50 mm. It is narrow and elongated, about six times as long as wide. The head is wider than long and a little narrower than the first thoracic segment. The anterior margin of the head is slightly excavate and distinctly narrower than the posterior margin. The eyes are absent. The first pair of antenne has three basal articles and a flagellum. The first article is about twice as long as wide. The second article is a little longer than the first. The third is about two-thirds as long as the second and much narrower. The flagellum has about ten articles. The second antenne have six articles and a flagellum. The first four are small and about equal in size. The fifth is as long as the first four and about three-fourths as long as the sixth. The sixth is a little narrower than the fifth; the flagellum has about eighty-five articles. The maxilliped has a palp of five articles, the mandible a palp of three articles. The segments of the thorax are very loosely articulated and the lateral margins of the segments are not contiguous. The second and third segments are slightly shorter than the first. The fourth and fifth are shorter than the third. The sixth and seventh are about equal to the second and third; they are more loosely articulated than the other segments. The epimera of the first segments are near the antero-lateral margin; they are near the middle of the fourth segment and on the last three segments they have a post-lateral position. The first two segments of the abdomen are short. The third is long and narrow with a medial lobe on the posterior margin and is once and two-thirds as long as wide. The uropoda are a little longer than the terminal abdominal seg- ment. The peduncle is long and narrow, more than half as long as the abdominal segment. The inner branch is two-thirds as long as the peduncle. The outer branch is about one-half as long as the inner branch. The first pair‘of legs is sub-chelate, has propodus armed with two triangular processes and three spines. The other legs are ambulatory. These specimens resemble Asellus in many features, very closely, and show the close affinity of Caecidotea to that genus. The pleopoda are very similar to those of Asellus communis. The second pair in the female is missing as also in Asellus communis. The third, fourth and fifth pairs are more elongate and nar- rower than those of Asellus. The form of the legs and mouth parts is also similar Pomona Cotiece JourNAL or ENTOMOLOGY 573 POM, itr, Figure 189. Caecidotea alabamensis A, dorsal view of male; B, first antenna; C, uropod; D, mandible; E, first maxilla; F, second maxilla: G, maxilliped. 574 Pomona Coturce Journat or ENToMOLoGy Figure 190. Czcidotea alabamensis A, first pair of pleopoda of female; B, first pleopod of male; C, second pleopod of male; D, fourth leg of male; E, fifth leg of male; F, sixth leg of male; G, seventh leg of male; H, third leg of female; I, second leg of male; J, first leg of male; K, third pleopod of male; L, third pleopod of female; M, fourth pleopod of male; N, fourth pleopod of female. ; Pomona Co.tieGe JourRNAL or ENTOMOLOGY 575 to that in Asellus communis. The body is much longer and the segments of the thorax are much more loosely articulated than in Asellus communis. The terminal abdominal segments and the uropoda are also much longer and narrower than in Asellus communis. This Isopod is evidently not allied to either Caecidotea richardsonae or to Caecidotea smithsii since the propodus of the first leg is armed with triangular processes. It falls much nearer to C. stygia and C. nickajackensis. It differs from C. nickajackensis in having the first pair of legs armed with two triangular processes instead of with one triangular process at the distal end and one spine at the proximal extremity; also in the length of the uropoda, which are shorter than the abdominal segment in C. nickajackensis. It is therefore| most closely allied to C. stygia. (But it differs from Gh stygia in having the propodus of the first leg armed with two large triangular processes only, and three spines whereas C. stygia has two large and three small triangular processes and no spines. The uropoda of this Isopod, C. alabamensis, are somewhat longer than the terminal abdominal segment. The outer branch of the uropoda is half as long as the inner branch whereas in C. stygia the outer is two-thirds as long as the inner. In C. stygia the first two articles of the first antenne are subequal in length but in C. alabamensis the second is longer than the first. In the former the flagellum of the first antenne has twelve articles, in the latter it has but ten articles. In C. stygia only five articles are given for the peduncle of the second antenne whereas this Isopod appears to have six, four small articles instead of three, although this may be merely a difference in observation. The flagellum of the second antenne of C. alabamensis has about eighty-five articles; that of C. stygia has but seventy. The terminal abdominal segment of C. stygia is less elongated than that of C. alabamensis, one and one-half times as long as wide in the former, once and two-thirds as long as wide in the latter. In C. stygia the median terminal lobe is less prominent than in C. alabamensis. - THREE ALARMING INSECT PESTS DR. A. J. COOK POMONA COLLEGE, CLAREMONT, CALIFORNIA The fact that the owners of a single citrus grove paid out, in a single year, $25,000 to combat the red scale; that another orchardist lost $10,000 in the same time by the ravages of the mealy bug, and that thousands upon thousands of dollars are expended each year to stay the fell work of our orchard pests should arouse every rancher—yea, every citizen of our favored State—to the transcendent importance of this insect question. Just now there are three species of insects that menace our orchards and our business interests to an alarming degree, and should cause every one of us to take notice. The Mexican Orange-Maggot not only destroys the orange, but the mango and the guava. It is a grievous pest and its natural enemies are most remarkable for their absence. It is hard to suggest any way to control it should it gain a foothold in our groves. Mr. David L. Crawford, it will be remembered, found it widely distributed in the republic to the south of us. It would be easy to in- troduce it by rail or by boat. Quarantine is the only weapon at present available against this formidable scourge, and this should be used with the greatest skill and energy. Ports and railroad stations shouldbe guarded with the most diligent effort and the most thorough vigilance. Any possible imperfection in our pres- ent quarantine should be speedily remedied, cost what it may of effort and money. Everyone should know the life history of this insect, so that the finding of several footless maggots in a fruit would at once cause an alarm to be sounded, that ex- tirpation at any cost might be secured. The Mediterranean Fruit-Fly belongs to the same family of insects as the above, and in one respect is more to be dreaded than is the above, as it is the fatal enemy of nearly all—twenty or more—of our most valued fruits! Its de- struction would be as difficult as that of the other Trypetid. Moreover, it is al- ready present in our island possessions of the west—Hawaii. We must keep both these arch enemies from our shores! We have the advantage in this case, as we can search every arrival, as we would a suspect who might be smuggling diamonds or other precious stones into our country or bringing cholera or bubonic plague. We must stand close behind our State Commissioner of Horticulture in his effort to keep this unequaled pest from our orchards. The third enemy that must be kept out at any cost is the new alfalfa pest, the Alfalfa Weevil. This snout-beetle bids fair to be a close rival of the terrible Cotton Boll Weevil of our Gulf States. The Cotton Boll Weevil has already robbed the cotton planters to the tune of millions. This new enemy is devastat- ing the alfalfa fields of Utah, and unless we can find some more effective remedy than any yet discovered its presence among us would be ruin to our most valued and profitable forage crop. This little weevil, scarce a quarter of an inch long, 77 on Pomona CotieGe JourRNAL or ENTOMOLOGY is very prolific. More than one hundred eggs have been found on a single alfalfa plant. Though most abundant in spring and early summer, they may be found as eggs and larvae well into the fall. Both larva and imago feed on the plants. They winter as mature beetles and so are easily introduced into new localities by the transporting of alfalfa hay. The weevils have often been found in cars, even the sleeping cars, and as the Salt Lake road runs direct from an infested region to our own Southern California, it is hard to see just how we can quarantine against this dreaded pest. We must all become acquainted with this insect (see Bulletin from Depart- ment of Agriculture, No. 137), and keep close vigil of all alfalfa fields, especially those along the Salt Lake Railroad, that any infestation may be quickly and thoroughly exterminated. The splendid work against the White Fly in such case must be repeated. There must be no half-way work or trifling in case of any one of these three pests. WEST COAST NEWS NOTES FORDYCE GRINNELL, JR., PASADENA, CALIFORNIA “The field is vast. No one can explore it all. But one here and another yonder can gather and make record of new facts, correct past errors, diffuse new light. So, the more perfect knowledge, which here as in all departments of science, men work for, yet wait for, will be attained.’”—Dr. E. L. Greene, in West American Oaks. Dr. J. M. Aldrich, of the State University, Moscow, Idaho, a leading student of the Diptera, has been granted an appropriation from the trustees of the Elizabeth Thompson Fund to “investigate the fauna of the waters and shores of western salt and alkaline lakes.” He is planning a trip of at least six weeks this summer, beginning his studies at Great Salt Lake, Utah, where he has already done some work, and extending from there, westward through the Great Basin, as far as Mono Lake, California, making stops at a dozen points or more to collect and study the insect life in particular. From Mono Lake he may go into the Yosemite Park for a short visit, and then on to Owen’s Lake, and via Mojave to Los Angeles. He will visit Pasadena and do some collecting in the vicinity, and also at Long Beach, the Biological Station at La Jolla, and return to Moscow by way of San Francisco, and Portland, Oregon. In a letter he writes: “The best feature is that my main object, the salt and alkaline lakes, will surely yield some fine results. The few things now partially known, and my brief observations at Great Salt Lake, show me that a big field lies here almost untouched; and the Diptera are the main order of insects in their adaptation to such an environment.” We, in the Southwest, must give to Prof. Aldrich a royal welcome, and some boxes of flies. Mr. Theodore H. Hittell has written a history of the California Academy of Sciences, which will probably be published this year by the Academy. It will be of great interest and inspiration to the present and future naturalists of Cali- fornia. The early development of science in California centered around the San Francisco Academy. The history of California science is unique and very interesting. Mr. W. M. Mann, of Stanford University, is a member of the Branner Expe- dition to Brazil. It can safely be assumed that a large quantity of interesting material will be collected by that enthusiastic collector. Mr. W. M. Davidson is in United States Department of Agriculture work near San Jose. Mr. W. G. W. Harford, one of the pioneer students of natural history in California, died at Alameda on March 1. Mr. Harford was eighty years of age and had long been associated with the University of California and the California Academy of Sciences as curator and collector. He and Albert Kellogg, the botanist, often worked together. He was interested especially in conchology; but Pomona Co.turGe JourNAL or ENTOMOLOGY 579 did some collecting and study in other lines. A Southern California butterfly was named in his honor by Henry Edwards, Colias harfordi. Dr. Fenyes, of Pasadena, will go East in May, to Cambridge and Washington, to do some work in the libraries there. He will also do some collecting in Kentucky, Virginia and Carolina. Mr. J. R. Haskin, of Los Angeles, has recently made trips to San Diego and Arizona, getting a lot of interesting and valuable material, including the rare Melitaea neumoegenii of Northern Arizona. Mr. J. C. Bridwell, of the University of California, has been stationed in the Imperial Valley for some time engaged in certain problems in economic entomology. The Biological Society of the Pacific Coast was organized at Berkeley on April 1, with Dr. V. L. Kellogg as President. It starts with a membership of seventy. Mr. C. W. Metz, of Pomona College, will enter work in September as a fellow-assistant under Dr. Jordan at Stanford University. Mr. Metz has just had an extensive paper on the American bees of the genus Prosopis published by the American Entomological Society. He has brought order out of chaos in this most difficult genus. The work of Swenk, and now of Metz, marks a radical departure from the extraordinarily superficial and confusing methods of work in American bees and wasps heretofore current, and is most timely and salutary. Mr. D. L. Crawford, of Pomona College, enters work in September as a fellow-assistant under Dr. V. L. Kellogg, of Stanford University. Mr. Crawford has just finished very extensive work on the Psyllidae of the world. His studies have embraced the comparative anatomy of all the genera of the world, and he is presenting for the first time a complete systematic treatment of the whole group. Mr. J. W. Prizer, of Pomona College, has been appointed technical assistant in economic entomology and plant pathology to the Manager of the San Diego Land and Town Company, one of the largest horticultural enterprises in Southern California. Prof. Baker, with a large party of special students, will spend the summer on the Coast where they have established a laboratory for work in marine zoology. a> - oe ere he o wh . - -~ 4 as : z qhualll. ‘vilnet chet bie’ A 7 i ERG. +> i Ty ist ¢ ; Sie cE. ro Ae fe : i i * y Fe »¢ id sMeaerunl a OP vy i ©, 4 ‘ie $ ae rely ab Gig —* ie a teal ‘jhoe oft eta) aleve WAP vy , - Te sip OO 7 — d heey int or i ae Ans aLfoe ied Wee A’ a a at?) ae Ase WD4 at¢ ey i, oe Pe i i | - 7 * rer be 9 “Oi) a4, Davee 448 \ ‘ an «*o4 : er mee Oo te a adh Va Pou hing iin wi Gt Vie i ee I) 349 j an . ”. ' . as rif cpire Theis A...) |S igen Cael ’ wrt j a 4 Ree. afi a as Me an 4 5 J io . . r * a‘ vw 7 Atl Jie eats fe eee ' Tt) * gt rive we, or al 1a 4 r it A fei j 74 G als “wpe ef) ery eee ey ps ah ‘aly auld weedy To (ye rr? st etl 8% eee nach PARI i MLN i Be ae AT elt ep went ak & nem sa ihe ee, ite, ~ cv atie a imie } disslouk 4 a Lia Pils cy ee hod Fe eitet j - wm fige 373) 40 | Ripa eie ye dal be ® ’ ati wily raveta te UlGeP. Vr auth At th, Pee iy a ae ie! h ee, dere ote WO © wil te mpl, vl ’ omegil me ks ct ie ALS iad! Oe Spot “lia, #8 le talk , c e « vu ao y ‘ ‘ Te } it Lou ‘ ‘¥ ‘ ra is att RAT ye Sle ag, wT Se ‘a aoa I ' 7 ty Ay re ie Ih i) j i 4" ee oF wal ": i Aah? 7 ) Ca uum 138 eels hwo wesat! i a a7 ee ee on tye iit a Pe ’ ¢ Oe Siar de ee ; - Bay bs - bs ~~ , * > ‘ts Pomona College Journal of Entomology Volume III DECEMBER 1911 Number 4 Dr. Albert J. Cook As he looked eighteen years ago when he came to California to live. These eighteen years have been given with wholly characteristic earnestness, energy and enthusiasm to the upbuilding of Christian citizenship in California. His appointment to the very important office of State Commissioner of Horticulture comes as a highly appropriate recognition of these long years of splendidly unselfish service to the public as a professional expert, and as a citizen. This Journal owes its existence first and foremost to the energy and enthusiasm of Dr. Cook. 582 Pomona CotiteGe JouRNAL or ENTOMOLOGY The following tribute to Prof. Cook was adopted as a formal resolution by the Claremont Pomological Club, and was published in “The Student Life” of Pomona College, and in the Claremont “Courier”: “Pomona College is losing a man acknowledged by many very competent to judge as one of the greatest teachers and college professors in this country. Southern California is losing one of her most active and useful citizens. The whole State is gaining for the first time in her history, a professional man in an office which absolutely requires a professional expert of the broadest and best training. “The loss to Pomona College will be felt most keenly by all of the students who have known Prof. Cook personally. His genial nature, his great heart, his tremendous and infectious enthusiasm, his keen interest in the personal welfare of every student under him—these things have made him greatly beloved to all. His interest in his students has never, through all the years, been a perfunctory one, but always a living, active interest, that went right out and fought for them; an interest that not only helped them to find their life work and get into it, whatever it might be, but ever afterward supported and encouraged them to great efforts. In a quiet way, unknown to the public, he has even financially assisted deserving students to complete their work, and for this he has been repaid in some things beyond the value of money—loyalty and love. “The efforts of Prof. Cook to place his department in the College upon the most efficient working basis have been unexampled, involving the most strenuous and unending endeavors, and leading even to severe personal sacrifices. The public has known little of this, so that the fight has to a great extent been a lone one for Prof. Cook. Without just such a man through these days of formative struggle in the building of the College the Department of Biology would never have amounted to anything. All that it has accomplished is simply a measure of this man! “Prof. Cook’s services to the general public are warmly acknowledged by grateful men and women throughout the length and breadth of the State. His correspondence on horticultural and agricultural matters has for many years been of very extensive proportions—all religiously attended to with love and interest and on his own time and expense. He has for years been the main mover in the Claremont Pomological Club, a large organization, of great strength and usefulness. For all of these great services he has previously had no public acknowledgment, because the extent of his work has been known in the aggregate to but few. His reward has been found in the high regard of great numbers of our best people. “Now comes this appointment to the State Commissionership of Horticulture —which is, as Governor Johnson well says, one of the most important offices in the State—as the crowning event of Prof. Cook’s remarkable career, and it is an appointment that will be a lasting monument to the critical discernment and good judgment of Governor Johnson. No man in the State or in the country at large could bring to just this particular work greater clean-cut and indubitable fitness than can Prof. Cogk. ._No man would be able more surely to gather about Pomona CoitieGe JourNAL or ENTOMOLOGY 583 him a staff of the best working material in the whole country, for no man knows our American workers better, and no man is more favorably known to them in the light of a chief under whom they might ‘jump in and do things’ without any of the petty repressive supervision that spoils so much good material in our public offices. Prof. Cook is large-hearted, sympathetic, kindly, and broad enough and big enough to make a good executive. The office is not only a great one in this State, but the greatest of its sort in the whole United States. No other office of the kind involves such great responsibilities. It carries a large corps of well paid assistants and princely support. For the first time in the history of the State a professional man is now entering the office who knows thoroughly well the means by which these great possibilities may be practically developed to their greatest efficiency. Congratulations are due Prof. Cook, Governor Johnson and the State of California !” At farewell exercises given in honor of Prof. Cook by the College, the follow- ing remarks may be quoted from the several speakers: Prof. Baker said, in part: “Are we here to honor this man for his own sake or for his success? Success is an erratic will-o’-the-wisp, missing many who might use it well. This man is the same man today as he was last month. Governor Johnson says that he was appointed solely upon his merits. What would we have been thinking of him today had he not received this appointment? We have to consider these things at Pomona, where we are supposed to learn how to look through the mask of pretence, sham and insincerity, straight into the face of the eternal verities. So I am going to speak of Prof. Cook in just such terms as I would have spoken of him as a man, last year. “TI like to think of Prof. Cook as a plain human being like the rest of us. We all have our good points—and our faults. So has Prof. Cook! I’ve told him about all his faults! Now I wish to tell you about some of his traits worthy of emulation. Wouldn’t the world be a fine place to live in if we always did that way — it has always been Prof. Cook’s way. And wouldn’t the world be a great place to live in if we didn’t have to die or be appointed Horticultural Commissioner in order to hear the finest things that might in justice be said of us! Not long ago I was blowing off to Prof. Cook about what J thought of a very unkind and incon- siderate thing someone had done. What he said was this: ‘I do not understand it at all—I will talk with him about it.’ Prof. Cook always lives in the open, and says nothing behind a man’s back that he would not say to his face. If we could only all say that of ourselves, Claremont would be an annex of Paradise! “In the twenty-five years I have known him intimately the Moving Finger has written much for Prof. Cook. He could not get away from even ‘half a line’ of all his history any more than you can get away from yours—and he does not need to make the attempt. It is only acts that really characterize a man! ‘By their fruits shall ye know them!’ All of Prof. Cook’s mental processes lead him ultimately to action. A matter is either deemed wholly unwise, and laid away, still-born, or else his line of thought runs something like this: ‘Is it worth 584 Pomona CoLLEGE JouRNAL oF ENTOMOLOGY while? Is it of value to the human race? Is it within the bounds of human possibility? Then it can be done! Let us do it!’ The men who transmute the intangible waves of thought and the sounding brass of talk into the throbbing engines of action are the men who really bless the world! Prof. Cook knows no obstacles. Constantly throughout his extraordinarily active life he has been facing the apparently impossible and always winning through it all to success. It is great to work with such a man—not under him unless you are in good health! His is the only spirit that gets work under way and gets it done. It is the spirit that wins! “Pomona has lost a tremendous opportunity in not being able to discover some way in which to permanently harness up in her behalf the potent and far-reaching influences of which Prof. Cook is master. He is now no longer Prof. Cook of Pomona College, but the Hon. A. J. Cook of the State of California! He goes into a field with extraordinary possibilities of usefulness to a vast number of people. But traditions of Prof. Cook, his matchless vigor and enthusiasm, his charity to all and his devotion and loyalty to his great ideals as a teacher and a citizen, will always linger about these halls and prove an inspiration to you and to me and to all students coming after us.” Prof. Hitchcock then spoke of his relation to the college and to the community, saying among other things: “Prof. Cook has done an heroic service in bringing Science to men. He was always interested in the advancement of the community. He originated the first Pomological Club in Claremont. Its immediate success brought about similar clubs in other places. Prof. Cook looks upon his appoint- ment as an enlarged opportunity to carry on the same work he has been doing here. He will never lose an opportunity to say a good word for Pomona. He is going away, but he will not forget us; his heart will still be with us.” Following a farewell response by Prof. Cook, President Blaisdell spoke as follows: “Men and women, this is a teacher who has spoken to us. He has not had large monetary rewards, but the particular, wonderful and unique reward of a teacher. Some here ought to hear the call to be teachers. There is a great field for our best manhood and womanhood! We have heard this morning the call of high citizenship, the ringing challenge that no man shall go into office, unless he has the ability to fill the position! That call of large citizenship is upon you. We shall miss much if we fail to keep floating that flag of high and noble citizenship.” The Associate Editor of “The Student Life” gives what may be taken as the viewpoint of the student body regarding Prof. Cook: “A man living in the unselfish and effective service of others; a scientist always working for the perfection of his department; a teacher with the faculty of inspiring in his pupils an interest in all things of Divine Creation—these and Pomona Coutege JourNAL or ENTOMOLOGY 585 more is Prof. Cook, who leaves Pomona for broader fields of service. We honor him as a great scientist; we admire him as a successful teacher; as a friend we entertain toward him a sentiment closely akin to love. Faculty and students join in a deep and sincere regret at the departure from Pomona of this man who, during his eighteen years of service here, has worked so hard and with such marvelous success in the upbuilding of the Biological Department and of the College as a whole. Through his influence and training, men have gone from here to reflect credit upon their Alma Mater in the scientific world. He has directed their thought and work into channels that have brought success to them and honor to the College. He is indeed a great man who is the means to such ends. “Although the loss to our teaching force is a serious one, yet who can estimate the honor that comes to Pomona in giving to the State of California such a man? So we bid him Godspeed and unmeasured success in his new field of labor as State Horticultural Commissioner.” It will be of interest to all concerned to know that Prof. Cook has taken to Sacramento with him from Ventura county our Mr. E. O. Essig, “the best County Commissioner of Horticulture ever known in the State of California.” He has also obtained for the work in Plant Pathology one of the most active and efficient men for all southern phases of that important work in the United States, Prof. Fawcett of Florida. He is also gathering about him many other good men, every one a man of ability and energy—Prof. Cook will not suffer any other kind. APHIDIDZ OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA VIII Plant Lice Affecting the Citrus Trees* E. O. Essie HORTICULTURAL COMMISSIONER OF VENTURA COUNTY There has been much speculation in the minds of many of the citrus growers and horticultural commissioners in Southern California regarding the plant lice which affect the citrus trees. In fact, the ignorance regarding these insects, as expressed by the secretary of the horticultural commissioner in a neighboring county, certainly justifies the publication of a study such as this is intended to be. At a recent meeting held in Los Angeles by the Los Angeles County Horticultural Society, for the purpose of discussing the topic, ‘Insect Pests and Methods for Their Control,” it was emphatically argued by members of the Los Angeles Horti- cultural Commission that the Black Peach Aphis, Ajphis niger Smith, was attacking certain orange groves in Southern California. When it was said that the Black Peach Aphis did not work on citrus trees there was such a confusion created in the minds of all present that I do not wonder if many of the citrus growers, especially in the districts where entire peach orchards are now being uprooted because of that insect, are not afraid that the citrus trees may go next. Though this is an extreme and remote possibility even under most ignorant direction, still it shows how little is actually known regarding these aphids, which are designated by the orchardists as small beetles, gnats, flies, etc., and it shows also how great the value of a thorough knowledge of them will be. Practically every locality in which citrus trees are grown, has been visited, and extensive collections of plant lice made for the purpose of this study. Perhaps some of these insects have been passed unobserved, but all the common injurious forms are here presented, and comprise four genera and five species as follows: Aphis cookii n. sp., Aphis gossypu Glover, Macrosiphum citrifolii (Ashmead), Green Peach Aphis, Myzus persicae (Sulz.), and the Citrus Aphid, Toxoptera aurantiae Koch. All of these have been carefully drawn and described from fresh and living specimens so as to get accurate color notes and body shapes. In connection with the following descriptions I have also worked up, as thoroughly as possible, all of the natural parasites and predaceous enemies which prey upon the plant lice and which are responsible for their not doing greater damage; in fact, these practically control all infestations on citrus trees, with the exception of sometimes a few localized cases during the early spring and summer months. For the specific cases where the aphids are not controlled by natural enemies and where it is necessary to employ artificial means of control I have prepared spray formule, which are specially adapted for citrus trees, and which will usually bring immediate relief if applied as directed. It is sometimes very important to have these at hand, particularly in cases of heavy infection of very young trees, where considerable damage may be done in a very short time. *This masterly study of the Citrus Plant Lice, indicates again most clearly and indubit- ably, the preeminent importance of having only men with some technical training, for the important work in the office of County Horticultural Commissioner. It is not possible for men without this training to work either intelligently, or with safety to the important interests which they are supposed to guard.—Hd. Pomona Co.iiteGe JourRNAL or ENTOMOLOGY 587 It will be my aim to continually improve this first article by adding descrip- tions of new aphids, natural enemies and better means of artificial control. I invite the aid of all growers and other interested parties and ask them to send specimens which have not been included here, and I shall be glad to make any determinations of plant lice, provided they are shipped in large quantities with the host plant in a strong box so that the natural color and body shape can be studied in connection with the anatomical characters.* Aphis cookii n sp. WINGED VIVIPAROUS FEMALE (Figure 191 A). 1910 Aphis gossypii Glover-Essig, Pomona Jr. Ent. Vol. II., pp. 223-224. Length of body not including style 1.75 mm., width of mesothorax 0.70 mm., greatest width of abdomen 0.78 mm., wing expansion 7.20 mm., rather large and robust form. OW. OS: STW ew, ‘ae Z| = +f a) LO Q Figure 191. Aphis cookii Prevailing Color—Dark gray or black with a whitish floceulence which makes it appear whitish. Head—Black or dark brown, nearly twice as wide as long, with rather large antennal tubercles, but these are not at all prominent. Hyes—Very dark red or brown, terete tubercles extending nearly at right angles to the eye- surface. Antennae (Fig. 191, D)—On small frontal tubercles, not as long as the body, reaching to the bases of the cornicles, very sparsely haired, dark throughout, imbricated; lengths of articles: I, 0.08 mm.; II, 0.08 mm.; III, 0.35 mm.; IV, 0.22 mm.; V, 0.22 mm.; VI, 0.44 mm. (spur 0.3 mm.) ; total 1.39 mm. It will be seen from the above that I and II are coequal, III longer than either IV or V, but shorter than VI; IV and V coequal. The sensoria are distributed as follows: Article III (Fig. 191, C, C) with from seventeen to twenty-eight large 588 Pomona Co.iieGe JourNAL or ENTOMOLOGY circular sensoria scattered over the surface; IV (Fig. 191, 1, 2, 3, 4) with from one to three large circular sensoria, which may be seattered at the base or near the apex of the article, but they are usually on the basal half; V with from two to three large circular sensoria (Fig. 191, 5, 6) and in some instances one small one as shown in drawing. There is usually but one sensorium. The small group in the nail-like process of article VI is shown in Fig. 191, 7. Rostrum—Reaching to second coxe, with dark base and tip. Prothoraec—More than twice as wide as long; dark, with very small lateral tubercles. Meso- and Metathorax—Wide, black, with prominent muscle lobes. Abdomen—Well rounded, dull green or brownish- green, bearing a transverse row of quite long white flocculence on each segment (not shown in the cut), which may nearly cover the entire body. Anal plate (Fig. 191, H) dark, hairy, three small marginal tubercles on each side. Cornicles —(Fig. 191, F). Short, somewhat cylindrical, with wide mouth, base little wider than apex, narrowest just before the mouth, imbricated, black, longer than the style, length 0.16 mm. Legs—Moderately long and hairy, black or dark brown throughout. Wings—Large, hyaline. Primary—Length 3.3 mm., width 1.25 mm. Costal vein stout, dark brown; subcostal wide, brown; stigma long and narrow, widest at the base of the stigmal vein, from whence it narrows to a point at the wing margin, the opposite sides are nearly parallel, length 0.95 mm., width 0.16 mm., amber brown; stigmal vein arising three-fifths the distance from the base of the stigma, strongly curved throughout first half and slightly curved throughout the apical half, rather long, brown or amber; first and second discoidals ‘straight; third discoidal twice branched, first branch arising one-third the distance from the base to the tip, short, parallel with the apical one-third of the stigmal vein, brown arising very near to the tip of the first branch (three-fourths the distance from the base to the tip), short, parallel with the apical one-third of the stigmal vein, brown or amber. Secondary—Length 1.8 mm., width 0.65 mm.; subcostal vein curved downwardly just beyond the base of the second discoidal and then curves down- wardly to original level to tip of the wing; first discoidal arising just beyond one-fourth the distance from the base to the tip of the subcostal, slightly curved outwardly, does not touch the subcostal vein or the wing margin; second discoidal arising from the middle of the subcostal and nearly straight, does not touch sub- costal vein, but extends to wing margin; all veins brown. Style—(Fig. H and I). Bluntly ensiform, or conical, beset with stiff hairs, rough, dark, curving upward, length 0.12 mm. APTEROUS VIVIPAROUS FEMALE (Figure 191 B) Length of body not including style 2.2 mm., width of abdomen 1.3 mm. A larger and more robust form than the winged female. Prevailing color—Very dark green or brown, covered with transverse rows of rather long white flocculence on the body, giving it a grayish appearance. Body gradually widening from head to the middle of the abdomen and then rounds off to the style, robust. Head—With slight frontal tubercles, much wider than long, dull green or brown. Eyes—Red. Antennae (Fig. ...., E)—On very slight Pomona CoitiecGe JourNnaL or ENnromoLoGy 589 frontal tubercles, much shorter than the body, very sparsely haired, dark through- out except the base of article II], imbricated. The lengths of the articles are as follows: I, 0.1 mm.; II, 0.07 mm.; III, 0.4 mm.; IV, 0.21 mm.; V, 0.21 mm.; VI, 0.4 mm. (spur 0.26 mm.) ; total 1.39 mm. With sensoria on V and VI articles as in normal forms. Iostrum—Reaching just beyond second cox, amber brown with darker base and tip. Prothorax Slightly wider than head, with small lateral tubercles. Abdomen—wWell rounded, dull green, covered with flocculence, three small marginal tubercles on the sides. Cornicles (Fig. .....G)—Incrassate, nearly vasiform, imbricated, widest in middle and narrowest just before the mouth, often appear cylindrical with swollen tip, black, length 0.2 mm. Style (Fig —., J and K) —Conical or bluntly ensiform, rough, hairy, black, length 0.14 mm., shorter than the cornicles. Young—Much lighter in color than the adults and almost destitute of the white flocculence. Host—Orange trees, where it occurred in great numbers. Locality—Collected by Horticultural Inspector C. H. Vary at Pomona, Calif. It has never been located anywhere else and cannot even be found there just now. Date of Collection—April 4, 1909. Serial number 36. The general appearance of this insect with its short antenne and cottony covering is not unlike that of one of the members of the genus Lachnus and was so recorded by me at the time it was first obtained. Strange to say, when first collected by Mr. Vary it occurred in such numbers as to nearly ruin the infested trees. Prompt measures were taken to hold the pest in check and it soon disap- peared. Since then I have been unable to obtain fresh material. From the very beginning it did not appear to be Aphis gossypii Glover, but I thought it might be one of the various forms of that species and so described it as such. Since that I time have sent specimens to various of the authorities on this group and have received the following replies: “Your letter of the 13th ult. at hand and I have gone over the slides you sent. I am returning them under separate cover and will say that those labeled Aphis gossypii are not that species. . . .—H. F. Wilson, Oreg. Agrel. Exp. Sta., Mar. 2, 1911. “I feel certain that the insect that you have figured as Aphis gossypii in quite wide from that species. This insect is a very abundant one in Colorado upon our cucurbitaceous plants, especially infesting the cantaloupe. I have also material from the cotton plant in Texas and am quite certain that we have the species correctly determined. . . .’—C. P. Gillette, Colo. Agrel. Exp. Sta., June 9, 1910. “Aphis sp.? No. 36.—It appears to be nearest related to A. gossypii, though there are too many sensoria in the third antennal joint.”—Theo. Pergande, Bur. Ent., U. S. Dept. Agrel., June 12, 1911. Not being able to place this as an already described species, I have felt justified in calling it a new species, and have named it in honor of Prof. A. J. Cook of Pomona College, whose work for the upbuilding of the citrus industry in this State is well known throughout the entire country. 590 Pomona CoxiieGe JourNAL or ENTOMOLOGY Aphis gossypii Glover 1854 Aphis gossypii Glover, Pat. Off. Rept., p. 62. 1882 Aphis citrulli Ashmead, ‘Florida Dispatch,” vol. I, p. 241. 1883 Aphis cucumeris Forbes, 12th Rept. Ent. Il., pp. 83-91. WINGED VIVIPAROUS FEMALE (Figure 192 A) Length of body not including style 1.35 mm., width of mesothorax 0.42 mm., greatest length of abdomen 0.65 mm., wing expansion 5.10 mm. Very small form. Prevailing color—Dark, black or very dark green or brown. Head—Much wider than long, black. Hyes—Very dark red or brown. Antennae (Fig. 192, ¢ and h)—Arising directly from the head, not as long as the body, reaching to the bases of the cornicles, sparsely haired; articles I and II dusky, III with light base and remainder dusky, IV and V light yellow with apical halves dusky, VI dusky throughout; length of the articles: I, 0.07 mm.; II, 0.04 mm.; III, 0.22 mm.; IV, 0.17 mm.; V, 0.17 mm.; VI, 0.37 mm.; (spur 0.26 mm.) ; total 1.04 mm.; from seven to eight large circular sensoria on article III (Fig. 192, h), remaining article normal. Rostrwm—Reaching to or slightly beyond third coxe, lemon yellow with the base and tip dusky. Prothorar—Slightly wider than the head, but no longer; black, with distinct lateral tubercles. Meso- and Metathorax—Black, with prominent muscle lobes. Abdomen—Smooth, dark green or greenish brown, with an irregular lighter area on the dorsum, ventral surface dull green, small lateral marginal tubercles extending from sides, anal plate (Fig. 192, a and b) dusky, hairy. Cornicles (Fig. 192, g)—Cylindrical, wider at base and gradually tapering to tip; imbricated, black, curved slightly outwardly in some specimens, length 0.2mm. Legs—Normal, hairy, coxe black, femora of first and second pairs light yellow, femora of third pair yellow with apical three-fourths dusky, tibie yellow with dark tips, tarsi dark. Wings—Rather large for the size of the species, hyaline. Primary—Length 2.3 mm., width 0.95 mm.; costal vein dark and well defined; subcostal wide, yellow; stigma long and narrow, tapering from the base of the stigmal vein to a point at the tip, amber in color, length 0.65 mm.; first discoidal straight, second discoidal curved inwardly toward the body, third discoidal twice-branched and curved slightly inwardly, first branch arising near the middle of the vein, the second branch arising nearer the tip than the middle of the first branch—both of these branches curve toward the third vein. All veins are amber. Primary—Length 1.5 mm., width 0.55 mm.; subcostal curved downwardly at the base of the second discoidal and then curves upwardly to point of wing; discoidals nearly straight. Style (Fig. 192, a, dorsal, and b, ventral)—Conical or nearly cylindrical, hairy, green, with dusky tip, length 0.11 mm.—a little more than half as long as the cornicles. APTEROUS VIVIPAROUS FEMALE (Figure 192 B) Length of body not including style 1.8 mm., width of abdomen 0.9 mm. Larger than the winged form and more robust, although many are oblong in shape, not as robust as the apterous forms of T'oxvoptera aurantiae Koch. Some slightly pruinose giving them a gray color. Pomona CoxitecGe JouRNAL oF ENTOMOLOGY 591 Prevailing color—Black or dark olive green. Head—Well rounded in the front, nearly as long as wide, black. Eyes—Dark red or brown. Antennae (Fig. 192, f)—Not arising from frontal tubercles, but direct from the head, much shorter than the body—not reaching to the bases of the cornicles; articles I and II dark, III and IV light lemon yellow, V light lemon yellow with a dark tip, VI EB. Oo. ESSic. Figure 192. Aphis gossypii dusky throughout; lengths of the articles: I, 0.08 mm., II, 0.06 mm.; III, 0.32 mm.; IV, 0.25 mm.; V, 0.21 mm.; VI, 0.35 mm. (spur 0.25 mm.) ; total 1.27 mm.; all articles sparsely haired; sensoria on articles V and VI normal. Rostrum—Reach- ing just beyond the third coxe, lemon yellow with dark base and tip. Prothoraa— Very short, with distinct lateral tubercle. Meso-and metathorax—Narrow trans- versely. Abdomen—Smooth, dark green with irregular lighter markings on the dorsum and with small marginal tubercles on the sides, ventral surface dull green. Anal plate (Fig. ..., d ,dorsal, and e, ventral)—Dusky, hairy. Cornicles (Fig. 192, i)—Cylindrical, widest at base and gradually tapering to tip, imbricated, black, length 0.27 mm. Legs—Normal, coxe dark, femora light yellow, tibie 92 Pomona CotiteGe JourRNAL or ENToMOLOGY on light yellow with dark tips, tarsi dark. Style (Fig. 192, d and e)—Conical or nearly cylindrical, hairy, dusky green to dark brown, length 0.13 mm. Young—Dark green or brownish. Some are slightly pruinose. Hosts—This insect has been taken in this locality only upon the tender growth of orange trees. Near Pomona it was found by the writer several years ago in great numbers feeding upon the tender shoots of young Valencia trees. At Santa Paula it has been found only upon the suckers of the Havana Seedling Sweet Orange. This insect is indeed a very extensive feeder and has been taken from over fifty different plants throughout the United States. It was originally found upon the cotton plant and has since proven a great melon pest. It is known by the common names “‘Cotton Aphis’ and “Melon Aphis.’ In this particular locality there are numerous melon vines growing near orange groves which have been infested with this louse, but I have never yet found a single vine infested with this louse. I recently received a shipment of eight distinct species of plant lice from Impérial County, where the melons suffer from their depredations, but none of them proved to be this species, although this does not prove that it does not exist in that locality. It was not the most abundant this year if I may judge from this sending. Locality—On citrus trees throughout this State and also reported on various other plants. Taken in Orange, Los Angeles, San Bernardino and Ventura Coun- ties by the writer. Date of Collection—This species, like Toxvoptera aurantiae Koch, is most abundant during the early spring months from February to June. Collected in large numbers at Santa Paula, May 17, 1911. Serial number 6. Subject to the attacks of the same natural enemies as are Natural Enemies described under Towoptera aurantiae Koch. In the Pomona College Journal of Entomology, Vol. I, pp. 47-48, 1909, I described this insect as Aphis citri Ashmead. In the same Journal, Vol. II, pp. 223-224, 1910, the species described as Aphis gossypii Glover has proven to be a new and distinct species and is herein described as Aphis cookin. sp. resembling the Pea and Rose Aphids. Macrosiphum citrifolii (Ashmead) 1882 Siphonophora citrifolii Ashmead, Can. Ent. Vol. XIV, p. 92. WINGED VIVIPAROUS FEMALE (Figure 193 A) Length not including style 2.2 mm., width of mesothorax 0.7 mm., greatest width of abdomen 0.9 mm., wing expansion 9.0 mm. A large green louse greatly Prevailing color—Bright pea green, shiny. Head—Slightly wider than long, amber to pinkish yellow in color, with rather large antennal tubercles. Eyes—Red. Antennae—(Figure 194 a). On rather large tubercles, longer than the body, with very few hairs, articles I and II dusky green, III dusky amber with evtreme base light, IV, V and VI dusky throughout; the lengths of the articles are as follows (although these vary greatly): I, 0.14 mm.; II, 0.08 mm.; ITI, 0.74 mm. ; IV, 0.7 Pomona Cotitece JourNAaL or ENTOMOLOGY 593 mm.; V, 0.67 mm.; VI, 1.0 mm. (spur 0.76 mm.) ; total 3.33 mm. There are from fourteen to fifteen large circular sensoria in a row on article III and usual number on V and VI. Rostrum—Reaches nearly to the second cox, dark at tip only; remainder, color of body. Prothorax—Much wider than long, light green in color, without lateral tubercles. Meso- and Metathorax—Dorsum light green with the muscle lobes pinkish or amber, ventral side darker on middle. Abdomen—Long and regularly rounded, light shiny green with a darker green longitudinal band Figure 193. Macrosiphum citrifolii on the middle of the dorsum, all green ventrally, may, or may not, have red spots on dorsum. Cornicles—(Figure 194 g). Cylindrical, long, restricted before apex, with mosaic markings in the restricted area, nearly twice as long as style, color of body with the apical two-thirds dusky, length 0.7 mm. Legs—Long and slender, normally haired, coxe color of body, femora green with apical half dusky, tibia dusky throughout, tarsi dark. JVings—Hyaline. Primary—Length 4.2 mm., width 1.45 mm.; veins ending in dusky spot at wing margin; costal well defined, but narrow, light yellowish green; subcostal wide, light yellowism green; 594 Pomona CoLitEGe JourNAL or ENTOMOLOGY stigma long and narrow, light yellowish green, stigmal vein well curved - and arising from the stigma at its widest point (just beyond the middle from the body); first and second discoidals nearly sttaight; third discoidal nearly straight, first branch slightly curving downward, second branch arising near the middle of the branch. All veins except those already specified are amber in color. Secondary—Length 2.4 mm., width 0.65 mm.; subcostal curved upward near the tip, first and second discoidals straight and arising one-third and two- thirds respectively, the distance from base to tip of subcostal; amber. Style— (Figure 194 m). Ensiform, hairy, color of body or slightly dusky, length 0.32 mm. APTEROUS VIVIPAROUS FEMALE (Figure 193 B) Length of body not including the style 2.6 mm., greatest width of abdomen 1.35 mm. Larger and more robust than the winged form. Prevailing color—Bright, shiny green. Head—Yellow. Eyes—Red. An- tennae—(Figure 194 b). On rather prominent frontal tubercles (more prominent than those of the winged form), longer than the body, slightly hairy, articles I and II color of the head, III dusky with light base, remaining articles dusky throughout, the lengths of the articles are as follows: I, 0.12 mm.; IT, 0.08 mm.; III, 0.79 mm.; IV, 0.65 mm.; V, 0.59 mm.; VI, 1.2 mm. (spur 0.86 mm.) ; total 3.25 mm.; there are three or four circular sensoria on article III (Figure 194 b). Rostrum—Reaching just beyond second coxe, dark at tip only. T’horax—Widen- ing from the prothorax to the abdomen, yellowish green. dbdomen—Smooth, shiny green, with or without red dorsal spots. Cornicles—Same shape as those of the winged form, basal one-third or half green with remainder dusky, length 0.97 mm. Style—(Figure 194 n). Ensiform, hairy, green with margins slightly dusky, length 0.6 mm. Young—yYoung are green and greatly resemble the adults in all characters. Host—Found abundantly feeding on young seedling orange trees and upon the tender shoots and suckers of old seedling orange trees. Not taken on Valencia trees or on lemon trees, although it is not improbable that this insect does feed upon them as well as upon the seedling trees. The young shoots and buds may become so badly infested as to be entirely killed in a few weeks and care must be taken to keep this insect in check. Due to its green color it is seldom noticed until the twigs are beginning to show an unhealthy color. Locality—Santa Paula, Cal. This insect has also been collected from nearly every citrus-growing section in Southern California. Wm. Davidson reports this species from Lindsay, Tulare County, Cal. (Jr. Ec. Ent. III, p. 380, 1910). Date of Collection—April 7, 1911. Serial number 25. In 1880 Wm. Ashmead described several forms under the heading of this insect, some of which were certainly not of this species, but were of the species Aphis gossypii Glover. His description is as follows: “From observations made this year I find that from an egg laid by a fall oviparous female, which I described as follows: ““Young—Length .02 inch. Dark greenish brown, with dark eyes and glassy white antenne and legs. Pomona CoLLtEGe JourRNAL oF ENTOMOLOGY 595 “ “Male legs pale or yellowish, posterior femora slightly shaded above with brown or black; Length .04 inch. Color brown and brown-black; antenne brown, feet reddish; nectaries shorter than in female; wings hyaline, stigmal spot pale. These are rare among the first broods, and afterwards almost or entirely disappear. ““Female—Apterous, length 0.05 to 0.06 inch. Broadly ovate. Dark brown- ish-black. Head between antenne reddish; antenne seven-jointed, pale yellowish, apical ends of joints, three, four and five brown, six shortest, seven long, setaceous ; legs pale yellow, latter two-thirds of the femora brownish or blackish, tips of tibie and claws brown; nectaries slightly thickest at base, black and cylindrical, cauda distinct. “Winged Viviparous Female—Length 1.06 inch. Color black and shining; eyes red-brown, tubercles of antenne black, vertex of head reddish; rostrum reach- ing back of middle coxe; antenne not quite reaching to tip of abdomen; abdomen variable, brown-black, brown or olive-green; wings hyaline; stigma rather broad, brown, obliquely sharpened to a point at outer edge towards apex; stigmal vein strongly curved, dark; three oblique veins, the third forked; hind wings with two oblique veins in all specimens but one, nectaries long, cylindrical and black; cauda long and recurved, dark. ““T have watched these viviparous females breed on my orange trees and the rapidity with which this is done is simply astonishing. In a few days broods upon broods, or young colonies, seem to exist on all the tender new leaves and shoots, and still the parthenogenetic young keep coming. Verily, if it were not for the chaleid flies, ichneumons and other parasites, they would be the death of the trees. By the middle of March a change takes place in the broods. The young differ from their parents in shape, color and size. So different are they as to discredit belief, and had I not watched them breeding day by day on my orange trees, I should have felt justified in describing them as a distinct species. They are undoubtedly a dimorphic form, and I give below a description: ““Dimorphic, Viviparous, Apterous Female—Length, 0.08 to 0.09 inch. Elon- ° gate; color of a uniform pale pea-green with more or less of a longitudinal shading of darker green on the dorsum, with the surface more or less corrugated; eyes bright red, with a prominent facet or ocellus springing out from hinder edge of same, giving it a tooth-like appearance; antenne VII jointed, pale glassy green, in mature specimens the tip from the fifth joint is reddish; legs of the same uniform pale green; cauda small, conical. Beak does not quite reach to tip of middle coxe.’ “The winged form agrees in every respect with the above description, and can only be distinguished by having wings, the veins of which are very pale. These are rare, the majority being wingless. “The mature viviparous female continues breeding and can often be found surrounded by from twenty to thirty pale green young; occasionally a brown one will be found among them. These continue breeding for several generations, ulti- mately giving place to the original type, and by the last of April none can be found. Why this change of form occurs is yet a mystery, and needs further investigation. Towards the end all seem to be parasitized by a Triorys, T. testaceipes Cresson, 596 Pomona Coutitece JourNAL or ENTOMOLOGY which thoroughly eradicates them.’” Wm. H. Ashmead, Can. Ent. XIV, p. 88, 1882. For no little time Siphonophora citrifolii Ashm. was considered a distinct species, but with the study of Aphis gossypii Glover it was learned that many of the above dimorphic forms were of this latter species and that after all Ashmead had not described a new species at all, but had redescribed Aphis gossypii Glover. This is what Theodore Pergande writes concerning Aphis gossypu Glover: “In 1880 Mr. Wm., Ashmead redescribed this species in his pamphlet on ‘Orange Insects,’ under the name of Siphonophora citrifolii, which he found to be infesting his orange trees, without being aware that the same insect infests also cotton and had been described previously. “Again in 1882, Mr. Ashmead, in a paper on the “Aphidide of Florida’ in the Canadian Entomologist (Vol. XIV, p. 91), in discussing dimorphism among insects, besides reproducing his original description, makes the serious mistake of describing on page 92 another species as a dimorphic form of his citrifolii, which, however, according to the characters given in this description, is neither a true Aphis nor a Siphonophora, but appears to belong to the genus Rhopalosiphum. Mixed colonies of closely related and other species of aphides are frequently found infesting the same plant at the same time, which, however, does not indicate dimorphism.” Insect Life, Vol. 7, pp. 310-311, 1895. No doubt Mr. Pergande was referring to the description of the dimorphic, viviparous, apterous females as described by Mr. Ashmead and this is without doubt the Siphonophora citrifolii of Ashmead. Although this may not be the insect which he originally described under that name, he, nevertheless, describes it as a dimorphic form and his description of this is adequate to decide that the Macro- siphum found on citrus trees in this state is the same as the Siphonophora citrifolii described by Ashmead. In spite of the fact that this species has been regarded, by many, as a synonym of Aphis gossypii Glover, this so-called dimorphic form is a good and distinct species and I trust that this description and the accompanying drawings shall serve to give it a proper place in the literature of the family Aphidide. The species resembles in a number of ways the Rose Aphid (Macrosiphum rosae Linn.) and the Pea Aphid (Macrosiphum destructor John.) and might easily be taken for either. Figure 194 shows a comparison of the antenne, cornicles and styles of these three species. It will be seen that the number of sensoria on the third antennal article of the winged female vary greatly, there being more than twice as many on M. rosae than on either of the other two; more on M. destructor than on M. citrifolii. The third antennal article of M. citrifolii and M. destructor have three or four sensoria each, while there are thirteen or fourteen on the third article of M. rosae. The third article of M. rosae is longer than that of M. citrifolii, while that of M. destructor is longer than either. The cornicles of M. rosae and M. citrifolii have a restriction at the tip with a mosaic figure in the restricted area, while the cornicles of M. destructor are not restricted near the tip. Those of M. rosae are dusky throughout, those of M. citrifolii are dusky on the apical half or two- Pomona Cotiece JourNAL or ENTOMOLOGY 597 thirds, while those of M. destructor are dusky only at the tips. The styles of M. citrifolii are the smallest, of M. rosae next in size (both of these are quite hairy) while those of M. destructor are much larger and are nearly destitute of hairs. The general appearance of M. rosae is also easily told by the rosy forms and by the dark legs, the black markings of the head, thorax, and abdomen. Neither of the P t B. oO. Essto Figure 194. Details of Macrosiphum citrifolii (a, b, g, h, m, n); Macrosiphum rose (c, d, i, j, o, p); Macrosiphum destructor (e, f, k, 1, q, r) latter forms have these characters, except the darkened areas on the legs and these are much fainter. Natural enemies—Macrosiphum citrifolii Ashm. is very effectually held in check in California by the predaceous ladybird beetles, Coccinella californica Mann, Hippodamia convergens Guer. and Coccinella abdominalis Say and by the larve of the Syrphid Flies Syrphus americanus Wied., Allograpta obliqua Say.. and Lasiophthicus pyrastri L. I am indebted to Mr. John June Davis for his aid in the determination of this species. 598 Pomona CoLieGe JourRNAL oF ENTOMOLOGY Myzus persicae (Sulzer) Passerini GREEN PEACH APHIS 1761 Aphis persicae Sulzer, Kenz. Insect P. 105. 1843 Aphis dianthi Schrank, Fauna Boica, II. 1843 Aphis persicae Kalt., Mon. Pflz., pp. 93-94. 1847 Aphis persicophila Rondani, Ann. Sci. Nat. Bolog. 337-432. 1857 Rhopalosiphum dianthi Schrank, Koch, Die Pfiz., p. 42. 1857 Aphis institutiae Koch, Die Pfiz., pp. 58-59. 1860 Myzus persicae Pass., Gali Afidi. 1867 Aphis persicaecola Boisduval, Mon. Aley. 1876 Myzus persicae Sulz-Buckton, Mo. Brt. Aphid. I, 178. 1879 Myzus achyrantes Monell, Bull. U. S. Geol. Survey, V. I, p. 18. 1880 Rhopalosiphum dianthi Schr., Thos. 8th Rept. Ent. Ill, p. 80. 1880 Myzus persicae Sulz., Thomas, 8th Rept. Ent. IIl., p. 76. 1886 Myzus malvae Oestlund, Tist. Aphid. Minn., p. 31. 1908 Myzus persicae Sulz., Taylor, Jr. Ec. Ent., I, 83. 1908 Myzus persicae Sulz-Gill. and Taylor, Bull. 133-134 Colo. Exp. Sta. 1908 Myzus persicae Sulz-Gillette, Jr. Ec. Ent. I, 359 1909 Myzus persicae (Sulz), Fullaway, Ann. Rept. Hawaii Agrcl. Exp. Sta., 28-29. 1910 Myzus achyrantes (Monell), Williams, Aphid. Nebr., p. 63. 1910 Rhopalosiphum dianthi (Schrank), Williams, Aphid. Nebr., p. 69. SPRING MIGRANT WINGED VIVIPAROUS FEMALE (Figure 195 A) Length of body 1.9 mm., width of mesothorax 0.5 mm., greatest width of abdomen 0.82 mm., wing expansion 6.8 mm. Prevailing color—Green with dark dorsal markings. Head—Dark with lighter line at base, nearly as long as broad, with prominent, approximate, frontal tubercles. Antennae—(Figure 195 G). Gibbous on the inner basal sides, longer than body, dark except base of article III, sparsely hairy, lengths of articles: I, 0.1 mm.; II, 0.08 mm.; III, 0.58 mm.; IV, 0.43 mm.; V, 0.30 mm.; VI, 0.7 mm. (spur 5.2 mm.) ; total 2.19 mm.; at least twelve sensoria on article III. Rostrum —Reaching to or nearly to seéond coxe, light with apical half dark. Prothorar— Black or dark with light band at central base and lateral basal corners light. Meso- and Metathorax—Shiny black. Abdomen—Green, brownish, or amber with darker dorsal markings as shown in drawing, ventral surface dusky. Cornicles— (Figure 184 E.) Cylindrical or slightly clavate, reaching beyond tip of abdomen, dark, length 0.42 mm., width at base .05 mm., greatest width 0.065 mm.; in some cases there is a light spot on the apical half which does not quite reach to the apex. Legs—Normal, coxe light green; femora of prothoracie legs with apical half dusky, of the second and third pairs the apical two-thirds dusky; tibie with dark tips; tarsi dark. JVings—Normal, hyaline. Primary—Subcostal vein wide, dusky ; stigma long and narrow, dusky; veins amber brown (see drawing), length Pomona Coturce JourNAL or ENTOMOLOGY 599 0.2 MM. ome Figure 195. Myzus persice A, winged viviparous female; B, apterous viviparous female; C, pygidium of winged female, dorsal aspect; D, pygidium of apterous female, ventral aspect; E, cornicle of winged female; F, cornicle of apterous female; G, antenna of winged female; H, antenna of apterous female. 600 Pomona Co.LieGre JouRNAL oF ENTOMOLOGY 3.2 mm., width 1.2 mm. Posterior—Normal, length 1.8 mm., width 0.53 mm. Style—(Figure 195 C). Ensiform or nearly conical, sickle-shaped, dusky, length 0.2 mm. APTEROUS VIVIPAROUS FEMALE (Figure 195 B) Length of body 1.8 mm., greatest width of abdomen 0.95 mm. Prevailing color—Bright yellowish green, shiny throughout. Head—Nearly as long as wide, with very prominent approximate and somewhat gibbous, frontal, antennal tubercles. Eyes—Red. Antennae—(Figure 115). On _ prominent tubercles, first article somewhat gibbous, reaching to base of the cornicles, articles T, II, III and basal two-thirds of IV light yellow, remainder dusky, lengths of articles: I, 0.09 mm.; II, 0.08 mm.; III, 0.43 mm.; IV, 0.34 mm.; V, 0.21 mm.; VI, 0.53 mm. (spur 0.38 mm.). Rostrum—Reaching to second coxe, light with dusky tip. Abdomen—Smooth, light green, anal plate dusky. Cornicles—Figure 195 F1 and F2). Slightly clavate, light green with apical two-thirds or but one-fifth dark, reaching beyond tip of style, length 0.5 mm. Legs—Light green throughout with dark tarsi. Style—(Figure 195 D). Conical, sickle-shaped, length 0.2 mm., light green. This species is one of the most widely distributed and most variable of the entire family. It presents a number of distinct forms, each of which has been described as a separate and distinct species, causing much confusion in the literature of the family Aphididae. Perhaps no one has worked it out more thoroughly than has Prof. C. P. Gillette of the Colorado Agricultural Experiment Station. In the Journal of Economic Entomology, Vol. I, p. 359-362, may be found his full descriptions. He separately describes the following forms: Young Stem-Mother, Adult Stem-Mother, Apterous Viviparous Female, Spring Migrant, Winged Vivip- arous Female, Fall Migrant, Oviparous Female, and Male. Of these I have described the Spring Migrant and the Apterous Viviparous Female, the forms most common in this locality. For the full descriptions see his article. Hosts—I have obtained this species on citrus trees (Orange and Lemon), Potatoes, Malva parviflora L., and Tomatoes. It has also been reported as feeding upon the following plants: Amsinckia spectabilis F. & M., Brassica oleracea (Cabbage, Cauliflower), Celestial pepper (Capsicum annum var abbreviatum Fing.), Chrysanthemum indicum L., Cynoglossum sp., Carnation (Dianthus caryophyllum L.), English Ivy (Hedera heliz L.), Plum (Prunus domestica L.), Peach (P. persica B. & H.), Groundsel (Senecio vulgaris L.), Sonchus asper Vill., Sonchus oleraceus L., Nettle (Urtica urens L.), Prunus amygdalus amygdalus, Cherry (P. cerasus L.), German Ivy, Prunus insititia, Malva rotundifolia. Locality—Taken by the writer in many parts of Southern California, at Claremont, Santa Ana, Santa Paula and Pomona. Date of collection—April 14, 1911. Serial number 22. Note—I am indebted to Mr. J. T. Monell for the specific determination of this species. Pomona Coxtiece JourRNAL oF ENTOMOLOGY 601 Toxoptera aurantiae Koch. CITRUS APHID 1857 Towxoptera aurantiae Koch, Pflanzenlause pp. 254-255. 1880 Towoptera aurantiae Koch-Buckton, Mon. Brit. Aphid. p. 135. 1910 Toxoptera aurantiae Koch-Fullaway, Rept. Hawaii. Agrel. Exp. Sta. pp. 341-342, for 1909. WINGED VIVIPAROUS FEMALE (Figure 196 A) Length of body not including style 1.6 mm., width of the mesothorax 0.55 mm., greatest width of abdomen 0.75 mm., wing expansion 6.5 mm. A small black form very common on Citrus in this State. Prevailing color—Black, shining. _Head—Narrow, but wider than long, black, with inconspicuous frontal tubercles. Hyes—Very dark red, almost brown. Antennae—(Figure 196 D). On inconspicuous frontal tubercles, longer than the body, but not reaching to tip of style, slightly hairy, articles I and II dark through- out, III, IV and V all transparently light or amber with dusky tips, VI amber with dusky band at nail-like process and at the tip. The lengths of the articles are as follows: I, 0.1 mm.; II, 0.08 mm.; III, 0.37 mm.; IV, 0.31 mm.; V, 0.31 mm.; VI, 0.52 mm. (spur 0.42 mm.) ; total 1.69 mm.; article III (Figure 196 G) has from six to eight large circular sensoria, IV (Figure 196 H) has one large circular sensorium three-fourths the distance from the base to the tip, V has a large circular sensorium near the tip, VI has the usual number of sensoria in the nail-lixe process. Jtostrum—Reaching just beyond second coxe, light yellow with daik base and tip. Prothorax—Twice as wide as long, shiny black, with distinct later] tubercles. Mesothorax—Shiny black, muscle lobes prominent, making the meso- thorax much higher than the other part of the body. Metathoraz—Narrow trans- versely, black. dbdomen—Well rounded and smooth, shiny black or very dark brown with several small lateral tubercles on the margins. Cornicles—(Figure 196 C). Short, cylindrical, widest at base and narrowest at tip, with inconspicu- ously rimmed mouth, imbricated, black, length 0.2 mm., usually carried at right angles to the main axis of the body. Legs—Rather large, hairy; coxe black, femora of fore-legs dark at tip only; femora of middle and hind legs amber with all but extreme bases black; tibie amber with bases and tips dark; tarsi dark. Wings—Rather large and hyaline. Primary—Length 3 mm., width 1.1 mm.; costal vein narrow and well defined, brown; subcostal wide and dark; stigma, the most characteristic feature of this insect, is very black and can be readily distin- guished by the naked eye, long and narrow with the longest sides parallel, pointed at the tip, length 0.1 mm., width 0.15 mm.; stigmal arising near tip of stigma, well. curved; first discoidal straight, light brown; second discoidal curved slightly in- wardly, light brown; third discoidal once-branched, the branch arising near the middle of the vein (slightly nearer the tip from the middle), light brown. Sec- ondary—Length 1.7 mm., width 0.5 mm.; subcostal extending to tip of the wing, curved upwardly between discoidals, downwardly just beyond base of the second discoidal, and thence upwardly to the tip; veins light brown. Style—Conical, hairy, black, length 0.1 mm., half as long as the conicles. 602 Pomona CoLieGe JouRNAL oF ENTOMOLOGY APTEROUS VIVIPAROUS FEMALE (Figure 196 B) Length not including the style 1.65 mm. or slightly longer, greatest width of the abdomen 1.25 mm. A dark robust form somewhat larger than the winged individuals. Prevailing color—Velvety black, may or may not be shiny, some forms are slightly brownish-black. _Head—Black, much wider than long. Eyes—Dark brown. Antennae—(Figure 196 F). On inconspicuous frontal tubercles, reaching to the bases of the cornicles, slightly hairy, articles I and II color of the body, III, IV and V light yellow with dusky tips, VI light with dark band at nail-like process and dusky tip, lengths of the articles; I, 0.1 mm, II, 0.07 mm.; III, 0.37 Figure 196. Toxoptera aurantiz Pomona CoLtitece JourNAL or ENTOMOLOGY 603 mm.; IV, 0.31 mm.; V, 0.31 mm.; VI, 0.45 mm. (spur 0.36 mm.) ; total 1.61 mm.; circular sensorium at apex of article V and usual ones in the nail-like process. Prothoravx—With lateral tubercles at the base. Meso- and Meta-thorax—Not dis- tinctly defined. Abdomen—Robust, smooth with lateral depressions near front margins, two marginal tubercles on each side, black or dark brown. Cornicles— (Figure 196 E). Cylindrical, widest at base and gradually tapering to tip which is slightly rimmed, imbricated, black, length 0.2 mm. Legs—Normal, hairy, col- ored as in the winged form. Style—Conical, much wider at base than at apex, hairy, black, half as long as cornicles, 0.1 mm. Young—The young apterous forms are from dull brown to black, while the nymphs are reddish brown. Hosts—This species settles in great colonies on the tender twigs of orarge and lemon trees and may entirely destroy the new top on a young tree. They also feed upon the undersides of the leaves of suckers and tender shoots of old trees. In not a few cases old, tough leaves are attacked by this species. The presence of the insect upon the older leaves is usually recognized by the curling and twésting of the foliage so as to form a place of protection for them on the insides uf the cup-shaped leaves. While this insect has been found feeding on Orange, Citron and Camellia in Europe and on Pelea, Straussia and Coffea in the Hawaiian Islands, I have been able to find it only upon citrus trees in this locality, where it seems to exist during the entire year. Locality—Throughout the entire southern part of California. Taken by the writer in San Diego, Orange, San Bernardino, Los Angeles and Ventura counties. Wm. Davidson also reports it at San Jose. Date of Collection—Occurs in this locality during the spring and early sum- mer months in abundance. Collected April 3, 1911, when most numerous. Serial number 14. This species is easily mistaken for another small black aphis working in a similar manner and nearly always associated with it on seedling trees, Aphis gossypii Glover. It is easily distinguished from 4. gossypii, with the unaided eye, by the black stigma on the primary wings as referred to above, and most easily distinguished under the microscope by the third discoidal vein beimg but once branched instead of twice as in A. gossypii. Natural enemies—This insect is most effectually held in check by the two internal parasites described hereinafter and by the larve of the large Syrphid Fly, Lasiophthicus pyrastri L., although the larve of the Syrphus americanus Wied., and of Allograpta obliqua Say. play an important part in this. Of the ladybird beetles, Coccinella californica Mann. is the most important enemy here. Mr. John June Davis, Mr. J. T. Monell, Prof. Theo. Pergande and Prof. Wm. Davidson have aided me much in the determination of this species. Natural Enemies of the Citrus Plant Lice CHRYSOPIDZ Chrysopa californica Coq. CALIFORNIA GREEN LACE WING OR APHIS LION One of the most common insect predators, preying on all sorts of soft bodied insects, is the common green lace wing, called Aphis Lion because of its destruct- iveness to all plant lice (aphids). The eggs, larve, pupe and adults are to be found everywhere in the fields, woods and orchards; wherever there are infesta- tions of plant lice one is almost sure to find the larve of the Chrysopa. In the citrus orchards of Southern California they are very abundant and play an im- portant part in the control of many bad pests, but more important in keeping down the aphids which have already been described. When there is no prey in the orchards they go to the fields and brush to seek other game and return as soon as the lice begin to appear. The part played by this insect in an economic way certainly justifies a short description here in connection with the predaceous Coccinellids and Syrphid Flies. Eggs—(Figure 197 B). The eggs are very small, pearly white in color, oblong in shape with the base drawn out to connect with a fine hair or pedestal which supports it nearly half an inch above the surface to which the hair is attached. The egg itself is not more than one-eighth of an inch in length. The adult insect has no doubt employed the method of placing her eggs on long stalks for the purpose of putting them out of the reach of other crawling insects which would otherwise devour them. They are deposited singly or sometimes in small groups on the upper sides of the leaves, or in fact on most any part of a tree, © plant, or any other support. Larva—(Figure 197 A). When first hatched the larva is, of course, very small, but grows very rapidly. The first born vary from a very light yellow to a gray color. As soon as it leaves the egg the search for food is begun and appar- ently there are few insects which escape its appetite. At first only the very youngest plant lice are devoured, but it is not long before insects twice and three times as large as the chrysopid larva are destroyed. The full-grown larva varies from half to nearly a full inch in length, is bright yellow with dark red markings distributed as shown in the drawing. The head is equipped with a large pair of mandibles, grooved on the inner side, curved like a sickle and pointed. With these it penetrates the body wall and sucks out the contents through the grooves. The legs are short with sharp claws to clasp firmly the footing which it may have in order that it might, as is the habit, lift the prey bodily into the air where its struggles are in vain, and jog it there until all of the body juices have been extracted. This operation can easily be observed in the field. So fierce are they that they devour not only mealy bugs, the larve of Coccinellids, but their own kind. I have placed from four to eight in a small box or bottle and after a few days would find only two, or more often, only one left. In order to make sure Pomona Co.iitece JouRNAL or ENTOMOLOGY 605 this point the operation has also been observed repeatedly, but cannibalism is not uncommon among predaceous insects. Though the good from this insect is often great, I have often thought that the harm done, by eating other beneficial insects. more than overbalanced the good done. For instance we imported the Coccinellid enemy (Cryptolaemus montrouzieri) of the citrus mealy bug into our orchards at Santa Paula and it was impossible to go into the field without finding nearly every chrysopid larva with the young of this ladybird beetle. In not a few instances entire colonies were entirely destroyed, and though many of the mealy bugs also fell a prey to the chrysopids, they seemed to prefer the larve of the Cryptolemus. But other than this I have seen very little to count against it, and as an aphid feeder alone the good is very marked. Figure 197. Chrysopa californica Pupa—(Figure 197 C and D). When fully developed and ready to undergo transformations it spins a thin, hard-walled, globular, pupa case about itself (Figure 197 C shows mouth open after escape of the adult, D shows the cocoon) in some crack or crevice and remains dormant for some time. These globular pupa cases are often nearly covered with long white filaments—not unlike cotton—by which they are fastened, and are grouped together in small lots or may be single. It is this stage that is subject to severe attacks of internal parasites, which plays havoe with rapid development of numbers. The parasite, Jsodromus iceryae How. is common here and has been reared in large numbers from the pupa cases of the green lace wing and also from the pupe of the Brown Lace Wing (Sympherobius augustus Banks). Adult—(Figure 197 E and F). The adult insect is from five-sixteenths to three-eights of an inch long and twice as long including the length to the tip of the folded wings, of a beautiful green color with a longitudinal, dorsal, yellow band extending from the front of the head to the penultimate abdominal segment. There are four large, membranous wings, wonderfully nerved (from which comes 606 Pomona CoLuieGe JouRNAL or ENTOMOLOGY the name lace wing), and bright transparent green. The head is yellow above, green beneath, and amber or brown on the sides. The thorax and abdomen are green excepting the dorsal yellow band. The legs are green with tips of the tibie and the tarsi amber. Eyes large, iridescent green. Antenne long and setaceous, light yellow or transparent white with amber tips. The wing veins and the entire body are clothed with fine hairs. COCCINELLIDAE Feeding upon plant lice are always to be found the young or larve of the Ladybird Beetles (Coccinellidae). There are three common aphid feeders which are to be found in nearly every orange orchard and which should receive .special attention here. They are the common Red Ladybird Beetle Coccinella californica, Mann, the Red Spotted Beetle Hippodamia convergens Guer., and the Ashy Gray Ladybird Beetle Coccinella abdominalis Say. Besides these there are a few specimens of the genus Scymnus to be found, the most common and efficient being a small brown native species, Scymnus sordidus Horn. Figure 198. A, Coccinella abdominalis; B, Hippodamia convergens; C, Coccinella californica; D, Scymnus sordidus The eggs of these ladybird beetles are laid in clusters not unlike bunches of cigars on end, and may be found almost anywhere, from board fences to the various parts of the foliage of a tree. They are small, pointed at both ends, and salmon colored. The accompanying photographs give a fair representation of different clusters. The eggs of S. sordidus are deposited singly and are very difficult to find. The larvae as they emerge from the upper ends of the eggs soon begin their search for food, which consists of very small insects at first. They grow very fast and develop tremendous appetites. The body is long, very rough, hairy and dark with red or yellow markings on the dorsum. They have six legs and are capable of traveling very rapidly. As soon as they are fully matured they hang themselves up by the tail-end to some twig, leaf, limb, or any other convenient place of support and transform into the pupal stage. These pupe may be seen in considerable numbers almost anywhere in the orchards. They are of a reddish brown or gray color with dark markings. When touched or disturbed they will suddenly throw up the head as if to strike the assailant. From this stage emerges the adult beetle Pomona CoLiece JourNAL or ENTOMOLOGY 607 which produces more eggs and begins another life cycle. All of these stages may be found throughout the entire summer and fall months, while the adult forms are found at any season of the year in Southern California. Coccinella californica Mann. (Red Ladybird Beetle) (Figures 198 C and 199) A scarlet-red beetle very common throughout this State. Head black; thorax black with white or pale spot on each margin; elytra orange or scarlet-red with no other marking than a small rhomboidal dark spot at the middle base, known as the scutellar spot. Length 5.0 to 6.0 mm., width 4.0 mm. to 4.7 mm. Feeds on many different species of aphids. Figure 199. Coccinella californica. A, adult; B, eggs; C, larva; D, pupa. Hippodamia convergens Guer. (Black Spotted Red Ladybird) (Figures 198 B and 200) Red beetle with twelve black spots on the dorsum. Head black; thorax black with two narrow white lateral margins and a very small median white spot at the base; elytra varying from light to very dark red, each with six black spots, the posterior three invariably isolated among themselves and usually constant, the anterior spots usually smallest and variable; scutellar spot black, small; legs black throughout. Average length 5.2 mm., average width 3.2 mm. 608 Pomona CoLiteGeE JouRNAL or ENTOMOLOGY The larve when fully developed vary from one-quarter to nearly three- quarters of an inch in length. They are dull black with bright orange or yellow markings on the back. The pupe are amber or reddish brown with transverse dark bands across the body and numerous dark spots on the dorsum. This is the most common form we have in the southern part of the State and is a very important and helpful insect. It is being sent in great numbers by the State Commission to the melon fields of Imperial County to prey upon the melon aphis there as is also Coccinella californica. Figure 200. Hippodamia convergens A, adult; B, eggs; C, larva; D, pupa. Coccinella abdominalis Say. (Ashy Gray Ladybird) (Figures 198 A and 201) Gets its common name from its gray color. The following is a description after Thos. Casey: “Broadly oval and strongly convex, very finely and obsoletely punctulate (the side margins as in Cycloneda) ; upper surface pale brownish-yellow, the head pale and immaculate; pronotum with a basal black spot at two-fifths from the middle and a short transverse spot before the scutellum, also with two posteriorly con- verging black spots at the center and a narrow elongate spot on the median line Pomona CoLieGe JouRNAL or KNTOMOLOGY 609 joining the ante-scutellar spot, and, at lateral eight and basal third, a small rounded spot; scutellum black in the male; elytra each with a sub-basal transverse series of four small black spots, a median series of three spots, the inner the largest and transversely crescentiform and, at apical fourth near margin, another small rounded black spot; under surface and legs pale. Length 4.25 to 5.25 mm., width 3.4 to 4.0mm. Jr. N. Y. Ent. Soc. Vol. VII, p. 93, 1899. Figure 201. Coccinella abdominalis A, adults; B, eggs; C, larva; D, pupa. In all there are seven black spots on the thorax and eight on each elytra or wing cover. The larve resemble those of Hippodamia convergens, but are a little larger and have very light or yellow spots on the dorsum instead of orange spots. This insect works on various plant lice of the orange, but is the most effectual check we have in this county on the Walnut Louse, Callipterus jugland- 610 Pomona Co.iirce JourNAL or ENTOMOLOGY icola Koch., which it seems to prefer to all other aphids. There are millions of the eggs, larve, pupe and adults to be found in every walnut orchard in Ventura County and large numbers are found in the citrus orchards in the early spring before the walnuts begin to leaf out. It is by far the most important beneficial insect of the three herein described. Scymus sordidus Horn. (Figures 198 D and 202) This is one of the smallest of the aphid feeders, but very common in localities near the foothills, where it feeds especially upon Aphis gossypii Glover. The larva is considerably larger than the adult, being nearly a quarter of an inch long and half as wide. It is easily recognized by its heavy coating of rather long, white, cottony wax and is often mistaken by citrus growers for a mealy bug. Figure 202. Larva of Scymnus sordidus The adult is scarcely more than one-eighth of an inch long and two-thirds as wide, light brown to very dark brown in color, and with elongated body. It is technically described by Thos. Casey (See P. C. Jr. Ent. Vol. III, No. 3, p. 520, Sept. 1911) briefly as follows: “Body elongate oval. Length 1.65 mm., width 0.9 mm. Pronotum piceous, minutely, not very closely, punctulate, the sides not quite continuous. Elytra pale, with margins nubilously blackish, more broadly at base, finely and rather closely punctate. Abdominal lines extending outward externally parallel to the edge of the segment and a slight distance therefrom, prosternum relatively slightly wider between coxe, flat and wholly devoid of carnie; genital or ‘sixth’ ventral segment, usually developed.” This insect is a native of California and especially abundant in the southern citrus counties, where it also does good work on the citrus mealy bug. Pomona Cotirae JourNAL or ENTOMOLOGY 611 SYRPHIDAE Always among the plant lice are to be found greenish, flat, sticky-looking “Worms” which are decidedly pointed at one end and which do not have a distinct head, eyes or legs. These so-called “worms” are the larve or maggots of a two- winged insect or fly of the order Diptera and the family Syrphidae, which are commonly called Syrphid or Flower-Flies. The larve (Figure 203 A) vary from the minutest first-hatched maggot to nearly an inch in length, according to the species to which it belongs. They are usually light or dark green, but some may be brown, orange, very light or nearly black. Those feeding upon the citrus plant lice and herein described are green with a longitudinal darker green or brownish stripe on the dorsum. The mouth is situated at the small end and all of the food is obtained by puncturing the body walls of the lice and then sucking out the contents. This operation is easily observed in the field. The maggot firmly sup- ports itself by the large posterior end, raises itself up and begins to blindly move its mouth-end about in quest of food. If it touches a plant louse it immediately raises it into the air and sucks it dry. This is very rapidly repeated, with very disastrous results to the lice. When the larva is full grown it seeks some sheltered spot in which to pupate (transform into the adult fly). This it may do on the stems or upon the surface of a leaf. The pupa stage is shown in Figure 203 B and is a long, roundish or oval, brown body, which shows no signs of life. From this emerges the adult fly, which removes one end of the pupa case to escape. The adults under consideration are dark with transverse yellow bands across the abdomen as shown in the accompanying cuts. They are very swift fliers and are often mistaken for bees. They are common around flowers, feeding upon the nectar and from this habit get the names “Flower or Honey Flies.’’ On hot days they are sometimes very numerous and are called “Sweat Flies’ in the Eastern states. They deposit their eggs singly upon leaves and twigs which are infested with plant lice and these give rise to the green larve. While these insects do much to prevent the spread of the plant lice, they are in turn preyed upon by other insects. Ants, which foster and protect the plant lice, kill and carry off the larve in large numbers and greatly reduce their efficiency. Internal parasites also prey upon them. I have hatched a large one from the pupe of Syrphus americanus Wied. Insect Life, Vol III, p. 153, reports the internal parasite Hemiteles syrphicola Ashm. as being reared from Allograpta obliqua Say. There are three species here which are doing good work in keeping down the Citrus Plant Lice: a very large species, Lasiophthicus pyrastri Linn., the common Syrphid, Syrphus americanus Wied., and the small species Allograpta obliqua Say. The following brief descriptions of the adult forms have been prepared: *Lasiophthicus pyrastri Linn. (Figure 203) This is the largest of the three species named above and measures seven- sixteenths of an inch long. The large compound eyes occupy most of the head *NOTE. I am indebted to Prof. C. F. Baker, of Pomona College, for the iden- tification of these species. 612 Pomona CoLiteGe JouRNAL oF ENTOMOLOGY and they are dark Indian red or brown. The face is yellow and hairy, with median dark line. Antenne are black with long dorsal arista. Thorax iridescent dark blue or green, covered with long fine hair or pubescence. Scutellum same color as the mesothorax. Legs—coxe dark; femora dark with tips light; tibia amber or yellowish, slightly darker at tips; tarsi dusky. Abdomen velvety black with three pairs of marginal curved transverse bands on the dorsum. These bands do not come together in the middle and really form six bands. Figure 203. Lasiophthicus pyrastri A, larva; B, puparium; C, adult. This is a very widely distributed and common species and feeds on nearly every species of plant lice. It is especially abundant on twigs infested with Macrosiphum citrifolii Ashm., Toxoptera aurantiae Koch., and Aphis gossypii Glover. Syrphus americanus Wied. (Figure 204 A) Although this species is much smaller than the above described species, it is considered to be one of the largest species in the genus, averaging three-eighths of an inch in length. It greatly resembles Lasiophthicus pyrastri L. in general form and color. The eyes are dark reddish brown. Face amber yellow with dark band in the middle extending from base of the antenne to the mouth. Antenne Pomona Co.tiece JourNAL or ENTOMOLOGY 613 black, with dorsal arista. Thorax iridescent green, covered with fine long hair. Legs—Coxe dark; bases of femora dark; remainder of legs amber brown. Abdomen rich shiny black with three pairs of transverse yellow bands along the dorsal margins. These bands do not unite in the middle by one-half their lengths. There are also two very narrow transverse yellow bands extending across the dorsum near the posterior or anal end. This, too, is a very common and widely distributed species and has been reported from nearly every section of this country. Specimens were reared from twigs infested with Macrosiphum citrifolii Ashm., Toxoptera aurantiae Koch, and Aphis gossypii Glover as well as from a great number of infestations of other common aphids. B So pore Figure 204. A, Syrphus americanus; B, Allograpta obliqua Allograpta obliqua Say (Figure 204 B) This is the smallest of the three species taken from citrus aphids. It is not as plentiful as either of the two species above, but is by no means rare. Length one-quarter of an inch. The body is dark and very slender. Eyes dark red. Face yellow with dark median line. Antenne amber brown. Thorax iridescent green. Scutellum light yellow. Legs light yellow. Abdomen dark with four transverse yellow bands on the dorsum and yellow longitudinal markings at the base of the ovipositor, which is amber brown or dark. Reared from Toxoptera aurantiae Koch and Aphis gossypii Glover. INTERNAL PARASITES Of the natural enemies of the citrus plant lice, by far the most effective are the internal parasites. The adult females of these true parasites deposit their eggs, by means of a long, sharp-pointed ovipositor, which pierces the body wall of the lice, within the living tissues, inside the bodies of the plant lice. The outside wound heals over in a short time leaving the egg tightly sealed within the body ready to hatch. As soon as the egg is hatched the small legless larva begins to feed upon the tissues of the aphid and its development means the extinction of a louse. When the larva is fully developed and ready to leave the “mummied”’ louse it cuts a circular hole in the top of the body and escapes a winged insect ready to 614 Pomona CoL_ieGe JouRNAL oF ENTOMOLOGY produce raore eggs and to thereby destroy more insects. The life-cycle varies according to the time of year. In the colder months it covers from about ninety to one hundred days, while during the summer months it covers from eight to fifteen days. Thr: so-called “Mummied” plant lice (Figure 205) are easily recognized before the adult parasite escapes by the inflated and discolered bodies which appear among the healthy individuals. These bodies are usually of a lighter color and finally become entirely bleached. The circular hole cut by the escaped parasites is always a sure sign of the presence of these beneficial insects. The “mummies” are fastened to the leaf, as soon as the louse is dead, by the larva of the parasite, Figure 205 Mummied bodies of parasitized plant lice. which cuts a slit in the lower side of the body and fastens the sides to the leaf or twig by excreting a mucilageous or web-like substance for this purpose. So far, I have been able to collect two distinct forms of these hymenopterous parasites—one a very common Braconid, Aphidius testaceipes Cresson, and the other a Cynipid of the genus Charips (Allotria). Brief descriptions of these insects are as follows: Aphidius testaceipes (Cresson) (Figure 206, left) 1879 T'riovys testaceipes (Cresson) Comstock, U. S. Dept. Agrcl. Rept. p. 208. Original description. 1888 Lysiphlebus testaceipes (Cresson) Ashmead, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. p. 667. Pomona CoLieGe JouRNAL or ENTOMOLOGY 615 Cresson’s Original Description “Female—Piceous or shining black, smooth and polished, impunctured; snandibles and palpi pale; antenne brownish black, sometimes more or less pale beneath, thirteen-jointed, the joints faintly fluted or grooved, the last one longest and thickest; wings hyaline, iridescent, stigma pale; legs, including coxe, yellow- ish-testaceous, the posterior pair generally more or less fuscous or blackish; abdomen often brown or pale piceous, with the first, and sometimes part of the second, segment more or less testaceous. Length 0.07 inch. Figure 206. Aphidius testaceipes, on left; Charips xanthopsis, on right. “Habitat—Rock Ledge, Florida; Selma, Ala., and Pocomoke City, Md. Para- sitic upon an aphid infesting twigs of orange, an aphid on the cotton plant, and Aphis avenae Fabr.” 616 Pomona CoLiEGe JOURNAL oF ENTOMOLOGY In Southern California this insect is parasitic on Aphis gossypii Glover (the orange and cotton aphid) and on Towoptera aurantiae Koch. Collected by the writer at Santa Paula, California. I am indebted to Mr. C. L. Marlatt for the identification of this species. Charips xanthopsis Ashm. (Figure 206, right) 1896 Allotria xanthopsis Ashmead, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc. XXIII., p. 185. Ashmead described this parasitic cynipid as having been reared from Siphon- ophora citrifolii in Florida: The species we rear here quite commonly from 4 phis gossypii, and Toxoptera aurantiae, is very near to xanthopsis, if not the same thing. Only minute comparison with the type could settle the matter, however. REMEDIES FOR PLANT LICE ON CITRUS TREES Though it is seldom necessary to employ artificial means in dealing with these insects, yet any of the forms described may almost entirely overrun young trees. I know of such a case at Claremont in the year 1909, where a young Valencia orange orchard was badly infested and nearly all of the new growth killed back as fast at it grew out. But even greater damage may be done to young buds placed in old trees. On these tender shoots the green louse, Macrosiphum citri- folit Ashm., is especially bad, and in such cases should be controlled by sprays. In using sprays for these aphids, we must first take into consideration the tree and what it can stand. Though the citrus trees are evergreen and do not admit of severe winter sprayings, as do the dormant deciduous trees, yet the leaves are more resistant than are the tender leaves of the latter, and will stand more summer spraying, when it is most necessary for the insects under discussion. So far I have never found any of the aphids depositing eggs to bridge over the winter months. Adult insects, however, may be found in limited numbers through- out the entire year in Southern California, so we do not have to deal with a distinct egg-laying stage, which is difficult to handle except with very strong sprays. Neither do we have to deal with root forms, like the underground forms of the Black Peach Aphis (Aphis persicae-niger Smith) and the Woolly Aphis of the Apple (Schizoneura lanigera Haus). The sprays recommended, then, are such as might be used on citrus trees and are not intended as remedies for aphids on all trees and plants, though many of them are standards and need but little additions of water to serve any purpose. Spray Formulae TOBACCO SPRAYS Toxsacco Drecoctions (1). Tobacco stems, dust or waste...............-.------------- 2 pounds. NAGS oe eo REP ereteieiee a Loe Ae 4 gallons. (QDR Mobaccowleat, ee Sie terse teste saes eoceteenar ene ee eee eeseceaa 1 pound. DWV te ee ence ree esteem cece cae esas 4 gallons. Steep the tobacco in the water for one hour and apply in two applications of five days apart. CoMMERCIAL ToBacco SPRAYS (CD) Spe Black bea telixtract seers cr cen. see cee ten eee 1 gallon. NUN 1c) i alae oa Re le oO i ern ae ae 30 gallons. (2) ea blacks Meaty AO iret cae ence ee 1 gallon. Wistert so: 2-282 sh Seok os acs ee deeceseeee one 1000 gallons. By adding one pound of soap to every fifty gallons of these sprays the efficiency is greatly increased. Toxsacco DrEcocTION AND Soap Tobacco leaves or Waste cccceccq-ceeecceeeeeeeeeee eee 1 pound. NSE ee ee A ete el na 6 gallons. ISTO Sf ceases rere cere Seer ereePE Pace reo ean ceendo ee 1 pound. Dissolve the soap in the water and steep the tobacco in this solution for one hour. 618 Pomona CoLtiteGe JouRNAL oF ENTOMOLOGY SOAP SPRAYS Wuate Orn Soap Wihale vos) ties py sere neces oe cee crac es ssc crceeccemecee 1 pound. Wate rye ee ae eect ee cae 6 gallons. EMULSIONS KEROSENE EMULSION STOCK SOLUTION NST eV ear ere noe eS ee 2 gallons. Whale oil or laundry soap............---------------------+ 1% pound. Waters (must be sOlt)) oo. sencsteweresnceresenccrcrcee ne 1 gallon. PREPARATION Dissolve the soap in hot or boiling water; add the kerosene (be careful of fire) ; agitate thoroughly with a hand pump until a rather thick, creamy liquid results. (This thorough agitation, by pumping back into the same vessel, is necessary to insure a proper emulsion, which will not damage the foliage.) For use add one gallon of the above stock solution to every twelve gallons of water. Carpotic Acip EMULSION STOCK SOLUTION Wihalle toil sosipy ooo cecteancsseteee eo sencennera= 40 pounds. @rude icarbolic (acide eres cere cceeeereeeneerea = 5 gallons. VUES Sig U0) eb: limits of one’s own subject, and to note its points of contact with s of research.’’ —Seward. H. H. Newcomb and Mr. Karl R. Coolidge are planning a trip to ), George-W. Taylor, a well-known student of Pacific Coast Entomology ‘ branches of natural history, died, at Nanaimo, British Columbia, ist. thin the next few weeks ground will be broken in Golden Gate Park the Memorial Museum for the new Academy of Science buildtng. -already have been let for the first wing to cost $120,000. For six erts have been working on exhibits and when completed the contents Iding will greatly surpass those of the old museum on Market Street, by the fire of 1906.’’—The S. F. Argonaut, August 31, 1912. John Comstock, formerly secretary of the Entomological Section of go Academy of Sciences, is now living in Los Angeles. am Greenwood Wright, a pioneer naturalist of California, died * 1, at San Bernardino. He was the author of ‘‘Butterflies of the st,’’ published in San Francisco in 1905, and of many short articles s journals. He was also a well-known botanical collector and his years often in the ‘‘Botany of California.’’ He was well known on ie Coast and will always be remembered in connection with the of science on this Coast. le magazine section of the Los Angeles Times of December 1, there is sting account, with illustrations, of the work in breeding butterflies, cial Vespidae with Note on Polybia albopicta Sm., P. Cameron; New Species of Tiphia collected by Prof. C. F. Baker in Nevada and Nicaragua, P, Cameron). Vol. Price 45 cents. I, pp. 160-178, HYMENOPTERA (Some New Gorytes—like Wasps, C. F. Baker; Descriptions of New American Tiphiidae, P. Cameron; A New Mutillid near Brachy- cistis, from California, C. F, Baker), Vol, = Price 45 cents. I, pp. 179-198, HYMENOPTERA (Two New Bees of the Genus Ceratina, C. F. Baker; On Some North American Species of Chartergus, P. Cameron; On Some Diploteryga of Belize and Nicaragua, P. Cameron; New Halictinae from the Western United States, J. C. Crawford). Vol. — Price 50 cents. Any of these papers will be exchanged for any papers on Hemiptera or Hymenoptera not in our library. Send lists of duplicates and desiderata to C, F. BAKER, Pomona College, Claremont, Cal. POMONA COLLEGE “Our Tribute to Christian Civilization” One of the best located, and best housed and outfitted Colleges on the West Coast, with a very full corps of unusually enthusiastic and energetic professors, and a large and very vigorous student body. The laboratories in Biology, Chemistry, Physics and Astronomy are splendidly equipped, and such as any college might be thoroughly proud of. Offers full Literary, Classical, and Scientific courses. Possesses well-manned schools of Music and Art, and offers exceptional facilities in Library and Athletics. The College should be judged by its output—Pomona has been very proud of hers. Claremont is admittedly at the center of one of the most salubrious, beauti- fully located and desirable residence districts in California. For further information, address POMONA COLLEGE, CLAREMONT, CALIFORNIA. j PARTS OF THE INVERTEBRATA PACIFICA For Sale and Exchange Vol. I, pp. 1-12, HOMOPTERA (On the Gnathodus species of the Abdominalis group, C, F. Baker; A New Genus of the Typhlocybini, C. F. Baker; The genus Erythria in America, C. F. Baker; New Typhlocybini, C. FP. Baker; Notes on Macropsis, C. F. Baker). Price 30 cents. Vol. I, pp. 13-16, ORTHOPTERA (First Decade of Orthoptera issued in the Invertebrata Pacifica series, C. F. Baker; Additional Notes on Pacific Coast Orthoptera, C. F. Baker; New Orthoptera from Nevada, A, P. Morse). Price 10 cents. Vol. I, pp. 17-40, DIPTERA (Reports on Californian and Nevadan Diptera, I, C. F. Baker, with descriptions of new species and genera by D. W. Coquillet; Two New Siphonaptera, C. F. Baker). Price 60 cents. Vol. I, pp. 47-70, HYMENOPTERA (Descriptions of some new Hymenoptera from California and Nevada, J. J. Kieffer; New Hymenoptera mostly from Nicaragua, P. Cameron). Price 75 cenvs. Vol. I, pp. 71-84, ORTHOPTERA (Second Report on Pacific Slope Orthoptera, C. F. Baker, with descriptions of new species by J. A. G. Rehn and C. F. Baker). Price 35 cents. Vol. I, pp. 85-92, NEUROPTEROID INSECTS (Notes on Neuroptersid Insects of the Pacific Coast of North America, C. F. Baker, with descriptions of new species by Nathan Banks). Price 20 cents. Vol. I, pp. 93-110, HYMENOPTERA (New western Mutillidae, I, C. F. Baker; On Some Hymenoptera collected by Prof. C, F. Baker in Nicaragua, P. Cameron; Descriptions of new species of Tiphiidae from Nevada and Southern California collected by Prof. C, ¥. Baker, P. Cameron). Price 45 cents. Vol. I, pp. 111-182, HYMENOPTERA (New Western Mutillidae, IJ, C. F. Baker; On some Hymenoptera, chiefly undescribed, collected by Prof. C. F. Baker in Nevada and Southern California, P. Cameron). Price 55 cents. Vol. I, pp. 133-140, HETEROPTERA (Notes on the Nysius and Ortholomus of America, C. F. Baker). Price 20 cents. Vol. 1, pp. 141-159, HYMENOPTERA (The Bee Genus Pasiphae in North America, C. F. Baker; American Bees related to Melecta, C. F. Baker; On New Vespidae collected by Prof. C. F. Baker in Western, North and Central America, P. Cameron; On Some Vespinae from Belize, P. Cameron; Descriptions of Three Species of S-eial Vespidae with Note on Polybia albopicta Sm., P. Cameron; New Species of Tiphia collected by Prof. C. F. Baker in Nevada and Nicaragua, P. Cameron). Price 45 cents. Vol. I, pp. 160-178, HYMENOPTERA (Some New Gorytes—like Wasps, C. F. Baker; Descriptions of New American Tiphiidae, P. Cameron; A New Mutillid near Brachy- eistis, from California, C. F. Baker). : Price 45 cents. Vol. I, pp. 179-198, HYMENOPTERA (Two New Bees of the Genus Ceratina, C. F. Baker; On Some North American Species of Chartergus, P. Cameron; On Some Diploteryga of Belize and Nicaragua, P. Cameron; New Halictinae from the Western United States, J. C. Crawford). Price 50 t rice cents, Any of these papers will be exchanged for any papers on Hemiptera or Hymenoptera not in our library. Send lists of duplicates and desiderata to Cc. F. BAKER, Pomona College, Claremont, Cal. POMONA COLLEGE “Our Tribute to Christian Civilization” One of the best located, and best housed and outfitted Colleges on the West Coast, with a very full corps of unusually enthusiastic and energetic professors, and a large and very vigorous student body. The laboratories in Biology, Chemistry, Physics and Astronomy are splendidly equipped, and such as any college might be thoroughly proud of. Offers full Literary, Classical, and Scientific courses. Possesses well-manned schools of Music and Art, and offers exceptional facilities in Library and Athletics. The College should be judged by its output—Pomona has been very proud of hers. Claremont is admittedly at the center of one of the most salubrious, beauti- fully located and desirable residence districts in California. For further information, address POMONA COLLEGE, CLAREMONT, CALIFORNIA. PARTS OF THE INVERTEBRATA PACIFICA For Sale and Exchange Vol. 1, pp. 1-12, HOMOPTERA (On the Gnathodus species of the Abdominalis group, C, F. Baker; A New Genus of the Typhlocybini, C. F. Baker; The genus Erythria in America, C. F, Baker; New Typhlocybini, C. F. Baker; Notes on Macropsis, C. F. Baker). Price 30 cents. Vol. I, pp. 13-16, ORTHOPTERA (First Deeade of Orthoptera issued in the Invertebrata _ Paeifiea series, C. F. Baker; Additional Notes on Pacifie Coast Orthoptera, C. F. Baker; New Orthoptera from Nevada, A. P. Morse). Price 10 cents. Vol. I, pp. 17-40, DIPTERA (Reports on Californian and Nevadan Diptera, I, C. F. Baker, with descriptions of new species and genera by D. W. Coquillet; Two New Siphonaptera, C. F. Baker). ’ Price 60 cents. Vol. I, pp. 47-70, HYMENOPTERA (Descriptions of some new Hymenoptera from California and Nevada, J. J. Kieffer; New Hymenoptera mostly from Nicaragua, P. Cameron). Price 75 cenvs. Vol. I, pp. 71-84, ORTHOPTERA (Second Report on Pacific Slope Orthoptera, C. F. Baker, with descriptions of new species by J. A. G. Rehn and C. F. Baker). Price 35 cents. Vol. I, pp. 85-92, NEUROPTEROID INSECTS (Notes on Neuroptersid Insects of the Pacific Coast of North America, C. F. Baker, with descriptions of new species by Nathan Banks). Price 20 cents. Vol. I, pp. 93-110, HYMENOPTERA (New western Mutillidae, I, C. F. Baker; On Some Hymenoptera collected by Prot. C. F. Baker in Niearagua, P. Cameron; Descriptions of new species of Tiphiidae from Nevada and Southern California collected by Prof. C, F, Baker, P. Cameron), Price 45 cents, Vol. I, pp. 111-132, HYMENOPTERA (New Western Mutillidae, II, C. F. Baker; On some Hymenoptera, chiefly undescribed, collected by Prof. C. F. Baker in Nevada and Southern California, P. Cameron). Price 55 cents. Vol. I, pp. 133-140, HETEROPTERA (Notes on the Nysius and Ortholomus of America, C. F. Baker). Price 20 cents. Vol. I, pp. 141-159, HYMENOPTERA (The Bee Genus Pasiphae in North America, C. F. Baker; American Bees related to Melecta, C. F. Baker; On New Vespidae collected by Prof. C. F. Baker in Western, North and Central America, P. Cameron; On Some Vespinae from Belize, P. Cameron; Descriptions of Three Species of S>eial Vespidae with Note on Polybia albopieta Sm., P. Cameron; New Species of Tiphia collected by Prof. C. F. Baker in Nevada and Nicaragua, P. Cameron). Price 45 cents. Vol. I, pp. 160-178, HYMENOPTERA (Some New Gorytes—like Wasps, C. F. Baker; Descriptions of New American Tiphiidae, P. Cameron; A New Mutillid near Brachy- eistis, from California, C. F, Baker). Price 45 cents. Vol. I, pp. 179-198, HYMENOPTERA (Two New Bees of the Genus Ceratina, C. F. Baker; On Some North American Species of Chartergus, P. Cameron; On Some Diploteryga of Belize and Nicaragua, P. Cameron; New Halictinae from the Western United States, J. C. Crawford). Price 50 cents. Any of these papers will be exchanged for any papers on Hemiptera or Hymenoptera not in our library. Send lists of duplicates and desiderata to Cc. F. BAKER, Pomona College, Claremont, Cal POMONA COLLEGE “Our Tribute to Christian Civilization” One of the best located, and best housed and outfitted Colleges on the West Coast, with a very full corps of unusually enthusiastic and energetic professors, and a large and very vigorous student body. The laboratories in Biology, Chemistry, Physics and Astronomy are splendidly equipped, and such as any college might be thoroughly proud of. Offers full Literary, Classical, and Scientific courses. Possesses well-manned schools of Music and Art, and offers exceptional facilities in Library and Athletics. The College should be judged by its output—Pomona has been very proud of hers. Claremont is admittedly at the center of one of the most salubrious, beauti- fully located and desirable residence districts in California. For further information, address POMONA COLLEGE, CLAREMONT, CALIFORNIA. QAON> VOLUME - FOUR NUMBER ONE Honma College Journal of Entomology PEBRUARY, 1912 Contents CHAMBERLIN, R. V. = - - Chilopoda of California III SCHRADER, WILHELM = = = = a - - Breeding of Junonia coenia BERNHAUER, M. - - - = - - = - - New Staphylinidae V CRAWFORD, D. L. - = = - = - - = Note on Certain Psyllidae GRINNELL, FORDYCE- - = - - - = - West Coast News Notes PUBLISHED QUARTERLY BY THE Department of Biology of Pomona College Sponsor, A. J. COOK, D. Sc., State Horticultural Commissioner CLAREMONT, CALIFORNIA, U. S. A. POMONA COLLEGE JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY Subscription price, $1.00 to domestic and $1.25 to foreign postal countries. Reprints of any of the articles can be obtained at a nominal price. The pages of the Journal are open especially to West American entomologists, but also general taxonomic papers from any source will be welcome. Especially is this Journal offered in exchange for all entomological and zoolog- ical journals, and proceedings, transactions, and reports of societies, museums, laboratories, and expeditions. The separates are likewise offered in exchange for other entomological and zoological separates. During 1909 the existence of the Journal was credited to the support of the Ontario-Cucamonga Citrus Association. It is to be noted, however, with due ap- preciation, that one member of that Exchange, Mr. A. P. Harwood, was the donor of one-half of the amount from that source. During 1911, the Journal was pleased to acknowledge a wider support, including the Ontario-Cucamonga Exchange, with Mr. A. P. Harwood, The Call Fruit Company, The A. C. G. Fruit Exchange, The Covina Fruit Exchange, The Semi-tropic Fruit Exchange, The Arlington Heights Fruit Exchange, The Santa Paula Fruit Exchange, The Tulare Fruit Exchange and the San Antonio Fruit Exchange. Address all communications to POMONA COLLEGE JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY, C. F. Baker, Epiror, Criaremont, Carirornia, U.S. A. SAC FI AINGE seuont | Goh CLAW a FA Claréwont Californi VOLUME FOUR NUMBER TWO Homnona College Journal of Entomology MAY ISI2 Contents 1. CRAWFORD, D.L. = = = - - - The Petroleum Fly of California 2. ESSIG, E. O. - - - - - Aphididae of Southern California VIII 3. DYAR,H.G. = = - = - - * = Some Lepidoptera from Mexico 4. HALL, H.V.M. = - - = - Studies in Acarina III 5» FELT, E:P. - - - - ~ - Dinvtnronensas Californica (Diptera, Itonidae) PUBLISHED QUARTERLY BY THE Department of Biology of Pomona College CLAREMONT, CALIFORNIA, U. S. A. Sponsor, A. J. COOK, D. Sc., State Horticultural Commissioner Entered at the Claremont, Cal., Post-Office Oct. 1. 1910, as second-class matter, under Act of Congress of Mar. 3, 1579 POMONA COLLEGE JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY Subscription price, $1.00 to domestic and $1.25 to foreign postal countries. Reprints of any of the articles can be obtained at a nominal price. The pages of the Journal are open especially to West American entomologists, but also general taxonomic papers from any source will be welcome. Especially is this Journal offered in exchange for all entomological and zoolog- ical journals, and proceedings, transactions, and reports of societies, museums, laboratories, and expeditions. The separates are likewise offered in exchange for other entomological and zoological separates. Address all communications to POMONA COLLEGE JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY, CLaREMontm, Catirornia, U. S. A. VOLUME) FOUR NUMBER THREE Pomona Culleye Journal of Entomology NOVEMBER 1912 Contents IS REL TO ESP: - = - - - The Gall Midge Fauna of Western North America 2 ESSIG, E. O. = = = = - - = Aphididae of Southern California X Seeley — - = - - - - - The “Longulus” Scale 4 SCHRADER, WILHELM - = - Cool Air Experiments With Junonia Coenia 5 BRYANT, H. C. = = - - - - - - - - - - - Some Insects and Other Arthropods in the Diet of the Western Meadowlark © HILTON, W. A. - = - = Sensory Setae of Tarantula and Some of Its Relatives 7 LONGSTAFF,C.B. - - - - Butter Siac in Many Lands (Book Review) 8 GRINNELL, FORDYCE - = - = West Coast News Notes PUBLISHED QUARTERLY BY THE Department of Biology of Pomona College CLAREMONT, CALIFORNIA, U. S. A. Entered at the Claremont, Cal., Post-Office Oct. 1. 1910, as second-class matter, under Act of Congress of Mar. 3, 1879 POMONA COLLEGE JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY Subscription price, $1.00 to domestic and $1.25 to foreign postal countries. Reprints of any of the articles can be obtained at a nominal price. The pages of the Journal are open especially to West American entomolo- gists, but also general papers from any source will be welcome. Especially is this Journal offered in exchange for all entomological and zoological journals, and proceedings, transactions, and reports of societies, museums, laboratories, and expeditions. The separates are likewise offered in exchange for other entomological and zoological separates. Address all tommunications to POMONA COLLEGE JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY, W. A. Hinton, Acting Editor, Claremont, California, U. S. A. VOLUME FOUR NUMBER FOUR Hounna College Journal of Entomology DECEMBER 1912 Contents 1 WEINLAND, H. A. - - - = The Cosmopolitan Habits of the Fruit Fly 2 Boole, EE. ©: = = - <= = - Host Index to California Plant Lice II 3 ALEXANDER, CHARLES P, - - The American Species of Adelphomyia Bergroth 4 HILTON, W. A. = = = AS i SE Study of the Central Nervous System of Spiders 5’ COLE, F. R. - > - = = . Notes on the Diptera of Laguna Beach 6 BACON, GERTRUDE - - - = = Some Collembola of Laguna Beach 71 - = = = - - Shorter Articles and Important Literature of the Past Year 8 GRINNELL, FORDYCE - = = = - - - News Notes Title Page and Index to Volumes Ill and IV PUBLISHED QUARTERLY BY THE Department of Biology of Pomona College CLAREMONT, CALIFORNIA, U. S. A. Entered at the Claremont, Cal., Post-Office Oct. 1. 1910, as second-class matter, under Act of Congress of Mar. 3, 1879 POMONA COLLEGE JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY Subscription price, $1.00 to domestic and $1.25 to foreign postal countries. Reprints of any of the articles can be obtained at a nominal price. The pages of the Journal are open especially to West American entomolo- gists, but also general papers from any source will be welcome. Especially is this Journal offered in exchange for all entomological and zoological journals, and proceedings, transactions, and reports of societies, museums, laboratories, and expeditions. The separates are likewise offered in exchange for other entomological and zoological separates. Address all communications to POMONA COLLEGE JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY, W. A. Hiuton, Acting Editor, Claremont, California, U. S. A. POMONA COLLEGE “Our Tribute to Christian Civilization” One of the best located, and best housed and outfitted Colleges on the West Coast, with a full corps of enthusiastic and energetic instructors, and a large and vigorous student body. The laboratories in Biology, Chemistry, Physics and Astronomy are well equipped. The College offers full Literary, Classical and Scientific courses; it possesses well-manned schools of Music and Art, and offers exceptional facilities in Library and Athletics. : Claremont is admittedly at the center of one of the most salubrious, beau- tifully located and desirable residence districts in California. For further information, address POMONA COLLEGE, CLAREMONT, CALIFORNIA. - POMONA COLLEGE “Our Tribute to Christian Civilization” One of the best located, and best housed and outfitted Colleges on the West Coast, with a full corps of enthusiastic and energetic instructors, and a large and vigorous student body. The laboratories in Biology, Chemistry, Physics and Astronomy are well equipped. The College offers full Literary, Classical and Scientific courses; it possesses well-manned schools of Music and Art, and offers exceptional facilities in Library and Athletics. Claremont is admittedly at the center of one of the most salubrious, beau- tifully located and desirable residence districts in California. Yor further information, address POMONA COLLEGE, CLAREMONT, CALIFORNIA. Vol. + Vol. Vol. Vol. Vol. — Vol. — Vol. —- Vol. — Vol. SS Vol. — Vol. Vol. — not PARTS OF THE INVERTEBRATA PACIFICA For Sale and Exchange I, pp. 1-12, HOMOPTERA (On the Gnathodus species of the Abdominalis group, C, F. Baker; A New Genus of the Typhlocybini, C. F. Baker; The genus Erythria in America, C. F, Baker; New Typhlocybini, C. F. Baker; Notes on Macropsis, C. F. Baker). Price 30 cents. I, pp. 13-16, ORTHOPTERA (First Decade of Orthoptera issued in the Invertebrata Pacifica series, C. F, Baker; Additional Notes on Pacific Coast Orthoptera, C. F. Baker; New Orthoptera from Nevada, A. P. Morse). Price 10 cents. I, pp. 17-40, DIPTERA (Reports on Californian and Nevadan Diptera, I, C. F. Baker, with descriptions of new species and genera by D. W. Coquillet; Two New Siphonaptera, C, F. Baker). Price 60 cents. I, pp. 47-70, HYMENOPTERA (Descriptions of some new Hymenoptera from California and Nevada, J. J. Kieffer; New Hymenoptera mostly from Nicaragua, P. Cameron). Price 75 cenvs. I, pp. 71-84, ORTHOPTERA (Second Report on Pacifie Slope Orthoptera, C. FP. Baker, with descriptions of new species by J. A. G. Rehn and C, F. Baker). Price 35 cents. 1, pp. 85-92, NEUROPTEROID INSECTS (Notes on Neuroptersid Insects of the Pacifie Coast of North America, C. F. Baker, with descriptions of new species by Nathan Banks). Price 20 cents. 1, pp. 98-110, HYMENOPTERA (New western Mutillidae, I, C. F. Baker; On Some Hymenoptera collected by Prof. C. F. Baker in Nicaragua, P. Cameron; Descriptions of new species of Tiphiidae from Nevada and Southern California collected by Prof. C, F, Baker, P. Cameron). Price 45 cents. I, pp. 111-132, HYMENOPTERA (New Western Mutillidae, II, C. F. Baker; On some Hymenoptera, chiefly undescribed, collected by Prof. C. F. Baker in Nevada and Southern California, P. Cameron). Price 55 cents. 1, pp. 133-140, HETEROPTERA (Notes on the Nysius and Ortholomus of America, C. F. Baker). Price 20 cents. I, pp. 141-159, HYMENOPTERA (The Bee Genus Pasiphae in North America, C. F. Baker; American Bees related to Melecta, C. F. Baker; On New Vespidae collected by Prof. C. F. Baker in Western, North and Central America, P. Cameron; On Some Vespinae from Belize, P. Cameron; Descriptions of Three Species of S>cial Vespidae with Note on Polybia albopicta Sm., P. Cameron; New Species of Tiphia collected by Prof. C. F. Baker in Nevada and Nicaragua, P. Cameron). Price 45 cents. 1, pp. 160-178, HYMENOPTERA (Some New Gorytes—like Wasps, C. F. Baker; Descriptions of New American Tiphiidae, P. Cameron; A New Mutillid near Brachy- eistis, from California, C. F. Baker). Price 45 cents. I, pp. 179-198, HYMENOPTERA (Two New Bees of the Genus Ceratina, C. F. Baker; On Some North American Species of Chartergus, P. Cameron; On Some Diploteryga of Belize and Nicaragua, P. Cameron; New Halictinae from the Western United States, J. C. Crawford). , Price 50 cents. Any of these papers will be exchanged for any papers on Hemiptera or Hymenoptera in our library. Send lists of duplicates and desiderata to Cc. F. BAKER, Pomona College, Claremont, Cal. POMONA COLLEGE “Our Tribute to Christian Civilization” One of the best located, and best housed and outfitted Colleges on the West Coast, with a very full corps of unusually enthusiastic and energetic professors, and a large and very vigorous student body. The laboratories in Biology, Chemistry, Physics and Astronomy are splendidly equipped, and such as any college might be thoroughly proud of. Offers full Literary, Classical, and Scientific courses. Possesses well-manned schools of Music and Art, and offers exceptional facilities in Library and Athletics. The College should be judged by its output—Pomona has been very proud of hers. Claremont is admittedly at the center of one of the most salubrious, beauti- fully located and desirable residence districts in California. For further information, address POMONA COLLEGE, CLAREMONT, CALIFORNIA. PARTS OF THE INVERTEBRATA PACIFICA For Sale and Exchange Vol. 1, pp. 1-12, HOMOPTERA (On the Gnathodus species of the Abdominalis group, C. F. Baker; A New Genus of the Typhloeybini, C. F. Baker; The genus Erythria in America, C. F. Baker; New Typhlocybini, C. F. Baker; Notes on Macropsis, C. F. Baker). Price 30 cents. Vol. I, pp. 13-16, ORTHOPTERA (First Decade of Orthoptera issued in the Invertebrata Pacifica series, C. F. Baker; Additional Notes on Pacific Coast Orthoptera, C. F. Baker; New Orthoptera from Nevada, A, P. Morse). Price 10 cents. Vol. I, pp. 17-40, DIPTERA (Reports on Californian and Nevadan Diptera, I, C. F. Baker, with descriptions of new species and genera by D. W. Coquillet; Two New Siphonaptera, C, F. Baker). ; Price 60 cents, Vol. I, pp. 47-70, HYMENOPTERA (Descriptions of some new Hymenoptera from California and Nevada, J. J. Kieffer; New Hymenoptera mostly from Nicaragua, P, Cameron). Price 75 censs. Vol. I, pp. 71-84, ORTHOPTERA (Second Report on Pacifie Slope Orthoptera, C. F. Baker, with descriptions of new species by J. A. G. Rehn and C, F. Baker). Price 35 cents. Vol. 1, pp. 85-92, NEUROPTEROID INSECTS (Notes on Neuroptersid Insects of the Pacific Coast of North America, C. F. Baker, with descriptions of new species by Nathan Banks). Price 20 cents. Vol. I, pp. 93-110, HYMENOPTERA (New western Mutillidae, I, C. F. Baker; On Some Hymenoptera collected by Prof. C. F. Baker in Nicaragua, P. Cameron; Descriptions of new species of Tiphiidae from Nevada and Southern California collected by Prof. C, F. Baker, P. Cameron). Price 45 cents. Vol. I, pp. 111-132, HYMENOPTERA (New Western Mutillidae, Il, C. F. Baker; On some Hymenoptera, chiefly undescribed, collected by Prof. C. F. Baker in Nevada and Southern California, P. Cameron). Price 55 cents, Vol. I, pp. 133-140, HETEROPTERA (Notes on the Nysius and Ortholomus of America, C, F, Baker). Price 20 cents. Vol. I, pp. 141-159, HYMENOPTERA (The Bee Genus Pasiphae in North America, C. F. Baker; American Bees related to Melecta, C. F. Baker; On New Vespidae collected by Prof. C. F. Baker in Western, North and Central America, P. Cameron; On Some Vespinae from Belize, P. Cameron; Descriptions of Three Species of S-cial Vespidae with Note on Polybia albopicta Sm., P. Cameron; New Species of Tiphia collected by Prof. C. F. Baker in Nevada and Nicaragua, P, Cameron). Price 45 cents. Vol. I, pp. 160-178, HYMENOPTERA (Some New Gorytes—like Wasps, C. F. Baker; Descriptions of New American Tiphiidae, P. Cameron; A New Mutillid near Brachy- eistis, from California, C. F, Baker), Price 45 cents. Vol. I, pp. 179-198, HYMENOPTERA (Two New Bees of the Genus Ceratina, C. F. Baker; On Some North American Species of Chartergus, P. Cameron; On Some Diploteryga of Belize and Nicaragua, P. Cameron; New Halictinae from the Western United States, J. C. Crawford). Price 50 cents. Any of these papers will be exchanged for any papers on Hemiptera or Hymenoptera not in our library. Send lists of duplicates and desiderata to C. F. BAKER, Pomona College, Claremont, Cal POMONA COLLEGE “Our Tribute to Christian Civilization” One of the best located, and best housed and outfitted Colleges on the West Coast, with a very full corps of unusually enthusiastic and energetic professors, and a large and very vigorous student body. ‘The laboratories in Biology, Chemistry, Physics and Astronomy are splendidly equipped, and such as any college might be thoroughly proud of. Offers full Literary, Classical, and Scientific courses. Possesses well-manned schools of Music and Art, and offers exceptional facilities in Library and Athletics. The College should be judged by its output—Pomona has been very proud of hers. Claremont is admittedly at the center of one of the most salubrious, beauti- fully located and desirable residence districts in California. For further information, address POMONA COLLEGE, CLAREMONT, CALIFORNIA. 2 +. ‘ gry S50 rad - f P— | | ¢ | ~ Jen t 2 / Ce | AMNH LIBRARY WN 100135428