J

A POPULAR

CALIFORNIA FLORA,

oa,

MANUAL OF BOTANY FOR BEGINNERS.

ILLUSTRATED INTRODUCTORY LESSONS, ESPECIALLY ADAPTED TO

THE PACIFIC COAST.

TO WHlCn 13 ADDED A5

ANALYTICAL KEY TO WEST COAST BOTANY

CONTAINING BRIEF DESCRIPTIONS OF OVER 1500 SPECIES Oy

PACIFIC COAST PLANTS.

By VOLNEY rattan.

TEAClIiiE OF NaTUKAL fcJClENCES IN THE fcJTATE NOKMAL SCUUOi<«

SAN JOSE UBKJARY

'^ilW YORK
vMCAU

plintli I^evised Editicn. • i)^s

SAN FRANCISCO:

THE WHITAKER c\: RAY CO.,

Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1882,

■Ry a. I^ BANCROFT AISTD COMPANY,
In the office of the Librarian of Congress, at Washingtoa

PREFACE.

Thk first edition of this book waa prepared for the press during the evenings and Satxii^
days of the month of January, 1879. The hope that an abler hand would undertake the
task deferred the beginning, and the needs of a class of over five hundred pupils hastened
the completion of a work that would have been more slowly elaborated had the reputa-
tion of the author been the only consideration. The errors incident to such rapid work
were as far as possible corrected the following year, in a second edition, which was pre-
faced as follows:

"I have endeavored to prepare an inexpensive manual which will enable beginners in
botany to determine the names of all plants with conspicuous flowers that may be found
growing wild in the Central Valley of California from Visalia to Marysville, and through
the Coast Ranges from Monterey to Ukiah. Over six hundred species of plants are
characterized by descriptions condensed, for the most part, from Vol. I of the 'California
Botany,' and Sereno Watson's 'Revision of the North American Liliaccae. * Valuable
material has also been obtained from a 'Revision of the Eriogoneae,' by Torrey & Gray,
Gray's 'Synoptical Flora of North America,* and 'Gray's Manual of Botany.'

"Plants belonging to the Parsnip, Aster, Willow, Oak, and Pine Families, are not de-
scribed, being mostly too difficult for beginners, or of little interest to them. The Intro-
ductory Lessons are designed to show the learner how to study the growth of plants, aa
well as to give such knowledge of their structure aa will enable him to understand the
descriptions in the Flora. The 'Glossary of Generic and Speciuu Namea ' will enable the
student to make appropriate common names for most plants.

"To the authors whose works have furnished the materials for this book is due the
credit for whatever of excellence it may possess; to the compiler, who may, in a few
cases, have misrepresented these authors, attaches the blame for most of its defects.

"I am indebted for suggestions and criticisms to Prof. E. W.Hilgard, Dr. C. L. Ander-
son, Prof. W. H. Brewer and Dr. Asa Gray. To the latter I am especially grateful for
his kind interest in uiy humble work."

One third of the second edition was new matter, and only about half of the book in its
present form is printed from the stereotype plates of the first edition. The newer half
•^J of the work, although necessarily partaking somewhat of the nature of patchwork, is aa
O^ good aa I can make it. My drawings upon wood have been faithfully engraved, and,
*""" though claiming no artistic merit, will, I trust, prove helpful to the learner. With few
^^^ exceptions — always noted in the text — the plants, or parts of plants, are represented of
^^"^ the natural size. Besides the more obvious improvements, an entirely new Analytical
-9^ Key replaces the old one; and our most common oaks are described.

IT PREFACE.

Assuming that facts in natural history are useless if merely memorized from the book,
and that the student must earn his knowledge by observing and experimenting, it is ob-
viously best to encourage him at first bj' showing him how to try simple experiments
whose results are easily interpreted. Seeds are the best material for such experiments,
since the phenomena connected with their germination are not only easily observed, but
deeply interesting. For this reason what may seem a disproportionate space in the Intro-
ductory Lessons is devoted to "The Beginnings of Plant Life." There are no lessons of
greater educational value than those given to observing eyes by the growth of a plant
from the first quickening of the dry embryo to the putting forth of flowers and the ripen*
ing of fruit. A sunny window in each school-room should be devoted to these beautiful
object lessons of nature. It must not be forgotten, however, that since most young peo-
ple are eager to learn the names of plants whose flowers they admire, it is best to devote
most of the spring months to the study of Systematic Botany. The child's "What i»
it?" and the fijiger pointing to the plant in bloom, show plainly with what to begin the-
study of botany. Baron Frederick von Mueller says in his preface to an elementary
work upon the botany of Victoria, Australia: "An experience of nearly forty years has
convinced the author that the use of a grammar-like publication for initiating into a
study of plants is alike wearisome to teacher and children, and that as a rule, subject to
rare exceptions, the knowledge acquired from the ordinary first elementary works on
botany is as quickly lost as gained. The only method of rendering such studies agreeable
and lastingly fruitful consists in arousing an interest of the young scholars in the native
plants of their locality, to afford them all possible facilities to recognize and discriminate
all the various plants within reach, to lead them by observations thus started to com-
prehend the limits of specific forms, of generic and ordinal groups, and to conduct thenj.
afterwards to the more difficult study of special anatomy and physiology of plants."

Teachers and learners are here reminded of the importance of carefully writing out
the details of experiments tried, as well as descriptions of what has been observed. In.
the words of Dr. Asa Gray: " The naturalist must not only observe that he may describe,
but describe if he would observe."

It will be noticed — and the fact has formed the basis of a criticism — that the descrip-
tions of genera and species in this Flora are very brief; as a rule only the contrasting
characteristics being given, since more is calculated to confuse rather than help the be-
ginner. Dr. Gray says: "In floras, as in more general works, abridged descriptions or
diagnoses suflBce — indeed, are preferable in all cases where the region is pretty well
explored, and where materials can be thoroughly elaborated."

Although the Flora is designed especially for students in Central California, it will be
found only a little less useful to those studying as far south as Los Angeles, or as far
north as the Columbia. The Introductory Lessons are suited to the entire Pacific Coast*

Sa2J Fbjln Cisco, January, 1S82. V. R.

TXTIJODUCTOirr LESSONS

IN

STRUCTURAL BOTANY.

SECTION 1.— THE BEGINNINGS OF PLANT LIFE.

1. If the first rain of the wet season is followed by warm, sunny
weather, sjiecks of green will soon appear among the dry stems of last
year's weeds; and in fence corners or other edd}' nooks where summer
winds have drifted seeds and covered them with dust, you may find per-
fect mats of bab}' plants. With a shovel skim off a few square inches of
this plant-bearing soil, and carefully examine it. Except a few green
needles, which you recognize as spears of grass, most of these little plants
seem to consist of white stems, which split at the top into pairs of green
leaves. Looking sharply, you may find between each pair of leaves a

1. Seed (if Bnr-clover juKt be-
fore it appears above grouud. 2.
Same three days older. 3- Mus-
tard. 4-. llur rlover showing the
tirst and secoud plunmle leaves;
tlie former simple (apparently),
the letter with three lentiets. 5-
Mallows ( Malva borealis), show-
ing the hjng-petioled s< e I leaves
'Cotyledons , and one plumule
leaf unfokied. 6- I'ilaria (Ero-
dium), with lobed or sub-tom-
pounil seed leaves.

tiny l)ud; or, in the older plants, this may have grown other leaves, which
curiously enough are not like the first two. (Figures 1 to 0). Searching
through the shovelful of earth you will likely find plants in all stages of
^Towth, from swollen and sprouting seeds to stems, which are just push-
ing their bowed leaf-heads into the sunlight. Here, then, is material
from which 3'ou may learn liow plants grow; a lesson, remember, which
no text-book or schoolmaster can teach you. It will be easier, however,
since most of these early wild plants come from very small seeds, to take

n

INTRODUCTORY LESSONS.

jour first lessons from plants which have larger beginnings. You should
first study —

2. The Plant in the seed. Get many kinds of large seeds, such as
peas, beans, squash-seeds, bucke^^es, castor beans, corn, etc. Put them
in water that they may become soft enough to be readily separated into
their parts. In a day or two starchy seeds, such as peas or beans, will be
in good condition.

3. First take a bean and make drawings showing the outlines as seen
sidewise and edgewise. Any marks that seem to be found on all beans
must be put down in the drawing, but do not bother about the shading.
These attempts to represent what 3'ou see will lead to the discovery of
certain marks on the concave edge of the bean, the meaning of Avhich
you may sometime learn by studying the growth of the seed in the pod.
After 3^ou have thus studied the outside of the seed, slit it along the back
with a sharp knife and take out the kernel. It readily splits into halves
which are held together near one end by a short stem. Upon breaking
them apart the stem sticks to one half, and you discover growing from the
inner end a pair of tiny embracing-leaves. Make another drawing and
compare it with Fig. 7. Presently it will be
clear to you that this entire kernel is a little (ff\%k\ /M
plant. The plant in this dry apparently' lifeless
first stage of its existence is called —

4. The Embryo, or Germ. This, as you have f liilihliiil!'/ \\1
seen, is made up of the stem, or Radicle ; the
thick parts called Cotyledons, and the two-leaved 7 8

~ One cotyledon of a bean witb

IT Ti; 7 mi I p • • 7. One cotyledon of a bean with

bud, or rlumuie. ihe emwyo or a pea is Sim- the radicle and large plumule. 8.
•1 I 1 1 1 (. 1 1 i. xi 1 1 • Embryo of a peanut, o, inner side

liar to that 01 a bean, but the plumule is more of one cotyledon with the radicle
decidedly a bud. Fig. 8 represents the straight same^'"'"'''"' '' '"''' "'^" "' '""'
embryo of a i3eanut. The radicle is not bent around against the cotyle-
dons as in the pea, and bean, and the plumule shows two divided leaflets.
The cotyledons of the squash are thin and the plumule is scarcely visible.
Lupine, though its seeds resemble beans, has a long radicle and a minute
plumule. The buckeye seems to have a long radicle, but since it splits
nearly to its point, where 3'ou will find a large plumule, it is evident that
the apparent radicle is mostly made up of the cotyledon stems (petioles).

INTRODtJCTORY LESSONS.

VU

5. Albuminous Seeds. Remove the shell-like coat of a castor bean,
and carefully split it flatwise. What at first seems to be a large plumule
proves to bo free from the rest of the kernel, and with care you may be

10

9. Sefd of W'ill.iw (,r Dig-
li'-v Mne cut ho as to show
the Ktraiglit embryo in the
center of the oily all>unien.
a and h, embryo taken out,
tliecotyledouB (M separated.
10- Seed of tlie » ahtor-bf-an .
a, the broad tliin eni>)r>o
ueaily dividing the albu-
men; 6, the embryo removed
and the leaf-like cotyledons
separated. H. Seed of i>a-

11 12

tnra (Brut,'manFia\ showing at a the bent embryo in the scanty albumen; b, the embryo taken out and
the blender cotyledons seiiarated. 12. A grain of coflfee. a, the straight embryo.

able to get it out whole (Fig. 10.) It is a straight embryo with beautifully
veined, leaf-like cotyledons, embedded in a wbite, oih' substance, which
makes up the mass of the kernel. This substance is called Alhu.mfn, a
name which ap23lies to anything inclosed with the embryo by the seed
coats. Peas, beans, acorns, nuts, and most large seeds have no albumen.
Carefully cut thin slices from a well soaked coffee grain until its embryo
appears as represented in Fig. 12. The horny, folded albumen makes
up most of the seed. A similar, but smaller embryo, may be found in
the brain-shaped, fleshy albumen of the ivy seed. The embryo of the
Tree-Datura, or Stramonium, is shown in Fig. 11.
It has slender cotyledons, folded down against a
thick radicle, the whole embedded in tough, fleshy
albumen. Take the embryo of a Morning-Glory
seed and pick the bits of transparent, jelly-like
albumen out of the j^ockets in the crumpled coty-
ledons. An attempt to flatten out the cotyledons
will probably result in something like b, Fig. 13,
which may lead 3'ou to suppose that the coty-
ledons are separately crumpled, which is not the
case. They stick closely together by their inner
faces, as do the cotyledons of other seeds you have
examined, and they are crumpled as one; but, being
notched at the end, they readily split down the
center. Buckwheat seeds will give you some trouble

13. Morning - Glory
Just appearing above the
ground with the seed coat
sticking tu the cotyle-
dons. «, th" swollen
seed; /'. embryo, with
the crumpled cotyle-
dons S|dit down the
middle in the attempt
to flatten them.

Indeed, it will

VUl INTRODUCTORY LESSONS.

be much, easier to make out the exact shapes and positions of the em-
bryos in most albuminous seeds after they have begun to grow.

Monocotyledonous Embryos. Corn, wheat, oats, and possibly a
few other seeds in your collection, are different in plan from any yet
described. In corn the soft portion called the chit is the embryo. "Wheat
and oats have smaller but similar embryos. You cannot easily distin-
guish the parts of these embryos, but you can, at least, determine that
they have not two cotyledons. Really they have one cotyledon, and are
therefore said to be Monocotyledonous. When you study the growing
eeeds you will see how widely they differ from seeds which have —

Dicotyledonous Embryos. These are embryos, which, like the bean,
have two cotyledons. A few plants belonging to the Pine Family have

Polycotyledonous Embryos. Fig. 12 shows the embryo of the
common Willow or Digger Pine, which has more than two cotyledons in
a whorl at the top of the radicle.

The Germination of Seeds. Plant the remainder of your seeds —
those of a kind together — in boxes or pots of sand, or any kind of loose
soil you can get. Keep this little experimental garden in a warm place,
where it can get a bit of sunshine, and water it daily. At intervals of
three or four days dig up one of each kind of seed, and, after careful
examination, make drawings to illustrate the successive stages of growth.
It is of the greatest importance that you repeatedly attempt to draw
what you see; it is of the least importance that your drawings are pretty.
You will learn, among many interesting facts, that most seeds
are pushed up to the surface of the ground by the growth of the radicle.
There the seed-coats drop off (except that in seeds without albumen the
cotyledons are apt to slip out of their coats on the way up); the cotyledons
spread apart, become longer and broader, and turn green; lastly, the
plumule becomes a leafy stem. Meanwhile, roots grow from the lower
end of the radicle. Some cotyledons, like those of the pea, do not ap-
pear above ground, but send the plumule up. The seeds of Big-root —
a pest which grows in nearly every field — behave in a remarkable manner.
The nut-like seeds drop from their prickly pods in June or July, and
Boon become covered with leaves. The rains of November and December
cause them to sprout, as represented at d. The mimic radicle — really a

INTRODUCTORY LESSONS.

IX

tube formed by the united i:)etioles,
or stems, of the thick cotyledons,
and only tipped by the radicle —
penetrates the ground to a depth,
usually, of four or five inches. The
2)lumu]e meanwhile, as shown in/*,
remains dormant in tlie bottom of
the tubular sprout. "When the pe-
tiole growth ceases, the radicle grows
rapidly by absorbing the nourish-
ment stored in the cotyledons, and
Ijecomes a tuber. Meanwhile the
plumule begius its upward growth,
splitting the petioles apart, and usu-
ally escaping from between them, as
showm in the figure below c. In this
Avonderful way the plumule bud is
deeply planted together with nour-
ishment(stored in the radicle) which,
if necessary, can be used to aid its
first growth. The reason for this curious behavior is obvious, when Wv
know that ground squirrels are fond of these seeds, and that a severe
frost will kill the young j^lant. If the seeds wait till warm weather to
sprout, hungry rodents may find them; if they germinate early, and in
the manner of other seeds, Jack Frost may nip them.*

'■-■ Dr. Asa Gray, who first experimeuted with these seeds, found them to grow as represented at a, ia
the figure [reduced one fourth from Fig. 43, Botanical Text-book, edition of 1879]. Evidently og
a>couLt of some obstruction, probably the bottom of a small pot, the sieds were elevated two or threa
inches above the surface of the soil [the dotted line S represents the surface of the ground for flgurea
a, b, and c]. My experiments with seeds planted in shallow boxes gave very diflorent results — shown
at h, which is a reduced copy of Fig. 14 of second edition. The plants came up about four inches from
where the seeds were planted, Uie plumule being pash<"d laterally that distance by the elongation of the
cotyledon petioles. Such inexplicable behavior stimulated to further observation, which resulted iu
the discovery that naturally plan:ed seeds, unhampered by boxes c r pots, usually grow as represented
at c and d. In one instance a sprout measured seven inches Irom the plumule to the cotyledonsi Tlu
hairs at e probably help the pprout to penetrate the soil, by fastening on to the surface crust. Curiouslj
<anougb, growing sprouts underground frequently avoid obstacles without touching them.

INTRODUCTORY LESSONS.

a. Lupiniis micranthus;
the first p.uiiiule leaf on
the left. b. Lupiuiis ar-
boreus, asit appears when
grown In saml; the root-
hairs are ladened with
Band. c. Lupiniis densi-
florus. d. The same, after
the cotyledons are fully
developed, and the plu-
mule has appeared.

Lupines or-
dinaril}^ grow as
represented in the
cut at <2, but a com-
mon white-flower- *
ed kind presents at the end of a month's
growth the queer api^earance shown at d. At
first the sprouting seeds appear to be like
those of otber lupines (see Fig. c), but when
the cotyledons open, they are seen to be united
by their broad bases. For two or three weeks the
cotyledons enlarge; not only becoming broader, but
thicker; yet we look in vain for a trace of the plu-
mule. Meanwhile a white pustule has been growing,
which finally' bursts and discloses the partly grow^n
leaves of the missing bud, which has all this time
been hidden in the thick stem below the cotyledons!
Now, the tough leathery skin of these cotyledons is
proof against the nightly frosts that prevail at this
season of the year (December), so they go on pre-
paring food from the air with which to feed the
tender plumule, until it also is strong enough to face c
Jack Frost. If you carefully examine these seeds in various
stages of their growth, you will learn that the plumule is at
the bottom of a short tube formed by the united petioles of
the cotyledons. S^ometimes the plumule breaks out through

iNTRODrrrouY lessons.

Xf

the sitle of this tube below the cotyledons, instead of
bursting through between the>a.

Do not fail to see for yourself how squash
embryos pry open their tough coats. Soon after the
sprout has gained a foothold in the soil, a little knob
grows on the side of the radicle so as to split more
widely open the point of the seed coat, as sliown in Fig. c.
Then the radicle stem between the knob and the cotyledons,
by growing, pries the seed still wider open, as seen at b below.
Finally, by continued growth, the cotyledons are pulled out
of the seed coat and upward to the surface of the ground,
where they expand, and become pretty good leaves. Seeds
planted edgewise, which of course could rarel}' happen in nature, can not
thus free themselves of their seed coats, and it has been i^roved by a
French botanist (M. Flahault) that seeds which come up with their coats
on do not thrive. The seed at b in the figure was first planted the other
side up. It was turned over when the knob on the right had begun to oi)en
the seed. The radicle, which then pointed directly upward, gradually
straightened, bent downward, and finally the second knob grew, by the
help of which the seed leaves were in a fair way to get out when the draw-
ing was made. Some native California plants get
out of their coats in a similar manner.

Germination of Albuminous Seeds.

You Iiave observed that when seeds without al-
bumen send their cotyledons above ground, the
7 seed coats are usually left behind, but the albu-
minous seeds named in paragraph 5 retain their
seed coats often for several days after they come
up. Examine the coats after they are thrown off,
and you will find none of the albumen which
formed the larger part of their contents before
germination. The enlarged cotyledons tell what
has become of it, and it is now plain why the
coats were retained.

Xll

INTRODUCTORY LESSONS,

q h

a. Section oi a seed of Paeonia Brownii, showing the small emb-yo at the lighc .n the copious albu>
men. 6. The embryo removed and the cotyledons separated, c. The germinating peed d. Thr "ame,
with the seed coats removed t > show the leaf-like cotyledons, e. Plumule hud, or veal end or ,ne uiv
ward- gi-o wing stem. /. The first plumule leaf as it appears above ground, the terminal bud yei dormant
under ground, g. Peed of Pinus Sabiniaua (Digger, Willow, or Nut Pine) soon after it acpears above
ground, h. Same, with the seed coats removed to show the 14 cotyledons. See Figc 9, p. vi:

You must have wondered why the cotyledons of a bean, which
never become leaf-like, should appear above ground. It is equally strange
that the albuminous seeds of the peony should behave in the reverse
way. As shown in the cut (a and b), the embryo is very small. In
germination the plumule comes up while the cotyledons become decidedly
leaf-like, and fill the shell which has been emptied of its albumen to feed
them and the plumule. These thin, veiny seed leaves could certainly do
better w^ork above ground than those of most lupines, yet they never come
up. There is another curious thing about the growth of peonj'- seeds,
which you may try to discover.

"When the buckwheat and cotton seeds have begun to sprout,
you can study their embryos. Note how the thin, broad cotyledons of
the former are folded once and rolled up with a layer ot snow-white
starch; and how the speckled seed leaves of the latter are folded along
the center, then outwardl}^ back, and finally crumpled endwise to make
them fit coats too short for them. Maple seeds have curiously crumpled
and folded cotyledons. Indeed, all seeds have interestiug lessons to
teach us.

Germination of Monoeotyledonous Seeds. Tlie seeds named

INTBODDCTORY LESSONS.

xiu

15. Germinating com. IS. Wheat. 17. Wild,
oats; a, colorless sheath inclosing the first pin-
male-leaf &; c, the twisted and bent beard by

in paragraph 6 do not clearly show
their embryos in germination, but they
are readily enough distinguished from
dicotyledons. The downward growing
sprouts are several instead of one, and
the upward growing sprout is like a
rolled grass leaf (Figs. 15 to 17). By
tasting of the growing seeds you can
discover what the starchy albumen is
changed to before it is fit food for the
young plant. It must be remembered
that only the grass-like monoctyledons
grow as here represented. If possible,
get Lily seeds, Iris seeds, etc.

If you examine seeds and study
their growth as you have been directed,

you will hive the evidence of your own means of which it is able to travel to cracka
ill 1 • 1 i. * in the ground and thus plant itself.

eyes that an embryo is a plant in a *

sort of sleeping state from which it may be aroused to activity by moist-
ure and warmth. It will be evident that the radicle is a stem; that
the cotyledons correspond to leaves, and that the plumule is a bud
from which ia to grow all the above-ground portion of the plant. Re-
member, that if these, or any other statements concerning the structure
and behavior of plants, are not confirmed by your own judgment U2:)on
what you have yourself observed, they are useless to you, except as guides
pointing to what you are to find. To memorize these statements of facts
is to secure the husks, not the kernels, of knowledge. Plants themselves
must teach you how they grow. The book can only show you how to
question them and how to interpret their answers. Do not fail to care-
fully compare the results of all your experiments; for in this way you
can decide what are general or usual facts, and what are exceptional.
The latter should be closely investigated, since it is probable that there
is a reason for all unusual as well as usual behavior of plants.

«iv nrraoDUCTOBY lessons.

SECTION 2.— THE STRUCTURE OF PLANTS.

Steins. While awaiting the development of germs in your experi-
mental garden, you can study plants which have already reached maturity
in wild gardens. Go out and dig up the first plant — not too large — that
jou find in blossom. I will suppose that you have found the very com-
mon Filaria (also called Pin-clover; and children call the curious seeds
with twisted tails, clocks). Its parts are Boots, Stenij Leaves, and Flowers,
.(Some time, if you continue studying Botany, it will be proved to you
that flowers are forms of stems, or stem-branches.)

Crush the stem. It is made up of stringy fibers and a soft sub-
stance filled with juice. The former is generally called Fibrous Tissue
or Wood ; the latter, Cellular Tissue. The lower part of the stem and
the upper part of the root — the older portions of the plant — contain
more wood than the branches and the rootlets, while the leaves have only
net-like skeletons of wood. It would be interesting to study these tissues
with the aid of a microscope, and thus become acquainted with the inner-
most structure of plants; but for the present it will be sufficient if you
can distinguish, in a general way, wood from cellular tissue.

Cut the stem squarely across near the upper end, and from one
piece take a thin slice. Stick this on a join and hold it up to the light.
It is nearly transparent, except a green ring of skin outside and a ring
of white dots inside. The latter are cut ends of woody fibers which run
lengthwise of the stem. Make a similar section of the lower part of the
stem and you will find a continuous ring in place of the dots, showing
that in the older part the fibers have become so numerous as to form a
hollow cylinder of wood. The inclosed cellular tissue is called the Pith.

Exogens and Endogens. If the stem lives year after year there will
be added successive layers of wood outside of the first one. Such stems
are woody, and if they grow many years become Bushes, Shrubs, or Trees.
Plants that grow in this way are called Krogens. Examine Asparagus,
Soap-root, Iris, or any Lily and you will find the wood fibers scattered
irregularly through the stems. These plants are Endogens. All our native

urmonucTORY lessons. xv

trees and most other plants are exogens. Palm-trees, Century-plants,
passes, and the "small grains," are endogens.

Herbs are plants whose stems die, at least to the ground, after
they have blossomed and matured fruit. These are Annuals when their
lives are limited to one season; Biennials when they die the second year
— not producing fruit the first year; Perennials when they live on year
after year, their stems dying annually down to the ground. The under-
ground portions of such stems are called —

Rootstocks. This name applies more particularly to such stems as
grow nearly horizontally under ground, or become thick and fleshy with
nutritious matter, which enables the plant to make rapid first growths
■each year. A rootstock can usually be distinguished from a true root
by its bearing buds.

Bulbs are formed by a peculiar bud growth in which the leaves or
their bases become very thick and fleshy, with a store of nourishment,
while the stem grows in diameter, but scarcely at all in length.

Coated or Tanicaied Bulbs are those in which the leaves form a
succession of envelopes, as in the onion. If the leaves or leaf-bases are
narrow, as in the lily, the bulb is Scaly.

Corms resemble bulbs, but are solid, and have more the nature of
Tubers, which are the thickened ends of slender, branching, under-
ground stems, as potatoes, ground artichokes, etc.

Leaves. Collect the leafy stems of many kinds of plants. Ob-
serve the arrangement of the leaves on the stems. A few like Erodium
(Filaria), the Catchfly, Pink, Fuchsia, Mint, etc., have Opposite leaves.
Possibly you may find a CoUiusia, or stem of Cleavers, with the leaves ia
WJiorls of three or more. Most plants have Alternate leaves. You will
find some plaut^s like Plantain, with a bunch of leaves growing from the
ground, but no leafy stems. Such leaves come from rootstocks, and are
said to be Radical. Plantain, Dodecatheou, Primrose, etc. have the leaves
all radical. Many perennial herbs have radical leaves, as well as ordi-
nary stem leaves, and these usually differ more or less from the stem
leaves.

Observe that stems and branches end in buds or flowers, and that

XVI

INTRODUCTORY LESSONS.

there is usually a bud, or branch, or a flower at the base of a leaf be-
tween it and the stem from which it grows.

Buds and flowers at the ends of stems or branches, are Terminal ,'
when between the stems and leaves, Axillary.

Examine the leaf of a Violet or Pansy. You can readily distin-
guish three parts: A broad Blade ; a stem or Petiole, and a pair of appen-
dages at the base of the jjetiole called Stipules. The latter in the Pansy
are leaf -like. Sometimes they are mere scales, and frequently there are
none at all. The petiole may be wanting, also; the leaf is then said to
be Sessile. Leaves Avith but one blade are —

Simple Leaves. The illustrations (Figures 18 to 32) show the
principal forms of simple leaves or leaflets of compound leaves. Care-
fully compare the blades of your leaves with these shapes. If the leaf
in hand does not correspond with any of the figures, you ma^'' describe it
by combining the descriptive words, or by adding a word. A leaf, for
example, too broad to be lanceolate, and narrower than ovate, if about
half wa}^ between the two forms, is Ovate-lanceolate or Lance-ovate; the
first, if nearer ovate; the latter, if nearer lanceolate. Or, if merely a lit-
tle broader than lanceolate, we may say it is Broadly-lanceolate ; when more
slender. Narrowly-lanceolate ; if slender and nearly as broad in the middle
as nearer the base, it is Linear-lanceolate, etc. So, too, there are interme-^

18 19 20 21 22

Forms of Leavfs. — 18. Linear. 19. Oblong. 20
(Shield-shaped). 28. Hastate (Spear-ghaped). 24.

Elliptical.
Sagittate (Arrow-ehaped)

23

21. Orbicular.

24

22. Peltate

diate forms described by such terms as: Oblong-lanceolate ; Narrowly-ellip-
tical; Broadly-elliptical — which approaches orbicular; Broadly-cordate —

INTRODUCTORY LKSSONS.

XVll

wbicli becomes reuiform if the apex, is rounded, etc. Ohovatr. ; Ohlance-
olatc ; Obcordalc, etc., apply to forms the reverse of ovate, lanceolate, etc.

25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33s

Forms of Lewes— fj'i. Lanceolate. 26. Oblanceolate. 27. Spatiilate. 28. Ovate (Eggk
■hapert). 29- Cordate (Heart-shaped). 30- Keniform (Kidney-shaped) . 31. Falcate (Sickle-
shaped. 32- Hastate (Spear-shaped) . 32a. Auriculate (Eared) base.

Apexes of Leaves. There are terms descriptive of the apexes (the
Ui^x^ei ends) of leaves. Fig-. 18 has a Cuspidate apex; Fig. 19, Notched or
Emarginate ; Figures 23, 24, 29, Acute; Fig. 25, Acuminate; Fig. 26^
Obtu. e

3Iargins of Leaves. All these forms are represented as having

Lkaf >TAR<JiNe.— 33. Serrate. 34. Dentate. 35. Crenate. 36- Wavy. 37. Sinuate. 38. Incised
S9. Erose.

entire or nearly entire margins, but the margins may be notched or cut
in various ways. Figures 33 to 39 will assist you in describing the mar-
gins of your leaves. Here, also, you will find it necessary to combine ad-

xviu

INTRODUCTORY LESSONS.

jectives or use adverbs. Leaves may be Finely-serrate or Coarselyserr&te ;,
and Dentate, Crenale, etc., may be similarly modified.

40. Pinnately lobed leaf, of White Oak (QuercuB lobata). 41- PinDately parted leaf of Nemo-
phila aurita (Lobes retrorse) . 42. Pinnate leaf of Erodium moscbatum. 43. Palmately lobed
leaf of Maple, 44. Palmately parted leaf of Viola lobata.

Lobed Leaves. These may be Pinnately or Palmately lobed, de-
pending upon whether there is more than one rib proceeding from the

INTRODUCTORY LESSONS.

XI V

base of the leaf. Fif,^ 40 represents a pinnately lobed leaf; Fig. 43,
palmately lobed. When leaves are deeply lobed, as in Figures 41 and 44,
they are said to be Parted. Divided leaves are cut quite to the midrib if
pinnately divided, or to the end of the petiole when palmately divided.
Cleft leaves have the sinuses between the lobes sharp as in Fig. 38. When
leaves are pinnately cleft about half way to the midrib they are said to be
Plnnatifid. If the lobes are pinnatifid it is described as Bipinnatijid. It
is common to give the number of lobes in the descriptive phrase, as pin-
nately nine-lobed (Fig. 40); pinnately eleven-parted (Fig. 41); palmately
five-lobed (Fig. 43); palmately five-parted (Fig. 44).

Compound Leaves have distinctly separate leaflets usually jointed
to a common petiole, just as simple leaves are jointed to the stem. A leaf
is Pinnate, when the leaflets grow
along o^^posite sides of the petiole
(Fig. 42); Palmate, if they all grow
from the end of the petiole (Fig.
4G). Fig. 45 represents sl pinnately
"■d-foliolate leaf; Fig. 46, palmately
3-foliolate. "When there is no odd
leaflet at the end the leaf is ab-
ruptly pinnate. Leaves may be
twice, thrice, etc., compound, that
is, the leaflets may be compound
as in some acacias.

Bracts are leaves among flow-
ers, or small undeveloped leaves
anywhere on the stem.

Stipules may be adnate to 45. Plunately 3-foliolate leaf of Bur-clover. -with

, . i! Ji i' 1 • ji Bmall stipules. 46- J'almatelyor difjltately 3-foliolate

the base OI the petiole, as in the leaf ol a true clover, the broad adnate stipules lacerate.

rose and clover (Figures 45, 4G); they may grow on the stem; or, as in
soiue i)lants of the Buckwheat Family the stipules form a sheath surround-
ing the stem at the base of the petiole. Do not mistake the first leaves
of a growing axillary bud for stipules.

Venation of Leaves. All the leaves thus far described are said
to be Netted-veined or Reticulated, because their skeletons of wood fiber

rx

INTRODUCTOBY I.ESSONS.

resemble nets. Examine the leaves of Iris, Calla, or any that are grass-
like, and you will see why they are called Parallel-veined.

Netted-veiiied leaves grow on Exogenous stems. Parallel-veined leaves
grow on Endogenous stems. The former belong to plants which grow from
Dicotyledonous seeds; the latter to j^lants from Monocotyledonous seeds.

Flowers. Get a bunch of Mustard flowers — Wall-flowers, single
Stock, or Radish flowers will do as well. Pluck a single blossom and
note these facts: The most conspicuous part consists of four yellow
leaves; outside of these are four smaller greenish yellow leaves in pairs
not quite alike. The latter are Sepals, and together form the Calyx ; the
former are Petals, and together form the Corolla. Pull off the sepals,
observing that they alternate with the petals. Next remove the petals.
The broad part of each petal is called the hlade, the narrow part, the claw
(corresponding to the petiole of an ordinary leaf). Inside of the petals
you find six yellow-headed bodies with white stems, two of which are
shorter than the remaining four. These are the Stamens. Their stems
are Filaments ; the yellow heads are Anthers, and the yellow powder which
they contain is Pollen. In the center of the flower is a club-shaj)ed bod}^
called the Pistil. This is the young seed-pod, and by splitting it open
you may see the minute Ovules, which are the beginnings of seed. The
part containing the ovules is the Ovary ; the naked upper end of the j^is-
til is the Stigma, and the j)art connecting the stigma with the ovary is the
Style. The end of the stem
upon which the parts of the
flower grow^ is the Receptacle,
and the stem is called a Pe-
duncle. Fig. 47 will assist
you in learning these names.

A Complete Flower
must have calyx, corolla,
stamens and pistils; but, since
the office of a flower is to pro-
duce seeds, and these grow
from ovules, which pollen has
reached b}'- Avay of the stigma,

• I r 11 +14- 47- Magnified Mustard flo-wer with four of the stamens*

IL lOilOWS mat three petals and throe sepals removed.

INTKODUCTOliY LESSONS.

X\j

A perfect Flower may consist of pistils and stamens only, and of
these the styles and filaments are not essential.

Cohesion of Floral Organs. AYhen sepals cohere or grow fast tu
each other (Figs. 48—

\ii>

51) the calyx is Gamo-
.sepalous. So, also,
the corolla may be
Gamopetalous. When
stamens cohere they
are Monadetplious if
in one set, Diadel-
2)Jious if in two sets
(usually 9 and 1), etc.
Cohering pistils (car-
pels) form a Com-
pound Fislil. The de-
grees of cohesion in
calyx and corolla is
described, as in leaves,
by the terms entire,

r'Ipff nr Inhprl onrl ^^ ^^ ^^

^v ,j V yjL Luucu ciLiu. ^g Burl of Esrhseholtzia, -wit^i the niitriform calyx removed ar.d

parted Thus* ]Bind- • ^^"^^ "^ ^^"^*^^" ^^' ^^l'^" flower of th^ same, with two of the petals
' ' ' ' removed, one of these below witli tlie stnmens adheriut,' to the claw.

AVeed (Fi<^. 50) has an ^^" ^^'^'^vP'''*"*^l''''t^^f ''f^volvnlnsarveusis; above is the crollasplU
^ *3' ^ down, displayiiiji live Tiuequal stamens.

entire corolla limb; Zauschneria (Fig. 51)
has a 4:-lobed calyx; Nemophila has a
5-parted or deeply 5-lobed corolla, etc.
If the flower has a limb (border) dis-
tinct from the tube, these terms aj^ply to
the limb.

Adliesion of Floral Organs. The
calyx may grow fast to the ovary (Fig. 51),
then it is said to be Superior (ovary in-
ferior). The corolla and stamens fre-
<iuently grow on the calyx, as in Fuch-
■sia, Strawberry, etc.; then they are said

XXll

INTRODUCTORY LESSONS.

54. Cyme. 53. Spike

to be Perigynous ; or the stamens may grow on the corolla (Fig. 50) as
in most gamopetalous flowers, and in Eschscholtzia (Fig. 49). In the
Orchis Family the stamens grow on the pistil.

Irregular Flowers are those in which parts of the same kind are
unlike in form or size.

Inflorescence. The forms of flower-clusters are almost as various
as the shapes of the flowers, but they
may all be referred to two plans, viz. :
Terminal and Axillary. The Raceme
(Fig. 52) is a simple form of axillary
inflorescence in which the leaves are
reduced to bracts. If the flowers are
sessile (without pedicels) the raceme
becomes a Spike (Fig. 53). If the
older flowers are raised on long pedi-
cels the flat-topped cluster is called a
Corymb (Fig. 55); In an Umbel the
pedicels all grow from the end of the

peduncle (Fig. 56). If these are
very short or obsolete a Head is

formed. A Panicle is a loose com-
pound raceme. A Thyrse is a dense
panicle. Fig. 54 represents a Cyme,
the type of terminal inflorescence. A
many-flowered cyme is a Fascicle ; more
densely flowered, a Glomerule. Cymes
55 and Fascicles resemble Corymbs; but

56. Umbel. 55. Corymb. -^^ ^^^ former, the central flowers are

the older, while in the latter, the younger flowers or buds occupy the
center. Glomerules differ from heads in the same way.

The woodland flowers Trillium and Anemone furnish examples of
the simplest form of Terminal Inflorescence. Their simple stems bear
each one flower at the top. Often flowers seem to be axillary when the
plan of inflorescence is terminal. Fig. 57 illustrates a case of this kind-

INTRODUCTORY LESSONS.

XXlll

Suppose that one of the branches in
Fig". 54 had failed to grow. The first
flower would then appear to be axil-
lary. In the plant represented by
Fig. 57, two of each set of three
axillary buds usually remain dormant.
Their growth would complete a Tri-
rho/omous Cyme. Fig. 54 represents a
IJwhotomon^ Cyme. Imagine the plant
shown in Fig. 57 to continue branch-
ing, the stem to be shortened so as to
bring the flowers close together, and
the leaves to become obsolete. A
bunch of flowers, having the appear-
ance of a one-sided raceme, would be
formed. Let the flowers become ses-
sile, and we would have a false spike.
Such mimic racemes and spikes are
usually coiled as shown in Fig. 64.

The common Anagallis, whose
pretty salmon-colored flowers appear in
the axils of the opposite leaves (Fig. 58),
is an illustration of simple A.rillary In-
florescence. Imagine the leaves reduced
to bracts, and the stem shortened. The
fruit, flowers, and buds would then form
a Bracteate Raceme. Let the bracts be-
come wanting, and we would have a naked
or liractleas Raceme, similar to the one
shown in Fig. 59. This raceme wants
only a slight lengthening of the lower
pedicels to become a Corymb. Indeed, it
might be called a Corymbose Raceme.
Fig. GO represents a naked raceme, in
"which only one or two flowers are in

59

XXIV

INTRODUCTORY LESSONS.

bloom at a time. Adense Spike,
bearing a ring of flowers be^
tween growing ovaries below
and expanding buds above, is
shown in Fig. Gl. The coiled spike (Fig. 64) is
really a kind of cyme, as has been shown. This
Scorpioicl Inflorescence is characteristic of two
families of plants, rejDresented by many plants on
this coast. Mosquito Bills (Fig. 62) grow in Brac-
teate Umheh. The Head or Capitate cluster (Fig. 63)
is like an umbel, only the pedicels are mostly very
short. When the flowers are numerous, the head
becomes Globose. The true clovers have caj^itate
11 flowers. When the pedicels in a raceme branch so
as to bear two or more flowers each, a Compound
Raceme is formed. So in like manner Compound
Umbels^ Spikes, and Corymbs may be formed. These
flower bunches, cymes, racemes, etc., may be at the ends of
main stems or branches, or in the axils of leaves, or replace
single flowers in any kind of inflorescence.
^^ The Calyx, as we have already learned, is composed

of leaves called Sepals, which, though different from ordinary
leaves in shape, are usually green. When the sejoals are separate, the
flower is Folysepalous. Sej^als united partly or wholly form a Gamo-
sepalous calyx. If the sepals drop off when the flower opens, as shown
on p. 20a, they are Caducous. If they fall with the petals, or before the
fruit is ripe, they are Deciduous. A Persistent Calyx remains until the

INTRODUCTORY LKSSONS.

XXV

fruit ripens (Fig. G5). A colored
calyx — i. e., nut green — is said
to be Petaloid. Flowers with-
out petals and those of the Lily
Family usually have j^^taloid
sepals (Figs. GO, 70, 71).

The Corolla is Polypei-
alous when the petals are free
from each other (see Figs. 60,
G8, G9, 73). In Gamopetalous
corollas there are all degrees of
cohesion from the complete
uuiou (Fig. G7) of the Entire
limb to the almost free petals
of a Divided corolla (Fig. 58).
Petals often grow upon the calyx
(Fig. G8). Corollas are Rerjular
(Figs. G7, G9) or Irregular (Fig.
GG, and Fig. 58, p. 3. See also
the figures on p. 11 and p. 88b).
Common forms of regular co-
rollas are riO(cd('(Fig. 58), Scdver-
Jorm (Fig. Gi), Funnel-form

C9

(Fig. 67), and Campanulate or Bell-shaped when the tube expands suddenly
at the base to a width nearly equal to that of the summit and about equal

XXVI

INTRODUCTORY LESSONS.

. . Ovary,

Calyx tube.

Calyx lobes.
Bifid 2}€tals.

73. A flower of "Whipplea, magnified, cut down
throiigh the cenfer, showing the partly inlericr
ovary and the iutroree autherd.

to a third of the length. Irregular flowers are frequently
Bilabiate or Two-lipped, as shown in the figures a and c on
p. 11, and the figures on p. 88b. When the tube of a corolla
is slender, and the regular or irregular limb is small or want-
ing, the flower is said to be Tubular. The term Perianth is
used to designate the calj^x and corolla taken together. It is
mostly used in describing endogenous flowers (Figs. 70, 71).
Stamens may grow upon the receptacle (Ilypogynous,
Fig. 69), upon the calyx (Perigynous, Fig. 68), U23on the
corolla (Fig. 67), or upon the pistil. Stamens are often
united by their filaments so as to form tubes (Fig. 74) or
bundles; or the anthers are joined, as in the Sunflower or
Sometimes there are two kinds of stamens in the same flower
(Fig. 68). Staminodia are antherless or abortive stamens (see longer sta-
mens in Fig. e, p. 8). Aidhers usually consist of two cells, which are
filled with Pollen. If the upper end of the filament lies exactly between
the anther cells, the anther is Innate. An Adnate anther is attached by
one side to the filament (Figs. 67, 68). A Versatile anther is attached be-
tween its ends b}' one side to the tip of the filament (Figs. 71, 72). The
pollen usually escapes from slits in one side of the anther, as shown in
Fig. 69. This side, which in an adnate or versatile anther, is opposite
the filament, is called the face of the anther. When the anther faces

Thistle.

INTRODUCTORY LKSSONS. XXVll

the pistil, it is Inlrorse (Fij^s. 68, 71, 72, 73); and when it faces away
from the pistil, it is Exlrorse (Fig. G9).

The Pistil grows upon the receptacle, or upon a stem arising
from it, called a Stijir. (Fig. 71). In a few orders there are several or
many pistils in each flower. Usually there is but one, formed of several
simple pistils (carpels) united more or less closely. As in the other floral
organs, there are all degrees of cohesion, from a slight union of the
bases of the ovaries — rarely of the stigmas only — to such completeness
as leaves no trace of lobes in the stigma (see Fig. on p. 5). Often the
free styles tell how many carpels compose the pistil (Fig. 69). Generally
the stigmas are divided or lobed (Fig. 68). These marks wanting a cross
section of the ovary, or, better still, of the partly grown fruit, will usu-
ally shew a cell for each carpel (see the right-hand figure, p. 88b). If
the ovules (or young seeds) are in the center or grow on more than one
side of the ovary (or pod), the pistil is compound. A simple pistil is
generally plainly one-sided. A symmetrical pistil is compound.

Inferior Ovaries. "When the calyx adheres to the ovary, so as
to form, after the ovary has matured, the outer part of the fruit, it is
said to he superior, because the apparent calyx, its lobes, or cup, seem
to grow uj^on the ovary. For the same reason the ovary is said to be in-
ferior (Figs. 68, 72). There are all degrees of adhesion, from the slight
union at the base, as seen in Whipplea (Fig. 73), to the remarkable ex-
treme exhibited in the plant figured on p. 5, in which not only the ovary,
but. several inches of the style, is adherent to the calyx. When the
adhesion is only partial, it can be shown by cutting the flower vertically,
as represented in Fig. 73.

The Fruit is the ripened ovary (or set of ovaries), and all that
directly belongs to it. A dry fruit which opens in any way to let out the
seeds is called a Fod. A pod formed by the growth of a simple pistil
(one-carpeled) is called a Follicle when it splits only along the side which
bears the seeds. A Legume splits down both edges. Pods formed of
several carpels are called Capsules. Akenes are dry, indehiscent, seed-
like fruits, containing but one seed. Ulricles are distinguished from
akenes by their thin coats, which are too large for the inclosed seed.

XXVlll

INTRODUCTORY LESSONS.

There are many other names applied to
fruits, which it is not necessary to define
here.

The Gro-svth of Ovules. You can
not study the development of ovules from the
beginning, without the help of a compound
microscope, but you can easily observe all
stages of growth, from a tiny green speck
to the full-grown embryo. Most seeds are
nearly full grown in ajopearance before the
embryo is more than fairly visible to the
naked eye. The seed coat, filled with a
syrupy or milky, usually sweet, liquid, ap-
pears to constitute the very young seed.
With a sharp knife cut in halves a great
many green peas, in size from half grown
7 upward. You will surely find in some of

them tiny green embryos, and you may get specimens from the size of a
pin's head up to those which tightly fill the seed coat. In Fig. 75, at the
top, is seen — magnified two diameters — the young seed of a lupine, cut so
as to show the young embryo lying in one end. In the same figure is
represented a radish pod, laid open so as to show three of the seeds, two
of which exhibit their partly grown embryos.* Below, at 6, is one of
these magnified, and at a an older one, also magnified. The grown em-
bryo completely fills the seed. Observe the positions of the embryofs in
relation to the stems of the seeds and the stems of the pods. The lower
seed in the radish is fastened to the lower side of the i^od, the middle
seed grows to the upper side. The cotyledons increase much more in
size than the radicle. The embryo evidently grows, in jDart at least, by
absorbing the liquid around it. Suppose the embryo of the lupine to quit
growing at the size represented in the figure, and that the liquid around
it thickens until it becomes solid. Would not the seed thus formed be
albuminous ?

♦These are cut in two. The embryo may be seen through the seed-coat, as represented at 6, by hold
ing it up to the light. Half of the seed-coat is removed from a.

SYSTEMATIC BOTANY.

NAMES OF PLANTS: CLASSIFICATION.

In a general way we designate the objects around us by single
names. We speak of a stone, a wolf, or a pine; bat to distinguish the
kinds we naturally use two names, as lime stoue, sand stone; grey wolf,
prairie wolf; nut pine, yellow pine, etc. This is one step in classifica-
tion, and the only one commonly taken. This natural plan of double
names was adopted by the great naturalist, Linnaeus, who gave names to
most European plants, as well as to many of this continent. He wisely
gave the Latin form to his names, since that language (being the base of
most languages spoken in civilized countries) is the natural source of cos-
mopolitan names — those truly common to all people. Botanical names,
then, differ from so-called common names principally in form, and they
have these decided advantages: they more exactly represent the rela-
tions between kinds of plants, and they are names that are common to
peo^jle of all languages. In short, they are the true common names.

It is Bot true that botanical names are harder than local names. The most com-
mon of our ornamental j^lants are well known by their scientific names. Xo one thinks
of calling the following botanical names hard: Geranium; Aster; Verbena; Petunia; Por.
tulaca; Crocus; Phlox; Fuchsia; Iris; Magnolia; Oxalis; Azalea; Dahlia; Lobelia; Ar-
nica, etc. Most people talk familiarly of Camellias, Callas, Begonias, Acacias; etc.:
while cur beautiful California plants, Clarkia, Collinsia, Eschscholtzia Nemophila, etc.,
are well known by their proper names — at least, in other countries.

Generic Names correspond to the second parts of the compound com-
mon names, as oak, pine, rose, etc. Some of these are the old Greek or
Latin names of the plant. Most generic names are either derived from
Greek or Latin words descriptive of some peculiarity of the plant, or tbey
are commemorative of some botanist, as Thysanocarpus, from Greek
words meaning fringe and pod; Kelloggia, iu honor of Dr. A. Kellogg, a
veteran botanist of this coast. Sometimes genera are named in honor of
those who are not botanists, as Fremoutia, HoUisteria, etc.

Z SYSTEMATIC BOTANY.

Specific Names are adjectives corresponding to the first parts of com*
mon names. They are usually descriptive of some characteristic of the
plant, as Gilia liniflora, Flax-flowered Giiia. Frequently a species is
named for the discoverer, as Gilia Bolanderi, Bolander's Gilia; often for the
country where it\"fj^ first found, or where it abounds, as Ranunculus Cali-
fornicuH, California Buttercup. Sometimes there are varieties of a species
as Trifolium barbigerum, Yar. Andrewsii, Andrews' Bearded-Clover.

Orders and Classes. Genera are grouped in Orders or Families,
and these in Classes. There are two classes of flowering plants, Exogens
and Endogens.

ANALYSIS OF PLANTS.

This whole matter of naming and classifying can be well under-
Btood only after you have analyzed many plants; i. e., you must have
carefully examined them part by part, and patiently compared their pecul-
iarities with the descriptions in the Flora until you have determined
their names. In the beginning there will be many failures; but do not
allow them to discourage you, for each victory will make tlie way easier
to other conquests.

Choose for your first studies plants with large flowers. Do not
attempt to determine the name of a plant unless you have specimens
which show the kind of inflorescence and the arrangement of the leaves
on the stem. If possible, secure specimens of the fruit and the roots.
If in any plant you cannot readily distinguish the parts of the flower and
their relations to each other, lay it aside until the study of easier plants
has given you more skill.

The first thing to be determined in analyzing a plant is the Class;
i. e.j you must decide whether it is an Exogen or an Endogen. You have
learned in the preceding lessons how the seeds and stems of these two
Classes of Flowering Plants differ. Usually, however, the leaves and
flowers sufficiently distinguish the class. In our plants, if the leaves are
parallel- veined; or, if the parts of the flower are in threes the plant is an
endogen. In other words, if there is no network of intersecting fibers
between the ribs of the leaves the plant is an endogen; if the flower has

SYSTEMATIO BOTANY.

three sepals and three petals (i. e., a perianth of six leaves or lobes), three
or six stamens and three or six pistils (generally united to form a compound
pistil with a three or six-celled ovary) the plant is an endogen. When
the leaves are netted-veined, and the parts of the flower are not all in
threes, the plant is an exogen.

It is a good plan to write out a description of a plant before
attempting to ascertain its name. The parts may be described in this
order: Roots, Stems, Leaves, Flowers, Fruit.

You may find a smooth jilant bearing a loose raceme of red flowers,
one of which is represented in Fig. 57. The
floral leaves are all colored, but there are
evidently two sets; viz.; a calyx of 5 sepals
inclosing a corolla of 4 petals. The parts of
the flower, then, are not in threes; and, since
the palmately lobed leaves are netted-veined
the plant must be an exogen. Turning to
the key, we proceed as follows :

The plant must belong in "Division' 1," since by carefully removing the sepals
ami petals we find that the latter are separate from, each other. It must be found under
"A," for there are many stamens. The stamens are free from the calyx and corolla, i. c,
they are hypogynous; so we read the next line: " Pistils, few to many distinct carpels,
rarely one." Our tiower has three distinct carpels, therefore we feel sure that it must
be sought under one of the next five equal hues beginning with "Calyx." As the
calyx is easily shaken off from the older flowers we decide that it is deciduous. The
juice is colorless also. We turn, therefore, to Ranunculace.-e, p. 16. The description
of the order is satisfactory. The key to the genera begins with the heading " * Floweri*
refjuJar.^' Ours is not, for the uj)per sepal is unlike the others. *^ ** Flowers irre[fular ;
tolorcd st'paLs ronspiatous," in right. We now choose between "Upper sepal spurred,'

and * ' Upper sepal hooded. " Evidently the first
is right, and the genus is Delphinium. We find
that the generic description on p. 18 fits our
plant. Tlie last species being the only one with
red flowers, we decide that our plant is Del-
phinium iiudicaule, or the Naked-stemmed Lark-
spur.

The order Leguminosae, or the
Pea Family, is one that you will soon

58

SYSTEMATIC BOTANY.

learn, since its characteristics are well marked. "We will suppose that
you have before you a very common blue-flowered shrubby plant belong-
ing to that order, a single flower of which is shown in Fig. 58. Knowing
the order, you turn at once to p. 38, and begin to use the key to the
genera.

Carefully removing all the petals, the stamens and pistil appear as in a, Fig. 59.
The filaments are united for tlie greater part of their length into a tube which incloses
the ovary as a sheath does a knife. Of the three sections in the key, then, it is evident
that the second is to be taken. Since some of the anthers have shed their pollen, and
others have not, it is safe to say they are of two kinds— a bud will show the difference
better (b, Fig. 59. ) Moreover the leaves are digitate, and have more than three leaflets
We therefore conclude that the third genus is the one. Our plant is slightly shrubby,
so we pass over the first heading in the synopsis of species. Of the second and third
headings the last seems the most likely to lead us aright. Our flower is blue, so we have
to choose between the second and third species. The words " Slightly woody at the
base," decide us in favor of Lupinus Douglasii, though we should examine more speci-
mens before being quite positive.

Fig. 60 represents a flower of a j^lant
common in the Redwood forests. Three or
more of the dull-colored flowers grow in an
umbel on a very short scape between a pair of
spreading radical leaves. Since the leaves have
parallel veins, and the parts of the flower are
in threes, we must use the Analytical Key
for Endogens, p. 13. You will have no diffi-
culty in referring the plant to the Order Lilia-
CE^. To make the analysis of a plant in that
large order easy, the genera are grouped in t^e bursting anther ceiis
three Series. Heading the characteristics of Series I, we find they do
not correspond with those of our plant, which has no floral bracts, which
has the stamens hypogynous instead of perigj^nous, the anthers extrorse
instead of introrse, etc. Comparing Series II with Series III, we decide
that our x^lant belongs in the former, since the perianth is not persistent,
and the flowers are not in racemes or panicles. § 1, in Series II is wrong,
for our plant has no leafy stem. Since the perianth segments of our
flower are dissimilar we try § 3, under which we refer our plant to the

60. Flower of Scoliopus. a, ono
of the stamens magnified, showing

SYSTEMATIC BOTANY.

genus ScoUopuf.. Turning- to the description of the only species de-
scribed, we find it satisfactory. Upon referring,' to the Glossary of
Generic and Specific Names in the back part of the book, we find wliy
the plant was named Scoliopus Bir/doviL

This piotm-e represents part of a plant "wliose yello\v'
flowers are among the first to greet the new year.
It is sliown as it wouM ap-pear if cut down througli
the center after removing most of the outer leaves.
The leaves and flowers all grow from the flat sunnnit
of a tliick root-stock. It will be noticed that the
buds are younger as the center is approached. Possi-
bly you have tried to analyze one of these flowers.
If so, you probably got on nicely till you tried tO'
find the ovary. I hope you kept searching and at
last felt the satisfaction which rewards the discoverer.
Howevcr, you can determine the name, and thus
have the book tell you where the ovary is. The
poorest eyes can see that the leaves are all radical;
that the four divisions of the calyx are reflexed; thfcf.
four broad petals and eight stamens grow upon rt;;
and that there is one pistil whose slender style bears
a globose stigma. You can not doubt that the plant
is to be sought under B., in Division 1, but you are
unable to say wliether the ovary is superior or not.
In such a case, search first for the order under the
head "Ovary Stpekior;" and, if not satisfied
there, try the head "Ovary and Fruit Inferior..'^
.Since there is but one pistil, you look under " * * Pls^
fil oiili/ one." The plant is not a shrub, so you next
stop at "ft //p/V;.s-." The first division iinderthis is
tlie only one admissible, because the leaves are all
radical. But in no case under this head is the num-
ber of stamens eight. We therefore try the sub-
head '"2. Ovary and Friit Inferior," etc. It is
evident that the descriptive line, "Parts of the flower
mostly in 4's, " etc., is the only one that fits our
jtlant, so we turn to p. 59, where we find nothing in
the description of the order Onagraceaj to rule our
plant out. The lines descriptive of the genera are
all unsuited to our i)laiit, excc]>t one, which refers us to the genus fEnothera, the de-

^6

SYSTEMATIC BOTANY.

Fig. A. Clariia elegans; a, in-
ferior, sessile ovarj' of tlie axil-
lary flower. Fig.B. Boisduvalia
densiflora; c, inferior ovary, ses-
sile in the axil of a bract. Fig.
C. Capsule of Godetia; /', cross
section of the same. Fig. D.
Epilobium paniculatum; h, in-
ferior ovary; f, a grown capsule;
g, tube of calyx above the ovary;
e, one of the bifid petals; i, one
of the seeds bearing a tuft of
silken hairs.

The figure on the right rep-
resents Cardamine paucisecta,
a pod of which is represented at
e en the opposite page.

scription of which (p. GO) is satisfactory. Our plant is acaulescent or steniless; therefore,
iicconliug to the book, the calyx tube is filiform (slender) above the underground ovary.
This being verified by examination, there can be little doubt that the plant is (Enothera
cvata. You now see that the flowers, instead of growing upon scapes, are sessile upon
the end of a root-stock. The apparent flower stem is the slender calyx tube and style
consolidated. When you plucked the flower, the ovary was left under the ground. No
-wonder you could not find it. Later in the season you will find other plants belonging
to this order; then the figures above will help you.

The figure at the right above represents the upper part of a plant which usually grows
in moist places. The white flowers have four separate sepals; four petals; six stamens in
.two sets, two being shorter and otherwise dififerent from the other four, and one pistil.

SYSTEMATIC BOTANY.

Tlieso cliaracteis lead you iu the key t(j the onler Crucifer;e, hut it is not easy to decide
farther, hecause you have not tlie fruit. Look for the pods a few weeks later, and you

M ill tiiid them long and flat, as represented in the
figure at e on the left. You can then determine
the name of the plant. The seed pods here
figured will help you in determining some of the
plants in this order.

The curious flower depicted helow is another
early bloomer. You must cut the flower open
and study it carefully. The four — sometimes
five — petals are joined together, and bear upon
the short tube the four stamens which bug tl)e
pistil tightly and form a beak like that of a bird.
The ovary does not adhere to the calyx, and if a
seed pod is partly grown, it will be easy to see
that the seeds grow upon a central placenta.
Turning to the key you are called upon to de-
cide whether the stamens are opposite the lobes
of the corolla or not. They certainly are op-
posite, so the order Primulaceie is evidently
^vhere our plant belongs. The pretty little for-
eigner Anagallis is here figured, and it will be

Ui'PKR Fir;. — a, indehiscent
pod of Rapbauus Raphauis-
iruiu; /», pud (silide) of Cap-
Bella Bursa-pastoris; c, pod ol
Capsella divaricata; d, pod
(silique) of Tropidocarpum,
flattened contrary to the jiarti-
tion; e, pod of Cardaniine pau-

c-iaecta, flattened parallel with the partition (septum);/, two pods (silicle)
of Lepidinm nitidum, and two partitions from wbioh the valves have fallen, L\^L\^^
showing that there was one seed iu each cell; g, pod of Lepidiuni latipes, \llf
showing the broad pedicel which suggested the specific name; A, a branch \\\\V

of Thysauocarpus pusillus. with four of its 1-seeded pods; i, one of _ *'"
the p<jd8 magnified to show the hooked hairs; j, pod of Thysanocarpus
curvipcs.

/

Lower Fio. — c, reflexed petals of Dodecatheon Meadia; /, filaments; a,

anthers; j, stigma (not always protruding); i, involucre; ;>, scape (radical
l>eduncle). The horizontal figure represents a rather small branch of Ana- S
gall is arveiists.

SYSTEMATIC B0TA>:Y.

well to read the description of
Trientalis, that yoxi may know it
M'hen found.

"When you get a liead of the
purple-blue flower of Brodketi
capitata, figured on page xxiv of
this book, it M"ill be tlie proper
time to study the figures on this
page, and what is here said about
the genus they illustrate.

Upon p. 113 you Avill find the
species grouped under three sub-genera or sections.
/^ Figures a, d, and e illustrate the first, c the sec-
ond, and b the third. The species belonging to
the first section are arranged under two heads
marked by asterisks, and those under the first head
are under subheads marked by daggers. Species 4
and 5 closely resemble number 6, which is put un-
der a different head, because it has six true or
anther-bearing stamens instead of three stamens
and three staminodia. Fig. a shows that three of
^ e / ^i^g filaments came near being antherless. Petaloid

a. Perianth of Brodiasa capitata laid ^^^^-^^^^^,1^^ replace these small stamens in species^
open, with pi.-til and section of mature , , _ ^ . ,. ,., , -.i , .i

, , ™ * J. X, .n -i and o, and the fertile stamens are without the

capsule. 0. Two segments of the perianth '

of B. lactea and the pistil, c. Perianth and winglike appendages shown in Fig. a. Observe

pistil of B. laxa. d. Bud and flower of B. that the staminodia in one of these species are

terrestris. e. Same with perianth l:iid cleft. The first three species have flowers resem-

open. /. The pistil. 1^^.^^ ^-^^ ^^^ ^j^^,^ -^ p.^^^ ^^ ^^^ ^^ -^ ^j^-^j^

the staminodia (opposite the outer segments of the perianth) are not petaloid, but
resemble true stamens. Observe that the first species is distinguished by staminodia not
notched at the top as shown in the figure. The species in § Seubertia resemble the first
three in general appearance, but the stamens and pistils are very different, as is shown
by Fig. c. Observe that the stamens have versatile instead of basifixed anthers; and the
ovary is upon a stipe, instead of being sessile. Douglas' Brodisea, of Oregon, is like
Fig. c, only the base of the perianth is broader, the upper row of stamens have broad
fcases, the stipe is shorter and the flowers are on short pedicels, so as to form a sub-
capitate umbel. The most common species of the third section is the "W'liite Broditea.
Fig. b shows a part of the flower.

The middle figure on the next page represents a plant, the curious cup-like leaves of
which must have attracted your attention. The leaf cups are frequently much larger thars
here shown, and borne upon stems a foot or more in height. Though tlie flowers are small.

SYbTEMATIC BOTANY.

you readily decide that the sepals are two, and
that there ai"e live petals and five stamens. Tiie
seed po«l.s show that there is but one pistil, and
that the calyx does not adhere to the ovary; that
is, the ovary is superior. Armed with this in-
fonnation, you turn to the key where you search
under "B. Stamens 10 or less." Evidently the
correct subheads are: "1. Ovary, or ovaries, supe-
rior," etc.; "* * Pistil only one;'' ''fiJIerh.<;"
*' J Leaves montbj radical ;'' "Stamens 5, opposite the
petals; sepals 2; style 3-cleft — Portulacacete, 29."
Turning to p. 29 you find that Clai/tonia is the
only genus having 5 stamens, and that this plant
must be Claijtonia ])er/uliata.

The little plant figured al:)0ve {a) evidently an-
swers to the description of the Var. exiijua, wliich
is now considered by tlie best authority to be a
distinct species. The stem leaves are sometimes
broad and united at the base. The radical leaves
are nearly terete, as shown in the figure. This
species is most obviously distinguished from the
two varieties of the Cup-leaved Claytonia, by its
glaucous leaves. The plants are often smaller
than here represented, and rarely much larger.

Kellogg's Lavatera, or Tree Mallows, an ever-
blooming shrub, common in cultivation, is a con-
stant source of material with wliich to illustrate
the MalloMs Family. The figure at the bottom of
the page represents one of the flowers cut through
the center, so as to show the structure. The fruit
of a very common weed of the same family is also
shown. The most common native plant is Sidalcea
huinilis, described on page 32. Hollyhock, cotton,
okra and Abutilon are foreign plants of this order,
common in cultivation. The latter is a sLnib with
drooping flowers; the petals incurved, and the
stamens sticliing out (exserted).

Uppkb Fig. — a. Claytoiua exigua (entire plaut). fi. Clay-
tonia pt-rfoliata.

Lower Fig. — a. Fruit of Malva rotundifolia. b. Same,
sLowintJ the bracts of the xn^rsisteut calyx, c. Kellogg's
Lavatera. (L. assurgcutiflora.)

10

SYSTEMATIC BOTANY.

You iiiaj' recognize in the picture on this page the
likeness of one of our most troublesome native
weeds. The jellow flowers are often smaller than
here represented, and the upper leaves are generally
narrower. Indeed, this plant, along with many
others of this coast, is provokinglj' variable in its
appearance. Pull oflf a corolla, and a single un-
divided style is uncovered. Follow this down into
the calyx, and you discover that it grows from be-
tween four seed-like ovaries. These are more easily
seen in an older calyx, as shown at a. Xow it hap-
pens that this peculiar compound ovary, together
Avith the coiled inflorescence, belongs only to plants
of the order Borraginaces. A coiled inflorescence
and a pistil with a divided style is found only in
plants of the order Hydrophyllaceie. Any plant
with a four-parted ovary and regular flowers may
be sought under the former order. Creeping Helio-
ti'ope or Blue Weed {HeUotropium t'ura^-'^afirum) is
a Borraginaceous plant with ovaries merely 4-lobed.
The Mint Family has fruit similar to that of the
Borrages (see d and e in the figure on p. 11), but the
flowers are irregular. The Verbenas are distin-
AmBinckialycopsoides. a. Calyx spread igi^e^i from the Mints by nearly regular flowers
apart to ehow the ripe akenes. , , , i t i ■ i - . t •

and a 4-lobed ovary, which tloes not spht into parts

until quite ripe. (See a in the left-hand figure on page 11.)

The plant figured at the top of the opposite page is common in open woods throughout
the Coast Eanges and the foot-hills of the Sierra Xevada. Tlie flowers are white, tinged
with purple. Each of the tliree incur\-ed petals is covered with hairs on the inner side,
and is marked near the base by a depression which is seen upon the outside as a project-
ing boss. This is called a gland, and is one of the characteristic niarks of the genus.
Since the three-cornered ovary is superior, we at once refer the plant to the order
Liliaceae. where we again read the characters given in each of the three series. The
stamens in this plant are hypogynotis, not perigj^nous, and the anthers are extrorse.
Therefore, Series I is passed. Series III is excluded, because the anthers in this plant
are not versatile. Evidently the name is to be sought under Series II, which is divided
into three sections. You now see why you should have dug up one of the plants. How-
ever, you can decide tlie genus without knowing tliat the plant is bulbous. It can not
belong to § 3, since one of the two genera under it has uml>ellate flowers, and the other
solitary flowers. In § 2, the perianth segments are similar. Our plant tlien must be sought
in § 1, and under the head "* * Perianth segments unlike," which leads to Calochortus,

SYSTEMATIC BOTANY.

II

Fppek Fig. — Flower and
buds of Cal-ichortus albns.
and the three-winged fruit
outlined .

RiGHT-HAXi> Fig. — a. Flower
of Sphacele calycina. b. Saiue
with corolla cnt to show sJa-
mens. pistil, and hairy ring
inside. «. Frnit (4 globular
akenes' of the same, lying in
the botti^m of the calyx, c
Flower and bnds. showing in-
florescence of Trichostenja
lanceolatum. d. Ripe frnit of
the same |4 triangular akenes
in the periistent calyxi.

Left-hasd Fig. — Terbena
hagtsta (ppikos and bracts).
a. TA'pe fruit removed from
the calyx (natural size and
magnified .

p. 117. The siibglo}x)se
ami notldiug flowers place
it ill the Mrst ilivision of

§ 1, Ei(caI>fr/4or(u.<. Oiirj»lant i^ tlie white sj^cies. The
yellow species has larger flowers. The >tifriy erect, oj^en
flowers of § 2 of this genus have a luarkeilly ilifierent ap-
pearance from tlie species hei-e figured: yet their struc-
ture is similar. Tlie spots upon the j»etals cause tlieni to
resemble the wings of butterflies; hence the common name Butterfly Tulip, and the sec-
tion name Marijtosa.

DIRECTIONS.

Analyze the plant first as directed on page 4 of the West Coast Key. Make th«
wing changes in Flora to correspond with the Key. The numbers indicate ptiges

17. Thalictrum Fendleri is T. polycarpum.

18. Ranunculus macranthus is R. orthorhyncus.

25. Lepidiura Menziesii, rar. strictum is L. strictum,

25. Thysanocarpns pusillus is Athysanus pusillus.

26. Viola aurea is V. praemorsa.

30. Claytonia perfoliata, var. exigua is C. exigua.
** " ** var. spathulata is C. spathulata,

32. Sidalcea hmnilis is S. malvseflora.

■41. Lupinus micranthus, var. trifidus is L. trifidus.

43. Trifolium amplectana is a var. of T. depauperatum.

48. Astragalus didymocarpus is partly A. nigrescens.

49. Lathyms venosus, var. Califomicus is L. Califomicus and partly I*

Bolanderi of the Key.
^1. Spiraea is Holodiscus and Neilia is Fhysocarpus.
^6. Flectritis is Valerianella with same specific names.

74. Asclepias fascicularis is A. Mexicana.

'* Gromphocarpus parpurascens is Schiznotus purpurascens and shonld
be called Towle's Milkweed in honor of the discoverer, C. B. Towle.

75. Grentiana affinis var. ovata is G. ovata.

77. Gilia divaricata is G. glutinosa; G. Sessei is G. heterophylla.

S2. Phacelia tanacetifolia is partly P. distans.

85. Eritricium Californicum is Krynitzkia Califomica ; E. Scouleri is

K. Scouleri; E. Chorisianura is K. Chorisiana: E. oxycarynm is
K. oxycarya; E. fulvum is Plagiobothrys nothofulvus; E. canescena
is P. canescens.

87. Convolvulus luteolus is only a form of C. occidentalis.

88b. Solanum nigrum, var. Douglasii is S. DouglasiL

93. Mimulus pilosus is M. exilis.

95. Orthocarpus faucibarbatus is 0. erianthus, var. Isvia,

^'hy these changes should ba made is "too long a story."

ANALYTICAL KEY.

The calyx and corolla together of either more or less than six parts* CLASS I

The calyx and corolla together of 6 parts:

Stamens 6 or less CLASS II

Stamens 9; Umbellularia, p. lOG, or Eriogonum, 105

Stamens 10; united sepals 5 Leguminosae, 33

Stamens many ; caducous sepals 2 Papaveraceae, 20

Stamens many; sepals 3 Sagittaria, 122

CLASS I.— EXOGENS OR DICOTYLEDONS.

Calyx and corolla both present.

Petals not united (free) Division 1

Petals more or less united (cohering) Division 2

Corolla wanting; calyx often petaloid, sometimes wanting Division 3

DIVISION I.— POLYPET.VL^.

A. Stamens more than 10 and more than double the number of
petals.

1. HYPOGYNOUS, i. e., on the receptacle (not adhering to the sepals or petals).

* Pistils few to many distinct carpels, rarely one.

Calyx deciduous, sepals 5 Ranunculaceae. 16

Calyx caducous, sepals 2 or 3 Papaveraceae, 20

Calyx persistent, sepals 3 or 4; aquatic plants NymphaeacecC, 20

Calyx persistent; leaves all radical Rosaceae. 49

Calyx petaloid; corolla wanting Ranunculaceae, 16

• * Pistil one and compound, as shown by two or more stigmas, or more than one celt in tJie

ovary.
Petals more numerous than the sepals.

Indefinitely numerous, slender, persistent; aquatic plants Nymphseaceae, 20

Just twice as many (4-6); sepals caducous Papaveraceae, 20

Five to sixteen; sepals persistent; fleshy herbs Portulacaceae, 29

• Haiaathemum (see p. 115) has a i-parted perianth; 4 stamens and 2 or 3 parallel- reined lean-a.

14 ANALYTICAL KEY.

Petals of the same number (5) as the persistent sepals, yellow.

Leaves opposite; sepals equal H3rpericaceae, 30

I^iaves alternate; 2 outer sepals smaller Cistaceae, 25

2. PERIGYNOUS or EPIGYNOUS (on the free or adnata calyx).

Leaves opposite, simple; fleshy herbs Ficoideae, 63^

Shrubs. Sepals and petals numerous Calycantliacese, 55

Sepals and petals 4 or 5 Saxifragaceas, 55

Leaves alternate, with stipules Rosaceae, 49^

Without stipules; rough herbs Loasaceae, 62

3. ON THE CLAWS OF THE PETALS.

Stamens free; calyx a cap; petals 4 Papaveraceae, 20

Stamens many united to form a tube; petals 5 Malvaceae, 31

Stamens 10 to 16 united for half the length; petals 5-8 Styracaceae, 20

B. Stamens 10 or less.

1. OVARY or OVARIES SUPERIOR (free from the calyx), or mainly so, but
sometimes included in the calyx-tube.

* Pistils more than one and distinct (not united).
Pistils of the same number, as petals and the sepals.

Leaves simple entire, fleshy Crassulaceae, 68

Leaves pinnate; styles united Geraniaceae, 33

Pistils not corresponding in number with the petals and sepals.

Two, united at the base. Trees with compound leaves Sapindaceas, 37

Herbs with simple leaves Sasifragaceae, 55

Many. Stamens on the receptacle Ranunculaceae, 16

Stamens on the calyx Rosaceae, 49

* * Pistil only one.

t Shrubs or trees.
Style and stigma one.

Sepals, petals, and stamens 6 each, in 3's opposite each other. .Berberidaceae, 19

4 to 5 each; leaves 3-foliolate, alternate . . Rutaceae, 34

5 each; leaves simple, opposite Celastraceae, 35

Calyx 2-lipped; petals unequal; stamens 5-8, exserted Sapindaceae, 37

Calyx 4-toothed; petals 2; stamens 2-4; fruit a samara Oleaceae, 73

Styles or stigmas more than one.

Styles 2; leaves opposite; fruit 2-winged Sapindaceae, 37

Style 3-cleft; stamens 5, opposite the small petals Rhamnaceae, 35

Stigmas 3; leaves alternate 3-foliolate Anacardiaceae, 38

Stigma 5-lobed; a small shrub with opposite or whorled leaves Ericaceae, 68

AlfALYTIOAL KEY. 14a

1 1 IJerba.

X Leaves mosthj radical.

Stamens 5, anthers united; lower petal spurred; style 1 Violaceae, 25

Stamens 5, opposite the petals. Sepals 2; style 3-cleft PortulacaceaB, 29

Sepals united; styles 5 Plumbaginaceae, 71

Stamens 10, on the receptacle; stigma 5-lobed Ericaceae, 6S

Stamens 10, on the calyx; styles 2 Saxifragaceae, 55

Stamens 6, in 3's; sepals 2; petals 4, in pairs FumariaceaB. 22

X X Leaves alternate.
Corolla regular.

Stigma one, often 2-lobed; stamens 6 (2 and 4) Cruciferae, 22

Stigma 1, calyx a striated tube bearing 6 petals Ly thraceae, 59

Stigmas 5; sepals and petals 5 each; stamens 5-10 Geraniaceae, 33

Styles 3-5; sepals and petals 5 each; stamens 5 Linaceae, 32

Style 3-cleft; sepals 2; petals 5; fleshy herbs Portulacaceas, 29

Corolla irregular; style one.

Stamens 10; fruit a legume Leguminosae, 38

Stamens 5; anthers united; lower petal spurred Violaceae, 25

Stamens 6, in 2 sets; stigma 2-lobed Fumariaceae, 22

Stamens 6-8, united; ovary 2-celled Polygalaceae, 27

XXX Leaves opposite or xchorled.

Styles 2-5; fruit a 1 -celled capsule; stamens 10 or 5 Caryophyllaceae, 27

Styles 3; flowers sessile; stamens 4 to 7 Frankeniaceae, 20

Styles or stigmas 5; fruit 5 akenes Geraniaceae, 33

Small white flowers clustered on terminal peduncles Saxifragaceae, 55

Leaves in 3's; white flowers; petals 6 in 2 sets Papaveraceas, 20

Leaves a single pair on the stems; fleshy Portulacaceae, 29

2. OVARY AND FRUIT INFERIOR (adherent to the calyx), or mainly so.

Shrubs; sepals, petals, and stamens each 4-5; leaves simple.

Stamens opposite the clawed petals; style 3-cleft Rhamnaceae, 35

Sepals petaloid; ovary globose; styles 2, or 2-cleft Saxifragaceae, 55

Leaves opposite; flowers in heads with petaloid involucre or in \ Cornace^ n

cymes; the sepals, petals, aud stamens 4 each J '

Herbs. Sepals and petals each 5; styles distinct; leaves simple Saxifragaceae, 55

Parts of the flower mostly in 4'8 (rarely in 2's or G's) Ouagrace^, 59

Tendril-bearing vines, with prickly fruit Cucurbitaceae, 63

Flowers in umbels; styles 2 Umbel life rae. 63

14d ANALTTIOAL K£T.

• • • Shrubs or trees; leaves altemate, entire {except in the last).

Calyx tubular, bearing the Btamens; akene tailed Rosaceas, 49

Calyx 6-parted, yellowish; leaves aromatic Lauraceae, 106

Calyx 4-5-cleft, greenish; fruit cherry-like Rhamnaceae, 35

Calyx 3-4-cleft, yellowish; stamens 6-8 Thymelaceae, 107

Calyx 5-cleft, bright yellow; stamens 5, united Sterculiaceae, 20

• • * • jij-ggg . leaves opposite, pinnate*

Fruit a slender samara Oleaceae, 73

Fruit a double samara Sapindaceae, 37

***** ^ half -woody climber; leaves opposite. — Clematis, 16.

CLASS n.— ENDOGENS OR MONOCOTYLEDONS.

A. Perianth adherent to the ovary (ovary inferior).

Flowers irregular. Anthers 1 or 2 on the pistil ► . . Orchidaceae, 108

Flowers regular. Stamens 3, anthers extrorse Iridaceae. 110

B. Perianth free (ovary superior).

Flowers in whorls. Carpels 8 to many Alismaceae, 108

Pistil 3-celled; stamens 3 to 6 Liliaceae, 1 10

Flowers greenish in a spiko lYKjlochin in Alismaceae, 108

Perianth 4-parted; stamens 4. Stem 2-3-leaved Maianthemum, 1 15

Pistil 2-celled; red flowers in an umbel dintonia, 1 19

BOTANY

WEST-CENTRAL CALIFORNIA.

Series I.
FLOWERING OR PH^NOGAMOUS PLANTS.

Plants producing flowers and seeds ; the former consisting, at least, of stamens and
pistils, which may be together in the same flower, or they may separately form staminate
and pistillate flowers growing on the same individual, or difl'erent individuals of one
«pecies ; the latter containing a germ, or embiyo.

Class I. — Exogens or Dicotyledons.

Stems consisting of pith in the center, bark on the outside, and between these, fibroai
or woody tissue, which, in perennial sterna, increases from year to year by the addition of
layers on the outside next the bark. Embryo usually of two opposite cotyledons, or rarely
with, several in a whorL

Sub-class L — ANOiosPKKMai
I*iatil consjgting of a closed ovary which foims the fruit. Cotyledons twa

16 RANtrNCHLACRS. (OIIOWFOOT FAMILY.)

DIVISION I. POLTPETAL^.

Order 1. RANUNCULACEiE.

Herbs or shrubs, with colorless juice; foliage various; stipules none; organs of thfr
flower free and distinct; sepals, petals, and pistils few or many; stamens numerous; petals
sometimes wanting, then the sepals are usually petaloid; anthers short and adnate; seeds
with minute embryos in fleshy albumen.

* Flower$ regular.

Petals none; shrubby climbers Clematis. 1

Petals none; small herbs Anemone. 2

Petals 5 or more; carpels numerous Ranunculus. 3

Petals 5, spiu-red; carpels 5 Aquilegia. 4

• * Flowers irregular; colored sepals conspicitous.

Upper sepal spurred- Delphinium. 5

Upper sepal hooded. Aconitum. 6

* * * Sepals large, leaf-like, persistent
Flowers large Paeonia. 7

1. CLEMATIS, L. Virgin's Bowek.

Sepals 4, colored and petal-like, valvate in the bud. Pistils numerous; styles persistent,
becoming long feathery tails in fruit. Half -woody climbers or perermial herbs, with
opposite leaves.

1. C. ligusticifolia, Nutt. Stems climbing by the petioles of the 5-foliolate leaves;
leaflets broadly ovate to lanceolate, 1^ to 3 inches long, acute or acuminate, 3-lobed and
coarsely toothed, rarely entire or 3-parted. Flowers dioecious, paniculate; sepals thin,
silky, white, 4 to 6 lines long; akenes pubescent; tails 1 to 2 inches long.

Var. Califomica, Watson. Leaves silky -tomentose beneath, often smalL

2. C. lasiantha, Nutt. Leaves 3-foliolate; leaflets ovate, 1 to 1^ inches long, acute,
coarsely toothed or 3-lobed or the terminal 3-parted. Flowers solitary on 1-2-bractcd
peduncles; sepals obtuse, thick, 6 to 10 lines long.

2. ANEMONE, L.

Sepals 4 to 20, colored and petal-like, imbricated in the bud. Petals none. Pistils
numerous; style short; stigma lateral; akenes compressed, pointed, in a head. Erect
perennial herbs, with lobed or di\dded leaves, which are radical, except those which form
an involucre below the flower.

RA.NUNCULACKE. (CROWFOOT FAMILT.) 17

1. A. nemorosa, L. (Wood Anemone.) Smooth or somcwliat villons; stem*
from a slender rootstock, 3 to 12 inches high, without radical leaves, one-flowered; invo-
lucre of 3 petioled temato leaves, the divisions cuneate-oblong to ovate, incisely toothed
or lobed, or the lateral ones 2-parted, about an inch long; the 4 to 7 sepals pinkish or
white; akenes 12 to 20, oblong, with a hooked beak.

Here belongs Tlialictrum Fendleri, Englm. A smooth apetalous dioecious herb; also,
Mijosurus minimus, L. A very small herb, with a tuft of linear or spatulate entir©
radical leaves, and solitary flowers on simple scapes; called Moxiae'tail, from its long,
narrow receptacle, densely covered with small akenes.

3. RANUNCULUS, L. Butteecttp.

Sepals usually 5. Petals 3 to 18. Pistils numerous. Akenes in a head, usually flat-
tened, beaked with the persistent style.

§ 1. Aquatic herbs; petals white, with a pit at the base, the daw yellow; alcenea trans-
versely wrinkled.

1. R. hederaceus, L., var. Glabrous; stems 6 to 12 inches long, floating; leaves
commonly all floating, 3 to 8 lines wide, deeply 3-lobed, truncate or cordate at the base;:
the lobes equal, oval or oblong, the lateral ones usually with a broad notch in the apex;
submersed leaves none or rudimentary and resembling adventitious roots; peduncles
opposite tlie upper leaves, thicker than the petiole, 6 to 8 lines long; sepals a line long;:
petals 2 lines long, obovate oblong; stamens 5 to 9; akenes 4 to 6.

2. R. aquatilis, L., var. tricophyllus, Chaix. Stems long, filiform; leaves all.
submersed and cut into numerous capillary segments, which are 4 to 10 lines long; flowers
3 to 5 lines in diameter; akenes numerous in a globular head.

§ 2. Terrestrial herbs, but often growing in wet places; sepals green; petals yellow, with
a scale at the base; akenes neither wrinkled nor hispid.

* All the leaves undivided, the margins entire.

3. R. Flammula, L., var. reptans, Gr. Glabrous throughout; stems filiform, creep-
ing and rooting at the joints, 4 to 10 inches long; leaves mostly lanceolate and Mute at
each end, entire; flowers 2 to 5 lines in diameter; petals broadly obovate, one half longer
than the sepals; akenes few, in a small globular head, plump, smooth; beak very short
and curved.

4. R. alismaefolius, Geyer. Similar to the last species, but with stoutish, erect
stems, longer flowers and obtuse leaves; akenes straight-beaked.

• * Some or all the leaves temately compound.

5. R. Callfomicus, Benth. More or less hairy; stems erect, or nearly so, 12 to 18
inches high; radical leaves, commonly pinnately temate, the leaves laciniately cut into
3 to 7 parts, which are usually linear; flowers bright yellow, 5 to 10 lines in diameter;

18 RAUNCULACEiE. (CEOWFOOT FAMILY.)

petals 10 to 14, narrowly obovate; sepals shorter than the petals, refiexed; akenes nearly
2 linea long, flat, with sharp edges; beak short and curved; heads compact, ovate or
globular.

This is by far the most common species, and usually the only one collected by begin-
ners. It varies greatly. The leaves are sometimes simply three lobed and sometimes
much cut up. [i?. Bloomeri, Wat., belongs here. See p. 122.]

G. R. macranthus, Scheele. Stems stout, 2 to 5 ft. high; flowers 14 to 18 lines in
diameter; petals commonly 5 or 6, broadly obovate, shining yellow.

§ 3. Ahenes rough; otherwise as in § 2.

7. R. hebecarpus, Hook. & Am. Ilather slender, more or less hairy; flowers
minute; petals 5, not more than a line long; sepals hairy, about equaling the petals.

8. R. muricatus, L. Smooth; flowers 5 or m'bre lines in diameter; akenes large
and rough, with recurved beaks. Introduced from Europe.

4. AQUILEGIA, Toum. Columbine.

Sepals 5, regular, colored and petal-like; petals 5, produced backward (upward) into a
long tubular spur; stamens numerous, exserted, the inner ones reduced to thin scales;
pistils 5; styles slender. Flowers nodding, showy, terminating the branches.

1. A. truncata, Fisch. & Mey. Stems 1 to 3 ft. high; flowers usually red, tinged
with orange or yel]ow; leaves usually temately compound, leaflets lobed.

5. DELPHINIUM, Toum. Labksptju.

Sepals 5, colored and petal-like, very irregular, the upper one prolonged backwards at
the base into a long spur, which (in our species) contains spur-like prolongations of the
upper pair of petals. Petals 4, small and irregular. Stamens many. Pistils 1 to 5. Erect
herbs, with palmately-cleft, lobed, or dissected leaves, and racemose flowers.

1. D. simplex. Dough Canescent throughout, with a fine, short, somewhat woolly
pubescence, rarely smooth; stem stout and strict, 1 to 3 ft. high, leafy; leaves all much
dissected with linear obtuse lobes, on stout, erect petioles; racemes usually dense and
many-flowered, the pedicels often sliort and nearly erect; flowers small, blue, varying to
nearly white or yellowish; sepals 4 or 5 lines long, about equaling the stout, straight
spur; ovaries and capsule pubescent.

2. D. variegatum, Torr. & Gr. Foliage similar to the last, but the flowers much
larger, on longer pedicels, forming a short, open raceme; ovary and capsule pubescent.

3. D. deconim. Fisch. & May. Lower leaves 5-lobed, sparingly toothed, the upper
with narrow divisions. Flowers similar to the last, but the spur is usually longer, and
the ovary and capsule smooth.

4. D. Californicum, Torr. & Gr. Stems stout. 2 to 7 ft. hiah; leaves large, 3 to

BERBERIDACEiE. (BARBEElir lAillLY.) 19

5 ck-u, the divisions variously lobed; pedicels and dull bluish llowera denBcly velvoty
pubescent.

D. nudicaule, Torr. & Gr. Distinguished by its red flowers.

6. ACONITUM, Toum- Monkshood.

Sepals 5, colored and petal-like, very irregular; the upper one arched into a hood oi
helmet, which conceals the spur-like blades of the upper pair of petals. General appear.
ance similar to Delplunium.

1. A. Colunibianum, Xutt. Sufficiently characterized by the generic description-
Rare.

7. P^ONIA, L.

Sepals 5, herbaceous. Petals 5 to 10. Stamens inserted on a fleshy disk. Pistils
2 to 5. Fruit leathery follicles. Perennial herbs with compound leaves.

1. P. Brownii, Dougl. Leaves thick, 1-2-temately compound, the leaflets temately
and pinnately lobed, glaucous; petals leathery, dull, dark red, about equaling the sepals.

Order 2. BERBERIDACEiE.

Shrubs or herbs, with compound alternate exstipulate leaves; flowers remarkable for
having the bracts, sepals, petals and stamens before each other, instead of alternating.

Low shrubs, with rigid pinnate leaves and small yellow flowers Berberis. 1

A fern-like herb, with white flowers Vancouveria. 2

1. BERBERIS, L. Barberiit.

Sepals, petals, and stamens 6 each, with 3 or 6 bractlets. Carpel 1, forming a berry.
Smooth shrubs, with yellow wood, and yellow flowers in bracteate racemes.

* Leaflets pinnately veined.

1. B. repens, Lindl. Less than a foot high; leaflets 3 to 7, ovate, acute, 1 to 2^
inches long, not shiny above; short racemes terminating the stems.

2. B. Aquifolium, Pursh. 2 to 4 ft. high; leaflets 7 or more, the lower pair distant
from the stem, 1^ to 4 inches long, shining above, spiny; racemes chiefly clustered in
Bubterminal axils.

3. B. pinnata. Lag. Like the last species, but the leaves more crowded, and the
lower pair of leaflets near the base of the petiole; usually 5 to 7 leaflets.

* * Leaflets palmately nerved.

4. B. nervosa, Pursh. Simple stems but a few inches high; leaves 1 to 2 ft. long.
of 11 to 17 leaflets.

20 PAPAVERACE^. (POPPY FAJULY.)

2. VANCOUVERIA, Morren & Decaisne.

Sepals and petals 6 each, reflexed, with 6 to 9 bractlets. Stamens 6. Carpel 1 ; tho
stigma cup-shaped. A slender perennial herb, with radical 2-3-temately compouDd
leaves, and the open paniculate raceme upon a naked scape.

V. Iiexandra, Morr. & Dec. The long petioled leaves rising like the fronds of a
fern, leaflets 1 to 2 inches broad, petiolulate, obtusely 3-lobed, the margin thickened;
the minute flowers on a scape exceeding the leaves.

Ordee 3. NYMPH-ffiACEiE.

Aquatic perennial herbs, with peltate or deeply cordate leaves; solitary axillary perfect
flowers on long peduncles. Stamens numerous.

Water-Shield. [Brasenia peltata, Vuvsh..) May be found in ponds. Its elliptical, pel-
tate, floating leaves (green above and brownish-red beneath) and its jelly-coated stems
characterize it quite well enough.

The Yellow Pond-Lily {Nuphar polysepalum, EngL ) is more common.

The Order SarraceniaceaB is represented by the remarkable Darlingtonia Califomica,
or California Pitcher Plant, which grows in cold swamps in the northern part of the
State, from Mount Shasta to near the coast.

Frankenia grandifolia grows in saline soils, and may be known by its opposite sessile,
obovate, or linear oblanceolate, small leaves, with revolute margins; and by its small,
pink flowers. It may be distinguished from a Silene, which at first it seems to be, by its
fewer (4 to 7) stamens and sessile flowers.

The Order FrankeniaceaB should come next to Caryophyllacece. Fremontia Califor-
nica, belonging to the Order StercuIiacesB, which is allied to the Malvacese, is most
conveniently described here also. It is a small tree, bearing conspicuous yellow flowers
in the axils of usually broadly cordate, lobed leaves. The apetalous flowers are some-
times 2 or 3 incheo across.

The Order Capparidaceae is represented in Santa Barbara County, and southward, by
JsoTTieris arborea, a low shrub, bearing bracteate racemes of yellow flowers, the pistils
conspicuous on account of their long stipes. The flowers of this plant are apparently
like those of the Cmciferae, and its proper place is next tc that order. Capers are ob-
tained from a cultivated plant of this order.

The Order Styracaceae is represented by Styrax Cali/om^'ca, a pretty shrub, bearing
clusters of nearly rotate white flowers, in which the garaopeL-Nlous corolla is cut down to
the short- tube which is adnate to the tube formed by the starnens: Calyx truncate

PAPAVKRACtlJi. 'poppy FAMILY.)

20a

On the left above is represented

an opeiiing biul of Eschscholtzia.

The cap-like calyx has been split at

the bottom and shoved npAvard by

the expanding petals. Kext to this
bud is an open flower of Mecouopsis and one of its nodding buds. Behind the flower,
and projecting above it to the right, is a stem from wliich the petals have just fallen.
The slender filaments Ijending to one side, as they often do, show the curious pistil
which in time becomes the pretty fluted capsule seen below. To the riglit of the ^leco-
nopsis pod is the tlaree-sided capsule of Platystigma lineare. The stem should have a
few hairs upon it. The two flowers with hairy stems, the nodding buds below, and tlie
rough see<l pod above, belong to Platystemon. Observe the three caducous sepals, just
ready to drop from the opening bud. The smooth plant on the right is Platystigma
Californicum, If you choose you may call this the Smooth Platystigma, and tlie other
species, witii the triangular pod, Hairy I'latystigma. The exceedingly prickly Bristly
Argemone is represented on the right, below, by a bud and a couple of bracts. A pistil
with its white pi-icklcs is imperfectly slu)wu against one of the bracts.

The Order Papaveraceae is characterized by flow urs witli 2 or 3 caducous sepals.

20b PAPAVERACE^. (POPPY FAMILT.)

twice as many free petals in two sets, indefinite, usually numerous, free stamens, and a
compound pistil. In EschschoUzia the sepals are united, and the stamens adhere to the
claws ot the petals.

This small but interesting order of plants, with the exception of one species, is con-
fined to the northern hemisphere. Fifteen species, belonging to eleven genera, are natives
of the United States, and several European species have become naturalized. Esch-
scholtzia and Platystemon are the most widely distributed of the California genera.

Romncya CouUeri is a lialf slirubby plant, ■with smooth piunatifid leaves and very large white flowers
(3, i, or even 6 inches across) , a native of the coast from San Diego to Santa Barbara County.

Jrctomecon is another white-flowered plant, with somewhat hairy, nearly entire leaves; the petals
l^ersistent; found in south Kevada and Utah.

Canhya, a rectntl}- discovered plant of south-east California, is the smallest of the order, being
scarcely an inch in height. The Huiall white petals are persistent.

Papaver Somniferum, a native of Asia, furnishes opium, which is the dried juice of the plant. A
variety of this species is cultivated in this State for the seeds, from which is expressed poppy oil, used
by artists. This oil is also used as a substitute for olive oil in the preparation of salads, etc.

* Herbs with entire leaves, the uppermost ichorled or oj^j^osite, sepals 3.

filiform stigmas 6 to many (pistil hollow) Platystemon. 1

Flat stigmas 3 Platystigma. 2

* *

Herbs ivith divided or lobed leaves.

Slightly lobed stigma, style distinct; sepals 2 Meconopsis. 3

Filiform stigmas unequal; sepals united to form a conical cap Eschscholtzia. 4

Entire plant bristly with prickles; sepals 3, each with a horn .... Argemone. la

* * * Shrub with entire leaves.
Buds globular; stigmas 2 Dendromecon. 5

la. ARGEMONE, L,

Sepals 2 or 3, spinosely beaked. Petals 4 or 6. Stamens numerous, with linear
anthers. Leaves sinuately pinnatifid, prickly toothed.

1. A. liispida, Gr. (Chicalote). Erect, armed M'ith rigid bristles and prickles; leaves
3 to 6 inches long; flowers, nearly white, 2 to 4 inches in diameter; capsule IJ inches
long.

1. PLATYSTEMON, Benth. Cream-Cups.

Sepals 3. Petals 6. Stamens many, with flattened filaments and linear anthers.
Torulose carpels at first united; stigmas free.

1. P. Calif oriiicus, Benth. Slender, branching, 6 to 12 inches high; villous, with
spreading hairs; leaves 2 to 4 inches long, sessile or clasping, broadly linear, obtuse.

PAPAVEUACEit:, (lOPPY FAMILY.) 21

pale-green- Sepals hairy; petals palc-ycllow, shading to orange in the center, 3 to G
lines long.

2. PLATYSTIGMA, Benth.

Sepals 3. Petals 4 to G. Stamens few or many, with narrow filaments. Ovary
3-angled, oblong or linear; stigmas 3, ovate to linear. Low, slender annuals, resembling
Plati/stemon in habit, with pale-green, entire, opposite or verticillate leaves and long-
peduncled pale-yellow or creamy-white flowers.

1. P. lineare, Benth. Hairy, short-stemmed; stamens many, with dilated fila-
ments; stigmas broad; capsule ovate.

2. P. Calilornlcum, Benth. & Hook. Smooth, long-stemmed; stamens few (10 to
12) Avith filifonii filaments; stigmas narrow; capsule linear.

3. IVIECONOPSIS, Viguier.

Sepals 2. Petals 4. Stamens numerous, with filiform filaments and oblong anthers.
Style distinct; stigma 4-S-lobed. Seeds numerous.

1. M. heterophylla, Benth. Annual, smooth, slender, 1 to 2 ft. high; lower leaves
long petioled, pinnately divided, the segments oval to linear and 2 to 12 lines long; upper
leaves sessile; flowers scarlet to orange, the petals 2 to 12 lines long; peduncles elongated.
Very variable.

4. ESCHSCHOLTZIA, Chamisso.

Sepals coherent into a narrow pointed hood, which drops off from the top shaped torus
when the flower opens. Petals 4. Stamens numerous, with short filaments and long
anthers. Smooth annuals, with colorless, bitter juice; finely dissected, pale-green alter-
nate petioled leaves, and bright orange or yellow (rarely white) flowers.

1. E. Californica, Cham. Has stout branching stems, 1 to U ft. high; flowers 2
to 4 inches in diameter, brilliant orange toward the center; capsule 2^ inches long, curveiL

Var. Douglasii, Gr. More slender; flowers yellow.

Var. caespitosa. Brewer. Scape-like peduncles; small yellow flowers.

5. DENDROMECON, Benth.

Sepals 2. Petals 4. Stamens numerous, witli short filaments and linear anthers.
Ovary linear; style short; stigmas 2, short and erect. The many seeded capsule dehis-
cent the wholo length by 2 valves separating from the placental ribs. A smooth
branching shrub, with alternate vertical entire thick and rigid leaves and shovry yellow
flowers. The only true woody plant belonging to the order.

1. D. rigidum, Benth. A shrub 2 to 8 ft. high, with slender branches and whitish
bark; leaves ovate to linear-lanceolate, 1 to 3 inches long, very acute or mucronate,
sessile or nearly so, twisted into a vertical position, margin rougit or denticulate.

22 CBUCIFERE. (mustard FAMILY.)

Order 5. FUMARIACEiE.

Tender herbs with dissected compound leaves, and irregular hypogynous flowers, the
parts in twos, except the 6 diadelphous stamens.

1. DICENTRA, Borkh.

Sepals 2, small and scale-like, sometimes caducous. Corolla of two pairs of petals,
flattened and cordate; the outer pair the larger and sacked at the base, the tips spreading;
the inner, spoon-shaped, lightly united at the apex, inclosing the anthers and stigma.
Stamens in two sets, 3 before each of the outer petals, filaments slightly cohering.
Style slender; stigma 2-lobed, each lobe sometimes 2-crested.

1. D. formosa, DC. Leaves radical, and the compound racemes of rose-colored
flowers borne on naked scapes.

2. D. chrysantha, Hook. & Am. The flowers in long terminal paniculate racemes
on leafy stems; corolla narrow, scarcely cordate, golden yellow.

Order 6. CRUCIFERa3.

Herbs with pungent watery juice. Sepals 4. Petals 4, with blade narrowed into a
claw, the lamina spreading to form a cross, rarely wanting. Stamens 6, two of them
inserted lower down on the receptacle and shorter than the other four. Ovary 2-celled
by a thin partition, rarely 1-celled. Leaves alternate, and flowers usually in racemes
without bracts.

Since a careful examination of the fruit is usually necessary for the determination of
species in this difficult order, only such plants as have large flowers or remarkable fruit
are here described.

§ 1. Pod dehiscent, 2-valved.

• Pod elongated, compressed parallel with the partition; seeds flat.

Pctioled leaves, lobed or divided; root tuberous Cardamine. 1

Stem leaves sessile, entire; root perpendicular.

Flowers purple Arabis. 2

Flowers orange Cheiranthus. 3

Flowers yellowish. Erysimum. 4

* * Pod terete; seeds globose.
Flowers YeUow. Brassica. 5

* * * Pod flattened contrary to the partition.

Pod linear; flowers axillary, yellow Tropidocarpum. 6

Pod obcordate; flowers minute Capsella. 7

Pod obovate, 2-winged at the top Lepidium. 9

ciiuciFi-RiL:. (mdstard family.) 23

§ 2. Pod indehiscent, 1-celled.
Pod orbicular, winged with a thin broad margin; flowers minute. .. Thy s a no carpus. 9
Pod long, pithy; seeds large; flowers large, veiny Raphanus. 10

1. CARDAMINE, L.

Pod linear, with somewhat thickened margins, merely pointed or beaked above; valves
flat, nerveless. Seeds in ono row somewhat flattened, wingless; cotyledons flat, accum-
bent. Sepals equal. Petals white or pinkish.

1. C. paucisecta, Benth. Stems from small deep-seated tubers, erect, 8 to 18 inches
high; leaves various; the upper deeply lobed or parted, the lower often simple; petals
6 to 9 lines long; pods 1 to 1^ inches long.

2. ARABIS. L.
Pod linear; valves l-nerved, not strongly. Seeds in 1 or 2 rows, flattened; cotyledons
accambent. Sepals short or narrow, rarely colored. Petals with a narrow claw, white,
rose-colored, or purple.

1. A. blepharophylla, Hook. & Am. Stems often tufted 4 to 12 inches high;
leaves strongly ciliate, sometimes sparingly sinuate-toothed, the lower obovate or broadly
spatulate, the cauline oblong, sessile; petals bright purple, 6 to 9 lines long.

2. A. Breweri, Wat. Cespitose, canescent, with dense stellate pubescence; stems 2 to
10 inches high; petals 1 to 4 lines long, deep rose-color; sepals purplish; pods spreading
or recurved.

3. CHEIRANTHUS, L.

Pod elongated, compressed; valves l-nerved or carinate. Seeds in one row, flattened,
cot winged; cotyledons accumbent, or rarely oblique. Calyx not colored, the outer sepals
strongly gibbous. Stigma with two spreading lobes.

1. C. asper, Cham. & Sch. Ptather sparingly pubescent with appressed 2-parted
hairs; stem simple erect, leafy, 1 to 3 ft. high; leaves spatulate or oblanceolate, the lower
long petioled, entire or sinuate-toothed; sepals broad 4 to C lines long, half the length
of the bright yellow or orange petals; pods 1^- to 2 inches long.

4. ERYSIMUM, L.

Pod 4-angled by the prominent mid-nervo of the valves, not stipitate; cotyledona
incumbent or oblique. Sepals, petals and stigma like the last.

1. E. asperuiQ, DC. Similar to the last; sepals narrower; petals usually creamy
white to yellow.

5. BRASSICA, L. Mustakd.

Pod nearly terete or somewhat 4-sided, pointed with a long conical beak. Seeds in

24- CEUCIFEB^. (MUSTAED FAMILY.)

ono row globose; cotyledons infolding the radical Lateral sepals usually gibbous.
Petals yellow.

1. B. campestris, L. Smooth; lower leaves pinnately divided, with a large ter-
minal lobe; the upper leaves oblong or lanceolate, with a broad clasping base; pods 2
inches long or more.

2. B. nigra, Boiss. Larger; leaves all petioled; pods less than an inch long.

Not to be confounded with Sisymbrimn ofEcinale, Scop., which has runcinately
pinnatifid leaves, small yellow flowers and closely appressed, subulate sessile pods half
an inch long; or, with S. acutangulum, DC, similar to the last, but the pods on short
pedicels, erect and over an inch long. The last are called Hedge Mustards.

6. TROPIDOCARPUM, Hook

Pod linear, flattened, often 1 -celled by the disappearance of the narrow partition.
Seeds in two rows, minute; cotyledons incumbent. A low hirsute branching annual,
with pinnately divided leaves, and yellow, solitary axillary flowers.

1. T. gracile, Hook- Stems weak; petals 1^ to 3 lines long, broad; pods 6 to 20
lines long, pointed at both ends.

7. CAPSELLA, Moench. Shepherd's Pubse.

Pod obcordate, much flattened, many-seeded; cotyledons incumbent. Slender and
mostly smooth annuals, with minute flowers.

1. C. Bursa-pastoris, Moench. Somewhat hirsute at base; radical leaves mostly
runcinate-pinnatifid, the cauline lanceolate, clasping.

2. C. divaricata, Walp. Very slender; pods elliptic-oblong; ia more rare.

8. LEPIDITJM, L. Peppebgrass.

Pod orbicular or obovate, emarginately 2-winged at the summit; the cells 1 -seeded.
Low herbs, with pinnatifid or toothed leaves, and small white flowers; the petals in
some species wanting, and the stamens only 2 or 4.

1. L. latipes, Hook. Stems stout, simple 1 to 3 inches high, surpassed by the
irregularly and coarsely pinnatifid leaves; racemes capitate, in fruit an inch long or less;
sepals very unequal; pod strongly reticulated, the acute wings nearly as long.

2. L. oxycarpum, Torr. & Gr. Stems simple or branched 3 to 6 inches high;
smooth; raceme lax, elongated; pod smooth, rounded, nodding, the broad acute teeth
short and divergent; petals none.

3. L. nitidum, Xutt. Similar to the last, but larger; petals present; pods smooth
and shining, acutely margined.

4. L. Menziesii, DC. Hispid; petals none; pods not margined, except by tht
rery short teeth at the summit.

V10LACE5:. (violet family.) 25

Var. ',?) Btrictnim, Wat. Sepals green, persistent; fruiting raccmea crowded eylin-
dric-capitate, the pedicels erect, low and spreading. This plant seems to be a separate
•pecies. It has been found in San Francisco, by Misa Annie Hughes.

9. THYSANOCARPUS, Hook.

Pod 1 -celled, 1 -seeded, plano-convex, mostly pendulous on slender pedicels. Flowers
minute, white or rose-colored.

1. T. curvipes. Hook. Six inches to two feet high; the upper leaves clasping by a
broad auricled base; pods densely tomentose or smooth, 2 to 4 lines in diameter, the wing
entire or crenate, veined and often perforate, emarginate at the top and tipped with the
purple style. The perforate-wing form called Lace-pod.

2. T. laciniatus, Nutt. Smaller and more slender; the cauline leaves scarcely
auricled at the base; pods obovate, cuneate at the base, 2 to 3 lines long.

Var. crenatus, Brewer. The broader wing deeply crenate or fringed. Fringe-pod.

3. T. radians, Benth. Pods round, 4 to 5 lines in diameter, scarcely emarginate,
with a broad entire translucent wing conspicuously marked by radiating nerves.

4- T. pusillus, Hook- May be known by its minute pods hirsute with hooked haira.

10. RAPHANX7S, L. Radish.
Ck)arse introduced annuals.

1. R. sativTis, L., has a pointed 2-seeded pod.

2. K. Haphanistnun, L., has a necklace-shaped pod, long beaked, l-9-86eded.

Oeder 7. CISTACE^.

Flowers perfect and regular. Sepals 5, persistent; and two of them smaller, wholly
exterior, and bract-like. Petals 5, usually ephemeral. Stamens indefinite, with filiform
filaments; anthers short. Style one. Capsule 3-valved.

1. HELIANTHEMUM, Toum.

Petals broad. Stamens numerous (about 20). Style short; stigma 3-lobed. Low
branching herbs, or somewhat woody; flowers yellow, opening only once, in sunshine.

1. H. Bcoparium, Nutt. Much branched, hairy or smooth, about a foot high; leave*
narrow, 4 to 12 lines long, alternate; flowers on slender pedicels, one or several termin-
ating the branches; petals 4 lines long.

Oeder 8. VIOLACEiE.

Herbs distinguished by the irregular one-spurred corolla of 5 petals, 5 stamens, adnata
»»*troBe anthers conniving over the pistil, which has a club-shaped style with a one sided

*2G V10L-\.CKiE. (VIOLET FAMILY.)

•tigma, a one celled ovary, formmg a capsule, which splits at maturity into three part*.
Represented only by the familiar genus

1. VIOLA, L.

Sepals unequal, auricled at the base. Petals unequal, lower one spurred. Anthera
nearly sessile, often coherent, the connectives of the two lower bearing spurs which are
Inclosed by the spur of the petaL (See Addenda. )

• Leaves undivided.

•i- Flowers not yellow y or orange,

1. V. canlna, L., var. adiinca, Gr. Flowers violet or purple. Low stems sending
out runners; leaves ovate, often somewhat cordate at the base, obscurely crenate; stipules
foliaceous, narrowly lanceolate, lacerately toothed; spur as long as the sepals, curved;
lateral petals bearded.

Var. longipes, Wat. The obtuse spur straight.

2. V. ocellata, Torr. & Gr. Stems nearly erect, 6 to 12 inches high; leaves cordate
to cordate-ovate, acutish, conspicuously crenate; stipules small, scarious; upper petals
white within, purple-brown without, the others pale-yellow veined with purple.

-{--{- Flowers ycUow, tinged with purple.

3. V. pedtinculata, Torr. & Gr. Stems with a decumbent or procumbent base;
leaves rombic -cordate, with truncate or abruptly cuneate base, obtuse, coarsely crenate;
stipules foliaceous, narrowly lanceolate, entire or gashed; showy flowers on peduncles
exceeding the leaves; petals 6 to 9 lines long, the upper tinged with brown on the outside,
the others veined with deep purple; lateral petals bearded; capsule smooth.

4. V. axirea, Kellogg. Leaves ovate to lanceolate, cuneate or sometimes truncate
at base, obtuse, coarsely crenate; stipules foliaceous, lanceolate, laciniate; peduncle but
little longer than the leaves; petals 4 to 6 lines long, as in the last, but lighter yellow;
capsule pubescent.

5. V. Nuttallii, Pursli. Leaves oblong-ovate to oblong, attenuate into a long

petiole, entire, or obscurely cinuate; stipules entire; peduncles usually shorter than the

leaves.

■*--*-■?- Flowers yellow.

6. V. sannentosa, DougL Leaves rounded-cordate, reniform, or sometimes ovate,
finely crenate, usually punctate with dark dots. Flowers small.

• • Leaves divided or lobed; Jlowers yellow, tinged with brown-purple.

7. V. lobata, Benth. Distinguished by its stout stems and large palmately 5 to
9-lobed leaves. Flowers large.

8. V. chrysantha, Hook. Stems short; leaves bipinnatifid, with narrow seg-
ments. Flowers large, like V. pedtmctilata, but the lateral petals are not bearded.

{JAl.\OlU\LL.,i LA.. (l'i:^K 1 A.MILV ) 27

Order 9. POLYGALACEiE.

Herbs or ehrubs, with simple entire exstipulate leaves, remarkable for the papilio-
fxaceous-looking flowers. In our genus the ovary is 2-ceIled.

1. POLYGALA, Toum.

Sepals 5, very nnequal, the 2 lateral ones large and petal-like. Petals 3, united to
each other and to the stamen-tube, the middle one hooded and often crested or beaked.
Stamens 6 to 8, the filaments united below into a split sheath, adnate at the base to the
petals. The 2-celled ovary forms a capsule flattened contrary to the partition, notched
or retuse above.

1. P. cucuUata, Benth. Stems slender from a woody base, 2 to 8 inches high; leaves
Bmooth, oblong-lanceolate or ovate-elliptical, ^ to 1 inch long, short petioled; flowers
rose-color; outer sepals 2^ lines long, rounded-saccate at the base; the wings broadly
spatulate, 4 to 6 lines long.

2. P. Califomica, Nutt. Stouter; flowers greenish white.

Order 10. CARYOPHYLLACEiE.

Herbs with regular and mostly perfect flowers, persistent calyx, its parts and the petals
4 or 5 and imbricated or the latter sometimes convolute in the bud, the distinct stamens
commonly twice as many as the petals, ovary 1 -celled with a free central placenta. Stems
usually swollen at the nodes. Leaves opposite, often united at the base by a transverse
line, in one group with interposed scarious stipules. Styles 2 to 5, mostly distinct.
Fruit a capsule opening by valves, or by teeth at the summit. Flowers terminal, or in
the forks, or in cymes.

Many species in this order are difficult to determine.

* Sepals united into a 4:-5-toothed calyx. Petals long-clawed.
Petals with bifid appendages Silene. 1

* * Sepals distinct; petals without claws.

Petals bifid; capsule cylindric Cerastium. 2

Petals bifid capsule globose Stellaria. 3

Petals entire; capsule globose Arenaria. 4

Stipules present; styles 5 Spergula. 5

Stipules present; styles 3 Lepigonum. 6

1. SIIiENE, L.
Calyx tubular, cylindrical to campanulate, 5-toothed, lO-nerved. Petals 5, with nar*

28 CAETOPHYLLACE^. (PINK FAMILY.)

row claws; the blade mostly bifid or many-cleft and usually crowned with 2 scales at
the base. Stamens 10; styles 3, erect. Capsule dehiscent by 6, rarely 3 teeth.

1. S. Gallica, L. Hairy; leaves spatulate, 1 to I| inches long; calyx oblong-
cylindric, becoming expanded by the growth of the ovoid capsule; flowers small, rose-
colored, in one-sided close racemes; petals entire, slightly twisted.

2. S. Calif ornica, Durand. Glandular-pubescent; stems 6 inches to 3 ft. high,
lax, leafy; flowers large, deep scarlet, few at the ends of the branches; calyx 7 to 10 lines
long; petals deeply parted with bifid segments, the lobes 2-3-toothed or entire, with
often a lateral one.

3. S. Douglasii, Hook. Stems simple few-flowered; leaves narrowly oblanceolate
to linear, an inch or two long; calyx oblong-cylindric, often inflated, 5 to 7 lines long;
petals rose-color or nearly white; 8 to 10 lines long, bifid with broad obtuse lobes; claw
broadly auricled; capsule oblong-ovate, long stiped.

2. CERASTIUM, L. Mouse-eak Chickweed.

Sepals 5. Petals 5, emarginate or bifid. Stamens 10. Styles 5, rarely less. The
curved capsule dehiscing by twice as many teeth as there are styles. Flowers white.

1. C. pilosum, Ledeb. Erect, rather stout, more or less densely pilose; leaves
oblong- lanceolate, | to an inch or more long, acute, almost sheathing at the base; flowers
from ^ to 1 inch in diameter.

C. AKVEN8E, L., has do-wny acute leaves.

C. vuLGATUM, L., lias ovate or obovate obtuse leaves; flowers clustered.

3. STELLARIA, L. Chickweed.

Sepals 5, rarely 4. Petals as many, 2-cleft. Stamens 10, or fewer by abortion. Low
iierbs with minute white flowers and 4-angled stems.

1. S. media, L. Weak and spreading, rooting at the lower joints; the ovate leaves
less than an inch long on hairy petioles, or the upper ones sessile; stamens 3 to 10.

Introduced from Europe.

2. S. nitens. Nutt. , has small sessile lanceolate leaves and narrow shining sepals
surpassing the minute petals.

3. S. littoralis, Torr., is rather a stout hairy plant, with ovate leaves; flowers in
a terminal cyme. May be found on the sea-shore.

4. ARENARIA, L. Sandwort.

Distinguished chiefly from Stellaria by the entire petals and usually by the tufted
stems and subulate rigid leaves. In our species the 3 valves of the capsule are entire;
bracts foliaceous.

1. A. Douglasii, Torr. & Gr. Slender, much branched, 3 to 6 inches high; lea vet

POETULACACKE. (PDRSLANE FAMILY.) 29

filiform, 3 to 12 lines long; flowers on long slender pediceb; sepals 3-nerved; petals obovate,
2 lines long or more; longer than the sepals.

2. A. Californica, Brew. Leaves lanceolate, 1 or 2 lines long; flowers smaller than
the last; petals spatulate.

3. A. palustris, Wat. Stems weak, 4 to 8 inches high; leaves linear, flaccid, 6 to
12 lines long; flowers few on long pedicels; petals 3 or 4 lines long. In swamps.

5. SPERGULA, L. Corn-Sptjrey.

Sepals 5. Petals 5, entire. Stamens 10, rarely 5. Ovary 1-celled, many-ovuled;
styles 5, alternate with the sepals. Annuals dichotomously branched, with awl-shaped
apparently whorled leaves (fascicled).

1. S. arvensis, L. The almost filiform leaves 1 or 2 inches long; flowers white, the
long pedicels at length reflexed. Naturalized.

6. LEPIGONUM, Fries. SA2n)-SpirERY.

Sepals 5. Petals 5, entire, rarely fewer. Stamens 10, or fewer by abortion. Ovary
1-celled, many ovuled; styles 3, or rarely 5. Low herbs, with setaceous or linear fascicled
leaves; flowers white or pink, pediceled.

1. L. macrothecuni, Fisch. & Mey. Rather stout, often a foot high; leaves fleshy
i to 2 inches long, with large ovate stipules; pedicels becoming reflexed; sepals 3 or
more lines long, equaling the pinkish petals. In salt-marshes.

2. L. medium. Fries. More slender than the last, with smaller flowers on shorter
pedicels.

Oeder 11. PORTULACACEiE.

Succulent herbs, with simple and entire leaves, and regular but unsymmetrical perfect
flowers; the sepals only 2, the petals 2 to 5 or more; the stamens opposite the petals
when of the same number; the ovary 1-celled. Stamens sometimes indefinitely numerous,
commonly adhering to the base of the petals, these sometimes united at the base. Style
2 to 8-cleft. Stipules none,

* Sepals 2, distinct, persistent.
Stamens more than 5 Calandrinia. 1

Stamens 5 Clay tonia. 2

• * Sepals 4- io 8 Lewisia. 3

1. CALANDRINIA, II B K.

Petals mostly 5 (3 to 10). Stamens 5 to 15. Ovary free, many-ovuled; style 3-clcft,
short. Capsule globose or ovoid, 3-valved. Seeds shining-black. Low succulent herba
with alternate leaves.

30 HYPERICACKE. (ST. JOHn's-WORT FAMILY.)

1. C. Menziesii, Hook. Smooth, branching from the base, the stems ascending;
leaves linear to oblanceolate, 1 to 3 inches long, the lower on slender petioles; sepals
keeled, the calyx 4-angled in the bud; petals broadly obovate, red to purple, 2 to 6 lines
lorg. One of the most abundant of open ground early flowers.

2. CLAYTONIA, L.

Petals 5, equal. Stamens 5. Style 3-cleft. Capsule and seeds as in Calandrinia^
Ra,dical leaves numerous; cauline perfoliate, or a pair,

1. C. perfoliata, Donn. Stems 2 to 12 inches high; radical leaves long-petioled,
broadly rhomboidal, or deltoid, or deltoid-cordate, ^ to 8 inches broad, obtuse; the cauline-
pair usually united to form an almost orbicular perfoliate leaf, concave above; the laac-
raceme of small pinkish flowers nearly sessile in the leaf-cup.

Var. parvifloia, Torr. Radical leaves linear, or linear-spatulate.

Var. spatliulata, Torr. Eadical leaves linear; the cauline pair distinct or partly
united on one side, ovate to lanceolate. Low and slender.

Var. exigua, Torr. Low, radical leaves narrowly linear or filiform; the cauline-
distinct, linear.

2. C. Siberica, L. Stems 6 to 15 inches high; radical leaves lanceolate to rombic-
ovate or nearly orbicular, long-petioled; the cauline pair ovate or varying from lanceolate
to spatulate-obovate, sessile, distinct; raceme loose; the rose-colored or white petals 2 to
4 lines long.

3. LE-WISIA, Pursh.

Petals 8 to 16, large and showy, rose-colored. Stamens numerous (40 or more). Style
3 to 8-parted nearly to the base. Low acaulescent fleshy perennials, with fusiform roots,
and short 1 -flowered scapes.

1. L. redlviva, Pursh. Leaves densely clustered, linear-oblong, subterete, 1 or 2
inches long, smooth and glaucous; scape jointed in the middle, bearing on the joint 5^to
7 subulate verticillate bracts; petals sometimes white, 8 to 16 lines long.

Order 12. HYPERICACEiE.

Herbs or shrubs, with opposite entire punctate leaves, no stipules and perfect flowen
with 4 or 5 petals and numerous stamens, the fruit a septicidal many-seeded capsule.
Calyx of 4 or 5 persistent sepals. Filaments mostly in 3 sets. Styles 2 to 6, usually
distinct.

1. HYPERICUM, L. St. John's-wobt.

Sepals and petals 5. The numerous stamens in three bundles. Ovary 1 to 3-celled,
the ovules, growing on the parietal placentae. Flowers cymose, yellow.

malvachj:. (mallow family.) 31

1. H. Sconleri. Uook. Stems erect from a running rootstock ^ to 2 feet high«
terete, simple or sparingly branched ; leaves ovato to oblong, clasping, an inch or less
long ; petals punctate, 3 to 5 lines long; capsule 3-cclled.

2. H. concinnum, Benth. Stems from a woody base, 3 to G inches high; leaves
from oblong to linear, aciite, an inch long or less, not clasping, usually folded.

3. H. anagalloides, Cham & Schlecht, Stems numerous, weak, rooting at the
lower joints, 1 to 10 inches long; leaves broadly ovate or elliptical, 2 to G inches long,
outuse, clasping; sepals exceeding the petals; capsule 1 -celled.

Order 13. MALVACEJE.

Herbs or shrubs with alternate stipulate leaves; distinguished by the valvate calyx,
convolute petals, their bases or short claws united with the base of a column of many
united stamens, these with reniform anthers. Calyx 5-cleft or parted, persistent, with
Bometimes a calyx-like involucel of bracts. Petals 5, usually withering without
falling ofif. Pistil usually either a ring of ovaries around a projecting receptacle or a
3-10-celIed ovary; styles united at least at the base. Leaves usually palmately ribbed.
Flowers axillary. (See Addhnda.)

1. LAVATERA, L. Tree Mallow.

Involucel 3 to 6-cleft. Stamineal column divided into numerous filaments. Styles
filiform. Fruit depressed ; the several carpels separating from the prominent axis,
1 -seeded.

1. L. assurgentiflora, Kellogg. A shrub 6 to 15 ft. high; flowers 1 to 4 in the
axils on drooping pedicels; petals rose-purple, 1 to 1^ inches long, with a broad truncato
limb and narrow claws having a pair of dense hairy tufts at the base. Commonly culti-
vated, but a native (?) of this State.

2. MALVA, L. Mallow.

Involucel 3-leaved. Petals obcordate, small. Herbaceous. Otherwise as Lavatera.

M. borealis, Wallman. Annual; leaves round-cordate, crenate, 5-7-lobed; peduncles
short; petals pinkish- white, 2 or 3 lines long.

Distinguished from the biennial J/, rotundifolia by its short pedunceles, small flowers
and rugose caqjels.

3. SIDALCEA, Gk.

Involucel none. Stamineal column double; the filaments of the outer series usually
Quited into 5 sets, opposite the petals. Flowers in a terminal raceme or spike. Uerbs.

* PerenniaL
1. S. malvaeflora. Or. Perennial, 1 to 3 ft. high; leaves on elongated petioleb,

32 LINAGES. (flax FAMXLT.)

orbicular to semi-circular in outline; the lower toothed or cleft, the upper more narrowly
and deeply, 5 to 9-lobed or parted; the segments sparingly toothed, often linear and
entire; flowers in naked elongated racemes; bractlets small, lanceolate; pedicels short,
naked; calyx often tomentose; petals emarginate, 6 to 12 lines long, purple; carpels
smooth.

2. S. humilis, Gr. Much resembling the last, but lower, and often decumbent at
the base; leaves smaller; flowers fewer and more scattered; calyx larger, 3 to 6 bnea
long; carpels reticulated and pubescent.

* * Annual.

3. S. diploscypha, Gr. Pubescent with long spreading hairs, 1 to 2 ft. high;
leaves deeply 5-9-cleft with lobed segments; bractlets conspicuous, 5 to 7-parted, hispid;
flowers nearly sessile in close 3 to 5-flowered clusters; petals G to 12 lines long, broad and
emarginate.

4. S. malachroides, Gr. Stout, hirsute, 3 to 6 ft. high, tufted; leaves large; flowers
small, white or purplish, nearly sessile in close terminal heads on the short leafy branches;
petals narrowly obcordate; sets of stamens indistinct.

Oeder 14. LINACE^ai

A small order represented and characterized by the one genus

1. LINUM, L. Flax.

Parts of the flower 5, except sometimes in the pistil. Filaments united at the base
with commonly alternating teeth. Styles 5, or sometimes only 2 or 3, distinct or united.
Sti'-^mas capitate or oblong; ovary globose. Seeds twice as many as the styles. Herbs
with sessile entire leaves without stipules, and cymose or panicled flowers.

§ 1. Styles 5. Flowers blue.

1. L. perenne, L. Smooth, 1 to 2^ ft. high, branching above, leafy; leaves linear
to linear-lanceolate, 3 to 18 lines long, acute; stipular glands none; flowers on slender
pedicels, scattered, large.

§ 2. Styles 3; petals appendaged at base, rcith a tooth on each side and a third adnate

to the inner face of the claw.

* Flower-^ yellow; pedicels short.

2. I«. Bre-^eri, Or. Smooth, blender, 3 to 8 inches high or more, few flowered at
the summit; lenves linear-setaceous, C to 8 lines lona; stipular glands conspicuous; petals

3 or more lines loug.

* * Flowets ,'ost-pur] U to uli'df.

3. L. congestum, Gr. Nearly smooth, excepting the calyx, about a foot high;

GERANIACE^. (GERA^'^JM FAMILY.) 33

•tfpular glands very small; flowers in close terminal clusters; petals about 3 lines long;
capsule globose.

4. L. Califomicum, Cr. Smooth, glaucous, 6 to 18 inches high; stipular glanda
conspicuous; flowers in small cymes or the lower solitary; petals 4 lines long, capsule
acute, shorter than the calyx.

5. S. spergTilinum, Gr. Smooth, 6 to 15 inches high; leaves without stipular
glands; pedicels 3 to 6 lines long, and mostly solitary; sepals slightly glandular, minute;
capsule obtuse, exceeding the calyx slightly.

Order 15. GERANIACE-ffi.

Flowers perfect on axillary peduncles, regular (in our species) and symmetrical, the
parts in fives. Stamens mostly in two sets, those alternate with the petals sometimes
sterile. Ovary deeply 5-lobed, with a prolonged axis, or 5-ceUed.

§ 1. Carpels 5, one'Seeded, separating at maturity from the long central axis; the style*

forming long twisted tails.

Fertile stamens 10; tails of the carpels not bearded Geranium. 1

Fertile stamens 5; tails of the carpels bearded Erodium. 2

§ 2. Carpels 5, one-seeded, Jleshy, distinct Limnantlies. 3

§ 3. Carpels combined into a 5-celled ovary Ozalis. 4.

1. GERANIUM, L. Cranesbill.

Stamens 10 with anthers, a gland behind the base of each of the shorter 5; filaments
bearded at the base. Ovary 5-lobed; style 5-lobed at the top; the roundish-oblong carpels
splitting away from the persistent beaked axis. Leaves palmately lobed and mostly
opposite, scarious stipules; swollen- jointed stems.

1. G, Carolinianum, L. Difi"usely branched, pubescent; leaves 1 to 2.\ inches in
diameter, palmately 5-7-parted, the divisions cleft into linear lobes; petals rose-colored
equaling the awned sepals, 2 or 3 lines long; carpels hairy; tails half an inch long.

G. incifium, Nutt., with large purple flowers, grows in the Sierra Nevada, and ia
Humboldt County.

2. ERODIUM, L'Her.

Characters as in the last; but the filaments dilated, the 5 opposite to the petals sterile-
and scale-like; carpels attenuate to a sharp bearded base; the tails long bearded on the
inner side. Leaves commonly pinnate and bipinnately parted or lobed; peduncles-
umbellately 2-several-flowered with a 4-bracted involucre at the base of the pedicels;
floM'ers small.

1. E. cicutarium, L'Her. (Filaria or Pin-Clover.) Hairy, much branched,
o

34 RUTACE^. (orange FAMILY.)

decumbent; leaves pinnate tlie leaflets laciniately pinnatifid with narrow acute lobes^
tho opposite leaves unequal ; the long peduncles in the axils of the smaller leaves bearing
4 to 8-flowered umbels; the slender pedicels at length reflexed, the fruit still erect; the
bearded carpels with spirally twisted tails.

2. E. moscliatum, L'Her. (Musky Filaria.) Similar to tho last but of a lighter
green and the leaflets uneqiially and doubly serrate, not pinnatifid. Gives out a musky
odor when wilted.

8. E. macrophyllum, Hook. & Am. Leaves reniform-cordate, 1 to 3 inches
broad; sepals broad, 5 to 6 lines long.

3. LIMNANTHES, R. Br.

Glands 5, alternating with the petals. Stamens 10. Style 5-cleft at the apex. An-
nual low diffuse herbs, with pungent juice, growing in wet places; leaves pinnate,
without stipules; flowers yellowish-white or rose-colored, solitary on axillary peduncles.

1. L. Douglasii, R. Br. Glabrous, yellowish green, weak and succulent stems;
leaflets incisely lobed; peduncles at length 2 to 4 inches long; sepals lanceolate, 3 to 4
lines long, half the length of the oblong or obovate, emarginate or truncate petals.

Var alba, Hartweg. Villous sepals; shorter, white petals.

4. OXALIS, L.

The parts of the flower in fives. Stamens 10; the filaments dilated and united below.
Capsule columnar or ovoid, beaked with the short style. Low herbs with sour watery
juice; leaves alternate or radical, digitately trifoliolate, leaflets obcordate.

1. O. Oregana, Xutt. (E,ed wood Sorrel. ) Acaulescent, rusty-villous; rootstock
creeping; leaflets broadly obcordate, 1 to 1^ inches broad; petioles 2 to 8 inches long;
scapes equaling or exceeding the leaves, mostly 1 -flowered; petals 6 to 12 lines long, white
or rose-colored, often veined with purple.

2. O. comiculata, L. (Yellow Sorrel.) Distinguished by its slender branching
stems, and smaller yellow flowers.

Order 16. RUTACEiE.

Pellucid or glandular-dotted aromatic leaves, along with definite hypogjTious stamens
and definite seeds characterize this order, although some of the orange-tribe have many
stamens.

1. PTELEA. L. Hop-tree.

Flowers polygamous. Sepals, petals and stamens 4 or 5; ovary with a short, thick

EHAMNACEiE. (BUCKTHORN FAMILY.) 35

Btipe, 2-colled; style short; fruit a broadly winged orbicular samara, 2-Beeded. Flower*
email, greenish-white, in terminal cymes or compound corymbs.

1. P. angustifolia, Benth. A shrub 5 to 25 ft. high, with chestnut colored punc-
tate bark; leaves 3-foliolate.

Order 17. CELASTRACEiE.

Suffiiciently characterized by the genus

1. EUONYMUS, Toum.

Sepals and petals 4 or 5, widely spreading; Stamens as many very short on an angled
disk; ovary immersed in the disk, 3-5-valved, colored, often warty. Fruit a red ariL
Shrubs, with 4-angled branches, opposite petioled exstipulate serrate smooth leaves, and
flowers in loose cymes on axillary peduncles.

1. E. occidentalis, Nutt. 7 to 15 ft. high; leaves ovate to oblong-lanceolate,
acuminate, serrulate, 2 to 4 inches long; peduncles 1-4-flowered; flowers dark reddish-
brown, 4 to 6 lines in diameter, the parts in fives.

Order 18. RHAMNACE-ffi.

Shrubs or small trees, with simple undivided leaves, small and often caducous etipulei,
and small regular flowers, the stamens borne on the calyx and alternate with its lobes;
ovary 2 to 4-celled. Flowers often apetalous; a conspicuous disk adnate to the short tube
of the calyx; petals often clawed; style or stigma 2-4-lobed; fruit berry-like or dry, con-
taining 2 to 4 seed-like nutlets.

Calyx and disk free from the ovary; filaments short; fruit berry-like Rhamnus. 1

Calyx and disk adherent to the ovary; filaments long; fruit dry Ceanotlius. 2

1. RHAMNUS. L.

Small greenish flowers; calyx 4-5-cleft, with erect or spreading lobes, the campanulate
tube persistent; petals 4 or 5 or none, on the margin of the disk; claws short; stamens 4
or 5; leaves evergreen.

§ 1. Flowers dioecious^ apetalous, solitary or fascicled in the axils,

1. R. crocea, Nutt. Much branched, 3 to 15 ft. high; leaves coriaceous, oblong
or obovate to obicular, 3 to IS lines long, acutely denticulate, usually yellowish brown or
copper-colored beneath; fruit red.

§ 2. Flowers mostly perfect in pedunctdate cymes.

2. R. Californica, Each. Spreading 4 to 18 ft. high; leaves ovate-oblong to ellip-

36 EHAMNACE^. (BUCKTHORN FAMILY.)

tical, i to 4 inches long, denticulate or nearly entire; petals very small, broadly ovate»
emarginate; fruit blackish-purple.

2. CEANOTHUS, L.

Calyx 5-cleft; the lobes acute; disk thick adhering to the tube and to the ovary; petals
on long claws, hooded; stamens 5; filaments long-exserted; ovary 3-lobed; style short,
3-cleft. The small flowers are in showy thyrsoid orcymose clusters. Species difficult.

§ 1. Leaven S-nerved.

1. C. thyrsiflorus, Esch. (California Lilac. ) Smooth, 6 to 15 ft. high; branches
strongly angled; leaves rather thick, oblong to oblong-ovate, 1 to 1^ inches long, usually
smooth and shining above, canescent beneath; flowers bright blue in dense compound
racemes, terminating the long and somewhat leafy peduncles.

2. C. integerrimus, Hook & Am. Slender, 2 or 3 ft. high; branches round, usually
warty; leaves thin, bright green, ovate to ovate-oblong, 1 to 3 inches long; thyrse large,
white-flowered.

3. C. dentatus, Torr & Gr. Low, not rigid; leaves small glandular-serrate,
fascicled, the margin strongly vmdulate or revolute, somewhat resinous; flowers blue, in
small roundish clusters.

4. C. sorediatus, Hook & Am. Rigid; inflorescence pubescent; leaves silky on
the nerves, ^ to 1^ inches long; flowers blue in shortly peduncled simple racemes ^ to 2
inches long.

5. C. divaricatus, Nutt. Grayish, usually spinose; leaves small, not tomentose
beneath; flowers light blue or white, in nearly simple often elongated racemes, 1 to 4
inches long; fruit resinous.

C. C. incanus, Torr & Gr. Spinose; leaves hoary beneath with a very minute
tomentum, cuneate to cordate at base; flowers in short racemes, white; fruit resinously
warty. A straggling shrub along creeks.

§ 2. Leaves pinnately veined.

7. C. papillosus, Torr. & Gr. More or less hispidly villous or tomentose, 4 to 6
ft. high; leaves glandular-serrulate, and the upper surface glandular-papillose, narrowly
oblong, 1 to 2 inches long on slender petioles; flowers blue, in close clusters or short
racemes, terminating slender naked peduncles; fruit not resinous.

§ 3. Leaves small, often opposite, very thick, with numerous straight lateral veins; stipule*
mostly large and warty; Jlowers in sessile or shortly peduncled axillary clusters; fruii
larger, with 3 horn-like or warty prominences below the summit.

8. C. crassifolius, Torr. Erect 4 to 12 ft. high, the young branches white with a
rillous tomentum; leaves somewhat spinosely-toothed or rarely entire and revolutely
margined; flowers light blue or white, in dense clusters.

SAPINDACE.E. (BUCKEYE FAMILY.) 37

d. C. cuneatus, Nutt. Similar to the last, but less tomentose; leaves cuncate-
obovate or oblong, rctusc above, on slender petioles; flowers in looser clusters.

10. C. rigidus, Nutt. Erect, 5 ft. high, the branchlets tomentose; leaves 2 to 6
lines long, cuneate-oblong or broadly obovate, few toothed above, very shortly petioled;
flowers bright blue.

Order VITACEiB has but one representative; the well-known California wild grape»
Vitis Califomica, Benth., which is common on the woody banks of streams.

Order 19. SAPINDACEiE.

frees or shrubs, mostly with compound or lobed leaves, with unsymmetrical or irregular
flowers; the order best characterized under its suborders.
Under the order proper belongs

1. iESCULUS, L. Buckeye.

Leaves opposite, palmately 4-7-foliolate. Calyx tubular, unequally 5-toothed. Petals
4 or 5, unequal, with claws. Stamens 5 to 7, exserted and often unequaL Ovary
3-celled; style long. Fruit a large leathery 3-valved pod.

1. .as. Californica, Nutt. Leaflets, usually 5, smooth, oblong-lanceolate, acute,
obtuse at base, slenderly pctiolulate, serrulate, 3 to 5 inches long; flowers in a close
finely pubescent thyrse which is 6 to 12 inches long; calyx 2-lobed, the lobes scarcely
toothed; petals white or pale rose, half an inch long or more; stamens 5 to 7; anthers
orange colored. Fruit pear-shaped, 1^ to 2 inches long, containing, usually, one seed.

Sub-order. ACERINE.E,

Flowers polygamous or dioecious, regular, often apetalous. Ovary 2-lobed and 2-cell'.\l,
each 1-seeded cell producing a wing. Leaves opposite without stipules.

2. ACER, Toum. Maple.

Leaves palmately lobed. Calyx colored. Petals, usually 5. Stamens 3 to 12 inserted
with the petals on a lobed disk. Styles 2. Fruit divaricately 2-winged.

1. A- macrophyllum, Pursh. (Large-leafed Maple.) A tree 2 or 3 feet in
diameter; leaves C to 10 inches in diameter, deeply 3-5-cleft; flowers fragrant, yellow,
in crowded pendulous racemes; fruit densely hairy; the smooth Mings 1.^ inches long.

2. A. circinatum, Pursh. (V'ine-Maple.) A shrub or small tree; leaves 3 to 5
inclies broad, 7-9-lobed, lobes sharply serrate; flowers in corymbs loosely 10-20-flowered,
on fclender 2-leaved branchlets; sepals red or purple, exceeding the greenish petals; fruit
•mooth.

38

LEGUMINOS^. (pea FAMILY.)

3. NEGUNDO, Moench. Box-Eluer.

Flowers dioecious. Calyx minute. Petals and disk none. Stamens 4 or 5. Ovary
and fruit as in Acer. Trees; leaves pinnate; sterile flowers on clustered capillary pedi-
cels, the fertile in drooping racemes.

1. N. Califoniicum, Torr. & Gr. Usually a small tree; leaves 3-foliolate, villous:
leaflets ovate or oblong, acute, 3 or 4 inches long, the terminal largest and 3-o-lobed or
coarsely serrate, the lateral ones coarsely serrate; fruit pubescent; wings slightly
spreading.

In the figure a represents the fruit of Acer ma-
croi^liylliim, b the wider spreading samara of Acer
circinatum, and c the closer wings of Negundo
Calif or nicuin. The first has hairy carpels; the
second is smooth, and the last slightly hairy.

Order ANACARDIACE-ai is represented
by the well-known Poison Oak or Rhus diversiloha,
a slender, sometimes climbing, shrub, resembling
the eastern Rluis toxicodendron, which is also often
called Poison Oak, but is more commonly known
as Poison Ivy. The eastern Sumac belongs to the
same genus. There are three other species of
Rhus in the State. The Pepper tree {Schinxs
moUe), so commonly cultivated as an ornamental
shade tree, belongs to this order.

Oeder 20. LEGUMINOSiE.

The single and simple free pistil becoming a legume in fruit, the alternate leaves with
stipules, and in our genera, the papillionaceous corolla with 10 stamens, mark this order,
one of the largest and most important in the vegetable kingdom.

Flowers irregvilar. Calyx 3-o-cleft or toothed, persistent. Corolla of 5 petals, the
upper larger and always external, covering the lateral pair in the bud, and these cover-
ing the lower pair, which are more or less united, forming a keel which encloses the
stamens and pistil. Filaments 10, rarely 5, commonly united ai'ound the pistil, either
all united or nine and the upper one free. Ovary forming a pod with a single row of
seeds attached to one side; style usually inflexed or curved. In Cercis the upper petal is
small and enclosed by the wings. In Amoi'pha there is but one petal.

Suborder Caesalpineae is marked by the upper petal enclosed, and distinct stamens.

Suborder Mimoseae has regular flowers and usually many conspicuous stamens.

LEGUMINOS.^. (pea FAMILY.)

38a

I ig. A. Un thf left is JIosacHa sub'
2>i)inata, ehowing a full grown pf>cl
and a flower as seen from above. On
the right is a pod and flowers oi
Hosacl-ia Pursliiana. At a is a single
flower with its bract as seen from the
front. The lower leaves and bracts
are larger.

Fig. B. A head of Trifolium fuca-
A tiim, with all but three of the flowers

removed, showing the common receptacle and the involucre.

Fig. C. An axillary spike of Astragalus didymocarpus, with ripo fruit. Below Ik
one of the pods magnified.

Thi.s order is remarkable for the number of useful and beautiful plants
which belong to it. Pease, beans, lentils, peanuts, clover, alfalfa, etc.,
furnish food for man and domestic animals. Tropical plants of tlii.s
order supply, among others, the following articles of commerce: Gum
arable, gum Senegal, gum copal, dragon's-blood, indigo, logwood, brazil-
wood, rosewood, tamarind. Many species have medical value, as senna,
catchu, copaiba, etc.

There are over 6,000 si^ecies of leguminous plants, mostly tropical.
About 350 species are natives of the United States, more than lialf of
which are found in California. Only 4 or 5 species are common to this
coast and the Atlantic States, and these have forms peculiar to each
coast. Our 180 species are grouped under 14 genera, while the I.IO species
of the East {i e., the Mississippi States and eastward to the Atlantic),
represent 50 genera. There are about 40 species of lupine, and the same
number belonging to the genus Astragalus, growing witliin the limits ot
this State. Only two kinds of the former and 4 of the latter grow east
of the MississiDDi. The latter is the largest American ccnus of the

58b

I^EQUMINOS^. (pea FAMILY.)

Fig. A. At a is seen a single flower of Lupinus Dou-
gWsii; b, the same with the upper and Bide petals r©-
moved, shuwiug the united pair of long-clawed, lower
petals and the base of the stamineal tube.

Fig. B. a. The same flower with all the petals r©-
moved, showing the united stamens, 5 of which have
shed the poUen and crinkled down. b. The fitamens as
they appear in a bud. The shorter stamens of the bud
become the longer stamens of the flower, c. Anther of
a long stamen in a magnified, d. Anther of a long
stamen in b (short In a) magnified.

■order, the species •within the United States numbering about 150, nearly all of which
belong west of the Rocky Mountains. We have about 25 kinds of clover; only 3 or 4
species are natives of the East. Hosackia, numbering 28 species in our whole country,
25 of which grow here, is not represented in the East at all. On the other hand, the
large genus Desmodium, numbering in the East 19 species, has no representative west of
the Kocky Mountains. Pickeringia is probably not found beyond the boundary of Cali-
fornia. The great Australian genus Acacia, numbering there nearly 300 species, is
represented iu Southern California by a small tree {A. Gregjil), and in the East by an
herb. Possibly 30 species are cultivated for shade trees. Honey Mesquit, or Algaroba
{Prosopis juVJloru) and Screw-pod Mesquit, or Tornilla {P. pubescens), are small trees of
Southern California. Prosopis and Acacia belong to the Suborder Mimoseae. All the
plants here described (except Cercis) belong to the Suborder Papilionaceae, which is dis-
tinguished by flowers, like those of the pea, as before described.

Cercis, which, by mistake, is not described in the proper place, belongs to the Sub-
order Caesalpineas, in which the side petals enclose the upper one and the stamens are free.

§ 1. Stamens distinct.

Leaves digitately 3-foliolate. Herbs; yellow flowers Thermopsis.

Shrub; purple flowers Pickeringia.

Leaves imequally pinnate; shrubby; 1 petal Amoiplia.

§ 2. Stamens all united into a sheath.

Anthers of two forms; leaves digitate, more than three leaflets Lupinus.

Anthers all alike; leaves pinnately 3-foliolate Psoralea.

§ 3. Stametis diadelphous {2 sets, 9 and 1).

* Leaves 3-foliolate; pods small.

Flowers capitate. Corolla persistent Trifolium.

Flowers in axillary racemes or spikes. Pod globular, wrinkled Melilotus.

Flowers in axillary spikes. Pod one-seeded Psoralea.

Pod spirally coiled or reniform Medicago.

LEGUMINOS^. (PCA FAMILY.) 3U

« •

Leaves iineqnallij pinnate; leaflets entire; no tendril.

Flowers umbellate or solitary, axillary Hosackia. 7

Flowers white or pinkish. Pod short, prickly Glycyrrhiza. 10

Pods mostly iflflated or nearly 2-celled Astragalus. 11

• * *

Leaves terminated by a tendril or bristle or an imperfect leaflet.

Style filiform, hairy aronnd the apex Vicia. 12

Style flattened dorsally toward the apex, hairy on the inner side, nsnally

twisted half round Lathynis. 13

1. THERMOPSIS, R. Br.

Calyx companulate, cleft to the middle. Standard roundish, shorter than the oblong
wings, the sides reflexed; keel nearly straight, its petals somewhat united, equalling the
wings. Perennial herbs with the aspect of Lupine; leaflets entire; stipules foliaceous;
flowers large in long terminal racemes, with persistent bracts.

1. T. Califomica, Wat. Woolly -tomentose; stipules lanceolate; leaflets obovat© to
oblanceolate, an inch or two long; bracts ovate; pod hairy.

2. PICKERINGIA, Nutt

Calyx campanulate, turbinate at the base, repandly 4-toothed. Petals equal; standard
orbicular, the sides reflexed; wings oblong; keel petals oblong, distinct, straight, obtuse.
A low stout much branched spinose shrub; leaves evergreen, small, nearly sessile,
1-3-foliolate, without stipules; flowers large, solitary, axillary, nearly sessile.

1. P. montana, Nutt. Spreading, densely branched, 4 to 7 ft. high, silky-tomentose
or smooth; leaflets 3 to 9 lines long; flowers from light cinnamon-red to purple, 7 to 9
lines long; stamens persistent.

3. LXTPINUS, L. LxTPnTE.

Calyx deeply bilabiate, bibracteolate. Standard broad, the sides reflexed; wings united
at the ends, enclosing the incurved beaked keeL Stipules adnate to the petioles; leaflets
entire. Flowers in terminal racemes, verticillatc or scattered, bractcate.

A large and difficult genus.

* Annuals.

Ovules 2; bracts persistent; flowers in whorls; leaves long petioled, approximate; stout.

Long- villous; flowers mostly purple Ii. microcarpus. 15

Smoother; flowers yellow to white L. densiflorus. 16

Ovules several; bracts deciduous; flowers in wliorls; petioles 1 to 3 times the length of
the leaflets.
Puberulent; leaflets broad, smoother above; bracts short L. afEnis, 8

40 LEGUMiNoaaB:. (pea family.)

Villous; leaflets narrow, both sides pubescent.

Bracts elongated; flowers rather large L. nanus. 9

Bracts short; flowers small, narrow L. micranthus. 10

Ovules several; bracts somewhat persistent; flowers scattered; petioles 1 to 4 times
the length of the leaflets.

Slender; leaflets smooth above; bracts long. L. leptophyllus. 11

Slender; leaflets linear; bracts short L. sparsiflorus. 12

Stout; leaflets truncate; bracts short L. truncatus. 13

Stouter; leaflets broad; bracts short; very hispid L. hirsutisslmus. 14

* * Perennials; herbaceous, tall; Jlowers large; ovules 8 to 12.

Stout; long petioles; leaflets 10 to 16, very large L. polyphyllus. 4

Stout; short petioles; leaflets 7 to 10, large ; L, rivularis. 5

Slender, decumbent; short petioles; leaflets small L. littoralis. 6

Stoutish, erect; short petioles; keel narrow, falcate L. albicaulis. 7

* * *

Perennials; shrubby, leafy, silky-pubescent.

Leaflets narrowly lanceolate; flowers yellow L. arboreus. 1

Densely silky-pubescent; flowers blue to white L. Cbamissonis. 2

Pubescence short, tomentose; shrubby at the base L. Douglasil 3

1. L. arboreus, Sims. Often 4 to 8 ft. high; sulphur-yellow, fragrant flowers, ver-
ticillate in a loose raceme; pods large, pubescent, 10-12-seeded.

2. K Cliamissonis. Esch. Less shrubby, 1 to 4 ft. high; leaflets 7 to 9, cuneate
obovate, a half to an inch long, very silky on both sides; bracts lanceolate, shorter than
the calyx; flowers sub-verticillate, blue, violet, rarely white. A variety about San
Francisco with long bracts.

3. L. Douglasii, Agardh. Slightly woody at base; pubescence short, tomentose or
silky; leaflets 7 to 9, oblanceolate to cuneate-oblong, 1 to 1^ inches long, pubescent on
both sides; bracts linear-setaeeous, exceeding the calyx; flowers, blue or purple; calyx
with long setaceous bractlets.

4. L. polyphyllus, LindL Stout, erect, 2 to 5 ft. high, sparingly villous; stipules
large, triangular to subulate; leaves distant, long petioled; leaflets 2 to 6 inches long;
racemes a foot or two long; flowers mostly scattered on long pedicels, blue, purple or
white; bracts oblanceolate, equaling or shorter than the calyx; keel naked.

5. Ij. rivularis, Dougl. Stout, erect, 2 to 6 ft. high, nearly smooth; stipules subu-
late or setaceous; leaflets 7 to 10, about equaling the petioles, ^ to 5 inches long; raceme
often 1 to 2 ft. long; bracts setaceous, exceeding the calyx; flowers purple or rarely
white ; keel slightly ciliate.

6. L. littoralis, Dougl. Stems slender decumbent or ascending, 1 or 2 ft. long;
leaflets a half to an inch long, at least half as long as the petioles; flowers blue or violet,
with some yellow, in short racemes; keel ciliate; calyx large, with small bractlets.

LEQDMINOSJi:. (PEA FAMILY.) 41

7- albicaulis, Dougl. Distinguished by its flowers; which are light-blue to white,
the standard strongly reflexed, the margins cohering near the apex, naked, acute; the
narrow keel very strongly falcate.

8. L. afBnis, Agardh. Stem a foot high; leaflets broadly wedge-obovate, emargin-
ate or obtuse, an inch long or more; the petioles twice longer; petals 5 lines long; the
keel usually naked; bracts short.

9. L. nanus, Dougl. Slender stem 6 inches to a foot high, %'illous, often branching
from the base; leaflets linear to oblanceolate, half to an inch long, the petioles 1 to 3
times longer; bracts exceeding the calyx; petals very broad, o to G lines long, bluish-
purple, or at first nearly white; the standard shorter and usually marked with purple
lines.

10. L. micrantlius, Dough Similar to the last, but the flowers smaller, in usually
shorter more dense racemes; bracts shorter than the calyx; petals 2 to 3 lines long,
narrow.

Var. microphyllus, Wat. The lower and more hirsute form, with leaflets but 3 to
6 lines long.

Var. bicolor, Wat. Flowers larger, more like L. Nanus.

Var. trifidus, Wat. Very hairy; lower lip of the calyx 3-parted.

11. L. leptopliyllus, Benth. Ilarely branched, 1 or 2 ft. high, villous; leaflets
narrowly linear on slender petioles; smooth above; bracts setaceous, much exceeding the
calyx; petals 5 or 6 lines long, bluish-lilac, with a deep crimson spot upon the standard.

12. L. sparsiflorus, Benth. Very slender, sparingly branched, 1 to 1^ ft. high, vil-
lous, with spreading hairs; upper leaves very small; leaflets 5 to 9, linear, ^ to 1 inch
long; petals violet, 5 lines long, the standard shorter; pod half an inch long.

13. L. truncatus, Kutt. Stout, branched, 1 to 2 ft. high; leaflets linear, narrowed
from the truncate or somewhat 3-toothed apex to the base, smooth above, | to 1 ^ inches
long, nearly equaling the petiole; petals deep-purple, 4 or 5 lines long, the standard
shorter; pod about an inch long.

Here belongs L. Stiveri, Kellogg. A beautiful species of the Sierra Nevada, -with yellow standard
and rose-colored wings.

14. L. hirsutissimus, Benth. A foot high or more, very hispid, with spreading
straight and viscid stinging hairs; leaflets broadly cuneate-obovate, obtuse or retuse,
rarely acute, mucronulate; flowers in loose racemes, reddish-purple, large.

15. L. microcarpus, Sims. Villous, with long hairs, 6 to 18 inches high; leaves
approximate on long petioles; leaflets usually 9, cuneate-oblong, obtuse or emarn-inate
smooth above, 1 to 2 inches long; calyx densely villous, large; petals purple to white,
6 or 7 lines long; the hairy 1-2-seeded jjods 8 lines long.

IG. L. densiflorus, Benth. Much resembling the last; calyx smooth or finely
pubescent; petals yellow or ochroleucous, rarely white or pink.

L. luteolus, Kellogg, may be found, distinguished by its more slender habit, smaller
«nd fewer leaflets, and bracts exceeding the calyx.

42 LEGUMINOS-E. (PEA FAMILY.)

4. TRIFOLIUM, L. Clover.

Calyx 5 cleft with nearly equal teeth, persistent. Corolla withering, persistent; winga

narrow, keel short obtuse. Stamens usually diadelphous. Style filiform. Pod small

and usually inclosed in the calyx, membranaceous, indehiscent or dehiscent at the ventral

euture, 1 to 6-seeded. Herbs with leaves palmately 3 or rarely 5-7-foliolate; stipules

adnate to the petiole; flowers in capitate racemes, spikes or umbels, rarely few or solitary;

peduncles axillary or only apparently terminaL

All our species annuaL

§ 1. Heads not involucrate; ovules 2.

* Heads apparently terminal; Jlowers sessile, not reflexed; calyx teeth plumose, filiform.

1. T. Macraei, Hook. & Am. Somewhat villous, erect, 6 to 12 inches high; sti-
pules ovate to lanceolate; leaflets obovate to narrowly oblong, obtuse or retuse, serrulate,
about half an inch long; flowers dark purple, 3 lines long, in dense ovate long peduncled
heads; calyx very villous; the straight teeth as long as the petals, often tinged <rith
purple; pod 1 -seeded.

Var. dichotomum, Brew. A taller and stouter form, with larger flowers in heads
nearly an inch long; corolla more conspicuous, tipped with white.

* * Heads axillary, small; flowers on short pedicels, at length reflexed; calyx teeth subw

late; mx>stly smooth.

2. T. ciUatum, Nutt. Erect, often 1 to 2 ft. high; leaflets similar to the last;
corolla white or purplish, little exserted, 3 lines long; calyx tube campanulate; the
lanceolate teeth very acute, rigid, the scarious margin rigidly ciliate.

3. T. gracilentiun, Torr. & Gr. Erect, slender, a foot high or less; stipules lanceo-
late; leaflets cuneate oblong to ovate or obcordate, retuse, about half an inch long,
serrulate; flowers pale rose-color or purplish on pedicels a line long or less; calyx cam-
panulate, the subulate teeth nearly equaling the corolla.

4. bifiduzn, Gr. Exactly like the last, but the leaflets narrow, the sides sparingly
toothed or entire, and all deeply notched or cleft at the apex.

§ 2. Heads subtended by an involucre; peduncles axillary; flowers sessile, not reflexed.

* Involucre not meTnbranaceous, deeply lobed, and the lobes laciniately and sharply tootlied;

corolla not becoming inflated.

5. T. involncratnm, Willd. Smooth; stems ascending, often a span high or more;
leaflets mostly oblanceolate and acute at each end, a half to an inch long; flowers half an
inch long, in close heads, purple or rose-colored; the narrow calyx teeth all entire; ovules
mostly 5 or 6.

Var. heterodon, Wat. Heads larger and leaflets broader; some of the calyx teeth
eetaciously cleft.

6. tridentatmn, LindL Smooth or glandular-puberulent, slender and usually erect.

LEGUJIINOSiE. (pea FAMILY.) 43

a half to two feet high; leaflets linear to narrowly lanceolate, shaqily serrate; heada
rather large, the flowers G to 8 lines long, purple, often tipped with white; calyx strongly
nerved; the rigid teeth usually shorter than the tube, abruptly narrowed into the spinu-
lose apex, often with a stout tooth on each side; ovules usually 2.

Var. obtusifloruni, Wat. Stouter and often glandular-puberulent, with broader
leaflets and larger flowers; calyx teeth entire.

7. T. pauciflorum, Nutt. Smooth, very slender; stems ascending or decumbent;
leaflets obovate to oblanceolate or sometimes linear, half an inch long or less, serrulate;
heads few flowered; involucre small; flowers 3 or 4 lines long, not much exceeding the
calyx; deep purple to light rose-colored; calyx teeth subulate, entire; pod 2-seeded.

* * Involucre memhranaceousy at least at the base^ less deeply lobed; corolla not inflated.

8. T. microcephalum, Pursh. Villous, with soft hairs, slender, erect or decum-
bent; stems often a foot or two long; leaflets oblanceolate to obovate, usually retuse,
serrrlate; heads small, dense; involucre about 9-lobed, the lobes acuminate 3-nerved,
entire ; calyx hairy, nearly equaling the white or light rose-colored corolla; ovules 2;
pod 1 -seeded.

9. T. microdon. Hook & Am. Kesembling the last; involucre broader, nearly
inclosing the head; its lobes about 3-toothed; calyx smooth.

* * * Standard becoming conspicuously inflated and inclosing the rest of the flower; invo-
lucre nearly obsolete in lio. 12.

10. T. barbigerum, Torr. Somewhat pubescent; stems rather stout, decumbent
or ascending, a span high or less; stipules scarious; involucre as broad as the heads,
shortly lobed; calyx-tube short, membranaceous; its teeth setaciously awned, plumose,
the lower usually exceeding the purple corolla, sometimes 3-parted; pod 2-seeded.

Var. Andrewsii, Gr. A stout villous form, the heads sometimes an inch broad;
calyx teeth very long.

11. T. fucatum, LindL Smooth; stems stout and succulent, a foot or two high;
stipules large and scarious, usually very broad and entire; leaflets obovate, ^ to 1^ inches
long; heads large; involucre brond, deeply cleft; flowers often an inch long, pale rose-
colored or purplish; 2-6-8eeded.

12. T. depauperatum, Desv. Smooth, low, slender; heads only S-10-flowered;
involucre scarcely more than a scarious ring.

13. T. amplectans, Torr & Gr. Like the last; the involucre larger. Probably
only a variety.

5. MELILOTUS, Toum. Sweet Clover.

Flowers as in Trifolium, except that the petals are free from the stamens and decida<
ous. Pod 2-seeded.

1. M. parviflora. Desf. Annual, smooth, erect, often 2 or 3 ft high; leaflets

44 LEGUMINOS^. (pea FAMILY.)

mostly cuneate, oblong, obtuse, denticulate, an inch long or less; flowers yellow, a lina
Ion-', in slender axillary pedunculate racemes; pedicels a line long.

6. MEDICAGO, L.

Characters nearly as the last; style subulate; pod compressed, falcate, incurved or

Bpirally coiled.

1. M. satlva, L. (Lucern, Alfalfa.) Stems erect, 1 to 4 ft. high; from a deep
perennial root, smooth; leaflets cuneate-oblong or oblanceolate, toothed above; flowers 3
or 4 lines long, racemed; pods numerous, spirally t^-isted, veined, smooth.

2. M. denticulata, Willd. Bur-Clover. Annual, nearly smooth, prostrate or
ascendin^y; leaflets cuneate-obovate or obcordate, toothed above; flowers small, yellow,
usually 3 to 8 in an axillary cluster; pods spiral, armed with a double row of hooked

prickles.

3. M. lupulina, L. Pubescent, procumbent; flowers very small, yellow, in short

spikes; pods smooth, reniform, l-seeded.

7. HOSACEIIA. Douglas.

Calyx teeth nearly equal, usually shorter than the tube. Petals free from the stamens,
nearly equal; standard ovate or roundish, the claw often remote from the others; winga
obovate or oblong; keel somewhat incurved. Style incurved. Pod linear, sessile, several •

seeded, partitioned between the seeds. Herbaceous or rarely sufirutescent; leaves"

pinnate, 2-many-foliolate; stipules minute and gland-like, rarely scarious or foliaceous;
flowers yellow or reddish, in axillary sessile or pedunculate umbels.

The flowers usually change to reddish or reddish-brown in drying. Matured pods are
necessary for the determination of species.

§ 1. Pod shortly acute, linear and many-seeded, straight, smooth; seeds suborbicular;

flowers and fruit not rejlexed; peduncles long; keel bread above mostly obtuse.
Stipules large, foliaceous; villous, viscid H. stipularis. 1

Stipules scarious; smooth.

Bract small or none; wings usually white H. bicolor. 2

Bract 1-3-foliolate, at the umbel; keel and wings purplish H. gracilis. 3

Stipules reduced to blackish glands.

Appressed-pubescent; tall, stout; pod long, smooth H. grandiflora. 4

Flowers very small, solitary H. parviflora. 5

§ 2. Pod shortly acute, S-7-8eeded, straight; fiowers small, mostly solitary; keel acute;

stipules gland-like; villous.
Blade of the standard cordate; leaflets 3 to 5; nearly smooth H. parviflora. 5

LEGUMIN08JE. (PEA FAMILY.) 45

Flowers peduncled; corolla scarcely exceeding the calyx; leaves nearly

sessile, 1-3-foliolate H. Purshiana. 6

Flowers nearly sessile, not bracteate; corolla larger; leaves petioled, 3-5-foliolate; low.

Calyx-teeth about equaling the tube, pod 5-8eeded H. subpinnata. 7

Teeth much longer than the tube; pod 2-4-seeded H. brachycarpa. 8

§ 3. Pod long-attenuate vjrward, incurved, pubescent; stipules gland-like; leaflets 3 to 7;
seeds 1 or 2; peduncles short or none; flowers and fruit reflexed.

Somewhat woody; nearly smooth; stems angled; leaflets mostly 3, oblong to linear.

Umbels sessile; teeth narrow, erect glabra. 9

Peduncles short or nearly wanting; teeth usually recurved H. cytisoides. 10

Peduncles shorter; teeth short and blunt H. juncea. 11

Very silky-pubescent or tomentose; stems herbaceous: pod pubescent, short; umbels
on short peduncles.

Very pubescent throughout; flowers 3 or 4 lines long H, tomentosa. 12

Less pubescent; stem smooth; flowers smaller H. Heennanni. 13

1. H. stipiilaris, Bentli. Rather tall, stout, two feet high or more, glandular; leaf-
lets 15 to 21, obovate oblong, acute and mucronate, a half to an inch long; stipules large
ovate; often fragrant.

2. H. bicolor, Dougl. Smooth, erect and stout; leaflets 5 to 9, obovate or obloag, a
half to an inch long; stipules rather large; peduncles longer than the leaves, 3-7-flowered,
naked or sometimes witli a small 1-3-foliolatc bract at the summit; flowers nearly sessile
yellow, the wings often white; pod slender nearly 2 inches long.

3. H. gracilis. Benth. Much like the last; usually low and slender, the weak stems
a span high or more; umbel with a jjetioled 1-3-foliolate bract; flowers yellow, keel and
wings purplish.

4. H. graudiflora, lienth. Stout, 1 to 5 ft. lii;;!i, more or less appresscd silky-
pubescent; leaflets 5 to 7 on an elongated rachis, G to 0 lines long; peduncles elongated;
umbel 3-S-flowcred, usually subtended by a single leaflet; flowers nearly sessile, C to 11
lines long, ycllo^^^sh or greenish white, often tinged with purple, pod slender, smooth.

5. H. parviflora, Benth. Smooth or nearly so, stems slender, ascending, a span
high or less; leaflets 3 to 5, obovate and very small to narrowly oblong and G to 8 line«
long; bract 1-3-foliolate; flowers about 2 lines long, yellow.

H. Purshiana, Benth. Silky-villous, rarely smooth, often a foot high or more;
leaflets varying from ovate to lanceolate, 3 to 9 linus long; peduncles usually exceeding
the leaves; the solitary flowers 2 or 3 lines long.

7. H. subpinnata, Ton*. & Gr. Villous or smooth, decumbent, a span high or less,
le^aflets half an iiicli long or less; flowers 3 or 4 lines long; pod linear oblong, about
5-seeded-

46 LEGUMINOSZE. (PEA FAMILY.)

8. H. bracliycarpa, Benth. Ilesenibling the last; softly villous; pod villous^.
2 4:-seeded.

9. H. glabra, Torr. Very nearly smooth; stems woody at base, 2 to 8 ft. long,
erect or decumbent; leaflets oblong to linear-oblong, 3 to G lines long; umbels numerous,
Bessile; flowers 3 or 4 lines long; seeds 2.

10. H. cytisoides, Benth. Ptesembling the last; peduncles equaling or exceeding
the leaves, or sometimes very short, usually with a 1-3-foliolate bract at the top; calyx-
teeth attenuate, mostly recurved.

11. H. juncea, Benth. Somewhat shrubby, erect; leaflets obovate to oblong, 2 to
4 lines long; umbels on very short peduncles or sessile; flowers about 3 lines long; calyx
2 lines long or less; teeth short and blunt.

12. H. tomentosa. Hook & Arn. Very pubescent, weak and flexuose, prostrate or
ascending, a foot or more long; leaflets o to 7, cuneate-oblong to obovate, acute, 3 to G
lines long; umbels on short bracteolate peduncles, or the uppermost sessile; flowers 3 or 4
lines long; ' alyx half as long or more, very villous.

13. H. Heennannii, Durand & Hilgard. Less pubescent, much branched and
spreading; leaflets smaller; flowers smaller.

8. PSORALSA, L.

Calyx lobes nearly equal, or the lower one longer; the two upper often connate. Keel
broad and obtuse above, united with the wings. Stamens diadelphous or monadelphous.
Pod ovate, indehiscent, 1-seeded, thick, sessile. Perennial herbs punctate with dark-
<»landular dots. Leaves pinnately 3-foliolate. Stipules free.

* Stems prostrate, creeping; leaves orbicular.

1. P. orbicularis, Lindl. Petioles 6 to 12 inches long; the leaflets 2 to 4 inches
across, slightly cuneate at the base; peduncles equaling or exceeding the leaves, bearing
a close villous spike of large flowers; the lower tooth of the calyx much the longest and.
about equaling the purplish corolla; stamens diadelphous.

• * Stems erect.

2. P. strobilina. Hook & Am. Two or three feet high; petioles 3 or 4 inches
long; leaflets rombic ovate, softly pubescent beneath, about 2 inches long; stipules large,
membranaceous; flowers in short oblong spikes, smaller than the last; stamens monadel-
phous.

3. P. macrostachya, B C. Three to even twelve feet high; leaflets ovate-lance-
olate, an inch or two long or more; peduncles much exceeding the leaves; spikes cylin-
drical, silky villous, the hairs often blackish; the lower tooth of the calyx but little the
longest, scarcely equaling the purple petals; tenth stamen nearly free.

4. P. physodes, Dougl. A foot or two high, nearly smooth, slender; leaflets

LEGDMINOSiE. (PEA FAMILY.) 47

ovate, mostly acute, about an inch long; the white or purpliah flowera in short, closs
racemes; calyx at length iuUated; stamens monaJelphous.

9. AMORPHA, L.

Calyx obconical, nearly equally 5-toothed; wings and keel wanting; the standard erect,
folded together. Stamens slightly united at the base, exserted. Pod 1-2-seeded. Shrubs,
glandular-punctate; the unequally pinnate leaves with the leaflets stipellate; flowera
purjde or violet in dense clustered terminal spikes.

1. A, Calif omica, Xutt. Three to eight feet high, puberulent; leaflets 5 to 7
pairs, oblong-elliptical, obtuse, mucronulate, an inch long; spikes 1 to G inches long.

10. GLTCYRRHIZA, L. Liquorice.

Flowers nearly as in Astragalus. Erect perennial herbs, glandular viscid; leaves une-
qually pinnate; stipules deciduous; flowers in dense axillary pedunculate spikes; root
large and sweet.

1. G. lepidota, Nutt., var. elutinosa,Wat. Two or three feet high; flowers yellow-
ish white or pinkish; the short peduncles covered with stout viscid hairs. Rare; on
water courses.

10. ASTRAGALUS, Toum. Kattle-weed.

Calyx 5-toothed. Corolla and its slender clawed petals usually narrow; keel obtuse.
Stamens diadelphous. Legume very various, commonly turgid or inflated, one or both
sutures usually projecting inward, frequently so much as to divide the cell into two.
Seeds few or many on slender stalks, generally small for the size of the pod. Herbs, or
a few woody at the base; -with unequally pinnate leaves, and small flowers, chiefly in
simple spikes or racemes from the axils.

A vast genus of five or six hundred species; about fifty on the Pacific coast. The fruit
is needed for the determination of the species.

* Hoot annual; pod not infiated^ 2-celled.

Pod wrinkled, 2-lobed, 2-seeded A. didyinocarpus. 1

Pod not wrinkled, several-seeded A. tener. 2

• ♦

Root perennial; pod bladdery -vijlated, 1-celled.

Stipe a little exceeding the calyx; pod with pointed ends A. ozyphysus. 3

Stipe much exceeding the calyx; pod obtuse, one-sided A. leucophyllus. 4

Stipe, none; pod large and very bladdery, many seeded; leaflets mostly in many pairs;
apike or raceme many flowered.

Stipules distinct; j^od rather firm walled A. Crotalarias. 5

Stipules united; pod thin A, Meuaiesii. 6

Stipules membranaceous; corolla yellowish A. Douglasii. 7

48 LEGUMlNOSiE. (pea FAMILY.)

1. A, didy mo carpus, Hook. & Am. Slender from 3 inches to a foot high; leaflet*
9 to IC, narrowly oblong to linear and more or less cuneate, deeply notched at the anex;
small flowers white and violet; pod not over tAro lines long, short oval and deeply 2-lobed
lengthwise.

2. A. tener. Gr. A span or so in hight; leaflets similar to the last, not so deeply
notched or entire; pod about half an inch long, 5-10-seeded; corolla 4 or 5 lines long,
bright violet to pale and violet-tipped.

3. A. osypliysus, Gr. Canescent with very soft silky pubescence; stem erect, 2'
to 3 ft. high; leaflets oblong an inch or less in length; peduncles much exceeding the-
leaves; corolla greenish-white 8 lines long; bladdery pod acuminate and tapering into the
recurved stipe which a little exceeds the calyx.

4. A. leucopliyllus, Torr. & Gr. Less canescent than the last; flowers about half
an inch long; corolla yellowish- white; the thin pod unequal-sided, an inch and a half
long on a filiform pubescent stipe of almost equal length.

5. A. Crotalariae, Gr., var. virgatus, Gr. Smooth or the young parts villous; stema
2 or 3 ft. high, stout; stipules scarious, triangular or subulate, distinct; peduncles elon-
gated; racemes virgate and loose, 4 to 10 inches long; the white flowers soon deflexed.

6. A. Menziesii, Gr. Villous with whitish hairs or soon green and almost smooth;,
stems sometimes decumbent, 1 to 4 ft. high; the lower stipules united opposite the leaf;
inflorescence similar to the last but more dense; pod larger (an inch and a half or more-
long) and more bladdery.

7. A, Douglasii, Gr. Cinereous-puberulent, almost smooth in age, stems ascend-
ing, a foot or so in height; leaflets in numerous pairs; linear or linear- oblong, 4 to 9 linea
long; spike, half to an inch long; 10-20-flowered; pod gibbous-ovoid, 1^ to 2 inches long..

11. VICIA, Toum. Vetch, Tare.

Calyx 5-toothed or cleft, usually unequally. Wings adherent to the middle of th&
short keek Stamens diadelphous or nearly so. Style filiform, inflexed, the apex sur-
I'ounded by hairs or hairy upon the back. Pod flat 2-valved, shortly stipitate. Herbs,
with angular stems climbing by branched tendrils terminating the pinnate leaves; leafletb.
entire or toothed at the apex; stipules semi-sagittate; flowers solitary or in loose axillary-
racemes.

* Perennials; flowers in pedunculate racemes.

1. V. gigantea, Hook. Stout and tall, climbing several feet high; leaflets 10 to 1&
pairs, oblong, obtuse, mucronate, an inch or two long; stipules large; peduncles-
5-18-flowered; corolla 6 or 7 lines long, pale purple; pod broadly oblong, 1^ inches long
or more, smooth 3-4-8eeded.

The seeds are large and edible; blackens in drying.

2. V. Americana, Muhl. Usually rather stout, 1 to 4 ft. high, smooth : leaflets 4
to 8 pairs, variable, linear to ovate-oblong,^ truncate to acute, ^ to 2 inches long; peduj*-

J

ROSACEA, (rose family.) 49

cles 4-8-floweredj flowers purplish, 6 to 9 lines long; style very villous at the top; pod*
an inch long or more, 3-C-seeded-

Var. truncata, Brewer. Somewhat pubescent; leaflets truncate and often 3-5-toothed
at thu apex.

Var. linearis, Watson. Leaves all linear. Only the varieties are likely to be found.

* * Slender annuals; flowers mostly solitary.

3. V, exigua, Nutt. A span to two feet high, somewhat pubescent; leaflets about
4 pairs, linear, acute, a half to an inch long; peduncles usually short, rarely 2-iluwered;
ilowers 3 lines long, purplish; pod about G-seeded.

4. V. sativa, L. Rather stout, somewhat pubescent; leaflets 5 or C pairs, obovate-
oblong to linear, retuse, long-mucronate; flowers nearly sessile, an inch long, violet-
purple. — The common tare of Europe. Introduced.

12. LATHYRUS, L.

Style dorsally flattened toward the top, and usually twisted, hairy on the inner side.
Peduncles usually equaling or exceeding the leaves and several flowered.

* Rachls of the leaves tendril hearing; pod sessile; racemes several flowered.

1. L. venosus, IMuhL, var. Califomicus, Watson. Very stout, several feet high;
Btems often strongly winged; leaflets oblong-ovate, acute; flowers nearly or quite an mch
long, purple; pod about 2 inches long.

2. Ii. vestitus, Kutt. Slender, a foot to 6 or 10 feet high; stems not winged^
stipules narrow, often small; flowers pale rose-color or violet, usually 7 to 10 lines long;
ovary pubescent.

3. L. palustris, L. Slender, a foot or two high; stem often winged; leaflets nar-
rowly oblong to linear, acute, an inch or two long; flowers purplish, half an inch long.

Var. myrtifolius, Gr. Stipules broader; leaflets ovate to oblong, shorter.

* Rachis of the leaves not tendril hearing, or rarely so; pod shortly stipulate, peduncle*

long; 2-6-flowered.

4. L. littoralis, Endl. Densely silky-villous throughout; stems numerous, from
creeping root-stocks, stout, decumbent or ascending, ^ to 2 ft. high; leaflets 1 to 3 pairs,
with a small linear or oblong terminal one; calyx teeth nearly equal; standard bright
purple, 6 to 8 lines long, exceeding the paler wings and keel; pod villous, an inch long.

Order 21. ROSACEiE.

Herbs, shrubs or trees, with alternate leaves, usually evident stipules, mostly numer-
ous stamens borne on the calyx; distinct free pistils from one to many, or in one sub-

50 KOSACEJS. (rose FAMILY.)

order few and coherent witli each other and adherent to the calyx forming a 2-scveral
celled inferior ovary.

Nearly all the cultivated fruits of the temperate zones belong to this order.

Sub-order 1. AMYGDALE^.

Carpels solitary, or rarely 5, becoming drupes, entirely free from the calyx, tliis or its

fobes deciduous. Trees or shrubs with bark and seeds tasting and smelling like thoso

of the peach or cherry. Stipules few, deciduous.

Flowers perfect; carpel solitary Prunus. 1

Flowers not all perfect; carpels 5 Nuttallia. 2

Sub-order 2. ROSACB-S Proper.
Carpels free from the persistent calyx becoming akenes, follicles or berries.

§ 1. Carpels few, becoming follicles; calyx open.

Shrubs; follicles 2 to 8; flowers minute, in panicles Spiraea. 3

Shrubs; follicles 1 to 5; flowers larger, in corymbs Neillia. 4

§ 2. Carpels several or numeroxis, on a spongy receptacle, forming a compound

terry Rubus. 5

§ 3. Carpels one or many, becoming dry akenes.

Slirubs; solitary, axillary apetalous flowers Cercocarpus. 6

Herbs; carpels many, on a fleshy receptacle Fragaria. 7

Herbs; carpels many, on a dry receptacle —

Stamens 20 to 25 Potentilla. 8

Stamens 10 Horkelia. 9

Shrub: heath-like, vnth subulate fascicled leaves Adenostoma. 10

g 4. Erect shrubs; showy flowers Rosa. 11

Sub-order 3. POMEiE.
Carpels 2 to 5, inclosed in and mostly adnate to the fleshy calyx-tube, in fruit becoming
a berry-like pome. Trees or shrubs, with free stipules.

Stamens 10, in pairs; fruit red Heteromeles. 12

Stamens 20; fruit black Amelanchier. 13

1. PRUNUS, Toum. Plum, Cherrt, Etc.
Calyx 5.cleft, deciduous. Petals 5, spreading. Stamens 15 to 25, inserted with the

IIOSACE^. (HOSE FAMILY.) 51

petals. ( )vary solitary, free, with t''vo pendulous ovules; stylo tenninaL Fruit a drupe,
with usually a long stone containing one seed.
Deciduous; flowers white.

Corymbose; appearing before or with the leaves P. emarginata. 1

Racemose; appearing after the leaves P. demissa. 2

Evergreen; leafless racemes axillary P. ilicifolia. 3

1. P. emarginata, Walp. Four to eight feet high, with bark like the ordinary
cherry tree, and chestnut- bro-vvn very slender branches; leaves oblong- obovate to oblan-
ceolate, obtuse, narrowed to a short petiole; corymb C-12-flowered, shorter than the
leaves; flowers 4 to 6 lines broad; fruit globose, black; stone with a thick grooved ridge
upon one side.

2. P. demissa. Walp. ( Wild Cheert. ) Slender, 2 to 12 ft. high; leaves ovate to
oblong-ovate, abruptly acuminate, mostly rounded or somewhat cordate at the base;
racemes 3 or 4 inches long; fruit purplish -black or red, edible but astringent.

3. P. ilicifolia, Walp. (Evergreen Cherry. ) Much branched, 8 to 12 ft. high,
trith grayish-brown bark; leaves thick and rigid, shining above, broadly ovate to ovate-
lanceolate, spinosely toothed; flowers small in racemes ^ to 2 inches long; fruit red or
dark purple, half an inch or more thick.

2. NUTTALLIA, Torr. & Gr. Oso Berry.

Petals 5, broadly spatulate, erect. Stamens 15 in two rows, 10 inserted with the
petals, and 5 lower down upon the disk lining the calyx-tube, filaments very short, the
lower declined. Carpels 5, inserted on the persistent base of the calyx-tube, free, smooth.

1. N. cerasiformis, Torr. & Gr. A slirub 2 to 15 ft. high; leaves rather broadly
oblanceolate, short petioled; racemes of greenish white flowers, appearing with the
branchlets from the same bud; drupes blue-black; with a slight furrow on the inner side,
6 to 8 lines long, bitter.

3. SPIR^A, L.

Calyx persistent, 5-lobed. Petals 5, rounded, nearly sessile. Stamens 20 or more,
inserted with the petals. Carpels distinct and sessile, becoming several-seeded follicles.

1. S. discolor, Pursh. A diffuse shrub, 4 ft. high or more with grayish brown bark,
pubescent; leaves broadly ovate, truncate at base or cuneate into a slender petiole, pin-
nately toothed or lobed, the lobes often dentate; panicle of dingy white flowers much
branched, tomentose.

Var. ariaefolia, Wat. Taller, 5 to 15 ft. high, leaves 2 or 3 inches long, panicle larger.

Var. dumosa. Wat. Only 1 or 2 ft. high, leaves an inch long or leas, cuneate into «
short margined petiole.

4. NEILLIA, Don- Nine-Bark.
Carpels 1 to 5, inflated and divergent; flowers large, white, in simple corymb*.

52 ROSACEA, (rose family.)

1. N. opulifolia, Benth. & Hook. A shrub 3 to 10 ft. high, with slender spreading
or recurved branches and ash-colored shreddy bark; leaves ovate to cordate, 3-lobed and
toothed, 1 to 3 inches long.

5, RUBUS, L.

Calyx persistent 5-lobed. Petals 5, conspicuous. Stamens numerous. Carpels nume»
ous, on a convex receptacle, becoming small globose 1-seeded drupes, forming a com-
pound berry. — Fruit edible.

§ 1. Fruit with a bloomy separating from the receptacle when ripe.
Leaves simple, pahnately lobed; stem soft, woody Nutkanus. 1

Leaves 3-foliolate, or on the flowering branches simple, rarely 5-foliolate; stems soft,
woody, prickly —

Flowers large, red spectabilis. 2

Flowers white leucodermis. 3

Stems herbaceous, trailing unarmed pedatus. 4

§ 2. Fruit persistent, black and shining; stems prickly, flowers white ursinus. 5

1. R. Nutkanus, Moc. (Thimble-berry.) Stems erect, 3 to 8 ft. high; older bark
shreddy, no prickles; leaves 4 to 12 inches broad; flowers large white, rarely rose-col-
ored, an inch or more across; fruit red, large.

2. R. spectabilis, Pursh. (Salmon-berry. ) Stems 5 to 10 ft. high, similar to the
last, but armed with a few prickles. Distinguished by its large red flowers and cylin-
drical-ovoid yellow or purplish berries.

Var. Menziesii, Wat, Densely tomentose and silky.

3. R. leucodermis, Dougl. (Raspberry.) Maybe known by its leaflets, white,
tomentose beneath, prickly stem, white flowers, and its yellov/ish red white-bloomed
fruit.

4. R. pedatus, Smith. Stems slender pubescent; leaflets cuneate-obovate, an inch
or less in length; flowers white; the at length reflexed sepals exceeding the petals; berry
of only 3 to 6 large red pulpy drupelets.

5. R. ursinus, Cham. & Schk (Blackberry. ) Stems weak or trailing, 5 to 20 ft.
long; fruit oblong.

6. CERCOCARPUS, HBK.

Calyx narrow, tabular, the campanulate 5-lobed limb deciduous. Petals none. Sta-
mens in 2 or 3 rows on the limb of the calyx. Carpels solitary. Fruit a villous akene,
included in the enlarged calyx-tube, tailed with the elongated exserted plumose twisted
style.

Evergreen shrubs or trees. C. ledifolius, Nutt. is the Mountain :M4.hogany of
the Sierra Nevada. The following is found in the Coast Eange.

ROSACEiE. (ROSE FAMILY.) 53

1. C. parvifolius, Xutt. A shrub 2 to 10 ft high, or rarely a tree, branching from
a thick base. Tails of the fruit often 4 inches long.

7. FRAGARIA. Toum. Straw-berry.

Calyx persistent; limb 5-toothed, with 5 alternate bractlets. Petals white, spreading.
Stamens in one row. Carjjels numerous, smooth; styles lateral short. Keceptacle much
enlarged in fruit, conical, scarlet, bearing the small akenes on its surface.

1. F. Chilensis, Ehrh. Densely villous, with silky hairs; leaflets thick, smooth
above; flowers often an inch broad; fruit ovate; akenes deeply pitted.

2. F. Californica, Cham. & Schl. Somewhat villous; leaves thin, veiny; fruit
small; akenes not in pits.

8. POTENTILLA, L.

Calyx as in Fragaria. Petab yellow, rarely white. Stamens 20 to 50, marginal in I
to 3 rows. Carpels numerous. Akenes small, on a dry receptacle.

1. P. glandulosa, LindL Perennial, erect, a foot or more high; leaves pinnate;
leaflets 5 to 9, rounded, ovate, coarsely serrate; flowers cymose; calyx 4 to 6 lines lon^
usually villous, vrith coarse hairs ; bractlets shorter than the lobes; petals not ^i^•*?»dii«2
the calyx; stamens 25 in one row.

2. F^ Anserina, L. (Silver- weed.) White tomentope and silky -villous leaves, all
radical, often a foot long or more; leaflets 3 to 10 pairs, with smaller ones interposed,
oblong, sharply serrate, tomentose, at least beneath; flowers yellow, solitary, on scape-
like peduncles.

9. HORKELIA, Cham. & Schl.

Petals obovate to linear, often clawed, white or pink. Stamens 10, in two rows; Sla-
ments more or less dilated; those opposite to the sepals broadest. Flowers cymose.

* Bractlets nearbj as broad as the calyx-lobes.

1. H. Californica, Cham. & Schl. Glandular-pubescent; stems a foot Ini;h or
more; leaflets 5 to 10 pairs, 3 to 8 lines long; calyx about equaling the spatiilate petals.

Var. sericea. Or. Canesceut throughout, with a dense, silky pubescence; leaf-
lets larger.

* * Bractlets much narrower than the calyx-lobes.

2. H. tenuiloba, Gr. Canescently villous, a foot high; leaflets 8 to 12 pairs, deepl/
Incised, 2 or 3 lines long.

3. H. Bolanderi, Gr. Densely hoary-pubescent, cespitose, the stems S or 4 inches
high, the numerous leaflets minute, with rounded lobes.

10. ADENOSTOMA, Hook & Arn. Ciluiiso.
Calyx persistent, 5-lobed; tube obconical, lO-ribbed; lobes nu»axb.-»*n.ao*i«i«*. i.,T«*ii.

64 ROSACEA, (rose family.)

Petals 5, orbicular, spreading. Stamens 10 to 15, usually 2 or 3 together between the
petals. Fruit a membranaceous akene, included in the indurated calyx-tube. Ever-
green shrubs, somewhat resinous; flowers small, white, in terminal, racemose panicles.

1. A. fasciculatum. Hook & Am, A dififusely branching shrub, 2 to 20 ft. high,
with reddish virgate branches and grayish shreddy bark; leaves fascicled, linear subulate,
2 to 4 lines long, usually channeled on one side, smooth.

Alcliemilla arvensis. Scop., belongs here. Its minute, greenish, apetalous flowers
are fascicled in the axils of the small leaves and inclosed by the cleft stipules. A small
under herb, growing on sandy hillsides.

Acaena trifida, R. & Pa v. Is another apetalous herb, with silky, villous leaves and
stem rising from a woody caudex; 3 to 15 inches high. The leaves are pinnate, the leaf-
lets pinnately cleft into 3 to 7 segments. The greenish flowers with purple stamens are
in a crowded terminal spike. Habitat similar to the last.

11. ROSA. Toum. Rose.

It 13 not necessary to here characterize this well-known genus.

1. R. Californica, Cham. & Schl. Erect, 2 to 8 ft. high, sparingly armed with
usually recurved prickles, tomentose; leaflets 2 or 3 pairs; calyx lobes tomentose, often
glandular leafy; petals 6 to 9 lines long; fruit globose.

2. R. gymnocarpa, Nutt. Slender, 1 to 4 ft. high, armed with straight slender
prickles or unarmed, smooth; leaflets 2 to 4 pairs, glandular; flowers solitary, rarely 2 or
3, rarely an inch in diameter; calyx lobes at length deciduous; fruit small, ovate or pear-
shaped.

12. HETEROMELES, J. Roemer. Photinia.

Calyx 6-parted. Petals 5, spreading. Stamens in pairs, opposite the calyx-teeth.

Fruit red, berry -like. An evergreen shrub or small tree, with coriaceous, simple,

sharply serrate leaves. Flowers white in terminal panicles.

1. H. arbutifolia, Rcem. Leaves dark green above, lighter beneath, narrowly to
oblong lanceolate, acute at each end, 2 to 4 inches long, on short petioles, slightly revo-
lute margins; fruit 2 or 3 lines in diameter.

Pirus rivularis, Dougl., the Oregon Crab-Apple, may be found in Sonoma County.

13. AMELANCHIER, Med. Service-Berry.

Calyx- tube campanulate; the limb 5-parted, persistent. Petals 6, oblong, ascending.
Stamens 20, short. Carpels 3 to 5 inferior, becoming membranaceous and partially 2-
celled; styles united below or distinct. Fruit berry like, globose. — Shrubs or small
trees; leaves simple, serrate; flowers white, racemose; fruit purplish, edible.

1. A. alnifolia, Nutt. A shrub 3 to 8 ft. high; leaves broadly ovate, sometimes
cor iate at the base, serrate only toward the summit, ^ to 1^ inches long.

KAXIFKAOACE^. (SAXIFKAGE FAMILY.) 65

Order CALYCANTHACE-SJ, is represented by Calycanthus occ'ulentalis, IIooli.
& Am., an erect shrub C to 12 ft. high, with opposite entire lanceolate leaves, 3 to G
inches long and large solitary livid or purplish red flowers; sepals and petals numerous,
linear-spatulate. The common name of the Eastern species — Sweet- Scented Shrub — ia
scarcely applicable to our species.

Ordee 22. SAXIFRAGACEiE.

Herbs, shrubs, or small trees, distinguished from Hosacecs by albuminous seeds; usually
by definite stamens, not more than twice the number of the calyx-lobes; commonly by
the want of stipules; sometimes by the leaves being opposite; and in most by the partial
or complete union of the 2 to 5 carpels into a compound ovary. Seeds usually indefinite
or numerous. Petals and stamens on the calyx. Styles inclined to be distinct. Only
the Hydrangiece have many stamens.

Tribe 1. SAXIFRAGES. Herbs, leaves mostly alternate and without distinct
stipules. Styles or tips of the carpels distinct. Fruit capsular or follicular.

* Ovary vnth 2 or rarely more cells, or oj as many distinct carpels.

Stamens 10, rarely more Saxifraga. 1

Stamens 5 Boykinia, 2

• * Ovary l-celled.
Stamens 10, included Tellima. 3

Stamens 10, exserted Tiarella. 4

Stamens 5, and styles 2 Heuchera. 5

Tribe 2. HYDRANGIES. Shrubs, leaves opposite, simple, no stipules. Fruit

capsular.
A tall shrub. Large white flowers Philadelphus. 6

Low, scarcely slirubby. Small flowers Whipplea. 7

Tribe 3. GROSSULARIE-ai. Shrubs, leaves alternate with stipules adnate to the

petiole or wanting. Fruit a berry.
Calyx-tube adnate to the ovary Ribes. 8

1. SAXIFRAGA, L. Saxifrage.

Calyx 5-lobed, free, or its tube coherent with the lower part of the ovary. Petals &
Fruit of 2 follicles, or a 2-lobcd capsule. — Li our spe'cies stemless; flowers whitp»

1. S. Virginiensis, Michx. Leaves thickish, oblong-ovate to spatulate-obovate,
coarsely toothed or almost entire, an inch or two long and the margined petiole often as
long; scape viscid pubescent, 4 to 12 inches high, at length loosely many flowered in sk
paniculate cyme; flowers, small white.

56 SAXIFEAGACE^. (SAXIFRAGE FAMILY.)

2. S. integrifolia, Hooker. Larger; leaves shorter petioled; flowers in a thyrsifonn
panicle; calyx lobes reflexed.

3. S. Mertensiana, Bong. Scape and leaves from a scaly granulate bulb; leaves
rounded and cordate on long naked- petioles; crenately or incisely lobed, the lobes often
3-toothed at the end; 2 to 4 inches across; calyx free.

2. BOYKINIA, Nutt.

Calyx 5-lobed, adherent to the ovary. Petals 5, entire, closed. Stamens alternating
■with the petals. Ovary and capside 2-celled. — Perennial herbs, with creeping rootstocks,
simple leafy stems; the leaves alternate, round-reniform, palmately lobed and incised or
toothed, the teeth with callous-glandular tips, and the petioles mostly with stipule-like
appendages at the base.

1. B. occidentalis, Torr. & Gr. Smoothish, or with some rusty hairs; a foot or
two high; leaves thin-membraaaaceous, 3-7-lobed; petals white, 2 or 3 lines long.

3. TELLIMA, R. Br.

Calyx campanulate or turbinate, 5-lobed; the base coherent with the lower part of the
ovary. Petals 5, inserted in the throat or sinuses of the calyx, laciniate-pinnatifid,
S-7-lobed, or entire. Stamens 10, short. Ovary short, 1 -celled, with 2 or 3 parietal
placentae; styles 2 or 3, very short; stigmas capitate. Capsule conical, slightly 2-3-
beaked. — Perennials, with round-cordate and toothed or palmately divided chiefly alter-
nate leaves, few on simple stems, their petioles with stipule-like dilations at the base,
and the flowers in a simple terminal raceme; petals white or pfakish.

I stals laciniate-pinnatifid , T. grandiflora. 1

Petals entire, spatulate-obovate T. Cymbalaria. 2

Petals entire; pedicels very short T. BolanderL 3

Petals obtusely 3-lobed T. heterophylla. 4

Petals acutely 3-lobed T. afBnis. 5

1. T. grandiflora, Dougl. A foot or more high, from short stout tufted rootstocks,
hirsute or pubescent; leaves lobed, 2 to 4 inches in diameter; flowers dull-colored.

2. T. Cymbalaria, Gr. Stem or scape filiform, 4 to 12 inches high, bearing mostly
a pair of opposite 3-lobed or parted leaves; radical leaves somewhat 3-5-lobed, half an
inch across, flowers few and slender pediceled, white.

3. T. Bolanderi, Gr. Stems a foot or two high, 1-4-leaved; radical and lower
leaves lobed, the upper 3-5-parted; petals rarely with a small tooth on each side, white.

4. T. heterophylla, Hook. & Am. Stems slender, a foot or less in height 1-3-
leaved; leaves similar to the last, but smaller; flowers fewer and smaller, sometimes
flesh-colored.

5. T. afBnis, Gr. Hougher-pubescent; stem and leaves similar to the last; calyx
tensely rough glandular-pubescent; petals 4 or 5 lines long, white or flesh-colored.

biVXIFRAGACEZi. (SAXU'lIAGE FAMILY.) 57

4. TIARELLA, L.

Distinguished by the mmute, slender petals, long exserted stamens, and the very une-
qual boms of the 2-carpeled ovary.

1. T. unifoliata, Hook. Somewhat hairy; flowering stems 4 to 15 inches high, 1-3-
leaved; leaves thin, cordate, 3-5-lobed, crenate-toothed; flowers small, panicled.

5. HEUCHERA, L. Alum-eoot.

Calyx tube coherent with the lower half of the ovary. Petals small, entire, clawed.
Ovary more or less 2-beaked; the beaks tapering into either filiform long, or subulate
shorter styles. — Herbs with small, dull-colored paniculate flowers. Scarious stipules
adnate or distinct. Leaves round -cordate, obtusely lobed, crenate-toothed.

1. H. micrautha, Dougl. Scape, or few leaved flowering stems, a foot or two
high; leaves 2 to 4 inches in diameter; calyx acute at the base, lobes erect; styles
slender.

2. H. pilosissima, Fisch. & Mey. Very villous-pubescent or hirsute, with viscid
hairs; calyx rounded or obtuse at the base, the broad, short lobes incurving, densely
hairy; styles short.

6. PHILADELPHUS, L. Mock Orange.

Calyx adhering to the ovary nearly or quite to the summit, persistent. Petals 4 or 5,
large, obovate or roundish. Stamens 20 to 40. Styles 3 to 5, united at the base or
Dearly to the top. — Shrubs with opposite leaves and showy white flowers.

1. P. GordouJanus, LindL Six to twelve feet high; leaves ovate to oblong-ovate,
mostly coarsly-serrate, 2 to 4 inches long; flowers in loose clusters, which are leafy at the
base; petals frequently an inch long.

7. WHIPPLEA, Torr.

Calyx lobes thin, white or whitish. Petals ovate or oblong. Ovary 3 to b-celled.
Styles distinct, subulate. — Small, trailing or difluse, ours half shrubbj' plants, with
opposite, short petioled, 3-ribbed leaves, no stipules and small white cymose-clustered
flowers; peduncles naked, terminaL

1. "W. znodesta, Torr. Leaves membranaceous, ovate or oval, obtusely few-toothed
or entire, an inch or less long, Plower 2 lines long, clusters close-flowered, fragrant.

8. RIBES, L.

Calyx tube adnate to the globose ovary and extended beyond it, the limb commonly
petaloid. Petals erect, mostly smaller than the calyx-lobes. Stamens alternate with
the petals. Berry crowned by the withered remains of the flower. — Shrubs with
Alternate palmately lobed leaves.

58 CRASSULACEiE. (STONE-CROP FAMILT.)

§ 1. Thorny under the fascicles. Gooseberries.

Berry prickly R. Menziesii. 1

Berry smooth R. divaricatum. 2

Berry dry; flowers large, bright-red R. speciosum. 3

§ 2. Thornless and prickless. Curraotts.

Flowers rose-red to white R, sanguineum. 4

Flowers golden yellow R. aureum. 5

1. R. Menziesii, Pursh. Calyx about half an inch long, purplish red; its oblong
lobes spreading or recurved, longer than the funnelform tube, hardly longer than the
stamens which surpass the whitish petals; berry thickly covered with prickles.

2. R. divaricatum, Dougl. Flowers one-third of an inch long; calyx livid-pur-
plish or greenish- white; its lobes about twice as long as the fan-shaped white petals,
these only one-third as long as the stamens and villous 2-cleft style.

3. R. speciosum, Pursh. Very tall; flowers 2 to 5 on a bristly-glandular peduncle,
drooping, fuchsia-like, almost an inch long and stamens as much longer.

4. R. sanguineum, Pursh. Pacemes drooping, many flowered; calyx prolonged
beyond the ovary into a campanulate tube 2 or 3 lines long, about equaling the lobes. —
Runs into indefinite varieties.

5. R. aureum, Pursh. Flowers golden yellow, spicy-fragrant, in 5-10-flowered,
leafy-bracted racemes.

Obdee 23. CRASSULACE-ffi.

Succulent or fleshy plants, with completely symmetrical as well as regular flowers.

Parts of the flower each 4 to 7; stamens twice as many. Petals distinct Sedum. 1

Petals somewhat imited Cotyledon. 2

1. SEDUM, L. Stone-Crop.

Sepals 4 or 5 united at the base. Carpels distinct or rarely connate at the base.

1. S. spathuliiolium, Hook. Stems ascending from a branched rooting caudex, 4
to 6 inches high; leaves obovate or spatulate, flat, 6 to 10 lines long; flowers secund in
a forked cyme, nearly sessile, 3 lines long; petals yellow, lanceolate acute.

2. COTYLEDON, L.

Petals •united into a 5-lobed pitcher-shaped or cylindrical corolla. Stamens 10, in-
serted on the corolla-tube. Carpels usually distinct.

1. C. farinosa, Benth. & Hook. Acaulescent, more or less mealy-pulverulent;
rosulate leaves lanceolate, acuminate, the larger ones 2 to 4 inches long; flowering
branches a span high with scattered broadly ovate to lanceolate clasping leaves. Flowers
yellow.

ONAGRACKE. (EVENING PREVLKOSE FAMILY.) 59

2- C. caespitosa, nawworth. Similar to the last; smooth glaucous-green; flowering
branches 6 to 12 inches high, with broadly triangular-ovate clasping leaves. The most
common species.

TILL^A MiyiMA, iClers., a Bmall herb I to 3 inches high with clusters of minute white flow-
ers in the axils of the opposite leaves is a common under-herb in moist places; as is also T.angusii-
folia, Nutt.,ouly aniuch high with solitary flowers.

Order LYTHRACE-S is represented by Lythrum alatum, Pursh., var. Uneari/oUum,
Gr. An herb a foot or two high with angled stemes and small deep purple 6-petaled
flowers solitary in the axils of the entire sessile leaves.

Order 24. ONAGRACE-ffi.

Herbs (snrubby exotics), with the parts of the flowers in fours, the calyx tube adnate
to the ovary, the petals borne on its throat, and the stamens as many or twice as many.
Style always single.

Aquatic stems creeping Jussiasa. 1

Flowers scarlet, fuchsia-like Zausclineria. 2

Howers small, purplish, leaves mostly opposite Epilobium. 3

Anthers attached near the center CEnothera. 4

Flowers purple, calyx lobes reflexed Godetia. 5

Petals clawed, calyx-tube short Clarkia. 6

Petals clawed, calyx-tube filiform Eucharidiuni. 7

Flowers purple in leafy spikes Boisduvalia. 8

Flowers minute, white, parts in twos Circaea. 9

1. JUSSLZE3A, L.

The 4 to 6 herbaceous lobes of the calyx persistent. Petals as many, obovate, spread-
ing, yellow. Stamens twice as many. Capsule clavate.

1. J. repens, L., Var. Califoruica, Wat. Characterized sufUciently by its
creeping stems and its solitary axillary flowers nearly an inch in diameter.

2. ZAUSCHNERIA, Presl.
Tube of the calyx much prolonged beyond the linear ovary, colored, the 4-lobed
limb with 8 small deciduous scales, 4 erect and 4 dcflexed. Stamens 8, exserted.

1. Z. Califomica, PresL The scarlet fuchsia-like flowers over an inch long cannot
be mistaken.

3. EPILOBIUM, L. Willow-herb.
The seeds tufted with silky hairs in linear 4-sided, 4-valved capsules best mark thia
difficult genus.

60 ONAGBACEiE. (EVENING PEIMROSE FAMILT.)

4. CENOTHERA, L.

Calyx tube more or less prolonged beyond the ovary; segments reflexed. Petals 4; in
our species yellow. Stamens 8, equal, or those opposite to the petals shorter. Style
filiform; stigma 4-lobed or capitate. (See Addenda. )

* Acaulescent. Calyx-tube fXiforra above iht under-ground ovary.

Leaves ovate to lanceolate CE. ovata. 1

Leaves linear CB. graciliflora. 2

* * Caulescent. Calyx-tube obconic; capsule sessile^ linear.

Leaves thick; flowers small; capsule thick CE. cheiranthifolia. 3

Flowers large; petals with a spot at the base CE. bistorta. 4

Flowers small; capsule contorted CE. micrantha. 5

Slender, leajy annuals; leaves linear; Jlowers small; capsule narrowly linear.

Flowers rarely reddening CE. dentata. 6

Flowers usually reddening CE. strigulosa. 7

1. CB. ovata, Nutt. The radical leaves 4 to 6 inches long; calyx-tube scape-like,
1 to 4 inches long.

2. CE. graciliflora, Hook & Am. Canescently villous; calyx-tube equaling the
leaves, 6 to 18 lines long; petals obcordate, 3 to 5 lines long, smaller than the last.

3. OEj. cheiranthifolia, Horn. Canescently pubescent; stems decumbent or ascend-
ing, 2 ft. long or more; leaves oblong or narrowly oblanceolate, sometimes broadly ovate
or cordate, ^ to 2^ inches long, mostly entire, the lower petioled, the upper often clasp-
ing; ovary and calyx villous; flowers 2 to 5 lines in diameter; capsule 4 to 8 lines long.
Near the sea on drifting sands.

4. CE. bistorta, Nutt. Less common than the last; distinguished by its petals, 4
to 6 lines long, usually with a brown spot.

5. CE. micrantha, Horn. A variable species distinguished from the last by its
flowers, only 2 to 4 lines in diameter, with the petals sometimes 3-lobed; and by the con-
torted slender capsules, 8 to 18 lines long.

6. CE. dentata, Cav. A span high or less; leaves linear, sessile, denticulate, 6 to
18 lines long; petals rounded, 2 to 4 lines long; capsule slender, attenuate, an inch long
or more.

7. CE. strignlosa, Torr. & Gr. Like the last; the capsule obtuse, scarcely attenu-
ate. !More common than the last.

CEnothera, biennis, L., the Evening Primrose, if found, may be known by its taU,
erect stem and large flowers.

ONAGRACEiE. (EVENI.Nu i i.iMI.u^.l, iAMILY.) til

5. GODETIA, Spacli.
Distinguished from CGnothera by the anthers not versatile, and flowers not yellow,

• Flowers in a strict, mostly compact spike; capsule ovate to oblong; stems leafy.

Petals tlcep purple G. purpurea. 1

Petals rose-colored with a spot G. lepida. 2

Petals bluish-purple, 3 to 5 lines long G. albescens. 3

* * Flowers in usually a loose spike or raceme, mostly nodding in the bud; capsule linear;

leaves distant.

-h- Capsule sessile; stigma-lobes purplish.

Ovary and capsule short, villous, 2-costate G. quadrivulnera, 4

Capsule puberulent, not costate G. teneila. 5

-f- T- Capsule pedicellate, not costate, stigma-lobes mostly yellow G. amcua. 6

Small, hispid ." G. hispidula. 7

Small, petals 2-lobed G. biloba. 8

1. G. purpurea, Wat. ^Mostly very leafy, a foot or two high, puberulent, the
ovary densely villous; leaves oblong to oblong-oblanceolate, an inch or two long, entire,
sessile; flowers mostly in a leafy terminal cluster; petals 4 to G lines long; style shorter
than the stamens; stigma-lobes very short, purple; capsule G to 9 lines lung, not costate.

2. G. lepida, Lindl. Canescently puberulent, the stem usually white and shining.
Easily distinguished by its flowers; the rose-colored petals with a dark spot near the top
9 to 12 lines long.

3. G. albescens, LindL Smaller leaves than the last, and much smaller almost
blue flowers. Rare.

4. G. quadiivulnera, Spach. Puberulent, ovary and capsule more or less villous;
stems usually slender, a foot or two high; leaves linear-lanceolate or linear, sessile or
attenuate to a short petiole, entire or slightly denticulate, an inch or more long; petals
deep-purple or purjjlish, 3 to G lines long; stigma-lobes short, purple.

5. G. teneila, Wat. Chiefly distinguished from the last by the capsule, which ia
8 to 14 lines long, with nearly flat sides.

G. G. amcena, Lilja. Petals and purple anthers, frequently rather villous, varying
from nearly white to rose-color, with more or less of purple, 8 to 15 lines long; capsule
attenuate at each end.

7. G. hispidula, Wat. Is about a span high, often but 1-flowered; leaves narrowly
linear; puri)le petals, C to 12 lines long.

8. G. biloba, Wat. Petals 2-lobed. Foot-hills of the Sierra Nevada.

6. CLARKIA, Pursh.
Petals ♦, with claws, entire, purple. Stamens 8. Stigma with 4, at length spreading^

62 LOASACE^. (MENTZELIA FAMILY.)

Boraetimes unequal lobes. Capsule linear, 4-angled. Annuals, witli erect brittle stems
and alternate leaves on short petioles.

1. C. elegans, Dougl. Stems from 6 incbes to 6 feet high; leaves broadly ovate to
linear, repandly toothed; petals rhomboidal; stigma-lobes equal; capsule nearly sessile.

2. C. rlioniboidea, Dough Is smaller; leaves petioled; claws of the petals
toothed; capsule short, pediceled.

7. EUCHARrDIUM, Fisch. & Mey.

Distinguished from Clarhia by the filiform calyx tube prolonged above tho ovary, and
stamens only 4.

1. E. concinuum, Fisch. & Mey. Closely resembles Clarhia rhomboidea in habit
and foliage, calyx-tube an inch long; petals 3-lobed. Common.

8. BOISDUVALIA, Spach.

Petals 4, obovate-cuniform, sessile, 2-lobed, purple to white. Anthers not versatile. —
Leaves alternate, simple, sessile; the small flowers in leafy spikes; our species villous.

1. B. densiflora, "Wat. Canescent; 6 inches to 2 ft. high; leaves lanceolate to
linear-lanceolate, mostly denticulate, 1 to 3 inches long; the floral leaves usually short
and broad; flowers in usually a close terminal leafy spike or numerous short lateral spike-
lets; petals 3 to 6 lines long.

2. B. Torreyi, Wat. Eather slender, a span or two high; leaves 4 to 9 lines long;
the floral leaves scarcely smaller; flowers very small.

9. Circaea, Pacilica, Asch. & Magn. In moist woods. Distinguished by its small
indehiscent pear-shaped fruit covered with bristles and thin ovate opposite leaves.

Order 25. LOASACE-S3.

Herbaceous plants with either stinging or jointed and rough-barbed hairs; no stipules,
calyx tube adnate to the 1-celled ovary. Stamens usually very numerous.

1. MENTZELIA, L.

Calyx cylindrical to ovoid; the persistent limb 5-toothed. Petals 5 or 10. Stamens
numerous, inserted below the petals on the throat of the calyx; filaments free or in clus-
ters opposite the petals, filiform or the outer petaloid. Style 3-cleft, the lobes often
twisted. — The leaves are alternate, mostly coarsely-toothed or pinnatifid; flowers white
to yellow or orange. (See Addenda.)

1. M. albicaulis. Dough Slender, 6 to 12 inches high or more; leaves linear-lance-
olate, pinnatifid with numerous narrow lobes, the upper leaves broader and often lobed

CORNACE^. (dogwood FAMILY.) 63

at the base only; flowers near the ends of the branches; petals 5, spatulate or obovate 2
to 3 lines long; capsule G to 9 lines long.

2. M. gracilenta, Torr. & Gr. Stems similar to the last; petals obovate, abruptly
acuminate, an inch long; capsule 12 to 15 lines long.

3. M. laevicaulis, Torr. & Gr. Stout 2 or 3 ft. high; leaves lanceolate 2 to 8 inches
long; flowers sessile on short branches, very large, light yellow; petals acute, 2 to 2^
inches long.

Order CUCTJRBITACE^ is represented by Megarrhiza Marah, Wat. (Big-
Root). The cucunibcr-like vines, often 10 or even 30 ft. long; the sterile flowers white
in racemes 4 to 12 inches long; the fruit ovate oblong, more or less covered with weak
spines inclosing several nut-like seeds. M. Californica, Torr., has stifi'er spines on
smaller fruit; the fertile flowers without abortive stamens.

Order FICOIDEiE is represented by Mesembryanthemura asquilaterale, Haw.,
a very fleshy herb, with opposite three sided leaves 1 to 3 inches long and solitary red
flowers; the petals numerous, linear. On the sea shore Mollugo verticellata, L., will
scarcely be noticed.

Order 26. UMBELLIFERiE.

Herbs with small flowers in umbels, stamens and petals 5, borne on a 2-ceUed ovary
which in fruit splits into a pair of dry usually flat indehiscent carpels. Since the generic
distinctions depend upon characters of fruit and seed difficult of determination, the plants
of this order are not here described.

Order ARALIACE.3Ej is represented by Aralia Californica, Wat. (Spikenard.)
Grows in woods, along streams. Herbaceous stems, 8 to 10 ft. high; the white flowers
in panicles a foot or two long and more.

Order 27. CORNACEiE.

Trees or shrubs, rarely herbs, with simple entire mainly opposite leaves, no stipules,
and flowers in cymes, capitate clusters or spikes; the petals and stamens 4, epigynous;
calyx adnate to the 1-2-celled ovary, which becomes a drupe or berry.

1. CORNUS, L.

Flowers perfect. Calyx minutely 4-toothed. Petals 4, oblong or ovate. Stamens 4,
with slender filaments. Style slender; stigma capitate or truncate. Fruit ovoid or
oblong.

• Flowers greenish, in a close head, surrounded by an involucre of If. to G large, white, petal-
like bracts.

1. C. Nuttallii, Audubon. Usually a small tree; the involucre of yellowish or

G-k CAS'IliJOLiACEiE. (HONEYSUCKLE FAMILY.)

white, often reddish bracts, 1^ to 3 inches long, abruptly aci;tc. Fruit a large cluster of
crimson berries.

2. C. Canadensis, L. Stem simple, lierbaceous, 3 to S inches high; leaves in a
whorl of 6 at the top, and a pair below; the 4 bracts 4 to S lines long.

* * Flowers white or cream colored, cymose, not involucrate.

3. C. Californica, C. A. Meyer. A shrub, 6 to 15 ft. high, with smooth, purplish
branches; leaves ovate acute, obtuse at the base, 2 to 4 inches long, lighter colored
beneath, with loose, silky hairs; flowers in small, dense, round-topped cymes.

4. C. glabrata, Benth. Bark gray; leaves oblong to narrowly ovate, acute at each

end, alike green on both sides; flowers in open, flat cymes.

GARRTA ELLIPTIC A, DougL and G. J'reniOKfii, Torr., dioecious shrubs, belong here. The ever-
green coriaceous leaves are opposite on the ^-angled branchlets, the ehort petioles connate; the apcta-
lous flowers in axillary aments. Leaves of the former elliptical, undulate margins; the 8taminat»'
aments long ; leaves of the latter ovate to oblong, not undulate, lighter green.

DIVISION 2. GAMOPETAL^
Order 28. CAPRIFOLIACEiE.

In our species shrubs with opposite leaves, no stipules, the calyx adherent to the
2-o-ceIled ovary, the stamens as many as the lobes of the rotate or tubular corolla.

Corolla rotate, regularly 5-lobed; white Sambucus. 1

Corolla bell-shaped, regularly 4r-5-lobed, pinkish Symplioricarpus. 2

Corolla tubular, irregular Lonicera. 3

1. SAMBUCUS, Toum. Elder.

Calyx teeth corolla lobes and stamens 5. Stigmas 3 to 5. Berries really drupes.

Shrubs whose rank shoots are filled with a pith, half an inch in diameter. Leaves
pinnately 5-11-foliolate. Flowers small, in large compound cymes.

1. S. glauca, Xutt. Cyme flat, 5-parted; fruit black, with a white bloom.

2. S. racemosa, L. Cyme ovate or pear-shaped; fruit bright red. Rare.

2. SYMPHORICARPUS, Dill. (Snowberry).

Calyx 5-toothed, occasionally 4-toothed, persistent. Corolla nearly or quite regular,
from open campanulate to salver-forra, 5-4-lobed. Stamens as many as the lobes of the
corolla, inserted on its throat. Fruit globular, white. — Low shrubs, with oval or ob-

RUBIACEIEL. (maDDER FAMILY.) C5

iQDg leaves, mostly entire; and 2-bracteo' k*e flowers in axillary and terminal clusters;
rarely solitary.

1. S. racemosus, Mich. Erect, smooth; corolla very villous vrithin.

2. S. mollis, Nutt. Low, diffuse or decumbent, softly pubescent; leaves small;
corolla slightly villous.

2. LONICERA, L. Honeysuckle.

Corolla tubular, the tube commonly gibbous at the base and irregularly lobed, Stamena
6 inserted ou the tube of the corolla. Style filiform; stigma capitate.

1. Ij. hispidula, Dougl. Stems disposed to twine; leaves mostly oval, the lower
short petioled, the upper pairs commonly connate; foliaceous stipule-like appendages
between the leaves common; flowers sessile in a terminal head, pink or yellowish; berries
red or orauge. Variable.

2. L. involucrata. Banks. An erect shrub, 4 to 10 ft. high; leaves ovate-oblong
to broadly lanceolate, short-petioled; flowers a pair on axillary peduncles; below them a
conspicuous involucre of 4 bracts, tinged with red or yellow; berries purple-black-

Oeder 29. RUBIACEiE.

Known by having opposite entire leaves with intervening stipules, or whorled leaves
without stipules, along with an inferior ovary and regular 4-o-merous flowers; the teeth
of the calyx sometimes wanting. Stamens alternate with the lobes of the corolla an<i.
borne on its tube, distinct.

1. CEPHALANTHUS, L. Button-bush,

Flowers in a dense spherical head. Calyx inversely pyramidal, 4-5-toothed. Corolla
with a long, slender tube and a small 4-cIeft limb. Stamens 4, borne on the throat of the
corolla, short. Style very long and slender. — Shrub with opposite leaves and stipules^
or in whorla of 3 or 4. Peduncles axillary; flowers white.

1. C. occidentalia, L. Leaves ovate or lanceolate, 3 to 5 inches long; flower heads
an inch in diameter.

2. GALIUM, L. Cleavers.

Limb of the calyx obsolete. Corolla rotate, 4-parted, rarely 3-parted. Styles 2.
Ovary 2-lobed. Fruit twin, biglobular. Herbs, sometimes woody at the base, with
square stems, whorled leaves and minute flowers.

Leaves in fours, hispid, ovate G. Califomicum, 1

Leaves in fours and pairs, smooth G. Nuttallii, 2

Leaves mostly in whorls of eight G. Aparine, 3

66 COMPOSITE, (aster family.)

Leaves in fives and sixes; fruit hairy G. triflomm. 4

Leaves 4, 5 or 6 in a whorl; flowers white G. trifidum. 5

Leaves in fours, 3-nerved, lanceolate G. boreale. 9

1. G. Calif omicum, Hook and Arn. Low, branching; sterile flowers terminal, in
threes, corolla yellowish; fertile ones solitary, recurved in fruit; fruit purple.

2. G. Nuttallii, Gr. Leaves 2 to 5 lines long, thickish, varying from ovate-oblong
to linear-lanceolate, margins ciliate; flowers solitary.

3. G. Aparine, L. The margins midrib, and angles of the branches armed with
Bpinulose bristles; peduncles 1-2-flowered; fruit large, white. (?)

4. G. triflomm, Michx. Bright green, nearly smooth; leaves oblong-lanceolate,
acute at both ends, the margins and midrib often beset with hooked bristles; peduncles
once or twice 3-forked; with hooked bristles.

5. G. trifidum, L. Nearly smooth, except the roughened angles of the slender
stems; leaves 3 to 9 lines long; lobes of the white corolla often only three; fruit smooth.

6. G. boreale, L. Cymes many flowered, in a thyrsiform panicle.

Order 30. VALERIANACE^.

Herbs with opposite leaves, no stipules; the distinct stamens fewer than the lobes of
the corolla, and borne on its tube; the inferior ovary with two empty cells, and one con-
taining a solitary ovule, ripening into a kind of ak^ne.

1. PLECTRITIS, (Lindl.) DC.

Limb of the calyx obsolete. Tube of the corolla very gibbous, spurred at the base;
the short limb bilabiate; upper lip 2-eleft, lower 3-cleft. Fruit winged by the open
sterile cells. Flowers white, small.

1. P. congesta, DC. Corolla about 3 lines long; its spur much shorter than tho
tube.

2. P. raacrocera, Torr. & Gr. Corolla smaller; its thick spur about the length of

the body.

Order 31. COMPOSITiE.

Flowers, usually many in a dense head, sessile, on a common receptacle, surrounded
by a calyx-like involucre; the calyx reduced to hairs or scales, or obsolete; the corolla
tubular, equally lobed, ligulate or bilabiate, the 5 stamens united by their anthers into a
tube inclosing the 2-parted style; the ovary inferior forming in fruit an akene which is
usually crowned with the persistent calyx (pappus).

This the largest of all the orders, is represented in California by over 500 species, 140

CAMPA^XLACE^. (bELLFLOWER vamtt.v) C7

of which grow withia tlic limits of this Flora. Although the flower heads are frequently
large, the separate flowers, with but few exceptions, are too small to be examined with-
out the aid of a microscope skillfully used. The order is, therefore, far too difficult for
the beginner.

ORDlElB LOBELIACEiE. Dovoninr/ia elegans, Torr., and D. pulcheUa,ToTT., are two beautiful plants
(the flowers resembling the cultivated Lobelias) Bometimes cultivated under the name Ca'Tifowta, which
properly belongs to an endogenous herb. The former has light blue flowers; the latter, deep azure-
blno; both with white or yellowish centers. May be found in wet places.

Ordeb 32. CAMPANULACEiE.

Herbs with alternate leaves without stipules and regular flowers, having the calyx
adnate to the ovary, distinct stamens {5, rarely 4) inserted with the corolla, alternate
with its lobes. — Calyx persistent. Stamens with introse anthers, opening in the bud.
Style single, it-s upper portion beset with hairs which collect the pollen, its summit 2-5-
lobed or cleft.

* Ovary and capsule long and narrow.

Capsule opening at the top; calyx-lobes long Githopsis. 1

Capsule opening by 2 or 3 holes on the sides Specularia. 2

* * Ovary and capsule short and broad^ or globular.

Capsule bursting indefinitely; calyx-lobes broad Heterocodon. 3

Capsule opening on the sides by 3 to 5 holes; calyx-lobes narrow Campanula. 4

1. GITHOPSIS, Nutt.

Plowers all alike. Cal3rx wath a clavate 10-ribbed tube, and 5 long and narrow folia-
ceous lobes. Corolla tubular-camiDanulate, 5-lobed. Filaments short, dilated at the base.
Ovary 3-celled; stigmas 3. Capsule strongly ribbed, crowned with the rigid calyx-lobes
of its own length or longer, opening between them by a round hole.

1. G, specularioides, Nutt. An inch to a span high; leaves lanceolate-oblong or
linear, sessile, coarsely toothed; flowers erect, deep blue, usually with a white center;
the ovate lobes of the corolla about equaling the rigid calyx-lobes.

2. SPECULARIA. Heister.

Flowers in our species of two kinds; the lower and earlier usually with no corolla,
Calyx-tube prismatic or elongated-obconical ; the lobes 5, narrow. Corolla short and
broad, rotate when fully expanded, 5-lobed. Stigmas 3 or 2. Capsule opening by round
holes on the sides.

I. S. biflora, Gr. Stems slender; leaves sessile, ovate or oblong, crenately toothed, the
upper reduced to lanceolate bracts; flowers 1, rarely 2, in each axil, nearly sessile; the

68 ERICACEiE. (heath FAMILY.)

lower mostly apetalous, "with 3 or 4 short calyx-lobes; the upper with 5 longer calyx»
lobes, which are shorter than the blue or purple corolla. Capsule with openings near
the top.

2. S. perfoliata, A. DC. Stouter, with clasping cordate leaves.

8 HETEROCODON, Nutt.

Flowers of two sorts. Stamens and styles as in Campanula. Capsule 3-angled.
Otherwise sufficiently characterized in the synopsis.

1. H. rariflorum, Nutt. A delicate annual, with leafy filiform stems, diffusely
branching; the thin leaves clasping by cordate bases, coarsely toothed. Corolla blue.

4. CAMPANULA. Toum. Bellflower.

Flowers all alike. Calyx-lobes narrow. Corolla campanulate or near it, 5-lobed.
Stamens 5; filaments dilated at the base. Capsule 3-5-celled, opening on the sides or
near the base by 3 to 5 small uplifting valves leaving round holes.

1. C. prenanthoides, Dur. A foot or two high; stems several-flowered; leave»
ovate-oblong or lanceolate, sharply serrate, sessile, or the lower short-petioled; lobes of
the blue corolla narrowly lanceolate, widely spreading; style long exserted; capsul©
5-ribbed.

Order 33. ERICACEiE.

Woody plants or perennial herbs, with symmetrical and mostly regular flowers; the

stamens as many or twice as many as the petals or lobes of the corolla, and inserted with
but rarely upon it; the anthers 2-celled, and the cells opening by a terminal pore; the
ovary with as many cells as the divisions of the corolla or calyx; the seeds small. Corolla
generally gamopetalous, sometimes of distinct petals, the insertion and that of the sta-
mens hypogynous, or when the calyx is adnate epigynous around an annular disk. Styl&
single. Leaves simple.

Sub-order 1. VACCINIBJB.

Shrubs. Ovary wholly or partly inferior. Fruit a berry, crowned with

the vestiges of the calyx-teeth '. . Vaccinium. 1

Sub-order 2. ERICINE.2J.

Shrubs or trees. Calyx free. Corolla gamopetalous (in our own species). Stamens
hypogynous. Anthers introse in the bud.

EEICACEiE. (UEAXn FAMILY.) 69

* Fruit a berry, or berry-like d/nipe; corolUi-tube injlaled or urn'Shaped, 5-looihed.

Evcrjreen.

Tree; ovary 5-celled; berry many-seeded Arbutus. 2

Shrub; ovary 5-10-celled; drupe few-seeded. Arctostaphylos. 3

Shrub; low; berry purple-black Gaultheria. 4

* * Fruit a jiaked cap»uU; corolla funntlform or campanulate, lanje, f'-lobed.
Shrubs, with ebowy dowers Rhododendron. 5

SUB-ORDEK 3. PYROLE-ffi.

Calyx free. Corolla of 5 (rarely 4) separate petals. Anthers extrose in the bud, the
pores downward; introse (by bending downward on the end of the filament) in the open
flower, the pores upward.

Stem woody, leaves whorled. ChimapMla. 6

Flowers on a scape Pyrola. 7

SuB-ORDER 4. MONOTROPE^.

Root-parasitic, ecaly-bractod herbs, wholly destitute of green foliage.
Flowers racemose, corolla globular-ovate Pterospora. 8

1. VACCINIUM, L. Blueberry, Bilberry, Era

Calyx 4-5-toothed on the summit of the ovary. Corolla various. Stamens 8 to 10;
the anthers with the two cells separate, tapering upward into a tube opening at the top.
Style long.

1. V. ovatiim, Pursh. (California Huckleberry). Shrub, erect, 3 to 5 ft high;
evergreen; leaves thick, shining, ovate, acute, serrate; flowers with the parts in fives,
stamens 10; corolla campanulate, pink; berries purple-black.

2. ARBUTUS, Toum. Madrono.

Calyx 5-lobed. Corolla ovate, 5-toothed; the teeth recurved. Stamens 10, included;
anthers flattened, furnished with a pair of reflexod awns. Style rather long; berry
with a rough surface.

1. A. Menziesii, Pursh. A handsome tree, with smooth bark turning browuish-
red, which exfoliates except on the trunks of the larger trees; corolla white; berries
deep orange.

3. ARCTOSTAPHYLOS. Adaiu ^Lvnzanita.

Flowers like those of Arbuttis (but occasionally 4-merous and 8-androus). exce]>t that
the 5 to 10 cells of the ovary contain each a single ovule, and tlie berry-like fruit has 5

70 ERICACILE. (heath FAMILX.)

to 10 bony seeds. — The white or rose-colored flowers in terminal racemes; the bark smooth,
exfoliating.

* Ovary and depressed-globose fruit morp, or less pubescent; branchlets often hispid.

1. A. Andersomi, Gr. Erect, 6 or 10 ft. high; branchlets minutely tomentose,
hispid with long, white, bristly hairs; leaves thin-coriaceous, green, lanceolate-obloug oi
ovate lanceolate, with a strongly sagittate-cordate base, sessile or nearly so, mostly
Bpinulose-serrulate; fruit nearly or quite half an inch in diameter, with viscid bristles.

2. A. tomentosa, Dougl. Leaves thick and very rigid-coriaceous, varying from oblong-
lanceolate to ovate and even cordate, entire or rarely serrulate, usually becoming verti-
cal, smaller than the last; flowers in very short clustered racemes; fruit not viscid.

* * Ovary glabrous; no hispid hairs on the branches and petioles.

3. A, pmnila, Nutt. Erect, dwarf, less than a foot high, tufted; leaves broadest
near the apex, less than an inch long.

4. A. pungens, HBK. Leaves commonly becoming vertical by a twist of the dis-
tinct or pretty long petiole, very rigid, often glaucous or pale, entire or with a few teeth,
varying from oblong-lanceolate to oval; flowers on smooth pedicels; filaments cihate,
bearded; fruit yellowish, turning dull red. Very variable.

A. GLAUCA, Lindl., if found, may be recognized by its large fruit, wltli the Beeds consolidated
Into one woody stone, half an inch in diameter. A. bicolor, Gr., is smaller and has email apparently
one-seeded berries.

4. GAULTHERIA, L. Wintergreen. Salal.

Calyx 5-cleft, generally colored like the corolla. Corolla 5-toothed. Stamens 10
included, similar to those of Arbutus. Capsule 5-lobed, 5-celled, many-seeded, inclosed
in the calyx, which enlarges and makes a juicy berry-like fruit.

1. G. Shallon, Pursh. Shrubby, stems ascending a foot or two in height; leaves
ovate or slightly cordate, 2 to 4 inches long, finely serrate, shining; flowers white or rose-
colored, in glandular- viscid racemes.

5. RHODODENDRON, L.

Calyx very small. Corolla often slightly irregular. Stamens 5 to 10; filaments fili-
form. Style long, commonly declined or incurved. Shrubs with alternate, entire leaves,
usually crowded on the flowering branchlets; the showy flowers in terminal umbels or
corymbs from ample scaly buds.

1. R. occidentale, Gr. (Azalea.) A deciduous shrub, 2 to 6 ft. high; leaves
obovate-oblong, bright green and shining above; corolla minutely viscid-pubescent out-
side, white, the upper lobe yellowish inside; the narrow funnel-form tube equaling the
deeply 5-cleft slightly irregular limb; stamens and style much exserted, curved. — The
showy fragrant flowers are sometimes nearly three inches long; rarely pinkish.

B CALIFOENICUII, Hook., is a larger evergreen shrub, with large bell-shaped rose-purple flowew
• true £^ododen(2ron, probably notfoimd south of Mendocino County.

PLUMBAGINACE^. (LEAD WORT FAMILT.) 71

6. CHIMAPHIIiA, Pursh. Pipsissewa.

Corolla of rotately spreading, orbicular and concave petals. Stamens 10. Style very
short, inversely conical, nearly immersed in the depressed ovary; stigma broad, its border
somewhat 5-crenate.

C. umbellata, Xutt. A nearly herbaceous evergreen, 6 to 18 inches high; the usually
whorled leaves oblanceolate, bright green; peduncle bearing 3 to 7 white or flesh-colored,
waxy flowers. — Mt. St. Helena, JIlss E. Sicett.

7. PYROIiA, Toum.

Corolla of 5 concave and converging petals. Stamens aa in Chimaphila. Style gen-
erally long; stigma 5-lobed or 5-rayed. — Low and smooth perennial herbs, with broad
and petioled leaves, close to the ground, and more or less scaly-bracted scape bearing a
simple raceme of white, greenish or rose-colored, nodding flowers.

1. P rotundifolia, L. Leaves orbicular, varying to round-obovate or round-reni-
form, on slender, naked petioles; scape 6 to 1-4 inches high; probably our plants are of the
Var. bracteata, Gr. A large form, with leaves 2 or 3 inches long; scape often over a
foot high.

2. P. picta, Smith. Leaves thick, coriaceous; pale, sometimes purplish below; com-
monly blotched with white, ovate to obovate and lanceolate-oblong, on short petioles, 1
to 2 inches long; smaller than the last.

8. PTEROSPORA, Nutt.

Calyx deeply 5-parted, short, persistent. Corolla withering-persistent, globular-ovate,
with contracted mouth; the 5 very short lobes, recurved. Stamens 10, included, short;
stigma 5-lobed,

1. P. andromedea, Nutt. A stout, purplish-brown or chestnut-colored and
clammy-pubescent herb, 1 to 3 ft. high; raceme long, many-flowered; corolla white, 3
lines long.

BARCODES SANQUTNEA, Torr. The Snow Plant of the Sierra Nevada belongs here.

Order 34. PLUMBAGINA CE-ffi.

Chiefly maritime herbs, with regular flowers, the parts in fives; the stamens opposite
the petals. Calyx tubular or funnel-form, 5-plaited, 5-toothed. persistent. Corolla in
our genera with the long-clawed petals scarcely vmited. Stamens adnate to the base of
the petals.

Plowers in a globose head on a simple scape Armeria, 1

Flowers on a brandling scape , Statice. 2

72 PRIMULACE^. (PEEffiBOSE FAMTT.Y.)

1. ARMERIA, WiUd Thkift.

Calyx scarions, funnel-form. Styles 5, filiform. Stemlesa perennials, "with linear
grass-like leaves in close tufts, the naked scape bearing a head of rose-colored flowers.

1. A. vulgaris, Willd. Scapes a foot or two high. On sandy hills along the
coast.

2. STATICE, L. J^Iaesh-Roskmary.

Flowers in small spikes or clusters, crowded at the extremities of a branching scape;
their structure nearly as in Armeria. Leaves commonly with a broad blade, tapering
into a petiole.

1. S. Limonium, L. Leaves obovate-oblong ; spikelets 2-3-flowered. Salt
marshes.

Oeder 35. PRIMULACEiE.

Herbs, with perfect, regular flowers, well marked, by having the stamens as long aa
the lobes of the corolla, and opposite to them, inserted on its tube, a single entire style
and stigma, a one-celled ovary, and capsular fruit. Calyx 4-8-cleft, commonly 5-cleft,
hypogynous. — Leaves simple; stipules none. In GIuux the corolla is wanting; stamens
on the calyx alternate with its lobes.

* Flowers umbellate on a naked scape.

Corolla deeply 4-5-parted, the lobes reflexed Dodecatheon. 1

* * Flowers axillary, on leafy stems.

Corolla 5-9-parted, rotate Trientalis. 2

Corolla 5-parted; prostrate stems Anagallis. 3

Corolla wanting; calyx colored Glau^ 4

1. DODECATHEON. L.

Calyx deeply 5-cleft, the divisions reflexed in the flower, afterwards erect over the
ovate or oblong capsule. Corolla with a very short tube, a dilated, thickened throat and
an abruptly reflexed 4-5-parted limb; its divisions long and narrow, entire. Stamens
inserted in the throat of the corolla, erect, cohering around the slender exserted style. —
Acaulescent j^erennial smooth herbs, with a tuft of radical leaves. Corolla purple, pink,
or rarely white. Frequently the parts are in fours.

1. D. Meadia, L. Leaves varying from obovate to lanceolate, entire or toothed;
scape 3 to 15 inches high; tmabel, 2-20-flowered. A variable species. Ours is chiefly
the

Yar. brevifolimn, with leaves round-obovate or spatulate, less than an inch to an
inch and a half long.

ASCLEPI.\DA.CE^. (mILZWEED FAMILY.) 73

2. TRIENTAIilS, L. Stak-flower.

Calyx and wheel-shaped corolla about 7-parted. Filaments slender, spreading. — Low
and glabrous perennials, with simple stems, which bear a whorl of leaves at the summit,
in their axils slender peduncles supporting star-shaped, white or pinkish flowers.

1. T. Europaea, L., Var. latifolia, Torr. Stems 4 to 8 inches high, springing
from a little tuber.

3. ANAGAIjLIS, Toum. Pimpernel.

Divisions of the rotate 5-parted corolla broad. Capsule globose. — Spreading, prostrate
herbs, with opposite or whorled leaves and axillary flowers.

1. A. arvensis, L. Leaves ovate, sessile, shorter than the peduncles, sometimes in
threes; flowers scarlet, purple, or nearly salmon-colored, rarely blue.

4. GLAUX, L. Sea IMilkwort.

CtJyx campanulate, 5-cleft; the lobes ovate, petal-like. Filaments rather shorter than
the calyx. Style filiform; stigma capitate.

I. G. maritima, L, Low, glabrous; branching stems 3 to 9 inches high, leafy to
the top; leaves commonly opposite, fleshy, oblong, half an inch or less long, minutely
dotted; flowers axillary, almost sessile, white or purplish.

Order OLEACE.Sj is represented by Fraxinus Oregana, Nutt., the Oregon Ash.

Order APOCYNACE.33 is represented by Apocynum cannabinum, L. (Indian
Hemp.) An herb with milky juice, tough bark, opposite entire exstipulate leaves, regular
flowers, the sepals, petals and stamens five, the latter borne on the corolla alternate with
its lobes and conniving around the stigma. The commonly sessile, oblong leaves often 3
or 4 inches long. The greenish- white small flowers in close cymes. A. aiidroscBTnifoliuTn^
L., has smaller ovate leaves, conspicuously petioled; flowers rose-colored.

Oedeb 36. ASCLEPIADACE^.

Herbs with milky juice, no stipules, and regular flowers, with the parts in fives, except
that there are two carpeb with distinct ovaries and a common stigma to which the sta-
mens are attached; the latter (in our genera) with hood-like appendages. Leaves entire,
generally opposite, sometimes whorled. Flowers usually in simple umbels. Fruit a
pair of follicles. Seeds almost always with a coma of silky down.

1. ASCLEPIAS, L. Milkweed.

The calyx and corolla deeply 5-parted; the small divisions reflexed; filaments short,
crowned behind each anther with a conspicuous hood from the cavity of which
rises the subulate and usually falcate hern; anthers with thin scarious tips inflexed

74 GENTIANACEJE. ( GENTIAN FAMLLT. )

over the truncate summit of the stigma, their wing-like edges meeting and projecting
between the hoods; pollen in 10 wax-like masses. Follicles ovate or lanceolate. Seeds
numerous, flat, downwardly imbricated all over the large, soon detached placenta; the
upper end with a long tuft of down (coma). — Hoods in our species erect and not exceed-
ing the stamens and stigma.

1. A. fascicularis, Decaisne. Smooth, slender, 1 to 5 ft. high; leaves in whorls of
3 to 5, or some in pairs, linear and linear-lanceolate; flowers white or whitish; horns
longer than the hoods.

2. A. vestita, Hook & Arn. White-woolly; leaves opposite, ovate-lanceolate or
oblong-lanceolate, almost sessile; umbels almost sessile; flowers about half an inch long,
the hoods flesh-colored.

2. GOMPHOCARPUS, E. Br.
No horn to the hood of the stamens; otherwise as Asclepias.

% 1. Hoods saccate, pointless, lower than the anthers, opening domnthe back, as if 2-valved.

1. G. tomentosus, Gr. White-tomentose, closely resembling Asclepias vistitia;
etem acutely angled; leaves ovate or oblong (about 4 inches long); corolla greenish -white
o^ purplish.

2. G. purpurascens, Gr. Canescently puberulent; stems 4 to 12 inches high;
leaves ovate and somewhat cordate, an inch or two long; flowers small; the corolla red-
purple; the hoods white.

§ 2. Hoods erect, open dovm the front, somewhat surpassing the anthers.

3. G. cordifolius, Benth. Green and smooth, 2 or 3 ft. high; leaves ovate or ovate-
lanceolate, with cordate clasping base, opposite, rarely in threes, 2 to 5 inches long;,
flowers large; corolla dark red-purple; the hoods purplish.

Order 37. GENTIANACEiE.

Glabrous herbs, with colorless, bitter juice, entire opposite and sessile leaves, no sti-
pules, perfect and regular flowers, stamens as many as the lobes of the corolla and alternate-
with them, inserted on the tube, the anthers free from the stigma; ovary 1-celled; style
one or none; the stigmas commonly two. Calyx persistent.

§ 1. Corolla withering-persistent. Leaves opposite or whorled, entire, sessile.

Corolla salver-form, red; calyx 5-parted Erythrasa. 1

Corolla short, salver-form, yellow j caylx 4-toothed Microcala. 2

Corolla funnel-form, blue Gentiana, 3

§ 2. Corolla deciduotis. Leaves alternate, with sheathing petioles.
Flowers borne on a naked scape , Menyanthes, 4

POLEMONIACE^. (GILIA FAilLLT.) "^3

1. ERYTHR-EJA, Pers.

Stamens inserted on the throat of the corolla; filaments slender; anthers oblong or
linear, twisting spirally after shedding the pollen. Style filiform; stigma wedge-shaped
or fan-like. Capsule oblong, tapering upward. — Corolla occasionally only 4-parttd.

1. E. trichantha, Grise. A span or less high, branched; lobes of the rose-red corolla
lanceolate, fully half the length of the tube at the time of expansion, 3 or 4 lines long;
calyx-lobes filiform, 3-angled.

2. E. Muhleubergii, Grise. Two inches to a span high, simple or branched; leaves
oblong, half an inch long; lobes of the corolla oval, very obtuse, becoming oblong,

rose-red.

2. MICROCAIiA, Link.

Anthers round-cordate. Stigma peltate-dilated, at length separating or separable into
2 plates.

1. M. quadrangularis, Grise. An inch or two high, filiform, simple and 1-flowered,
or branched at the base, witli 1 to 3 pairs of minute oval or oblong leaves; peduncles
naked, square; calyx short, square; corolla saffron-yellow.

3. GENTIANA, L. Gentian.

Calyx 4-5-toothed or cleft. Corolla 4-5-lobed, often with plaited and toothed folds in
the sinuses. Stamens included; anthers sometimes cohering. Style none or very shci'l;
stigmas 2, thin and flat.

1. G. alBnis, Grise., var. ovata, Gr. A span to a foot or two high; leaves ovate
or oblong; flowers mostly 5 or more, in a leafy thyrsus; corolla blue, an inch or more in
length; appendages mostly 2-cleft or 2-4- cuspidate, shorter than the round-ovate lobes.

4. MENYANTHES, Toum. Buckbean.

The campanulate corolla densely white-bearded on the upper surface, the lobes •with
the margins turned inward in the bud,

1. M. trifoliata, L. The alternate leaves long petioled, 3-foliolate; scape termi-
nated by a short raceme of white or pinkish flowers; anthers dark- brown, sagittate. — In
•hallow water or on wet ground.

Ordeb 38. POIiEMONIACEiE.

Chiefly herbs with simple or divided leaves, and no stipules; all the parts of the regu-
lar flower five, except the pistil, which has a 3-celled ovary and a 3-lobed style. Calyx
imbricated in the bud, persistent. Corolla convolute in the bud. Stamens on the corolla
alternate with its lobes distinct; anthers introse. — In Gilia the cells of the ovary and the
stigmas arc occasionally reduced to two.

- r

76 POLEMONIACE^. (gILIA FAMILY.)

Leaves various but never simply pinnate with entire leaflets Gilla. 1

Leaves simply pinnate; leaflets linear to ovate; corolla short Polemonium. 2

1. GILLA- Ruiz & Pav.

Corolla funnel-form, salver-form, or sometimes short-campanulate or rotate, regular.
A polymorphous genus, the sections having almost generic dififerences.

Series I. Stamens attached to the corolla at unequal heights.

Mostly \dscid-pubescent or glandular; all but some of the lower leaves alternate; sta-
mens exserted. § Collomia.

Series II. Stamens equally inserted, but sometimes with unequal filaments.

* All of tlie leaves opposite, at least on the main stems, sessile and pcdmately parted or

rarely entire. {Seeds mucilaginous in water.)

Corolla from short funnel-form to almost rotate; the lobes obovate; filaments slender;
anthers oval. Low or slender, loosely and mostly small flowered annuals; the leaves
with filiform or setaceous divisions, appearing as if whorled. In ours, the flowers on
filiform pedicels, loosely paniculate. § 1. Dactylophyllum,

Corolla salver-form, but the tube shorter than the calyx, the broad cuneate-obovate
lobes slightly crenulate, strongly convolute in the bud; stamens inserted low on the
corolla tube, included; erect, smooth; leaves entire or 3-o-divided. § 2. Linanthus.

Corolla salver-form, with usually a filiform elongated tube, and the throat sometimes
abruptly dilated; stamens inserted in the throat; anthers short. Erect annuals, with
leaves as in the last, and the flowers in a terminal capitate cluster. § 3. Leptosiphon.

* * All the leaves alternate and palmately parted.
Corolla similar to § 3. Stems woody; leaves much fascicled in the axils, 3-7 parted,
rigid; flowers sessile, solitary or few at the ends of short branches. § 4. Leptodactylon,

• * * All, or all hut the lowest leaves alternate and pinnately compound, cleft or toothed,

or rarely entire.

Flowers capitate-glomerate or densely clustered, leafy-bracted; bracts and calyx-lobes
often laciniate, rigid acerose or spinulose-tipped. Corolla slender tubular- funnelform,
with small oblong lobes; cells of the ovary and stigmas sometimes only 2. Annuals,
mostly viscid-pubescent, never white- woolly, with once or twice pinnatifid leaves, their
lobes commonly pungent; the bracts sometimes palmately cleft. § 5. JSfavarretia.

Flowers, inflorescence, etc., nearly as in § 5; but the anthers always exserted; corolla
salver- form, more conspicuous; plants all white-woolly, not viscid. § 6. Hugelia.

Flowers capitate-glomerate, or panicled, or scattered, usually bractless; corolla (blue,

POLEMONL\CE^. (gILIA FAMILY.) 77

purple or violet) from funnel-form to campanulate or almost rotate; stamens included or
not surpassing the corolla lobes; leaves most pinnately incised. § 7. Euqilia.

§ Collomia, [See p. 138.]
* Leaves simple, sessile, entire, lower ones often opposite. *

la. G. grandiflora, Gr. Erect, a foot or two high; leaves linear to lance-ovate;
calyx-lobes broad and obtuse; corolla buff or salmon-color, narrow- funnel-form, an inch
long. The showy flowers are in leafy-bracted heads. — Sonoma County, Lake County,
E. Brooks. Collomia grandijlora, Dougl. of 4th Ed.

16. G. gracilis, Gray. A span or two high, in age much branched; the flowers at
length somewhat scattered; leaves lanceolate or linear, or the lowest oval or obolate,
an inch or less long; corolla rose-purple, turning bluish, less than half an inch long,
narrow. Collomia gracilis, Dougl. of previous editions.

* * Leaves, deeply cleft or compound, the lower petioled; sterna loosely branched.

Ic. G. divaricata, Nutt. A span to 3 ft. high; lower leaves simply pinnately parted
into linear lateral lobes, or the terminal lobe oblong and toothed, upper leaves 3-5-
divided; corolla pink or purplish, its slender tube about half an inch long, twice or
thrice the length of the calyx; capsule globular, 3-seeded. Collomia gilioides, Benth.

Id. G. Sessei, Don. A span or two high, diffuse; leaves mostly pinnately parted or
the upper pinnatifid, and the lobes incised or cleft; the upper most often entire and
broader, subtending the capitate-clustered flowers; corolla purplish, half an inch long;
stamens very unequally inserted. Collomia heterophylla, Hook.

§ 1. Dactylophyllum. Benth.

1. G. liniflora, Benth. From a few inches to over a foot high; leaves with nearly
fiUform divisions an inch long; corolla white, rotate, when fully open, 10 to 6 lines across,
5-parted down to the very short tube.

Var. phamaceoides, Gr., is similar but smaller; the (sometimes pinkish) corolla half
an inch across, or less.

2. G. pusilla Benth. Small, 2 to 6 inches high; leaves less than half an inch long,
shorter than the scattered pedicels; corolla nearly white, or purplish with a yellow
throat, 1^ to 2 lines long, little exceeding the calyx.

Var. Califomica, Gr., has a corolla 3 lines long, twice the length of the calyx; the
throat often brownish. The most frequent form.

3. G. Bolanderl, Gr. Very like the last, but the tube of the blue or purple tinged
corolla longer and narrower (3 or 4 lines long).

4. G. aiirea, Nutt. Diffuse, 2 to 4 inches high; divisions of roughish leaves nar-
rowly linear, 3 lines long; peduncles shorter or but little longer than the flowers; corolla
usually yellow, short, funnel-form half an inch or less across; the roundish -obovate lobea
about the length of the obconical throat and the short proper tube.

78 POLEMONIACKE. (GHJA FAMILT.)

Var. decora, Gr. Corolla white or pale violet, with or without a brown-purple
throat; peduncles longer.

§ 2. Linanthus, Endl.

5. G. dichotoma, Benth. A span to a foot high, remotely leaved; flowers nearly
sessile in the forks, or terminating the branches; calyx-tube white scarious; the teeth
gi'een; corolla white; the lobes from half to nearly an inch long; the tube sometimes
purplish.

§ 3. Leptosiphon, EndL

6. G. densiflora, Benth. A span to 2 ft. high; leaves in somewhat distant apparent
whorls; tube of the white or rose-purple corolla about equaling the villous-hirsute bracts
and calyx; its lobes nearly half an inch long, obovate.

7. G. androsacea, Steud. Erect or spreading, 3 to 12 inches high; corolla lilac,
rose, pink or almost white, with a yellow or dark throat; its tube about an inch long.

Var. rosacea, Gr., is a dwarf tufted form with many rose-red flowers.

8. G. micrantha, Steud. Slender, about a span high; tube of the corolla very
slender, 9 to 18 lines long; the lobes 2 or 3 lines long, from yellow to cream color and pale
purple, or whitish.

9. G. tenella, Benth. Low and mostly depressed; tube of the corolla 6 to 9 lines
long, the rose colored or pink lobes barely a line and a half long, the throat yellow;
bracts and leaves hispidulous-ciliate.

10. G. ciliata, Benth. More rigid and hirsute than the preceding, a span to a foot
high; tube of the rose-colored or purple, or in age whitish corolla, little if at allexaerted
beyond the very hirsute or hispid-ciliate bracts and subtending leaves, the lobes only a
line and a half long.

§ 4. Leptodactylon, Hook & Am,

11. G. Calif omica, Benth. Two or three feet high, with spreading rigid branches;
corolla rose-color or lilac, an inch and a half in diameter.

§ 5. Navarreiia, Gr.
* Stamens included in the throat of the corolla,

12. G. squarrosa, Hook & Am. Eigid, rather stout, becoming muon branched,
very glandular- viscid, fetid with the odor of a skunk; upper leaves and bracts spinescent;
corolla blue, 4 or 5 lines long.

• * Stamens more or less exserted; corolla slender ^ Sto6 lines long. Leaves twice pinnatifid.

13. G. cotulaefolia Steud. Rather stout and rigid, a foot or much less in height;
villous pubescent and minutely glandular; upper bracts spinescent; tube of the violet or
whitish corolla hardly longer than the calyx; capsule usually 1-seeded. Exhales the
pdor of Antkemis cotula (Mayweed).

14. G. ini-.ertexta, Steud. At length difiusely much branched, a span high, neithei

POLEMONIACRE. (gILIA FAMILT.) 79

viscid nor glandular; stems retrorscly pubescent; leaves mainly smooth, acarcely bipin-
natilid; baso of the bracts and tube of tho calyx densely white-villous; corolla "white.
15. G. leucocephala, Gr. A span high, rather slender, loosely branched, smooth,
except a little wooUiness at tho top; leaves soft; bracts hardly pungent; heads dense;
corolla white, longer than the calyx.

• * • Stamens ex^erted; leaves only once pinnati/ld, rigid^ linear; corolla violet or purple^

hartly hn[f an inch long, about twice the length of the pungent calyx-lobes,
10. G. viscidula, Gr. A span high or less, at length much branched, viscid-pu-
bescent; bracts palmately cleft.

17. G. atiactyloides, Steud. !Much more rigid than the laat; leaves broader, the
floral ovate, all with subulate spiny lobes; few flowered.

§ 6. Hugelia, Benth.

* Root perennial; stems woody at the hose,

18. G, densifolia, Benth. A foot or two high; stems leafy, leaves linear, rigid, the
short lobes subulate; flowers numerous in a compact head; corolla over lialf an inch
long, violet blue, exceeding the calyx, the lobes 3 lines long; anthers sagittate.

* * Root annual, stems slender, afoot or less in height; leaves and their few (if any)

divisions filiform.

19. G. virgata, Steud. Tube of the blue corolla longer than the calyx; antheiss
sagittate.

Var. floribunda, Gr. Low and rather stout ; even the upper leaves pinnately 3-7-parted;
the numerous heads and flowers as large as O. densifolia.

§ 7. Eugilia, Benth.

• Flowers numerous in dense head-like clusters on long naked peduncles; stems erect; stamens

inserted in the very sinuses of the short and broad corolla; leaves twice or thrice pin-
nately dissected into linear divisio?is.

20. Q. capita ta, Dougl. Mostly smooth; stem slender, loosely branched above, a
foot or two high; lobes of the light blue (rarely white) corolla narrowly oblong, 2 lines
long.

21. G. achilleaefoLia, Benth. Stouter and lower than the last, often glandular;
the capitate clusters and flowers larger; calyx woolly; lobes of the deeper blue corolla
broad.

• • Flowers in small, rather loose clusters, or scattered in an open panicle.

22. G. multicaulis, Benth. A span to a foot high, simple in early plants, loosely
branched in later; flowers few in a cluster terminating the slender naked peduncles,
almost sessile; the violet corolla 4 lines long, tube shorter than the viscid calyx; throat
funnel- form; capsule ovoid.

60 HYDROPHYLLACE^. (WATERLEAT FAMILY.)

Var. tenera, Gr., is a depauperate form; frequently the peduncles only 1 -flowered.

23. G. tricolor, Benth. A span to a foot or two high, in age diffusely branched?
flowers few, in loose, rather short peduncled clusters; corolla with a very short proper
tube and an ample campanulate throat which is pale yellow or orange below, dark pur-
ple above; the lilac or violet lobes longer than the stamens.

24. G. inconspicua, Dougl. A span to a foot high, somewhat viscid or glandular;
corolla violet-purple or bluish, twice or thrice the length of the calyx, but small, the
lobes only a line long. It passes by gradation into

Var. sinuata, Gr., with the tube of the corolla more slender and exserted and the
lobes often 2 lines long.

2. POLEMONIUM. Toum.

Flowers as in Gilia, § Eugilia, but the corolla short and broad, the stamens somewhat
declined, the filaments hairy appendaged at the base. Calyx herbaceous, its divisions
and those of the pinnate leaves pointless.

1. P. oaeruleum, L. (Greek Valerian. ) Smooth or viscid-pubescent, 2 or 3 ft.
high, leafy, usually bearing numerous flowers; corolla an inch or more across, bright blue
varying to white; stamens and style exserted. [See bottom of p. 122.]

Order 39. HYDROPHYLLACEiE.

Inflorescence usually scorpioid; flowers perfect, regular, 5-androus, the two styles dis-
tinct at least at the apex; stigmas terminal, small, capitate. Only in Romanzoffia are
the stigmas as well as the styles united. Ovary commonly hispid or hirsute, at least at
the top. — Mostly herbs, with alternate or rarely opposite leaves and no stipules.

Tribe 1. HYDROPHYLLEiE. Ovary and capsule 1-celled. Style 2-cleft.
Corolla almost always convolute in the bud. Herbs.

Flowers solitary or loosely racemose.

Calyx with reflexed appendages Nemophila. 1

Calyx naked at the sinuses Ellisia. 2

Tribe 2. PHACELIE.ai. Ovary 1-2-celled. Style 1-2-cleft. Corolla imbricated in
the bud. Calyx naked at the sinuses. Herbs.

Corolla not yellow, deciduous Phacelia. 3

Corolla yellow, persistent Emmenanthe, 4

Style and stigma entire RomanzofBa. 5

Tribe 3. NAME.2B. Ovary, capsule, dehiscence, etc., nearly of Phacelieoe. Styles

distinct to the base, stigmas capitate.
tx)w shrubs Eriodictyon. 6

HTDROPnYLLACEiE. (WATERLEAF FAMILY.) 81

1. NEMOPHILA, Nutt.
Calyx 5-parted. Corolla rotate-campanulate, deeply 5-lobed, the throat appendaged
with 10 internal plates or scales. — Tender herbs with diffuse and procumbent stems, and
pinnately lobed or divided leaves, more or less hirsute.

* Leaves mostly alternate; stems long and weak, beset with stiff reflexedhristles.

1. N. aurita, Lindl. Leaves large, with auriculate dilated and clasping base or

winged petiole deeply piunatitid into 5 to 9 retrorse lobes; corolla violet, 5 to 12 linci ia

diameter.

* * Leaves opposite not auricled at base,

2. N. maculata, Ijenth, Leaves lyrately pinnatifid into 5 to 9 short lobes, or the
uppermost only 3-lobed; corolla white, with a violet spot at the top of eacli lobe, over
an inch across.

3. N. insignis, Dougl. Leaves sunilai to the last; corolla bright blue, its scales
short and roundish, partly free.

4. N. Menziesii, Hook & Am. Leaves less divided than the last; corolla from
light blue to white and sprinkled with dots toward the center, its scales narrow and ad-
herent by one edge.

• * * Upper leaves often alternate, mostly longer than the peduncles, and slender-petioled,

many only 3-5-lobed, one-sided.

5. N. parviflora, Dougl. Slender and weak; corolla 2 to 5 lines across, light blu«
or white.

2. ELLISIA, L.

Calyx 5-parted, Corolla campanulate, short in proportion to the calyx; scales minute
or obsolete. Stamens and style not exserted.

1. E, chrysanthemifolia, Benth. Stem 1 or 2 ft. high, erect, branched; leaves dis-
Bected into very many small and short divisions; flowers, small, white; capsule remark-
able, viz. : the mostly four ordinary rough seeds enclosed between the placentae, while,
between each placenta and the valve which it lines, is hidden a single thin, meniscoidal,
smooth seed.

3. PHACELIA, Juss.

Calyx deeply 5-parted, the divisions usually narrow and similar; corolla from almost
rotate to narrow- funnelform; commonly with appendages upon the inside of the tube in
the form of 10 vertical plates, approximate in pairs between the bases of the fdameuts,
or adnate to the fdaments, one on each side. Stamens equally inserted low down or at
the base of the corolla. Herbs, mostly hirsute or hispid and branched from the base;
with simple or compound alternate leaves, or the lower opposite and more or less scor-
pioid infloresence. Corolla never yellow except in the throat. Ovules and seeds 4 in all
except the last species. (See Addenda, )

82 HYDEOPHYIiLACE^ . (WATEELEAF FAMILY.)

* Leaves simple and entire, or with a pair or two of similar and smaller leaflets or lobes.

1. P. circinata, Jacq. f. A span to a foot or two high from a stout root, hispid and
the foliage strigose, either green, gi-ayish or canescent, with a soft pubescence; leaves
from lanceolate to ovate, acute, the lower tapering into a petiole and some bearing lateral
leaflets; inflorescence in dense scorpioid hispid spikes, crowded; corolla dull or bluish
white; filaments nmch exserted. — A very variable species; usually many stems from one
root; some with large entire, ovate green leaves only.

2. P. Brevceri, Gr. Foliage and habit similar to the last, but smaller and more
slender, from an annual root; leaves seldom an inch long, many of them 3-5-parted, the
lanceolate lateral lobes ascending; corolla smaller (scarcely 3 lines long), blue or violet;
filaments not exserted.

* * Leaves simple^ rounded, cordate, lobed and serrate.

3. P. malvaefolia, Cham. Stout, loosely branching, hispid with stinging hairs;
leaves 2 inches or more in diameter; spikes solitary, or in pairs; corolla 3 to 6 lines long,
dull white or bluish; stamens much exserted.

• * * Leaves once to thrice pinnatifid or pinnately compound, oblong in general outline.

Calyx bristly hispid, its lobes not rarely unequal. Annuals, tJie species dijicult to dis-
criminate.

4. P. tanacetifolia, Benth. Erect, 1 to 3 ft. high, roughish, hirsute or hispid;
leaves 9-17-divided in narrow once or twice pinnately parted or cleft divisions, all sessile
or nearly so; the scorpioid spikes clustered; the short pedicels erect or ascending; corolla
usually of a dirty mottled white or bluish; stamens and style much exserted; calyx lobea
not twice the length of the capsule.

5. P. ramosissima, Dougl. Straggling, somewhat viscid above; leaves pinnately
5-7-divided or parted into linear pinnatifid-incised divisions; the short pedicels soon
horizontal; stamens and style moderately exserted; calyx lobes more than twice the
length of the globular capsule; flowers bluish.

6. P. cilia ta, Benth. A span to a foot high; leaves rarely divided but incised or
cleft and toothed; spikes simple or in pairs; stamens usually not surpassing the open
corolla; calyx lobes ciliate with glandular bristles; corolla blue.

* * * • Leaves entire, or the lower 1-2-lobcd, not cordate, the veins parallel or converging, as

in P. circinata; no glandular pubescence ; calyx with long hairs; seeds more than 4'

7. P. divaricata, Gr. Diffusely spreading, a span or more in height; leaves ovat6
or oblong; style 2-cleft at the apex only; corolla violet, about 10 lines in diameter.

4. EMMENANTHE, Benth.
Distinguished from Phacelia by the persistent yellow or cream-colored corolla-

BOERAGINACE^. (bOEKAGE FAMILY. ) 83

1. E. penduliflora, Benth. A span to a foot high; somewhat viscid; leaves piiin&<
tilid; pedicels filiform, abont half an inch long, equaling the nodding corolla.

5. ROMANZOFFIA, Cham.

Stamens unequal; style filiform. Low perennial herbs, with the aspect of saxifrages;
the leaves mainly radical, round-cordate, or reniform, crenately 7-11-lobed, long petioled.

1. R. Sitchensis, Bong. Scapes weak, a span long, bearing several pink or pur-
ple, varying to white flowers; corolla veiny.

6. ERIODICTYON, Benth.

Calyx deeply 5-parted. Corolla funnel-form to salver-form. Stamens included. — Low
ehrubs; the leaves alternate, of rigid coriaceous texture, the finely reticulated veinleta
conspicuous on a fine woolly ground, at least underneath, their margins beset with rigid
teeth.

1. E. glutinosum, Benth. (Mountain Balm, or Zerba. Santa.) Smooth, glu-
tinous with a resinous exudation, 3 to 5 ft. high; leaves ranceolate, 3 to 6 inches long;
cymes in a naked panicle; corolla tubular, funnel-form, violet or nearly white, half an
inch long.

E. tomentosum^ Benth., grows farther down the coast. It Is larger with Bznaller almost Balver-form
flowers; densely villous.

Obdee 40. BORRAGINACEiE.

Mostly roughly pubescent herbs, with alternate entire leaves without stipules, scor-
pioid inflorescence, and perfectly regular o-androus flowers; the ovary of 4 lobes or
divisions around a central style, ripening into seed-like nutlets. Calyx free, 5-parted
or 5-cleft, persistent. Corolla with a 5-lobed limb commonly imbricated in the bud.
Stamens distinct, inserted in the tube or throat of 1 he corolla alternate with its lobes.
The one-sided and coiled apparent spikes or racemes straighten as the blossoms develop.

All our species except the first belong to the true Borrage Tribe.

* Fruit not prickly.

Corolla with plaited sinuses; stigma sessil'j Heliotropium. 1

Corolla yellow. Bristly-hispid plants Amsinckia. 2

Corolla white Eritrichium. 3

* * The nutlets prickly ^ bur-like.

Flowers sky-blue (rarely white) in bracteate racemes Echinospermum. 4

Flower purple, blue and violet in a pcduncled raceme Cynoglossum. 5

Flowers minute; nutlets winged, or boat-shaped Pectocarya. 6

84 BOERAGINACE^. (BORRAGB FAMILT.)

1. HELIOTROPIUM, Tourn.

Corolla with plaited sinuses. Filaments short or none; anthers connivent and some^
times cohering. Style entire or none; stigma a fleshy ring or the edge of a peltate or
umbrella-shaped disk. Fruit dry, splitting into 4 nutlets.

1. H. Curassavicum, L. A smooth and somewhat glaucous succulent herb with
spreading or prostrate stems; leaves oblanceolate, an inch or two long; flowers crowded,
white or blue; stigma sessile, flat-topped. Blackens in drying.

2. AMSINCKIA, Lehm.

Corolla salver-form, or somewhat funnel-form, more or less plaited in the bud at the
sinuses, with the tube exceeding the calyx, lobes rounded. Filaments short. Style fili-
form; stigma capitate-2-lobed. Nutlets ovate-triangular. Hispid annuals with oblong-
ovate to linear leaves, and yellow flowers in at length loose scorpioid spikes or racemes,
without bracts, except sometimes the lowest.

* Nutlets rough, the back convex,

1. A. spectabilis, Fisch. & Mey. Erect, a span to a foot high; leaves mostly linear;
tube of the bright orange-yellow corolla, two or three times the length of the linear,
rusty-hispid calyx, nearly half an inch long; the throat enlarged, and the expanded limb
a third to half an inch in diameter.

2. A. intermedia, Fisch. & Mey. Erect, usually a foot or two high; leaves linear
or only the lower lanceolate; corolla bright yellow, 3 or 4 lines long; its tube a little
surpassing the calyx-lobes; the limb 2 or 3 lines in diameter.

3. A. lycopsoides, Lehm. Loosely branched, soon spreading, sometimes decum-
bent, sparsely hispid with bristles, which on the leaves have conspicuous pustulate bases;
leaves from lanceolate to ovate, the margins usually undulate; upper flowers mostly
bractless; corolla light yellow, about 4 lines long; the throat little enlarged; the limb 2
or 3 lines in diameter. Passes into

Var. bracteosa, Gr., a smaller-flowered decumbent form, with most of the flowen»
bracteate.

* * Nutlets nearly flat on the back, coarsely granulate.

4. A. tessellata, Gr. About a foot high, rather stout, coarsely hispid, the bris-
tles of the calyx rusty; corolla orange-yellow, 3 or 4 lines long, the throat plaited, the
tube rather longer than the obtuse calyx-lobes; nutlets broadly ovate, thickly covered
with warty granulations closely fitting like the blocks of a pavement.

* * * Nutlets at maturity, whitish, smooth and polished.

5. A. verrucosa, Hook & Am. Sparsely bristly; leaves linear to ovate-lanceolate;
corolla light yellow, 4 or 5 lines long, and the limb narrow; nutlets shaped like a grain
of buckwheat.

BORRAGINACE^. (BORRAGE FAMILY.; 85

Var. grandiflora, Gr. Kobust, more hispid and large flowered, the limbs broader;
calyx lobes often combined, so as to appear as 3 or 4.

3. ERITRICHIUM, Schr.

Most obviously distinguished from AmsincTcia and the nearer Echinospermum by its
usually smaller white flowers, with shorter corolla tube. The species difficult of deter-
mination.

1. E. Californicum, DC The slender stems decumbent, a span or more long;
the leaves narrowly linear; stems flowering from near the base; flowers almost sessile,
mostly %vith leaves or bracts, at length scattered; the corolla only a line long; calyx open
in fruit. Passes into

Var. subglochidiatmn, Gr. Slightly succulent; lower leaves inclined to spatulate,
nutlets somewhat barbed. Wet ground.

2. E. Scouleri, A. DC. Slender, erect a span to a foot high; leaves narrowly linear
(1 or 2 inches long); flowers in geminate or sometimes paniculate slender naked spikes,
most of them bractless; pedicels not more than a line long; calyx erect in fruit; corolla
surpassing the calyx, the limb almost rotate, 2 to 5 lines in diameter. — Seems to pass
into the next.

3. E. Chorisianum, DC. At first erect, soon spreading or decumbent; larger leaves,
2 to 4 inches long; flowers in lax, usually solitary racemes, many of them leafy-bracted;
pedicels sometimes filiform and 2 to 9 lines long; corolla more funnel-form, its limb 3
to 5 lines in diameter. — This may be a wet ground form of the last, which grows on dry
ground.

4. E. fulvTim, A. DC. A span to a foot high, slender branched from a leafy base,
pubescent; leaves linear, or the lower lanceolate or spatulate; spikes at maturity nearly
filiform, bracteate only at the base; calyx, etc., densely clothed with rusty or fulvous
hairs; caXys. deciduous, only the lower part remaining under the fruit; corolla limb 2
lines across.

5. E. canescens, Gr. Stouter and larger than the last; the pubescence whitish,
not rusty; leaves linear; calyx hardly deciduous.

6. E. oxycaryum, Gr. [May be known by the solitary ovate-acuminate, smooth,
•hining nutlet enclosed in the persistent bur-like calyx; corolla 2 lines wide.

4. ECHINOSPERMUM, Swartz.

Calyx lobes spreading or reflexed in fruit. Corolla short, salver-form, and with con-
spicuous arching crests at the throat. Short filaments, style, etc., as in Eritrichium.
Nutlets with barbed prickles.

1. E. floribundum, Lehm. Rather strict, 2 ft. or more high, or sometimes smaller;
teaves from oblong to linear-lanceolate; racemes numerous, usually geminate; the tri-

86 CONVOLVULACEiE. (M0RNI2yG GLORY FATVITT.Y.)

angular nutlets armed with prickles on the margins; limb of the rotate corolla 2 to 6
lines in diameter, blue, rarely white.

5. CYNOGLOSSUM, Toum.

Chiefly distinguished from the preceding by the broad large leaves, the bractlesi
racemes and the nutlets clothed over the whole back with stout barbed prickles.

1. C. grande, DougL About 2 ft. high, pubescence soft; radical and lower stem
leaves ovate oblong, usually rounded or cordate at the base, long petioled; panicled
racemes or cymes small, on a long naked terminal peduncle; corolla tube exceeding the
calyx; its limb blue to violet, with usually purple crests; 3 to 5 lines wide.

6. PECTOCARYA, DC.

Structure of the minute white flowers similar to the preceding; nutlets widely spread-
ing in pairs, horizontal, oblong or almost linear, surrounded by an incurved wing-like
border which is toothed, the apex beset with hooked bristles.

1. P. penicillata, A. DC. Very slender, diffusely branching, spreading, with nar-
row linear leaves, and small flowers scattered the whole length of the stem, on very short
pedicels; nutlets only a line long.

Oeder 41. CONVOLVULACEiE.

Herbs, usually twining or trailing, with alternate leaves (or scales) and regular perfect
flowers; the stamens as many as the lobes or angles of the corolla and alternate with
them (5, rarely 4); the free persistent calyx of mostly distinct imbricated sepals; ovary
2-3-celled; capsules generally globular; seeds 1 to 4. Inflorescence axillary.

Corolla plaited in the bud; style single Convolvidus. 1

CoroUa S-cleft; styles 2. Cressa. 2

Twining parasites, leafless, yellowish Cuscuta. 3

1. CONVOLVULUS, L

Corolla campanulate or short and open funnel-form, with a 5-angulate or obscurely
5-lobed border, deeply plaited down the sinuses in the bud. Stamens included. Style
filiform; stigmas 2, in ours flat, from linear toovaL (See Addenda.)

* A pair of bracts close to the calyx, enveloping it.
1. C. Soldanella, L. Maritime, low, smooth; stems a foot or less in length, trail-
ing; leaves reniform entire or obscurely angulate-lobed, an inch or two broad, long
petioled; corolla pink, purplish, or nearly white.

CONVOLVULACEiE. (mORNINQ GLORY FAillLY.) 87

2. C. occidentalis, Gr. Mostly smooth; stems twining several feet high; leaves
from broadly ovate-triangular with a deep and narrow basal sinus to narrowly lanceolate-
hastate; the posterior lobes often 1-2-toothed; peduncle elongated, not rarely 2-flowered
within the bracts; these ovate or rarely oblong, commonly surpassing the enclosed calyx;
corolla white or pinlcish, 1 to 1^ inches broad; stigmas linear.

3. C. Califomicus, Choi. Minutely and rather densely pubescent, a span or less
high, or with trailing stems a foot long; leaves from ovate or obovate and obscurely
hastate to triangular-hastate, the basal lobes sometimes 1-2-toothed, long-petioled; pe-
duncles shorter than the petiole; bracts oblong or oval, about equaling the sepals, or
shorter; corolla white, cream-color or flesh-color, IJ to 2 inches long.

4. C. villosiis, Gr. Densely silky-villous or woolly; corolla cream colored, an inch
long.

* * iVo calyx-like bracts; sometimes a -pair of leaves close under tlie Jlower or a pair of
bracts at some distance below it.

5. C. luteolus, Gr. Stems twining several feet long; leaves triangular-hastate or
sagittate, the basal lobes sometimes 2-lobed; peduncles bearing a pair of linear or lan-
ceolate entire bracts, a little below the flower; a second flower occasionally from the
axil of one of them; corolla pale yellow or purplish, an inch or more in length; stigmas
linear.

2. CRESSA, L.

Corolla deeply 5-cleft; the oblong or ovate lobes more than half the length of the
somewhat campanulate tube. Stamens and the 2 distinct styles exserted. Stigmas
capitate.

1. C. Cretica, L. A span or two high, silky-villous and hoary ; leaves very
numerous, 2 to 4 lines long, almost sessile; flowers ecasile or nearly so in the upper axils;
corolla 2 or 3 lines long, white. — On saline or alkaline soiL

3. CUSCUTA, Toum. Dodder.

Calyx 5-4-cleft or parted. Corolla campanulate or short-tubular, the spreading limb
5-4-parted. Styles in our species 2, distinct. Seeds genninating in the soil, but the
thread-like, branching, leafless, yellowish or reddish twining stems becoming parasitic on
the bark of herbs or small shrubs; being attached by means of suckers. Flowers small,
cymose or densely clustered, white or whitish.

* Capsule depressed-globose,

1. C. Califomica, Choisy. Flowers pedicelled in loose few-flowered cymes; lobes of
the calyx acute; lobes of the corolla lanceolate-subulate, delicate white; no scales below
the stamens.

Var. breviflora, Engel. Flowers scarcely over a line long; calyx lobes equaling the
corolla-tube.

88 SOLANACIL^. (potato FAMILY.)

Var. longiloba, EngeL Flowers 1^ to 2^ lines long; calyx-lobes often with recurved
tips; capsule mostly only 1 -seeded, enveloped by the withered corolla.

* * Capsule pointed^ capped or enveloped hy the withered corolla.

2. C. salina, Engel. Flowers 1^ to 2J lines long delicate white; corolla lobes often
overlapping, denticulate; capsule surrounded but not capped by the corolla, usually
1 -seeded. — Growing in saline marshes, usually on Salicomia.

3. C. subinclusa, Dur. «& Hilg. Flowers sessile or nearly so (at length in large
clusters), 2^ to 4 lines long; lobes of the corolla short, the tube somewhat urn-shaped,
only partly covered by the fleshy, usually reddish calyx. — The most common species
growing on coarse herbs and shrubs.

Order 42. SOLANACEiE.

Herbs or shrubs, with alternate leaves and no stipules, regular 5-merous flowers on
bractless pedicels, a single style and a 2-celled ovary; the fruit a many-seeded berry or
capsule.

This small order of, perhaps, not more than a dozen species west of the Sierra Nevada,
and less than 70 in North America, is remarkable for the diversity of properties exhibited
by its members, and the almost universal use by man of several of its species. At first
view, the classification seems absurd which puts fiery Cayenne pepper and insipid egg
plants, the wholesome tomato and deadly night-shade, nutritious potatoes and poisonous
tobacco together in one family. A careful examination shows that these seemingly very
different plants are much alike after all. The four most important plants of this order —
potato, tobacco, red or Cayenne pepper, and tomato — are natives of tropical America,
and were consequently not used in the Old World before the sixteenth century. The
following ornamental plants of the order are common in cultivation: Jerusalem Cherry
{Solanum Pseudo-Capsicum), a small shrub, with red berries; Jasmine Solanum {S. Jas-
minoides), a shrubby climber, with a profusion of nearly white blossoms a little smaller
than those of the potato; the well-known Matrimony Vine [Lycium vulgare); Tree
Datura or Stramonium {Datura arhorea), with hanging flowers six or seven inches in
length; Cestrum, a shrub with drooping tubular red flowers in terminal bunches; and
Petunia, with funnel-form corollas of various colors.

Solanum JTanti, Gray, grows along the coast from Santa Barbara Bouthward, and has been reported
from Lake County. It is more berbaceons than .S. umbelliferum, and may be distinguished with the aid
of a lens by its simple glandular hairs, instead of the branching hairs of the latter species.

Physalis or Ground Cherry may be found in cultivated ground. Its berries are enclosed by an
inflated calyx.

Datura Meteloides, DC, grows on the Salinas River and southward. The flowers are white or violet
tuiged, and 6 to 8 inches long, with a wide border; the capsule nodding.

BOLANACE^. (POTATO FAMILY.) 88a

"Corolla rotate; fruit a berry Solanum. 1

•Corolla funnel-form; capsule large, spiny Datura. 2

Corolla funnel-form ; capsule smooth Nicotiana. 3

1. SOLANUM, Tourn.

Lobes of the corolla valvate in the bud. Filaments short; anthers usually conniving.
Style elongated.

• Corolla small white; deeply 5 -cleft.

1. S. nigrum, L. (Black Nightshade.) Widely branching; leaves usually ovate
and sinuate toothed; flowers in umbellate clusters; berries black. Variable.

Var. Douglasii, Gr. Leaves apt to be coarsely toothed; flowers sometimes half an

inch broad.

* * Corolla large, blue, 6-angled.

2. S. umbelliferum, Esch. Somewhat shrubby; flowers in umbel-like clusters,
violet-blue to rarely white, about 9 lines broad. A variable species similar to .S", Xanti,
which is less shrubby and has larger flowers, a common species farther south.

2. DATURA, L. Stramonium.

Calyx prismatic, partly deciduous. Corolla with ample 5-pointed limb. Style lonfj;
Btigma 2-lipped. Capsule spiny.

1. D. Stramonium, L. Smooth, green; corolla white, about 3 inches long; cap-
Bule beset with short, stout prickles, the lower shorter.

2. D. Tatula, L. Stem reddish-purple; corolla pale violet; prickles about equaL

3. D. quercifolia, HBK. Green; corolla violet-tinged; prickles flattened, unequal,
«ome an inch long. — Lower Russian Kiver.

3. NICOTIANA, Toum. Tobacco.

Calyx campanulate or oblong, persistent. Corolla commonly fimnel-form, the limb
plaited. Style long; stigma capitate, somewhat 2-lobed. — Very viscid herbs.

1. N. rustica, L. Leaves petioled, ovate, or the lower slightly cordate; corolla
■hort and broad, dull white, less than an inch long.

2. N. Bigelovii, Wat. Leaves oblong or oblong-lanceolate, only the lower ones
petioled, these scarcely exceeding 6 inches long; corolla nearly salver-form with tube 1^
inches long, the limb an inch or more wide, its lobes acute.

3. N. attenuata, Torr. (Slendee Tobacco.) Leaves petioled, the lower ovate or
oblong, the upper lanceolate to linear lanceolate; calyx teeth short; corolla greenish
white, salver-form, an inch or more long, and a half an inch or less across. Slender
plants 3 or 4 feet iiigh in cultivated ground.

4. N. glauca, Graham. (Tobacco Tree.) A small tree, commonly cultivated;
smooth, glaucous leaves long-petioled; tubular corolla greenish yellow, an inch or more
long.

88b

SCROPHULARIACE^. (fIGWORT FAMILY.)

Order 26. SCROPHULARIACEiE.

A corolla more or less bilabiate, with the lobes imbricated in the bud; didynamous or
diandrous stamens; a single style and a .2-celled ovary and capsule mark this large
order. In Pentstemon there is a fifth rudimentary stamen. Verbascum has five perfect
stamens.

Mimulus glutinosus.

a. Hipe capsule of Mi-
mulus luteus. h. The
same seen edgewise burst-
ing open. c. A cross
section of the same, show-
ing the placentas and
seeds, d. Pistil of Mi-
mulus luteus. e. Front
view of one of the an-
thers. /. Back vieAV of
Above these are the stamens of Mi-

the same.

mulus glutinosus united in pairs.

a. Single flower and bract of Pedicularis densi-
flora (galea flattened laterally, the pistil protrud-
ing; the lower lip of 3 small lobes, 2 of which
are shoAvn). h. A single flower of Castilleia.

c. Single flower of Orthocarpus purpurascens.

d. Pront view of the same, with calyx removed.
The lower lip (anterior or front part of the
flower) 3-lobed, the galea beaked and surpassing
the stigma.

This large order, numbering nearly 2,000 species, is remarkable for the great Deauty of
fts flowers, and for the impartial distribution of its species over the whole world. Over
300 species, belonging to 37 genera, are natives of the United States. About 75 species
grow east of the Mississippi, and about 100 west of the Sierra Nevada in this State. The

SCROPHDLARIACEiE. (FIGWORT FAMILY.) 89

most important American genera are Pentstemon, 75 species, found, with one exception,
only in North America, and mostly within the limits of the United States between the
Rocky Mountains and the Sierra Nevada; Mimulus, represented in other countries, but
most largely in North America, where there are 30 species, about two thirds of which
grow in California, west of the Sierra Nevada, only 2 species reaching the Atlantic
States; Orthocarpus, 24 species, all North American, except one, and west of the
Mississippi, 16 belonging to California; Gerardia, 24 species, mostly in the Atlantic
States, and none reaching the Rocky Mountains; Castilleia, 23 species, 2 Asiatic, 3 in the
Atlantic States, and S or 9 in California; Pedicularis, a large genua, mostly in the arctic
regions and on high mountains of the temperate zone, 28 American species; CoUinsia, 15
species, all Califomian, except two, which grow in the Mississippi Valley. Several
showy species of shrubby Veronicas are cultivated. This large genus, numbering 40
species in New Zealand alone, is represented in the United States by only a few obscure
herbs. Digitalis, commonly cultivated under the name of Foxglove, has run wild about
Humboldt Bay and in the Willamette Valley.

Many plants belonging to the genera Pentstemon, Collinsia, and Mimulus are culti-
vated on account of their beautiful flowers. Pentstemons are mostly confined to hilly or
mountainous districts. Collinsias grow everywhere. Most species of Mimulus prefer
moist places, but the only shrubby species, M. gliUinoatis, grows on dry, rocky hillsides.

Two species of Verbascum (Mullein) are found In the State, but probably not "witliln our limits; r.
Thapsui, L.. ■with •woolly decurrent leaves and F. virgatum. Withe., distinguished by nearly smooth not
decurrent leaves and violet bearded filaments.

* Leaves mostly alternate; corolla personate.
Corolla spurred at base Linaria. 1

Corolla gibbous at base Antdrrhiuuixi. 2

• * Leaves opposite or whorled.

Corolla erect, the anterior lobe reflexed, the other 4 erect, a scale in the throat on

the upper side Scrophulciria. 3

Corolla declined, the middle lower lobe infolding the stamens and style , . . Collinsia, 4

Carolla with a fifth sterile filament on the upper side Pentstemon. 5

Stigma 2-lipped or disk-like Mimulus. 6

* * * Corolla rotate or short-campanulate.

Calyx 5-toothed; corolla campanulate .Limosella. 7

Calyx 4-parted; corolla 4-lobed, rotate Veronica. 8

• • • * Corolla tubular; the upper lip erect or incurved, laterally compressed, usually en-

closimj the ascending stamens.

Corolla narrow with almost obsolete lower lip Castilleia. 9

Corolla with saccate lower lip of 3 lobes Orthocarpus. 10

90 SCROPHULARIACKE. (fIQWOET FAMILY.)

Lips of corolla, both short; the lower 3-crenulate Cordylanthus, 11

Upper lip of the corolla arched; many large radical leaves Pedicularis. 12

1, LINARIA, Toum.

Calyx 5-parted. Corolla with the throat nearly closed; the bas« in front (below) pro-
longed into a spur.

1. L. Canadensis, Dnm. (Toad Flax.) Smooth; leaves linear, alternate on the
erect flowering stems, but smaller and broader ones often opposite or whorled on the
procumbent shoots; flowers blue in a tenninal raceme.

2. ANTIRRHINUM, Toum. Snapdeaoon,

Like Linaria, except that the corolla has a saccate protuberance instead of a spur. In
ours the upper lip is spreading and the lower lobes deflexed.

1. A. glandnlosum, Lindl. Glandular and viscid; leaves lanceolate, mostly sessile;
flowers in a dense spike or raceme, half an inch or more long, pink with yellowish
palate.

9.. A. vagans, Gr. Very diffiise, often glandular, branchlets frequently prehensile;
leaves short, lanceolate to ovate; flowers scattered, purplish blue, half an inch long.

Var. Bolanderi, Gr. Has broader and thinner leaves, those on the prehensile branch*
lets orbicular.

3. A. Brewerl, Gr. Has smaller flowers, only 3 lines long; style strongly deflexed.

3. SCROPHULARIA, Toum. Figwoet.

Calyx deeply 6-cleft, the lobes broad. Corolla short, with an oblong tube unequally
5-lobed, 4 erect, the two upper the longer. Stamens 4, inserted in pairs, low down on
the corolla tube, a rudiment of the fifth stamen in the form of a scale above. Coarse
herbs, with inconspicuous flowers.

1. S. Califomica, Cham. Nearly smooth, 2 to 6 ft. high, with deltoid or truncate-
ovate doubly toothed opposite leaves; flowers small greenish or lurid red (rarely yellow)
in a terminal thyrsus.

4. COLLINSIA, Nutt.

Calyx deeply 5-cleft. Corolla with the tube gibbous or saccate on the tipper side,
commonly declined, conspicuously bilabiate; the upper lip 2-cleft, and its lobes recurv-
ing; the lower 3-lobed and larger, its side lobes pendulous-spreading, the middle one
folded into a keel-shaped sac and including the declined stamens and style. Stamens in
pairs, with long filaments, anthers round-renif orm. A gland at the base of the corolla on
the upper side answers to the fifth stamen. — Beautiful annuals with simple opposite or
whorled leaves, all but the lower sessile; pedicels solitary or whorled in the axils of leaves
which diminish to small bracts above.

SCROPHULARIACE^. ( FIG WORT FAMILY. ) 91

• Floicers i<kort-pediceled or nearly sessile, verticillate,

1. C. bicolor, Benth. A foot or more high; leaves oblong-lanceolate, the upper
asnally ovate-lanceolate and sessile by a nervose veined base; pedicels shorter than tho
acute lobes of the calyx; the lower lip or the corolla violet or rose-purple and the upper
paler to nearly white; the saccate throat very oblique to the true tube, fully as broad as
long; gland short. — The most showy species, with flowers nearly an inch long.

2. C. tinctoria, Hartw. Foliage, etc, like the preceding; generally more viscid-
pubescent; flowers almost sessile; corolla yellowish, cream-color, or white, usually with
purple dots or lines; upper lip very short. — East side of Sacramento Valley.

3. C. bartsiaefolia, Benth. Puberulent and somewhat glandular; leaves from ovate-
oblong to linear; flower-whorls 2 to 5, rarely only one; the lateral lobes of the lower lip
emarginate or obcordate; gland elongated. Flowers nearly as large as the preceding,
purplish, pale violet, or whitish; upper lip with a transverse callosity at the origin of the
limb.

4. C. Greenei, Gr. Upper lip of the violet purple corolla about half the length of
the lower, crested below with a pair of callous teeth on each side connected by a ridge.
Corolla 5 lines long. — Lake County.

* * Flowers on slender pedicels, solitary or umhellate-whorled.

6. C. sparsiflora, Fisch. & ^Mey. Slender; upper leaves linear-oblong or linear-
lanceolate, merely opposite or the upper minute floral bracts in threes; pedicels solitary
in the axils, longer or shorter than the flower which is 4 to 8 lines long; corolla mostly
violet; the upper lip and the middle lobe of the lower commonly yellowish and purple-
dotted; cal^'x usually purple-tinged.

7. C. parviflora, Dough Low, at length dififuse about a span high; the blue, or
partly white flowers solitary or 2 to 5 in a whorl, 2 to 4 lines long; Btigma cleft, gland
capitate, short-stipitate.

5. PENTSTEMON, Mitch.

Calyx 5-parted. Corolla with a conspicuous mostly elongated or ventricose tube; the
limb more or less bilabiate; upper lip 2-lobed; the lower 3-cleft, recurved or spreading. —
The conspicuous sterile filament strongly marks the genus, remarkable for its many beau-
tiful species. (See Addenda. )

1. P. Menziesii, Hook. Tufted at the woody base, a span to a foot high; leaves oval
or ovate, a half to an inch long; corolla about an inch long, pink-red; anthers with the
diverging cells long- woolly. Mt. St. Helena, Mrs. M. L. Swett.

2. P. corymboaus, Benth. A foot or two high, soft-pubescent or nearly smooth,
leafy to the tip; corolla scarlet, an inch long; anthers smooth; steril filament, bearded
down one side.

3. P. breviflorus, LindL 3 to G ft. high, with long, slender, flowering branches;
torolla yellowish with flesh-color, striped within with pink, about half an inch long; the
bpper lip beset with long viscid hairs; sterile filament naked.

92 SCEOPHULAKIACE^. (FIGWOKT FAMILY.)

4. P. Lemmoni, Gr. Is smaller and may be distinguished from the last by ita
yellow bearded sterile filament.

5. P. heterophyllus, Lindl. Stems 1 to 5 ft. high from a woody base; leaves lan-
ceolate or linear; corolla an inch or more in length, ventricose, rose-purple or pmk chang-
ing to violet, an inch or more in length. Difficult to distinguish from the next. — Coast
Range.

6. P. azureus, Benth. Usually smaller than the last; the larger corolla azure blue
changing to violet; the base sometimes reddish; the expanded limb sometimes an inch
broad. — Sierra Nevada.

6. MIMULUS, L.

Calyx mostly plicately o-angled. Corolla funnel-form, with the included or rarely
exserted tube bilabiately 6-lobed; the lobes roundish, more or less spreading or the
upper turned back; a pair of ridges running down the lower side of the throat. The
anthers often approximate in pairs, their cells divergent. The lobes of the stigma com-
monly petaloid-dilated or peltate-funnelform. — Flowers axillary on simple peduncles;
commonly showy.

1. M. tricolor, LindL Stem, when beginning to flower, only a quarter of an inch
high, at length 3 inches. Corolla about 1^ inches long, with a long exserted slender
tube, a short funnelform throat, and similar nearly equal lobes; pink, with a crimson
spot on the base of each lobe, a yellow stain along the lower lip. Leaves sessile.

2. M. Douglasii, Gr. Similar to the last; leaves contracted into a petiole; lower
lip of the corolla much shorter than the erect upper one or even obsolete; the throat
more ample. Stem from a ^ to 6 inches high.

3. M. glutinosus, Wendl. A brittle-stemmed shrub, 2 to 6 ft. high, with thick
glutinous-sticky leaves and mostly buff or salmon-colored flowers, but running into
varieties with red, red-brown, or scarlet flowers.

4. M. cardinalis, Dougl. Villous, with viscid hairs; the large leaves ovate, the
upper often connate; corolla frequently 2 inches long; the tube hardly exceeding the long
calyx, the limb very oblique, scarlet. — Along water courses.

5. M. luteus, L. Mostly smooth, varying greatly in size from a foot to even 4 ft.
high; leaves ovate oval or cordate; corolla deep yellow, usually spotted within, and
the base of the lower lip blotched with brown-purple, from 1 to 2 inches long. Moist
ground.

6. M. inconspicuus, Gr. Smooth, 2 to 7 inches high; the ovate or lanceolate
leaves sessile, a half inch or less long; corolla 5 lines long, yellow or rose-color; calyx
teeth very short.

7. M. moschatus, Dougl. (Musk Plaint.) Very villous and usually musk-scented j
stems spreading and creeping; flowers yellow. — Our form is chiefly

Var. longiflonis, Gr., with very clammy leaves and flowers an inch long, scarcely
musky.

SCROPHDLARUCEiE. (FIGWORT FAMTLT.) 93

8. M, pilosus, Wat. A span to a foot high, much branched, soft, villous and
•lightly viscid, many flowered from near the base; leaves lanceolate to narrowly oblonp^
•essile, entire; calyx tube not prismatic; corolla yellow, obscurely bilabiate, 3 or 4 lines
long, usually a pair of brown-purple spots on the lower lobe.

7. LIMOSELLA, L. Mudwort.

Calyx campanulate. Corolla rotate-campanulate, nearly regular. Style short; stigma
thickish. — Diminutive annuals, with narrow fleshy leaves in clusters around the 1-flow-
ered scapes. Flower small, white or purplish.

1. L. aquatica, L. An inch to a span high, growing in brackish mud or in fresh
water.

8. VERONICA, L.

The lower lobe and sometimes the lateral ones of the rotate corolla sometimes smaller
than the others. Stamens 2, one on each side of the upper lobe of the corolla. Cap-
sules compressed. Flowers small (a line or two broad), in racemes or spikes, or solitary
in the axils; blue, purplish, or white.

1. V. Americana, Schw. Stems a span to two feet long; leaves ovate or oblong,
serrate, rather succulent, short-petioled, an inch or two long, opposite. Flowers in axil-
lary racemes, bluish, with purple stripes. Common in damp places.

2. V. peregrina, L. A span or more high, all the upper leaves alternate, linear-
oblong; flowers minute, in the axils of the leaves, and mostly narrow bracts; capsule
©bcordate.

9. CASTILLEIA, Mutis. Painted-Cup.

Calyx tubular, more or less cleft in front or behind, or both; the lobes 2 and lateral, or
4. Corolla tubular, laterally compressed, especially the long upper lip (galea) ; the lower
lip very short or minute, 3-tootlied, and somewhat saccate below the short teeth; the
tube usually inclosed in the calyx. Stamens 4, inclosed in the galea; anthers 2-celled,
the long cells unequal, the outer fixed by the middle, the inner ones smaller, pendulous.
Style long; the capitate stigma sometimes 2-lobed. Herbs, sometimes woody at the base,
with mostly alternate, sessile leaves, the floral ones or their tips, as well as the calyx
lobes, commonly petaloid and colored red, yellow, or white. Flowers in terminal, simple,
leafy spikes.

1. C. afBnis, Hook. & Arn. Annual; a foot or two high; leaves narrowly lanceo-
late, entire; the upper floral bracts usually broader, the apex toothed, red; spike with
scattered, frequently pedicellate flowers below; calyx red; an inch long, its front fissure
hardly twice as deep as the back one, the narrow lobes acutely 2-cleft; corolla 1 to IJ
Inches long, exserted so as to expose the callous lip; the galea about equal to the tube,
yellowish or tipped with red.

2 C. latifolia, Hook «& Am. Perennial (as are all the following); branching from

94 SCROPHULAEIACKE. (fIGWORT FAMILY.)

the base, 1 or 2 ft. high, villous-hirsute and viscid; leaves oval, obtuse, half an inch or
more long, some above 3-5-lobed and red; calyx 2-cleft to the middle, the lobes entire or
emarginate, almost equaling the corolla; corolla 8 lines long, the short teeth of the lip
inflexed.

3. C. parviflora, Bong. A span to 2 ft. high, villous-hirsute above; leaves variously
cleft into linear or lanceolate lobes, or sometimes the cauline are mainly entire and nar-
row; calyx lobes oblong and 2-cleft at the apex or to below the middle; corolla an inch or
less long; only the upper part of the narrow galea exserted — A variable species. As in-
the preceding species, the bracts and calyx are usually colored red or crimson, but some-
times varying to yellow or even white.

4. C. miniata, DougL Commonly 2 ft. high, strict, often slender; leaves lanceolate
or linear-lanceolate, almost always entire, the broad floral ones of the close spike some-
times incised or 3-cleft, usually bright red, rarely whitish; calyx lobes lanceolate, acutely
2-cleft; corolla over an inch long, exserted, exposing the short ovate teeth of the lip.

5. C. foliolosa. Hook. & Am. Densely white- woolly, the matted hairs loosened with
age; many-stemmed from a woody base; leaves narrowly linear, an inch or less long,
crowded below and fascicled in the axils.

10. ORTHOCARPUS, Nutt

Chiefly distinguished from Castilleia by the upper lip of the corolla (galea) which but
little, if at all, surpasses the usually more conspicuous and inflated 1-3-saccate lower
lip.

§ 1. Ci^STiLLEioiDES, Gr. — Lower Up of the corolla simply or somewhat triply saccate^ and
hearing 3 conspicuous teeth; the galea hroadish or narrow; stigrna capitate; anthers aU
2-celled; bracts with colored tips.

* Filaments smooth; galea straight or nearly so, naked, narrow; the Up moderately

ventricose; its teeth erect.

1. O. attenuatus, Gr. Slender, strict, a span or two high, mostly simple; leaves
linear and attenuate, often with a pair of filiform lobes; spike slender; lower flowers-
Bcattered; bracts with slender lobes barely white-tipped; corolla narrow, half an inch
long, white or whitish; narrow teeth of the purple-spotted lip nearly equaling the galea.

2. O. densifloms, Benth. Erect or difiusely branched from the base 6 to 12 inches
high; spike dense, many flowered, at length cylindrical, or lowest flowers rather distant;
bracts 3-cleft, about equaling the flowers, their linear lobes purple and white; corolla
from 8 to 12 lines long, the tips usually purplish, the teeth of the lip shorter than the

galea.

3. O. castilleioides, Benth. At length diffuse and corymbosely branched; leaves from
lanceolate to oblong, usually laciniate; the upper and the bracts cuneate-dilated and
incisely cleft, green or the obtuse tips whitish or yellowish; spikes dense, short and thicki
corolla nearly an inch long, dull white or purplish- tipped; lip ventricose-dilated.

BCR0PHULARIACEJ2. (FIGWORT FAiTILT.) 95

• • Filaments pubescent ; galea densely red-bearded ; the obtuse tip incurved.

4. O. purpurascens, Benlh. Bracts and corolla usually crimson to rose-color.
Distinguished by the bearded, hooked galea, and large stigma.

§ 2. Tkiphtsaria, Benth. — Lower lip of the corolla conspicuously 3-saccate, and very much
larger than the slender galea, its teeth small, the tube jH'iform; stigma capitate, some-
times 2-lobed; bracts like the leaves and not colored.

5. O. pusillus, Benth. Small and weak or diffuse, branched from the base, 3 or 4
inclies high; leaves 1-2-pinnatifjd, and bracts 3-5-parted into filiform divisions; flowers
scattered, inconspicuous, shorter than the bracts; corolla purplish, 2 or 3 lines long; lip
moderately 3-lobed; galea soon exposing the stamens.

C. O. floribundus, Benth. Slender, erect, 4 to 12 inches high; spike many-flowered,
dense above; corolla white or cream-color, half an inch long; the tube twice the length
of the calyx; stamens about the length of the soon open galea; the lip with 3 divergent
oval sacs, their scarious teeth erect.

7. O. erianthus, Benth. Erect, a span or more high, much branched, pubescent;
corolla sulphur-yellow, -with the slightly falcate galea brown-purple; tube G to 8 lines
long, liliform, densely pubescent, thrice the length of the caljTc; the lip of 3 globular-
inflated sacs, 1 to 2 lines long; the galea subulate, inclosing the stamens more strictly
than the preceding.

Var. roseus, Gr. Corolla rose-purple, shorter.

8. O. faucibarbatus, Gr. Nearly smooth, less branched, and leaves -with coarsex'^
divisions than the last; corolla with smaller sacs and less beard within the lip; th«
straight galea pale.

9. O. lithospertnoides, Benth. Hirsute above; stem 4 to 12 inches high, strict,
mostly simple, very leafy; bracts of the dense many-flowered spike about equaling ths'
flowers; corolla an inch or less long, cream-color, often turning pale rose-color; sacs 3
lines deep; the teeth inconspicuous; anthers 2-celled.

11. CORDYLANTHUS. Nutt.

Calyx of an anterior and a posterior leaf- like division, or the former wanting. Corollw
tubular, a little enlarging upward; tlie lips short and of nearly equal length; the lower
very obtusely and crenulatcly 3-toothed; the upper straight and compressed, witli th*»
apex incurved. Style mostly hooked at the tip. — Branching annuals with alternate nar-
row leaves either entire or 3-o-partcd; the floral ones not brightly colored. Flowers one
to each bract, dull-colored, yellowish or purplish; the corolla not much exceeding the
calyx.

§1. Adenosteoia, Gr. — Calyx 2-leaved; fiowers short pediceled ornearly sessile, siU-

tended by 2 to 4 bractlets; floral leaves and bracts tipped with a gland.
1. C. filifolius, Nutt. A foot or two high; leaves filiform; the lower entire, t' t

"96 OBOBANCHACE^. (bBOOM-RAPE FAMILY.)

upper 3-5-parted, the floral with cuneate base and ciliate margins; corolla purplish, G to
9 lines long.

2. C pilosus, Gr. Larger, soft- villous and hoary; the floral leaves 3-toothed at the
ti]); corolla yellowish with some purple, less than an inch long.

§ 2. Hemistegia, Gr. — Calyx 1 -leaved ; Jlowers xvitliout bractlets, each sessile in the axil
of a claspi7iy bract; no glands at the tips of the leaves,

3. C. maritimus, Nutt. Leaves smooth, somewhat fleshy, all entire; flowers in a
capitate spike ; corolla dull-purplish; pairs of filaments very unequal. — Li salt marshes.

4. C. mollis, Gr. Stamens only 2, with smooth filaments; the upper leaves toothed
or pinnatifid. — Salt marshes.

12. PEDICULARIS, Toum.

Calyx 2-5-toothed, irregular. Corolla strongly bilabiate; the galea arched and laterally
compressed; the lip 2-crested above, 3-lobed. Stamens 4, inclosed in the galea; anthers
transverse, equally 2-celled.

1. P, densiflora, Benth. Nearly smooth, stout, becoming a foot or more high;
leaves broad-lanceolate in outline, twice-pinnatifid or pinnately parted, and the divisions
irregularly and sharply incised or toothed; the upper bracts of the dense elongated spike
or raceme simpler; calyx-teeth, 5; corolla red or scarlet.

Order U. OROBANCHACE-ffl.

Root-parasitic herbs, destitute of leaves and green color. Distinguished from Scroph-
ulariacecB by the 1 -celled ovary.

1. APHTLLCN, J^Iitch.

Calyx 5-cleft, or 5-parted, regular or nearly so. Corolla tubular and curved, almost
re-mlar, or bilabiate. Stamens included; cells of the anthers deeply separated from below
upward, mucronate at base. Stigma peltate or bilamellar. — Low pale orbrownisl\ herbs;
the flowers yellowish or purplish.

* Scapes or peduncles naked; corolla with an almo.^i regular 5-lobed border.

1. A, unifloniin, Gr. Coralla about an inch long, bluish puqDle, violet-scented.

2. A. fasciculatum, Gr. Scaly stem rising out of the ground 2 or 3 inclies, bearing
many peduncles; lobes of the calyx not longer than the tube; flowers dull yellow or
purplish. •

* Stems rising above the ground; Jlowers bracteate; corolla plainly bilabiate.

3. A. Gomosuin, Gr. Low, branching at or near the surface of the ground; flowers

LABLVT^. (.MINT FAMILY.) 97

cu sleD«ler pedicles in a corymb or short raceme; corolla rose-purple or purple, an inch
or more long, or twice the length of tiie deeply parted calyx; antherj woolly.

4. A. Califomicum. Gr. Flowers crowded in an oblong thyrsus or raceme; calyx
lobes nearly equaling the tube of the yellowish or purplish corolla; anthers smooth or
nearly so.

5. A. tuberosum, G. Tlowers small, sessile in a compact cluster; yellowish.
BoschniaJcia ttrobilacra, Gr., if fomid may bo known by its reecmblanco to a Bpruce cone, 3 or 4

incheti long, the flowers striped with white and brownish red; scale-like bracta brown.

Order 45. LABIATE.

Chiefly aromatic herbs with square stems, opposite simple leaves, and no stipules,
bilabiate corolla, didynamous or diandroua stamens, and a 4-lobed ovary with a smgle
style, forming seed-like nutlets in the bottom of the persistent calyx. — Flowers perfect,
axillary. Calyx .3-5-toothed or cleft, or bilabiate. Stamens on the tubes of the corolla.
Style, 2-cleft at the apex; often unequally so, or one of the lobes obsolete; stigmas
minute.

Tribe 1. SATURI]IE.aE3. Stamens erect or ascending; the posterior pair shorter
or ^vantiug; anthers 2-celled, and the short lobes never far separated, sometimes partly
confluent but not blended. Upper lip of the corolla never hooded; all the lobes flat or
nearly so.

* The small corolla about equallt/ 4-lobed; tube naked within.

Stamens 4, nearly equal . - Mentha. 1

Stamens 2, with anthers; posterior pair sterile or wanting Lycopus. 2

* * Corolla bilabiate; no hairy ring within tJie base of the tube.
+■ Calyx about equally 5-toothed and IS-nerved; style beardless.
Flowers glomerate-capitate. Stamens 4, straight.

Stamens distant and divergent Pycnantliemuin- 3

Stamens exserted Monardella. 4

Flowers solitarj' or clustered in the axils.
Stamens 4, curving, shorter than the corolla Micromeria, 5

•i- +- Calyx unequally and deeply 5-deft, mostly 15-nerved; strjle bearded cJ>ove.
Stamens 4, sometimes the upper pair sterile. PogogynG. 6

* * * Coroll'i not manijexlly bilabiate; a hairy ring at the base of the tube icilhin.
5hrubby. Flowers large, campauulate Spliacele. 7

Tribe 2. MoxARDEiSi Stamens only 2, fertile, the upper pair rudimentary or want-
ing; anthers apparently or really of a single linear-oblong cell, or of 2 cells widely sep-
arated upon the ends of a filament-like connective.

98 LABIATiE. (MINT FAMILT.)

Connective longer than the filament itself, which it strides, a narrow anther-
cell at its upper end, a smaller one or a long process at the lower. Salvia. Q

Connective much shorter than the slender filament and continuous or barely
articulated with its apex, or apparently none; anther 1-celled, no rudi-
ment of the second cell below Audibertia. 9

Tribe 3. Stachtde^. Stamens 4, with anthers, ascending and parallel under the
concave or galeate upper lip of the corolla. Calyx 5-10-nerved. Herbage less aromatic
than the preceding tribes.

Calyx with a projection on the upper side, casque-shaped Scutellaria. 10

Calyx bilabiate. Filaments 2-forked, one fork bearing the anther Bninella. 11

Calyx 5-10-nerved, nearly equally 5-toothed Stachys. 12

Tribe 4. Ajugoidele. Stamens parallel, and protruding from the cleft on the upper
side of the corolla; the anterior longei-.
Corolla with 5 similar oblong lobes Tricliostema. 13

1. MENTHA, L. ]Mint.

Calyx about equally 5-toothed- Corolla with a short included tube, and a campanulate
border; the upper lobe broadest, entire or emarginate. Odorous herbs, with very small
flowers in dense clusters forming an apparent whorl in the axils or spikate at the tops of
the branches.

1, M. Canadensis, L. Leaves from oblong-ovate to almost lanceolate, sharply ser-
rate, acute, short-petioled; flowers all in axillary clusters, whitish or purplish.

2, LYCOPUS, Toum. Water Horehound.

Chiefly distinguished from Mentha by the stamens. Flowers white, in false whorla.
1. L. lucidus, Turcz., var. Americanus, Gr. The subterranean runners producing
Rubers; leaves lanceolate, 2 to 4 inches long, coarsely serrate, sessile or nearly so.

3. PYCNANTHEMUM, Michx.

Corolla short, with tube hardly exceeding the calyx. Anther-cells close and paralleL
Perennial erect herbs with small flowers.

1. P. Califomicum, Torr, About 2 feet high, corymbosely branched, sweet-odor-
ous, whitened with soft pubescence, or in age smoothish : leaves from ovate to ovate-lan-
ceolate, closely sessile by a slightly cordate or roundish base, sparingly denticulate or
entire; heads of dowers very dense at the summit, white- villous; flowers whitish.

4. MONARDELLA, Benth.

Markftl by the flowers compacted in terminal heads involucrate with bracts, flesh-color
or purplo.

LABIATE. (mint FAMILY.) 99

• Perennial, in tufts from a procumbent and almost woody base.

1. M. villosa, Benth. Soft-pubescent or villous a foot or two high; leaves ovate,
often with a few obtuse teeth, being G to 10 lines long, petioled. Sometimes nearly
«mooth.

* * AnnxLal; leaves entire or undulate,

2. M. tindulata, Benth. A span to a foot or more high; leaves from oblong
■patulate to nearly linear with a narrowed base, obtuse, undulate-margined, about an inch
long; bracts and calyx villous; corolla rose-color. Has the odor of Peppermint.

3. M. Breweri, Or. A span or more high; leaves oblong or ovate, pinnately veined,
the larger an inch long; bracts broadly ovate, cuspidate, whitish-scarious, the outer
pinnately and the inner nervosely 7-9-ribbed; corolla rose-purple.

•i. M. Douglasii, Benth. Loosely branched; leaves lanceolate, an inch long, taper-
ing into the petiole; the silvery white or purple-tinged bracts mostly transparent, with a
strong marginal vein connected with the midrib by pinnate veins. — Strong-scented; co-
rolla deep rose-color.

5. MICROMERIA, Bentk

Calyx not gibbous. Corolla short; upper lip erect, flattish, entire or emarginate;
lower spreading, 3-parted. — Low plants, sweet-odorous, with small axillary flowers.

1. M. Douglasii, Benth. Yerba Buena. Perennial herb, with long slender creej>-
Ing and trailing stems; leaves round-ovate, thin, sparingly toothed, short petioled, an
inch long or less; flowers mostly solitary on a long filiform 2-bracteolate peduncle; co-
rolla purplish or white, 4 lines long.

2. M. purpurea, Gr. Erect, much branched; leaves lanceolate, acuminate, sparsely
«errate; flowers in umbel-like clusters; corolla purple-blue, 2 lines long.

6. POGOGYNE, Benth.

CaljT cleft to below the middle; the 2 lower teeth longer; corolla straight, tubular-
funnelform, with short lips; the erect and entire upper lip and the three lobes of the
spreading lower one oval and somewhat alike. Stamens with the upper shorter pair
eometimes sterile; the anther cells parallel and pointless. Style somewhat exserted,
bearded above. — Low annuals, .sweet-aromatic; with oblong or oblanceolatcd leaves nar-
rowed into a petiole; flowers mostly crowded and interrupted spicate; bracts and calyx
hirsute-ciliate; the corolla blue or purplish.

"• Stamens nil four with anthers; style conspicuously bearded above, and its subulate lobes
almost -iqual; corolla G to 9 lines lonq; flowers densely crowded into an oblong cyUndri-
cal spike, which is conspicuously white-hirsute with the long, stiff, ciliatt hairs of tlu
calyx.

I. P. Douglasii, Benth. Rather stout, a span to a foot high; leaves veiny, some*

100 LABUT^. (MIN'T family.)

times sparingly toothed; bracts linear, acute; lower lobes of the calyx mnch longer than
the others.

2. P. parviflora, Benth. Smaller; bracts mostly obtuse; corolla 5 or 6 lines long.

• * Upper stamens sterile; style sparingly hairy y its lobes very unequal; Jiowers barely 2 lines

long.

3. P. serp 7lloides, Gr. Stems 3 to 6 inches high; leaves obovate-oval or spatulate,
'2 or 3 lines long; lower flowers remote and often solitary; the upper usually interruptedly
Bpicate.

7. SPHACBLE, Benth.

Calyx thin, membranaceous and reticulated. Corolla with 5 broad, rather erect lobes,
the lower one longest. Anther cells diverging. Somewhat shrubby, veiny-leaved.

S. calycina, Benth. Villous-pubescent or tomentose, leafy, 2 to 5 ft. hi^h; leaves 2
to 4 inches long, ovate or oblong crenate or serrate, or almost entire; the floral, ovate-
lanceolate, sessile; flowers an inch long, mostly solitary in the upper axils, purplish or
lead-color.

8. SALVIA, L. Sage.

Calyx bilabiate. Corolla deeply 2-lipped, the upper lip erect, straight or falcate,
2-lobed, the lower spreading or drooping, its middle lobe sometimes notched or obcor-
date. In our species the upper lip of the calyx is longer than the lower, 3-2-toothed; the
lower 2-parted; the teeth spinulose; corolla ringent.

1. S. carduacea, Benth. Wliite-woolly with cobwebby hairs; stems nearly naked,
ijurrounded at the base with thistle-like leaves;" head -like false whorls 1 to 4, an inch or
more in diameter, about equaling the involucre of spiny-toothed bracts; corolla 10 to 12
lines long, blue or purple.

2. S. ColumbariaB, Benth. (Chia.) Soft pubescent; flower whorls lor 2; involu-
crate bracts, sometimes purplish; corolla 3 or 4 lines long, blue; leaves not spinescent.

9. AUDIBERTIA, Benth.

Sufficiently distinguished from <S'aZy^a in the synopsis. — Mostly hoary perennials, her-
baceous or shrubby; with rugose-veiny, crenulate, sage-like leaves, and densely capitate-
glomerate flowers.

1. A. grandiflora, Benth. Stems 1 to 3 feet high from a somewhat woody base;
lower leaves 3 to 8 inches long; floral ones broadly ovate and membranaceous; corolla an
inch and a half long; purple-crimson; stamens much exserted-

2. A. hiimilis, Benth. A span high, cespitose; leaves mainly radical; spike of 3 or
4 small, sessile, head-like clusters; corolla half an inch longer less, bluish purple.

3. A. stachyoides, Benth. Shrubby, 3 to 8 feet high; style and stamens littl©
exserted; coroila about as the last.

LABIATJK. (:inNT FAMILY.) 101

10. SCUTELLARIA, L. Skullcap.

Calyx, with two entire lips and a gibbous projection on the back, closed after flower-
ing. Corolla, %\'ith an elongated and curved ascending tube, a dilated throat, an erect
archetl or galeate upj)er lip, with which the lateral lobe3 appear to bo connected; the
anterior lobe appearing to form the whole lower lip. — Herbs, not aromatic; with single
axillary, rather conspicuous flowers.

1. G. angustifolia, Pursh. A span to a foot high; leaves about an inch long; the
radical ones often roundish or even cordate; corolla blue or violet, an inch long, with a
Blender tube; lower lobe villous inside. — Ours is mainly

Var. canescens, Or. A form with soft, hoary pubescence, and the tube of tlie
corolla bent so as to throw the upper part backward.

2. S. Califomica, Gr. Puberulent; stems 8 to 20 inches high, slender; leave*
from lanceolate-oblong to oval-ovate; the lower an inch or more long, often serrate; upper
gradually reduced to half an inch or less; lips of the yellowish corolla about equal.

3. S. tuberosa, Benth. Soft, pubescent or villous; stems slender, erect and short,
or trailing a foot in length; the filiform subterranean shoots bearing tubers; leaves mostly
ovate, coarsely and obtusely few- toothed or entire, 5 to IS lines long; corolla deep blue
or violet.

11. BRUNELLA, Toum. Self-heal.

Calyx-lips closed in fruit. Corolla with ascending tube, open lips, and slightly-con-
tracted orifice; upper lip arched and entire; lower 3-lobed, its middle lobe drooping,
rounded, concave, denticulate. — Low perennials, the flowers crowded in a terminal ob-
long or cylindraceous head or spike.

1. B. vnlgaria, L. A span to a foot or more in height; leaves ovate or oblong, slen-
der-petioled; corolla violet, purple, or rarely white; calyx purplish.

12. STACHYS, L, »

Corolla with cylindrical tube not dilated at the throat; the upper lip erect and concave
or arched; the lower spreading, its middle lobo larger. Stamens ascending under the
upper lip; filaments naked; anthers approximate in pairs, 2-celled. — Herbs, not aro-
matic, with flowers clustered, capitate, or scattered, often spicate at the end of the
branches; flowers sessile or nearly so.

• Corolla white or whitish; the tijpper Up bearded or woolly on the back; herbage tomentose

or soft hairy.

1. S. ajugoides, Benth. A span to a foot high; silky- villous with whitish hairs;
leaves oblong, very obtuse, crenately serrate, 1 to 3 inches long, the upper sessile; flow-
ers about 3 in the axils of the distant upper leaves, and loosely leafy-spicate at the Bunv
mit. — Moist ground.

102 VEBBENACEiE. ( VERVAIN FAMILT.)

2. S. albens, Gr. Soft-tomentose with whitish wool, 3 to 5 ft. high; leaves mostly
cordate at base, obtuse, crenate, 2 or 3 inches long; flowers several or many in capitate
clusters which usually exceed the small floral leaves and form an interrupted spike; corolla
white with purple dots on the lower lip,

3. S. pycnantha, Benth. Very hirsute, with long and mostly soft spreading hairs,
not white, two feet high or more; flowers in a dense cylindraceous naked spike (an inch
or two long), exceeding the small bract-like floral leaves except in the lowest and some-
times rather distant clusters; corolla white or cream-color, with purple on the lower lip. (?)

* * Corolla purple, the upper lip hairy on the hack; pubescence somewliat hispid; no tomentum.

4. S. bullata, Benth. Stem retrorsely hispid, especially on the angles, 1 to 3 ft.
high; leaves somewhat rugose, nearly all petioled, 1 to 2 inches long; flowers usually 6 in
the false whorls, these rather distant, forming a narrow interrupted spike; lower lip of
the corolla fully as long as the tube, 4 or 5 lines long, the upper half as long. — Variable.

* * * Tube of the rose-red corolla twice as long as the calyx, 6 to 9 lines long.

5. S. Chamissonis, Benth. Stem 2 to 5 ft. high, stout, mostly rough-hispid, ^rith
retrorse rigid bristles; leaves 2 to 5 inches long; lips of the corolla pubescent outside. —
Wet ground.

13. TRICHOSTEMA, L. Blue-curls.

Calyx campanulate and almost equally 5-cleft. Corolla with short or slender tube and
an almost equally 5-parted limb. Stamens with long capillary curved filaments, some-
times cohering at the base. — Strong scented herbs; with entire leaves, and blue or purple
corolla and stamens. In ours the flowers are in cymose axillary clusters, somewhat
raceme-like in age; the corolla about 5 lines long, and the stamens twice as long or more.

1. T, lazum, Gr. Minutely soft pubescent, about a foot high, simple or loosely
branched from the base; leaves rather distant, lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, tapering
into a petiole at the base; flower clusters distinctly peduncled, usually forked and in
age equaling the leaves; corolla almost smooth.

2. T. lanceolatmn, Benth. Leafy; leaves much longer than the intemodes, lance-
olate or ovate-lanceolate, sessile by a broad base, 3-5-nerved, an inch or less long; flower
clusters nearly sessile, short, one-sided; corolla somewhat pubescent. — Its odor sicken-
ing, tarry.

Order 46. VERBENACEiE.

Herbs or shrubs differing from Labiates mainly in the ovary and fruit, which is undi-
vided and 2-4-celled, at maturity either dry and splitting into as many 1-seeded nutlnts,
or drupaceous, containing as many little stones.

PLAMAUKNACtJi. (TLANTAIN FAMILY.) 103

1. VERBENA, L.

Calyx 5-toothed, one tooth often shorter. Corolla salver- form, the limb unequally
3-cleft. Stamens included, the upper pair sometimes sterile. Stigma unequally lobed.
Ovary 4 -celled. — Herbs with small flowers, ours about 2 lines in diameter.

1. V. ofEcinalis, L. Some of the lower leaves pinnatifid; spikes mostly solitary,
filiform; corolla purple or lilac, 2 or more lines in diameter.

2. V. hastata, L. Stouter and taller, 3 to 6 ft. high; leaves serrate or incised, the
lower liastate-3-lobed; spikes panicied, densely flowered; corolla blue, 2 lines in diameter.

3. V. prostrata, R. Br. Soft hirsute, diffuse, a foot high; villous spikes long;
corolla violet or blue.

Order 47. PLANTAGINACEiE.
Stemlesa herbs with flowers in spikes, the 4-cleft regular corolla dry and scarioua.

1. PLANTAGO, L. Plantain.

Flowers m spikes or heads, bracteate. Calyx of 4 persistent sepals free from the ovary.
Stamens 2 or 4 on the corolla alternate with its lobes, anthers versatile. Style filiform,
bearded above. — Stemlesa herbs with nerved or ribbed radical leaves and naked scapes of
«mall greenish flowers.

• Flowers with 4 stamens.

1. P. major, L. Mostly smooth; leaves ovate or broadly oblong, abruptly con-
tracted into a channeled petiole, 5-7-ribbed; spike long and slender; capsule 7-lG-seeded.

2. P. hirtella, IIBK. Leaves smooth, rather fleshy, oblanceolate to obovate, 3-7-
ribbed, tapering into a narrow base or wing-margined petiole; scape 1 to 3 ft. high;
flowers large.

3. P. laaceolata, L. Mostly hairy; leaves lanceolate, 3-5-ribbed; scape deeply
grooved.

4. P. maritima, L. Leaves linear, fleshy; scapes usually short.

5. P. Patagonica, Jacq. Leaves linear to filiform, thin, usually silky-woolly. — Dry
ground.

* * Flowers with 2 stamens.

6. P BigeloviL Or. Leaves linear; small — Salt marshea.

104 NTCTAGINACKE. (fOUR-o'cLOCK FAMILY.)

DIVISION 3. APETAL^.

Order 48. ARISTOLOCHIACEiE.

Twining shrubs or low herbs with perfect flowers, the conspicuous lurid calyx valvate
in the bud and coherent with the 6-celled ovary, which forms a many-seeded 6-celled,
pod or berry in fruit. Stamens 6-12, more or less united with the style; anthers adnate,
extrorse. Leaves petioled, mostly heart-shaped and entire. Gray's Manual.

1. ARISTOLOCHIA, Toum.

Calyx tubular, inflated above the ovary. Stamens 6, the sessile anthers adnata to the
short stigma.

1. A. Califomica, Gr. (Pipe-Vine.) A twining shrub with large cordate leaves,
flowers curved like a Dutch pipe, greenish, marked with brown or purple.

2. ASARUM, Toum.

Calyx regular, 3-cleft or parted. Stamens 12, with more or less distinct filaments;
their tips usually continued beyond the anther into a point. — Stemless herbs with creep-
ing rootstocks, bearing 2 or 3 scales, then one or two leaves, and terminated by a short
peduncled-flower close to the ground.

1. A. caudatum, LindL (Wild Ginger.) The smooth broadly cordate leaves
usually mottled with white; calyx bell-shaped, the acuminate lobes spreading, brownish
purple. Common in forests; the flowers likely to be hidden under leaves.

Order 49. NYGTAGINACEiE.

Herbs with mostly opposite and entire leaves, stems swollen at the joints, the tubular
calyx corolla-like, its persistent base contracted, inclosing the 1 -celled 1 -seeded ovary,
and becoming a sort of indehiscent pod.

1. ABRONIA, Juss.

Calyx salverform, with obcordate lobes. Stamens 5, included, adnate to the tube.
Style included; stigma, capitate or clavate. Fruit 5- winged. Embryo by abortion mono-
cotyledonous, enfolding mealy albumen. Low herbs, with the opposite thick petioled
leaves xmequal, and the flowers in involucrate heads. Common on sandy sea beaches.
A viscid exudation causes sand to stick to every part of the plants.

1. A. latifolia, Esch. (Yellow Sand-Verbena. ) Eoot perennial; stems procum-
bent; leaves very thick, sub-cordate to reniform, on thick petioles; flowers orange-yel-
low, fragrant.

POLYGONACE.E. (BUCKWHEAT FAMILY.) 105

2. A. umbeData, Lajiil). (I'ink S;in<l-\'t'il»fna.) Annual; stems clecumlifiit. !< nvcs
l)I<)n^' or ovate, attenuate at base into sleu«ler jjetioles; flowers pink.

3. A- tnantima, Xiitt. (Red Sand-Verbena.) Stouter than the hist; leaves lucader
•.vith sliortf'r petioles; involucral bracts ovate; flowers In-iglit red. From Sunta ]iari)ara

i)Uthwanl.

4. A. tragrans, Xutt, of the Columljia lliver, has white flowers.

Fi\'e other species belonging to this m esterii genus are found east of the Sierra Xeva<l;u

Order 50. POLYGONACE^.

Herbs, with alternate entire leaves, and stipules in the form of sheaths, or obsolete,
ibove the swollen joints of the stem; the flowers mostly perfect, with a more or less per-
sistent calyx, a 1 -celled ovary, bearing 2 or 4 styles or stigmas, and a single seed-
Stamens 4-12 inserted on the base of the 3-6-cleft calyx.

1. POIiYGCNUM, L.

Calyx 5 parted; the divisions petal-like, persistent in fruit, and surroumiiug the
usually 3-anglcd akene. Stamens 3 to S. Styles or stigmas 2 or 3. Herbs witli s'.nall
flowers on jointed pedicels.

Knot-weed or Yaid-grass and Smart-weed belong to this genus. About 20 species aia
found in California, of which 2 or 3 are probably introduced weeds.

2. RUMEX, L.

Calyx of 6 sepals; the three outer lierbaceous, spreading in fruit; the three inner
larger somewhat petaloitl, covering the akene in fruit (tlien called valves), and often
bearing grainlike appendages on the outside. Stamens (!. '"^tvles 3; stigmas tufted.
Introduced weeds with small greenish (lowers croM<letl and whorled in panicled racemes.

Tiie J)ocks and Sheep-sorrel are examples of this genus. Of the dozen species on
tliis coast, half are introduced weeds.

3. ZIRIOGONUM, Mirhx.

Flowers borne in a many-to-few-flowered calyx-like involucre of united bracts; the
[)edicels exserted, jointed to the flower, with bractlets at the base. Calyx coroUa-Uke;
(i-jtarted or deeply G-clett. Stamens 9. Akene triangular. — Herbaceous or somewnat
woody plants, usually with a woolly or 9<;urfy pubescence; the entire leaves without
stipules and mostly radical; juice frequently acid. Over 80 species grow west of the
Mis8issi{)pi, ot which oO are Californian, mostly Al[>ine.

ChnrUanthe. ig a similar genus, in '^liicli tbo involucreB are l-ttowerod ami rigid.

Orders A maTantarciB and Cheiiopodiacea are repreeeuted by homely introduced ciia xiative weede Many
of the latter order belong to the genus Chenopodium, viz.. Goosejoot, Lambs-quarters, I'xgwtea, Jf-rusalem

106 PIPERACKE. (PEPPER FAMILy.)

Oak, TVormtud, etc. Salicomia (Glasswort) grows in salt marshes, and may be known by ItA lle«liy leaf-
less Jointed stems, with opposite branches. The garden Beet belongs to this order.

Order 51. PIPER ACEiE.

Herbs with jointed stems, alternate entire leaves and perfect flowers in spikes, en-
tirely destitute of floral envelopes.

1. ANEMOPSIS, Hook.

Flowers in a simple conical spadix, which is surrounded by a 5-8-leaved persistent
•colored involucre, each flower subtended by a free colored bract. Stamens G to 8, free,
growing upon the immersed ovary.

1. A. Californica, Hook. Stem simple, erect, 3 to 15 inches high, with a single

broad clasping leaf in the middle, and an axillary branchlet reduced to 1 or more petioled

leaves; radical leaves oblong-oval, cordate at base, 2 to 6 inches long; involucre 1 to IJ

inches broad, white, becoming brown. Used medicinally by the Mexicans, who call it

Yerba Mansa.

APETALOUS TREES.

The Order Betulaceae (Birch Family) is represented in California by two Birches,
which scarcely attain to the dignity of trees, and are confined to the high Sierras, and
four Alders, two of which grow in the central part of the State, viz. :

Alnus rubra, Bong. (Red Alder), and the more common

Alnus rhombifolia, Nutt (White Alder), which may be distinguished by its thinner
leaves, not rusty beneath, and more slender branches not so distinctly dotted with white.

Myrica Californica, Cham. (Bayberry), representing the Order Myricaceae grows in
moist places, and may be known by its thick oblanceolate serrate evergreen leaves and
dense clusters of small fruit, whitened by a coat of wax.

Umbellularia Californica, Nutt (Order Lauraceae), is the well-known Laurel.

Plataiius racemosa, Nutt, is the California Sycamore.

The Order Salicaceae is represented by 4 or 5 Willows; large enough to be called
trees, and 3 Poplars, viz. :

Populus tremuloides, Michx. (Quaking Asp), a small tree, with whitish bark
and round ovate leaves. In the high Sierra. The only Califomian tree, except one or
two willows, found east of the Rocky Moimtains.

P. trichacarpa, Torr. & Gr. (Cottonwood.) Petioles round; young bark brownish.

P. Fremonti, Wat. (Fremont's Cottonwood. ) Petioles flattened; young bark yellowish,

The Walnut FAinLY is represented by Juglans Californica, the California Black
Walnut.

Ten kinds of Oak Trees, and several shrubs of the same genus, with the chestnut-lik«
Chinquapin^ represent the Order Cupuliferae.

GLOSSARY.

Abortion, the imperfect formation or ab-
sence of a part.

Abrupt, ending suddenly.

AcAUXESCENT, apparently stemless.

AcccMBENT, the radicle lying against the
edges of the cotyledons.

AcEROSE, needle-shaped, like pine leaves.

AciTMiXATE, ending in a tapering point.

Acute-, merely sharp-pointed.

Adnate, growing fast to. When the an-
ther seems to be attached by its whole
length to the filament.

Aggregate, crowded into a cluster.

Ablene, a 1-seeded seed-like fruit.

Albumen, nourishment in the seed not
forming part of the embryo.

Androus, refers to stamens.

Anterior, on the side of the flower next
the bract.

Apetalous, without petals.

Appressed, lying flat, or close together.

Ascending, rising obliquely.

Attenuate, tapering gradually.

Auriculate, ear-like lobes at the base.

Awn, an appendage like the beard of barley.

Axil, the angle between leaf and stem.

BiFTD, 2-cleft to about the middle.

Bilabiate, 2- lipped.

Blade, the broad portion of a le&f

Bract, the leaf which subtends the flower.
Bractlet, a bract on a pediceL

Caducous, falling off at the time of ex-
pansion.

Campanulate, bell-shaped.

Canescent, whitened with fine close pu-
bescence.

Capillary, like a hair.

Capitate, having a bead, or collected into
a head.

Capsule, any compound dehiscent fruit.

Carpel, a simple pistil, or element of *
compound one.

Caudate, tailed.

Caulescent, having an obvious stem.

Cauline, relating to a stean.

CiLiATE, fringed with hairs.

Clavate, club-shaped.

Claw, the narrowed base of a petal.

Cleft, cut to about the middle.

Cohesion, the union of like organs.

Confluent, running together, or blending.

Conglomerate, thickly clustered.

Connate, united from the first.

Connective, the part of an anther con-
necting the cells.

Connivent, coming together or meeting.

Convolute, rolled up.

Cordate, heart-shaped with th« ooint apt

OLOSSART.

Corymb, a flat-topped flower cluster, the

pedicels unequal.
CosTATE, ribbed.

Cotyledons, the leaves of the embryo.
Creeping, running on the ground and

rooting.
Ceenate, the margin scolloped.
CuNEATE, wedge-shaped.
Cuspidate, tipped with a rigid point.
Cyme, a flower cluster in which the oldest

flowers are in the center.

Decidtjous, falling off before withering; or,
if leaves, before winter.

Declined, turned to one side.

Decumbent, reclining on the ground, the
end rising.

Deflexed, bent downwards.

Dehiscent Fruits, etc. , open by

Dehiscence, splitting as pods do.

Dentate, toothed, the teeth pointing di-
rectly away from the margin.

Depressed, flattened from above.

Diadelphous, stamens united by the fila-
ments in two sets.

Dichotoiious, forking into two branches.

Dicotyledenous, having two seed leaves.

Diffuse, widely and loosely spreading.

Digitate, compound with the parts arising
at one point.

Dicecious, with stamens and pistils in
separate blossoms on different indi-
viduals.

Dissected, cut into pieces, or nearly so.

Distinct, when parts of the same name do
not cohere.

Divaricate, separating widely.

Divergent, the summits inclined from each
other.

Prupe, a stone fruit (like a cherry).

Embryo, the rudimentary plant in a seed.
Entire, the margin whole and even, not

lobed or toothed.
Epigynous, growing on the ovary.
Erose, irregularly notched as if gnawed.
Exserted, protruding beyond other organs.
Exstepulate, without stipules.
Exteorse, turned outward.

Fascicle, a close cyme, a bundle of leaves.

Fertile Flower, one having pistils.

Filament, the stalk of an anther.

Fiuform, like a thread.

Foliaceous, like a leaf.

FoLiOLATE, consisting of leaflets (5-folio-

late means with five leaflets).
Follicle, a simple pod opening down one

side.
Fruit, the seed and all that belong to it.

Glaucous, covered with a whitish bloom
which rubs off, as the surface of a
cabbage leaf, or a plum.

Glomerate, clustered into a ball.

Glomerule, a capitate cyme.

Hastate, with a spreading lobe at the base
on each side.

Hir.suTE, clothed with coarse hairs.

Hispid, beset with bristly hairs.

Hoary, grayish white from a white pubes-
cence.

Hypogynous, growing under the pistil,
free from the calyx and corolla.

Incumbent, when the radicle lies against

the back of one of the cotyledons.
Inferior, underneath or anterior.
Innate, borne on the apex or end.
Integrse, turned inward.

GLOSSARY.

IxvoLUcnE, a set of bracts surrounding a

flower cluster.
IxvoLCTE, roUed inward.
Ireegular, unequal in size or shape.

Laciniate, cut into narrow incisions.
T.A-vTTXA, blade of a leaf or petal.
Lateral, pertaining to the side.
LEGUiiE, fruit like a pea-pod.
LiiiB, the exposed part of a corolla, calyx,

etc., or the blade of a petal, etc.
Line, the twelfth of an inch.
Linear, narrow and much longer than

wide, the margins parallel.
Lobe, any division or projecting part.

Merous, the parts of a flower (5-merous,

the parts in fives).
MucRONATE, abruptly tipped with a short

point.

Nerves, parallel and simple veins.
Nodding, the apex or top pointing down-
ward.

Ob-, prefixed means reverse of; as, ob-cord-
ate, inverted heart-shaped, i. c, the
stem attached to the apex.

Oblique, one-sided.

Oblong, long-elliptical,

Ochroleucous, pale dull yellow.

Oval, broadly elliptical.

Ovary, that portion of the pistil which
becomes the seed vessel.

Ovate, like the longitudinal section of an

OvoLD, egg-shaped.

Palmate, lobed so that the lobes point
away from the end of the petiole, as
in an ivy or a maple leaf.

P.ANICLE, a raceme branching irregularly.
Parted, cut almost through.
Pectinate, like the teeth of a comb.
Pedicel, the stalk of a single blossom in a

cluster.
Peduncle, the stalk of a cluster or of a

solitary flower.
Perfoliate, when the stem seems to pass

through the leaf.
Perforate, with holes or transparent dots.
Perigyngus, borne on the calyx.
Persistent, remaining until the fruit baa

grown.
Petiole, the leaf stem.
Petiolule, the stem of a leaflet.
Pilose, with distinct straight hairs.
Pinnate, a compound leaf with the leaflet*

along the side of a conmion petiole.
Pinnately cleft, loced, etc., with the

lobes along the sides of a long leaf.
Placenta, the part of the ovary which

bears the seeds.
Pod, a dry dehiscent fruit.
Pome, a fruit like a pear or apple.
Posterior, next the stem.
Procumbent, lying along the ground.
Prostrate, lying fiat like a melon- vine.
Pubescent, with soft or downy hairs.
Punctate, dotted as if by holes.
Pungent, rigid sharp-pointed.

Raceme, elongated flower bunches, with
the oldest flowers below and on ped-
icels.

Radical, coming from the root (apparently I.

Radicle, the stem of an embryo.

Reniform, kidney-shaped.

Repand, the margin slightly wavy.

Retrorse, directed backward.

Retuse, slightly notched at a rounded apex.

GLOSSARY.

Revolute, rolled backward.

ELa-CHIS, the main stem in a spike, etc.

RooTSTOCK, an underground stem.

Rotate, wheel-shaped.

RuNCiNATE, teeth pointing backward.

Sagittate, like an arrow-head.

Salvek-shaped, tubular, the border spread-
ing at right angles to the tube.

Scape, a flower-stalk rising from the ground
or near it.

ScoRPiorD, coiled rovmd like a scorpion.

Secund, all turned to one side.

Serrate, with teeth like a saw.

Setaceous, like a bristle.

Spatulate, like a druggist's spatula.

Spike, a long inflorescence of sessile flowers.

Stellate, star-shaped.

Stigma, the part of a pistil which receives
the pollen.

Stipe, the stalk of an ovary.

Stipel, the stipule of a leaflet.

Stipellate, having stipels.

Stipitate, having a stipe.

Stipule, appendage on each side at the

base of a leaf.
Strict, very straight or close or upright.
Strigose, clothed with close-pressed stout

sharp hairs or scale-like bristles.
Style, the slender part of a pistiL
Subulate, tapering to a sharp rigid point.
Suffrutescent, or sufi'uticose, shrubby at

the base.

Terete, cylindrical, long and round.
Terminal, at the end or summit.
Thyrse, a thick panicle (Lilac blossoms).
Tomentose, clothed with a close and mat-
ted down.
ToRULOSE, swollen at intervals.
Truncate, as if cut off at the end.

Umbel, umbrella-like inflorescence.

Verticillate, whorled, forming a

around the stem.
Villous, with long soft hairs.
Viscm, sticky.

nng

ADDITIONAL WOKDS.

Adventitious, out of the usual place; as
roots on stems.

Caudex, an upright rootstock.
Cusp, a spear-like point.
Deltoid, triangular.

Flaccid, soft, weak, drooping.
Fusiform, spindle-shaped.

Glabrous, smooth.

Involucrate, provided with an involucre.

LocuuciDAL, splitting down the middle of

the back of a cell.
Lunate, crescent-shaped.

MucROiruLATE, tipped with a minute point.

Papilionaceous, like the corolla of a pea.
Perianth, calyx and corolla together.

Reticulated, netted-veined.

Rugose, wrinkled, rough with wrinkles.

Saccate, with sacks or pouches.

Scabrous, rough or harsh.

ScARious, thin, dry, membranous.

Septicidal, splitting between the cells.

Spadix, a fleshy spike of flowers.

Spathe, a bract which inwraps flowers.

Succulent, fleshy, juicy.

Staminodia, Sterile stamens or bodies like

stamens.
Turbinate, top-shaped, an inverted cone.

GLOSSARY

OF

GENERIC AND SPECIFIC NAMES.

All the generic and specific names found in this work are here deiiued except a few
of obscure or unknown meaning and some which have undoubtedly been overlooked.
Commemorative names are followed by the names — when known to me — of those thus
honored. Specific names are given sometimes in one gender, sometimes in another. The
learner must kuow that, as a rule, if a specific name ends in tis, a, or vm, it may end in
either of the other two to correspond with the gender of the generic name; as. Convol-
vulus Call/ornirvs (Masculine), Polygala Califomka (Feminine), Galium CaVfornicum
(Neuter). Or, the specific name may end in is or c, the former agreeing with masculine
and feminine generic names, the latter with neuter names. The meaning of each name,
where possible, is given in a form suitable for a common or English name of the plant..

AciiTLLiiiCFOLiA, Yarrow-lcaved.
AcoNiruM, the ancient name.
Adenostoma, glandular stoma (breathing

pores).
Affinis, near, or related to.
Ajugoides, Ajuga-like; i. e., like Bugle, a

labiate plant.
Albens, white.
Albescens, becoming white.
Albicaulis, white-stemmed.
Alchemilla, the Arabic name.
AusMiEFOLiu.-^, Alisma-leaved, /. e., leaves

like those of Water Plantain.
Allium, the Latin name of Garlic.
Alnifolia, Alder-leaved.
Amelanciiier, the French name.
Americana, American.
Amcena, charming.
AMORrnA, without form (flower wanting

four petals).

Amplectans, twining or embracing^

Amplexicaulis, stem-encircled, k «'., by
embracing leaves.

AvisiNCKiA, William Amsinck, of Ham-
burg.

Anagallis, from a Greek word meaning
to laugh.

Anagalloides, Anagallis-like; like Pim-
pernel.

Andersoni, Dr. C. L. Anderson, a Califor-
nia botanist.

Andrewsiana, Dr. .iVndrews, a pioneer
botanist.

Andrewsii, Dr. Andrews, a pioneer bot-
anist.

Andromedia, in honor of the goddess of
that name.

Anemone, from Greek for wind.

Angdstifolia, narrow-leaved.

An.'^erina, from the Latin for goose.

GLOSflAKT OP GENERIC AND SPECIFIC NAMES*

Aparine, the Greek name,

Apocynum, dog-bane; dog-poiseo*.

Aquatalis, aquatic; water.

Aquifolicm, Holly-leaved.

AQTJiLiiGiA, from Latin for eagW <tbe

petals like eagles' claws).
Arabis, from Arabia.
Arenaria, sand, belonging in sand^
Arboreus, tree-like.
Arp.utifolia, Arbutus -leaved.
Arbutus, the ancient name.

ARCTOSTAPHyLOS, Bearbeny.

Ari^folia, Aria-leaved.

Armeria, the ]Monkish Latin for the Fink.

Aromatica, aromatic.

Arvensis, field (growing in cultivated
fields).

AscLEPiAS, Esculapius, God of Medicine.

AsPER, rough.

AsPERUM, rough.

AssuRGENTiFLORA, flowers bending up-
ward.

Attenuatus, slender.

AttenuifoliuM; slender-leaved.

AuDiBERTiA, M. Audibert, a Frenchman.

Aurea, golden.

AuRiTA, little-eared (referring to the
leaves).

Azureus, blue.

Barbigerum, bearded.

BARTSLffiFOLiA, Bartsia-leaved.

Kerberis, the Arabic name for the Bar-
berry.

BicoLoR, two-colored.

Biennis, biennial {i. e., flowering the sec-
ond year and then dying).

Bifidum:, bifid, divided.

BiFLORA, two-flowered.

DiTOLiUM, two-leaved.

BiGELOVii, Dr. J. M. BigeloWy a pioneex

botanist,

BiLOBA, two-lobed.

BiscEPTRUM, two-stemmed^i. e.,twoscapea.

BiSTORTA, twice-twisted.

Blepharophylla, eyelash-leaved.

Bloomeria, H. G. Blooniec, a pioneer bot-
anist.

BoLANDERi, H. N. Bolandsr^ a well-known .
botanist of this coast.

BoREALis, northern.

BoscHNiAKiA, Boschniaki,. a Russian.

BoYKiNiA, Dr. Boykiu, o£ Georgia.

Brachycarpa, short-podl

Bracteata, bracted.

Bracteosa, bractedi

Brassica, old name f OP cabbage.

Breviflora, short-flowered.

Brevifolium, short-leaved.

Breweri, Wm. H. Brewer, Botanist cfftb**
California Geological Survey.

Brunella, from German name of a \^roafc
disease which^tliis p.lant was suggaaedi
to cure.

Bull ATA, jeweled; blistered.

Bursa-pastorls, shepherd's purse..

C^ruleus, dsep blue.
C^spitosa, tufted.
Califorxica, California.
Calochortus, beautiful grass.
Calycanthus> cup-flower.
Calycina, cup-like.
Campa:sula, bell.
Ca3ipestris, field (uncuKivated).
Canadensis, Canadian.
Canescens, white-halved; hoary.
Canina, dog.
Caxnabinum, hemp-like.
Capitata, capitate, ^hearing a head oi
flowers).

GLOSSARY OF GENERIO AND SPECIFIC NAMES.

Cap^ella, littlc-poJ.

Card AMINE, heart-cure.

Cardina-LIS, cardinal; chief.

CaRDUacea, thistle-like.

Ca-kolinense, Carolina.

Carolinianum, Carolina.

Castilleia, Castillejo, a Spanish botanist.

Castilleioides, Castilleia-like.

CeaJs'othus, old name.

Centranthifolius, Centranthus-leaved.

Cerasiformis, cherry-like.

Cerasticm, from Greek for a horn (refer-
ring to the horn-shaped pods).

Cercocarpus, tailed-fruit.

CuAiiMissoNis, A. von Chamisso, a poet
and botanist who visited this coast
with Eschscholtz early in this century.

Cheir.anthifolia, wallflower-leaved.

Cheiranthus, Arabic name.

CniLENSis, Chili.

Chimaphila, winter-lover.

Chlorogalum, greenish milk.

CiiRYSANTHEMiFOLiA, Crysanthemum-
leaved.

Chrysantha, golden-flowered.

CiLiATA, hair-fringed.

CiRCiEA, Circe, the enchantress.

CiRCiNATA, coiled; crosier-like.

Clarkia, General Wm. Clarke, who
crossed the continent in 1803-1806.

Cl.aytonia, Dr. John Clayton, an early
botanist of Virginia.

Cleiiatis, ancient name of a climbing
plant.

Clintonia, Governor De Witt Clinton, of
New York.

CoLLiKSiA, Zaccheus Collins, of Philadel-
phia.

CoLLiNSioiDES, Colliusia-like.

CoLLOMiA, from Greek for glue, on account
of the mucilajriuous seeds.

CoMosuji, hair-tufted.
CoNciNNcnvi, beautiful
CoNGESTA, bunched.
CoRDiFOLiDS, heart-leaved.
Cordylanthus, club-flower.
Corymboscs, corymbose (flowers in a cor-

ymb).
CoTUL^FOLiA, Cotula-leaved.
Crassifolia, thick-leaved.
Crenatus, crenate.
Cressa, Cretan woman.
Cretica, Cretan.
Crocea, yellow; safi'ron-colorcd.
Crotellarle, rattle-pod.
Cuneatds, wedge-shaped.
CuRViPES, curved-pedicel.
Cyngglgssum, hound's-tongue.
Cypripedium, Venus's slipper.
Cytisoides, like snail-clover.

Datura, an altered Arabic name.
Decorum, comely; pretty.
Delphinium, dolphin.
Demissa, lowly; humble. '

Dendromecon, tree-poppy.
Densiflorus, dense-flowering.
Densifolia, densely-leaved.
Dent ATA, dentate; notched.
Denticulata, denticulate; finely toothed.
Dicentra, twice-spurred; two spurs.
DicnoTOMUS, two-forked.
Discolor, variable (as to color or form).
DrvARiCATA, spreading.

DODECATHEON, twelve gods.

DouGLASii, David Douglas, a Scottish ex

plorer of the Botany of this coast.
DuMOSA, bushy.

EcHiNOSPERMUM, hedgchog-seed.
Elegans, elegant; beautiful.
Ellisia, John Ellis, an English botanist.
Emarginata, emarir»'\ate ; notched.

GLOSSARY OF GENERIC AND SPECIFIC NAMES.

EMarrxANTHE, persistent-flower.

Epilobium, a violet on a pod.

Eriajnthus, woolly-flowered.

Eriodyciton, a network of wool (on the
leaves).

Eritrichium, woolly-hair.

Erodium, from Greek for heron (the fruit
like the bill of a heron).

Erysimum, from a word meaning to blister.

Erythiuka, from a word meaning red.

Eschscholtzia, J. F. Eschscholtz, a Ger-
man botanist, who visited California
early in this century.

EuBRODi.a:A, true Brodiaea.

Falcifolium, falchion-leaved.

Farinosa, starchy.

Fasciculata, fascicled (referring to the

leaves).
Fauclbarbatus, beard-throat.
FiLiFOLiA, thread-leaved.
Flammula, a little banner or flame.
'Floribunda, many-flowered.
FoLiOLOSA, leafy.
Formosa, beautifully formed.
Fragaria, fragrance.
Fraxincs, from a Latin word meaning

easily split.
FritilXuARIA, from Latin for checker- board,

the petals of the first-named species

being checkered.
FucATA, colored,
FtTLVUM, tawny; yellow.

Gallica, Gallic (French).

Gacltheria, Dr. Gaulthier, of Quebec.

Gentiana, Gentius, king of Illyria.

Gigantea, gigantic; huge.

Gilea, Philip Gih

GiTHOPSis, resembling Gith (Corn-cockle).

Glabrus, smooth.

Glabratus, smooth.

Glandulosus, glandular.

Glaucus, bluish-gray, or with a bloonw

Glaux, from Greek for sea-green.

Glutinosus, glutinous; sticky.

Glycyrrhiza, sweet-root.

GoDETiA, Dr. Godet.

GoMPHOCARPUS, nail-pod.

Gracile, slender.

Gracilentus, slender.

Graciliflorus, slender-flowered.

Graxdiflora, grand-flowered.

Greexei, Rev. E. L. Greene, who has dili-
gently explored the Botany of this
State.

Gymnocarpus, naked-fruited; naked-pod.

Hastatus, spear-bearing.

Heeecarpus, blunt-pod (?)

Hederaceus, Ivy-like.

Heliotropium, from Greek for sun and
turn.

Heterophyllus, variously leaved.

Heuchera, J. H. Heucher, a German bot-
anist.

Hexandra, six-stamened.

HiRStJTissiMUS, bristly, or very hairy.

HiSPiDULA, bristly; prickly.

HuMiLis, low; small.

Hypericum, the Greek name.

Ilicifolius, Holly-leaved.
Incanus, gray; hoary.
IcisuM, incised; cut.
Inconspicuus, inconspicuous.
Insignis, remarkable; marked:.
Integerrimus, most vigorous.
Integrifolia, entire-leaved.
Intermedius, intermediate.
Intertextus, intertwined.
Involucratus, involucrate.

GLOSSARY OF GENERIC AND SPECTFIO NAMES.

liiia, rainbow.
IlioiDES, Ixia-like.

JuNCEA, rush-like.

JDSSL4LA, Bernard de Jussieu, founder of
the Natural System.

LABiATiE, from labia, a lip.

Lacinatus, laciniate.

Lactea, milk-white.

LiEViCAULis, smooth-stemmed.

Lacunostjm, pitted.

LuVNCEOLATUS, lanceolate.

Latifolius, broad-leaved.

Lathtrus, the Greek name of a similar

plant.
Latipes, broad-pediceled.
Laxus, loose.
Lepigonum, scaly- joint.
Lepidium, scale-pod.
Leptophyllus, slender-leaved.
Lepidotus, scaly (?)
Lepidus, charming.
Leptosiphon, slender-tubed.
LE3IM0NI, J. G. Lemmon, a very successful

California botanist.
Leucodermis, white-skinned.
LEUCOCEPnALUS, white-headed.
Leucocrinum, white-lily.
Leccophyllus, white-leaved.
Lewisia, Capt. M. Lewis, who crossed the

continent with Clarke in 1S03-1806.
LiGUSTicrFOLius, Lovage-leaved.
LiLiACEUS, lily-like.
LiMXANTHES, pond-flowcr.
LiMONiUM, mud-plant (an old generic

name. )
LiMOSELLA, from limus, mud.
Linaria, from Llnum, the botanical name

of Flax.
LiNEAUironcM, narrow-leaved.

LiNiFLORA, flax-flowered; the Latin name

Linum.
LrrnosPERMorDES, like Lithospermum.
LiTTORALis, sea-beach.
LoBATUS, lobed.
LoNGirLORDs, long-flowered.
LoNGiLOBA, long lobed-
LoNGiPES, long-pediceled.
LuTEOLUS, yellowish.
LuTEUS, yellow.
LupiNUS, wolf.
LuPULiNUS, hop-like.
Lucrous, bright, transparent.
Lycopus, wolf-foot.
Lycopsoides, Lycopus-like.
Lythrum, from Greek for blood.

MacPwANTHUS, large -flowered.

Macrocera, large-horned,

Macrocarpa, large-fruited.

Macrostachya, large-spiked.

Macrothecum, large-anthered.

M^culatus, spotted.

Malanthemum, mountain nymph.

Major, greater; larger.

I^Lalva, from a word meaning soft.

MALV^aTLGRUS, Mallows-flowered.

Malv^efolius, Mallows-leaved.

Mariposa, butterfly.

Maritimum, coast.

Meadia, Dr. Mead, of Illinois.

Meconopsis, Poppy-like.

Medicago, from Media, its native country.

Medius, middle.

Megarkhiza, big-root.

Melilotus, honey-flower.

Mentha, from the name of a Nymph fa-
bled to have been changed to mint.

Menyanthes, month-flower.

Menziesii, Dr. Archibald Menziea, a com-
panion of Vancouver.

GLOSSARY OF GENERIC AND SPECIFIC NAMES.

Mentzelia, Dr. C. Mentzel.

Mertensia, Prof. F. C. Mertens, of Bre-
men.

Mesembrtanthemum, middav-flower.

MiCRANTHUS, small-flowered.

Microcephalum, small-headed.

MiCROCARPUS, small-fruited.

Micromeria, small-part.

MiMULUS, ape; mimic.

Mineatus, vermilion-colored.

Minimus, smallest.

Minor, smaller.

MoDESTUS, modest.

MoLLUGO, the Latin name.

MoNTANUS, mountain.

Monardella, little IVIonarda, a genus
named for Nicholas Monardes, a writer
on medicinal plants.

MoscHATUS, musky.

^tfUHLENBERGH, Dr. H. Muhlenberg, an
American botanist.

xdUiLLA, Allium reversed.

MuLTiCAULis, many-stemmed.

MuRiCATUS, rough, with hard points.

Myrtifolius, myrtle-leaved.

Nanus, dwarf.

Nemerosa, wood; forest.

Nemophila, grove-lover.

NicoTiANA, John Nicot, who introduced

tobacco into Europe.
NiTEUS, beautiful; bright.
NiTiDUM, shining.
NuDiCAULE, naked-stemmed.
NuDUS, naked.
NuTTALLiA, Thomas Nuttall, botanist and

ornithologist.

Obtusifolia, blunt-leaved.
OcELLATA, spotted with little eyes,
OociDENTALis, westem.

CEnothera, wine - sucker (roots cause

thirst).
Officinalis, medicinal.
Orbicularis, round.
Oregana, Oregon.
ORxnocARPUS, erect-fruit.
Ovata, egg-shaped (leaves).
OxYCARPUM, sharp-fruited.
OxYCARTUM, sharp-nut.

P^ONiA, the ancient name.

Pacifica, Pacific.

Palustris, swamp; marsh.

Papillosus, warty.

Parviflorus, small-flowered.

Parvifolius, small-leaved.

Patagonica, Patagonian.

Paucisecta, few-lobed.

Pectocarya, comb-toothed nut.

Pedatus, foot-shaped.

Pedicularis, from pediculus, a louse.

Peltatum, shield; shield-shaped.

Penduliflora, hanging flower; drooping-

flower.
Penicillata, brush-like. (Stigma with a

tuft of hairs).
Pentstemon, five stamens.
Perfoliata, perfoliate (the stem growing

through the leaf).
Pharnaceoides, Ginseng-like.
Philadelphus, Philadelphus, a King of

EgJTt-
PiCTA, painted; colored.
Pilosissima, most-hairy.
PiNNATA, pinnate; feather-like.
PiRUS, old Latin name of the pear tree.
Platystemon, flat-stamen.
Platystigma, flat-stigma.
Pluriflora, many-flowered.
PoGOGYNE, bearded-pistil.

GLOSSARY OF GENERIC AND SPECIFIC NAMEb.

POLTGALA, much milk (said to increase

secretion of milk).
PoLYSEPALUM, many-sepaled
PoMERiDiANUM, after- noon.
rRENAXTiioiDES, Prenanthus-like.
Prosartes, from Greek to hang.
Prostata, prostrate.
PsoRALiA, scurf.
Pterospora, wing-seed.
Ptelea, Greek for elm.
Pulchella, beautiful.
PuMii^, dwarf; little.
PuNGENS, pungent; biting.
PcRPURASCENS, growing purple; purplish.
Pycnanthemum, dense-flowers,
Pycnantha, dense-flowering.

QuERCiEOLiA, oak-leaved
Qcadrangularis, four-sided.

Racemosa, racemose; raceme-bearing.

Pcadicans, rooting.

IIamosissima, branching; full of branches.

Ranunculus, from Latin for frog (some
of the species aquatic).

Rapiianus, quick-grower.

Rariflorum, seldom-flowering.

Recurva, recurved.

Rediviva, reviving.

Rhomboidea, rhomboidal.

Rhus, red (the prevailing color of the
plentiful fruit in the genus).

Ribes, the Arabic name.

RiGiDUS, stifT; rigid.

RrvuLARis, river,

RoMANZOFFiA, Nicholas Romanzoflf, a Rus-
sian nobleman, who early in this cen-
tury sent Kotzebue (accompanied by
Chamisso and Eschscholtz) to this
coast.

KosA, the ancient name.

RosEUs, rosy.

RoTUNDiFOLiA, round-leavcd.
Rubescens, reddening; reddish.
RuBUS, red (the color of the fruit).
RusTiCA, country; rustic.

Salvia, from a Latin word meaning to"
save.

Sambucus, from the name of an ancient
musical instrument, said to liave been,
made of Elder.

Sanguinea, bloody.

Sarcodes, from the Greek for flesh.

Sarmentosa, running (as strawberries).

Satfva, cultivated; tame.

Saxifraga, rock-breaker.

ScoLiopus, worm-peduncle.

Scrophularia, scrofula cure.

Scutellaria, from scutella, a dish (be-
cause of the calj'x).

Serpylloides, Thyme-like.

S erratum, serrate; toothed

Sessile, sessile; stemless.

Sessilifolia, sessile-leaved.

Shallon, the Indian name.

SiDALCIA.

Silene, from a Greek word meaning saliva.

Simplex, simple.

SiTCHENSis, Sitka.

SoLDANELLA, the generic name of anothei
plant.

SoREDiATUS, covered with granules.

Sparsiflorus, sparse-flowered.

Spatuulata, spatulate.

Speciosus, showy.

Spectabilis, notable; admirable.

Specularia, from speculum, a looking-
glass.

Spiraea, old name of Meadow Sweet.

Stacuys, the ancient nanie.

SrAcnYOiDES, Stachys-like.

GLOSSARY OF GENERIC AND SPECITIO NAMES.

Statice, tlie ancient name.
Stellaria, from atella, a star.
Stellata, starry; star-like.
Stipularis, stipulate.
SriVERi, C. H. Stivers
Strictum, upright.
Strigulosus, bristly.
Strobilacea, cone-like (a pine cone).
Strobilina, little cone.
Stropholirion, twisted-lily.
SuBPiNNATA, nearly-pinnate.
Symphoricarpus, cluster-fruit.
Symplocarpus, united-fruit.

Tanacetifolius, Tansy-leaved.
Tatula, an old generic name (?).
Tellima, anagram of Mitella.
Tenax, tough.
Tenella, tender; delicate.
Tener, soft, tender.
Tenxtiloba, slender-lobed.
Tenuifolius, thin-leaved.
Tessellata, checkered (seeds).
Thysanocarpus, fringe-pod.
Thyrsiflorus, thyrse-flowered.
TiARELLA, a little mitre (the pod).
TmcTORiA, useful as a dye.
ToMENTOSUS, woolly; tomentose.
Trachyandra, rough anther.
Tridentatus, three - toothed; three-
pronged.
Trichantha, hair-flowered.
Trichophyllus, hair-leaved.
Tricolor, three-colored.
Tripidum, three-parted.
Triflorus, three-flowered-
Trifoliata, three-leaved.
Trifolitjm, three-leaves.

Trillium, triple (leaves, petabi, •to., ia

threes).
Truncata, truncate.
Tuberosa, tuber-bearing.

Umbellata, umbellate.
Umbelliferum, umbel-bearing.
Undulata, wavy.
Untflorus, one-flowering.
Unifoliata, one-leaved.
Ursinus, bear.

Vaccinnifm, the ancient name.
Vagans, wandering; spreading.
Vancoitveria, Capt. George Vancouver,
who explored this coast in 1792-1794.
Venenosus, deadly-poisonous.
Venosus, veiny.
Venustus, beautiful.
Vestita, clothed; covered.
Vernicosa, varnished.
Veronica, for St. Veronica (?).
Verticillata, whorled,
ViLLOSUS, hairy.
ViscLDULA, sticky.
Virginiensis, Virginian.
ViTis, the ancient name.
Vulgaris, common.

Whipplea, Gen. A. W. Whipple, who
visited this coast in 1849, in command
of a Government Survey Party.

Xerophyllum, dry-leaf.
Yucca, the Indian name.

Zauschneria, M. Zauschner, a Bohemian

botanist.
Zygadenus, yoked-glands.

ANALYTICAL KEY

TO

West Coast Botany,

OONTAININO DESCRIPTIONS

OF

Siiteen Hundred Species of Flowering Plants,

GROWING WEST OF THE SIERRA NEVADA AND CASCADE CRESTS.
FROM SAN DIEGO TO PUGET SOUND.

By VOLNEY rattan,

Teacher of Natural Sciences in the State Normal School,

SAN JOSE.

SAX FRANCISCO:

THE WHITAKHR c\: RAY CO.,
1S96.

PREFACE.

This Key ia preliminary to a West Coast Botany for beginners, which "will probably
be completed within three years. The object in publishing this skeleton in advance is
twofold : it will be serviceable in connection with the Popular California Flora, while its
ase will disclose mistakes and weak places which can be corrected and strengthened for
the betterment of the final work.

The material has mostly been drawn from Gray's Synoptical Flora of North America
and the California Botany. Free use has also been made of Gray's and Watson's Contri-
butions to American Botany ; Greene's monographs in the Bulletin of the California
Academy of Sciences, and the contributions of these and other authors in Coulter's
Botanical Gazette and the Bulletin of the Torrey Club.

The intention has been to describe all polypetalous and gamopetalous plants growing
In the region indicated on the title page, except those belonging to the orders Umbelliferae
and Composite ; also all the species in the endogenous orders Alismaceae, Orchidaceaa,
Iridaceffi and Liliace®. The scope of the West Coast Botaoy will be a little broader,
including some of the Apetalaa and possibly a tribe of the Composite. The introductory
lessons and glossaries will be more ample thaa those of the California Flora.

I shall be very thankful for notes of omisaiona, corrections, criticisms and vug>
gestiona.

VOLNEY RATTAN.
8as P&AjrcDBOO, Jan. 22, 1887.

DIRECTIONS FOR THE BEGINNER

After yoa have carefully examined the plant and at least mentally described erery
part of it, read the first line of the key on the opposite page. If the sepals and petals
together number 8 or 10 — as is usually the case — then the plant belongs to CLASS I.,
which refers us to the prominent heading below, under which we read, " Calyx and
corolla both present." If so, read the next line, which, we will suppose, does not fit our
plant ; then the petals must be united, and we turn to DIVISION 2, page 9, where we
are caDed upon to say whether the ovary is inferior or not. Suppose it is superior.
Turn, then, to '* B- Ovary superior." But our flower is one-sided, so, instead of
searching under "1. Flowers regTilar or nearly so," we look ahead till our eyes
catch on page 10, the similar line, *' 2. Flowers irregular; style 1 ; stigma en-
tire or 2-lobed." Strangely enough there is but one style, and there are two flat stig-
mas. The leaves being opposite we pass the first line and try the next, having the same
marginal distance, reading, " Leaves opposite or whorled: stamens 2 or 4." Reading the
three lines under this head, beginning with the word '* Ovary," we easily determine from
the negative evidence (the ovary not in 4 pieces; the flowers not small, or in spikes) that
the plant belongs to the order Scropliulariaceee, page 93. We are there confronted
by another key. The leaves of our plant not being alternate, we must look under *' B."
Reading the lines marked with asterisks we take the first, for our plant has 4 stamens.
We then read all the lines under this head and decide that our genus must be No. 10;
viz. '* 10. MIMULUS, Linnaeus," which we find on page 98. Our plant, then, is one
of the 40 species of AfimtUus there named. Fortunate indeed are we if it happens to be
one of the distinctly uiarked species like Mimulus gltUiTiosus, the Shrubby Mimulus ; or
Mimulus cardinalis, the Cardinal or Scarlet Mimulus. In any event we work with this
key as with the others. The chief heads are indicated by stars. Suppose the corolla is
yellow but the plant not viscid ; then it must be sought under the 6-8tarred head. Here
we must read all the lines beginning with " Leaves." Having reached a conclusion, we
look up the species under the number given at the end of the line ; say. No. 23, where
we find a few more words descriptive of Mimulus luteua. We next look in the index for
•'Mimulus '* and there find a reference to p. 92 of the Popular Flora, where there is a
more ample description of the species. Finally we turn to the Glossary of Generic and
Specific Names, where we learn that mimulus means, ape, or mimic ; and luteus means,
yellow. Perhaps Linnaeus, who delighted in fanciful names, saw in the gaping corolla a
monkey-like grin. Since there are many yellow species now known, the name is not
•ignificant ; but we may call it the Common Yellow Mimulus, or Monkey Flower.

KEY TO THE ORDERS.

,•, F^^ro8 In the noanfin refer to pa^eg. When namea are not followed bj flgnre* the ^nos or axc/m k^
dlcated is not eisewhere desoribed in tbla book.

Calyx and corolla together of either more or less than six parts CLASS 1, ^

CaJyi and corolla together of just six parts: petals never five.

Stamens six or three |

Stamens many: sepals three, green )" CLASS IT, 12

Stamens one or two united to the style: ovary inferior )

Stamens many: flowers solitary on long peduncles PapaveraceoB, 18

Stamens ten: petal one: a shrub Leg-uminosoe, 39

Stamens nine: flowers apetalous, small.

An aromatic tree: flowers greenish UmbfUularia, (LaurtL )

Herbs with several or many flowers in involucral cups Eriogonum,

CLASS 1.— EXOGKNS OU DICOTYLEDONS.

Calyx and corolla both present.

Petals not united (distinct) DrVTSION 1, 5^

Petals more or less united (cohering) DIVISION 2, 9«

Calyx and corolla one or both wanting DIVISION 3. 10'

DIVISION 1.— POLYPETAL^.

A. STAMENS MORE THAN 10.

1. Stamens not adhering' to the sepals or petals (on the receptacle).

* Pistils few to many distinct carpfU.

Calyx deciduous, sepals 5: no stipules K-animculaceaa, 14

Calyx persistent, sepals 3 or 4: growing in water Nympheeaceao, 17

Calyx persistent, sepals 6 or 10: leaves with stipules Rosaceae, 43

Calyx of petal-like sepals: oo'^aiUa often wanting Raniinculaceee. 1 4

C POLYPETALA

* * PiMil compound, of S or more united carpels; a$ thoxen by wjort than one stigma4obt,

sliijma, style or cell in the ovary; or by its not being at all one sided.

Petals more nameroua than the sepals:

Indefinitely numerous, slender, persistent. Aquatic plants. .N'ympb.SBacess, 17

Just twice as many (4 or 6): sepals caducous Papaverace89, 18

Five to sixteen; style 3-8-cleft: fleshy herbs. PortulacaceSD, 31

Petals of the same number (5) as the persistent sepals.

Leaves opposite : sepals equal HypericaceSB, S3

Leaves alternate: sepals unequal Cistaceee, 26

Leaves radical^ hollow, 2-appendage(i at hooded top SarraceniacesBt 18

2. Stamens and petals on the free or adnate calyx.

Leafless, thorny, fleshy plants: ovary prickly, inferior Cactaceas, 64

Leaves mostly opposite, very fleshy: ovary inferior Ficoideae, 65

Leaves opposite. Shrub: sepals and petals numerous CalycanthaceaB, 53

Shrubs: sepals 4 to 7 : flowers white Saxi f ragaceee, 54

Leaves alternate or radical: herbs or shrubs Rosacess, 48

Leaves alternate; no stipules: rough herbs: ovary inferior Loasaceas, 63

3. Stamens on the claws of the petals.

Btamens many, distinct, anthers long: calyx a conical cap: petals 4. . Papaveracese, 18

Stamens many, united into a tube: anthers small: petals 6 Malvaceae, 33

Stamens 10 to 16, united half way: shrub Styracaceae, 77

B. STAMENS 10 OB LESS.

1. Ovary or ovaries superior (i.e., free from the calyx) or mainly so, but
sometimes included in the calyx-tube.

* Pistils more than one, not united.

Pistils of the same number as petals and sepals.

Leaves simple, entire, fleshy Crassulacead, 57

Leaves pinnate: styles united, globular ovaries distinct Geraniaceae, 36

Pistils not of the same number as the sepals and petals.

Two or three. Shrubs or trees: leaves opposite, compound Sapindaceae, 38

Ilerbs; leaves simple Saxifragaceae, 54

Many. Stamens on the receptacle Ranunculaceae, 14

Stamen* on tl»« o*lvi: leaves compound, mostly radical KosaceaB, 48

POLTPBTALiB. T

• • Pistil only one, simple or compound.

a. Shrubs, trees or woody climben.
fltyle And stigmA oae.

Sepals, petals and stamens 6 each, opposite each other Berboridaceas, 17

Sepals, petals and stamens 4 or 5 each (or stamens 8 in 1st).

Strongly aromatic or heavy-scented RutacesB, 36

Not aromatic: leaves simple, opposite CelastraceaB, 37

A vine climbing by tendrils Vitaceee, 33

Calyx 2-lipped: petals unequal: stamens 5-8, exserted SapindacesB, 38

Calyx 4 toothed: petals 2: stamens 2 to 4: fruit winged Oleaceae, 77

Calyx 4-cleft: petals 4: stamens 6: ovary long-stiped Isomeris, 25

Calyx 4-toothed: petals 5, unequal: stamens 10 Legoiminosse, 39

Sepals 3 or 5, unequal: stamens 4 to 8, united below PolygalaceaB, 26

Styles or stigmas more than one.

Styles 2: leaves opposite: fruit 2-winged Sapindaceee, 38

Styles 3-cleft: stamens 5, opposite small petals RhamnaceaB, 37

Stigmas 3: leaves alternate, 3-foliolate or simple Anacardiaceae, 39

Stigmas 4 or 5: prostrate stems hardly woody Saxifragaceae, 54

Stigma 5-lobed: small shrub: leaves opposite or whorled EricaceaB, 71

b. Herbs: leaves mostly or all radicoL

Stamens 1 or 3: sepals 2: petals 2 to 5: stigmas 2 or 3 PortulacaceaB, 31

Stamens 5, anthers united: lower petal spurred: style 1 ViolaceaB, 26

Stamens 5, opposite the petals. Sepals 2: style 3-cleft Portulacaceoe, 31

Sepals colored, united: styles 5. . Plumbagfinaceae, 57

Stamens, sepals and petals 5 each: styles 3 or 6: very glandular. .Droseraceae, 58

Stamens 5 or 10, on the calyx: style 2 or 3 SaxifragaceEB, 54

Stamens 10, on the receptacle: stigma 6-lobed Ericaceee, 71

Stamens 10, styles 5: leaves 3-foliolate Oxalis in Geraniacese, 36

Stamens 6 united in S's: sepals 2: petals 4 in unequal pairs Fiunariacef© 19

Stamens 6: flowers nodding on a scape Vancouveria in Berberidacese, 17

c. Herbs: leaves alternate.

Corolla regular (petals alike) or nearly so.

Stigma 1, often 2-lobed: stamens 6 (2 and 4) CruciferEB, 19

stamens 6, equal : ovary onastipe CapparidacesB, 25

stamens 4 to 7 and as many petals on the calyx LythraceEe 59

Stigma 2-lobed: stamens 4: petals 2: sepals 2, white Maiantliemum, 119

Stigmas 5: sepals 5: petals 5: stamens 10 Geraniacew, 36

o POLTPETALJE.

Styles 2 or 3: sepals 5: petals 5: stamens 5 or 10: leaves petioled . . Saxifragacege, 54

Styles 2 to 5: sepals 5: petals 5: stamens 5: leaves sessile !Linacea9, 35

Style 3-cleft: sepals 2: petals 5: fleshy leaves Portulacaceae, 31

CorollA irregular (petals not all alike): style one.

Stamens 10, included by the cohering lower pair of petals lieg^miiiosse, Z9

Stamens 5: anthers united: lower petal spurred ViolacesB, 26

Stamens 6, united in 3's: petals 4, in pairs Fumariaceae, 19

Stamens 6, unequal, distinct or 2 united StreptanthuSf 22

Stamens 6 to 8, united: ovary 2-celled: leaves entire PolygalacesB, 26

d. Herbs: leaves ojyposiU, simple^ except in the last.

Style 3-cleft: stamens 3 to 5: leaves a single pair. Portulacaceaa, 31

Style none, stigmas 3: stamens 10 to 12: petals 6: leaves in 3's. . Papaveraceee, 18

Styles 3: flowers sessile: stamens 4 to 7: leaves re volute Frankeniaceae, 27

Styles 3: flowers in axillary clusters: stamens 3 to 5 MoUmjo, Go

Styles 2 to 5: capsule 1-celIed: stamens 10 or 6 CaryophyllaceaE), 27

Styles 2: capsule 4 celled: stamens 5 Linaceoe, 35

Styles 4 or 5: small white flowers in terminal clusters Saxifragaceae, 54

Style 1 : stamens on the slightly cohering rotate petals PrimulaceaB, 76

Styles and other flower parts each 2 to 5 (stamens rarely twice \ Tn„ + -

as many) /

33

Styles or stigmas 5: 5 akenes separating when ripe QeraniaceaB, 36

2. Ovary and fruit inferior or mainly so.

Shrubs: sepals, petals and stamens each 4 or 5: leaves simple.

Stamens opposite the small clawed petals: style 3-cleft KhamnaceaB, 37

Sepals petaloid: ovary globose; styles or stigmas 2 Saxifrag'acea9, 64-

Sepals, petals and stamens 4 each: the flowers in cymes or in 1 ^

heads with a white involucre / ^ornacess, GC

Herbs. Sepals 5: petals 5: styles 2 to 6: leaves simple Saxifragace^, 54

Flowers or flower clusters axillary.

Flower parts in 2'3 or 4's, small: aquatic: leaves whorled Halorageae, 59

Flower parts in 4*8 (rarely in 2's or G's): style 1 Onagracese, 59-

Flowers monoecious: climbing by tendrils Cucurbitaceee, 64

Flowers in umbels or heads not axillary.

Flowers in umbels or heads: petals 5: stamens 5.

Styles 2: fruit dry UmbelliferEB, 65

Styles 2 to 5: fruit juicy AraliacGEB, 13

Flowers in a head with iovolucre of 4 white leaves ComacesB, 66

OAMOPETALA

DIVISION 2.— GAMOPETAL^.

A. OVARY INFERIOR (adherent to the calyx) or mainly bo.

Stamens 8 or 10: corolla-lobes 4 or 5: shniba Ericaceae, 71

Stamens 10, those alternate with small corolla-lobes aterile, iaflezed Samolus, 77

Stamens 5 (rarely 4), united into a tube.

Style 2-cleft: flowers in a flower-like head CompositaB, 69

Style and stigma entire: flowers irregular. (Seep. 13) Lobeliacese, 69

Stamens 4 or 5, distinct, growing at the base of the corolla CampanulaceaB, 70

Stamens ou the corolla-tube: leaves opposite or whorled.

Leaves connate: corolla 4-lobed: stiff, prickly herbs Dipsaciut, 69

Leaves opposite, corolla mostly 5-lobed CaprifoliaceaB, 66

Leavea whorled or sometimes opposite: corolla 4-lobed RuDiaceee, 68

Leaves unequal: prostrate: calyx corolla-like. (See Cal. Flora.) Abronia.

Stamens only 3: corolla 5-6-lobed: calyx -lobes minute or none. Herbs.

Leaves opposite; stamens distinct: erect herbs ValerianaceaB, 68

Leaves palmately nerved, alternate: tendril -bearing vines Cucurbitacea9, 64

Stamens apparently 1, really 3 united: flowers monoecious Cucurbitaceee, 64

B. OVARY SUPERIOR (free from the calyx) or nearly so.
1. Flowers regular or nearly so.

• Slamena twice as many a» the lobea of the eoroRcu

Corolla bell-shaped or inflated-ovoid Ericacesb 7i

Corolla deeply 5-S-cleft, the base united with the filaments StyracacegB, 77

Corolla 5-cleft: pistils or styles 5: fleshy herbs CrassulaceEB 57

* • Stamens as many as the corolla-lobes.

a. Style 1, stigma 1 : leafless, root-parasite Pholisma 75

b. Style 1, stigma 1: leaves entire {lobed in the first and last).

Leaves mostly radical, reniform: stamens unequal Romanzoffia, 87

Leaves all radical; flowers spicate, colorless, scarious Plantaginacese, 109

corolla reflexed: anthers purple-black Dodecatheon^ 76

Leaves alternate. Spikes coiled: ovary in 4 parts Borraginace® 87

Flowers rotate to funnelform or tubular Solanaceee 92

Tall shrub: 3 to 5 calyx-like bracts: flowers yellow Freinontia^ 35

Leaves opposite (at least below), entire: juice milky: ovaries 2; stigmas united.

Flowers white or pinkish in terminal cymose clusters Apocynaceee. 77

Flowers in umbels: sepals and petals reflexed or rotate Asclepiadacece, 77

Leaves opposite, ovate, sessile: flowers rotate, axillary, solitary Anagallis, 77

Leaves clustered at the top of the stem, bracts below: corolla rotate TritntaJis, 7ft;

lO GAMOPETALJBL

e. Style one or none^ etigmaa ttoo.

Learei opposite or whorled, sessile, entire GentianacesB

LeaTes opposite, lobed: flowers small in spikes Verbenacese,

Leaves alternate or radical, 3-foliolate: corolla bearded Menyanthes.

Leares alternate. Flowers not axillary Hydropliyllaceas

Flowers in a head with acerose bracts Gilia

Flowers funnelform: twining or creeping vines Convolvulus

Itetres radical: flowers solitary on scapes Hesperochiron

i. Style 1, siigmaa S PolemoniaceaB

«. Style 2-clefl Hydrophyllaceae

/. Styles 2: leaves simple and alternate or none,

blowers solitary, axillary, white: leaves silky Cressa

Mowers clustered on filiform, leafless orange or yellow twining stems Cuscuta,

Flowers 6 or 6 lines long: shrubs or wood- based herbs HydrophyllaceaB

7f
105
80
84
80
91
87

80
84

91
91

84

• * * Stamens fetoer than the lobes of the slightly irregular corolla.

Stamens 4: flowers in slender spikes: leaves opposite, lobed Verbenacese, 105

Stamens 3: style 3-cleft: sepals 2: leaves opposite, entire. Montia, 32

Stamens 2 or 4: ovary 2-celled Scrophulariaceae, 93

2. Flowers irregular : style 1 ; stigma entire or 2-lobed.

Leaves or scales not opposite.

Corolla flattened, heart-shaped: stamens 6, united in 3's^ Dicentra, 19

Corolla curved: leafless root-parasites: stamens 4 OrobanchaceaB, 104

Corolla more or less 2-lipped: ovary 2-celled: stamens 2 to 5 . ^ ScrophulariaceaB, 93

Corolla 2-lipped, spurred: ovary 1 -celled: stamens 2: aquatic. . Lentibnlariaceae, 104

Leaves opposite or whorled: stamens 2 or 4.

Ovary 2-celled .Scropliulariace®, 93

Ovary 4-parted, forming 4 seed-like nutlets ^ Labiates, 105

Ovary 2-4-lobed: small flowers in spikes or heads ....^ ••• .Veibenaceae, 105

DIVISION 3.— APETAL^

A. OVABY INFEBIOB. (calyx adherent) or apparently so.

Leaves cordate: calyx 3-lobed: ovary 6-celled. (See Cal. Flora). . Aristolochiacese.

Leaves palmately lobed tendril-bearing vines Cucurbitaceas, 64

Leaves pinnate: calyx- tube 3-4-angled, prickly Kosacese. 4d

A PETAL JE. II

Leaves aneqaally pinnatifid: calyx -tube in fertile flowera 3'toothed Datisea, 64

Leaves glaucoTiB: white flowera in clustered umbels Comandra,

Leaves small, crenate: capsule axillary, obcordate ChrysospUnium, dd

Leaves opposite. Calyx salverform: capsule 1 -seeded. (See Flora).. NyctaginaceaB.

Calyx 4-lobed: stamens 4: flowers axillary Ludioigia^ 60

Calyx (corolla) tubular to rotate CaprifoliaceoB, 66

Leares in whorls. Calyx 4-lobed or entire. Aquatic Haloragese, C9

B. OVABY SUPEBIOB (free from the calyx).

a. Herb»: leaves cdtemcUe, radical or in a tohorL

Sepals petaloid* persistent; akene 1, S-sided or 6at. (See Flora). , . .Polygonacesd.

poraiatent: fleshy root-parasite, waxy- white bracts Allotropa, 74

deciduous: carpels several or many HanunculacesB, 14

Sepals green: racemes close: capsules fiat, 1-2-celled Cruciferse, 1 9

minute flowers opposite the leaves Alchemilla^ 52

Sepals none: dense oblong spike with petaloid involucre. (See Flora). , . .Antmopais^

spike naked: radical leaf 3-foliolate Achlys, 17

h. Herbs: leaves opposite entire: capsule 1-celled except in the last.

fttems square: calyx 4-toothed, with smaller teeth between, axillary Ammania^ 59

Lavolucre calyx-like or surrounding a head of flowers. (See Flora). .NyctaginacesB.

Flowers small, axillary, sessile white: stigma 1 Olavx^ 76

Flowera green, terminal : stigmas 3 to 5 Caryophy Uaceae, 27

Flowers axillary: capsule 3-5-celled Ficoideaa, 6r>

c. Shrubs or trees: leaves altematef entire {except in the last): flavors perfect.

Calyx tubular, bearing the stamens: akene plumose-tailed Cercocarjnis, 50

Calyx 6-parted, yellowish: leaves very aromatic. (See Flora) LauracesB.

Calyx 4-5-cleft, greenish: fruit berry-like, 2-4-seeded Rhamnaceae, 37

Calyx 3-4-lobed, yellow: stamens 6 to 12, exserted Dirca paluatrxs.

Calyx o-clcft, large, yellow: stamens 5, united SterculiacesB, 35

d. Trees or woody climbers with opposite pinnate leaves.

Trees: flowera dioecious: winged fruit in drooping panicles. OleaceaB, 77

flowers perfect : fruit 2- winged, 2-seeded SapindacesB, 38

Climbers: sepals 4: stamens and pistils many: akenes tailed Clematis^ 14

c Dioecious shrubs with drooping silky gray aments Oarrya^ 60

Vl KNDOQDNS OR MONOCOTYLEDONS.

CLASS II.— ENDOGENS OR UIONOCOTYLEDONS,

A. OVART SUPERIOR (Perianth not adherent) .

Pistils 8 to many distinct or united carpels: flowers in whorls Alismaceae, 109

Pistil 3-carpeled, ovary 3-celled, or at least S-sided Liliacese, 113

Pistil 2-celled: red flowers ia an umbel Cliiitoiiia, 123

small perianth 4-parted: stamens 4 Maianihemum, 119

B. OVARY INFERIOR (Perianth adherent).

Flowers irregular: anthers 1 or 2 on the pistil Orchidaceae, 110

Flowers regular: anthers 3, extrorse IridaceaB, 112

ADDExNDA.

Atter Umbellifem, p. 65, add: —

ARALIACEJE.

A tjill herb: leaves bipinnate or pinnate, very Large : pedicels jainted. 1

Stem woody, prickly, 6*12 ft. high: leaves palmately lobed: peudcels z:=t )adated 8

1. ARAT.TA, Linnaeus.
I. A. Califomica, Watson. Root large, aromatic, used medicinally (SpikenartU^

2. FATSIA, Bentham & Hjookes
L, F. Ixorrida, B. & EL C!ommon in the forests of Oregon and Dorthward.

LOBELIACE^

Aiter Nemacladoa, p. 69, add: —

la. HOWELLIA, Gray.

1. H. aquatilis, Gr. Aquatic: submersed leaves slender, mostly alternate, entire;
those above water broader and shorter, sometimes 1-2 -toothed: Dowers ihort-
ped uncled, axillary; corolla-lobes nearly equal, not surpassing the calyx. Fonda am
Sanvies Island, Cokunbda River.

14 RANUNCULACEJL

DIVISION I. POLYPETAL^E.

ranlnculackj:.

* Petals and sepals similarly colored.

Sepals and petals slender : carpels 3 to 8 on stipes : smooth ; evergreen 8

Petals 5 spur-like sacs: follicles 6: flowers nodding: leaves compound 10

D^pper sepal with a spur enclosing spurs of two petals: petals 4 II

Qpper sepal a hood enclosing spurs of two petals 12

Minute white flowers in dense capitate racemes: pistil single 15

Flowers pinkish or whitish on scapes 6

Flowers solitary on scapes: receptacle elongated: leaves slender, entire 5

• * Petal* and sepals not similarly colortd.

Petals yellow white or pinkish : akenes small, beaked 6

Petals fleshy, dull purple: follicles large: leaves glaucous 14

* * * Petals wanting : sepals petaloid.

Woody climbers: leaves opposite: sepals 4: akenes plumose 1

A whorl of leaves below the flower: akenes many 3

Leaves cordate: sepals greenish, large: follicles 5 to 12 7'

Leavet 2-3-temately compound: follicles pointed d

Flowers small, greenish, in panicles: leaves 2-3-temate 3

Flowers small, white; panicles corymbose, akenes 4-angled, inflated •.... #

1. CliEMATTS) Linnaeus.

1. C. ligusticifolia, Nuttall. Leaves 5-foliolate: sepals white, lilky.

2. C. lasiantha, Nutt. Leaves 3-foliolate: peduncles 1-2- bracteate,

3. 0. pauciflora, Nutt. Leaves fascicled: akenes smooth.

4. C. verticillaris, DC. Flowers bluish purple, large, solitary.

2. ANEMONE, Linnffiua.

1. A. occidentalis, Watson. Akenes plumose-tailed: alpine.

2. A, ratdtifida, DC. Akenes densely woolly: sepals villoosL

3. A. nemorosa, Linn. Leaves 3, petioled, temate, incisely lobecL

4. A. deltoidea. Hooker. Leaves usually entire, serrate.

KANUNCDLACEiE. 10

8. THALICTRUM, Tournefort.

1, T. polycarpuin, Watson. Akenes in dense heads, 2 or 3 line* long.
JL T. occidentalis, Gray. Akenes 1 to 6, 3 or 4 lines long, narrower.
%, T. eparsiflorum, Turcz. Anthers obtuse; fruit heads nodding.

4. TB^TJTVETTERIA, Fischer & Meyer.
1. T. grandia, Nutt. Slender: leaves few, 5,7-lobe(i, laciniate-toothed.

0. MYOSTJBUS, Linnaeus.

1. M. nunimTis, Linn. Receptacle in fruit 1 or 2 inches long.

2. M. aristatus, Benth, Receptacle shorter, akene-s beaked.

3. M. sessilis, Watson. Flowers sessile: fruit heads 2 to 6 lines long.

6, BANTTNCTTLUS, Linn.

* AqucUic: lexivt* round-reniform and lohed or, whin svJymersedt JUiform-dissectecL

Petals white: akenes wrinkled crosswise 1, 2

Petals yellow: akenes not wrinkled 0

" • Not aquatic : leaves all radical : scapea naked or 1-2 hracteaUy mo9tly l-JUncered:

»epals petaloid.

Sepals white: petals minute: leaves cordate or reniform 3

Sepals pinkish, persistent petals pink: leaves compound 4

* • • Usxudly growing in wet places.

Leaves all entire, oval or narrower 7, 8, 9, 10

Leaves rather fleshy, simple or 3-foliolate; lobes rounded 5, 12

" • • * 2iot aquatic but some species growing in wet places: leaves variously divided

or lohed.

Alpine, tufted: leaves round-reniform to cuneate, small 11

Some or all the leaves temately compound : stems branching.

Petals usually more than 6 15

Petals usuaUy 6 13, 16, 17, 18, 10

1. R. aquatilis, Linn. var. heterophyllus. Sepals deciduous: receptacle hairy.

2. H. Lobbii, Hiem. Sepals persistent enclosing the few akenes.

3. R. hystriculu-s Gray. Akenes 2 or 3 lines long, tapering ; beak hooked.

4. R. Andersoni, Gr. Akenes bladdery, 4 or 5 lines long.

6. R. Cymbalaria, Pursh. Akenes enlarging upward; beak oblique.

6. R. multiflduB, Pursh. Petals 5 to 8 with a large scale; beak straight.

7. R. pusillus, var. Liindheimeri, Gr. Akenes granulate.

8. R. Flaminiila, Linn. var. reptans, Gr. Akenes subglobose.

9.

R.

10.

B

11.

R

12.

R

13.

R.

14.

R.

15.

R.

16.

R.

17.

R.

18.

R.

19.

R.

16 RANUNCULACEiE.

••^smaBfolius, Geyer. Smooth: akenes in globose head.
Lemmoni, Gr. Sepals villous: akenes pubescent,
oxynotus, Gr. Leaves small: sepals hairy: heads oblong.
Bloomeri, Watson. , Akenes straight-beaked,
occidentalis. Akenes flat, often rough ; beak cur\^ed-
canus, Benth. Densely soft villous when young.
Califomicus, Benth. Petals narrowly obovate, 6 to 20.
hispidus, \iichx. Hispid: calyx scarcely reflexed.
orthorhjTicllus, Hooker. Akenes nearly 2 lines long,
hebecarpus, Hook. & Arn. Flowers minute: akenes bristly,
muricatus, Linn. Akenes prickly, large, strong-beaked.

7. CAIiTHA, Linnaeus.
1. C. leptosepala, D C. Scape-like stems 1-flowered.

8. COPTIS, Salisbury.

1. C. asplenifolia. Salis. Small petals pouched: sepals slender.

2. C. occidentalism T. & G. Petals not pouched, linear. Or.

9. ISOPYRUM, Linnaeus.

1. I. occidentalis, Hook. & Am. Several flowers: follicles 6 lines long.

2. I. stipitatum, Gray. One flower: follicles stipitate, 3 lines long, obtuML

3. I. Hallii, Gray. Large: 7 to 9 flowers: follicles smaller, acuminate.

10. AaUILEGIA, Tournefort.

1. A. tnincata, F, & M. Petals truncate, red, yellow-tinged, CaL

2. A. formosa, Fischer. Similar: petals longer outside. Oregon.

3. A. caerulea, James. Flowers blue to white: spurs very slender.

11. DELPHINIUM, Tourn.

Flowers blue, purple or white, in terminal racemes.

Capsule pubescent 1, 2, 3, 5

Capsule glabrous 4, 6, 7, 8

Flowers red or yellowish in loose racemes. 9, 10

simplex. Douglas. Stem and raceme strict: sepals 4 or 5 lines long,
variegatum, T. & G. More hairy raceme loose: sepals 6 to 10 lines long.
Menziesii, DC. A longer spur: upper petals purple-veined,
decorum, F & M. Usually smooth: flowers like the last.
depauperatum, Nuttall. Smaller: possibly variety of the last.

1.

D.

2.

D.

3.

D.

4.

D.

ft.

D.

6.

D.

7.

D.

8

D.

9.

D

10.

D

NTMPHiEACEiE. If

Californicum, T. & G. Dull blue flowers velvety: raceme close,
glaucum, Watsoa. Glaucous: pale blue tiowera: raceme narrow,
trollifolium, Gray. Smooth: leaves shining: flowers large,
nudicaule, T. & G. Follicles narrowed at base: 6 to 12 lines long,
cardinale, Hookt-r. Follicles broader at base, shorter: flowers larger.

12. ACONITUM, Toumefort.
1. A- Columbiantun, Nutt. Blue fiowers or rarely white: hood beaked.

13. ACTiEA, Linnaeus.
I. A. spicata, var. argaita, I'orrey. Leaves 2-3-temate: berries red.

14. P-ffiONIA, Linn.
1. P. Brownii, Dougl. Leathery sepals persistent: seeds 5 or 6 lines long.

BERBEKIDACEJE.

Low shrubs with spiny-toothed pinnate leaves: flowers yellow ..,.. 1

Herb: leaves radical, temately compound: flowers nodding, white ,. 9

Herb: radical 3-foliolate leaf solitary: sepals and petals wanting 8

1. BERBERIS, Linnaeus.
1. B. repens, Lindley. Leaflets 3 to 7, ovate, not shiny: not & foot hi{;h.
*2. B Aquifolium, Pursh. Leaflets 7 or mf>re, shiny: berries globose.

3. B pinnata, Lag. Petiole short or leaflets at the base: fruit long-ovoid,

4. B. nervosa, Pursh. Leaflets palraately nerved, 11 to 17.

2. VANCOUVERLA, Morren &. Decaiane.

1. V. hexandjra, M. & D. Panicle of white flowers on a scape.
Var. axirea. Flowers yellow, larger. S. W. Or. ( V. aurea, Greene.)

3. ACHLYS, DeCandolle.
1. A. triphylla, DC. Scape ending in a slender spike of minute flo

NYMPIIJCACEJE.

Leaves elliptic-peltate, floating: stems jelly -coated ,.. ,,,. 1

Leaves oblong -cordate, lArge: flowers large, globose, yellow 2

18 PAPAVERACEiE.

1. BRASENIA, Schreber.
L B. peltata, Parah. Leaves 2 to 4 inches long: white or purplish floweza.

1. NUPHAB, Smith.
I. N. polysepalum, Engelm. Leaves 6 to 12 inches long: stigma broad.

SARRACENlACEiE.

Darlingtonia Califomica, Torrey. Hooded tubular leaves with a pair of miU"^
tache-like appendages above the opening: solitary flower nodding on a bracteate scape.

papateracej:.

• Herhn with entire narrow leaves ; the uppermost whorled or opposite: sepals S, cadticottst

petals 6 in S rows, white or yellowish.

Filiform stigmas 6 to many; ovaries forming a cylinder 1

Stigmas 3; capsule triangular-ovoid to obovoid or linear 2

* * Herbs with divided or lobed alternate 'leaves.

Sfepals 3, winged on the back: half shrubby 8

Sepals 3 or 2, sharp-homed: bristly with stiflF prickles 4

Sepals 2: stigma slightly 4-8-lobed: slender purplish filaments. 5

Sepals united into a conical cap: slender stigmas unequal ., . 6

* * * Shrubs or woody based perennials.

Sepals 2: buds globular: stigmas 2: leaves entire ,»*.. 7

Sepals 3: petals 6, very large, white: leaves pinnatifid ^,«« 8

1. PLATYSTEMON, Bentham.

I. P. Califomicus, Benth. Hirsute: peduncles long, axillary.

2. PliATYSTIGMA, Bentham.

1. P. lineare, Benth. Hirsute: stems short: peduncles long: stamens many.

2. P. Californicum, B. & H. Capsule 9 to 15 lines long: stamens 10 to 12.

3. P. Oreganum, B. & H. Capsule shorter: stamens 4 to 6: smaller.

4. P. denticulatum, Greene. Leaves denticulate: stamens 6 to 9.

3. ROMNEYA, Harvey.
1. R. Coulteri, Harv. White flowers 3 or more inches broad: glaucous leavea^

4. ARGEMONE, Linnaeus.
L. A. hlspida, Gray. Densely prickly, petals and stamens only excepted.

FUMARIACK^ I.)

5. MECONOPSIS, Viguier.
I. M. heterophylla, Benth. Capsule truncate, ribbed, beaked.

6. ESCHSCHOLTZIA, Chamisao.

[Cup-like torua enclosing the ovary 2-niargined; the inner membranoxiB, the outer and
lower usually thicker (First shown by E. L. Greene)].

• Outer margin of the obconical torua a broad green or reddish rim,

1. E. Califomica, Cham, Smooth, perennial, often decumbent.

Torus without conspicuous rim, cylindrical or nearly so.

2. E. AustinaB, Greene. Erect, branching, hairy below.

3 E. tenuifolia, Benth. Scape-like peduncles squar*, very slender.

4- E. rhombipetala, Greene. Square peduncles rough, stout: petals fngadooa,

7. DENDROMECON, Bentham.
1. D. rig^duxxif Benth. Leaves ovate or narrower, rigid, verticaL

FUMARIACEiE.

Corolla flattened heartshaped or 2-8purred at base ^ 1

Corolla l-spurred at base, deciduous ^..^ ,.....,*. . 9

1. DICENTRA, Borkhausen.

* Flowers drooping on a scape : filaments lightly united.
formosa, DC. Raceme com'pd: persistent petals united, rose color,
uniflora, Kellogg. Flower solitary, \ inch long: capsule short,
pauciflora, Watson. Flowers 1 to 3, 8 to 12 lines long: capsule exaerted.
cucullaria, DC. Raceme simple: spurs divergent.

* * Flowers narrow^ erect, in panicles on leafy stems.
chrysantha, H. & A. Petals yellow, 6-9 lines long, tips widely divergent,
ocbjoleuca, Engelmann. Petals yellowish, longer, tips less divergent.

2. CORYDALIS, Ventenat.

aurea, Willd. var. occidentalis, Gr. Flowers golden yellow.
Scoiileri, Hook, Flowers rose-colored in spreading racemes.
Caseana, Gr. Flowers white or cream-color, bluish tipped.
BidwellisB, Watson. Similar, but crest entire, spur curved,

CKLClFERiE.

I 1. Pods Bplitting when ripe, the sides (valves) separating from a central pair ol
riba (placentae) which bear the seeds and usually frame a transparent partition.

1.

D.

2.

D.

3.

D.

4.

D.

5.

D.

6.

D.

1.

C.

2.

C.

3.

C.

4.

C.

20 CRUCIFERiB.

• Pods flattened parallel with the partition, the placental ribs forming the margin'. radicU
t^fthe bent embryo lying against one edge of the cotyledons (accumbent).

Pods orbicular, nerveless: flowers small, white or yellowish.

Pods large, flat: seeds orbicular, flat, thin-margined: scapes 1-flowered ►... 1

Pods less than 2 lines broad: flowers in racemes: leaves spatulate, entire 2

Pods ovate or lanceolate to linear or oblong not an inch long 8

Pods narrowly linear, valves nerveless, partition thickened.

Pods long-beaked: stem leaves few, close together near the top 4

Pods short-beaked: leaves scattered: racemes longer 5

Pods linear or narrower, an inch or more long, 1 -nerved: seeds flat

Anthers short: petals white, purple or rose-color: claw narrow, blade flat 6

Anthers sagittate at base: petals usually unequal and crispate or twisted 7

Sepals broad, not colored, the outer gibbous: petals broad, blade flat 8

• * Pods terete or scarcely Jlattened, often 4-angled: radicle lying against the side of the

cotyledons or embracing them (incumbent), or turned partly to one side (oblique).
t Pods slender, 1 to 4 inches long; valves 1-nerved: seeds oblong, slightly Jlattened; cotyledons

often oblique.

Flowers white to purple: anthers sagittate.

Petals undulately crisped, little exceeding the large sepals: claw broad ^. . . . »^ . 9

Petals with flat limb much exceeding the narrow sepals 10

Flowers yellow, large: stem leaves narrow, mostly entire.

Anthers linear, at length coiled: pods on long stipes, curved , 11

Anthers sagittate: stigma 2-lobed: pod 4-angled ; no stipe 12

f t Pods linear, often less than an inch long: seeds in one row (except in 1st sp*s. of No. 16
and in No. 16): at least the lower leaves pinnatifd.

Seeds globose: cotyledons infolding the radicle: anthers sagittate 13

Seeds oblong: anthers oblong: leaves lyrately pinnatifid, smooth 14

Seeds oblong, small: anthers sagittate: petals 1 to 3 lines long 15

Seeds in two rows: pods 4 to 6 lines long; valves nerveless 16

1 1 + Pods oblong^ovoid to globose, beaked with the slender style.

Densely stellate-pubescent: leaves mostly entire: flowers yellow 17

* * * Pods flattened contrary to the narrow partition.

Pods linear, \ to 2^ inches long, on slender axillary peduncles ♦^ 18

Pods ovoid, scarcely flattened, on slender scapes. Aquatic • 19

Pods linear, nearly terete: cotyledons 3-parted: petals included 20

Pods angular-obcordate or oblong-obovate, many-seeded 21

Pods oblanceolate to obovate or cuneate-oblong, 4-8-8eeded. , , 22

Pods orbicular to obovate, 2-winged above, 2-seeded 23

§ 2. Pods not splitting open when ripe: petals minute at wanting except in the last.
Pods with 2 small globular seed-like cells, rough . c 24

CRDClFERiE. 21

Pods elliptical, twisted, flat, 2 lines long, 6- lO-aeeded 25

Poda minute, orbicular, bristly with hooked hairs, 1 -seeded 26

Pods orbicular or obovate, broadly margined, plano-convex, 1 -seeded. 27

Poda terete, spongy-intlated, tapering above, an inch or more long 28

1. PLATYSPERMXTM, Hooker.
1. P. scapigenim, Hook. Glabrous, leaves mostly runcinately lobed. S. N. Mt«.

2. ALYSSUM, Tournefort.

1. A. calycinum, L. Petals white or yellowish: sepals persistent: pods ^-seeded.

2. A. maritimmn, L. Petals white: pods 2-8eeded (known aa Sweet Alyssum).

8. DRAB A, Linnsens.
Stems leafy. Nos. 1 to 4. Stems scape-like, few-flowered, not annuals. Noa. 5 to 10.

1. D. cuneifolia, Nutt. Hirsute, 1 to 6 inches high: petals white, 1 or 2 lines long,

2. D. stenoloba, Ledeb. Larger, montane or alpine: petals yellow, obtuse.

3 D. aureola, Watson. Densely stellate-hairy: raceme dense: petals yellow.

4. D, corrugata, Watson. Pubescence coarser: racemes looser: pod contorted.

5. D. crassifolia, Graham. Glabrous: yellow petals a line long: pods acute.

6. D. Douglasii, Gr. Glaucous: scapes 6 to 18 lines long: petals white.

7. D. Lemmom, Wats. Stout caudex branching: scapes an inch high: petals yellow.

8. D. eurycarpa, Gr. Pod ovate, beaked, 5 to 10 lines long. Sonora Pass.

9. D. alpina, L. Petals yellow, 1^ to 2^ lines long. Alpine,

10. D. Howellii, Watson. Similar: petals 3 or 4 lines long: pods often one-sided.
N.W. Cal.

4. DENTABIA, Linnseua.

1. D. tenella, Pursh. Leaves 1 to 3, 2-5-parted: flowers 3 to 6 lines long.

2. D. Califomica, Watson. Leaves 2 to 4, toothed, rarely 3- lobod: petals rose-colop.

6. CARDAMINE, Linnaeus.

Leaves pinnate with several pairs of small leaflets. . . 1, 2, 8

Leaves pinnate with larger leaflets, or simple.

Radical leaves 5-7-foliolate; stem leaves with 5 to 9 entire leaflets....... 4

Eladical leaves mostly simple; stem leaves 3-5-foliolate 6, 6

Leaves all ternate, the leaflets 3-5-lobed or toothed : tall 7

Leaves all simple; margin sinuate or entire 8, 9

L C. Gambelii, Watson. Leaflets 9 to 13, sessile, acute: petals 4 lines long.

2. 0. oligosperma, Nutt. Leaflets 7 to 11, petiolulate: petals 1 to 1^ lines long.

3. 0. hirauta, L. Stouter: leaflets sessile: flowers larger in longer racemes.

4.

C.

6.

C.

6.

c.

7.

c.

8.

c.

9.

c.

22 CRUCIFER^

cuneata, Greene. Tnberiferoua like the next: leaflets petiolulate.
paucisecta, Benth. Petals 6 to 9 lines long, white or pinkish.
Breweri, Watson. Terminal leaflet much the largest: petals 2 lines long.
ang^ata, Hook. Flowers few, 3 to 4 lines long: pods short. Oregon.
cordifolia, Gr. Stout: leaves cordate-orbicular or narrower,
bellidifolia, L. Alpine, tufted, 2 or 3 in. high: leaves entire.

6. ARABIS, Linnaeus.

Pods straight, strictly erect or ascending.

Flowers white, 2 or 3 lines long, in dense elongated racemes ,.*. 1, fl

Flowers light pink or rose color, 2 or 3 lines long. Alpine 3, 4

Flowers rose-purple, 6 to 9 lines long: leaves dark green, ciliate 5

Pods curved and usually (except No. 6) more or less reflexed.

Pods 3 in. long, ascending: stout, 2 ft. high, branching 6

Pods 1 to 4 in. long, strongly reflexed: stem erect, ^ to 2 ft. high 7, 8

Pods 3 or 4 in. long, scarcely a line wide, spreading, recurved 9

Pods similar, shorter: stem simple, 2 to 10 in. high, villous 10

1. A. perfoliata, Lam. Glaucous, stout, 2-4 ft. high: leaves crowded clasping.

2. A. hirsuta, Scop. Smaller, more hairy: pods half as long, 1-2 in. Or.

3. A. Lyallii, Watson. Bright green or glaucous, slender: leaves clasping.

4. A. platyspenna, Gr. Canescent with stellate hairs: pods 2 lines wide.

6. A. blepharophylla, H. & A. Smooth, often tufted. Coast. Monterey to S. F.

6. A. repanda, Watson. Leaves 3-4 in. long, sinuate toothed: petals 2-3 lines long.

7. A. Holboellii, Hornem. Petals 3-4 lines long, white to purple, reflexed.

8. A. subpinnatiflda, Watson. Leaves coarsely toothed: petals pinkish.

9. A. arcuata, Gr. Canescent, hairs branching: petals violet 4-6 lines long.
JO. A. Breweri, Watson, Petals deep rose, 1-4 lines long: sepals purplish.

7. STBJEPTANTHUS, Nuttall.

Glabrous or glaucous: stem-leaves clasping by cordate or sagittate base.

Stem-leaves thick, usually toothed, cordate to narrowly ovate 1

Stem-leaves rounded cordate, often crowded, entire: pods curved 2

Stem-leaves ovate to lanceolate, acute: pods nearly straight, slender 3

SteAi-leaves spatulate: sepals broad, 3 lines long: petal-blades purple 4

Stem-leaves very narrow, pinnatifid; or some entire, small and cordate 6

Stem-leaves very slender, margins involute: outer larger sepals subcordate 6

Ixlaucous: racemes zigzag: calyx subglobose, black purple 7

More or less hispid with simple hairs: flowers purple or red.

Stem-leaves auriculate-clasping, toothed: racemes one-sided 8, 0

Steio-leaves scarcely clasping: raceme short: flowers often recurved 10

2.

S.

3.

s.

4.

s.

6.

s.

6.

s.

7.

s.

8.

s.

9.

s.

10.

s

11.

s

CRUCIFERiE. 23

Stem-leaves an Inch or less long, not clasping: flowers and pods erect 11

1. S. cordatus, Nutt. Petals 4-6 lines long, yellowish to purple,

tortuosus, Kellogg. Petals similar: pods narrower (a line wide).
Breweri, Gr. Petals 3-5 lines long, purple: pods 1^ to 2^ in. long.
Howellii, Watson. Collected in S.W. Or. by Thos. Howell in 1884.
diversifolius, Watson. Pods strongly reflexed, slender. Cosumnes River,
polygaloides, Gr. Sepals yellow: petals purple scarcely exserted.
niger, Greene. Petals with purple claw and minute veinles white blade,
peramaenus, Greene, calyx magenta: blade cf petals white, purple-veined,
glandulosus, Hook. Petals red-purple, 6 to 8 lines long.

hispidus, Gr. Hirsute, 2-5 in. high: red-purple petals 4-6 lines long.

fiavescena, Hook. Petals yellowish, linear: sepals half as long, acute.

8. CHEIRANTHTJS, Linnaeus.

1. C. Menziesii, B. & H, Smooth stems scape-like: petals purple. This is Phani'
caxdis Menziesii, Greene {the generic name given by Nuttall).

2. C. asper, C. & S. Stems erect, leafy: petals orange or yellow.

9. CAXJIiANTHUS, Watson.
1. C. procerus, Wats. Glabrous, 4 to 7 ft. high, stout, branching: flowers greenish*

10. THELYPODITJM, Endlicher.

1. T. brachycarpum, Torr. Stem 1 to 5 ft. high: petals slender, white. S. N. Mt».

2. T. flavescens, Watson Sepals hairy, yellowish: pod I^ in. long.

3. T. lasiophyllum, Greene. {Sisymbrium rejlexum "Nutt.) Leaves pinnatifid: stems
1 to 5 ft. high: poda deflexed or erect.

11. STANLEY A, NuualL
L S. pinnatiflda, Nutt. Stems several, 1 to 8 ft. high: petals narrow.

12. EBYSIMUM, Linnaeus.
1. £. asperum, DC. Canescent, leafy: petals 8 to 12 lines long.

13. BBASSICA, Linnajus.

1. B. nig^a, Boiss. Leaves petioled: pods 4-angled, 6 to 9 lines long.

2. B. campestris, L. Upper leaves clasping: puds 2 or 3 in. long; beak long.

3. B. ^inapistruxn, Boiss. Rough-hairy: poJs 1 to I^ in. long, ^ beak.

14. BARBAREA, Robt. Brown.
1, B. vulgaris, R. Br. Perennial, 1 to 3 ft. high: racemes dense, yellow.
Var. arciiata, Koch,, has pods and pedicles spreading. Wet ground.

14 CRUCIFERyE.

15. SISYMBRIUM, Linnseus.

LeaTei 1-2-pinnate; segments usually pinnatifid: dense racemes: pods acute at both endsi,

3 to 6 lines long, pedicels spreading 1, 2'

Leav^es pinnatifid or entire: pods 10 to 18 lines long 3, 4

Leaves runcinate, 3 to 6 in. long: divaricately branched ft

1. S. canescens, Nutt. Stems (as in all the species) branching: seeds in 2 rowa.

2. S. incisum, Englem. Somewhat glandular: petals 1^ lines long. Montajie.

3. S. JTincemn, Bieb. Glaucous: petals 3 lines long. Oregon.

4. S. acutangrulum, DC. Hairy: leaves runcinate, 2 to 6 in. long.
6. S. officinale, Scop. Similar: pod 6 lines long, tapering to a point.

16. NASTURTiriM, Robt. Brown.

1. N. curvisiliqua, Nutt. Leaves pinnatifid: petals but little exserted.

2. N. obtusum, Nutt. Petals minute: pods 1^ to 3 lines long.

3. N. officinale, R. Br. Aquatic: petals white, 1^ to 2 lines long.

17. VESICARIA, Toumefort.

1. V. montana, Gr. Pods oblong-ovoid, 2 i lines long. N. CaL

2. V. Kingii, Wats. Leaves 2 to 6 lines long: pods hairy, ovoid.

3. V. occiden talis. Flowers 4 lines long: pods globose. N. CaL

18. TROPIDOCARPTJM, Hooker.
L T. gracile, Hook. Leaves pinnatitid: flowers yellow, 3 to 6 lines long. OaL

19. SUBULARIA, LinnsBus,

1. S. aquatics, L. Flowers minute: pods 1^ lines long. Mono Pass.

20. STANFORDIA, Watson.
L 8. Califomica, Wats. Flowers 3 or 4 lines long on hairy pedicels, pnrpla.

21. CAPSELLA, Moench.
L C. divaricata, Walp. Very slender, diflfuse: pods elliptic oblong.

2. C. Bursa-pastoris, Moench. Pods cuneate-obcordate. Everywhere.

22. THLASPI, LinnflBus.

1. T. alpestre, L. Pods obovate to cuneate-oblong, not acute, beaked.

2. T. Oalifomicum, Watson. Pods oblanceolate, acute, 4 or 5 lines long. N. CaL

1.

li.

2.

L.

3.

L.

4.

L.

6.

L.

6.

L.

7.

L.

8.

L.

9

L.

10.

L.

CRUCIFKR^. 26

23. liEPIDIUM, Linnfflus.

latipes, Hook. Stont, rigid stem, 1 to 3 in. long; leaves ;onger: pods long- winged
dictyotum, Or. var. acutidens Gr. Stem slender, 1 to 3 in. high,
oxycarpum, T. & G. Slender: petals none: stamens 2: smooth poda nodding,
nitidmn, Nutt. Petals small: pods shining, acutely margined,
strictum. Often matted: sepals persistent: pods erect in dense rsr^emea.
Menziesii. DC. Hispid or pubescent: petals none: pods glabrcas.
lasiocarpvun, Nutt. Rough-pubescent: pods hispid on margin.
VirginicuTn, L. Smooth stem erect, at length leafless below, paniculate.
Draba, L. Perennial: leaves not lobed: petals large: pods cordate,
campestre, L. Stout: leaves serrate: pods ovate, broadly wing&d, scabroat.

24. SENEBIEBA, De CandoUe,
1. S. didyxna, Pers. Racemes opposite pinnatifid leaves. Ill-scented.

26. HETERODRABA, E. L. Greene.
I, H, Tinilateralis, Greene. Branching, nearly prostrate; pedicels reflexed.

26. ATHYSANUS, E. L. Greene.

I. A, pusillus, Greene. Yery slender {Thy sanocaT^pua pusillus^ Hool^iy

27. THYSANOCABPUS, Hooker.

1. T, curvipes, Hook, Leaves clasping: border of pods often perforate.

2. T. laciniatus, Nutt. More slender: leaves scarcely clasping: pods entire.

3. T. radians, Benth. Glabrous: pods with radiating ribs, 4 or 5 lines broad.

28. BAPHANUS, Linn^us.

1. B. sativus, L. Petals veiny, color variable: pithy pods 1 to 1^ in. long.

2, B>. Kaphanistruxn, L. Similar: pods more constricted between seeda.

CAPPARIDACEJE.

1. ISOMERIS, Nuttall.

L I- arborea, Nutt. Yellow flowers in bracteate racemes: stamens exserted.

2. CLEOME, Liuuffius.

1 C. platycarpa, Terr. Erect annual: yellow flowers corymbose; pod hanging.

26 VIOLACE^

cistacej:.

HELIANTHEMUM, Tournefort.
HL scoparium, Nutt. Woody-based stems, slender: flowers yellow. Cent. 8c S. Cal

T^IOLACE^.

VIOLA, Linnaeus.
• Leaves all cordate and reniform,

Stems erect or prostrate: leaves flat ^. 5, 10, 11

Stemless: flowers white or blue 1, 2

• * Leaves not all cordate or reniform: not lobtd.

Flowers blue or violet and white 3, 4

Flowers yellow 7, 8, 9, 10, 12

* * • Leaves lobed or divided. Flotoera yellow or yellow and purple or blue.

Stems a few inches to a foot high 6, 12

Stems short or none 13, 14, 16

1. V. blanda, Willd. White flowers. Alpine in wet places.

2. V. cucullata, Ait. Light blue to white petals, 5 to 8 lines long.

3. V. canina, Linn. var. adunca Gr. Blue flowers, long spurred.

4. V. cuneata, Watson. Leaves tapering at base: flowers purple and white.

5. V. ocellata, T. & G. Leaves coarsely crenate: flowers white, purple marked.

6. V. Hallii, Gr. Gray -green: upper petals purple; lower light yellow.

7. V. pedunculata, T. & G. Orange-yellow petals brown on the back.

8. V. praemorsa, Dougl. A variable species heretofore known as F, aurta^ KelL
Leaves ovate or narrower, crenate.

9. V. Nuttallii, Pursh. Leaves oblong, margins entire. N. Cal., Or.

10. V. sarmentosa, Dougl. Slender stems prostrate : leaves small.

11. V. glabella, Nutt. Leaves large, bright green, thin, acute.

12. V. lobata, Benth. Leaves pedately lobed or some entire.
Var. integrifolia, Watson. Leaves not lobed: coarsely toothed.

13. V. cbxysantlia, Hooker. Leaves bipinnatifid: flowers like No. 7.

14. V. Beckwitbii, T. & G. Flowers purple or blue and yellow.
16. V. Sheltoniiy Torr. Narrower petals yellow, purple veined.

POLYGALACE^.

Side sepals petaloid, larger: petals 3 united with stamens, middle one hooded and
beaked - 1

Sepals and petals 5 each, unequal: stamens 4: fruit prickly ft

CAUYOPUYLLACKiS?w

1. POL YG ALA, Tournefort

1. P. cucullata, Benth. Flowers rose-color: broad beak obtuse. Cal.

2. P. Califomica, Nutt. Flowers greenish, purplish: sepals toraentose. CaL-Oi.

2. KRAMEBLA., Linnaeus.
1. K. parvifolia, Benth. Low rigid shrub: upper petals united. San Diego.

FRANKENIACEJE.

1. FRANKENXA., Linnaeus.
L F. grandifolia, C & S. Gray-green: calyx-tube furrowed: petals pink.

CARYOPHYLLACEJE.

• Sepals united : petals long-clawed.

Petals with erect bifid appendages at the base of the blade.

Styles 2 (1 sp. in No. 3). Styles 3 1

Styles 5, rarely 3 or 4: alpine 3

Petals not appendaged. Styles 2 3

Styles 3: petals bifid, white Sp. No. 6 of 1

• • Sepals distinct or nearly so: petals vAthout claws or appendages.

Stipules none: petals white (or pink in No. 9): rarely wanting.

Petals bifid: pod cylindrical 4

Petals bifid or wanting pod globular to oblong 6

Petals entire or wanting: styles opposite sepals 6

Styles not opposite sepals 7

Stipules scarious: pedicel long, reflexed in fruit: leaves not rigid, fascicled^ rather

fleshy, filiform to linear: petals entire 8

Styles 3, rarely 5 (petals wanting in 3d species) 9

Stipules scarious: pedicels bracteate or none: stamens 3 to 5: style 3-cleft, or sessile
stigmas 3: petals minute or wanting.

Leaves not rigid: capsule globose 10

Leave* and sepals rigid: capsule 3-sided ...•• 11

1. SELENE, Linnsus.

• Blade of the petals entire or only emarginate,.

Hairy: pinkish flowers in a l-sided leafy spike ••,•*•♦,-..•. .. 4

Glabrous : glutinous rings on the stem : pedicels long ► 5

Viacid-pubeacent; leafy: pedicels short: petals with 4 appendages 21

• • Blade of the petals bifd or S-lobed.

S8 CARTOPHYLLACR*.

o. Segmflnts or lobes of the petals entire.

Blad^ stx 'tly 2-lobed: appendages entire: calyx ovoiu or campanulato.

Flowers several, slender pedicelled, brownish purple ». »— » ... 9

Flowers solitary, long peduncled 8

Flowers small, white: no appendages 6

Blade clert T" \bout the middle or deeper, rose color (except 18).

Appendages notclied: claw filaments and stipe woolly ......^. ..-p- .... 17

Appendages toothed: claw very narrowly auricled, smooth 16

Appendages entire: claw not aaricled, smooth: blade rose purple 15

Appendages very small: petal lobes very narrow, white 18

Appendages narrow: claw broadly auricled: petal -lobes broad 19

h. Segments lobed, toothed or notched.

Lobes notched: short appendages toothed: claw not auricled •. ..►. .- ^ . . 16

Lobes with a tooth on the outside: claw broad, auricled. 22

Lobes broad: appendages notched: claw auricled 20

Lobes slender, bifid: narrow claws with projecting auricles 14

* * * Blade of petals 4-^-parted.

Flowers white or pinkish: lobes of the petals mostly filiform.

Calyx open campanulate, nodding: filaments exserted, hairy 1

Calyx ovoid -cylindrical, deflexed in fruit: claws hairy , 10

Calyx oblong, erect, much surpassed by the rotate petals 7

Calyx cylindrical, little surpassed by the equally 4-cleft petals 12

Calyx little exceeded by narrow half-inch petals: filaments exserted 13

Flowers scarlet or deep purple, large.

Appendages oblong-lanceolate: claw ciliate: capsule ovoid 8

Appendages ovate : claw smooth : capsule oblong 9

Appendages linear, half as long as the purple blade : claw slightly hairy ^,, 11

1. S. campanulata, Watson. Filiform-disected petals reflexed.

2. S. liyalli, Watson. Stems slender, glabrous: anthers included.

3. S. monantha, Watson. Stems weak, elongated. Columbia River.

4. S. Gallica, Linn. Rough-hairy: small flowers nearly sessile: annual.

6. S. antirrhina, Linn. Glabrous, slender: petals equaling the calyx: annuAL

6. S. Menziesii, Hooker. Numerous weak stems: flowers small, white.

7. S. Hookeri, Nutt. White-tomentose, leafy: erect flowers over an inch broad.

8. S. Califomica, Durand. Glandular-pubescent: 6 inches to several feet high.

9. S. laciniata, Cav. Narrower leaves: petals 4-cleft; segments entire. CaL

10. S. Lemiaoni, Watson. Stems many, decumbent, branched: petals white or pinkiili,

11. S. occidentalis, Watson. Stems erect: petals 4-cleft: stipe 3 lines long.

12. S. montana, Watson. Auricles and appendages of petals lacerate.

i3. S. Palmeri, Watson. Stamens and style much exserted: filaments hairy.

14.

S.

15

s.

16.

s.

17.

s.

18.

s.

19.

s.

20.

s.

21.

s.

22.

s.

CARYOPHYLLACEJB. 29

Oreg-ana, Wataoa. Petals 2-parted, the segmenta filiform: ovary long-rtiped.
pectinata, Watson- Viscid: calyx deeply cleft: petals deep purple,
incompta, Gray. Viscid, tall: lobes of the petals often toothed,
verecunda, Watson. Stems clustered, simple: capsule exserted.
Bridg:esii, Rohrb. White petals very narrow: styles long.
Douglasii, Hooker. Similar to No. 17: ovary about equaling calyx.
Scouleri, Hooker. Stout: leaves distant: ovoid capsule, long-atiped. Or.
Spaldingii, Watson. Viscid, leafy: capsule oblong, short-stiped. Or.
Grayii, Watson. Cespitose, grayish: petals and appendages broad. Alpine.

2. LYCHNIS, Touruefort
1. Li. Calif omica, Watson. Petals bifid, lobes on the sides. Alpine. S. N. Mts,

3. SAPONABIA., Linnaeus.

1. S. Vaccaria, L. Glaucous: calyx 5-angled: entire petals not appendaged, Nat.

2. 8. officinalis, L. Caljrx not angular: petals emarginate, crowned. Nat,

4. CERASTITJM, Linnajus.

1. 0. nutans, Raf. Viscid, annual: capsule curved, long exserted. San Diego.

2. C. arvense, L. Downy, cespitose: capsule nearly straight, short.

3. C. viscosum, L. Viscid, annual: leaves broad: capsule straight, long.

4. C. vidgatxim, L. Leaves narrower: pedicels longer: capsule broader.

6. C. pilosum, Ledeb. Flowers i in, or more broad: capsule-teeth coiled. Coaat.

6. STELIiARIA, Linnaeus.

Bracts small and scaricus or none: leaves acute.

Smooth and shining or glaucous: pedicels erect 1, 2

Glabrous: flowers in umbel-like cyme, loug-pediceled 3

Bracta foliaceous: pedicels spreading or dedexed.

Glabrous: petals 2-parted, included or wanting 4

Pubescent, rather stout, 1 or 2 ft, high: petals exceeding calyx. 6, 6

Pubescent, spreading: leaves ovate, petioled: petals included. 7

i. S. nitens, Nutt. Annual: flowers erect; pedicels short: sepals 3-uerved.

2, S. long^pes, Goldie. Often glaucous: leaves stiff: pedicels long.

3, S. umbellata, Turcz. 8ep:;l8 1 -nerved: petals none: capsule exserted.

i. S. borealis, Bigelow. Stems weak: pedicels 5-7 lines long: capsule ovoid.

6. S. Jamesii, Torr. Viscid: leaves acuminate, long: petals 4-6 lines long.

6. S. littoralis, Torr. Leaves ovate, rounded at base: styles rarely 4.

7 8. media, Linu. Weak: a hairy line on the stem: petals included, 2parted.

so CARYOPHYLLACEiEL

6. AKENARIA, Linnseua.

* 2%« S valve* of the capsule 2-cltft or parted-, cespitose perennials iffUh linear-sufnUate leave*

and mostly scarious bracts.

Petals exceeding the sepals; the capsule about equaling them. 1, 3

Petals about equaling the sepals: leaves pungent 3, 4, 5

* * The S valves ejitire: annuals: bracts leaf -like.

Much branched: leaves filiform, 3-12 lines long 6, 8

Smooth: leaves lanceolate, obtuse, 1 or 2 lines long 9, 10

Leaves linear to lanceolate 6-12 lines long 7, 11

* * * Parts of thefiower sometimes in 4'«: capsular valves bifd: leaves bright green^ 1 or S

inches long 12, 13

1. A. congesta, Nutt. Glaucous: flowers in dense fascicles: bracts broad.

2. A. capillaris, Poir. Pubescent: flowers few: bracts small, lanceolate.

3. A. pung^ens, Nutt. Stems 2 or 3 inches high, leafy, pubescent. Subalpine.

4. A. Franklinii, Dougl. Stouter: sepals shining, margin scarious. Or.
6. A. vema, Linn. Leaves erect, 2-3 lines long: sepals exceeding petals.

6. A. Doxiglasii, T. & G. Capsule globose: seeds flat, smooth.

7. A Howellii, Watson. Glandular-hispid, a foot high. Or.

8. A, tenella, Nutt. Capsule oblong: seeds rough: sepals 3-nerved. Or. N.

9. A. Calif omica, Brewer. Sepals 3-nerved: Seeds rough. Cent. Cal.

10. A- pusilla, Watson, Sepals 1 -nerved: petals minute or none: seeds smooth.

11. A. palustris, Watson. Stems simple: leaves flaccid: few pedicels long.

12. A. xnacrophylla. Hooker. Leaves acute, 3 or 4 pairs: petals obtuse.

13. A. lateriflora, Linn. Leaves broader, obtuse: petals exserted. Or.

7. SAGINA, Linnaeus.

1. S. occidentalis, Watson. Slender: 2-6 inches high: pedicels straight.

2. S. Linnasi, Presl. Densely matted: 1-2 in. high: fruiting pedicels curved,

3. S. crassicaulis, Watson. Stout, branched: leaves fleshy, scarious at baae.

8. SPEB.GTTLA, Linnaeus.
1. 8' arvensis, L. Leaves filiform, smooth: sepals and petals eqnaL

9. liEPIGONTTM, Fries,

1. L. xnacrotlieciizii, F. & M. Pubescent: sepals and petals 3 lines long or

2. L. medium, Fries. More slender: flowers smaller, white.

3. Lu gxacile, Watson. Annual, smooth, slender: sepals ^-1 line long.

10. POLYCARPON, Linnaeus.
V. F. depressuixi. Nutt. An inch high: petals included, entire.

POUTULACACE^ 31

11. liCEFLINGIA, Linmena.
1. I*, squarrosa, Nutt. Glandular-pubescent: 2-6 inchea high.

ille€Ebkacej:.

PENTAC-EENA, Bartling.

1. P. ramosiflsima, H. & A. Prostrate: subulate pungent gray-green leavei crowdedi

stipules silvery: sessile flowers clustered: sepals 6, hooded, ending in a spine.

PORTULACACE^.

• 8epcd» S, united hdow and adherent to the partly inferior ovary.

Flowera yellow or rose-red: capsule opening by a lid *

" * Sepals S, persistent, not adherent to the superior ovary.
Style 3-cleft (rarely 2-cleft in Calandrinia): sepals green.

Stamens more than 6: petals 5 or more -^^ *

Stamens 5 (3 in No. 8) : petals 5 3

Stamens 3: petals 5, unequal, coherent: leaves or leaf and bract opposite 4

Style 2-cleft: sepals membranous rounded-cordate exceeding the 2 or 4 petals, 5

" • • Sepals 4 fo 8, distinct, unequal, persistent •••• 0

1. POBTULACA, Toumefort

1. P. oleracea, L. Leaves obovate to spatulate: petals yellow, 1 to 2 line*. j7aL

2. P. pilosa, L. Leaves linear: nearly terete: petals red, 2 or 3 lines long.

2. CALANDRINIA, HBK.

Leafy stems, annual: flowers in racemes: petals 3 to 5, rose-red «... It "

Leaves mostly all radical: perennial: sepals orbicular.

Leaves linear, all radical: short scape 2-bracteate. Alpine 3t 4

Leaves oblanceolate to obovate, all radical (except No. 5) 0» 6, 7

1. C. Menziesii. Hooker. Sepals keeled, acute: capsule ovoid, acute.

2. C. Breweri, Watson. Capsule longer, conical, obtuse on dcflexed pedicela.

3. C. pygmaea, Gray. Bracts scarious: sepals dentate: petals red.

4. C. Nevadensis, Gr. Larger: bracts green: sepals entire: petals white.

6. C. oppoaitifolia, Watson. Stem with 2 or 3 pairs of opposite leaves: petals whit^

6. C. cotyledon, Wat. Scape with lanceolate ciliate bracts: petals rose- red.

7. C. Leana. Porter. Similar: petals 6 to 8. N. Cal. Or.

52 PORTULACACEA.

3. CLAYTONTA, Linnsens.

a. Annnala with fibrous roots, rarely with bulblets.

Stems simple, bearing a single pair of united or distinct leaves.

Xeaves united into a cup enclosing the raceme ►^^ ^ ^. . . 1

Leaves united at the base on one or both sides 2, 3

Leaves distinct (No. 4 with bulblets at base) 2, 3, 4, 5, 11, 13

Stems usually branching, leafy.

Leaves opposite stems often rooting at joints and bulbiferous '. 6

Leaves alternate 7, 8, 9, 10

6. Perennials, with deep-seated tubers, stem leaves, a pair or a whorl. . 11, 12, 13

1. C. perfoliata, Donn. From 1 to 12 inches high: radical leaves broad.
Var. parviflora, Torr. Radical leaves all linear or spatulate.

2. 0. spathulata, Dougl. Very slender: leaves distinct or united on one side.

3. 0. exig^a, T. &. G. Glaucous: leaves nearly filiform; the .pair broader, united
at base.

4^ C. bulbifera, Gr. Stems lax: long pedicels with conspicuous bracts.

6. C. cordifolia, Watson. Pair of leaves ovate, acute; radical, cordate: no bracts.

6. C. diamissonis, Esch. Leaves oblanceolate: petals white.

7. C. parviflora, Mocino. Very slender: leaves broadly spatulate, small.

8. C. dichotoma, Nutt. Small: leaves linear: petals unequal: stamens 3.

9. 0. linearis, Dougl. Leaves slender, clasping: sepals broad, often colored: petals
white.

10. 0. diflPusa, Nutt. Leaves ovate or deltoid, petioled: racemes often axillary.

11. 0. Caroliniana, Michx., var. sessilifolia, Torr. Usually one radical leaf; th«
pair lanceolate to linear: a single scarious bract.

12. C. triphylla, Watson. Leaves slender: raceme compound, bracts scarious.

13. 0. Nevadensis, Watson. Leaves ovate to orbicular: petals 3-5 lines long, clawed.

4. MONTIA, LinnsBUB.

L M. fontana, L. Stemsn^'eak, often matted: flowers minute: capsule globose.

2. M. Howellii, Watson. Leaves opposite the scarious triangular bracts of raceme*.

6. CALYPTB.rDITJM, NuttalL

1. O. oznbellatiun, Greene, Umbel capitate: petals 4: stamens 3: style exserted.
This plant is Spragv^ea umhellata, Torr.

2. C. quadripetalum, Watson. Petals 4: stamen 1: stigmas nearly sessile.

3. C. roseum, Watson. Petals 2, much shorter than the unequal sepals.

4. C ni,oixandniia, Nutt. Petals 2, equalling the sepals, a line long or less.

EL^^lNACKiE. S9

•

6. UEWISIA, Purah.

J. L. rediviva, Pursh. Scapea with a whorl of scarioua bracta,
2. L. brachycalyx, Engelm. Scapea 2-bracted at base: aepala 4.

ELATINACEJE.

Small prostrate a^juatica with entire leaves: parts of the flower e«ch 2 to 4 (except in

ap. No. 3). Snpala obtuse: membranaceous 1

Erect, glandul£U"-pube8cent: parts of the flower in 5 'a 2

ELATINE, Linnsens.

1. E. Americana, Amott. Seeds pitted in 9 to 10 lines, ^ line long.

2. E. brachyspenna, Gray. Seeds pitted in 6 or 7 lines, shorter.

3. E. Califomica. Flowers not sessile: seeds much curved: atamen* 6 to 8L

BERGIA, Linnaeus.
1. B. Texan a, Seubert. Leaves serrulate: flowers faacicl^d.

HTPERICACEiE.

HYPERICUM, Linnffiua.

Stamens very numerous: styles 3, long 1, S

Stamens 15 to 20: styles 3, short: petals included 3

1. H. formosum. HE K. var. Scouleri, Coulter. Flowera 6 lines broad. Wet ground.

2. H. concinniim, Beuth. Leaves acute: flowers an inch broad. Dry ground,

3. H. anagalloides, C. & S. Leaves 2-6 lines long: flowers 3-4 lines broad. Wet
ground.

MALVA(£/^

Column of stamens bearing anthers at the 'Mp; carpels in a ring aronnd the axis.

Calyx-bracts 2 or 3, united below: an evergroen >3ver-blooming shrub 1

Calyi-bracta 3, distinct: flowers axillary, pinkish: leaves 5-7-lobed 3

Calyx-bracts none: flowers racemose or spicate 8

Calyx-bracts 1 to 3 or none: densely tomentos* (except in sp. 6 & 7) 4

Calyx -bracts 1 or 2, alender: leavea 1 -sided: fic^ers yeMowish 6

Column uf stamens naked at top, 6-toothed: carpels forming a many>8eeded capsule.

Calyx-bracts many 6

3

54 MALVACEiE.

1. liAVATERA, Linnaeus.
L. assurg^ntifllpra, Kellogg. Showy flowers in axillary clusten.

2. MALVA, Linn.
M. rotundifolia and M. borealis are introduced weeds.

3. SIDAIiCEA, Gray.

• Perennials with usually chtstered stems decumbent at base.

Raceme loose : no stellate hairs : rose-purple petals an inch long 1

Raceme spicate: simple and stellate hairs: petals notched, pinkish, 6 lines long 2

Like No. 2, but the larger flowers deep lilac-purple 3

Stems branching: calyx globose in fruit: carpels smooth, straight 4

Nearly glabrous, glaucous, pale, decumbent: petals obtuse or truncate 5

Stellate pubescence short: large leaves dark green, slightly 5-lobed 6

* * Annuals with erect branching stems.

Carpels strongly incurved and sharply rugose on back 7

Carpels not incurved or rugose, conspicuously hairy -beaked 8

Carpels several — nerved along the back: calyx-lobes abruptly acuminate J

Pedicels subtended by 5-7-parted hispid bracts: calyx-lobes slender 10

Large, with cordate, 3-7-angled leaves: white flowers in close clusters: 11

1. S. malvseflora, Gr. (S. huxnilis, Gr. of CaL Bot., etc.) Common coast species.

2. S. spicata, Greene. Carpels small, hairy, not reticulaled. Sierra Nevada.

3. S. campestris, Greene. Stems bristly with deflexed hairs: calyx stellate-hairy.

4. S. Oregana, Gr. Glabrous below, 1 to 5 ft. high: corolla 6 lines long or more.

5. S. glaucesens, Greene. Calyx lobes very slender. High Sierras.

6. S. asprella, Greene. Decumbent, leaves shaped alike. Foot Hills, Sierras.

7. S. Hartwegi, Gr. Glabrous except the hispid calyx and pedicels. Sac. Val.

8. S. hirsuta, Gr. Stout and tall, branching: flower-clusters dense. Chico, Cal.

9. S. calycosa, Jones. Corolla small, light purple: calyx long-ciliate. Cent. Cal.

10. S. diploscypha, Gr. Hirsute: flowers large, umbellate clustered. Cent. Cal.
Var. minor, Gr. Flowers racemose: petals with a spot at base. Cent. Cal.

11. S. malachjoides, Gr. Petals obcordate: carpels smooth. Redwoods, CaL Coast.

4. MAXVASTRUM, Gray.

Perennial, often shrubby: stems hoary or gray with soft pubescence 1 to 5

Perennial: densely stellate-hairy or hispid: dense-flowered 6

Annual erect with spreading hairs: leaves reniform, long petioled 7

Annual, decumbent: small leaves 5-lobed: flowers mostly solitary 8

I. M. Thurberi, Gr. Shrubby, branches slender: spikes naked: flowers smalL

2.

M

3.

M

4.

M.

5.

M.

6.

m.

7.

M.

8.

M.

LINAGES 35

Fremonti, Torr. Similar: calyx globose in fruit, very woolly,
splendidum, Kellogg. Tall shrub: flowers in large panicles, rose-red. S. CaL
marrubioides, D. & H. Low: leaves serrate, thick: calyx-lobes slender. C.CaL
Palmeri, Watson. Densely stellate-pubescent: large flowers yellowish,
densiiiorum, Watson. Hispid bracts very long: calyx-lobes long attenuate,
rotundifolium, Gr. Low: petals 6 lines long, a red spot at the base, S. CaL
exile, Gr. Pedicels slender : petals obovate, 2 to 5 lines long. S, CaL

5. SIDA, Linnaeus.
I. S. hederacea, Torr. Decumbent: leaves l-sided: petals yellowish.

6. HIBISCUS, Linnaeus.
1 Calif orxiic\u», Kellogg. Flowers axillary, white with purple, large.

STEIICTLIACEJE.

FREMONTIA, Torrey.
1. F. Calif omica, Torr. Tall shrub: flowers yellow, axillary, apetaloua. 8. N. Mta.

linacej:.

LINTJM, Linnaeus.

Styles 2: flowers yellow: leaves opposite, glabrous, oblong 1

Styles 3: flower yellow: leaves alternate 3, 3

Styles 3: flowers white to rose-color: leaves alternate (or whorled in 7).

Petals with 3-parted or 3 1obed appendage at base 6, 6, 7

Petals 2-toothed at base, scarcely longer than the sepals 8

Styles 5: flowers large, blue: leaves alternate 9, 10

1. L. digynmn, Gr. Sepals denticulate, a line long. Near Yosemite Valley. N. Cal.

2. L. Brewerl, Gr. Glaucous: leaves small, very slender, basal glands large.

3. li. adenophyllum, Gr. Leaves margined with stipitate glands. Cent. Cal.

4. I». Calif omicum, Benth. Glaucous: petals 4 lines long: capsule acatu.

6. li. congestum, Gr. Calyx pubescent: flowers in close clusters. S F. Lay.

6. li. spergnliniun, Gr. No stiyular glands: petals 2-3 lines long. S. F. Bay.

7. L. drymarioides, Curran. Pubescent: leaves ovate, margins glandular. C CaL

8. Ij. micranthum, Gr. Flowers minute: capsule exserted. Mts. Cal.
0. Ii. perenne, Linn. Perennial, glaucous: flowers large, blue.

10. L. usatissimum, L. Similar but annual. The common cultivated flax.

30 GERANlACEiB.

GEIIAMACE^.

Carpels 6, 1 -aeeded, separating with styles when ripe from the long axis.

Fertile stamens 10: tails of carpels coiled, not bearded ».. 1

Fertile stamens 5: tails of carpels twisted, bearded 2

•Carpels 5, l-seeded, fleshy, globular: stamens 10 8

Carpels united into a 5-celled ovary: capsule 5-sided- 4

1. GERANIUM, Linnaeus.

1. G. Caroliniazmm, L. Petals 2 or 3 lines long. A common weed.

2, G. incisum, Nutt, Flowers deep rose-purple, an inch broad.

2. EBODIXJM, L'Heritier.

L E. cicutarium, L'H. Pinnate leaves: leaflets pinnatifid. ("Filaree.")

2. E. moschatum, L'H. Leaflets doubly toothed: musky.

3. E. Botrys, Bertoloni. Leaves oblong, pinnatifidly lobed. Cent. Cal.

4. E. macrophyllum, H. & A. Leaves palmately lobed- Cent. & S. Cal.

3. LIMNANTHES, Robt. Brown.

L li. Donglasii, R. Br. Glabrous: petals yellow, white tipped. Cal.

2. L. rosea, Hartweg. Glabrous: petals purple tinged, obovate. Sac. VaL

3. I*, alba, Hartweg. Pubescent: petals white or nearly so. Cal.

4. OXALIS, Linnaeus.

1. O. Oregana, Nutt. Flowers pinkish. In coast forests.

2. O. trilliifolia. Hook. In Oregon (?).

3. O, comiculata, L. Slender branching stems: flowers yellow.

RUTACE^.

A tall shrub or tree: leaves 3-foliolate: flowers in terminal clusters «...«•. 1

A low shrub: leaves simple, opposite: flowers axillary '. ^ .......,.• . 8

1. PTELEA, Linnaeus.
L P. atigustifolia, Benth. Fruit broadly winged, orbicular. Cent. CaL

2. CNEOEIDIUM, Hook. f.
L C. damosum, H. f. Leaves often fascicled: fruit drupe-like. San Diego,

CELASTRACEA 37

CELASTKACEiE.

A slender deciduous shrub with 4-angled brauch'js: leivves 2-4 inches long 1

A low much-branched evergreen: leaves G-IS liuud long, numerous 3

1. EUONYMUS, Tournefort.
I. E, occidentalis, Toum. Flowers dark brown, parts in S's, rotate, drooping.

2. PACHYSTIMA, llafinesque.
1. P, Mersinitea, Eaf, Flowers greenish, parts in 4'8, about a line broad.

rhamnacej:.

Flowers greenish. Leaves alternate: flexuose branches spiny 1

Leaves alternate: not spiny: fruit juicy 2

Leaves opposite, 1 or 2 lines long: fruit dry 3

Rowers white or blue, in dense clusters: fruit dry 4

1. ZIZYPHUS, Jussieu.
1. Z. Panyi, Terr. Peduncles axillary, recurved in fruit, 1-3-flowered.

2. RHAMNUS, Linnaeus.

Flowers apetalous and mostly dioecious: seeds concave 1, 2

Flowers with minute petals, mostly perfect: seeds convex on the back 3, 4

1. B.. alnifolia, L'Her. Low: deciduous leaves acute at each end, serrate.

2. R. crocea, Nutt. Leaves acutely denticulate, evergreen, thin.

3. R, Californica, Esch. Leaves elliptical to ovate-oblong, evergreen, thick.
Var. tomeDtella, Or. Densely white-tumentose. Both forms common in CaL

4. R. Purshiana, DC. Elliptical leaves 2 to 7 inches long, deciduous.

3. ADOL.PHIA, Meisner.

L A. Californica, Watson- In dense clumps 2 or 3 ft. high, branchleta spiny.

4. CEANOTHTJS, Linnffius.

§ L Leaves all alternate: fruit not crested.

Leaves 3-nerved from the base.

Branches not rigid or spiny: leaves glandular serrate (except No. 1).

Flowers white in large clusters 1, 2, 8

Flowers blue 4, 5, 6

38 CELASTRACEiE.

Branches rigid, spreading, often spinose: racemes simple.

Leaves glandular-serrate: flowers blue 7, 8

Leaves usually entire: branches grayish 9, 10, 11

Leaves pinnately veined, obtuse: flowers blue (see No. 5) 12, 13, 14, 15

§ 2. Leaves small, often opposite, very thick with numerous straight side veins,
%pinosely toothed or entire: stipules mostly large and warty: flowers in sessile or shortly
peduncled axillary clusters: fruit with 3 projections: branches rigid 16 to 20

1. C. integerrimus, H. & A. Slender branches round: leaves thin.

2. C. velutinus, Dougl. Stout: leaves thick, resinous above.

3. C. sanguineus, Pursh. Branches reddish: leaves thin; petioles slender.

4. 0. tliyrsiflorus, Esch. Branches angled: leaves shining above, ashy beneath.

5. C. dentatu^, T, & G. Leaves mostly 3-4 lines long, thin: thyrse globose.

6. C. decTimbens, Watson. Trailing, hirsute: leaves thin, teeth green -glandular.

7. C. hirsutus, Nutt. Silky, rarely spiny: leaves rounded or cordate at base, acute.

8. C. Forediatus, H. k A. Leaves smooth above: racemes pubescent, peduncles short.

9. C. divaricatus, Nutt. Branches sometimes green: racemes 1-4 inches long.

10. C. incanus, T. & G. Leaves hoary beneath: racemes short: fruit warty.

11. C. cordulatus, Kell. Pubescent, low, flat-topped: racemes an inch long or less.

12. C. spinosus, Nutt. Often a tree: leaves entire, oblong, thick; petioles slender.

13. C. papillosus, T. &. G. Leaves narrow, dark green, shining and pimply above.

14. C. floribundus, Hooker. Leaves 3-4 lines long, acute, undulate, denticulate.

15. C. Veitchianus, Hooker. Glabrous, leaves thick, obovate-cuneate. Rare.

16. C. crassifolius, Torr. Branches hoary: leaves tomentose beneath. Cal. Coast.

17. C. cuneatus, Nutt. Bark ashy gray: leaves cuneate-obovate, entire. Common.

18. C. macrocarpus, Nutt. Tree-like, 8 to 12 ft. high: fruit very large. St. Barbara.

19. C. rigidus, Nutt. Branchlets tomentose: leaves 2 to 5 lines long: flowers blue.

20. C. prostratus, Benth. Prostrate: leaves spinose at apex only: flowers blue.

TITACEiE.

VITIS, Tournefort.
I. V. Calif omica, Benth. Leaves round-cordate, serrate. (Wild Grape.)

SAPINDACE^.

Flowers in large terminal erect thyrses: calyx tubular: clawed petals unequaL . . . . «••• 1
Flowerg small, the fertile ones in drooping clusters: ovary 2-lobed: fruit 2- winged.

Leaves palmately lobed. ••.•••■

8APINDACEA. 39

Leaves pinnately 3-f oliolate 8

Flowers in drooping racemes: stamens 5, much ezserted: leaves 3-foliolate, serrulate.. . 4

1. ^SCULUS, Linnaeus.
1. .ffi. CalifomiCTlS, NutU Leaves palmately 4-7 -f oliolate, (Buckeye.)

2. AC£B, Toumefort.

1. A. macrophylluin, Pursh. Yellowish flowers in dense racemes: fruit hairy.

2. A. circinatum, Pursh. Corymbs 10-20 flowered: sepals red or purplish.

3. A. glabrum, Torr. Sepals and petals greenish yellow: filaments naked.

3. NEGUNDO, Mcench.
L N. CalifornicTun, T. & G. Calyx minute: petals none, dicecioua. (Box -Elder.)

4. STAPHYI^A, Linnaeus. •

2. S. Bolanderi, Gr, Leaflets broad, stipellate: fruit bladdery, Shasta.

ANACAllDIACEiE.

KHX7S, Linnsens.

Slender deciduous shrubs: leaves 3-f oliolate: fruit compressed globose.

Flowers in dense axillary panicles: fruit smooth, dry, whitish ^ 1

Flowers in short scaly-bracted spikes: fruit hairy, gummy, scarlet. 2

Stout, diffuse evergreen shrubs: leaves simple, coriaceous: fruit ovoid.

Flowers rose-color: leaves ovate on short petioles 3

Flowers yellowish: leaves lanceolate on slender petioles 4

1. B.. diversiloba, T &Gr. Stems erect or climbing by rootlets (Poison Oak).

2. R. aromatica, Ait. var. trilobata, Gr. Diffusely slender-branched.

3. B.. integrifolia, B. & H Leaves entire or spinosely-toothed: fruit red, frosty.

4. R. laurina, Nutt. Leaves glaucous, entire: panicles 2-4 inches long.

LEGU3lIN0SiE.

§ 1. Stamens distinct: shrubs (tsxcept No. 1).

Leaves palmately 3 f oliolate: yellow flowers in terminal close racemes. 1

Stiff, much branched, evergreen: flowers red-purple, solitary, axillary 2

Leaves pinnate: flowers purple in dense axillary spikes: petal 1 0

40 LEGUMIXOS^.

Leaves simple, entire, cordate: flowers rose-purple in axillary clusters ^, . . 14

§ 2. Stamens all united or one above distinct: herbs (except some in 3 & 7).

* Leaves palmate toith more than 3 leaflets: flowers in heads or racemes.
Leaflets entire. Spikes or racemes terminal: anthers of 2 kinds 3^

Yellow flowers 1 to 5 with a bract Sp. No. 10 in 7

Purplish flowers: stipules not adnate, deciduous &

Leaflets toothed or entire: stipules adnate: anthers alike § 1 in 4

* * Leaves S-foliolaley palmate or pinnate.

Leaves palmate: flowers in heads or short spikes: corolla persistent 4

Leaves pinnate: flowers in axillary spikes or racemes.

Corolla yellow or white: pod wrinkled: leaves fragrant 6-

Corolla purple or greenish: leaflets entire: stipules free 8

Corolla yellow or purple: leaflets toothed : pod curved or coiled 6

Leaves pinnate. Flowers in small axillary clusters, yellow: pod spiral, prickly 6

Flowers solitary or in wheel-like clusters, axillary 7

* * * Leaves pinnately 4-'>T^(iny-foliolate toith a terminal leaflet.

Flowers solitary or in umbellate whorls, axillary 7

Flowers in axillary spikes: pod prickly: leaves sticky 10

Flowers in axillary spikes or heads: pod often inflated, often 2-celled 11

* * * * Leaves pinnate, ending in a bristle, imperfect leaflet or a tendril.

Style filiform, hairy around the apex 12

Style flattened, usually twisted half around, one side hairy 13

1. THERMOPSIS, Robt. Brown.

1. T. Calif ornica, Watson. Short- woolly: pod 6-8-0 vuled, stipe short.

2. T. montana, Nutt. Rather silky: leaflets smooth above: pod 10-12- seeded

3. T. macrophylla, H. & A. Villous: leaves oblong-elliptical acute: seeds 4 or 5.

2. PICKERINGIA, Nuttall.
1. P. montana, Nutt. Leaves 1-3-foliolate, numerous: stamens persistent.

3. LUPINUS, Linnaeus.

A. Perennials, more or less shrubby, leafy, silky: ovules 6 to 12 1, 2, 3, 4

B. Perennial herbs, mostly tall; flowers large; bracts deciduous: ovules 6 or more.

Woody at base: silky: calyx-lips nearly equal 1, 2, 3

Stems mostly stout and hollow: leaflets glabrous above 5, 6

Stems slender, not erect: leaflets an inch long or less 7

Stems leafy and branching: petioles and bracts short 8, 0, 10

C. Perennial herbs: flowers small: (Ex. No. 13): not yellow: ovules 3 to 6.

Leaves distant, not glabrous above; lower petioles long: keel ciliate. 11 to 16

LEGUMINOS.E. 41

Leafy: petioles and peduncles mostly short: bracts deciduous: ovules 3 to 5. . 17, 18, 19

D. Dwarf alpine perenniah, mostly tufted: lower calyx-lip Stoothed: keel ciliate: pod
hairy, 3-4- seeded 20 to 23

E. Annvuls: leaflets mostly 6 to 7 (8 to 10 in No. 29): bracts falling with or before the
petals: upper calyx-lip 2 parted or bifd: pod 4-8-8teded.

Bracts deciduous: flowers in whorls, 6 or 6 lines long 24, 25

2 or 3 lines long 26 to 28

Bracts deciduous or persistent for a. while: flowers scattered 29 to 35

F. Annuals: ieafleta cuneate-oblong or obovatei bracts conspicuous, persistent in fruit: ovules
and fieed.'iS 36 to 38

1. Id. arboreus, Sims. A shrub: flowers yellow, rarely purplish, fragrant. Cal.

2. li. Chamissonis, Esch. A low shrub: flowers blue, rarely violet, pink or white,

3. L. Douglasii, Agardh. Woody at base: much like forms of the last. Cal.

•4. L. Ludovicianus, Greene. Shrubby: very villous: flowers purple: pod 5-seeded.

5. L. polyphyllus, Lindl. Leaflets numerous, large: raceme jjurple, loijg.

6. L. rivnlaris, Dougl. Stipules very slender: leaflets 7 to 10: petioles short.

7. L. littoralis, Dougl. Leaflets 6 to 12 lines long: racemes short: ovules 10 to 12,

8. L. Sabinii, Dougl. Stipules long, setaceous: flowers bright yellow. Blue Mta.

9. L. albicaulis, Dougl. Reflexed margin of the acute standard coherent at apex.

10. L. ornatus, Dougl. Standard silky: keel ciliate: stipules setaceous: seeds white.

11. I*, sericeus, Pursh. Bracts long: calyx densely silky, gibbous: pod densely hairy.

12. L. leucophyllus, Dougl. Densely silky: dense racemes sessile: standard hairy

13. L. Grayi, Watson. A span high: very hoary-tomentose: racemes short, loose.

14. L. lepidus, Dougl. Low, slender, silky: peduncle and raceme long: petals violev

15. L. confertus, Kell. Similar but bracts persistent: corolla blue to rose.

16. L. onustus, Watson. Decumbent woody base: flowers deep blue, scattered.

17. li. parviflorus, Nutt. Stems slender, 2 or 3 ft. high, strict, glabrous above.

18. L. Andersoni, Watson. Appressed-pubescent, much branched: racemes short*

19. Li. laxiflorus, Dougl. Silky: raceme slender: calyx saccate or spurred.

20. L. aridus, Uou^l. Raceme dense, 2 or 3 inches long: peduncle sliort: petals pui-ple.

21. L. minimus, Dougl. Similar, more silky: peduncles longer: standard broader,

22. L. Breweri, Gr. Stems from spreading woody base: densely silky: leaflets obovate.

23. L. Lyallii, Gr. Similar: petioles longer: standard narrower: petals violet. Or.

24. L. affinis, Agardh. A foot high: leaflets broadly obovate: bracts short. Cal.

25. L. nanus, Dougl. Slender: bracts long: petals broad, purple and white. Cal.

26. L. micranthus, Dougl. Slender, branched, decumbent, villous: racemes short.

27. Li. trifidus, Torr. Similar: lower calyx-lip 3-cleft: pod 6-6-8eeded. San F'co Bay.

28. Li. citrinus, Kell. Similar: calyx-lip 3-tootiied: flowers orange or yellow. Fresno.

29. L. leptopliyllus, Beuth. Bracts very long: standard with a crimaou spot. Cal.

30. L. sparsiliorus, Benth. Similar: bracts short, persisting longer: petals violet.

31. L. truncatus, Nutt. Linear leaflets truncate or 3-to()tljed, smooth above: petala

43 LBGUMlNOSiK.

purple. Thia and the last two in Cent. Cal., southward.

32. Li. Stiver!, Kell. Leaflets broad: petioles short: standard yellow: wings rose.

33. Jj. hirsutTsaimus, Benth. Very hispid with viscid stinging hairs: petals purple.

34. Xi. concinnus, Agardh. Very villous: lower calyx -lip trifed: standard with yellow.
3.5. L. gracilis, Agardh. Leaflets broad, 3 to 6 lines long: petals 2 or 3 lines long,

blue and white. Monterey, S. Rare.

36. Li. naicrocarpus, Sims. Calyx very villous: flowers usually blue or purple.

37. Li. densifi-Orus, Benth. Calyx only finely pubescent: flowers usually yellowish.

38. L. luteolus, Kell. Leaves scattered: petioles short: flowers pale yellow. CaL

4. TRLPOLIUM, Linnaeus.

Leaflets mostly 6 to 7 1 to 4

Leaflets 3: heads with no involucre.

Flowers white or yellowish: leaflets linear to oblong 5, 6, 7, 12

Flowers red, 6 lines long or more 8, 9

Flowers small, at length reflexed 10, 11, 12, 14, 15, 16

Leaflets 3: heads with an involucre: peduncles axillary.

Livolucre green, rotate, the lobes laciniately toothed- 17 to 20

Involucre with entire lobes 21, 25, 26

Involucre cup-shaped or broad, lobes toothed 22, 23, 24

Involucre very small or reduced to a ring 26

§ 1. Leaflets 5 to 7, rarely 3: calyx teeth filiform^ plumose. Alpine perennials.

1. T. megacephalum, Nutt. Leaflets obovate or narrower, toothed; flowers spicate.

2. T. Andersoni, Gr. Densely silky: leaflets entire, acute: flowers umbellate.

3. T. Xiemmoni, Watson. Leaflets coarsely serrate: flowers reflexed: ovules 2.

4. T. PluniineraB, Wat. Matted, hoary: leaflets 3 to 5, oblanceolate: ovary hairy.

§ 2. Leaflets 3: heads not involucrate, terminal or apparently so, pedunculate: flower t
sessile or nearly so (except No. 12) : only No. 13 annual (its heads in one form sessile)

5. T. eriocephalum, Nutt. Flowers in dense spikes, soon reflexed: ovary hairy.

6. T. plximosum, Dougl. Similar: flowers not reflexed; ovary smooth.

7. T. longipes, Nutt. .Similar: ovoid heads smaller: nearly glabrous.

8. T. altissimum, Dougl. Leaflets very acute: 4 calyx teeth curved or twisted.

9. T. Beckwittdi, Brewer. Leaflets broader: heads globose: calyx teeth straight.

10. T. King-ii, Watson. Leaflets acute: rachis produced: flowers rose-purple.

11. T. Bolanderi, Gr. Cespitose the short stems "decumbent: ovary smooth, 2-ovuled.

12. T. Breweri, Watson. Very slender, diffuse: flowers few, nearly white, pediceled.

13. T. Macrsei, H. & A. Erect slender, 6 to 12 inches high: heads ovoid: peduncle*
lung, or, m var. dichotomtun, Brewer, short. (?)

§ 3. Leaflets 3: heads small, not involucrate, pedunculate, axillary: flowers on shorU
Mi length reflexed pedicels: glabrous annuxdsi ovules £.

LBOUMINOSA. 43

14. T. ^acilentnin, T. 4; O. Flowers pale-rose to red-purple: calyx-teeth subulate

15. T. ciliatum, Gr. Similar: calyx teeth scarioua margined, ciliolate.

16. T. bifidum, Gr. Like 14 but smaller, the narrow leaflets bifid.

§ 4. Lfadetx S: hfods subtended by an involucre: peduncles axillary: fiotoers in tohorls,
sessiU or nearly so: annuals.

* Livolucre deeply many-ck/t, laciniate: corolla not becoming inJlcUed.

17. T involucratTim, Willd. Leaflets mostly oblanceolate, acute.

Var. heterodon, Watson. Larger heads: leaflets broader: ovules same, mostly 5 or 6.
IS. T. tndentatum. Lindl. Slender and erect: leaflets very narrow: o>rule8 2.
Var. obtusiflorum, Watson. Stout decumbent, glandular: leaflets broader.
Var. melanthum, Watson. Smooth, slender: heads of dark purple flowers small.

19. T. pauoiflorum, Nutt. Slender, weak: heads few-flowered: calyx teeth long.

20. T. monanthxuu, Gr. Decumbent stems 1 to 4 inches long: heads 1 to 4-flowered.
* " Involucre Ihjht <jree.n, often whitish- scariotis at base, not deeply lobed, broad as the the

head, and saucer-nhaped or ciip-like: corolla not becoming inficUed, or moderately

so in No. S4-

21. T. microcephalTim, Pursh. Soft hairy: involucre about 9-lobed, lobes entire.

22. T. microdon, H. & A. Involucral lobes 3-toothed: calyx-teeth scarious-serrulate.

23. T. cyathiferum, Lindl. Smooth: bristly-branched calyx -teeth equaling the
corolla. Eel Riv. and Sierra Val. to the Columbia Riv.

24. T. barbigerum, Torr. Mostly less than a span high: calyx teeth bristly, long.
Var. Adrewsii, Gr. Stouter, more hairy: plumose calyx teeth very long.

* * " Involucre rotate, lobes entire or wanting: corolla injiated in fruit.

25. T. fucatum, Lindl. Yellowish or white flowers often reddish tinged, large.

26. T. depauperatum, Desvaux. Slender: flowers small: involucre often a ring.
Var. amplectans has a larger 4-5-parted involucre. HeAds in both forms smalL

5. MELrLOTTJS, Tournefort.

1. M. parviflora, Desf. Flowers yellow a line long: spikes slender. (Sweet Clover.)

2. M. ofl^cinalis, Willd. Similar flowers 2 lines long on slender pedicels.

3. M. alba, Lam. Flowers white. All introduced from Eu. The first common.

6. MEDICAGO, Linnaeus.

I. M sativa, Fj, Flowers blue-purple in close nearly capitate racemes. (Alfalfa.)
2 M. denticulata, Willd. Flowers yellow: pod globose-coiled, prickly. (Bur Clover.)
S. M. macalata, Willd. Similar: leaflets with a dark spot. All introduced from Eu,

7. HOSACKIA, Douglas.
Flowers solitary or rarely 2 in the axils: no stipules.

Peduncle bracteate or rarely naked 0 to 18

44 LEGUMINOS^

Peduncle none or very short « 14, 15

Flowers in pedunculate umbels or whorls.

Peduncle with a compound or simple bract.

Bract below the top of the peduncle: stipules large. 1, 2, 3

Bract at the top of the peduncle.

Stipulate leaves smooth 4, 5

Stipulate leaves pubescent 1, 6, 7, 8

Stipules none. Pod with 5 or more seeds 8 to 12

Pod 1-2-seeded 17, 19, 22 to 25

Peduncle not bracteate. Stout, erect: pod more than 5-seeded 4

Slender, prostrate: pod 1-2-seeded 19, 20

Flowers in nearly or quite sessile umbellate clusters: pod 1-2-seeded.

Nearly smooth, somewhat woody 16, 18

Very pubescent (silky or tomentose) 21, 23, 24, 25

§ 1, Pod linear^ straight or nearly so, 5-£0-seeded {2-4- seeded in 15) glabrous or nearly so

{except in 10 and 16).

• Leaves xoith stipules, leaflets 6 to 20: umbels pedunculate: fljonoers 6 lines long or longer".

keel obtuse: erect perennials,
+ Flowers dull-colored, yellovyish and purple.

1. H. incana, Torr. Low, stout, densely silky: peduncles about 6 lines long.

2. H. stipnlaris, Benth. Taller, villous, glandular: peduncles longer.

3. H. crassifolia, Benth. Erect, tall, nearly or quite glabrous: peduncles long.

+ t Flowers rather showy, larger.

4. H. bicolor, Dougl. Glabrous: flowers yellow with whitish wings.

5. H. gracilis, Benth. Similar: larger flowers with purplish wings.

6. H. oblongifolia, Benth. Flowers yellow and purple, standard orange.
Var. angustifolia, Watson. A span high: leaflets narrow: umbels 1-5-flowered.

7. H. Torreyi, Gr. Silky: standard yellow, wings and keel white.

8. H. laacrantha, Greene. Stipules deciduous: petals yellow standard 6 lines broad.

• * Stipules reduced to dark, often minute, glands [see No. 8): leajiets S to 9 {1 to S in No.

14): claws of petals not exserted.

t Peduncles long, 1-8-flowered: flowers exceeding 5 lines long: perennials: more or less

appressed silky: leaflets obovate or narrower, rather acute.

9. H. grandiflora, Benth. Flowers yellowish or greenish white, rarely purple

10. H. rigida, Benth. Petioles short or none: flowers yellow, becoming brown-

1 1 Peduncles l-6-flowered, about equaling the leaves: flowers less than 6 lines long: yellov

in 11, 12; jnnkisli in 13, 14'

11. H. maritima, Nutt. Leaflets fleshy, 4 to G lines long, obovate or narrower.

12. H. strigosa, Nutt. Difi"use, strigose: leaflets linear, rarely ovate, small.

13. H. parvifiora, Benth. Very slender: flowers 2 or 3 lines long, rarely yellow.

14. H. Purshiana, Benth. Widely branching, silky: flowering July to October.

LE0UM1N0S;E. 46

1 1 1 Flotofrt nearly seJtsiU and mostly solitary, not bracteaU {see IS): leaves tnth a broad
rachis which bears 3 to 5 leaflets at t/ie end and one side.

15. H. subpinnata, T. & G. Much branched, usually decumbent or aiscending and
a few inches high: flowers yellow. Very common in Central Cal.

Var. major. Erect, corymbosely branched above, 6 inches to 3 ft. high, flowers pinkish.
Northern Cal. to Washington.

16. H. bracliycarpa, Benth. Soft-hairy: flowers yellow: hairy pod 2-4-seeded.

§ 2. Pod with a long slender incurved beak, 1-2- seeded: claw of the standard remote from

the rest: umbels sessile or on short peduncles {except Nos. 18, 20): fiowers less than

6 lines long: stijniles minute dark colored glands: leaflets 3 to 7.

• Nearly glabrous: slemler stems mrgately branched: pod only slightly pubescent, S-seeded.

+ Somewhat woody at the base: stems angled: leaflets mostly 3.

17. H. glabra, Torr. Stems very many erect or decumbent: leaves and fl's crowded.

18. H. cytisoides, Benth. Similar: peduncles with a bract: calyx-teeth often recurved.

19. H. juncea, Benth. Leaflets broader: some of the flowers pedunculate.

1 1 Not tcoody: stems terete: leaflets tisually 6 to 7, and 2 or 3 lines long.

20. H. prostrata, Nutt. Leaflets obovate, acute: flowers 2 or 3 lines long.

21. H. micrantha, Nutt. Flowers smaller: peduncle naked: style hairy.

* * Very silky or tom^ntose', herbaceous stems terete: pod hairy: mostly 1-seeded: leaflets 6 to

7 {usually 3 in 22).

22. H. sericea, Benth. Densely white-silky: umbels loosely few-flowered.

23. H. argophylla, Gr. Umbels 6-10-flowered: flowers orange or yellow. Sierras.

24. H. decximbens, Benth. Villous and tomentose: sterna difl'use: Ivs and fls crowded.

25. H. tomentosa, H. &, A. Very tomentose, prostrate: flowers 3 or 4 lines long.

26. H. Heennannii, D. & H. Less tomentose more branched: leaflets and fl's smaller.

8. PSORAX.EA, Linnaeus.

Leaflets 3, orbicular on long petioles from creeping stem ^ 1

Leaflets 3, rombic-ovate to narrowly ovate: stems erect 2, 3, 4

Leaflets 5, rarely 7 : clustered stems very short 6

1. P. obicularis, Lindl. Peduncles a foot or two long. In wet ground. Cal.

2. P. strobilina, IL & A. Stems 2-3 ft. liigh: peduncles shorter than the leaves. Cal.
3 P. macrostachya, DC. Often 6 ft. high or more: peduncles exceeding the leaves.

4. P. physodes, Dougl. Stems numerous, 1 or 2 ft. high: flowers greenish. Coast.

5. P. Calif ornica, Watson. Silky-gray: leaves exceeding the close racemes. Rare.

9. AMORPHA, Linnaeus.
1. A Califomica, Nutt. Glandular, 3 to 10 ft. high: standard exceed by stamens.

10. GLYCYRRHIZA, Linnaeus.
I. Q. lepidota, Nutt. var. glutinosa.Watsou. Flowers white or pinkish, 6 lines long.

46 LEGUMINOSiB.

11. ASTRAGALUS, Toumefort.

* Annuals: pods 2 -celled.

Poda 1 or 2 lineg long, 2-seeded, wrinkled: spikes short 1|.2

Pod linear, straight, 5 to many seeds: flowers capitate 3, 4

Pods 3 to 5 lines long: spikes of small white flowers very long 5

Poda ovoid, long-beaked, gray-silky: flowers capitate, white 6

* * Perennials: pods 1-celled, with thin walls, injlated, bladder-like.

Pods on stipes equaling or little exceeding the calyx 7, 8, 9

Pods on filiform, stipes much exceeding the calyx: stem erect 10, 11, 12

Pods sessile in the calyx, 1-2 inches long: many seeds 13 to 17

5 to 8 lines long: stems low: flowers 3 lines long 18, 19

* " * Perennials: poda turgid, not bladder-like, coriaceous, densely long-woolly or downy,

incurved 20, 21, 22

* * * * Perennials: poda often turgid, not bladder-like, not long-hairy or woolly.

Pods stipitate, 1-celled, sutures not inflexed , 23 to 26

2-celled: cross section obcordately 2-lobed 27

Pods not stipitate, 1 or 2 inches long, 1-celled '. . . 28, 29

2 or 3 lines long, 2-celled 30

2 lines long, hoary, cylindric-oval 31

3 lines long, 1-celled: leaflets spiny- tipped 32

1. A. didymo carpus, H. & A Calyx equaling the erect pod, black-hairy.

2. A . nig^escens, Nutt. Calyx J as long as the pendulous lightly wrinkled pods.

3. A. tener, Gr. Violet and white flowers: pods 5-7 lines long, drooping.

4. A. Rattani, Gr. Flowers larger, violet: pods slender, 1-1^ inches long, erect.

5. A. Clevelandii, Greene. Tall: leaflets J-f in. long, mucronate.

6. A. Breweri, Gr. Similar in habit to No. 4: pods 3-4 lines long, beaks longer.

7. A. Hookerianus, Dietr. Diffuse, silky, a span high: pod obovoid, obtuse.

8. A. oxyphysus, Gr. Erect, 2 or 3 ft. high, silky: pod slender-obovoid, acuminate.

9. A. CTirtipes, Gr. Lower, not silky: stipules united: pod ovoid or oval, acute.

10. A, leucophyllus, T. & G. Oval pod one-sided, filiform hairy stipe very long.

11. A. leucopsis, T. & G. Similar pod tapering into a smooth stipe half as long.

12. A. trichopodus, Gr. Pods smaller, 6 lines long or more, stipe 3 lines long.

13. A. oocarpus, Gr. Straggling stems 3-6 ft. long: green stipules mostly deflexed.

14. A Crotalarias, Gr. Scarious stipules distinct: ovoid pod 1-1^ inches long.
16. A. Menziesii, Gr. Similar: upper stipules united: pod larger, more bladdery.

16. A. macrodon, Gr. Like the preceding: flowers smaller: peduncles short.

17. A. Douglasii, Gr. Spike an inch long or less: pod ovoid 1^-2 inches long.

18. A. Homii, Gr. Pods in a dense head or short spike, ovoid, acuminate, hairy.

19. A. PulsifersB, Gr. White hairy: pods few ovoid, curved, 3-8-seeded. hairy.
20 A. PursLii, DougL Tufted, silky: peduncles 5-6-flowered: pod ovoiCw

21.

A.

22.

A.

23.

A

24.

A

25.

A.

26.

A.

27.

A

28.

A.

29.

A.

30.

A.

31.

A.

32.

A

LE0UMIN08A 47

Andersoni, Gr. Densely white-hairy: leaflets 13-25 pairs: pods falcate.
Congdoni, Watson. Less hairy: leaflets 8-10 pairs: pod narrower.
Gibbsii, Kellogg. Soft-hairy: pod much curved, an inch or more long,
collinus, Dougl. Hoary: pod slightly curved, erect, less than 1 inch long.
Califomicus, Greene. Stouter: pod straight, purple-bloched, 1^ inches long.
Antiselli, Gr. Ashy-hairy; leaflets 21-29: straight pod, 8-9 lines long.
Bolanderi, Gr. Scarious stipules united: pcd ovoid, curved, veiny.
Webberi, Gr. Silvery-silky: pods thick-walled, glabrous, sutures prominent,
pychnostachyus, Gr. Stout, hoary: pods reticulated, thiu- walled, acute,
liemmoni, Gr. Slender, procumbent, green: leaflets 9-11, mucronate.
AustinsB, Gr. Tufted, silvery-silky: flowers in a close head, whitish.
Kentrophyta, Gr. Flowers 1-3 on very short peduncles, 2 lines long.

12. VTCIA, Toumefort.

Perennials: peduncles 4-18-flowered 1, 2

Annuals: peduncles short, 1-2-flowered 3, 4

1. V. g^g'antea. Hooker. Stout, 5-10 ft. high: petals dull-purplish.

2. V. Americana, Muhl. Glabrous, 1-4 ft. high: leaflets 8-16, variable.
Var. truncata, Brewer. Leaflets truncate or toothed at apex, somewhat hairy.
Var. linearis, Watson. Leaflets linear: mostly low and slender.

3. V. exigua, Natt. Mostly low: leaflets about 8: flowers 3 Unes long, purpliah.

4. V. sativa, Linn. Stouter: flowers nearly sessile, 1 inch long, violet.

13. LATHYBTJS, Linnaeus.

Leaves toith tendrils', racemes several — many-Jlotoered,

Pod not on a stipe. Stipules large: glabrous 1, 2, 3

Stipules narrow: more or less pubescent. 7, 8

Pod on a short stipe. Stems stout, tall 4, 5, 6

Leaves without tendrils, or rarely xoith them: pods on short stipes 9, 10, 11

1. li. maritimus, Bi:,'elow. Leaflets 3-5 pairs, close flowers purple.

2. L. polyphyllus, Nutt. Similar: leaflets 6-10 pairs, thin, not sessile.

3. L. sulphurous, Brewer. Flowers sulphur or dull yellow, 5-7 lines long.

4. L. Nuttallii, Watson. Loosely woolly-hairy: petals red-purple, 6-8 lines long.

5. L. Californicus, Watson. Stem winged: leaflets soft-pubesceut: petals 7-9 line*
long, yellowish or pinkish. This and next under L. venosus, in Bot. CaL, etc,

6. Li. Bolanderi, Watson. Stems wingless: glabrous: flowers purple.

7. L. vestitus, Nutt. Slender: stems winglesi: flowers pale rose or violet.

8. li. palustris, L. Leaflets 2-4 pairs, linear: flowers few, purplish, smalL

9. L. litoralis, Endl. Densely silky: a small terminal leaflet: pod hairy.

10. L. Nevadensis. Watson. Slender: standard purplish; wings and keel yellowish.

48 BOSACELfi.

11. li. Toireyi, Or. Acute leaflets 6 lines long: purplish flowers solitary.

14. CEBCIS, Linnaeus.
C. occidentalis, Torr. Small standard enclosed by the wings: pods red.

ROSACEA.

* Shrubs or Trees.
a. Flowers whiter S lines or more across: carpels 1-5, distinct.

Carpel 1, becoming a drupe (like a cherry or plum) 1

Carpels 5 (or often wanting), stamens 15: racemes drooping: cherry-like 2

Carpels 2-5, becoming inflated, usually reddening: stamens 20 or more 7

Carpels 5, hairy: leaves bipinnate, leaflets minute: panicles leafy 8

Carpel 1, becoming an akene: low shrub: leaves tripinnate 9

6. Flotoers white, 2 lines broad or less, in dense jjanicles: carpels 1 to 12.

Stamens 20 or more: flowers in plumose panicles: leaves large, lobed 6

Stamens 10-15: evergreen leaves 2-4 lines long: panicles erect 18

e. Flowers rose-color or pale purple, small: carpels 5, distinct 3

d. Flowers 3 lines or more across: carpels 2-5, enclosed by thejleshy calyx-tube forming an

inferior ovary {partly inferior in 24).

Evergreen leaves serrate: carpels 2: stamens 10: berries scarlet 24

Deciduous leaves simple: flowers corymbose.

Fruit red or yellow: no spines or thorns 25

Fruit black or purple: spinose 26

Deciduous leaves simple: flowers racemose: petals oblong 27

e. Flowers 6 lines broad or more: stamens and carpels numerous: fruit like a blackberry or

raspberry 10

/. Flowers solitary, axillary, small: petals none: calyx white, the limh deciduous: carpel I

{rarely 2), long plumose tailed 11

g. Flowers rose-colored an inch or more across: stamens many: ovary apparently inferior:

stems slender^ prickly: leaves pinnate 23

• Herbs.

a. Flowers 6 lines broad or more: akenes forming a berry 10

6. Flowers very small {except 1 sp. in 3), white: calyx lobes 5 {no intermediate lobes or bract-
lets): stamens 20 or more: carpels 3-10.

Leaves very large, tripinnate: spikes in large panicles ^ 4

Leaves twice or thrice 3-clef t : raceme shart 5

Leaves entire, rosulate, silky: scape low 3d sp. in 3

Leavfca 5-7-lobed with small basal leaflets: petals 2-3 lines long , . . 4th sp. in 3

ROSACEiE.

49

«. FUnoers yellow, white or purple: calyx appendaged hetxcetn the lobes, or apparently un-
equally 10-cobed.
Stamens 20 or more: carpels very numenms: receptacle conical to clavate

Akenes with hooked or plumose tills 12

Akenes seed-like on a juicy receptacle: leaves 3-foliolate 13

Akenes seed like on a dry receptacle. (Try No. IG and 17.) 14

Stamens 20 or less: cari^els few or many on a drj' receptacle.

Stamens 10 (or 20 and corolla pink): corolla white: receptacle nearly naked 16

Stamens 5 to 20; filaments slender: carpels few or 1: receptacle hairy 17

Stamens 5: carpels 5 to 10: leaflets 3, cuneate, 3-5-toothed 15

d. Flowers small: carpels 1 to 3 becoming akenes enclosed by the firm calyx-tube forming a

apparently inferior ovary.

Leaves pinnate flowers in heads or spikes.

Calyx with barbed prickles: petals none: anthers purple 21

CalyTc with a margin of hooked prickles: petals yellow 20

Calyx 4-angled, naked, limb petaloid : petals none 22

Leaves palmately lobed: greenish apetalous flowers axillary 19

1. PRUNTJS, Tournefort

Flowers white: scraggy or spiny: leaves ovate, an inch long or less 1, 8

branches slender: leaves 1 to 4 inches long 2, 4

low: leaves spatulate, entire, 6 lines long, sessile 7

evergreen leaves, shining, prickly toothed, broad 5

Flowers rose-color: low, spiny: leaves oblanceolate, 6 to 12 lines long 6

[The first species is a small plum, the others scarcely edible cherries.]

1. P. subcordata, Benth. Bark ashy gray: flowers in small lateral clusters,

2. P. emarginata, Walpers. Bark chestnut brown: corymbs 6-12-flowered-
Var. mollis, Brewer. Taller, becoming 25 ft. high, woolly. Oregon.

3. P. Fremonti, Walp. Flowers solitary or few together: ovary densely hairy.

4. P. demissa, Walp. Dense racemes 3-4 inches long, erect: leaves large.

5. P. ilicifolia, Walp. Racemes small, axillary: fruit ripening in November.

6. P. Andersoni, Gr. Low, diffuse: leaves oblanceolate, acute: fruit velvety.

7. P. fasciculata, Gr. Similar: slender petals recurved: stamens 10-15:

2. NTJTTAX.LLA., Gray.

\. N. cerasifonnis, T. & O. Dioecious: I to 4 of the carpels maturing drupe*.

3. SPIRJEA, Linnaeus.
* Shrubs with rose-colored or jmrplish dowers: carpels 6.
I. 8. betulaaf olia : Pallas. Pale purple flowers in corymbs. Alpine.

60 UOSACEiE.

2. S. Doug^lasii, Hooker. Darker flowers in dense panicles. Wet places.

* * Herbaceous with a woody base: flowers white.

3. S. csespitosa, Nutt. Tufted: flowers in dense spikes on leafy scapes.

4. S. occidentalis, Watson. Simple glabrous stems 2-6 ft. high: panicle cymoso.

4. ARUNCXJS. Linnaeus.
1. A. Sylvester, Kost. Smooth, 3-5 ft. high: flowers dioecious: stamens exserted.

5. ERIOGYNIA, Hooker.
1. E. pectinata, Hook. Cespitose, creeping; branches erect: stamens included.

6. HOIiODISCUS, Maximowicz.
1. H. discolor, Max. Flowers mostly dull white or light buff: carpels hairy.

7. PHYSOCABPUS, Maximowicz.
1. P. opulifolia, Max. Bark shreddy: leaves 3-lobed: corymbs 2 inches broad.

8. CHAM^EBATIARIA, Maximowicz.
1. C. Millefolium, Max. Leaves narrowly lanceolate, 1-^ inches long.

9. CHAMJEBATIA, Bentham.
1. C. foliolosa, Benth. Strong scented, viscid: leaves ovate to oblong.

1 0. BUBUS. Linnaeus.

Stems woody: leaves simple, palmately lobed: no prickles 1

Stems woody: leaves mostly 3-foliolate: more or leas prickly 2. 3, 4

Stems herbaceous, trailing, not prickly : carpels few 5, 6

1. R. Nutkanus, Mocino. Large leaves: large rose-like flowers.

2. R. leucodenais, Dougl. Leaves white below, veins pricky. (Raspberry.)

3. R. spectabilis, Pursh. Flowers large, red-purple: fruit yellow or crimson.

4. R. ursinus, C. & S, Stems weak, often long-trailing: very prickly. (Blackberry.)
6. R pedatus, Smith, Leaves 3-foliolate or nearly 5-foliolate: fruit red.

6. R. lasiococcus, Gr. Stouter: leaves mostly 3-5-lobed: fruit tomentose.

11. CERCOCARPUS, HBK.

i. C. parvifolius, Nutt. Evergreen: leaves veiny, serrate above: wood hard.

\ Or ledifolius, Nutt. Leaves narrow, entire margins revolute. (Mt. Mabogony.)

ROSACEiB. 51

12. GEUM. Linnaeus.

1.

F

2.

F

3.

F

4.

F

1. O. macrophfyllmn, Wild. Flowers yellow: style jointed: akene- tails hooked.

2. O. triflorum, Pursh. Flowers purplish: styles plumose: akene-tails feathery.

13. FRAGARIA, Tournefort.

' Akenea deeply pitted in the depressed-globose /ruit.
Chilensis, Ehrh, Leaves thick, dark greeu, shining: flowera large. Coast.
Virg-iniana, Ehrh. Similar: flowers smaller: fruit darker.

* * Akerus on the surface of the. ovoid fruit.
Californlca, C. & S. Light greeu thin leaves: petioles not silky,
vesca, L. Similar: larger. Perhaps No. 3 is only a variety of this.

14. POTENTIL.L.A, Linnaus.

• Style, attached at or below the middle of the ovary.

A foot or two high: leaflets 5-9, coarsely serrate: petals yellow or white 1

Creeping: leaves and peduncles radical: leaflets 7 to many: petals yellow 2

Stems stout, rooting at the joints: flowers dark lurid-purple 3

Shrubby leaflets entire, silky, margins revolute 4

* * Style attached at or near the top of the ovary: stamens 20.
Alpine or subalpine (altitude 7,000 ft. or more) leaflets an inch long or less.

Densely white tomentose: leaflets 7 to 13: carpels stipitate 5

Silky-villoaa: leaflets closely pinnate or palmate 8, 9

Glabrous: leaflets 3, broadly cuneiform, 7-9-toothed 11

In the mountains but mostly lower than 7,000 ft.

Leaflets 5-15, deeply serrate or pinnatifid 6. 7

Leaflets 3, toothed above 10, 11

1. P. glandulosa, Lindley. Petals usually shorter than the calyx.
Var. Nevadensis, Watson. More slender: stamens sometimes only 20.

2. P. Anserina, L. Long runners: leaflets with smaller ones between. Wet places.

3. P. palusLris, Scop. Many librous roots: leaves palmate: leaflets serrate. Swampa-
P. fruticosa, L. Much branched: stamens 30: carpels very villous.

5. P. Breweri, Watson. Leaflets nearly equal, 3-6 lines long: petals large.

6. P. Plattensis, Nutt. Slender stems 3-12 inches long: leaflets pmnatitid.

7. P. gracilis, Dougl. Taller, more hairy: leaflets and flowers larger.
Var. rigida, Watson. Tall and stout, not tomentose. The common form.

8. P. dissecta, Pursh. Leaflets pinnatifid or coarsely serrate: tufted-hairy.

9. P. Wheeleri, Watson. Leaflets cuneate, 3-5toothed, 6 lines long or lesa.

10. P. Grayi, Watson. Low stems 3-6-flowered: leaflets 5-7- toothed.

11. P. gelida, C A. Meyer. Leaiieta larger, bio^aer, end one nearly sessile.

62 ROSACE^L

15. SLBAIiDIA., LimiiBtiB.

1. S. procumbens, L. Steins creeping: calyx lobes exceeding the minute petala

16. HORKELIA, C. & S.

Styles thickened at the base: leaflets incised 6-12 lines long 1

Calyx-bracts nearly as broad as the lobes: leaflets 3-8 lines long 2

Calyx-bracts much narrower than the lobes.

Leaflets deeply incised or lobed 8, 4, 6, 6

Leaflets few-toothed at the truncate apex 7

Leaflets bifid, 2 or 3 Hues long, silky 8

1. H. fusca, Lindl. Cymes dense: petals 2 lines long, sepals longer.

2. H. Califomica, C. & S. Glandular: sepals and petals 3-6 lines long.
Var. sericea, Gr. Stouter: leaflets larger: canescent with silky hairs.

8. H. congesta, Hook. Sparsely stiff-hairy: leaflets 6-9 lines long.

4. H. tenuiloba, Gr. White-hairy: leaflets 8-12 pairs, 2-3 lines long.

5 H. Bolanderi, Gr. Densely hoary, pubescent, tufted, 3-4 inches high.

6. H. purpurascens, Watson. Purplish calyx 3-4 lines long: petals rose-cdhto.

7. H. tridentata, Torr. Silky: leaflets 2-5 pairs, mostly 3-toothed at apex.

8. H. sericata, Watson. Tufted: some stem leaflets entire: petals notched.

17. IVESIA, Torrey & Gray.

Flowers in rather close panicled cymes: stems mostly leafy 1, 2, 8

Flowers yellow, in cymes on nearly naked stems. Alpine 4, 6

Flowers white, in difiiise panicles upon leafy stems 6

1. I. Pickering-ii, Torr. Densely white-silky: petals yellowish, spatulate.

2. I. unguiculata, Gr. Similar: petals white, clawed, orbicular: carpels 5-8.

3. I. Webberi, Gr. Low, loosely villous: petals yellow: stamens 5-10.

4. I. Gordoni, T. & G. Viscid: 3-10 inches high: stem leaves pinnatifid.
Var. pygmaea, Watson. An inch or two high: stamens sometimes 10.

Var. lycopsoides, Watson. Nearly glabrous: leaflets thick, rounded, imbricated.

6. I. Muirii, Gr. Densely silky, an inch high: leaves terete: carpels 2.

6. I. santalinoides, Gr. Stems 6-18 inches high: leaves silky: terete: carpel 1.

18. AJJENOSTOMA, H. & A.

1. A. fasciculatum, H. & A. Bark becoming shreddy: leaves subulate, acut*.

2. A. sparsifolium, Torr. Resinous: leaves scattered, obtnse. San Diego.

19. AXCHEMTLIiA, Toumefort.
1, A. arvemsis, Scopoli. An obscure nnder-herb: stipules enclosing the Coweim.

ROSACE-fi. 65

20. AORIMONIA. Tournefort.
L A. Eupitoria, L. Hairy: 2-4 ft. high: racemes spicate: akene 8nbglobo««.

21. AC-ffiNA, LinnseuB.
I. A. triflda, R. & P. Leaves crowded at base: green flowers in tenninAl fpike.

22. POTERIUM, Linmeua.

1. P. officinale, B. & H, Flowers deep purple or red in a short apika.

2. P. annuum, Nutt. Smaller: leaflets pinnatifid: flowers greenish.

23. ROSA, Tournefort.

1. R. Nutkana, PresL Spines stout: stipules broad; flowers 2 or 3 inches broad.

2. R. pisocarpa, Gr. Globose fruit smaller, with a neck.

3. R. Californica, C, & S. Often tall: fruit ovoid, with a neck.

4. R. spithamea, Watson. A span high or less: globose fruit glandular-prickly.

5. R. gymnocarpa, Nutt. Slender: calyx-lobes deciduous, leaving fruit naked.

24. HETEROMELES, J. Roemer.
1. H. arbutifolia, Rcem. Panicles terminal: fruit ripe in December. {Toyou.)

25. PIRUS, IJnnaeus.

1. P. rivnlaris, Dougl. Leaves simple, woolly: fruit ovoid.

2. P. sambucifolia, C. & S. Leaves pinnate: fruit globose, red.

26. CRAT-2EGUS, Linnaeus.

1. C. rivularis, Nutt. Leaves ovate, serrate, rarely lobed. {Haicthom.)

2. C. Douglasii, LindL A large tree: leaves often incised: fruit 6 lines thick,

27. AMELANCHLER, Medicua.
1. A. alnifolia, Nutt. Flowers in short racemes: petals not ovate. {Shad-bony.)

CALYCANTHACFJE.

1. CALYCANTHUS, Linnaous.
L O. oceidentalis, H, & A. inner aepals and outer petals lurid purple or red» ^
Inch or more loug, slender, leathery: inner petals uhorter. incurved-

54 SAXIFRAGACEiE.

SAXIFRAGACEiE.

f 1. Herbs with learea alternate or all radical (except No. 2 in 7): styles 2 or 3 (sessile
stigmaa 3 or 4 in 11): carpels united or rarely distinct, the tips divergent (flattened*
obcordate in 12).

Stamens apparently many in clusters, only 5 perfect 11

Stamenf 8-10: petals none: flowers minute, axillary, solitary 13

Stamens 10 (rarely more or less in No. 1): flowers in terminal racemose or cymose cliiBters.

Petals broad, entire : ovary 2-celled or carpels distinct 1

Petals pinnatifid, 3-7 lobed or entire: ovary 1-celled: racemes simple 7

Petals entire, very slender: styles slender; carpels unequaL 8

Stamena 5: petioles expanded stipale-like, or bristly at base.

Petals deciduous, entire, broad: radical leaves 3-parted No. 2 in 1

leaves 3-9-lobed or cleft: ovary inferior. 9

Petals deciduous, often crenate, white: seeds winged 5

pinnatifid or 3-cleft; lobes filiform: ovary globular 0

entire or wanting, small: ovary l-celled 10

Petals persistent, entire or 3-Iobed, spatulate, violet: ovary inferior. 8

entire, slender, purple: ovary superior 4

Stamens 3: petals entire, filiform, recurved persistent 6

I 2. Shrubs tcith large white /lowers or woody -based herbs: leaves opposite.

Shrubs: stamens 20 or more: petals 4 or 5: stigmas distinct 13

petals 5 to 7: stigmas united 14

Herbaceous: branches terminated by capitate clusters of small flowers. 16

f 3. Slender shrubs: leaves alternate: flowers mostly in drooping clusters: ovary iit/erior^
globosei calyx'lobes larger than the erect petals, usually petaloid 16

1. SAXIFBAGA, Linnaeus.

* Stemless, or rarely a Uaf or two on the scape below.

Leaves large, peltate, cupped in the center: flowers pink. 1

Leaves an inch or less broad, short petioled: scape 2 to 4 inches high 2

Leaves rounded-cordate, long petioled: filaments broadest above: calyx soon reflexed 8, 9
Leaves not cordate, contracted at base into a margined petiole or nearly sessile.

Calyx-lobes erect or spreading 8, 6

Calyx-lobes reflexed in fruit or sooner 4, 6, 7

• • Stems leafy, tufted {except No. IS): petioles short.

Leaves small, evergreen, entire, crowded. Alpine. 10

Leaves like strawberry leaflets: flowers greenish 11

Leaves few on the stem : stamens 5 IS

1. S. peltata, Torr. Scape stout, 1-3 ft. high: carpels distinct. Streams,
1. 8. Parryi, Torr. Calyx and white petals brown or purple-veined.

3.

S.

4.

S.

6.

s.

6.

s.

7.

s.

8.

s.

9.

s.

10.

s.

11.

8.

12.

s.

1.

B

2.

B

SAXIFRAUACEiK. ftf

Virginiensis, Michx. Petals obovate, twice the length of the calyx,
reflexa, Hook. Calyx reflexed: filaments often thick abore.
nivalis, L. Flowers fewer, more crowded; petals narrow, BmalL
integrifolia, Hook. Scape 1-3 ft. high, viscid: seeds large,
bryophora, Gr. Leaves slender, entire: many pedicels bulb-bearing.
Mertensiana, Bong. Leaves mnny-lobcd: pedicels often bulbiferoaa.
punctata, L. Leaves coarsely toothed: panicle not bulbiferoua.

Tolmiei, T. & G. Peduncles 2 inches long: carpels often 3 or 4.

fragarioides, Greene. Woody caudex branched: petals persistent.

raniinculifolia, Hook. Slender, a foot high or less: flowers corymboae.

2. BOYKINIA, NutUll.

occidentalis, T. & G. Leaves thin, 1-3 inches broad, incisely toothed,
major, Gr. Stouter, larger: leaves 4-8 inches broad, 5-9-cleft.

3. SUKSDORFLA., Gray.
1. S. violacea, Gr. Weak, visciil: flower parts rarely in 7*s. Or. Wash.

4. BOLANDRA, Gray.

1. B. Califomica, Gr. Stems slender: petals dull purple. Yoeemite.

2. B Oregana, Watson. Stouter: petals deep purple: pedicels reflexed in fruit*

5. SULIVANTLA., Torrey & Gray.
1. 8 Oregana, Watson. Scape nearly leafless: leaves an inch or less broad.

6. TOLMIEA, Torrey & Gray.
1. T. Menziesii, T. & G. Calyx gilibous, finally splitting down one side.

7. TELLIMA, Robt. Hrown.

Petals laciniately pinnatifid, reflexed, rose-color or greenish 1

Petals entire, spatulate-obovate, white or pinkish: calyx -base acute, adnate 3

Petals entire or with small side-teeth, ohuvate or oval, white: calyx-base broad- 3

Petals 3-Iobed, nearly cuneate, white or pinkish: calyx-base broad: styles smooth 4

calyx-base turbinate, styles rough. . . 0

Petals deeply 3-cleft, pink or white: ovary half inferior: bulblet-bearing 6

Petals palmately 3-7-parted, mostly pink: ovary nearly free: bulblet-bearing 7

1. T. grandiflora, K. Br. Stout, 1-3 ft. high: calyx inflated. Mouterey to Alaska.

2. T. Cymbalaria, Walp. Stem filiform, usually a pair of leaves. 8. CaL
S. T. Bolanderi, Bol. Sterns often branching: styles smooth. Cent. dd.

4.

T.

5.

T.

6.

T.

7.

T.

I.

T.

2.

T.

66 SAXIFRAGACEiE.

heterophylla, H. & A. Similar, very slender: petals acute. Cent. Csl.
afi&nis, Bolauder. Stouter: calyx-tube rough, partly adnate. CaJ.
parviflora, Hook. Calyx obconical: ovary half inferior. Or. Wash.
tenella, Walp. Slender, 2-9 in. high: ovary nearly free. N. E. CaL

8. TIABELLA, Linnaeus.

unifoliata, Hook. Leaves 3-5-lobed, crenately toothed. S. F. Bay, N.
trifoUata, L. Most of the leaves 3-foliolate. Or. to Alaska.

9. MITELLA, Tournefort.

1. M. Breweri, Gr. Leaves 2-.3 in. broad: scape naked: petals ^ in. long. S.N. Mta^

2. M. trifida, Grab. Petals smaller, .3-5-parted. In shade. Coast Ranges.

S. M. caulescens, Nutt. Stouter: 1 or more leaves on scape. Klamath Hiver, N.

10. HEUCHEBA, Linn^us.

glabra, Willd. Leaves acutely lobed, incised: panicle loose. Or., N.
rubescens, Torr. Leaves crenately lobed ^-1 in. broad. S. N. Mter., N. & E,
micrantha, Dougl. Leaves obtusely lobed, crenate, 2-4 in. broad,
pilosissima, F. & M. Very villous, viscid: calyx-base rounded. Cal. Coast.
cylindrica, Dougl. Flowers nearly spicate, ^-^ in. long: petals minute.

11. PAKNASSLA, Tournefort.

1. P. palustris, L. Leaves ovate to ovate-cordate ^. 1 in. long: petals ^-^ in. lang»
Var. Calif omica, Gr. Larger in every way. In wet places, mountains.

2. P. flmbriata, Banks. Leaves reniform to cordate: appendages few or a scale,

12. CHRYSOSPLENIUM, Linnaeus.
I. 0. gieehomSBfolium, Nutt. Decumbent in wet places: leaves J-^ in. long.

13. PHIIaADELPHTJS, Linnaus.

1. P. Liewisii, Pursh. Spreading, 3-5 ft. liigh: stigmas narrow. S. N. Mts.

2. P. Qordonianus, Lindl. Larger in every way: leaves mostly toothed. Coa8ft»

14. CARPENTERIA, Torrey.
I, 0. Calif omica, Torr. Leaves narrowly lanceolate. King's River, CaU

16 WHIPPLE A, Torrey.
I W. modesta, Torr. Stems slender, spreading: calyx and corolla white.

1.

H.

2.

H.

3.

H.

4.

H

6.

H

SAXIFRAGACEiB 67

16. RIBES, Linnaeus.
I 1. More or less thorny and prickly: leaves 3-5-lobed, parted or divided: pedanclea 1-fi-
flowered (5-9-flowered in No. 10), {Oooaeberries.)

Calyx bright red: fruit bristly or prickly 1, 3, 4

Calyx yellow: leaves very small: fruit smooth C, 7

Calyx white or pinkish, lobes erect: ovary white-villous; fruit velvety 6

Calyx greenish, villous: stamens short: fruit spiny-prickly 3

Calyx greenish or dull-purplish: ovary and fruit smooth 8, 9

Calyx greenish white, limb saucer-shaped, 3 lines broad: stamens short 10

§ 2. Thomlesa, no prickles: stamens short: berry not prickly. (Currant$.)

Calyx greenish white, rotate above the ovary: berry J-1 in. long, black 11

Calyx waxy-white, greenish or pinkish; tube cylindrical, ^-^ in. long 13

Calyx dull white, greenish or purplish; tube cylindrical-cajnpanulate 13

Calyx rose-red to nearly white; tube short, broad « racemes dense: fruit dry 14

Calyx golden yellow, salverform; tube ^-^ in: long: spicy-fragrant 10

1. R. speciosum, Pursh. Tall: Flowers nearly an inch long, parts often in 4'b.

2. R. Menziesii, Pursh. Very thorny: anthers sharp-sagittate.

3. R. ambiguuzn, Watson. Glandular, villous: white petals nearly as long m th«
stamens.

4. R. liObbii, Gr. Flowers 9 lines long: anthers oval: very obtuse, white.

5. R. leptanthum, Gr. Rigid, much branched: style undivided, smooth.

6. R. velutinum, Greene. Rigid recurved branches: stout thorns solitary

7. R. quercetoruin, Greene. Calyx -lobes ciliate, reflexed, bright yellow

8. R. divaricatum, Dougl. Sterna widely spreading: stamens exaertetL

9. R. oxycanthoides, L. Similar: flowers smaller; stamens little exserte<L

10. R. lacustre, Pciret. var. molle, Gr. Low: leaves downy: berry light rod.

11. R. bracteosum, Dougl. Leaves 5-7-cleft, lobes acute, 5-9 in. wide.

12. R. cereum, Dougl. Leaves 3-lobed, an inch broad or less, crenate.

13. R. viscosissimum, Pursh. Viscid: leaves moderately lobed.

14. R. sangfuineum, Pursh. Leaves obtusely 3-5-lobed: petals often white: variabla,

15. R. aureum, Pursh. Glabrous ornearly so: racemes 5- 10-flowered.

CRASS L LACE J:.

Obscure under herba: minute greenish flowers in the axils of minute leaves. 1

Very fleshy herbs: leaves entire (serrate in 1st sp. No. 2): petals distinct 8

petals more or less united. . . 8

1. TLLLiEA, Linuaeus.
1. T. minima, Miers. Flowers clustered in tlie axils: leaves ovate, a line long.

68 CRASSULACBiE.

2. T, angiistifolia, Nutt. Stems rooting, 1 in. long: leaves 1-2 lines long.
Var. Bolanderi, Watson. Stems 3-4 in. high: flower-paits in 3's or 4's. .

3. T. peduncularis, Smith. Pedicels 4-6 lines long in fruit: carpels pniplialu.

2. SEDTJM, Linnaeus.

Flowers dioecious, deep purple, parts mostly in 4'8 1

Leaves narrowed toward the base, obtuse 2, 3, 4

Leaves broadest near the base, acute , 5, 6, 7

1. S. Rhodiola, DC. Stems simple: leaves acute, rarely entire. Alpine.

2. S. spathulifolium, Hook, Glaucous: petals yellow, 3 lines long, acute.

3. S. Oreganum, Nutt. Not glaucous: petals pale rose, much exceeding the stamens.

4. S. obtusatum, Gr. Similar to 2 & 3: flowers pedicelled; petals pale yellow, broader.

5. S. varieg-aturajWatson. 'Radical leaves slender: petals yellow, of ten purple- veined.

6. S. radiatum, Watson. Carpels broad, the beaks horizontal, star-like: petals yel.

7. S. pumiluiu, Benth. Annual; 1-3 inches high: leaves 1-2 lines long: carpels !•
seeded.

3. COTYLEDON, Linnaeus.

Leaves cylindrical and somewhat 3-sided ,. l>d

Leaves flattened: carpels nearly distinct, erect.

Petals united to the middle, red 3

Petals united | the length, pale yellow, 4 lines long 4

Petals united only at the base, yellow or orange.

Leaves glaucous, white dusty or mealy. . . 5, 6, 7, 8
Leaves not glaucous or mealy, reddish 9, 10

1. C. edulis. Brewer. Petals widely spreading, yellowish. San Diego.

2. C. viscida, Watson. Leaves numerous, very viscid: corolla reddish. S. Cal.

3. C. pulverulenta, B. & H. Densely white-dusty : leaves 2 or 3 inches broad.

4. 0. Oregonensis, Watson. Leaves spatulate, obtuse: racemes axillary.

5. C. lanceolata, B, & H. Petals orange, mid- vein glaucous: calyx-base broad.

6. C. farinosa, B. & H. Usually densely mealy: petals lemon yellow.

7. C. csBspitosa, Haworth. Sepals ovate, 2 lines long or less: petals yellow.

6. C. laxa, B. & H. Petals orange-yellow, keeled, prominent mid-vein glaucona.

9. 0. Palmeri, Watson. Flowering stem red: petals pale yellow. S. Cal. coasts

10. 0. Liingula, Watson. Leaves an inch broad, 2 or 3 inches long, acute.

droseracej:.

1. DK.OSERA, linnaeus.
D. rotundifolia, L. Leaf- blade rounded, 2 6 lines broad: petals 2 lines long.

LYTHRACEiB 59

2. D. Anglica, liadson. Leaf -blade cuneate: jjetalB much ezoeedli ^e tepaliu

LYTHKACEiE.

Calyx slightly 4-angled, short: petals none: capsule globular ,., 1

Petals 4: capsule striate under microscope, splitting into 3 or 4 valyes. j)

Calyx cylindrical, striate, 4 to 7 teeth with smaller ones between: petals 4 to 7 (usually
6): stamens as many or twice as many: capsule 2-celled ^, 8

1. AMMANIA, Linn»ua.
1. A. latifolia, L. Stems square: leaves opposite, eared at base, slender.

2. EOT ALA, Kcehne.
1. R. ramoaior, Keek. Capsule not bursting irregularly.

3. LYTHRTJM, JLum»u».

1. Lk hyssopifolia, L. Petals very small: stamens usually 4 to 6» inoluded.

2. Ii. album, HBK. Calyx 3 or 4 hues long.

3. Ii. Califomicuni, Watson. Calyx 6 to 9 lines long: rose-purple petals longer

HALOKAGE^.

Leaves linear or broader in whorls of 4 to 12 : flowers sessile, axillary ••..,.,. 1

Leaves in whorls of 3 or 4, mostly pinnate, segments filiform: flowers axillary ,, 3

1. HIPPT7B.IS, Linmeus.
1. H. vulgaris, L. Style filiform, stamen I: calyx globular, limb entire. La ponds.

2. MYRIOPHYLLUM, Linmeus.

1. M. spicatum; L. Stamens 8: flowers epicate: petals ovate, greenish.

2. M. hippurioides, Nutt. Stamens 4: petals white, obovate: toothed bracts 3 to 5
lines long. Both species aquatic.

onagracej:.

^ Calyx divided to t/t^ ovary, lobes persistent: aquatic or creeping manh herbs: solitary fiowen

in axils of eidirt leaves.
Petals 4 to 6, yellow: stamens 8 to 12: leaves alternate 1

60 ONAOBACEJB.

Petals none or 4, reddish: stamens 4: leaves opposite ...•«••••»»• 9

• * Calyx deciduous above the ovary, parts ofthefiowers in Jf»,
+ Anthers versatile {attached near the middle to thejilament).
a. Seeds with a tuft of silky hairs, stamens 8: lower leaves often opposite,

Calyx-tnbe long-funnelform above the ovary, scarlet: petals 2-lobed .,•••• 8

Calyx-limb 4-parted: anthers elliptical or roundish • 4

6. Seeds not tufted with hairs: leaves all alternate: calyx-lobes reflexed.
Calyx divided nearly or quite to the ovary: anthers of two forms (or only 4).

Leaves entire: small or minute flowers: capsules not an inch long 5

Leaves pinnatifidly lobed: capsules 3 or 4 inches long 6

Calyx forming a cup or tube (often long and slender) above the ovary 7

1 1 Anthers erect, attached at or near the base to the filaments', those opposite the petals
shorter or sterile, rarely wanting: calyx-lobes reflexed, except in No. 11: annuals.

Calyx-tube obconical above the ovary: petals not long-clawed 8

petals long-clawed 9

Calyx- tube filiform above the ovary: petals long-clawed, lobed 10

Calyx-lobes erect: petals not clawed, 2-lobed: stigma lobes short 11

Calyx-lobes spreading: petals clawed, entire: stigma discoid, entire 13

Minute white flowers in bractless racemes, the parts in2's 13

• • •

1. JUSSI-ffiA, LinnaBus.
\. J, repens, L. Stems a foot or more long, rooting at base: style stout, hairy.
Var. Calif omica, Watson. Smaller flowers 6 to 8 lines broad: style slender, glabroua.

2. LXJDWIGLA., Linnaeus,
1. L. palustris, Ellis. Smooth, creeping or floating: flowers sessile: capsule smalL

3. ZATTSCHNERIA, Presl.
1. Z. Oalifomica) Presl. Villous or tomentose: calyx 10-16 lines long abov6 ovary.

4. EPrLOBITJM, Linnaeus.

• Flowers large: stamens and style declined: stigma lobes finally spreading or recurved'.

perennial.

Stem erect, simple: petals clawed, obovate, lilac-purple 1»3

Stem decumbent, 5 to 3 inches long: leaves opposite, glaucous 3

Flowers yellow 4

* • Flowers STnaU, parts all erect: stigma club-shaped or cylindrical.

Perennial: petioles present but short: in wet places: not alpine 5, 6

Perennial: stems with 2 pubescent lines: leaves mostly opposite: alpine 7, 8

Perennial: leaves sessile: hoary or glaucous: leaves mostly opposite: not alpine. 9, 10, 11

ONAORACEifi. 61

Annual: stems round: leavea mostly alternate: petals obcordate 13, 13, 14

1. E. spicatuin, Lam. Simple stem often 5 or 6 ft. high: flowers spicate.

2. E. latifolium, Linn. Shorter, less erect, often branching: style glabrous.

3. E. obcordatum, Gr. Petals obcordate, spreading, rose-color. Alpine.

4. E. luteum, Pursh. Oregon to Alaska,

5. E. Watsoni, Barbey. Hoary -pubescent, branching: petals narrow, obcordate.

6. E. coloratum, Muhl. Erect, branched, puberulent: leaves mostly opposite.

7. E. alpinum, L. Creeping, 2 to 6 inches high: flower-buds ovoid: anthers globose.

8. E. origanifolium, Lane, Taller: large petals obcordate, purple to white.

9. E. Franciscaniun, Barb. Stems 2 to 4 ridged: petals purple, emarginate.

10. E. brevistylum, Barb. Similar: petals smaller, obcordate, pinkish. S.N. Mta.

11. E. glaberimum, Barb. Glaucous: leaves connected at base: petals notched.

12. E. paniculatum, Nutt. Often tall, very slender: leaves slender, often fascicled.
1.3. E. jocundura, Gr. Similar: panicles crowded: petals larger, 6 lines long, deep

purple.

1 4, E. zninutuin, LindL Leas than a ft, high: petals minute.

5. GAYOPHYTUM, A. Jussieu.

1. G. ramosissimum, T. & G. Diffuse, 6 to 18 inches high: capsule .3-5-8eeded.

2. G. racemosum, T. & G. Less branched, more flowers, capsule 8 to 10 lines long.

3. G. pumiliun, Watson. Smaller: capsule 6 lines long, the many seeds oblique.

4. G. diffusum, T. & Q. Flowers 1^ to 3 lines broad, usually pink: capsules on
pedicels.

6. ETTLOBUS, NuttalL
1. £. Califomicus, Nutt. Stout, 1 to 3 ft. high: petals 4 or 5 lines broad, yellow,

7. CENOTHERA, Linnasns.

§ Calyx-tube much prolonged beyond the ovary: st%gma4obes slender.

Tall: flowers yellow, erect in bud: seeds in 2 rows in each cell 1

Stems white: flowers white or purplish, 1^ or 2 inches broad: buds nodding 2, 3, 4

Stemlesa: calyx-tube 2 to 4 inches long: capsule wing-angled 5

§ 2. Calyx-tube jm/orrrL, stem-like above the ovary: stigma capitate: fiowera yellow, sessile
on the top of a rootatock in the axils of radical leaver.

Nearly glabrous: leaves lanceolate to ovate: perennial 6, 7

Canescently villous: leaves linear: capsule 4-winged: annual 8

§ 3. Calyx-tube obconie or sliort-funnefjorm: stigma capitate: capsules narrow, sessile or

nearly so, often contorted.

Flowers axillary, yellow: capsule sharply 4-angled, usually contorted 9, 10, 11

Flowers axillary, small, yellow: capsule obtusely angled, curved 12, 13

Pt ONAGRACE-JL

flowers small, in a nodding spike, white or rose-color: capsule contorted 14, 10

1. CE. biennis, L/ Stout, 1 to 5 ft. high: calyx-tube I to 2^ inches long.
Var. grand ifiora, Lindl. Capsule hirsute: petals as long as calyx-tube.-
Var. hirsutissimus, Gr. Similar: ovary more hirsute. The common form,

2. (E. albicaulis, Nutt. Erect, ^ to 4 ft. high: large leaves pinnatifid.

3. CE, Califomica, Watson. Hoary, decumbent: ovary and calyx villous.

4. CE. trichocalyx, Nutt. Stouter, more erect: capsule thicker at base.

5. CB. triloba, Nutt. Nearly glabrous: petals \ to 1^ inches long.

6. CE lieterantha, Nutt. Petals 3 to 6 lines long: capsules ovoid-oblong.
Var. taraxacifolia, Watson. Leaves lyrately pinnatifid: Sierra Nevada.

7. CE. ovata, Nutt. Similar: capsule with obtuse angles. Coast Valleys.

8. CE. ^aciliflora, H. & A. Petals obcordate, turning greenish, 3 to 5 lines long.

9. CB. cbeiranthifolia, Homem. Prostrate or ascending: leaves thick.
Var. snfBmticosa, Watson. Woody at base, leafy. Both on sand near the sea.

10. CE. bistorta, Nutt. Similar: petals 4 to 9 lines long, spot at base.

11. (E. micrantba, Homem. Flowers smaller: leaves thin, crimped.

12. (E. dentata, Cav. DiflFuse, very slender: leaves linear: capsule very slender.

13. CE. strigTilosa, T. & G. Similar: petals smaller, 1 or 2 lines long, reddening.

14. CE. alyssoides, H. & A. Slender, canescent: calyx-lobes and petals 2 or 3 lines long.

15. CE. ganrseflora, T. & G. Glabrous: bark loose, white: capsule tapering upward,

8. GODETIA, Spach.

• Flowers in strict mostly close spikes: stems leafy, capsule ovoid to oblong.

+ Capsule not ribbed: seeds in 2 rotes in the cell: stems simple or few hrariched.

Calyx-tube broadly obconical, 4 to 6 lines long: petals 1 or 2 inches long 1

Calyx-tabe 2 or 3 lines long, deep-purple 2

+ t Capsule with at least alternate sides 2-rihhed: seeds in 1 row in each cell: stems often much

branched: canescently puberulent.

Capsule 5 to 8 lines long tapering from the base 3

Capsule 3 to 6 lines long, oblong, short-hairy 4

* * Flowers mostly scattered in a simple spike or raceme and nodding in the bud: capsule
linear; seeds in 1 row: stems slender: leaves few.

Capsules sessile, more or less distinctly ribbed 5 to 9

Capsules on pedicels, not ribbed: stigmas mostly yellow 10 to 13

1. G. grandiflora, Lindl. Stout: spike leafy: petals often with a spot. N. W. Cal.

2. G. purpurea, Watson. Ovary densely villous: style short: stigma-lobes purple.

3. G. lepida, Lindl. Stem shining white: petals rose-color with a spot above.
Var. parviflora, Watson. Petals smaller, ^-§ in. long: leaves ^-1 in. long.
Var. Amottii, Watson. Nearly glabrous: leaves longer, acute: capsule glabrous.

4. G. albescens, Lindl. Flowers small, in many spikelets: petals purple-blue.

5. G. Williamsoni, Watson. Petals yellowish at base, purple spot in center. CaL

ONAGRACEiE. gj

6. O. quadrivulnera, Spach. Petals purple, ^-^ in. long: stigma-lobes purple, CJoaat.

7. Q-. tenella, Watson. Petals similar: style short: capsule scarcely ribbed. Coaat,

8. G. viminea, Spach. Similar to 7: petals like 6 (or all purple) but larger.

9. Q. Romanzovii, Spach. Ovary silky: 4 of the anthers nearly sessile: style short.

10. G. amoeaa, Lilja. Petals (and purple anthers) often villous, rose-color to white.

11. G. BottgB, Spach. Petals light purple: stigma yellow or purple. Monterey, S.

12. G. epilobioides, Watson. Petals purple to white, J-^ in. long: calyx-tube short.

13. G. hispidxila, Watson. Hispid; often 1 -flowered: 8-10 in. high. Cent. Cal.

14. G. biloba, Watson. A span to 4 ft. high: petals 2-lobed: rose-purple. Cent. CaL

9. CLARKIA, Pursh.

1. O. pulchella, Pursh. Petals 3-lobed; claw 2-toothed: only 4 perfect stamens. Or.

2. C. Xantiana, Gr. Petals 2-lobed, with a tooth between; claw short. S. CaL

3. C. elegans, Dougl. Petals entire; claw long, slender, naked: capsule hairy. CaL

4. C. rhomboidea, Dougl. Petals entire; claw short, broad, often toothed.

10. EUCHAB.IDIUM, Fischer & Meyer.

1. E. concinnum, F. & M. Petals S-lobed: filaments slender: capsule 6 to 9 lines long.

2. E. Breweri, Gr. Petals deeply 2-lobed, with a tooth between: calyx-tube longer.

11. BOISDUVALIA, Spach.

Canescently pubescent and more or less villous 1, 3

Glabrous or slightly pubescent: loosely spicate 3, 4

1. B. densiflora, Watson. Leafy spikes dense: petals 3-6 lines long.

2. B. Torreyi, Watson. Floral leaves like the others: petals 1 or 2 lines long. Or. S.

3. B. glabella, Walp. Similar: petals smaller: seeds a line long. Or. & Wash.

4. B. cleistogama, Curran. Capsules curved outward: seeds numerous, minute.

12. HETEE.OGATJRA, Rothrock.
1. H. Califomica, Rothr, Petals spatulate, 2 lines long: fruit obovoid, nut-like. CaL

14. CIBCaiA, Linnaeus. *
1. 0. Facifica,A&M. Leaves ovate to cordate, opposite: ovary ovoid, hairy. Wood^b.

LOASACE^.

1. HENTZEIilA, LinniBus.

Leaves mostly sinuate- toothed: petals 1 to 3 lines long 1, 9

Leaves mostly pinnatifid, lanceolate: petals 3 to 8 lines long 8, 4

•64 CUCURBITACE^.

Leaves pectinately pinnatifid to sinuate-toothed: petals 1 to 2^ inches long 6> 6

1. 2fl[. dispersa, Watson. Only upper leaves ovate: seeds J line long.

2. M. micrantlia, T. & G. Leaves ovate, 1 inch long or less: seeds a line long.

3. M. congesta, T. & G. Bracts membranous at base: petals 3 to 6 lines long.

4. M. ^acilenta, T. &. G. Petals obovate to oblanceolate, 4 to 8 lines long.

5. M. liindleyi, T. & G. Leaves ovate or narrower: petals ovate. Cent CaL

6. M. l£evicaulis, T. & G. Stout: leaves 2 to 8 inches long: petals 2 to 2i inohesion^

CUCURBITACE^.

Flowers all solitary, large, yellow: seeds flat » «••. 1

Flowers small, white; the sterile racemose: seeds turgid. 8

1. CUCURBIT A, Linnaeus.

1. C. perennis, Gr. Leaves 6-12 in. long: flowers 3 and 4 in. long, fragrant.

2. C. palmata, Watson. Leaves 2-3 in. long, 5-cleft: calyx-tube an inch long.

3. 0. Califomica, Torr. Flowers an inch long or more; calyx 4 or 6 lines long.

2. MEGARRHIZA, Torrey.

1. M. Califomica, Torr. Fruit globose or ovoid: seeds 4, 8-12 lines long.

2. M. xnacrocarpa. Fruit ovoid oblong, 14-8eeded. Santa Barbara, south.

3. M. Marali, Watson. Fruit 4 in. long: seeds suborbicular, flattened-

4. M. Oregana, Torr. Fruit scarcely or not at all armed with spines. Or.-Wash.

5. M. mxiricata, Watson. Fruit globose, an inch long, 2-seeded, mostly naked.

Perhaps this genus should be united with Echinocystis, which has flat eeeds.

The second species la deseribed by E L. Greene imder the name Echinocystis macrocarpa.

DATISCACE^.

1. DATISCA, Linnaeus.
t. 2X glomarata, B. & EL Dicecious or perfect flowers in leafy spikes^ greenish.

CACTACEJE.

Oval or cylindrical plants, covered with spine-bearing tubercles 1

Depressed-globose plants with tuberculate ribs and woolly at top: spines stout, ringed 3

Cylindrical ribbed stems branching, 2 to 4 ft. high: spines numerous 3

Stems made up of flattened or cylindrical joints: spines barbed 4

KICOIDEiE. 65

1. MAMIL.LAIIIA, ilaworth.
L M. Ooodridgii, Scheer. Petals about 8, ovate, a\vTied, dull yellowijh. S. CkL

2. ECHINOC ACTUS, Unk & Otto.
1. B. viridescena, Nutt. Sepals and petals numerous, greeniah: fruit scaly. S. CaL

3. CEREUS, Haworth.
1. 0, Emoryi, Engelm. Flowers greenish yellow; fruit subglobose, spiny. S, CaL

4. OPUNTIA, Toumefort.

Jointi much flattened, obovate: fruit juicy ^. .- 1, 3

Joints cylindrical : fruit green, fleshy : flowers red 8

1. O. Engelmanni, Salm. Flowers yellow, 3 inches long. vSanta Barbara, S.

2. O. Ficus-Indica, MilU Fruit delicious. The Prickly Pear.

3. O. prolifera, Eugelra. Tree-like with spiny tubercles. San Diego.

FICOIDE^.

Ovary inferior : petals and stamens numerous : very fleshy ,, ,, 1

Ovary superior: petals none: leaves opposite or whorled.

Calyx-lobes 5, petaloid: stamens many: succulent 9

Sepals 5, greenish: stamens 3 to 10: styles 3: not succulent. 3

1. MESEMBRYANTHEMUM, Linnfflus.

1. M. aequilaterale, Haworth. leaves equally S-sided, very thick, oppoaitci,

2. M. coccineum, Haw. Leaves semi-cylindrical, a line broad-

3. M. crystallinum, L. Leaves flat, covered with glistening papillaa,

2. SESUVIUM, Linnaeus.
1. 8. Portulacastruzn, L. Calyx 3 to 5 lines long, more or leaa purpllidi.

3. MOLLUGO, L.
1. M. TOrticillata, L. Slender: leaves spatulate: flowers fascicled, axlUary.

UMBELLIFERi!:.

Hvba with aaually hollow atemB. aheathing petioles and small flowars in simple

66 * OORNACEiE.

eompoand timbels; the inferior ovary sarmouuted by a disk which bears 6 petaU and 5
■tamens: styles 2. The plants of this order are not here described.

CORNACE^.

Flowers in cymes or heads: petals 4: style 1 : ovary 2-celled •..,,.. 1

Flowers dioecious, in drooping blue-gray catkins: petals none: styles 2 9

1. CORNUS, Linnaeus.

Flowers in a head with involucre of 4 to 6 large white petaloid bracts 1, 2

Flowers yellowish in sessile umbels appearing before the leaves: bracts 4 3

Flowers white or cream-color in many-flowered cymes 4 to 7

1. C. Canadensis, L. Herbaceous, 3 to 8 inches high: leaves in a whorl at top.

2. C. Nuttallii, Audubon. A tree: involucre often tinged with red. (Dogwood.)

3. C. sessilis, Torr. Bark green: leaves pale and silky beneath: pedicels silky.

4. C. Californica, C. A. Meyer. Branches purplish: leaves ovate: c^Tne round-topp'd,
5 C pubescens, Nutt. Similar: leaves rarely ovate: cyme larger: fruit white.

6. C. glabrata, Benth. Bark gray: leaves acute at each end: cymes snjall, flat.

7. C. Torreyi, Watson. Leaves ovate or narrower, acute: cyme loose: fruit white.

2. GARRYA, Douglas.

Leaves undulate, base obtuse, tomentose beneath 1

Leaves not undulate, acute at each end 2, 8

1. G. elliptica, Dougl. Sterile aments 2 to 5 inches long, often clustered.

2. G. Fremonti, Torr. Petioles 4 to 6 lines long: aments solitary, 2 or 3 inches long.

3. Q. buxifoliay Gr. Smaller, 2 to 5 ft. high: leaves 1 to li inches long, silky beneath.

DIVISION II.— GAMOPETAL^.
CAPMFOLIACE^.

9 1. Corolla regular, rotate: style short; stigmas S to 5: flowers in cyme*.

Shrub or tree: young stems thick, pith large: leaves pinnate •,. 1

Blender shrub: leaves simple: fruit a drupe: seeds flat 9

§ 2. Corolla tubular and irregular or campanulaU: stigma i, capiUite.
A creeping herb with pendulous flowers in pairs 9

CA PR I FOLIAGE JL 67

Slender ehruba with small pinkish regular flowers: berries white 4

Shrubby climbers or erect shrubs with irregular tubular flowers 5

1. SAMBUCUS, Toumefort.

Cymes round-topped; pith of year-old shoots yellow-brown 1, 2

Cymes flat-topped, 1-sided: pith white: berries black 8, 4

1. S. racemosa, L. Cymes ovoid or oblong: flowers dull white: berries scarlet.

2. S. melanocarpa, Gr. Cymes broader: flowers white: fruit black, no bloom.

3. S. glauca, Nutt. Leaves smooth: fruit black with a white bloom. {EJlder^btrry.

4. S. Mexicana, PresL Leaves and long shoots hairy: fruit black, no bloom.

2. VIBXTKNTIM, Linnaeus.

Drupes light red, globose, acid: leaves all or some of them lobed 1, 2

Drupes bluish-black, flattened, elliptical: leaves not lobed 3

1. V. opuliis, L. Cymes on several-leaved branches. Or. & Wash., E. & N.

2. V. pauciflonim, Pylaie. Cymes on short 2-leaved branches. Wash., N. & E.

3 V. ellipticum, Hooker. Leaves 3-5-ribbed: corolla 4 or 5 lines broad. N. CaL, N.

3. LINNiEA, Gronovius.
1. L. borealis, Gronov. Corolla funnelform, 4 or 5 lines long: stamens 4.

4. SYMPHORICAHPOS, Dillenlus.

Corolla broadly campanulate, 2 or 3 lines long 1, 2

Corolla narrowly campanulate, 3 to 6 lines long S, 4

1. S. racemosuSf Michx. Smooth: corolla hairy, narrow at base.

2. S. mollis, Nutt. Mostly soft-hairy, diffuse: corolla broad at base.

3. S. rotundifolius, Gr. Leaves orbicular to elliptical, 6 to 9 lines long.

4. S. oreophylus, Gr. Corolla 4 to 6 lines long, scarcely hairy: nutlets sharp.

5. liONICERA, Linnaeus.

Erect shrubs: flowers in axillary pairs on a single peduncle.

Ovaries § or wholly united to form a single berry: bracts subulate 1,2

Ovaries distinct or nearly so: corolla saccate at base, yellowish 3, 4

Woody climbers: flowers sessile, clustered: upper leaves often united 5, 6

L li. caerulea, L. Only 1 or 2 ft. high: leaves pale: corolla yellowish or purpliah-

2. li. conjugialis, Kellogg. Corolla dull purple, bilabiate, 4 or 5 lines long.

3. Ii. Utahonsis, Watson, Bracts small: berries red: peduncles short.

4. Ii. involucrata, Banks. Bracts large, becoming red: berries purple black.
6. Ij. ciliosa, Poir. Corolla an inch long, yellow to crimson-scarlet.

6. L. hlspidula, DougL Corolla 6 lines long, the lobes half as long: variable.

66 RUBIACEiB.

RUBIACE^.

A shrub with opposite or whorled leaves : fl o wers in globnlar heads. ..i 1

Herb with opposite leaves: flower parts in 4's (rarely S's or 6's): fruit bristly^.. 8

Herbs with whorled leaves: stems square: flowers 3-4-merous: fruit biglobular 8

1. CEPHALANTHUS, Linnseus.
L C. occidentalism L. Corolla narrow funnelform, white, 4-lobed. iBtUton^miJL)

2. KELIiOGGIA, Torrey.
L K. l^alioides, Torr. Corolla funnelform, 3 or 4 lines long, pinkish or white.

3. GAIilTJM, Linnaeus.

Fruit dry: leaves all in 4*8, or the upper in pairs. . , , 2, 3, 4, 8, 9

leaves mostly in 6's (some in 4's, 5's or S's) 1, 6, 6, 7

Fruit juicy: perennials with leaves in 4's 10 to 14

1. G. Aparine, L. Retrorsely hispid: leaves in 6's and S's: fruit erect.

2. G. bifolium, Watson. Smooth: alternate leaves shorter: peduncles solitary.

3. G. Kamtschaticum, Steller. Leaves orbicular to oblong-ovate, 3-nerved.

4. G. "boreale, L. LeaTes narrow, 3-nerved: flowers white in terminal panicles.

6. G. trifidum, L. Leaves slender, obtuse, 4 to 7 lines long: flower parts often in 3*1,

6. G. asperrimTiin, Gr. Leaves lanceolate, 6 to 12 lines long, cymes dichotomous.

7. G. triflonim, Michx. Sweet scented: corolla greenish or yellowish: cymes 3-rayed.

8. G. angustifolium, Nutt. Smooth, woody at base, rigid: fruit long-bristly.

9. G. iniiltifloniixi, Kellogg. Tufted, a foot high or less: leaves ovate.

10. G. pubens, Gr. Grayish, much branched: leaves broad, 6 lines long or less.

11. G. Californicum, H. & A. Similar: Leaves hispid-ciliate. Coast Range.

12. G. Nuttallii, Gr. Tall, mostly smooth: leaves small, oval or narrower.

13. G. Bolanderi, Gr. Mostly smooth: corolla dull purple: berry white,

14. G. Andrewsii, Gr. Matted tufts 2 to 4 inches high, leaves crowded, narrow,
shining, sharp.

VALERIANACE^.

Calyx-limb of plume-like lobes, inroUed until fruiting: leaves lobed or parted. 1

Calyx-limb none: flowers in dense terminal clusters: leaves simple •. 8

I. VAI*EBIANA, Tournefort.

1. v. sylvatica, Banks. Stem leaves 3-11-foliolate: corolla 2 or 3 lines long.

2. V. SitcbexiRis, Bong. Mor* robust: stem leaves 3-5-foliolate: corolla larger.

1. V

2. V

3. V

4. V

LOB£LIACE£. 69

2. VALERIANELluA., Tonrnefort.

macrocera, Gr. Corolla 1 or 2 linea long, nearly regular, white or pinkiah,
cong^sta, Lindl. Stouter: corolla mostly 3 or 4 lines long, bilabiate limb,
anomala, Gr. Freely branching: corolla a line long, apurless.
aphanoptera, Gr. Slender: corolla a lino long, bilabiate, spxir abort.
6, V. samolifolia, Gr. Similar: fruit wingless, buckwheat-like.

DIPSACACEiE.

1. DIPSACUS, Tonrnefort.
1. IX fallonxim, L. Stiff leaves united in pairs: fruit oval, aoaiea hooked. Nat

COMPOSITE.

Sunflowers, marigolc^s, thistles and dandelions are types of the conspicuoua planti
kn thiB order. It would be difficult for the beginner to determine the species in thia
order; hence it ia omitted.

LOBELIACEiE,

Ovary nearly anperior: anthers distinct: branches zigzag: leaves minut^v. ««««., ,,.*., 1
Ovary inferior: anthers united: flowers blue or red.

Corolla red, an inch long: adnate calyx- tube hemisphericaL , S

Corolla blue, rarely purple, often with white or yellow on lower lip.

Ovary top-shaped : corolla-tube 6 to 9 lines long, hairy inside 3

Ovary obconic&l to club-shaped : peduncles long ,...,,... 4

Ovary slender, stalk-like, sessile often twisted 5

1. NEMACLADUS, Nuttall.

L N. ramoaisaimus, Nutt Corolla a line long: unequal calyx-lobes, exceeding

capsule.
2. N. longifl.onia, Gr. Corolla 3 lines long: equal calyx-lobea shorter than capsole.

2. LtOBEIXA, linnsBua.
L I*, splendons, Willd. Simple stem 2 or 3 ft. high, ending in naked race

70 LOBELIACEiE.

3. PATiTVTERELLA, Gray.

1. P. debilis, Gr. Stems very leafy, 1 or 2 ft. high, ending in leafy>bracted i»cemflk

4. liAURENTIA, MicheU.

L Tt, caxnosula, Benth. Rooting in mud, 1 to 5 inches high: leaves entLna.

6. DOWNINGIA, Torrey.

1. D. elegans, Torr. Often 9 to 12 inches high: leaves slender: coroll* bine with
white and yellow spot on lower lip like the following:

2. D. pulch.ella, Torr. Lower corolla lip broader than long.

3. D. bicomuta, Gr. Corolla lip with a pair of hollow appendages at bace.

4. D. concolor, Greene. Slender, dijSuse: corolla blue throughout.

CAlllPANULACE^

Capsule club-shaped, crowned with the rigid calyx-lobes, opening on top 1

Capsule oblong, opening by 2 or 3 holes in the sides: seeds flattened 2

Capsule short, opening as in No. 2: flowers all with corolla: calyx-lobes slender. ...... 3

Capsule obpyramidal, bursting indefinitely: calyx-lobes ovate, toothed , » 4

I. GITHOPSIS, NuttalL

1. G. sx>ecularioides, Nutt. Leaves small, coarsely toothed: flowers all alike.

2. SPECULAKLA, Heister.

1. S. biflora, Gr. Leaves ovate to lanceolate: lower flowers apetalous, sepals 3 or 4

2. S. perfoliata, A. DC. Stouter: leaves round, cordate-clasping: lower floweraaimilai.

3. CAMPANULA, Toumefort.

Annual: flowers erect; calyx-lobes connivent about the style in fruit, 1

Perennials: calyx-lobes not connivent in fruit: corolla deeply lobed.

Style not longer than the corolla 2, 3, 4

Style filiform, exceeding the corolla: leaves sharply serrate 4, 6, 6

1. C. exigua, Rattan. Branching and flowering from base, 2 to 8 inches high.

2. C. Bcabrella, Engelm. Whitened with short hairs, flowers erect, 5 6 lines long.

3. C. rotund if olia, L. Stem leaves linear: corolla bright blue, 6 to 12 lines long.

4. C. linnaDifolia, Gr. Leaves broad, obtuse, crenately serrate: corolla light blue.
6. C. Scouleri, Hooker. Leaves ovate to lamceolate, short petioled: pedicels long.
6i. C. prenantlioides, Durand. Leaves mostly sessile: flowers often clustered: pedi*

eels short.

\

KRICACEiE. 71

4. HETEROCODON. Nuttall.
L S. rariflomm, Natt. Stems tiliform: leaves orbicular, toothed, muQ.

EUICACE^.

Suborder I. VACCINTE-ffl.
Shmbt (some low and herbaceous): ovary inferior becoming an edible berry,

Suborder II. ERICINE-ffi.

Shrubs or trees: calyx free, usually small: corolla gamopetalous (except 11, 12).
• Fruit berry -like or fleshy: fiowers drooping: corolla ovoid to campanulate with small lohts:
etamena S or 10 incltided: bark shedding from at least the branches: leaves evergreen^
coriaceous.

Tree: flowers in large panicles: orange-red berries many seeded 3

Shrubs: flowers in small racemes: fleshy fruit, 1-10 seeded 3

Shrubs, low or prostrate: flowers axillary: berries black or red ►. 4

•• Fruit, a dry, many -seeded capsule: flowers nodding: anthers aum-tipped.

Shrub, 3 or 4 ft. high: oblong leaves 1 to 3 inches long 6

Shrub, a foot high or less: small scale-like leaves in 4 ranks 6

• * • Fruit a dry capsule, splitting between the cells: anthers not owned,
+ CoroUa gamopetalous.
Low Alpine evergreen; leaves revolute: flowers umbellate or corymbose:

Leaves linear, crowded corolla not pouched ,. . . • 7

Leaves oblong, opposite; corolla 10-ribbed, from 10 depressed pouches 8

Not alpine: leaves crowded at the ends of branches, entire.

Corolla usually 4-toothed. ovoid to cylindric«l, dull purple,^. ^ ,.. .._..... 9

Corolla usually 5-lobed, limb spreading, white to rose ^^ 10

1 1 Corolla polypetalous or nearly so.

Flowers in corj^mbs or umbels, erect, white, cherry -like 11

Flowers solitary, nodding, reddish ....•- ^-.,.,. 12

Suborder III. PYROLEiE.

Perennials, herbaceous or slightly woody with smooth evergreen leaves (except one species
in No. 15): flowers nodding, polypetalous; petals broad: ovary superior: stamens 10:
anthers in bud extrorae, at length by inversion introrse with 2-homed base above.

Flowers umbellate or solitary on a leafy woody stem 13

Flowers solitary on a short scape: petals spreading 14

Flowers in a raceme on a scape; petals concave, incurved 15

• ♦ •

7J ERICACEiE.

Suborder IV. ISIONOTROPEiE.

Herbs, paraaitio upon roots: sterna juicy, scaly- bracted, not green.

Stem striped, red or purple and white: sepals and bracts white .,....- 1©

Stem brown-red or purplish-red, clammy, hairy 17

Stem very thick; entire plant bright red , 18-

Stem white, ta-vvny or reddish, fleshy; 19 and 20 polypetalous.

Sepals 2 to 5, bract-like: petals 3 to 6, concave at base: style tubular 19

Sepals and petals 4 or 5 each, lacerate-fringed, flat 20

Sepals 2 or 4, petals united; filaments and style hairy 21

1. VACCINHJM, Linnaeus.

• CoroUa ovoid or globose^ 4-5-toothed: filamtnta smooth; antJtera 2 -atoned on the hack

included: leaver deciduous.

Flowers often 2 to 4 together; corolla usually 4-toothed, leaves entire 1, 2

Flowers solitary, axillary: corolla usually 5- toothed: calyx not deeply lobed.

Usually less than a foot high; leaves serrate 3, 4

Usually several (1 to 12) ft, high; branches spreading 6, 6, 7

CoroUcL obovoid or campanulate, 5 toothed: leaves evergreen 8

Corolla deeply 4-pcirted, lobes reflexedy pale rose'Colori leaves evergreen 9

1. V. uligpiosum, From a span to 3 or 4 ft. high: leaves thick and veiny.

2. V. occidentale, Gr. Leaves thinner, less veiny: flowers mostly solitary.

3. V. caespitosum, Michx. Branches not angled: berries blue. Very variable.

4. V. Myrtillus, L. var. microphyllum. Hooker. Branches sharply angled.

5. V. myrtilloides, Hooker. Branchlets slightly angled: leaves serrulate, veiny.

6. V. ovalifolium, Smith. Smooth, 4 to 12 ft high; branchlets angled.

7. V. parvifolium, Smith. Smooth; branchlets green, jointed, sharply angled.

8. V. ovatum, Purah. Rigid; leaves ovate or narrower, serrate: flowers clustered.

9. V. oxycoccus, !•. var. mtermedium, Gr. Trailing, slender: flowers umbellate.

2. ARBTJTTJS, Toumefort.

1. A. Henziesii, Purah. Leaves 3 to 5 inches long; corolla white, broad -ovoid.

8. ARCTOSTAPHYIiOS, Adanson.

a. Seeds not united or easily separable.

Low or creeping, rising only a foot or two: flowers 1 or 2 lines long.

Trailing or creeping, green, no bristly hairs, ovary and fruit glabrous. . 1, 2

Erect: leaves mostly not an inch long: flowers more numerous 3, 4, 6

Erect, 3-20 ft. high: flowera 3-4 lines long: fruit 4-5 lines thick 8, 7, 8

h. Seeds united into a solid woody or bony stone QtolS

\^ A. Uva-ursi, Spreng. Leaves oblong-spatulate, retuse, tapering to petiole.

ERICACE-E. 73

J. JL. NevadensiB, Or, Le&ves obovate or narrower, cnspidate-macroivate, obtn»e al

base.
8. A. pumila, N'ntt. Tomentulose, palo leaves oblong-obovate obtuso or retnso.
4. A. Hookeri, Don. Diffuse: leaves green, ovate or oval, cuspidate or acuminAta.
6. A. nuramularia, Gr. Very leafy: leaves mostly broadly oval, ends rounded.

6. A. Andersoni, Or. Leaves thin, brit;ht green, base sagittate or cordate.

7. A. tomentosa, Dougl. Branohlets bristly: leaves pale, ovate or narrower.

8. A. p^mgeiis, HBK. Leaves rigid, oblong- lanceolate to round-ovate, entire.
Var. platyphylla, Gr. Leaves paler, broader, 1 or 2 inches long; not cuapidate.

9. A glauca, Lindl. Larger (8 to 24 ft. high): fruit larger: glabrous branchlets.

10. A bicolor, Gr. Leaves tomentose beneath: flowers rose-color 3 or 4 lines long.

11. A. Clevelandii, Gr. More hairy; leaves narrower, sessile, acuminate.

12. A. polifolia, HBK. Leaves linear-lanceolate: fruit rough, purple.

4. GAUIiTHERIA, Linnaens.

Flowers in slender but stiff, often branching, bracteate, viscid racemes 1

Flowers axillary, solitary; filaments glabrous; anthers not awned 2, 3

1. G. Shallon, Pursh. Spreading, 1 to 4 ft. high; leaves 2 to 4 inches long; serrulate.

2. G. Myrsinitea, Hooker. Spreading in tufts : leaves oval or orbicular i inch long..

3. G. ovatifolia, Gr. Larger: leaves broadly ovate to aubcordate. Or. N.

6. LUCOTHOE, Don.
1. Ii, IDavisao. Torr. Flowers in terminal, often clustered raceines, white, 8. N. Mt%

6. OAS^-IOPE, Don.

1. C. Mertensiana, Don. Leaves keeled, not furrowed on back, 1^-2 lines long.

2. C, tetragona, Don. Leaves thick, deeply furrowed on back, often pubescent*

3. C. lycopodioides, Don. Stems creeping filiform: leaves barely a line long.

7. BRYANTHUS, Steller.

1. B. Brewori, Gr. Corolla rose-purple, 5-cleft to the middle, 4-5 lines broad.

2. B. empetrifonnis, Gr. Corolla smaller slightly lobed: stamens included.

K.

8. KALMLA, Linnffius.
glauca. Ait Leaves glaucous, white beneath: flowers sancer-shaped. Alpinf^

9. MENZIESLA., Smith.

1. M. glabella, Gr. Leaver ohoviite, usually obtuse: filaments ciliate below.

2. M. ferrug^inea, Sm. I^eavea oblong or broadly oblauceolate, acute, nisty-hAiij.

74 ERICACELfi.

10. KHODODENDRON, Liuiuens.

Decidnooi: flower* from lateral buds, nodding; corolla nearly rotate 1

flowers from terminal buds; tube funnel-form; limb spreading 8

Erergreen: many-flowered corymbs terminal: corolla campanulate, lobes broad 3

1. K. albiflorum, Hooker. Low: corolla white, 5-cleft: stamens included.

2. R. occidentale, Gr. Taller: corolla white, viscid; stamens exaerted.

3. B*. Californicuin, Hooker. Leaves 3 to 6 inches long: corolla rose-purple.

11. LEDUM, Linnaeus.

1. li. latifolium, Ait. Leaves rusty-tomentose below, margins strongly revolute.

2. li. glandulosiim, Nutt. Leaves whitish beneath, resinous, scarcely revolnte.

12. CLADOTHAMNUS, Bongard.
1. 0. pyrolaefllorus. Bong, Tall, slender, smooth: sepals equaling the petals.

13. CHIMAPHIIiA, Pursh.

1, C. Menziesii, Spreng. Leaves often mottled above: peduncle 1-3-flowered.

2. O. tunbeilata, Nutt. Taller (1 or 2 ft. high) leaves not spotted: flowers 4 to &

14. MONESES, Salisbury.

1. BL uniflora, Gr. Corolla white or rose-tinged, ^-f in. broad. Cold bogs.

15. PYROLA, Toumefort.

Stamens coimivent about the straight style, not declined: stigma peltate 1, 3

Stamens and style bending downward then upward: style exserted.

Corolla greenish white: calyx-lobes short 3, 4, 6

Corolla rose-purple or purplish: scaly bracts large 6

Leaves sometimes veined or splotched with white , 6, 6

Leaves wanting: scapes reddish: petals obovate, white 7

1. P. minor, L. Leaves orbiculaj, an inch long or less: style short.

2. P. secunda, L. Leaves ovate, 1 to 2 inches long: petals oblong: style long.
8. P. chlorantha, Swartz. Leaves orbicular, 5 to 8 lines long: sepals obtuse.

4. P. elllptica, Nutt. Leaves 1^ to 2^ inches long, longer than the petioles.

6. P. rotundifolia, L. Leaves orbicular or nearly so, shining above. Only the
var. bracteata, Gr., found on this coast, which often has large white-banded leaves,

€. P. picta, Smith. Leaves broadly ovate to narrow or spatulate, coriaceous.

7. P. apliylla. Smith. Scapes a span to a foot high: bracts subulate.

16. ALIiOTROPA, Torrey & Gray.
1. A. virgfata, T.& G. Thick and densely bracteate at base, ending in a long spikes

ERICACEJL 75

17. PTEROSPORA, Nattaa
I. P. androxnedea, Natt. Pedicels slender, soon reoorred: ooroUa globose, white.

18. SABCODES, Torrey.
1. S. Bangninea, Terr. A span to a foot high: flowers erect on thick pedicels.

19. MONOTROPA, Linnaeus.

1. M. Tiniflora, L. Smooth: mostly white, rarely flesh-color: single flower noddiogc

2. M. Hypopitys, L. Tawny or flesh-color: petals 4, except in terminal flower.

3. liC fimbriata, Gr. Bracts and spatulate sepals lacerate-fringed: petals mostly 3.

20. PLEURICOSPOBA., Gray.
1. P. fixnbriolata, Gr, Brownish, stont: anthers opening lengthwise: ovary 1 -celled.

21. NEWBERRY A, Torrey.

1 . N. cong^sta, Torr. Flowers capitate : corolla-tube longer than the lobes.

2. N. spicata, Gr. Flowers spicate: corolla- tube broader, as long as the lobes.

LEXNOACEJE.

1. PHOLISlilA, NuttalL
L P. arenariuxn, Natt. Brownish or reddish stems in clomps: spike 1 or 2 inohet
long: purplish: corolla exceeding the linear bracts and sepaU. Monterey, S.

PLC31BAGINACE^.

Petaloid calyx scarious, plicate: petals long clawed: styles filiform.

Leaves oblong or spatulate: scapes branching psniculately: spikes 1-sided. . .. ........ 1

Leaves grass-like: simple scapes bearing a globose head of purplish flowers. ..,. ...... 8

2. STATICE, Toumefort.
1. B. Limomiun, L. var. Califomica, Gr. liavender flowers in compound splkfl^

3. ARMERLA, Willdenow.
L. A. vulgaris, Willd. Short-pediceled flowers surrounded by scarious bractSi

X6 PRIMULACEiE.

PRIMULACEiE.

Learea an ndioxi]: nodding flowers on a naked scape in a bracteate nmbel 1

Leavea radical or crowded on tufted stems, cuneate-spatulate, 5-7-toothed at apex,... 2

Leaves in a whorl at top of stem, bracts below; corolla rotate, rose to white. . • ^ 8

Leaves all or mostly opposite: flowers axillary.

Flowers small, yellowish, in close clusters; corolla rotate 4

apetalous, solitary, purplish or white 5

solitary: corolla rotate on slender pedicel 6

Leaves all or mostly alternate: flowers solitary, minute 7

flowers in paniculate racemes, very smalL .«• 8

1. DODECATHEON, Linnaeus,

• Short filaments united to form, with the closely connivent anthers a dark colored beak sur-

mountinj the short corolla tube.

Capsule obtuse, splitting at or from the apex into valves.

Leaves from narrowly to broadly spatulate: capsule oblong or longer ., 1

Leaves obovate or oval, short, base cuneate: capsule globular 2

Capsule cylindraceous; apex not splitting, but coming off as a lid 3

• • Short distinct filaments included in the corolla throaty only the anthers exseried: leaves

oval or ovate to oblong, not tapering at base 4

1. D. Jeflfreyi, Moore. Often very large: capsule exceeding calyx.

2. D. ellipticum, Nutt. Leaves ^ to 2 inches long: calyx minutely glandular.

3. D. ECendersoni, Gr. Like the last except the thin-walled exserted capsule.
4L D. frigidmn, C. & S. var. dentatum. Leaves commonly repand or dentate.

2. PRIMnLA, Linnaeus.
1. P. suffrutescens, Gr. Scape 2 to 4 inches long: umbel of several red-purple
flowers.

3. TRIENTALIS, Linnaeus.
1, T. Europsea, L. Flowers on slender pedicels among the leaves. Our planta arej
Var, latifolia, Torr., with leaves mostly acute, Jj to 4 inches long, and
Var. arctica, Ledeb., with obtuse or tetuso leaves an inch long or less.

4. liYSTMACHLA., Tournefort.
1. L. thyrsiflora, L. Leaves lanceolate: small teeth betweeu corolla lobea.

5. GLATJX, Tournefort.
1. Qt. maritima, L Succulent, pale green, 3 or 4 inches high, leafy.

PUIMULACEA 77

6. ANAaALIiIS, Tournefort.
L A. arvcnaiB, L. Square stems: leaves ovate: corolla often salmon •ptirpltt.

7. CENTUNCULUS, DilleniuB.
I, O. mijiiinufl, L. Slender: corolla lobes acute, shorter than calyx.

8. SAMOLUS, Tournefort.
I. S. Valerandi, Li^ var, Americanus, Gr. Corolla white, a line long or leas.

STYRACACE^.

1. STYRAX, Tournefort.
I. 3. Calif omica, Terr. Shrub: apatulate corolla lobes, 8 or 9 lines long, white.

OLEACE^.

1. FBAXINTJS, Tournefort.

1. P. dipetala, K. k A. Leaflets serrate: petals 2, white, 2 lines long.

2. F. Oregana, Nutt, Leaflets mostly entire: flowers dioecious, apetalous.

APOCYNACEiE.

Flowers in terminal cymes: corolla campanulate, white or pinkish 1

Flowers on scape-like peduncles: corolla short: funuelform, rose-purjjle . 9

1. APOCYNUM, Tournefort.

1. A. androsaBmifolium, L. Spreading: leaves ovate: corolla 3 or 4 lines long,

2. A. cannabinum, L. More strict: leaves narrower, nearly sessile: corolla smiUJet.

2. CYCLADENLA, Bentham.

1, C. htuiLilis, Benth- Smooth, low: corolla 9 lines long, throat hairy: style long.
Var. tomentosa, Gr. Densely hairy: leaves 2 or 3 pairs, 1 to 3 inches long.

ASCLEPIADACEJE.

stem twining: anthers with scale-like appendages: corolla rotate

Stem erect; anthers with hooded or cup-like appendages: petals reflezed.

T8 GENTIANACE.E.

Hoodfl with hom*like process within 8

Hoods cleft at the back (outside), hornless 8

Hoods cleft on the inside, hornless 4

1. PHTLBERTIA, HBK-

1. P. linearis, var. heterophylla, Gr. Corolla 6 lines broad, diill*colored. S. C«L

2. ASCLEPIAS, Linn»u8.

CoroIla>lobes 4 or 6 lines long: hoods 5 or 6 lines long, back prolonged 1

Corolla-lobes whitish, 3 lines long: hoods truncate; homa little exserted 2

Corolla-lobes greenish, 3 or 4 lines long: hoods appendaged on sides 3

Corolla-lobes whitish, ovate, 3 lines long 4

Corolla-lobes greenish or purplish, 3 lines long: horns triangular, obtuse 5

CoroUa-lobes greenish or purplish, 2 lines long: horns slender, exserted 0

1. A, speciosa, Ton*. Stout, 2 to 5 ft. high: follicles with soft spines.

2. A. Fremonti, Torr. A foot high or less: short- woolly: leaves obtuse.

3. A. erosa, Torr, Leaves ovate or narrower, acuminate, margins scarious.

4. A. eriocarpa, Benth. Densely woolly: leaves often in 3's, 4 to 8 inches long.

5. A. vestita, H. & A. Dense white wool deciduous in age: leaves very acute, long.
5. A. Mezicaxia, Cav. Smooth; slender leaves in whorls, 3 to 6 inches long.

3. SCHIZNOTTJS, Gray.
1. S, purpturascens, Gr. Decumbent or prostrate: leaves cordate: corolla reddish.

4. GOMPHOCABPXJS, Robt. Brown.

1. G. cordifolius, Benth. Smooth: loosely flowered: corolla dark purple-red.

2. O. tomentosus, Gr. Woolly: stem angled: corolla greenish or purplish.

GENTIANACEJJ.

OoroUa from funnelform to salverform: leaves opposite.

Corolla yellow, 4-lobed: anthers not twisted. , 1

Corolla red, 3-5-lobed: anthers spirally twisted in age -. Ji

Corolla blue or white: stigma flat, nearly sessile 8

Oorolla rotate, 4-parted with fringed glands: leaves opposite or whorled •.... 4

Corolla campanulate: leaves alternate or radical, 3-foliolate or reniform •••• 6

1. MICROCAI.A, Link.
L JUL quadrangularis, Griseb. Slender, 2 or 3 inches high: calyx 4-angl9d.

2.

E.

3.

E.

4.

E.

6.

E.

OENTIANACEiE. 79

2. ERYTHRiEA, Renealm.

Corolla-lobes li to 2.^ lines long; tube uiuch longer: anthers oblong 1, 2,8

Corolla-lobes 3^ to G lines long: tube a little longer; anthers linear 4» 5

1. E, floribunda, Benth. Peilicels short or none: corolla-lobes 2 lines long or less.

MuhJenbergii, Gristb. Pedicels short or 2-bracted; corolla-lobes obtuse.

Douglasii, Gr. Pedicels slender: corolla-lobes obtuse: seeds globular.

trich.anth.a, Griseb. Flowers often corymbose, some sessile, lobes acute.

venusta, Gr. Flowers pediceled : corolla-lobes obtuse, tube yellowiah.

3. GENTIANA, Tournefort.

a. Corolla without plaited folds or appendages between the lobes.

Flowers solitary on terminal peduncle, 12 to 1 S lines long 1, 9

Flowers several, smaller, 5 to 7 lines long: calyx 5-cleft 3

6. Corolla with folds between the (usually 5) lobes which are prolonged into thin teeth or
accessory lobes; stigmas distinct: pod on a stijje.

Annual: anthers introrse: stem leaves ovate-cordate 2 to 4 lines long 4

Perennial: anthers more or less extrorse: usually a pair of bracts or leaves under the short-
peduncled or sessile flower.
Stems several from one caudex, 1-2-flowered: stem-leaves connate-sheathing.

Stems 1 -flowered, 2 to 4 inches high: radical leaves rosulate 5

Stems longer: upper pair of leaves enclosing the flower 0, 7

Stems many-leaved: style manifest, corolla blue or bluish.

Corolla-lobes broad, narrowed at base; accessory lobes entire 8, 9

Corolla-lobes not narrowed at base: accessory lobes laciniate 10, IX

1. O. Berrata, Gunner, yar. holopetala, Gr. Calyx angular, lobes keeled.

2. G. simplex, Gr. Leaves linear-oblong, 3 to 9 lines long: calyx hardly angular.

3. O. Amarella, Li. var. acuta, Engelm. Stem acute-angled: capsule sessile.

4. G. Douglasiana, Bong. Cymosely branched: radical leaves rosulate.

6. G. Newberryi, Gr. Radical leaves obovate to spatulate: corrolla 18 lines long.

6. G. setig-era, Gr. Stems decumbent: 1 or 3 bristles between corolla-lobes.

7. G. calycosa, Griseb. Stems erect: accessory corolla-tubes laciniate or 2-clefi.

8. G. Menziesii, Griseb. Stems slender, a ft. long or less: leaves 1^ in. long or 1m»

9. G. sceptrum, Griseb. Stem 2 to 4 ft. high: leaves broader, 1^ to 3 in. long.

10. G. Oregana, Engelm. Corolla over an inch long, lobes roundish.

1 1. G. afinis, Griseb, Corolla an inch long or less, lobes ovate, acute.

4. FRASERA. Walter.
Stout, 2 to 5 ft. high : leaves not white margined 1, 9

Gray-green, 1 to 3 ft. high: leaves with cartilaginous white margins. 3, 4, 6

1. F. thyrsiilora, Uook. Leaves in 2*8 or 3's: a gland on each oorolla-lobe.

2.

r.

3.

F.

4.

F.

6.

F.

<

1.

M.

2.

M.

80 POLEMONIACE^

speciosa, DongL Leaves in 4's and 6's: 2 glands on eaoh corolla'lobe,
Parr3ri, Torr. Leaves in 2*3 or 3's: corolla white, glands lunate*obcordat«.
nitida, Benth. Slender: light blue corolla often greenish spotted,
albicaulia, Dougl. Similar but minutely puberulent: glands linear-oUongi

6. IffiENYANTHES, Tournefort.
trifoliata, L. Leaves 3-foliolate: flowers racemose: corolla bearded.
Christa-galli« Menz. Leaves reniform: flowers cymose, crested.

POLEMONIACEiE.

Leaves entire, opposite: corolla salverform, rose-purple to white: stamens inserted at
unequal heights: perennials 1

Leaves various; rarely all opposite and entire, then the stamens are inserted at equal
heights: corolla from salverform and funnelform to almost rotate 3

Leaves simply piijnate, alternate; leaflets entire, apex sharp: corolla rotate to funnelform:
stamens declined, hairy at base 3

1. PHLOX, Linnaeus.

Matted cushion -like, evergreen: leaves narrow, crowded, 3 to 6 lines long.

Woolly, in mats 2 to 4 inches high: leaves imbricated, recurved. ^. . 1

Not woolly: leaves rigid, hispid-ciliate, sometimes recurved 3

Not woolly, less densely tufted: leaves narrower, less rigid 3

Loosely tufted: leaves linear to ovate, mostly exceeding an inch long.

Leaves very narrowly linear, style long, slender 4, 5

Leaves linear to ovate: corolla usually 6 to 10 lines broad 6, 7

1. P. canescens, T. & G. Corolla white, 6 to 9 lines long, tube exserted.

2. P. csespitosa, K"utt. Corolla tube a little exceeding the calyx lobes.

3. P. Douglasii, Hook. Leaves with margins naked or ciliateat base.

4. P. linearifolia, Gr. Much branched: leaves 1 or 2 inches long a line wide.

5. P. longifolia, Nutt. Similar but lower and cells mostly 1-ovuled.

6. P. adsurgens, Torr, Smooth leaves ovate or narrower: corolla-tube long.

7. P. 8peci08a, Pursh. Leaves lanceolate to linear: corolla tube and style short.

3. GILLfi^ Ruiz & Pavon.
• Lewots opposite, at least below, palmcUely parted into Untar or filiform divisions {entire te

8 and rarely in 10).
DifiFnsely branching to nearly simple stems: corolla nearly rotate to salverform.

Flowers scattered on filiform pedicels 1 to8

Flowers sessile, a few together or solitary. 9, 10

POLESIOMACEiE. 81

€Umple or sparingly branched: flowers seBsile in dense leafy-bnicted heada: corolla Balver-
form

CoroUa-tabe little or not at all exserted beyond the leafy bracts. 11, 15, 16

Corolla tube much exserted 12, 13, 14

• • Leaves alUmate, lobed or parted; rarely a few entire or opposite.

♦ Leaves palmately parted into rigid pungent divisions: stems looody: jlowers large^ sessile:

corolla salverform: stamens included 17, 18

+ t Leaves pedateiy 5 -7 -parted: soft' kairy perennials.

Flowers white in dense heads: some leaves 3-parted or entire 34

Flowers violet or purplish, solitary, subsessile in forks or axils 35

t ft Leaves pinnately incised cleft or divided^ rarely a few entire or opposite: bracts some-
times nearly palmately cleft.
a. Flowers in dense leafy-hraeted clusters or heads: lobes of the calyx^ brads and upper

leaves mostly rigid and pungent.
Much branched annuals: sometimes viscid: never woolly except in th&heads^stigmaaoften
only 2,
At least some of the leaves bipinnatifid.

More or less viscid; odor disagreeable 19, 20

Not viscid: leaf-segments filiform 21 to 24

Leaves simply pinnatifid or many entire.

Not viscid; bracts and calyx fine-woolly 25

Viscid 28 to 28

Densely woolly, at least when young: corolla salverform: stamens exserted.

Leaves rigid, not viscid: filaments exserted; anthers sagittate 29 to 33

Leaves not rigid: petioles broad: flowers small, white, numerous 34

6. Inflorescence brajctless or nearly so: leaves not rigid or pungent.

Stems from creeping rootstocks, 1 or 2 incher high 35

Flowers in long-peduncnlate ovoid heads: leaf -lobes filiform 36. 37

Flowers clustered or solitary: leaf -lobes slender (except 41) 38 to ^4

Corolla pinkish, slender, twice as long as caljTt 45, 46

• * * Leaves entire {rarely 2 or S small lobes), aUemate, or the lower opposite, sessile: corolla

salverjorm to funnelform: stamen unequally inserted: more or less viscid annuals.

Flowers on filiform peduncles: corolla pink, 5 to 10 lines long. 47

Flowers in loose cluster or scattered: calyx -lobes slender 48

Flowers in the forks and upper axils: calyx-lobes awn-like 49

Flowers in leafy-bracted capitate clusters or a few scattered.

Calyx-lobes acute : corolla 5 lines long 50

Cjklyx-lobes obtuse: corolla 10 to 15 lines long 61

§ 1. Dactylophylluin, Gray.

I. O. liniflora, Benth. Corolla white or jniikish, nearly rotate. W. CaL

11

Var.

2.

G.

Var,

3.

G.

4.

G.

5.

G.

6.

G.

7.

G.

Var.

8.

G.

9.

G.

82 POLEMONIACEiE.

phamaceoides, Gr. Smaller: the flowers half as large, 3 to 5 lines broad.

pusilla, Benth. Corolla short funnelform, 2 or 3 lines long, throat yellowiahi
Calif O mica, Gr. Corolla larger, twice as long as calyx. Common form.

Harknessii, Curran. Corolla white, 1 or 2 lines long, tube equaling lobes.

Bolanderi, Gr. Corolla purplish, lobes exceeding the narrow tube.

anibig"ua. Tube, dark throat and lilac-purple limb, each 2 lines long.

Rattani, Gr. Less branched : corolla tube long exserted, slender. Cent. CaL

aurea, Nutt. Diffuse: leaves hispidulous: very small: corolla yellow,
decora, Gr. Corolla white or purplish, throat often dark. Cent. CaL S.

dianthoides, Endl. Corolla lilac or purple, large, lobes fringed. S. CaL

Leminom, Gr. Leaves minute: calyx lobes rigid: corolla yellow. S. CaL

§ 2. liinanthus, Endl., Benth.
10. G. dichotoma, Benth. Smooth: corolla salverform, satiny-white, large.

§ 3. Iieptosiphon, Endl., Benth.

densiflora, Benth. Stout: leaf-lobes stiff: corolla 8 to 10 lines broad.
androsacea, SteudeL Very variable: corolla throat yellow or dark,
micrantha, Steud. Corolla very slender, usually yellow,
tenella, Benth. Leaves hispidulous-ciliate: corolla pink, throat yellow.
ciliata, Benth. Rigid, grayish-hispid: corolla rose color.

§ 4. Siph-onella, Gray.
16. G. Nuttallii, Gr. Perennial: corolla white; throat broad, yellow.

§ 5. Leptodactylon, Bentham.
Calif omica, Benth. Corolla often 18 lines broad. Coast,
pungens, Benth. Viscid: corolla smaller. Sierra Nevada^

§ 6. Navarretia, Gray,

Bquarrosa, H. & A. Corolla blue to white: stamens included,
cotulaefolia, Steud. Less viscid: stamens exserted.
intertexta, Steud. Calyx and spiny bracts white and woolly at htJHBb
Breweri, Gr, Less pungent: corolla yellow, 3 or 4 lines long,
leucocephala, Gr. Erect or branches procumbent, pale green,
prostrata, Gr. Similar; prostrate branches from a central headL
divaricata, Torr. Heads small; bracts nearly palmately cleft,
filicaulis, Torr. Small corolla similar, but stamens exserted.
viscidula, Gr. Stout, Diffuse: corolla violet to purple.

11.

G.

12.

G.

13.

G.

U.

G

15.

G.

17.

G.

18.

G.

19.

G.

20.

G.

21.

G.

22.

G.

23.

G.

24.

G.

25.

G.

26.

G.

27.

Q.

POLEMONIACEA. 83

Var. heterodoxa, Gr. Slender bracts broad, less rigid: corolla tub© shortflr.

28. Q. atractyloides, Steud. More rigid and viscid: mint scented,

§ 7. Hugelia, Gray.

29. Q. densifolia, Benth. Corolla violet-blue, tube much eiserted.

30. Q. virgata, Steud. More slender: flowers fewer, blue or lavender.
Var. floribunda, Gr. Corymbose branches ending in dense heads.

31. G. floccosa, Gr. Corolla tube 3 or 4 lines long: anthers shorter.

32. G. filifolia, Nutt. Corolla lobes a line long: anthers cordate-ovaL

33. Q. lutescena, Steud. Corolla yellow, 3 lines long: pod 3-8eeded.

§ 8. Elaphocera, Nuttall.
84. Q. congesta. Hook. Leaves pedately 5-7-parted, lobes 2 lines long.

§ 0. Eugilia, Bentham, Gray,
debilis, Watson. Soft hairy: Flowers sessile among crowded leaves,
capitata, Dougl. Flowers light blue: calyx scarcely hairy,
achilleaefolia, Benth. Flowers violet to lavender: calyx-tips recurrod,
multicaulis, Benth. Corolla violet, 4 lines long: capsule ovoid,
tricolor, Benth. Corolla-lobes violet or lilac, throat dark purple,
latifolia, Gr. Corolla 9 or 10 lines long, purple with dark throat,
tenuiflora, Benth, Corolla narrow, 7 to 9 lines long, rose and violet,
inconspicua, Dougl. Corolla narrow, 3 to 5 lines long, variable.

§ 10. Ipomopsis, Bentham.

44. G. agrgregata, Spreng. Large corolla, scarlet to white, dotted; lobes aouter
Var. Bridgesii, Gr. Lower, 6 to 18 inches high: corolla bright red. S. N. M.t«.

§ 11. Courtoisia, Gray.

45. G. glutinosa, Gr. Calyx rounded at base, deeply cleft: capsule globular.

46. G. heterophylla, Dougl. Diffuse: calyx-base acute: clusters close.

47. G. capiUaris, Kellogg. Calyx small: corolla-lobes equaling throat.

§ 12. Collomia, Gray.

48. G. gracilis, Ilook. Leaves narrow; lowest opposite, broader.

49. G. aristella, Gr. Corolla purplish 4 to 6 lines long: capsule 3-lobed. N, GaL K>

60. G. linearis, Nutt. Corolla lilac-purple to white, slender.

Var. subulata, Gr. Low, much branched, flowers few in lower forks.

61. G. grand 1 flora, Dougl. Corolla salmon color, 12 lines long.

35.

G.

36.

G.

37.

G.

39.

G

40.

G.

41.

G.

42.

G.

43.

G.

84 HYDROPHTLLACBiK.

8. POLEMONIUM.

Tufted, more or less viscid: corolla funnelf orm: alpine 1, 2

Stems 1 to 3 ft. high : leaflets mostly an inch or more long 8, 4

Slender, much branched: leaflets 2 to 4 lines long: annual 6

1. P. confertTim, Gr. Small leaflets 2-3-divided: flowers in heads, 6 to 12 lines long.

2. P. humile, Willd-, var. pulchellum, Gr. Leaflets entire: flowers fewer.

3. P. ccenileuin, L. Flowers bine, numerous, in a narrow naked panicle.

4. P. cameum, Gr. Corolla salmon or flesh color, often over an inch long.
Var. luteuca, Gr. Corolla yellow, lobes (as in the species) broadly obovate. Or,
6. P. micranthnTn, Benth. Corolla whitish, nearly rotate, smalL

HTDROPHYLLACE^.

{ I. Ovary and pod globose, 1-celled, lined with a pair of expanded plaoentie: eoroIlA
usually convolute in the bud. Herbs.

• Stamens and styU much exserted: calyx not enlarged in fruit: JUnoers in derue cluiter§ or

heads: leaves altematt: perennial 1

• • Stamens shorter than the corolla', calyx enlarging in fruit: fiower» scattered or in loose

clusters: lower and sometimes all the leaves opposite: annual:

Calyx with reflexed appendages between the lobes. S

Calyx not appendaged: the lobes broad and obtuse: corolla white 8

§ 2. Ovary 1-2-celled: calyx deeply parted: corolla imbricated in the bud.

Leaves all entire and opposite ^. . . 4

Leaves all or all but the lowest alternate simple or compoond: style 2-cleft.

Corolla deciduous, not yellow 6

Corolla persistant, yellow 6

Leaves mostly radical, long petioled, round-cordate, crenately 7-8-lobed.

Style and stigma entire: cymes bractless, racemose 7

Leaves and 1 -flowered peduncles all radical: corolla lobes 5 to 7 8

% 3. Ovary completely or nearly 2-celled: styles distinct, the tips thickened: corolla
imbricated not appendaged: leaves simple.

Woody at base or tufted: corolla narrow funnelform. «.^. »••.••».... 0

Shrubs; leaves thick, toothed: cymes terminal •«•.••»•..»••.••»»•••• 10

1. HYDEOPHYLLTJM, Toumefort.

1. H. capitatuin, Dougl. Leaves 5-7-parted, lobes 2-3-cleft.

2. H. occidentale, Gr. Leaves 7-15-parted, lobes cleft, obtuse.
Var. Watsoni, Gr. Almost stemless, softer hairy.

3. H. Virginicum, L. Leaves bright green, nearly smooth, 3-5-parted.

1.

N.

2.

N.

3.

N.

4.

N.

5.

N.

HTUROPIlYLLACEiE. 89

2. NEMOPHILA, Nutta.lL

Leaves all or nearly all opposite, seeds 5 or more 1, 2, 8

Leaves all or many alternate: stems weak: seeds 4 or less 4, 6

maculata, Benth. CoroPla white with 5 violet spots.

insignia, Dougl. Leaves 7-13-lobed: corolla bright blue.

Menziesii, 11. & A. CoroRa blue to white, dark dotted in center.

aurita. Lindl. Leaves 2 to 4 in. long, lobea and prickles retrorse: limb-Wolet

parviHora, Dougl. Leaves variable: white, dotted corolla 2 to 6 lines long.

3. ELIilSLA., Linnaeus.

1. E. membranacea, Benth. Leaves 3-9-divided: lobes mostly entir*.

2. E. ckrysanthemifolia, Benth. Leaves twice or thrice pinnatifid.

4. DBAPERLA, Torrey.

1. D. syBtyla, Torr. Silky viscid: leaves opposite, entire: itamenA nnequaL

6. PHACEUA, Jussieu.

* Lfavrs simpU and entire or tome of the lower ones with small entire Lobes at the bate.

All simple and entire, narrow, the lower (and the branches) opposite 1, 2

Mostly simple and entire, ovate or oblong: spikes long 20

Simple and entire or with 2 or 3 slender basal lobea, narrow 25

Often simple and entire but lower tmea nanally with 1 to 3 pairs of baiial lobes, all lanceo-
late or ovate: veins simple, distinct. Ovules 4 3, 4, 5

Ovules b or more 28, 29, 30

• • Leaves timpU and more or Less notched or lobed, or lower ones with small ba.*al lobejf,

ovate or cordate.

Hispid with spreading stinging hairs, annual 6, 7

Hispid, viscid: leaves often piunatitidly lobed 21

Vitcid: flowers large in loose racemes, blue, violet or white.

Very viscid: style 2-parted 14, 15

Less viscid: style 2-cleft; corolla blue or violet 18, 17

I.«eavea doubly toothed or sume pinnately parted. 18

I>eaves Hniall, shnrter than the j^etioles 19

Lower leaves with small basal divisions.

Leaves and tlowera large, viscid 22

Leaves silky: somewhat hispid and glandular. .. 23

* * ■ Leaves IS-pinnately divided and incited.

Calyx not hispid, 2 lines long in fruit: seed mostly solitary 6

Calyx hispid or ciliate: stylo 2-parted 9, 10, II, 12, X9

86 HYDROPHYLLACKB.

Style «leffc to near the middle, leaves simply pinnate.

Tall perennial, soft pubescent; leaves large 94

Leaves with 7 to 15 entire or few- toothed obtuse lobes 26

Leaves mostly at base: flowers on pedicels 6 to 12 lines long 27

Style cleft at apex: corolla nearly tubular, 5 to 7 lines long 81

§ 1. Euphacelia, Or. Ovules 4.

1. P. namatoides, Gr. A span high: corolla blue, 1 or 2 lines long.

2. P. Pringlei, Gr. Taller: corolla more broadly campanulate. N. Cal.

3. P. circinata, Jacq. f. Hispid: grayish leaves strigose: spikes dense.
Var. calycosa, Gr. Calyx-lobes broader, veiny: stamens as much exserted.

4. P. Breweri, Gr. Similar but annual, smaller: hairless filaments not exserted.
humilis, T. & G. Diffuse: a span high: corolla deep blue, 2 or 3 lines long,
malvsefolia, Cham. Corolla white, 3 or 4 lines broad: stamens exserted.
Rattani, Gr. More slender: corolla 2 lines long: stamens included,
platyloba, Gr. Corolla nearly rotate, bluish, little exceeding calyx. *
distans, Benth. Corolla dull-white to violet: stamens scarcely exserted.

tanacetifolia, Benth. Similar but stamens much exserted: capsule ovaL
hispida, Gr. White-hispid: sepals very slender, much exceeding globo8«
mle.
ramosissima, Dougl. Perennial: stems weak: leaves rather coarsely lobed.
ciliata , Benth. Calyx much enlarged in fruit, lobes ovate, ciliate, veiny.

§ 2. Gymnobathus, Or. Ovules and seeds numerous: no appendages to rotate campaau

ulate corolla.

14. P. viscida. Torr. Corolla deep blue with lighter center, 6 to 12 lines broad.
Var. albiflora, Gr. Flowers white. With next species. Santa Barbara, S.

15. P. g^andiflora, Gr. Similar: light blue to white corolla much larger.

§ 3. Whitlavia ,Or. Ovules 8 to many.Jlowers shoury.
WHitlavia, Gr. Corolla-tube cylindrical, spreading lobes much shorter,
campanularia, Gr. Corolla campanulate, 8 to 10 lines long. San Diego.
Parryi, Torr. Corolla cleft below the middle, violet, often 5 spots in throat.
longipeS) Torr. Slender: corolla 6 or 6 lines long, white. Los Angeles, S.

§ 4. Eutoca, eh. Ovules 10 to many, capsule ovoid or oblong.

grisea, Gr. Corolla whitish: filaments retrorsely hairy, exserted.
loasssfolia, Torr. Corolla 3 lines long: naked filaments much exserted.
Bolanderi, Gr. Corolla nearly rotate, 10 or 12 lines broad, violet to white,
hydropbiylloides, Torr. Corolla 3 or 4 lines broad: naked filaments mncli
exserted.

5.

P.

6.

P.

7.

P.

8.

P.

9.

P.

10.

P.

11.

P.

12.

cap
P.

13.

P.

16.

P.

17.

P.

18.

P.

19.

P.

20.

P.

21.

P.

22.

P.

23.

P.

HTDROPHYLLACEiE. 87

procera, Gr. Leaf -lobes acute: filaments much exserted.
Menziesii, Torr. Corolla violet or white, 6 to 10 lines broai
brachyloba, Gr. Corolla small.-whitish: stamens not exserted.
Douglasii, Torr. DilTuse: corolla campauulate, 5 to 10 lines broad.
Davidsoni, Gr. Hoary: leaves strigose: pedicels equaling calyx,
circinatiformis, Gr. Spikes dense: stamens included: seeds 6 or more,
divaricata, Gr. Corolla broadly campanulate, blue, 7 to 10 lines bro^d.
. Microgenetea, Gr. Style cleft only at apex: stamens unequal, inclwUd,
bicolor, Torr. Diffuse: racemes loose: corolla-tube yellowish.

6. EMMENANTHE, Bentham.
parviflora, Gr. Very viscid: corolla not exceeding calyx.
I)enduJLiflora, Benth. Less viscid: corolla exceeding calyx.

7. BOMANZOFFLA., Chamisso.
Unalaskensis, Cham. Calyx-lobes little shorter than the corolla,
Sitcliensis, Bong. Pedicels, funuelform corolla and style longer.

8. HESPEROCHIRON, Watson.
Califomicus, Wat. Corolla-lobes shorter than the tube,
pumilus, Porter. Corolla nearly rotate, tube bearded within.

9. NAMA, Linnaeus.

1. N. Lobbi, Gr. Silky- woolly; leaves entire: flowers nearly sessile.

2. N. Botburockii, Gr. Leaves almost piunutifid: flowers in terminal heada.

3. N. Parryi, Gr. Cymes scorpioid: leaves linear, uuuulato, villous.

10. ERIODICTYON, Bentham.

1. B. tomentosum, Benth. Whitened or rusty with dense pubescence. S. CaL

2. £. glutinosuin, Benth. Sticky, resinous coated: corolla 6 lines long. CaL

borraginacej:.

I 1. Ovary merely 4-lobed: stigma broad, sessile: glabrous: succulent .— .... 1

I 2. Ovary 4-parted into seed-like nutlets; stylo conspicuous; stigma small.
" Nutlets fixed by the hose to ajlat receptacle, smooth and Bhining.

Flowers leafy-bracted: corolla imbricated, yellow: soft-hairy 9

Flowers bractless: corolla convolute, blue or white 9

24.

P.

25.

P.

26.

P.

27.

P.

28.

P.

29.

P.

30.

P.

§ '-

3L

P.

1.

E.

2.

E.

1.

B.

2.

R,

1.

H.

2.

H.

88 BORRAGINACE^

• • NuiUtsfaxd to a prominent base (gynobase) by some part of the inner angle or facei

corolUi imbricated.
Nutlets not armed with prickles, not appendaged.

Corolla blue or whitish: smooth glaucous perennials. 4

Corolla yellow: hispid annuals ^ 6

Corolla white, mostly yellow-crested in the throat: hirsute or hispid.

Nutlets erect and straight: calyx in fruit not rotate 6

Nutlets oblique or incurv^ed on a rounded base 7

Corolla blue, rotate: a dwarf alpine tufted perennial -►►.8

Nutlets armed with hooked or barbed prickles, or flat and wing-margined.
Corolla blue, purple or white; throat with a ring of 2-lobed crests.

Kacemes bracteate at base: nutlets erect, prickles barbed » 9

Racemes on naked peduncles: nutlets globose 10

Corolla minute, white: flowers scattered along leafy branches.

Nutlets flattened, forming an x-shaped or star-like bur 11

1. HELIOTROPIUM, Tournefort.
1. "EL, CurassavicTiin, L. Nearly or quite prostrate: corolla bluish or white.

2. LITHOSPERMUM, Tournefort.

1. L. CaliformcTun, Gr. Corolla 9 or 10 lines long: throat exceeding lobes.

2. * li. pilosmn, Nutt. Corolla greenish yellow, silky, 5 or 6 lines long.

3. MYOSOTIS, Linnaeus.

1. M. vema, Nutt. Hispid calyx unequal: corolla white, small. Oregon.

2. M. sylvatica, Hoffm. var. alpestris, Koch. Corolla blue, 3 or 4 lines broad,

4. MERTENSIA, Roth.

1. M. maritima, Don. Corolla 3 or 4 lines long, tube shorter than calyx.

2. M. Siberica, Don. Corolla- tube much exserted: calyx lobes obtuse.

5. AMSINCKIA, Lehmann.

Nutlets sharply 3-angled, straight, smooth, shining 1

Nutlets broad; the back nearly flat, wavy- wrinkled cross- wise ^ 2

Nutlets incurved, convex and ridged on the back, rough 3r ^ 5

1. A. vemicosa, H. & A. Sparingly hispid: corolla-tube a little exserted.
Var. grandiflora, Gr. Very bristly -hispid: corolla-tube longer, limb broader.

2. A. tessellata, Or. Coarsely hispid: leaves mostly obtuse: calyx rusty.

3. A. intermedia, F. & M. Calyx whitish or tawny hispid: corolla 2 or 3 linea.

4. A. spectabilis. F. & M. Corolla bright orange much exserted.

BORRAQINACBJL 89

i^ A. lycopaoides, Lehm. Stiff bristles with pimple-like base: leaf margin* oftea
ondalate: often branching: very variable.

6. KRYNITZKtA, Fischer & Meyer.
I 1. Nutlets ovoid, smooth, shining, a ridge down the back, a groove down the inner

side, attached to the gynobase one quarter the length 1

I 2. Nutlets ovoid, somewhat rugose, a rid;3'e down the inner side, fiied by the base of

the inner angle. Entire plant light green.

• Mostly diffuse: lotoer leaves often opposite: corolla 1 or 2 lines broad 2, 3

* • Flowers numerous: limb of corolla nearly rotate^ S to 6 lines broad: yellow crests in the

throat conspicuous: lower leaves mostly opposite {except in No. 6) 4, 5, 6

I 3. Nutlets never rugose; inner angle furrowed from less than half to all the way; back
convex; side angles mostly obtuse, never margined: calyx in fruit erect or closed:
corolla small, throat naked or the crests not exserted: numerous flowers sessile in
scorpioid spikes,

* Fruiting calyx often falling toith the enclosed nutlets, these smooth, shining, acute: sepal*

narrow, hispid, slender.

Nutlets solitary, rarely 2, acuminate, fixed below the middle 7, 8, 9

Nutlets usually all maturing scarcely a line long 10, 11

Nutlets unequal, one much larger than the others 12

Nutlets 3-angled-ovoid, papillose, sharply muricate or scabrous, attached nearly or quite

up to the apex: usually erect and hispid; spikes bractless: calyx pungent- bristly.

Calyx very villous-hispid, In fruit 3-5 lines long, mid-rib strong 19|

Calyx 3 lines long or less; bristles pungent, whitish or yellowish.

In fruit double the length of the nutlets not connivent 14, 15

In fruitl or 2 lines long, more or less connivent over the angular nutlets.. 16, 17, 18

• • Fruiting calyx deciduous above a persistent basal cup: nutlets ovate-deltoid, 3 -angled,

usvxdly very smooth, groove forked.
Much branched, with flowers almost from base, hispid 19

1. K. litliocarya, Greene. Corolla not surpassing the rusty calyx: spike simple.

2. K. Califonuca, Gr. Leaves small, narrow: flowering from near the base.
Var. subglocbidiata, Gr. Succulent: nutlets minute-bristly with barbed hairs,

3. K. trachycarpa, Gr. More lower leaves opposite: nutlets broader, granulatow

4. K. Chorisiana, Gr. Some pedicels 2 to 12 lines long: leaves large.

5. K. Scouleri, Gr. Slender: spikes often branching mostly bractless.

6. K. mollis, Gr. Perennial stems creeping, soft-hairy. Wet borders of ponds.

7. K. sparsiflora, Greene. Sepals with stiff hooked bristles: nutlet flattened.

8. K. oxycarya, Gr. Strigulose: leaves linear: calyx in fruit deflexed-bristly at baM

9. BL micro stachys, Greene. Smaller, hispidulous: calyx bristles not deflezed.

10. BL leiocarpa, F. & M. Nutlets attached for nearly the whole length.

11. K. Torreyana, Gr. Nutlets attached half way up, groove forked.

90 BORRAGINACEiE.

Var. oalycosa, Gr. Flowers crowded, somewhat capitate: calyx longer.

12. K. dumetonim, Greene. Almost climbing: papillose-hispid: 2 sepals nnited.

13. K. barbigera, Gr. Nutlets gray, very rough, rarely all fertile.

14. K. interinedia, Gr. Nutlets thickly muricate, groove with open basal tear.
16. "K, ambigua, Gr. Nutlets minutely muricate, groove widely forked.

16. K. muriculata, Gr. Stout: spikes 2-3-radiate: nutlets triangular-ovate.

17. EL Jonesii, Gr. Slender: spikes more numerous, paniculate: calyx smaller.

18. K. micromeres, Gr. Hispid, diffuse: .spikes filiform: flowers minute.

19. K. micrantba, Gr. var. lepida, Gr. Roots red: hispid: corolla 2^ lines long.

7. PliAGIOBOTHRYS, Fischer & Meyer.

• Nutlets not on stipe-like attachments: calyx more or less villous toith yelUnoish or ruaty

hairs, sometimes deciduous above the base {circwmscissile).

Sepals nearly distinct; in fruit 3 lines long, lax: nutlets broadly ovate 1

Calyx deeply 5-clef t: giving a violet stain to paper 2, 3, 4

Calyx cleft nearly to the base, 2-3 lines long in fruit not connivent 6

Calyx cleft half way, silky, in fruit connivent, soon circumscissile 6

• • Nutlets on stipe-like attachments: hispiduknis 7

1. P. nifescens, F. & M. Stems slender from rosulate tuft of radical leaves.

2. P. tenellus, Gr. Radical leaves rosulate: nutlets 4-lobed or cross-like, shining.

3. P. Shastensis, Greene. Similar, with larger flowers and nutlets. Mt. Shasta.

4. P. Torreyi, Gr. Diffusely procumbent, hispidulous: leaves oblong.

5. P. canescens, Benth. Villous: spikes, as in the last, often leafy below.

6. P. nothofulvus, Gr. Rosulate leaves thin: corolla 2 or 3 lines broad.

7. P. Cooperi, Gr. Diffuse: corolla 2 or 3 lines broad, throat closed.

8. OMPHALODES, Toumefort.
1. O. Howardi, Gr. Silky, silvery: flowers few: corolla 4-5 lines broad. Or.

9. ECHINOSPERMUM, Lehmann.

Prickles of the fruit barbed at apex only: calyx in fruit reflexed ." 1, 8, 8

Prickles barbed to the base: crests of small white corolla small , 4

1. E. Califomicum, Gr. Corolla short-funnelform, blue, 2-6 lines broad.

2. E. floribundum, Lehm. Corolla rotate, blue or often white, 2-3 lines broad.

3. E. diffusimi, Lehm. Similar corolla 4-9 lines broad: back of nutlet naked.
4 S. Qreenei, Gr. Diffuse: nutlets triangular-ovoid: prickles terete. N. CaL

10. CYNOGLOSSUM, Lehmann.

1. 0. occidentale, Gr. Hispidulous: upper leaves sessile; lower, spatnlate.

2. O. grande, Dougl. Soft- villous becoming glabrate: leaves aU petioled.
Var. IsBvet Gr. Smooth: corolla smaller, lobes shorter than tube.

CONVOLVULACKa. 91

11. PECTOOARYA, DeCandoUe.

Nutlets forming an x-8haped bur, the wings undulate or laciniate •.... 1, 9

Nutlets forming a flat + - shaped bur, the thin margins entire 8, 4

1. P. linearis, DO. Wings of nutlets toothed, the teeth bristle-tipped.

2. P. penicillata, A. DC. More diffuse: nutlets fiddle-shaped; apex bristly.

3. P. setosa, Gr. Hispid, stouter: calyx-lobes with 3 or 4 very large bristlea.

4. P. pusilla, Gr. Strigulose: nutlets angular, flat, wingless, with a midnerve.

CONTOLTULACE^.

Twining or trailing: corolla funnelform, large, limb entirei stigmas 2^ 1

Not twining: corolla 2-3 Lnes long, 5-cleft, white: styles 2 2

Corolla i in. long, 5-cleft, purplish: stigmas 2 Sp. 7 in No, 1

Twining leafless thread-like orange or yellowish stems: parasitic 8

1, CONVOLVULUS, Ldnnseua.

Solitary flower with a pair of broad bracts enclosing the calyx.

Stems very short and erect or prostrate, trailing (See var. No. 6) 1, 3, 4

Stems twining freely: bracts cordate-ovate or sagittate (See 5) 9

Flowers often 2-3 together with small bracts; stems often woody 5

Flowers with a pair of subulate bracts at base of pedicel: stamens slender 0

Flowers 3 lines long, deeply 5-cleft: not twining 7

1. C. Soldanella, L. Glabrous, fleshy: leaves reniform: flowers pinkish.

2. C. sepium, L., var. Americanus, Gr. Leaves acute: corolla rose,

3. C. Calif omicus, Choisy. Short, erect, or at length prostrate; pubescent.

4. C. villosus, Gr. Densely white-velvety: leaves an inch long or less.
Var. fulcratus, Gr. Bracts similar to the leaves (hastate): corolla yellowish.

5. C. occidentalis, Gr. Bracts variable: stems often very long: corolla white.
Var. tenmssimus, Gr. Only a ft. or a yd. high: leaves slender-hastate.

6. C. arvensis, L. Creeping in moist places: corolla an inch long or less.

7. C. pentapetaloides, L. A diffusely branched slender annual with spatnlftte or
lanceolate mostly entire leaves. This with No. 6 naturalized from Eo.

2. CKESSA, Llnnsas.
1. 0. Cretica, L. Gray silky leaves numerous, small, entire: flowers axillaiy.

3. CUSCUTA, Toumefort.

Ovary and capsule depressed glabose: stamens low, very slender ..••^••.•.'l^ 9

Ovary and capsule pointed; corolla withering-persistent: scales fringed.

93 80LANACKS.

Stems slender, low, growing on salt-marsh plants •••••^•»« 8

Stems coarser: corolla mach exceeding the calyx, 2^ to 4 lines long ••••..••.. 4

Stems coarse: corolla lobes acute, usually inflexed •••• 6, 6

1. C. arvensis, Beyrich. Flowers scarcely a line long in dense cloBters.

2. C. Calif omica, Choisy. Calyx lobes acute: corolla lobes slender.

3. O. salina, Engelm. Delicate white flowers 1^-2^ lines long,

4. C. subinclusa, D. & H. Flower clusters globose, 6 to 12 lines thick.

5. 0. decora, Choisy. Flowers fleshy and papillose: clusters close.

6. O. racemosa, Martins, var. Chiliana, Engelm. Corolla thin. From ChiU.

SOL AN ACE JE.

Corolla rotate: anthers connivent around the style : fruit a berry 1

Corolla rotatC'Campanulate: anthers not connivent: berry enclosed in the loose inflated
calyx. May appear in cultivated ground. Fhysalis.

Corolla tubular-fnnnelform, ^ in. long or less: spiny shrubs , 2

Corolla funnelform, large: fruit large, covered with spines 3

Corolla ftmnelform or tubular: capsule small, smooth 4

Corolla funnelform, 3-5-lines long: limb purple: stamens unequal 5

1. SOLANXTM, Toumefort.

Corolla deeply 5-clef t, white or bluish : berries black or red 1, 3

Corolla only 5-angled or slightly lobed, violet or blue 3, 4

1. S. nigfTum, L. Herbaceous: leaves mostly ovate, sinuate-toothed, acute.

2. S. Douglasii, Dunal. Woody -stemmed: flowers 5-8 lines broad, often bluish.

3. S. Xanti, Gr. Woody at base: hairs jointed: leaves mostly obtuse at base.

4. S. umbellifeniia, Esch. More woody: hairs branched: leaf -base mostly nairow.

2. liYCIUM, Linnaeus.

1, I4. Califomicuxn, Nutt. Leaves fleshy, 1-3 lines long: flower parts in 4*8.

2. It. Andersoni, Gr. Leaves larger: flowers largei, 5-6 lines long. San Diego.

3. DATURA. Linnaeus.

Calyx aoutely 5-angled: fruit erect, ovoid ^,... 1, 2, 8

Fruit nodding, globose **".... 4

Calyx scarcely angled: corolla 5 or 6 in. long: fruit nodding globose 6

1. D. Straraomum, L. Smooth: corolla white: lower prickles of capsule shorter.

2. D. Tattila, L. Similar: Stems usually purple: corolla pale violet.

Z, D. quercifolia, HBK. Leaves sinuate pinnatifid: prickles unequal, flat.

SCROPDULARIACEiB 93

4. D. discolor, Bcmh. Corolla purplish: capsule and stout prickles pubescent.
6. D. zneteloides, DO. Leaves entire or repaud, one-sided: capsule large. S. C*L

4. NICOTIANA, Toumefort

Very viscid, ill-scented herbs: flowers soon closing in sunahiue.

Corolla salverf orm, the limb 4 or G lines broad 1, 9

Corolla tubular-funnelforui, white; stamens unequally inserted 3, 4

Very uuiooth glaucous shrub: corolla tubular, greenish yellow 6

1. N. Clevelandi^ Gr. Corolla greenish white, violet tinged, an inch long. S. CaL

2. N. attentiata, Torr. Calyx shorter: corolla longer, limb white.

3. N. Bigelovii, Watson. Corolla 1-2 inches long, nearly as broad.
Var. Wallacei, Gr. Corolla smaller: leaves often nearly clasping. S. Cal.

4. N. qxiadrivalia, Purah. Corolla broader than long: capsule globular. Or. E.
Var. multivalis, Gr. Corolla often 2 in. broad, 5-8-lobed: capsule large. Or.

5. N. glauca, Graham. Leaves long-petioled, subcordate. Naturalized. S. CaL

6. PETUNIA, Juss.
I. P. parviflora, Juss. Spreading or prostrate on the sea shore.

scrophulariacej:.

A- Leavtes all or all but the lower ones alternate, rarely all radical.

• Leaves simple and entire {except in No. 1 and 16): corolla sometimes nearly regular^ upper

lip not beak-like.

Corolla 5-lobed, rotate: stamens 5; filaments woolly 1

Corolla bilabiate, throat nearly closed: stamens 4.

Base of corolla prolonged into a slender spur on lower side. 2

Base of corolla swollen or saccate on lower side 3

Corolla large, open bilabiate with dentate lobes : stamens 2 4

Corolla nearly regular: stamens 4: leaves narrow, mostly radical 14

Corolla large, campanulate-bilabiate, 4-lobed: stamens 4 15

Corolla and calyx 4-lobed: tloweri small: stameus 2.

Leaves cordate-orbicular, all radical, scapes slender 16

Leaves on the stem: corolla rotate, 4-lobed 17

• • Leaves or at least the bracts incisely lohed or pinnate', corolla tubular-bilabiate, closed*

upper lip beak-like or comjrressed on the sides.
Leaves or lobes not serrate: anther cells unequal or only one.

Upper corolla-lip much surpassing the 3 toothed obscure lower lip 18

Upper lip erect, much smaller than the 3-saccate, 3-toothed lower lip 19

Lips of club-shaped corolla nearly equal: calyx 1-3-leaved 20

94 SCROPHULARIACEiB.

Leaves or lobes serrate: anthers equally 2-celled.

Upper lip or its beak exceeding the 3-toothed lower lip (except ep. 7)., 21

B. Lkatks all opposite or whorled (rarely alternate above in No. 9).

• Stamens 4 vnth anthers; sterile filament often rudimentary or none.

Corolla declined: stamens and style infolded b> lower lip 5

Corolla small, lobes spreading: upper leaves 3-lobed or parted 6

Corolla erect, front lobe reflexed : scale in throat on upper side 7

Corolla etc. as in No. 9, but the seeds winged: odor rank 8

Corolla open: sterile filament conspicuous: stigma entire 9

Corolla-throat open or closed: no etc'le filament: calyx 5-angled (except 1 sp.)- 10

Corolla blue or white, tube short, li, 4 spreading, the upper emarginate 11

" * Stamens 2 with anthers: flowers small: grovnng iji wet ground.
Calyx 6-parted into narrow, nearly equal divisions: corolla bilabiate.

Sterile filaments simple or none: corolla small, whitish 12

Sterile filaments forked: corolla violet or bluish 13

Calyx 4-parted: corolla rotate, 4-lobed 17

1. VERBASCUM, Linnaeus.

1. V. Thapsus, L. Densely velvety- woolly, leaves decurrent: corolla yellow,

2. V. virgatum. With. Slender, green: filaments violet bearded or wooUy.

3. V. Blattaria, L. Similar but pedicels solitary and longer than calyx.

2. LINAKIA, Toumefort.

1. Zfc Oanadensis, Dumont. Straight, smooth: leaves narrow: flowers blue.

3. ANTIJBRHINXTM, Tournefort.

• Erectf S io7 Jl. high, leafy: flowers in a dense spike, light rose color: filaments broadest at

the top.

Stems many from a perennial base, simple, glabrous, light green 1

Stem stout, branching, very viscid-pubescent, 3-5 ft. high 2

• * Branching with filiform axillary branchlets which coil around objects', sepals unequal.

Flowers in a more or less villous-viscid spike: bracts minute 5, 6, 7

Flowers scattered along the stem and slender branches.

Leaves on the main stem, ovate or subcordate 8, 9

Leaves on main stem mostly narrow: corolla purple 10, 11

• * • • Erect, nearly simple stems: peduncles slender, twisting around objects 12

L A. virga, Gr. Deflexed lower lip of corolla upward inflexed from middle.

2. A, glandulosum, Lindley. Corolla with yellowish palate. Monterey S.

3. A. comutiun, Benth. Filaments ali broadest at top. Sac. Val., rare.

i. A. leptaleum, Gr. Leaves rarely linear: style shorter than pod. Sac. Valley S.

BCROPnULAHIACEiK. 95

ft. A. Coulterianuia, Benth. Leaves linear to oval, distinct: spike dense.

(I. A. Orcuttianum, Gr. More slender: spike looso: corolla smaller, 4 lines long.

7. A. Nevinianum, Gr. Similar, but seeds ribbed not honej'comb-pitted.

8. A. BUbcordatum, Gr. Leaves sessile, each subtending a flower and branchlet.

9. A. Nuttalianum, Henth. Leaves petioled: pedicels often long as violet corollji.

10. A. vagans, Gr. Very diffuse: broad upper sepal equaling corolla-tube.
Var. Bolanderi, Gr. Leaves orbicular on branchlets: upper sepal broader.

IL A. Breweri, Gr. Similar: slender corolla-tube exceeding upper sepaL N. CaL
12. A. strictum, Gr. Corolla violet-purple, palate hairy. Santa Barbara.

4. MOHAVEA, Gray.
L M. viscida, Gr, Very viscid: lower leaves opposite: corolla yellow, purple dotted.

5. COLUNSIA, Nuttall.

• Flowtra on short pedicels or sessile »7t axillarr/ whorls, 6-8 lines long.
Corolla strongly declined, the throat as broad as long, nearly or quite at right angles with

the short tube: gland sessile 1, 3

Corolla less declined, throat narrower, leaves obtuse 8, 4, 5

* * Flowers biU little longer or not cts long as the pedicels.

Corolla usually more than 5 lines long, strongly declined sepals acute 6, 7, 8

Corolla mostly less than i lines long: lips nearly equal: sterna slender 9 to 12

1. 0. bicolor, Benth. Upper corolla lip recurved, paler than the violet lower lip.

2. C. tinctoria, Hartweg. Stains brown: corolla purple-striped, upper lip very short.

3. C. bartsisefolia, Benth. Leaves crenate, obtuse: calyx often white- hairy.

4. C. corymbosa, Herder. Branching: flower clusters nearly capitate. N. Cal C'st.

5. C. Greenei, Gr. Corolla rich violet or lavender; upper lip short; side lobes smalL

6. C. gnrandiflora, Dougl. Flowers in whorls of 3 to 9: lower lip deep blue or violet.
Var. pusilla, Gr. Small form: corolla only 4 or 5 lines long, deeply colored.

7. C. sparsiflora, F. & M. Slender: only upper flowers in S's, J-§ in. long.
Var. divaricata. Only 2 or 3 in. high: flowers smaller, solitary. S. F. Bay.

8. C. linearis, Gr. Paniculately branched: leaves very slender: pale corolla dark-
dotted. N. Cal.

9. C. parviflora, Dougl. Often diflFuse: corolla little exserted, 2 or 3 lines long.

10. C. Rattani, Gr. Stem strict, mostly simple: corolla lips violet, 1-2 lines long.

11. 0. Childii, Parry. Stem similar: corolla light blue. In forests S. CaL

12. 0. Torreyi, Gr. Much branched: flowers in 3'8 and G's, blue or violet.

a. TONELIiA, NuttaU.
1. T. collinsioides, Nutt. Diffuse: flowers on slender pedicels, aline lon^

f6 SCEOPHULARIACRfi.

7. SCROPHULAB.IA, Toumefort.
L S. Calif onuca, Cham. Stems square: flowers dull purple, 3-4 lines long.

8. CHELONE, Liniueus.
L C nemorosa, DoogL Corolla violet-purple. In woods, Or., northward.

9. PENTSTEMON", MitchelL
I 1. Anther-cells soon widely separating at base, united more or less completely at top^
splitting open nearly or quite the whole length.

• Anthers densely woolly, becoming shield-shaped after shedding poUen 1

• • Anthers glabrous, splitting through the apex and spreading out', stems branching and

shrubby, at least below: leaves leathery or parchment-like^ mostly smaU, and short-

petioledijilaments all hairy at base.
Corolla scarlet, narrow-tubular, its upper lip erect and the lower more or less spreading:

sterile filament bearded down one side.

Leaves subcordate or ovate acutely toothed, 1 in. long or less S

Leaves oblong or oval ^ to 2 in. long, often canescent 3

Leaves slender, rigid, acutely toothed, glaucous 4

Corolla yellow or yellowish, purple-tinged, not an inch long, the gaping limb longer than

the tube (except No. 7): upper lip concave, lower recurved.

Leaves lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, denticulate , 6

Leaves similar, yellowish green, remotely serrate 6

Leaves spatulate or oval, entire, 6 lines long or less 7

• • * ArUhers with spreading distinct cells splitting from base nearly to the top: coroUa

scarcely bilabiate, blue or purple.

Leaves mostly oblong-lanceolate, glaucous «.... 8

* * * * Anthers splitting open Jrom base through the united apex.
Glancous or pale and glabrous: leaves leathery or thick: corolla 9-12 lines long.

Stems thick, 1 to 3 ft. high: leaves mostly ovate-lanceolate, entire » 9

Taller: leaves thinner; upper pairs acuminate, united, acutely dentate 10

Similar but leaves thicker: corolla crimson, 9 lines long, throat narrow 11

Leaves IJ to 4 in. long, the upper often united: corolla cream-white, pinkish. . 12
Corolla 8 lines long or less (more in 13): thyrsus viscid in 13, 14, 16, 18.

Corolla somewhat bilabiate lower lip and sterile filament hairy. . . 13, 14, 15, 16

Corolla funnelform or tubular: sterile filament nearly or quite naked 17, 18

{ 2. Anthers sagittate or horse-shoe shaped, the cells opening by a continuous cleft
around the apex which reaches about half way to the bases of the cells, these remain-
ing closed and saccate, sometimes hairy but never woolly: corolla some shade of
purple and blue, from rose purple to lavender (scarlet red in the last).

• So/l-pubescentf viscid, stout: radical leaves 6-8 inches long 19

SCROPHULARlACEiE. 97

■• • OlabrouSf or inflorescense puheruUnt or viscid: leaven toothedor pinnatifid: tteriU JilameTU
hairy: corolla funnel form ^ modcratdy bilibuUe.

Corolla over an inch long, lobea and all the stamens sparsely hairy 20

Corolla an inch long or usually less 21« 22, 23

• • * GlabrouJi or puberlent: leaves all entire.

Corolla 6 lines long, slender: sterile filaments bearded 24

Corolla short bilabiate, 8 to 18 lines long: sterile filament naked.

Calyx glandular or viscid: leaves lanceolate to spatulate 25, 26

Calyx not glandular or viscid: thyrsus usually narrow 27, 28, 29

1. P. Menziesii, Hooker. Leaves 3-12 lines long: corolla violet to pink. Cal. N.
Var. Newberryi, Gr. Corolla rose-purple or pink. Southern Sierras.

2. P. cordifolius, Benth. Climbing over bushes, very leafy. San Luis Obispo. S.

3. P. corymbosus, Benth. Erect, 1 or 2 ft. high, leafy: cyme corymbose.

4. P. tematus, Torr. Branches slender: upper leaves in 3's. Kern Co. S.
6. P. breviflorus, Lindl. Sterile filament naked. Sierra Nevada.

6. P. Lemmoni, Gr. Paniculate: sterile filament yellow bearded. N. Cent. CaL

7. P. antirrhinoides, Benth, Branched, leafy, paniculate: corolla pale yellow.

8. P. glaber, Pursh. Wide corolla 1 to 1^ in. long. Sierras eastward.

9. P. centranthifolius, Benth. Very glaucous: corolla tubular, bright scarlet.

10. P. spectabilis, Thurber. Corolla ro^e-purple or lilac, the limb violet.

11. P. Clevelandi, Gr. Corolla crimson, 9 lines long: sterile filaments bearded.

12. P. Palmeri, Gr. Corolla 8-9 lines broad: sterile fil. densely yellow-bearded.

13. P. Rattani, Gr. Leaves 3-8 in. long, denticulate: corolla pale purple. N. W»C»i
Var. minor, Gr. Smaller: corolla 6-7 lines long. Klamath and Trinity R.

Var, Kleei, Gr. Between the foregoing in size. High peak new Santa Cruz,

14. P. pminosus, Dougl. Pubescent: corolla deep blue, hairy. Or. Wash.

15. P. ovatus, Dougl. Pubescent: leaves ovate, serrate, green: corolla purple bluet

16. P. confertus, Dougl. Thyrsus in 2-5 dense whorls: corolla yellowish, small.

17. P. deustua, Dougl. Tufted, woody at base: corolla yellow to dull white.

18. P. heterodoxus, Gr. Leaves obtuse, entire. Near Donner Pass, Cal.

19. P. glandulosus, Lindl. Corolla lilac: sterile filaments naked. Or. Wash-

20. P. venustus, DougL Leaves closely serrate: sepals small. Or.

21. P. diffu U8, Dougl. Often diffuse: leaves unequally serrate. Or. Wash.

22. P. Richardsoni, Dougl. Leaves incised or laciuiate-pinnatifid. Or.

23 P. triphyllus, Dougl. Leaves lonceolate or linear, rigid, often laciniate.

24. P. gracilentua, Gr. Peduncles and calyx viscid. Mts. N. Cal., Or.

25. P. loBtus, (rr. Ashy-pubescent: corolla an inch long blue. Mts. CaL

26. P. Roezli, Kegel. Smaller: corolla smaller, paler. Sierra Nev. to Or.

27. P. azureus, Benth. (Glaucous; leaves ovate or narrower: curoUa broad.
Var. Jafirayanus, Gr. Low broad-leaved form in the Sierras.

Var. parvuius, Gr. Broad leaves au inch or less long: corolla 9 lines long. Alpine.

1-2

98 SCROPHULARIACEJE.

Var. angnstissimus, Gr. Leaves very slender. Yosemite Valley, etc.

28. P. heterophyllus, Lindl. Similar: buds often yellowish. W. CaL

29. P. Bridgjesii, Gr. Thyrsus one-sided: corolla lips long. S. Sierras.

10. MIMTJLUS, Linnaeus.

• CoroUa huffy salmon-color or orange, large: a viscid shrub 1

* • Corolla-limb rose or crimson-purple {scarlet in No. 17): sticky viscid or slimy (leu to in

S, 10, 17, 18, 38); often ill scented.
a. Style pubescent above; stigma unequally lobed or entire, usually peltate-fannelformt

flowers sessile or nearly so.

Corolla- tube long, slender; lower lip very short; upper lip erect 5

Corolla scarcely exserted, 3-4 lines long: capsule much exserted 6

Corolla exceeding ^ inch; lower lip shorter; throat dark or yellow 8

Corolla trumpet shape, 6-9 lines broad, crimson: calyx hardly oblique 10

Corolla similar, 6 lines long, 4-5 lines broad, deep red: calyx oblique 11

Corolla nearly funnelform, 2-6 lines long, crimson: calyx-teeth spreading 12

Corolla 6-9 lines long: calyx-teeth obtuse, nearly equal 13-

Corolla often an inch long: calyx-teeth very unequal, acute: very viscid 14

Corolla oblique-salverf orm, white, crimson- veined 16

I. Style smooth; stigma of 2 equal flat lobes which upon irritation close: flowers on long

or short peduncles.

Corolla oblique-bilabiate, exceeding 1 inch, lobes reflexed, scarlet 17

Corolla open-bilabiate, 1^-2 inches long, lobes spreading, rose-color 18-

Corolla little surpassing calyx; very slimy- villous 34

Corolla 2-3 lines long; lower lip entire, upper 2 lobed ►. • . . 38

* • * Corolla-limb rose or crimson- purple: not viscid, or very slightly so,
a. Almost stemless: corolla-tube long and slender: style pubescent.

Flowers erect, sessile, surpassing the leaves, 1-2 inches long 3, 3, 4

h. Stems much longer than the flowers: style smooth; stigma equally 2-lobed, lobes flat

and often closed 18, 30, 38, 3&

* * * * Corolla yellow, often spotted: viscid or slimy.

Corolla-throat often purple-tinged or dotted: odor strong, fetid. 7

CoroUa 1 inch long or longer, nearly as broad, lobes subequal 15

Corolla 3-9 lines long: peduncles scape-like: leaves rosulate-crowded 39

Corolla f-1 inch long: slimy, musky, spreading and creeping 20

Corolla i-| inch long: fruiting calyx ^ inch long, mouth closed 27

Corolla ^-\ inch long: fruiting calyx on long peduncle, lower teeth shortest 29

Corolla light yellow, limb often pinkish: petioles margined 31

Corolla as broad as long (^ inch): peduncles much exceeding oval leaves 33

CoroUa narrower, ^-\ inch long: peduncles little exceeding the leaves 33

8CR0PHULARIACK,». 99

Corolla-tnbe narrow, eiaerted; throat and bearded lip spottea 86

Corolla 3-4 lines long, lobes nearly equal, often a pair of spots 40

• • • • • (^Qj-Qiid yellow, often spotted, not viscid.

Leaves ovate to oblong: rootstocks tuber bearing: corolla i inch broad 21

Leaves similar, coarsely serrate, acute: corolla orange-yellow, 1 inch broad 22

Lower leaves broad, acutely and irregularly dentate or laciniate 23

Lower leaves narrow, petioled, thick, shining, denticulate, small 24

liower leaves clasping, the others orbicular-perfoliate, glaucous 25

Leaves mostly basal: stem wing-angled: upper calyx-tooth prominent 26

Leaves very small, often purplish: dififuse: peduncles spreading 27

Leaves narrow, laciniately lobed: corolla pale, 2-4 lines long: dififuse 28

Leaves narrow, entire: corolla ^ in. broad, purple dotted; lip bearded 36

Leaves narrow, entire: corolla 2-3 lines long: lobes all notched 37

Leaves entire, «oft-hairy: dififuse: corolla with 2 brownish spots. 40

****** Corolla white or white and yelloWf often purple-marked.

White or yellowish, throat with 8 or 10 purple stripes 9

White purple or yellowish, 3-6 lines long: calyx-teeth very short 30

White, veined with crimson, oblique salverform 16

Yellow with white or pinkish border, ^ in. long: viscidulous. 31

Upper lip white, lower yellow, purple dotted: viscid 35

§ 1. DLPIiACUS, Gr. Shrubs 3-5 ft. high: glutinous- viscid.

1. M. glutinosus, Wendl. Variable. Common in Central and W. CaL

§ 2. CENOE, Gr. Corolla 1-2 in. long; tube long exserted, slender: capsule 1-sided,

2. M. tricolor, Lindl. Corolla limb with 5 crimson spots, palate yellow.

3. M. angxistatus, Gr. Similar: corolla tube 3-8 times as long as the short throat.

4. M. Douglasii, Gr. Upper corolla lip erect, lower almost none: stemless.

5. M. Kelloggii, Curran. Becoming a span or a ft. high: lower lip larger. CaL

§ 3. EUNANUS, Gr. Style glandular: capsule not l-sided.

6. U. Hattani, Gr. A span high: calyx very viscid. Mt. Tamalpais and Lake
Co., Cal.

mephiticus, Greene. Corolla 6-8 lines long. Sierra Nevada.

nanus, H. & A. A span high or less, blossoming from near base. Cal., N.

Whitneyi, Gr. Dwarf, 1 or 2 in. high: corolla J in. long. Alpine, CaL
Fremonti, Gr. Leaves narrow: corolla rarely white. Common in S. CaU
Bubsecundus, Gr. Dififuse: flowers spicate, turned to one side. CaL
leptaleus, Gr. A span or less high, often depauperate. Mts., CaL
Torreyi, Gr. A span or more high, simple or branching. S. N. Mts.
Bolanderi, Or. Very viscid, strong scented, 1-3 ft. high, simple. Cent. CaL

7.

M.

8.

M.

9.

M,

10.

M.

IL

KL

12.

M.

13.

M.

14.

M.

r
100 BCEOPHULARIACEiE.

Ift. M. brevii>e8, Benth. Very viscid, 1-2 ft. high: leaves slender. Monterey, 8,

§ 4. MTMniiASTBUM, Gr. Corolla throat contracted at month: limb rotate.

16. M. pictus, Gr. Simple stems or basal branches erect. Tehachapi, Cal.

§ 6. EUMIMXJLnS, Gr. Calyx plicately angled: style smooth; stigma-lobes flatk

17. M. cardinalis, Dougl. Viscid- villous, 2-4 ft. high: leaves ovate, erose.

18. M. Lewisii, Pursh. More slender, greener. Subalpine. Cal.-Or.

19. M. primuloides, Benth. Scapes 1-4 in. long: light green. S. N. Mts.

20. M. moscliatus, Dougl. Stems 1-3 ft. long: leaves oblong-ovate, 1-2 in. long*
Var. longiflorus, Gr. Less viscid, corolla longer.

Var. sessilifolius, Gr. Leaves sessile: corolla 1 in. long. M. inodorous, Greene.

21. M. moniliformis, Greene. Leaves sparingly denticulate. S. N. Mts.
dentatus, Kutt, Simple stems a foot high or less. Humboldt Bay, N.
luteus, L. Elrect, ^ to 4 ft. high: corolla large; palate prominent.
Scoulerl, Hook. Erect, 1-2 ft. high: flowers smaller. Columbia R.
g^laucescenS) Greene. Corolla 1 in. long and broad, not dotted. S. N. Mtll
nasutus, Greene, Corolla short, often with a spot. Common,
nudatus, Curran. Corolla ^-f in. long, deep yellow. Cal.
laciniatus, Gr. Slender: ^-1 ft. high. Merced R., Cal.
alsinoides, Dougl. Slender, branching, 3-12 in. high. Moist rocks,
inconspicuus, Gr. Leaves ovate or narrower, entire, ^ in. long or leaa*

Var. acutidens, Gr. Calyx-teeth subulate: leaves denticulate. King's R,
Var. latidens, Gr. Calyx-teeth triangular ovate. Monte Diablo, S.

31. M. Polsiferas, Gr. Branching, 6-8 in. high: leaves 3-nerved. N. Cal. to W.

32. M. peduncularis, Doagl. Erect, slender: leaves i-\ in. long. Columbia K.

33. M. floribiindus, Dougl. Similar, slimy, musky. Common.

34. M. Parisbdi, Greene. Stout, erect, 1-2 ft. high, leafy. Los Angeles, S.

35. M. bicolor, Hartweg. Leaves small: calyx ribbed. Foot-hills, S. N. Mts,

36. M. m.ontioides, Gr. Branching from base or simple: leaves slender. S. N. Mia.

37. M. Suksdorfii, Gr. Leaves often reddish, l-\ in. long. Cascade and S. N. Nta.

38. M. rubellus, Gr. Leaves lanceolate, ^-1^ in. long. Cascade and S. N. Mta.

39. HL Pabneri, Gr. Leaves narrow: corolla-limb nearly rotate. S. E. Cal.

Var. androsaceus, Gr. M. andrcsaceus, Curran. Much branched: leaves broaden
corolla smaller, 3-6 lines long. S. E. CaL

§ 6. MIMXJIiOIDES, Gr. Calyx deeply cleft, almost nerveless.

40. M. exilis, Durand. M. pilosutt Watson. Much branched, leafy, very ftoriferoo*
Common in Cal.

22.

M.

23.

M.

24.

M.

25.

M.

26.

M.

27.

M.

28.

M.

29.

M.

30.

M.

SCROPHULARIACEA. 10)

11. HEBPESTIS, C. T. Geeertner.
1. H. rotundifoUa, Purah. Creeping in wet places: leaves obovato. Preano, OftL

12. GRATIOLA, Linnaeus.

1. G. ebracteata, Benth. Leaves lanceolate : sepals equaling corolla.

2. O. Virginiana, L. More viscid: leaves broader: calyx much shorter.

13. ZLYSANTHES, Rafinesqne.
L I. ipratioloidea, Benth. Di£fuse: leaves ovate or oblong: corolla | In. long.

14. LnyiOSELiIiA, Linuaeas.
I. I*, aquatica, L. Tufts 1-2 in. high: leaves fleshy, slender: semi-aquatio,

15. DIGITALIS, Linnfflus.

L D. purpurea, L. Tall stems with terminal spike of rose or white flowers mostly
■potted. The common Foxglove now naturalized. Humboldt Bay to Or.

16. SYNTH YKIS, Bentham.

1. S. rotundifolia; Gr. Scapes naked 3-4 in. high, not exceeding leaves. Or.
Var. cordata, Gr. Leaves smaller, cordate, simply crenate. N. W. Cad.

2. S. remformia, Benth. Scapes bracteate, surpassing leaves, pedicels shorter. Or.

17. VERONICA, Linnaeus.

• PerenniaU subaquatic: racemes in the axils of opposite leaves: corolla Hue.
Anagallis, L. Leaves sessile oblong-lanceolate, subclasping.
Americana, Schweinitz, Leaves often petioled, broader. Common,
scutellata, L. Slender: leaves sessile, linear or lanceolate, acute.

* * Perennials: racemes terminal: leaves broad, an inch long or less.
Cusickii, Gr. Stems erect 3-4 in. high, leafy: naked peduncle S-O-flowered.
alpina, L. Not so leafy: racemes dense: corolla smaller, 2-3 lines broad,
serpyllifolia, L. Stems creeping and branching: spike-liko raceme leafy.

" • " Lower anntuds: floxoers in the axils of mostly alter-naie leave*.
pere^ina, L. Nearly glabrous, erect, branching: flowers small,
arvensis, L. Pubescent, soon spreading: lower leaves crenate.
Buxbaumii, Tenore. Very pubescent decumbent; pedicels long. SL F. Bay.

18. CASTTTJ.EIA, Mutis.

Leaves and bracts all linear-lanceolate and entire: calyx all green. 1

Leaves mostly entire, narrow: calyx deeper cleft before than behind, mostly red: oorolla
li-2 iu. lonij; upper lip (galea) |-1 in. long •» ^

1.

V.

2.

V.

8.

V.

4.

V.

6.

V.

6.

V.

7.

V.

6.

V.

9.

V.

103 SCROPHULARIACEJE.

Calyx abont equally cleft before and behind: floral bracts more or less dilated, red Taiy*
ing to yellow or whitish.

Galea (upper lip) as long or longer than the tube, lip very short 4, 5, 6

Galea hardly as long as tube: leaves linear, entire, white-woolly 7

Galea much shorter than tube, about twice as long as the lip 8, 9

1. C. stenantha, Gr. Slender: corolla 1-lJ in. long. Cent, to S. Cal.

2. C afflnis, H. & A. Calyx cleft twice as deep before as behind. CaL Coaat.
8. O. linearifolia, Gr. Calyx cleft much deeper before. S. N. Mts.

4. C latifolia, H. & A. DiflFuse, viscid- villous: leaves broad, obtuse. Cal.

5. C. parviflora, Bong. Leaves laciniate-cleft or entire: galea partly exserted.

6. C. miniata, Dougl. Leaves and bracts mostly entire: galea more exserted.

7. C. foliolosa, H. & A. Many stems from woody base leaves crowded. CaL Coast
6. C. pallida, Benth, var. occidentalis, Gr. Flowers whitish: low: alpine.

Bl C Lemmoni, Gr. Taller: spike dense, reddish. Sierra Co., CaL

19. ORTHOCARPUS, NuttalL

I 1. Castilleoides, Gr. Lip of the corolla simply or somewhat triply aaeeate the lobes
(teeth) erect: anthers all 2-celled: bracts with colored tips.

Perennial: very leafy: leaves mostly 3-5-parted: galea obtuse 1

Annual (as are all the remaining species): galea nearly straight. 2, 3, 4

Galea densely bearded, incurved at apex: filaments hairy 5

§ 2. Corolla-lip simply saccate; teeth inconspicuous or wanting: galea ovate-triangular:
anthers 2-celled.

Bracts colored, dilated: corolla rose-purple 6, 7

Bracts not colored, leaf -like, 3-5-cleft, lobes acute 8, 9

I 3. Tripliysaria, Benth. Corolla-lip conspicuously 3-8accate, teeth minute or small;
tube slender: bracts all similar to the leaves.

Slender, diffusely spreading: minute flowers in nearly all the axils , 10

S^ims erect, often corymbosely or fastigiately branched.

Stamens soon exserted: spikes of yellowish or white flowers dense 11

Stamens included; anthers 1-celled: leaf divisions filiform 12, 13

Stamens included; anthers 2-celled but lower cell often imperfect 14, 15

Stamens included; anthers 2-celled: stems strict, often simple.

Very leafy and hirsute above: spike very dense; bracts broad. 16

Spikes leafy: corolla yellow; sacs 2 lines long: viscid 17

corolla white sacs 1-2 lines deep 18, 19

1. O. pilosus, Watson. Sierra Nevada above 5000 ft. to Mts. of Oregon.

2. O. attenuatus, Gr. Slender: spike of pale flowers very slender. Coast.
%. O. densifloras, Benth. Spikes dense: leaves entire or few-lobed. Cal.

4 O. castilleioides, Benth. Spikes shorten leaves mostly laciniate. Coast.

SCROPnULARIACEJE. 103

6. O. purpurascens, Benth. Crimson or rose-color spikes showy. Cal.

6. O. imbricatus, Terr. Slender: cor. hardly i inch long. S. N. and CascacJe Mta.

7. O. pachystachyns, Gr. Low, stout: cor. over 1 inch long, galea hooked. N. Cat

8. O. bracteosus, Benth. Hirsute, strict: corolla rose-purple Br. Col. to CaL

9. O, luteus, Nutt. CoroUa golden yellow: galea obtuse straight. S. N. Mts.

10. O. pusiUus, Benth. Leaves 3-5-parted into filiform lobes, often brownish.
U. O. floribiindus, Benth. Erect 3-8 in. high: corolla i in. long. S. F. Bay.

12. 0. erianthus, Benth. Corolla sulphur-yellow; galea dark. Cal. Coast.
Var. IsBVis, Gr. Often a foot high: corolla yellow to white: galea pale.
Var. roseus, Gr. Corolla larger, white or rose-color. San Francisco.

13. O. BidwelliaB, Gr. Similar: smaller in every way. Sacramento Valley.
Var. micrantlms, Gr. Still smaller: lip a line broad. Fresno Co., Cal.

14. O. gracilis, Benth. Bracts with purplish tips: corolla purplish. Rare.

15. O. campestris, Benth. 2-4 in. high: leaves mostly entire: corolla whit*.

16. O. lithospermoides, Benth. Corolla yellow or rose-tinged, large.

17. O. lacerus, Benth. Hairy leaves and bracts 3-7-cleft. S. N. Mts. and Sac. VaL

18. O. hispidus, Benth. Soft-hairy: spike slender. Or. and Cal.

19. O. linearilobus, Benth. Hirsute, stouter, more branched. Cent. CaL

20. CORDYLANTHUS, Nuttall.

• Calyx t-leavtd: flototn short-jjeduncled or sessile subtended by S-4 bractUts: stamens 4}

JUaments hairy: corolla nearly included.

Leaves mostly 3-5-parted, the upper and bracts hispid-ciliate 1

Leaves entire except the 3-parted bracts: soft villous. 3

Leaves entire very slender; bracts obtusely 3 5-lobed, fan-shaped 3

Leaves entire very slender: flowers scattered on slender branches 4

* " Calyx of one, posterior leaf: ffowers in short spikes, sessile in the axils of clasping brads'.

no bractlets: low salt-marsh plants 6, 6

1. C. filifoliua. Nutt. Corolla over ^ in. long, purplish. Cal.

2. C. pilosua, Gr. Tall: viscidulous flowers few in clusters or solitary. ,
Var. Bolanderi, Gr. Lower, more viscid: flowers all scattered.

3. C. Pringlei, Gr. Corolla 4-5 lines long, pale yellow. Clear Lake, C«L

4. C. tenuis, Gr. Paniculate, 1-2 ft. high. Central Cal.
6. C. mollis. Or. Stamens 2: anthers 2-celled. S. F. Bay.

6. 0. maritimus, Nutt. Stamens 4. San Diego to Humboldt Baj.

21. PEDICULAKIS, Toumefort

Galea with a slender projecting or upturned beak: corolla dull rose or crimion: cpike

naked. Alpine in S. N. Mts 1, 3

Galea with incurved beak: corolla white or whitish 3, 4, 5

Galea falcate with subulate beak: a pair of stem leavea 0

2.

P.

S.

P.

4.

P.

5.

P.

6.

P.

7.

P.

8.

P.

0.

P.

104 SCROPHULABIACEiE.

Oalea not beaked: leaves pinnately-parted, lobes pinnatifid 7* 8> ^

1. P. GrcBnlandica, Hetz. Spike glabrous: corolla | in. and beak ^ in. long.

attollens, Gr. Spike woolly; beak of galea 2-S lines long.

contorta, Benth. Leaves pinnate, linear lobes incised. Or.

racemosa, Bougl. Leaves undivided, crenate: raceme leafy. Snbalpinaw

Howellii, Gr. Leaves entire, serrate or pinnate. Siskiyou Mts.

omithorliyncha, Benth. Spike interrupted: calyx inflated. Mt. Taoomiu

palustris, L. (Var.) Calyx 2-cleft: corolla ^ in. long, purplish.

Semibarbata, Gr. Nearly stemless: spikes sessile. Mts. Cal.

densiflora, Benth. Corolla scarlet or crimson; galea ^ in long.

orobanchacej:.

1. APHYIiLON, Mitchell

Scapei Off long peduncles from a scaly, fleshy rootstock or short stem. ««.»••• 9, 1

Stenu rising above ground: pedicels shorter than the flower or none.

Flowers an inch or more long on distinct pedicels ..• 8, ^

Flowers nearly sessile, about i in. long: anthers glabrous 4, 5

uniflorum, Gr. Scapes few: corolla often violet tinged: calyx lobes slender.

fasciculatum, Gr. Peduncles often many: corolla yellow: calyx lobes short.

comosum, Gr. Calyx-lobes half as long as pink or purple corolla.

Californicuin, Gr. Calyx-lobes and bractlets nearly equaling corolla.

tuberosum,, Or. Stems thick, 1-3 in. high: flowers densely crowded.

pinetorum, Gr. More slender, ^-1 ft. high: flowers looser. Oregon.

2. BOSCHNTAKTA, C. A. Meyer.
Bb fltrobOetcea, Gr. A thick, brownish red spike of striped flowem

LENTIBULARIACEJ;.

L UTBICUTi A KT A , Tiinnffns.
Stems stout, densely leafy: leaves 2-3-pinnate, very bladdery.. .i.. •.«•«. •.•••••••••• 1

Stems filiform: leaves scattered, repeatedly forked, bristly ••... S

Stems slender: leaves 2-ranked, not bladdery, forking • »•• .^^^^ 9

1. XT. vulgaris, L. Scapes 6-16-flowered: corolla ^ in. broad or more.

2. U. minor, L. Scapes 3-7 in. high: corolla 2-3 lines broad: spur short

3. U. intermedia, Hayne. Scape 1-4-flowered: corolla i in. broad.

1.

A,

2.

A.

3.

A.

4.

A.

ff.

A.

6.

A.

1.

V.

2.

V.

3.

V.

4.

V.

S.

V.

LAB I ATA. 100

TERBENACEi:.

OotoUa nearly equally (Globed: calyx 5-toothed: small flowers in iplka... ••«•••••••• t

Corolla bilabiate, 4-lobed: calyx 2-cleft: small heads on slender peduncles • .m.** 8

1. VERBENA, Toumefort.

officinalis, L. Spikes filiform, bracts minute: leaves pinnatifid.
polystachya, HBK- Leaves serrate: corolla a line broad. Rare,
hastata, L. Erect, 3-6 ft high: leaves coarsely serrate, petioled.
prostata, R. Br. Diffuse, spreading, hairy: corolla 2 lines broad.
bracteosa, Michx. Similar, but rigid bracts exceeding smaller flowers.

2. UPPIA, Linnaeus.
L Lk nodiflora, Michx. Creeping: peduncles 1-4 in. long: flowers rose to white.

LABIATiE.

I 1. Stamens 4, coiled In the bud, much exserted through a cleft In the upper lip: leaves

entire: corolla and curved filaments blue or purple 1

I 2. Stamens erect or ascending, the posterior pair shorter or wanting: snther-cellr
short, close together or united: upper lip of corolla not concare or hooded (except
in No. 9).
• Corolla arnaUf almost equally 4-lobed: axiUary fioxctra in densi wkorl'Uke clutCert, the uppa

axils jlowerUsa.

Stamens 4, nearly equal, all perfect: calyx 5 toothed 9

Stamens 2, with anthers, posterior pair sterile or wanting 3

• * Corolla bilabiate: stamens 4.
Flowers capitate: calyx equally 5-toothed: stamens distinct, straight.

Upper lip of corolla entire or merely notched 4

Upper lip 2-cleft: stamens exserted 5

Flowers solitary or in clusters, axillary: curved stamens all perfect.

Flowers small, white or purple: not J in. long Q

Flowers over an inch long, orange; peduncles bracteate 7

Flowers in oblong heads or interrupted spikes, blue or purple 8

Flowers in axillary clusters, rose and white: upper anthers imperfect 0

Flowers with white or purplish corolla an inch long: stamens perfect 10

I 3. Stamens 2, the upper pair rudimentary or wanting: anthers 1 -celled or with 2 cells
"ridely separated on the ends of a filament-like connective: flowers in dense terminal
heads or globose whorls (except sp. S ol No. lyCt.
O>nnoctive versatile upon the short filament. LenYM pmnatifid 11

1.

T.

2.

T.

3.

T.

4.

T.

5.

T.

106 LABIATiS.

Connsctiye joined to the filament by one end; only one anther cell..,. «. .l..,^...... 19

§ 4. Stamens 4, perfect: corolla bilabiate: calyx 15 nerved.

Flowers in oblong peduncled heads, pale violet: stamens exserted ...••.... 18

§ 5. Stamens 4, perfect, ascending under the concave or hooded upper lip.

Calyx with a projection on upper side: flowers solitary axillary 14

Calyx purple-tinged, upper teeth broad, obtuse, lower two lanceolate 15

Calyx 10- toothed, the shorter 5 teeth spiny, recurved: corolla small, white 16

Calyx nearly equally 5- toothed: flowers in whorls or interrupted spikes , •• , 17

1. TRICHOSTEMA, Gronovius.

oblongrum, Benth. Corolla-tube shorter than the calyx. Or.-CaL
laxuxn, Gr. Diflfuse: leaves petioled: cymes peduncled, often forked,
lanceolatum, Benth. Gray-green: leaves crowded, sessile. Or.-CaL
ovatum, Curran. Leaves round-ovate: calyx densely villous. S. CaL
lanatuxn, Benth. Shrubby: leaves narrow: corolla woolly. Santa Barbara, £L

2. MENTHA, LinnauB.
1. M, Canadensis, L. Villous: leaves oblong-ovate or narrower.
Var. g^labrata, Benth. The similar serrate acute leaves nearly glabrous,

3. liYCOPTTS, Tournefort.

1. Ij. Virginicus, L. Stem obtuse-angled: sterile filament minute. Or.

2. li. lucidus, Turcz, var. Americanus, Gr. Stem acute -angled, stoat: nmiuin
tuberiferous: calyx-teeth slender, equaling corolla.

3. Li. sinuatus. Ell. Leaves mostly incised or pinnatifid. N. CaL, Or.

4. PYCNANTHEMUM, Michaux.
1. P. Califomicxini) Torr. Leaves ovate or narrower, sessile, 1-3 in. long.

5. MONARDELLA, Bentham.

^ 1. Calyx over ^ in. long: corolla-tube much longer than the lobes 1,3

§ 2. Calyx ^.J in. long: corolla-tube but little longer than the linear or oblong flat lob«»j
flowers in dense involucrate heads.

* Tufted', corolla Jlesh-color to rose^ lobes linear: calyx-teeth soft.

Leaves ovate to lanceolate, petioled, pinnately veined: bracts obtuse 3, 4, 6

Leaves linear to oblong, entire, ^-f in. long, upper subsessile 6, 7

• • Annuals loosely branching: leaves entire or undulate^ rather distinct^ narrowed into a

petiole: calyx-teeth unth margined n^nw-
iBraots ngidly cuspidate white and tr&iuiparenc except tn© veuuk (S, •

LABIATJL 107

Bracts acute or obtxue nervose, less transparent or the outer green. 10, 11

Braota broadly ovate, white-scarious, nervose with cross veins: corolla whit* or nearly so,

only 3 or 4 lines long: calyx-teeth with scarious tips 13, 13

macrantlia, Gr. Orange red or scarlet corolla 1-1^ in. long. San Diego,
nana, Gr. Similar, more hairy: corolla white, roae-tinged, smaller. S. CaL
hjrpoleuca, Gr. Densely white-tomentose: bracts nervose. S. E. Cal.
villosa, Benth. Soft-hairy or glabrate: bracts pinnately veined. Western CaL
odoratissima, Benth. Nearly glabrous: bracts thin, whitish or purplish,
linoides, Gr. Ashy-pubescent: bracts scarious^ white, pinkish. S. Cal.
Palmeri, Gr. Green: bracts very obtuse: otherwise like the last. S. CaL
Dou^lasii, Benth. Bracts silvery between pinnate nerves and margin.
Breweri, Gr. Bracts broader, less translucent, wanting marginal nerve.

lanceolata, Gr. Bracts acute, cross veinlets between the nerves.

undulata, Benth. Bracts broadly ovate, not cross-veined. Coast.

candicans, Benth. Bracts with greenish nerves. Cent. CaL

leucocephala, Gr. Bracts whiter, lightly nerved calyx- teeth slender.

0. mCROMERIA, Bentham.

Douglasii, Benth. Creeping: leaves round-ovate: pedicels slender. Coaat.
purpurea, Gr. Erect: leaves lanceolate: flowers in dense clustera.

7. CAXAMINTHA, Toumefort.
L C. mimuloides, Benth. Hirsute, viscidulous. Monterey Bay.

8. POGOGYNE, Bentham.

Stamens all perfect: stigmas nearly equal: corolla ^-f in. long 1, 2, 3

Stamens 2 perfect: stigmas very unequal : corolla ^ in. long 4, 6

Douglasii, Benth. Spikes oblong, white-hispid, bracts acute,
parviflora, Benth. Smaller; bracts mostly obtuse. S. F. Bay, N.
nudiuscula, Gr. Flowers in whorl-like clusters: bracts less hispid. S. CaL
ziziphoroides, Benth. Flowers mostly in heads or short spikes,
serpylloides, Gr. Flowers in whorls or long interrupted spikes.

9. ACANTHOMINTHA, Gray.

1. A. ilicifolia, Gr. Rigid, 3-6 in. high: leaves broad, often cnspidate-toothed.

2. A. lanceolata, Cnrran. Taller: leaves lanceolate: flowers larger, an inch long.

10. SPHACELE, Bentham.
1. S. calycina, Benth. Shrubby: leaves rugose: hairy ring in corolla-base.

1.

M.

2.

M.

3.

M.

4

M.

5.

M

6.

SI.

7.

M.

8.

M.

9.

M.

10.

M

11.

M.

12.

M.

13.

M.

I.

M.

2.

M.

L

P.

2.

P.

3.

P.

4.

P.

5.

P.

108 LABIAT.fi.

11. SAIiVTA, LinnaBna.

1. 0. carduacea, Benth. White-woolly, thistle-like: lavender corolla 1 in. long.

2. O. ColumbarifD, Benth. Branching: leaves pinnatifid: blue corolla ^-^ in. long.

12. AT7IDIBEB.TIA, Bentham.

Corolla 1 i in. long, crimson-purple : large leaves very rugose • 1

Corolla ^ in. long or less, violet or bluish • 2, 8, 4, 7

Corolla §1 in. long: stems woody below, 3-10 ft. high 5, 6, 8

1. A. grandiflora, Benth. Stout, slightly woody. S. F. Bay, south.

2. A. incana, Benth. Leaves not rugose, 1 in. long or less. San Diego.

3. A. litimilis, Benth. A span high, simple, stems nearly naked, base leafy.

4. A stachyoides, Benth. Several ft. high: forming dense thickets. Cal. Coast.
6. A Palmeri, Gr. Leaves oblanceolate, acute: whorls 4-8, distant. San Diego.

6. A. Clevelandi, Gr. Similar: leaves obtuse: whorls fewer: viscid. San Diego.

7. A nivia, Benth. White-hoary, 3-4 ft. high: stamens exserted. Santa Barbara, 8,

8. A. polystachya, Benth. Mostly very white: flowers in a thyrsus. S. Coast.

13. LOPHANTHUS, Benth.
1. L. urticifolins, Benth. Green, 4 to 6 ft. high: leaves ovate or cordate, large.

14. SCUTELTiATlTA, Linnaeus.

Corolla slender, ^-f in. long, deep blue or violet: leaves ovate ...., 1

Corolla larger, ^-1 in. long, violet-blue: leaves oblong or narrow 2, 3

Corolla white or dull yellow: upper leaves entire, obtuse 4, 5

1. S. tuberosa, Benth, Soft-hairy, mostly 3 or 4 ia high: many tubers. Cent. CaL

2. S. an^stifolia, Pursh. Stems slender: corolla hairy inside, §-1 in. long.

3. S. antirrliiiioides, Benth. Similar: leaves and corolla broader and shorter.

4. S. Califomica, Gr. Slender: leaves short-petioled; upper short.

6. S. Bolanderi, Gr. More pubescent, very leafy: leaves sessile, broad, veiny.

15. BBUNEIiliA, Toumefort.
I. B, VTilgaris, L. Simple stems ending in a dense spike of riolet flowers.

16. MABBITBIUM, Toumefort
I. U. vulgare, L. Hoary, bitter. Common Horehound naturalized.

17. STACHYS. Toumefort.

Corolla white or whitish: leaves soft-hairy or white tomentose 1, 2, 8

Corolla purple or rose, ^ in. long or less; tube not exceeding calyx. 4

Corolla purple or roee; tube exceeding the calyx fi» 6, t

1.

S.

2.

s.

3.

s.

4.

s.

5.

s.

<.

8.

7.

S.

ALISMACEiB. lOf

aju^oides, Benth. Softly white-hairy: leaves oblong obtuse: ill-scented,
albens, Gr. White-woolly, leafy, often tall: leaves rather acute,
pycnantlia, Benth. Tawny-hairy, leafy: leaves obtuse, spike short, dens*.
palustris, L. Leaves ovate-lanceolate, acute, mostly sessile. Or.
bullata, Benth. Mostly hispid, light rose flowers in interrupted spikes.
Chanxissonis, Benth. Much larger: leaves 2-5 in. long. Wet ground,
ciliata, DougL Similar; leaves thinner, less hairy. Or. Coast.

PLANTAGINACE^.

1. PTiANTAGO, Toumefort

Stamens 4. Leaves not fleshy, 1-8-ribbed or nerved 1, 5, 6

Leaves somewhat fleshy, oblanceolate to lanceolate or broader.... 2, 3, 7
Leaves fleshy, linear to filiform; spike dense, cylindrical 4

Stamens 2: leaves linear to filiform, 1-4 in. long: annuals 8, 9

1. P. major, L. var. Asiatica, Decne. Leaves ovate or oval: scape ^-2 high.

2. P. eriopoda, Torr. Yellowish wool at base: scape ^-1 ft. high. N. Cal. to Alaska.

3. P. macrocarpa, C. & S. Petioles long: capsule i-^ in. long. Coast, Wash.

4. P. maritima, L. Corolla-tube pubescent: seeds 2 to 4. Common on the Coast.
6. P. lanceolata, L. Petioles slender: scape deeply furrowed; spike short. Nat.

6. P. Patagonica, Jacq. Usually silky- woolly: slender leaves acute: spikes short.

7. P. hirtella, HBK. Scape with long dense spike, 1-2 ft. high. Cal. Coast.

8. P. Bigelovii, Gr. Spike dense, ^-1 in. long: capsule 4-seeded. Saline marshea.

9. P. heterophylla) Nutt. Spike 2-5 in. long, very slender: seeds 10-28. CaL

CLASS II.— ENDOGENS OR MONOCOTYLEDONS.

ALIS31AtEJ:.

Flowers perfect: stamens usually 6: carpels in a whorl.

Carpels numerous, distinct, obovate-oblong, flattened: scape paniculate X

Carpels 6-12, united at base, tapering to a beak: scape simple 8

Flowers monoBciouB or dicBciuus: carpels many, capitate, Mringed, short-beaked S

110 ALISMACEA

1. AlilSTVTA, LinnaBUs.
L A. Plantagro, L. Scape with branches in whorls: leaves orate to lanceolate or
narrower: petala small, white or pinkish. In water or mnd.

2. DAMASONIUM, Jussieu.
I. D. Califomicum, Torr. Scapes 6-18 in. high: leaves ovate to narrowly lanceolate,
long-petioled: flowers in 3 or 4 whorls; pedicels 1-2 in. long: petals 3-4 lines long,
incised above, white. In water or mud. S. N. Mts.

8. SA6ITTABIA, LinnsBus.
L S. variabilis, fingelm. Leaves ovate-sagittate or some linear: flowers mostly is
8'a: petals white, rounded |-2 in. long: tubers edible. In water or mad.

ORCHID ACE^.

Herbs with a more or less irregular perianth of 3 sepals and 3 petals; the lower petal
(made so by a twist in the inferior ovary), called the lip^ usually unlike the other two
which generally resemble the sepals. Stamens and style united to form the column which
is capped by a single perfect 2-celled anther, or (in Cypripedium) with a perfect anther
on each side of the stigma over which curves a triangular sterile stamen. Our genera are
usually grouped in four tribes here briefly defined.

I. Anther resting lid -like upon the column, deciduous: pollen-masses 4 1, 2, 3

II. Anther united with column, persistent on its face above stigma: pollen-masses 2. . 4

IIL Anther erect on top of column, persistent: pollen -masses 2-4 5 to 9

IV. Anthers 2, lateral; the sterile stamen petaloid, incurved 10

• Herbs vnth one to many green leaves: not parasitic.

Leaf solitary from a globose corm. Scape 1-flowered «. 1

Scape 6-20-flowered 3

Leaves several to many from a creeping rootstock 6

Leaves a pair below the raceme of small flowers, ovate or cordate 7

Leaves 2 or 3 to many clasping slender or stoutish stems, at least at base. '
Flowers not leafy-bracted, white or greenish, in spikes or racemes.

Lip of perianth spurred at base ••••■^...« 4

Lip not spurred: spike twisted: flowers 3-ranked ^,.. 6

Flowers leafy-bracted, pedicellate, 1-20.

Lip concave at base, constricted in middle » 8

Lip an inflated sac, the mouth with incurved margin • 10

Plants tenth no green leaves: stems simple, scape-like.

m «

ORCHIDACEJB. Ill

Flowers and stems brownish, purplish or yellowish, often mottled or striped. ... .^ ... . 9

Flowers auad stems nearly or quite white 9

Flowers and stems greenish: bracts membranaceons, acute. Sp. Sin 4

1. CAI.YPSO, Salisbury.
L C. borealis, Salisb. Stem 3-6 in. high: slender bract at top, subtending a drooping
ahowy flower: sepals and petals lanceolate, rose-tinged ^-| in. long; lip saccate, 2-
■purred, mottled. Springy places or bogs, from Russian River {Mis* Wood) to Br.
Am. and E. to the Atlantic. Also in N. Eu. and Asia.

2. COBAXLORHIZA, Haller.

Sepals and petals similar; lip dilated, recurved, flat or concave, 2-ridged at base. Column
incurved. Rootstocks coral-like, hence the name Coral-root.

1. O. maltifiora, Nutt. Sepals and petals 3-4 lines long, yellowish or whitish, purple
tinged: spur formed by decurrent side-sepals wholly adnate to the ovary; lip broadly
ovate, 3-lobed, the middle lobe with undulate or denticulate margin, often purple-
mottled. Mts., San Diego to Br. Col., E. to the Atlantic.

2. C. Mertensiana, Bong. Similar: flowers red: lower half of the spur free: lip nar-
rower, entire or with small teeth at base. Humboldt Bay to Alaska.

3. C. innata, R. Br. Smaller: sepals 1^-2 lines long: spur very short. Wash.

4. C. Bigelovii, Watson. Stout: sepals and petals oblong, obtuse, 4 lines long,
purple- veined; spur none. S. N. & Coast Mts., Cal.

6. C. Btriata, LindL Similar: perianth 6-7 lines long. S. N. Mts., N. & E.

3. APLECTRUM, Torrey.

1. A. hiemale, Torr. Scape a foot high or more: leaf plaited, 4-8 in. long: perianth i
in. long, greenish brown; lip whitish, somewhat spotted, deeply 3-lobed, 3-ridged.
The glutinous bulbs give the name Putty-root. Or. E. to the Atlantic.

4. HABENAKIA, WiUd.

Stems slender: leaves few and at base : perianth 2 lines long or leas 1, 9

Stems leafy. Spur 4-6 lines long, slender: lip narrow 3, 4, 6

Spur short and thick 6, 7

1. H. elegans, Bolander. Spike dense: sepals and petals equal. Coast, Monterey, N.

2. H. Unalaschensis, Watson. Spike leas dense: flowers smaller: bracts ovate.

3. H. leucostachys, Watson. Stout: flowers many, white: capsule sessile. Swamps.

4. H. sparsiflora, Watson. Lower, more slender: leaves narrower: greenish flowers

10-20, distant, exceeded by the slender bracts: capsule sessile. S. N. Mts. & N. CaL

5. H. pedicellata, Watson. Raceme loose: capsule tapering into a pedicel.

112 ORCHID ACEiB.

6. H. Cooperi, Watson. Stout: lip ovate; upper sepal ovate. San Diego.

7. H!. gracilis, Watson. Like No. 4: lip linear: spur saccate. Or., Wash.

8. H. MicliaBli, Greene. Stout stem, leafless: spike dense: sepals i in. long. 8. CaL

6. SPmANTHES, Richard.

1. S. Bromaiizofliaxia, Chamisao. Spike dense, conspicuously bracteate, 1-4 in. longi
perianth greenish-white, J in. long, curved (Called Ladies* Tresses). Wet places.

2. S. ponifolia, LindL Similar: flowers smaller: 2 callosities at base of lip.

6. QOODYEABA, Robt. Brown.
I. G. Menziesii, LindL Scape pubescent, 6-15 in. high: leaves smooth, 2-3 in. long,
in a rosulate tuft: spike of puberulent white flowers 1 -sided. {Rattlesnake Plantain.)

7. LISTERA, Robt. Brown.

1. I*. Convalarioides, Nutt. Slender, 3-12 in. high: flowers purplish in a pubescent
raceme: lip 2-lobed or emarginate, toothed at base, 2-5 lines long. Damp woods,

2. Ij. cordata, R. Br. Smaller: flowers minute, smooth. {Ttoayblade.) N. Cal., N.

8. EPIPACTIS, Haller.
L E. gigantea, DougL Leafy, 1-4 ft. high: leaves ovate to lanceolate: flowers 3-10,
greenish, purple-veined: sepals ovate-lanceolate, i-| in. long; lip as long. Along
stresms.

9. CEPHAXANTHERA, Richard.
I. C. Oregana, Reich, f. Parasite: perianth I in. long; sepals and petals lanceolate;
lip as in Epipactis with wavy -crested nerves. Forests, N. Cal to Or.

10. CYPBIPEDIXJM, Linnaeus.

1. C. fasciculatum, Kellogg. Villous, 2-6 in. high: leaves ovate, a pair: peduncle
viscid: flowers several in a cluster or 1, greenish. (Bradley's Cypripedium). Rare.

2. C. montanum, Dougl. Leafy, 1-2 ft. high: flowers 1-3; sepals and wavy-twisted
petals brownish, narrow, li-2i in. long: lip oblong, white, purple- veined. Cent.

Cal. to Or.
1. 0. Califomicum, Gr. Often taller: flowers 3-12: sepals J in. long: lip oboroid-
globose. In swamps or wet places. N. CaL

IRIDACE^.

Perennial herbs with sword-shaped or grass-like leaves, the divisions of the smperior
perianth all petaloid and oonvulute in the bud, withering-persistent.

IKIDACKiC. 113

Cater aegments of perianth larger, recurved or spreading; the Inner erect or Incurved:

style-branchea petaloid, curving over the linear anthers 1

Aegmcnts nearly alike: stigmaa tilifurm: fiilamcDts often united. 2

1. raiS, Toumefort.

• Perianth- tiibe sUrti'like abovt the ovary, i^-S in. long, gitms Itafy 1, 2

* * Perianth-tube ahort and /unnelform above the ovary.

Stems leafy: bracts (enclosing peduncles and buds) green, often distant 3, 4

Stems naked or with I or 2 leaves, terete: floral bracts not distant 5, 6

Stems with many bracts and rigid radical leaves 7

Stems with 2-3 short bract-like leaves, 2-flower6d 8

1. I. macrosiphon, Torr. Stems very slender, flattened, surpassed by the dark
green grass-like leaves: flowers rich purple-blue, on short pedicels; tube 1-3 in. long;
sepals 1^-2 in. long. S. F. Bay to Humboldt Bay. Placer Co.

2. I. Douglasiana, Uerbert. Stouter and taller stems: leaves and bracts broader,
pedicels longer; tube shorter; sepals usually with a white center, blue-purple or lilac:
often yellow or buflF. S. F. Bay to Siskiyou Mts.

3. I. Hartwegi, Baker. Stems slender, flattened, 2-9 in. high: leaves 2-3 lines wide:
flowers light colored. S, N. Mts. June.

4. I. tenax, Dougl. Similar, taller, 1 -flowered: flowers larger, bright lilac-purple,
segments 2-2^ in. long! Or. to Br. Col.

5. L longipetala, Herbert. Stems stout, equaling the leaves, 3-5-flowered: sepals
lilac or whitish, purple and yellow veined, 2^-3 in. long. Monterey to Or.

6. L Slissoxiriensis, Nutt. More slender: leaves narrower: bracts dilated, scarious

1-li in. long: flowers pale blue. N. Cal. to Or.

7. I. bracteata, Watson. Leaves striate, sides unlike: perianth yellow, 2-3 in. long.
{HowelVs Iris.) Discovered by Thos. Howell in S. W. Or., 1884.

8. L tenuis, Wats. Periauith white, veined with yellow and purple, IJ In. long.
{Hendereon's Iris.) Discovered by L. F. Henderson in Or., 1881.

2. SISYRINCHTUM, Linnaeus.

1. S. bellum, Wats. Flowers blue, purple-striped, ^-1 in. broad. Cal., Or.

2. S. Californiciiin, Ait. f. Scape winged: flowers yellow. Coast. Wet places.

3. S. grandifloruin, DougL Flowers red-purple, 1-lJ in. broad. N. Cal. to Br. CoL

LILIACEJE.

§ 1. Floral bracts not leaf-like: perianth persistent: anthers introrsc: style entirvw

• Flowers in umbels or heads upon naked scapes: root a bulb or corm.
%, Perianth parted to the base or nearly ao: stamens at base; anthers versatile.

114 LILIACEiB.

Flowers rose- purple to white: bracts broad: odor of onions , •• 1

Flowers greenish white: bracts narrow: slender leaves several 9

Flowers yellow: pedicels jointed at top: leaves one or several 9

b. Perianth not parted to the base: stamens on the throat.

Perianth-tube thin, somewhat inflated and angular or seiccate: stamens on the throat in
one row; anthers basifixed, 3 alternating with petaloid staminodia or smaller anthers-
ovary nearly or quite sessile , 4

Perianth-tube thicker, opaque, not inflated or saccate: anthers basifliced, 3 alternating

with petaloid staminodia: filaments decurrent to base: ovary sessile 5

Perianth-tube not inflated or saccate: filaments in two rows (except sp. 11); anthers

versatile 6

Perianth-tube subcylindrical, 6-saccate at base, scarlet or crimson, the short segments

yellowish: stamens 3 alternating with broad staminodia 7

* * Floxotrs on short scape-like pedicels, umbellate on an underground peduncle.

Perianth salver-form; tube slender, 1-2 in. long; lobes half as long 8

• * • Flotoers in racemes or panicles; perianth segments distinct and anthers versatile

{except No. 12.)
a. Stems scape-like or sparingly leafy, arising with many leaves from a bulb.

Flowers blue or white, ^-1^ in. long, slightly one-sided, in a simple raceme &

Flowers white or whitish, 2-5 lines long in a dense nearly simple raceme 10

Flowers white or pinkish, scattered on branches: withering perianth twisted 11

Flowers white or yellowish, paniculate: perianth-tube equaling reflexed lobes 13

h. Stems not scape-like, simple: rootstock slender: white flowers small.

Leaves 2-ranked, sessile, often clasping, lanceolate to ovate 13

Leaves 2, rarely 3, petioled, cordate: perianth-segments 4: stamens 4 14

c. Stems rigid: lower bracts and rigid leaves spine-tipped: flowers 1-3 in. long 15

§ 2. Floral bracts none or leaf -like: perianth segments distinct, deciduous: anthers

extrorse or opening on the aides. In No. 24 the perianth is persistent: anthers
introrse.

a. Stem simple, from a scaly bulb: leaves often whorled: perianth segments similar;
anthers versatile: style long: fruit a capsule: seeds flat, horizontal.

Segments oblanceolate, with a groove: style entire: stigma large, 3-lobed IS

Segments broader, not groved: style entire or 3-cleft; etigmas small 17

b. Stem from a coated corm: anthers basifixed.

Leaves a pair at the base, broad: perianth-segments similar, lanceolate, recurved. .. . IS

Leaves few, linear-lanceolate: perianth -segments unlike, the inner (peials) broad.... 19"

c. Stem branching, leafy above: rootstock slender: flowers nodding or hanging.

Flowers apparently axillary : anthers 1-2-awned or pointed above, sagittate 20-

Flowers white or greenish, terminal, in clusters or solitary, beneath the leaves 21

d. Stem a scap« or scape-like from a rootstock: large leaves basal: flowers umbellate or
solitary, red or white: filaments hairy: ovary 2-celled: fruit a many-seeded berry. 22

LILIACEiE. lift

«. Stemless: leaves a pair, broad; flowers umbellate on an nnder^ound peduncle: ped-
icels 3-comered prostrate and curved in fruit: stamens 3: styles 3, divergent. . . . 23

f. Stem with 3 broad leaves at top and a single flower: outer segments green 24

I 3. Bracts greenish or scarious: flowers in a simple raceme or panicle: segments dis-
tinct, persistent: anthers small: styles or sessile stigmas persistent; capsule deeply
3-lobed.
a. Stem tsill, leafy: leaves large ovate to lanceolate, nerved, plicate: panicles large. 25
h. Stem from a coated bulb, leafy at base: leaves linear or grass-like, smooth.

Flowers white, erect: yellow glands at base of segments 28

Flowers yellowish or purplish, nodding glandless 27

c. Stem equitant-leafy, from a rootstock: leaves slender; anthers 2-celled, introrse.

Flowers small, greenish, each with a cup-like or 3-lobed involucre 28

Flowers yellowish -green: filaments woolly; style none 29

d. Stem with a large tuft of grass-like stiff leaves from a rootstock: raceme of white
flowers very dense, long: anthers extrorse: styles reflexed or coiled 30

1. ALLIUM, Linnaeus.

I 1. Bulbs connected with rootstocks: leaves 2 or more: capsule not conspicuously

crested.
Scape round, 1-2 ft. high, exceeding the leaves: bracts 2, large, acuminate: bulb white, . 1
Scape flattened above: umbels often nodding: stamens and style slender; bracts united •

base 2, 3

§ 2. Bulbs without rootstocks: scape not flattened, slender: leaves very slender.

a. Leaves 2 or more, shorter than, or scarcely exceeding the scape.

Ovary obscurely crested: perianth rose: stamens included: scape 3-10 in. high. .. 4, 5, 8

Ovary distinctly 6-crested.

Perianth-segments white or light pink becoming thin and lax.

Bracts 2, short, acute; stamens included 89

Perianth rose-color: filaments deltoid-widened at base 10, 11

Filaments filiform crests conspicuous 12, 13

6. Leaves 2 or more, much exceeding the very short scape 14, 15

§ 3. Scape much flattened, 2-edged, short: leaves 2, linear, flat, falcate: flowers rose-
color.

Bracts 2; stamens included 16, 17 18

Bracts 3-5: stamens not included: leaves ^-1 in. broad 19

1. A. unifolium, Kell. Leaves 2-4: segments 6-7 lines long exceeding stamens.

2. A. validum, Wats. Scape 1-3 ft. high: bracts 2-4, broad: pedicels l-\ in. long;
segments slender 3-4 lines long: bulb-coats white. Alpine, July to Sept.

S. A hsematochiton, Wats. Scape slender, 4-12 in. high: bracts 2, short: flowers
deep purple or rose-color: bulb-coats deep reddish purple, shining. S. CaL Coast.

116 LILIACKfi.

4. A. 4.cuxninatTLxn» Hook. Perianth-segments gerrulate, 4-7 lines long, tips aooi
mintk^e, recurved, rigid in fruit. Washington to Cent. Cal. Rare.

5. A. Bolanderi, Wats. Similar: flowers rarely white: stamens adnata to the middle,
half as long as the segments which are nearly straight. N. W. Cal.

a A. lacunosum, Wats. Scape 3-6 in. high: pedicels J-^ in. long: stamens nearly
equaling periauth; filaments a little expanded at base. Cent. Cal.

7. A. Sanbornii, Wood. Slender, 1-2 ft. high: perianth 2-3 lines long. S. N. Mts.

8. A. attenuifolium, KelL Leaves filiform, sheathing the scape near base.

8. A hyaliniun, Curran. Perianth thin, transparent in fruit: capsule 1 -seeded.

10. A. serratuxn, Wats. Outer bulb-coats with distinct zigzag lines along which
they tear horizontally into serrate strips: inner perianth segments shorter, narrower.

11. A. bisceptnim, Wats. Scapes often in 2*s, rarely angular. S. N. Mts.

12. A. campanulatum, Wats. Flowers many: perianth light rose-color. S. N. Mts.

13. A. Bidwellisd, Wats. Smaller: flowers fewer, smaller, bright rose. S. N. Mts.

14. A, tribracteatum, Torr. Scarcely 2 in. high; bracts 3. Mostly alpine.

15. A. parvTim, Kell. Similar: bracts 2, shorter. Sierra Valley.

16. A. falcifolium, H. & A. Scape 2-5 in. high: capsule 3-crested. Coast Mta.

17. A. Breweri, Wats. Scape 1-3 in. high: crests 3, slightly lobed. Coast Mta.

18. A. Lexuxnoni, Wats. Taller leaves nearly straight. Sierra Valley.

19. A. platycaiile, Wats. Scape and leaves broader. Montane. S. N. Mta.

2. MXTILIiA, Watson.
1. M. maritixna, Wats, Perianth-segments 2-3 lines long, sabrotate. Coast.

8. BliOOMEBIA, Kellogg.

1. B. aurea^ Kell. Scape 6-18 in. high: leaf solitary: each filament surrounded at
base by a 2-cu3pidate appendage: Coast Ranges, Monterey to San Diego.

2. B. montana, Greene. Larger: flowers an inch broad: cusps of the filament-
appendage half as long as the filament: anthers 1| lines long. S. Cal.

3. B. Clevelandi, Watson. Leaves several, very slender: style short. San Diego.

4. BB0DL2&A, Smith.

[The next two genera are united with this in the Botany of California and the Cal.
Flora. E. L. Greene of the University of California has recently elaborated the species
under the generic names here given.]

Stamens 3, alternating with bifid or entire staminodia 1, 2, 3

Stamens 6, 3 with petaloid appendages back of the anther 4, 5

I. B. volubis. Baker. Twining scape 4-10 ft. high: perianth rose-color to white:

sagittate anthers 2-appeBdaged on the back. Stropholirion Caiifomicum Torr. Cent.

CaL

2. B, nmltiflora, Bcnth. Scape 2-4 ft. high: perianih violet-pnrple 8-10 line* long:
staminodia obtuse, entire. Or. to Cent. Cal., Juno, July.

5, B. congesta, Smith. Scape 2-5 ft. high: purple staminodia bifid. B. C. to C. CaL
4. B. piilchella, Greene. Perianth-tube, like the last, constricted above: distin-
guished by the stamens and strictly umbellate inflorescence. Cal., May, June.

6. B. capitata, Benth. Scape 6-18 in. high: bracts often dark purple: perianth-
tube not constricted above. Very abundant in Cent. Cal., S. & K, Jan. to Apr.

6. HOOKEKA, Salisbury.

1. H. Califomica, Greene. Scape 2 ft. high: pedicels 2-3 in. long: perianth 1^-2 in-
long, deep purple to rose-color: anthers ^ in. long, a little exceeded by the retnse
staminodia. This and next under Brodicta grandijlora in CaL Bot. Sacramento
V^aL Much less common than the next species.

2. H. coronaria, Salisb. Smaller: anthers exceeding the acute staminodia.

3. H. minor, Britten. Scape 3-6 in. high: perianth -segments rotate: anthers 2 line*
long exceeded by the emarginate or retuse staminodia. Saw. Val., S.

4- H. terrestris, Britten. Scape usually not rising above ground: pedicels 3-4 in.

long: staminodia yellowish, margins involute. S. F. Bay, N.
6. H. Btellaria, Greene. Scape 2-6 in. high: perianth red-purple: anthers 2-append-

aged; staminodia longer, white. {Purdy's Hoohtra.) Near Ukiah.

6. H. rosea, Greene. Similar: perianth rose-red: stamens not appendaged; filaments
triangular. Lake Co., Cal. Discovered by Mrs. Curran, May, 1884.

7. H. Orcnttii, Greene. Scape a foot or more high: itaminodia wanting or obsonre.
San Diego. Discovered by C. R. Orcutt in 1884.

6. TBITELEIA, Douglaa.

Perianth-tube broad at base: upper and inner stamens with winged filaments 1, 2

Perianth-tube tapering to a narrow base: filaments not winged or appendaged.

Stamens in 2 rows: flowers not yellow 3, 4, 5

Stamens in 1 row; filaments broadening downward 0

Stamens in 2 rows or nearly equal: flowers yellow 7, 8

Perianth-tube short; segments rotate, yellow: filaments with appendages 9, 10

Perianth open-campanulate, cleft below the middle: stamens in 1 row 11, 13

1. T. grandiflora, Ldndl. Pedicels ^-1 iu. long, numerous: perianth light blue, 1 in.
long: lower anthers sessile, upper on filaments which are winged below. Or. and
Wash. E.
1, T. Howellii, Greene. Similar: upper filaments winged above. Or. & Waah.

8. T. Candida, Greene. Scape 2-4 ft. high: perianth I^ in. long, white: filaments
coiled. Discovered by J. R. Scupham. Fresno Co., Cal., June 1886.

4. T. laza, Benth. Umbel of usually 15-30 purple-blue flowers: anthers acuta. GaL

il8 LILIACKA

5. T. pedoncularis, Lindl. Pedicels often 6-10 in. long: perianth rose-purple to

nearly white, cleft below the middle, 1 in. long: anthers retuse. Wet places
Cent. Cal.
ft. T. Bridg^esii, Greene. About a toot high: umbel rather few-flowered: perianth
light blue. Very common in open forests about Humboldt Bay. Cbico.

7. T. crocea, Greene, Perianth 7-9 lines long: lower filaments very short. N. CaL

8. T. gracilis, Greene. Smaller: filaments subequal: anthers acute. S. N. Mts.

9. T. ixioides, Greene. Scape ^-2 ft. high: filaments unequal, wing-dilated, 2-append-
agj'ed above. S. Cal. to Or.

10. T. lugens, Greene. Similar: perianth dark brown outside: winged filaments not
forked above. Collected by E. L. Greene near Vacaville, Cal., May 4, 1886.

11. T. hyacinthina, Greene. Perianth white with green veins, rarely purple-tinged:
filameut.s broad at base, united into a ring. Moist ground. Cent. Cal. N.

12. T. lilacina, Greene. Smaller: perianth lilac-purple: filaments not so broad at
ba.se, distinct. Col. in Amador Co. by Mrs. Curran. May, 25, 1886.

N.B —No. 1 is BroduKa Douglagii, Wats.; No. 11, B. lactea, Wats.; No. 2. 4. 6, €, 7, 8, 9. have the
■ame specific oamea under Brodicea in the Cal. Bot. No. 8, 10, 12 are new. Behna tenui/U>ra, Oreena, of
the California PeDlnaula, la the type of a uew genus belonging between thii and (he cext. U ia approp-
nately dedicated to Dr. B. LL Behr, of the University of California.

7. BREVOORTIA, Wood.
1. B. coccinea, Wats. Flowers pendulous, 1-1 J in. long. N. CaL {Firecrackers.)

8. LEUCOCRINUM, NuttalL
1. L. montanum, Nutt. White flowers surpassed by the leaves. Cal. R

9. CAMASSIA, Lindley.

1. C. esculenta, Lindl. Flowers irregular, lower segment deflexed: segments uot

counivent in age, persistent: seeds shining. N. Cal., N & E to Montana.

2. C.Leiclitliiiii, Watson. Nearly regular flowers larger; segments broader, con-
nivent and twisted, at length deciduous: seeds obovoid, dull. S. F. Bay, N. to Wash.

10. HASTINGSIA, Watson.

1. H. alba, Wats. Flowers in den.se close raceme, 2-3 lines long. N. Cal., Or.

2. H. bracteosa, Wats. Flowers 3-6 lines long, nearly equaled by bracts: stamens
short. Coll. by Thos. Howell in Curry Co., Or., May, 1884.

11. CHLOROGALUM, Kunth.

Perianth-segments very slender, §-f in. long: pedicels longer than the bracts 1

Perianth-segments oblong-oblanceolate, \-\ in. long: bulb-coats not fibrous 2, 3

LILIACEiE. 119

1. O. pomeridianuxn, Kunth. Bulbs densely fihrons: leaves cnspat«-andaUte,
mostly radical: flowers white, purplish-veined. Cal. (Soap-root.)

2. C. parviflonim, Watson. Leaves grass-like: flowers pinkish. San Diego.
Z. 0. angustifoliuTn, Kellogg. Leaves not unduUte: white flowers. N. Cal.

12. ODONTOSTOMUM, Torrey.

1. O. Hartweg^ Torr. Numerous flowers 4-6 lines long. S. N. Foot-hilla, Rare.

13. SMIIiACINA, Desfontaines.

1. 8. amplexicaulis, Nutt. Panicle close: segments and filaments similar: fragrant.

2. S. sessilifoliay Nutt. Simple zigzag raceme few-flowered: berries blue-black.

14. MAIANTHEMTJM, Weber.

1. M. bifolium, DC. Var. (?) Zigzag stem 3-12 in. high. S. F. Bay to Alaska.

15. YUCCA, Linnaeus.

1. Y. baccata, Torr. Leaf -margins thread-bearing: perianth campanulate. S. CaL

2. Y. Whipple!, Torr. Leaf -margins serrulate: perianth rotate spreading. S. CaL

16. LLLIUM, LinnsBus.

Flowers horizontal to erect, spotless or finely dotted, white, parpliah or pale yellow;
segments tapering into long narrow claws, spreading.

Flowers becoming purple or purplish: bulb-scales not jointed , 1, 2

Flowers pale yellow, 3 in. long or more: bulb-scales jointed 3

Flowers orange-yellow to red, spotted; segments oblanceolate to lanceolate.

Flowers erect or horizontal, less than 2 in. long 4, 6, 6

Flowers nodding, segments rerolute ( Tiger Lilies) 7, 8, 9

1. L. Washin^onianiiin, Kellogg. Bulbs becoming 6-8 in. long, the scales thm,
lanceolate, 2-3 in. long; stems 2-5 ft. high: leaves in several whorls (some scattered),
f-1 in. broad, undulate: flowers white becoming purplish, often dotted, horizontal on
erect pedicels; segments 3-4 in. long, J-§ in. wide: yellow anthers 6-6 lines long.

2. li. rubescens, Watson. Similar: bulb smaller, thicker, broader scales an inch
long: stems 1-7 ft. high: flowers nearly white to lilac, becoming rose-purple, 1^-2 in.
long: anthers 2-3 lines long. Coast Mts., S. F. Bay to Klamath R.

3. li. "Pajcryi, Wats. Stem 2-5 ft. high: leaves mostly scattered, slender. 8. CaL

4. Ja. parvum, Kell. Flowers few to many, erect or nearly so: anthers 1-2 lines long:
capsule sub-spherical, ^-J in. long. S. N. Mts. 4-8,000 ft. alt., N. to Or.

5. L. maritimum, Kell. Flowers horizontal, deep reddish orange. S. F. to Hom'dt.
C Ja. Bolanderi, Wats. Stems 1-2-flowered: leaves mostly in whorls, 1-2 in. long:

flowers nearly horizontal, brownish or dull purple. Hum'dt to S. W. Or.

120 LILIACE^

7. I*, pardalinnm, KelL Rootstocks thick and branching, forming mat-like maMe*
of bulbs: stems 3-7 ft. high: perianth segments 2-3 in. long, bright orange red with
large purple spots below: anthers red, 4-5 lines long. C«nt. Cal. to Or.

Var. angnstifolium, Kell. Slender, small: leaves 3-4 lines broad, scattered.

8. L, Eumboldtii, Roezl &. Leichtlin. Bulbs 2-6 in. thick, often purplish, the fleshy
ovate-lanceolate acute scales 2-3 in. long: stems purplish, 4-8 ft. high: leaves un-
dulate in 4-6 whorls of 10-20 each: pedicels mostly 3-6 in, long: perianth-segment*
3-4 in. long. ^-1 wide, papillose-ridged near base: anthers red, ^-§ in. long. Cal.

9. I*. Columbianum, Hanson. Perianth -segments 1^-2 in. Icng: yellow anthers 2-3
lines long. Wash, to Cent. CaL

17. FBITTTJ.ARTA, Linnjeus.

Styles distinct above: stigmas linear: cr.Dsule obtusely angled. 1, 2. 3

capsule acutely angled or winged. 4, 6, 6

Styles united: stigma 3-lobed: flowers not spotted: stamens unequal 7

1. F. rt^nrva, Benth. Segments narrow, scarlet and yellow, spotted. Cal., Or.

2. F. lili&cea, LindL Leaves near base: flowers greenish white. San Francisco Bay.

3. F. bifl-Ora, LindL Leaves near biw»e- flowers dark brown, pnrple, green-tinged;
segments widely spreading: mncronat^ anthers 2 lines long. Coast, San Diego to
Mendocino.

4. F. lanceolata, Pursh. Bulb* with a few large scales and many like rice grains;
leaves in 1-3 whorls: flow«n dark purple mottled with greenish yellow; segments
not spreading.

Var. floribundB, Pienth. Flowers 1-8, lighter colored, blotched with brownish pnrple;.

segments acute, J-^ in. broad, finely crenulate.
Var. gracilis, Wats. Flowers smaller with narrower wmminate segments.

5. F. parviflora, Torr. "Howers 3-20, with spreading segments ^-f in. long, lighter
colored than the last Cent. S. N. Mts.

6. F. atropurpurea, Nutt. Capsule not winged, acutely 6-angled. S. N. Mts.

7" F. pluriflora, Torr. Stems leafy: flowers reddish purple, |-1 in. long. Cent. CaL

18. ERYTHZRONHTM, Linnaus.

1. £. grandifloram, Pursh. Leaves not mottled: flowers 1-6 or more, yellow, or
cream color with darker center; segments recurved 1-2 in. long. Wash, to N. CaL

Var. Sxnitliii, Hook. Large flowers purple-tinged. Cent, C»L Coast.

2. E. Hartwegi, Watson. Bulb ^-§ in. long: leaves mottled: flowers 1-3 on scape*
like pedicels, light yellow and orange; segments scarcely recurved. S. N. Mts.

S. E. purpurascens, Watson. Leaves undulate: peduncle racemosely or subumbel-
lately 4-8-flowered or more; pedicels very unequal: flowers light yellow, purple- tinged^
orange center. S. N. Mts.

LILIACEJF.

19. CAL0CH0RTU3, Pursh.

121

I 1. PediceU recurred In fruit: capsule broadly 3-winged.

Flowen on branching atema, nodding: concave petals closely connirent, hairy within,

ciliate ^» ^

Flowers on rather weak stems, erect or nearly so: fruit nodding or not stiiSy erect.

Flowers yellow, 6-8 lines long, densely hairy within «

Flowers white to lilac or blue. Petals covered with hairs 4 to 7

Petab hairy below only, or naked 8, 9, 10

I 2. Flowers and fruit erect on stout pedicels: capsules not winged (except in 11 4 12):

petals and sepals often with spots, {Mariposas or BuUerJly Tulips,)

Flowers lilac or purplish, 1-1 i in. long: capsules 3-winged 11, 12

Flowers yellow, more or less marked with brown or purple 13tol6

Flowers white or lilac 17 to 20

1. C. albua, Dougl. Petals white: sepals green, not spreading. Cal.

2. C, pulchellua, Dougl. Petals yellow or orange: sepals yellow or greerush, spread-
ing. Coast Mts., Monterey to Mendocino.

3. C. Benthami, Baker. Slender, 3-6 in. high: leaves longer: anthers acut*.
S. N. :Mt3.

4. C. Maweanua, LeichtUn. Stem flexuose: petals covered above with white ot
blue-purple hairs, acute: anthers acuminate. N. Cent. Cal.

6. C. caenileus, Wata. Very slender, 3-6 in. high: flowers 2-5 in an umbel: petals
lilac dotted or lined with darker blue: anthers oblong, obtuse: capsule nearlf
orbicular. S. N. Mts.

t. C. elegans, Purah, Similar: petals greenish white, scarcely ciliate: anthers long
acuminate. Var. nanus, Wood, has acute more hairy petals, smaller. N. CaL N.

7. C. Tolmiei, H. & A, Stouter, about a foot high: petals |-li in. long, lilac-tinged:
anthers lanceolate, acuminate. Mt, Shasta to Or,

8. C. nudus, Wata. Flowers 1-6, ustially in an umbel, white or lilac: sepals about
equaling the broadly fan-shaped hairless petals: anthers obtuse. Cent, S. X. Mta,

9. C. lilacinus, Kellogg. Leaves rather broad: flowers 3-10, on long zigzag pedicels:
petala \-\ in. long, pale lilac, slightly hairy below: anthers much shorter than the
filaments, obtuse, S. F, Bay, Geysers,

10. C. uniflorus, H. & A. Similar: flowers 1 or 2: gland densely hairy. W, CaL

11. C. Greenei, Wats. Stout, 1-2 ft, high: sepals with yellowish hairy spot: petalj
densely yellow-hairy below: suithers \ in. long, N. Cal. to Or.

12. C. Lyoni, Wats. Sepals naked: anthers 1^-2 lines long. Los Angeles.

13. C. clavatus, Wats. Petals covered with club.shap)ed hairs at base: gland orbio-
ular, deep: anthers purple, 4-5 lines long, obtuse, S. Cal. Coast.

14. C. WeedlL, Wood. Stem rigxag: petals deep yellow, dotted, covered with slsodet
hairs: gland small, densely hairy: anthers mostly acute, CaL Coast.

122 LILlACEJE

Var, jrorjmrasceiLS, "^^t*. Teiala purple or purple-blotchod. St. F^arbarm.

16. C. Obispoensis, IjEmamtm. Sepals longex than the rotate or recnrved, long-nairf,
ofbea faifid petals. Sftn Luis Obigpo.

18. C InteiLB, DongL PetAls 1-2 in. long, from yellow to deep orange, with more or
leBB brownish purple inside: gl^ad broad, rounded or somewhat crescent-ahsped,
deosely hsiry: aath^ yellow, obttise. Very rarisble. San Diego to Mendocino
sixdS, N. Mts.

Vax. oculatus, ^ats. Petals white lilac or yellowish with a dark central apot: gland
nsaally a narrow creecent.

Var. citrmns, Wats. Petals de>ep or lemon yellow with central spot.

17. C. venustus, Benth. Ukt the last: petals white or pale lilac abore, with a red-
dish spot near the top, a brownish spot in the center bordered with yellow and a
browniab base: glsnd large, oblong, hairy. Monte Diablo, S.

V»x. purptLraseeiifl, Wats. Deep Iliac or purple form. Kern Co.

18. C. splendena. DougL Like the preceding: petals clear lilac, paler in ceBter, claw
darker: a.-tbers purple, i-^ in. long. Monterey, S.

19. C. macrocarpiLS, DcugL Sepals about equaling the obovate acute or acuminate
piirple-Lilac petals, 1^-2 in. long: anthers ^-^ in. long. N". CaL X.

StL C. NultAlIii, T. i G. Slender: a single stem-leaf, or rarely 2 or 3: petals cuneate-
oboT-atc. usually white above, wrA a purplish band above the yellow base, sometime*
deep iilsbC S. N. Mta.

20. STKF.PT0FU3, Michaux,

1. fi. amplexifolius, JjC. Stem 2-3 ft. high: peduncles twisted beneath the deeply
eordate clasping leaves, usually forked or kneed: penanth greenun white, f-j m.
long, recurred aoove: anthers tapering into a single awn. N. CsL N.

i S. roseas, Michx. Smaller: fiowers rose-purple: anthers 2-pointed. Or., N.

21. PBOSABXES, D. Don.

Style slightly 3-cleft: fruit triangular, | in. long, bright saimon-cclor , 1

Style entire: fruit ovoid c« oboT<4d: leaves mostly cordate and clasping.

Filamenta longer than the aathexB 2, 8, 4

Filaments much shorter than the nearly sessile anthers. 5

L P. Menziesii, Don. Perianth-segmenta ^-1 in. long, acute. 8. F. Bay, N.

1. P. Hookeri, Torr. Stamens nearly equaling or a little exceeding the perianth,

^^ in. long: ovary hairy: style exserted. Kussian Eiv. to Monterey,
S. P. tracliyandra, Torr. Similar: stamens shorter: ovary smootn. 8. N. Mftik
4. P. Oregana. ^ata. Flowers often purplish- veined: staniens ex&erted. Or.
<m^ P. parvifolia. Wats. Woolly: leaves 1-1^ in. long. Siskiyou Mts.

LILIACFJB. 123

22. CLIXTOXIA, Rafineaqne
1. O. PTilf ora^ Kuoth. Nearly Bt«mlen: pednncle shorter th^n the learea, l-2-flow»

erod: perianth white, {-1 in, long, pubescent. S. X. Mtn. and Hamboldt Bay, X.
1. 0. Andre^rsiana, Torr. Flowers rose-red in a globose nmbel on a rtout pedcncla^

often one or more smaller darters below: fmit rich bine. In the redwoods.

23. SCOLIOPUS, Torrey.

1. S. Big«lovii^ Torr. Perianth ^-2 in. long: sepals lanceolate, spreading, atripedi
petals erect, very slender, dark: at^le branches 2-3 lines kmg. Redwoods.

2. S. Hftlli, Wats. Smaller: style- branches a line long. Cascade Mts.

24. TRTLLmH, Limueca.

Flower sessile. Leares senile or nearly so, large. 1

Leaves long-petioled: stem 3-4 in. high S

Flower pedoncied. Leaves seesJle or nearly so, rhombic-ovate 8

Leaves on petioles 1-15 lines long, lanceolate 4

1. T. sessile, L., var. Calif omicnm, Wats. Very van&ble: petals Inrid-porpfe or
rose-red to white, 1-4 in. long. San Diego to Or.

2. T. petiolatum, Purah. Petioles exceeding or equaling the blade. Or. & Wash..

3. T. ovatuni, Pursh. Flowers white becoming rose, fragrant. Santa Croa, N.

4. T. nvale, Wata. Slender: leaves 1-2 in. long. K. W. CaL 4 S. W, Or.

25. VZRATBTJM, Tournefort.

Perianth-fftiiiw its entirB or serrulate, oblanceolate, thickened oa tha aides at base. . 1, Si
Perianth -segments fringed rhombic-ovate, the riged base dirided by a narrow fnzrow. . 8

1. V. Californicum, Dnrand. Stont, 3-7 ft. high: leares L-12 in. lon^ stif thiaft
panicle 1-2 ft. long: perianth -e^ments whitish with a greener brown-edged base.

2. V. viride. Ait. Flowers green in slender panicles. Oregcxi, X.

3 V. fimbriatum^ Gr. Leaves laoceolate, 6-18 in. long, narrowed at baae. CaL

26. ZYGADITNTJS. Micha:ii.

Flowers all perfect; segments longer thin the stirseui the outer ooea not clawed 1

Flowers smaller: ^tamei:^ equaling or excee^iLug t:-c ^■ena-'.th, 2 or 3 bnea losig..... 2, 8

1. Z. Fremonti, Torr. From a few inches to 3 or 4 ft. high: raeene aoiple or eaoft*

pound: perianth rotate: segments ^-] in. long, rather obtose. San TTWipi to flsadb^

5. Z. venenosiLS, Wats. Leaves rarely over 2 or 3 lines broad, naoallj foldad:
raceme simple or nearly so. Cent. CaL , N. {Dtatk C<rmnm. )

B Z. paniculatas, Wata. Similar, stonter: raeeaa eoaspoaad: lower flowers ofta»
rcurile, short pediceled; vegments 2 lines long, triangvlar. aente. CaL. R.

134 LILIACEJ&.

27. STENANTHIUM, Gray.

L. B. occidentale, Gr. Slender, 1-2 ft. high: perianth 4-7 linet long; segmeBto
lixiear-lanoeolAte, tips recurved: linear seeds \vinged. Or., N.

28. TOLFIEIJ)IA, Hudson.

L T. occiden talis, Wats. Viscid-pubescent: involucre S-lobed often reddiah.
■l. T. g^lutinosa, Willd. Involucre scarcely lobed, near the flower. Or., N. & EL

29. NARTHECIUM, Moehring.
1. N. Califomlcuia, Baker. Raceme loose, 3-5 in. long: perianth 3-4 linet Xongi
capsule bright salnaon-color; seeds with tails at both ends. N. CaL

80. XEBOPHYULUM, Michaux.
1. X. tenax, Nutt. Stem 2-5 ft. high: perianth-segments J-^ in. long. C»L, fi.
^ X. Dougladi, Wata. Smaller in every way. Columbia Kirer.

INDEX OF GENERIC AND COMIVION NA.MES.

",* The names of orders are in heavy-face type. Figures following names in paren-
theses denote the numbers of the species to which the common names apply; e.g., Baby-
Eye* is the common name of the third species of Nemophila. Figures next to the names
refer to the Popular Flora.

A.^ronU 104. ^

Acacia &Sb.

Aoeua 64 58

AcanthomlnthA 107

Acer37 89

Achlys 17

Aconite, Aooaltam 19 17

Actsa 17

Acienuetoma &3 5S

Adolphia 87

it«cu]u8 87 89

A^Timoiiia. bS

AJcheoilla 64 62

Alder 105

Alfalfa (Medlcaro, 1)44 4S

AlQtaria (Ej-odlam)tft. 86

A-Iisixtaceas 109

Alisma. 110

Allium 115

AUotropa 74

AlDUi 100.

Alumroot 67

Alyssum SI

AmnrantAcete 106

Amelanchler 64 63

Aiumaiiia 69

AiQoryiha 47 45

AxDbiDckia. 88

AnacardiacecB. 89

Anagallis. 77

Ancmopsis 106

ADemone 16 14

Antirrhinum 94

Aphjllon 104

Aplectrum Ill

ApocynaoeaB, ApooTnom.. 77

Aquiiegia. 18

Arabia 22

AraliacesB, Aralla IS

ArhutuB 69 72

Arctomecon 20b

ArctObtaphyloaW 73

Arenaria iH 80

Ari(fmone 20b 18

A riHtolochlacesBf 104 ...

AriBtolochia 104

Armeria , 76

Pags

Anincni 60

ABanun 104

A8clepladac«». 77

Asclepiaa 78

Aflh 77

Astrat^alua 46

Alhysanxia 25

AadibertU 100 108

Axalea 70

Ekaby-«yfc8 (Nemophila, 8) 81 86

lianeberry (Act»aj 17

Barbarea ... 23

Barberry 19 BerberlB 17

Bayberry 106

Beard-tongue (PenstemoD) 91. 96

Bed-atraw (Galium) 66 68

Behria (Note) 118

BellflowerfCampanula)68 70

Iterheridacew 19 17

BerberiBl9 17

Bergia 88

lietuIacesB 106

Bill-berry (Vaccliiiura, 1) 72

Big-root (Meparrhira) 63 64

Biiid-weed (Coovolviilus, 6). . . 91

Birch 106

Blackberry 61. 60

Bladder\\ort 104

Bleeding-heart (Dicentra, 1) 22 19

Bloomeria 116

Blue-curU 102 (Triohostema). . 106
Blue-eyed Grass (SisyrlDchi-

um, 1) 113

Boisduvalla 62 63

Bolandra 66

Borrag:inaceea. 87

Boschniakia 104

Box-Elder 88

Boykinia 65

Brasenia 18

Brassica 23

Brevoortla. 118

Brodi»a 116

Brunelia 108

Bryanthufl 78

Buckb«aa 76. 80

Paoi

Buckeve ( JSwrulus) 87 83

Bur-Clover 44

Burning-bush (Euonymue) .. 37

Buttercup (Ranunculus) 17. .. 15

ButterflvLily(Calochortus§2) ICI

Button-bubh (Cephalanthus). . 68

Oactaceae, Cactua 64

Calamiutha 107

Calandrinia 29 31

Cal. Holly (Uetercmeles) 64.. 63

Cal. Lilac (Ceanothus, 1) 36. . . 37

Cal. Poppy (Eschaclioltxia) 21. 19

Calochortus 121

Caltha 16

CalycanthacesB 66 63

Calycauthus 65 63

Caivpso Ill

Cal>-ptridium 32

Campanula 68 70

Canipanulace»87 70

Camabjiia 118

Canbya 20b

CapparidacejB 25

Caprifoliacese64 66

Capsella 24 24

Cardamine23 21

Carpenteria 66

Carpet-weed (Mollugo) 63 65

Caryophyllacene 27 27

Cascara Sagrada (lihamouis, 4) 37

Cassiope 73

Castilleia 93 101

Catchfly (Sileno) 27 27

Caulanthus 23

Ceanothus 3tt 87

Celastracese 35 87

Centunculus 77

Cephalanthera 112

Cephalanthus 65 68

Cerastium 23 29

Cercis Si>b 48

Cercocarpus 62 60

Cereus 66

Chamsebatia 60

Chamsbatiaria 60

Cbamiso (Adeooatoma) 6S 6t

126

INDEX.

Paos

Chelranthus 18 ES

Chelone 96

ChencpodlaoeaB IM

Cbenopodium 106

Cherry 61 49

CbialOO

Chicalote (Algernon*) Mb.... 18

Cbiok-weed 28 29

Chlruaphila 71 7i

(Jhloropalum 118

Chorizautbe 105

Cbrvsosplenium. 66

Circaea62 63

CiHtaceas 26 26

CladotbamDUfl 7i

Clarkia 61 63

Claytonia30 82

Cleavers 65

Clematis 16 14

Cleomo 25

Cli ntonia 67 123

Clocks (Erodium ae«ds) SS . . . . 86

Clover (Trifolium) 42- 42

Cneorldium 86

Coflue-tree (Khftmnoi, 8) 85

Collinsift 00 96

Collomia76

CoUunbine (Aquilegia) 18.... 16

Ov.mi>o«lt»« 66, 69

Convolvulaoeae 84L 91

Coptis 16

Corallorhlxa Ill

Coral-root (CorallorhLBk) 111..

Cordylanthui 95 103

Cornaceea 63 66

Cornu3 63 66

Corn-spurry 29. 80

CorydaliB 19

Cottonwood 105

Cotyledon 68 68

Crab-apple (PiruB) 54 53

CraDesbiil (Geranium) 88 86

€ras8ulaceaB 68 67

Crataegus 63

Cream-cups (FlatystemoD) 20. 18

Cressa 87 91

Cruciferap22 19

Cucurbitaceee, Caccnrblta 6i

Currant 58 67

Cuscuta 87 91

Cypripedium 112

Cycladenia 77

Cyno^lossum 86. 90

I>amasoniam. 110

Darlingxonia 20 18

Datura 88 92

Datiacacene, Datisca 64

Death-Camasa (Zyi^ftdeniu) ... 123

Delphinium 18 16

Dendromecon 21 19

Dentaria 21

Dicentra22 19

Digitalis 101

Dipsaoac«SB, Dipsaooa. 69

Paob

Dirca (Defined In KefX 1^

Dock 105

Dodecatheoo 72 76

Dodder 87 91

Dogwood (Cornuf , 1) 83

Downingia67 70

Draba 21

Draperia 86

DroceracesB, Drocenk 58

Durango (Datinca). 64

BJar-drops (Dicentra) 22 19

tkjhinocactus 66

Echinospermum 85 90

£Iatinace(«, Elatine 83

Elder (Sambucus) 64 67

EUisiaSl 86

Emmenanthe 82. 87

Epilobium 59 60

Epipactis 112

Erlcacefe6S 71

Eriodictyon 83 86

Eriogoniim 106

Eriogynia 50

Eritrichiura 85

Erodium 33 86

Erysimum 23 23

Erythraea 75 79

Erythronium. 120

Eschscholtzla 21 ,. 19

Euchttridium 62. 63

Eulobus 61

Euonymus 85 87

Evening PrimroM 60

I^atsla 18

Keverwort (Scrophularia) 90.. 96

Ficoide»63 66

Figwort (wScrophularia) 90 93

Fi laria or Fil&ree (Erodium) 83 86

Flag(lri8)L 113

Flax (Linum) 82. 85

Forget-me-not (Myo«otii) 88

Foxglove 101

Fragaria 53 51

Fraukeuiaceee, Frankeu-

ia 20 27

Frasera 79

Fraxinus 73. 77

Fremoiitia. 35

Fringe-pod 26

Fritillaria 120

FumariaceiM 21 19

O-alium 65 68

Garrva 64 60

Gaultheria 70... 73

Gavophytum 61

Geutiana 75 79

Gentianacow 74 78

Gerauiac«£e88 86

Geranium83 86

Geum 61

Gilia 76 80

Qinser 104

PasB'

Githopsls 67 .^^ 70

Glasgwort 106

Glaux73 76^

Glycvrrbiza 47 46

Gode"tia 61 62

Goldthread (Coptls) 16

Gomphocarpu8 74 78-

Ooo.lyera 112

Gooseberry 58 67

Goosefoot 105

Grape 37 S»

Gratiola 101

Greek Valerian 80

^labenaria Ill

llalorageas 5&

llastiugsia 118

Hedge Mustard 24

lielianthemum25 26

Ueliotropium. Ueliotrop* 84.. 8S

Ilerpestris 101

Hcsperoehiron 87

Heterooodon 68 71

ileterodraba 25

Heterot'aura 63

ileteromeles 64 53

Ilfuchera 67 56

liil/iacus 36

Hippuris , . 59

Holiidisous 50

Honeysuckle (Lonicera) 66. ... 67

Uookera 117

Horkclia63 52

Hop- Tree ( Pteloa) 84 36

Uosaokia 44 48

llounU's tongue (Cynoglos*

sum) 86 90

llowelUa 13

nuckleberrv69 72

IlYdruiihvllao«a»80 84

Hydrophyllum 84

Hy])ericaceaB 30 83

Hypericum 30 8S

Illerebraoew 81

liy.-*afithe8 101

Indian Hemp 73

Indian Lettuce (Claytonia, 1)

30 82

Iridaceaa 112

Iris 113

Isomeria 25

Isopyrum Iff

Ivesia 52

Jfaraeatovv'n-Weed (Datura) 88 92'

Jerusalem Oak 106

Jussiaea 59 60'

JuglanslOO

Kalmia. TS*

Kelloggia 68'

Knotgrass 106

Krameria S7

Kryoitzlda...... 8^

IND&X.

127

XJabiatm...^ • 106

LAce-pod 25

Lady's-mantle (AJchemillA). .. 52
Lftdy'B-Blipper (Cypripedinm). 112

lAinb'b-quarten lu5

Larkspur (Delphinluxn). 16

Lathyrus 47

L<aur»ceae 106

Laurel 106

Laurentia 70

Laratora 81 84

Leatherwood (Dirca, In Key). 12

Ledum 74

Leek (Allium) 116

LegrnminoMH) ftS. 89

Leuiioacens 76

L.entll)aliiriac«an 104

Lepidium24 26

i^epigonum W 80

Leucocrinum 118

Lewi?ia80 83

LlliacesB 118

Lilium , 119

Lily 119

Limoseila 03 101

Lixnnaritbes Si. 86

LinaceHB 82 85

LinariaOO 94

Linna;a 67

Lisiera 112

Linum 82 S5

Lipjiia 105

Liquorice (Glycyrrhlxa) 42. . . . 45

Litiiospermum 88

Loasacene 63

Lol>cliacete, Lobelia... (IS) 69

Lceflinj:ia 81

Loriicera65 67

Lopbanthua. 108

Lousewort (perHcularis) 06.... 103

Lovegrove(Nemophila, 4^ 85

Lucern (iledicago, 1)44 43

Lucothoe 73

Liidwigia 60

Lupinua. Lupine 89 40

Lychnis 29

Lycopua 98 106

Lvfium 9*2

LysimaoLia 76

l.yt hra<efe, Lythrum 69. .. 69

AX ad rono (Arbutus) 69 72

Wahonia(nerberi8) 19 17

Miiiuiiibeinum 119

Mall..w, Malva 81 84

IMalvaceteSl 83

Malva-trum 84

Uaniiiluiia 66

Alaiizanita 09

Maple 87 89

Mariposa 121

Mariutiium 108

Jtarbli Rosemary (SUtioe) 72. . 75

May. apple (AchJys) 17

ileudow Kue (Th'alictmm) . . . 15

Paoi

MecoDOpeis 21 ^. 19

&ledica(ro44 43

Me^arrbLza 63. 64

MeliiotU943. 43

Mentha 98 106

Mentzeliae2 C3

Menyanthes 76. 80

Menzifsia 73

Mertensia 88

SJesembryantheiniux] 6S 66

Mesquit 8sib

Microca]a76 78

Micromeria 99 107

Milkweed 73

Mimulu8 92 98

Mint (Mentha) 98 106

.Mitella M

Mock-Oranfe(PhilAdelpha»)«7 66

Mobavea 96

MolIufroeS 65

MonardeIla98 106

Moneses 74

Mon key-flower (Mimulus) 92.. 98

Monk's Hood 19 17

Monolropa 75

ilontia 82

Moriiiiiar-Olory (Genus 1) 86. . . 91
Mosquito-bills (l>odecatbeon) 76

Mouutain Balm 83

Mountain Laurel (Ealmla).... 73

Mountain-Mabopany 62. 60

Mouse-tail (Myosurus) 17 16

M ud wort 93

Muilla lie

Mullein (Verbascom) 89 94

Muf;kriant(MimulQ8, 20)92,. 98

M ustard (Braasica) 23 23

My osotia 88

Myosurus 17 16

Myrica 105

Myrlophylium 59

ISTama 87

Narthecium 124

Nasturtiura 24

Ke^ruiido 88 89

NeilliaGl, Physocarpua. 50

Nemacladus 69

NemophilaSl 85

Newberrya 75

Niootiana89 93

Ni(;btbbade (Solanum, 1) 88. . . 92

Nine-Bark(PbyBocarpxu) 51.. 60

Nuphar20 18

NtiUaiIiaf>l.. 44

Nyctaijinarepp 104

NyniphteaceaB 30. 17

Odontoetomom. 119

CKnoihcra 60 61

<)loa«PMj73 77

(Uiiphalodcs 90

OiiaKi'aron* 69 69

Onion (Allium). 116

Opantia 06

Paea

Orchl<l»r«n» lio

Oregon Crab-apple 64

Oretjon-Grape (lierberis, t) 19 17

Ort^odaphno lOfl

Orohanchaceae 96 104

Orthocnrpua U4 102

()90 F5erry (Nottallia) 61 49

Oxalis 34 36

l^»achyHtim» 87

I'ojoiiia, I'seony 19 17

Painted-cup (CaatilJeLa) 93 I'll

Palmerolia ... 70

Pan!'y( Viola) 26 26

l'npar<^racrt« 20a 18

ParnasMiji 56

I'ectorarva S6 91

Pedicularis 96 109

Pcntacena 81

Pcntsteraon 91 96

Pepper Tree 38

Petunia 93

Phace]ia81 &3

Pbilhertia 78

Pbiladelphus 57 56

Phlox 80

Pholiama 76

Pbotinia (Toyon) 64

Physalis 93

PhysocarpuB (Neillia) 51 50

Pickeringia 39 40

Piffweed 105

Pin-clover (Urodium) S3 36

Pimpernel (.AnapUlia) 73 77

I'lperaoeje 105

Pipe-vine 104

Pipsi&sewa (Cbimapbila) 71 . . . 74

Pirus f)4 63

Plasriobotbrys 89

Plantaginacene 103 T'O

Plaritau'o, Plantain 103 109

Platyspermum 21

Platystemon 20b 18

Platy9ti{,^na 21 18

Plectritis (ValcrianelU)e8.... 69

Pleuricospora 75

Plum 60 49

I'Iuml>a^in»c«fe 71 75

PogOi^pie 9'J l'^7

Poison Oak 38 89

roIeiiK'uiareaB 75 80

I'oleinoDJum bO H4

Polvcarp'n SO

Pol> j:a!a 27 27

r<)lyi;alaoerB 27 26

l'olyK<>nafe;e, PolT(^onum 106*

Pond'-Lily (Nui>har)20' 13

I'oplar 106

I*<»rtnlaoaceoB 29 81

Portnlaoa 'J9 81

Potentilla53 51

Poteriuni 63

Prickly Poppy 20b

Pninijla "•

I'rimulacesB 72. 7*

128

INDEX.

f AG*

Prlncc'8 Pln« (ChlmtphllaX • • • 74

Prosarte* 122

Prunus 60 *9

Psoralea i8 *5

Ptelea34 Sfl

Pterospor»71 75

Putty-root Ill

Pycnanthemuin 98 lOfl

PjTola71 74

Quaking-Asp 106

Fladish (Raphanui) tt 25

ltanuiiculac«i» 16 14

Raminculua 16 15

Kaphanu925 25

Raspberry 52 W

Rattle-weed (Astrajklai, 7-19) 48

Rbauiuaceie 85 87

Rhamnua 35 87

Rhododendron 70 74

Rhus 38 8»

Ribe8 57 67

Rib-grass (Plaut*co) 108 109

Romauzofila 83 87

Romneya20b 18

Ko8aceae49 *8

Rosa (Rose) 54. 53

Rotala &9

KubiacesB 65 68

Rubu362 50

Rumex 106

Kutacete 84. 86

l^aginft SO

bago (Salvia & Aadibertia) 100 108

Sagittaria 110

Balal (Gaultheria, 1) 70 73

Salicncete 106

Balicornia 106

Salmon IJerry (Rubua, 3) 52.. 50

Salvia 100 108

Sambucui 64 67

Samolus 77

Sand Spurry (Lepigonum) 29.. 80

Sand Verbena 104

Sandwort (Areoaria) 28 SO

Sapindaceae 37 38

Baponaria 29

Saraceiiiace» 20. 18

Sarcodea 71 75

Saxif rafja, Saxifrage 65 54

Saxifragacea) 55 54

Schiznotua 78

Scoliopus 123

Scrophularia 90 96

ScrophularlacecQ 89 93

Scutellaria 101 108

Sea Milkwort (Glaui) 73* 76

Sedum 68 68

Self-heal (Brunella) 101 108

Benebicra 26

Service-berry (iihad-berry) 64.

Sesuvium 66

Bheep Sorrel 10&

Pao*

Shepherd's Purse *4.

Shooting-Star podec*thecn)7t 78

Sibaldia 52

Sida ... 86

Sidalcea 81 84

Sileue27 27

Silkweed (.\9cIeplaB) 7« 78

Silver-weed 63

Sisymbrium 24- 24

Sisvrinchium 113

Skullcap (Scutellaria) 101 108

Skunk-weed (O. •quarro«a) 73 82

Smartwced 105

Smilaciua. 119

Snapdragon, Antirrhinum 90. 94

Snow-Borry 64

Saow-PlantTl 75

Soap. Root (Chlorogaltun) US

Solanacem, Solanum &3 93

Sorrel (Oxalis) 84 86

Specularia 67 70

Spergula29 SO

Sphacele 100 103

Spikenard 13

Spiraea 51 49

Spiranthea H2

bpraguea 82

StachyslOl 103

Stanleya 23

Stanfordi* 24

Staphvlea 39

Star-Flower (Trlentalk) 78.... 76

Statice72 76

Stellftria28 29

Stercullacero 20 85

St. John's-wort 80

Stick-seed (Echlnoapermum).. 90

Stonecrop (Sedum) 68 58

Stramonium (Datura) 83 92

Strawberry (Fragarla) 68 61

Streptanthas 22

Streptopufl 122

Strcpholirion 116

Styracaceae, Styrax 20.... 77

Subularla...'. 24

Suksdorda 55

Suli vantia 55

Sun-Dial ( Lupinus) 89 40

Sweet-clover (ilelilotus) 43. ., 43

Sweet-scented Shrub 55 68

Sycamore 106

Symphoricarpos 64 67

Synthyria 101

1%re CV'icla sativa) 48 47

Tellima56 56

Thalictrum 17 15

Thelj-podium 23

Tliermopsis 30 40

Thimbleberry (Rubua, 1) 52. . . 50

Thlaspi 24

Thrift (Armeria) 73 75

Thy sanocarpua 25 25

Tiarella57 56

llger Lily (Lilium) 119

Pje*

TUlaeaeg 57

Toad-flax (Linarla) 90 94

Tobacco (Niootlana) 89. 93

Tolniiea 55

Tolfieldia 124

Tonella 95

Toyon (rieteromelea) 64 53

Trautvetteria ' 15

Trichostema 102. 106

Trientali8 73 76-

Trifolium 42 42

Trillium 123

Tritellia 117

TroiAdocarpum 24 24-

Twavblade (Listera) 112

Twiflted-Btalk(Streptopu«) 122

XJmbelll ferae 63. 65

Umbellularia 106.

Utricularia 104

'Vftccinium 69 72

Valeriana 68

Valerianaceaa 66w 6d

Valerianella 69

Vaucouveria 20 17

Veratrum 123

Verbascum 89 94

Vorl»enacesB 102 1('&

Verbena 103 106

Veronica 93 101

Vesicaria 24

Vetch (Vicla) 49 47

Vibernum 67

Vicia48 47

Vine Maple (Aoer, 2) 87 39>

Viola. Violet 26 26

Violac«>io25 26

Virgin's Bower (Clematis) 16. . 14.

Vitaceae, Vitis 87 88

^«Vake Robin (TriinumV .. 125

Wall-flower (Cheiranthus) 23. . 23-

Walnut 108

Water Plantain (Alisma) 110

Water Horehound 98

Water-Lily (Nuphar) 1&

Water-shield (Brasenia) 20 ... . IS

Whipplea67 66

Willow 106.

Willow-herb (Epilobium) 59.. 60

Wood Anemone (3d sp.) 14-

2CerophyIluiii 124

"l^erba Buena 99

Verba Mansa 106.

Verba Santa 84

Yucca 11*

2i^a9chneria 69 9^

Zizyphua. 87

Zy({adeQU»..- ..*• IV

NsM York Botantcal Oardan Library

OK 194. R35 1896 gen

Rattan. Volney/A popular California flor

3 5

85 00135 0253

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