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POSTILLA

PEABODY MUSEUM
YALE UNIVERSITY

NUMBER 129. 26 FEB. 1969

A NEW GENUS AND SPECIES OF
TEND LIZARD FROM BOLIVIA

THOMAS UZZELL

POSTILLA

Published by the Peabody Museum of Natural History, Yale University

Postilla includes results of original research on systematic, evolution-
ary, morphological, and ecological biology, including paleontology.
Syntheses and other theoretical papers based on research are also
welcomed. Postilla is intended primarily for papers by the staff of
the Peabody Museum or on research using material in this Museum.

Editors: Jeanne E. Remington and Nancy A. Ahlstrom

Postilla is published at frequent but irregular intervals. Manuscripts,
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should be directed to:

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Peabody Museum of Natural History
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Lists of the publications of the Museum are available from the above
office. These include Postilla, Bulletin, Discovery, special publications,
and available back numbers of the discontinued journal, Bulletin of the
Bingham Oceanographic Collection. All except Discovery are available
in exchange for relevant publications of other scientific institutions
anywhere in the world.

A NEW GENUS AND SPECIES OF TEIID LIZARD
FROM BOLIVIA

moaOMAS WZZEE

Department of Biology and Peabody Museum of Natural
History, Yale University

ABSTRACT

Opipeuter xestus, new genus, new species, is placed in Group II
of the family Teiidae (Squamata, Reptilia) because it has five
clawed digits on all four feet, the nasals separated by a frontonasal,
and the nostril pierced in the middle of the nasal scale. It differs
from other known members of Group II in having the combina-
tion of total absence of keeled scales and a relatively enormous
transparent disc in the lower eyelid. The arrangement of enlarged
calcareous spines in the hemipenis distinguishes the new taxon;
enlarged spines are present on the basal part of the median welt,
and in a row on each side of the sulcus spermaticus. The affinities
of the new taxon are not with Prionodactylus, although most
specimens have been identified as Prionodactylus bolivianus,; the
affinities may be with Euspondylus, but are not clearly so. Known
specimens come from several localities between 1000 and 3000 m
above sea level in the headwaters of the Rio Chapare on the east-
ern Andean slopes of central Bolivia.

POSTILLA 129: 15 p. 26 FEBRUARY 1969.

74 POSTILLA

INTRODUCTION

One of the frequently collected species of Boulenger’s (1885)
Group II of the Te.:idae is regularly but incorrectly identified as
Prionodactylus bolivianus Werner (1889). I have recently exam-
ined the holotype of Prionodactylus bolivianus in the Muséum Na-
tional d’Histoire Naturelle in Paris and a second specimen iden-
tified by Werner as P. bolivianus in the Zoologische Staats-
sammlung in Munich. P. bolivianus is closely related to P. oken-
deni Boulenger (1906); both have the loreal in contact with the
frontonasal and with one or more supralabials, an undivided
frontonasal, a variable number (2 or 3) of median collar scales,
and simple subdigital lamellae. While P. bolivianus agrees with the
misidentified species in most of these features, the strong keeling
on the dorsal scales, not mentioned by Werner but implied by
his generic placement of bolivianus, readily distinguishes all
Prionodactylus from the misidentified form, which has no keeled
scales whatsoever.

The misidentified species appears to be unnamed. I here name it,
but in so doing, am also obliged to consider its generic assignment.
The new species, despite the fact that it has been identified as a
member of the genus Prionodactylus, does not, in my opinion,
belong to that genus. Alternatively, it could be placed in Eu-
spondylus. Both Euspondylus and Prionodactylus, which I believe
are only distantly related to each other, or the composite genus
Euspondylus containing both groups of lizards, have included a
wide variety of stocks of Group II of the Teiidae. I have examined
members of most of the taxa in Group I, and I am gradually
forming generic concepts for them. In my opinion, placing the new
species in Prionodactylus is impossible, but placing it in Euspondy-
lus would only add to the confusion in that overburdened genus.
I therefore propose a new genus for the species, with full realiza-
tion that the generic and specific characters are the same, and
the conviction that if I or some other worker can convincingly
place the new species in a previously recognized genus, such reas-
signment will be progress. It is my belief, however, that a new
genus is warranted by the characters of the new form. Erecting a
new genus draws attention to the distinctive characters of the new
species, allows Euspondylus and Prionodactylus to begin to emerge

TEIID LIZARD FROM BOLIVIA 3

as distinctive entities, and constrains the minds of herpetologists
less than would placing the new species in Euspondylus.

For permission to examine material in collections in their charge,
I thank Charles Bogert and Richard Zweifel, American Museum
of Natural History (AMNH), Alice G. C. Grandison, British
Museum (Natural History) (BMNH), Jean Guibé, Muséum Na-
tional d’Histoire Naturelle, Walter Hellmich and Dieter Fuchs,
Zoologische Staatssammlung, Munich (ZSM), James A. Peters,
U.S. National Museum (USNM), Charles F. Walker, University of
Michigan Museum of Zoology (UMMZ), and Ernest E. Williams,
Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University (MCZ).
Travel was supported by the Peabody Museum, Yale University
(YPM) and by a gift from Evan Commager. Mario Baudin helped
me in determining many of the localities. The illustrations were
done by Diane McClure, Jon Janosik, and A. H. Coleman.

CLASS REPTILIA
ORDER SQUAMATA

FAMILY TEIUDAE
Opipeuter, new genus
TYPE SPECIES. Opipeuter xestus, new species.

DESCRIPTION. Tongue with imbricate scalelike papillae. Snout
moderate. Head scales without striations or rugosities; single
frontonasal, frontal, and interparietal; paired prefrontals, fronto-
parietals, and parietals; a median occipital bordered by two
laterals. Nostril pierced in a divided scale, the suture posterior to
the nostril; nasals not in contact; loreal and frenoocular present,
the former almost always in contact with supralabials; first super-
ciliary expanded onto dorsal surface of head; a single long
subocular. Eyelids well developed, the lower with a relatively
enormous transparent circular disc without divisions. Ear open-
ing small, tympanum deeply recessed, larger than ear opening.
Gular crease weak; collar fold well developed. Gular scales flat,
small, and nearly quadrangular anteriorly, flat, larger with rounded
posterior margins posteriorly; collar scales 8-10, flat, about as
wide as long, with rounded posterior edges. Limbs pentadactyl;

4 POSTILLA

digits clawed. Scales along inner margin of palm between thumb
and wrist slightly enlarged, but inner edge not produced. Underside
of third and fourth toes with paired scales on proximal part, the
inner scale not tuberculate. Dorsal scales smooth, in transverse
rows, with rounded posterior edges. Lateral scales reduced in size,
rounded in outline, smooth; ventral scales in transverse and longi-
tudinal rows, smooth, posterior margins rounded. Femoral pores
present in both sexes, usually fewer in females. Hemipenis with a
cluster of enlarged spines on the basal part of the median welt,
and with rows of enlarged spines along the edges of the sulcus
spermaticus (Fig. 2).

DIAGNOSIS. The widely separated nasal scales, each surrounding a
nostril, and the pentadactyl limbs with all digits clawed place
Opipeuter in Group II of the Teiidae. The combination of smooth
body scales and the large, nearly circular, undivided, transparent
disc in the lower eyelid, distinguish Opipeuter from all other
genera in Group II. In addition, I have examined hemipenes of
about 20 genera and 50 species of this group of the family; the
arrangement in Opipeuter is distinctive.

DERIVATION OF NAME. The name Opipeuter (masculine) is from
the Greek ozirevrjp, a gazer, in reference to the large transparent
disc in the lower eyelid.

Opipeuter xestus, new species (Fig. 1)

HOLOTYPE. UMMZ 128835, an adult male collected in March,
1929, by F. B. Steinbach at Incachaca, Cochabamba, Bolivia,
about 2200 m above sea level.

PARATOPOTYPES. UMMZ 69555 (4 specimens), 69559 (22),

AMNH 38957-62, MCZ 49577, José Steinbach, 1920.

REFERRED MATERIAL. Bolivia, Cochabamba, Yungas de Cocha-
bamba: UMMZ 69556 (7), BMNH_ 1931.2.2.7; Locotal
(1600 m): UMMZ 69557; Paracti (1900 m): UMMZ 69558
(3); Yungas del Palmar: ZSM 5/1940; Monte Punco (3000 m):
ZSM 5/1940; Bolivia: AMNH 22740-41; South America:
USNM 59013.

TEIID LIZARD FROM BOLIVIA 5

Some of the localities listed above for typical material differ
from the original catalog entries for them. The holotype and the
paratypes, with the exceptions of AMNH 38957-62 and MCZ
49577 (ex AMNH 38956), were originally listed as Tucachaca.
Charles F. Walker has informed me that the original label covering
all of these specimens was incorrectly transcribed at the University
of Michigan; evidence supporting this view has been patiently
assembled by Mario Baudin; similarly, the specimens listed from
Locotal were originally cataloged as from Sucotal, while those
from Paracti were cataloged as from Toracti. BMNH 1931.2.2.7,
while cataloged as from Yungas de Achabamba, was received
from the University of Michigan Museum of Zoology, and was one
of a series with similar data; I have therefore emended the locality
to Yungas de Cochabamba.

DEFINITION. Distinguished by characters of the genus.

DESCRIPTION OF HOLOTYPE. Rostral in contact with first suprala-
bial, nasal, and frontonasal. Frontonasal as wide as long. Two
prefrontals forming short median suture. Frontal 1.5 times as long
as broad. Paired frontoparietals in contact medially. Interparietal
1.75 times as long as broad, with parallel lateral margins. Parietals
approximately as long as wide, each in contact medially with inter-
parietal, anteriorly with frontoparietal, third supraocular, fifth
superciliary, two temporal scales, and paramedian occipital scale.
Nasal divided posterior to nostral, suture touching frontonasal

FIG. 1. Lateral head scales of the holotype (UMMZ 128835) of Opipeuter
Xestus, new species (x 8).

6 POSTILLA

and first supralabial. Loreal touching prefrontal, second supra-
labial, and part of third. Beneath eye, a short frenoocular above
third supralabial, and a long subocular touching third, fourth, and
fifth supralabials. Six supralabials on each side; three supraoculars,
first largest, third intermediate, second smallest; contact between
first and third separating second from superciliary series on both
sides. Superciliary series complete; large first superciliary expanded
onto dorsal surface of head; three smaller scales adjacent to
supraoculars; an enlarged fifth superciliary scale at hind margin
of eye. Temporal scales flat, polygonal. Median occipital and
paramedian occipital scales present. Disc in lower eyelid rela-
tively large, occupying about 34 diameter of eye itself. Ear open-
ing taller than wide, about size of disc in lower eyelid; tympanum
recessed within external auditory meatus. Mental followed by one
unpaired chinshield 1.5 times as wide as long, and by four paired
chinshields; first three chinshields in contact medially. The pregular
scales (Ruibal 1952) smooth, polygonal, in irregular rows; anterior
gulars small, roughly quadrilateral, with rounded posterior mar-
gins; posterior gulars larger with approximately same shape; gulars
forming 8 rows anterior to collar; collar of 10 scales, rather larger
than posterior gulars, largest scales median, all with rounded
posterior edges.

Dorsal body scales smooth; on neck, wider than long, poste-
riorly, longer than wide; sides of dorsals subparallel except for
med.an row; posterior margins rounded. Lateral scales smaller
than dorsals or ventrals, forming wide band between them; laterals
of same shape as dorsals, smooth, with rounded posterior margins.
Ventral scales smooth, longer than wide anteriorly, wider than long
at midbody, longer than wide posteriorly; edges subparallel, poste-
rior margins rounded. Two large scales in anterior row of pre-
anals, four large median and two minute lateral scales in posterior
row; median preanals narrow, widening slightly from anterior to
posterior; larger lateral posterior preanal scales almost as wide as
long. Femoral pore series separated from preanal area by small
scales; posterodistal edge of each femoral pore bounded by small
scale. Scales on forelimb smooth; anteriorly and dorsally, larger;
beneath, granular; subdigital lamellae simple, not divided; scales
of palm granular; scales along margin between thumb and wrist
not conspicuously enlarged. Scales of hind limb smooth; thigh with
large rounded scales anteriorly, small granules posteriorly; shank

TEIID LIZARD FROM BOLIVIA 7

with large rounded scales anteriorly and ventrally, with smaller
scales dorsally; subdigital lamellae simple, divided, the separate
parts not forming tubercles; scales of sole granular. Claws _rela-
tively robust. On tail, scales with essentially same shape above
as dorsal scales; laterally, with similar shape but narrower; two
median ventral rows somewhat wider than lateral rows adjacent to
them.

Color and pattern obscure; a light line on two mid-dorsal rows
bordered on either side by darker area; a thin, white line encircling
tympanum, continuing posteriorly to collar, where broken, and
on to above the arm insertion; ground color above dark gray
drab; below light; each ventral scale with gray-black mark occupy-
ing most of scale area; steel gray area of mid- and posterior ven-
tral scales surrounded by white borders and with melanin in them
more diffuse; under surface of tail light; rest of tail dark except
for suggestion of light line dorsally.

Snout to vent length 44 mm; tail tip regenerated; hind leg length
18 mm.

VARIATION. Most of the variation observed is given in Table 1.
All but one of the specimens have 3-3 supraoculars; the exception
has two supraoculars on the left; two individuals have an additional
granule present on each side. Thirty-one individuals have the
second supraocular on both sides excluded from the superciliary
series by contact between the first and third supraoculars; 9 addi-
tional specimens have the second supraocular so excluded on one
side. All but two specimens have a distinct median occipital; in
one, the median occipital has a short longitudinal groove in its
anterior end; another has two small scales, apparently representing
a longitudinally divided median occipital. A loreal is present on
all but one side of one individual; in this animal, a short vertical
groove begins at the supralabials and indicates the outline of a
loreal. The single loreal touches both frontonasal and supralabials
in most individuals. In one, the loreal is divided into upper and
lower scales on both sides; in six, it is divided on one side only;
two additional individuals have one loreal semi-divided. Four
individuals were recorded as having 10 longitudinal rows of ventral
scales; the others were recorded as having 8 such rows, but at least
12 of these could have been recorded as 9 or 10. All but one of
the specimens examined has the nasal divided on both sides; the

8

POSTILLA

exception has a groove %4 of the way across the nasal beginning
at the dorsal margin. The pattern of the division in the nasal varies
considerably. Usually there is a groove vertically behind the
nostril from the frontonasal to the first supralabial. In many
individuals the dorsal end of the groove is shifted posteriorly along
the dorsal margin of the nasal, or even down the posterior margin

TABLE 1. Variation in certain characters of Opipeuter xestus. Figures are
ranges and (in parentheses) means.

Locality

Incachaca
24 66

18 2@Q

Cochabamba
436

42°

Paracti
BESS
1 @

Locotal

1 ¢

Monte Punco
LS:

Palmar
Ih {23

Miscellaneous
Ih}
74, SIG)

Dorsal
Scale
Rows

35
38-40

Scales

Around
Midbody
Region

28-34
(30.7)

27-343
(30.7)
32-35
(33.0)
29-35
(31.0)

33-34

32

33

25

29

30
30-33

Subdigital Lamellae

4th toes

21-261
(23.8)

20-264
23:2)
23-266
(24.0)
21-24

(2.5)

247
20-21

24

20-21

22-23

2D
20-22

4th fingers

16-202
(17.8)

16-205
(18.0)

17-19
(17.9)
15-19
(17.4)

16-187
17-18

17-19

16-17

17
14-16

Total Transverse
Femoral Rows of
Pores Ventrals

15-20 22-26
C72) (24.4)

0-16 23-27
(3.0) (25.2)

16-18 24-26
(16.7) (2523)

0-17 24-27
( 7.8) (255)

18-20 23-24

3 Di

16 23

12 28
2 25

18 26
2-20 26-27

145 digits; 246 digits; 317 females; 431 digits; 534 digits; °7 digits; 72 digits.

TEIID LIZARD FROM BOLIVIA 7

of the nasal so that only the posteroventral corner of the nasal
shield is cut off. The long subocular is present in most individuals;
in one it is divided on one side. This scale, together with the
frenoocular, forms the complete lower margin of the eye opening.
Usually the posterior end of the subocular lies over the fifth supra-
labial. Due to fusion or subdivision of labial scales, it may end
over a fourth supralabial (1 side) or a sixth (3 sides).

The greatest variation noted was in coloration. In UMMZ
69558, in 6 specimens of UMMZ 69556, and in BMNH
1931.2.2.7, the general appearance of the lizard is much lighter
than in the holotype or paratypes. This appears to be due to a
reduced areal extent of the dark pigments, and a covering of
them by a whitish pigment. The result is that the dark brown
border of the grayish dorsal light line makes much greater contrast
both with the light line and with the dull tan ground color lateral
to the border, rather than getting lost in the generally dark dorsal
color. The light line encircling the ear opening and continuing
posteriorly along the side is wider and bordered above and below
by dark brown. The venter is generally light, although many speci-
mens show grayish spots caused by the blackish pigment showing
through the whitish pigment that lies over it. It is highly probable
that this variation is due to preservation of the darker individuals
in formalin, the lighter ones in ethanol.

The largest male examined was 51 mm snout to vent; the largest
female, 58 mm. Eight males 31 to 44 mm snout to vent with tail
intact had tail over snout-vent length ratios of 1.8 to 2.0, mean
1.92; 4 females 46 to 50 mm snout to vent had ratios of 1.6 to
1.7, mean 1.67. Hind leg over snout-vent length ratios varied from
0.41 to 0.46 for small males (26 to 35 mm snout to vent), from
0.41 to 0.47 for longer ones (36 to 51 mm snout to vent). For
females 42 to 55 mm snout to vent, this ratio varied from 0.38
to 0.43.

SEXUAL DIMORPHISM. The most conspicuous sexual dimorphism is
in femoral pore number (Table 1). Although occasional females
have pore counts of 13, 15, 17, or even 20, the great majority
have O, 2, or 4. In all females, however, the pores that are present
are distal on the thigh rather than proximal; when the number
in the series matches that found in males, the pore series reaches
the proximal end of the thigh. There is variation in the number

10 POSTILLA

of preanal scales. Sixteen males were recorded as having 4 poste-
rior preanal plates; one has 3, another 3 and 2 very small lateral
scales. Thirteen have 4 large posterior preanals, plus 2 minute
lateral slivers. One male has 5 posterior preanals, another 6;
in these two, the outermost scale on each side is thin. Among the
females, in contrast, counts of 6 were recorded for 15 individuals,
although the outermost scales on each side in these is narrow.
Eight other females have 4 posterior preanals plus a minute
additional scale on each side. One count of 4 and two of 5 were
also recorded.

HEMIPENIS OF OPIPEUTER XESTUS. The left hemipenis of one male
from UMMZ 69559 was removed, washed overnight in distilled
water, stained in a solution of alizarin red S in 0.5 percent KOH,
and destained in distilled water. In order to insure rapid penetra-
tion of the dye, the hemipenis was slit along the sulcus spermaticus.
After destaining, the hemipenis was completely opened on the
ventral side by enlarging the slit in the sulcus. Photographs of
various features are shown in Figs. 2 and 3.

It was possible to open the hemipenis for approximately half of
its total length; the remaining part is largely made up of retractor
muscle, and is not shown in Fig. 2. Within the basal half, there are
two sets of flounces each with numerous members; each flounce
contains numerous fine, calcareous spinules. These flounces form
chevron-shaped folds in the inverted hemipenis, with the free ends
on the median welt dorsally and adjacent to the sulcus spermaticus
ventrally. The apices of the chevrons are basal. In the unopened
and inverted hemipenis, each lateral flounce begins on the ventral
side near the sulcus spermaticus, spirals diagonally toward the
base around the lateral side of the space within the inverted
hemipenis to form an angle dorsal to the lateral free edge of the
median welt, after which each spirals distally around the lateral
free edge of the dorsally placed median welt and end on its ventral
side; each median flounce follows an essentially mirror-image

Fig. 2. Structure of the left hemipenis of Opipeuter xestus (UMMZ
69559). The inverted organ has been slit along the sulcus spermaticus.
A. The basal part, showing general arrangement of flounces in the lateral
(left) and medial (right) pockets, and locations of groups of enlarged
teeth (< 17). B. Enlarged teeth on lateral wall of sulcus spermaticus
(x 29). C. Enlarged teeth at base of median welt (X 29).

12 POSTILLA

es

FIG. 3. Details of flounces and minute spines in the medial pocket of
inverted left hemipenis of Opipeuter xestus (UMMZ 69559). The median
welt has been folded back to show the apices of the chevron-shaped
flounces (x 27).

TEIID LIZARD FROM BOLIVIA 13

course. When the hemipenis is slit and laid open along the ventral,
sulcus-bearing side, the two sets of flounces line two distinct pock-
ets. There are 21 medial and 19 lateral folds in the medial pocket
(Fig. 3), and 15 medial and 19 lateral folds in the lateral pocket.

The spines do not continue across the apex of the flounce, al-
though the flounces are continuous.

Basally, on the median welt, there are a series of enlarged
spines. These form three rows, the most basal (scarcely visible
in Fig. 2C) with four teeth, the middle with seven teeth, and the
most distal (uppermost in Fig. 2C) with eight teeth.

On each side of the sulcus spermaticus there is a row of enlarged
spines (Fig. 2A, B). There are three spines along the lateral edge
of the sulcus, five along the medial edge.

The most common arrangement of the flounces in the hemipenes
of lizards of Group II of the Teiidae is a series of chevrons. Varia-
tion occurs in their continuity across the apices, across the
median welt, in their number and in the number of spinules in
them. Enlarged sp.nes may occur at a variety of positions, either
in the flounces or in separated groups. The groups of enlarged
spines along the sulcus in combination with a group at the base of
the median welt has not been observed outside of Opipeuter. A
survey of these structures in Group II of the Teiidae is in prep-
aration.

BIOLOGY. Nothing is known of the habits of Opipeuter xestus. Two
leathery eggs, one in each oviduct, are present in each of three
females; in all three, the right egg is located more anteriorly. Two
other females each contain a single leathery egg, in both cases
in the right oviduct.

The enlarged transparent eye disc represents an extreme expres-
sion of a widespread altitudinal and latitudinal gradient in teiid
lizards of Group I. Northern populations, whether representing
local populations of widespread species, restricted species, or
even restricted genera, have the disc in the lower eyelid divided
by vertical grooves into two to many segments. Usually when the
disc is divided, the lens is translucent, although often, especially
in populations from higher altitudes, the disc contains black pig-
ment to varying degrees. Southern populations tend to have the
disc an oval, undivided, translucent scale. Opipeuter xestus, with

14 POSTILLA

its large, almost circular, transparent, undivided disc, is extreme.
The extent to which the eye is kept open or closed in life is not
known, but the great specialization suggests that the lid must be
closed most of the time.

RANGE. All of the specimens of Opipeuter xestus with detailed data
were collected on the eastern Andean slopes of central Bolivia
(map). Altitudes associated with the localities vary from 1600 to
3000 m above sea level.

DERIVATION OF NAME. The name xestus is derived from the Greek
word for smooth, fearos.

66 65°30 65"

16°30)

a p
5 ‘

Yungas del |

tocot Palmar
Py Ee =e
} ( Incachge
tA ee 4

© cocHABAMBA

ee Sour ey) @Monte Punco 17°30
Kilometers

Collection localities for Opipeuter xestus on the eastern Andean slopes of
central Bolivia. Dotted line indicates 700 m; areas above 3500 m are
shaded.

TEIID LIZARD FROM BOLIVIA 15

LITERATURE CITED

Boulenger, George Albert. 1885. Catalogue of the lizards in the British
Museum (Natural History), 2: xii + 497 pp., 24 pls. Taylor and

Francis, London.
1906. Descriptions of new lizards in the British Museum.

Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (7) 19: 486-489.

Ruibal, Rodolfo. 1952. Revisionary studies of some South American Teiidae.
Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. Harvard Coll. 106 (11): 477-529.

Werner, Franz. 1899. Beschreibung neuer Reptilien und Batrachier. Zool.

Anz. 22: 479-484.

REVIEW

Si YLE

SS
a

FORM

nitLe

ABSTRACT

VOMENCLATURE

ILLUSTRATIONS

FOOTNOTES

TABLES

REFERENCES

JTHOR'S COPIES

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INFORMATION FOR AUTHORS

The Publications Committee of the Peabody Museum of Natural
History reviews and approves manuscripts for publication. Papers
will be published in approximately the order in which they are
accepted; delays may result if manuscript or illustrations are not in
proper form. To facilitate review, the original and one carbon or
xerox copy of the typescript and figures should be submitted. The
author should keep a copy.

Authors of biological papers should follow the Style Manual for
Biological Journals, Second Edition (Amer. Inst. Biol. Sci.). Authors
of paleontological manuscripts may choose to follow the Sugges-
tions to Authors of the Reports of the U.S. Geological Survey,
Fifth Edition (U.S. Govt. Printing Office).

Maximum size is 80 printed pages including illustrations (= about
100 manuscript pages including illustrations). Manuscripts must be
typewritten, with wide margins, on one side of good quality
84% x 11” paper. Double space everything. Do not underline any-
thing except genera and species. The editors reserve the right to
adjust style and form for conformity.

Should be precise and short. Title should include pertinent key
words which will facilitate computerized listings. Names of new
taxa are not to be given in the title.

The paper must begin with an abstract. Authors must submit com-
pleted BioAbstract forms; these can be obtained from the Postilla
editors in advance of submission of the manuscripts.

Follow the International Codes of Zoological and Botanical Nomen-
clature.

Must be planned for reduction to 4 x 612” (to allow for running
head and two-line caption). If illustration must go sideways on
page, reduction should be to 334 x 634”. All illustrations should be
called “Figures” and numbered in arabic, with letters for parts
within one page. It is the author’s responsibility to see that illustra-
tions are properly lettered and mounted. Captions should be typed
double-spaced on a separate page.

Should not be used, with rare exceptions. If unavoidable, type
double-spaced on a separate page.

Should be numbered in arabic. Each must be typed on a separate
page. Horizontal rules should be drawn lightly in pencil; vertical
rules must not be used. Tables are expensive to set and correct;
cost may be lowered and errors prevented if author submits tables
typed with electric typewriter for photographic reproduction.

The style manuals mentioned above must be followed for form and
for abbreviations of periodicals. Double space.

Each author receives 50 free copies of his Postilla. Additional copies
may be ordered at cost by author when he returns galley proof.
All copies have covers.

Author receives galley proof and manuscript for checking printer’s
errors, but extensive revision cannot be made on the galley proof.
Corrected galley proof and manuscript must be returned to editors
within seven days.

Any issue of Postilla will be copyrighted by Peabody Museum of
Natural History only if its author specifically requests it.

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