SS SS SANK RRA \ NN Ss AX AS SS SS Wh RIN WN ‘ NASA RRA RS SA x SN NEENAH % WAS SN MX S . RA RAY Ly SS AN ws tj Le, GLEE: e- SANS 8 RA S \ We Zs es Ze ey Te, Lo oye \ SX NSS SRS RN WS SEV RVRVAVH SY NS Y RO AN RAR SIN RNAS AGG S A \ PEERY RA Qq“°¢“ A RRA SS NYS We Iw LAS Y SS . RRR Ay S SVK SKY sys SQ we SO ARRAS RRR * SRY \ ~ . \ SS AS \ x RAW \ \ SY . SSS SV aa~qags~“v RRR SA RAY ASS AS WY WS AN S SS SS WS AN \\ \ WS SS AN ANS SS \ \ LR ww LRA CO RAS \ A WN WN WS WN \ LS S CA EON SS SR WS AS e ‘ SSeS RRR caning wot Class.) fF Ges_ Book if Te ty & Copyright N°__< Ge 7 COPYRIGHT DEPOSI: ei sont ins VETERINARY MEDICINE SERIES : No. 2 : Edited by D. M. Campbell, D.V.S. POULTRY DISEASES Wath A @hap ter On i hie ANATOMY OF THE FOWL BY Bal WAU IE vio, Dav vi Pathologist and Poultry Investigator, Animal Industry Division, North Carolina Experiment Station and Agricultural and Mechanical College; Formerly Director of Anatomy Laboratory, Kansas City Veterinary College; Formerly Pathologist, Colorado Agricultural College and Experiment Station; Bopuenyy, Veterinary Inspector, Be eAy a: . SECOND EDITION Revised and Enlarged Published by AMERICAN VETERINARY PUBLISHING CO., Chicago Copyright 1917 By AMERICAN VETERINARY PUBLISHING CO. DEC 15 1917 Oc.a4si0ii >» FOREWORD TO SECOND EDITION This book is written to fill a demand from veterinary stu- dents, students in poultry husbandry courses at agricultural colleges, veterinary practitioners and others interested in the scientific treatment of poultry diseases. An effort has been made to make the language so plain that all can comprehend the subject matter, which is a summary of results of experimental research in the laboratory of path- ology of the author and of many other investigators. For the purpose of simplification, the synonyms are given for the various names of diseases. Then follow, in order, the cause, or causes, the symptoms, the conditions found upon post-mortem examination, and lastly the treatment and means of eradication for each disease. The author is indebted to Dr. D. M. Campbell, editor of the American Journal of Veterinary Medicine, for helpful sug- gestions as to arrangement and other matters. The first edition being exhausted in so short a time is evi- dence that it met the expectations of the author and the pub- lisher—that it filled a real need. This second edition has been thoroughly revised and brought down to date. Much new information in the chapters on anatomy of the fowl, foods poisonous to fowls and poultry materia medica has been added. West Raleigh, N. C., October, 1917. IB, Jel; IROAUNE IE CONTENTS TGS te stat OND Ua Stas ear TT OT ea a Se ee 9 INS OE ECO GOIN aap eae aU ee EC se errr 17 The skeletal anatomy of the fowl; the musculature; the visceral anatomy; structure of the digestive tract and its. adjacent organs; structure of the respiratory tract; the cir- calatory system; the blood of normal fowl; the nervous sys- tem; organs of special sense; the reproductive organs of the hen: the male reproductive organs; the urinary secretion. SECTION II. CSU ip alrite Fa UO Oba ht cakes te ee ne NPL el a el a NN NOM CSE A ON AM AGL Eas eta eS 53 Site for poultry plant; buildings and runs; water sup- ply; disinfection; disposal of sick and dead birds. SECTION III. TORT @VA Mea: IDF REVS) ec a ee eee neem poe een eeeeeae 65 Lice of birds; effects of louse infestation; dealing with louse infestation; scabies; scaly legs; air sac disease; chig- ger or red mite infestation; fleas affecting birds; tick in- festation; the begbug of poultry; fungi affecting birds; thrush or sore mouth; tinea favosa; pneumomycosis; my- cosis of pigeons; white scale of the comb; bee stings; the eray canary louse; the canary mite; baldness of canaries. SECTION IV. Trmp@verne il TR TRAVSIIOS) seca er ce pease ecetade reorebecetorodtsecoaeesbeaSSees 87 Important round worms: unimportant round worms; tapeworms; the thorn-headed worms; flukes. SECTION V. Diseases of the Digestive Tract...............---------------------------s2e------2 2 101 Obstruction of the beak; pip; stomatitis; impaction of the crop; impaction of the intestines; tympany of the crop; enlarged crop; gangrene of the crop; catarrh of the crop; depraved appetite; chicken cholera; enterohepatitis; dys- entery; white diarrhea; croupous inflammation of the pig- eon; coccidiosis in wild ducks; protozoal hepatitis of pigeons; renal coccidiosis; blastomycosis of the goose; sar- cocystis; cloacitis; peritonitis; ascites; nephritis; calculi; purulent inflammation of the abdomen of the hen; intes- tinal diseases of canaries. 6 CONTENTS SECTION VI. Blood Diseases Apoplectiform septicemia in chickens and pigeons; sep- ticemia of geese; fowl typhoid; myeloid leukemia; sleep- ing sickness of chickens; septicemic diseases of canary birds; fowl pest; thrombosis; spirochetosis; pericarditis; endocarditis; rupture of the heart and large blood vessels; hypertrophy of the heart. SECTION VII. Constitutional Diseases Going light; tuberculosis; pseudo-tuberculosis; actino- mycosis; disease of the subcutem. SECTION VIII. DIS CAS ESO E: HIM NTS TY CT eeu hs ele ee Ce ee Fatty degeneration; fatty infiltration; rupture of the liver; inflammation of the liver; inflammation of the bile ducts; enterohepatitis; unimportant diseases. SECTION IX. IDISGASES Ol Tae Onvenay Bunch: ONGC 2 Prolapse or eversion of the oviduct; obstruction of the oviduct; rupture of the oviduct; broken eggs in oviduct; prolapse of the cloaca; abnormal eggs; epizootic abortion in birds; inflammation of the oil gland. SECTION X. Hematoma; multiple tumors of the ovary; cystic ovary; abdominal cyst; contagious epithelioma; sarcoma; tera- toma; adenoma; epithelioma; osteoma; horny growths on the cuticular surface of fowls. SECTION XI. Diseases of the Respiratory Passages --.._.....22222222..-22-2eeeeeeeneee ee Obstruction of the trachea; catarrh; asthma; ulcerative pharyngitis; bronchitis; congestion of the lungs; pneumo- nia; phneumomycosis; swell-head in young turkeys; chick- enpox; diphtheric roup; pox of turkeys; contagious inflam- mation of the air sacs in geese; contagious nasal catarrh of birds; conjunctivitis; ulceration of the cornea; respira- tory troubles of canaries; asthma of canaries. SECTION XII. Diseases of the Organs of Locomotion..............--..--.22220.2.22.----eeee eee Leg weakness; infectious articular inflammation in young geese and ducks; paralysis of the wings of pigeons; abscess of the foot; gout of fowls. 149 153 159 167 187 CONTENTS us SECTION XIII. Diseases of the Brain and NerveS.........2..--002222...22ccc 22 eeee eee eeeeeee cee eeeeeeeeee 195 Dizziness; hemorrhage of the brain; epilepsy; myelitis; polyneuritis; paralysis of the auditory nerve of the fowl. SECTION XIV. Bacteria of the Intestinal Tract of Chickens... 2.20002... 201 SECTION XV. MUR TANS T RD eR eS TSN RN PE ree Rc ape AT ta eM 203 Composition; parasites in eggs; bacteria of eggs; bac-. teria in fresh eggs. SECTION XVI. Wail fOnRM a tO Misa se ell stelle ee ees ee Ne Teh eee aie AI DL ee aoe Nae 207 SECTION XVII. Fractures—Wounds—Anesthesia...-_....--22.--222-- 22220 eee ee eevee eee eee 211 Repair of the fracture of bones of the domestic fowl; wounds; anesthesia and restraint of the fowl; injury to the sternum; gangrene; frozen combs; broken beak. SECTION XVIII. CastralbiOme Ort: les Tyre See es oe ee ee 221 Caponizing; ovariectomy of the pullet. SECTION XIX. HOOUSBE OLS ONOUS REO MEO Wal Seese sue nee sanee tes ae eee See sie 227 The rose chafer; arsenical poisoning; salt poisoning; other mineral poisons; ptomain poisoning; botulism; corn cockle poisoning. SECTION XX. OUT FS EVE TINS CTE Seer ee are Ea ee CPi Re Ol ee Ng Sen 231 Poultry materia medica. TETGNG HS 5 Sa a TO ec ee J et SS a re EDU 2 SAE RE ORE LE 241 ILLUSTRATIONS PAGE The Bony Skeleton of the Domestic Fowl... 12 The Visceral Organs of the Hen...........0.222 ese 14 Visceral Organs of the Right Side of a Fowl... 3 Visceral Organs of the Left Side of a Fowl.............000222..0....... 24 Section Through the Median Line of a Pullet__.......... 25 Transverse Section Through the Thoracic Region..........:..-.... UT Heart of Fowl with Its Main Branches..............----...--0------.--- 30 Blood Vessels of the Pelvis and Thigh of the FowlL................. 35 Brain and hyveball: of the: Howl eee Be Section Through the Hye of a Hen..............0.20--2- 2 39 (CYn@lnileewe Ie O TENA, OE Gy VALS TT oe pee te 40 The -RelviciOrganslotiay Pullet= 3 ee ee es 42, MNP elival CRO Rea MISK Oiler ahs CTs oN ie eel ete eee SUN 43 Section” of Ovarycot the Hen ee eee 45 Diagrammatic Structure of the Hgg..__... 222.2 eee 46 Generative Organs of a Cockerel............-.2..---02.-22-- 2 48 Belwacm Cavadibyr ots ain© 0 Chester ens a NOU ee) O Une Ue 49 SHI OEN CRTC OVA OYE ete AINE a asia a oN ihe 1) le trl en re 2A oe TRUE EEN 50 INTE MOM OWE US | Vee GUNN a a tee ei aes a Ae ae hd ae 66 INISG AO OKO Nay JEL WICC HU tao ea aS et ape ae EA ae uaa 66 Gomocotesm Holo casters se ele Sea IRE It Ue een net 67 BA CUES MIMS CA BUG ero ST eel ei ural ee Cink ON ee eal 67 GOMTOMES USC yi rs ae a a ee eC Ul Sere ee NA 67 Vay Oy SAW EAD HSI oe] BEE WU IS TY ST Se ce eV ae sta 8 Se 68 EHegs of the Goniodes Stylifer............2....0002.2.2222222222ee cence eee 68 Inexpensive, Durable Spray Pum)............200002...22222222222escseeeeeeeeeee tale SUE WI CHOY) ON ECSYSH STUN ETD Mor a Spe IN ee ee eA 73 S Cary EC BIS Pate = Reese NS. Bere a Naoend Ph COYNE, ute eae DELANO RANA: ese 74 VEO CITES) INIUTCLUTS 28s ree tila Nad aL RN Sa SL eel ese ae 75 Aixoremoyichibnon, 1elOVloSerealCeybhan. ee 76 ANB) TTY EATS SUL SS oe Gee DMT a ae ah IES TRU te ane 79 APU Hal see NG UTA see A IN a NOG YR ee WD Ta A at OSE 80 SareoDp Sivalllaia Gall laine Ce aes eae ue Delete, Cas einen ee 81 BANG SSeS TAY Ea ma SW US Te AOU IC eS TT IES WR aes ly en US NODS 82 ACG air t Hail heel © CO Teese ee aaa ere es Rn eae aU ten eee aw) Aa ea 83 IAS CATS em linilesma ecard sick at linoneein ole ld Rie yess h ele ae sah te eS 88 Fle renal sm Pap ill OS aeerire ee Sees Soe te eee iar Pee cre a onal 88 Heterakis Papillosa, Head Extremity... 88 Heterakis Papillosa, Tail Hxtremity_.....0022.2.-222222222-2. een 90 SSOLTRO DUS), JEU WONT COS ces see ee 91 SiS AV US er aC hay See Ne Sls ee ee as 92 RE ySpraneiksy, ra Ewe Eat ow ECO TONS ese ere ocean teee 96 SING GLU ERY eT Ay TAT AST Se a rs I EPA Ne Ie eet een Mea tale Mela OT Blood Smear from Case of Cholera_..........----.--..--------------- 107 IDAHO ASHORE Thm, ey DONNA 112 Cloudy Swelling Due to Enterohepatitis...........----..---. NeoOeee Na 113 Section of Liver from a Case of Enterohepatitis................... 114 Blood Smear from a Case of Enterohepatitis...._.. ee sare eee a 115 Section of Kidney from Turkey That Died of Enterohepatitis 116 Cecum from a Case of Enterohepatitis in a Turkey_................ Waly FIG. D1. 52. D3. 54. 55. 56. 57. D8. 59. 60. 61. 62. 63. 64. 65. 66. 67. 68. 69. 70. 71. 72. (Be 74. 75. 76. (ile 78. 79. 80. ILLUSTRATIONS PAGE Hemorrhagic Enteritis in a Hen....... 222222 118 Section Through Cecum from Case of White Diarrhea.......... 122 Coccidium Tenellum in Various Stages......-.0.222220022020-222c-2eeeeeeeeee 122 Croupous Inflammation in a Pigeon. ....--..22.2.202-----.22222222sseseee eee 124. Pulmonary Coccidiosis in a Duck._____.... ne 127 Intestinal Coccidiosis in a Duck uu. cece eee 127 Thrombosis Ania Helen cue oes sn ere es Re Rs ee een 137 Spiroeche tay Galil evra sk eon eo Se 138 AGUte=“SpInO CMebOSTS i. eee ae Le eee ee ee Oe gee 138 lelerinehionneh Oye Ohba inte) dele ee ee nliyG Multiple Tumors of Ovary of a Hen _.ui-22.22.... 222i eee 161 Jalen \Wrnday Ela /NoyslonampnmeENl Onsen 162 Heads of Two Chicks Affected with Contagious Hpithelioma 163 OPStrWe Lon vO wee Mera Che eee eee tes eee 167 CMTC RO OR ee ae a aad hap EN Re ee rece SRE SY Nd OW ce a 174 ROU) 1m ays Clad Gera ee oa ea a Eee 175 IDyy ae avereO WON Tha Gy (CNC eo ee eee cceee tence 177 Skiagraph of Head and Neck of Chicken___.............--02....... 181 Wiceratione ol te MC OTe ass eee eee ee een ee ne ee 184 APH OTM JAD SCES Sioa 2 es ee ee ee ee 190 Raralysis of the Auditory NeliVic- eee 199 Monster Chick (dipygus tetrabrachium) ...................-..-----------.---- 207 Oy Vr Sie he ea ERE ie apie ne et OE Reh cle ys alles 208 [Whran|oibi@ewl TElereie, Ok el, IBN ON (CO) Clea eerste 209 Sections Through Bones at Ditferent Stages of Fractures....213 Poultry Operating Table... NE enn AE Re Ree ee EE 216 Imyuny ato Stern tims nk saws pe eee ee eh 217 GanerenenOts Che HOO tote aly UIs Ke yee eee 218 Adoyo) Gre IBeieMell ANS AN) (Oyoeieennnee WENO ee 223 Capon andl © © Cle see eee Su a si Le ES eh ee 225 “52 Fic. 1. THe Bony SKELETON OF THE Domestic Fowt. PPE ANA TON: Obey FlGs 1 Head and Neck 1, os incisivum—premaxilla; 2, anterior nasal opening; 3, os nasale —nasal bone; 4, os lacrimale—lacrimal bones; 5, lamina perpen- dicularis of the ethmoid bone; 6, os dentale—inferior maxilla or lower jaw; 7, the malar bone; 8, os quadratojugal; 9, os pterygoi- deum—pterygoid bone; 10, os quadratum; 11, os auriculare; 12, foramen or opening for the passage of the fifth nerve from the cranial cavity; 13, atlas or first cervical vertebra. Trunk and Limbs 14, os carpi radiale; 15, radius; 16, first digit (thumb)—false wing bone; 17, metacarpus; 18, second (middle or large) digit; 19, third (rudimentary) digit; 20, os carpi ulnare; 21, os ulnae (elbow); 22, os humeri; 23, dorsal (thoracic) vertebra; 24, os scapulare; 25, ilium; 26, foramen ischiaticum; 27, coccygeal (caudal) vertebrae; 28, ploughshare bone; 29, foramen obturatum; 30, ischium; 31, uncinate process of the rib; 32, vertebral portion of the rib; 33, os clavicula; 34, os coracoideum; 35, femur (thigh bone): 36, pubis; 37, sternum—breastbone; 38, lateral internal process of sternum; 39, costal process of sternum; 40, keel of the sternum; 41, sternal portion of the rib attaching to the sternum; 42, lateral external process of the sternum; 43, fibula; 44, posterior process of the sternum; 45, internal notch of sternum; 46, patella (knee cap); 47, tibia; 48, metatarsus; 49, 50, 53, principal digits; 51, rudimentary digit; 52, first toe. ye ee Fic. 2. THe Viscerat ORGANS OF THE ELEN. EXPLANATION OF FIG. 2 Digestive and Genito-urinary Tract 1, beak; 2, tongue; 3, pharynx; 4, esophagus (gullet); 5, crop; 6, second portion of esophagus; 7, proventriculus; 8, gizzard; 9, duo- denum; 10, first portion of the small intestine; il, floating portion of small intestine; 12, ceca; 13, blind extremities of ceca; 14, colon; 15, rectum; 16, cloaca; 17, opening of egg sac into rectum; 18, anus; 19, mesentery; 20, opening from ureter into rectum; 21, kidney; 22, left ovary; =-, egg canal; 25, pancreas; 26, liver (turned back) ; 27, gall bladder; 28, spleen. Organs of Respiration 29, nostrils; 30, frontal sinus; 31, maxillary (infraorbital) sinus; 32, turbinated bone; 33, posterior nares; 34, glottis; 35, larynx; 36, trachea (wind-pipe); 37, false larynx; 38, lung. Organs of Circulation 39, heart (pulled down to bring it into view); 40, aorta: 41, left brachial artery; 42, cartoid artery. SECTION I ANATOMY OF THE FOWL In the young bird the bones, for the most part, contain cavities filled with red marrow. In the adult bird these cavi- ties are largely filled with air. The air passes from the res- piratory organs into these cavities. This air is supposed to be renewed in the process of respiration. In the running birds most of the bones contain marrow. Separate bronchial tubes of the lungs are continued by the air sacs which com- municate with the air spaces of the bones. The air spaces are more abundant in the larger bones as the humerus, ulna and radius. The air passes into the air passages and bony eavities of the head, then through the superior larynx, trachea and in- ferior larynx into the bronchi. From air tubules here, the air passes into the air cells of the body cavities and then into the air cells of the bones. In the process of breathing the air is drawn out of the air sacs located in the body and bone eavities. .Fresh air in turn is forced through the small com- municating tubules which enter the hollow bones through small openings in their bony walls. For study of the skeleton it may be divided into the three regions: head and neck, the trunk and the limbs. THE HEAD AND NECK (The numbers refer to Fig. 1) The bird’s head is rather small and conical in shape and is composed of several bones as shown in Fig. 1. The og in- cisivum or premaxilla (1) forms the anterior point and base of the upper jaw. It is elongated anteriorly into a V point in the fowl and flattened in the water fowl as the duck and goose. This portion constitutes the beak. This bone, together with the os dentale (6) forms the prehensile organ or means of picking both solids and liquids. This organ con- tains the anterior nasal opening (2) through which air passes on its way to the lungs. The lamina perpendicularis of the ethmoid bone (5) forms a thin wall between the two orbits or eye cavities. It contains an opening or foramen for the passage of the optic nerve and a smaller opening, the ethmoid foramen, for the passage of the ethmoid nerve. The os palatinum or palatine bone encircles the guttural opening of the nasal passage and forms the greater part of the hard 18 POULTRY DISEASES palate or roof of the mouth. It articulates with the pterygoid, superior maxilla and premaxilla. The os pterygoideum. or pterygoid bone (9), articulates with the sphenoid and os quadratum (10). The os quadratum articulates with the temporal, maxilla, zygomatic and pterygoid. The os auricu- lare (11) is interposed between the maxilla and quadrate bone. The atlas (13) or first cervical vertebra articulates anteriorly with the condyle of the occipital bone and the axis, the latter being located posteriorly. There are fourteen cervical vertebrae in the fowl, fifteen in the duck, eighteen in the goose and twelve in the pigeon. The long column of cervical vertebrae serves as a sort of balaneing pole, and by changing in form and direction it varies the center of gravity. In flying, the bird changes the center of gravity from the region over the legs to the region of the wings. When at rest the head and neck are thrown backwards, carrying the center of gravity back over the legs. The first cervical vertebra is the atlas. This is the smallest of the vertebrae and is ring-shaped. Anteriorly it articu- lates with the single condyle of the occipital bone. This anterior articular surface is half-moon shaped and forms a deep articular joint called a ball and socket joint. This type of joint makes possible, movements in all directions. The condyle of the occiput also touches an articular end of the odontoid process of the axis or second cervical vertebra. Posteriorly there are found two small lateral wings possessing articular facets which articulate with similar facets on the lateral wings of the axis. The posterior part of the body is provided with an articular facet which articulates with a similar articular surface on the anterior portion of the body of the axis. The body of each succeeding vertebra articulates with the one immediately anterior and posterior to it. Between each two is a pad of fibro-cartilage. Above these bodies and below the neural spines, we find a large neural canal which is occupied by the spinal cord. Between each two vertebral segments in the cervical region, the neural canal is exposed, due to the neural arches incompletely bridging the canal in that location. This space is protected or bridged over by an intervertebral ligament. The dorsal spines of the cervical vertebra are very small, the ventral are more distinct. The anterior oblique spines are provided on their under surfaces with articular facets, which articulate with similar articular facets on the upper side of the posterior oblique process of the vertebral segment in front. The ventral spine on the last cervical segment is ANATOMY OF THE FOWL 19 well developed. The transverse processes on either side of the cervical vertebra are penetrated by a vertebral foramen. Through each of this series of foramina passes a vertebral artery, vertebral vein and a spinal nerve. The transverse processes of the last cervical vertebra are provided with ridges and excavations for muscular and tendinous attach- ments. TRUNK (The numbers refer to Fig. 1) The dorsal or thoracic vertebrae (23) number seven in the fowl and pigeon, and nine in the duck and goose. ‘These bones are usually fused or consolidated, giving great support and stability to the wing. The dorsal vertebral region is short. The first and sixth vertebrae articulate similar to the cervical vertebra, that 1s, by the bodies and the oblique processes. The seventh dorsal is fused with the first lum- bosacral vertebra. The transverse processes of the dorsal vertebrae from the second to the sixth are well developed and bridged over with a thin wing of bone. The ventral spines are well developed and partly fused to form a continuous ridge. In the bird the lumbar and sacral vertebrae are consolidated. In the embryo there are fourteen distinct vertebrae which soon consolidate with each other and with the ribs. With these vertebral segments are fused the last dorsal and first coccygeal vertebral segments. This fusion is so complete that the segments are indicated only by the intervertebral foraiina through which the spinal nerves extend. This fused lum- bosacral region forms the roof of the pelvic region. ‘The lumbosaeral vertebrae and ilia are fused. The dorsal spines of the vertebral segments are indicated only in the anterior portion. The joints of the coccygeal or caudal vertebrae (27) are freely movable since in the birds of flight the tail is used as a rudder. The terminal bone (28) is called the ploughshare bone. There are seven coccygeal vertebrae. The last segment is the larger and is supposed to have originated from the fusion of several segments. It is shaped like a ploughshare and 1s called the pygostyle. It supports that part which gives rise to the twelve main tail feathers. The ribs are divided into the true and false. The true ribs articulate with the sternum by means of an intermediate bone. The false ribs do not articulate with the sternum, but are floating. The first rib articulates with the quadrate portion of the 20 POULTRY DISEASES last cervical vertebra and the first dorsal segment. The last rib articulates with the under side of the ilium at its ante- rior alar portion. This rib is situated similar to the true ribs, but instead of articulating directly with the sternum the see- ond portion les against the second portion of the rib just anterior to it. The ribs are provided with two articulaz facets on the dorsal portion, and these articulate with sim1- lar facets on the dorsal vertebrae. The true ribs are called sternal ribs, and each succeeding sternal rib is longer than the one preceding it. Nearer and nearer these ribs assume 1 horizontal position. The proximal end of the sternal rib articulates with the distal end of the vertebral rib. The sternal end is provided with two small ridges. From the posterior border of the second, third, fourth and fifth vertebral ribs and near their middles are flat uncinate bony processes projecting upward and forward overlying the succeeding rib, giving greater surface for muscular attach- ments and greater stability to the thorax. The vertebral por- tion of the rib (32) articulates inferiorly with the sternal portion (41) joining it to the sternum or breastbone, with which it articulates. The two portions of the rib are joined by a diarthrodial articulation. The uncinate process of the rib (31), is flat and projects backward onto the succeeding rib, giving added stability to the thorax. These processes are absent from the first and last ribs. The sternum or breastbone is a large four-sided plate of bone, the posterior portion of which overlaps the ribs on tlie outer side. On the inferior portion of the sternum there 3s a leaf-like ridge called the crista sterna or breast ridge (or keel). This bony expansion gives a greater surface for the attachment of muscles. The sides are provided with an external and an internal process forming an internal and an external notch. These notches are bridged over by a broad ligament, to which the muscles are attached. In the poor flyers, as the fowls, these notches are large. The sternal end posteriorly is called the zyphoid process. Anteriorly it is provided with lateral ex- ternal processes, the costal processes. In the center of the anterior part is the episternal process. LIMBS The os scapulare (24) is elongated, narrow and presents smooth surfaces. Anteriorly it forms a portion of the gle- noid cavity and is united to the fork of the coracoid by means of fibro-eartilage. The os clavicula (33) terminates below in the hypocleideum ANATOMY OF THE FOWL 21 (57) and unites to the breastbone by means of a ligament. The superior extremity rests within and opposite the glenoid cavity, against the scapula (24) and coracoid (34). These three bones form a passageway through which extends the tendon of the levator muscle of the wing. This bone is termed the “‘wish bone.’’ Its forks are elastic and prevent the wings coming toward each other during contraction of the depressor muscles. The os coracoideum (34), with the scapula, forms a elenoid cavity at its proximal end in which articulates the head of the humerus. Inferiorly it articulates with the ster- num. The os humeri (22) presents an articular head inferiorly which oceupies the glenoid cavity. It articulates superiorly with the radius (15) and ulna (21). The os ulnac is larger than the radius. This bone articulates inferiorly with the humerus and superiorly with the carpus in company with the radius and is provided with a short olecranon in- feriorly. The two bones meet at both extremities but bow apart in the middle. A strong ligament binds the ends so that pronation and supination is impossible. This limits movements to a gliding motion lengthwise. The carpus is made up of two bones, the os carpi radiale (14) and the os carpl ulnare (20). The metacarpus (17) consists originally of two bones but they are fused or consolidated at the ex- tremities. The first digit, thumb or false wing bone (16) is a styloid-shaped phalanx. The second, middle or large digit (18), consists of two phalanges, the second phalanx (34), and the third or rather rudimentary finger (19). The pelvis is voluminous and very strong. The three pairs of bones composing it are: the ilium (25); the ischium (30) ; and the pubis (36). The ilium is long and is consolidated with the last two dorsal, the lumbar and the sacral vertebrae. It is excavated on the internal face to receive the kidneys. The ischium forms a part of the sides of the pelvic cavity. The pubis is long and thin and extends along the inferior border of the ischium. The femur or thigh bone (35) articulates superiorly with the ilium by the cotyloid cavity. This cavity is provided with a foramen or opening at its bottom which passes through the bone. The femur articulates inferiorly with the patella (46), the fibula (48) and with the tibia (47). The fibula articulates superiorly with the external condyle of the femur and the head of the tibia and inferiorly is consolidated with the tibia. The tibia terminates below in two condyles which articulate with the proximal end of the metatarsus, (48). The 22 POULTRY DISEASES metatarsus terminates inferiorly with three articular sur- faces or facets which articulate with the three principal digits, (49), (50) (53). A conical eminence is noted near the inferior third which turns backwards and is the base of the spur. Most fowls have four digits. The os metatarsale or rudimentary digit (51) projects backward and is made up of three pha- langes. The second or internal toe (49) is provided with three phalanges, the third or middle toe (53) is provided with four phalanges, and the external or fourth toe (50) is S prey iee with five phalanges. VISCERAL ANATOMY OF THE HEN THE DIGESTIVE TRACT Mouth The mouth cavity is characterized by the changing of the jaw bones into the beak. There are no teeth. The tongue is shaped like an Indian arrow, with prominent, rather hard and sharp pointed papillae, along its posterior border. There is an upper and lower beak. The upper beak is pro- vided with sharp free edges. There are no lips or cheeks. The upper jaw forms the base of the upper beak, and the lower jaw forms the base of the lower beak. The beaks are covered by a continuation of the epidermis. The beak is formed of horn-like material that is rather hard and resists wear to which itis subjected. In many water birds, as geese and ducks, a thin dermoid structure is formed over the edges of the beak, in which numerous branches of the trigeminus terminate in taste buds. In chickens the beak terminates in a sharp point, while in water birds, as geese and ducks, the beak is flat, spatula- like, and grooved transversely at its free margin. The roof of the mouth (hard palate) is provided with a slit that ex- tends antero-posteriorly, and is about one inch in length; this is the posterior nares. There are on the hard palate four or more cross bars, each of which is provided with hard fili- form papillae that point backward. The tongue presents @ flat surface superiorly, and is covered by a thick strata of corneous epithelium. The dorsum (upper surface) 1s pro- vided with many small filiform papillae, that point back- wards. The body of the tongue is made up of muscles and connective tissue. The tongue of swimming birds is thinner than that of chickens. The tongue is an organ possessing both of the senses, taste and touch. The transverse row of filiform papillae of the posterior portion of the roof of the ANATOMY OF THE FOWL 23 mouth marks the border between the oral and pharyngeal cavities. Both palatine and maxillary salivary glands are present. The parotid, submaxillary and sublingual glands are present also in some species of birds, but are rather rudi- mentary. They have ducts through which their secretions are discharged into the mouth. Pharynx The mouth cavity terminates in the pharynx. The pharynx is covered by a mucous membrance. There is a transverse ridge, provided with filiform papillae pointing backwards, Fic. 3.. VISCERAL ORGANS OF THE RIGHT SIDE OF A FOWL. The right abdominal and thoracic walls have been removed; 6, duodenal loop; 7, pancreas; 8, small intestines; 10, rectum; 11, ceca; 12, right lung; 12a, right lobe of the liver; 13, base of the heart; 17, kidney; 18, the gall bladder located on the right lobe of the liver. The gizzard is not visible from the right side. and located on the supero-posterior portion of the larynx, that marks the posterior edge of the pharynx. The pharynx communicates with the mouth cavity anteri- orly and with the esophagus and larynx posteriorly. Esophagus The esophagus is a muscular tube lying posterior to the trachea. The first portion passes over to the right side as it reaches the anterior surface of the breast, where it forms an expansion called the crop. The second portion enters the thorax through the anterior thoracic opening and occupies a 24 POULTRY DISEASES space between the lungs and passes over the base of the heart. Some areas of the mucous membrane of the crop contain mucous glands. The crop is simple in the fowl, form- ing two symmetrical sacs in the pigeon and spindle-formed in ducks and geese. In the pigeon during and shortly after hatching time, in both sexes, it produces a milky fluid which serves aS nourishment for the young. The esophagus termi- nates in the stomach. Stomach Some anatomists call the proventriculus the pars glandula- ris and the gizzard the pars muscularis. The pars glandularis Fic. 4. VISCERAL ORGANS OF THE LEFT SIDE OF A Fowt. The left abdominal and thoracic walls have been removed; 4, the proventriculus; 5, gizzard; 6, extreme end of the duodenal loop; 7, pancreas; 8, the small intestines; 12, lungs (it will be noted that the lungs occupy the superior part of the thoracic cavity and that there is no distinct pleural sac, but that the lungs push up between the ribs; in fact, the ribs are covered on the inner and lateral sides by the lungs); 12a, the liver; 13, base of the heart; 17, kidney; 18, diaphragm. (proventriculus) lies dorsal to, and midway between, the two lobes of the liver, taking an oblique course to the left. It terminates in the gizzard. Its mucous surface is studded by papilla-lke projections, which furnish openings to glands of the type of those in the fundus of the stomach cf the horse and other quadrupeds. Gizzard The pars muscularis is round, muscular and flattened lat- erally and lies to the right and posterior to the proventriculus. ANATOMY OF THE FOWL 29 It hes partly behind and partly between the lobes of the liver and consists of a hollow organ. It is somewhat contracted at the sides and stands obliquely in the abdominal cavity. In gramniverous birds the walls are very thick, being made up for the most part of two powerful muscles. The cavity is lined with a very thick stratified epithelium. These heavy horny pads form grinding surfaces. Certain portions of the mucous lining contain mucous glands, which by some anato- mists have been regarded as modified pyloric glands of mam- mals. The small intestine originates on the same side of the giz- Fic. 5. Section THrouGH THE MepiAn LINE OF a Two-Pounp PULLET. No. 1, the stump of the first portion of the esophagus; 2, left wall of the crop; 3, second portion of the esophagus located just below the vertebra; 4, the proventriculus lying anterolaterally to the gizzard, superoposterior to the liver and to the left of the spleen; 5, the gizzard; 6, duodenal loop; 7, pancreas; 8, floating portion of the small intestines; 9, ovary; 10, rectuin; 11, ceca; 12a, liver; 13, heart. zard that the proventriculus enters and about one-half inch distant. Small Intestine The first portion of the small intestine is called the duode- num, which forms a long loop ealled the duodenai loop. This loop passes obliquely to the right side and proceeds along the outer right abdominal wall, passing round toward the right side, following along the posterior abdominal wall, where the terminal portion of the loop rests. The remaining portion of the small intestine forms a thick coil supported by a mesen- 26 POULTRY DISEASES tery and occupies the space between the two large abdominal air sacs. Large Intestine The large intestine is very short. At the point where the small intestine terminates in the large intestine, there is given off two long blind pouches—the ceca. These blind pouches are directed toward the head. The ceca in pigeons are comparatively short, while in fowls and ducks and geese they are quite long. The major portion of the ceca is narrow, becoming larger in calibre near the blind extremity. The large intestine or colon extends backward in a straight line with the under surface of the vertebrae and terminates in the cloaca. The entire length of the alimentary tract in fowls is five to six times, and in geese and ducks four to five times, the length of the body. Cloaca The cloaca is a sacculation with greater diameter than the large intestine and communicates anteriorly with the large intestine and opens to the external world through the anus. It receives the feces, urinary secretion and the eggs from the oviduct in the female. The vas deferens of the male opens through a papilla on the anal mucous membrane. At the point where the rectum (large intestine) empties into the cloaca, there is a strong, oblique fold of mucous mem- brane. The ureters empty at the summit of small papillae midway between the vasa deferens. The mouth of the oviduct is a slit. In the males of ducks, geese and swans there is present a copulatory organ, somewhat resembling the penis of mammals. A small round or pear-shaped sac called the bursa of Fabri- cus is located in the dorsal wall of the cloaca. The cavity communicates, through a short canal, with the posterior bor. der of the cloaca close to the anal wall. The mucous mem- brane lining the bursa contains glands. The bursa is larger in the young, but decreases in size with age. It apparently reaches its greatest size in chickens at about four months of age, at which time it may measure two to three centimeters by one and one-half centimeters. By ten or eleven months of age it has become quite rudimentary. Its function is not known. Glands similar to those of mammals are located in the intestines. Liver The liver is the largest gland in the body and consists of two lobes—a right and a left. The right lobe is somewhat ANATOMY OF THE FOWL 27 larger than the left, in most birds, except in the turkey and euinea, where they are of equal size. The liver lies behind the heart, the apex of which extends into the fissure between the anterior portion of its two lobes. The inferior surfaces Fic. 6. TRANSVERSE SECTION THROUGH THE THORACIC Recion, LookinGc BacKWARD. No. 1, spinal cord; 2, esophagus; 3, trachea; 4, skin; 5, pectoral muscles; 6, lungs; 7, heart; 8, breastbone; 10, liver. of the liver are convex and covered by a layer of visceral peritoneum. The two lobes are held together by a small hga- ment. A filiform ligament extends from the inner surface of the sternum and becomes lost in the serous covering of 28 POULTRY DISEASES the liver. This ligament assists in holding the liver in posi- tion. Most species of birds are provided with a gall bladder, which is located on the posterior surface of the right lobe of the liver. In birds without a gall bladder (pigeons, guineas) the main gall ducts of the two lobes of the liver unite and empty as one duct into the duodenum. In birds having a gall bladder the ductus hepaticus passes from the left lobe of the liver to the duodenum, while the bile from the right lobe empties into the gall bladder, from whenee the gall 1s carried to the duodenum through the ductus cysticus. In fowls the ducts of the liver and pancreas empty into the duodenum in the following order: First, the ductus pancreaticus, from the pancreas; second, the ductus hepati- cus, directly from the left lobe of the liver; and, third, the ductus cysticus, from the gall bladder of the right lohe of the liver. In ducks the ductus hepaticus and ductus cysticus are united. This common duct empties into the duodenum close to the pylorus. The two branches of the pancreatic duct empty close behind the hepatic duct. In the pigeon the ductus hepaticus is double and extends from the left lobe, while a third duct carries the bile from the right lobe. (Gadow.) There are apparently three pancreatic ducts in this species. Pancreas The pancreas is a pale, long, yellowish, lobulated gland, sometimes called the abdominal salivary gland, and hes bhe- tween the two branches of the long duodenal loop. In some species of birds the gland is divided into three distinct lobes, each provided with its own duct, whicn carries the secretion to the duodenum. Spleen The structure of the spleen is the same as in other animals. It is reddish brown in color in the fowl, shaped like a horse chestnut, and hes to the right in an angle formed by the proventriculus, liver and gizzard. Its shape varies in the different species of birds. In some it is globular, while in others lenticular. THE RESPIRATORY TRACT Nasal Cavities The nasal cavities are short and narrow. The two nasal passages are separated by a cartilaginous septum and, in part, by a bony wall. In ducks and geese the external nasal opening is found toward the base of the beak. Through the ANATOMY OF THE FOWL 29 openings one can see through from one nostril to the other (nares perviae). The external openings are either round or slit-like. They are often surrounded by a thin dermoid struc- ture and a border of peculiar feathers. Each nostril is pro- vided with a turbinated bone divided into three parts, which may be considered as three turbinated bones. The middle turbinated bone is the largest and the lower one the smallest. A small, flat gland, peeuliar to birds (fowls, dueks and geese), lies on the frontal bone in close proximity to the mesial corner of the eye. A duct extends from this gland forward and empties into the nostrils. The posterior nares opens into the mouth cavity through a slit-like opening in the roof of the mouth. Larynx Air passes through the nostrils and pharynx into the su- perior larynx. The superior larynx is a musculo-cartilaginous valve located at the superior extremity of the trachea. There is no epiglottis. A ring-like cartilage, the cricoid, is located at the base of the larynx. This forms the principal support. This cartilage is divided into four parts, namely, two side parts, one unequal ventral part and an unequal dorsal part. Some of these parts at times and in some species are fused. The arytenoid cartilages, three in number, are flexible and joined to the superior part of the ecricoid. These cartilages bound supero-posteriorly the entrance of the larynx. At times the arytenoids become partially bony. The walls are smooth and in the superior larynx there are no vocal cords. This organ is sometimes ealled the larynx cranialis, in contradistinction to the true larynx or larynx eaudalis. The true larynx is located at the bifurcation of the trachea into the right and left bronchi; it is provided with delicate vocal cords. This organ is absent in voiceless birds. It is sometimes called the larynx bronchio-trachealis. In fowls it is flattened laterally. The last rings lie close together in fowls, but are connected in pigeons and more or less completely fused in geese. This structure is called the tympanum (drum). A bony, arrow-like passage is found between the tympanum and the opening into the bronchi. This bears a small half-moon-shaped fold, which is concave from above. On either side of this passageway there is lo- eated an elastic membrane, the mebrana tympaniformis in- terna, which forms the inner wall of the adjacent bronchus. Laterally and between the tympanum and the two bronchial rings on either side there is a membrane ealled the mem- brana tympaniformis externa. Singing birds possess a well 30 POULTRY DISEASES developed muscle which in fowls, ducks and geese is rudi- mentary. In the male duck the inferior extremity is en- larged into a large sac, called the bulla tympaniformis. The left bronchus has a perceptible share in the formation of this bulla. This bulla is a resonance box. Trachea The trachea consists of closed rings round in shape and connected by short connecting bands. In fowls these rings are cartilaginous, while in singing birds they may be partly bony. The trachea is moved by means of two muscles. Lungs The lungs are two in number, red to pink in color and firmly connected with the costal wall. The ribs indent the lungs, allowing a part of the outer surface to project slightly between them. The ventral free surface is turned towards the body cavity and is covered by the rudimentary diaphragm. The rudimentary diaphragm contains some muscular struc- ture and is attached to the ribs and vertebrae. The pointed anterior lobe extends to the first rib. The posterior part terminates in a broad surface and extends back as far as the anterior end of the kidneys. The bronchi communicate with the air sacs by openings from the posterior border. The two bronchi are broadened after they enter the lung, which is at the beginning of the second third and on the ventral sur- face. They lose their cartilaginous rings and continue as duct-like channels to the extreme posterior edge, where they terminate into cartilaginous rings called the ostium caudale, from which point they communicate with the ventral or large abdominal air sacs. Hach bronchus gives off a ventral bronchus, called the bronchus diaphragmaticus caudalis, through which the air is conducted to the ostium intermedium caudale and into the caudal cella thoracica diaphragmatica. Each bronchus gives off lateral bronchi which extend to the ventral surface of the lung. They form blind pouches or air saes (alveoli) near the surface of the lung. Two bronchial systems take their origin from the main bronchus, the ventral and the dorsal. The bronchus eclavicu- laris arises from the dorso-medial wall of the main bronchus a Short distance after it enters the lung and before it broad- ens out. This bronchus gives off a large branch, called the bronchus cervicalis. It bends round the base of the main bronchus and the pulmonary artery and supplies the dorsal surface of the lung, and through the ostium claviculare it supplies air to the air sacs on the respective side (dorsal air ANATOMY OF THE FOWL ol sac). It terminates close to the middle of the lung, where it communicates, through a small opening, with the diaphrag- matic air sac. The bronchus cervicalis extends forward in the direction of the original trunk and anteriorly communicates with the cer- vical air sac through the ostium cervieale. There is also given off from the main bronchus the bronchus eervicularis dorsalis and medialis. The first extends with a few bronchi into the elavicular air sac. The bronchus dia- phragmaticus cranialis extends laterally, dorsally and medi- ally, and terminates in the thoracic air sae through the ostium intermedium eraniale. The bronchus caudalis originates from the dorso-median wall and extends to the caudal and middle portions of the lung. There is given off another bronchus called the bronchus lateralis from this lateral bron- chus. There extend from the main bronchus several bronchi in the medial half of the lung. There are six to ten dorsai bronchi (bronchi dorsales). Numerous perpendicular, nar- row, thick-walled tubes lying close to each other are given off from the dorsal wall of the main bronchus and other bronehi mentioned. These tubes have been called the ‘“‘lung pipes,”’ which by lateral pressure become five- or six-sided tubes. The mass of the lungs are made up of these tubes. These tubes terminate near the surface of the lung. The ends of these tubes, which le at right angles to the main channel, form sacculations somewhat simulating the air sacs of mammals. Connective tissue, through which pass blood vessels and nerves, fills in the space between these lung tubules. Air Sacs The air sacs are bladderlike structures with delicate walls. The saes are lined with a mucous membrane which is a con- tinuation of the mucous membrane of the bronchi. They are eonnected with the bronchial tubes but do not communicate with each other. They also communicate with air spaces in mony of the bones of the trunk and limbs. Bronchial tubes extending to the surface of the lung communicate directly with these air cells. The air sacs continue partly into the bones and line the walls of these spaces. These air spaces, some of which are of considerable size, add to the bulk of the body of the bird without increasing its weight. They reach their highest state of development in the fliers and swimmers and are less developed in running birds. The air sacs are as follows: The anterior thoracic air sac, from which arises the 32 POULTRY DISEASES axillary cell which extends to the humerus, breastbone and ribs. This is the only air sac that is single, the balance exist- ing in pairs. The cervical air sacs lie on the iast cervical vertebra and extend into the cervical vertebra. The infero- posterior thoracic air sac (ventral, phrenic or diaphrag- matic). The supero-posterior thoracic air sacs (dorsal phrenic or diaphragmatic air sacs). These air sacs or cells lie he tween the lungs and the abdominal viscera at the rudimen- tary diaphragm and aid in keeping separate the thoracic and abdominal viscera. The abdominal air sacs, which are by far the larger of all the air sacs, extend from the anterior to near the posterior border of the abdominal cavity. Part of the abdominal viscera lies between them. They extend to the pelvis and thigh bones. The cavities of the head receive their air from the nasal passages. Thymus Gland The thymus gland is present in young birds and is located along each jugular vein in the neck. The parts of this gland are elongated and lobulated. Carotid Glands These are two round or oblong glands abundantly supplied by blood vessels and lie at the base of the carotid arteries. Adrenal Glands These small reddish-like bodies lie at the anterior end of the kidneys. THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM The heart is located in the thoracic cavity with the base directed in a cranio-dorsal direction. The apex directed downward and backward lies in the anterior portion of tke fissure formed by the two lobes of the liver. It is surrounded by a pericardial sac which is often attached by means of con- nective tissue to the adjacent air sac. The structure of the heart is similar to that of mammals, except that the tricuspid valves of the right auriculo-ventricular opening are replaced with a strong double muscular plate which extends from the outer chamber wall. The papillary muscles are absent in the right chamber. The aorta is given off from the left ventricle and the pulmonary artery from the right ventricle as in mam- mals. The bicuspid valve frequently is provided with three points. The venae cavae (two anterior and one posterior) empty into the right auricle. The pulmonary veins empty through one common opening into the left auricle. ANATOMY OF THE FOWL 33 The structure of the blood vessels are the same as in mam- mals. The pulmonary artery emerges from the right ventri- ele, is short and divides into a right and a left branch, which go to the respective lungs. The aorta emerges from the left ventricle, is short and oives off the right and left coronaries and bifureates into the brachioce- flee) Mey phalie dexter (the right branch) and 1) 2 the brachiocephalic sinister (the left je LY branch). The brachiocephalic dexter 5 (7 C f gives off the posterior aorta which winds round the right bronchus and Ap RA passes along the lower portions of the Ke vertebrae. It then bifurcates to form ¥ the right carotid and right subclavian i . RV artery. Farther along the left and right carotids communicate and at - this point the thyroid gland is located. — fie. 7. Heart or Fown wit The brachiocephalic sinister bifurcates 4 1's Main Brancues. . : ils rtoid artery; 2, sterno- into the left carotid and the left sub- {yaricuiarus artery; 3, axil- elavian artery. ‘lary artery; 4, thoracic cran- Q : jalis artery; 5, thoracic cau- In some species of birds the two dalis; 6, posterior aorta; LA, carotids unite and form one carotid [c% ice Re en aay, called the carotid primaria. The _ tight ventricle. earotids give off branches to adjacent parts as they pass toward the head. struggles very little and is soon completely under its influ- ence. The cover is then removed or held one or more inches from the nostrils as indicated by appearance of the bird. If an overdose be given, open the mouth and resort to artificial respiration as with other animals; many are thus revived. Fic. 76. Pourtry OPERATING TABLE. Note is made of respirations and eye reflexes as in anes- thetizing other animals. After the limbs are entirely relaxed an assistant holds the bird on its back or it may be tied to the operating table. A poultry operating table has been designed by the writer. This table consists of a top (a) two feet wide and thirty inches long. This table is provided with four- inch cross-pieces as shown in the cut (c) which are located FRACTURES—WOUNDS—ANESTHESIA 217 about half way from the top to the ground. These cross- pieces are provided with two awning hooks on either side. Holes are bored through the top at suitable locations. The loop of the string is run through the hole on its respective side and over the legs or base of the wings (h) and the legs and wings drawn down snugly to the top and the free por- - tions of the string wrapped around the hook and given a half hitch. ; INJURY TO THE STERNUM If chicks are allowed to roost on small limbs of trees or sharp poles before the breastbone becomes sufficiently ossified Fic. 77. Injury to STERNUM, A ReEsuLtT oF RoostING ON SOME SHARP Osyect WHILE Quite IMMATURE. there is hkely to be a dent or curvature of the free margin. Fig. 77 illustrates this kind of an injury. The dressed ear- cass from such a bird would bring at least two cents less per pound on the large city markets than if the breast was straight and presented a pleasing appearance. CURVATURE OF THE SPINE Eges should lie on their sides in the incubator. If allowed to stand on end in the last days of incubation there is 218 POULTRY DISEASES likely to be some deformity. Curvatures of the spine have been noted to appear suddenly in young, developing birds. Injury to the Spme.—Often, large animals, step upon or knock over fowls in walking. This may result in broken bones, internal hemorrhage as a result of crushing, and injury to the spine or other parts. GANGRENE There are two kinds of gangrene, moist and dry. Death of a part en masse constitutes gangrene and death cell by cell on a surface constitutes ulcer- ation. If the part which dies has poured out in it much serum, there is likely to result infection and ne- erosis with gas formation. This gas is very offensive. If the part is poorly sup- pled with blood and there is no serum secreted there may be a dry gangrene, that is, the part mummi- fies, does not give off an offensive odor and becomes dry and hard. Dry gan- erene is likely to occur in dependent parts, as in the illustration, in the foot of a turkey. FROZEN COMBS The degree of cold at which the wattles and comb freeze depends upon many Fic. 78. GANGRENE OF THE FOOT OF A factors. The humidity in 2 . Beare dees e the house and the physical ommenced with fluctuating abscesses be- ee . tween the toes which when lanced gave off condition of the bird and an offensive cdor and seemed somewhat its heart action are the gaseous. Later the parts became in a state 3 of dry gangrene. A smear from the pus most important factors. A showed many eosinophiles, lymphocytes and coljmerpndleukocicai a eee |. y wealc Meant oneamsiansiies gish circulation and the more sluggishly the blood flows the slower it passes through the dependent parts and the quicker the comb freezes. Wattles usually freeze sooner than combs because when the bird drinks it usually gets its wattles wet. Birds in open front houses can stand lower temperatures FRACTURES—WOUNDS—ANESTHESIA 219 than when the house is tightly closed, because the more free circulation of air allows the watery vapor from the lungs of the birds to disseminate more rapidly and humidity is les- sened. When wattles and comb are frozen, remove the bird to a warmer room but not one heated by a stove. Apply carbolized vaselin twice a day. BROKEN BEAK The beak often becomes broken through fighting or some other violence. Such a fowl needs attention. It may starve through its inability to pick up feed or its beak may grow deformed. The bird should be given feed in such a manner that it can easily pick it up, or the new and developing horny material may become injured. Mash, both wet and dry, given in a cup. is recommended. The cup should not be allowed to become so nearly empty that the bird strikes the bottom with its beak. Often chicks are hatched with crossed beaks making the act of prehension a difficult one. SECTION XVIII CASTRATION OF THE BIRD (CAPONIZING) There are great possibilities in the more extended practice of capon production. The fact that there is a growing de- mand, making their value as a meat product superior to that of the cock or cockerel, and the fact that they bring about thirty cents a pound while the uncastrated bird brings only about fifteen cents, together with the fact that they become very much larger, makes this phase of poultry husbandry a productive and remunerative one. The male bird after the removal of his reproductive organs loses his masculine appearance, becomes sluggish and gains weight rapidly as a result of his inactivity. From the loss of that internal secretion manufactured in the testes we note that there is the same difference which is observed in other animals under the same treatment. The development of the gelding as compared to the horse and of the barrow as compared to the boar, are some concrete ex- amples. The same improvement in meat is noted in the castrated or caponized bird as in the steer over the meat of the bull or the meat of the barrow compared with that of the boar, hence capon raising is highly desirable and if properly managed is a profitable undertaking. A eapon of the Plymouth Rock, Wyandotte or Rhode Island Red breed should weigh fully seven or eight pounds when eight months of age. Light capons are produced from the Rocks, Wyandottes and Reds while the heavy eapons are produced from the Brahmas and Cochins. The cockerel should be ecaponized when he weighs from one to one and one-half pounds, which will probably be about the eighth to the tenth week. ; If the birds are allowed to become too old before operation the testes are found to be very large, the removal of which may prove fatal to the bird. If the birds are hatched from March to May the operation could be performed in the months of June to September and with proper feeding and care these birds should then be ready to market from December to March. The equipment needed to perform this operation is a table 222 POULTRY DISEASES provided with means of confining the bird on it and instru- ments consisting of a knife or sealpel with which to make the incision or cut through the abdominal wall, a hook for tearing through the peritoneum or lining of the abdominal cavity, air sac walls and at times through the mesentery and a spreader for holding the wound open while the removal of the testes is accomplished. The intestines may be pushed to one side by aid of the end of a scalpel. An improvised table may be made by taking a barrel, using two cords and two weights of sufficient size to hold the bird down, usually about the size of a half brick. The cords are doubled and one is looped around the legs, the other around the base of the wings and a half brick tied to the free ends as shown in Fig. 79. A poultry operating table designed by the writer consists of a top two feet wide and thirty inches long. This table is provided with four-inch cross pieces, as shown, (Fig. 76) which are located about half way from the top to the ground and provided with two awning hooks on either side. Holes are bored through the top at suitable locations. The loop of each cord is run through the hole on its respective side and over the legs or base of the wings and the legs and wings drawn snugly down to the top and the free end of the cord wrapped around the hook and given a half hitch. If the bird or birds are to be operated on in the forenoon, no feed should be given on the previous day. It is also well to withhold water as an abundance of water causes more hemorrhage, owing to the increased amount of liquid in the body tissues. It is rather difficult to accurately and satisfac- torily operate when the intestines are gorged with feed. The operation is best performed in the bright sunlight un- less the operator is provided with a head reflector. The instruments should be kept in a shallow pan of anti- septic, as creolin, or better, formaldehyd solution. A small amount of absorbent cotton should also be at hand. After the bird is confined pluck a few feathers over the field of oper- ation (between the last two ribs). It is well to place a small chunk of ice in the pan of antiseptic and use the ice water in sponging the field of operation. The cold water thus acts as an antiseptic as well as causing a contraction of the capil- laries of the region and less hemorrhage will result. When ready to make the incision pull the skin over so that after the incision is made and the skin released the wound into the abdominal cavity will be closed. Jn making the in- cision through the skin the bird will struggle very little. The CASTRATION OF THE BIRD 223 knife or scalpel should be very sharp and the incision made quickly to minimize pain. The upper point of the incision should be about one-half inch from the center of the backbone or vertebrae. The incision should be about one inch long. As a nerve, artery and vein pass along the posterior border of each rib, it is necessary not to cut close to the posterior border but make the incision close to the anterior border of the last. rib. . A second incision is now made in the same wound, this time euiting through the abdominal muscles. Care must be exer- cised not to cut too deep and injure the internal organs. If the peritoneum is not cut this can be broken through by aid Fic. 79. Top of Barrel As An Operating Table. of the hook and insert the spreaders. Now tear through the walls of the air sac and push the intestines to one side and the uppermost testis will be in plain view. The testis will appear bean-shaped, about one-half inch long and yellowish- white in color. It lies close to the body of the vertebrae and large abdominal blood vessels, being attached by connective tissue. If it is the desire to remove both testes through the one opening it is necessary to tear through the mesentery or web-like membrane supporting the viscera, care being taken not to make the opening too close to its attachment to the vertebrae or fatal hemorrhage may take place as a result of rupturing these delicate vessels. If the opening has been properly made the lower testis will 224 POULTRY DISEASES be in plain view. Always remove the lower one first as, if the upper one be removed first, some hemorrhage may take place that will make it very hard to find the lower one later. For beginners it is better to operate from both sides, each time removing the upper one. The testicular tissue is very soft and it 1s necessary to use ereat care to remove all of the tissue. If it is crushed it will be very difficult to successfully remove it so that it 1s neces- sary that the operation be done with skill. If care is not used often the end of a testis will break off and this part remaining makes a “‘slip.’’ This small particle will furnish some internal secretion and the bird can be regarded neither as a cockerel nor as a capon. Slips are undesirable. The acci- dents may be as follows: on account of the testes lying close to the vertebree in close proximity to the abdominal aorta and other large vessels and the capsule of the testis being attached to them, too much traction or improperly applying the tractors may result in rupture of the vessel and fatal hemorrhage occur at once. If the aorta is ruptured there will be noted a hissing sound and the bird becomes pale in the face and comb and immediately collapses. In this case cut off the head and the bird can be used for food. If the bird is allowed to struggle after the operation a large vessel already injured by the oper- ation may rupture and fatal hemorrhage result. After the operation if the incision has been properly made no suture is necessary, but if the opening in the abdominal wall be large it is well to take one or two sutures with clean, sterile cotton or silk thread. After the operation is completed remove the bird as care- fully as possible and quietly place in a clean coop or run bed- ded down with clean straw. Do not allow them in coops or inclosures where they can jump upon boxes, perches or fly, as they must be kept down on the floor for a few days. Supply the birds with clean, fresh water and give them ground feed mixed with milk as soon as they are placed in their runs. They apparently do not suffer any inconvenience from the operation and will eat heartly immediately after. On the third day examine each bird to make sure there are no ‘‘wind puffs’? or emphysematous conditions, that is, air worked under the skin from the edge of the wound or incision. If wind puffs or emphysema is present puncture with clean, sterile, sharp knife and allow the air to escape. Birds have a great resistance against the common germs of wound infec- tion, as staphylococci and streptococci and fatalities from this cause are very rare, if at all. The wound should be entirely healed in three weeks’ time. CASTRATION OF THE BIRD 220 Fig. 80 shows a Barred Plymouth Rock capon and a Barred Plymouth Rock cock. Note difference in head and general appearance between the capon and the cock. Capons are usually marketed at about ten months of age. OVARIECTOMY OF THE PULLET An unsexed (spayed) pullet is called a poulard. Spayed pullets make more rapid growth without the handicap of egg production, at a later stage, and the meat is of improved quality and flavor. The spayed pullet takes on some of the Fic. 80. 1, capon; 2, cock. appearance of a cockerel. The poulard, like the capon, be- comes an outeast and is never known to eackle. The pullets are usually operated upon at about the same age as in caponizing the cockerel and usually in the late spring or early summer. The pullets are prepared in the same manner as cockerels for caponizing. The incision 1s made in a similar manner as in the cockerel and the unde- veloped egg cluster is found in the pullet in a similar location to that of the testicles in the cockerel. With a pair of artery forceps grasp the undeveloped oviduct, which will be found to he about the size of a broom straw, and remove about one inch of this and the ovary. Care must be taken not to eut or rupture any of the large abdominal blood vessels lying just back of the ovary and against the vertebrae (a similar precaution as in caponizing). The removal of a section of the 226 POULTRY DISEASES oviduct and ovary prevents the further development of the ege canal and functionating of the cells of the canal and the formation of eggs. Pullets that have begun to develop eggs cannot be successfully operated upon. The after treatment is the same as for capons. SECTION XIX FOODS POISONOUS TO FOWLS THE ROSE CHAFER (Macrodactylus Subspinosus Fab.) In the spring of the year when the grapes are in bloom, large numbers of the common rose-chafers (rose bugs) often appear to feed upon the blossoms and later attacking the young and developing fruit and leaves of the plant. The beetle is about one-third inch long, of a lhght brown color and is covered by numerous lighter hairs. It is provided with long, spiny legs. This bug may also be found on roses, from which its common name is derived. It may also be found on other shrubs and upon apple, plum, cherry and peach trees. When numerous and its preferable food scarce, it may attack different grasses and grains. The bug passes through the four stages, namely: ova, larva, pupa and adult. Lamson has shown that when large numbers are eaten by small chicks death may occur from their poisonous effects in from nine to twenty-four hours. It was found that fifteen to twenty rose chafers were sufficient to kill chicks seven days old in seven days; twenty-five to forty-five proved fatal to chicks twenty-one days old. Chicks over ten weeks old did not die from their effects. The symptoms usually appear an hour after the bird eats a large quantity of these bugs. The first symptoms noted are those of a dozing attitude, the bird becomes weak, and finally prostrate and is unable to walk. Some may recover from the poison. Occasionally convulsions are noted in the dying chick. The poison appears to be a neuro-toxin. Post mortem does not reveal any lesions. Prophylactic treatment consists of keeping the young chicks away from parts of the premises that are infested by these bugs. ARSENICAL POISONING Arsenical poisoning may occur from the birds drinking spray mixtures containing paris green or other arsenical com- pounds, from eating rat poison, ete. Cases have been brought to our attention where birds had been poisoned by eating oerasshoppers. The grasshoppers had been given arsenic in 228 POULTRY DISEASES bran, and the birds, devouring large numbers of them, became ill, and many of them died. Symptoms.—tLoss of appetite, black comb, dullness, sitting, moping and unsteady gait, increasing weakness, and death. Judging from the effect of poisonous doses of arsenic on high- er animals, the poisoned birds must have been in considerable pain, but they did not show it; birds do not manifest pain as other animals do. Autopsy.—The liver was normal, except that it was a trifle dark in color. There were no noticeable changes in the other abdominal organs, except the intestinal tract. Upon opening the intestines there were noted patches of hemorrhage and areas of congestion and inflammation. Treatment.—This is scarcely worth while. Demuleent drinks, as water in which slippery elm bark has been soaked, or even milk, are indicated, after a full dose of castor oil. SALT POISONING Poisoning among chickens and turkeys from eating common salt or drinking brine is quite common and the losses from it are large. It may occur from eating salt pork, or fish, or from drinking the brine left from freezing ice cream, and in many other ways. The symptoms and treatment vary but little from arsenical and other poisons. Dr. Geo. H. Glover, Colorado, reports a case in which a lady in baking a cake made a mistake and used common table salt instead of sugar. After the cake was baked and the mistake discovered the young housewife concluded to feed it to her nice flock of chickens, consisting of twenty-three hens and one rooster. All the birds ex- cept the rooster died. It has been determined that twenty-five grains of salt per pound of live weight is sufficient to produce death in birds. OTHER MINERAL POISONS Saltpeter poisoning, from eating fertilizer ; phosphorus poi- soning, from eating rat poison; Jead and zinc poisoning, from eating paint, and copper poisoning, from driking bordeaux mixture, have been described; all are infrequent. PTOMAIN POISONING Limber neck is one of those convenient generic terms which poultrymen sometimes apply to any ailment in which the bird is too sick to hold up its head. It is a very prominent symp- tom in all forms of ptomain poisoning. Cause.—Ptomain poisoning may be due to eating any kind FOODS POISONOUS TO FOWLS 229 of food in which putrefaction has set in, but is usually the result of eating decaying meat or fish. Because of the more favorable conditions for the rapid putrefactiton of meat in very hot weather, ptomain poisoning occurs chiefly in mid-summer, and on tarms where the fowls have an extended range, including patches of high weeds that effectually conceal dead animals from the caretaker, until the loss of a large portion of the flock compels cutting weeds and a diligent search for the carcass. The beginning of ptomain poisoning in a flock is usually something like this: During very hot weather a bird dies in the tall weeds, it may be from disease or from violence, and in three or four days its careass is filled with maggots and in an advanced stage of decomposition; it 1s found by the other birds and devoured, with the consequent death of many of them, some of them dying in out of the way places and remaining undiscovered by the keeper, and in turn poisoning others, and so on. Oftentimes the keeper is responsible for the beginning of the trouble by thoughtlessly throwing some small animal which he has killed (opossum, weasel, rat, ete.) where the fowls find it. If the weather conditions are favorable to rapid decomposition, ptomain poisoning in the flock will result and the ‘‘vermin’’ dead will destroy more birds than ten of its kind would destroy during life. Maggots are usually found in the crops of birds dying from eating putrid flesh, and if the poultryman holds autopsies on the dead birds, he is quite apt to conclude that the maggots have killed them. Such is not the case. Treatment.—Give a tablespoonful of castor oi] and one- fifth grain doses of sulphate of strychnin, the latter every four to six hours. Experiments have been conducted to determine the exact dosage of strychnin for an average-sized hen. It has been found that the dose should be from one-sixth to one-fifth of a erain three times a day. The author has given one grain re- peatedly without ill effect, but when given in solution and on an empty crop it killed the bird. BOTULISM (Limber Neck) Dickson has recently reported the results of several outbreaks of botulism among persons and the same condition among fowls where they had eaten some of the same kind of meat. In one case fifty fowls were affected after eating home-canned corn which had caused the death of a woman who had tasted it. In another case between fifty and one hundred fowls became paralyzed and 230 POULTRY DISEASES died at the same time that a woman who cared for them had died of “bulbar paralysis.” Hight fowls, in another case, showed the same symptoms and died after eating home-canned string beans which had caused the death of a woman who had tasted them. And in still another case seven fowls died after eating home-canned apricots which had also caused the death of five people. In all cases in human and fowls the symptoms and the course of intoxication were the same as those of botulism and in the histologic examination of one case, after autopsy, showed the typical thrombosis and hemorrhages which have been shown to be char- acteristic of the condition. The organism recovered from the fowls were identical in morphological and cultural characteristics to the Bacillus botulinus. The toxin from these cultures produced typical symptoms when fed to other fowls. The birds become dull, inactive, refuse to eat, remain quiet; their feathers are ruffled, and the birds gradually become weak.- This is manifested in the legs, wings and finally in the neck, so that they are unable to stand; drop the wings; the neck is limber, the beak rests on the floor and finally prostration results. Death usually occurs in less than twenty-four hours after feeding. It has veen fuund that the Bacillus botulinus may develop in decaying vegetables so that limber neck due to this organism may be obtained from this source as well as decaying meat. CORN COCKLE POISONING Chickens eating large quantities of corn cockle, in ground form, incorporated in their feed in the form of mash, have been poisoned. The seed contains a poison, sapotoxin, which causes a severe inflammation of the entire digestive tract, including the crop. Great prostration and death follow. SECTION XX POULTRY REMEDIES With the development of veterinary medicine there has come a knowledge of drugs and their applicability to diseases of the domestic fowl. The author has devoted much time and thought, the past few years, in rational medication of fowls and has worked out a dosage based on the physiological tests of the drugs upon healthy fowls and also the appleation in disease. The following brief discussion of poultry materia medica and its therapeutic application is thought best in this volume. In medicating birds it will be well either to give the drug by the mouth in capsule or in tablet form, since in a large number of cases the liquids administered as a drench find their way down into the trachea and bad. results follow. ’ Liquids may be mixed with mash or soaked in bread in eases where the fowl has not completely lost its appetite or where it does not object to the taste. The larynx of the fowl is not provided with an epiglottis and, in struggling birds, stands more or less open. Birds require a comparatively larger dosage to obtain the full physiological results than do mammals. A large amount of unsatisfactory medication of fowls in the past has come about through the lack of rational medication. Poultry Materia Medica ALOIN Source—A neutral principle obtained from aloes. Properties—Small acicular erystals, in color yellow to yellowish brown; odorless and bitter taste. Use—Cathartic. Indication—Constipation. Dose—For adult fowl, 1 to 2 grains. AMMONIUM CARBONATE (SMELLING SALTS) Source—A mixture of ammonium chlorid or sulphate, and cal- cium carbonate, is sublimed and resublimed. Properties—White, hard, translucent, striated masses, having a strong ammoniacal odor and a Sharp salty taste. Action—A heart and respiratory stimulant. Indications—Acute bronchitis, pneumonia or in colds. Dose—For an adult fowl, 20 grains given in capsule. 232 POULTRY DISEASES ARECA NUT (Betel nut) Source—From the seed which resembles nutmeg in shape and color. Properties—A brownish powder. Action—Destroys intestinal parasites. Indications—Infestation of intestines with worms, and acts as a cathartic. Dose—For adult fowl, 5 to 10 grains, given in wet mash. ARGENTI NITRAS FUSUS (Lunar caustic) Source—Melted silver nitrate, 3 parts, and potassium nitrate, 6 parts, cast in suitable moulds. Properties—White, hard, solid pencils which appear finely gran- ular at a broken end. Action—A caustic. Indications—The pencil lunar caustic may be used to lightly burn ulcers in the mouth or head as in roup or sorehead. BARBADOES ALOES Source—The dried or inspissated juice of the Aloe vera. Properties—A hard mass, orange brown and opaque. Odor, sat- ron-like and bitter taste. Action—A cathartic. Indications—Constipation. Dose—For adult fowl, 10 to 20 grains. BELLADONNA FLUID EXTRACT (Deadly Nightshade) Source—An extract of the leaves of Atropia belladonna. Properties—Blackish-brown liquid of characteriste odor. Preparations—Extract; fluid extract and tincture. Action—A stimulant. Lessens mucous secretions. Small doses do not affect respiration but large doses make breathing quicker and deeper. Indications—Acute inflammation of the air passages as bronchi and lungs. Dose—To adult hen, five drops, repeated every three hours. May be dropped in mouth by aid of medicine dropper. CARBO LIGNI (Wood Charcoal) Source—Soft wood is charred by piling it in a heap, igniting, and covering it with sand and dirt to prevent rapid combustion. Properties—A black, odorless and tasteless powder or bits, free from gritty matter. Action and Indications—It is indicated in indigestion, chronic gastritis, and intestinal catarrh and diarrhea. How Given—May be kept in compartment of dry mash hopper where the birds have access to it. Use large size pieces for adult fowls and chick size for smaller ones. CASTOR OIL Source—A fixed oil expressed from the castor oil bean. Properties—A pale, yellowish and almost odorless, transparent viscid fluid and possessing an offensive taste. Use—A cathartic. Indications—Constipation. Dose—One tablespoonful to each four fowls. May be given in wet mash. POULTRY MATERIA MEDICA 233 CHLOROFORM Source—Alcohol and water are heated in a still to 37.7° C., when chlorinated lime is added and chloroform is evolved. Properties—A heavy, clean, colorless, mobile and diffusible liquid of a characteristic ethereal odor, and a burning sweetish taste. Action—Anesthetic. Use—It is used as an anesthetic in preparing birds for operation. Chloroform and ether are an excellent combination for anesthetic purposes. COAL-TAR DISINFECTANT DIPS (Standardized) Source—Coal tar distillation products, the active principles of which are cresols and hydrocarbons. Properties—They are a rather thick, black tarry liquid which turns the water a milky color, due to the soapy emulsion that results upon the addition of the water. Use—A destroyer of germs and parasites. How Used—If the product so standardized has a coefficiency of 5, then a two per cent solution in water (one ounce or two table- spoonfuls to each two quarts of water) should be used for spray- ing purposes for parasites and germs. CONVALLARIA (Fluid Extract) (Lily of the Valley) Source—An extract of the plant. Preparations—Extract, fluid extract and tincture. Action and Indications—Similar to digitalis. Dose—F er adult fowl, ten to twenty drops. CREOLIN Source—Obtained from soft coal by dry distillation, its composi- tion is very complex. It is said to contain cresol and higher homo- logues of phenol. Properties—A dark-brown syrupy, alkaline liquid of a tarry taste and odor. Action—A powerful disinfectant, antiseptic and parasiticide. Use—As a spray for poultry houses and equipment use one to five ounces to each gallon of water. DIGITALIS (Fluid Extract) (Fox Glove) Source—From the leaves of digitalis. Preparations—Extract, fluid extract and tincture. Action—It strengthens the heart beat. Indications—It has a tendency to correct the rapid, weak, irregu- lar pulse. Dose—For adult hen ten to twenty drops. ETHER (Sulphuric Ether) Source—Obtained by distillation of alcohol with sulphuric acid. Properties—A transparent, colorless, mobile liquid, having a characteristic odor and a burning, sweetish taste. Action—To produce anesthesia. Use—It is used as an anesthetic in preparing for operations on birds. EUCALYPTUS, OIL OF Source—A volatile oil distilled from the leaves of the eucalyptus tree. 234 POULTRY DISEASES Properties—A colorless or faintly yellowish liquid. It has a characteristic aromatic odor, and a pungent, spicy and cooling taste. ; Action—It- is an antiseptic and disinfectant, being three times as effective as carbolic acid. Indications—Catarrhal conditions of the nasal mucous mem- branes, and mucous membranes of trachea and bronchi. Use—As a steam inhalation or as a spray or injection in catarrh and roup combined with other drugs, as follows: Oil of eucalyptus........................ 20 drops Oilvot thy mess eee 1 dram Mie mito] esate eS AO eee 10 grains Oil: spetrol ee eens 2 ounces Mix and inject into nasal passage. FERROUS SULPHATE (Copperas, green vitriol) Source—Iron wire is dissolved by boiling in diluted sulphuric acid. Properties—Large, pale, bluish green, monoclinic prisms, with- out odor and having a salty taste. Changes to a fine powder on being exposed to air. Action—Externally it is an astringent and stimulant. Indications—In a solution of one ounce to one gallon of water for wounds of any kind in the fowl. FORMALDEHYD (Formic aldehyd) Source—Obtained by partial combustion of wood alcohol, with- out ignition, by evaporation of the spirit in contact with a hot, platinized, asbestos plate. Properties—A pungent gas. Sold in aqueous solution (40 per cent gas in water). It is very volatile. Uses—A strong disinfectant. Used in about the same dilution as lysol for disinfecting purposes. GENTIAN, POWDERED Source—Obtained from the gentian roots. Properties—A yellowish brown powder possessing a bitter taste. Action—Improves the appetite and stimulates digestion. Indications—Indigestion, loss of appetite and malnutrition. Dose—Same as for ginger, which see. GINGER, POWDERED (Zingiber) Source—F rom the roots of the Zingiber officinale. Properties—A yellowish-brown powder with bitter taste. Action—A bitter tonic. Indication—Indigestion, loss of appetite; malnutrition. Use—Combined for tonic with other drugs, as follows: Powdered ginger.....................--. 2 ounces Powdered gentian...................... 2 ounces Powdered nux vomica.............. 2 ounces Mix one teaspoonful to each twelve fowls. Given twice daily in wet mash. GLYCERIN Source—A liquid obtained by the decomposition of vegetable or animal fats or fixed oils. Properties—A clear, colorless liquid of a thick, syrupy consist- POULTRY MATERIA MEDICA 235 ency, oily to the touch, odorless, very sweet and slightly warm to the taste. Action—lIts affinity for water causes it to keep moist the surface to which it is applied. Indication—Inflammation or injury of the mouth, pip, stomatitis. HYDROCHLORIC ACID (Muriatic acid) Source—From a distillation of sulphuric acid, sodium chlorid and water. The resulting gas is passed into distilled water. Properties—A colorless, fuming liquid of pungent odor, and an intensely acid taste. HYDROCHLORIC ACID (Dilute) Made by taking 100 parts concentrated hydrochloric acid, 219 parts distilled water. Action—It aids digestion by stimulating the formation of secretin in the stomach and intestines and excites the activity of all the glands giving rise to the secretions concerned with digestive ac- tivity. In concentrated form is caustic. Indication—Indigestion. Dose—One tablespoonful to each gallon of drinking water. LINSEED OIL Source—A fixed oil expressed from linseed or flaxseed. Properties—A yellowish, oily liquid, peculiar odor and bland taste. Use—A cathartic. Indication—Constipation. Dose—One tablespoonful to each six fowls. May be given in wet mash. Raw oil must be used. LYSOL Source—From that part of tar oil which boils between 190° and 200° C., by dissolving in fat and saponifying in alcohol. Properties—A clear, brown, oily liquid of a feeble creosote-like odor. Action—Destroys germs and parasites. Use—One-half to two per cent solution in water to disinfect water or feed containers and to spray houses. MAGNESIUM SULPHATE (Epsom Salts) Source—It is obtained from native dolomite, a double carbonate of magnesium and calcium. Properties—Small, colorless, rhombic prisms, without odor, and having a cooling, saline and bitter taste. Slowly becomes a fine powder in dry air. Action—A hydrogogue cathartic. A feeble diuretic. Indications—Constipation. Dose—For adult as a mild laxative, one tablespoonful to each twelve fowls. Best given in solution in water and this mixed with dry mash. One teaspoonful given by the mouth in solution will produce action in about four hours. MENTHOL (Peppermint Camphor) Source—Obtained from the official oil of peppermint. Properties—Colorless, acicular or prismatic crystals. It possesses a strong, pure odor of peppermint. 236 POULTRY DISEASES Action—Allays irritation. Indication—Catarrh of the head. Use—Same as oil eucalyptus, which see. MERCURIC CHLORID, CORROSIVE (Corrosive Sublimate) Source—A heated mixture of mercuric sulphate 20 parts, sodium chlorid 16 parts, manganese dioxid 1 part. Properties—Heavy, colorless, rhombic crystals, odorless, and hav- ing an acrid or persistent metallic taste. Permanent in air. Action—A severe caustic. Indications—May be used in contagious bowel diseases in fowls in drinking water. To each gallon of water add 6 grains mercuric bichlorid and 3 grains citric acid. It may be used in a solution of one, to one-thousand, as a disinfectant. MERCURIC CHLORID (Mild) (Calomel) Source—Heat mercurous sulphate and sodium chlorid. Calomel sublimes. ; Properties—A white, impalpable powder; odorless and tasteless. permanent in the air. Insoluble in water. Action—A cathartic. Dose—For adult fowl, 3 to 5 grains. NAPHTHALENE (Naphtalin) Source—A hydrocarbon obtained from coal tar by distillation be- tween 356° F. and 482° F. The impure naphtalin resulting is treated with sulphuric acid and sodium hydroxid, and is further purified by distillation with steam, and then by a mixture with strong sulphuric acid and finally by distillation. Properties—Colorless, shining, transparent laminae, having a strong characteristic odor resembling that of coal tar, and a burn- ing aromatic taste. It is slowly volatilized on exposure to air. Action—An excellent destroyer of parasites. - Uses—As a powder in nests to destroy lice. Dissolved in kero- sene (from 5 to 10 per cent) to saturate perches to kill mites. Five per cent in vaselin as an ointment in scaly legs. This ointment gives good results in sore head. NUX VOMICA (Powdered) Source—From the seed of the Nucis vomicae. Indications—Indigestion, paralysis, loss of appetite. Action—Powdered nux vomica is a bitter tonic, increasing the ap- petite, gastric secretion, and motion. A nerve stimulant. Dose—For adult fowl, ten to twenty grains, repeated three times a day. May be given in capsule or doughball. As a tonic, one-half ounce in mash to each 12 hens. Twelve “stroke measure” teaspoon- fuls of nux vomica make one ounce. PETROL OIL A neutral thick oil used as a vehicle in which to mix liquid prep- arations. PETROLATUM (Vaselin, cosmolene) Source—A mixture of hydrocarbons, chiefly of the marsh gas series, obtained by distilling off the higher and more volatile por- tions from petroleum and purifying the residue when it has the desired consistency. POULTRY MATERIA MEDICA 237 Properties—A colorless or more or less yellowish, oily trans- parent liquid, without odor or taste; or giving off when heated, a faint odor of petroleum. Use—As a vehicle for other drugs in the preparation of ointments. PHENOL (Carbolic Acid) Source—Obtained from crude carbolic acid by agitation with caustic soda, heating to 338° F. and adding hydrochloric acid; then by agitation with sodium chlorid, digestion with calcium chlorid and distillation at a temperature between 336° and 374° F. and finally by crystallization, phenol results. Properties—Colorless, interlaced or separate, needle-shaped crys- tals, or a white crystalline mass, sometimes acquiring a reddish tint. It has a characteristic and somewhat aromatic odor and when it is greatly diluted with water has a sweetish taste. It goes into solu- tion with a very small amount of water. Action—An antiseptic, and in five per cent solutions it is a para- siticide. Use—As an intestinal antiseptic, use one to two teaspoonfuls to each gallon of water. As a spray for poultry houses, use one to five ounces to the gallon of water. PODOPHYLIN (May apple) Source—Obtained from the roots of the may apple. Properties—A fine non-crystallizable powder. It is yellowish in color and possesses a peculiar, faintly bitter taste. Action—A powerful, though slow, acting cathartic. In experi- ments on baby chicks, one-eighth grain doses proved fatal in 42 out of 43 tests. Indications—Constipation. Dose—For adult fowl, one-fourth grain. POTASSIUM DICHROMATE Properties—It is a reddish-yellow crystalline potash product. Use—A pale, straw-colored solution in water is astringent and is indicated in sore throat or sore mouth. POTASSIUM PERMANGANATE Source—Caustie potash, chlorate of potassium and black oxid of manganese are fused together. Properties—Slender, monoclinic prisms, of a dark purple color, odorless, and having a taste first of sweet but afterwards disagree- able and astringent. Permanent in dry air. Action—An intestinal antiseptic. Indications—In contagious bowel diseases, as fowl cholera. Make drinking water lightly purple. About one ounce to four gallons of water. PYRETHRUM (Persian insect powder) Source—The powdered flowers of Pyrethrum roseus. Properties—A coarse, greenish-yellow, pungent powder. Use—Destroys fleas and lice. Indication—May be used to dust in nests and on birds for lice. Only the pure product will give satisfactory results, and too liberal quantities should not be employed. Some depressing results have been observed when used too freely upon birds. 238 POULTRY DISEASES QUININ SULPHATE Source—Obtained by boiling cinchona bark with hydrochloric acid and adding lime to the filtered decoction. Properties—White, silky, light and fine needle-shaped crystals, with bitter taste. Action—Retards metabolism and thus lessens the production of heat in the tissues. It dilates the vessels of the skin and therefore induce loss of heat. Indications—Cold, bronchitis and pneumonia. Dose—For adult fowl, 2 to 3 grains three times daily. SANTONIN Source—A neutral principle obtained from santonica. Santonica is derived from worm seed. Properties—A colorless, flattened, prismatic crystal, odorless and almost tasteless. Action—Destroys intestinal parasites. Indications—Infestation of intestines with worms. Dose—For adult fowls, one-fourth grain. SODIUM CHLORID (Common or table salt) Source—Mined in native state or obtained by evaporation of brine, spring or sea water. Properties—Colorless, transparent, cubical crystals or a white erystalline powder with salty taste, permanent in dry air. Action—Hssential constituent of the food, since it is necessary to the composition of hydrochloric acid in the gastric juice and of blood plasma, from which it is constantly eliminated in the urine. Herbivorous and grain-eating animals require sodium chlorid in ad- dition to that contained in their food. While the blood is rich in sodium salts, vegetables are particularly rich in potassium salts. Birds deprived of salt suffer from anemia and general weakness. Birds cannot tolerate large doses of table salt. Use—The mash should contain from one-half to one pound to each one hundred pounds of mash, and this should be thoroughly mixed. SODIUM SULPHATE (Glauber, salts) Source—The neutralized residue left in the manufacture of hydro- chloric acid from salt with sodium carbonate. Properties—Large, colorless, transparent monoclinic prisms or granular crystals, odorless and possessing a bitter, salty taste. Upon exposure to the air it gradually becomes a fine powder and loses its water of crystallization. Action—A cathartic producing a watery stool. Dose—One tablespoonful to each 12 adult fowls. Younger birds in proportion. It is best given dissolved in water and this mixed with mash. It is dangerous to attempt-to pour liquids down the throat of birds, as there is great danger of their passing into the superior larynx and lungs. By looking into the throat of a bird while holding the mouth open one can observe the entrance into the air passage open and close. Indications—Constipation. STRYCHNIN SULPHATE Source—The alkaloid (an active principle of nux vomica). Strych- nin sulphate is formed by the action of sulphuric acid on strychnin. POULTRY MATERIA MEDICA 239 Properties—Colorless, transparent, octohedral or prismatic white crystalline powder. Odorless and with an intensely bitter taste. Action—A nerve stimulant. Indications—Paralysis. Dose—For adult fowl, one-fifth grain twice to three times daily. SULPHOCARBOLATES OF CALCIUM, ZINC AND SODIUM Source—The action of sulphuric acid and carbolic acid on me- tallic zinc, sodium or calcium. Properties—A white, crystalline powder. Use—In diarrhea, as an intestinal antiseptic. Dose—Of the mixture of equal parts of sulphocarbolate of calcium, sodium and zinc, dissolve thirty grains in a pint of water and use as drink or with which to mix mash. SULPHUR SUBLIMATUM (Sulphur) Source—Obtained from native sulphur by sublimation. Properties—A fine, yellow powder, having a slightly characteristic odor and a faintly acid taste. Action—Dissolved sulphur as in the lime and sulphur dip (7 pounds unslaked lime, 21 pounds sulphur, 100 gallons water) is an excellent destroyer of parasites. In a dry state it has no effect upon mites and perhaps none on lice. THYME OIL Source—A volatile distillate from the Thymus vulgaris; source of thymol. Properties—A thin liquid of characteristic odor. Use—In catarrhal conditions. THYMOL Source—A phenol occurring in the volatile oil of thyme. Properties—Large, colorless, translucent crystals of the hexagonal system. Action—Destroys intestinal parasites. Indications—Infestation by round worms. Dose—For adult fowl, three grains, followed by a physic. TOBACCO Properties—From a golden yellow to a chestnut brown, contain- ing an active principal, nicotin. Use—Nicotin is very destructive to parasites, as lice and mites. Tobacco stems and leaves have no effect upon them. Dry leaves and stems in nests are useless. A decoction made by boiling tobacco stems or leaves in water is destructive to parasites and contains nicotin in solution. As a spray, nicotin in one-fourth of one per cent solution will destroy parasites. WORM SEED, OIL OF Source—Obtained from santonica. Properties—A volatile oil, yellowish in color with characteristic odor. Action—Destroys worms. Indications—Intestinal worms. Dose—For adult fowls, one teaspoonful to each twelve birds. 240 POULTRY DISEASES ZINC SULPHATE Source—Prepared by dissolving metallic zinc in sulphuric acid. Properties—Colorless, transparent, rhombic crystals, without odor and having an astringent, metallic taste. Changes to a fine powder when exposed to dry air. Indications—One per cent solution in distilled water and two or three drops in the eye in case of inflammation (conjunctivitis). INDEX A Page Abdomen, purulent inflammation OP GING eee ee x Abdominal cyst --......-. Abdominal tumor ... Abnormal eCSg°s .......-.---------2---- Abortion in birds, epizootic.. Abscess of the foot..........----...... Abscesses of the liver- Acanthia inodora ......... Acanthocephala ......---....- Achorion schoenleinii -- Actinomycosis ............-.---- ee WAC CLETUS Ta eee ee se ee cece et ee ee ae Adrenal glands, anatomy of the.. 32 YATE ENO ACUISSRISS Soccer eeseeeeerer acces 74 Air sacs, anatomy of the-............... 1 Air sacs, inflammation of the-......182 Ameba meleagridis ~...........--.......----- 111 Amyloid degeneration —........-........ 152 Anatomy of the adrenal glands... 32 Anatomy of the air sacs........--.....- Sill Anatomy of the carotid glands... 32 Anatomy of the circulatory sys- {Be Oa es ES eee eee ee 32 Anatomy of the cloaca...................- 26 Anatomy of the digestive tract... 22 Anatomy of the esophagus............ 3 Anatomy of the eyes.....-....--.----------- 38 Anatomy of the female repro- GBI IEIINAD) ONG WANS ee eer Anatomy of the gizzard... Anatomy of the head... Anatomy of the kidneys Anatomy of the large intestine.. 25 Anatomy of the larynx..............-.--.- 29 Anatomy of the liver...... us Anatomy of the limbs as Anatomy of the lungs............-----...--- Anatomy of the male reproduc- AVE OT UTS oe ese ea ea ea 48 Anatomy of the mouth-................-.- 22 Anatomy of the nasal cavities... 28 Anatomy of the neck.__.........-..-...-.-- il&/ Anatomy of the nervous system... 35 Anatomy of the organs of hear- TG by ce eee te te ee Pra BN eae SS) 39 Anatomy of the organs of smell 40 Anatomy of the organs of special Anatomy of the organs of taste. 40 Anatomy of the organs of touch 40 Anatomy of the pancreas.............. 28 Anatomy of the pharynx............... 23 Anatomy of the respiratory tract 28 Anatomy of the small intestine.. 25 Anatomy of the spleen................... 2 Anatomy of the stomach Anatomy of the thymus gland.... 32 Anatomy of the trachea 83 Anatomy of the trunk........ Anatomy, visceral ..............-- Anesthesia of the fowl..... Angiocholitis Aphtha ae Apoplectiform septicemia .............- 133 INO OS Wms) CMS OVEN EXOD Reeeceeeececeeceeeeeecacere Argas Miniatus ....2........... Arsenic, poisoning from Arthritis, infectious =-2,---.---, Pane Articular inflammation, infec- IOUS ee ee a ae ee 189 Ascaris inflexa Ascites Aspergillosis. -......-.......-..-.---- Aspergillus fumigatus...... e ies 172 Aspergillus glaucus Asthenia AS thimiay ya ee ee Asthma of canaries Auditory nerve, paralysis of the_.198 Autopsy, mode of performing...... 63 B Bacillus avisepticus Bacillus botulinus .... IBEIGILGIOIE, Wit CYYSS ae Bacteria of the intestinal tract-.201 Bacterium asthene .....--......-2:..-------- Bacterium pullorum ............. Bacterium sanguinarium Baldness of canaries.......-..... Beak broken ee Beak, obstruction of the.. Bedbug of poultry.....-.....--..- IBeeu Sting Sots fe eee Bile ducts, inflammation of the..151 Binds licen Oe sess sae 65 Blackhat fetes sien eee ee 111 Blastomycosis of geese............---.---- 128 Blood diSeaSe@S ........-.-...--c----ee--e0eee-- 133 Blood of normal fowl..........--.....-.----- 34 JBSOYONC|, THOU ANVOTAS So eect ce moseeeecec see 160 Blood vessels, rupture of the-....... 140 Bone, reparative processes of......212 Bones, structure oOf.........-...---------:--- 211 HEXO GLEN NNST GaNe) anata ee a eee ear 229 Brainy Giseases) Os) (eh Cleese nese serene 195 Brain, hemorrhage of the.............- 195 SRO TNG Wai S cee eos sore eer 169 Balin es Sian ey Sheen ee 54 Buildings, disinfection of................ 57 Cc (OPW WUII ihe ase eee eee ieee rae 130 Canaries, asthma of...... Canaries, baldness of.. Canaries, cholera of......---.....-.....------ Canaries, infectious necrosis of..135 Canaries, intestinal diseases of..131 Canaries, intestinal worms of...... 99 Canaries, respiratory troubles of..184 Canaries, septicemia of..............-.---- 135 Canaries, septicemic diseases of..135 Canaries, typhoid of. 13 Canary louse, gray...- Walmealiyantihiit@nensesceceaeess Caponi Zines ee ee eee Carotid glands, anatomy of the.. 32 Sastre tio mses ea eee 221 242 (Glaitaier ny 22S se SOR tee eee ie cone Catarrh, nasal .......... ; Catarrh of the erop.... Cercomonas hepatis .. CercomontasiS ieee eee Chick, umbilical hernia of the_..209 Chickensicholeray= ees 106 @hicken pox) Sse a eee 173 Chickens, apoplectiform septi- CeMuIlas Mess Re ates soe Se ee ae kena 133 Chickens, sleeping sickness of....135 Chigger infestation —_.-.----..........-----. 76 Choanota infundibuliformis ........ 96 CholeGyStitisi ps ee alli CGhiolenai yee ae ee ..-106 Cholera of canariés.......-..----...--.:---.- 135 Circulatory system, anatomy of LED OS yc ee ae a eee ae ale 32 Cloaca, anatomy of the.................. 26 Cloaca, prolapse of the............-------- 155 CHOBE DET See reer oot 128 Coceidiosis in wild ducks.............. 126 COCCIGIOSIS Gena) liy eee ere AeA (Com@emelitnan Bwiiehon. eee 127 Cocciaiumastente ima ee enone 119 Cochlear nerve, paralysis of the..198 Colds Comb, white scale of the. Combs) trozente = Congestion of the liver_... Congestion of the lungs... Conjunletivaibiss = Constitutional diseases ... Contagious epithelioma ...-.............. Contagious inflammation of the ERUEAS ECS eee ie a ee eee Pens 182 Contagious nasal catarrh................ 182 Copper, poisoning from.................... 228 Cornea, ulceration of the.............. 184 Coryza avium contagiosa................ 182 (CrHO IO); CRW ONE Tn ere eeceesccceee 105 Cropabound ee 103 Crop menlanrsedie se eee ee 105 Crop, gangrene.of the_..................... 105 Crop ISAS COusige= eke Aes 104 Crop, impaction of the_.................. 103 (CHRO, 1OSVACHONVOWIS, cei ecerce eeceoace 105 (Ciao, WAAeM Oe ON OIE 18) NC ecesssccceceers 104 Croupous inflammation of the DISCO: Sas cs ee ee Rs 24 Curvature of the spine._.................. 217 Cuticular surface, horny growths OnGEhie es aS ee ees il Cyst, abdominal . yiStiCloOviayae a Cytodites nudus Davainea echinobothrida ............-- 98 Davainea tetragona g Dermanyssus avium ...... Dermanyssus gallinae ... Diarrhea, non-specific... oe IDMENAAMI@EL, ARMING) eececetessceesaecceaceceeeeeece Digestive tract, anatomy of the.. 22 Digestive tract, diseases of the101 Diphtherie inflammation of the (ENC i eae eee ...-180 IDIOMA AEC) TONY) eoceeeessceree eel 7/4 Dipygus tetrabrachium ...... 207 (DUST Cis! Onan ee eens 5 OT Disinfection of buildings.... _ wl Disinfection of yards............ 61 Dispharagus laticeps Pin Ce OW INDEX Page Dispharagus nasutus cece 4 Dispharagus spiralis - 0.222220... 94 Disposal of sick and dead birds.. 62 Dizziness. (8.4. ee eee 195 Drepanidotaenia infundibulifor- TMS) Sipe ee ee Fe 96 Ducks, coccidiosis in..........---..- 126 Ducks, infectious articular in- PURITY ANET OT Tee eee 189 Ducks, inflammation of the eyes Li aes ae ne ee 18 Ducks, lice of..... Dwarf eggs ...---...-..- DY SENtCry. 282 kee ee eee E Hehinorynechus polymorphus .......- 98 Wo) Hound we ke ee nee 153 Hes, composition of the...............--. 203 HKgeg shell, composition of the........ 203 DSHS, ev ovaVongaae yl eee tere reeeeeceeecee 155 Eggs, animal parasites in............. 203 NSss" pActeria 0 hese eee 203 Hess. dwar 2. 156 Endocarditis ard lay) Hy MGeritisies se ey, PMterohe patti Sie ee 111 pile pS yen ee ee een 195 SE FONG Fae Ven 0 rar ea ae ee ee 165 Epithelioma, contagious ....... 163 Esophagus, anatomy of the... - 23 Eversion of the oviduct......... eel 98) Eyes, anatomy of the...................- 38 Eyes, diphtheric inflammation of i al = alee a eee RS oD eS 180 F Face, white scale of the................ 85 Fatty degeneration of the liver....149 Fatty infiltration of the liver Feathers, anatomy of the.............- Milaria. titel 22222 = Fleas Make spe 2 ws 2 ee ae Foods poisonous to fowls. Foot, abscess of the........... Hoot mane ce Fowl cholera .... Fowl pest .........- Howl typhoid). eee 134 Fracture of bones, repair of the..211 Braectures 2 ah i eee 21 Fractures, treatment of... Frozen combs Fungi affecting birds Ganerene® 2203 Se eee Gangrene of the crop............ ie Geese, blastomycosis of Geese, infectious articular in- imleooWaM EON, Ta ee eet 189 Geese, inflammation of the air sacs in 182 Geese, lice Of..---2..222-----.--:0eeee0--0-+ Geese, iosi Geese, septicemia of............ Gizzard, anatomy of the Gizzard, suppurative inflamma- tion Of the... 13 Going light —-........... Goniocotes gigas INDEX Goniocotes hologaster ..............-..-.- 66 Goniodes dissimillia Goniodes stylifer -................... = (ENCODE ee ee eee Se ee Oana, he een H EVeadeeanacvomiyaOnethieee tse 17 Hearing, anatomy of the organs (OYE cies ee ia Gi OE Ea Bega eee ete 39 Heart, hypertrophy of the eas Heart, rupture of the_................ FETE TV ANt OVNI eas es eee Hemorrhage of the brain......... FL PALES wp ROCOZ Odi eee ee eee Hernia of the baby chick, um- RHEL ea eee cas ee eee Heterakis compressa Heterakis differens -..... Heterakis maculosa . Heterakis papillosa ....... Heterakis perspicillum Honey-comb ringworm Horny growths on the cuticular surface Impaction of the crop...................... Impaction of the intestines. Infectious leukemia _._......--......- Infectious necrosis of canaries....135 Inflammation, articular _............. 189 Inflammation of the abdomen...... 130 Inflammation of the air sacs........ 182 Inflammation of the bile ducts....151 Inflammatiton of the eyes in CUIC] ESN aie He Si PA eee ste ge aT St 180 Inflammation of the gizzard........ Inflammation of the liver... Inflammation of the lungs Infammation of the oil gland......157 DIN Sal UlsVal Spe oe aes ee ne coe Ra 105 Injury to the sternum................-... 217 Intestinal tract. bacteria of the..201 Intestines, anatomy of the_............ 25 Intestines, impaction of the.......... 104 AFM BW ONG ICKY) atte See meee eeer ee Jigger or red mite K Kidneys, anatomy of the_............. Kidneys, coccidiosis of the L Large intestine, anatomy of the 26 Larynx, anatomy of the 29 Lead, poisoning from........... Leg SOL ISS She oceans wat HH SZS NS Cally eens eeee ne eee Leukemia, infectious -....... Leukemia, myeloid ............ Lice, life history of-............. UVC OC WOL LG'S ieterccee eset Lice of canaries... Lice of ducks.... WICEY Of NZECSC 2. eee woe scence ttceees DEICOmOf OU S CONS eeeetesrsesesee rete eee eemeeee Lice of turkeys... a TGiIMIPS RN CCK aes cecssecereceres ocsee Limbs, anatomy of the Lipeurus baculus ...............----.- Lipeurus infuscatus Lipeurus jejunus. ..................... Lipeurus polytrapezius ns Lipeurus squalidus . .............-........--- Liver, abscesses and tumors of =p pee an ee a Liver, anatomy of the Liver, congestion of the os Liver, diseases of the... Liver, fatty degeneration of the..149 Liver, fatty infiltration of the....149 Liver, inflammation of the ......... 151 Liver, rupture of the... 150 Louse infestation, dealing with_..69 Louse infestation, effects of_....... 69 Lungs, anatomy of the_..... .- 30 Lungs, congestion of the .......... 170 Lungs, inflammation of the_.......... al7/al IANO WESSCIS: sae ceccceceen so Hesereceeeeeece 35 M Macrodactylus subspinosus Fab.227 IMTEWETOMEN IOI «oe oeeeeeeecoceeeceeee ee 207 NW IIB ORES) ROY) Genes eee escene eee enemtecr 72 Materia medica ......-.--.-..- ...231 Menopon biseriatum ..... E00 Menopon obscurum .......... ae (OU Menopon pallidum ~..-............... ace (85) Monocerecomonas gallinarum Mouth, anatomy of the........... TWLOUREIO, SKOVEE) Se eeccececossereeeecocecs Mycosis of pigeons... Miyelitis een ee Myeloid leukemia N Nasal ecatarrh, contagious.............. 182 Nasal cavities, anatomy of the... ue Neck, anatomy of the-.2.--.....-..-..- 1 Nephritis oe Nerves, diseases of the Nervous system, anatomy of the 35 Nodular tapeworm disease...........- 7 Notocotyle verrucosum ...............--- 99 oO Obstruction of the beak.................. Obstruction of the oviduct...........-- Obstruction of the trachea es (OniGlitetion AWONCAINS) satcsecceecerececcteeseeccsase 84 Oil gland, inflammation of the....157 Organs of locomotion, diseases (OA 6) GY saree ce eee ree eee ee ee ear 187 Organs of special sense, omy of Osteoma OV AGIC CEO MA yan eee 225 Ovary and oviduct, diseases of the Ovary, cystic Ovary, multiple tumors of the_..160 Oviduct, broken eggs. in.................. 155 Oviduet, obstruction of the-........... 153 Oviduct, prolapse or eversion of (ETT eee 0 cee ee re Feet a 2 ee 2 153 Oviduct, rupture of the.................. 154 244 INDEX P S Page Pancreas, anatomy of the.............. 28 Saccharomyces albicans ..............- Brey oul Nkovaakelwhh eee Eee a 166 Salt, poisoning from.............. Paralysis of the auditory nerve..198 Paralysis of the cochlear nerve..198 Paralysis of the vestibular nerve.198 Paralysis of the wings of pig- ,eons Parasites, external .... 65 Parasites in eggs....... Be 0 Parasites, internal . 87 IRERiCALGiG See eee 139 FE TETE OM tl Seer eo eens asl PAS IPSS BGT TAs Se 136 Pharyngitis, ulcerative -..... ...-169 Pharynx, anatomy of the... 23 Phosphorus, poisoning from. 228 (GEE Tala arise i as Ny Cees Oat ad Veh 106 Pigeons, Zaauicelenti ql) enue Sel aCe ye eee hw ASL Beaty, 133 ESO DS, croupous inflammation Fa RA aie ee a LE IMI ne SERN I Sp Pigeons, lice of............. Pigeons, mycosis of Pigeons, paralysis of the wings OTe ae SUI ae), eprtettatieh 2 ee 189 Pigeons, protozoal hepatitis of_...127 ETDS cee SN ha a Ee ee en 102 Pneumomyecosis - 85, 172 PME UMLOMNIA Ne oe eee ee eee 171 Poisoning from arsenic... Poisoning from coppev...... we Poisoning from lead__........ 2228 Poisoning from phosphorus..........228 Poisoning from rose chafer..... Poisoning from salt............. Poisoning from saltpeter..... E228 Poisoning from Zinc.............. ......... 228 Poisoning, ptomain .......................... 228 ZO SONOS MO OC Sie er 227 EZOU VAMC NUS Mee ee eee a LE es 208 FOL YMS UTES eee ee ene 196 Polyneuritis gallinarum .... Poultry plant site for 53 [POSE OLN EU ey SB ee es eS ae 180 Prolapse of the cloaca____................ 155 Prolapse of the oviduct................. 153 Protozoal hepatitis of pigeons....127 Pseudo-tubereculosis 147 Psorospermosis ee) sas Ptomain poisoning TEAD UNEP ee INA DN aay eeesas ee Ree ES eee 80 R Remedies for poultry...-............... 231 Renal coccidiosis Reproductive organs of the male, IMAL OMAK Ole te eee ee eee ee Reproductive organs of the fe- male, anatomy of........................ 42 Respiratory passages, diseases MOP belt 228 hes ee Bee ihe ee 167 Respiratory tract, anatomy of HE] AUS oa ee Saal AIS Re ee DS SE be 2 Respiratory troubles of canaries.184 Restraint of the fowl..................... 215 Rosenchaer ta3 oe eee 227 Round worms, important...__........ 87 Round worms, unimportant.......... 93 VOU eee Oa a cee) fee ee eee b 174 Rupture of the heart and large blood-vessels LED OUIOORS Ole WlaveS WNYC eeeerertoro sees 150 Rupture of the ovidu Saltpeter, poisoning from.... Sanitation: - eee eee Sarecocystis ....... Sarcoma) eee Sarcoptes mutans ......... Sarcopsylla gallinacea . SIGHT Onaysy en ners SCaly lessr 222 eae Septicemia, apoplectiform Septicemia of canaries Septicemia of geese............... Septicemic diseases of cana iB Skin, anatomy of the_.................. 0 Sleeping sickness of chickens... 135 Small intestine, anatomy of the.. 25 Smell, anatomy of the organs of.. 40 Sores mouth), 262 eae Spine, curvature of the... Spirocheta gallinarum .... Spirochetosis _....---......... 138 Spiroptera hamulosa ... ee0) Spleen, anatomy of the... 28 Staphylococcus pyogenes aureus.189 Sternum, injury to the... 217 Stomach, anatomy of the. . 24 SSHEO NAAN CI ENSY | oe ie eet 103 Streptococcus gallinarum ____... Eeeilt ey Subcutem, diseases of the _-...... 147 Swell-head in young turkeys... 172 Syngamus trachealis .....................- 92 T Taenia infundibuliformis .............. 96 Tapeworm disease, nodular........ 97 Tapeworms Taste, anatomy of the organs of 40 Teratoma Thrombosis TRATUSH See 2s SO eee Thymus gland, anatomy of the. 32 ANT GK TIRES Gat Tales eee ene eee 82 Tinea fa viOSal. 222. eal er eee 84 Touch, anatomy of the organs of 40 Trachea, anatomy of the_.......... 0 Trachea, obstruction of the......... Trematodes TTC MOMUOMIASTS) eres eee Trichosoma contortum . Abicl@in@sormaybiaay ee Trinoton continuum .............. Trombidium holosericeum .. Trunk, anatomy of the.......... FRU EC UNO SIS eee eee eee Tumor, caseous abdominal.. SIMUTINOT Sis es Nee ee ae TTRUNNN OT Ss 1 © Cee ees ee ee Tumors of the ovary, multiple....160 Munkey Ss, lies ote Turkey Siu POX (Ols... 2" ae Turkeys, swell-head in... r Tympany of the crop..... Typhoid = Typhoid of canaries..................-------- U Uleeration of the cornea................ 184 Uleerative pharyngitis -............ 169 Umbilical hernia of the baby ChiGki pe 2s 22 ee eee Urinary secretion INDEX Vv Page NAGLE ERG YS a aes se ene oe ee 195 Vestibular nerve, paralysis of UE AVS R: ieee ten Lo NR OR ARM oa ee 198 Walserercenl eh ywononay? Aap caso eee secs 22 WwW \YAUCEWT CS as Cosa eek (ee aed EE eae a fea 166 WVASTCRISSUID Dla ee eee eee . 56 Wattles, white scale of the.......... 85 Wvlannie) GbE EL jena ereneeccceesererneeee 119 White scale of the comb, face ands Wwattless sues ee ee ee 85 Wild ducks, coccidiosis in-........... 126 Wings, paralysis of the.................. Worms, eradication of... Worms, flat segmented... Worms of canaries......... Worms, round ................--- Worms, thorn-headed ... Wounds WARS GiSiMhe CilON sO lessee eee 61 Z ZN OISONIN Ly fNO Mle see 228