TBK POWERS OF THE CREATOR DISPLAYED IN THE CREATION. X ' > / NIK POWERS OF THE CREATOR niSPLAYI.I) IN THE CREATION: OBSERVATIONS ON LIFE AMIDST THE VARIOUS FORM< OF THE HUMBLER TRIBES OF ANIMATED NATURE W I I II PRACTICAL COMMIM< AND ILLUSTRATION < II V SIR JOHN GRAHAM DALY I I I K SI 1. 1 IT AND BARONET, To » mi ii if rill iv to, A M1.MOIR OF THE AUTHOR. IN THREE VUI. I M COWTAIKISO -. I MKBOl-8 PLATM OF UVIXO ICBJBCT8, HSBLT COU>l'KM> VOL. III. (Aupph mtntal Dolnmt.) COMP««nESDISOTWEM\MM PtATE* .'; LONDON: JOHN VAN VOORST, PATERNOST K H K«>\V 31DCCC.LV11I. EDIKBURGH : PRINTED BY MACPHERSON & SYME, 12 ST DAVID STREET. \ UBRMrf 6 r O N T K N T S or VOLUME THIRD. Ml MfilK or Si« JOHN GRAHAM DALTELL, BABT., . . PAOB i-Ii CHAPTER I.— THE CUTTLE-FISH, . 1 5 1.— SEPIA.— OCTOPUS TDLOAKU,— TV Eight-arm CuUle-JM, 2 § 2. — SEPIA IEPIOLA, — TV Diminutive Cuttie-Juk, . . 6 §3.— SEPIA, ...... 6 v ITKK II.— THE TESTACEA, . 15 SECTION I.— UNITALTES, ... .21 § 1. — SIOAXBTVI, . . . . .22 CHITON,— TV Boat Shell, . . 24 1. CHITON PAKICULARII, . . ib. 2. CHITON TCLOAUS, . . .25 S 2.— PATELLA, — The Limpet, . 26 ANCTLLUI FLUVIATILIS, . . .27 Reproduction, . . . . js S 8. — AKCTLLUS LACDSTKU, ... 30 PATELLA TCLOATA, ... 32 PATELLA PELLUCID A, ... 33 PATELLA UNDATA, — The Waved Limpet, ib. PATELLA TEMELLATA, ... 34 PATELLA? .... ib. PlLEOnil 1 1 UNO A MCA, . . . .... 255287 vi CONTENTS. CHAPTER II.— THE TESTACEA,— continued. SECTION I. — UNIVALVES, — continued. VELUTINA L^EVIOATA, . . PAGE 35 CYPR.EA EUROP^EA, ... 36 NATICA ALDERI, . 37 TROCHUS, 1. TROCHUS CINERARIUS, . . ib. 2. TROCHUS ZIZYPHINUS, TURBO, . . . 40 TURBO QUADRIFASCIATUS, . ib. TURBO SENIOR, HELIX PEREGER (PEREGRINUS), 42 PHYSA FONTINALIS, LIMN.SUS? ... 44 MISCELLANEOUS, . ib. Fusus CORNEUS, . . . ib. RETICULATED SHELLS, . 45 BUCCINUM MACULA, . ib. MUREX ATTENUATUS, . 46 FLATTENED SPIRAL TESTACEA, . ib. PLANORBIS INCONSPICUA, . . 47 PLANORBIS SPIRORBIS, PLANORBIS RHOMBEUS, . . 50 PLANORBIS CARINATUS, PLLNORBIS IMBRICATUS, . 53 VALVATA OBTUSA, . 'b. CHAPTER III.— BIVALVE SHELLS, 1. MYTILUS,— The Mussel, MYTILUS EDULM, MYTILUS PELLUCIDUS, MYTILUS POLYMORPHUS, — (Drelssena polymorpha) , 66 2. MODIOLA, . ... MYTILOS MODIOLUS, Linn.— (Modlola modiolus) ,—The Hone Mussel, . . ib- MODIOLA BARBATA,— The Bearded Mussel, . 67 MODIOLA DISCREPANS,— The Corded or Corduroy Mussel, 68 3. ANODON AVONENSIS, — (A. cygneus), ... "b. f Q 4. CYCLAS CORNEA, CONTENTS. vii II MMT.K III.— BIVALVES,— co*tuut«L 6. TELUMA, ...... CAOI 70 6. Vwot YIEOIKEA, — (Tapftpalnttra), . . .71 VOOTCAMXA, ..... ib. 7. MTA irmuTA,— (M. trvncataj, . .79 8. PHOLAI CUIFATA, ..... ib. 9. PECTI*,— 2V Scallop, ..... 74 PlCTKN OntBCULAEU, .... ib. PBCTEX OMOUTDB,— i?>. tigrnaa), ... 76 10. PBCTVUCCLCS PIIXMUI, — (P. glycimerit), . . 76 SOLEM wuguA,— r*« Auor SA*tf, ... 77 THE OYSTER FISHERY, . . . ,{. HAPTER IV.— MISCELLANEOUS, . . 84 LEPAI cTPtEi, — (SeopMlum vulgartj, . . ib. SE«PDLA COMTOKTA, ..... 85 CHATER V.— SPONGES, ...... 87 Sroxou rLCTiATiLU, — (SpongMaJbniatilitJ, . . ib. 8POKOU ATTBKUATA, ..... 89 SroMOU M*mni.i.*«ra,— fHaKclondria mammillaritj, . 90 SroNou? ...... 91 HAUCBOMDUA OCCULT A, . . . . .93 ADDENDA, ......... 97 nmcTATUB, — Newt or Eft, . . ib. MEMOIR or SIR JOHN GRAHAM DAL YELL, KNIGHT AND BARONET. THE family of Dalyell of Minns, in Linlitbgowshire, is of ancient standing. They are the heirs-male of the Mentcth.*, Earls of Menteth, of whose descent it will be necessary to give a brief outline. The name Menteth in local. There ia an extensive district in Scot- land through which the river Teth runs, called the Stewartry of MenU-th. The orthography in which we have found it, is Menethet, Menteth, Men- teith, Monteith, which last is the most recently adopted. If historians be credited, there are few titles of more ancient date than the Earldom of Menteth. Some of them affirm, that there wan an Earl of that name in the reign of Malcolm the Third, who succeeded to the throne in 1056, and was killed in 1093 ; and, not many years after- wards, during the reign of his son, David, the existence of Murdac, Earl of Menteth, is proved by authentic documents. In the course of the thirteenth century, we have also evidence of Gilchrist and Maurice being successively Earls of Menteth. Walter, third son of Walter, Lord High Steward of Scotland, mar- ried the descendant of one of these Earls, and, from the course of the suc- cession afterwards, perhaps obtained on that event new investitures of the title to heirs-male. His name frequently appears in the transactions of the thirteenth century. He was present at the battle of Largs, in 1263 ; and in 1291 was one of the arbiters on the part of Robert Bruce, I x MEMOIR OF SIR J. G. DALYELL. in his claim to the crown of Scotland. At an advanced age he participat- ed in the wars with the neighbouring country, and, in conjunction with other leaders, entered the English frontier in 1296. The Scots then assaulted Carlisle, and set the town on fire, but were compelled to a speedy retreat by the vigour and courage of the inhabit- ants. King Edward the First, in return, levied an army, and invaded the eastern parts of Scotland. He captured the town of Berwick, and cruelly put the inhabitants to the sword : a fierce contest between the Scottish and English armies soon ensued, when the former was utterly vanquished, and its principal leaders sought refuge in the castle of Dun- bar. The castle, however, was immediately obliged to surrender at dis- cretion, and, according to common report, the Earl of Menteth was put to death by Edward, in the seventy-sixth year of his age. This Earl of Menteth had two sons. His eldest son, Alexander, Earl of Menteth, succeeded his father. Alexander was married and had three sons, 1st, Alan, who succeeded and died without issue, — 2d, Murdac, who succeeded and died without issue, — 3d, John, who carried on the male line of the family. Alexander Earl of Menteth, died about 1306. Sir John Menteth is first designed " fratcr Comitis de Menteth," and after- wards, " custos comitatns de Menteth." Sir John has been accused of delivering Sir William Wallace into the hands of the English, a fact which, like many others in ancient Scottish history, yet remains to be proved, and which his conduct, subsequently to the death of Wallace, tends to in- validate ; for although he held the government of Dunbarton Castle, un- der Edward, he strenuously adhered to the interests of Robert Bruce, and was, in 1306, and at other periods, employed by him in various public mis- sions. Lord Hailes, an acute and intelligent historian, seems to think it probable that Wallace, after being taken, was confined in Dunbarton Castle, and thence delivered up to the English. Sir John was one of those who subscribed the celebrated letter to the Pope in 1320, asserting the inde- pendence of Scotland. He assisted at the coronation of Robert the First, and obtained from that king certain lands for providing a galley of twenty- six oars. Sir John had three sons, 1st, Sir Walter, — 2d, Sir John, and, 3d, Alexander. Sir John Menteth died before 1333, and was succeeded by his eldest son Sir Walter, who had four sons, 1st, Sir Alexander, M1MMI K ul >m .1 ', I>\M r.l.l.. xi who succeeded him, and died without issue, — 2nd, William, who died without succession, — 3d, John, who carried on the lineof the family ; he lii one, however, would undertake the perilous enterprize, until a valoroux <_rrn tirman in his retinue at length stepped forward, exclaiming Dalt/eil' which, in the language of the times, is said to have signified / dare. II. accordingly left the camp, and regardless of danger, succeeded in restoring the body of the favourite. Nor did his courage pass unrewarded ; for tin- king bestowed lands upon him and his posterity, and assigned for their war armorial the body of a hanged man, with the motto, I dare; which is actual- ly the arms of all bearing the name of Dalyell at this day. Hence it is not improbable that there was some foundation for the story, the authentic record of which has been lost in the lapse of time. But however this may be, we know that there were formerly several eminent persons of the name in Scotland ; and the chronicles of old exultingly relate the prowess of Sir William Dalyell, who lost an eye at the battle of Otterburn, in 1388. We shall pass over the lineal descendants of this family until 1571, when Thomas Dalyell was born, who died in 1C42, and was succeeded by his son Thomas Dalyell. The latter early entered the military service, and, during the reign of Charles the First, commanded the town and garri- • Sir Tboroa* Dalycll, frtt Baronet of Hinnt, h»d a ton Thorn**, and two daughter!, named Magdalene and Janet. Sir Thoma*, tetond Baronet of liinns, died unmarried, and wa* roomeded by hi* eldwt titter Magdalene, who married Jame* MenU-ilh of AuUcaUur. Magdalrne'tto^ Sir Jame^tucceededhu uncle Sir Tbomat, the tecowlBaroopt of Binnt. Sir Jwnet, third Baronet of Binna, was tnoceeded by his eldett too, Sir Robert, fourth Baronet. xii MEMOIR OF SIR J. G. DALYELL. son of Carrickfergus, where he was taken prisoner by the rebels. After the death of Charles, he continued to adhere to the fortunes of his son, by whom he was appointed a major-general in 1651, and had a com- mand in that capacity at the battle of Worcester. There he was taken prisoner, and committed to the Tower, his estates forfeited, and himself excepted from the general act of indemnity. However he made his escape, and seems to have gone abroad, whence he returned, and landed with some royalists in the north of Scotland, in March 1654. Supported by a small party, he took possession of the Castle of Skelbo, and assisted in the exertions then made for the restoration of Charles, who soon afterwards transmitted the following testimony of his approbation : — " TOM DALYELL, " Though I need say nothing to you by this honest bearer, Captain Mewes, who can well tell you all I would have said, yett I am willing to give it you, under my owne hand, that I am very much pleased to heare how constant you are in your affection to me, and in your endeavours to advance my service. We have all a harde worke to do : yett I doubt not God will carry us through it : and you can never doubt that I will forgett the good part you have acted ; which, trust me, shall be rewarded, whenever it shall be in the power of Your affectionat friiul, CHARLES R." " Colen, 30th Dec. 1654." The king certainly did not forget his promise, for many marks of his favour were afterwards conferred on General Dalyell. When the affairs of Charles became desperate in Scotland, the General, provided with sever- al strong recommendations from that prince for eminent courage and fide- lity, offered his services to the Czar of Russia, Alexis Michaclwitch. By him he was quickly promoted to the rank of a general, and displayed much bravery in his wars with the Turks and Tartars. After active employ- ment for several years, General Dalyell requested permission to return to Scotland, whereupon the Czar ordered the following testimony of bis ser- vices, still in possession of his descendants, to pass under the Great Seal of Russia. Part of it is conceived in these terms : " That he formerly came hither to serve our great Czarian Majesty ; whilst he was with us, he stood against our enemies, and fought valiantly, — the military men that MKMOIU OF >li: .1. (J. DAI.VI.l.l xm under lii.- command he regulated and disciplined, and himself led them to battle ; and In- did and performed everything faithfully aa be- coming a noble commander; and for his trusty services we were pleased to order the said Lieutenant-General to be a General, — and now, having pe- titioned us to give him leave to return to his own country, we. the CMMI Sovereign and Czurian Majesty, were pleased to order that the said noble General, who is worthy of all honour, Thoma*, the son of Thomas Dalyell, -hould have leave to go into his own country ; and by this patent of our dorian Majesty we do testify of him, that he is a man of virtue and honour, and of great experience in military a flairs ; and in case he should be willing again to serve our Czarian Majesty, he is to let us know of it before hand, and he shall come into the dominions of our Czarian Majesty with our safe passports, &c. Given at our Court, in the Metropolitan City • if MtKcn'w. in the year from the creation of the world 7773, January 6. General Dalyell aoccordingly returned to Scotland, where he was im- mediately appointed Comraander-in-Chief of the Forces, and a Privy Counsellor in 1666 ; and was afterwards elected Member of Parliament for the county of Linlithgow. He quelled an insurrection in the west, and defeated the rebels at Pentland Hills. On a stone at Kullion Green, the scene of the action between General Dalyell and the Covenanter*, is this inscription, — " Here, and near to this place lyes the Reverend Mi- John Crooksbanks, and Mr Andrew M'Cormook, Ministers of the Gospel, and about fifty other true Covenanted Presbyterians, who were killed iu this place in their own innocent self-defence, and defence of the covenant- ed work of reformation, by Thomas Dalzel of Hinns, upon the 28th of No- vember 166G. Rev. 12, 11. Erected September 28, 1738."- 41 A cloud of witnesses lyes here. Who for Christ'* interest* did apjirar For to restore true liberty, Orerturncd then by tyranny. And by proud prelate* who did rago. Against the Lord's own beritcgr ; They sacrificed were for the law*, Of Cbrirt their king, hi* noble came; There hero's fought with great renown, By (ailing, got the martyrs' crown." xiv MEMOIR OF SIR J. G. DALYELL. In 1 666, he raised a regiment of foot, but we are ignorant where it stands in the military lists. Some years subsequently, however, he raised a regiment which has acquired considerable celebrity, the Scots Greys. It was formerly the custom for the younger sons of reputable families to serve in that regiment as volunteers, whence an opinion prevails that at one time the whole regiment consisted of gentlemen only. The letters of service for raising the Greys are dated the 25th of November 1681. In 1679 General Dalyell, on account of a misunderstanding with the Duke of Monmouth, resigned all his employments, but was immediately restored to them : he received a commendation and approval, under the Great Seal, of his conduct in Scotland ; and a new and enlarged commis- sion to be Commander-in-Chief. On the accession of James the Seventh, u.s a historian of that period observes, having procured himself a lasting name in the wars, he fixed his old age at Binns (his paternal inherit- ance), adorned by his excellence with avenues, large parks, and fine gardens, and pleased himself with the culture of curious flowers and plants. He died in the year 1685, leaving a son, Thomas Dalyell, of Binns. Immediately after his father's death he was created a Baronet of Nova Scotia, by a patent, conferring that dignity on himself and his heirs of entail succeeding to the estate of Binns. The patent sets forth with a recapitulation of the " innumerable, faithful, and eminent services of Gene- ral Dalyell to Charles I. and II. ; and notwithstanding all losses and in- juries sustained, that his fidelity remained unshaken : and further, con- sidering that Captain Thomas Dalyell, his eldest son, has on all occasions testified the like alacrity in promoting our service," &c. Sir Thomas was succeeded by his son, Sir Thomas, the second Baronet of Binns, who died unmarried, and was succeeded by his nephew, Sir James, the third Baronet of Binns, who was succeeded by his eldest son, Sir Robert Dalyell, the fourth Baronet of Binns. Sir Robert served in the army during his earlier years, on the continent of Europe. He married in 1773, Elizabeth, eldest daughter of Nicol Graham, Esq. of Gartmore and Lady Mar- garet Cunningham, eldest daughter of William, twelfth Earl of Glencairn, by whom he had eleven children. Sir Robert Dalyell was succeeded by his eldest son, Sir James Dalyell, fifth Baronet of Binns, who likewise served in the army during his earlier years, and dying unmarried, was MKMOIR OF >l I: -I '• I' \ I.V 1.1, L. succeeded by his brother. Sir John Graham Dalycll, Knight and Baronet, sixth Baronet <>[' liinn-. ami t!n> subject of the present memoir. SIK JOHN u. rax was born at Binns in August 1776. ll< was the second son. His father living when the family were young, tin-it education and bringing up devolved upon Lady Dalyell, who discharged her duty in tin- moot exemplary manner. Unfortunately Sir John, when on infant, had been allowed, by u mrelesH nurse, to fall from a table upon a stone floor, by which one of his limbs wan so much injured that he became lame for life. Perhaps it was owing to this physical deficiency that the mind of the youth was early led to seek amusement in mental recreation. Certain it is, at all event-. that from his boyhood upwards he studied arduously — the dawn of morn- ing seldom finding him in bed. His early education was conducted by a private tutor, who rended in the family. Being delicate, he was sent to Mofl'at, when about ten or twelve years of age, for the benefit of the well. A little sister, nearly hi* own age, accompanied him as a companion, and died there. Her death was a sad blow. Upon his return he attended the classes, first at St Andrews, and secondly, at the University of Edinburgh. He bad early imbibed a taste for music, and his first in-tnu-tor on the violin, while at St Andrews, is understood to have been a blind tid- dler belonging to the place. During the vacations his time was frequently passed at Binns, where the progress made at tin- dosses was greatly im- proved by extensive reading and research. Towards the end of last <-<-ii tury, it became fashionable for gentlemen, by way of in-door exercise, to practise some of the mechanical arts. Being an excellent mathematician. having gained the medal in the class of mechanics, Sir John showed L'n-.it aptitude in thia department. His first attempt at lathe-turning WOK made upon a loom called a spangle,'* in a hay- loft at Binns ; and he has left .1 number of exquisite specimens of his ultimate perfection. Am- others, a miniature brass cannon mounted — a truly splendid piece of workmanship, — and several small ivory vases turned into even- com-eiv- * This wu * very nimplc form of the turning-Uthr. svi MEMOIR OF SIR J. G. DAL YELL. able variety of curve with the utmost delicacy and accuracy. These were all executed upon mathematical principles — after a method of his own con- trivance— never before nor since attempted.* It is probable that his taste for natural history was acquired at Binns. That he had given early attention to this subject is evident from various circumstances, and confirmed by the following note, found among his papers, in his own hand- writ ing. It is curious, as recording the first of his observations. " Journal in Natural History. " 1794, " April 25. — Being the first of observation. I found in a standing water some particular insects, to be immediately described. Also put two aquatic snails in tbe vessel marked : also found a muskitoe [mosquito] escaping the form of an aquatic worm, but died in the carriage home ; a caterpillar changing its skin on a holly tree. Saw an humble bee and several small moths ; found one of Reaumur's Teignes aquatiqv.es, the covering of small vegetable particles joined together. " 26. — Saw the common red and white butterflies." In the second volume of " The Powers of the Creator," the " aquatic worm" is delineated, with the fly produced, in Plate IV. figs. 21 and 22. The worm, however, ought to have been bright scarlet, in place of black. A collection of moths, butterflies, lady-birds, &c., gathered sixty years ago, is still in Miss Daly ell's possession. Sir John had also a great taste for mineralogy, and frequently discovered specimens of agate and jasper, which he got cut into seals and brooches. While at the College of Edinburgh, Sir John qualified himself for the Scottish bar, of which he became a member in 1796. In 1797 he was a Fellow of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland, and was chosen first Vice-President. Next year he published his " Fragments of Scottish History. Edin- burgh : Printed for Archibald Constable, at the Cross, 1798." He had then attained his twenty-third year. The Fragments consisted of "The * It may perhaps be added, in illustration of Sir John's mechanical ingenuity, that he mode, when thrift and occupation were fashionable among the ladies, three beautiful spinning- wheels, splendidly inounted with ivory. Also several sets of chess-men. The smallest of hi* productions were two boxes, with lids, not larger than a very small pea. MEMOIR OF SIR J. Q. DALY I II VV1I Diarey of Robert Birrol, burges of Edinburgbe." " Tlie late Expedicion in Scotluiido, made by tln> Kynges Hyhnys annye, vndcr tbe conduit of the Rygbt Honorable the Erk- of Hcrtforde, the yere of oure Lord God and " The Expedicion into Scotlande, of the most woorthelj fortunate Prince, Edward, Duke of Soomerset, vncle unto our moat noble Souereign Lord y« Kinges Maiestie, Edward the VI.," &c. By W. Patten, Londoner. These were introduced by a " Preface," and an Essay, entitled " Desultory Reflections on the State of Ancient Scot- land." The " Annals of Scotland," and other works on our history, laws, and antiquities, by Lord Hailcs, which had previously appeared, had induced a taste for such inquiries. The prefatory reflections show the ex- tent of his reading, which was remarkable for his years. He gives ex- pression occasionally to opinions which he might probably have modified in maturcr years ; but it is impossible to over-estimate the amount of classical and antiquarian research brought to bear upon the subject. That he was an accomplished linguist, and well acquainted with the Scottish cartularies (then in MS.) and ancient records available at the time, i- uinply evinced by the facts and arguments as well as the extracts adduced. In tracing the characteristics of barbaric life, he instances numerous coin- cidences between nations where no remains of a common origin exist, show- ing how intimately he had made himself acquainted with all the best works of discovery and travel. Comparing the civilization of England and Scotland, he is very im- partial ; and although inclining to award England the advantage, set-ing in the long wars and animosities to which Scotland was subjected, suf- ficient reason to account for the disparity, he gives one or two suitable illustrations on the point : — "Cannon, it is said, were firtt used by the English, 1346 ; but we hare good evidenn* they were used in Scotland, 1340. Tbe oldest known English watch WM made, it is «aid. in tbe sixteenth century. Then exist* a watch, which antiquarians allow, belonged to Kinp Robert Brace. As to the much-boasted " Rotut Hetf of Old England," be says—" Tbe truth is, that while the more elevated ranks enjoyed a sort of savage abundance, tbe commons had scarcely nnVmit to preserve life. Amidst a thousand other delicacies, I find ' xiL porposes aad seals' devoured at a feast, 1467, aad tbe porpoise and seal an among the fishes enumerated e xviii MEMOIR OF SIR J. G. DALYELL. for the tables of Henry VIII. ; the price covenanted, if the porpoise was not above one horse load, 13s 4d. The Earl and Countess of Northumberland, who perhaps lived in the first style of the times, have on their table, at seven o'clock, for breakfast, ' a loif of brede in tren- chors, 2 manchetts, 1 quart of here, a quart of wyne, 2 pecys of salt fysche, 6 bacound her- ryng, 4 white herryng, or a dysche of sproits.' On flesh days, ' half a chvne of mutton, or ells a chyne of beif boiled.' The annual consumption of linen, 70 ells. Only one table- cloth is allowed for ' the Knights boord in the great chambre, of 5 ells and 3 quarters long ;' and only two washing towels for my Lord. The general service seems to have been in wooden platters ; and, when the family removed, all their furniture travelled with them. These regulations were made in 1512. The maids of honour to Queen Catharine, were allowed ' a chet (wheaten) loaf, a manchet, a gallon of ale, and a chine of beef, for breakfast,' 1531. In times of scarcity, which do not appear uncommon, Holinshed says, the poorer classes were reduced to feed upon tares and acorns. This was in the reign of Elizabeth. Major ridicules the account ^Eneas Sylvius gives of the Scottish fuel, ' carbones nigros lapides vocans.' Trifling as it may seem to possess coals or not, by the regulations of Henry VIII. 's house- hold, they were permitted only in the King'*), Queen's, and Lady Mary's chambers. When we turn our eyes homewards, we are presented with a wretched view of life. Sir Ralph Sadler, the English Ambassador, writes to the ministry in 1543, ' I hade leuer be among the Turkis ; for in my L. of Angus house, wher he is, I cannot be, being the same (as I am crediblye informed) in suche ruyne, as he hethe there scant one chalmer for himselfe and my Ladye his wife ; and lykewayis my L.L. of Cassillis and Glencairne, which dwell xx myllis a sender, and almost xxx myllis from my L. of Anguse, be not so well housed as they can spare me any lodgynge ; for undoubtedlye the 1.1. houses in this miserable and beggerlye cuntrie, be not efter such sorte as in uther cuntries.' " Sir John moderately adds : — " There may be some exaggeration here," and no doubt of it. National feeling ran high at the time. Cassillis Castle — the then residence of the Earl of Cassillis — still exists. It is a massive, high, castellated tower — with numerous apartments. He had, besides, the town-house in Maybole — only four miles distant — another large castellated building. The Earle of Glencairn had also more than one residence — such as Kilmaurs House — Kerrila Castle and Finlay House — all strong places — nor was Lord Angus worse provided. Even at this period Sir John seems to have been an enthusiast, and well-versed in Scottish music : " How unlike the production of savages, is the music of Scotland 1 No traits of barbarism are displayed in the Scottish song. Framed to touch the soul, its simple melody interests, while its pathos bears an unrivalled palm what were the most ancient instruments is MI:. MO m ur -111 j. o. DAL YELL. xix Giraldus says they had three, o*U*)rg, tympana, ft f Aorta. Several of the or- i npoa Melrose Abbey are figure* of musicians. Upon the south or •oath-watt wmll it a figure playing upon an instrument, the lower pert only of which remain* : it ino«i to be a flute or hautbois, with six bole* at rao*t. Near thi* U a bagpipe blown with the mouth. It ha* but one drone : the whole U much defaeed. There U another instrument, evidently the riolin, with four (tring* : the Monding-holea are above the bridge : the hand is broken away, and the ret* ranch defaced. Beaide thi* U a female figure playing upon a six -stringed instrument, the (taring* disposed in pain. I luppoee thi* i* what Mr Harrington ha* taken for the Welch Crwth. The form of the instrument i* like the longitudinal section of a pear, and quite different from the drawing he give*) of a crwth. The historian of the Irish Bard* think* he ha* mistaken a French viol for the crwth. If I were to hazard a conjecture, I should say it i* a kind of lute. I can find it in none of the many author* upon music and musical instrument* I have consulted. In Mirtrnne and Kirther there is one bearing some reiMnhlsnnfi Upon the west tide of the Abbey, there is a similar instrument, much larger, with the string* disposed singly. Both are very entire. Some author, I forget who, tran- •late* the word chorut, cnetk. There are several other musical instrument*, both within and without the Abbey ; but I can pretend to describe no more. Some are so much effaced, that it i* impossible to say what they have been. I have not observed any instruments without musicians, which are statue*, or in basso or alto relievo. We are ignorant at what time they were placed there. The (tones upon which they are carved form part of the wall. I cannot consider these instruments a* deciding the custom of the country. Neither is it cer- tain, a* some authors think, that the architect of Melrose Abbey was a Frenchman. The language of the inscription, upon which this opinion is founded, is of a period long after the time of David I., if the whole structure was erected by that prince. Variety, with the most wonderful execution, aeems to have been the object of the sculptor ; which is proved by the amazing diversity of ornaments which still adorn this beautiful ruin. It is an error to think the bagpipe peculiar to Scotland. It was a Grecian and a Roman instrument, known by the name of tibia utricularia ; at least there was one similar, which we sometimes meet on coin*, vases, and other monuments of antiquity. It was not uncommon in the sister king- dom. Among the minstrels of Edward III. are five piper*. I doubt if the bagpiper is meant Queen Elizabeth, who teem* always to have had a tolerable band, annually gives her bagpiper Lxii:xiii:iiij." Such is an imperfect outline of Sir John's first contribution to the literature of his country. His next publication was a translation of Spallanzani's " Tract* on the Nature of Animal* and Vegetables," which was published by Constable in 1799. Spallanzani was an Italian Professor, and his experiment* and discoveries were much appreciated at the time. They accorded well with xx MEMOIR OF SIR J. G. DALYELL. the translator's own predilection for the study of natural history, and by his means various interesting and astonishing facts were communicated to the British public. In 1801 appeared, in two volumes 12mo,* " Scottish Poems of the Sixteenth Century." The principal of these was a reprint of that curious collection — " Ane Compendiovs Booke of Godly and Spiritvall Songs, col- lectit out of sundrie partes of the Scripture, with sundrie of other Ballates changed out of Prophaine Sanges, for avoyding of Sinne and Harlotrie, with augmentation of sundrie gude and Godly Ballates, not contained in the first edition." Thirty years previously Lord Hailes published some specimens of these songs, but Sir John gave the entire collection. In doing so, he had to draw from various sources, none of the existing copies being complete in themselves. The " Booke" is altogether a singular pro- duction, and no doubt the work of several hands. " Long before this," (says Sir John,) " there was a Scottish version of the Psalms, and, at an early stage of the Reformation, this was renewed. A metrical catechism had likewise been compiled by an eminent reformer. They have been ascribed to one Wedder- burn, of whom we know little. But there were three authors of that name, all endowed with a poetical talent. The eldest, it has been noticed, wrote tragedies and comedies. The second was first a Catholic, and then turned Protestant. Being persecuted as a heretic by the clergy, he fled to Germany, where he heard Luther and Melancthon. He translated many of Luther's principles into Scottish verse, and changed many obscene songs and rhymes into hymns. After the death of James V., he returned to Scotland. But, having again been accused of heresy, he fled into England, where he probably died about the year 1556. The third author was Vicar of Dundee ; and, in learning, is said to have surpassed the other two. He went to Paris, and there associated with the Reformers ; and, at Cardinal Beaton's death, returned to his native country. ' He turned the tunes and tenour of many profane ballads into Godlie songs and hymnes, which were called the Psalmes of Dundee ; whereby Le stirred up the affections of many.' Whether this will be esteemed decisive evidence of the author or not, these poems were probably written merely to serve the present occasion ; and the more literary reformers might have a share in them. Indeed, the very same expressions are frequently to be found in their other works. One observes he is in prison for religion." Of the age of the originals Sir John hazards no opinion. Nor are * There were large paper copies in 8vo, one volume. But the published sets were in two vols. 12mo. MEMOIR OF SIR J. O. DA I. V 1.1. L. \xi they wholly Scottish. None of them arc to be found in Thr Uonlait, an allegorical work of the fifteenth century ; nor in a manuscript collect ion of the latter end of the name century, preserved in the Advocated' Library ; while there are only a few in the Bonnatyne collection. From all which it would appear that they cannot bo older than the close of the sixteenth ivntury. Amongst the profane tunes spiritualised is one which, from the chorus, " LA, lay, la," and the construction of the verse, may have been similar to " Ilfy. tnttie taite." It is called "The Conception of Christ"— " Lat n reioyce and sing, And praise that mighty King, Wbilk tent hi* ion of a virgin bright La. Lay. La. And on him take oar ryU nature, Oar dcidlie wound* to care, Mankind to bald in right. La, Lay. La." Ac. As to " Quho is at my windo ? who ? who ?' there can be no mistake. It is still popular. " My lufe murnis for me" seems to have been another familiar air. " Johne, cum kis me now," is well known ; and " The wind blawis cauld, furious and bald" is apparently the first line of an old ditty. " Hay now the day dallis" is known to be another name for flat/, luttii- taite." " Till our gudeman, till our gudeman," is another well remembered air. So is " Hay trix, trim goe true, under the greene wood tree." This is an English one, however. " Say weill, and do weill" seems to be part of an old rhyming axiom — " Say weill is throughly a worthy gude thing ; Of lay weill great rertew forth does ipring ; Say weill from do weill differ* in letter ; Say weill U gnde, hot do weill i» better." • • Ah, my Love, leife me not" is apparently another English air. To UP. in modern times, such a collection may excite risibility — though the same principle is followed out in the composition of those songs for schools pre- sently in use ; and there can be little doubt that such ditties were of con- xxii MEMOIR OF SIR J. G. DAL YELL. siderable service in the Keformation struggle. Though some of them are ridiculous enough, yet there are not a few good psalms and hymns scat- tered throughout. From the frequent allusion in them to the Queen- Regent, the Pope, and the priesthood, it is evident that many of them were written in the heatof the first Reformation. The other poems in this volume consist of " Ane Tragedie, in forme of ane Diallog betwix Honour, Gude Fame, and the Author heirof, in ane trance, 1570 :" "The Lamentatioun of Lady Scotland, compylit behir- self, speiking in maner of ane Epistle," 1572: "The Testament and Tragedie of umquhile King Henrie Stewart, of gude memorie," 1567 : "Ane Declaratioun of the Lordis Just Quarrel," 1567 : "Ballat," 1571 — (in reference to Edinburgh Castle and the Civil wars) : " The Sege of the Castle of Edinburgh, 1573 :" "The Legend of the Bischop of St Androis Lyfe, callit Mr Patrick Adamsone, alias Cousteane :" " The Battell of Balrinnes, foughtin betuixt Archibald Earll of Argyll, against Francis Earll of Erroll, and George Earll of Huntlie, in anno 1594." These were introduced and explained by cursory remarks on the " Booke of Godly and Spiritvall Songs," in which Sir John gives a succinct ac- count of the Reformation in Scotland ; by " some Incidents in the Lite of James Earl of Murray, Regent of Scotland," which form an interesting outline of his career ; by " Biographical Sketches of Sir William Kirkaldy of Grange, Governor of Edinburgh Castle," and " a Faithful Narrative of the Great and Miraculous Victory, obtained by George Gordon, Earl of Huntly, and Francis Hay, Earl of Errol, Catholic Noblemen, over Archi- bald Campbell, Earl of Argyle, Lieutenant : at Strathaven, in the north of Scotland, 3 October 1594." This last, a translation. The two previous works were dated from "Binns." — This, the third, and succeeding volumes, emanated from the family town-house, which Sir John found more convenient for his studies. In 1803 we have another translation of the Abb6 Spallanzani's " Tracts on the Natural History of Animals and Vegetables," in 2 vols. 8vo., pub- lished by William Creech. It contains a preface and an essay, entitled "Phy- siological Reflections on the Natural History of Animals and Vegetables," in which numerous instances of the phenomena of animal and vegetable life are recorded and explained. MEMOIR OF SIK .1. U. 1»ALYELL. XX111 In 180C appeared "Journal of the Transactions in Scotland, during the contest between the adherents of Queen Mary, and thone of her nun. 1570, 1571, 1572, 1673. By Richard Bannatyne, secretary to John Knox This bulky volume was printed by Ballontyne & Co., and published by A. Constable & Co. As explained by Sir John, in the preface, it is probable that both Caldenvood and Spottiswoode, as well on the author of " King James the Scxt," hod seen Bannatyne'a Journal ; yet neither of them men- tion it. " Crawford (author of the Peerage), refers to the manuscript, prnet Robert Miln ; at whose death, in 1748, it most likely was conveyed to the Advocate's Library in Edinburgh." Sir John expresses his surprine " that this Journal should have been almost entirely overlooked by modern historians. Goodall, who writes in defence of Queen Mary, quotes it a* authority, but does not mention where it was deposited, as the work is so advene to the Queen, he possibly did not care about its being known." " Six or seven years ago," adds Sir John, " when engaged in an examination of all the manuscripts in the Advocate's Library, I found Banna! I/HCS Jour- nal among some papers quite unconnected with the subject. It is entered in no catalogue of the Library, which further induces me to believe that Goodall, who was many years librarian there, was solicitous that it should remain in concealment." To Sir John's industry, and anxiety to illustrate the more obscure passages in Scottish history, we are thus indebted for Bannatyne's Journal. As secretary to John Knox, the author seems to have imbibed much of the bitter spirit of the Reformer. All opposed to his party are vilified and spoken of with the utmost contempt. The Jour- nal \s supplemented by several other manuscripts : — 1. "Letters from Se- cretary Maitland and the Earl of Mortoun, 1572." 2. " An account of tin- Death of the Earl of Huntly, 1576." 3. " Confession of the Earl of Mor- toun, 1581." 4. " Mutual aggressions by the contending factions, 1570." * Although deeply engaged with his own inquiries, Sir John was at all times extremely ready to assist others. About this time we find him in correspondence with the celebrated George Chalmers, author of " Cale- donia/' &c., from whom the following letter has been preserved : — * A complete copy of the MS. IIM turned up iincc Sir John'* publication, «nJ hmi been printed by the intervention of the BunuUyne Club. xxiv MEMOIR OF SIR J. G. DALYELL. " OFFICE FOR TRADE, WHITEHALL, 20th Mar. 1807. " MY DEAR SIR, " I have received safely your music book, and your kind letter of the 28th ult. " I know not how to thank you for them ; and still less for the honour of heing chosen an Honorary Member of the Antiquary Society ; as I learn from the Secretary. It will gratify me to receive, from so kind a friend, the other things which you are so kind as to say you will send I have not had time to study your music book ; but I have made an engagement with a musician to go over it with me ; and I will let you know what we think of it. " I shall be always happy in any occasion of showing you what a high value I set upon vour friendship, as I am, with sincere esteem. " MY DEAR SIR, " Your faithful and obedient servt. " GEO. CHALMERS." We know not what music book it was that Chalmers refers to — possibly an ancient one, which Sir John had sent, for the purpose of aiding him in the compilation of his great work, the first volume of which appeared a year or two afterwards. In 1809, Sir John called attention to those ecclesiastical remains of Scotland, so many of which have, of later years, been printed by the Ban- natyne, Maitland, and Spalding Clubs. This he did in " a Tract chiefly relative to Monastic Antiquities, with some account of a recent search for the Remains of Scottish Kings interred in the Abbey of Dunfermline." From the cartulary of the Abbey, which he describes, he drew consider- able information as to its history, its laws, and privileges, and not a little illustrative of the state of the country generally — especially in reference to the servitude of the lower class of peasantry in ancient times. The Tract was well calculated to advance the object of the author, in awaken- ing the literary world to the importance of such monastic antiquities. Some of the charters are written in the vernacular, and it is remarkable that the language was much the same in the thirteenth century, 1214, 1233 — and the fifteenth, 1457 — as it is at present. Latin, as stated in the cartulary, was always translated into English — thus showing that the English and Scottish were considered different languages. " The ancient VI:MOIR OK SIR j. o. DALYELI. cooqiiet, or seal of the r .John, " I fortunately recovered from Dunfennline, and have deposited it in the Advocates' Library, along with another of equal antiquity. Both are in good preservation, en- graven on rapper, and fully as old as the fourteenth century." In 1811 Sir John, in a thin 8vo., published by Constable, gave "Some account of an Ancient Manuscript of Martini's Epigrams. Illus- trated by an Engraving, and occasional anecdotes of the manners of the Romans." This was a valuable gift to the classical scholar. Martial's Epigrams are well known, and frequently quoted by the historical anti- quary. Many of them, however, are obscure, as in the printed edition, ami not a few of them wholly unintelligible. This arises partly from in- accuracies in transcription, and our superficial acquaintance with the man- ners and customs of the Romans. The manuscript in question, from a careful comparison with others, and the character of the penmanship, ap- pears, in Sir John's opinion, to be as old as the middle of the ninth cen- tury, 850. It has been preserved in the Advocates' Library for upwards of a hundred years ; but its history is unknown. " The only date it bears is 1632, there being inscribed on a blank leaf, Jacobut Marchant hitnc librnin poxsidet ex dono Francisci Desmctdiere amid tui : Sedani 3 Dcctmbrit 1632." It does not seem to have been consulted by any of the editors of Martial, and from the various readings given by Sir John in illustration, we have no doubt of what he states, that "should a genuine edition of Martial's Epigrams be desired," it would, " in no incon- siderable degree facilitate the undertaking." An interesting and popular work was published by Constable & Co., in 3 vols., in 1812, entitled " Shipwrecks and Disasters at Sea ; or Histori- cal Narratives of the most noted Calamities and Providential Deliverances, which have resulted from Maritime Enterprize : with a Sketch of various Expedients for Preserving the Lives of Mariners." No author's name was attached, but the compiler was Sir John. The narratives commence with the " Shipwreck of Pietro Quirini, near the coast of Norway" in 1431, and close with the " wreck of the Nautilus, Sloop of War, on a Rock in the Archipelago" in 1807. They were carefully selected from the best and most original authorities, and in many cases re- written, or put into a more condensed and intelligible form. Besides furnishing a most readable xxvi MEMOIR OF SIR J. G. DALYELL. work, Sir John had a beneficial object in view. Much of the loss and suffering at sea, occur from mismanagement, the want of knowledge, or of coolness on the part of the sufferers ; and it was to show how these, in numerous instances, might have been avoided or mitigated by proper conduct. This is improved and enforced by the " Sketch" at the close of the third volume, descriptive of the various inventions which had, up till 1812, been made public for the preservation of life in cases of shipwreck. In 1814 Sir John published, through the medium of Constable & Co., " Annals of Scotland, from the Yeir 1514 to the Yeir 1591. By George Marioreybanks, burgess of Edinburghe." Marjoribanks died on the 20th of November, 1591, yet, strange to say, the annals bring events down till the 18th Feb. 1594. The narrative is brief, and affords little room for comment. One or two circumstances, however, are recorded, somewhat differently from the common belief. He states, for example, that the body of David Rizzio " was buried in the Kirkyaird of Holyrudhous," whereas the enemies of Mary assert that they were interred in the Chapel Royal, which adjoins the palace. Also, that " in the mounth of August, in anno 1568, the regent [Muray] caused burne Sir William Steuart, lyone king of armes, for sorcery, as wes alledgit." This is an incident sel- dom alluded to by historians, Jind there is no distinct account of the mo- tives which led to it. The Knoxes and Bannatynes of the time had, of course, no desire to blacken the memory of the " good regent." In 1814 Sir John also gave to the world his first treatise on natural history, in a thin 8vo., published by Constable & Co. It is entitled, " Ob- servations on some interesting Phenomena in Animal Physiology, exhibited by several species of Planarije. Illustrated by coloured Figures of living Animals." This volume treats of Planaria, Flexilis, N/gra, Panniculata, Felina, Arethusa, Graminea, Vclox, Edinensis, and was the result of years of observation of the living animal. Though the author makes no pre- tension to any particular discovery, it is evident that nearly the whole of his experiments and observations were such as no previous naturalist had made with the same care and success. Planarise are known as a genus of aquatic animals, somewhat like the leech or snail in external appearance, but differing from both. The two kinds experimented upon, as explained by Sir John, may be defined, — 1 . " Naked, flattish, in a state of abstinence, 01- silt J (;. DALY M.I. xxvu with a prolwscis protruding from the middle of the belly or un- der surface ; swimming supine." 2. " Body in a state of repletion, resem- bling a double cone ; mouth in the anterior extremity." The phenomena brought to IL'ht in regard to the food and habits of these animals are ex- tremely euriini*. The species is propagated by eggs, but nuwt of them have the singular faculty of reproduction by spontaneous division. The head, for example, separates from the trunk. In time a new head is form- ed, and the animal resumes its functions entire, while, from the separated head expands a new body. If any portion of the animal is cut off by ac- ,t , nature immediately sets about replacing it. If an incision is made forward or backward, beyond a particular line, it is possible to produce a second head, or a second tail, according to the position of the puncture. Sir John frequently tried the experiment. Huber's celebrated " Observations on the Natural History of Bees" — a work entirely coinciding with the taste of our author — was translated, and in some manner condensed by him. The third edition, which we have before us, was published by W. & C. Tait, in. 1821. This little 12 mo had an extensive sale ; and Huber has long been considered a stan- dard authority on Bees, The following year Sir John had a communication from Baron Cuvier, whose letter we subjoin : — " liOKUEUB, " Permette* rooi de TOO* remercier, noo •euletnent do bean present qoe TOO* m'avei fait en m'cnvoyant votre livrr, mail encore da tenrice quo TOW mvex irndu a 1'hit- lorie nalureHe en j rempliuant nne Lac u no demeuree vuido malgrt let efforts d'hommrt •Mti habile qoe MUller et autrea. C'en par dec travaux de ee genre, par de* obaenraUoM auidoe* aor det etpece* particnlien quo Ton cnrichire le plus rorement ceUe belle fcteace ; je serai* bien bearenx de pouvoirTOM exprime* plus diverteroenl 1'ettime que votre outrage me intpiree ; n TOM Teoei jamau dan* notre pay*, j'eipere quc TOO* me foumires 1'oocaaioa de TOO* en donner di-« prcuvei ; agrees je TOM prie I'aaniranee de U haute oonsideratioo arec Uequelle, je tnu, " MoxalEUE, " Votre trei bumble et TTM OMMMBi •erriteuTi " B«. Coruta." 44 Parit, le 28. Juin, 18M." xxviii MEMOIR OF SIR J. G. DALYELL. In 1825 there appeared, in 2 vols. 8vo (London, Longman & Co.), a truly philosophical work, entitled " Historical Illustration of the Origin and Progress of the Passions, and their influence on the conduct of Man- kind, with some subordinate Sketches of Human Nature and Human Life." " Remarks on the Antiquities Illustrative of the Cartularies of the Episcopal See of Aberdeen" — another of Sir John's tracts in aid of histori- cal inquiry — were published by W. and C. Tait, 1820. In this thin bro- chure he gives an outline of the history and constitution, tithes, historical incidents, legal antiquities, &c. Under the latter head he brings forward several valuable illustrations, especially in reference to civil affairs. In 1826 Sir John printed a few copies of "A Brief Analysis of the Ancient Records of the Bishopric of Moray" — [Murray, as he afterwards corrected himself]. The analysis abounds in facts demonstrative of the necessity of a thorough investigation of such documents, if we ever expect to obtain a proper glimpse of our early history. That a code of laws ex- isted in Scotland long prior to the time of Edward I., is evident from re- peated references to them : so that whether Regiam Majestatcm be authen- tic or not, there can be no doubt that justice was anciently regulated, both in the King's and the ecclesiastical courts, upon principles which have come down to our own times. Trial by jury, in civil as well as criminal cases, was common. The courts were frequently held in the open air. In 1380, " the Bishop had been cited by John Gray, lay mair of Badeuach, to appear before Alexander Stewart, where wont to keep his court of regality, and to show by what writings he held his lands. Ad- vancing towards the court, which was kept at the ' Standand Stanes of the Rathe of Kingucy,' but remaining without its precincts, the Bishop refuses to acknowledge Alexander Lord of Badenach as superior of the lands in that territory belonging to the See." The standing stanes of Ork- ney, where justice was administered, are well known to antiquaries. The same practice appears to have prevailed in Murray, which would seem to point to the Scandinavian origin of the people. Access to such records of antiquity is invaluable to the student of Scotish history. In 1828 appeared the last of Sir John's illustrations of the cartula- MEMOIR OK SIB J propagation of the Hydra tuba (originally the offspring of a me- dusa), by throwing off a series of rings or discs, after ceasing germination in the ordinary way, ia a fact, observes the reviewer, " our knowledge of which is entirely due to the persevering researches of Sir J. G. Daly ell," and it " is of fundamental importance in our philosophical interpretation of this wonderful process." After several high compliments, the writer concludes his learned article thus : — " And tat, though not least, we are desirous of holding np Sir John G. Halve 11 as aa example to oar readers of every class — as a fine example of a patient, laborious, discriminat- ing, and unprejudiced observer ; perseveringly carrying out his researches, not merely day after day, and month after month, bat year after year, and, we might almost say, ten years after tea years, for the mere love of truth, without the remotest particle of that self-seeking disposition, which, in these days, tempts almost every young investigator to rush into pub- licity with the erode results of his inquiries, rather shunning notoriety than courting it, and modestly expressing simply the facts which be has himself witnessed, without throwing doubt or discredit upon the statements of others. We need not say that we shall anxiously look for a continuation of the present publication ; and that we trail, alike for the sake of science and for Sir J. G. DalyelTs own reputation, that it will not be long delayed." Although no date is affixed to the following scrap of a letter from Professor James D. Dana, we have no doubt that it refers to this work : — " The scientific world will be greatly indebted to you for your laboured investigations on the lower aquatic animals, and I shall look forward with great interest to the publication of your work. The I'lanuln is one of the most wonderful results of reproduction, and I long to see the mystery fully and satisfactorily explained." Sir John had been in the habit of corresponding with the writer. From the numerous letters of compliment received by Sir John, after the publication of the " Bare Animals of Scotland," we beg to select the following : — xxxiv MEMOIR OF SIR J. G. DALYELL. " SAINT BARTHOLOMEW'S HOSPITAL, October 29, 1849. " SIE, I have asked my esteemed friend, Professor Goodsir, to give you a copy of some lec- tures I have lately delivered at our College of Surgeons. I beg your acceptance of them, not because I think they can afford you pleasure, but because I am anxious to acknowledge the great advantage which I derived, in preparing them, from your beautiful book on the Rare Animals of Scotland. I cannot sufficiently express to you my admiration of your researches, or the exceeding pleasure that I found in making myself (so far as I was able) acquainted with them. Permit me to add to all those you have already received, my thanks for your scientific labours, and my hope that you may yet, for very many years, be able and willing to instruct us. " When Professor Goodsir told me of your love of antiquities, I begged him to offer you a copy of a pamphlet which I printed a few years ago, and which contains all that I could find, in our Hospital records, of the life and deeds of the great Harvey. Possibly, in this you may find some matters of interest to you ; but if not, let it yet convey another as- surance of my respect and gratitude. Allow me to be, Sir, Your faithful Servant, JAMES PAGET." SIB JOHN GRAHAM DALYELL, Bart. Mr Paget, in his lecture above alluded to, on " The processes of Re- pair and Reproduction after Injuries," referred to several diagrams which he had copied from Sir John's engravings, illustrative of the progress of the Hydra in its development of young medusae, and of the Tubularia in- divisa, thus generalizes on the importance of the discovery : — " There are yet some topics which I will crave your indulgence, that I may suggest for your consideration, if only as an apology for a lecture in which I may seem to have been discussing doctrines that can hardly be applicable to our daily practice, and with illustrations drawn from objects in which, as surgeons, we may have but little interest. Let me, then, express my belief that, if ever we are to escape from the obscurities and uncertainties of our art, it must be through the study of those highest laws of our science, which are expressed in the simplest terms in the lives of the lowest order of creation. It was in the search after the mysteries — that is, after the unknown highest laws — of generation, that the first glance was gained of the largest truth in physiology — the truth of the development of ova through partition and multiplication of the embryo-cells. So may the study of the repair of injuries iustained by the lowest polypes lead us to the. clearer knowledge of that law, in reliance upon which alone we dare to practise our profession — the law that lost perfection may be MKMOIR OF SIR J. 0. DALYELL. recovered by the operation of the power by which it WM oaee achieved. Already, in UM facu that I hare quoted from Sir John Graham Dalyell, we Mam to hare the forc»hadowinf of the factf through which the diMorerj may be made." " Mu-ical Memoirs of Scotland, with Historical Annotations and numerous Illustrative Plates," a work for which Sir John had long been collecting material, issued from the press in 1849. A misunderstanding having occurred, however, between him and his publisher, Mr Thomas Stevenson, 87 Princes Street, Edinburgh, considerable delay in the print- ing ensued, and some deviation from the original plan.* He himself al- ludes to this in the preface : " I deem it necessary to explain, that while advancing with additional embellishments, a rude interruption compelled me not only to infringe my original plan, but to leave certain parts of it unfinished." He hoped, however, at an early period to " restore the pro- jected integrity" of the " work in some acceptable form." The author did not live to fulfil his intention. He meant to have followed it up by another volume, entitled " Musical Practice," which is in manuscript, ready for the printer, and which we yet trust to see published. Sir John drew his facts from the most unquestionable sources— chiefly ancient re- cords, and rarely hazards a conjecture, unless supported by the most co- gent reasons. The bagpipe, as being the national instrument of Scotland, is treated of first, and numerous engravings of it given from the sculpture of Melrose Abbey, Roslyn Chapel, &c. It was a very simple contrivance originally— consisting of only a bag and chanter. It can be traced to ancient times, even on Roman sculpture, and on several religious houses in England, as well as on the Cathedral of Upsal, in Sweden. It was, and still is, common to the peasantry of Italy and Germany ; and was one of the courtly instruments of France in the fifteenth century. In Ireland, it was, of course, common. From a print of " Irish Insurgents" in 1681, headed by a piper, the instrument, with a drone and chanter, is of un- wieldy dimensions. But nowhere has the bagpipe been cultivated, as per- • The law-plea which followed, was not concluded till after Sir John's death. The real point at issue in thu abturd dispute wai, whether an author should be allowed to retain hi* •ipt, and tee his own work through the pi'Mi. xxxvi MEMOIR OF SIE J. G. DALYELL. taming to war, to the same extent, as in Scotland. Nowhere else has such complicated music as the pibroch been attempted. Sir John, how- ever, does not find any record of its use in remote times. No mention is made of it by Ossian, nor yet, more recently, by Wyntoun ; and he is doubtful if any other instrument than the horn was used at Bannockburn. But ample notices of it occur from the fourteenth century downwards. Instruction in music does not seem to have been practised in the Highlands by notation, though it may have been by language. This the author was the more inclined to believe from the fact of " John Campbell, a competitor in performance on the bagpipe," at Edinburgh, in 1818, having brought with him " a folio volume in manuscript, said to contain numerous compositions ; but the contents merely resembling a written narrative, in an unknown language, nor bearing any resemblance to Gaelic, they proved utterly unintelligible." A Murdoch Maclean from Glasgow, " offered to decypher the mysterious manuscript," but the proposal met with no encouragement at the time, and Sir John regrets that his sub- sequent endeavours to regain it proved fruitless. Campbell said there were other two volumes of the same kind belonging to his father. In tracing these he was alike unsuccessful. " If ever recovered," he says, " it is extremely desirable that they should be deposited as a curiosity in some public library." Captain Macleod of Guesto had the merit, it ap- pears, of illustrating " so remarkable a fashion," and Sir John gives a specimen from the Gathering of the Clans — Hodroho, hodroho, haninin hiechin, Hodroho, hodroho, hodroho hachin." Prom this specimen, we are convinced that it must have been one of the volumes mentioned, or a similar one, which we saw, about twelve years ago, in the possession of Captain Donald Campbell, then residing in Ayr — and if so, their recovery is not hopeless. The bagpipe is perhaps regarded with more favour by the author, because of its being the origin of the organ — the progress in the construc- tion of which he traces, with great precision, from the rudest attempts to the master-pieces of that magnificent instrument. MKMOIR OF SIR J. O. DALYKLL. XX The harp furnishes nn mten-.-ting chapter. It seems to have been* very simple instrument in early times. Several engravings are given from sculptured crosses in the north of Scotland ; and one of the Calr- dnnian Harp preserved in the family of Robertson of Lude since 1460, when it came into their possession by marriage. It is a superior instru- ment, having thirty- two strings. The rlnir*ha — a species of harp— was aLto much in use at one time in Scotland. The violin, as sculptured on Melrose Abbey, as well as in an illumi- nated MS. once belonging to Dunfermline Abbey — both of the fourteenth century — appears first with two strings. It is not till the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries that we find it in its present form. The viol, though differing in shape, was played in a similar manner, and violer and violin player are frequently used as synonymous in old documents. According to the song of" Logic o' Buchan," written by George Halket, who died in 1756, the viol was still in use in his time : " 0 Logic o' Buchan, 0 Logic the I^urd, They ha'e U'cn awa' Jamie, that delved i' the yard, Wha play'd on the pipe and the viol tae ima', They ha'e ta'en awa' Jamie, the flower o' them a'." In the begining of last century Hew M'Quyre, Ayr, is styled '• violer" in the parish records ; but locally he was known to be a violin player. Sir John finds that most of our reputed Highland airs — save those adapted for the bagpipe — which are peculiar — have been composed for the violin — so that they cannot be quite so ancient as some writers assert. When the harp was the prevailing instrument, considerable intercourse was kept up between the minstrels of the three countries. In the house- hold accounts, both of the Scotish crown and nobility, numerous pay- ments appear to English and Irish musicians — as, for example in 1502, " the Ingli-s harpar," " the Irland clarschar." The Highland harpers were styled Earsch, not Irish, as the two terms are sometimes confounded. From the intercourse thus maintained — especially between the Irish and High- land harpers — the national music of Ireland and Scotland became to some extent intermixed. xxxviii MEMOIR OF SIB J. G. DAL YELL. In the course of the treatise almost every known instrument is brought under review by Sir John, and from his known musical science and practice, his remarks are not less sound than original. The first volume of Sir John's last and great work — " The Powers of the Creator displayed in the Creation ; or, observations on Life amidst the various forms of the humbler tribes of Animated Nature : with Prac- tical Comments and Illustrations," was published by John Van Voorst, London, in 1851. The second volume, after the author's death, was brought out in 1853, under the superintendence of his sister and Professor Fleming, the latter of whom introduced it with a short preface. Part of this, the third volume, had also the benefit of his oversight ; but it is chiefly to Miss Dalyell that the public owe the completion of the work. A portion of the volume, however, is printed from the manuscript, as left by the author in an imperfect state. " The Powers of the Creator," illustrated by two hundred excellent engravings, may be considered a continuation of the " Bare and Remark- able Animals of Scotland" — imbued, perhaps, with a higher tone of philo- sophy. It is impossible to study any particular department of the works of Nature, even the most humble and apparently insignificant, without having the mind exalted in contemplating the grand design of creation. Sir John soars into this region ; but it is with a staid whig, convinced of man's littleness, and the folly of attempting to penetrate the veil which bounds our finitude. The speculations of philosophers as to a great First Cause, and the development of the system of which the human race forms so distinguished a part, he treats with little consideration, and regards the theory of progressive creations as improbable. His object is less to inquire into the reason why, and by what means, the world was produced, than to trace in the wonderful organization and instincts of the lower animals the power and goodness of an all-ruling Providence. In the world of science, also, his aim is less to discover new races than to study more at- tentively the habits and qualities of those rarer species, whom naturalists have overlooked, or but imperfectly described. When it is understood that the observations instituted by Sir John extended over a period of fifty years, and that some of the aquatic specimens were in his possession MEMOIR OF SIR J. O. DALYELL. Zxxu alive upwards of twenty-two, we may conceive the great care and minute oew with which they were made. The various changes to which many of the lower animals are subjected — in their transformation from one st.-iu- of existence to another — have confounded the learned, who were led, in not a few instances, to consider them, under these different aspects, as diffe- rent species of the same genus. It was to rectify this — in so far as the Scot- tish waters could be made available — that he laboured ; and, from accurate delineation and description, to render the rarer varieties of the lower world more familiar to the student— conceiving that the mere anatomical dis- tinctions of the scientific were not so well calculated to promote a proper knowledge of animated nature as accurate delineations of the outward form. The subjects experimented upon exceeded one hundred and sixty in num- ber, and are classed under Echinodermata, or rough skins, Crustaceans, Pa- rasites, Hydrachna, Hiritdo, Vermct, Planaria, Nais, Lumhricits, Nereit, t(c. A copy of the second volume of " The Powers of the Creator," as well as the first, having been forwarded by MUs Dalyell to Dr Carpenter, London, the gift was acknowledged by that gentleman in very compli- mentary terms. From his letter, dated 5th Oct. 1853, we beg to quote the following passage : — " It is with peculiar satisfaction that I have looked through his (Sir John's) observations on the ' Nautiline.' All that he has so cautiously surmised, has been since confirmed most satisfactorily. The ' Nautiline,' with its beautiful little shell, and pair of ciliated appen- dages, it the young of Doris ; and almost all the naked sea-slugs allied to it in general structure have similar larvae. I wish all naturalists would record their actual observations as your brother did, and separate their deductions as he was accustomed to do ; so that we might distinguish facts and hypo- tkesfs, and be able to assign to each their due value." Besides these separate works, a number of papers by Sir John ap- peared from time to time in the Philosophical Journal. The substance of the first, giving an account of the " Hirudo muricata, or Sea Leech, with a description of its ova and young," was noticed in the Journal for 1827. It hod been thought, remarks the editor, that up to that year the ova and young of the Sea Leech had remained unknown, whereat a dis- tinguished observer of this place (Sir John,) had bred the animals in jars ±1 MEMOIR OF SIR J. G. DALYELL. of sea- water in 1822, noting all the changes from the laying of the eggs till the evolution of the perfect animal. The drawings and remarks of the author, in MS., were before the editor. Another article, on the "Propagation of Scotish Zoophytes" ap- peared in 1834. It was to this paper that Sir John refers in his " Rare and remarkable Animals of Scotland : — " Let me here premise, that some years ago, long after the subject of this paragraph had come under my notice, I submitted a few general observations regarding it to the British Association for the Promotion of Science, during the sittings of that learned body at Edinburgh in 1834. As the study of natural history was advancing but languidly in Scotland, my principal aim was then, as on previous and subsequent occasions, to engage the attention of my countrymen with the interesting phenomena which they might readily discover among our national products. Therefore, selecting only the facts most easily at- tained, nor exacting painful and protracted study, I sedulously abstained from discussing various other important and still more interesting points, though sufficiently acquainted with them. I believe now that it would have been better had I done differently ; for it would have prevented certain authors from betraying themselves into very erroneous conclusions of the import of my observations." " Reference is here probably made, in part at least," says the Medico- Chirurgical " reviewer," to the very harsh comment of Steinstrup upon the observations communicated from time to time to the ' Edinburgh New Philosophical Journal' by Sir J. G. Dalyell ; of which he says — ' These observations are not only filled with matters of which Sir J. G. Dalyell has taken a false view, but also contain phenomena which he has misunderstood ; and they have consequently been of no utility in science, until now that other fundamental researches have allowed of their being correctly explained. Now, it is perfectly apparent to us, that the Scotish observer must have been in possession of the real truth from a period much earlier than that at which it had been deduced from the researches of Sars and Siebold, who have hitherto enjoyed the full credit of first unveiling the remarkable phenomena we shall presently describe ; al- though, with the characteristic caution of his countrymen, he hesitated to make his views fully known until he had most fully satisfied himself of their correctness, and consequently employed, in such descriptions as MI: MOM: <> i DALY! 1.1. xu a ;..: tii from time to time, phraseology which by no meant conveyed lii- whole meaning. And it is further cvint to us, that his observation* ir more prolonged, and have attained on many point* a far greater degree of exactitude and completeness, than those of eit her of tin- authors we have just named ; and we shall show that one point of funda mental importance has been clearly established by Sir J. G. Dalyell, al- though neither Sara nor Siebold was able to make it out ; and that he ha* thereby been led to a much more accurate conception of the whole pro- cess, than they or their follower* have attained." The reviewer then refers to the series of observations by which Sir John proved that the Hydra tuba springs from Afedmtr, and that the Medu*er are themselves the progeny of the lli/ilra. The process by which the latter breaks up into discs, and becomes separated into independent animals, is minutely described by Sir John : and the reviewer considers the fact that, while the topmost disc loses its circle of tentocula, a new circle is developed upon the summit of the bulb that remains at the pile of discs, a discovery of great importance, and one which has escaped the notice of other observers. By this means, he says, " the original polyj»iilll J. G. DALYELL. \liii bis sister was an able assistant in all bis zoological both in procuring specimen*, and facilitating his observations ; and we may reiterate the statement of Professor Fleming that it is wholly owing to her respect for the memory of her talented brother, and a desire that the scientific world should reap the full benefit of his observations, that t hi- his hist work has been so satisfactorily brought to a close. She at- tended him in all his excursions, undertaken every summer, to the fishing stations at North Berwick, St Andrews, &c., for the purpose of picking up such rare animals as the fishermen might have fallen in with. Many specimens were obtained from Orkney, which were usually forwarded by I tallies on the spot. These excursions were much enjoyed both by Sir John and but sister. To the student of nature nothing is more pleasing than to escape from the busy hum of men, and contemplate the varied and beautiful works of creation. No truly great mind can be insensible of the peculiar feeling so produced. Scenes of striking grandeur, or of calm repose, awaken cor- responding thoughts, and are often the source of high emprise, or of calm and dignified philosophy. Upon one occasion, amongst many, the tourists spent a very happy day at a place called Canty Bay, eastward a short dis- tance of North Berwick. The bank was literally covered with primroses in full bloom. The fragrance might extend a mile. About half-way down the bonk they seated themselves upon a fallen tree, near to a rill which settled itself into a sort of pool or marsh. There Sir John found the beautiful zoophite Vorticella (Plate 21, " Rare and Remarkable Ani- mals," Vol. I.) It resembled a bunch of the finest silk thread, almost im- perceptible to the eye of any one save a zealous naturalist. Placed under a high magnifier, in the microscope, however, the beautiful bell flowers were displayed, all tacked together and suspended by the slender cord which bound them in such luxuriance. As he was stooping to take it, something rustled under the skirt of his coat, and upon looking, it proved to be a bird (yellow-hammer,) which hod quitted its pretty little nest, containing four eggs. Curious enough, it returned after a few minutes, and slipped back to its charge, unconscious apparently of danger being near. The spot was certainly a solitary one, but the splendour of the xliv MEMOIR OF SIB J. G. DAL YELL. scenery could not easily be obliterated from the mind. The sun was ver- tical— there was not a breath of air — the sea was like- a sheet of glass, without a ripple moving it. The Bass Rock rose in majestic splendour, seemingly almost close to the eye. The wild birds, screaming and screeching over the barren rock, literally darkened the air like a cloud. Nothing could be discerned beyond, except sometimes a ship slowly pass- ing to or fro the blue expanse of ocean. All was silence — all was solitude, save a few fishermen's huts upon the brink of the sea, and the romantic ruin of Tantallon Castle, respecting which so many wonderful stories are related in that part of the country. Though much engaged with his literary and scientific pursuits, to- gether with his legal duties — for although the Parliament House proved too fatiguing for him, he had considerable business as a consulting lawyer — Sir John still found leisure to cultivate that social intercourse which rendered fashionable life in Edinburgh, during the early part of the pre- sent century, so agreeable. We mean the select private parties held at one another's houses. The visitors met about eight o'clock, and generally broke up between eleven and twelve. The time before supper was usually spent in playing quartets and quintets, and after, in singing catches and glees. The suppers were studiously plain, so as to suit the circumstances of all. Sir John was equally free in performing at charitable concerts, when called upon for that purpose by the parties interested. It may be mentioned that his violin — a genuine Straduarius — once belonged to Stabilini, well known as a leader of the Edinburgh concerts at the begin- ning of the century, and is now retained as an heir-loom in the family. It is rather a curious coincidence that Sir John should also have become possessed of Stabilini's violoncello. It was a gift to that performer by the Countess of James Earl of Hopeton. After his death, his widow was desirous of disposing of it, but none of the gentlemen being inclined to purchase it, they considered the best plan for her was to raffle it. Sir John held a ticket, but having a particular engagement on the day of raffle, a friend, who called in passing, undertook to throw for him. The gentleman threw first for himself, and secondly for Sir John, which latter throw proved the highest, and Sir John (then Mr Dalyell) was declared MEMOIR OF SIH J venn-it.- the works of the Divine Architect of Nature. An animal which always advances with its head downwards, as if : sing the ordinary rules directing living instincts, — which contains l)ii t a single bone, or perhaps none in its body, wherein the vital func- tions are preserved by the office of more than a single heart, — which discharges an inky lluid from within for concealment amidst the waters, — and the eyes of which are opened by death, — seem to remove it far apart from the tribes usually brought under our no' No wonder, then, that the Sepia has been the theme of many authors, or that errors or prejudice have accompanied its history. In certain districts the abundance of the Sepia facilitates the en- quiries of the naturali.-t. In others, he is embarrassed by their \arietv in his neighbourhood, or the total absence in the seasons of migration. Thence nothing farther than correct delineation of living adults, accom- panied by a few remarks on the progress of the embryo towards perfec- tion shall detain us lies A 2 SEPIA. The Sepia consists of two conspicuous principal portions, an elongated, or an ovoidal sac, containing the viscera ; and a number of living and strong arms beyond it, issuing from a common web or margin. The mouth is in the centre of these arms, which serve as feet when the ani- mal is stationary, or as it advances. Then the bottom of the sac or bag is aloft or upwards, so that the mouth, eyes, and other parts constituting the head, are downwards amidst the roots of the arms or tentacula. From these peculiarities, the race of Cuttle Fish is denominated Cephalopode — a name which, if explicable, means walker on the head. But it seems inconsistent. Perspicuous details of the anatomy of various species of these ani- mals will.be found in the works of several distinguished physiologists, such as Martin Lister, the late Dr Alexander Monro, Dr Grant, Cuvier, Delle Chiaje, and others. The last has obviously had many specimens. The subdivisions and peculiar nomenclature recently appropriated to them, may be also found in the works of the later authors. Without dwelling on these minutiae, let it be remembered, that in a comprehensive view of the natural history of living animals, it is from common features — from something belonging to separate species, — that genera are constituted. § 1. SEPIA. — OCTOPUS VULGARIS — The Eight Arm Cuttle Fish. — Plate I. This animal is of frequent occurrence in the Scotish seas, from March until November, within which interval it is sometimes taken by the oyster dredgers uninjured, as well as by other fishermen. The examples are of various dimensions ; but, in as far as I under- stand, seldom diminutive, which argues their retreat from our shores, if these be the place of their nativity. Specimens usually extend about eight or ten inches from the i'\- tremity of the sac to the extremity of the tentacula. Only one has occurred much longer, as follows : Total extent nine- teen inches ; length of the sac five inches ; from the extremity of the V III n i / -KIM A. | *ic to tl. .in the extremity tn (In- n|>|>f this animal, will !«• much better understood from inspecting the than iViiin any description. Among the most pronii: .run- . \vo projecting '-yes or golden orbit.*, immediately above the margin of the sac ; a wide mouth, spreading upwards, with eiirht tcntaculn sur- rounding it ; and a row of hard suckers clothing each of these from the rout t«i tin- extremity. T<>\\ard> tin- left side a tubular orpin issues from within the sac. On the aide of the roc a narrow marginal (in is seen, in come M metis, as if dividing the l>;u-k and belly. The mouth of the animal is situate in the centre of the tentacula, the suckers of which consist of about sixty or seventy in adults of nn-lium size. Prolialily their number and dimensions augment with age. But the row is Miiuie, though some naturalists, misled by that «>n ion of the parts concomitant <>n weakness or death, have axcrilN-d two to the tentaculum. Then they are in a kind of alternate arm inent. The predominant colour of this species is reddL»h-l»rown, brighter or paler above ; whitish below ; the eyet black ; the suckers white. But nothing can be more variable or readier to delude the tran observer than the colour. Sometimes the body is almost of a uniform reddish hue, which quickly breaks into patches of different intensity, and is suddenly intenniiiL'led with white ; next it becomes speckled, or • •s again, then fading in cloudy evanescence. These variation- apparently result either from spasmodic affections, dependent on the health, or strength, or volition of the animal. After a men became motionless, pale, and to all appearance dead, a beautiful iridescence was displayed by the edges of the web, faint-brown spread the back, and part nf the tentaculn, on being transferred to recent nea-water. All these faded again. N- \; »n transference to spirit of 4 SEPIA. wine, the body immediately became dark-brown, which was converted into dull-red. Anatomists explain that the tube is an excretory canal. Water is powerfully discharged by it, — perhaps indicating the strength of the specimen. As is well known, a black liquid is also discharged from the tube by this animal, whence it is frequently called the Ink Fish. Ita use is doubt- ful, nor is there much probability of any truth in the ordinary hypothe- sis that it is for concealment. Nature, we have too often occasion to repeat, seems less solicitous about the individual than its genus. This discharge is sometimes profuse. A specimen rather smaller than the figure was originally weak, though the eyelids were nearly close, and its adherence proved slight by the suckers. Its colour, faint tile-red, which became very pale in the evening. Having crawled out of the water, it did not adhere when returned ; and the eye opened wide, then appearing set in a golden orbit. No symptoms of life were indicated next morning. Yet, on replenish- ment of its vessel, the red was renovated, especially towards the exterior of the back ; and still, without any sensible animation, very black ink was discharged. In twenty-four hours the colour darkened again, re- maining permanently as brick-dust. All Cuttle Fish seem migratory. Probably they seek deep water in winter. Many are cast ashore in Spring and summer, but probably in a weak or dying state. Then they never fail to excite the curiosity of the passenger. I am ignorant of any representation of this animal from the life. Indeed, it is difficult to obtain a perfect delineation from a single speci- men. When living, the eyes are little more than half-open, or appear only through a slit, the tentacula variously occupied, or in considerable regularity. When dead they are distorted, the eyes prominent and wide open. PLATE I. FlG. 1 . Sepia — Octopus vulgaris. §2. SEPIA SKPIOLA— The Diininntire Cntll,- /Wi.— Plate II 1V_ 1 Tin- preceding species is sullicicntly CKIIIIIUUI to admit opportunity- tor the anatomist ascertaining its ,-tructure, ami of the naturalist dim-' ing something of its habits. Hut, in thi~ country, the sep'tola is \«-i\ i-.ir. — insomuch that only three have fallen into ray possession in the course of twenty years — ami these at considerable intervals, Tin- ireneral format inn of tin- f>/>io/n may be compared to that o! the i> lie exception* in number ami eonti^uration ; as well as in relative dimensions ami jM'oportions. 1 length of the animal thirty lines, from the convexity of the sac to the extremity of tin- teutacnla : diameter seven lines. \ :e it may IK; divided into three portions, — the sac, with tin- ::i. the head, with the eyes; and tin- tt-ntanila, with the Miekri>. On cau'li -ide of the sac is a large i-Hiptieal tin, like a thin oar, originating from the back, both hem-: soim-time» of such -!/.«• that their edges would overlap if folded kick wards, and are fitted to inthionce the motions of tin- animal. The ti-ntacula arc ten. !>eiiiLr ei.nht .-malliT ami two much 1m with broad extremities, studded with a number of suckers. The smaller I'.-ula have two rows of suckers, at leapt the row seemed double, evi-p while the subje, vigorous. Then, the suckers of all specie* are iirimnis hard, expanding like a saucer. When globular, it is perhap- from weakness. The eyes »; ;>romincnt, of a deep blue colour by day-lii:ht. and of a fine green, set in a yellow orbit. — a tubular organ, a- in the preceding, issues from the sae. It H ditlieult to deti-rminr the true colour of the skin of this specie* — variable alike as in the other. While vigorous, I have seen tin- who!. back transiently brown. Commonly it consists of a beautifully s]>cekl«l n or dinjiy yellow. The darkest sperklins: is on the extremities of the lapje triitacula. The specks are of every different form, and while the body is coloured above it is pale below. The bark of one of ti - was at !ir.-t chiefly a reddish browu, in large patches, subsisting until the eveninu'. when beautiful vermilion •kling intenuiiiL'led witli them. •6 SEPIA. Every stimulus excites colour. The water having become fetid after the apparent death of another specimen, wherein the eyes had sunk, its body speckled, and the colours flitted on a supply of recent water. The motions of this animal are rendered of easier observation, from its smaller dimensions. In common with its kind, the natural position of most living creatures is inverted — the part corresponding to the head being downwards, and the sac with the viscera elevated above. It swims in a retrograde direction, with considerable force, the tentacula extended nearly straight, and then of darkened colour. The wings flap together as if performing the office of fins. This animal propagates in July. The spawn is produced as a firm gelatinous cylinder, an inch long, composed of a number of ova, from which the young have begun to escape on the first of August. PLATE II. FIG. 1 . Sepia sepiola. § 3. SEPIA.— Plate I., Fig. 2. Propagation. — The origin and progressive development of all ani- mated beings, is a subject of profound interest to the philosopher, in contemplating the means whereby the vitality of the universe is pre- served. It is infinitely curious in the creatures with which we are now occupied, both from the peculiar form and the dimensions of certain species, and because the advancing organization is exposed with unusual precision to the observer. In the larger and more perfect animals, the whole process is veiled from mankind. Elicitation of the spark of life, the source and the mode of evolution, the acceleration or retardation of organic form, its power and action, are the subject of conjecture alone, or deduced from appear- ances, too often fallacious, after all have been repressed by death. Here, then, is an example how the general principles may be pro- moted through the medium of inferior beings. , '• tft'fft V III PI. II •• 'V &&* I U Tin- Cuttle Fish. like tin- linger proportion of tin; aquatic tribe*, •tuutw it« race by spawn, consisting of a cluster of longer or *h<>rt. -r cylinders or' -.•. ith a rude roemblanci; to grapes, ami then. time* paaung by that denomination. These are exceedingly various in number ami quantity. — cluster* being aeen of thirty ovoids attached t., •mion -ul.-tance by their pedicles. Much irregularity and disparity -r. probably depending on the species of the parent, its age <>\- The p»p--> extend from nn«- inrh to three or lour: the short. -i ,.f .1 . i|!initly of as great diameter aa the longer. In a cluster of •even, they extended from nine to fifteen lines. The surface of the spawn is smooth, often of such lubricity that it can be scarcely reUiiim! in the hand ; its colour dingy white or watery blue. It is transparent or opaque, according to the maturity of its contents, which, by tin ii advances, raise the surface of the spawn in prominence*. Now, we find n striking correspondence with the propagation of of the tribes of aquatic animals previously noticed. Like the spawn of these, that of the Cuttle Fish consist* of an indefinite numl ova or capsules, each with an embryonic nucleus, imbedded in an albu- minous mass. Also, as the nucleus IB advancing, the swelling of tin- capsules augments the common mass, until the embryo issues forth pared for independent existence. An immediate parallel may be drawn between the evolution of the different triln.* ; and, could we discover it, the origin of life, and the pro- gress of evolution, pervades animated nature under determinate analogies. A grape of the spawn of the Sepia loligo was set apart for observa- tion on May 15. It extended nearly four inches, with a slight curvatur. . and tapered slightly, one end being thicker than the other. In four days each ovum appeared to be a perfect -|>h>Te, containing an ovoid of much -mailer dimensions, lying on the lower part within. Its place shift- with the altered position of the grupe, and is always the lowest. It mi-^ht extend equal to one-third of the diameter of the spl thickness a fifth of that diameter. From the expansion of the ova, the grape had enlarged three days subsequently ; and, from the same cause, about twelve convexities row 8 SEPIA. on the surface. In other four days, a prominence of one end of the internal ovoid became sensible, which I concluded to be the tentacula of the embryo that the ovoid indicated. But on account of the opacity of the mass under the microscope, minutiae are not easily ascertained. About fifty ova could be now enumerated in the grape, in irregular stages of advancement. This seemed slower at the longer extremity, where many were huddled together. In a fortnight from the beginning, the embryo had lost its ovoidal form. What I was induced to suppose the tentacula, then equalled about half the length under its new aspect. Of three embryos now delineated, two exhibited a red or golden speck, denoting the eye, and appeared on each side of this portion in two ; but nothing was visible in the third. The whole embryo, lying now in an inclined position, were motionless. But in two days several were collapsing and shifting their position. At this time the ova had much enlarged, and the contents were very distinctly exposed. Still, as before, the advance to maturity here and in other spawn was unequal, as may be seen from the figures, Plate II. fig. 2, four ova, with ovoidal embryos ; figs. 3, 4, 5, embryos the farthest advanced, though unequally and varied, on June 1. The same irregularity yet subsisted on June 3, when there appeared much disparity between the ova at the opposite extremities of the spawn. At the longer extremity the ova were three lines in diameter, and trans- parent, shewing the embryo recumbent, its eyes large and black, and the body now apparently consisting of three portions, occasionally in spas- modic contraction. This resolved into the semblance of slow pulsation, every six or seven seconds, in two days more, and minute red specks were evident on the embryo farthest advanced, which bent from side to side. The intumescence of the ovum seemed great on June 7, compared with the progress of the embryo. Besides the eyes of the latter being large, and set in two fleshy oval orbits, though not in the middle, an internal black speck was exposed by some. — Fig. 6. Many were far advanced on the 9tb, and testifying impatience of confinement ; yet none of at least twenty such escaped before the 12th, or thirty days after the commencement of observation. SEPIA. 9 Thenoe< Mended about throe line*. It was universal! \ watery blue colour, finely snorkled red ; the eye large, round, black, and get in a : • It swam vivaciously in a ret roirrade diri-etion through \vater n>- nouure delinitely DIJ the species of several clusters procured on July 7, and 11. One of the latter consisted of at li-a.-t thirty grapes, few, if any, iding an inch. A cluster of that of the former consisted of N somewhat longer. These resembled an icicle, clearly exposing the con- td as ova with the fu-tus, in various stages. One grape, the most transparent, consisted of about forty minute separate and distinct spherical ova, each in the thinnest capsular integu- ment. Others exhibited nine, ten, twelve, twenty, thirty-three capsules respectively, with the foetus in various stages of progress; but they were not in any definite arrangement ; so plastic, nevertheless, that no space is lost among them. The cuntenta of the grape with forty embryos were least advanced. In four of the others, the capsules, swollen to two or three, lines in diam posed the embryos stretched almost straight. These fell readily through the interior of their capsules, without any organic action, merely on shifting the position of the grapes. The same disten- sion and internal rarefaction of the capsule succeeded here as before, and even to a greater degree, as evinced by the readier fall of the foetus. It may be asked, whether this intumescence does not result from the extri- cation of some gaseous matter preparatory for the respiration of the young ? Fourteen or r-ixtmi young animals having issued from the spawn, proved the protrusion from the sac first, — but that several nascent ani- mals, unable to free themselves, perish in the birth. The subsistence and increment of those creatures, visibly coming to maturity in the egg, is derived from the vitellus or yolk, as we denomi- nate it, which is included within its own peculiar integument. Each of the young Cuttle Fish is produced with a substance resem- bling a pearl in its mouth, at least so situate amidst the tentacula that they canuot close together. This substance may be recognised as the foetus approaches to maturity in the egg, when it affects very much the 12 SEPIA. appearance of the animal. It seems to be the vitellus, or the integu- ments with the residue of the vitellus, which accompanies the young animal in its birth, and immediately afterwards separates, naturally, when it is discovered to be of a balloon shape, with the swell outwards. If the young animal dies on being produced, it does not separate, re- maining in situ. Thus it appears when free, Plate II. fig. 12 ; and when retained, figs. 13, 14. It is interesting to witness the diminution of the pearl in propor- tion to the enlargement of the body, just as the yolk of the egg is ab- sorbed by the young chicken or the young skate in their progress. When these creatures perish in the birth, it may be from the contents of the pearl not being sufficiently absorbed to allow the tentacula to close over it. One remained partly protruded during thirteen hours, and perished. The transparence of this young brood exposed pulsation suf- ficiently. A long oblique vessel seemed to discharge a colourless fluid upwards, into the parts connected with the neck or head. Many corre- sponding facts were demonstrated by the young from spawn, which I had reason to conclude to be that of the Scpiola. This was found in the immediate vicinity of fig. 1, presumed to be the parent. At first it was dingy white or of a faint yellowish tinge, and appa- rently contained about twenty substances, irregularly globular. Motion became perceptible in two days, and two prominent black specks. In two or three days longer, the advancing foetus was speckled brown. A nascent animal, extending about an eighth of an inch, escaped on the first of August. As the tentacula are unequally or successively developed, I do not know how far the nascent Sepia of any species is to be identi- fied with the adult. Here a similar intumescence of the ova had ensued : the motion of the young resembled that of those above described ; and every stimulus tended to darken their colour. Seventeen embryos at- tained maturity : six remained abortive. The propagation of the Sepia ensues in June, and throughout the course of July. The embryos ob- viously require a considerable time to attain maturity. The nascent Sepiae are very delicate : none of those from the large grape living above •" .*• ' '. ;•• w-\«.j :••:.:•:< v in pi. in 10 -r£*7 . o / / SEPIA. 18 throe i lay--, nor any of those from (lie -mailer spawn, which wort- not two-thinN of their -!/•-, .surviving mure than a few hours. The ink i* di-c -barged soon niter exclusion. To judge by the yonm: there is no substantial srround for (list MiL'tiMiini: the race 88 cephalopotl' . if to bo ri.iridly interpreted. The tcntacula, in as far as developed, are i employed a.- foot. Tin- animal* either lay Hat at tho bottom of their vend or ascend tho water, set-kin;: the li-ht by jerks from collapse of tin- body. I have sometimes, though raroly, taken similar nascent animals in (he sea, which display the like peculiar!: I have heard that some of the Cuttle FMi found in the aestuary of Forth are esteemed a delicacy. It is certain that such is the case with those of the Mediterranean Sea ; and it is said that at Naples vari- ous means arc adopted to allure them into a net. They are reckoned the principal food of the Spermaceti whale, — a creature it.self of gigantic dimension-;. Mr BKAI.K mentions one, on the shore of the Bonin Islands, having 1 itself to him, of which he got free with some difficulty. The body was about the size of the hands clenched, while the tentacul.i i'-d two feet. — \nturnl I/i^nn/ of the ,S/»/r;n Whale. Others are said to have the faculty of springing out of the sea, with such force as to alight on the deck of a vessel, as mentioned by Mr Bennet, vol. i. p. 209 ; vol. ii. p. 290. Large dimensions, those probably much exaggerated, have been ascribed to the Cuttle Fish, such as the body of some being the size of a cask, and the arms capable of clasping a man's body. Mrs Broughton, in her entertaining account of a residence at Algiers, says,— It was the custom of the family to bathe in a natural cave on the sea-shore. " On one of these occasions we were all seized with the greatest alarm, by my dearest mother screaming out, that something had seized one of her feet and was dragging her down into the water.' Being rescued, a large Cuttle Fish was discovered to have entwined its arms around her foot and leg, from which the attendants had some difficulty in releasing 1> 14 SEPIA. " We were told," says the authoress, " that persons bathing have, from a similar rencontre, been drowned, the polypus having succeeded in bearing them down to the bottom of the sea." — Six Years' Residence in Algiers, p. 380 : London, 1839, in 12mo. PLATE I. Sepia octopus — The Eight-Arm Cuttle Fish. This should be viewed as with the arms downwards, being the natural position. PLATE II. FIG. 1. Sepia sepiola — The Diminutive Cuttle Fish. 2. Ova or capsules of Cuttle Fish, with the embryo in an early stage. 3. Embryo farther advanced. 4. Embryo still farther advanced. 5. Embryo considerably elongated. 6. Embryo in a swollen ovum, with the ink-bag visible as a black speck. 7. Nascent Sepia, having quitted the ovum, slightly enlarged. 8. The same, more enlarged. 9. Young Sepia, more enlarged; with" the extended parts better de- fined. 10. Young Sepia, more enlarged. In these two are seen the alterna- tions of colour, the aspect and arrangement of some of the internal organization. 11. Inner surface of a tentaculum, enlarged. 12. Pearl, or residue of the integument and vitellus amidst the tentacula. 1 3. Nascent Sepia, with the pearl. 14. The same, enlarged. PLATE III. FlG. 1. Sucker of Cuttle Fish in profile 2. Sucker, as seen in front. 3, 4, 5, 6, 7. Spawn — parent unknown. 8. Spawn of sepiola ? 9, 10, 11. Ova in different stages of developement. PLATE IV. Bunch of Sepia spawn. V III PI. IV C . * •"*••»•••*** •*»**« : • .- ' • : 1 •- .*-"•• .*<*«*"t*«* A. 16 CHAPTER II. I HE TESTACEA . As if Nature beheld some of her children with greater favour than others, she has provided special means for their protection against wilful or accidental injury. So delicate i< the organization of many, that it ,-.•:- uvi :\ .••. .-it •& t'r. >m l!i.- | "-in i. -ion- ini!;i.'n--e . .1 ' t \'. :..il :.,.;• -i"n-. Hence the means of protection may correspond with their liability to danger, n'u.i.-rin- the slightest safeguard sufficient. Sonic of the larger animals may inflict most deadly wounds, by • >ufs or horns ; and the smallest may diflfu.se a deadly and irresistible poison, fatal to the greater part of the living beings around them. Animals are provided with means and instrument*, offensive and defensive. But the greater part are on such an equality in this re?-; as to be neither superior nor inferior to others. Many are totally, and many but partially, protected ; and it may seem singular that the most precious and important organs are unsheltered. Thus no rational theory can be formed why Nature should have been so evidently solicitous for the preservation of one class of beings, while leaving others continually exposed to danger ; yet to say it can have no object, would be alike presumptuous and absurd. The tihclu-r provided liy nature is chiefly bestowed on the lower tribes. Though some are invested by shells, and others covered by spines or ,k"». it is rarely that anything more is done than merely strenjjt 16 TESTACEA. ing the ordinary integuments of the higher orders. This extends even to quadrupeds. We speak of such safeguards as weapons for oifence or defence. Are they truly designed as such ? Perhaps, in our state of absolute ignorance of the fact, it might be more reasonable to say they are naturally thus provided with expedients which maybe employed in injuring other crea- tures, and in protecting themselves. Commonly their office seems for protection only ; and in progress, from slighter means, it advances through various stages to great effi- ciency. In the preceding Volume we have seen, that, by a peculiar process, which it might be difficult lo explain, various humid secretions are diffused wholly or partially over the surface of many of the lower tribes. These secretions appear either as simple exudations, escaping from the entire sur- face, or distilling from the glandular concentrations, all as if to facilitate the winding of the animals among the crevices of rocks or stones. If gluti- nous, it combines with earth or sand, in slight temporary covering, or becomes a permanent dwelling, whither the tenant can retreat at will. By farther inspiration, a durable silken sheath is produced, affording ready and safe reception, which may be forsaken and resumed, or which may itself result on repetition of this natural secretory process. After numerous modifications of great interest and curiosity, a hard and resist- ing substance may invest the living being, impenetrable by its enemies, and sufficient to withstand the fury of the elements. The original source of the various secretions, the mode whereby they are produced, their medium and means of application, together with their final purpose, are subjects for profound investigation. They are obviously derived from a certain definite organization, promiscuously distributed, or specially concentrated. They seem to be dependent on the particular cir- cumstances affecting the privileged being, often involuntarily, but un- doubtedly sometimes from volition, spontaneously exercised, and which may be often repeated. But Nature herself, embracing a wider scope, anticipates all these latter alternatives, by providing the embryo with the rudiments of its pro- \CEA. 17 11. Thence tl»cs tin- .-hell originate in tin- ovum, nr it nui^bc coev.il with the irerm itself; and it accompanies the incn incut of tin- animal until liberated by l>irtli. Nor docs its tenuity expo-e tin- structure de- «iini«'d as a protection for tin- tenant, \vhicli all'ords the most interest i ML' form* employed for tin- mysterious office of sustaining life .uxl advancing increment. But the orL'inatiiii: shell is not an exact type of its perfect and .I'inl' it is often more rmlo and shapeless. Herein it corresponds with the originating animal, l.oth are gradually refined into stronger resemblance of the product as matured by age. The covering U progressively consolidated by new depositions, and it lose* it** early transparency, which has been no useful to the observer. licceasions augment the obscurity, and at length interception of this product with a superabundance of calcareous matter, altogether intercepts the view of the animal. The safety of the animal is at last entirely dependent on the integrity of the shell. But it can repair many fractures by new secretions, though incapable of a total secretion to protect the body, if entirely deprived of the shell. The greatest variety prevails, first in the form of shells ; secondly. in the quantity of matter covering their form. But very little variety prevails among the testaceous animals themselves. I believe that I may affirm, that by far the greater part of shells belongs to an animal related to the Limax, or identically a Limax, and to animals with strong analo- gies to the Ascidia. Besides these, some others are found to be occupants of sheik, whose history is leas explicit. Where the position of genera or species is so much a matter of opinion, alteration and great modifications may be expected. It seems to be the same with the Testacea as with the Zoophytes: the animals inhabiting each exhibit little disparity, while their dwellings are distinguished by a remarkable variety of formation. Trie multiplicity of inorganic infinitely exceeds the variety of organic forms connecting the two. Among the animals so definitely recognised as pertaining to the ocea, are some which we have distingui.-hud ;us approaching, 1. the • 18 TESTACEA. Amphitrite or Terebella : 2. Those analogous to the Limax or the Doris : 3. Those to be compared to the Ascidia : 4. Those corresponding with the Tethvs, a creature said to live free in the warmer climates, of which I can *> * speak only on the authority of others, none without the shell being recognised as inhabitants of Scotland. These are the principal animals of the Scotish Testacea. But there is very little uniformity among them ; and although by generalization we combine the Ascidia with extensive genera, we shall find it vain to attempt identifying the species, from the great modifications of organiza- tion and aspect individually presented by them. Neither do many strictly correspond with the animals taken as a type of the genus. — Naturalists are perplexed in determining the pre- cise distinctions of several, such as the tenant of the Dentalium, and of the Chiton. The univalve Testacea, dwelling in the Scotish waters, are not un- common. In some lakes and ponds particularly, they are extremely numerous. On the contrary, the bivalves are in no variety, and they are extremely rare. Very few bivalves comparatively belong to the fresh- waters of any country in Europe, but their number seems reduced very low in Scotland, insomuch that it is with some reluctance that any are presented before the reader. The relation of the animal to the shell, mast regulate those which shall be included with the Testacea. On this score, perhaps the Serptila and Dentalium are inhabited by animals which should be excluded. Naturalists do not consider the shell as constituting distinctions among the genera of their inhabitants. Hence, perhaps, may appear the futility of the systems of Conchology, derived from the form of the shell alone. But, however interesting many shells are, undoubtedly to the spec- tator, merely from form and beauty, such a system of Conchology cannot be admitted as a portion of the Systema Natura, for it would lead to very incongruous associations. These facts, indeed, are of less consequence here. The Testacea did U'KA. n«»t form niiy part <>t" the MI to which my attention was originally I diil nut contemplate iin t>f their nature. Hut as i.ire lor r\tm-i\e field.- of eiii|iiiry of long diinit inn to be cunflned within the bounds pre*cril>ed by any one to himself, act-Mental circiiin- I'-OB may brinj: important sulijcets nink-r review. Tin 1 .i few living shells, therefore, are represented |: which i- certainly the only suitable method of offering the. Teetaoea to notice. Sune of the examples an- of great r.irity, and dillicult to be ob- • •d, especially when entire and vigorous. 1 Ime ii'it attempted to ki-ep any order here, then-fore this portion of the work consists solely of miscellaneous obsenation-. They are merely notes, accompanying accurate delineations of living specimens. The deMiltnn form wherein what is said appears in this Volume entitle- it to no higher consideration thun so many tnui-ient notes. • rtheless, I feel conlident that some utility will be derived from the iniality of the figures. The authors who professedly treat of Coucho logy, even the most experienced, are hardly yet agreed on the precise position and arrangement of shells. Probably the subjects of their diffe- rence will ultimately prove trifling : Possibly too much weight is given to minnti:e. It cannot be too often repeated, that the distinction of animals and their part* should be very decided. Strongly marked, infi- nite resemblances are general ; yet, on descending to the minutest fea- tures, what two animals agree ? If two leaves from the same tree never correspond, how can it be expected, amidst the variety of energies stimu- lating the increment of living matter, that all the parts of two different animals, such as may be visible or invisible to human sense, shall corre- spond in nmnilius, — 00 great is the difference among the fingers of many persons, that we could hardly credit they belong to the hands of the individual ; and sometimes there is no likeness whatsoever between the Differences of «miinal« should be therefore very strongly imprinted ; and when they are so imprinted, they may be chosen for prominent features in distinguishing the genera and .-pecies which occupy the world. Neglect of this has undoubtedly led to considerable confusion in th<- 20 TESTACEA. arrangement of natural history offered for the guidance of students. Conchologists not having hitherto determined the precise arrangements of the Testacea, and modifications being daily proposed, render me less scrupulous regarding the methodical order of a subject which did not form a part of my original plan. Besides the systematic arrangement of sheila, the notice of natu- ralists has been directed to their constituent parts, whereby many beauti- ful and interesting facts are exposed. These will be found especially illustrated in a Treatise by an accomplished author, Dr Carpenter, in the Cyclopaedia of Physiology and Anatomy. Avoiding the nicer distinctions, we shall consider the Testacea as partitioned into two great divisions, the univalves and the bivalves : the former, where the animal has only a single shell, of whatever form, for its protection ; the latter, where it is guarded by two, or enclosed in an impenetrable chest. During the life of the tenant and in earlier age, many of the shells are vivid and beautiful ; but then- freshness and colour decay with its death. The fabric and appearance also alter very much with age. Some, especially among the bivalves, gain great and irregular accessions ; while most of the univalves have suffered abrasions, fractures, and other serious injuries. Young shells continue to grow during a long time ; and as their tenants obviously attain a very advanced age, the cessation of the in- crease seems quite unknown. A regular traffic is carried on in shells in different parts of the world, which is liable to the greatest fluctuation ; for shells, like some other subjects, being prized according to their rarity, the discovery of some previously unknown store produces an absolute revolution in the market. The price given for some such rarities, like that for certain old coins and medals, is little indicative of prudence, taste, or reason. . The finer shells certainly belong to the warmer climates. Many are of more curious form, and more vivid colours, than those of the colder countries : They also attain much larger size. A few of our own country, however, both terrestrial and marine, II :A. LM are sntli.-ieiitly delicate and symmetrical, and of some interest, wln-n u«- discover the animals inhabiting them. It i< chiellv with n-ininl to the latter, should then- Ix- an opportu- nity, that I dr-irc to say a few words, and only as illustrating gei, principle!. The lit^t step is to discover their precise figure, — a measure of appa- rent facility, but by no means so in reality, for it is seldom completely displayed. Moreover, the whole is momentarily so changeable, that th.-re is some ambiguity whether it is totally displayed or otherwise. SECTION I.— UNI VALVES. Nature seems to advance by slight transitions through the great Ik-Id of creation. If any great hintnx appears which cannot be occupied in the present -tate of knowledge, the animals originally preserving it* continuity have probably become extinct with the lapse of time. It is not simply because years have rolled after years, that such u condition has occurred ; but because something leading to the destruction of Hi . the cessation of evolution, has intervened in their course. But the operation of such causes has not been equal throughout. In some countries the separate genera seem more definitely connected by intermediate link." than in others. There the living creatures forming the chain, or part of them, still subsist. In Britain the interruptions art- many. I doubt not tint the researches of modern naturalists will tend to their diminution, and restore a portion of those legions swept away \>\ time or pestilence. Meanwhile, organic remains testify how many have perished. We generally assume, and with much appearance of truth, that the shell is specially designed for the protection of the tenant which i- received into its cavity, and thus sheltered from injury. However, then- are various - \h"re very little benefit is in this manner d. : from the shell. Sometimes there is so great a disproportion ;i the body of the 22 TESTACEA. animal and its shell, that the former, or a portion of it, remains constantly exposed, because there is not sufficient room for its reception. The shell may be so slight and weak where exposed, that it can afibrd very little protection to what is weaker than itself ; or it may be entirely divested of its external characters, and be deficient in induration of any avail, by being imbedded in the flesh of the animal belonging to it. § 1. SIGARBTUS.— Plate V., Figs. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8. The preceding facts are exemplified in the Sigaretus, which seems to be an animal interposed between the unguarded and protected, or between the Limax and the Testacea. It certainly participates of their nature, though it is not allowed to belong to either. Its form, proportions, and appearance, prove it a Limax, such as distinguish the Testacea. This creature, like the Doris, when viewed from below, is seen to consist of a head and a foot or sole. . Length of the body, from the tip of the tentacula to the posterior extremity, an inch ; head distinct ; tentacula two, rather cylindrical ; a large black eye at the external root of each. Both the shoulder and the posterior extremity are rounded, and the whole body of the animal exact- ly resembles a Limax. It is entirely covered by a thick somewhat fleshy cloak, very flexible, and spreading considerably over the body. The back is quite convex, the sole quite flat. The front of the cloak is extended at the will of the animal, in a fold narrowly resembling the syphon of the Murex, the Cypraea Europaea, and many similar tenants of shells. When the anterior of the cloak is not prolonged, or perhaps accord- ing to the inclination of the animal, it is folded in such a manner, that one of the eyes is always directed through the slit. The cloak is a covering similar to that of the Doris, and in crawling both extremities of the animal extend beyond it. The Sigaretus swims supine. V III PI V /• * I 10 II 'tifon; It TI :A. The under surface of a large line yellow specimen is represented in Tint. \ i |, 1. Moot of tin- specimen* which 1 have seen are grey. A small one is .-hewn, fig. '2, upper MII lUce ; 6g. 3, under surface ; fig. 4, tcntacuhim and . enlarged. Grey specimens attain nearly the dimensions of tin- \ el low ones. 1 have been unable to discover any important distinctions between them. If the syphon of some has appeared long, the body triangular, and the cloak expanding irregularly, it might be owing to the emae state of the individuals, or other causes. However, the cloak, owing to its colour, is more transparent than that of yellow specimens. A thin slough is cast off the upper surface. — Fig. 5, upper surface ; fig. 6, under surface. Under the cloak is a pure, thin, beautiful shell, of a very peculiar form. In real structure it s> approach three rotates, the first per- forated, the last very wide and flattened. A grey specimen having died. I committed it to a vessel of sea-water with a prawn, in hopes that the animal would be consumed, and the shell left en tin-. This plan succeeded. The same was done with another of an orange colour, which is not repre- sented here. In the Sigaretus it is the cloak which, by its projection, forms a snout.* In the Trilonium vndalum, theCypraea, and others, it is the lle-h of the animal folded. The creature is partly pelagic, partly littoral. It is not common. PLATE V. FIG. 5. Shell, back. 6. The same, face. 7. Shell of fig. 6, back. 8. The same, orifice. • The reader will profit by consulting Curier, Sur let Molliuquet, fat the anatomy of the Sigarrhu; also Montagu, in I.inntrnn Transaction*, vol. xi. p. 186; and the observa- tions of Dr George Johnston, in London Magazine of Natural History, vol. ix. p. 229. 24 TESTACEA. CHITON — The Boat Shell. The preceding are univalve shells in the strictest sense. Each con- sists of a single piece when" in its perfect state, nor does the structure ad- mit of more. However different in form, all are inhabited by animals nearly of the same species — a Limax. But the organic arrangements of some are different. Though perhaps not absolutely in its place, let us here introduce, for want of one more convenient, a few words relative to the Chiton, a multivalve shell, whose inhabitant is not very remote in its form and nature from the Limacine race, although it is not identified as one of the number. Let the reader figure to himself an inverted boat, he will have a competent idea of the general appearance of this production. The animal bears considerable resemblance to that of the Patella, and other univalves of the same description ; the two, however, are not to be identified. The shell of the Chiton is composed of several transverse plates, whereas those of the Patella, and other univalves of the kind, consists of a single piece. Cabinets contain gigantic specimens from foreign climates. Those of the Scotish shores are small, but some of them are sufficiently orna- mental. In as as far as I have observed, all are almost littoral, as they com- monly dwell in very shallow water. § 1. CHITON FASCICULARIS. — Plate V. Figs. 13, 14. As if this race of animals had been quite unworthy the attention of mankind, a sentence is seldom bestowed on its description. Length of the shell nine lines or more ; figure a long oval, narrower and less regular than other species of the genus. Surface resembling II. STACK A. 26 fthagrecn, consisting of numerous circular low prominences. Eighteen tutt-, each composed of thirty-five or forty bristles, half a line long, like nt thirk hni.-h, invest the margin of the shell, which consists of -•v. n tran-vi-rso plates. The animal is brown ; head and body distinct. It continues soft n-d rock; and gnaws tin- p;i| < ing of ita vessel. This last sulistanrr is likewise devoured when purposely introduced along with the animal. The motion of the creature is very slow. It adhere* firmly and tenaciously to subjacent objects. The smoothness of the glaw seems to allure above the surface of the water. But it will generally de- scend when left dry. PI.AT: \ .13. Chiton fatficularit, upper surface. 1 4. The name, under surface. 2. Cnrrox VULGARIS. — Plate V. Figs. 16, 16. Length of the shell between seven and eight lines. Figure oval, composed of eight transverse plates, with a flat narrow margin, surround- ed by a very short fringe. Surface like shagreen. Colour grey. The animal is dingy wh: It feeds on the common green fucus, copiously on the lamina ria or tangle, ane different from what the superficial observer would infer. I'LAI : \ I"i«.. 1"). Chiton ruloarit, upper surt. 1 6. The same, under surfaoe. 26 TESTACEA. Note. — Several species, which are but indistinctly characterized, in- habit the Scotish coasts, both mainland and islands. Some of those are represented, Plate V. figs. 15, 16, 17, 18, 19. But none of them exhibit any peculiarities, or any very decided charac- ter. Indeed, I am induced to conclude, that on the whole, except in a few points, the Testacea are among the least interesting products of the creation. Fig. 17, a native of Shetland, of angular form, is universally speckled and mottled, chiefly reddish-brown and dingy-yellow. The marginal border is divided into oblong rectangular darker and lighter compart- ments. This animal dwells on rocky substances without apparent vegetation. Several individuals seated on a portion of such a rock, survived many months, continuing quite plump and vigorous. Numerous white pellets were discharged in their vessel. These receded very slowly from the light. If the rocky fragment was reversed, so as to expose them below, they were afterwards found to have descended. The Chiton shifts its position slightly and rarely. Here the great inequalities and cavities of the surface of the rocky substances proved the flexibility of the plates of the shell. PLATE V. FIG. L7. Chiton ruler. 18. Chiton Icevia, upper surface. 2. PATELLA. — The Limpet. A very comprehensive group among the Testacea was instituted by the earlier naturalists as the Patella, derived from the resemblance of the shell of various species to different utensils employed in domestic economy. This group has undergone several subdivisions, according to the views of later naturalists. But as yet no solid basis has been assumed for permanent arrangement, thus leaving much perplexity regarding the proper position of certain species in the Systema. STACEA. 27 work docs not profess a scrupulous adherence to the particular point of arrangement. It i- r.ither d. -voted to i he discussion of habits, at least it is so in a groat measure, than to minute descriptions of the forma- tion of ports. While the latter has been attended to by other*, the former has been irreatly overlooked and neglected. At the same time, a general correspondence in the form of all the animals brought t-iiMher in sect ions, is carefully observed here: then none which are thus approximated can be in fact very remote. ANCTU-- 1 1. rv i ATI us — Plate VI. The habits of this animal bear great similarity to those of the li *o common on the rocks and stones of the sea-shore ; but it is an inhabi- tant of the fresh-waters. Probably its name, Am-ylns, originates in the presumed resemblance of the shell to a particular kind of .shield known among the ancients. It seems to have been first given by Geoffrey, and afterwards recogniml or adopted by Mn . II -; .;i.i \ ermium, vol. ii. p. 199. i!i of the shell three or four lines ; height above two ; form of the circumference a broad oval. The apex, slightly curved, is situate nearer to the posterior than to the anterior extremity. Colour tending to olive ; apex brown. Animal a Limax, or approaching that genus, ••;' about the same Im^th as the shell ; body broad, head large and distinct, with the mouth conspicuous below ; tentocula two, with a very black • at the internal root of each ; colour slate-grey. This creature is endowed with considerable activity. The sole, in wlin^r, extends somewhat beyond the margin of the shell ; and in passing over an angular substance, the body, relieved from the sides of it, then seems attached exdu-ively by that portion of the llesh forming tin- art. Tli-.- animal : iheconfervoid aquatic plant- vegetal ii)Lr on stony MII faces : also on wood. . branches, and on other substance*. 28 TESTACEA. PLATE VI. FIG. 1. Shell empty. 2. Animal, outline of the under surface. 3. The same, after nature, slightly enlarged. 4. Another specimen, under surface. Reproduction. — The season of propagation extends from July, or earlier, through a considerable portion of the year, at least during the finer season. In the year 1812, I made some observations on this subject, from specimens inhabiting the garden-well at Binns, which were repeated on others collected in the same place in 1836, meantime availing myself of those which could be obtained elsewhere. The most limited sphere is occupied for ages by the same race of animals, in their successive gene- rations. Perhaps many of those which are free do not wander far from the spot of their nativity. The spawn of the Ancylus is deposited in small, clear gelatinous spots, containing eight, or perhaps more, minute embryonic white specks. There is much disparity in the period required for then' attaining matu- rity, being twenty-three to forty-three days, which might almost indi- cate some difference in species. From specimens collected on September 16, an elliptical spot of spawn was produced on the 23d, containing two white specks. Each of these was in its peculiar capsule or compartment, as manifested on the 27th. — Plate VI. figs. 5, 6, the latter enlarged. The embryos had grown much, though they were rather shapeless, twenty-three days after the date of production ; they exhibited slight contraction and expansion ; and their two black eyes were very distinct. The spawn being affixed to the side of a glass vessel, left the sole or under surface of the animal next the eyes, the apex of the shell projecting inwards ; now, the shell, which was pale silvery grey, seemed to be fluted. — Fig. 7, enlarged. Both animals quitted the spawn in another week, having attained matu- rity in thirty-three days. Two specimens having been committed to a vessel in the end of V III I'L VI ••: - * 10 17 I 1C, t II Ifl / I i:> l ACEA. July, th'-y produced ei^ht spots of spawn between the 6th and 15th of August. If equally prulilio, four belonged to each. Those spots contained from live to eight embryos. Figs. 8 and 9 nre representc 1 to ho of the natural size ; fig. 10 natural si/xj ; fig. 11, the same, more t-nlai •_'«•'! ; li^. 12, spot natural size; fig. 13, the same, en- largo- 1. Tin- spot. ti^s. 10, 11, was produced on August G, and two of the young quitted it on the iMth. Thus attaining maturity in eighteen days. One of those, contained in the spot, figs. 12, 13, which had been deposited on August 1 1, attained maturity on September 6, being twenty three d;i\s. • The figure of tlie nascent animal is less definite than that of adultv Then- i- -till a greater difference in the shell. The shell of one while included in th- spawn, seemed to be fluted. Nor was this an illusion ; it proved, in fa i H ; \ they next be-ome iii"r.- di>tinet, as on July 7, fig. 20. Further, l.y ad \.iii.ini: iiieivment, an elongated white shell occupies the whole - within tli.- integumentary outline, as on July 17, fi^. '21. Tin- youiiu' attain maturity in about a month, or within u lew da\* leas or more. Th<-y an- very minute, pure white, and, to th • • -\--. of a Ion!: o\.d >}i ape. But under the microacope, they proveof a true regular oval ; tin- animal irtvyi-li -drown, with its two black eyes distinct; mid then there is evident pulsation of the heart. The margin of the shell at tliat time li^ht-grey. spiva Is an oval border around its contents. II :•••. it may be observe.!, that the figures of originating part- i- 1 'iy th.-ir tr;in-p.irence. A narrower or a broader oval on iriilar ein-li', was determined more justly by the microscope than by t!i«- unarmed e\ Tlie>e animaU have bred from the beginning of June to the IM-L-UI- iiini: of Aiii:ii>t. They aiv not so common as the preceding species. 1'i.vTi; VI. 1. Ancylut jlKciatilii, shell, upper surface. 2. Animal in the shell, under surface, outline. .3. Animal in the shell, slightly enlarged. 4. Another specimen, under surface. 5. Spawn consisting of two ova, September 27. 6. The same, enlarged. 7. The some, farther advanced, October 20. 8. 9, 10. Spawn with ova in various number and arrangement. 1 1 . Enlarged view of fig. 8. 12. Spawn of August 23. 13. The same, enlarp •!. 14. Nascent Ancylus from the preceding spawn, back of tin- xtu-ll Urged. 15. Exterior of the empty shell of an Ancylus, enlarged. 16. The same, more enlarged. 17. Adult regenerating tin- inn.-r part of the shell in front, 18. Anryltu lacuttri*, upper surface. 19. The same, under surface. -». Spawn, on on July 7. enlarged. 21. The same, as on July 17, enlarged. 32 TESTACEA. PATELLA VULGATA. The Common Limpet, is diffused very abundantly on the shores of Scotland, as in many other countries. There it may be seen on the recess of the tide, adhering so firmly to the surface of rocks and large stones, that it can be rarely detached without injury. Many of the humbler ani- mals know, without any monitor, how to affix themselves to substances adapted for resisting the fierceness of the surge, thence selecting an abode whereon they may dwell in greater security. Likewise they find, in the stunted products of such barren places, sufficient food to nourish them, though we can scarcely discover its nature. The Limpet has a small head, with two tentacula of considerable length for its dimensions, with a black eye at the external root of each. The sole is round, applying its smooth surface strongly to subjacent substances. This creature's shell is nearly circular in the orifice, perfectly coni- cal, and of dingy white. The colour of the animal is dingy also, when of ordinary dimensions, or occupying a shell of about an inch in diameter. But, in a very large and fine specimen, two inches and a quarter in dia- meter, which, I believe, occurred in deep water, the body was of a beau- tiful yellow. The vertex of the shell was not proportionally elevated. The anatomical structure of the common Patella has engaged the attention of various learned authors, among whom the late Baron Cuvier stands pre-eminent. From the habits and position of the Limpet, the surface of its shell frequently becomes a nidus for the reception of the algae and theserpuho, particularly the latter. In various parts of Scotland, this animal is taken for subsistence by the more indigent classes, though little relished on account of the reputed hardness and toughness of the flesh. It is likewise employed ns bait, on ' a deficiency of that which is said to be more successful in the capture of fishes. Several species of the genus Patella are found in Scotland, some of them meriting a brief notice on account of their beauty, and other pecu- liarities. But I shall restrict myself to a very few words on the subject, • •::'..• • • ......... . . ;. • . "/-. .::/. •••••• •: :.••• V IU PI. \i n a 0 • J ,• J2 t » Qj ''*oti6tj V Ti:STACEA. U KLLA PELLCCIDA. — Plate VII., Figs. 1 Midi an irregular ellipse, in the <-i mi inference conical, one end broader than the other, of a thin transparent horn colour, with, generally, tour interrupted -ireaknof bright green radiating from tin- vertex t.. tin- margin, with darker intermediate streaks : animal light brown : head and body distinct ; two tapering tentamla, with a black eye at the ex.- t'Tiial root of each. Tlic position of the head is under the vertex. <>r toward the narrow jxirtion of the shell, und the Ixxly w covered by the I.T portion. The margin of the under surfarr i- eiivimncd by a border of >hort filaments. Specimens have little exceeded half an inch in length, and some, in favourable situations, are said to approach a whole inch. Tliis creature occurs on the common Laminaria at low-water murk, \\ hereon it seems to feed. Probably it also derives sustenance from th. • •onlervsB, or other vegetation covering the rocks. It is certainly among the most delicate of it* race. I'l ATK VII. KH.. 1. Upper surface. 2. Under surface. PATELLA IM.ATA— Tl,»- Wated /,/////»/.— Plate VII., Figs. 3, 4. As the smaller animals of this genus are most common, they have been leas the subject of observation ; their reciprocal relations are uncer- tain neither is it evident whether they grow much larger. The margin of the shell of the Waved Patella the eighth of an inch in diameter, is somewhat of an elliptical form. Vertex white, with waving lines radiating down to the margin. The animal occupying the shell - on tin- Millepora. Perhaps the specimen represented may be young. 1'l.ATK VII Fi«.. :;. PaitUa mdata, enlarged. ;. I' 34 TESTACEA. PATELLA TESSELLATA. — Plate VII., Figs. 5, 6, 7. The specimens of this animal, when young, are apparently of u regular oval form. The vertex of the shell is white, and four red rays diverge down to the margin of the upper surface. That of the under surface broadens, as is seen in some of the Patella tribe. It is tesselate, or composed of alternate dark and light parallelograms. The animal is dingy white : the head broad and distinct. PLATE VII. FIG. 5. Patella tessellata. 6. The same, enlarged. 7. Under surface. The vivid colours decorating such shells are not only liable to fade, but perhaps they merge in others, so as to render the accurate discrimi- nation of species very precarious. Hence, some which are concluded to be distinct species, may be in fact only varieties. Some I have preserved a considerable time, without being sensible of their increment, which augments the perplexity. It appears that the animals of the Patella^tribe derive their suste- nance from very scanty vegetable products. Perhaps they may consume harder substances. PATELLA ?— Plate VII., Figs. 8, 9. This is placed here provisionally. Before an accurate description of it was made, but after a good drawing, it was lost accidentally. Diameter of the shell about four lines ; colour greyish brown. Animal a Limax, light grey : a black eye at the exterior root of each of its two tentacula. Marine. PLATE VII. FIG. 8. Shell, with the animal. 9. Empty shell. ll-l'ACEA. • The shell of the preceding animals is generally pimply conical, oon- lually upward*, ami tenniiiatiiii: in a vertex. Sonic nther* decline witli les* uniformity and n-^uliirity. ami terminate in dirterent kinds uf reeiirvaturc. Tin' character of the preceding animals is also in common corre- spondence. The form of the- Linmx, however, is very variously modified. as well as the tenement wherein it dwells. It would be vain to attempt accounting for such diversities, con- sidering that its ductile body may be moulded to almost any form ; and :!iat its expansive and contractile faculty precludes its restriction to il space. I'ILEOFSIS HUNOARICA— Plate VII., Figs. 10, 11, 1 1'. Shell nearly circular in the orifice, the diameter of which is about an inch ; summit slightly recurved, obtuse; height about half an inch. -triuted down from the summit. Two stout tentacula originate from the head of the animal, with an eye seated on the side of each. They become more slender nearer tin inities. The animal was very inactive, remaining long stationary. One specimen survived about six month*. Pelagic : rare. PLATE V 11 Kin. 10. Piboptit I/tmoarica, animal, under surface. 11. Anterior portion, somewhat enlarged. I'J. Shrll. ,\T\. — Plate VII.. Pig. 13, 14. It is doubtful whether thi<
    j(vt he om- in transition to the llal- !-. t.« the animals of which its tenant bears much re»em- lila: 36 TESTACEA. • Shell brownish, orifice wide, with a whorl originating on the side. Animal a Limax, tentacula two, with a black eye at the exterior root of each ; sole long, extremity rounded ; extent of the animal nine lines. Marine, pelagic ; survives readily in confinement ; rare. • PLATE VII. FIG. 13. Velutina Iccvigata ; shell. 14. Animal under surface. CYPR^A EUROPEA.— Plate VII, Fig 15, 16, 17, 18. The shell of no animal is more common as a subject of curiosity in this country, from the largest to the smallest species, whether foreign or domestic ; yet no animal is less understood, or has been more rarely seen and described, than its inmate. It is one example also, that, however abundant such creatures may be in their native haunts, they are found rare to us, desiring to obtain them alive, and to render them the subjects of observation. The transitions of the animal tribes to each other, skilfully shewn in their anatomical structure by distinguished authors, are overpassed by those less sensible of the wonderful construction of the living frame, and who confine themselves to the study of living creatures exclusively. Length of the shell half an inch ; figure approaching an ovoid, deprived of the usual opening, in place of which is a wide longitu- dinal fissure, occupied by its tenant. The whole surface is finely indented by grooves, penetrating the edges of the fissure. Colour whitish ; surface resembling porcelain. The tenant of the shell is a yellow Limax, of remarkable dimensions compared with the size of its dwelling, extending an inch and an eighth, or above twice its length. Head terminated by a syphon or snout, fold- ing longitudinally ; sole very large, with a rounded extremity. Two taper, rather slender, long tentacula, having a black eye externally on the ba.se of each, are in front. A dark cloak, unseen when the animal is in retreat, diffuses around the body as it issues from the fissure, and during its motion gradually spreads over the whole shell. It is somewhat gelatinous appa- TESTACEA. 37 rvntly; not quite opaque, but of sensible thickness and consistence. In I >rot ruding, it appears first as a bonier around tin- orifice, then slowly and gradually broadening until do-ing above by meeting of the The <-loak is completely withdrawn to concealment with (lie ivtn-.it of the tenant of the shell. 1 have not l>een able to determine this animal's food with any cer tainty. It is often in active motion, and always Berks the highest pan of its veaael. Observing to renew the water frequently, it survive* a : ler.il'le time. When much weakened, it retreat* within, leaving th«- rim occupied by the cloak. Numerous empty shells occur in the Seotish was, but very few with the inhabitant alive. I'IVTK Yll Flu. 15. Cypraa Europata, shell; animal in rvtn-at ; cloak diffusing. |i>. Animal in motion, soon from above. 17. 1'ii'li r surface. ,1,,-H. NATICA At.DKiu.— PL:- \ 1 • 10, Il.l-j. Diameter of the shell under half an inch ; the liist \nlut. - the largest, with a deep umbilicus. Colour whitish, speckled brown ; Mirf.i- ••• very beautiful and delicate, of porcelain aspect. The animal inhabiting it is of the nature of a Limax, disproportion at ely large compared with it.s dwelling. It extends eleven lines. I: truncate, in front thick, with a duplication of the skin towards each >id-- on the upper surface of the anterior part. Two tentaciila. like white thorns, one-eight h of an inch long, rise from the portion protruding, jui-t at the edge of the shell. The anterior part of the animal is commonh .-mailer and narrower than the posterior, but less so in some s|«-.-ii: 1'lie whole body is thin, flexible, and much resembling th.it of a 1'lanaria ; \et more fleshy, and of a transparent bluish colour. The in its whole extent, is one uniform portion, over part of which the • and U-ntaciila proje-t. The motion of the animal i- equal, -\\ilt 38 TESTACEA. gliding, always active when brought to the light. It swims supine, and so it ascends as high as possible in the vessel. Perhaps this creature feeds on the Lobularia. Small portions of mussel within reach disappeared, and some shells have been emptied of their limacine tenants. There are some peculiarities about it which I cannot explain. I thought one protruded a brownish stout proboscis. Specimens have sur- vived a considerable time, several months, in my possession. — Rare. PLATE V. FIG. 9. Natica Alderi. 10. Another specimen. 11. Shell, back. 12. Shell, front. T R 0 C H U S. Naturalists affirm that it is often difficult to distinguish the subjects of this genus from those of the Turbo ; but the shell is more conical and olevated, and the operculum more horny. I shall not embarrass myself with very nice distinctions in these miscellaneous observations. 1. TROCHUS CINERARIUS. — Plate VIII., Figs. 1, 2. This is one of the more ornamental of the Scotish shells, both in form and colour. It grows to about eight lines in diameter, is of a grey colour, and darkly striated, so as to present the appearance of a reticu- lated surface. The animal is approximated by general resemblance to the Limax. Head roundish, with the mouth conspicuous below. Two long, slender, active, variegated tentacula issue from sockets with a dilateable edge, wherein they are retractile. TESTA" i! \ A black eye is on tin- external mar-in of each socket. Tin- «,•!. long oval. From each .-ide <>f it i>sne three Ion;: slender tcntacula, organit which testify a searching action, as is exhibited ul-o by the real lentacul.i. A kind of frinire or cloak, -omewbat resembling that of the Doris, pn> .i little from the botly over the sole. This animal feeds on the CoraUinn officinal i», both in its earlier ami matiirer -tat. |- ems more common on the shore of .-ome place* when that product abound*. It i- very livi-ly, restless, uml impatient ; prone to quit the water, ami crawl out of its vessel. The oU-rrver will frequently sec two slender, white-, tentacular o: issuing from the v.-rtex of the ^lu-11, and playing around it. But tht^> foreign to the animal : they are the tentarula of a species of .S/»», n<-i Imir in a cavity there, which has been perhaps formed by accident, or t>\ decay of the shell. PLATE VIII.' I':*.. 1. Truth** eiutntnuf, vicwol from above. •- I n. i'-r surface. TKIM ill '< XIXVPHINL'S. — Plate VIII., Fig8. 3, I Height of the shell, an inch ; diameter of the largest volute, an inch ; figure quite conical ; volutes about six, each composed of smaller portion- colour reddish orange, finely speckled by a row of minute -]»>N in the middle of each volute. The animal resembles generally that of the /'/.»////% , ,//, mrin.*. Total •h above an inch and a imarter ; head very distinct, wle broad' at the shoulder, lower extremity obtuse. Six tentacular organs wuc from the >id,->. as in the Tn ir/n/* etMWJW. T-'iitn.-ula two, extending' hall an inch in large specimens, -lender, a black eye at t! of each ; colour yellowish. This animal feeds on Zoophyte*, ;us the Sertitlaria rtuncra, and also on the common green fi: reatlew, and seeks the highest part of its vessel. 40 TESTACEA. The shell sometimes grows pale, and becomes almost white. Marine ; not common. PLATE VIII. FIG. 3. Trochus zizipkynus, surface. 4. Under surface of the animal. 5. Shell. TURBO. This is a genus which comprehends numerous species, and seems to be undergoing dismemberment, in common with others of the less re- markable groups, because in a great measure destitute of characters suf- ficiently definite. TURBO QUADRIFASCIATTTS. — Plate VIII., Figs. 6, 7. Length of the shell three lines ; volutes four ; colour brown, with four darker reddish belts. Animal a Limax ; head round, with two long- slender active tentacula, in much motion. A black eye at the external base of each ; posterior extremity obtuse. An organ, half the length of a tentaculum, issues from each side of the broadest part of the sole ; colour grey, red, or brown, sometimes greenish, being derived perhaps from the nature of the food. Margin of the posterior extremity white, in form of a horse- shoe. Feeds on the Laminaria ; spawns in August. PLATE VIII. FIG. 6. Turbo guadrifasciatus : Shell. 7. Animal under surface. Note. — There are various other Testacea of much the preceding cha- racter, but of which the difference is not sufficiently marked to constitute positive distinctions. They are represented in the following Figures. PI. VI, I /f p v * * t * I i I TK> PACK A ,| PlJlTE VIII Fie. ,v Upper mirfaoe. 9. Upper surface. 10. Under surface. 11. Upper nurfaoe. 12. Under surface. \.*. Upper surface. 14. Under surface. 16. Shell. 16. Spawn of figs. 16, 17, produced in February 17. Portion of the same, enlarged. TURBO SENIOR.— Pluto VIII., Figs. 18, 19. I do not know that this animal has been previously represented. The specimen figured here was taken at Queensferry in 1811, while I was on a journey along the coast. Very diminutive at the time, it received little attention, especially from being left in the country, where it remained eleven months, without renewal of the sea water, its element. Nevertheless, it did not seem to have suffered much, becoming quite vivacious on replenishment of the vessel. The shell was under three lines in length ; it had seven volutes, the la<«t larger orifice nearly circular. Animal a Umax ; tentocula two. long and slender, with a black eye at the external base of each. Upper part of the body black, under part greenish. In the year 1819, the subject, as now described, wax carried to Mr Patrick Syme, an artist distinguished by the accuracy and the delicacy of his pencil, for delineation. After experiencing much difficulty in finding it in a suitable position, he returned it in two or three weeks, saying it had crawled above the surface of the water some days pre- viously, and was now dead. I therefore received to puncture the shell, often an effectual remedy for revival, which should not be neglected by the observer, at leatt as experimental, when desirous of preserving his specimen. 42 TESTACEA. Now, however, the subject recovered on immersion in recent sea water. It became vigorous and lively ; and having been commited to the artist a second time, the drawings, commenced in June 1819, were finished in May 1820. No remarkable features were disclosed by the habits or the history of this specimen, longevi ty excepted. It survived eight years and eight months in confinement. Its only food was the green fucus. Small testacea seem to suffer less than the larger, from renovation of their native element being neglected. A small Turbo, of another species, whose vessel had not been replenished during thirteen months, testified no diminution of vigour when water was supplied to it. Inci- dents are the result of accident, not of design. The Turbo might have lived longer ; but being incautiously commit- ted to the same vessel as a small marine Planaria, I entertain no doubt that its empty shell proved extraction of the contents by the other. PLATE VIII. FIG. 18. Turbo senior, natural size. 19. The same, enlarged. The Limacine tribes dwell in the rivers, in fresh and in salt waters. They are numerous, and generally dispersed in most countries. HELIX PEREGER (PEREGRINUS.) — Plate IX. Figs. 1-4. Modern nomenclature has so contracted the appellation of this com- mon and well known animal, that ordinary linguists will be perplexed to identify their specimens, without reference to figures. Length of the shell nine lines ; volutes four, the last disproportion- ately large compared with the rest ; horn colour or wax-yellow ; animal a limax ; sole broad ; anterior and posterior extremities obtuse ; head broad, almost a semicircular flap ; with two short, triangular, flattened tentacula ; and two black eyes almost at their internal base. Colour like that of the shell, Plate IX. Figs. 1, 2. ITS I At I A 4$ These creatures feed buth on animal and vegetable substances, and tlie epidermis of each other's sln-llv Tin \ ilfpo.-it groat quantities of spawn during summer, in portions of a rude cylindrical form, containing from five to fourteen ova or cap- sules, with a minute embryonic speck in each. — Figs. 3, 4. This, in the n.itur.tl Mate, i.s ell-posited on leaves, and in confinement on the side of the vessel. Twenty days or more bring the young to maturity, when, on quitting the spawn, they are of the palest brown. Dwells in lake* and ponds. PLATE IX. FiO. 1. /Mix p*ng«r, viewed from aborc. 2. Under surface. 3. Spawn. 4. Spawn. PHTSA FONTINAUS. — Plate IX. Figs. 6-11. Length of the shell under half an inch ; volutions four, the tint three disproportionately small compared with the fourth ; substance fra- gile, thin, and clear ; animal a Umax ; head distinct, roundish ; sole long and lanceolate, extending considerably beyond the shell ; tcntacula two, long and taper, differing considerably from those of the preceding subject . a block eye immediately in front of each. Three tentacular organs, often difficult to be seen, issue from each side of the Hole ; two of them, in front, are shorter than the true tentacula, cylindrical, obtuse, and very flexible. Colour of the shell honey-yellow ; animal paler. Like the others, this creature feeds on the equisetum, and other plant* of the fresh waters which it inhabits, besides on animal substances. Its disposition and habits, however, are very different. Its motion is swift. ; it is lively and active, apparently very contentious, and as if «triking with the shell. Spawn is produced in July and August, in manse* nearly spherical, containing from three to eight ova or capsules, also nearly spherical, with 44 TESTACEA. a central white embryonic nucleus. The mass is above a line and a half in diameter, very transparent ; the integuments of its contents are hardly discernible from extreme tenuity. Each of the young has a very slow revolution within its own peculiar capsule, as advancing towards maturity. The black eyes are then visible, and the sole still clumsily projects from the body. This animal begins to breed at an early age. In confinement the spawn is usually deposited on the side of the vessel, close to the surface of the water. PLATE IX. Flo. 5. Physa fontinalis, viewed from above. 6. Under surface. 7. Shell. 8. Spawn. 9. The same, enlarged. 10. Mass of Spawn, containing three capsules, with their embryos enlarged. 11. Embryos in their respective integuments. LIMN^US ?— Plate IX., Figs. 12, 13. Length of the shell five or six sixteenths of an inch ; volutes three, the first two very small ; animal a Umax, the length of the shell ; form of the head obtuse ; tentacula short ; a black speck or eye near the sum- mit ; sole oval ; colour greyish purple. Colour of the shell brownish grey ; rare. Feeds on the decaying leaves of the iris. I have found this both on the margin of ponds and in the water. A specimen which had retreated dry within the shell for six months developed itself when moistened with water ; rare.— Plate IX. Figs. 12, 13. MISCELLANEOUS. Fusus CORNE0S. — Plate X. Figs. 1,2. This is among the larger and more symmetrical of the Scotish shells inhabited by a limax. TB8TACEA. The shell baa about ten distinct volutions, of which the last is infinitely (lie largest. All are very convex and prominent, enlarging regularly from the first to tin- origin of the last. The surface in mnm>wh:it wnooth, of a taint brownish* shade tending to croum colour. The animal is of the lightest grey or white, with a bead rather .-mall, and the *,!,- very large, with an obtuse extremity . the shoulder I. in.nl. and the corner* almost hooked. A blade eye in seated externally on the middle of «-.i. h of the two tenUirul.i This animal dwells in deep water*, from which prohably, on seizing the bait, it is frequently brought up by the lines of the fishermen. Hut either from natural delicacy, maltreatment, or some other cause, it wir- llfW a very short time in confinement ; t>o that it is very diflicult to obtain satisfactory delineations. The specimen represented is about half PUITEX. Flo. 1. Ftumi MTMM, MOO from abovr. 2. The Mune, under surface. RET I IT I. A TED SHELLS. BCCCINUM MACULA.— Plate X. Fig*. 3, 4. Length of the shell above half an inch ; volutions seven. The surface is universally furrowed longitudinally and transversely, so us to resemble articulations. Animal a Umax ; sole Urge, triangular processes broadening the shoulder ; posterior extremity indented by a noteli. Ten- tacula large, with a black eye at the external base of each. As in other* the interior part of the beard is prolonged in a thin skin, folding longi- tudinally, so that, when the sides arc closed, it resemble;* a pmbom-i*. This organization, always protruding in front of the animal, equal* the length of its body. It is often erect ; so that, when the .shell sinks among the substances below, the protrusion betrays its place. Colour of the ghell and animal brownish. 46 TESTACEA. This creature feeds readily on mussel, then protruding a real pro- boscis, which is short ; nor is other animal matter rejected It is active and vivacious, twisting itself in such a manner as threatens to tear the body from the shell ; meanwhile the long snout is far extended. Specimens have survived fifteen months or more in confinement. Some of the vermicular tribes prey on the mussel. MUREX ATTENUATUS. — Plate X. Figs. 5, C, 7. Length of the shell four or five lines ; volutions six, ribbed longitu- dinally. Animal a Umax ; a black eye at the external root of each ten- taculum ; snout proportionally shorter than that of the preceding species ; posterior extremity obtuse ; colour of the whole light brown ; marine. PIATE X. FIG. 5 Murex attenuatus, upper surface. 6. Under surface of the animal. 7. Interior of the same, enlarged FLATTENED SPIRAL TESTACEA Among the more singular arrangements to be instanced of the dis- posal of nature, combining organic with inanimate matter, is lodging a living being in a cavity fashioned as a logarithmic curve, for its perma- nent abode. The body of some of these creatures seems so disproportioned to their testaceous dwelling, according to our habit of viewing relative dimensions — the gait of the animal so unsteady, from its slight hold of the surface it traverses — independently of the respective position of both the tenant and its habitation being so much at variance with convenience TESTACKA. 47 and safety — tlmt it seems unaccountable how they should have been time connected. Yet as everything is harmonious in nature, and evidently tin- result of ck-sign, we are bound to conclude tlmt some wise purpose contemplati •.; this -iniriihr de\ i. -e. and tin-nee -ii|i|. n-«in:: «•' >i\ \>-<-\ iiiv- ihit n.it:iiv :,.,. erred, either in tin- true proportions or tln-ir utility, as our ignorance may have led us to entertain them. Our knowledge of the Logarithmic Spinil Testacea is now confined to minute *]>eeies comparatively, of which, if I be not mistaken, tlu- greater proportion may be found in the fresh waters. But fossil remains lie.ir te«timon\ to the e\i>ten.-r nf \.-|\ llllfli l.i|-_'rr >-l|elU. eoll-'ei jnelit 1 \ their animals of this peculiar formation, scarcely any of which nrc known to . \ist in a living state at the present day. Such are the AmmonHfs, of which numbers are dug from the bowels of tlic earth in different quarters of the globe. Sjtr.e of gigantic dimen- sions mny have inhabited the primaeval world. Those spiral sheila yet preserved in miniature are not less cunou- and inten'sting. I have seen none but what are occupied by a (iiim.i or Mfe I'l.VNoKBIS INOONSnCOA. This minute subject, if it could be identified with one which has been already described, is said to be obtained in a fossil state. Figure flattened on both sides; a logarithmic spiral, ron-i>ting of three volutions . diameter under half a line ; animal a limax ; tentanila two, cylindrical, a conspicuous black eye at the external root of each ; operculum round ; colour of the shell amber-brown, of the animal grey. Marine ; obtained by washing the fuci growing under low water at Eyemouth. Among a number, none were larger ; all mere speck* to the naked eye. 48 TESTACEA. PLANORBIS SPIRORBIS. — Plate XI., Figs. 1, 2. Diameter of the shell four lines ; thickness half a line ; volutions five or six ; figure flat, resembling a very thick wafer. Animal a limax ; ten- tacula two, long and taper, with a black eye at the root of each. Sole short, with an obtuse posterior extremity. Colour of the animal reddish, whereof the shell slightly partakes. In December, while the temperature of the water was 54°, the pul- sations of the heart were thirty-two in a minute. This species feeds on certain parts of the Veronica Beccabunga, equise- fum, and other fresh- water plants. Some specimens have fed on oysters. Its motion is slow and unsteady, owing to the disproportion between the sole and the size of the shell, which is always perpendicular to the plane of position. When the side of the shell comes accidentally in con- tact with the side of the vessel, it claps close, adhering immovably and beyond the power of the animal to relieve it. The animal is incited to motion by the prevalence of a mild tempera- ture and exposure to the light. It generally seeks the higher parts of the water. When crawling above the surface, the shell becomes unma- nageable, adheres to the side of the vessel, and its tenant perishes. In the beginning of August the shell is often invested by parasite colonies of the Vorticetta, whose multiplication is apparently repressed by repeated renewal of the water. This little creature is very tenacious of life, and it survives intervals of desiccation which would be fatal to many other animals. Towards the end of August, a specimen was discovered with the side applied flat to its glass, wherein it had probably remained about two months. The body had contracted far within the orifice, therefore I removed a whole volute to reach its retreat. It was then immersed in water, while the temperature of the atmosphere equalled 59°. In two or three hours some small air bubbles escaped, and in other two, the animal, though very weak and languid, appeared crawling on the vessel. Here it had been in a state of known desiccation, deprived of water, ... , . . N III I'l \l 9 .' If 1 6 a • /7 I <» ^ - ' ' //< I 1 - I ACE A. I. for twenty-six days, and perhaps for the whole period above specified. A considerahlc time elapsed before it began to feed again. I hod prvviously observed that a specimen taken in 1811, and re- maining vigorous in 1S12, when loft in the country. Hunted in apparent decay at the surface of the water in March 1813. I pierced the shell with a needle, at a part more opaque, at a considerable distance from the orifice, and removed the outside of half a volute. Then, toning it back into the water, I was surprised next day to find the animal crawling on the plow. In the course of a fortnight it had mode much progress in repairing the breach in its shell. But just before reaching the original part of the volute, the breach being of an intermediate portion, it re- treated within and died. In this cose had the repair of the breach been completed, the formation of the tubular would have been perfected, from uniting or connecting the two distant entire parti*, which I was desirous to have witnessed. The renovated portion of the shell was distinguished by it* extreme thinness and transparency. On another occasion, after a specimen hod adhered to the hide of n vessel at least sixty days, in a state of desiccation, the animal had con- tracted a whole volution from the orifice. An opening being now made near the site of the head, while the temperature of an apartment was 54*. I committed the specimen to water at 62°. No symptoms of animation were betrayed during an hour, but in seven hours, the animal had pro- truded completely from the original orifice, which had remained unim- paired, and began to feed. iralists have described the revival of such creatures after many years desiccation, which leads me to believe that a number of different specimens, removed from their native element, might be safely carried from distant regions for inspection at home. An occasional supply of salt or river water, or mere humidation, would suffice for preservation : nor is it improbable, that, in case of necessity and avoiding heat, they might survive desiccation during a long transit. After revival of the dormant animal, the augmentation or repair of its dwelling teems dependent on the quantum of subsistence. The new portion is neither ever nearly as opaque as the old ; nor is it of equal 50 TESTACEA. diameter ; neither does the animal make any use of the fractured original parts for obtaining a perfect dwelling. An albuminous mass of spawn, with four embryos, each in its own capsule, has been produced in the beginning of March. The earlier form of the young is an irregular spiral ; but the shape improves ; the eyes become visible ; motion is perceptible, and in twenty-one days the nascent animal quits its prison. But for a fortnight longer, the creature remains a mere white speck, which is transparent under the microscope. The tentacula then seem truncate or mutilated, and the eyes at their root, are black and globular. Now the orifice of the shell is wide, and the whole is void of symmetry. Many examples prove the progressive advances of most of the Tes- tacea to symmetry. Sometimes the young so resemble the adult that it might be mistaken for the offspring of a different parent. But all this may be compared to lower degrees of metamorphosis, such as we have described in higher stages. This species had been the subject of observation and experiment in the year 1802, when I had favourable opportunities, continued for seve- ral years subsequently. Specimens were then readily obtained from a spot where the water afterwards failed, during an extraordinary drought in 1813. Not a single animal could be obtained either there or in the vicinity, from repeated researches for several years. At length on resort- ing to the same place in 1820, I found a new or a resuscitated colony dwelling in the water. Another drought followed in 1821, inducing me ultimately to regret that I had been prevented, by circumstances, from ascertaining whether the old animals had retreated into the earth, or whether only their ova had been preserved. Specimens have survived eighteen months in my possession. PLATE XI. Fio. 1 . Planorbls spirorbis. 2. Under surface, enlarged. PLANOREIS RHOMBEUS. — Plate XI. Figs. 3, 4, 5. The multitude of synonyms and the vague description annexed to TE> r.\« KA. 51 many of them, prove extremely embaraasing to the practical naturalist, who would identify the subject with that of his follow*. IVitmps this may not be of equal uae in a work designed as much tor the ohioiiUtion of certain physiological point* as for systematic ar Diameter three lines ; volutes four, but only three are dixtinctly \ i-il.l.v Orifice slightly oblique, considerably wider than the last volutt- in large specimens. The riivubr exterior of the volute Is plain and unin- terrupted by any keel or projection. Both aides of the shell are some- what concave, owing to the decreasing diameter of the volutions, as more remote from the orifice. The animal a Umax, with a sole about a line long, rather triangular, and a rounded shoulder ; the tentacula slender and pointed, with a black eye rather towards the front of the head at the external root of each. Shell light horn colour : sometimes, however, almost black. Animal darker than the shell ; sole very dark. This creature feeds readily on the Equitettim, and, I believe, also on the Veronica Itfrcahunya. On September 6, I took thirty specimens from Coldingham Loch. Their shells became much purer and cleaner in three week*, owing both to the food and to absence of muddy matter ; and at the end of the fourth, the animals were exposed as transparent, and of a faint reddish colour. Two spots of spawn, extremely transparent, were now observed in the vessel. One of them contained the embryos, some of which came to maturity, and escaped after an interval of from seventeen to twenty- seven days. The same period was confirmed by the observations of another year. Fine specimens may be found under the chain bridge crossing the river Tweed, a few miles south of Berwick. Specimens have survived above a year in my possession. I'l.MK XI Kio. 3. J'lanorbu rkomktui 4. Spawn. The Mine, enlarged. 52 TESTACEA. I am unable to identify this species with the Planorbis rhombeus of Turton, p. 108, fig. 90, as he describes the shell as " striolate" with a sharp keel near the base." PLANORBIS CARINATUS — PLATE XI. Fig. 6. Shell half an inch in diameter. Volutes five ; orifice oblique or irregularly elliptical. A sharp keel, commencing at the inner edge of the orifice, runs along the largest volution, near the base. Horn colour, .sometimes almost black. Animal a Limax ; body nearly three lines long ; anterior truncate, posterior extremity obtuse. One side of the shell is somewhat more concave than the other : the last volute enlarges considerably, so that the orifice expands two lines in its obliquity. The volutions are much striated, perhaps from receiving frequent accessions. The inhabitant feeds on animal and vegetable sub- stances. Varieties either want the keel, or it is almost obliterated. The tenant of this shell is apt to assume such a place and position, that, from the disparity of its body compared with the shell, the latter is sometimes applied imtnoveable, like others, to the side of the glass. If retreating so far within the orifice as to be inaccessible by the water, it will revive after a considerable interval of desiccation, on a portion of the volute being removed to admit contact of the element. There are certain peculiarities in the structure of this animal which I cannot explain. They do not seem referable to the season of propa- gation. This animal feeds on the common pond weed, consuming the parrit- rln/ina of the leaf. Night is the great season of its activity : when, in a place where the species is abundant, they may be seen so occupied on a single plant. After their depredations, the leaf appears like net-work, and the whole exhibits a fine and picturesque object. FlG. 6. Planorbis carinatus ; a, Head somewhat enlarged ; 5, Sole somewhat enlarged ; Specimens feeding. /// . . . . •••••.••••••. /•/. Tty , Ol»ell is grey or of a reddi-li tinge. Animal a Limax. Ten turn la two, almoct cylindrical, obtuse, incurved during progression. A black eye tenants the front of the head at the base of each. Sole oval. Colour of the animal dark grey. It feeds on vegetable substaiKvs, including tin- bark of beech and other tree* lying in ponds and canal*. Thin creature spawns in February and in May. The spawn consist* of very minute spots, generally containing a single embryo, and Home- times two. I have not at any time observed more. The spawn is im- -'. unites when affixed to the side of a glass vessel. . -imens have survived above eighteen months in confinement. PLATE XI. Km. 7. Plaiurbit 8. The Mine, enlarged. 9. Spawn. 10. The nine, enlarged. VAI.TATA OBTOSA.— Plate XL Figs. 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 10, 17, 18, 19,20,21,22,23, 1M Strictly speaking, this is not one of the logarithmic curved, flattened >h.'lL« ; it more resemble* the Helixes of our field* and gardens. Diameter of the shell a quarter of an inch, height nearly as much. Volutes four, rising gradually in conical arrangement above each utin and concave below. Orifices circular, closed by an operculum. Animal a Limax. Length above a quarter of an inch ; head cylindrical, distinct. Sole, with a broadened shoulder recurving to each side, like some of the Kolides in the Doris tribes. Shortened extremity obtuse. A branchial 54 TESTACEA. organ resembling a feather projects from above towards the lip of the shell, or a little beyond it, of which the best view is obtained by the animal endeavouring to regain a horizontal position, when the shell is reversed. One, or even several tentacular -like organs, as long, or longer than the true tentacula are alike active, sometimes appear farther down. Colour of the shell various shades of wood-brown, yellow or chesnut brown. Animal bluish grey. Feeds on the JEyuiselmn. This is a very vivacious active animal. It dwells in lakes and tran- quil streams, from which it may be sometimes withdrawn in considerable numbers. One of its favourite haunts is between the lower folds of the yellow Iris. There being either different species or varieties exhibiting very slight distinctions or peculiarities among them, these general observations are meant to apply to the whole in common. The branchial organ is not uniformly shewn. Some shells appear smooth and shining, and there was considerable discrepancies in size and colour. This creature spawns profusely during August, in small globules of a greenish or yellowish hue, and not half a line in diameter. The same individual spawns more than once. Each globule contains from about six to twenty embryonic specks. — Fig. 18 ; the same enlarged, fig. 19 ; other spawn enlarged, fig. 20. The great season of spawning is the middle of August, when globules are seen on plants and stones. These are frequently so transparent as almost to elude observation when entire. But it is often produced on the sides of glass vessels, and is then very convenient, as affording good op- portunities for inspection. The spawn is contained in a hardish membraneous capsule, which gapes in discharging its contents, and afterwards appears empty, fig. 21. While full it is not seen so distinctly. Some peculiarities attended the embryonic evolution. The specimen, fig. 16, produced three globules of spawn on the 3d and 4th August, one of which is represented, fig. 20. On the 17th these VCKA hud enlarged to at least six times their original dimensions ; and on the 21st, some young had escaped from the third, thus requiring eighteen days to attain maturity \\ h.-ii tin' sawn i- ..i i.-in.illy deposited, as represented figs. 18, 19. natural size and enlarged, a considerable time elapses until it begins to swell. The embryos are now further dispersed, and more removed from each other, when-hy they become much more distinct to view. The capsule is opening to discharge the albuminous substance whereon the\ are imbedded Specimens taken on the llth of August, afterwards spawned on the -i'L- of their glass in globules of the purest albumen, rendered greenish by the embryonic specks, each of which was contained in its own integu- ment. These were considerably dispersed on the 24th by the swelling of the spawn, the capsule opening to discharge it, fig. 22. A portion en- larged appeared as fig. 23. At this time the motion of the embryos in their peculiar integu- ments had commenced, and some were so far advanced, that pulsation of the heart was quite distinct. In two days more, one of the globules, originally half a line in diameter, extended three lines, still extremely transparent, with the embryos widely dispersed. Improving strength and organization enabled the embryo to pursue a course around the in- terior of its prison, fig. 24, a, b. Hut the shape was clumsy and less ac- curately proportioned than in the adult, though some of the organs were sufficiently evident. Now the heart is seen as a vessel of absolute transparency, with di-- tinct pulsation, as discovered from the sides or integument. No other internal organization can be clearly recognised, and this only when the subject is in certain positions. No cilia have been detected with magni- fiers of considerable pov Should the young perish soon after exclusion, their shells exhibit- on ly a single complete volution, universally indented by circles, as if the whole were composed of circular rings, fig. 24, a, b. The process of evolution above described is singular, and demand* 56 TESTACEA. farther investigation, and which will not be difficult, from the facility of obtaining specimens, and being of the season of propagation. It is uncertain how and why the swelling and diffusion of the spawn succeed, whether by the generation of elastic fluids to exert or maintain the respiratory functions of the nascent being. This species seems the natural prey of some of the leech tribe, espe- cially the Hirudo bin-oculata. Neither does it escape the irresistible at- tack of the Hirudo complanata or six eyed leech. Numerous empty shells are confined along with living specimens between the lower parts of the leaves of the Iris, where also is the lurking place of their insidious enemies. PLATE XI. FIG. 11. Valvata obtum. 12. Shell, slightly enlarged. IS. Specimen, upper surface. 14. Under surface. 15. Upper surface ; operculum a. 16. Branchial organ. The preceding figures 13-17 enlarged. 17. Spawn. 18. The same, enlarged. 19. Spawn, enlarged. 20. Capsule, empty. 21. Diffusing spawn. 22. Portion of the same enlarged, shewing the dispersion of the embryos. 23. Embryos moving within their respective integuments. 24. Empty shells of nascent animals. TESTACEA. 57 CHAPTER III. BIVALVE SHELLS. THE preceding chapter being confined to miscellaneous general illus- trations of the nature of a few inhabitants of univalve shell*, the present one shall be devoted with corresponding brevity to some observations on a few of the bivalves, selecting for the most part those which are not difficult to be obtained. But llu'ir features are not equally prominent. The former are con- stantly exposed. Their feeding and their breeding is generally patent to view. Both survive in confinement. The naturalist has to study lit tit- more than the season of the year to satisfy himself. It is different with the others. The food of scarcely any of them is known. Even under the most favourable circumstances, the spectator is denied a complete view of the inhabitant of the bivalve shell. None of its faculties are sensibly exercised, with rare exceptions, and if a scanty margin or the instrument of progression chance to have a temporary and partial expo- sure, the whole is suddenly withdrawn on the slightest alarm, while the opaque testaceous covering closes permanently over them. Thus, the form, the habits, and the nature of the tenant of the bivalves are ascertained with much less facility than those of the others. Nevertheless, conchologists have reared a system on no other foun- dation than the external covering, much easier, indeed, than if founded on the edifice and its inhabitant combined. What should we say of a discussion on the figure, proportions, and properties of a savage tribe. H 58 TESTACEA. deduced merely from views of the huts they have occupied ? Here also is a new feature displayed in the cultivation of Natural History. To as- certain the precise position of his subject in the Systema Natura, the animal must be bereft of life, and the carcase scooped out of its native abode, to ascertain what description of hinge connects the valves of the shell, — this being judged one of the most important parts of conchology. The fit mode of proceeding, the selection of what is sufficiently promi- nent as the basis of systematic arrangement, must be admitted as difficult. But by following the preceding course, we spontaneously contrive an in- superable obstacle to elucidating the history of the living creature. Combining the structure of the dwelling with the nature of its dweller, seems a preferable mode of promoting knowledge. Yet, I repeat, the subject is extremely embarrassing, and the wider the view we take it becomes the more so. But no subject has been more ardently cultivated in its ruder state than conchology. Many have taken a deep interest, without any scien- tific object, in this subject, in its ordinary acceptation. The formation of cabinets, comprehending a complete series of the various genera, has been as energetically pursued as the exertions of the antiquary in collecting uninterrupted series of coinage to illustrate the history of kingdoms. Hence have shells become an ingredient of established traffic, wherein the most extravagant prices may be lavished by the wealthy enthusiast. In truth the singularity and the beauty of some are admirable. But the prudence of costly purchases is, at the least, equivocal ; nay, such an in- discretion sometimes generates its own censure, for the fortune of the adventurer for the acquisition of such stock has conducted him of later years to numerous broods of those previously accounted almost unique in the universe ; and a few casks of the precious subjects of discovery have produced an absolute revolution in the commercial interests of both the merchant and the collector. It is extremely probable that there are organic distinctions among the bivalves which have hitherto escaped the notice of the naturalist. Abiding by the most conspicuous difference, very few animals inhabit the bivalves, and, with exception of one, the Ascidia, or rather a creature TESTACEA. ,V> approximated to the Ascidia, none inhabit thia country detached from the shell. The genera of both univalves and bivalves are very numerous : great variety in Men everywhere in the testaceous covering. The species are almost infinite : yet, let us look within ; most of the tenants, on cursory inspection, bear a common resemblance. The only difference seems to be in size. Thus it may be reasonably concluded that the true organic structure has passed overlooked : it has not been hitherto OiJMCVti. • Many of the univalves are terrestrial ; they feed on various vegetable products, often so ravenously as to prove a real scourge to cultivators of the soil. All the bivalves dwell in the waters, whether fresh or salt : they sink among the mud or burrow in the sand. I do not know that the animals of the bivalves feed on solid matter : they are not seen to consume visible substances, but their whole suste- nance seems to be eliminated from mud and muddy solutions. Where those are abundant the stomach is full, the body enlarged, and the ani- mals, of some kinds at least, remain plump and vigorous. Gratification is evidently derived from the presence of muddy solutions, and nutrition follows their absorption. The greater proportion dwell in deeper water, but some are abso- lutely littoral, dwelling at or above low-water mark. Some of the bivalve tribe, though not those of Britain, are the largest of the Testacea. Although some of the univalves of distant shores are of gigantic size, the bivalves far exceed them. Little, how- ever, is accurately known of the precise natures of either. None of the bivalves familiar to us are adapted by configuration to speedy motion. In general their progression is slow and laboured. Those that can advance have an organ, performing somewhat the office of a foot, protruding from the shell ; some spring through the way by the sudden closure of the two shells when opened, but many seem to have no farther power whatever than merely elevating the upper, as the shell rest* or may be affixed to some solid substance, or is incorpo- rated with it by gradual adhesion. There are some that change their 60 TESTACEA. position by a strong muscular spring, wherein the foot is the most effec- tive instrument. Only a few of these animals exhibit the restlessness of many occupy- ing the univalve shells, which advance with considerable expedition, and seem unwilling to remain long in any position. But several enjoy the peculiar property of forming real threads, by which, as by so many cables, they anchor themselves permanently and securely to the same spot at will. Thus, the locomotive faculty is, for the most part, very feebly and unequally dispensed. In some, besides, the portion protruding is so soft, so void of consistence, or so small, that, although inactive, it can be of very little use. It has been already remarked that a glutinous matter lubricates the body of many of the softer animals. The purpose of this, in its simplest application, seems only for a protection from abrasion of the skin, by the indurated substances and uneven surfaces among which they dwell. Some aquatic animals appear as if suspended by an invisible thread amidst their element ; the slightest sheath invests the body of others, serving as a place of retreat, or for the shelter of others, and which is often secured by adhesion to solid substances. Some of the bivalves in particular are capable of producing quantities, smaller or greater, of strong conspicuous white, brown, or black thread, which may be compared to the work of some insects, especially the silk worm, as preparatory to quitting their imperfect stages. By means of the secretory properties possessed by some of the lower animals, silky threads are extended, technically called the ftysaus, serving to secure them in the position they have selected. This substance is various in quantity, colour, and tenacity. Some of the Pedens form a small, short, whitish byssus of weaker texture. That of the Mytili is brownish or blackish, larger and stronger. A bunch of stout coarse black hair seems to secure the Modiolus to its site, thence considerable force is necessary for detaching it. The threads of the byssm, issuing from the middle of the body, within the shell, are conducted to a certain spot by the organ which we compare to a foot, where it is affixed TESTACKA. 61 by a broader diffusion. These enlarging diffusions arc arranged after a particular disposition, according to the species of the animal, co that tin- cables anchoring the unwirl.ly M<,tli«l,tx, stretch in lines quite different from tin- lum-i- .-li-nder cordage whereby the common edible Mussel m«»k* security. However, this faculty is enjoyed by only a few of the bivalven : it* benefit Is hardly evident in some, nor do the great majority pomem anv such faculty in as far as can be discovered. All the animal secretions are extraordinary. Those with which we are most familiar are involuntary, following the course of Nature by hid- den means, but some are vitiated, in a manner leading us to believe that tie organs appointed for that office are greatly affected, and incapable of fulfilling their wonted and proper purpose. Secretion of the substance forming the bystiu is undoubtedly the result of the faculty spontaneously exercised at the moment, if then be no reservoir for accumulation. If frequent, the resources certainly fail, and the animal becoming exhausted, the shell remains loose. A faculty, apparently less spontaneous, but universally diffused among the bivalves, Is the secretion of the calcareous matter composing their shells. This secretion seems to originate with the embryonic state, as tin- spark of life is elicited. Its increase accompanies the evolution of tin- living being to more perfect form, and it is beheld in the nascent animal on escaping from the ovum. Then it is less symmetrical, but time refine* it into due proportion when free and strengthened by exi-t<-inv. Excellent opportunities of discovering the peculiar organization maintaining the vital functions, are afforded by it* transparence concomi- tant on the earliest stages. Certain of our domestic sheik particularly the univalves, are almost as fragile as those of the smaller birds' eggs. That of the Physa fonlinali*, from which some rapacious leech may have extracted the contents, soon appears of the purest white, and almost as thin as tissue paper. Others, proportionally solid, seem capable of resisting external violence. The lower valve of a few of the bivalves is so fragile that I have never seen 62 TESTACEA. it detached entire from the spot of adhesion, when its inhabitant always perishes. If free of decortication, and the tenant vigorous, the shell receives occasional accessions, sometimes advancing visibly in confinement. The curious internal and external structure of some, which it is so interesting to behold, is understood to result from the peculiar organization of their respective tenants — rings, spirals, flutings, cavities, or projections. The structure of shells has been admirably illustrated of late by Dr Carpenter, a learned physiologist, celebrated for the high quality of his writings, and some other intelligent observers. From age or circumstances the shell is incessantly undergoing pro- gressive modification. The change is not great or very conspicuous in the mussel ; but the disproportion between the animal and the shell of the oyster is augmenting daily : and in older specimens it is very great. At first the shell is comparatively thin and delicate, and perhaps the animal preponderates. At length the shell becomes clumsy, large, and ponderous, weighing many times as much as its tenant ; while, further, the slight elevation of the upper valve seems to have no influence over it. The size and quality of all such productions are very dependent on their site. Hence, while some increase and multiply rapidly in certain places, others may remain stationary and scanty — mere dwarfs in com- parison. Nevertheless, this is one branch of their history insufficiently investigated. It is from mud that the chief pabulum of the bivalves is derived. Various animals, of very different genera are, besides, dependent on the same source of aliment. I have not seen anything but muddy matter, or muddy intermixtures, in the stomach. Certain sensations of the bivalves may be acute, but their instincts are imperfectly displayed, and their faculties, farther than opening and closing their habitation, together with the application of the In/ssus to use, hardly demonstrated : unequivocal symptoms show how sensible they are of dwelling in a grateful medium. Nothing is so essential to salubrity as repeated replenishment of their vessels with recent water. Though closely confined by their shells, the bivalves demonstrate the impression TESTACEA. r... eived from the name fluid becoming stale or otherwise unsuitable Tor them. Hut, such conditions being too long protracted, the animal* are at Icn.'tli exhausted : tlu-v ran prescrvi- tlie closeness of their shells no longer, the tenant, now languid, pines and perishes. Seasonable supplies, however, avert the evil. Invigorated by th.-n renovation, tin- animals close their shells again, and pertinaciously resist all foiviblo attempts to open them, until of themselves the edges begin to sunder, wlien tin- body protrudes as far as possible, and those endowed with locomotive faculties begin to exercise their power by crawling over -.irtiiees In-low and ascending the sides of their vessels. The bivalves are always evidently cherished and refreshed by the renovated element. How they are capable of sustaining protracted pri- vation of this important quality, the freshness of the element, it should not escape the notice of naturalists, who would proGt by domestic con- venience, for inspecting interesting specimens from distant regions, as a single humectation on the way might prove an effectual preservative. Besides demonstrating the gratification derived from the renovated medium wherein they dwell, the bivalves certainly show some sense of security in the formation of the bytsus affording them protection. Not only is some solid spot selected for its original fixture, but confidence in the augmented number of threads, as a reinforcement to the place of ad- hesion, is indicated. All the other senses seem very obtuse and im- perfect. Notwithstanding the dissections of some skilful anatomists, it is doubtful whether the real structure of the bivalves is well understood. 1. MYTILUS— The Mustel.— Plate XII. Did we rate the bivalve shells according to the real utility derive*! from them by mankind, probably the mussel tribes should have tin* priority. The numbers consumed for food, and employed for bait in the cap- ture of large and valuable fishes at the various fisheries, exceeds all calculation. 64 TESTACEA. But all the species are not used indiscriminately, because some kin cL* are of unsuitable quality for consumption ; and all animals having an election of the food they subsist on, others would prove of no utility in the fisheries. MYTILUS EDULIS. Many of the poorer classes dwelling in the vicinity of the sea, resort to mussels, as forming a large portion of their subsistence, in default of other and more costly food, and they find them sufficiently nutritious. Some among the multitude, without betraying any sensible diffe- rence, are said to be deleterious, and individuals appear to have suffered severely from them. Unfortunately this subject is still very obscure. It is not explained what are noxious species, nor are the precise places whence they may be taken, clearly specified. Yet, I have heard some places named wherein I am not assured that any excepting the edible mussel would live. I have heard it alleged also, that metallic substances were in the vicinity of some, whereon families had fed, and which proved pernicious. No one has affirmed that the injury resulted from excess, as is far from improbable. If these animals absorb a quantity of mud, this ingredient itself is not to be thrown out of account. The ordinary test of boiling the mussels along with a silver coin is easily adopted : if blackened, it indicates danger. The edible mussel is very profusely dispersed over parts of the coast where there is an abundance of mud to be raised by the flowing tide, and in places where the water is extremely narrow. This animal seems always to dwell in very numerous societies, living half or nearly wholly sunk in the soft bottom. Whether of the same species or not I am un- certain, but it is found in multitudes only occasionally submerged by the tide, on such as large stones on the shore, or on stone piers, covered at high water, where many are so wedged together as to require some force to be dislodged. They very much resemble the edible mussel. I doubt whether their place is ever shifted. Possibly it is their sense of security in the numerous cords affixing them, that originally induced choice / ff/ .«•// I yj X TKSTACEA. M of the site, if not deposited there by the parent ; and the same WDM of security leads to their association in thousands, though they were able to separate. Mussel beds are sometimes very remote from each other. Therefore, the fishermen dwelling on parts of the coast where none are found, some times resort to places forty or fifty miles distant, for a cargo, to be de- posited within high water mark, in their own district, whence they are removed for bait as required. Possibly, sufficient attention is not paid to the freshness of the bait, and to this the failure of fishing may undoubt- edly be often ascribed. Many creatures utterly reject animal substances as food if stale. The practice of transporting cargoes of mussels having prevailed very long in the same places, it does not appear that they are so favourable as to admit the growth of colonies there. Small pearls, of sufficient purity, such as those technically called seed pearls, frequently occur in the edible mussel The surface of the shell, when the epidermis is removed, is of a beautiful blue, and receives a fine polish, preparing it for various orna- mental toys, as made by persons residing on the coast of England. PLATE XII. Fio. 1. BraneMia of Mytiltu «/*/«. MTTILTS PELLCCIDDS. — Plate XII., Fig. 2. Extent fifteen lines. Shell smooth and thin ; stripes of yellowish hue and other colours radiate from the smaller extremity ; a fringe pro- jects from the broad extremity. As the shell gapes muddy matter is absorbed, and it is discharged, but not in rolls, as by the Ascidia. A slen- der irregular byssus affixes the shell to solid substances. Some naturalist* consider this only a younger stage of the Afytiliu edulu ; and certainly corresponds much with it in form and habits. Others deem it a variety. It is comparatively rare. PLATE XH. FlO. 2. jfytiltu pellucid*. 66 TESTACEA. MTTILUS POLYMORPHUS (Dreissena polymorpha). — Plate XIII.*, Figs. 1, 2. Whether this animal should be included here is questionable, for naturalists affirm it to be of foreign origin, and accidentally brought to our harbours, docks, and canals, — thence not a native species. Likewise its introduction is alleged to have been but of recent date. Whether these be facts, the animal is now naturalized in the canals of Scotland, as in those of England. Nor can much doubt be entertained that other Testacea are in the same predicament. This species extends ten lines by six ; and is less than six lines thick. Its shape is somewhat like a stout wedge reversed, the acute angle above. Colour grey, with short yellowish streaks. The margin of the animal is fringed ; and, like the preceding mussels, where broader, may be arranged as if forming two cylinders, rising a line, dark and speckled. A whitish foot protrudes half an inch. This is a very inactive animal. Dwells in fresh waters. At least the specimen represented is from a canal. PLATE XIII. FIGS. 1, 2. Mytilus polymorphus (Dreissena polymorpha). 2. MODIOLA. Modern naturalists have dismembered the Mytilacean tribe of olden authors, to constitute a distinct genus under the name of Modiola. MYTILUS MODIOLUS — Linn. (Modiola modiolus) — The Horse Mussel. — Plate XII., Figs. 3, 4. This is the largest of the race of mussels inhabiting the Scotish seas. The shell extends five inches and three quarters, by three inches ; and, together with its contents, forms a heavy compact subject. Colour brownish blue. The animal is large and fleshy. No marginal fringe is TESTACEA. 67 B in the Edulis. The flesh is reddish orange, that of the Edulis is yellowish. A quantity of strong black threads, like horse's hair, form* the Ay.ou.v which secures the animal so firmly to solid substances, — M if its origin belonged to stormy seas. These are arranged with some regu- larity, and if they reach the sides of a glass vessel, the spots affixing their extremities are seen in a perpendicular line, whereas those from the Edulis are disposed more horizontally and with less regularity. By removing a specimen fourteen or fifteen minutes from its ele- ment, the shell gapes and exposes the interior. This species is often overspread with corallines, and many parasite productions indicative of its long existence. It is much more rare than the Edulis, and it dwells in deeper water. In certain places where it is sufficiently plentiful, the edible is said not to be found. I do not know that it is taken for food, or whether it is considered safe. Some anato- mists search for the larger specimens, as favourable for illustrating the structure of the Mollusca, to which it belongs. PLATE Flos. 1, 2. Mytilut modioltu (Modiola modioliu)— The Hone Muw.-l. MODIOLA BARB ATA — The Bearded Mussel. — Plate XII., Figs. 5, 6. Specimens of a mussel considerably smaller than the preceding, but larger than the Mytilus cdulis or common mussel, sometimes occur on the coast, which are distinguished by then* dull yellowish brown colour, and a number of spinous processes, especially on the broader part. Seve- ral authors consider this a distinct species. If it is so there is little uniformity among the specimens. One ex- tending two inches and three quarters by nearly an inch and a half, bore at least thirty on both valves ; the longest rising an inch. These spines are much of the nature of thorns, springing from an enlarged long thick oval root. 68 TESTACEA. On the whole, this species bears much resemblance to the Modiola in every thing, so that it is doubtful whether we shall judge it other than a variety, subject to the accidental formation of spines, from some pecu- liarity of the epidermis. I have seen but one specimen, of small size, with spines. However, this favours the opinion of the M. barbata being a distinct specimen. PLATE XII. FIGS. 5, 6. Modiola barbata. MODIOLA DISCREPANS — The Corded or Corduroy Mussel. — Plate XII. Kg. 7. Perhaps, doubts may be entertained, whether, in the most rigid dis- tribution, this subject should be associated with either the Mytilus or Modiola, in their restricted application. Shell a rude oval, extending eighteen lines by nine ; dark bluish grey without, white within ; thin and light. The surface deeply striated from the umbo of each valve to the circumference, particularly conspicu- ous towards the broader end, where the edges are crenate. It shines as if varnished. The foot of the animal inhabiting it is white. This is the only shell of the whole testaceous tribes which the Scotish fishermen seem to account of any value. They offer nothing else : formerly, specimens were sold to collectors for half-a-crown. The species is comparatively rare. PLATE XII. Fig. 7. Modiola discrepant — The Corded Mussel. 3. ANODON AVONENSIS (A. cygneus). — Plate XIII., Fig. 3. Shell rudely oval ; three inches and a half by two. Subject com- pact, heavy. • • • . r /'/, .17/7 VZ-- TESTACEA. The animal is thick, with a flat fleshy portion protruding as the foot, toll linn thinner over the shell, bearing much resemblance, both in aspect and motions, to the tongue of a quadruped. I have not observed it used as an organ for progression. The broader portion of the animal is formed as if into two cavities, the broader beset with external fleshy short processes. Animal yellow. Shell darker and lighter shade of yellowish brown. This animal is plentiful in Lochend, near Edinburgh. PLATE XIII. Fio. 3. Anode* aronoww (A. cjgneiu). 4. CTCLAS OORXEA. — Plate XIV., Figs. 1, 2, 3. Shell of somewhat globular appearance : three eighths of an inch in diameter— less in thickness. Animal supposed of ascidian nature ; large in proportion to the shell, extending about twice as much. The exterior consists of two orifices, in low conical prominences ; the opposite portion protrudes as a foot. The animal is white : the shell darkens to horn colour, from age and situation. Young specimens, protected from mud, are transparent and whitish. Some adults also are very transparent. The motions of this species illustrate that of the analogous genera. It is to be remembered that the Ascidijc, with which we are most familiar, are stationary — necessarily so— from adhesion. But, in the present race, when the foot extends, it adheres and drags the shell towards its ex- tremity, when another step is taken. Thence, the portion with the ori- fices is always behind ; so that motion must be accounted retrograde. Specimens have spawned in September, but the spawn, though ad- vancing considerably, did not attain maturity. Several embryos are contained in the deposit. It is difficult to obtain a complete and satisfactory view of the crea- ture, which will often continue pertinaciously for a long time within the 70 TESTACEA. shell. But, by allowing them to remain a day or two in stale water, and then replenishing the vessel with fresh water, they quickly expand and begin to crawl. They dwell in multitudes in Lochend ; some under stones. Many among the folds of the yellow Iris, and, on drawing up the roots, an hundred empty shells, along with some living specimens, may be readily obtained. PLATE XIV. FIG. 1 . Cyclas cornea, in motion 2. Spawn, enlarged. 3. The same, enlarged. 5. TELLINA.— Plate XVTL, Fig. 8. A distinct illustration is afforded of the active powers of some of the lower animals by this subject. The shell, rudely oval, might be circumscribed by a broad ellipse, extending an inch. The edges are smooth : the colour almost white. The animal, also white, bears considerable resemblance to the preceding ; the anterior part, protruding in a conical form, terminates by two orifices, scarcely forking asunder ; one of them fringed ; in the opposite extremity, prolonged as a slender conical foot. The total extent of this animal is about two inches. It is to be recollected that the whole body of the creatures inhabiting bivalves is commonly contracted, and the shell closed firmly around it. But this latter extensile organization is not employed a* a foot, iccording to the nature of many other bivalves, which open very gradu- ally, and slowly protrude their parts. Here, the white extremity, as it issues, testifies a very active searching motion. Stretching to the utmost, the animal suddenly springs away amidst the water. Its motions are vehement and instantaneous, so that it seems ready to spring out of the vessel. r.ai . * . • • . HA ii L. 14 « & '* 13 TESTACEA. 71 I have not soon any of the bivalve* endowed with a similar faculty in shifting them by the same expedient. Those with a foot uae it in crawling, if it is of sufficient consistence, power, and dimensions. In many, however, theae conditions seem to be deficient. PLATE XVII. Fio. 8. TMna. 6. VENUS TIBOUTEA (Tapes puUastra}.—P\&le XIV., Figs. 4, 5, 6, 7. The shell, of irregular outline, may be circumscribed by a broad oval of an inch and a half by an inch. It is of light brown colour. The animal, nearly white, protrudes the anterior nearly two inches, the ex- tremity forking into two cylinders, with a fringed orifice in each. A broad thin foot, seldom seen, protrudes behind. This subject is affixed by a strong light coloured silky byxtus to solid substances. It seems to be from inconvenience that the animal retreat* and closes itself up in the shell. Its greatest expansion is at night. But it is induced to protrude during the day by covering its vessel. PLATS XIV. FIGS. 4, 5, 6, 7. FMMU Viryiiua (Tape* puUwtra). VENUS CASINA. — Plate XIV., Fig. 9. This shell is by no means uncommon along the Fife coast, and about the Isle of May ; but it is rarely found alive, at least I have found it so. A living specimen was received on the 22d April 1845, and con- tinued to live until the 17th April 1848. It had ceased to open the shell for months. Nevertheless, I did not think the animal dead, from the weight of the shell. But it shewed 72 TESTACEA. no demonstrations of life. I endeavoured to separate the valves : they seemed to have some artificial adhesion by the edges. When the valves were separated, the animal seemed quite fresh, not in the least decayed ; and, put into recent sea water, the frills swelled. But the foot did not stretch ; nor can I say there was any vigour that would have opened the shell. PLATE XIV. FIG. 9. Venus casina. 7. MTA STRIATA (M. truncata). — Plate XV., Figs. 1, 2. Shell rudely oval, extending two inches by one and a half. Colour brownish grey. Animal somewhat of ascidian nature, and bearing con- siderable resemblance to that of the Pholas. It is very large in propor- tion to the shell, extending in whole about six inches ; the anterior ter- minates in two low fringed orifices, of which the larger is two lines in diameter ; the opposite extremity, a white foot protruding behind. A dark thick rugous skin, like an epidermis, covers the animal, with a longi- tudinal narrow cleft, exposing the white flesh within. This animal is very quiescent. It squirts the water two feet from one of the orifices. Only two specimens have occurred, both of nearly the same dimensions. PLATE XV. Fio. I. Mya striata (M. truncata), side. 2. Foot and cleft. 8. PHOLAS CRISPATA.— Plate XV., Figs. 3, 4, 5, 6.— Plate XVI, Figs. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10. Two species of this genus are the more frequent in the Scotish seas, the Pholas crispata and P. dactylus. There seems little difference in I / STACEA. 7;; tin 'ir ii ituro. Roth inhabit tin* same beds of indurated clay, within the Mood. There they form cavities, where they retreat with the ebb of the tide, and whence they protrude as it flows. Length of the shell twenty-five linea ; width fifteen, as in a line with the animal. It seems an absurdity in description to speak of the diameter of a tubular cavity as its length and the length aa the breadth. A large rib originates within, just under the uinbo of the shell, and projects half an inch from each valve. These ribs have a curvature corresponding with the cavity of the valve. The animal of the Pholas, like the preceding, seems of ascidian nature. The anterior is prolonged in a round form, and terminated by two fringed orifices, separated by a short cleft : the posterior extremity protrudes slightly, as a large round floshy bulb or button, with a smaller neck. The whole length of an animal, with a shell such as that above described, is not less than four inches or more. Colour of the shell grey, of the animal white ; the summit of the Ixxiy, orifices, and fringe, variegated with brown. A thick, dark, rugous integument invests the body as an epidermis, for a considerable distance from the shell, wherein a very narrow cleft is likewise perceptible, ex- posing the white flesh within. This integument belongs more particu- larly to larger and older specimens. In captivity, the Pholas testifies little sensation or motion, remain- ing constantly in the same place, and exhibiting merely extension and contraction. When healthy it protrudes far from the shell ; and its dimensions seem dependent on the quantity of sea water absorbed. It is impatient of light — contracting even on the vicinity of a candle. In the natural state it must be very quiescent ; for a specimen of the P. crixpala occurred amidst a lump of soft sandy formation entirely investing the shell, wherein only a small aperture remained for protrusion of the body. A fisherman also brought four specimens of the P. dactylus, much whiter and cleaner than usual, which he affirmed he had found on breaking up a piece of chalk. The peculiar formation of the shell is such as to fashion a cavity by any motion it receives from its tenant. K 74 TESTACEA. PLATE XV. FIG. 3, 4, 5. Pholas crispata, shell. 6. Specimen extended. 7. Pholas dactylus. PLATE XVI. FIGS. 1-10. Pholas crispata. 9. PECTEN— The Scallop.— Plate XVII., Figs. 1, 2, 3, 4. This is a numerous genus of bivalves, comprehending subjects much varied in dimensions, form, and colour, which could be specified only by long enumeration. There seems a general resemblance to predominate among the ani- mals dwelling in the shells, which, without sufficient authority, have been compared to the Tethys, one whose nature is little understood. The shells of all are flattened, thin, and light. Some at least three inches in diameter, down to very small dimensions ; with two ears at the hinge, equal or unequal in relation to each other. The surface of the shell radiates in flutings, from about the hinge down to the circumference. PECTEN OPERCULARIS. — Plate XVII., Figs. 1, 2, 3. This shell attains three inches in diameter ; it is of flattened form : one ear somewhat less than the other. The ribs or rays exceed twenty ; they are about twenty-three ; convex above, hollow below, that is within the valve. Colour dingy white, or variegated vivid red and white. The animal appears thick as the valves open ; its circumference is studded with a numerous row of resplendent green ocelli on each lobe. Nume- rous long tentacular organs likewise issue from the margin, with many interior short fibrilli, like slender teeth, directed inwards. A short white foot protrudes from the shell, which seems to aid smaller specimens only, to their position. .... I III M 4 Hii «•-. it ' /,,'.>. STACEA. 76 Tin.-* animal affixes itself to solid nibtUnces by a white or grey silky The Peek* is one of the most restless of the Testocea. It springs amidst the water, sometimes striking the vend so violently with the shell aa to threaten fracture of the gloss. The fishermen affirm that this animal in seen springing through the sea in like manner, which is the jiii'-kest mode of shifting its situation. As this is effected by sudden and forcible collapse of the valves, if the observer commit his specimens to ft shallow vessel, he will soon find it almost completely emptied of the water. Small specimens generally ascend the side of the vessel, where, anchoring themselves, they readily survive ; or, some take the same precaution at the bottom. But, large specimens are of more difficult preservation. When quiescent and undisturbed, the scallop opens, displaying its beautiful parts : the thick margin studded with two bright ocelli frills ; and tentacula of surprizing length. The latter extended above an inch from a specimen but half an inch in diameter. The margin is half an inch deep, in a specimen of two inches. T speak of the Pccten in gene- ral, not of the P. oprrwlaru only. Flos. 1, 2, 3. Ptctm PKCTEN OBSOLCTCS (P. tigrintuj.— Plate XVII., Fig. 4. This is one of the smallest species of the genus, as it might be cir- cumscribed by a circle an inch in diameter. The surface of the shell w wholly striated ; faintly towards the hinge, more conspicuously towards the circumference. The left ear is by much the larger. Colour of the upper surface red brown ; of the under surface brownish purple red. The margin of the animal is studded with beautiful iridescent ocelli, on both lips, as may be seen by the shell opening on a supply of recent water. Numerous tentacular organs, some extending two or three lines, 76 TESTACEA. issue from around the whole circumference, except at the hinge, which exhibit an active, curving, searching motion, in all directions. This animal affixes the narrower portion of the shell, by a white silky byssus, to the upper part of the containing vessel. When active, it springs with great force through the water. A specimen survived above four months. It is rare. PLATE XVII. FIG. 4. Pecten obsoletus (P. tigrinus). 10. PECTUNCULUS PILOSUS (P. glycimeris). — Plate XVII., Figs. 5, 6, 7. Shell of globular aspect ; substance thick, strong ; subject massy and heavy. Might be circumscribed by a circle of two inches diameter. The umbo prominent, is situated a little towards one side. Surface wholly furrowed, with fine hollow lines, from the umbo to the margin. Alter- nate dingy white, purple, and brown patches, are disposed in zig-zag ar- rangement on the surface. Towards the margin the shell seems hairy. Colour of the animal mottled brown. Numerous minute black specks stud the fleshy margin, which protrudes little : unless the lower portion, of white colour, which protrudes farther, and folds downwards, in a large mass, exactly resembling that of the Anodon avonensis, and extending two inches, by three quarters of an inch where thickest. This animal remains in absolute quiescence. During four months I was not sensible of it ever making the slightest effort to change its position. PLATE XVII. Fio. 6. Pectmculw pilosus (P. glycimeris, Linn.). 6. Margin of the shell, enlarged. 7. Compartment of surface, enlarged. • • ••_••• • • •• • ••*-•••• *. • - • *•*_*• •• •• • % • r • ••* • /** • • • •••••• •*. •. • • • •• • t» • •*•"••* ....-.:..:: •.••.• ' TESTACKA. 77 SOLKN SIUQOA— Razor MeU.—Tl&te XVIII. With a view to studying the living creature, I had, on the 19th <•: July 1844, seven specimens brought to me ; and, with considerable sur- prise, therefore, I found it* nature and organization entirely different from what, owing to some erroneous figures, I had supposed. The whole product is about five inches long, consisting of a bivalve shell, slightly arched at each end, opening down the whole front, the valves being connected behind. A transverse section would be an invgu- Ur ellipse, — broader behind than before. The shell is of twofold forma- tion, divided an it were into two long triangles, of darker and lighter surfaces. The former, being the back part, exhibits the accessions con- spicuously by tiMnmm edges. The animal inhabiting this shell is almost identical with that of the Photos dactylus. A. broad shoulder projects above, with two promi- nences, having a larger and a smaller orifice. The former, the larger, is guarded by a double fringe, and forming the edge of the margin : the other environing its external base. The edge of the smaller or excretory orifice is smooth ; but its external base is fringed. The portion of the flesh where the orifices are situated, and the orifices themselves, an; dark from speckling, exactly as in the 1'lnJa*. A long, very active, thick, obtusely pointed foot protrude* from the opposite extremity of the shell, as if searching or penetrating downwards. Colour of the shell grey and dingy yellowish, — of the animal white. Water is squirted as from the Phalat, whence, perhaps, the vernacu- lar name — Spout fish. Dwells in the sand. The animal seems to consist of a long white fleshy body, like the finger, extending at least two inches, which is closed in by the shell as it shuts. The whole shell seems lined with a fleshy investing substance, forming a wide arch about the middle, wherein the body hangs down. It is close upwards, and the shoulder with the orifices is invested by it above. TBSTACEA It B raj •«* of the of the THE OYSTER FISHERY. depth of pvte of Seotknd, that there areorrter .'. .. ••• ' ; : : •••••••••• SI N ' TESTAOEA. 79 on the shores of some of the Western Island*, dry at ebb tide, and we shovelled into carte to be carried away in numbers. There are considerable oyster beds in the owtuary of the Forth, op- posite to the city of Edinburgh, extending about sixteen mile*, at inter- vals, to east and west, and partly within a mile and a half or lew of th. shore. The larger beds belong to the Corporation of the City of Edin- burgh, to the Duke of Buccleuch, and the Earl of Morton, — all land- holders in Mid- Lothian ; and to several landholders in the county of Haddington . The largest and finest oysters are taken in the vicinity of Preston- pans, nine miles east of Edinburgh. Towards the west they seem to be smaller and lean valued. But the produce of the beds does not get time to grow. The fishery under the control of the Corporation of Edinburgh i- limited by special regulations, which are understood to be recognized by the other Mid-Lothian proprietors ; as, I believe, the same fishermen, tin inhabitants of Ncwhaven, are tenants of all three parties. I have not discovered at what time this fishery was first turned to account ; but, I observe that in the year 1732, a traffic in oysters was carried on between Lcith and Hamburgh, — whither they were ex- ported in foreign vessels. Formerly the Scotish fisheries were chiefly engrossed by the Dutch, who seem, indeed, to have monopolised those of the whole world. About the preceding period they traded with England for the same purpose. Their vessels arrived here in January, June, und September. This traffic still subsisted in 1740 ; but it is doubtful whether con- tinuing long afterwards. However, the Magistrates of Edinburgh had to restrain the fishermen from dredging daily in 1751, and selling the pro- duce to strangers, whereby the brood might be exhausted. Then they granted the exclusive privilege of fishing to a certain company, on condi- tion of supplying the inhabitants with oysters at a more reasonable rate than previously. - It rather appears that the Newhaven fishermen had been allowed to take the oysters gratuitously, but they were afterwards prohibited from 80 TESTACEA. selling to strangers without permission ; and the beds were let to them, in 1815, at £25 yearly. The rent fluctuated from that sum to £74, which was paid in 1838, and the fishery placed under certain regulations framed at various times. All shells under the size of a dollar were to be rejected as too small. This reference to a dollar rather indicates some- thing more ancient, that the fishery had subsisted longer ; for, about two centuries ago, the value of many things was estimated in Scotland by dollars, — not by crowns or other coinage. Farther, the fishery was re- strained by limiting the quantity to be taken by each boat, in propor- tion to the crew : COO should be allowed for each man and the boat, 100 for each of the crew. Thus, a boat with four men might collect 2800 oysters in whole. But many evasions were practised, and a trade carried on clandes- tinely, whereby the Magistrates believed the value of the fishery far above the truth. About that time the whole was carried on by 250 men and boys, whose daily earnings I found, on fair calculation, at the time, would not exceed half-a-crown each. Resolving to dispossess the fishermen, the Magistrates offered the beds on lease by public auction, and they were hired for £600 yearly, — the tenant being obliged to furnish the market with 10,000 oysters daily, at a certain price. Resolving to make the most of his bargain, he im- mediately equipped twenty-five sailing barks, it is said, each provided with six dredges and a competent crew. He scoured the banks incess- antly, almost extirpated the brood, and exported the produce in cargoes. But the fishermen were not to be dislodged so easily. They claimed an inherent right of fishery, which no one could infringe, broke out in open warfare, and trespassed on the beds, to add to this destruction. They were driven forcibly off the ground, however, and some of them imprisoned. An act of Parliament was passed also for protection of the property. But, now the new tenant prosecuted the Magistrates, claiming £30,000 for not having been preserved, as he said, in possession of the banks. TESTAOEA. 81 After a long and vexatious controversy, and much expense incurred, the lease was cancelled, and the fisheries are now let to the original tenants, — the Newhaven fishermen, — at £30 annually. The Newhaven oyster fishery commences on the first of September, and tiTiniiuU's on the last of April ; but, by special favour, it is now allowed to be carried on until the 15th of May. Oysters are exported in very considerable quantities ; and the beds are allowed too short time for recruiting the incessant ravages they are exposed to. They should remain untouched during a period of at least Every place, however, is not alike favourable for the growth and multiplication of oysters, as may be inferred from repeated previous observations. A good many yean ago, the late Earl of Rosebcrry attempted to form oyster beds on the shores adjacent to his seat, Barn bougie Castle, a few miles west of Newhaven ; but the project was quite abortive. The failure of a similar attempt, on the Yorkshire coast, is recorded in the seventeenth century. DC Foe affirms, in his Journey through Scotland, which was published in 1723, that, at Hopetoun House, which is within five or six miles of Barnbougle, the owner had, " under his great terrace, a bed of oysters, from which his kitchen is supplied, all the year round, in the greatest quantities." — P. 207. I do not understand that they are now in any abundance. Some years ago, being informed of a peculiar brood of oysters, near Chillingham Castle, belonging to the Earl of Tankcrville, in the county of Northumberland, I felt desirous of ascertaining the facts. They were described as of remarkable size, and so highly valued that the bed was constantly watched ; and, if some were collected, half-a-dozen would be considered worthy the acceptance of any of the neighbouring families. Under these circumstances, I considered myself fortunate in obtain- ing eighteen ! These oysters are certainly very large — much larger than those ob- tained from the fisheries of the Forth, or any I had seen elsewhere. The L 82 TESTACEA. animals are thick, fleshy, of good colour, and fine flavour. But I could not discover any sensible difference, either in them or their shells, from the ordinary species. Indeed, I have recently understood that Lord Tankerville's oyster bed has been recruited from Prestonpans. The largest of the shells might he circumscribed by a circle of four inches and a half in diameter. They are tolerably clean, except for a few small marine animal or vegetable matter. The bed is described as very small, not extending above 200 yards : covered by about six inches of water at ebb tide. On the whole, I am satisfied that their size and quality depend entirely on their site. There is an extraordinary disproportion in the quantity of calcareous matter secreted and deposited by the different species of Testacea, espe- cially by the bivalves, which are the more stationary. Sometimes the shell will be found many times the weight of the animal. There is another product of the bivalves, concerning which some- thing might be said, the origin of pearls. Small specimens are found in both the mussel and the oyster ; but especially in the fresh water shells usually associated with the former genus. The Scotish pearls have borne considerable repute during centuries : they are alluded to repeatedly in history, as recovered from the shells of various rivers, in the north, the west, and the south. And the traveller may often observe quantities cast up on their banks, by adventurers in quest of their precious contents. Traders, also, sometimes bring their collections to the city of Edinburgh for sale. If memory serves me, the late Mr John Pinkerton had collected a number, among which he prized black pearls the most. One of the Scotish pearls is said to be now an ornament of the imperial crown. Much has been said and written on the formation of pearls, — which, indeed, is a very interesting subject. Naturalists have patiently awaited for years the result of experiments designed to generate them. Very few naturalists seem to have devoted their special investiga- tions to the nature of the animals inhabiting shells. Undoubtedly, the TESTAOEA H roundest arrangements of the Sytlrma must repose on combining the history of the dwelling with that of its inhabitant ; and, certainly, it must !«• '],-rtiirr other. But how much has not yet been ascertained A- \.-t it has not exceeded the fifth part of a circle. Generally, on the approach of light, the hood closes up. At first it did no even on the shade of the hand passing its glass. The pole colour of the hood is diversified on either side by a dark brown Mripe, arranged in two trapezoidal figures, and others of imperfect formation. This animal is exceedingly rare. This specimen is rooted on a Tulmlaria inditisa, near the bottom of the stalk. The Tu/ndaria, to judge of the size and quality of numerous parasite*, must be of considerable age, that is, at least several years. It has a fine flourishing head or coronal. Several minute Serin/aria- grow on the hood itself. The feelers are cylindrical, consisting of several articulations of nine or ten divisions, projecting without the hood, and perhaps several within it. The whole are beset with slender spines ; the longest are round the articulation*. The extremity of the feeler is environed by about five spines, advancing considerably beyond it. PLATE XIX Fio. 1 . Lfpat Cyprara (Scaphellum vulgar* ?) 2. Feelers. S. Single Feeler. 4. Balanut. SERPULA OONTORTA.— Plate XX., Figs. 1,2,3,4, '>, 6. On the rocks east of Portobello, in the Firth of Forth, this animal is in uncommon profusion. These rocks are almost entirely destitute of all vegetation, nor is there any appearance of it on the shore. But, not far distant, are other rocks, on which are marine plants. The shells of these animals are conglomerated and arranged more irregularly on the surface of the lower part of the rocks, which are not dry probably before about half tide. 86 MISCELLANEOUS. Perhaps they washed the shell until coming to a surface, as the aper- tures are all exposed. The animal is lively and active ; very timid, and withdrawing into its shell on the slightest motion. When undisturbed it remains with its numerous plumes unfolded, at the mouth of the shell. Apparently they are of two species : the plumes of the one black and white, of the other pink. A portion of rock, with several shells, having been out of water four days, I suspended it by a thread among some water : and, in an hour, I thought one animal was protruding itself ; but, after longer time, this seems doubtful. Small bubbles of air escaped from different apertures. These creatures are generally of a greyish or greenish colour in the posterior part, and of a firm gelatinous consistence. Several spines are visible on each side of the portion corresponding in situation to the thorax. Is their use to retain the animal in its shell ? At Queensferry, this animal is seen on the rocks, but it is not plen- tiful. Perhaps the species is different : as it seems solitary, or in very small societies, and the shell is much larger, and very white ; but I have not made particular observations on it. On the 29th of September 1810, I took several of these animals, of different sizes, on stones at Queensferry. One was still alive on the 27th of May 1811, when it was lost in the confusion of moving from one house to another. I could not discover their food. PLATE XX. FIQ. 1. Pecten covered with Serpula. 2. Oyster covered with Serpula. 3. Specimen removed from the shell. 4. Tho same, magnified. 5. Solitary specimen. 6. Branchial plume, magnified. I III . ' " ( . u thin narrow portion of the soft of a mussel, it is to be taken up or so litly in the rib of a feather of a quill, from which it may be easily detached ; then it must be sunk in the water, and presented almost close to the mouth of the Newt, — rather higher than the mouth, a little on one side ; the animal will approach very softly and snap at it. 1 could in iu> other way induce it to feed. The lower jaw opens down- wards, very wide. \0tfi. The young Newt bad a narrow escape. Some days ago a por- tion of mussel was introduced to its vessel, in expectation of its being strong enough to feed : this was neglected to be speedily removed, and. on the 8th, I found the Newt at the point of death. It could scarcely move, though the water had no foetor ; beinj: immediately transferred to a vessel with water quite fresh, it recovered in twenty-four hours. On the 12th I fed the larger one, which had become so extremely tame, and looked so innocent. 13//i. This morning I conceive it had crawled out of its glass. I missed it at mid-day. But it had been found previously, and unluckily committed to a vessel of sea water, wherein, to my great regret, I found it dead. It had been taken on the 8th September 1849. PLATE XXVII. FIGS. 1-4. Uttotnto* jHMetattt, adult. 5. The MOM, young, with bronchia (till remaining. \\AI.VTICAL INDEX TO VOL, III. OF NIK POWERS OF THE CREATOR. Singular external atpect, .... ib. Peculiar organiiation, ...... ib' Denominated Crphalopode, .... •/ $ 1. SKPU.— Ocrorc* TCLOAEI*— - The Eight Arm Cuttle Pith, . ib. Of frequent occurrence in the Sootis h tea*, ... ib. Of various dimension* — uioall v from eigbt to tea inches, ib. Singular fora of tbe animal— <»lonr variable, . 3 Sosnetiine* called the Ink FUb, ..... 4 All Cuttle FUh migratory, .... ib Plate I. described, ...... ib- 5 2. 8«ru SKPIOLA— The Diminutive Cuttle Fuk, ... 5 Sepiola rare in this country, . . . . ib. General formation like tbe Octoput, . . . . ib. Total length of tbe animal thirty lion, ... ib. May be divided into three portion*, ... ib. Colour difficult to determine, .... ib. Swim* with a retrograde mnth«\ .... 6 Propagation b July — (pawn compoaed of a number of ova, . ib. fi 3. Sim, . . ...... ib Tbe (pawn in clatter*, ...... 7 Observation* on the (pawn of tbo Sepia loligo, . 7, 8, 9, 10 Spawn of the Cuttle FUh extremely varied, . . .11 Vitelliu in it* mouth, . . . . . |j Propagation of the Sepia in Jane and July, . . . ib. No ground for dutingnuhing the race a* Cephalopodr, . 13 Some of tbe Cuttle FUh e.teemed a delicacy, . . . ib. Presumed to be the chief food of the Spermaceti whale, . ib. Notices of tbe great cue and power of the Cattle FUh, . 13, 14 Plate II., III., IV, . . ib. 102 ANALYTICAL INDEX. CHAPTER II.— THE TESTACEA, . • PAGE 15 Particular classes of beings protected, and others exposed, ib. Weapons of offence and defence, Process of incrustation, . The shell progressively consolidated, . 1 ? Great variety in the form and matter of the shells, ib. Shell animals chiefly related to the Limax, . ]1>- Animals pertaining to the Crustacea, the Amphitrite, the Limax, the Ascidia, and the Tethys, Little uniformity among them, . Naturalists perplexed with such as the tenant of the Dentalium and the Chiton, ... >b. Univalve Testacea in the Scotish waters not uncommon, ib. The bivalves extremely rare, Few bivalves belong to the fresh waters, . >b. Shell not the distinction of genera, Precise position and arrangement of shells not yet agreed, Testacea — the univalves and bivalves, Traffic in shells — their form and colour, il>. Discovery of their precise figure difficult, SECTION I.— UNIVALVES, ... ib. In the field of creation Nature advances by slight transitions, ib. Shell generally designed for protection, . . »b. § 1. SIGARETUS, ..... Sigaretus an animal between the Limax and Testacc.a, ib. Its form, proportions, and appearance, . ib. Swims supine, .... 'b. Colour mostly grey, . No important distinction between the grey and the yellow, ib. The Sigaretus is not common, . ib. Plate V. described, ... ib. CHITON— The Boat Shell, . . 24 A univalve shell, inhabited in nearly all cnses, by the Limax species, ... . ib. Figure like an inverted boat, ... ib. Resembles the Patella, . . . . ib. Those on the Scotish shores small, . . ib. § 1. CHITON FASCICULARIS, . . . ib. Description of shell, ... ib. Animal brown — moves slow, . . . i!5 AMALYTH U. IMtRJC. | li ; i IIAI'IT.l; \\.—fonti,wd. 2. CUITON TCLOAEIB, .... r*o« 16 Length and figure of. bell, Ae^ . . . ib. Food, ...... ib. Motion ilow, ..... ib. Survive, long, . . . ib. Note— .pecicM peculiar to Scotland, . . •_•,', 2. PATELLA— The Limpet, . . . . ib. A comprehensive group, not properly defined, . ib. AXCYLCS FLUVIAI-ILIS, . . . .27 Resembles the limpet, but inhabit* fresh water*, . ib. The .hell and animal described, . . ib. MM considerable activity, . . . ib. Food, ..... ib. Beproduetioo— observation* on specimens, * . 28, 29 8. ANCYLCI LACU«T«IS, .... 80 Thi. species confounded with the preceding, . ib. Shell and animal described, . . . . ib. Food, ...... ib. Spawn, ...... ib. Breed from beginning of June to A ugu*t, . 81 Plate VI. deKribed, ..... ib. PATELLA VUUJATA, ..... 82 The common limpet abundant, ... ib. Animal de«cribed, ..... ib. Form and colour of tbeU, ... ib. Habits and tue, ..... ib. PATELLA PELLUCIDA, .... 88 Shell and animal detcribed, . . ib. Ocean on the common Laminaria, . . ib. PATELLA CNDATA — The Waved Limpet, . . ib. Form of the .hell, &c^ .... ib. PATELLA TEMELATA, . . 84 Oval and teMelated, .... ib. Colour dingy white, ..... ib. Difficult to discriminate speciea, ... ib. PATELLA? ...... ib. Placed here provisionally, . . ib. VOL. in. O 104 ANALYTICAL INDEX. CHAPTER IL— continued. Of the Liraax species, . . . PAGE 34 The shell of these animals in general conical, . 35 Vain to account for diversities, . . . ib. PILEOPSIS HUNOABICA, ... ib. Shell nearly circular, &C., . . . . ib. Tentacula originate from the head, . . ib. VELUTINA L^EVIGATA, ... ib. Doubtful whether in a state of transition, ib. Shell and animal described, ... 36 CYPR./EA EDROPEA, .... ib. Shell common, but animal not understood, . . ib. Living animal rare, .... ib. Shell described, . . . . . ib. Description of animal, ... . . ib. Food uncertain, . . . . .37 Plate VII. described, . , .'. . 33-36 NATICA ALDEBI, ..... ib. Size and colour of the shell, . . . . ib. Animal, of the. nature of a Limax, described, . ib. Food, Ac., ...... 38 Plate V. described, . . . . ib. THOCHUS, ib. Shell more conical than that of the Turbo, . . ib. 1. TROCHUS CINERARIU8, .... ib. One of the more ornamental of the Scotish shells, . ib. Shell and animal described, ... ib. Feeds on the Coralline, officinalis, . . .39 •-'. Taocnus ZIZYPHINUS, .... ib. Shell and animal described, . . . . ib. Feeds on Zoophytes, .... ib. Plate VIII. described, . . . 39,40,41 TURBO, . . . ... .40 Comprehends numerous species, . . . ib. TURBO QUADRIFA8CIATU8, . . . . ib. Shell and animal described, ... ib. AVAI.YTIi Al. INDEX. II \rill: \\.-rantiiHUd. Feeds on the Laminaria, . . . r40E 41 Note M to UM Testaoea, .... ib. TtBBO 8EMO«, ..... lb. Specimen taken at Qncensforry in 1811, . . ib. Shell throe lines, with seven volutes, . . ib. Animal a liinnx, .... ib. i;. --..r.-.i t.. ii:'.- i.\ i><:nrtimiiL- i!i- -!,. :i. . . ' ib. Survived eight yean and eight months, . . 42 Food the green focus, . . . . ib. Limacine tribes live in fresh and in salt waters, ib. HEUX rcBKOER (FCKEGUMUB), . ib. A common and well known animal, . . ib. Shell and animal described, . . . . ib. Food, ...... ill. Spawn, . » . 43 PRYSA roimxAUS, .... ib. Shell and animal described, . . . . ib. Food, ...... ib. Disposition and habits, . . . . ib. Spawn in July and August, ... ib. LIMNAUS, ...... 44 Shell and animal described, ... ib. Plate IX. described, . . . . <3, 44 MISCELLANEOUS, . . . ib. Ffgus COKNECB, . . . . . ib. Among the larger and more symmetrical of the Scotish shells, ib. Shell and animal described, ... 45 Dwells in deep waters, . . . ib. RETICULATED SHELLS.— BOCCIBBM, . . ib. Shell and animal described, . ib. Colour brownish, ... . ib. Feeds on mussel, ... 46 IfCREX ATTEXCATtS, .... ib. Shell, animal, colour, &e., . . ib. Plate X. described, . . . .45,46 106 ANALYTICAL INDEX. CHAPTER II.— continued. FLATTENED SPIRAL TESTACEA, . . PAGE 47 Singular arrangement of nature, . . . ib. Everything harmonious in nature, ... ib. The Ammonites, .... ib. PLANORBIS INCONSPICUA, .... ib. Minute figure and animal described, . . ib. Colour, &c., ..... ib. PLANORBIB SPIRORBIS, . . . .48 Shell and animal described, ... ib. Pulsation, ...... ib. Food, ..... ib. Motions, &c., . . . • . ib. Instances of its tenacity of life, 49 Spawn in March, . . .50 Experiments in 1820, .... ib. PLANORBIS RHOMBEUS, . ib. Shell and animal described, . . . . 51 Food, the Equisetum, $c., . . ib. Specimens from Coldingham Loch, . . ib. PLANORBIS CARINATUS, . . . .52 Shell and animal described, . . ib. Unexplainable peculiarities, ... ib. Feeds on the common pond weed, &c., . ib. PLANORBIS IMBRICATUS, Diameter of the shell, &c., . ib. Animal a Limax, . • ib. Feeds on vegetable substances, . . ib. Spawns in February and May, . • ib. Plate XI. described, 51, 52, 53 VALTATA OBTUSA, . >b- Resembles the Helixes of the field, &c., ib. Shell and animal described, . ib. Colour bluish grey, . . 5* Feeds on the Equisetum, . . ib. Vivacious — dwells in lakes and tranquil streams, . ib. Either different species or great varities of this animal, ib. Spawns in August, . . . ib. Progress of spawning described, . . 55 INDK. 107 en vi-iT.i: in.— c****d. ProoeM of evolutions singular, . . r*uB M Natural prej of the teeth tribe, ... ib. Plate XI. described, .... il.. • II M'TKK III.— BIVALVE SHELLS, ..... 57 Fonn mod habit* of the bivalve not to eauily ascertained, . ib. The Sytttma Natura imperfect, . . . . M SbelU an ingredient of traffic, .... ib. Organic distinctions probable among the bivalve*, . . ib. Genera of both univalve* and bivalve* numerous, . . •'• Many of the univalve* terrestrial, . . . . ib. Some at the bivalve tribe the largest of the Testacea, . ib. Their progression slow and laboured, . . • . ib. Faculty of forming threads by which to anchor, . . 6<> Glutinous matter lubricates the body, . . . . ib. Substance of the bytnu various, .... ib. All the animal secretions extraordinary, . . .61 Calcareous secretion originates with the embryonic stale, . ib. Some of the shells very fragile, ..... ib. Structure of shells illustrated by Or Carpenter, . . 6'.' Shell undergoes progresiire modification, . . . ib. The sue and quality of shell fish dependent on the site, ib. Instincts of the bivalves imperfectly displayed, . ib. Enjoy fresh supplies of water, and exhibit a sense of security in the ... ... 63 I. MTTILUS — The Muuft, ... ib. The mussel perhaps the most valuable of the bivalve*, . ib. MYTILUI EDOUS, ..... 64 Used as food, . . . ib. Some of them deleterious, .... ib. Test of boiling them with a silver coin, . ib. Edible raiusel very profusely dispersed, Mussel beds sometimes remote from each other, . 65 Seed pearl* food in the mussel, ib. MTTILCS PCLLCCIUCI, ... ib. Shell described, .... ib. Considered a yorager stage of t** MgiAu e***, . ib. It U comparatively rare, ..... ib. 108 ANALYTICAL INDEX. CHAPTER III.— continued. MYTILCS POLYMORPHUS (Dreissena polymorphaj, • . PACK 66 Considered of foreign origin, .... ib. Description of the species, . . . . ib. Inactive — dwells in fresh water, .... ib. 2. MODIOLA — Mytilacean tribe dismembered by modern authors, . . ib. MYTILUS MODIOLUS — Linn. (Modiola modiolusj — The Horse Mussel, ib. Largest of the race of mussels, .... ib. Description of the animal, . . . . ib. Often overspread with corallines, .... 67 MODIOLA BARBATA — The Bearded Mussel, . . . ib. Smaller than the former, and considered by some a distinct species, ib. Resembles the Modiola in everything. . . . .68 MODIOLA DISCREPANS — The Corded or Corduroy Mussel, . ib. Doubtful whether this subject should be thus classed, . . ib. Shell a rude oval, eighteen lines by nine, ... ib. Surface striated, ...... ib. Species comparatively rare, ..... ib. Plate XII. described, . . . . 65-68 3. ANODON AVONENSIS (A. cygneusj, . . . . ib. Shell and animal described, ..... ib. Plentiful in Lochend, . . . . . .69 Plate XIII. described, ..... ib. 4. CYCLEAS CORNEA, ... ib. Shell globular, three-eighths of an inch in diameter, . . ib. Description of animal, supposed of ascidian nature, . . ib. Motions of the species, . . . . . . ib. Spawn in September, . . ... ib. Plentiful in Lochend, ...... 70 5. TKI.LINA, ....... ib. Shell and animal described, . ' '. . . . ib. Motions vehement, ...... ib. 6. VENCS VIRGINEA (Tapes pullastraj , ' . . . .71 Shell and animal described, ..... ib. ANALYTICAL INDEX. 1 " CHAITKK III.- VmmcAtnu, . ... Rawly fond alira, ib. Living specimen, ...... ib. 7. MTA ITUATA (M. tnmeala), .... 7j Shell and animal described, ..... il>. Animal quiescent, ...... ib. Plate XIV. described, .... 70,71,72 8. PBOLA* CXUFATA, . . . . . ib. rkolat erupata and P. dartylut frequent in the Scotiih sea*, il>. Inhabit bed* of indurated clay, . . . 73 Length and form of the shell, .... ib. Animal of asridian nature, . . . . . il>. Colour, ....... ib. Inactive in captivity, . . . . . ib. Matt be quiescent in iff natural Mate, ... ib. Plate* XV. XVI. explained, 74 9. PECTEW— Tlte Scailop, .... ib. A numerous genii*, ...... ib. Nature of the Tethy* little understood, . . . ib. Shells of all flattened, thin and light, ... ib. PECTEN OPCKCCLABU, ...... ib. Description of (hell and animal, .... ib. One of the mo*t restleM of the Pecten, ... 75 When quiencent the scallop open*, displaying iu beautiful part*, ib. PECTEN OMOLKTU* (P. tigrimu), .... ib. One of the «malle*t of the genus, . . . ib. Description of the shell and animal, . * . il>. Spring* with great fore- through the water, . . .76 Specimen survived four month*, .... ib. 10. PCCTCNCCLOT PILOCCS (P. ylyeimeriij, . . . ib. Shell and animal described, ..... ib. Plate XVII. described, . . 75,76 SOLEX IILIQCA — Bazar Sktll, . .... 77 Seven specimen* on the 19th July 1844, ib. The whole about five inches long, • ib. Shell described, ...... ib. 110 ANALYTICAL INDEX. CHAPTER IV.— continued. Animal identical with the Pholas dactylus, described, . PAGE 77 Colour, ....... ib. Vernacular name Spout Fish, .... ib. Dwells in the sand, ...... ib. Difficult to preserve specimens alive, . . . .78 Plate XVIII. described, ..... ib. THE OYSTER FISHERY, observations on, . . .78, 83 CHAPTER IV.— MISCELLANEOUS, . 84 LEPAS CYPREA fScaphellum vulgare ?J ... ib. Specimen on 23d October 1828 — of the the same order as the Lepas, ib. Animal described, ...... ib. Exceedingly rare, ...... 85 Rooted on a Tubularia indivisa, .... ib. Feelers cylindrical, ...... ib. Plate XIX. described, . ''.' . ib. SERPULA CONTORTA, ..... ib. Numerous on the rocks east of Portobello, . . . ib. Active and timid, ...... 86 Apparently of two species, . . . . . ib. Colour, &c., ...... ib. To be found at Queensferry, . . . . ib. Plate XX. described, ..... ib. CHAPTER V.— SPONGES. SPONOIA FLUVIATILIS (Spongilla fluviatilit) , . . .87 Procured at Lochend 8th August 1839, ... ib. Stones encrusted with it — very fragile, . . . ib. Colour dull dark green, and faint yellowish green, . . ib. Rises in low pyramids or thickened ridges, . . . ib. Ova dispersed throughout substance, ... ib. Motion of ova not sufficiently definite to admit of conclusions, . ib. Plate XXI. described, ..... 88 SPONOIA ATTENUATA, ..... 89 Found in a pond near Craigleith, August 1838, . . .90 Invests stones, ...... ib. Of a dingy yellow colour, . . ..•*'.. . . ib *tut*ed. A whitiih spherules in substance, twim with a vertical motion, r i. PUte XXII. described, il.. .- A..IA M \MMII I.UUS 7/. Measurement, Ac., . . ib. MUller's specimen inferior, . . . ib. Plate XXI II. described, . ib. Sronou ? Rooted on a small shell of the I'nuu Itlandica, . ib. Measurement and form described, . ib. This product forms a rortex, caused possibly by expulsion and absorption, . • ib. Plate XXIV. described, 9V UALJCIIOHDUA OCCLATA, . 93 Specimen brought in Nor ember 1832, ib. Measurement, .... . " . ib. Of an umber colour, ..... ib. Plates XXV. XXVI. described, ib. \HDENDA, . . 91 LlMOTUTON rUXCTATOS — fftwt Or fjfl, • •!>• Notes found among Sir John's papers in reference to the abore, ib. Plate XXVII. described, . 99 VOL. III. f TO TH K MINDER. Tin Hindi r will jilaco the Plait* tliui : — PORTRAIT or SIR J. G. DALVELI-, to front . TITI.I.-I-AGK I'IM-K I. Sepia Octoptu, to front . . . I'ap- '.' II Sepia Sepiola, 6 III. Spawn of Sepia, ' . . . . 13 IV Sepia Spawn, ...... 14 V. Sigaretua, — Chiton, .... •.'•.' VI. Ancyllui fluviatili*, » . . . . *9 VII. Patella Pilcopiifr— Cypnea, ... (. 32 VIII. Trochus — Turbo. ... 40 IX. I'hyna fontinalii — Limnnma, ... 41 V Miscellaneous ..... 44 M Planorbia, 1-10.— Valvata obtuia, 11-24, . . 48 XI. A. Planorbi* carinattu feeding, . . . .52 XII. Mytilu*— Modiola, .... 64 XIII. DreisMna — A notion, ... gg XIV. Cycla* — Venn*, &c., .... 70 XV. Pbolat crispata — P. dactvliu, . 73 XVI. I'bolas crispatus, .... 74 XVII. Peeten — Pcctunculm, &c., ... 76 XVIII. Solen sitiqua or Razor ihrll, ... 78 XIX. Lepav— Balanui, .... 84 XX. Serpula contorta, . . . . . XXI. Spongia fluriatili*, . . . % v^ XXII. Spongia at tonuata, .... 89 XXIII. Spongia mamillarit, .... 90 XXIV. Spongia? . • ... 92 XXV. Halichondria ocnlata, . . 9g XXVI. Cliona celata, .... 95 X X V 1 1 . Linsotriton puncutus — Newt or Eft, . . .98 14 DAY USE RETURN TO DESK FROM WHICH BORROWED This book is due on theJNKJ&fte stamped below, o on the date to which renewed. '• Renewed books are subject to immediate recall. INTERLIBRARY LO M MftR 0 8 1990 UNIV. OF CAUF • R ;RK. ; ( T T* 01 At\~, A >*A General Library University of California (E4555slO)476 Berkeley L