THE PRACTICAL JO OK OF OUTDOOR ROSE GROWING GARDEN EDITION GEORGE C.THOMASjR. GAEDEN EDITION THE PRACTICAL BOOK OF OUTDOOR ROSE GROWING FOR THE HOME GARDEN WITH AN ADDITIONAL CHAPTER THE PRACTICAL BOOKS OF HOME LIFE ENRICHMENT EACH PROFUSELY ILLUS- TRATED, HANDSOMELY BOUND Octavo. Cloth. In a slip case. THE PRACTICAL BOOK OF OUTDOOR ROSE GROWING BY GEORGE C. THOMAS. JR. ENLARGED DE LUXE FIFTH EDITION GARDEN EDITION THE PRACTICAL BOOK OF EARLY AMERICAN ARTS AND CRAFTS BY HABOLD DONALDSON EBEELEIN AND ABBOT McCLURE THE PRACTICAL BOOK OF ARCHITECTURE BT C. MATLACK PRICE THE PRACTICAL BOOK OF ORIENTAL RUGS BT DB. G. GRIFFIN LEWIS NEW EDITION, REVISED AND ENLARGED THE PRACTICAL BOOK OF GARDEN ARCHITECTURE BY PHEBE WESCOTT HUMPHREYS THE PRACTICAL BOOK OF PERIOD FURNITURE BY HAROLD DONALDSON EBERLEIN AND ABBOT McCLURE THE PRACTICAL BOOK OF INTERIOR DECORATION BY EBERLEIN, McCLURE & HOLLOW AY J. B. LIPPINCOTT COMPANY PUBLISHERS PHILADELPHIA MME. EDOUARD HERRIOT (THE DAILY MAIL ROSE) (Description page 66) THE PRACf iCAt BOOR OF OUTDOOR ROSE GROWING FOR THE HOME GARDEN BY GEORGE C. THOMAS, JR. GARDEN EDITION WITH AN ADDITIONAL CHAPTER ON THE LATEST DEVELOPMENTS 17 PLATES IN COLOR, CHARTS, AND HALF-TONES PHILADELPHIA AND LONDON J. B. IJPPINCOTT COMPANY 1980 COPYRIGHT, 1914, BY J. COPYRIGHT, 1915, BY J. COPYRIGHT, 1916, BY J. COPYRIGHT, 1917, BY J. COPYRIGHT, 19)20, BY J. B. LIPPINCOTT COMPANY B. LIPPINCOTT COMPANY B. LIPPINCOTT COMPANY B. LIPPINCOTT COMPANY B. LIPPINCOTT COMPANY EFft. PRINTED BY J. B. LIPPINCOTT COMPANY AT THE WASHINGTON SQUARE PRESS PHILADELPHIA. U. S. A. THIS BOOK IS AFFECTIONATELY DEDICATED TO DR. ROBERT HUEY WHO GAVE ME MY FIRST INSPIRATION IN ROSE GROWING +{ »;; c a- O O FOREWORD THE first three editions of this book have proved the original contention that there is need for a prac- tical book on roses for our American climate. Since the first edition of December, 1914, changes were made as needed, and new editions embodying them published during April, 1915, and January, 1916. The tests during the past summer have necessitated a complete revisal of the lists of best varieties both in the dwarf and climbing sections, in addition to which, there were so many new points of improvement in cultivation that it was imperative to rewrite almost the entire book. In bringing out this edition thanks should be ten- dered to Messrs. Williams, Brown and Earle and to Hess Ives Corporation, both of Philadelphia, for the color work and half-tones, and also to A. N. Pierson, Incorporated, of Cromwell, Connecticut, for the use of a number of photographs. Acknowledgment is made to Henry A. Dreer, Incorporated, and the Andorra Nurseries, of Philadelphia, for their aid in securing and importing new varieties; also to George H. Peterson, of Fair Lawn, New Jersey, and Bobbink & Atkins, of Rutherford, New Jersey, both of whom have shown the greatest interest, and who have done FOREWORD everything possible to give information on varieties tested by them. So many persons, both amateur and professional, have rendered great help by their courtesy and rec- ords that it would take too much space to mention all, but chief among these was Dr. Robert Huey, Philadelphia; Jesse A. Currey, Portland, Oregon; Herbert L. Wettern, England; Admiral Aaron Ward, Roslyn, Long Island; W. C. Egan, Highland Park, Illinois; J. Horace McFarland, Harrisburg; and J. N. Richardson, Baltimore. G. C. T., Jr. November, 1916. CONTENTS CHAPTER PAGE I. THE PROPAGATION OF ROSES 15 II. THE BEST VARIETIES, WITH THEIR CHARACTERISTICS . . 32 III. NEW INTRODUCTIONS AND SPECIAL CLASSES 105 IV. CLUMBERS 118 V. LOCATION AND PREPARATION 133 VI. ORDERING 146 VII. PLANTING 152 VIII. PRUNING 161 IX. CULTIVATION 176 X. SOME GENERAL INFORMATION AND HINTS ON HYBRIDIZA- TION 190 INDEX 205 ILLUSTRATIONS COLOR PLATES PAGE MADAME EDOUABD HERRIOT (THE DAILY MAIL ROSE) Frontispiece LYON ROSE 37 EIGHT SPECIMENS OF BEST FORTY-EIGHT ROSES OPHELIA 43 JACQUES PORCHER 45 MADAME SEGOND WEBER 50 MRS. GEORGE SHAWYER 54 COMTE G. DE ROCHEMUR 57 LAURENT CARLE 59 DUCHESS OF WELLINGTON 64 ELLI HARTMANN , 68 FRAU KARL DRUSCHKI 110 CHRISTINE WRIGHT 119 AVIATEUR BLERIOT AND GARDENIA 124 HUGO ROLLER 137 JOSEPH HILL 154 FIRST BLOOMS ON Two HYBRID TEA SEEDLINGS 193 HALF-TONE PLATES ROSE CUTTING READY FOR PLANTING 18 HYBRID TEA AND BRIAR FOLIAGE 20 RADIANCE, Multiflora and Own Roots 22 MADAME SECOND WEBER, Grown on Multiflora 25 LA FRANCE, Grown on Multiflora 25 SEEDLINGS SHOWING VARIED GROWTHS 27 ELLI HARTMANN 30 JACQUES PORCHER 30 COMTE G. DE ROCHEMUR 33 ROBERT HUEY 33 JONKHEER J. L. MOCK, Grown on Multiflora 36 CHATEAU DE CLOS VOUGEOT, Grown on Multiflora 36 MADAME JULES BOUCHE.. 40 ILLUSTRATIONS OPHELIA 40 MOONLIGHT 125 TAUSENDSCHON 125 FUKSTIN VON PLESS, Regular and Special Beds 127 JOSEPH HILL, Regular and Special Beds 138 CLIMBING HERMOSA, Diversity of Plants of Same Variety 148 LABEL USED IN TESTING BEDS 155 LABEL USED BY J. HORACE MCFARLAND 155 LABEL DESIGNED BY F. F. CHRISTINE 155 DAILY, MAIL, Pruned High and Low 164 HYBRID TEA ROSE, NOT PRUNED BUT ALLOWED TO DEVELOP 168 SAME ROSE PROPERLY PRUNED 168 ROSE NEEDING NO DISBUDDING 177 ROSE NEEDING DISBUDDING; ROSE AFTER BEING PROPERLY DISBUDDED 177 APHIS 178 THRIP 178 BORER 180 ROSE SLUG 180 LEAF EATERS 180 BLACK SPOT EFFECT 182 DESTRUCTION CAUSED BY LEAF EATERS 182 ROSE WITH PETALS REMOVED, SHOWING STAMENS AND ANTHERS 197 SAME ROSE WITH MOST OF STAMENS AND ANTHERS REMOVED 197 SEED POD ON A HYBRID TEA ROSE WHICH HAS BEEN HYBRIDIZED . . . 199 THE PRACTICAL BOOK OF OUTDOOR ROSE GROWING I THE PROPAGATION OF ROSES ESTABLISHED VARIETIES IN this chapter it is aimed to give the reader such general information as will enable him to compre- hend the main principles of the propagation of the rose. In order that he may fairly understand the following chapters, and the general scheme of the selection of varieties and the ordering of the same, this chapter should be read carefully. It is not the intention to puzzle the home rose grower with all the scientific details of each phase of rose culture; but it is believed that the following paragraphs will give a good working idea of the methods employed. For those who may care to follow out such matters to their utmost conclusion, the names of exhaustive works are given. Established roses are propagated mainly by the following methods: Seeds, layering and suckers; cut- tings, budding and grafting, the last three being the principal methods. 15 OUTDOOR ROSE GROWING SEEDS In order to secure established varieties, seeds are used only in special cases, because they can only be relied upon to reproduce plants of their own kind when they are taken from original species. Seeds of hybrids are useless for this end, as their seedlings do not conform to the parent stock. In other words, hybrids do not come true from seeds, and their seeds are only useful for new varieties. ' ' Experiments with Plants, " by Osterhout, goes into the scientific treat- ment of seeds. LAYERING Many plants and some roses increase by layering, that is, throwing out a branch which becomes rooted and in turn sends out its branches to root themselves and carry out nature's work of increase. Layering is not practised to any great extent, as it is a longer process than the others and requires not only more tune to accomplish results, but also more space either in greenhouse or nursery. Layering is now only used for some varieties which do not root well from cuttings. Ellwanger cites Persian Yellow as one of these. It is a simple and easy operation, and is accom- plished by bending down a rose cane of a growing plant, scientifically notching it with a knife (tech- nically known as tongueing), and then putting the 16 THE PROPAGATION OF ROSES tongued portion into prepared ground, after which it is held in place by various methods. Roots are formed at the break and eventually the part so treated may be detached from the original plant and becomes itself a complete plant. Pemberton, in " Roses — Their History, Develop- ment and Cultivation, " gives very clear and explicit instructions on layering. SUCKERS Pemberton's description of suckers we quote as follows : "Many of the species, such as RUGOSA, ALPINA, SPINOSISSIMA and LUCIDA, together with Provence- and Damask hybrids, etc., increase by throwing out suckers, springing up at some distance from the parent plant, and forming roots at the place where they bend upwards. These rooted suckers, after being separated from the plant, should be pruned back to a foot or even less, and then treated as ordinary plants." CUTTINGS Cuttings are slips taken from plants which, when placed in sand and soil, grow roots of their own and become in turn rose plants, giving the same bloom as the plants from which they were cut. Very often they are given greenhouse care and while this is not necessary, it obtains, perhaps, surer and better 17 OUTDOOR ROSE GROWING results. In experimental work, cuttings have been carried so far that they have been made successfully even from rose leaves, although this method is of no practical use. No doubt many persons who have followed to this point understand cuttings and have employed them not only in roses but in other plants, such as carnations and geraniums, which are propa- gated almost entirely by this method. In their proper place cuttings as used in rose cult- ure may be relied upon, but beyond this sphere their use is open to debate, as, in the opinion of nearly all the best authorities, they are not as satisfactory as budding. The main reason for their failure is that many of the new varieties are weak growers and can- not of their own accord win the fight for existence, even under favorable conditions. As conditions in our climate are most uncertain, only the exception- ally hardy plant succeeds on its own roots. It would be easy for any one to make cuttings of his own, and this could be successfully done with the hardier roses, thereby saving the expense of purchas- ing. If roses are purchased, budded plants are strongly recommended, as the slight extra outlay would be fully justified. While there are many good articles on cuttings, Pemberton's is the best, as it treats of cuttings under glass and also cuttings in the open. 18 FIG. 1 ROSE CUTTING READY FOR PLANTING THE PROPAGATION OF ROSES BUDDING In budding roses a strong stock is secured and the variety selected is budded upon this stock, eventually becoming a part of it. The actual operation of budding is merely to cut off the dormant bud from the variety which it is desired to perpetuate and, cutting a slit in the bark of the stock, to introduce the bud into the same. When the bud so trans- planted becomes somewhat established, all growth above it is removed and the whole vitality of a proved stock is thrown into the bud, giving it the nourish- ment which a tried constitution insures. In England the two stocks most commonly used are MANETTI and BRIAR. In the case of roses with a preponderance of Hybrid Perpetual blood the Man- etti stock is generally used; for those containing much Tea blood the Briar has been found the better stock. A few growers in this country are trying Japanese Multiflora, and with some varieties secure stronger and better plants than those grown on the ordinary stocks as generally used. Sometimes Rugosa stock is used for budding and a very few roses do quite well on it. Undoubtedly the ideal stock for all roses has not yet been discovered, and a great advance should be made in this most important section of rose culture. 19 OUTDOOR ROSE GROWING In order to secure a perfect rose list, budding on different stocks should be tried. If cuttings are employed, very many roses will not succeed as well for outdoor culture. There are two objections to budded roses. First, they occasionally break off at the bud, but this has so seldom occurred in actual practice that it is not worth consideration. The second and main reason is that the stocks upon which the roses are budded throw up shoots of their own below the bud, usually called suckers, which, if left, take the entire nourish- ment of the roots and check the budded growth. These shoots from below the bud may be very easily detected upon their appearance, because they come up from the ground outside the plant and also because of their different habit of growth, containing, as they do, seven and sometimes nine leaves on each lateral, instead of three and five as in most budded varieties. (Note illustration.) The foliage is of a much lighter shade of green than the shoots from the bud itself and its point of junction with the plant is below the bud. It is very easily removed by care- fully digging up the ground, cutting it off with a knife at its union with the plant below the bud, and rubbing some earth over the cut. In addition, this main reason is not a valid objection, because it only happens with about one per cent, of the budded 20 At left, ordinary Hybrid Tea foliage showing five lei showing plainly seven leaves on the lower laterals FIG. 2 HYBRID TEA AND BRIAR FOLIAGE eaves on each lateral. On the right, a sucker Note also the greater number of thorns THE PROPAGATION OF ROSES plants, and can even then be easily detected. To keep this percentage down, roses on Briar and Man- etti must be planted with the bud two to three inches below the surface of the soil, as hereafter advocated. If planted less deeply they will grow a greater number of suckers. Fewer suckers develop from Multiflora than from Briar or Manetti, and on this account George H. Peterson recommends planting the bud from one to one and a half inches below the finished level of the bed. One reason for the lack of suckers is that the Multiflora is budded from seedlings, while the Briar is usually budded from cuttings, in which case there are dormant eyes below the point where the bud is inserted; whereas in the seedlings, the bud is inserted below the dormant eyes. Very often cuttings have only greenhouse growth when shipped. At best they are generally propagated under glass and have not had much outdoor growth, whereas budded plants are budded in the summer out-of-doors, and have even as yearlings a whole season's outside growth before being sold. In one particular instance the following experi- ment was made with own root stock. One bed was made, and over fifty roses on their own roots and fifty budded roses were planted in it side by side, all of old and established varieties, and, 21 OUTDOOR ROSE GROWING in the case of the own root plants, purchased from a grower who advocates their use. At the end of the first summer the difference was plainly apparent and was strongly hi favor of the budded plants. At the end of two years there was no possible doubt as to the result; the budded plants were far superior. Experiments with other roses have endorsed this result, and budded roses are recommended for all outdoor work for the majority of roses contained in the lists, whether Hybrid Teas, Hybrid Perpetuals, Teas, Chinas, or Pernetianas. The roses which do well on their own roots must be secured in two-year-old plants to obtain the best results, and should either be planted in the fall from dormant field grown stock, or planted in the spring from pots after the weather is settled, and for the best results procured from a nursery near at hand. Such plants will become established toward fall and usually give fair results at that tune. In the case of climbers and some few very strong growers the own root roses will give good results, but as a working rule they cannot be recommended. In one garden budded roses, originally planted in the autumn of 1900 and moved to their present place in 1907, are still strong and healthy, and of the origi- nal lot less than two per cent, have died hi over fif- teen years. 22 THE PROPAGATION OF ROSES In another case budded roses planted over thirty years ago are still flourishing, and this certainly shows that their length of life is all that can be expected. In the testing of new roses the great majority has been budded plants and the percentage of deaths has naturally been greater hi these new varieties than in established kinds. In importing three hundred to a thousand roses of new varieties, twenty plants a year would cover all the deaths even of these new and untried kinds. In other branches of horticulture budding and grafting have been tried with the greatest success. It does seem that a tried stock is better than a differ- ent stock with each plant, viz., its own. Undoubtedly better stocks will be discovered for certain roses which do not do well on the regular stocks; but surely it is going backward to grow inferior roses on their own roots and be satisfied with them, rather than experiment to ascertain the best stocks. "The Nursery Book," by L. H. Bailey, should be read by any one attempting budding. GRAFTING Grafting is a modification of budding, and is a process which may give as good a result in the end with some outdoor roses; but for the first year, after 23 OUTDOOR ROSE GROWING planting outside, the bush does not make as much progress, and the death-rate has been much greater with grafted stock than with budded plants. Unfor- tunately grafts do not take very well on the Briar, therefore grafters use the Manetti which, as ex- plained above, is not the best stock for Teas and Hybrid Teas. Grafting is mostly used to increase new varieties which, if budded, would necessarily have to be operated upon in the late summer, the bud not devel- oping until the following spring; whereas, in graft- ing, a part of the plant desired to be propagated is grafted upon the stock indoors and growth at once begins; this is a very much quicker operation, but not so sure of success as budding for outdoor roses. Grafting requires great skill and is used to obtain quick results. Seedlings to be tested are often grafted and a verdict quickly arrived at. There are numerous methods employed in grafting, but the principle is the same in all; the variety required is spliced on the stock and, as in budding, the strength of the stock all goes into the variety desired. The books mentioned for cuttings and budding give the best articles on grafting, in addition to which "Parsons on the Rose" contains good, clear and explicit information on all these subjects. 24 THE PROPAGATION OF ROSES NEW VARIETIES New varieties of roses are developed in two ways : by sports and seedlings. SPORTS Sports are purely a matter of chance, and occur when any given variety shows a bloom or habit of growth different from the accepted plant. When this occurs propagation of the wood by cuttings, budding or grafting establishes the new variety. As illustrations of sports, the two following are well known and are changes from the parent stock hi the color of the bloom itself: La France, color silver rose, sported with Paul & Sons, near London, in 1888, and gave the Duchess of Albany, called dark La France, a rich, deep pink. This was propagated andJDuchess of Albany is now a well-established variety. Camoens, pale rose color with the base of the petals yellow, sported with Boytard, in 1907, and the new rose was called Ecarlate, a brilliant scarlet. With these two new varieties the habit of growth of the plants remained practically the same as their parents; it was only in the color of the rose that the change manifested itself. In the past few years the old rose, Killarney, has sported a number of times, giving among others Killarney Brilliant, a rose of a deeper shade of pink; 25 OUTDOOR. ROSE GROWING White Killarney, a rose, as the name implies, of a beautiful white; and Double Killarney, a rose of greater substance in petallage than the stock from which it sprang. Before so many hybrids were cultivated, and when roses were not grown to as great an extent as now, sports were naturally less frequent. Of course varie- ties which are crosses, such as the hybrids of today, are very much more likely to give different growth or different bloom than the old varieties, which were not so far removed from the original species. Changes in habit of growth occur as well as changes in bloom, and a great many of the Hybrid Teas and some Polyanthas have produced sports which have much more of a climbing habit than the dwarf bush from which such new varieties originated. The bloom in form and color is practically identical with the parent stock, although its period of flowering is usually shorter and its bloom less profuse. There is one very interesting illustration of a rose which sported, the new growth of which when prop- agated reverted to the original form of its parent stock. Heinrich Schultheis, a Hybrid Perpetual rose of deep, rosy pink, sported with Paul & Sons, of London, and produced Paul's Early Blush, a light silvery pink. Again it sported with Alex. Dickson & Sons, in Ireland, and produced another silvery 26 Fiu. 7 SEEDLINGS SHOWING VARIED GROWTHS .... On ?he left-hand side seedling of a Hybrid Tea. On the right-hand side seedling of a Y\ ichuraiana. Both these plants are of the same age and have received identical care. Note different habit of growth ev?n at this early stage in the life of the plants THE PROPAGATION OF ROSES pink, known as Mrs. Harkness. Both of these new roses were perpetuated and became quite popular before the Hybrid Teas came into general notice. In the year 1913 Dr. Robert Huey, of Philadelphia, still had plants of Paul's Early Blush and Mrs. Harkness. It was remarkable that specimens of both these plants partially reverted to the old form of Heinrich Schultheis, throwing up shoots with rose colored blooms. While sports are of rare occurrence, nevertheless it would well repay all rose lovers to watch for such breaks, as valuable novelties may thereby be secured which otherwise would be lost. SEEDLINGS Seedlings, as the name signifies, come from seeds hybridized either by chance or by man's handiwork. Nearly all the older rose growers gathered then* heps containing the seeds in the autumn of each year and planted great numbers of these in nursery rows, hop- ing to secure new varieties; in this manner a great many of the Hybrid Perpetuals were discovered and introduced. However, of late years the commercial rose growers of Europe have hybridized different varieties of roses, and by careful selection and breed- ing for several generations are securing their new introductions. 27 OUTDOOR ROSE GROWING In Europe this work is maintained on a very large scale. Thousands upon thousands of seedlings are raised each year, and only a very small percentage are of any practical use. In this country only a few men have achieved any great success in introducing new varieties — John Cook, of Baltimore, Maryland ; E. G. HiU, of Richmond, Indiana; M. H. Walsh, of Woods Hole, Massachusetts; Dr. Van Fleet, of Wash- ington; W. A. Manda, of New Jersey; and the late Jackson Dawson, of the Arnold Arboretum. In the American Rose Annual only twelve men are men- tioned as having introduced new varieties in this country. Cook introduced My Maryland and Radi- ance, and lately he has brought out Panama; and Hill has given us quite a number of good roses, the best perhaps for outdoor culture being General Mac- Arthur, which is one of the finest all-round outdoor red roses grown in America today. Walsh, Manda and Van Fleet have been particularly successful in developing new climbers — Walsh's most notable being Excelsa, Hiawatha, Sweetheart and Evan- geline, all excellent additions and ranking with the best of this class. Father George Schoener, of Portland, Oregon, is doing some very fine work, not only in new varieties of roses, but also in new stocks for budding. In addition, he is making crosses between different mem- 28 THE PROPAGATION OF ROSES bers of the Rosacese order. His seedlings won a silver medal at Portland in the fall of 1915. It is hoped that ere long some of his novelties will be on the market. Following will be found a tabulated record of the breeding of the main varieties in which the Hybrid Perpetuals and Teas figure. It has not been arranged at all in conformity with the usual botanical analy- ses of species and sub-species, but the information given has been taken from such books as Pemberton's and placed together so that the history of the breed- ing of the different varieties may be seen at a glance. There are several authorities who have noted that the exact breeding of the Hybrid Perpetuals is to some extent problematical. The roses named as the Hybrid Perpetuals' immediate ancestors are gener- ally accepted as such, but some few other varieties were used in the gradual evolution of this class from the first Hybrid Perpetual until the list was com- pleted. At the present time there are fewer Hybrid Perpetuals bred, as the Hybrid Teas have almost entirely superseded them. The work of hybridization is a most interesting one, but unless carried out on a scientific scale it is almost entirely a matter of chance whether or not anything of Rvalue may be secured. No doubt any one cultivating roses to a large extent would greatly OUTDOOR ROSE GROWING >ersian ) Yellow V Luteae Briar j A By some\ / Damask ansidered \ \ Pernctiana Pernet-Ducher, 1900 X . __ some )amask Perpetual, I first of 1812 \Hybrid J'erpetuals. X Hybrid China Hybrid Perpetual.. Laffay, 1830. Held sway till 1890 Bourbon Perpetual < "Chance fertiliza- tion supposedly between China and Red Four Seasona, 1817- 1822 Hybrid Tea Guillot, 1867 rbrid China Provence Brought to England from France about 1600 X China Later Noisettes. . . ea— Indica Odorata Introduced from China, 1810-1824. First improved in France where the climbing teas were bred f China Common Blush oisette ) X Philippe Noisette, ] Musk Rose American^ (Rosa Moschata) 30 an grower, 1817 THE PROPAGATION OP ROSES enjoy trying to introduce a new variety of his own breeding. Ordinarily to hybridize roses properly one must have a greenhouse and it is astonishing what results may be obtained in a very small one. In exceptionally dry climates the work may be carried on successfully out-of-doors. Books on this subject which are interesting and practical are: "The American Rose Annual." "Plant Breeding," L. H. Bailey. "Plant Breeding, Experiments of Nillson and Bur- bank," De Vries. "Plant Life and Evolution," Campbell. "New Creations in Plant Life," Harwood. "Fundamentals of Plant Breeding," Coulter. In Chapter X will be found a few hints on hybridi- zation. n THE BEST VARIETIES WITH THEIR CHARACTERISTICS THE rose has been the Queen of Beauty among flowers as far back as records go. Down the ages she has held her position unchallenged. India, Persia, China, Japan, Greece, Italy, and the rest of Europe all pay her homage hi verse and story. The rose is a native of all these countries, and those of the twentieth century are the gradual evolution from the original types to our almost perfect flower. At first this evolution was slow and greatly due to chance. Hybridization was neither understood nor practised. New roses came from seed, or from some new variety thrown out by an old stock and noticed and propa- gated. Nature's friend, the bee, did most of the crossing of varieties, but such progress did not suit rose growers, and from the gambling methods of chance seeds systematic hybridization became the order of the day. At once the rose list increased by leaps and bounds, for the field was of extreme fascination and boundless possibilities. Without going into the history of all the various 32 BEST VARIETIES WITH CHARACTERISTICS steps, it is sufficient to say that about 1825 the Hybrid Perpetual began to take first place in the rose world. Perfectly hardy, of fine growth, having a longer period of bloom than its predecessors of equal growth and beauty, it became more and more popular, and held its sway until about 1890. Its dis- advantage was its short period of bloom compared with Teas and Chinas which, while very much smaller in growth, were more constant bloomers and, as a general rule, superior to the Hybrid Perpetuals in foliage. Tea roses had existed in England and France from early in the nineteenth century, and yet after the cross of the Damask and Hybrid China, which gave the rose world the first Hybrid Perpetual, it was not until 1867 that the first cross of merit between the Teas and the Hybrid Perpetuals made its appearance. At once the rose world obtained what it had so long desired, combining in a seedling the best of both parents, a rose as hardy, or nearly as hardy, as the Hybrid Perpetuals — a rose that bloomed practi- cally as often as the Tea and that had fine foliage and perfume. This rose, the first of the great army of Hybrid Teas which was to follow, was La France, introduced by Guillot Fils, its parents being Madame Victor Verdier and Madame Bravy. Madame Victor Verdier was a Hybrid Perpetual, introduced by E. 33 OUTDOOR ROSE GROWING Verdier in 1863, and Madame Bravy was a Tea raised by Guillot, of Pont Cherin, in 1848. The next Hybrid Tea that appeared and stood the test of time was Reine Marie Henriette, raised by Levet, in 1878, from Madame Berard (of Gloire de Dijon) and General Jacqueminot; the first of Tea blood, and the second a Hybrid Perpetual. This rose is listed in English catalogues of today in the climbing section as a Hybrid Tea, although still con- sidered by some as a Tea, and so listed in the Dutch Rozennaamlijist of 1909. After the introduction of these two roses, the work went on still further and cross breedings of hybrids obtained by hybridization soon began to swell the list of new roses. Roses so obtained are known as pedigree roses and very seldom is their breeding given, although it seems an open secret that three generations are often re- quired before a new rose of merit is secured. The breeders and introducers of new roses have guarded their breeding secrets with the greatest care hi the past, and little or no information as to their special methods is obtainable. This secrecy has seemed em- inently proper, but for the future improvement of the rose, the pedigrees of all new roses should be given to the world so that other breeders may try like com- binations. The professional breeders would still be 34 BEST VARIETIES WITH CHARACTERISTICS able to make their profit from their new roses, and the rose world would be greatly benefited by this knowledge. While it is impossible, therefore, to give the breed- ing of the various pedigree roses, nevertheless a few examples of roses discovered by hybridization and cross breeding of one generation may be of interest. In looking over the obtainable data it is at once noted that certain roses stand out as having been the most successful parents, and of these Madame Caroline Testout ranks among the first; bred with Souv. de M. Verdier, Aime*e Cochet was obtained; with Merveille de Lyon, Frau Karl Druschki was obtained; with Fisher Holmes, George Laing Paul was obtained; with Viscountess Folkstone, Konigin Carola 'was obtained; with Bridesmaid, La Detroit was obtained; with Ferdinand Jamin, Madame Edme'e Metz was obtained. In addition to this Caroline Testout has produced quite a number of sports, most noted of which are Admiral Dewey and Mrs. Longworth. Another rose which stands out prominently is Lady Mary Fitzwilliam, a pedigree rose introduced in 1882, and one of the parents of Caroline Testout. In 1894 this rose with Dr. Grill produced Antoine Rivoire, a rose that is holding its own among the 35 OUTDOOR ROSE GROWING newer Hybrid Teas of today, and is still by far the best rose of its shade in this country. Crossed with La France, in 1894, Lady Mary Fitzwilliam gave Mrs. W. J. Grant (syn. Belle Siebrecht), a rose still popular; Kaiserin Augusta Victoria resulted when she was crossed with Coquette de Lyon. Kaiserin Augusta Victoria is unique hi color and must be included in any large collection. EUwanger's chapter on "Seed Parents of Leading Roses," hi his book, "The Rose," gives some very interesting data on this subject. About 1890, owing to its longer period of bloom, the Hybrid Tea had pushed the Hybrid Perpetual out of first place in popularity, and from that tune on has held sway as the premier class. While at first much was to be desired hi some of the Hybrid Teas, gradually they have become improved, until today there is no question about their being the best for the outdoor garden; yet, hi so deciding on them as the most useful class, many must be discarded as worthless hi the climate of the Middle Atlantic States. The best of the Teas, and some others, must be included in a list which purports to include the best outdoor roses. In addition to the hardy growth and long period of bloom common to the best of the Hybrid Teas, many of them have the long double bud on the stiff 36 -' p J BEST VARIETIES WITH CHARACTERISTICS erect stem so much desired in roses, and the best varieties open slowly and keep well after being cut. During the past two years a new class has come into existence — Pernetianas, introduced by the great French hybridist, Pernet-Ducher. The first were crosses between Lutea and the Hybrid Perpetuals, and have been classed as Hybrid Teas and Hybrid Austrian Briars in many catalogues. While possess- ing many such characteristics, they are, nevertheless, often distinct as to foliage, and on account of their breeding should be classed separately. Many have the fault of losing their foliage early, Lyon Rose being a great offender in this respect. The new intro- ductions vary greatly in value, but the best, Madame Edouard Herriot, is indispensable; and from the im- provement shown it is evident that this new class will have great bearing on the future of the outdoor rose. Already traces of the new cross may be noticed in many of this year's introductions, especially in the foliage and color. Many seedlings with Perne- tiana blood are so distinct that they may be readily picked out from other seedlings. The foliage is beau- tiful and distinct while it lasts, and undoubtedly a cross will soon be made which will show even greater improvement than Madame Edouard Herriot over Lyon — the latter rose is already nearly obsolete. Unfortunately, it is difficult to find roses well 37 OUTDOOR ROSE GROWING suited to our climate. The winters are more severe and the summers hotter than the conditions to which imported roses and their forbears have been accus- tomed, so that many of the roses which flourish in Europe are worthless with us. The main classes are grown in two ways, as dwarfs and as standards. Standards differ from dwarfs or bushes (ordinary form) in that they are generally budded on strong Briar and other stocks from two and one-half to four feet from the ground. They are most attractive and some are more easily reached than the dwarfs, as the blooms grow about the level of the eye, while all of them are adapted to formal gardens and landscape work. However, they can- not be recommended unless absolute winter protec- tion is given, and this is best accomplished by placing boards around the plant, encasing it from the ground to above the bud and filling in with earth. In the case of some of the climbers, which are used as standards, an attractive effect is produced by allowing the trailing shoots of such plants to grow downwards, more or less like the weeping wil- low tree, and these are called weeping standards, otherwise they are the same as the regular standard. In the case of some of the Teas, which are grown very close to the ground in this way, they can be more thoroughly protected hi cold winters than they 38 BEST VARIETIES WITH CHARACTERISTICS could be if grown as the usual standard. It is believed that Teas are especially prolific when grown in this manner. One well-known writer states that he has seen such a Tea with seventy-five blooms on it at one time. Standards usually require more room than dwarfs and this is another reason why they are not planted so extensively. If used, the varieties contained in the main list are strongly recommended. Dwarfs are budded close to the root of the stock and the bud is planted below the ground level, hence they are hardier and much more easily handled in winter than standards. In experiments with standards they have been found to be most uncertain; some- times they last for several years and again fully fifty per cent. die. An average of ten per cent, would be a conservative estimate for winter loss, unless most thorough winter protection is given. Every year the commercial rose growers in England and the Continent bring out their new varieties; before a satisfactory verdict can be reached as to their adaptability to this country they must be tried for at least two years. In many cases new varieties are shipped as such small grafted plants that for the first year it is almost impossible to test them prop- erly, and a year later larger plants must be procured. Very probably these small plants would do well 39 OUTDOOR ROSE GROWING abroad, but here they run the risk of being passed upon as worthless when many may be first-class varieties. Owing to the difference in our climate, even the color of imported roses may vary somewhat from the European catalogued description. The average rose is generally somewhat lighter in color, owing to our extreme heat in summer. Killarney is an excep- tion which proves this rule. This rose is catalogued in the European lists as " Flesh-shaded white, suf- fused pale pink"; in this country it is a solid light pink, the shade depending on the sunlight, being deeper hi bright, hot weather. In the early spring and in the autumn the color of most roses is darker than hi the summer, some varieties that usually have a slight yellow tint becoming almost pink under frosty nights and warm days. Mainly for the first reason given it is a lottery for the average rose grower to order new varieties; the greater part will prove utter disappointments, a waste of money, space, time and care, and the catalogued description must be more than discounted. This book should guide the American purchaser to order those roses which will give him the best results. To secure a perfect list of such roses, every variety found in the best catalogues has been care- fully tested, and in the lists at the end of this chapter 40 BEST VARIETIES WITH CHARACTERISTICS there have been included all which have come up to a certain standard. Those excluded have not proved successful after a test in which all had the same chance. During the fall of 1914, when the list of the six- teen best all-round varieties was selected, the roses included were by all odds the best sixteen varieties for general cultivation. Since that time, however, the situation has greatly changed owing to the num- ber of new roses introduced. Not only have many Hybrid Teas been brought out, but the new race of Pernetianas has further complicated the problem. In these two years during which all these domestic and foreign roses have been put on the market it has been very difficult to make comprehensive tests as to the value of each new introduction; nevertheless every new rose has been or is on trial, and informa- tion from other sections of the country carefully con- sidered. Furthermore, it was most important to try as many roses as possible on different stocks, and to this end careful experiments were made to learn the best stock for each variety. In many cases the Mul- tiflora has greatly unproved certain roses; in many others there is little difference between Briar and Multiflora, while in a few instances the Briar is the best. Another valuable phase of the work has been the cultivating of weak growers and poor bloomers 41 OUTDOOR ROSE GROWING in special beds; and here again no absolute rule was discovered, but it was proved that by the use of such beds remarkable results could be obtained in certain cases. Where of value, special stocks and beds are recommended hereafter. There has been a great deal of kindly criticism and comment regarding the old sixteen, much of which is strictly to the point, and many of the suggestions received have been very valuable. It is therefore better to give a list of the forty-eight roses which have stood out as the best instead of making an arbitrary list of sixteen roses. In following out this scheme, twelve roses have been selected in the lighter shades, twelve in the pink, twelve in the red, and twelve in the yellow, the latter including the orange and copper colorings. It will be appreciated that the roses given under each main color will, to some extent, overlap from one section to the other; the darkest color under the lighter section will approach the lightest color under the darker section. By plac- ing twelve roses in each list there will be little doubt that the best are included, and from the careful descriptions given the reader will be able to secure the roses most suited to his needs. It will be noted that the original first sixteen have been displaced in some cases by other roses. This is not because they have not lived up to their reputa- 42 OPHELIA BEST VARIETIES WITH CHARACTERISTICS tion, as they have continued to do as well as they did formerly, but newer roses brought out and tested during the past few years have been improvements over them. No Hybrid Perpetuals are included in the list of the forty-eight best garden roses because the Hybrid Teas, where they may be grown, are far superior. As an illustration of this, Frau Karl Druschki, tested near Philadelphia by Dr. Huey with two exception- ally fine plants, gave an average of thirty-eight blooms during 1916, and the blooming season was over in July. In very damp seasons Druschki will give scattering blooms in the early fall. Madame Jules Bouche gives more blooms than Druschki throughout the season, with better perfume, and is therefore considered of more value than Druschki except in the North. LIGHT COLORED SECTION There are many light-colored roses, and it is so difficult to know where they verge into the lighter pinks or lighter yellows that no arbitrary line can be drawn. The roses selected are placed in the order of personal preference. The most beautiful of this class for cut flowers are Madame Jules Bouche, Ophelia, Souvenir du Presi- dent Carnot, Antoine Rivoire and Mrs. Harold Brocklebank, although other roses are of fair enough 43 OUTDOOR ROSE GROWING form to do quite well in this respect. For garden decoration Madame Jules Bouche, Jacques Porcher and La Tosca, on account of their growth and num- ber of blooms, excel. The perfume in light-colored roses is not as distinct as hi the pinks and reds, the best being Ophelia. MADAME JULES BOUCHE ; Hybrid Tea ; Croibier & Fils, 191 1 . White — center shaded primrose or lightest blush — varies. Novelty In color, growth and blooming qualities. Color Clear and very attractive. Fragrance Mild. Lasting Color good; fragrance brief; form almost perfect. Shape Good in bud and open flower. Substance Fair. Petallage Perfect. Size Medium, but varies. Blooming May and June 11; July 22: August 7; Sept. 16; October and late 15; total 71. Hardiness Strong; canes living 8 to 12 inches above ground level in the spring. Foliage Occasionally susceptible to mildew; seldom affected by spot. Growth Exceptionally fine; tall and plenty of canes. Stem Long, and fairly upright. Plant 24 inches. Prune 6 eyes. Note Personal preference for best light-colored rose. GRANGE COLOMBE; Hybrid Tea,; Guillot, 1912. Cream white with salmon yellow and fawn center. Novelty In color and blooming. Color Clear and most attractive. Fragrance Mild. Lasting Color good; fragrance brief; form good. Shape Bud almost perfect; open flower somewhat loose. Substance Above the average. Petallage Deficient. Size Well above medium. Blooming May and June 9; July 15; August 9; September 14; October and late 8; total 55. Hardiness Strong; canes living 8 to 10 inches above ground level in spring. Foliage Slightly susceptible to mildew and spot. Growth Sturdy and erect, with good number of canes. 44 JACQUES PORCHER ••* BEST VARIETIES WITH CHARACTERISTICS Stem Strong, but not exceptionally long. Plant 22 inches. Prune 5 eyes. Note Of distinct color and does best as an all-round rose. Needs a heavy soil. Has done well in the Pacific Northwest with Mr. Currey. OPHELIA; Hybrid Tea; Wm. Paul, 1912. Salmon flesh, center shaded light yellow at base of petals. Novelty In color, shape and lasting. Color Distinct, clear and beautiful. Fragrance Fair, very delicate. Lasting Color good; fragrance fair, form very good. Shape Very good in bud and open flower. Substance Fair. Petallage Perfect. Size Medium, not affected by heat to any extent. Blooming. . . . .May and June 9; July 12; August 9; September 5; October and late 10; total 45. Hardiness No deaths; canes living 6 to 8 inches above ground level in spring. Foliage Somewhat susceptible to mildew and spot. Growth Fairly good. Stem Long, usually of good strength. Plant 20 inches. Prune 5 eyes. Note Ophelia is an improved Prince de Bulgarie, which accounts for the omission of the latter in the list. Ophelia is strongly recommended on account of its beauty of color, although not as profuse a bloomer as the first two mentioned. It does better on the Multiflora than on the Briar. JACQUES PORCHER; Hybrid Tea; Guillot, 1914. Passing from white shaded carmine on saffron center, to clear yellow with a darker center. Novelty In color, foliage, blooming qualities and growth. Color Very attractive. Fragrance Mild. Lasting Color good; fragrance brief; form good. Shape Fair in bud and open flower. Substance Fair. Petallage Fair — varies. Size Medium to small. Blooming May and June 16; July 17; August 4; September 14; October and late 18; total 69. Hardiness Canes living 6 to 12 inches above ground level in spring. Foliage Almost perfect. 45 OUTDOOR ROSE GROWING Growth Very large. Stem Fair in length and strength. Plant 24 inches. Prune 7 eyes. Note Especially recommended as an all-round rose. This variety may be hard to secure in quantity for some time. SOUVENIR DU PRESIDENT CARNOT; Hybrid Tea; Pernet-Ducher, 1895. Flesh shaded white. With us, flesh to light shell pink center. Novelty In color and shape. Color Most distinct. Fragrance Mild. Lasting Color good; fragrance brief; form good. Shape Very good in bud and open flower. Substance Good. Petallage Perfect. Size Well above medium. Blooming May and June 9; July 10; August 4; September 6; October and late 5; total 34. Hardiness Canes living 8 inches above ground level in the spring. Foliage Very good; only slightly susceptible to mildew and spot. Growth Not of the best; tall but not uniform. Stem Fairly loitag, but quite weak. Plant 20 inches. Prune 5 eyes. Note One of the best light colored roses when grown on the Multiflora; not as good on the Briar unless grown in a special bed. PHARISAER; Hybrid Tea; W. Hinner, 1903. Rosy white, shaded salmon. Novelty In color. Color Clear and attractive. Fragrance Mild. Lasting Color good; fragrance brief; form good. Shape Attractive in" bud and holding high pointed center when open. Substance Above the average. Petallage Perfect. Size Good but not of the largest. Blooming May and June 4; July 12; August 12; September 3; October and late 17; total 48. Hardiness Canes living 4 to 10 inches above ground level in the spring. Foliage Good; slightly susceptible to mildew and spot. Growth Well above the average. Stem Long, but sometimes a trifle weak. BEST VARIETIES WITH CHARACTERISTICS Plant 20 inches. Prune 5 eyes. Note While always a good rose on the Briar, never one of the best until grown on the Multiflora. GRUSS AN AACHEN; Polyantha; Geduldig, 1909. Delicate flesh pink and yellow, with deeper center; darker in bud form. Color quickly fades in hot weather, becoming almost white. Novelty In color and blooming qualities. Color Good, but not perfect as it contains some lilac. Fragrance Mild. Lasting Color fades; fragrance brief; form especially good. Shape Fair in bud; attractive in open flower. Substance Below the average. Petallage Only fair; too many petals, which tend to be dwarf. Size Medium to small. Blooming May and June 19; July 21; August 0; September 17; October and late 1; total 58. Hardiness Canes living 8 inches above ground level in the spring. Foliage Immune from mildew, but susceptible to spot. Growth Fair. Stem Fair. Plant 20 inches. Prune 5 eyes. Note Good for low decoration, with some value for cutting. MRS. HERBERT HAWKSWORTH; Tea;' Alex. Dickson & Sons, 1912. Deeply zoned delicate ecru on milk white, becoming silky creamy white. Novelty In color. Color Most beautiful. Fragrance Mild. Lasting Color good; fragrance brief; form good. Shape Fair in the bud; open flower cup shaped. Substance Good. Petallage Good, but trifle below perfect number. Size Above the average. Blooming May and June 9; July 8; August 5; September 9; October and late 3; total 34. Hardiness Canes living 6 to 10 inches above ground level in the spring. Foliage Susceptible to mildew and spot. Growth Average. Stem Average. Plant 20 inches. Prune 4 eyes. Note Fair for all purposes. 47 OUTDOOR ROSE GROWING ANTOINE RIVOIRE; Hybrid Tea; Pernet-Ducher, 1896. Flesh to cream yellow peach center, sometimes with lilac shading. Novelty In color, unique form, distinct foliage and stem. Color Distinct and beautiful. Fragrance Mild. Lasting Color good; fragrance brief; form good. Shape Bud not of the best; opens flat but attractive and pleasing. Substance Fine. Petallage Too many and small. Size Very large in spring; medium in summer and fall. Blooming May and June 8; July 11; August 0; September 6; October and late 2; total 27. Hardiness Canes living 6 to 8 inches above ground level in the spring. Foliage Leathery, and of great substance; seldom affected by f mildew, but sometimes lost by spot. Growth High and strong, but lacking in number of canes. Stem Very long and strong, especially in the spring. Plant 20 inches. Prune 5 eyes. Note Its worst fault is that in most seasons there is very little August bloom. Wonderful for cut flowers in the spring. MRS. HAROLD BROCKLEBANK; Hybrid Tea; Alex. Dickson & Sons, 1907. Creamy white, center buff; base of petals soft golden yellow; outer petals frequently tinted salmon rose. Novelty In color and shape. Color Most distinct and lovely. Fragrance Mild. Lasting Color good; fragrance brief; form good. Shape Good in bud and open flower. Substance Very good. Petallage Perfect. Size Quite above the average. Blooming May and June 13; July 7; August 5; September 7; October and late 6; total 38. Hardiness Canes living 8 inches above ground level in the spring. Foliage Practically immune from mildew, but slightly sus- ceptible to spot. Growth Slightly above medium. Stem Fair length, but liable to be weak after the spring bloom. Plant 20 inches. Prune 5 eyes. Note This rose marked in conjunction with the plants of Dr. Huey, who considers it one of the best light- colored roses. Great improvement when grown in a single-row bed and is so marked. 48 BEST VARIETIES WITH CHARACTERISTICS MDLLE. SIMONE BEAUMEZ; Hybrid Tea; Pernet-Ducher, 1907. Salmon white, sometimes tinged with Japan yellow in center. Novelty In color. Color Very beautiful. Fragrance Mild. Lasting Color good; fragrance brief; form fair. Shape Beautiful in bud; quite good in open flower. Substance Slightly above the average. Petallage Perfect. Size Above medium. Blooming May and June 13; July 18; August 3; September 12; October and late 3; total 49. Hardiness Canes living 8 inches above ground level in the spring. Foliage Somewhat susceptible to mildew and spot. Growth Tall and strong, but lacking in bushiness. Stem Above the average. Plant 20 inches. Prune 5 eyes. Note Does much better on Multiflora than on Briar. A difficult rose to classify, as it could be included in either the light colored or yellow section, especially in the fall, when it is quite orange in the center. LA TOSCA; Hybrid Tea; Vve. Schwartz, 1901. Silvery pink with deeper center. Novelty In growth and hardiness and blooming. Color Good. Fragrance Mild. Lasting Color good; fragrance brief; form fair. Shape Bud fair; open flower loose. Substance Only fair. Petallage Varies greatly. Size Medium. Blooming May and June 11; July 16; August 12; September 5; October and late 13; total 57. Hardiness Varies — canes living from 8 inches to 2 feet in the spring. Foliage Only slightly susceptible to mildew and spot. Growth Exceptionally strong and vigorous Stem Long and of good strength. Plant 26 inches. Prune 6 eyes, unless to be used for garden decoration or hedge, when dead wood only should be cut. In midseason strong growth of three feet and over should have 6 to 12 inches removed, as this will insure more fall bloom with jthis variety. Note Fine rose for garden decoration. Does particularly well on the Pacific Coast. 49 OUTDOOR ROSE GROWING PINK SECTION This class comprises the largest of all colors, but many are so similar that it is not necessary to include any but the best and most distinct which have stood out here and also with other growers in different sections of the country. In this connection Lady Ashtown is omitted because this rose has not tested well either on Multiflora or Briar. Grossherzog Friedrich is a lighter salmon pink and Frau Mar- grethe Moller is a darker salmon pink,, and both far exceed Ashtown in blooming; but if unable to secure these newer roses, Ashtown is suggested. Madame Maurice de Luze and La France are most distinct in perfume. For beauty of cut flowers Lady Alice Stanley, Madame Segond Weber and Mrs. George Shawyer are recommended; but this whole class is an all-round one, and practically all the roses in it are useful to a great extent for cutting. RADIANCE; Hybrid Tea; John Cook, 1912. Light silver flesh to salmon pink. Novelty In fragrance, growth and blooming qualities. Color Not of the clearest, and tends to blue slightly. Fragrance Fair to strong. Lasting Color quite good; fragrance endures; form good. Shape Only fair; bud not long and pointed; flower does not open well. Substance Very good. Petallage Perfect. Size Above medium. Blooming May and June 15; July 21; August 2; September 10; October and late 3; total 51. Hardiness Canes living 8 to 18 inches above ground level in the spring. Foliage Slightly susceptible to mildew and spot. 50 MADAME SECOND WEBER BEST VARIETIES WITH CHARACTERISTICS Growth Very strong. Stem Long, although not always strong. Plant 26 inches. Prune 6 eyes. Note While not the best rose for cut flowers, it stands out, on account of its all-round worth and splendid constitution, as the best pink rose in cultivation today. Does best on Multiflora. GROSSHERZOG FRIEDRICH; Hybrid Tea; Lambert, 1908. Carmine rose pink; with us, light pink. Novelty In color, blooming qualities, fragrance and lasting. Color Most attractive. Fragrance Fair. Lasting Color almost perfect; fragrance endures fairly well; form quite good. Shape Bud not perfect, but open flower most attractive. Substance ..... Only fair. Petallage Perfect. Size Above medium. Blooming May and June 8; July 21; August 3, September 11; October and late 7; total 50. Hardiness . Canes living 8 inches above ground level in the spring. Foliage Mildews in certain seasons; practically immune from spot. Growth Very good. Stem Fair only. Plant 24 inches. Prune 5 eyes. Note In marking for the season of 1916 this rose scored more points in the first summing up than any other rose in the garden, and it has no serious faults. Without disbudding, gives very much more bloom. MADAME SECOND WEBER; Hybrid Tea; Soupert & Notting, 1908. Rosy salmon. Novelty In color, shape and lasting. Color Most attractive and beautiful. Fragrance Mild. Lasting Color very good; fragrance brief; form very good. Shape Close to perfection. Substance Above the average. Petallage Perfect. Size Medium. Blooming May and June 11; July 20; August 9; September 4; October and late 5; total 49. Hardiness Canes living 6 to 8 inches above ground level in the spring. Foliage Somewhat susceptible to mildew and spot. 51 OUTDOOR ROSE GROWING Growth Fair. Stem Quite good. Plant 20 inches. Prune 5 eyes. Note Has improved greatly on Multiflora; when properly grown on this stock gives nearly twice as many blooms as well-established plants on Briar. FRAU MARGRETHB MOLLEE; Hybrid Tea; Poulson, 1912. Dark rose with clearer edges of petals. Novelty In blooming qualities. Color Not of the best as it blues slightly. Fragrance Fair. Lasting Color fair; fragrance brief; form good. Shape Well above the. average. Substance Fair. Petallage Deficient in number. Size Medium. Blooming May and June 15; July 15; August 8; September 18; October and late 1 ; total 57. Hardiness Canes living 8 inches above ground level in the spring. Foliage Slightly susceptible to mildew and spot. Growth Fair. Stem Fair. Plant 20 inches. Prune 5 eyes. Note Needs time to become established. MADAME LEON PAIN; Hybrid Tea; Guillot, 1904. Light silvery salmon, center orange salmon. Novelty In color. Color Most attractive. Fragrance Quite distinct. Lasting Color good; fragrance fair; form good. Shape Good in bud and open flower; center holds well when open. Substance Average. Petallage Perfect. Size Trifle above the average. Blooming May and June 10; July 14; August 5; September 7; October and late 5; total 41. Hardiness Canes living 8 inches above ground level in the spring. Foliage Attractive; only slightly susceptible to mildew and spot. Growth Above the average. Stem Quite good. Plant 20 inches. Prune 5 eyes. Note A fine all-round rose. 52 BEST VARIETIES WITH CHARACTERISTICS LADY ALICE STANLEY; Hybrid Tea; McGredy, 1909. Deep coral rose on outside of petals; inside pale flesh. Novelty In color and lasting. Color Clear and attractive. Fragrance Mild to fair. Lasting Color good; fragrance brief; form very good. Shape Bud not perfect, but open flower very attractive. Substance Well above the average. Petallage Perfect. Size One of the largest. Blooming May and June 7; July 13; August 3; September 9; October and late 1; total 33. Hardiness Canes living 8 inches above ground level to the tips in spring. Foliage Very little affected by mildew, but susceptible to spot. Growth Fair. Stem Strong, but usually not of great length. Plant 20 inches. Prune. 5 eyes. Note Especially good for cutting. MADAME MAURICE DE LUZE; Hybrid Tea; Pernet-Ducher, 1907. Deep rose pink, carmine center, reverse of petals paler in color. Novelty In fragrance, which is wonderful, and growth. Color Pleasing but tends to lilac. Fragrance Strong. Lasting Color blues quickly; fragrance endures; form good. Shape Fairly good in bud and open flower. Substance Above the average. Petallage Perfect. Size Above the average. Blooming May and June 11; July 13; August 3; September 15; October and late 3; total 45. Hardiness Canes living 8 to 18 inches above ground level in the spring. Foliage Susceptible to mildew, and a slight extent to spot. Growth Very good. Stem Average. Plant 22 inches. Prune 6 eyes. Note Does better on the Multiflora than on the Briar. JONKHEER J. L. MOCK; Hybrid Tea; Leenders, 1910. Carmine changing to Imperial pink. Novelty In color, size, stem and lasting. Color Distinct, but sometimes muddy. Fragrance Fair in spring and fall: mild in midseason. 53 OUTDOOR ROSE GROWING Lasting Color blues slightly; fragrance endures except in summer; form almost perfect. Shape Good in bud and open flower. Substance Fine. Petallage Slightly below the best, except in fall. Size Very large. Blooming May and June 7; July 10; August 1; September 10; October and late 3; total 31. Hardiness Heavy canes living 12 inches above ground in spring — light canes vary. Foliage Susceptible to mildew and spot. Growth Exceedingly tall, but lacking in bushiness. Stem Usually of great length and strength. Plant 22 inches. Prune 6 eyes. Note Unpopular with some growers, but so distinct it must be included for its good qualities. Very much better on Multiflora than on Briar. MRS. GEORGE SHAWYER; Hybrid Tea; Lowe & Shawyer, 1911. Brilliant clear rose. Novelty In color, lasting and stem. Color Very good and attractive. Fragrance Mild. Lasting Color very good; fragrance brief; form very good. Shape Good in bud and most attractive in open flower. Substance Very good. Petallage Deficient in number. Size Above the average. Blooming May and June 3; July 7; August 7; September 7; October and late 7; total 31, which may be expected to increase after the second year. Hardiness Canes living from ground level to 6 inches in spring. Foliage Only slightly susceptible to mildew and spot. Growth Well above the average. Stem Good and long; of fair strength. Plant 22 inches. Prune 5 eyes. Note Only tested for two years, but has shown marked promise and has every evidence of becoming a most popular rose. KILLARNEY; Hybrid Tea; Alex. Dickson & Sons, 1898. With us, a soft clear light pink to light rose pink. Novelty In color. Color Brilliant and attractive. 54 MRS. GEORGE SHAWYER BEST VARIETIES WITH CHARACTERISTICS Fragrance Quite distinct. Lasting Color fades quickly; fragrance brief; form does not hold. Shape Bud almost perfect; open flower not attractive. Substance Very good. Petallage Deficient in number. Size Above the average. Blooming May and June 9; July 14; August 5; September 7; October and late 6; total 41. Hardiness Canes Living 8 to 10 inches above ground level in the spring. Foliage Most susceptible to mildew; also affected by spot. Growth Above the average. Stem Usually very good. Plant .20 inches. Prune 5 eyes. Note Originally included in the first sixteen. A good all- round rose, but having several bad faults. At its best in the spring; fall bloom seldom attractive here. The sports of Killarney have proved most disappointing— Killarney Brilliant, Killarney Double Pink and White Killarney being poor bloomers. Killarney Queen is the best of the sports, giving almost as many blooms of greater substance than the parent plant. MADAME CAROLINE TESTOUT; Hybrid Tea; Pernet-Ducher, 1890. Satin rose with brighter center. Novelty In color and fragrance. Color Most beautiful. Fragrance Very distinct. Lasting Color good; fragrance only fair; form good. Shape Below the best in bud and open flower. Substance Very good. Petallage Perfect. Size Above the average. Blooming May and June 10; July 19; August 3; September 5; October and late 5; total 42. Hardiness Canes living 6 to 12 inches above ground level in spring. Foliage Slightly susceptible to mildew and spot. Growth Good but not of the best. Stem Sometimes tends to have a weak neck. Plant 22 inches. Prune 4 eyes. Note A well-known rose and a universal favorite; grown to perfection in Portland, Oregon, where it is most remarkable. 55 OUTDOOR ROSE GROWING LA FRANCE; Hybrid Tea; Guillot, 1867. Bright pink. Novelty In blooming qualities and fragrance. Color Quite good. Fragrance Most distinct and beautiful. Lasting Color blues slightly; fragrance endures; form good. Shape Bud is not long and tends to ball, but open flower not flat. Substance Average. Petallage Perfect. Size Medium. Blooming May and June 18; July 20; August 7; September 11; October and late 11 ; total 67. Hardiness Canes living 8 to 10 inches above ground level in the spring. Foliage Susceptible to mildew and spot Growth Well above the average. Stem Only fair. Plant 22 inches. Prune 6 eyes. Note .This rose has been discarded by many, and if not properly grown has bad faults which are especially noticeable in wet seasons. If planted in poor ground in a bed which drains readily and not fed, it is well worth cultivating. It does best on Multiflora. RED SECTION There are very few roses to choose from in this section, the trouble being that nearly all the good ones are of practically the same shade, and it is impos- sible to secure twelve reds without including shy bloomers. Beyond question, a perfect red rose, com- paring with the best of the pinks and light-colored roses, has not yet been discovered; they "blue" or ' ' purple" more quickly than any other color, and many varieties have the same faults. .However, Comte G. de Rochemur has stood out as the best for all- round purposes; it gives a large quantity of bloom, and if carefully disbudded is well worth cutting. 56 COMTE G. DE ROCHEMUR BEST VARIETIES WITH CHARACTERISTICS Heretofore this place has been held by General Mac- Arthur, but Rochemur exceeds it so much in bloom- ing qualities, and in form and size in hot weather, that it is the preference. For cut flower varieties, Laurent Carle, Robin Hood, and George C. Waud, are the best. Robert Huey is the best hot weather red rose and holds its form under these conditions. Its fault has been that it does not give enough bloom. General MacArthur, Lieutenant Chaure and Cardinal are good all-round varieties. Chateau de Clos Vougeot is included for its distinct color, although it is in reality a collector's rose on account of its very shy blooming qualities. For decorative varieties Teplitz is supreme, not only among the red roses, but for any color. The trouble with Teplitz is that the stem is weak and the form of the rose is not good. It is absolutely the best rose for hedge purposes. The experiment of disbud- ding has been tried to increase the beauty of the bloom, but it does not succeed to any marked degree. A Teplitz, three years old or over, disbudded, will give close to a hundred blooms during the season, and not disbudded the amount will be at least double. Ecarlate is another splendid decorative rose, bloom- ing constantly but being of little use for cut flowers. Mrs. Cant is the best of the red Teas and does well for Mr. H. J. Staples in Maine. 57 OUTDOOR ROSE GROWING COMTE G. DE ROCHEMUR; Hybrid Tea; Schwartz, 1912. Fiery scarlet, tinted satiny vermilion, with bright red center and rosy white-edged petals. Novelty In blooming. Color Very much the same as MacArthur, perhaps a trifle darker. Fragrance Above the average. Lasting Color blues; fragrance quite good; form fan-. Shape Not perfect, but fair in bud and holds center well. Substance Good. Petallage Perfect. Size Above the average. Blooming May and June 15; July 22; August 5; September 22; October and late 3; total 67. Hardiness Canes living 8 inches above ground level in the spring. Foliage Slightly susceptible to mildew and spot. Growth Only average. Stem Average. Plant 22 inches. Prune 5 eyes. Note This rose holds its form better in hot weather than most reds of the same color, and the blooming qualities are especially good for a red rose with any pretension to form. This variety may be hard to secure in quantity for some time. ROBERT HUEY; Hybrid Tea; Alex. Dickson & Sons, 1911. Warm carmine cerise, with wire edge of delicate pink. Novelty In hardiness, unique color and lasting. Color Good, but tends to blue slightly. Fragrance Mild. Lasting Color quite good; fragrance brief; form quite good. Shape Not perfect, but pleasing in bud and open flower. Substance Very good. Petallage Perfect in spring; somewhat deficient in summer. Size Very large. Blooming May and June 9; July 12; August 3; September 3; October and late 3; total 30. Hardiness Almost perfect; canes living from 8 inches to 3 feet above ground level in spring. Foliage Liable to be lost from spot; slightly susceptible to mildew. Growth Tall but lacking in bushiness. Stem Long, but not especially strong. Plant 20 inches. Prune 7 eyes. Note A distinct red and especially noted for its beauty of bloom in hot weather, and on account of its hardi- ness can be recommended as a hedge rose. Unfor- tunately, the stock of this variety is extremely scarce at the present time. 58 LAURENT CARLE BEST VARIETIES WITH CHARACTERISTICS LAURENT CARLE; Hybrid Tea; Pernet-Ducher, 1907. Brilliant carmine. Novelty In color, fragrance, shape and lasting. Color Beautiful and clear. Fragrance Fair to strong. Lasting Color good; fragrance endures; form good. Shape Almost perfect, especially attractive for a red rose. Substance Above the average. Petallage Perfect. Size Usually quite large, but varies slightly. Blooming May and June 8; July 11; August 2; September 3; October and late 7; total 31. Hardiness Canes living 6 to 8 inches above ground level in the spring. Foliage Susceptible to mildew and spot. Growth Fair. Stem Slightly above the average. Plant 20 inches. Prune 5 eyes. Note Does better on Multiflora, and exceptionally well in the special bed. ROBIN HOOD; Hybrid Tea; E. G. Hill Company, 1912. Soft bright rosy scarlet, changing to bright scarlet crimson as season advances. Novelty In foliage, stem and lasting qualities. Color Good and clear, but some little blue. Fragrance Above the average. Lasting Color quite good; fragrance endures quite well; form good. u- Shape Not perfect, but attractive. Substance Above the average, Petallage Practically perfect. Size Average. Blooming During second year — May and June 14; July 12; August 7; September 6; October and late 3; total 42. Hardiness Canes living 8 inches above ground level in spring. Foliage Especially good, almost immune from spot and mil- dew. Growth Very good. Stem Long and fairly strong. Plant 22 inches. Prune 5 eyes. Note Easy to establish; not yet tested on Multiflora. GEORGE C. WAUD; Hybrid Tea; Alex. Dickson & Sons, 1908. Orange vermilion. Novelty In color and fragrance. Color Clear and attractive. 59 OUTDOOR ROSE GROWING Fragrance Quite marked. Lasting Color good, little liable to blue; fragrance endures; form good. Shape Good in bud; pleasing in open flower. Substance Above the average. Petallage Varies; too many in spring, too few in summer. Size Medium. Blooming May and June 6; July 10; August 2; September 7; October and late 1; total 26. Hardiness Canes living 8 to 18 inches above ground level in spring. Foliage Susceptible to mildew and spot Growth Average. Stem Good. Plant 20 inches. Prune 5 eyes. Note Does best on Multiflora. GENERAL MACARTHUR; Hybrid Tea; E. G. Hill Company, 1905. Bright crimson. Novelty In fragrance. Color Very good. Fragrance Strong. Lasting Color tends to blue; fragrance endures; form fair. Shape Buds attractive; flower sometimes opens flat. Substance Fair. Petallage Perfect. Size Medium; small in hot weather. Blooming May and June 10; July 12; August 5; Septembers; October and late 3; total 35. Hardiness Canes living 6 to 10 inches above ground level in spring. Foliage Almost immune from mildew; slightly susceptible to spot. Growth Above the average. Stem Fair. Plant 20 inches. Prune 6 eyes. Note Until the advent of Rochemur, was considered the best all-round red rose. There are several roses very much on the color of MacArthur, perhaps the best being C. W. Cowan, Eugene Boullet and Freifrau Ida von Schubert. Does a little better on Multiflora. 60 BEST VARIETIES WITH CHARACTERISTICS CARDINAL; Hybrid Tea; John Cook, 1904. Cardinal red. Novelty In perfume and blooming qualities. Color Fair. Fragrance Very good. Lasting Color blues; fragrance endures; form fair. Shape Fair in bud; not perfect in open flower. . Substance Above the average. PetaUage Perfect. Size Medium. Blooming May and June 13; July 13; August 4; September 14; October and late 4; total 48. Hardiness Canes living 6 to 8 inches above ground level in spring. Foliage Susceptible to mildew and spot. Growth Bushy, but not tall. Stem. Average. Plant 20 inches. Prune 5 eyes. Note Does better on Multiflora. Perfume and blooming insure it a place among roses superior in other qualities. LIEUTENANT CHAUEE; Hybrid Tea; Pernet-Ducher, 1910. Velvety crimson red. Novelty In color and perfume. Color Distinct and clear. Fragrance Fair to strong. Lasting Color good; fragrance endures; form fair. Shape Fair in bud and open flower. Substance Good. Petallage Deficient in number. Size Medium. Blooming May and June 5; July 7; August 3; September 6; October and late 2; total 23. Hardiness Reported good. Foliage Some mildew, but little susceptible to spot. Growth Fair. Stem Fair. Plant 20 inches. Prune 5 eyes. Note Doing well for Admiral Ward on Long Island. Tested here for only one season, so the average of blooms should be higher after the first year. 61 OUTDOOR ROSE GROWING CHATEAU DE CLOS VOUGEOT; Hybrid Tea; Pernet-Ducher, 1908. Velvety scarlet to dark velvety crimson. Novelty In color and fragrance. Color Absolutely distinct and beautiful. Fragrance Strong in the spring and fall; fair in summer. Lasting Color good; fragrance endures; form good. Shape Fair in bud; keeps high pointed center when open. Substance Almost perfect. Petallage Varies; perfect in the fall, too many in spring and summer. Size Slightly above the average. Blooming May and June 7; July 7; August 1; September 6; October and late 1; total 22. Hardiness Canes li ving 6 to 8 inches above ground level in spring. Foliage Susceptible to spot — lost early; slightly liable to mildew. Growth Above the average. Stem Usually long and strong, but if cut there is very little left of the plant. Plant 20 inches. Prune 5 eyes. Note Included on account of its unique color. Does best on Multiflora. MRS. B. R. CANT; Tea; Cant & Sons, 1901. Deep rose on outer petals, inner petals soft silvery rose, suffused with buff at base. Novelty In color, blooming and f oliage. Color While unique, is not of the very best. Fragrance Mild. Lasting Color good; fragrance brief: form good. Shape Short in bud; only fair in trie open flower. Substance Fair. Petallage Too many, and not of best shape. Size Medium to small. Blooming May and June 13; July 14; August 2; September 10; October and late 11; total 50. Hardiness Canes living 8 inches above ground level in spring. Growth Good. Foliage Distinct and beautiful; impervious to disease and holds well. Stem Good. Plant 22 inches. Prune 5 eyes. Note While the form is only fair, it lasts well, and with its usually long stem, is fair for cutting. Does best on Multiflora. GROSS AN TEPLITZ; Hybrid Tea; Geschwind, 1897. Bright scarlet crimson. Novelty In blooming, growth, hardiness, color and fragrance. 62 BEST VARIETIES WITH CHARACTERISTICS Color Beautiful and distinct. Fragrance Fair to strong. Lasting Color fairly good; fragrance endures; form does not hold. Shape Bud short; flower opens flat Substance Above the average. Petallage Fair, but of poor shape. Size Medium to small. Blooming May and June 37; July 26; August 14; September 15; October and late 15; total 107. Hardiness Almost unique as only the tips winter kill. Foliage Immune from mildew; slightly susceptible to spot. Growth Perfect. Stem Weak and usually short. Plant 26 inches. Prune 8 eyes. Note Teplitz is the best tall decorative rose grown, and if not cut back may be used as a hedge; or if grown on Multiflora does very well as a low ever-blooming climber. Scores five times under novelty. ECARLATE; Hybrid Tea; Boytard, 1907. Brilliant scarlet. Novelty In blooming and growth. Color Quite good. Fragrance None. Lasting Color blues; form does not hold. Shape Fair in bud; very flat as rose opens. Substance Barely average. Petallage Deficient in number. Size Fair in spring and fall; small in summer. Blooming : May and Septem- October June July August ber and late Total 18 36 14 22 18 108 12 34 19 15 13 93 14 25 7 9 4 59 Hardiness Canes living 8 to 18 inches above ground level in spring. Foliage Almost perfect; immune from mildew; only slightly susceptible to spot. Growth Strong and bushy, but not exceptionally tall. Stem Fair for a rose of this character. Plant 24 inches. Prune 5 eyes. Note This is distinctly a decorative rose. Without dis- budding, it will give many more blooms. 63 OUTDOOR ROSE GROWING YELLOW SECTION This section is a very difficult one to handle be- cause there are few roses of this color which fill the requirements as well as the pinks and lighter roses. Among the yellows the rose is of good form, but small growth and shy blooming qualities, or loses by poor form and more profuse blooming. For strictly cut flower varieties it is necessary to go into collector's roses to secure blooms of beautiful colors which hold their form perfectly, especially in hot weather. The yellow roses selected are those which have proved the best for all-round worth, with fair lasting qualities. On account of their great substance, Duchess of Wellington and Harry Kirk, in spring and fall, will last well in the house if cut in bud form. Daily Mail will hold its form fairly well, but the color does not last. Natalie Bottner will do very well. Mrs. Ward, while small, holds the form, as does Senateur Mas- curaud. Elli Hartmann, with its fine petallage and substance, is also a good cut flower. Madame Mel- anie Soupert is especially noted for its great sub- stance, and therefore endures when cut, although lacking in petallage. Lady Pirrie takes the place of Betty in the list, being much on the same color, but having an infinitely superior neck and lasting some- what longer. Lady Plymouth has proved the best 64 BEST VARIETIES WITH CHARACTERISTICS of the light yellow type found among the Teas, of which Maman Cochet, Mrs. Dudley Cross and Alex- ander Hill Gray were the forerunners. For decora- tive purposes Mrs. A. R. Waddell and Chrissie Mac- Kellar stand out as the best of the bronze and lighter yellows. DUCHESS OP WELLINGTON; Hybrid Tea: Alex. Dickson & Sons, 1909. Intense saffron yellow stained with rich crimson which, as the flower develops, becomes deep copper saffron yellow. Here somewhat lighter. Novelty In color, blooming, substance and size. Color Beautiful; varies, lighter in summer; rose shadings in fall. Fragrance Slight spicy perfume. Lasting Color good; fragrance brief; form quite good. Shape Practically perfect in bud; not good in open flower. Substance Very good. Petallage Deficient in number. Size One of the largest. Blooming May and June 8; July 14; August 9; September 9; October and late 7; total 47. Hardiness Canes living 6 to 8 inches above ground level in spring. Foliage Very good; almost immune from mildew; only slightly susceptible to spot. Growth Next to the largest. Stem Long and strong, only occasionally having a weak neck. Plant 24 inches. Prune 5 eyes. Note More nearly fills the requirements than any other yellow in cultivation, having a wonderful record for many years. HARRY KIRK; Tea; Alex. Dickson & Sons, 1907. Bright primrose to amber yellow. With us, light sulphur yellow. Novelty In growth, foliage and extreme hardiness. Color Beautiful and clear. Fragrance Slight; to some persons not pleasing. Lasting Color fades except in cool weather; fragrance quickly becomes rank; form does not last. Shape Almost perfect in bud; not good in open flower. 65 OUTDOOR ROSE GROWING Substance Very good. Petallage Deficient in number. Size Fairly large. Blooming May and June 7; July 15; August 1; September 8; October and late 1; total 32. Hardiness Splendid; living to tips on strong wood, 8 inches on weak wood, in the spring. Foliage Very good; little affected by mildew and spot. Growth Fine. Stem Fair. Plant 20 inches. Prune 6 eyes. Note A good all-round rose, chiefly on account of its great reliability as a bloomer and its hardiness; adaptable as a low hedge. MADAME EDOUARD HERRIOT or DAILY MAIL; Pernetiana; Pernet- Ducher, 1913. Bud coral red shaded with yellow on base. Open flower rosy coral red; lighter shadings are in salmon. Novelty In color, foliage and hardiness. Color Unique, attractive and startling. Fragrance Mild. Lasting Color fades; fragrance brief; form does not hold well. Shape Attractive in bud, holding high center until half open. Substance Above the average. Petallage Deficient hi number. Size Above the average. Blooming Two-year-old plants cut low; May and June 7; July 17; August 1; September 4; October and late 3; total 32. Hardiness Perfect; living to tips on strong wood; 6 inches on weak wood in spring. Foliage Beautiful in spring and early summer; lost later. Growth Average. Stem Average. Plant 20 inches. Prune 6 eyes. Note Best of all the Pernetianas tested. By pruning experiments, it has been found best to cut fairly low as this gives better stems and helps hold the foliage; a few more blooms will be secured by high pruning, but this is not advocated unless for garden decoration or low hedge purposes. Does best on Multiflora. NATALIE BOTTNER; Hybrid Tea; Bottner, 1910. Soft flesh to creamy yellow. Novelty In color and shape. Color Beautiful, clear and distract. 66 BEST VARIETIES WITH CHARACTERISTICS Fragrance Fair. Lasting Color very good; fragrance brief; form good. Shape Good in bud and open flower. Substance Well above the average. Petallage Perfect. Size Medium to large. Blooming May and June 5; July 16; August 4; September 11; October and late 4; total 40. Hardiness Canes living 6 to 12 inches above ground level in spring. Foliage Very good, being only slightly susceptible to mildew and spot. Growth Well above the average. Stem Quite good. Plant 22 inches. Prune 6 eyes. Note The only fault is an occasional tendency to ball in wet seasons. MRS. AARON WARD; Hybrid Tea; Pernet-Ducher, 1907. Indian yellow, occasionally washed with salmon rose. Novelty In color, shape and foliage. Color Distinct. Fragrance Mild. Lasting Color fades quickly; fragrance brief; form good. Shape Beautiful in bud and open flower. Substance Well above the average. Petallage A trifle above the perfect number. Size Small; varies considerably. Blooming May and June 10; July 13; August 2; September 5; October and late 8; total 38. Hardiness Canes living 6 to 10 inches above ground level in spring. Foliage Attractive color and leathery; little affected by disease. Growth Quite bushy, but not tall. Stem Quite good. Plant 20 inches. Prune 5 eyes. Note A popular rose with only two noticeable faults — lack of size and the fading of the color. SENATETJR MASCTTRAUD; Hybrid Tea; Pernet-Ducher, 1909. Cream yellow with light yolk of egg center. Novelty In color and shape. Color Beautiful and clear. Fragrance Mild. Lasting Color good; fragrance brief; form good. Shape Good in bud and open flower. 67 OUTDOOR ROSE GROWING Substance Average. Petallage Perfect. Size Medium. Blooming .May and June 5; July 12; August 5; September 12; October and late 3; total 37. Hardiness Canes living 8 inches above ground level in spring. Foliage Very good; little affected by mildew and spot. Growth Barely average. Stem Good. Plant 20 inches. Prune 5 eyes. Note A very attractive little rose; while not of the very best, it is well balanced. Given the preference over Souvenir de Gustave Prat on account of its better stems. Does best on Multiflora. ; ELLI HARTMANN; Hybrid Tea; Welter, 1913. Old golden yellow. Novelty In color, growth, foliage and lasting. Color Clear and attractive. Fragrance Mild. Lasting Color good; fragrance brief; form endures. Shape Not of the best, but attractive in bud and open flower. Substance Above the average. Petallage Too many petals, some being too narrow in shape. Size Medium; sometimes quite large. Blooming May and June 7; July 7; August 4; September 3; October and late 11; total 32. Hardiness Canes living 8 inches above ground level in spring. Foliage Very good; little affected by disease. Growth Very good; tall and fairly bushy. Stem Quite strong, although sometimes short. Plant 22 inches. Prune 5 eyes. Note This rose may be hard to secure in quantity for some time. While not as profuse a bloomer as Wellington, it excels the latter in the lasting quality of the bloom and the beauty of the open flower. MADAME MELANIE SOUPERT; Hybrid Tea; Pernet-Ducher, 1906. Light cream to salmon yellow, with light carmine shades. Novelty In color, substance, size and stem. Color Very beautiful. Fragrance Mild. Lasting Color good; fragrance brief; form fairly good. Shape Although net standard spiral, is beautiful in bud; not so attractive when fully open. Substance Remarkable. ELLI HARTMANN BEST VARIETIES WITH CHARACTERISTICS Petallage Deficient in number. Size Very large. Blooming May and June 6; July 9; August 3; September 3; October and late 4; total 25. Hardiness Occasionally winter kills. Canes living 6 to 12 inches above ground level in spring. Foliage. Beautiful in color and substance; little affected by Growth Tall, not bushy or uniform. Stem Usually very long and strong, especially in the spring. Plant 20 inches. Prune 5 eyes. Note One of the most beautiful roses in cultivation, but until grown on Multiflora was strictly a collector's rose. Better on Multiflora than in a special bed; the ideal method would seem to be Multiflora stock grown in a special bed. This rose surpasses Marquise de Sinety and Madame Charles Lutaud in substance, stem, growth and hardiness. LADY PIRRIE; Hybrid Tea; Hugh Dickson, 1910. Deep coppery reddish salmon; inside of petals apricot yellow — varies. Lighter with us. -vj*. Novelty In color, grpwth'and blooming. Color Very beautiful; varies greatly with the season. Fragrance Mild. Lasting Color fades; fragrance brief; form does not hold. Shape Attractive in bud; open flower flat. Substance Very good. Petallage Deficient in number. ^ Size Above the average. Blooming May and June 10; July 21; August 6; September 10; October and late 9; total 56. Hardiness Canes living 8 to 18 inches above ground level in spring. I Foliage Susceptible to mildew; little affected by spot. Growth Very strong and bushy. Stem Well above the average. Plant 24 inches. Prune 6 eyes. Note A fair decorative rose and good for cut blooms in cool weather. LADY PLYMOUTH; Tea; Alex. Dickson & Sons, 1914. Deep ivory cream, very faintly flushed. Novelty In color, lasting and foliage* Color Excellent. Fragrance Mild. OUTDOOR ROSE GROWING Lasting Color good; fragrance brief; form very good. Shape Good in bud and open flower. Substance Good. Petallage Perfect. Size Above the average. Blooming Two-year-old plants, May and June 6; July 8; August 3; September 10; October and late 1; total 28. Hardiness Canes living 8 inches above ground level in spring. Foliage Especially fine. Growth Bushy and with many canes, but not exceptionally tall. Stem Quite good. Plant 22 niches. Prune 5 eyes. Note An improvement in the well-known type of yellow Teas. MRS. A. R. WADDELL; Hybrid Tea; Pernet-Ducher, 1908. Rosy scarlet bud, opening reddish salmon; reverse of petals rosy scarlet. Novelty In color, growth and blooming. Color Very attractive and_distinct. Fragrance Mild. Lasting Color fades; fragrance brief; form does not last. Shape Very good in bud; open flower loose. Substance Fair. Petallage Deficient in number. Size Trifle above the average. Blooming May and June 9; July 22; August 5; September 16; October and late 5; total 57. Hardiness Canes living 6 to 8 inches above ground level in spring. Foliage Only slightly susceptible to mildew and spot. Growth Well above the average. Stem Fairly long, but liable to be weak, and wilts quickly. Plant 2 feet on Briar or Multiflora. Prune 5 eyes. Note Very good as a decorative rose on account of its blooming qualities. Does best on Multiflora. CHRISSIB MACKELLAB; Hybrid Tea; Alex. Dickson & Sons, 1913. Intense crimson carmine crayonings on rich, deep, ochrey madder, becoming bright orangey-pink as the bloom develops. Novelty In blooming, foliage, color and growth. Color Attractive. Fragrance Mild. Lasting Color good; fragrance brief; form does not last. Shape Attractive in bud; open flower flat. Substance Average. 70 BEST VARIETIES WITH CHARACTERISTICS Petallage Deficient in number. Size 'fjzuf Medium to small. Blooming . .-TT.1 Two-year-old plants, May and June 11; July 20; August 8; September 11; October and late 15; total 65. Hardiness Canes living 6 inches above ground level in spring. Foliage Almost perfect; good color and substance; practically immune from disease. Growth Splendid; high, strong and bushy, with many canes. Stem Fairly good. Plant 24 inches. Prune 6 eyes. Note Well adapted for decorative purposes and easily established. A MAIN LIST OF ROSES In the main list the numerals 2 and 3 appear in column marked "List." The roses listed No. 2 are those which have stood the tests very well; they have surpassed the great main body of varieties which have been discarded as not coming up to the requisite standard. No. 2 is a list of honor and is for good, all-round roses, with the faults plainly noted under the various head- ings. Before putting these roses in this No. 2 list hundreds of roses have been carefully tested, and these are the ones which have been found most suitable for our climate and conditions as all-round varieties. For a person wishing a greater variety of all-round roses than is included in the first forty-eight, No. 2 is recommended. The roses listed No. 3 are special roses and should 71 OUTDOOR ROSE GROWING be mainly ordered either for large gardens or collec- tions, or by persons thoroughly understanding their failings, all of which are noted under the various headings. It would be easy to make list No. 3 very much larger, but it is cut down on the theory that every rose contained therein should be the very best of its land, or have some special merit. For this reason there may be some roses which it will be thought should have been included, but for average condi- tions, and particularly for the amateur rose grower who does not wish a very large number of roses, this list will be found more than sufficient, and this book is written for such persons. In list No. 3 are included some weak-growing roses with beautiful blooms; they are not perfectly hardy and, in addition, are weak growers, but are so dis- tinct in their beauty that they should be included hi any large collection, particularly by a person under- standing their failings. In list No. 3 some single roses are placed which, while good bloomers and of robust habit, are so much below the average hi the form of their blooms that they should not be included hi any list but No. 3. It has been aimed to cover, under the columns of the main list, the principal points of each rose. Under the greater number of headings the letters 72 BEST VARIETIES WITH CHARACTERISTICS "A"— very good, "B"— good, "C"— fair, "D"— poor, "V" — varies, are used to describe each variety. Under the heading "Form of Rose" the abbrevia- tion "Si" indicates that the rose is single. Under the heading "Size of Bloom," "L"— large, "M"— medium, "S"— small. It will readily be understood that under "Growth," for example, all the roses marked "A" are not abso- lutely the same in growth, but for all practical pur- poses they form an approximate class under "A," all of which come up to a certain standard. This principle applies to all headings. Growth is marked, not only for the height and strength, but also for the number of canes and uniformity. Under "Hardiness" the system is changed to give the number of niches of good wood left in the spring. Where a rose kills down to the ground level the letter "G" is inserted in the column, and where a certain percentage whiter kill, the letters "W K" have been added. Last year, with a new shipment of a thousand roses, chiefly new varieties, about twenty plants, or two per cent., have been lost, and some of the new plants were very small and weak. This immunity from deaths is due to the fact that the roses are "hilled up" every autumn, as described hi the chapter on "Cultivation." 73 OUTDOOR ROSE GROWING On account of the number of new roses constantly being planted in the testing beds from all parts of this country and Europe, it is impossible to entirely eliminate disease, but in a way this has its valuable side, because the roses tested are brought hi contact with disease and the varieties which are immune, or nearly so, stand out. It may therefore be that cer- tain roses marked down for "Foliage" will do better with the average amateur than they will here. To receive "A," the foliage must be practically immune from mildew and spot, and must hold well throughout the season. In marking for "Stem" a long strong stem is marked "A," short stems and those not able to sus- tain the weight of the bloom are marked "B," etc. In "Size" a rose is considered "Medium" which runs from three and a half to four and a half inches hi the spring. Smaller roses are marked "S" and larger roses marked "L." It seemed best to give the actual number of blooms on all the varieties so that a grower would know the number of flowers he might expect. In this con- nection, it will be understood that the number of blooms varies greatly under different climatic con- ditions. As a usual thing the rose season here com- mences about the twenty-fifth of May, but testing beds in which the records have been made are about 74 BEST VARIETIES WITH CHARACTERISTICS five hundred feet above sea level. In Southern Phila- delphia, where the altitude is less, the bloom com- mences at least ten days earlier. Of course, in all localities the time of blooming is affected by the sea- son. A month which gives cool weather and much rain increases the blooming of a rose, and a month of great heat and drought will naturally reduce the number of flowers; but as the records are taken from a number of years in the majority of cases, an average should be reached which is exact enough for all re- quirements. In a short test a rose may do well hi one bed and badly in another. This has been insured against as far as possible by planting a number of roses of each variety, and having a test of never less than two years. "Form" has been marked for the length and beauty of the bud and also for the substance of the open flower; petallageand size have both been considered; short buds and blooms which open singly or flat are marked "B," etc. "Lasting" refers entirely to the keeping qualities both before and after cutting. "Color" is marked for the clearness and beauty of the color; "B" or "C" are used if the rose is either somewhat muddy or verges on a solferino shade, which is not considered of the first beauty hi roses. The color descriptions of the blooms in the Main List 75 OUTDOOR ROSE GROWING are mostly taken from the catalogue of Alexander Dickson & Sons, Ltd. It is noted where there is a very marked difference between this and roses tested here. Where two letters are used, it will be understood that the description in question will range, for in- stance: from "B" — good to "A" — very good, etc. The last two right-hand columns are a handy reference for planting and pruning, and the distances for planting may be followed implicitly. These have been changed in many places because during the last year experiments with spacing have proved that roses do better with more room. Therefore, while the marks given could be shaded to a slight extent, for general garden work they should be closely fol- lowed. They are based on the cultivation afterwards advised. It is most important that with these dis- tances a mulch be used to protect the rose roots from the heat, otherwise they are too great. This is espe- cially true in localities with open porous soil, or where local conditions cause quick drainage. As a rule, a rose will require more space on Multiflora than on Briar, on account of its greater growth on this stock. The pruning column will be understood after the chapter " Pruning " is read; the number of eyes given for pruning being for the strongest wood, weak wood being cut lower down. "D.W. " in this column stands for dead wood. 76 BEST VARIETIES WITH CHARACTERISTICS Nearly every rose has some slight perfume, but in very many cases it is so mild that it is hardly noticeable. A column is therefore not added for per- fume, but with roses in which the perfume is distinct, the same is noted under the description of the variety. Where Multiflora is suggested hi the left-hand column, the plant is marked for growth on Multiflora, and where special bed is noted, the rose is marked for special bed. The Main List referred to will be found on the following pages. 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Good 95 0^3 3 fl ^ g » S -.2^ ® ^-i!i m?Jt H & 3 aHd"! jo%rfi3i S3f«a*| ^ Pllfe^ > >• OUTDOOR ROSE GROWING SCHEDULE OP POINTS FOR JUDGING OF OUTDOOR ROSES ORIGINATED BY DR. ROBERT HUEY. JESSE A. CURREY, GEORGE C. THOMAS. JR. INDIVIDUAL QUALITIES Novelty 5 Color 10 Fragrance 5 Lasting 10 Total SO FOBM Shape 10 Substance 5 Petallage 5 Size 5 Total 25 HABIT AND GROWTH Blooming Hardiness 15 10 Foliage Growth 10 5 Stem 5 Total 45 Grand Total 100 INDIVIDUAL QUALITIES NOVELTY [5] The conditions to be considered in judging this quality shall be: 1st — With roses of any established class, the Improvement or Distinctiveness of the Color, Fra- grance, Lasting, Shape, Size, Substance, Petallage or Stem, with regard to the bloom. 98 BEST VAEIETIES WITH CHAEACTERISTICS The Improvement of the Hardiness, Foliage, or Growth, with regard to the habit of the plant. 2d — With roses of any new class, the Distinctive- ness, Individuality and Improvement over classes already established. Note. — Any new rose which is to receive an award as a new variety must have filed with the Society under whose auspices it competes, a certified pedi- gree if same is known, or certificate giving as many facts as possible with relation to its origin if the entire pedigree is unknown. COLOR [10] The conditions to be considered in judging this quality shall be: Uniformity, both as to shades and markings; clearness and beauty of the color; and freedom from splotches, muddiness and objectionable shades. FRAGRANCE [5] The conditions to be considered in judging this quality shall be: Abundance and refinement. LASTING [10] The conditions to be considered in judging this quality shall be: 99 OUTDOOR ROSE GROWING 1st — The lasting of the color of the flower, cut and uncut. 2d — The retention of the fragrance of the flower, cut and uncut. 3d — The lasting of the form of the flower, as a bud, as partly opened, and as a full-blown rose, cut and uncut. FORM SHAPE [10] The conditions to be considered in judging this quality shall be: 1st — To consider the type of rose being judged and to compare the exhibit with a rose of perfect shape of that type. In regard to exhibition varieties, the most desired shape is a long spiral bud, which, as the rose opens, maintains a high pointed center. Roses which are short in bud, and which open flat, should be adversely scored. SUBSTANCE [5] The conditions to be considered in judging this quality shall be: 1st — To consider the type of rose being judged and to compare the exhibit with a rose of perfect substance of that type. 2d — The weight or thickness of the petals. 100 BEST VARIETIES WITH CHARACTERISTICS PETALLAGE [5] The conditions to be considered in judging this quality shall be: 1st — To consider the type of rose being judged and to compare the exhibit with a rose of perfect petallage of that type. In considering Hybrid Teas, Hybrid Perpetuals, Pernetianas, and other types of roses used for exhibi- tion, first, the shape of the petals shall be considered; and second, the number of petals. A rose of this type, to score the maximum under this quality, should have approximately forty (40) petals. A single rose shall be one which has from four (4) to ten (10) petals; a semi-double rose shall be one which has from eleven (11) to twenty-five (25) petals; a double rose shall be one which has over twenty-five (25) petals. SIZE [5] The conditions to be considered in judging this quality shall be: To consider the type of rose being judged and to compare the exhibit with a rose of perfect size of that type. HABIT AND GROWTH BLOOMING [15] The conditions to be considered in judging this quality shall be: 101 OUTDOOR ROSE GROWING The length of the blooming season; the continuity of blooms; and the number of blooms produced. Note. — In judging Hybrid Teas, Pernetianas, and other types of roses which bloom throughout the entire growing season, and which, on account of their beauty and length of stem, are useful for cut flower varieties, a plant which, after the first year, produces fifty (50) blooms should receive the maxi- mum number of points for this quality. HARDINESS [10] The conditions to be considered in judging this quality shall be: To consider the type of rose being judged and to compare the exhibit with a rose of perfect hardiness of that type, noting particularly the amount of winter killing, and the extent to which the variety is affected by extreme heat or other climatic conditions. FOLIAGE [10] The conditions to be considered in judging this quality shall be: 1st — The quality and substance of the foliage. 2d — The lasting qualities of the foliage during the entire growing season. 3d — The immunity of the foliage from mildew, spot and other diseases. 102 BEST VARIETIES WITH CHARACTERISTICS GKOWTH [5] The conditions to be considered in judging this quality shall be: To consider the type of rose being judged and to compare the exhibit with a rose of perfect growth of that type, special attention being given, not only to the vigor of the plant and the number of canes pro- duced, but also to the uniformity and even balance of the growth. In judging climbers or ramblers, the strength and length of the shoot bearing the blooms, and the branching habit, shall be especially considered. STEM [5] The conditions to be considered in judging this quality shall be: The length and strength of the stem which carries the bloom. In judging exhibition varieties the following points shall be scored: A plant on which the stem carrying the bloom is 6 inches in length shall receive 1 point From 6 to 8 inches 2 points From 8 to 10 inches 3 points From 10 to 12 inches 4 points Over 12 inches 5 points providing that, in each case, the stem shall be of sufficient strength to properly carry the weight of the bloom. 103 OUTDOOR ROSE GROWING Quality Novelty - Fragrance 79 -Coto v . t UwrVfc 3- BLOOMING (Exhibition) Miy June July Aug 7y Strong Early Bloom No Hours Held Color Early Bloom OnBl Cut Blooms Measured Early Bloom Bud Rose Bud Rose Bud Rose On Bush Cut Fragrance No Hours Held Fragrance Early Bloom OnBuih Cut STEM (Exhibition) On Bush Cut ''No Hours Held Form Length in Early Bloom On Bi Cut Early Bloom On Bush Cut On Bush jpf 02*e PETALLAGE Blooms Counted .FOLIAGE Early Bloom July, M,d Season 3