v % NEW PRACTICAL

HEBREW GRAMMAR

WITH

HEBREW-ENGLISH AND ENGLISH-HEBREW
EXERCISES

AND

A HEBREW CHRESTOMATHY

BY

Solomon Doutsch, A. M., Ph. D.

NEW YORK,
LEYPOLDT & HOLT.

1868

Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 186.8 by

SOLOMON DEUTSCH, A. M., Ph. Dr.

in the Clerk s Office of the District Court of the United States,
for the District of Maryland.

/

C. W. Schneider cith, Pr., Baltimore, MA.

I S /

PREFACE.

Although many and valuable Hebrew Grammars have appeared
in this country, which in completeness and critical ability have left
little to be desired, I yet venture to offer this work to the public,
with the expectation that this result of my labors will still be found
useful to the Hebrew student.

jjjfi has been my aim, divesting the Grammar of all extraneous
detail, to present it full and complete in every necessary particular.
I have especially had in view the wants of those instructing them
selves, for whom, as well as for schools, I have endeavored to
make this volume a practical introduction to the language of the
Old Testament.

I shall briefly recapitulate the distinctive features of this man
ual.

1. To facilitate the commission of the rules to memory, they
have been expressed with all the conciseness consistent with per
spicuity. ^

2. Believing that exceptions are more properly to be sought
in the Lexicon and Critical Commentary, I have noted such irregu
larities only as, by their frequency, can claim to be held integral
parts of the language.

3. The illustration of the abstract by the concrete being ne
cessary to the clear understanding of the former, the rules have
been explained and confirmed by examples, and further elucidated
by exercises.

4. In elaborating these exercises, I have taken great care to se
lect valuable sentences, containing either an. interesting historical fact
or a sententious moral. The internal character of the passage has
been considered as well as its external grammatical form. The
Syntactical part is without exercises, the rules being illustrated by
examples only. Nevertheless the student will become fully familiar
with them by the constant reference made to them in the Etymo
logical part.

5. In the acquisition of a language, the learner, in order to fa
miliarize himself with the grammatical forms, should make frequent
translations into it from his mother-tongue. To this end English-
Hebrew exercises have been prepared, particularly illustrating the
rules which they immediately follow, anticipating nothing, but ex-

IV

actly keeping pace with the student s progress. I have intentionally
made the construction of the English sentences conformable to the
verbal arrangement of the Hebrew* Where the English construction
admits of no change, I have endeavored to aid the student by help
of numerals irregularly placed.

6. The approved results of continental research have been
concisely embodied in this volume. Gesenius, Ewald, Fuerst (Lex
icon), L. D. Luzzatto (Grammatica della Lingua Ebraica), Naegels-
bach, being followed in important points; the latter s arrangement
of the declensions has been preserved with slight alterations. ^

7. In the Paradigms, presented at the end of the Granmmr,
the groundforms are distinguished by asterisks.

8. Although the words in the Hebrew exercises are transla
ted as they occur, a vocabulary is added ; first, to save the stu
dent s time and labor in seeking a forgotten word, secondly, that
he may refer to it, should he be in doubt as to the form of the
word when uninflected.

To economize space, however, and to refresh the learner s
memory with regard to the original sentence, no translations are
given, but the student is directed to the number of the exercise*

9. A Chrestomathy composed of various selections in prose
and poetry from the Old Testament is given with a vocabulary
consisting of all the words not found in the exercises.

10. The two vocabularies contain about two thousand different
Hebrew words in general use. How large a proportion this is,
one can easily perceive, when one considers that the whole number
of radical words in the language does not exceed 1867, It is
therefore expected that the diligent student in a few months, will be
enabled by mastering the Hebrew exercises and the Chrestomathy
to read understandingly the less difficult portions of the Old Tes
tament.

By this enumeration it will be readily seen, that the plan in
some respects possesses the character of novelty, and it is hoped
that this fruit of earnest and zealous exertion will be found accepta
ble and useful.

Baltimore, July 15, 1868.

PART I.

OF THE ELEMENTS.

CHAPTER L

LETTEKS, SOUNDS AND SIGNS.

1. ALPHABET.

df
1. Twenty-two consonants compose the Hebrew Alphabet.

FORM.

NAMK.

POWER.

D

Aleph
(3) Beth

JV3 (* fVjl house)

a, scarcely audible
breathing.

bh, b

y

Q) Giinel

7DJ ( s 7p| camel)

g in go

n

(1) Daleth

H/H ( s HTI door )

d

n

He

*j"| (the meaning doubtful)

h in he

i

Vav

^ (a nail, hook)

w or v

r

Zain

pf (a weapon)

z

n

Cheth

J"pn (a fence)

ch in the German
word nach

B

Teth

]1^D ( a basket)

t

t

Yod

*i^ (* 1^ hand)

J in ye

D

Final.

Q) "I Caph

13 (the hollow of the

ch or k

7 Lamed

D Mem

3 " ? Nun

D Samcch

ox-goad) 1

( s D P water)
(a fish)

m
ri

s in sons:

PAIIT I. ELEMENTS.

FORM. NAME. POWER.

Ayin ]*y (eye) not pronounced

Final.

:)) *] Pe N*2 ( = ,15 mouth) ph, p

Y Tsade H (a fish hook) ts

Koph v"]1p (the eye of a needle or k

1 the back of the head)
Resh >H ( * >X 1 = \sn head ) r

^ Sllin V*(- WJ tootl^ sh

/ x I iff \ (^ lOOtll)

C^ Sin s

D (fl) Tav }fi (a cross mart) th t

NOTE I. ^ and ,*"] may be respectively compared with the Greek
spiritus lenis and asper; H is a deep guttural sound (the German
ch); y like X is commonly omitted in reading. The nasal (ng) pro
nunciation ofy is incorrect. In the Septuagmt it is sometimes represen
ted by the spiritus asper or lenis, sometimes by the Greek Gamma s g.
In the Arabic the corresponding letter is a deep rolling guttural
(rg), probably the true pronunciation.

NOTE II. These characters are not the original forms, the pre
sent letters not having been adopted, until long after the Babylo
nian captivity or according to some a century before Christ, hence
this alphabet has been termed, the Assyrian (properly Babylonian)
square letter : ^IISTX DfiD and V5^*3 DDD The coins struck

-: T : * T \: T :

at the time of the Maccabees and the Samaritan Pentateuch present
the ancient Hebrew Characters which are similar to the Phoenician.

NOTE III. The names of the letters have probably been selected
for the sake of the initial sounds. In old Hebrew, Samaritan and
Phoenician writing, the forms of the letters resembled the things ex
pressed by their names : this resemblance is still partly seen in tin-
present alphabet : as ^ a nail, f a weapon, Q il basket, ^ the hol
low of the bent hand etc.
2. Hebrew is read from the right hand to the left.

Write the Roman characters corresponding to the fol
lowin Hebrew letters :

--DD nr .]

DO ,n3t .H313

ann ^DD nnpTi muy -nSa --i!2D -pn c-n -p

2. DIVISION OF LETTERS. 3

EXERCISE 2.

Write the Hebrew letters corresponding to the follow
ing Roman characters :

1, ch, h, k, t, th, s, sh, r, d, p, y, w, g, f, z, tz, n, g,
b, ch, Ichn, km, rtz, zr, ytlim, chl, kl, shb, dbktm,
hnshrm, bmdbr, gdl, ktn, zvch,,sw, dfalwt, gy, tw, gbth,
li/t, nthn.

2. DIVISION OF LETTERS.

The letters are divided according to the organs with
which they are pronounced into :

Gutturals

Palatals

Linguals

Dentals or Sibilants,

Labials

The letter 1 partakes of both a guttural and dental cha
racter.

EXERCISE 3.

Give in the following words the names of the letters
and the classes to which they belong :

ICT Vw iWm n-iyi oa^ o i&y nin* nox HD

SN* i^n Sx maSxi Din

:nrnoipon

^ : astro xn D"i pno

3. VOWEL - LETTERS AND VOWEL -SIGNS.

1. The letters ^HN Elievi (a word used to assist the me
mory) form a separate class, being called vowel letters,
they sometimes representing not consonantal but vowel
sounds. ,

"2. Besides these vowel -letters, which generally indicate
long vowels, in the 6th century nine vowel signs (nliftJfl
or nnipj), were introduced, points and strokes placed,
with two exceptions, under the letter, after which they are
to be pronounced. Of these nine signs, three represent long
vowels, three short and three doubtful.

PART I. ELEMENTS.

Name. ]

Kamets H3p

Voi
form.

T

eels.

Power.

a in father

Tsere HV

e in there

Cholem D7in

6 in note

_Skort Vou-els.

Name. Form. Power.

Patach

Seghol

WTO

a in sharp
e in met

NAME.

Doubtful Vowels.

o in not

or rather

u in dull

Chirek
Shurek
Kubbuts

p*Yn

(ni --p :

tful Vowel

FORM. POWER.

i in machine or i in pin

u in rule

u in rule or u in full.

NOTE I. Cholem is a dot over the ^ as 1 or the *) is omitted
and the dot placed above on the left of the consonant : as J| = go,
"J * do. Shurek is always placed in the bosom of 1 as J| , The
Chirek-point is placed under the letter : as 5 j if * follows it is
long, if not, doubtful : O l n g * 3 either long or short i.

3. The classification of the vowels, according to the three
primary vowel sounds, from which they have originated, is
also of importance. These are the vowels A (in father) I
(in machine) U (in rule), for E and are properly diph
thongs : E arising from a + i, from a -[- u.

= a in father

or = I in machine

= a in sharp ! = i in pin

= e in there

^= a in fate

. = e in met

1 = u in rule
= u or u in full
1 or -_^ = o in note
= u in dull.

r

NOTE II. The above pronunciation is that of the exiled Portu
guese and Spanish Jews and their descendants (the Sefaradic); the
German Jews pronounce ( T ) like 6 jn home and _ or 1 like o in
home or ow in vow; the Polish pronounce () like i in bind, ( 1)
almost like oi in spoil, *) almost as the French u, the other vowels
like their German brethren. The Sefaradic is considered the pro
nunciation most nearly correct. The proper names in the Septua-
gint and Josephus and the Hebrew phrases occurring in the New Test
ament, are written in accordance with this mode, which is also con
firmed by the present usage of the Jews of Palestine and the anal
ogy of the Arabic.

3. VOWEL LETTERS & VOWEL SIGNS. 5

4. These three classes respectively correspond to the vow
el-letters 1HN which latter may be considered as their re
presentatives : N and H represent the A class, or as it is
usually expressed, are homogeneous with this class, is homo
geneous with the I class, ) is homogeneous with the U
class,

5, The long vowels of the I and U class, are most fre
quently accompanied by their correspondent Vowel-letters.
At the end of a word the long vowel, of the A class is
usually written with K or H : as NQ , H^ ; in the middle
but rarely with N : as HNtfD, and "never with fityrft&Z.
*"Y) HIS are compound words and H considered as quies-
cing at the end of the first.) Therefore the ^HN are vocal
ized, or to use the common expression rest (quiesce) in the
following cases :

in < , * T , i
1 in J|, V as

The consonantal power of K and U is so feeble, that X
without the vowel-sign is mute after all the long vowels
and final ft without the vowel is mute after Kamets,
Tsere, Cholera and Seghol: as

6. ^ and * when preceded by a heterogeneous vowel-sign,
or followed by a vowel or Sh va ( 4) or when having a
Dagesh ( 7) retain their consonantal sound: as 11 read vav,
U * gev, *fi * chay, Ijj # goy. In the termination V~ the
* is silent: as V33 read panav.

T T

NOTE 3. 1 preceded by a vowel-sign or Sh va [ 4] or fol
lowed by a vowel must be read as i; : as fyy read avon, H1VP
mitsvoth, nib read love,

NOTE 4. When the ^j-jj$ especially ^ arid * accompany their
homogeneous vowels, the latter are said to be written fully (JOD) >
without the quiescent letters they are said to be written defectively

(ipn) : niSi nv > Sinr ftiiy , h^ >

r

ft PART I. ELEMENTS.

NOTE 5. The Cholem-point without ^ is omitted when ty pro
ceeds: as in XJlfi? or when > follows: as in

EXERCISE 4.

Read the following syllables and words according to
the pronunciation of the Portuguese Jews :

% r n ,n ,b .p o ,p_ ,N* ,K ,K .ij; ^a ^* ^ /^* tp

EXERCISE 5.

in *n 7 n Jii n NJ in ^n n n w NJ ID ^ ^ NX

ND ^D X: VO J|S iS tfS 3 N3 V- V ^ ItO 1 L5 ND

T. , . T T T ... T

t n n i >p.- 1^ NV ^ ^ K9 iy NI;

,in *n xn ^

EXERCISE 6.

33 3N 3N*

.nil 11 n n? pS Tjin t\)y D.I D^ DU

. EXERCISE 7.

vS iji vS vS ^S nS ^n s S ^ ^ ^ "o nj ^

D 1 ?^ 33# S^2D Tj^h n?t? H^ O V V ^D H

n ptrrr f^ n 1^7 p^y n^ p ng^ p ij;j? S^i^

IB no ^TD nb f cn n Ti

- T - T - T V

EXERCISE 8.

17*17x91 vnxpi irni iip ^ip np ip vj; pj;
.rte Xi ir w ^n iS^ 01:01 nin rvn m HI

* -

4. KH VA. 7

EXERCISE 9.

Write the following syllables and words in Hebrew
characters: ye, ya, bo, ki f ztl, wu, til, to, ra, ril, bin, pi v,
gav, bechi, gau, clodi, vav, zodu, bara, paninu, tuvecha.
gorolenu, yagllil, yosher, moshel, bosem, shalosh, love,
kol [defectively] kol [fully] sbomer [fully] choshev [de
fectively] slil [fully] pe [defectively] nazid [fully].

4. SH VA.

1. At the beginning or in the middle of a word the
vowelless consonant also receives a sign, two dots (:) de
nominated: Sh va tfW (for $}& emptiness) or $3$ (for

N^p* fissure, gap, i. e. bare of vowel): as ^bj^ , Jlbyp Final
*J ftid two vowelless consonants at the end of a word re
ceive the 8h va: as *lh , ip p J hence also a letter with
Dagesh-forte ( 7): as

2. The Sh va under the initial consonant of a word or
syllable is called y% KV? vocal Sh va, because it indicates

a slight vowel sound, like an obscure or .half e ; as 7tOp
read K tol. Sh va under the final consonant of a sylable is
silent and termed therefore Sl,1 fcOtJ* silent Sh va.

3. Sh va is only given to a consonant and never to the
when they represent vowels or quiesce: as n ^n

NOTE I. Vocal Sh va for the most part originating from the
dropping of a vowel [ 14, II. Rejection] retained in pronunciation

an aftersonnd [Nacnklang] of that original vowel, which was indi
cated by the addition of this vowel to the Sh va : as D*JJ* "Tp for
D CHp from & *-jp ; 3H_n for ^Htl from ^Hj ; thus always with
gutturals: Jl^DN from |- CN D uHH from V^n, Seethe next

T v: T T:

and Note.

NOTE II. On the distinction of vocal and silent Sh va see 11.

EXERCISE 10.

rnirrr r\m rin^;. yi3 niS? nir ny D ID

PART I. ELEMENTS,

5. COMPOSITE SH VA.

When the vowelless initial consonant of a word or sylla
ble is one of the gutturals ^hPTX ( 2) a short vowel (-),
(-) or ( T ) is added to the Sh va, to indicate a more dis
tinct sound, as a half a, e or o. This Sh va is called
composite Sh va (compounded with a vowel) or iltDPf Cha-
tbeph (rapid) from its rapid utterance.
These are: -= Chateph-Pattach
w Chateph-Seghol
T= Chateph-Kamets Hf"j

NOTE, In a few instances the compound Sh vas are also written
under other consonants : as

EXERCISE 11.

ro? i\
n nn

n^is ori
nran

6. PATACH FURTIVE.

The Patach (-) under the gutturals H y and H [H
with a dot called Mappik 7] at the end of a word is
not read after the letter as usual, hut before it : as (TH
read ruach, (1H read reach, JlllJ roa( l gahoahh. This
Patach does not helong to the form of the word, therefore
it falls away when the word is lengthened: as (TH* ITn.
It is called Patach furtive HDI^ (1113 * because its position
and pronunciation are, as it were, illegitimate.
EXERCISE 12.

yh rb

7. DAGESII AND MAPPIK. 9

nin rr& rnV n in jn jn

7. DAGESH AND MAPPIK.

1. The six letters nMIJD (HS^D) as initial or me
dial letters after a consonant entirely vowelless, [a conso
nant with a silent Sh va] represent the hard sound of each
letter : b, g, d, k, p, t, which is indicated by a point
within, called Dagesh Lene 7p ^"1 R#jn puncture, from
the Chald. verb 0*1 to pierce with appoint] as: JJ, npl^V

2. If a vowel sound [a vowel with or without a quies
cent letter] or a vocal Sh va precede them, their pronun
ciation is softened or aspirated, like bh or v, gh, dh, kh
or the German ch, ph or f, th ; the Dagesh is then omitted :

as * nyr, Tjnrp TT?-

3. When the word ending with a vowel is separated by
one of the distinctive accents ( 9) from a following word,
commencing with one of the DMI^!} > the vowel cannot
affect the pronunciation, so that the nD1JQ retain their
original hard sounds and have the Dagesh : as

The Dagesh also remains after a vowel sound, if the word
* precedes : as D D^3 Hi IT or when two of the letters
come together: as J*TJ ^3,

4. A point in any medial letter / except "IJNinNj that is im
mediately preceded by a vowel, indicates the doubling of this
letter : as 13N = *P9^ This point is called Dagesh forte,

NOTE. Dagesh forte in the fifiD*T!Q at the same time doubles and
hardens the letter : as 0*3*} = rabbim.

5. A point in final Jl serves to determine its consonant
al power and is called D iDD Mappik, (i. e. causing to be
pronounced) : as IT? = lohh.

6. H and the rest of 1HN never receive a Dagesh or

Mappik, when quiescent. 2

S ub?n ^ Avti^ta \H^c^^^>^K C tfeU iMy ft

f

A -J* J* .t-/ I

10 PART I. EXERCISES.

NOTE. The dot in ?| represents Dagesh, when the preceding con
sonant has a vowel, otherwise the Shurek-point : as Jl^V > Dip rea( l
tsivva, kavvam. TltJV. 1U read shur, gur.

NOTE V. On Dagesh forte conjunctive see 9, I. Note.

EXERCISE 13.
Distinguish Dagesh forte from Dagesh lene.

TBD

JJ3

EXERCISE 14.
Place Dagesh lene in the nM^JJQ where required.

1 .DID ru *V5 nn$*i .m^p nnn) liw nr?n

.13331^530?

onehn .bnir

NOTE. The Sh vas under the letters distinguished by asterisks
are silent.

8. SYLLABLES.

1. The numher of syllables in a word is determined by
the number of its vowels: as rWfrT)3 = two Syllables,
== three S.

NOTE. Composite Sh va is considered as a vocal Sh va and not
as a vowel. On vocal Sh va with regard to Metheg see 9, 7.

2. Every syllable begins with one or two consonants,
but in the latter case the first consonant must have vocal
Sh va: as

8. SYLLABLE?. 11

NOTE. The single exception is *\ a u for ) ,,and" (see 12, 7, b):

3. Syllables are either open, dosed, double closed or
sharpened.

a. Open syllables end with a vowel : as

b. Closed syllables end with a consoant : as

c. Double closed syllables end with two consonants:

d. Sharpened syllables end with a consonant, with which
the following syllable begins: as 7tpp = kit-tcl.

4. The vowel of unaccented ( 9) closed syllables is al-

>

ways short : as DJT1 read, wayyakom.

The vowel of unaccented open syllables is always long :
as K*13 read: bara.

TT

But both if accented may contain indifferently, long or

>l " t>

short vowels : as D?1J^ read : olam, T| 7p

The double closed and sharpened syllables have most
frequently, even when accented, short vowels : as JT7tbp > ^.Pr*
NOTE. The Pause ( 9, 11.) forms an exception to this rule*

EXERCISE 15.

Determine the different syllables in the following words
and whether they require long or short vowels:

-arao arm nstr avh rn ip naftn yyn xrmn

*r : : T T T T | ; " T T

nn btf nn vSk n^ n5 w ft 3

-bgi Dip hy_ n^pprr ninn n^ K5 fah] p^n-^j; xv
n ro nin^ nxo tr Ni nha;i nnoy

T "" I T ; * * T I T T -;

NOTE. The Sh vas under the asterisked letters are vocal. The
sign > is used to represent the position of the accent.

t>. ACCENTS, MKTHEG, MAKKEF.
1. Two or even more words having hotwcen them a hor-

12 PART 1. EXERCISES.

izontal stroke : as DID" ? > VIST 7J7 are read in connection
and considered as one word. The horizontal stroke is called
D Makkef (conjunction).

NOTE. Makkef, to connect words more closely, is wont to im
press a dagesh, called p^fT 1 ! Condenser, on the word following after
rVpH iTp as: Dlt-rnO srVITTl?- Dagesh without Makkef
after a word accented on the penult ending in H , ft , J"| or ff

is called DlPTO JinX coming from afar : as Tl7 i"lty Tne

| T T IT v *

modern grammarians call it Dagesh-forte conjunctive.

2. Every word, except when connected with the following
by Makkef, receives an accent, which marks the tone-syl
lable in the word; as DTiStf aO3 n^ JOS,

3. Most of the words have the accent on the last sylla
ble and are termed IH/D (from below) ; words with the
accent on the one before the last (penult) are termed 7 #?D
(from above.)

4. The principal tone can only rest on one of the two
last syllables, therefore, if the word is lengthened at the
end, the tone is thrown forward according to the length
of the addition: as ifn. DHIH.

5. Besides the principal accent there is a secondary ac
cent, a small perpendicular stroke (i) on the left of a vowel,
denominated JflD Metheg (bridle). The design of iihe Me-
theg is embodied in its name : it is intended to restrain the
voice, to prevent too hasty a passage over the vowel or its
connection with the following vowelless consonant: as ^ "UT

& :|T

read: sha-r tsu. Hence Sh va following Metheg is always
vocal.

6. Metheg regularly stands in the second open syllable
before the tone, provided its vowel is original and not changed
from a Sh va, and again in the fourth, if the word have
so many: as J^**fl , JTiiiDfinDI A closed syllable or one

:

XTm fk> *it*/ifc* *;

....

9. ACCENTS, METHEG, MAKKES. 13

with a vowel not original, is always without a Metheg : as
B^?^ ; ngtol Uor 1 cf. 12. 7, b.

7. With regard to Metheg vocal Sh va is considered as
a vowel and forms a syllable, therefore npj#|^ &V* *

8. The accents, [D O^t? tastes, i. e. criteria of the sense,
or ttto JP modulations, i. e. musical notes, from JjQ to play
on a stringed instrument, to sing] 26 in number, are a
species of musical notes or signs for regulating a sort of
cantillation with which the Jews, since the oldest times,
were accustomed to accompany the public reading of the
Law and Sections from the Prophets (Haphtaroth) .

This cantillation being strictly subordinate to the sense
of the proposition and to its logical connection, the accents
also serve to show the mutual relation of words and to in
dicate the connections and pauses to be made in reading,
hence their general division into : D jTp^D Distinctives
and DHSntp Conjunctives.

9. The distinctive^ are divided according to the longer
or shorter pauses marked or governed by them into : Em
perors, Class I. Kings, Class II. Dukes, Class III, Counts,

Class IF.

u |- CLASS I.

1) Silluk pY?p or. p1D3 f]lD end of the verse : as J
(* i) two perpendicular points between two verses and the
sign of Metheg at the tonesyllable. 2) Athnach ("QfiN as
D"Jtf Athnach divides the verse into two parts either sen r

A T T

tences or clauses. In the latter case the clauses respectively
consist of those words, which are more intimately related: as
pfcO riXlD^H HK DTiS^ 105 n>:?>03 In. the be
ginning God created the heaven and the eartn: the heaven
and the earth, as the object, being divided by Athnach from
the antecedent, containing the subject and predicate. A
simple sentence never takes A. Of. Gen. 1, 3, 6, 8.

CLASS II.

3) Seghol Tttp : as CHK divides the first member of the
sentence into two parts, standing between the first word

14 PART 1. EXERCISES.

and the word with Athnach. Its position is always over the
last letter. Of. Gen. I, 7.

4) Zakeph Katon JltDf) *]J2J ) as

5) Zakeph Gadhol Sll| f|j2J ) as

form smaller divisions either before or after Athnach. Of.
Gen. 1, 44.

6) Tiphcha NTOp: as D"1X possessing less separating
power than the preceding: always placed under the last
word before Silluk or Athnach or before the last but one.
Of. Gen. 1, 6.

CLASS. III.

*7) R bhia J*!n as : D"1K a point over the middle of a
letter, distinguished by this position from Cholem over its
end. R bhia halves the semi-clause terminating in Seghol,

Zakeph and Tiphcha : as Vj-fl >3 "1.9K*! ITTliT vStf #n
And Judah stepped near unto him, and said, Oh my Lord !

Gen. 44, 18, vfy DO2f4Pr Sb 1 ? pgKO^ *]& VlT^ And
Joseph could not refrain himself before all them that stood

by him. JJJ Jfp ^ *pl3 - H3 njpK n^ 1^|W3 And he
gave him (to wife) Asenath the daughter of Potiphera
priest of On. Gen. 41, 45.

8) Zarka ND^It as 3"]^ ) ^ >0 ^ 1 over tn

The latter

9)

distinguished from Kadma the

same in form. If the word is TO two Pashtas are used :

Kadma is always placed on the tonesyllable.
10) T blr ^3J1 as D1X ) These two and Zarka and Pashta

11) Geresh tfih]| as D divide th

T T terminating with any of the tour

preceding accents:

Zarka precedes -Seghdl: B^3^ft^ .*^C* H^-
And Joseph took them both. Gen. 48, 13.

Pashta precedes Zakeph : 7^f H Dl* 1 ? HS^l

And he rested on the seventh day. Gen. 2,2.

9. ACCENTS, METIIEG, MAKKEF. 15

T blr precedes Tiphcha :

He and the men that were with him. Gen. 24, 54.
Geresh precedes K bhia : rTTin? V^N BW\

Then Judah stepped near unto him. Gen, 44, 18.

12) Y thibhDTV as: D"JN stands a little before the first
letter and is distinguishable by this position from Mahp-
ach, the latter standing immediately beneath the letter to

which it belongs.

CLASS IV.

13) T lisha Gh dhola nSlI^ W$fa as DIN always over
the first letter. The other distinctives, the separating power
of which is of no perceivable consequence to the sense are :

14) Shalsheleth t^ffih& as D1K over the tonesyllable.

p

15) Paser *"\[|) as D"JN over the tonesyllable.

QP

16) Karne Phara rn$ ^"jp as D"1K over the last letter.

,*
1*7) G rashayim D^H^l as D"JNt over the tonesyllable.

18) P sik ) p^DS

L ganneh , J^L" D ^ ? P cl Tendicular stroke
^ 01 iTan;7 between two words.

The Conjunctive accents are:

19) Merka ND")5 20) Munach TtflD 21) Merka Kh phula

ilSlsD? N5"|9 22) Mahpach T]3fl5 23) Darga XjTF\ 24)
Kadma NDljJ 25) Yerach ben YomO lOV j? rh* 26) T lisha
K tanna^Dp Ntt ^Sp over the end of the last letter.

10. The distinctives of Class I. denote the longest pauses,
which may be compared to our period and colon ; Class II.
to Colon and Semicolon ; Class III. to Semicolon and
Comma ; Class IV. to Comma and half Comma.

11. The distinctives of Class I. and some of Class II.
by their strong accentuation change short vowels into long and
very frequently Sli va into a vowel : as */*]^ earth **)#

riT thy hand -- HT

I :T IAVT

A word so accented is said to stand in Pause.

16 PART 1. EXERCISES.

12. For the sake of completeness, we here give the rules
for the position of the accent, though they will not yet he
fully understood hy the beginner and must therefore he
passed over for the present.

I. Nouns have the tone on the last syllable :

a. When ending with a long vowel both in open and closed

> > >

syllables: as *O*1 ^^? coming, but HN3 she came.

NOTE. The participle is in this respect considered as a noun.

b. When ending with a short vowel, that stands for a long
one: as ylf\ for JWh-

c. Feminine nouns, that change their long vowel in the

> >

st. const, into a short one : as fTl^D from JTTJJp

d. Nouns of which the two last syllables are closed: as 7H3-

e. Nouns which end with Jl preceded by a long vowel:

as rnro-

/. Nouns with the following Suffixes : as

. Fer&s in the Pret. form with the afformatives DI1> ff): as

DJ&eR 1P^|?
. Verbs in the Pret. form with Vav. Conv. : as m\) but

n^pp r v w^J ^t %n?^v

NOTE. The verbs N"? and JT7 form exceptions to A.: as

II. The following have the tone on the penult :
i. All the nouns, of which the last vowel is a helping
Seghol or Patach (a class of words called Segholates) :

. Words ending with Patach furtive: as |Tn J?|
. Words ending with D r~ (d^al form): as D?6

( J. ACCENT?, METIIEG, MAKKEF. 17

. Verbs in the Pret. form with the affirmatives fl, Tl> 13 :

m
as

ft. The regular verbs in Hif. and those of V J? and J?"^ in
Kal, Nif. and Hif. with the affirmatives j"T 1> V :

as nap, m

o. Verbs with the surf. H- in, 11 1 ?].

p. Paragogic H or il attached to nouns, pronouns and

adverbs: as iT^A, TOH , H^V, HjS-

NOTE 1. Paragogic *> most frequently has the tone : as *JTJ4 ?^

^?w*5H

q. Verbs with the Vav coiiv. of the future, provided the
penult is an open, syllable ; (cf. the following under r)
as nDX ljut "ti?*n. N^j?-?l and not R 1 ^.:

r. When the tonesyllables of two words immediately follow :
as in 1^ njEV p"^V* *9^j ^ ie tone ^ tne f rmer recedes:
as I 1 ? nt^^ > p"J.V *"|^ (")1HN ^IDJ ) Such a receding ac
cent being considered as a Metheg and having its posi
tion, cannot recede to a dosed syllable (cf. 6. of this ).
In this and a few other cases it drops entirely, its word being
connected by Makkef with the following: as^Tfcnj??!

or rfc Nip* 1 !; nSrrpn for nS^pn-

T .T I : T I. ~

NOTE II. Both the vowel-signs and accents were added to the
Biblical Text between the 6th and llth Centuries by eminent Jew
ish scholars. Critical and linguistic notes were also added, the most im
portant of which are called Hp and HTO ^^3 ^S^fy^o written,

U

that is the M. S. reading and *^H : recul i. e. the expression con
sidered by the Jewish critics to be preferable.

This body of notes is called tlie Masora (iTTlDQ i- e - Tradition)
and the compilers themselves the Masoritcs. (JlllDO ^/J/5^

EXERCISE 16.

Place Metheg where required ! Metheg cannot precede
silent Sli va or Dagesh.

18 PART 1. EXERCISES.

pron .DIKH .jx .rop&pi -nnnp -n>j .

NOTE. The Sh vas under the letters marked with an asterisk
are silent.

EXERCISE 17."

Give the names of the accents and the classes to which
they helong:

rxS iS noxn imvn lax rran ipy-Sx PTO Nnp-n

->- ""I A I VJT:- |V*rj~ I -IT : ;-r):--

N) :?]9X *nx fjS niJSD n^ N* o^p ^~np) ^K

T : - j-

prry?

EXERCISE 18.
t out the tone-s

nrn .

Point out the tone-syllable in the following words :

10. DISTINCTION OF KAMETS AND KAMETS-CHATUPH.

1. The sign (T) serves at once to represent the long a
and the short 6.

10. DrsTrxt Trox OF KAMETS AXD KAMETS-CHATUPH. 19

2. // /* a: *

1) in an open syllable: as J/TO , read sh&marta : hence

2) when Meth eg stands on the left of it : as iTTD^ : , read
sham ra.

3) the (IT) in final T : as M> rea ^ becha.

4) in an accented syllable : as 1HX, read e en ad.

3. It i s o:

> >

a. in an unaccented closed syllable: as rtDJlT Thread
chochma, omdi : hence

b. in a closed sellable before Makkef : as J^TKfT"73i read

I . T T T

kol : and

c. in the final close! syllable of a word beginning with Vav

>
conv. ( 33) : as Dp^ read vay-ya-kom :

d. before Chateph-Kamets : as "JDJ^ read y5mad.

EXERCISE 19.

.rrvoj oirpn /^p .lpip T .o?w -Hiro
so , nprn ,nprn .^fn . niDt . nor onnv

T )T:|T JT:T " T : T : |T - T:T - T: T

.on) .Dinn -D^no .nnw .

-

T T

11. DISTIXCTIOX OF VOCAL AND SILEXT SHTA.
The Sh va is vocal: *)$ .WIV^

1) at the beginning of a word: as 7tOp == k tol.

2) in the middle of a word after another Sh va: as
^tppn tlk - t ll.

3) after every unaccented long vowel : as fapp = ka-t hl,
but *FT\3&, read sha-mar-tl, tlie vowel before the Sh va
bein accented.

4) after a Metheg: as !)N*V = ye-r u, but Wl = yir-u.

5) under a letter having D.i^esh : as *7lD^ = kat-t ll,

20 PART 1. EXERCISES.

6) under the first of two similar letters: as ?)S^n= ha-l lil.

7) in most cases under a letter, which is followed by any
one of the fiiOTQ without Dagesh: as

EXERCISE 20.

^ UfV
*nny?n .DT .11 n

i .ya .ratr .

CHAPTER II.*

PECULIARITIES AND CHANGES OF LETTERS & VOWELS.
12. CHANGES OF CONSONANTS.

1. The formation and inflection of Hebrew words are ef
fected by changes, partly vocal, partly consonantal.

2. Changes are also made for the sake of euphony, to
prevent the concurrence of vowels or consonants of difficult
pronunciation.

3. The diiit-rent changes of which consonants are sus
ceptible are: AssimUcdwn,^ Transposition, Rejection, Com
mutation.

4. Assimilation, Yowelless 3 in the middle. of a word,
when the syllable is unaccented, is assimilated (made sim
ilar) to the following letter,, 3 being dropped and the fol
lowing letter taking Dagesh. The Dagesh doubles it, thus
indicating the assimilation: as *J* = Vf^y for u JG*- In
an accented syllable, assimilation does not take place; rObu*>

T : - T

> >

with the exception of the verb rU to give: jTlJlJ for

* This chapter being 1 placed here fur reference, will he passed over
for the present, as many of the rules can only be understood by the more
advanced student.

12. CHANGES OF CONSONANTS. 21

If the following, letter be one of the ynnN> either 3 is not
assimilated: as ^H^, *]$}& or tne dropping of 3 is indi
cated by the lengthening of the preceding vowel : as HIT

for nrov

The assimilation of other consonants occurs only in the

following cases :

. . >

7 in the verb flp7 to take: as njT for rip7.-

H in the syllable fin of HithpaeL before 1, tO and in a

few instances before sibilants : as HS in for

for irronn , orn for iDirn , a&jffi for

1 in the relative ,# for n&T*.

*T at the end of a few words before JT as H? for PH?

nnx for fnru* .

in^a few verbs *" before ^: as py for py.%

5. Transposition. In grammar, transposition occurs only
in the case of H in the syllable HH of Hi thpael before sibi
lants, it being easier to pronounce st than ts, thus : Iftfi^ n
for 15^ nn Before it is even changed into : as p*li3V}
for pT^-lj ,

6. Rejection. Rejection may take place at the beginning,
in the middle or at the end of a word.

The following are regularly rejected:

A. At the beginning.

Yowelless V } (or *7 in the verb Hp 1 ?) in the Infinitive
and Imperative of the verbs *"5 and TsD : as I 1 ? , ftfj

nS^ iM from ?ro np , nnp from npS ,

-T!-- I * T .}- ~1~ " T

* as a silent consonant after a vocalized : as 0*1-3 for
from ^1J .

K is dro])]KHl in l^hj for UrU^.- in C V from liT S

7?. /??. ///^ middle.

1 . The first of two similar consonants, when vowelless,
is not written, but represented by Dagesh forte: as

for iijrn ; ni? for n^-iD .

2. In the verbs the first of the two similar letters is

22

dropped, even when possessing a vowel, if a vowelloss letter
precedes : as 3D for Jp < top for 1^5p ,

3. The weak letters ^JIN (especially |f) are dropped or
quiesce, though having vowels, after a letter with Sh va: as
for D!D#n?, Dp for Dlp,.^ for ^|, t]nS^ for

p*wr? for pin*?.

N often quiesces in the long vowel, resulting from the con
traction of its own vowel or half vowel (Composite Sh va)
with, the preceding vowel: as nNVD for riNVb "OxS for

ips;?, D rfttfS for DW?^ nnx for rma* . r

<f7. ^ #//.e JSfoc?.

At the end of a word f and D are rejected in a few ca
ses. The | of the verbal ending p and p . This original
f has heen very rarely retained : as pJTV> pj^j/n . D is regu
larly dropped in the st. const. Plural :

as nn f. onn, *m f. 0^5,

7. Commutation. Commutation comprises a) interchanges
of consonants with other consonants ; h) Interchanges of
consonants with vowels.
a. r\ interchanges with D see above 12, , r >.

Initial ^ interchanges with *, especially in verbs v/ ^! : as
-]V for -|S}> yT for J.HV S Dp* for SbpV
Medial 1 interchanges with * on account of homogeneous
vowels preceding it: as D D for D-1H - DTf for ^H .

"j "I I " 4 ,

Final 1 and * interchange with j"f: as H/jl for ^Sjj, n^J!-

T T - T T T

for ng?. When the word is leno thened, the original
consonant reappears: as j]V?ji. ^H^w .

/;. 1) The conjunction 1 "and", preceding a vowelless letter
or one of the labials (JpD), is converted into its homo
geneous vowel 1 : as v ^ for "Crn H DI for

In the same manner * following a vowelless letter is
softened to I : as rniTO for HIIH^ ,

T T : ;

2) In the middle of a word 1 arid \ are often contracted
into a diphthong or a long vowel: as T7J for TSv
(a + u), D LT lor yw (a + i) iSn for iSlH (o + u"

18. PECULIARITIES OE THE GUTTUKALS. 23

contracted into u). *) after Ohirek becomes 1 , the 1 resting
in its homogeneous vowel : as Dt#\D for 2&}), 2 tTin

for a cnn .

3. 1 and final after a vowelless letter are softened to
1 and *> : as )fif\ for inn ; ng for n), Tin for VT1,

- 13. PECULIARITIES OF THE GUTTURALS.

1. The gutturals instead of the usual (simple) Sh va,
receive the composite Sh va, (see 5).

2. They do not admit of Dagesh forte, i. e. they cannot
he doubled, (see 7. 4). The half-guttural 1 partakes of
this peculiarity. The omission of Dagesh causes the length
ening of the preceding short vowel : as D1N!"T for D~Th*n ,

for Tp3,

-and H> being harder gutturals, in most cases retain
the preceding short vowel : as JOnn . D**Hn

3. The gutturals n> Jf> and n (with Mappik) when final,
require the a sound before them. Therefore they change
mutable vowels ( 14, 1 e) into Patach : as nStT for PTHS^S
if the vowel be immutable, a helping Patach, called Patach
furtive ( 6), is written under them and pronounced before
them.

NOTE. On the gutturals sec further Chapter: VII. 40, 41, 42.

14. VOWEL CHANGES.
I. The vowels are immutable or mutable.
Immutable :

a. Vowels regularly written with their homogeneous vowel-
letters : as K , > , > , J), 1.

b. The long vowels defectively written, ( 3. Note 4.) as

Sp = Sip , D1 = D*O .

I T T

c. Vowels after which a Dagesh forte has bevn omitted
on account of a guttural : as CHfl for D**in> D 1 I1X for

d. The short vowel iri an unaccented closed sllable : as

Mutable : t % n H

e. All the long vowels, without vowel-letters and not in-

24 PART I. EXERCISES.

eluded in the cases specified under b) and c), both in
open and closed syllables : as l^pp from ^tOD* "p~J
from "HI ,

T T

/. All the short vowels in open and in accented closed
syllables : as n^pDfrom ?6p

II. The changes which the mutable vowels can undergo,
are : Lengthening^ Shortening, Rejection and Rising of new
vow eh .

Lengthening: The short vowels are made long:
( ) becomes ( )

T

( ) becomes ( )

( or ) become (_) or (1).

1. When a closed syllable is made an open one : as
iSpp for SB > 19P for n?p , DpjH for DpH , properly DIpH .

2. Hence when a required doubling of the following letter
does not take place : as 11NJ1 for TiKH, rflfT for rP,F? ;

3. When one of the vowel-letters quiesces in the vowel :
as NVPJ for Ktfpj ,

4. When the final word of a sentence or clause has the
pause accent : as D/iDp for JlSfcDp > K*1N for T*1K

T :A T| T T : -)T | -.-AT )

Shortening : The long vowels are shortened :
( ) becomes ( )

( ) becomes ( ) or with the strong shortening ( ).
(_) becomes ( ) or stronger ().

This takes place :

a. When an open syllable becomes a closed one :
for

b. When a syllable with Dagesh or a sharpened syllable
arises; in this case the strong shortening is used: as
D pH from ph > >N from DN ;

c. When a closed svllable loses the tone ; as D""TN~7-3 from

T T J V

> rnrr-T fro^i c f \\*"S irom S^.

14. VOWEL CHANGES. 25

Rejection: The vowel falls away entirely. It occurs,
when the word is lengthened at the end, so that the ac
cent must be thrown forward. This is particularly the
case :

1. With pretonic Kamets and Tsere, (the latter gener
ally when followed by Kamets : as M/)- Kamets and *?
Tsere in an open syllable preceding the tonesyllable, are
called pretonic: i. e. they are pronounced only before the
tone and are dropped upon its being moved forward : as

nStb but ) *n but cr n but

2. With Tsere in a monosyllable: as DC? or in the last
syllable of a polysyllable, when all the preceding vowels
are immutable : as *n#, thus W, DHyN *\ti& > DniJtP .

3. With (-), (), (_) in the last syllable of verbs, when
the word is lengthened by an addition commencing with a
vowel: as nSpfJ from Sc?j% jfapj^ from VtDj3.

The following rule regarding the rejection of vowels
deserves attention :

When the accent is thrown forward, in nouns, the
vowel of the penult drops, in verbs, of the ultima. Com
pare: HDI my word, from HDI word, J17DD she has killed,

4 T : T T T : | T

from 7cOp he has killed.

Rising of new vowels: Instead of Sh va a new short
vowel arises :

I. No word can commence with two vowelless consonants
or with two Sh vas, therefore the first Sli va is changed in
to Chirek:

A. When one of the prefixes S^ ( 18. II, b,) or of the
preformatives JJTN ( 31, 1.) which regularly take Sh va,
is connected with a word beginning with Sh va: as ^t^p^

for S^ pS , Sbj"V for Sb|T , Sbf^ for Sbf^JSI .
NOTE. Respecting "j before a letter with Sh va see 12, 7, b.

B. /^p^ for ADpJSt can serve as a memorial word for the
following rules :

26 PART I. EXERCISES.

a. When the first of two vowelless letters has comp.
ShVa, the helping vowel is that of the comp. Sh va : as
>#JN for *Ufy$ from &&M, Bhn for gnn from D BnP?.

b. When the second of two vowelless letters has comp.
Sh va, the helping vowel under the first is again the
vowel of comp. Sh va: as "l^D for ^fiftp, fniT for

rnr?>. 40, e.

II. With a pause accent. When Sh va is heightened in
pronunciation by the tone,, either Seghol arises from it, or
the correspondent long vowel of Comp. Sh va, or the origi
nal vowel which has been dropped by the lengthening of

the word : as TlS from TfS; ^H from >Sm HS70 f.

i A . : A T : Trt-r

from K70; n DC* f. WDB* from l D^

** T : : ;

NOTE. In all the cases given under II. the word is

III. When one of two similar letters or of the weak
letters ^HN drops, (12, 6 B. 3.) its vowel recedes and
takes the place of the preceding Sh va : as JTJ? for 7V3PP >

StOp;. for htoftW , lS| for vSj, 9^!D for U)SNE, DD for Mp,
!lp for 23p_> .

IV. The meeting of two vowelless final consonants is
generally avoided : most commonly by the insertion of
Seghol between the concurring consonants, Patachj if one
of them is a guttural, Chirek, if one of them is a ^ Shurek,
if the last one is 1 : as T^J for i;Q, jnj for j;-jj, ^4fl for

for

CHAPTER IIL

15. SERVILE LETTERS.

1. Letters added to words for the purposes of formation
or inflection (serving) are called Serviles, while those three
letters which constitute most frequently the root or the
radical idea of the word are termed Radicals.

2. All the 22 letters of the alphabet can be used as
radicals; the 11 following only as serviles :

N> D- n- % *. r>> S> o< i tr. n

15. SERVILE LETTERS. 27

They are called prefixes (preformatives) when placed at
the beginning of a word, suffixes (afformatives) when added
at the end,

NOTE, When the letters added are used to convey the acci
dents of tense, gender, number, person (in the nominative case) and
to form derivatives, they are respectively called according to po
sition preformatives and ajformative**

16. THE PREFIXES

1. D as a prefix has Chirek and in the following letter
Dagesh, It is the abbreviation of fp from, away from , out
of, by, of which the .3 is assimilated, as HID? from below, in
stead of nfir) fp Before gutturals the ( ) is lengthened
to (") (14, II. 2): as Sj;p from above, instead of: ^ |Q,

Before H the lengthening is sometimes omitted : as
from without ( 13, 2.), D before * becomes >p as
from Jerusalem, for D^CTTD ( 12, 7, b.)

2. $ as a prefix, see 23, 2.

3. II as a prefix, an interrogative particle, see 24, 5.

4. H as a prefix, the article, see 17.

EXERCISE 21.

wayi enemy 2 fire 3 hero 4 house, within 5 pit 6 brother 7 loveS Gods
covenant 10 man 11 generation, age* 2 palace* 3 they 14 n. p. of a city 15
month 16 thread 17 sandl" milk clay^o dew2i hand22 n . p. m. 23 day^t
n. p. of a city 95 a time unlimited, eternity 26 a maiden^ 7 head, beginning- 3
n. p. m.^

EXERCISE 22.*

From a father 1 * from Abraham 2 * from destruction 3 * from
a cistern 4 , from a lands, from blood 6 , out of a house",

* The learner is advised to form for himself an English-Hebrew vocabu
lary, by whioh his memory may be assisted and a tedious search through
the exercises avoided.

28 PART I. EXERCISES.

from a mountains, from Edom^, from Raman- from
from to-morrowi2, from a rivei-is, from Jeberechjahui*, from
Jedidja^, from a Jewis, from a panther^, from Nimrod^,

from the Most High^, from a plantzo, from Eden^i, fromdust 2 2.

*
HD T) 10 pn &DTK 8-n vjra eoi spK 4-1x3 sp iax somax ISK

1 vv --: T T : - T

aonpv isp -Stf is TIB j i7ipj len^rr ISJTTT mrriny MINT 12 mm

17. THE ARTICLE.

1. The definite article is represented by the prefix PT
with Patach and Dagesh in the following letter : as D*9^
heaven, D Dfc n the heaven. Before the gutturals, especially
the Patach is changed into Kamets (13, 2.): as
the master, 7JTH the foot, "l^fl the servant. Be

fore the unaccented JNn,n into Seghol ; as D^n the

clouds, DHJIPI the mountains, DDHJl the wise man, but

>
DJ/H the cloud, Ilirr the mountain, cf. 5.

Before H and H the Patach is commonly retained : as
D w nn the life, SjnH the vanity. 13, 2.

2: A noun without the ,!lis to be translated with the
indefinite article, except the noun in the st. const. ( 19, 5):
as TV a house.

3. When the noun is preceded by the prefixes ^D , the
article is only represented by its appropriate vowel under
the prefix and the Dagesh in the following letter (12,
6. B. 3.): as "Vm in the word = nmrQ, V*\tib to the

-

land =

4. The Dagesh after the article is often omitted in let
ters with Sh va: as D KT)9VD tfte frogs, especially in
nouns with initial * : as ^INTT the river, and in participles
of Piel and Pual (25, 7.)- as *O"TQn the speaking man.

5. Some words lengthen the accented vowel, when the
article is prefixed, e. g. DJftl from DJN plNH from

inn from in > n^pn from

18. THE PREFIXES SQl. 29

EXERCISE 23.

.Prefix the article to the following words,
sr-tw^v 7pvinn G*VW DQ^ 4 *VJN 3 H^n 2 {^N 1 D^DC*

I3 rrn ia jnr n np!> 10 o5n n ^ ;4 "*

T ~ " I V T T

22 no 21 Mi3 2 n 19 8n 17

rrn

heaven 1 earth, Iand2 darkness 3 light-i water^ evening^ place? dry
lands herb 9 wise 10 morning 11 seed 1 2 animal 13 cord, rope 1 * grass 15 new^
rich man 17 fat 1 ^ weary 19 pipe 20 star^i ground, soi}22 foot 23 life 2 ^ spirit^
ornament 26 thought 27 cloud- 8 majesty 29 riddle 30 joy 31 vision 32 intuition,
vision 33 .

18. THE PREFIXES D7D 1 ) .

I. 1 called the conjunctive Vav denotes: and, as
bread DfTT) and bread. It is changed as follows:

a. Into } before a consonant with simple Sh va : /b/V and
to all, 14, Rising I ; or before the labials 3 > D> 3 > to
avoid the recurrence of two sounds of the same organic
class: as ]*y\ and between, J01 and from, "^ and a bul-
lock ( 12, 7, b,).

6. Into 1 before * becoming quiescent : as *n*) ind it may
be (12, 1, IK).

c. Into V J, 1 before comp. Sh va, taking the correspon
ding short vowel : as \JfcO and I, 7bN|! and eat, 7HJ
and sickness (14, Rising I, B. b.)

d. Into ) before DwJJ: as D ij^ and God ( 12, 6. B. 3.).

NOTE. Before HUT into *| : as niiT! This most sacred name

T : T |-

of God was believed to be incommunicable and the word U*1J$
my Lord substituted for it, according to which latter word the
vowels of 1 and the prefixes Q733 were adapted, as HilT!;}

nin^ nin;p corresponding to 71x3, >$i*h> ^89- Tw ^ en

IWwever, nlH* is already preceded by ^"|^ > to avoid repetition,
it was written with the vowels of D^rtS^ > so tliat HlJl^ ^1^
is to be read DTlSiS! ^ l{< ,
6. Into 1 immediately before the tone-syllable, especially

30 FART 1. EXERCISES.

when the latter has a distinctive accent and short words
are connected in pairs : as Jirfctf !)iifl desolate and void,
cold and heat, rm " summer and winter.

NOTE. iriDI shows that 1 before pD (a) in case of (e) has
and is not } ,

T ,

II. a. 3 7* 3 3 preposition of place ani time: in, on,
among: as h &?iO3 in the beginning, ^113 on a mount
ain, 7N"li^*3 amongst Israel, or it has the force of the
prepositions: with, by, through: as [3J*3 with a stone,
"%n3 with or by a ^word.

3 adv. and prep., generally expressing comparison and
proportion answers to the words : as, like, so, about, nearly,
almost: fHfcjp as a land, iTp N3 about an ephah, *lb>#3
D\3> about ten years. As prep.: according to, after,
when, (comparing the time of two actions) ^OfWJTp after
our likeness, 7lp OH53 when I lifted up my voice,
Tj^,t?n T3 according to the bounty of the king.
I. "Kings" 10, 13.

7 prep., denoting motion or direction toward any ob
ject, to, unto, towards, for, hence it is the sign of the
dative ( 19, 2.): p^ to a land, Tj^S to or for a king.

b. 3 7 > 3 always with Sh va except in the following cases :
1. With Chirek = 3, 7 3 before a word which has

Sh va under the first letter : as "O"13 by the word of,

"DID- (14. Rising I. a.)

Before the * becomes quiescent .( 12. 7. b.): as

in the days of ? rniHv to I. H 3 as tne hands of.
2. With (-), (-), (-) before composite Sh va :

in truth; "10J77 to stand, ^HD as a sickness; or when dis

placing the article H (19, 3/) : as Di*3 = DlTO in the day,

DDn 1 ; == Dpnri 1 ? to tn ^ wise, fjn = ^ri3 on the tree, *but

DV3 in a day, W3 on a ^ ree -

3. With Kamets rr^ a, often before the tonesyllable,

> >

especially before monosyllabic particles : DPO in them

18. PREFIXES DDI* 31

as this, t^ iD,)/ to a soul, person. 7 before several forms of
the pronouns and the infinitives of verbs : as HP to this,
ri7N7 to these, rO?7 to go. Before nouns with a distinct
ive accent, especially when short words are connected in pairs :
as: D?oS D?0 |>3 between water and water, yb JttJ } ?
between stroke and stroke.

EXERCISE 24.
Exactly translate the following words.

nightl image- dry land 3 bird 4 field 5 man 6 river? rain 8 king 9 -

EXERCISE 25.
Translate into Hebrew.

And light, 1 and the light, and in the light, to the earth
and to the heaven, and the fruit, 2 and fruit., and from the
fruit, evening and morning, day and night, I and he, 3
and Jacob s hands, 4 and to an animal, and in a land, and
in the land, and a river, and Jonathan, 5 and Jerusalem,
in Jerusalem, to a man, 6 to the man, from a tree, from
the tree, from morning, from the morning, in a cloud, 7 in
the cloud, as an image, as the image, to a bird, to the
bird, from the bird, from a man.

EXERCISE 26.

* 8 was rich. In sentences with a noun, pronoun or adjective in the
predicate, the copula "7o />e" must always be supplied. See 77, 1.

32 PART I. EXERCISES.

82 mini 2l nwo 2 -u :jn 19 aw 18 jn : 17 nw 16 ninvj

T: T:- T TT ^ - r; T:--

34 . 33 32^ 31

38 rrn

47 mriso : 46 ii
:rnrv

notl arose 2 prophet 3 since^ Moseso Israel^ Abraham7 rich 8 very 9
cattle 10 silver" gdtf-Z foolis darknessl4 walks 1 ^ 18. I. Noteis deliverancel?
evil 18 goes out 19 lamp 20 commandment 21 law 22 lights eternity 24 to 23 thoti
(art) 26 God 27 says 28 slothful one 29 lion 30 withoutSl roarer 32 way 33 also,
even 34 laughter 35 may ache 36 heart 37 he was 38 thief 39 abroad 40 destroys,
makes childless 41 sword 42 deaths n. p. m. 44 chosen 4 ^ good, beautiful 46 east 47
west48 north 49 sea^ (in general the Mediterranean Sea, lying west of Pales
tine, hence: the west, but sometimes the Dead Sea or as here the South
Sea, therefore here: the South.) is praised 51 name of 52 .

19. CASES OF NOUNS AND PRONOUNS.

1. To express the relations between the different nouns
and pronouns in a sentence, Prepositions or the correspon
ding Prefixes D^DD are chiefly used.

2. The Dative is formed by the prep. 7N or its abbrevi
ation the prefix h ( 18, II).

3. The Ablative is formed by the prep, fp or its abbrevi
ation, the prefix 9, D or by 2 and D ( 16, 1. 18, 11).

4. The Accusative is denoted by the particle HX or T!^
(i. e. before Makkef) when the noun is definite, i. e. defined
by the article, a possessive pronoun (Suf. 21), a follow
ing genitive or by itself as a proper noun, otherwise it has
no designation, being entirely similar to the nominative:
as pKH n?O DW"n n^ the heaven and earth, ^VUV my
son, nDNH f? nx the son of fhe servant, DrTpX h$ Abra
ham, but Gen. 2, 4: In the day that God made D

earth and heaven.

5. The Genitive or possessive case remains entirely un
changed, with which the preceding noun, (which is limited
and more nearly defined by the Gen.) is most closely con-

19. CASES OF NOUNS AND PRONOUNS. 33

nccted. For this reason the latter is said to stand in tlie
Construct State, or simply in the Construct.

The better to effect this connection the article of the Con
struct is thrown off and its mutable vowels are shortened : as
D1DH the horse, but TlStDn DID the horse of the king (not
D1DH); *]iyPT the fowl, but D^ n^iy the fowl of the heaven

(not ^iyn). T

Regarding the shortening of the vowels and other
changes, which the word in the st. const, undergoes, see 59.

6. The direction towards a place or the time is indicated
by the unaccented syllable H appended to the noun, called

local il as D* sea, HD* towards the sea, f-itJ^ the north,

> >

i"0i) northward, towards the north. D D* year, j"O*P* to

year, jlD D* D*D*ID from year to year.

NOTE I. Local j"J is the remnant of an old accusative Q ,

T T

yet appearing in many adverbs : as DJ9V by day, in the day time,
DfTjn/p to-morrow, (cf. 85. 4, "JB, B.)
NOTE II. On the Segholates with local H see 66, Note I.

EXERCISE 27.

"r-oa mrr **toh 4 riSn TH : 3 n:raS

v v: v

nin j

29

pinp N>^

8 : 31 n^-isn ?n

nSj; ^^

memory 1 just 2 blessing-^ walked 4 before 5 truth righteousness offer 8 God9
thanksgiving 10 good 11 all 12 to wrap, to put on 13 garment 14 stretches 15
curtain 16 was 17 shepherd 18 small cattle 19 came 20 bear 21 took 22 lamb 2 ^ flock 24
eater 25 came forth 26 food 27 strong 28 sweetness 29 moved on 30 desert 31 sitting 32

5

34 PART 1. EXERCISES.

on, in, over 33 throne 34 judgment 35 who ? 36 ascended 37 snovvSS summer 39
harvest 4 ** thus 41 becoming, suitable42 honor 43 a whip 44 horse 4 ^ bridle 46 ass 47
a stick^ the back 4 9.

EXERCISE 28.
Translate into Hebrew:

The evening (accus.), to the evening, to an evening, a
man (nom.), a man (accus.), the man (accus.), from a
man, from the man, the head 1 of the man, the head of a
man, from the heaven, the grass of the earth, the land
(accus.), the land (nom.), a land (accus.), a land (nom.),
the light of the heaven, to the judge 2 , to the judge of the
land, to a judge of the land, the fruit (accus.) of the tree 3 .
God created 4 earth and heaven. God created the earth and
the heaven, the voice 5 (accus.) of God, a voice (accus.) of
God, a voice (nom.) of God, the sign 6 (accus.), a sign
(accus.), by a sin?, by the sin, towards the east^ towards
the souths, to the mountain, towards Samaria 1 *).

CHAPTER IV.

OF THE PRONOUN.
20. THE PERSONAL PRONOUN.

1. The personal pronouns are either separate words or
syllables, contractions of the first and appended to nouns,
verbs or particles, thence receiving the name of Suffixes.
The separate pronouns represent the nominative, (see ex
ception to this 93, 2.). The suffixes appended to the verb
stand for the accusative and for the dative in rare instances.
The suffixes appended to the noun properly stand for the
genitive or possessive cases and then serve the purpose of
possessive pronouns : as D lD the horse of me = my horse.
The suffixes appended to particles either represent the nomi
native or the accusative cases: as 31DD as I, WIN me.

20. THE PERSONAL PRONOUN.
2. The separate personal pronouns are :

SINGULAR. PLURAL.

P?itf in pause O^tf ]
l.com. <* ^^ (| f| ny ( I l,com. <j

I ; i

2 -

nnx

f. UK. (P>P.

m.

thou 2.

he fm. DH

3 - if. KH she 3 if.

3. Remarks. ^J< is the ancient form .and more used in
the Pentateuch than 0$, while the latter occurs often in the
later books. ,ir)K> compounded of HJp^, as the kindred
dialects have : Chald. HH^ > /l-DK Arab. anta.

T ; "" : ; *"

The fern, form T\& occurs only in k thibh (7 times),
but it is the foundation of some verbal inflections, (so the
form 717LDD before suffixes, 43, 1.) fcOJl is of common gen
der in the Pentateuch and also signifies she. But whenever
NtH stands in the text for K^n> it has the pointing JOf"!
and must be read tfTl*

GfTDN? is formed from the pronominal stem JJSt found, in
^Nt/nnX and UH the harder form of ^ we; D^N* and
JJ-1K are blunted forms ofD^fiN* properly Dlflp^ (Chald.
pr^JK Arab, antum). Before verb. suif. this original form
is retained ( 43, 1.). DH> [H from D1H. p,1 hence not
seldom the 2. and 3. masc. plur. inp. as py3^ pSl T (l.V
D^W* Is. 35, 1. nSH H^n have a demonstrative character.

4. The separate pronouns, when connected with a noun
as predicate of a sentence, always include the copula or
the verb to be: as tjpi ^^T am Joseph, ^NH nJlX thou
roV the man. t^V

EXERCISE 29.

n
nnx

36 P^RT 1. EXERCISES.

: 12 onto -in nan : K 6 ni:p : u :wn "toj; *o nrus*
mrr nriN

: |

- >8 nnD

blessed 1 holy 2 woman 3 the first* the Iast5 honest, upright (|3 ; pi. m. D ,33 ,
pi. f. m J3 58, l.) c idols? vanity., foolish 8 stranger 9 dust 10 thou shalt return 11
Ontoi pl.fr. "13J cf.6- 12 the only child (girl) 13 twelve 14 brothers 15 forgiving
my sister 17 younger 18 bare 19 son 20 beside me 21 Saviour 22 filling 23 declaration 24
guilty 25 old 20 came 27 mountain 28 n. p. m. 29 dwelled 30 n. p. of a city 31 .

EXERCISE 30.

Ye are strangers! with me 2 - Lord, thou art a refuge 3
to us from generation 4 to generation. From eternity 5
to eternity thou art God. Not a God deligHting 6 (in) wicked
ness 1 ? thou art. I am dust and ashes. God is in heaven and
we-are on the earth. Justs art thou Lord ! Thou art neario
Lord ! Ye are a 11 seed of falsehood 12 .

-nn

(in pause!) 19

21. NOMINAL SUFFIXES.

1. The nominal suffixes appended to Novns in the Singu
lar are :

SING. PI.UR.VL.

1. com. * , ^p^lD my horse.
m . ?|,(in pause rj

f: r|/Tj-

m. in , 1 . 1D1D his li. DD- D~^ OD1D ) (poetical)

* f. H , n < (H-) MOID her h. p ? , [DID V 4 > v

T T T .- r. I T i T ) their horse

21. NOMINAL SUFFIXES,
Appended to Nouns in Plural :

SING. PLUR.

1. com. i, ^pID my horses W~ > ^DID our horses

m. ?]-, ?pp!|D ) D3 -, 03 plD )

horses your horses

m. V > VD1D his horses DiT DITDID ) (poetical)

T V V (-Spy _

f. IT, JTD-1D her horses TIT, ffTDID \ ,, . r

T T . 3 their horses

2. Remarks. The suffixes of the noun are divided into
two classes : of Singular and of Plural nouns ; the forms
of the latter are longer and may be recognized by the
plural t ; as -IJDID our horse, but ^D lD our horses.

3. The suffixes Dp |?> and D)l> fr7> they invariably
having the tone, the better to distinguish between the D
arid the pare called grave, the others are light suffixes.

4. Ill is a favorite longer suffix for I* particularly
in monosyllabic words and in nouns with the ending J"J :
pO species, jyp and ^H^P his, its species ; Jl^^/? appear-
ance ; ^nN^p his appearance.

5. The suffixes denote the genitive of the pronoun ( 20, 1).
The other cases are represented by attaching prepositions
or prefixes and particles to the suffixes. The dative by
^ or *7; the accusative by fijtf OjTlN) ; the ablative by jp ,
3 hX OJ-JN) etc. See Paradigm A.

6. The possessive pronoun is also represented by.D*
(23, 2.) followed by S with the suffix, thus : ^ =
**? "H^K which is (belongs) to me = my. See Paradigm A.

NOTE, On the suffixes of the vero see 42.
EXERCISE 31.

PART 1. EXERCISES.

nirr j

:rrrojn HD ^701 35 ^iD nnx : 29 ninn) ^mu

vineyard^ strengths withs might* will forsakes people, nations
safety, protection? perished, was losts refugeQ peace, welfare 1 *) intelli-
gentH who digs 12 pitl3 shall fall 14 good man, pious 1 ** upright 1 ^ man,
here collect, men 1 ? there is noneis heart, understanding 19 drink20 cistern 1-a -
also22 rock23 shelter24 strength25 greatness26 glory27 victory28 majesty29
rulingso n ow3i thanking^. c f. to 32, 33, 107, 3.

EXERCISE 32.

His light, our light, my tree, their tree, her tree, thy
tree, thy trees, his dayi> thy (fern.) day, my stars, our
star, our stars, to the fruit of his tree, thy voice, my be
ginning, thy (fern.) beginning^ your beginning, thy (ac-
cus.) voice, the voice of God. lam giving^ from the fruit
of your trees to the ruler 4 of the citys. The strength^ of
my arm"?. The liglit of our torches 8 J the sand 9 of their
shores 10 .

.iocyin 9 Sin 8T)S 7;rht erjs STJT ^BfD sjn j sri^wi inr

EXERCISE 33.

God created him, us, me, them (fern.), her, I gave 1 thee
from it, from them, I come 2 to thee (m) (f.), and she came*
to him, to them, to us, I (am) with thee, in it, by us, as
we, as I. God took 4 him, thee, thee (in pause), thee (f.),
I shall establishs my covenants with 7 you, with them, with
him, with her, with th (f.).

-2 2. DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUN.

i. M. nn

\ this

nxr ) (rarely fit)
Com. tf (without distinction of gender or number.)

Plur. JlW (S$ rarely) these.

NOTE. In nt7il or apocopated 1 7H / ", the demonst. has the

V T ~ T

22. DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUN. 39

original article with 7: (Sjl) before it; IrpJl f. occurs only
once Ez. 36, 35.

2. The demonstrative referring to a remoter object is repre
sented by jonn* x nn onn jnrp as onn 0*0*3

T I T " T -i -

in those days, while rr?tf H D P*3 in these days ; or they ex
press: the same: as K^inn ^NH the same man.

3. The demonstratives are thus declined:
Nom. rtf> JIN* this, ^7N these.
Dat. H!I/ Vtf/ to this, H^N/ to these.

ACC. nrn^ n^rn^ this, nWrw* these.

n-ro

Ab i

*

HD

4. Syntactical rules. 94.*

EXERCISE 34.

:TJ?n rir^S) rj^n nrxS J 11 ^!??^ Sv? n^ lo np5nn

a D rtSg 12 nnn k vS
r : 17 nSin 16 rn rir

21

1 Dm

on

n ^x

* The learner must refer to the. respective paragraph before translating
the exercise following, and in all cases when his attention is called to the
Syntax.

40 PART 1. EXERCISES.

city 1 words -^ I have redeemed 3 thou hast made, performed*
sepulchre 6 unto 7 lo! behold! 8 shadow, shelter, 9 wisdom 10 money 11
chosen 12 while yet 13 (was) speaking 14 came 15 evil 16 sore 17 strength 18
three 19 sons of 20 n. p. 21 was overspread22 I formed 23 chariot- 4 we will re
member 25 his name26 plain 27 fearing 28 departing 29 .

EXERCISE 35.

This man 1 , that man, that woman2, this woman, these
men 3 , these women 4 , those men, those women, this is the
man, that is the woman, these are the men, that is the
words, from that man, to this woman, this is my God,
this boy 6 , this is the law?, this pillar 8 , these are the
names 9 of the sons 10 , those brothers 11 (ace.), these are thy
uncles 12 .

. 12 DHn 11 D PIX 10 D JS 9 mD# the names of

23. THE RELATIVE.

1. The relative pronoun for both genders and numbers
is *")^K ivho, which; often including the pers. pronoun: he
who, she who, that which : *)Xfi 1^ he whom thou
cursest.

2. In the later biblical books and the modern Hebrew
writers, the abbreviated form . $ or t $ (with following
Dag., omitted before gutt.) is most frequently used.

3. n&TiK (or ,g?) gives to every word to which it refers
relative signification: as D^ there, D^ *")& X where,

whence.

4. It is declined as follows :

Gen. (1D1D his horse) ID^D "It^jSt whose horse

Dat. ClS to him) iS *\$$ to whom

Ace. (WIN him) IHlK H^ JJ whom

Abl. (^5P from him) Jtfjjp *) from whom.

5. Before participles the article H i requciitly represents
the relative : us T^inn he wlio goes.

24. THE INTERROGATIVE PRONOUN,. 41

EXERCISE 36.

ntrr 12
19 - 18 " 17

33& oyjn n^

:| V

spiritl with2 may speaks fishes* are taken& net^ wishing, desiring? he did 8
how 9 great 10 goodness 11 has laid up 12 confide, trust 13 woe 14 the king 15 a boy,
a youths cursed 1 trustsis departs zh^sh) heart20 hail! happy . 21 makes22
trust23 said 24 mother in law 2 ^ thou goest 2 ^ I will go 2 ? thou lodgest 2 ^ I will
lodge 29 thusso. t

EXERCISE 37.

The field which Abraham boughti. The horse 2 upon 4
which the king 5 rode 3 . Daniel 6 whose name 8 was called?
Belteshazzar9. Not goodio (i s ) the counsel 1 ! that he has
given 12 . Nigh 13 is the Lord 14 to all 15 that call upon him 16
in truth 1 ?. Andis God^ sawis all that he had rnade 2 <>, and,
behold 21 , (it was) very 22 good.

(his name ID V) 8 LD# 7 I^lpJ e^N H 5 ^S^ 4 rSl 3331 2 D^Q 1 HJD
: T| : - T >:: T^T - T T| T

15 Va wrnrr i33np T 12]^ nnjj;

24: THE INTERROGATIVE PRONOUN.

1. The interrogative pronoun is >0 who? usually applying
to persons, np i10 nD what? applying to things.

ilO before tf and *1 and always in pause: n^N nO what
(are) these, DTV5O no what did you see ?

Commonly it is written no or ,nO (followed by Dag.): as
iOC ~nO what is his name ? or with a small word, it is con
tracted into one word: as ntO what is this? ( 9. 1. Note.)

n.O before Jl. n JJ : as rptyy >10 what hast thou done?

6

/

42 PART I. EXERCISES*

At the beginning of a sentence np also frequently stands
before letters not guttural : as /Ip j"|p what voice ?

2, The cases are indicated by the prefixes and the par
ticle nx-

Dat. p ^ to whom ?

Ace. p MX whom ?

J30 from whom?

* with or throuh whom ?

The Gen. by *pyE? whose? but more frequently it is
indicated by putting the interrogative immediately after the
noun: as ,^P~n3 whose daughter? *p~T3 through whose
hand? DftS Hp TOpH Jer. S, 9. the intelligence of what
remains to them?

3. Up is also used adverbially; as D^TIPI D1D"HD how
good and how pleasant !

4. Interrogative particles: *>$ or JTN where? with suiF.
rO*N where art thou? 1"N where is he? D 51 ^ where are
they ?

With adverbs and pronouns, HJ *N which ? what ?
where ? whither ? HTO >N whence ? from what ? HXtS ^

V " ** T *

on what account ? wherefore ? J"D ^ now ? ^^^ where ?

5. Interrogative prefix: Jl (H with comp. Sh va) fre
quently before non-gutturals : as 17 Dl7^*!l is he well ? H
before a letter with Sh va or a guttural : as JD^TIN Dr)JJ"l^n
know ye Laban ? TDK!! shall I go ? H before gutturals
having Kamets : as jiNH have (or am) I ? NIH pjnn is he
strong ?

In negative sentences this H is always connected with
the negative particle: as fl#t^ xS*l hast thou not heard?
Nrl is not tlie Lord in our midst ?

EXERCISE 38.

jnNt 2 nnb*j
n \x ^

24. THE INTERROGATIVE PRONOUN. 43

no :nin

npjnn
2 >iK rt? 1 ?
7i?. 28 rnSS:?n ^p 1 ? 27 D

jw nin?
34

np nin 42 niD? : 41 pj;

knows 1 has wrought 2 * the feminine is used for the neuter 81, 1. made
thee 3 chief 4 judge 5 over 6 youth 7 or 8 enemy 9 the planter 10 ear 11 he shall
hear 12 the former 13 eye 14 he shall see 15 where (is) 1 ^ depth 1 ? says 18 sea
(it is) not 2 ^ with 21 woe 22 misery 23 contentions 24 sorrow 25 wounds 2 ^ without
cause 27 darkening of 28 eyes 29 that tarry long 30 wine 31 knows (prop, (is)
knowing) 32 besides, except me 33 there is, it is 34 father 35 ice 37 gave,

put 38 the insight, mind 39 understanding 40 toiling, labouring 41 remember 4 -
in stead of 43 .

EXERCISE 39.

Who art tliou my soni? Who art thou my daughter 2 ?
Who is this man? What is his name 3 ? Who are these?
Whose daughter is this maiden 4 ? What has he done 5 ?
Who is this that cometh 6 from Edom*? For whose son do I
labours? Whom wilt thou sends with meio ? What is that
in thine hand 1 * ? Is 1 * in a dream 13 truth ? Whose ox 14 have
I taken 15 ? or 1 ^ whose ass^ have I taken ? or 1 ^ whom have
I defrauded 19 ? or 18 of whose hand have I received 2 (any)
bribe^ ? Is he strong22 or2S weak 24 ? What is the land* that
he dwells 25 in, is it good 2 ^ or bad 2 ^ ? is it fat 2 - or Iean28 ?
Is not one 29 father 3 *) to us al! 31 > has not one God created us 32 ?
What did this people do unto thee? Who has done this ?

: |-T

is frm. inX*24ni) l interrogative H 23 22pm 21 ^33 20 PnpS
I ; : i | TT : f-t

44 PART I. EXERCISES.

,$. 90, 2. so ix 29 inx as nn 2rn:OT 26pjn ,p3io fm. 310

T TV TT T-- : -S-T T

,,V?3 ,193 withsuff.

CHAPTER V.

OF THE VERB.
25. GENERAL VIEW.

1. The verbs classified with respect to their origin are :
a. Primitives : as TI7D to govern ; 6. Derivatives, which

are either derived from other verbs : Verbal Deriva
tives , as p*!^ to justify, from pT^ to be just, or are de
rived from nouns : Denominatives : as Jtt^T to remove the
ashes, from |&**1[ ashes.

2. The groundform or stem of the verb is the third per
son singular of the preterite: ^Dp he has killed. It regu
larly consists of three consonants (radicals), the most import
ant vowel of which follows the second radical ; in transitive

verbs it is Patach : as vtDp > in intransitives, Tsere or Cho-

. t
lem: as"tJ3 he was heavy, fbp he was little. The Kamets

after the first radical is pretonic and drops when the tone
or accent is thrown forward : as Dfl^Dp you have killed.

3. The infinitive construct, ^bp to kill, is another ground-
form and was so considered by the earlier Jewish Gram
marians, being called by them Un$ root. It consists of
the three radicals with only one vowel, after the second.

4. These groundforms are both of great importance,
controlling the other forms of the verb derived from them.

NOTE. From the infinitive as the second groundform are deriv
ed the imperative and future. In some guttural and irregular
verbs, where the infinitive is differently vocalized from the impera
tive or takes a nominal ending, the future is derived from the
latter.

5. The modifications of the simple and primary idea of
the root are effected by external variations of the ground-
form. These variations are threefold:.

25. GENERAL VIEW. 45

a. Vocalization^ or the alteration of the vowels : as
he sends, n!j& he dismisses.

b. Reduplication, or the doubling of one, and in rare in
stances of two* of the radical sounds: as 7~t?p = 7i?tpp

fr -

c. Augmentation, or the prefixing of one or two formative
consonants : as h&$}> ^tPj?fct ^pO %(2Wl

6. These new forms, more properly called derivations,
having altered not only their external form but also their
internal sense, are now generally termed Conjugations, in
the language of the ancient grammarians D^\53 buildings,
forms.

7. The ancient grammarians, who employed the verb
7J7 j3 to do, as a paradigm, named the conjugations, accor
ding to the various forms derived from this verb, thus :

1. 7J7JD Paal, he acted, (now generally 7p)

2. ^92 ~ Niphal, he was acted upon.

3. 7j)$ Piel, he acted vigorously.

4. 7^ ~ Pual, he was vigorously acted upon.

5. 7*J/*On Hiphil, he caused to act.

6. 7J/*5H Hophal, he was caused to act.

T. T^Sfl/l Hithpael, he acted upon himself.

The.se terms have been retained with the exception of
the first, which has been supplanted by the equally an
cient: ^p light, intimating, that it is the simple original
form, without external or internal change, while the other
six are DHD? grave or heavy i. e. freighted with a weight
ier meaning, which brings with it a corresponding exter
nal change.

$ 26. SIGNIFICATION AND CHARACTERISTICS OF THE
.CONJUGATIONS.

The Characteristics and the signification of the derived
conjugations are:

1. 7^53 Niplial is the passive, or often the reflexive or

PART I. EXERCISE.

reciprocal of Kal : as TOtf to keep, Niphal : to be kept,
or to keep one s self from.

2. /yS, Piel signifies in general intense action, energy,
frequency : -Q# to break, "QLT to shatter, nStT to send,
rhti? to dismiss. It is often the transitive or causative
of Kal, when the latter is intransitive : as S"U to be great,
to grow, hnj to cause to grow : Hp to be holy, B*JT)
to make holy.

3. 7#iD, Pual is the passive of Piel. The characteristic
of both is the doubling of the second radical by Dagesh
forte.

4. yy^n, HipUl signifies causation: to cause another
person or tiling to do that, which is indicated by the
primitive Kal : as 3HD to write, D^-pr? to cause to write.
If Kal is intransitive, Hiphil signifies only the transitive
of Kal : as pfll to be strong, Hiphil : to make strong, to
strengthen.

5. /JS)Tf> Hoplial is the passive of Hiphil. The charac
teristic of both is the prefixed H and the proper vocali
zation.

$3nrT 4 Hitlipael is generally reflexive, sometimes re
ciprocal: as *7C3j2Jirr to kill one s self, i"r#"Vin to look at
each other. Barely has it a passive signification : as f"DJl^7T
to be forgotten, EC. 8, 10. pETtfin to be embittered", pro
voked to anger, Ps. 73, 21.

Occasionally it denotes to pretend, to feign to be
or to do what is denoted by the root, hence it has
been called by some the hypocritical conjugation: as "Ite jyin
to pretend to be rich, Pr, 13, 7. DDrtfVl to show ones self
wise EC. 7, 16. Its characteristic is the prefixed syllable
^in and the doubling of the second radical by Dag. forte.

NOTE. There are also unusual conjugations: 1. Pod as
reflexive TgBpJjTl fut. S$ip> , part, SpIpP , fut. pass,
In the regular verbs it occurs very seldom : ^5^ P my judge,
Job 9, 15. ^0 to take root Is. 40, 24, In verbs it is

27. INFLECTION. 47

frequent: as M?tt1 MID. pill. 2 - Pile1 Pulal > Hithpalcl, es

pecially when the second radical is a guttural : as pfr^ to be at
rest, pjn to be green. 3. Pealal (the two last letters being re
peated) as irnflD to beat quick, to palpitate, from ^HD to go
about. 4. Pilpel, formed from a Mliteral root by doubling both
radical letters: as ^37? to sustain, nourish. ^Jf/V to tinkle,

t]y%y. to flutter.

27. INFLECTION.

The different derivative forms or conjugations are in
flected, to indicate the various grammatical conditions of
Tense, Mood 7 Gender, Number and Person.

a. The Tenses (D^Of) are two: Preterite (*Q)) and

Future (TflJJ)

b. Moods: Two forms of the Infinitive OlpD fountain),
an absolute and a construct; an Imperative *W{ (com
mand), excepting in Pual and Hophal as pure passives ;
two Participles, [W3 (middle) or HIH (,,66%,") Part of
the verb jTH to be], a Part, active (7J1)), a Part, passive
(7^3), as derived nominal forms.

c. Two Numbers: Singular (TfT alone, single), Plural
(D !TI many).

cZ. Three Persons : I. P. (i"IJ?3^319 speaking for himself),
II. P. (NX9J present), III. P. O-OW concealed, hidden).

e. Two Genders : Masculine (*)Df a male), Feminine (HDp.4
a female).

28. CLASSES.

1. The verbs are divided into regular or perfect and. irregu
lar or imperfect verbs. Regular D^/C* (perfect) are those,
of which the three radicals undergo no change and always
remain audible.

The regular verbs include the gutturals : i.e. verbs of
which one or more radicals are of the *")J?nnK > the changes
which they suffer affecting the vowels only, not the radicals.

2. The irregular^ are divided into DHpPj Defective, D flJ
Quiescent and Q^SD Reduplicate.

jn Defective verbs in some forms drop one or more of their

48 PART I. EXERCISES.

radical letters. Quiescents have one of Hie
*li"TN aw radicals, which in some forms either drop or quiesce.
Reduplicates have for the two last radicals similar letters.
3. From the old example ^]73 , of which the first letter
is t3 , the second y , the tldrd 7 , those, the first letter of
which quiesces or drops, were called Hpn or ^ i. e.
defective or" quiescent in , those, the second letter of
which quiesces, y ^PlJ i. e. quiescent in J/, and those in
which the third is quiescent, 7 ^tU i. e. quiescent in 7*
Thus t^J is called }"& i. e. the 5 or the first radical is 3 ;
TlD = Y J? i- e. the J? or the second radical is 1; ft^J = n"S
i. e. the 7 or the third radical is Jl > DDD is called y"y i.e.
double y , its second and third radicals being the same.

CHAPTER VL

i

THE REGULAR VERB.
EXPLANATION OF THE SECOND PARADIGM.

29. THE PRETERITE CQJ?).

1. The principal vowel stands after the second radical.
In the transitive verb it is Patach, in the intransitive
Tsere or Cholem. For the sake of brevity the former are
called: Verbs middle A, as 7fcDp the latter: Verbs middle E,
as T^ fl to incline_, to delight in, and middle ^ 0, as 7^ to
be able, can.

2. The Kamets in the first syllable is pretonic ( 14 Re
jection 1) and drops when the tone or accent is thrown for
ward: as DrV7fc?p ; ye have killed.

3. The conditions of Person, Number and Gender are in
dicated in the preterite by attaching at the end fragments
of the personal pronouns, which are called : Affirmatives.
( 15, 2. Note).

I

29. THE PRETERITE O?J/*). 49

4. The afformatives of the preterite are :

Person: 1. 2. 3.

m. jl
Singular. TJ com. ^ ^ ^ ^_

: T

m. Dfl
Plural - f . com. 1

5. The vowel in the second syllable: ,_,_ drops in
the third person fern, and plur.: as fl7Dp T > } 7Dp T ( 14 Re
jection 3).

With a pause accent it is restored: as H/tDp > nV)n> H/b*
(14 Rising II).

6. The verbs middle E. generally lose the sound r in
their inflection : as fn F)0

The verbs of middle retain the Cholem in the second
sing, and first persons: as fi?b*> *p /b 1 *

In those cases, however, where the tone is shifted, Cho-

> t
lem changes into Kamets-Chatuph : as DJl/O

7. Verbs ending with fi suffer a rejection of the fi before
the afformatives beginning with TV as JT"O for nni^ from
HID. W3, DP13 ( 12, 6. B. 1.)

8. In combinations with the afformatives fl* p> ^J the

> > f >

word is Milel, otherwise Milra: as fl7tDp> il/DD DH/DD

T : - | T T : I |T v : - ) :

( 9, 12. II. m.).

9. Syntactical rules 100.

EXERCISE 40.

nirr 2 -

50 PART I. EXERCISES.

30 -

nr

to be great 1 work 2 very 3 to be deep* thought 5 voice 6 to flee 7 i$ to be or
become wise 9 ant 10 to gather 11 harvest 12 food 13 to remember 14 fish 15 to eat
Tyre 17 to sayiS the perfection of beauty 19 to work 2 <> iniquity 21 to fal}22
street^ to keep 24 precept 25 to send 26 hither 27 but 2 Saul 29 to take 3 <> role,
dominion 31 to be too little 32 mercy 33 to give 34 the produce 35 to seek 36 to be
able 37 to endure 38 to enter 39 the tent of the congregation 4 ^ because 41 to rest 42
cloud 43 the glory ot 44 to fill 45 dwelling, Tabernacle 46 to counsel, to advice 47
n. p. m. 48 -

EXERCISE 41.

Kacheli S tole2 the images^. Why 4 hast thou soldo thy
horse? Jacob 6 rent 7 his clothes 8 - A dream^ I dreamed 10 -
Why have you not sentu a messenger^ to our father^? The
woman dipped** the bread 15 in 16 vinegar 1 ?. Ruth 18 gleaned 1 ^
ears 20 in the field. Our enemies 21 took 22 our city (f.) and all its
men they killed 2 ^ with 16 the sword 2 *. Why did you laugh 25 ?
(fern.) They have not kept 26 the covenant of God. We
loved 27 ? I loved. Thou wast able 28 ? you were able. I slept 2 ^
Ye slept (fern.), thou hast cutso, I have cut, Ye have cut.
The Hebrews 31 went over 32 Jordan 33 . Jacob gave 3 * Esau 35
bread and pottage 36 of lentils 37 - Sacrifice 38 and offering^
thou didst not desire-to, burnt offering 41 and sin offer in g*2
hast thou not required**.

n 163 15 DnS w Spa wix with 8U ff. ,3

(in Pause ! $. 14 24 3^11 23 J^H 2213^ 21 D^K (pi-) 20 0^31^

3213J? (Pl.)310n3^ 3 0n^_3 29 jtfT 2S^y 2^3HN 26^73^ 25 pHV Lengthening 4)

o van sanmo ssn^i (ii.) 37 D ^n^ sirn skr^ 34rnj 33 ni

I T T : T. : T I - T It* f

: (in pause) 43 *7K# ^

30, THE INFINITIVE. 51

80. THE INFINITIVE.

1. The second groundform is the Infinitive /Dp to kill.
It is called construct, because it is always connected with
the Prefixes D ADD > or with a following noun : as D*l 2^X
to-lie-in- waitrfor blood. With the prefixes: as 7t3p3 in

killing, Sbp? as killing, ViOpS to kill, VtDj3!9 from
killing.

2. The /"DD are regularly vowelless ; the Chirek here
is a helping vowel. The Dagesh after the ft is for the
assimilated J-, Sb[?0 for VtDp JD Of S"M the h is most
closely connected, so that the following Sh va is silent,
while the Sh va after 3 and 3 are vocal : as 790^ but

Sb4-3. Sbj-3. (11, 7.)

3. The Cholem is shortened before Makkef : as

4. The Infinitive has a form with Patach of but rare
occurrence: as 22$ to lie down, ^^ to be humiliated.
Sometimes it is lengthened by Jl : as rQ"lp7 to approach.

5. The second form of the Infinitive is the Inf. absolute
* with immutable Cholem. It is used before or after

finite verbs to indicate continued action, energy, intensity:
1J?Tl TjlSn O^Jl they went, going on and lowing,
ye shall diligently keep.

6. Syntactical rules 105, 106.

EXERCISE 42.

2v in

njn 13 ntop 12 nj; : u
18

52 PART I. EXERCISES.

shear^ ho! wo2! mix 3 strong drink 4 to think of 5 sabbath 6 to taste 7 with
the end otB rod 9 a little 10 honey 11 time 12 to lament 13 to leap 14 to fall 15 sons
of 16 ah! alas 17 ! Lord 18 to reject 19 to break assunder20 a hungry one 21 thy
bread 2 2 to go down 23 garden 24 to gather 25 lilies 26 the days ot"2 7 to judge 28
judges 29 he that shaketh 3 <> hand 31 to hold 32 D here includes negation 106. 2.
bribe 33 good cheer, delight 34 much less 35 slave, servant 36 to rule 37 -

EXERCISE 43.

God made 1 the sun 2 and the moon 3 to rule^ over 5 the
day and over the night, I hired 6 a reaper f to reaps the
wheats and a builder 10 to repair* 1 the house. They have
slaughtered 12 an ox to sell its meat 1 3. He gave me rai
ment 14 to put on 15 - I have rejected 1 * thee that thou
shouldst not reign 1 (from reigning) ( 106, 2.) over ] 8 them.
The Lord said^ that He would dwells (tr. to dwell) in the
thick2i cloud 21 - The man went out 22 to lie 23 on24 his
couch 25 -

ionj3 9 n^n 8m> 712fl p 6-o# 53 4 #D 3 FIT 2

v T -IT -I -T - -T - -T ::

(with plur. sufl.) 18 S^ 17 ^D iCDNH IS^aS U1J3 1311^3

-T -T -T VV T :

C2533^a 243 23^3^ 22 r 21^31^ 20 \y&
T : - T T T v T -: I - T

31. THE FUTURE.

1. The future is formed from the second groundform
7bp by prefixing the preformatives fjTN which are origi
nally vowelless, and receive the helping vowel Chirek. K
receives Seghol. ( 14. Rising I. a.)

2. The preformatives jrVN indicate the personal relation,
while the afformatives determine the relations of Gender
and Number. / // ,

ft^i^aut^ StAsUwfjLJ

3. The preformatives and the anormatives of the future are :
Person: 1. 2. 3.

m. H m. ^

bmg. com. ft f ,_^ f . n

m. 1 n m. 1

rilir - eow - 3 f. rum r. ra-n

31. THE FUTURE. 53

4. The Cholera in the second syllable generally is only
to be found in the transitive verbs (middle A), whilst the
verbs middle E^~and regularly have Patach : as TJ^*
from 7"! 3 to be or become great, "135! fr m "Q? to- be
honored, JDp* from fjop to be little, small. Before Mak-
kef, Cholem is changed into Kamets-Chatuph : as D^ Dftp l
and he wrote there.

5. The vowel of the last syllable which drops before the
afformatives commencing with a vowel ( 14, Rejection 3.) 7
is regularly restored in pause. The restored vowel re
quires the tone and lengthens its restored A vowel (Patach)
into Karnets: ftff ^QpA but >Sbpfi> *MfoV but WW the y

: I : A I : : i" T

will be great.

6. The forms ending in 1 or > have occasionally, especially
at the end of a period, a paragogic f . ( 12. 6. C.) In this
last case the vowel of the second syllable is restored : as

p3"]fi> but ppsnn, ir;ry> but pm\

7. The form H^bfl often appears without the H 5 as

8. Syntactical rules, see 101.

EXERCISE 44.

nin

37

54 PART 1. EXERCISES

i 40 Drn

withouti tattler 2 to cease 3 strife 4 to counts how long 6 injustice 7
to lie down, to sleeps i n vain9 to wake, to watchio the keeper, watch-
manii to rule 12 to be Justus manH with 15 rich 16 poor 17 to cleave 18 to steal 1 ^
not 2 o to rob2i poor 22 he that soweth23 to reap24 vanity 25 the diligent 26
upright 27 to dwell 28 young men29 to keep fast 30 commandments 31 to be joy
ful 32 daughter 33 Edom 34 unrighteous, a sinner 35 to decay or perish
quicklyss to spread out, to extend 3 ? folly 38 cold 39 warmth, heat*o autumn,
harvest, frequently including (as here) the winter 41 to cease 42 -

EXERCISE 45.

In that day shall be greati the mourning2 in Jerusalem-^-
The Lord shall judgp 4 the world 5 in righteousness^. In those
days * I will pour out 8 rny spirits upon 1( > all flesh 11 - Do ye
thus 12 requite 13 the Lord 14 ? The work shall be heavy is
upon 16 the men. Of thee 17 she will require^ the blood 1 **
of her brother2Q, fbi-2i thou hast killed22 him. I shall make23
a covenant with.24 you, for you are my people 2 5, that I have
chosen 26 -
why ann 8ip# TW epiy 5 San 4Batf sD^Sic- n" 21300 iSn-i

i - T T I vv ~ T - - T : : -T

16 Sir 15133 fern. 14ni3y seldom as here with S 13 SDJ 1 2nNT 1111^3
T T <: -T TT

23H13 22SDD 21 3 CHK with suff.) 20 HX !9D1 18^11 trasl. at thy hand 17

-T ~|T T T - - T

.261H3 ("3y with suff.) 25 Qy 24(*p) ,n

32. THE LENGTHENED FUTURE OR OPTATIVE.

I. The first persons in Sing, and Plur. of all the active
future tenses are frequently lengthened by the syllable
H seldom H > which has the tone and affects the final
vowel of the future, in the same manner as the aiformatives
1 and >: as

2. The lengthened form has the signification of the
optative and expresses self excitation, purpose, direction of
the will: as nnptW let us be joyful! -

NOTE. In a few instances it is found attached to other per-
Kns: Is. 5, 19. Ez. 23, 20, Ps. 20, 4. (with JT~ ) .

32. THE LENGTHENED FLTURE OR OPTATIVE. 55

EXERCISE 46.

:niir rpn

to learn 1 to bury 2 a dead person 3 thither 4 to seek 5 come near, approach 6
hither 7 to gathpr 8 heads, chiefs 9 here 10 prophet 11 further, besides 12 to ask.
inquire 13 mouth 14 a muzzle 15 therefore 16 to wail 17 come 18 to bend the
kneel*

EXERCISE 47.

Let us keep the testimony 1 of thy mouths. I may keep
thy precepts 3 - Let us make a covenant, I and tliou. I
will pursue 4 after^ David 6 - I will forget 7 - my complaints.
Let us sends a letter unto the king of Israel. I will
remember 11 these things 12 and I will pour out my soul 1 ^
in me 14 - I will make 15 with 1 ** you an everlasting cove
nant 1 ?. Atis thy hand I will require^ the flock2o o f my
father.

6-in 5^n 4ti-n son-ips (with sum ^ > 2na

(with pi. suff.) n^ is -Bra: 12 n HIDT ioiap

: 20 jNJf 19 ^nrr (prefix) 18 jp 17 oSlj?

33. VAV CONVERSIVE.

1. The preterite when connected by 1 with a preceding
verb in the future or imperative is made dependant upon
this verb, and its time is thereby seemingly changed it
receiving a future meaning.

Vice versa the future when connected by *) with a past
tense either expressed or understood, receives the significa
tion of the preterite. See 102, 1. 2. 3. 4.

2. This 1 ) is called Vav Conversive CMQflfl YJ). Pre
fixed to the preterite it is the simple ^ % or } conjunctive: as
ION he said, *Ott and he will say, S#) he made, ^J/^n
and he will make. Prefixed to the ftit. it has Patach

56 PART I. EXERCISES.

and following Dagesh, before N Karnets ( 14, II. 2.);
as -iOlf* be will keep, *JD^1 and lie kept, ^?>X1 and
I kept.

3. The prct. with Vav eonv. removes the accent in the
first and second person sing, to the ultimate syllable: as

4. The fut. with vav conv. suffers the removal of its
accent from the ultima to the penult, and consequently
the last long vowel is changed into a short one. This
rule, how r ever, can never be applied to the fut. Kal of
the regular verbs, because the penult here is always a
closed syllable, 9, 12, r. General exception to this rule :
When the third radical is N, or the accent is a principal
distinctive.

5. Syntactical rules, 102.

EXERCISE 48.

N nan)

IT

nin

inter), denoting- respectful entreaty 2 and see 3 from US 1 n. p. m. 5
the bearer ul 6 arms 7 to put forth the end uft to dip 10 (honey) twig, honey-

33. VAV COXVEIISIVE. 57

coinl) n because 12 judgments 13 to cut li > rr"i3 rH3 to make a covenant (from
the ancient custom of cutting up victims on such occasions.) justice, right
eousness 5 to pursue 16 to inherit 17 to drawl 8 n. p. m. 19 coat 90 blood 21 eyes-2
after 23 to blow 24 n. p. m. 25 trumpet 2 ^ to wrap around, to muffleS? face- 8
to cry, to lament 29 great, Ioud 3 n. p. m. 31 3 into, upon ; n. p. m. 32 to fall 33
shall be 34 strength, support 35 capture, noose 3 ^ to be in dread 37 to be sweet 38
thy sleep-" 9 - * 96, 3. 2.

EXERCISES 48.

And 1 God remembered his covenant with 2 Abraham.
And 1 Abraham weighed 3 to Ephron 4 the silver^- And I
hewed<> two 7 tables 8 of stone 9 , and he wrote 1 ** on 11 the
tables the 13 ten 12 commandments 13 - And* a mighty^ king
shall stand up*-* and he shall rule (with) great^ domin
ion 17 - Arid 1 Moses 18 wrote this law. And 1 Eachel stole
the images 19 that (belonged) to her father. Hear 2 <>, Is
rael, the Lord, our God 21 , the Lord is one 22 - And 1 thou
shalt Iove 2 3 the Lord thy God. If 2 * God will be 2 5 with
me 2 <>, and 1 will keep 27 me in this way 28 , and 1 will
give 29 me bread^o, then 31 will I serve 32 him forever 33 -
God shall send 34 his angel 35 before 36 thee, and thou shalt
take 37 a wife 38 to my son 39 from thence 4 **-

inS 1~*y& 6 SD3 5r ]p3 4 p"l? 3l ?pt? 2r\X 1 Connect ,,and" with the verb !
13J, connect the article! : 13 D HS l 12rnjpj H hy 103fi3 (stone s) 9 Q JJK
cf. . 90, 2- ITV^DD 163*^ 14 stand up l3j, after the noun ! cf. . 90, 2.
6H?3y 25n^n s 24 DN 232HN 221HX 21 D riSx 20]!VV 19 D J^n

35-TxSD [fut. A.] 34 nW 33DSl> ( ? 32n3j (vav Conv.) 311 30DHS 29 mj 28 TH
I T : - - T T f : - T v v I - T I v V

;40Dt^ [with suff. "J3 etc.] 39 |3 38DKWI 37HpS [with plur. suff. ^3*7 etc.] 36 JfjS

34. THE IMPERATIVE.

1. The imperative belongs to the second groundform: the
infin. const., and in most instances is identical with it in
form; as 7Dp Inf. const, and 7tOp Imp.

2. The verbs with A in the fut. retain the same in the
imp.: as fut. 2?^ he, will lie down, ^V he will be
clothed, Imp. M^ , CoS.

3. The Cliirck in the f. sing, and ni. plur. is called by

58 PART 1. EXERCISES.

the ancient grammarians H/p nj^Jl light vowel, its sound,
originated from Sh va, being so lightly passed over, that it
cannot form a closed syllable with the following Sh va,
hence ^T")? read: ri-d fu and not rid-fu, ^O^VJ? ( 11, 7.)-

4. To the imp. is annexed very often the paragogic
j"T * expressive of wisli and entreaty, emphasis. With

paragogic p the form 7CDD becomes Jl/Cpp the form ADD
becomes rh - as

5. Before Makkef the Cholem is changed into Kamets-
Chatuph: as fcO CH^ enquire, I pray thee. pT^ tO^^
judge righteously.

6- In pause the dropped vowels or A in the forms
p return : as VOtD^ nN BStP p execute true
judgment.

7. After the imp. and fut. if the latter be lengthened
(op tat.), JO is often put, as a particle of incitement and
entreaty: I pray thee! (the German : bod)! the Latin: duni
with the imp. or quaeso, age.): as ^"V fcOTl 1 ?^ put forth
thy hand. n^TTl l^ I will go down.

8. Syntactical rules. 104,

EXERCISE 50.

npn : 3 Dinn hi itoptr : 2 f??n
: 6 oSi^ nw nnp^ pnyxf? nin?

^rrniV ^nnnp 32 n3i? nppn ij;

34. THE IMPERATIVE. 59

H :nrr"# ^1

morsel, sc. of bread 1 vinegar 2 orphan 3 mercy 4 for good 5 tor ever 6 great 7
terrible 8 stones 9 keep 10 tonguu 11 evil 12 to write 13 song 14 to hear 15 the
word of 16 women 17 the commandment of 18 mother 19 to hew 20 tree 21 to cast 22
against 23 a mound, rampart 24 to be strong 25 to be courageous 26 boy, youth 27
to mark 28 the perfect (man) 29 behold 30 the end 31 to pass over 32 quickly,
hastily 33 to advise, with 7# against one 31 n. p. in. 35 then cried 36 wise 37 -(t.)

EXERCISE 51.

Flee 1 (pi. m.) from this place. Write (pi. f.) a letter
to the king. Keep (sing, f.) the word of 2 the Lord. Seek 3
(pi. m.) the Lord. Seek (sing. f.). Seek (pi. f.). Seize 4
(pi. m.) the prophets of 5 BaaK Shut* (pi. f.) the doors.
Keep (paragog.) this (f.) forever^- Preserve 1 *) (paragog.)
my soul 11 , for pious 12 I (arn). Remember (parag.) this
(f.) my God! Stretch^ outis thy hand towards* Him.
Send (parag. fut. A.) me, I pray tliee, oneU of the young
men 15 - Offer 16 unto God thanksgiving 17 - Sacrifice 18
(pi. m.) to your God in the land ! Trusts in2o the Lord
with 21 all thine heart22. Remember (following Makkef !)
I pray thee, the word 23 of thy father.

ffut. A.] 16H3? 15Q"1]?J l-nn,S % *vvith pi. suif. .

-T T. TV v -T

[with suff. ^S] 22-aS 213 so 1 ?^ [fut. A.] i9na3

-

35. THE PARTICIPLE.

1. The participles are formed from the first ground-form
(the preterite). Kal has two participles, one active and one
passive. In the act., the first radical takes 1 or , the
second ; in the pass., the pretonic Kamets remains (in
sing, masc.), and } (or sometimes, in order to form pass.
substantives * 56, 3.) is inserted between the two last
radicals: ^ItDD killed ; *)1DX fettered, TD$< a prisoner.

2. The participle involves in its signification the person
or thing to which the action is attributed : as ""IQ^ keeping,
properly one that keeps, or a keeper, DHtf a loving person,

60 PART 1. EXERCISES.

friend, D^ltf a beloved person. The participle thus having
the character of a noun is treated as such : receiving the
article : as 3riNn and possessing the same terminations of
gender and number. ( 57, 58).

3. The part, preceded by the personal pronoun expresses

present time: as TPJl *?3K I go.

4. 7Dp (or ^CDlp) is the regular participle of the verbs
middle A, like ^Dp5 the participles of the verbs middle E
and are identical in form with the pret.: as jpf (to be
or grow old) pret., jpj part. ""0* (to fear) pret.,, *"ljp or *YiJ*
part.

5. Sometimes poetically, the old union-syllable is ap
pended to the st. const, m. and f. of the part. act. : as

}$ the inhabitant of the thorn-bush. 5. Mos. 33, 16.
who changes the rock; Ps. 114, 8. *5&?" P S -
123, 1. nt?K 1. Mos. 49, 11. fqrtK Hos. 10, 11. Some
times the * is not read: as ^fOtyVfODtP ^ er j 22, 23. 51, 13.

6. The inflection of the participles active and passive are:
Part. act. Part. pass.

S. P. S. P.

m. 7tOln m. DvLDlD m. TlDD m. i

nStoip
f. r f. mSoip f. n^iDp f.

7. Syntactical rules. 107.

EXERCISE 52.

-as* on Dnrtr : :DHV ^HN nin :Sb Ste D r

nin t

ip J l8 nw p t^\
^ :o w n M

35. THE PARTICIPLE. f>l

rnrv 29 rpio : 28 ni?S 27 rr!??y nirr 26 np_-iv
ion 31 D<pS

iiT :jnp ^ nn -wpy :f]p3 ^yzty-si tjp? DDK :T|in
:rnpy

to love 1 as 2 their fathers 3 between 4 tear 5 joy 6 to totter? to help 8 book 9
there is, are 10 riches 1 ! evil, harm 12 his father 13 his mother 14 (it is) not 1 ^
transgression 16 companion 17 destruction, corruption 18 sound 19 words 20 de
sire 21 to be sweet 22 to lie down 23 under 24 thy burden 25 righteousness o$ 6
to stand, endure 27 for ever 28 to uphold 29 men 30 peaceable 31 to have abund
ance oft 2 faint 33 -

EXERCISE 53.

The Lord raiseth upi (those that are) bowed down2.
Threes kings 4 are standing up 5 - Wherefore^ do ye trans
gress? the commandments of the Lord? The wealth of9
the sinner 10 is laid up 11 for the just. The iniquity of 12
Ephraim 1 ^ is hound up 14 , his sin 15 is hidie. She dwells*?
in the midstis of my people. Ye (fern,) go 19 the way 20 of
all the earth. The beasts 2 ! of the field flee 2 ! from 22 the
lion 2 -"*- The door 24 is opened 2 ^. Wherefore liest thou 26
upon 2 ? thy face 2 8? The ant 29 gatherethso her foods 1 i n
the harvest32. The fool foldethss his hands^ 4 togetherss.
a st. const, a na 713^ 6 rn-rij3S snoy 4D pSp 3 n^S^ 2^33 i^
-p;i. st - const - 12 p^ n |3y lOKBin ,Vn st. const. eVn
20^1 wa^Sn is^ifria ivnur lerav (fem.)

P V - T I- T I-T

[fem.]29nSnj 28 rrj3 27 S^ 26 Ssj 25HH3 (fern.) 24;^ 23 n 22
T T : I VT - -T - T v v -:

36. NIPIIAL.

1. The two principal forms again pointed out in the
paradigm by larger type, are the preterite 7^(7^ and
the inf. const. SppJl To the first corresponds the
participle 7pp} with the exception of having like all the
other participles of the passive conjugations Kamets under

62 PART 1. EXERCISES.

the second radical. The rest of the forms coincide with the

second principal form A?pn> for yLDp^n ,

2. From the original StDj^jT ( 31, 1.) arises Sftp^
( 12. 6, B. 3.), from this, StDjT (12, 4), the future NiphaL
The first person of the fut. is sometimes found with Chi-
rek under tf: as Dgt^N I shall judge. The optative al
ways has Chirek: as Hp/ftN I will escape.

3. The 3 pers. fern, of the pret. H App} is in pause
PT7Cpp3 ( 14. Rising II), identical with the feminine of
the participle H 7tpp3 They, are distinguished by the po
sition of the accent : PHS^ W^ (Milra) part. , H*D^ IjnH
(Milel) is preterite. ( 9, 12, I. Note.)

4. In the Infin. after % and 7, the fl occasionally drops
and its vowel recedes ( 12, 6. B. 3.) : as iS^ DD for

"bu?3ri$.

5. The infin., imp. and fut., when followed by a mono
syllabic word, throw back the tone, shortening the final

Tsere into Seghol ( 9, 12, r., 14, Shortening c.) : as

> j> >

PD "O?! ne sna U ^ e taken by her, fiXf ^HDII this shall

be written.

6. With distinctive accents Patach is sometimes put for
Tsere : as W&] and he was refreshed, 7DJH and he was
weaned.

7. The second and third persons plur. f. regularly have
Patach, but once with Tsere : (1151^) Ruth 1, 13.

8. The imper. of Nif. is reflexive or reciprocal in mean
ing, for no passive verb would allow an imperative.

9. The participle passive of Kal and the part. Nif. thus
differ in meaning: the part. Nif. representing the noun
to which it belongs as being acted upon in present lime,
whilst the part. pass, of Kal does not take the time into
consideration: as fifing A/HD the door opened now, H 7*111
nPTin? the door opened, *O^n n^pn the cane broken
now, "i*O*n rOpil the broken cane.

36. NIPIIAL. 63

10. The Inflection of the participle is:
S, m. Stpp4 P. m.

f. n: (nbt) f.

EXERCISE 54.

S

27

nt? 34? in?^n- 33 f3 D^ rup^ n j^jx no f5PP

34 :D3sj? nns n^ DpTiSjf nin^ nn?

39

HIPP ;

wicked 1 mischief 2 darkness 3 at what 4 stumble 5 (the Tsere in Pause! 14
Rising II.) poor 6 to meet each other 7 to deliver 8 to break 9 wickedness 10 net 11
to hide 12 to take, catch 1 ^ their foot 14 our soul 1 ^ bird 16 snare 17 fowlers
arms 19 neighbour, friend 20 to separate 21 to shed 22 Zion 23 prosperity 24 to be
grieved 25 enemy 26 adversity 27 friend 28 to take heed 29 before 30 to long 31
courts 32 that not, lest 33 to neglect, forget 34 to be delivered 35 multitude 36
shadow of death 37 to hide one s sell 38 there 39 the worker of 40 to trust 41
youth 42 to be delivered 4 * the transgressor 44 to be destroyed 45 together 46 the
end, future 47 -

EXERCISE 55.

The soul 1 of Jonathan 2 was knits with* the soul of Da
vid. And 5 the riumher^ of 6 the children 7 of 7 Israel shall
be as8 the sancl*> of the sea, which will not be numberecUo.

64 PART 1. EXERCISES.

Is not 11 the whole 12 land before thee 13 ? separate^ thy
self, I pray thee, from me 1 ^- And 5 they separated them
selves the one 16 from the other 17. Suddenly is Babylon
is fallen and destroyed2o. Were ye also 21 sold for 22
slaves 23 ? Thus 2 * saith the Lord : Behold 2 ^ I 2 * will give 2 **
this city into the hand of 27 the king of Babylon, and
thou shalt not escape 28 out of his hand 2 9 but 3 <> shalt
be caught 3 1 and given into his hand. We are sold, ye
(fern.) are sold, thou (fern.) art sold, ye will be deliv
ered 32 - And in all 33 things 33 that I have said to you, be
circumspect 34 -

5 connect ..and" with the verb : and shall be 7TH1 43 31#D 2rU1 JT f.

T T :

15 Sj?D 14T13 13TJ3S 12 -S3 H H Sil 10*120
T"*r" -T VT : T -: -T

24713 23DH3J? 22S 21D: 20n3tf (fem.)19S33
T-: - T VT

Ni 31 W)n 30 3 29JT3 Ki. 28 aS?3 27 T3 26 Part. act. 25 behold I

-T % T- -T -:

. Ni. 34 tour 33 S*3 Ni.

37. PIEL AND PUAL.

TT

1. The first principal form is Dp> the second
With the second are allied: the imp. *?Dp> the fut.

the part. 7i?TO I n Pual the two principal forms are
identical.

2. Under the second radical the pret. Piel has Tsere,
which changes in the inflection into Patach ; as ^t3p>
ll^Dp > ^ri^Dp . Occasionally even the principal form is
found with Patach : as ""GBH 13^ he destroyed and broke
in pieces, especially before Makkef : flJTr*!^ he teaches
wisdom. Seghol in the following three verbs : "D*! *
speak, D35 to wash, *\3 to atone.

3. As the first radical in Piel arid Pual must be vocal
ized for the following Dag., the preformatives of f these
conjugations can retain their original Sh va : as bD*>

4. The participle in these and all the other conjugations
(except Kal arid Nif.) has a prefixed ,

37. PlEL AND PUAL. 65

5. The inflection of the participles in Piel and Pual is
as follows :

Part. Piel Port. Pual.

S. P. 8. P.

m. Sttpp m. D SippP m. ^D{?5 m. D SttpP

f. n^pp f. niStppp f. n^pp f. niStppp

NOTE I. Without the participle seldom occurs : as *Jtf tQ^
I praise, EC. 4, 2. HpS taken, 2 Ki. 2, 10.

NOTE II. The feminine in Piel is usually fi , the ending
p| indicating a nominal signification : as HlDtrDp a sorceress,
witclu In Pual the fern, in ,*J is rarely found: npfc j?P Is - 23 > 12 >

6. In those forms of Piel and Pual, which have ShVa
under the second radical, the characteristic Dag. is often
dropped : as UnSt^ for HH 1 ?^ s ^ ie dismissed.

T. The part. Pual like that of Nif. is distinguished by
Kamets in the last syllable : as 7DpP

8. The infin., imp. and fut., when followed by Makkef,
or a word having the tone on the penult, generally take
Seghol in the final syllable: as ^"CHp sanctify unto me;
he seeks him.

EXERCISE 5G.

- 19

n-jin :
nnn

rrirv : 29 v:n i%y. vaN ima :njn nnronnn

T: T T ": " T -; TT T

9

66 PAKT 1. EXERCISES.

33

prn itfp

nxo 53 S: rrtormx

Babylon 1 to destroy - to reward * 7^1 any act done, g-ood or eviJJ to do,
show good or evil to an} one^ entreatiesG to speak? ^ "^"] to speak entreat-
ing-ly, glorious things^ to honorfl wealth, plentylO interj. of entreaty, I prayll
hopel^ to defer!3 sicknessll the heartlS sinnerstG to pnrsuel? wickednessl^
to seelil9 a scornerSU j N n ot21 (including the verb to be,) to make great ^2 to
give strength23 to regard^ reproof^ rneekness ^6 priest^? to wash 28 D J| sons,
children ^ to raise^O poor, indigent^l afflictions^ a vision33 counse!34 an-
cients35 ship3G to be about37 to be mercifu!38 (const, with ace.,) the Most
High39 toil, trouble^ to bear, bring forth41 to praise-12 a report^ to make
fat44 bone, body45 to blind46 seeing, having the eyes open47 to pervert48
the words of40 his wifeSO one of^l foolish women52 to receivers to ibnTive r >4

O

sin r >5 to sing hymns, praisesi>6-

EXERCISE 57.

Haman 1 stood up to make request 2 for 3 his life-*- BL*-
liolds, the righteous^ shall hp recompensed^ on the earth.
The Lord rewards? the man of violence 8 - I taught 9 ye
(the) lawio- Miriam 11 sung 12 praises 12 to the Lord, with 13
the harp 14 - I have preached 1 ^ righteousness in a great 17
congregation 16 - Did ye hope 18 in 19 the Lord? Why20
have ye (f.) not met 21 the traveller 22 ^ with bread and wa
ter? I shall not lie 23 ; thou (f.) wilt not lie, ye will not
lie, they (f.) will not lie. Do (pi. fern.) not profane 24 the
name 25 of our God. This (is) the law, (which) the Lord
commanded 26 to teach you. Thou (f.) art gathering 2 ? ears.
Five 28 cities 29 in the land of Egypt 3 are speaking 31 the
tongue of 32 Canaan 33 - The poor 34 (women) are seeking 35

38. HIPHIL AXD HOPIIAL. 07

bread. The ears are gathered by the poor. The tongue
(f.) of Canaan is spoken in Egypt.

Pi- 91oS SDDn [Pi. ,-un.]7DW 6 p"? 5 |H 4i#33 3 ^ P-2tfp| 1 JDH

17 an in. leSnp PI. is 1^3 14-11:3 is a PI. 12 nor HD*IO lomto

T|T -T -T T: T

25 Q# Pi. 24V?n Pi. 23* 22 mfc Pi. 21 Dip 20;HD 19^ Pi. 18 13 jp

- T I -T -|T V - T

Pi. 31 131 30D 12fO [f.] 29D 1

38. HIPHIL AND HOPHAL.

1. The first principal form is THpbfT* the second

From the second are drawn all the other forms : imp.
f?CpJi to. S^^ part. S^pD ? for S^H^ S^HD
( 12. 6. B. 3.). In Hophal, even tlie two principal forms
are the same.

2. Besides the lengthened fut. ( 32) a shortened, or
apocopated future exists, which in the regular verb is re
cognized only in Hiphil by a shortened form in Tsere : as
TLOplfut., 7ippl apocopated fut.

3. The aposop. fut. is especially found :

a. In expressions of command and wish, more usually in
prohibitions with ^X : as fTO* he may cut off, Ps. 12, 4.

,NVin let lier brin s fortll j ! Mos - 1 24 - ^PP"^8

hide not, Ps. 27, 9. nntriT^N destroy not, Ps. 57, 1.
Hence called: Jussive.

I. After Yav. Conv. excepting in the first person, which
generally retains > : as ^Dp^_> but TO^W and I de
stroyed, Am. 2, 9. T]^ >O and I cast, Zee. 11, 13.
Tj^ONJand I made kingj iJSam. 12, 1.

4. Before Makkef the Tsere of the imp. and apoc. fut.
\ becomes Seghol: as N^"f5?n become familiar! Job 22, 21,

13"ptD ll an( ^ ne laid hold upon him.

5. The tone in Hi. differs from that of the other con
jugations. in not resting upon the afForm. J"T * and ^

68 P.ART I. EXERCISES.

as nS bpil, ^bH, hvn. With Vav Conv., however,

they receive in the prefc. the tone: as n^HI an ^ she
shall divide, Ex. 26, 33.

6. In the inf. after 733 generally no contraction takes
place, and the form remains Vcppil^); occasionally, how
ever, the H drops and its vowel recedes : as "Vftlffo to de
stroy, Is. 23, 11. rV?0 to put an end to, Am. 8, 4.
to cause to languish, 1. Sam. 2, 33.

t 7. In Hophal there is a second form with Kubbuts: as
Tl^v^n ne is cast ? Da. ^ 11- I* 1 the part, this form occurs
more frequently, than the reg. one. Itpj^p., Mai. 1, 11
, Ps. 22, 16.

8. The inflection of the participles in Hiphil and Hophal

are :

Part. Hiphil Part. Hophal.

8. P. 8. P.

m. in. m. p?0 m.

f. n^tppo f. niS^pp? f. nSt?p f.

EXKRCISE 58.

:n-ira oon 4 n :

20

jr

in
31 30

rrr)

38. HlPHIL AND HOPHAL. f>9

TVS D^D :nir Dtr

run

holyl profane2 to divide, to show differences cause to stumble* saido
n. p. m.6 to make a king7 to slanderS master, 82, 4. b.9 to castlO a piecell
the upper millstonel2 upon!3 fundament, foundations of 14 to sink in, to fasten
in!5 to commitlG perversenessl7 lipslS to put far!9 slowness20 anger21 to
give rest, to stil!22 contention, quarre!23 an offering to God24 (especially a
bloodless offering) wholly, entirely25 to burn sacrifices26 Solomon27 his
son28 to be wise, pious29 to shine^O brightness^l firmament32 to humble33
worm, collect. worms^ 4 al!35 (they all, 98, 2.) to hearken3G hight37 to
lift up, exalt38 words39 to be far ofBO to mention with praise, i. e. to praise 4 *
over 4 ? wall 43 lot, fate 44 -

EXERCISE 59.

Do not cause 1 a strangers to dwell* in 3 thy house 4 - This
woman lay 5 upon her son^ and he died? and she took 8 my
living^ son from my bosom 10 and laid 11 her dead 1 2 son
beside me 13 while 14 I slept 15 - And they stript 1 ^ Joseph 1 ?
of his coat 18 and they cast 1 ^ him into 20 the pit2i.
The wife22 of Potiphar23 slandered 24 Joseph. Ye shall
not deliver 25 the servant 2 ^ to 27 his master 28 who is es-
caped 2 ^ from 30 his master unto ye. My sons 31 strip 0ff 32
your garments 33 , my daughters^ clothe 35 the naked 3 ^.
This woman is clothing the poor. Hide 3 ? (sing, f.) the
child 38 - Hide (pi. f.) this money. This girl 3 ^ is hiding
her brother. Darius 40 was made king 4 ! over the realm 42
of the Chaldeans 43 - The girls 44 are warned 45 - If 46 your
father 47 taught you wisdom 48 and knowledge 49 ? then 50 a
good property 51 was given 52 you as a possession 52 -
snprti 7r\D") 6 ^J3 533^ 4njv3 3 Tiro 2*1? m. jussiv^ot: 1 ?^, HOB ipi^

|_.- TT- T: - T i ; : r - I-T

15 t^ 141 13-S2fN 12 r\D Hi .1133^ 10 pH (with the Article 80, 2. g 90, 2.) 9 PI
I T : v - T I

20 S S 19, 6- Hi 191ll^ 18ir>JP3 17^or Hi. (with two ace. 85, 2. b.)
- T : T -.

28VJHN 27 Sx 26^3y Hi. Juss. 25 1JD Hi. 24 mS 2313*013 22n#X
T -: v .* ^ -T I~T

Hi. 355T3 1 ? 34-ni 33 33DT1J3 Hi. 32^3 31 J3 30 D>O fut. Niph.

- T _ . .-: - T -T -T

43Q^t73 42noSfl Ho. 411lSrD 40 ^Vll 39 mV 38 iS" Hi. 37 J3V 36 Q D^l*
: - : - I-T YT : - T : - v V I-T

HO. 5-aSnj 51 [fein. ] nSnj 50 ?x 49 mn 4snD3n ^7D3 3x 40 DK 110.45 in*

- T T : - T - ~ T : T .-: ~ T

7 PART I. EXERCISES.

30. HITHPAEL.

1. In Hithpael the two principal forms coincide.

2. The rules given above ( 12; 5.) apply to Hithpael.
In Verbs commencing with a sibilant, transposition occurs :
as "V!pJlB>n, for "Mpg>JVT, Before tf, the fi is clianged into
ID- as jTTCDyj for p^Hj ( ibid.)..

3. Verbs commencing with "1, tO M> sometimes also
with 3 , ^ and the sibilants, assimilate the fi of Hithp, :

as n^rMbr n^n ( 12, 4.).

^4. The pret. has usually Patach in the final syllable:
as ptnnn to show one s self courageous, 2. Ch, 13, 7,
Patach occurs also in the fut, and imp., especially in
pause, and in the future, when expressing command or-
wish: as tiyr\fl delight thyself, Ps. 37, 4; S^p/in sanc
tify thyself, Jos. 3, 5. D^nn ^X hide not thyself,
Ps. 55, 2. lDp> ?p?rV His name be blessed ! In pause the
Patach oftentimes is lengthened into Kamets: "ITNnn he
girded himself, Ps. 93, 1. ^NI^ he mourns, Ez! 7 , 12.

5. When the accent is thrown forward by Vav Conv.
( 33, 3.), the Tsere in the pret. sometimes is sliortened
in^> Cliirek: *mHpnn) T^inm I will .show myself
great and holy, Ez. 28, 23. DJI^j^fTyaiid ye shall
show yourself holy, Le. 11, 44.

NOTE I. A form of very seldom occurrence is Hutlipacl (with
Kameth-Chatuph or Kubbuts under the preform. n)> the sense
of which is purely passive , as riMHn they were mustered, num
bered, Num. 1, 47. D33J1 (arising from DSSJin) to be puri
fied, Lev. 13, 55. N^?7 to be defiled, Deut/i>4, 4. iDH/ 1 !
to be made fut, Is. 34, 6.

NOTE II. In later Hebrew (Mishna and Talmund) a pret. form
Nithpael is very frequently used in a purely passive sense : as
n^ wIXrO she became a widow, TTVMin} she was made a prose
lyte, n&*"UnJ sae was divorced, ^s5 t V^^ n e was cured, etc.
In Biblical Hebrew this form three times only occurs: ^35^1
to be forgiven, Deut. 21, 8. IHplJI to be instructed, corrected,
Ez. 23, -is. mfijr j to be alike/ Prov. 27, 15.

o9. IliTlIPAEL. 71

6, -Forms followed by Makkef, takeSeghol: as JQJtf)*
the snow hides itself, Job, 6, 16

7. The inflection of the participle is :

8. m. Stsprp f. n|?$p_jio p. in. D Stppjpo f.

EXERCISE 60.

nn SN nr r n ^S DK : 6 S 3 7

: 10 mS 9 n"

:n j^.
19

.

to glory* to understand 2 to know 3 to feign one s self rich 4 not& (including
the verb ,,to have") anything 6 part 7 to think one s self wise 8 thou becomest 9
contempt 10 to justify one s self 11 to earn wages 12 bag 13 to bore, pierce 14 to
obtain 15 to delight one s self 16 surely, truly 17 to hide one s self 18 distress,
adversity 19 to purify 20 to cleanse one s self 21 works, deeds 22 to be recog
nised 23 to decorate one s self 24 cloak, mantle 25 strange 26 to show one s self
honorable 27 honor of28 He, falsehood 2 !) to grieve one s sell 30 joy 31 to make
great 32 sorrow 33 to multiply 34 folly 35 -

EXERCISE 61.

Behold men beat* at 2 the door. Amis Jonathan stripped 3
himself of the robe 4 ? that (was) upon^ him, and gave it 6 to
David. Little 8 children came forth^ out of the city and
mocked 10 Elisha 11 - David is hiding himself 12 in the des
ert 13 - Joseph made himself strange 14 unto his brethren 15 -
Before Thee 16 . Lord ! we shall not be justified 1 . Wo
men disguising themselves 18 and putting on 1 ^ other 21 gar
ments 20 - Always 22 we shall purify ourselves 23 and walk 24
with25 the Lord. Do not hide thyself^ from thine own ^
flesh 2 *- Consider 28 (pi f.) the deeds -^ of the wicked 30 and

f 2 ,PART I. EXERCISES.

turn awaysi from them. Do not feign yourselves ricli32
if in truth the Lord has not given 33 you wealth 3 *.

( S^with plur. suff.) 5S# 4V t #n Hith. (with ace.) 3 D^3 2 1 ?; Part. Hith.

11 y&hx Huh. (with foil. 3) 10 oSp T 9K2T T d 90, 2) s D-sop 7on;*3
20DHJ319 i^aS Hith. is aran. 17 pTjf le^paS isrnx 14133 131210

27?pfr3 Hith. 260^ 25 n Hith. 24 ^H 23^^ 22TDB ( 90, 2-) 21
:341fc;ty 33jrn 32-l&>J[? Hith. 31 ppp 300^^1 29^?3 S^ with Hith.

CHAPTER VIL

THE GUTTURALS.
40. VERBS PE GUTTURAL.
1 . When the first radical is one of the gutturals
in all the forms requiring simple Sh va, it receives Sh va
comp. as prnQJ7 ; to stand (5.).

2. When standing for vocal Sh va, it is generally Cha-
teph Patach: as 10JJ. for 10; 1D_ from the Inf. const.

3. The helping vowel under the serviles Tjl^ is always
that of the Chateph: as 1DJ2_( 14, Rising I B.).

4. If the Sh va be silent, the vowel added to it must be
either identical or homogeneous with the preceding : as
nOJ&for ngjft (Pret. Niph.), Seghol and Chirek being
homogeneous ( 3, 3.) 1j;n,for nJDJfll (Pret. Hof.],TDJ^,
for TOj;^-

5. In forms with the afformatives T\ > 1^ , before

T

which the vowel of the second radical drops, the comp.
Sh va loses its Sh va points: as npJMrom 10J; HD^n.
from TOJjn; n-fOJJJ. from 13DJ?.i.

6. The future of the verbs Fut. 0. in most cases has
Chateph-Patach : as *lDl? _to serve. The verbs Fut. A. take
Chateph-Seghol : as ptfT to be strong.

NOTE. Sometimes verbs with Chateph-Seghol take Patach, when
the form is augmented by afformatives: as "1DN* to bind, with

to collect,

40. VERBS PE GUTTURAL. 73

7. Some verbs retain simple Sh va under the guttural.
This is most frequently the case with |1 : as lOfT to covet,
"IpfT to want, lack.

8. The Inf., Imp. and Fut. Nif., which require a Dag.
for the assimilated } Nif. ( 12, 4.), \\jill lengthen the
vowel under JJVN to compensate for the Dag. : as

to cut in, engrave, for JTTJV "JQJJ*;for *M? 1J! ^ ^
characteristic is associated with the gutturals : as "|TT to
pursue.

EXERCISE 62.

S 5 sn! N*S : 4 fnj;

n
ny :miD^cnDi I2 nn

orro

njn nxn S9 anj; : 38 vnirn>x

sleep 1 to change 2 Ethiopian 3 skin 4 to have delight 5 understanding- 6 to de
vise 7 to dwell 8 securely 9 prosperity 10 to rejoice 11 cit}- 12 to draw, deliver 13
intelligence 14 a fool 15 to keep silent 16 to count 17 oil 18 to become rich 19 to lay
hold 20 to examine 21 to condemn, punish 22 to explore 23 after, then 24 to hold
back, restrain 25 help 26 to leave, miss 27 the words of 28 to learn 29 to mourn 30
the fool, simple 31 to believe 32 to be wanting 33 trespass 34 to seize 35 pitch 36
to join one s self 37 way 38 prudent man 39 simple 40 to pass on 41 to punish 42
to ha(e 43 unjust gain 44 to lengthen 45 fierceness, cruelty 46 fury 47 a flood 48
wrath 49 envy 50 -

10

74 PART I. EXERCISES.

EXERCISE 63.

In the place of 1 greats men 2 do not stands. The house
of 4 the righteous shall stand. The fatherless 5 and the
widow 6 do (in. pi.) not oppress 7 - And 8 Pharaoh 9 heard 1
this thing and 8 h$ sought 11 to slay 12 Moses 13 - Thou shalt
not oppress 14 a hired 14 servant 15 , do (f. s.) not take 16 to
pledge 16 the raiment 17 of a widow. My heart 18 trusted 1 ^
in the Lord and I am helped 20 and my heart rejoiceth 21 -
The Lord said unto these wicked : as 22 you have forsaken 23
me, thus 24 I will forsake you, as you have plowed 25 wick
edness 26 ) thus you shall reap 27 iniquity 28 , and 8 I will cause
you to eat 2 - 9 the fruit 30 of falsehoods 1 - Let be put to si
lence 32 the lying lips 33 , which speak 34 against 35 the right
eous arrogancy 36 - O 37 sword 38 ! put thyself 3 ^ into^ thy
scabbard 41 and rest 42 -

. 4JT3 104, 2- siro;*

- "T : |r

12JHH Pi- H p3 [Fut. A] 10yn# 9 rl;n3 Sconnect and with the verb.

Fut. 21lSl? Nif. 20-iiy 3withl9nD3 18m. 2 1 ? , 3*7 17 1 JD 16^)1 15,14T^
-<r --^ _ T .... _ T <T

a 25 7, 5] 29 SDX 28 nnSij; 27iy wyti 25Bhn 24 3 w^y 22 3

35 Sj? Part. 34*131 [f.] 33 1j5Kr- r\)^ Jussiv Nif. 32 oSx Pause

;Nif. 42 ^jn 41 ^r) 4o ?^ Nif. 39tjpx [f.J SS^in 37 "IH 36pny

41. VERBS AYIN GUTTURAL.

1. These verbs are subject to the same variations as the
verbs Pe Guttural, taking Sh va comp. in all those forms
where the second radical has Sh va: as Hprn to go far
away, for HfJITJ.; tpfl&f n to slaughter, for P^J1,

2. The fut. and imp. in these verbs are regularly A :

as prrv.

3. Pi. Pu. and Hitli., which require the characteristic
doubling of the second radical, lengthen the vowel under
the first to compensate for the omitted Dag. : as T]")3
for Tj , rpM for Tp39, r|*O!9 for Tj^Dlp,

Before H > II and y the preceding vowel very often re
mains short: as *1JJ to destroy, pTO to mock, ""inspp to
cleanse.

41. VERBS AYIX GUTTURAL. 75

4. In Pi. and Hithp. the Tsere of the last syllable is
shortened to Seghol by throwing back the accent, which

>

often occurs after Yav Conv.: as CJHJM anc ^ ^ e drove away,

> > . >

for &T"U* , rntin and he ministered, for rr\W*> or when a

monosyllabic word or one with the tone on the penult

> * > *

follows : as ^ pD^ to m ock me, DE> JTJ$7 to minister
there. ( 14, Shortening c.).

EXERCISE 64.

JN DiN" 19 p j

T v: T T I v

garment 1 training, instruction 2 not 3 to mock 4 to grow old 5 to boast one s
selfs to hew 7 to bless 8 to cast out 9 shall go 10 to flee 11 to continue 12 early 13
105, 6. a curse 14 to refuse 15 to comfort, console one s selfrs to hide 17 to
ask 18 son of 19 to purify, to clean 20 to change 21 garments 22 to deny, deal
falsely 23 to lie 24 fellow-man 25 deceit, fraud 26 to abhor 27 -

EXERCISE 65.

Serve 1 (p. m.) the Lord in truth 2 , and if (it be) evils i n your
eyes4 to serve the Lord, choose you 5 this days whom you will
serve, whether^ the gods, which your fathers^ serveds orio
the gods of i 1 the Amorites 12 > in whose landis you dwell;
I and my house 14 , we will serve the Lord. And is the
people said 15 ; God forbid 1 ** that we should forsake 11 ? the

70 PART 1. EXERCISES,

Lord, to serve other 18 gods; for the Lord drove
from before us 20 all the people 21 ; also we will serve the
Lord, for he is our God. Do not deny 22 your (pi. m.)
God. The Lord trieth 23 the righteous. They cried 24 unto
God and were delivered 25 - Truth (f.) does not spring up26
until 2 ? the Iie 2 9 is rooted out 2 - We bless 30 you in the
name of the Lord. Arid he drove out the man. How
long 31 refuse 32 ye to keep my commandments? Haste
tliee 33 (fern, s.) escape 34 (f. s.) thither 35 - How long will
ye despise 36 intelligence 3 ^ will ye regard 38 it as 39 an ad
versary^ whilst* 1 it loves 42 you, seeks-* 3 your welfare 44 , to
lead 4 ^ you in the way of 46 integrity 4 ?.

8 verb before the noun 7 DX 6 QVTI 5Dat. 4 DDT#3 3 .jn [f.J2nON
15 -ntf"! u r\*2 [ 23, 4. 96, 2.] 13 DY>X3 12 "TOWl H "TlSN 10 OKI

[the adj. after the noun g 90, 2.] 18 D^HK 17 transl. from forsaking [ 30,;- 1.] 16 HjS
. .. _. T

24pm Fut. 23JH3 Pi. Jussive with 3 22#H3 21 Q"3 y 20.1J J3D Pi.

I ~T I - T - T "* T

"11? Pi. pret. 301p3 m 293T3 Pu 28t^^t^ 2?TT Fut 26no Pause!

*~ -r TT -T - -T

36VN3 35H^^ Nif. 34 fio Pi. 33 ^HD Pi. pret. 32 J

T: I-T TT -T -T 1

trans, seeking 43 #Tl transl. it [f] is loving 42 3HN 41) Part. act. f 403 K

- T -T; -T

: 47 Q DD 46 }"n Pi the vowel short ! 45

T I V V

-

42. VERBS LAMED GUTTURAL.

1. To this class belong only verbs with H> y and Jl (il
with Mappik 7) as the third radical.

2. Their peculiarities are:

a. These gutturals when final require the A sound before
them, hence every other mutable vowel is changed into
Patach; the Inf., Imp. and Fut. therefore have A: as
n 1 ?^ to send, (T^ ,

b. The gutturals preceded by the immutable vowels 1, J|,
> , T take Patach furtive ( 6.): as.rTD^ JlOB>

frStf b> nn,

3. The forms with Tsere before the final guttural either
retain the Tsere and then Pat. furt. must follow, or Tsere
is chaned into Patach: as

42. VERBS LAMED GUTTURAL. 77

NOTE. The form with Tsere and Pat. furt. is found more frequently
at the end of a period (with distinctive accent): as JHT Lev. 11, 37,

but jnr* NE. 1. 14. nns Job 12, is, but nnsTjob 30. n.

f _,.. - .. .

4. In the second sing. f. of the pret., which ends with
two vowelless consonants, the guttural takes Patach instead
of Sh va: as J1#D#. for flJflDB ; the sing. f. form of the
participles, take two Patachs instead of two Seghols : as

> for nj?Dfc> .

EXERCISE 66.

pn rji
:n-rn

nirr wrx nin xi^ ^D^ : VDN na^ noon

to withhold 1 to anoint 2 97, 2. 3 to pardon 4 iniquity of 5 to cease 6 midst
of 7 therefore 8 to open 9 dumb 10 hell 11 destruction 12 the eyes of 13 in 14 to
slay 15 for ever 16 to cheer, to gladden 17 the heart oft the God of 19 to cause
or make to prosper 20 to justify 21 to condemn 22 abomination of2 3 n. p. f. 24
door 25 85, 4. b. rebuke oft 6 other 27 -

EXERCISE 67.

Behold upon the mountains 1 (are) the feet of2 him that
hringeth good tidings-% that published peaces. Dost thou
(f. sing.) not knows whither*? the men 8 did go? I flee^
from the face of Saraiu. And he rose up 12 to flee
unto 13 Tarshish 1 ^ And David said: arise^ and let us
But 1 " 7 to the king of Judah 18 , which sent 1 ^ you to

r.-uiT I. EXERCISES.

O f the Lord, thu2i shall ye say22 to him : be-
cause23 thine hearta* (is) tender^ and* thou hast hum
bled thyself^ before2T the Lord and* hast rentes thy
clothes29, i a i so

God will speak. Againso (there) shall be heard in
place the voice of joy32. The house ofss the wicked shall
be overthrown34, but^ the tent35 O f the nprightse shall
flourish37. He that trustees i n his own heart, is a
but whoso walketh^o wisely4i he shall be delivered^.

4part. Hi. of yv& 3 part. Pi. of -|fr| the bringer of (him that br.) g. tidings 2^.H 1
10;J3D Iart. f. s. rO3 8 the noun after the verb ( 107, 4.) 7 HJX 6pret.j;T

171 16 fut. pamg. in pause 15 .^:p 14^^ 13( 19, 6.) 12Qp l 11 nfer
^ 23 pll 22nOK n 21713 20 with ace. ffn 19 part, w.tii article
31(f94,2) 30^ 29TJHja 28;nD 27 ^fip 26Ni. ^3 * Vav cov.
38 part, with 3 ,HD3 37 Hi. H^3 36 D^^ 35^^ 34Ni. 155^ 33n-3

.42oV)3 41 (in wisdom) riDDH 40 part. -tSn
~

CHAPTER VIII.

THE SUFFIXES OF THE VEE13.
42. IN GENERAL.

1. The suffixes of the verb are:
Person: 1. 2. 3

Sing. com. J I" 3 " in

* t. n (n )

T>1 ni. DD m. D

f. p f . ?

NOTE. 10 , poetically used for D : as 10 D3 it covered them.

2. The suff. are annexed to the verbal forms by vowels,
called: Union vowels; to the pret. by the A. vowel (
or ), to the future by the E. vowel ( or ). The union
vowel is only applied to the verbal forms, ending with a

42. Ix GENERAL. * 79

consonant: as Dp ^??Pp ne killed me; whilst with all
the forms ending with a vowel the suffixes are connected
immediately: as 1*7pb ^wftp they k. in.

43. THE PRETERITE WITH SUFFIXES.

1. The lengthening of the word hy the suffixes causes
the dropping of the pretonic Kamets. Hence the pret.
undergoes the following changes:

Person. Person. Person.

1. , 2. 3.

A?p into 0?ttp (J3?

into ^riSrrs T (before^)

p. gjp T

2. Verbs middle E retain this vowel before the suffixes:
as ^pHK to love, D^ ? 1 ? to put on a garment. In Pi. and
other forms with final , this changes before the suf
fixes Tj D5 p into Seghol ; before the other suff. it falls
away entirely : as S^Dp , ^tDp > D?^p O^p .

3. The form fVptOp sometimes undergoes a contraction :
in for 1(iri ; nri for n^l , as inSp^ she weaned him,
1. Sam. 1, 24. rUTtf?^ (fear) "has laid hold on her, Jer. 49, 24.

EXERCISE 68.

: : -

ijrNV) :ri:

TJIOD

before rave suft*.

80 * PART 1. EXERCISES.

ji :njnp 14
nru* :

to prove 1 my servants fear 3 to strengthen 1 my righteousness 5 to clothe 6
(with two ace. $ 85, 2, 6.) garments of? salvation 8 the robe oft why 10 to be
willing 11 to repay 12 thanksgiving 13 to deliver 14 straw 15 chaff 16 to carry
off 17 a hurricane 18 -

EXERCISE 69.

She didi him good and not evil all the days of 2 her
For 4 a -shorts moment^ I have forsaken thee (s. f.),
with 4 everlastings kindness^ I will have mercy on^o
thee (s. f.). Thineii (are) (the) heavens also^ Thine (is)
(the) earth, Thou hast founded^ them. Sarah*-* has
driven^ me out of her house 1 ^. No 1 * fear ofis God (is)
in this place arid they will kill 1 ^ me. Very22 refmed20
(is) Thy saying2i, and Thy servants Ioveth2 4 it. Dost
thou (s. f.) know25 the men that have asked 2 ^ thee (s. f.)
for2* my name 2 ? I do not know29 them. Who has
killed him? her? them? We have touch edso thee, (s. m.)
thee, (s. f.) her, him. Thou (s. f.) hast touched her, him,
us, them (p. f.). Why hast thou (s. f.) forsaken us?
her? me? him? They have forsaken them, you. Why
has she persecuted 31 him? us? you? (p. f.) thee? (s. f.)
her? He has gathered them, you, thee, us.

9DSlU 8tDn 71 6V3p 5T>JH 43 3 with pi. suff. D Tl 2"H 1 with ace. S^J*
T * vv I IT * - : ._ ... _ T

,fV3 15 Pi. tin j 14rp!# 1 31D 1 i2nx H^lS 10 Pi. with ace. to have m. on: nrp

-T TT -T \- \; -

221XD 21(f.)nniDX 20 part. pass, spy 19 JJ1H 18 nNT 17 r 16 with suff. n"3

. i . T . . 1 _ T - T _ . . i ..

31 crn 30TTJJ 29pret. 28 with suff. ntf ,Q# 27 ^ 26 SNl^ 26 WT 24 3HN*
I-T -T : - T -T T

44. THE FUTURE WITH SUFFIXES.

1. The Cholem of fut, Kal, -before Tj> 63 and J3 changes
into Kamets-Chatuph ; before the other suff. it drops : as

2. The verbs with the fut. A. (including the verbs Ay in
arid Lamed Guttural) not only retain their A sound
(Patach), but even lengthen it into Kamets, the syllable

44. THE FUTURE WITH SUFFIXES. 81

becoming an open one : as 3CO7? he will clothe me ;
irn^J^P they pollute him.

3. PL loses or shortens its Tsere, like Kal its Cholem : as
Tj <f3jT he will gather thee, D3p_

4* The plur. fern, forms, 2. and 3. person (in j"0) are
changed into the corresponding masc. forms (in 1) before
connection with suffixes : as \33Ttn IP TlHDN my maids
count me for a stranger. Job 19, 15.

5. In pause, there is occasionally inserted instead of the
union vowel a union syllable f , f , called: Nun epenthetic,

as in^-n^.

3 epenthetic is usually assimilated to the first letter of the
suffix and expressed by Dag. forte. These suffixes are :
Person. Person. Person.

1. 2, 3.

Sing. c. ^- and ^ *] , (HD ) m. ^ f. nj)

Plur. 13 and -l^

EXERCISE TO.

n:q njp nogn ^n
??^ run DI

HIPP :DJ

buy, acquire 1 to embrace 2 to be attentive 3 to sustain 4 the bed of 5 sick
ness 6 pride, arrogance 7 deed, act 8 to bring- near 9 to put far away, remove 10
stranger, foreigner 11 lips 12 to bind 13 correction 14 h;ul died 15 to pronounce
happy 16 U> make inferior 17 to crown 18 ( 85. 2. b.) our fathers 1 ^ to compare 20 -

11

82 PART 1. EXERCISES,

EXERCISE 71.

The Lord will requite 1 me according to2 my righteous-
ness^. The name of 4 God will set thee on high^, will send
thee help 6 from the sanctuary? and sustains thee out of
Zion. From the extremity of9 tjie heaven, thy God jpll
gatherio thee. Now 11 I shall gather them, thee (s. f.),
you (p. f.), her. When 1 2 my brother 14 will meet thee 13
and ask 15 thee: whose 16 (art) thou ? Thou wilt meet him,
she will meet you. Thou (s. f.) wilt meet her. Why
dost thou ask me (tut.). They (pi. f.) will ask us. They
(pi. mas.) will ask you. Who will honor 17 him, that
dishonoreth 18 his life 1 ^ ? Now will love^o me my hus~
band2i. Thou (s. f.) wilt love* him. They (pi. f.) will
love her. You (pi. in.) will love us.

7Hp 6( 93, 6.) thee help 5p_Tj; 5 set on high, Pi. 3Jjjp 4 D# 3 piy 23 1 ^DJ
(usually StfJtf) Stftf 14TIK 13 ^J3 12*3 11 HPV 1 Pi. V3D S^D 8 fut. A. ITC>

-T-T T -T T - "I: -f

20 Alt. A. 3HX 191^33 18 HTl S 17 Pi.133 16 to whom l&with Vav couv. fut. A.

45. THE INFINITIVE WITH SUFFIXES.

1. The infin. Kal when connected with suffixes appears
in the form ?DD and according to its signification receives
either the verbal suffixes or the nominal suffixes : as 07t?p
to kill me ; ^tpp my killing.

2. With the suffixes ^j, D2> J3 a form sometimes occurs
with Kamets under the second radical : as ^T^DN thy

J

eating.

3. The infin. 7ftp assumes with suff. the form ^DD : as
i

to hinder him.

EXERCISE 72.

nin?
9 onty

4fi. THE IMPERATIVE WITH SUFFIXFES.

nfiD>DT?ri 13 Dip5 : 12
no niiT n; njn CDITI run Ww? TT

T run no pjst o 18 ^i 17

give 1 the sons, children of 2 to sell 3 Greeks 4 in order that 5 away from, from 6
territory 7 keep holy 8 to surround 9 to seize, capture 10 to open 11 your eyes 12
when rise 13 become many, multiply 14 see 15 the skirt oft6 to kill 1 know 18 -

EXERCISE T3.

He suffered 1 no 2 man to do them wrong-**- And* the
manna 6 left off 5 from the morrow 7 after they had eaten& of
the produce^ of the land. David has sent comfortersio unto
thee to searchn the city, ( 57, 5. 3 ) to spy it out 2 and
to overthrow! 3 it. Arid* Kuth 15 said 14 entreat^ me not
( 104, 2.