Glass SFIS! ae Book W3 1a MS Copyright NP COPYRIGHT DEPOSIT. Mie’ h) et "an ‘ ™ a1 7 i a Vi aN . pany AB, af © a) ys) ‘UHNUVA ALATYAL AL THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR Compiled from the most successful Veterinarians in the world, and also containing ovet Two Hundred Tried and Tested Remedies and Receipts of many of the most successful Farmers and Stock Owners in the United States : and Canada. Edited by DR. GEO. A. WATERMAN, Professor of Veterinary Science, Michigan State Agricultural College. ILLUSTRATED. PUBLISHED BY F.B. DICKERSON COMPANY, DETROIT. MICH. LIBRARY of CONGRESS Two Copies Recelved MAK 18 1907 Copyright Entry an, 13,4 Ss AXC., Noe LOPS Sf. COPY B. CopyrIGHTED 1904 BY . oo ad F. B. DICKERSON COMPANY. CONTENTS Horsk DEPARTMENT. ecesraoy Ol NE YEOTGG wntersaresNiasiner Cut WA Me MA KUSE Cait Eee MACON OES OF VE TALIM Assi vae dias oieni a ierth a MERINO ata s uty Beton OL EMEHETOrSee eect lets mar uae ede NINN i Do abe eI Welbem cr oa pees scene ean A Te NIA altel UB rash Food and Feeding.......... SOG IG 3a-3d 20 0G SH OATeD COBO RU DOSS HA BEE CHE Se SHGE AU Saee SILISE UNOS ess crete aentewatsaceuelecveteWeseaddadesewedeccls ei cc hod Meee vse CaTILE DEPARTMENT. Maa EONAR LE NCHIULTES ort ener ren en esate NN LOA. oak 0 vO. IRIN i ACHON-Ol Remedies 11 Cattle..cucse-g:cveceossniesseeessecerdes ohhh. 262 281 4 CONTENTS Rapture yorpblenniaaccracacce croton ccs cip seo sos nena. cease sce ota scscsavancusqneceseaeonsent=>soncersaes 627 MISCELLANEOUS DEPARTMENT. T6a\S saiee rE BS) Ce ocogooasdoonobagabebonsnocuabUOdnUBdaBaSGOnHOOOOR: Sapscocsdcsbgceqc0006 645 PAPO NAMIE yer ae soso sae en ates celarcseeies ens Sae-pianieasaccsecsivase ses osciecs) INTRODUCTION N editing this work, it has not been with the intention of giving the stockman something that will take the place of the veterinarian; no book can do that; no amount of reading can take the place of his experience. The object has been to give those who wish to better acquaint themselves with the diseases of animals, an opportunity to do so; and especially is it for the stockman who is not within reach of a qualified veterinarian. There are many such, even in the richest, most thrifty parts of our country, and there are others so far from a veterinarian, that it would require many hours of valuable time to get him. It has been the endeavor throughout the text, to use such expressions as can be understood by those who have not had a scientific training. A plain description of the anatomy of animals has been given for the benefit of those who may desire to better understand their structure, and points have been col- lected with reference to the training of the horse, which may prove of benefit to the inexperienced along that line. Nothing new is claimed for the work, unless it be that an effort has been made to make the treatment of the diseases dis- cussed a strong feature, by telling in a simple, plain way, just what to do, and how to do it; what medicines to use, how to use them, and how often to repeat them. So often, when asked by the farmer to recommend to him a book treating of the diseases of animals, have I felt that the works intended for him do not give the treatment of the diseases in such a way, that he may know what drug or drugs to use and how often to use them, that in this work I have tried to make the treatment especially plain. While the work is in part a compilation, as editor I have woven into it, especially with reference to the treatments, the lectures as I have given them to our college students. 7 8 INTRODUCTION The diseases of the different animals have been treated under different departments, and while such an arrangement has caused some repeating, it has been so arranged, because it will be easier to follow the instructions. While nearly all the diseases of animals have been touched upon, especial attention has been given to the more common ones. In giving this work to the public, I trust that it may prove a benefit to those into whose hands it may fall. GEO. A WATERMAN. AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE, MICHIGAN, Jure I, 1904. HISTORY OF THE HORSE ROM earliest ages the horse has been the friend and compan- ion of man. Prized for his beauty, loved for his docility, and valued for his strength, he has ever been regarded as the highest in value and importance of all domesticated animals. In the re- motest ages, as far back as authentic history discloses anything of the life and pursuits of man, we find that the horse occupied a prominent position in his service. Painters have pictured on their canvas the majesty and grace of the spirited animal. Poets have celebrated his strength and beauty in their verses, and the inspired writers have introduced amongst their most glowing descriptions the horsemen and chariots which formed a chief feature in the pomp and magnificence of those early days. In the most ancient hieroglyphics we find him present, and always so represented as to show that, even in the remote antiquity from which they date, he has been brought into complete and serviceable subjection. In the oldest Egyptian paintings the horse is seen only in the war chariot, and in the descriptions of the siege of Troy only the charioteer appears, from which it has been supposed that the first horses used by the Greeks were too small to be conveniently ridden. But in the painting in the palace of Nimrod at Nineveh, disinterred by Layard and supposed to be more than three thousand years old, horsemen are exhibited both in the chase and in war. } But farther back than even those distant times, in the ages where authentic history merges into the shadowy light, amidst which myth and fable mingle with the real, we find this noble animal figuring, but then exalted into asemi-human sphere. The Centaurs, who inhabited the passes of Mount Pelion and Ossa and the great plains of Thessaly in Upper Greece, were probably a race resembling in many respects the Tartars of this age, and are supposed to be the first who brought the horse into subjection 9 fe) THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR to man. They were fabled as being half horse and half man. They are represented as perfect horses in all respects below and behind the withers and the chest; there, at the intersection of the neck, began a human body, the hip joints articulating into the shoulders of the lower animal and the abdomen of the man pass- ing gradually into the chest of the horse. Above this the human form was perfect, with the erect bearing, chest, shoulders, arms, neck and head of a complete man. They were reputed to be pos- sessed of extraordinary mental as well as physical powers, and to be as superior to ordinary men in wisdom and art as they were in fleetness and strength. They were evidently a tribe of horsemen whom the ignorance and superstition of that early age elevated into a superior race, in the supposition that the horse and man were united in one. Everything points to them as being the first who succeeded in breaking and using the horse. Coming down to the time of authentic history, we find the Parthians to have been among the most renowned for their skill in training and using the horse. Their feats of horsemanship in battle showed a complete mastery of the animal, which in their battle with the Romans rendered them so efficient as mounted archers. Frequently in ancient paintings the mounted steed is repre- sented without a bridle, and the Numidian cavalry are said to have guided and restrained their horses without it, an assertion by no means improbable, as a Comanche Indian of the present day will frequently jump on the back of a wild and untrained horse, and guide him by the simple expedient of covering with his hand the eye of the animal on the opposite side to that in which he wishes to direct him. In sacred history the first mention of the horse is in the time of Joseph, when in Egypt, at which period the horse had been broken and subjected to the harness, thus corroborating the already mentioned records of the monuments. Thus we find that as civilization advances, and historic records multiply, that the use of the horse becomes more universal. Where the original country of the horse was matters little, except as an interesting fact, whether in Asia or on the soil of Africa, to which his near relations, the Zebra and the Quagga are certainly indigenous. HISTORY OF THE HORSE II In modern times the horse has been so closely associated with man that he appears in every phase of society, and it is only when his numerous uses are considered that we realize how greatly the human family is his debtor. The knight of the days of chivalry would have been impossible but for the trusty steed which bore him so gallantly in the lists of the tourney and amid the deadlier strife of battle. Before the plow and at the harrow he has multiplied the productions of the earth a hundredfold beyond what human strength alone could have secured. Labor- ing before the loaded wagon, he has been the steady drudge of man. Harnessed to the elegant equipage or the humbler ‘‘cab,”’ or bearing along the dusty highway the stage coach, he has per- formed a thousand offices indispensable to human comfort and advancement. It is not too much to claim for him that civiliza- tion itself would have been shorn of something of its fair propor- tions but for the valuable services rendered by this noble animal. Yet, with all his acknowledged value, the horse has been too frequently the victim of neglect and cruelty; often ill-fed, poorly sheltered and harshly treated, until in many cases the innate nobleness of his nature has been obscured by vicious habits, contracted by the mismanagement and abuse to which he has been subjected and perpetuated by ignorance and prejudice. Naturally the horse is gentle and confiding; he is quick to per- ceive, and possesses an excellent memory, which qualities render him capable of being educated easily, and to an extent far greater than is generally supposed. Added to this he is capable of deep and lasting attachment. What the horse may have been in his native state is not known, as none at present exist in that condition. The horses which at the present day are found in a wild state in Asia and America are known to be descendants of individuals formerly domesticated. They are generally smaller, yet stronger than the domesticated animal, with rougher coats, stronger limbs and larger heads. Even when adult, the wild horse is easily domesti- cated, and may be broken to any use without great difficulty, thus proving the natural gentleness and docility of his nature. They are captured by the lasso, bitted, mounted, and broken within an hour by the daring and skillful Gauchos. 12 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR The Arabians, long renowned for their attachment to the horse, early showed the extent to which intelligent training could develop his finer qualities, and render him the most docile and obedient of animals. Something in that country or its climate is especially suited to the development of the horse, and although introduced there long after his domestication in other eastern countries, he rapidly attained a degree of excellence which sur- passed all others, until the horses of Arabia and the adjacent portions of Asia and Africa became the most celebrated for speed, courage, intelligence, and docility of any of the equine race. Small in size, he has a beautiful, lean, bony head, with a very broad forehead, a tapering muzzle, and large well-opened nostrils; his mane is long, thin, and silky. The Arabian has entered into the early history of the best stock of England and America. Although much of the superiority of these horses is attributable to peculiarly favorable conditions of the country where they originated, yet many of their excellent qualities may be traced to kindness and intelligent training by which those qualities were first developed, and through which they have been transmitted until they have become characteristics of the race. The Arabian understands the value of his horse, appreciates the nobility of his nature, and treats him accordingly. They kiss and caress him, adorn him with jewels and amulets formed out of sentences of the Koran, as a preventive against evil and acci- dents. ‘‘In short,’’ says a modern author, ‘‘they treat them almost like rational beings, which are ready to sacrifice their lives for their master’s benefit.’’ In the desert he is the familiar com- rade, tentmate and playmate of his master, as docile and intelli- gent asadog. ‘The Rev. V. Monroe relates an anecdote of an Arab, ‘‘the net value of whose dress and accoutrements might be calculated at something under seventeen pence half-penny,’’ who refused all offers made to purchase a beautiful mare on which he rode, declaring that he loved the animal better than his own life. The French author, Dr. St. Pierre, quotes a remarkable instance of the attachment an Arabian feels for his horse: ‘‘The whole stock of a poor Arabian of the Desert consisted of a most beauti- ful mare. The French Consul at Said offered to purchase her with the intention of sending her to his master, Louis XIV. The HISTORY OF THE HORSE 13 Arab, pressed by want, hesitated for a long time, but at length consented on condition of receiving a very considerable sum, which he named. The Consul, not daring without instructions to give so high a price, wrote to Versailles for permission to close the bargain on the terms stipulated. Louis XIV gave orders to pay the money. The Consul immediately sent notice to the Arab, who soon made his appearance mounted on his magnificent animal, and the gold he had demanded was paid down to him. The Arab, covered with a miserable rag, dismounted and looked at the money, then turning his eyes to the mare he thus accosted her: ‘‘To whom am I going to yield thee up—to Europeans, who will tie thee close, who will beat thee, who will render thee miserable. Return with me my beauty, my darling, my jewel, and rejoice the hearts of my children.’’ ‘‘As he pronounced these words he sprang upon her back and scampered off toward the desert.’’ It is not surprising that such a high appreciation of, and fondness for, this noble animal, united to an intelligent training, has resulted in the production of a race of horses unrivalled in excellence. But among Europeans and Americans the treatment of the horse has been usually so harsh, and the mode of training so deficient in intelligence as to greatly lessen his value, even where a brutal ignorance has not brought into activity every vice latent in his nature. Of the numerous faults ascribed to the horse, a very small portion are chargeable to his natural disposi- tion, the remainder being the direct result of vicious training, or rather the absence of training and the substitution of something which, under that name, first produces and then fosters the faults for which the animal is punished; while often the punishment is ineffectual, because the animal has no conception of why it is made to suffer. THE HORSE BEST METHODS OF TRAINING IKE many an old system that has in the main outlived its use- fulness, brute force as applied to horse training is passing out, and in its place the gentler method of teaching the animal, that while the master must be promptly and implicitly obeyed, he is at the same time a truly indulgent master requiring nothing that is not necessary to be done, and, the task being once done, reward in kindness, care, and rest follow. It is not to be under- stood of course that the whip, and spur, and the ‘‘terrible voice’ have passed the bounds of the memory of man; for there are still too many men of brutal instincts who are only too willing to exercise them on subject creatures, but their number is decreasing rather than the reverse. Not only this, but a horse trained by the more gradual and gentler methods is always the more safe and reliable animal in every spot and place. THE FIRST LESSONS.—tThe first lessons should be given at a very early age. Some who should know say as early as at five days old. The common practice has been to let the colt remain unbroken until a certain age is reached. This is a dangerous method to follow, both for the colt and for the trainer, for the colt is likely by this time to have acquired habits of which it will be hard to break him on account of his great strength. If the little colt is trained at the proper time, and the training patiently carried on until he is a horse, he will scarcely know what ‘‘breaking’’ means. Take the colt in hand at an early age and train him by degrees. The common mistake is trying too teach him too much at atime. Be gentle and kind to him, allowing him to examine you carefully. Whatever he understands to be harmless he does not fear. In moving up to him, should he show fear, be gentle, and move carefully, and he 14 TRAINING THE HORSE 15 will soon comprehend that you are harmless, if allowed the privilege of examining and understanding you in his own way— with his nose. Don’t use the whip at this early age, for if you strike him he will be afraid; his strength can be easily overcome, and he can be taught his first lessons without the whip. Never let him know what fear is, yet you must control him; there should never be a time when the colt does not recognize the mastery of his keeper and the necessity of obedience. Handle him every day until he is perfectly gentle and knows no fear. It is at this early age that many of the vices are formed, if allowed to go without proper early training. The old adage of ‘as the twig is bent, so the tree is inclined’’ is just as applicable to the colt as to the son of his master. Be sure that the colt has learned the first lesson thoroughly before attempting to teach him another. HALTER BREAKING.—One of the first lessons for the colt is the use of the halter. This should be taught him when he is asuckling. A strong, well-fitting halter should be placed on him, and he should be tied short near to his mother and in such a position that he cannot pull back too far and throw and choke himself. A colt should always be tied strongly so there will be no danger of breaking loose, for if he breaks loose once, he is likely to try to repeat the act. After the colt is well halter- broken, so that he can be tied and led, it is a good plan to let it go with the mother at times when he will not be too much bother, but do not keep him with her all the time; tying his halter to her hame or collar; in this way he gets used to walking and trotting beside another horse. If the work of halter breaking has been left until weaning time, or when the colt is to be stabled, the lesson will not be so easy. In this case the colt must be first driven into a confined space, where he cannot escape. Take the halter in both hands, and keep holding it to the colt until he will touch it with his nose. Do not hurry. The important thing now is to show the colt that there is nothing dangerous about the halter. When he ceases to be fearful, place the halter on his head quickly and fasten it. If he shows no serious fear tie him up at once. Should 16 DE PRACTICAL, STOCK DOCTOR he seem frightened, allow him to wear the halter for a time until accustomed to it. When you tie him, do so securely and see that halter and strap or rope is so strong that there will be no chance of his breaking it, for in all probability he will sooner or later put it to the test. If he cannot break loose, there will be no bad habit to break off at a later time. When he stops pulling he is halter-wise, so far as standing quietly is concerned, and he will cease from pulling on the halter simply to free himself. Stay near him until he gives up, so in case he gets into trouble you may help him out. LEARNING TO LEAD.—The next lesson for the colt is to learn to be led. Take the colt to some place, where, if it throws itself, it will not get hurt. The best time to learn to lead is within two or three weeks after birth. Have the lead strap 10 to twelve feet long. Let the colt play around in a circle if it chooses for a time. Approach him gently, take the lead strap four or five feet from the halter and stand facing the colt; com- mence to pull gently, at the same time telling him to come to you; if he starts to rear, ease up a little. After rearing once or twice he will come to you, then pet him; step back and repeat the process; in a short time the lesson is learned and he leads anywhere. ‘The next day he may have partially forgotten, but it soon comes to him again, and in three or four days he leads like an old horse. TO MAKE A COLT COME TO YOU.—Have a long, flexible whip. Place yourself just so far ahead of the colt that you can easily touch him on the flank, and then bid him ‘‘come here,’’ at the same time pulling on the halter. If he does not come, touch him on the flank or on the forelegs lightly, and so continue until he obeys. If he pulls back, check him, and con- tinue touching him until he comes to you. Then pet him, give him a small bit of sugar, a piece of apple, or something that he is fond of. Continue in this way until he comes readily at the word. HOW TO PROCEED WITH THE BRIDLE.— To accustom the colt to the use of the bit is one of the lessons to be TRAINING THE HORSE 17 early learned. A bitting bridle should be put on for an hour or more a day until he is familiar with it. An ‘‘open bridle’’ should always be used at first in order that the colt may see and familiar- ize himself with all that is going on about him. There should be no lines or reins attached. Later this style of bridle may be changed to one with ‘‘blinders,’’ then gradually the use of lines may be taught him. LESSONS IN SOUND SIGNALS.—Thus far the en- deavor has been to accustom the colt to prompt obedience to command expressed by voice and signal. The voice must be the chief reliance. The signal by sound should always precede the signal by signs, or the check by strap or rein, and should always precede the tap of the whip, when the whip is necessary. The same word should be used to induce the performance of a certain act, as: Whoa! back! goon! come here! When this has been done and the colt taught to stand at rest, to lead quietly or to circle about the teacher at the end of the rein, he should next be taught to follow the master about the yard without leading, first with the halter strap in hand, the tutor backing as the colt fol- lows, and afterwards with the strap around the neck of the colt. The first lesson in backing may be given by taking the colt by the head, standing in front of him and using the word ‘‘back,’’ at the same time pushing in the proper direction, and tapping him on the breast if necessary. After a time the colt will back promptly and continuously at the word. This lesson and all others of flexions must be taught with the bridle and bit, since to back easily and properly the head must be raised. TEACHING THE COLT TO DRIVE BEFORE BEING HARNESSED.—In breaking colts a large, smooth bit is to be preferred. There are on the market some slightly flexible, leather-covered bits that are very good. A straight ora single joint bit is to be preferred. After the colt is thoroughly acquainted with the bitting rig, a saddle, back strap and crupper of a single harness should be carefully put on and be kept on for an hour or two a day, until he is well accustomed to it. When this is done a bridle can be put on, the lines passed through the loops for the shafts, and the celt driven. By passing the lines, 2 18 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR through the loops, the colt can be prevented from whirling around and getting tangled up in the lines. It is usually a good ~ plan to have an attendant lead the colt until he understands what is wanted of him. Make haste slowly and remember that while of necessity the instructions herein given must of necessity follow in close order, that the instructions to the colt should be extended gradually over his entire colthood. Teach him to move his body in the direction his head is turned. Drive him to the right ina circle for a time, then to the left until he readily answers the prompting of the reins. HARNESSING AND DRIVING.—At about two years is the best time to put the colt to light work. He has better teeth than at three years, and has arrived at the period when careful driving will assist to spread and develop the frame. The great danger here is giving too much work, and unless this be guarded against, he best not be trained. After the colt has been taught to drive single, the breeching and traces should be attached and arranged so there will be no flapping and the colt hitched up with a reliable but quick acting horse. It is a mistake to put a colt with a slow, lazy horse, for his actions only irritate and confuse the colt. After being driven double awhile, hitch the pair to a substantial vehicle. When hitching up a colt for the first time in this way, it is a good plan to put a pair of single lines on the colt’s bridle, which may be handled by an assistant. In hitching up double, a good, heavy wagon is preferable, and especially one with a brake. Place the colt on the “‘off’’ side, as he is more easily managed there, and can be touched up with the whip better. If the colt rears and plunges, keep the steady horse in motion and talk to the colt. If he shows too much temper, a few good cuts with the whip will bring him to terms, but in punishing strike but once, repeating if necessary. ‘This discipline, administered with care, and driving to make them waywise, is all the difficulty one need ever have with colts. Some horse trainers prefer breaking a colt in shafts before hitching him up double. A cart for breaking colts single should be substantial, with long, heavy thills, and the seat arranged TRAINING THE HORSE 19 behind so the driver can get off and on quickly. Thecolt should be hitched far enough ahead in the cart so that he cannot kick to do any damage. A strap—commonly called a ‘‘kick strap’’— attached to each shaft and passed over the colt’s croup should always be used until the colt is well accustomed to the thills. When a colt is first hitched up in a two-wheeled cart, an attendant should hold him until the driver is ready, then he should be allowed to go. Assoon as he becomes familiar with the cart, he should be compelled tostand until he is told to start. Teaching a colt to back is usually best done by placing him in with a horse that will back well, the wagon being placed part way up a slight incline so it will run back easily, and after a time backed on level ground. An assistant takes the lines and tells the colt to back, while the trainer takes hold of the colt’s bit on either side and assists in forcing him backward. If he refuses to go, a slight cut across his front legs, or tapping the legs with the toe will cause him to step back. Time and patience are often required to make a colt back well. He must always be compelled to respond to a traction of the bit, even if a cut with the whip be necessary. He should not be allowed to twist head and neck around without moving the body. In teaching him to draw, he should be hitched with another horse of his own temperament and agility. At first, loads must be light, increasing as he becomes accustomed to his work. A young horse not accustomed to pull- ing should never be hitched to a load if there is any doubt of his ability to move the same readily. HOW TO SADDLE-BREAK THE COLT.—Prepare the saddle by tying each stirrup strap in a knot to make them short, preventing them from flying about and hitting the colt. Then double up the skirts and take the saddle in your right arm so as not to frighten him with it when you approach. When you get to him, rub him gently a few times with your hand, then raise the saddle very slowly until he can see it and smell and feel it with his nose. Now let the skirts loose and rub them very gently against his neck, the way the hair iies letting him hear the rattle of the skirts and feel them against him, each time a little farther backward, and finally slip it over on his back, 20 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR Shake it a little with your hand, and ina little time you can rattle it about over his back as you please, pull it off and throw it on again without his paying much attention to it. As soon as you have accustomed him to the saddle, fasten the girth. Be careful about this. It often frightens a colt to feel the girth tighten around him. Bring it up very gently, and do not draw it too tight at first—only just enough to hold the saddle on. Move him a little and then tighten as you will, and he will not mind it. You should then lead him about thestable a few times; then remove the saddle and replace it. See that there are no loose straps about the saddle to flap about and scare him. After he becomes thoroughly accustomed to the saddle, and is not afraid to see you anywhere about him, and will follow you anywhere you wish to go with the saddle on him, you may, if he is old enough to bear your weight, proceed to mount. HOW TO MOUNT THE COLT.—You should go all around him, move thesaddle skirts and see that they donot frighten him. Place a block by the side of the colt and get on the block. If he seems frightened at your appearing higher than usual, repeat the lesson until the fear is all removed. Goslow. Lean on the saddle, put your foot in the stirrup, and allow him to bear your weight. Allow your knees to rest against him and your toe to touch him under the shoulder. Repeat this several times, or until the animal is accustomed to it. You may now raise your leg over his croup and he will not get frightened. When these pre- cautions are taken, there are few horses so wild that you cannot now mount without making him jump. When mounting, the horse should always stand without being held. HOW TO RIDE THE COLT.—When you want the colt to start, do not touch him on the side with the heel or strike him with the whip. At once speak to him kindly, and if he does not start, pull him a little to the left until he does so, then let him walk off slowly with the reins loose. Get on and off until he will stand when you get into the saddle. Get on from both sides until he becomes thoroughly familiar with the movements and stands still. After you have trained him in this way for several TRAINING THE HORSE 21 hours you can ride him anywhere without having him jump or make an effort to throw you. When you mount a colt, take a little shorter hold on the left rein, so that if anything frightens him you can keep him from jumping by pulling his head around. This operation of pulling a horse’s head around to his side will prevent his jumping ahead, rearing up, or running away. If he is stub- born and will not go, you can make him move by pulling his head around to one side, when whipping will have no effect. Turn him around and around until he gets dizzy, then give him his head and a little touch with the whip and he will go along without any trouble. The martingale should never be used when a colt is learning. Heshould now be perfectly gentle and familiar with the halter, bridle, saddle and the different parts of the harness, and should be accustomed to follow readily when led either by the halter or bridle, and to stand in either the company of other horses or alone. HOW TO BREAK WILD AND VICIOUS COLTS.— One of the best plans for breaking wild and vicious colts is by what is known as the Rarey method. This consists in conquering the animal by depriving him of the use of his limbs, and making him feel that he is utterly powerless in the hands of the operator, and must submit to whatever is required of him. It isa system that condenses in a short time the work that would ordinarily cover the whole period af colthood up to the time. Mr. Rarey used an ordinary halter to which he attached a straight bar bit 4% inches long between the rings, with side bars. The attach- ment is made by means of two small billets and buckles. The first step will be to halter the colt, which may be done by driving him into a close box or stall and haltering him if necessary from the outside. When bridled the next move is to throw him on his side. To throw him, do asdirected in OPERATIONS on page 347. When down, rub and caress him, treating him with the utmost gentleness, and every effort should be made to quiet his fears and soothe his exitement. He must be shown that though mastered he isnot in any way hurt. Stroke his hair with the hand; pat his body, neck, and head; handle his feet, legs, and ears; in this ‘way manipulating every part of the body. The operator may 22 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR now sit down upon him and get all over him; for the more motions and changes that can be gone through with, the better. The harness should be rubbed over him; the saddle laid on him; and the chains rattled over him if such are used. Continue this. until all symptoms of fear have disappeared, and then allow him to get up. When on his feet, place the saddle on his back and each piece of harness. If he scares and jumps and acts ugly, take them off and throw him as at first. Bring the buggy and allow the wheels to pass around where he can see them, and lay the shafts on him. Continue doing this until he is familiar with every part of harness, saddle and carriage. Whatever is undertaken must be perseveringly taught until understood, for if the horse is not thoroughly conquered at the outset, a long course of training will be needed to bring him to proper subjection. Do not use harsh words or means. In handling the colt be gentle and soothing, bearing in mind that the law of kindness is more potent than that of force. All directions given for training colts apply here. Another method that is very effectual in taming wild and ugly colts is by the use of the knee strap. It is especially good for a ‘‘kicker.’? Take up one forefoot and bend the knee until the hoof is bottom upward; and then slip a loop over his knee and shove it up until it comes above the pastern joint, being careful to draw the loop together between the hoof and pastern joint with a second strap, to keep the loop from slipping down and off. This will leave the horse standing on three legs; he can be handled with ease in this position, for he cannot do much hampered in this manner. When the horse’s foot is first fastened up, he will sometimes get in a rage, striking with his knee and trying in every way to get the foot to the ground; but he will soon give this up and with it abandon all ugly actions, be willing to obey, and generally be docile. Repeat this as often as required. This method is attended with less trouble and danger than any other method, since after tying up the foot you can sit down and let him fight it out. When he gives up, go to him, let down the foot, rub his leg with your hand, caress him and let him rest a few minutes, then put it up again. Repeat this a few times, always putting up the same foot, and he will learn to travel some TRAINING THE HORSE 23 distance on three legs. When a little used to this way of going, put on the harness and hitch up to the cart or sulky. Even if a kicker, no fears need be harbored that he will do damage with one foot up, nor run very fast; if he wants to run and is given every privilege, and even urged, he will go but slowly on three legs, and will soon tire and be ready to stop. If when discon- tinuing the strapping up process there is fear that the horse may run or act viciously, straps with rings may be buckled below the fetlock on each foreleg, a small rope tied securely in the ring of the strap on the right leg, passed over the belly-band and down through the ring on the left foreleg, then passed up over the belly-band again and held by an assistant who walks or rides with the trainer. In case of trouble, the assistant by pulling on the rope can hold up one or both feet. If a horse shows a tend- ency to kick, a twitch on the lines will often distract his atten- tion and prevent kicking. In the case of a nervous and irritated horse, placing a blindfold over the eyes will frequently direct his attention in another direction. Horses have also been successfully tamed after being haltered by attaching to the halter, by a strong snap, a long rope (25 or 30 feet) at its middle, and having the ends held by two attendants, whose only duty is to keep the rope spread, and to accommodate themselves to the movements of the colt, so as to keep it as nearly within bounds as possible, the trainer’s part being to direct the work and to talk to the colt. After rearing and plunging until completely exhausted, the colt will be in condition for the master to begin the lessons in training. HOW TO USE A STUBBORN HORSE IN BREAK- ING.—If the animal you are training has a stubborn or mulish disposition, rather than being wild; if he lays back his ears as you approach him, or turns to kick you, he has not proper regard or fear of man, and it might be well to give him a few sharp cuts with the whip about the legs, pretty close to the body. It will crack sharply as it plies about the legs, and the crack of the whip will affect him as much as the stroke. Do not whip much; only just enough to frighten him. But whatever you do, do it with a good deal of fire, though withcut anger. If you cannot control 24 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR yourself you are not fit to handle horses. When he does right, pat and caress him, giving him a piece of apple or something he is fond of. If he does wrong, give him the whip. As soon as he is frightened enough to stand up and pay some attention, go up to him and pet him a great deal more than you whipped him; by so doing you will excite the two controlling passions, love and fear, and he will love and fear you. Then as soon as he under- stands what you want, he will obey quickly. If the animal is too mulish to yield to careful and gentle treatment as is here given, then resort to the treatment as in the case of taming wild and vicious colts on page 21. HOW TO MAKE A HORSE COME AT COMMAND. Take a small-sized rope about 15 feet long and tie it around the horse’s neck the same as though you were tying him to a post; then draw the rope back between the horse’s neck and the rope, and you will form a loop; by putting this over the lower jaw you will have a bridle that will be a power in your hands. Having put on the bridle take hold of the rope about 5 feet from the end, and give him a few side pulls, saying at the same time, “‘Come here, sir!’’ Then, quickly taking hold of the end of the rope, say, distinctly, ‘‘Come here, sir!’’ and if he comes, caress him; if he does not come, give him a pull sidewise, and repeat the command until he obeys. Now start off with the rope, either to the right or to the left, and if he does not follow you, give him another twitch, and he will soon learn to follow you. Ordinarily it can be taught in ten minutes. Use the same means when turning horse out to pasture, only let the rope go and trail along the ground, and when he gets a few yards away, repeat the command, and if he comes, pat him; if he does not, give him a lively jerk, and he will soon obey without the use of the rope. No matter how far away, if in the field, all that is neces- sary is to repeat the command and he will come. It is quite necessary to teach a horse this form of obedience, as it is the foundation of others, and is one of the most valuable that a horse can possess. TRAINING THE HORSE 25 TO BREAK A HORSE OF REARING UNDER THE SADDLE OR BEFORE A CARRIAGE.—Attach a small cord tightly around the swell of the body, tie with a loop knot, one that will not slip, and carry it back to the carriage. By reason of not being able to expand his body, the horse will not rear, since he cannot do so without body expansion. The method is so simple that one would say that there is nothing to it, but if put to the test it will be found of great value in remov- ing a most unpleasant if not a dangerous habit. TO MAKE A HORSE STAND STILL WITHOUT HIT CHING.—First teach the horse to follow you. When he will do this, stand him in the center of the stable. Begin caress- ing him at the head and gradually work backward. If he moves, give him a cut with the whip and put him back in the same place as at first. If he stands, pet him. Continue this until you can walk about him without making him move. Keep walking about him, increasing the distance gradually, but occasionally touch and caress him. After getting some distance from him, if he should move, give him another cut with the whip and put him back in his place. If he stands, go to him frequently and pet him. Go round him as before; then stand him in another spot and proceed as at first. TO TRAIN A HORSE TO STAND STILL WHILE GETTING INTO A CARRIAGE.—TIf the horse rears up and starts suddenly, or will not stand long enough to get in, do not whip him for it, as that only adds to the trouble and may make him stubborn so that he will refuse to go when called upon. In- stead, when he is hitched, pet him about the head, then take hold of the lines and put your foot on the step and shake the car- riage; if he starts, pull gradually on the reins, and at the same time say ‘‘Whoa, my boy,’’ or something like it. Then approach his head and give him something he likes, as a piece of apple, caress him on the head between the eyes and on the nose and neck. Continue this for some minutes. When mounted, do not allow him to start off in a hurry; let him start off slowly. Perse- vere in the treatment and the horse will become kind about start- ing off. 26 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR HOW TO MAKE AN ANIMAL GET UP THAT THROWS HIMSELF.—Animals often get sulky and acquire the habit of lying down. Horses that are balky when urged to go will often lie down and refuse to get up. Oxen will some- times lie down in the furrow before the plow. When the habit is thoroughly settled, it becomes very annoying to the owner or driver, and severe means are often resorted to without avail. The following will be found effective: When animal has thrown himself and refuses to get up, raise the head and pour into his nostril a small quantity of water—not over a pint—and the result will be both effective and amusing. He will get up with an alacrity that will make amends for his sulkiness, for the sensation will be that of drowning and there will be no tarrying on the beast’s part to relieve himself. Simple though this may seem, bear it in mind, and the first time you have an opportunity to try its power, prove it to your satisfaction. @ ‘€SHOH JO NOLATENS ANATOMY OF THE HORSE O know something of the structure of the horse is of utmost importance to every one who breeds, rears, or buys them, since in the perfection of the parts that go to make up the complete animal—fineness and solidity of bone, firmness and sufficiency of muscles, healthy organs of respirations, and a high normal condi- tion of activity in the digestive tract—lies the real value of this most valuable servant of man. Not only this, but having some knowledge of the body and its structure, the organs and their functions, one is much better fitted to care for, to treat in case of disease and in every way advance the condition of animals under his care. THE SKELETON OF THE HORSE.—To make the bony structure plain to the reader, which will first be considered, it is shown by diagram, since it is not only the most easily under- stood, but is the most accurate method of presenting information of this character. To make the object lesson still more easy, there is given in the illustration, not only the skeleton, but also a background of the outer form and outline of the horse. The Head.—If a cross or longitudinal cut were made of the head, it would be seen to be full of cavities or sinuses, the uses of which are to lighten the head and to warm the air as it passes into the pharynx onits way to the lungs. It is also full of fora- mina or small holes for the nerves from the brain, and blood vessels to pass through to the organs situated in the head, as the tongue, lips and the glands in and around the head. ‘There are also the cavities in which the eyes are situated, one on each side of the head. In examining the cavity, one will find a small opening through which the optic nerve passes in coming from the brain to the eye. This is the nerve of sight. But most important of all is the brain cavity, which contains that organ, through which the various movements and functions of the body are controlled. 27 28 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR Cervical, or Neck Bones.—Of these there are seven in number. The first bone is called ‘‘atlas;’’ it is ringshaped with lateral projections like the outspread wings of a bird. It articu- lates with the skull and has great freedom of motion on the next bone, which is called the axis or ‘‘dentata,’’ and which allows the head to turn in any direction, as on a pivot. Between these two bones on the upper side is the only place where the spinal cord is not covered with bone—a spot not larger than a twenty-five cent piece. Here is where the operation of ‘‘pithing’’ is per- formed in killing a horse. The rest of bones are not named, but simply numbered from before back. Dorsal, or Back Bones.—These are next in order after the neck bones, and there are eighteen of them. The height of the - spines on the upper part of the bones is a point of interest, as they form the withers of the horse, as may be noticed in the cut. On either side these bones we find the ribs attached, eighteen pairs, corresponding to the number of bones in the back. Lumbar, or Small-of-the-Back Bones.—These are six in number and next in position to the bones noted. They are situated immediately over the kidneys. Arealso called ‘‘bones of the loin.’”’ Their long side processes give the width to the loins and furnish attachment for the large muscles of the region. Sacral, or Croup Bones.—Before birth these are five in number, but they become united and form one bone. ‘These are situated between the upper hip bones and help to form the croup of the horse. Coccygeal, or Tail Bones.—These are eighteen in number, and the point of interest is the fact of growing smaller as the end of the tail is approached. Hip, or Pelvic Bones.—The pelvis is made up of six bones, three on each side, all firmly united in one. The ilium is strongly attached to the bones of the croup, and may be called ‘‘the keystone of the arch,’’ the outer part of it forming the pin of the hip or outer angle. The ischium or hip bone is a backward continuation of theilium, and bears an enlargement which projects ANATOMY OF THE HORSE 29 on each side a little below the tail. The pubis is a single bone and is connected with the others, forming an inverted arch with them, and forms the front part of the lower surface of the pelvis. The bladder lies upon this bone. Sternum, or Breast Bone.—The breast bone in the young horse is composed of six bones, but in the full grown horse it becomes united into one solid piece. The front of the bone is convex and sharply keeled, and its upper part projects so as to be plainly outlined in what is called the ‘‘ point of the breast,’’ that part just below the lower portion of the collar. This bone is one of the softest of the body, and the first eight pairs of ribs are attached to it on either side. Ribs.—There are eighteen pairs of ribs. They form the lateral walls of the thorax or chest cavity, and afford protection to the heart andlungs. ‘They are attached above to the dorsal region of the back bone. Below, the first eight pairs are attached directly to the sternum or breast bone, and these are called the true ribs; the remaining ten pairs are attached indirectly to the breast bone by cartilages, and are called ‘‘false ribs.’’ Beginning with the first rib they increase in length to the ninth, then grow shorter until the last is reached which is only a few inches in length. Bones of the Shoulder.—These are two in number; the shoulder-blade or scapula, and the shoulder bone or humerus. They form the shoulder joint, which is a ball and socket joint, and has a strong capsular ligament, and is held down to its place also by several strong muscles. This is the seat of what is called ‘‘shoulder joint lameness.’’ The elbow joint is formed by the lower end of the humerus or shoulder bone, and the upper ends of the radius and ulna, the bones of the forearm. Bones of the Forearm.—The upper part of the foreleg of the horse is called the forearm, and is composed of two bones, extending from the elbow to the knee. One is behind and to some extent above the other; there being a considerable projec- tion received between the heads of the lower bone of the shoulder 30 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR (humerus), forming a powerful lever, into which are inserted the muscles for extending the arm. The upper bone ends in a point behind the middle of the other one. Bones of the Knee.—These bones are eight in number, arranged in two rows, three in each row and one back of each row. The one back of the upper row gives prominence to the back of the knee, acting as a lever and should be large. There are three transverse joints in the knee, one between the upper row and the radius above, one between the two rows, and one between the lower row and the bones below. ‘The greatest amount of movement takes place between the upper row and the radius, a small amount between the two rows, and practically none between the lower row and the bones below; this accounts for the fact that a bony growth on the lower part of the knee may not stiffen the joint to a noticeable extent. The bones are all held together by a large number of ligaments, making the structure very strong. Bones of the Cannon.—Between the knee and the fetlock are three bones—one large bone and the two small or splint bones. These form what is called the Cannon. ‘The upper end of the large bone articulates with the lower row of bones in the knee, and below with the upper pastern at the fetlock joint. The large bone is nearly straight, rounded in front and flattened or slightly concave behind. ‘The splint bones, which are to strengthen the cannon bone, diminish to a point before reaching the fetlock joint; they are attached one to either back border of the large bone, their upper ends helping to support the lower row of bones of the knee. Bones of the Pastern and the Foot.—By reference to cut, ‘‘Anatomy of Foot,’’ showing the bones of the lower part of the front leg, all the bones and joints may be seen. The part of the leg between the fetlock and the foot is called the ‘‘pastern.’’ The upper pastern bone moves freely upon the cannon bone, and at the back of this articulation are two small bones called ‘‘sessamoids.”’ The movement between the upper and lower pastern bones is not very great; about one-half the lower bone is within the hoof. “Sa'TOSNW 4O WAAVT TVIOIdadNsS ANATOMY OF THE HORSE 31 ‘The toe is formed by the coffin bone which is surrounded and enveloped in the hoof. The navicular or shuttle bone lies beneath and partly within the junction of the coffin and lower pastern. It is also enclosed in the hoof. Bones of the Hind Leg.—The femur or upper thigh bone articulates at the upper end with the ilium, which is in turn joined to the back bone. The femur is very large and strong, and has upon it large projections for the attachment of important muscles. The upper end of the femur has a rounded head on the inner side, fitting into and articulating with a cup-like cavity formed at the junction of the three pelvic bones. At the end below are the two prominences fitting into the depressions in the tibia or lower thigh bone, and in front of which is a groove for the patella or knee-cap to work in, the whole making what is called ‘‘the stifle joint.’’ The lower thigh is made up of two bones, the tibia or main bone, and the fibula or small bone at the outer, upper part, which reaches down the tibia about one-third its length, and is attached to it. Bones of the Hock, or Tarsus Joint.—This joint contains six and sometimes seven bones. They are interposed between the tibia above and the cannon bones below. Most of the move- ment of the joint takes place between the tibia and the upper front bone of the hock; these articulate in such a way as to give a large amount of motion; but slight motion takes place between the other bones. The projecting bone at the back, which forms the point of the hock, acts as a lever for the attachment of a large tendon. The bones below the hock in the hind legs are the same as those below the knee in front. THE MUSCLES OF THE HORSE.—In the previous articles the skeleton of the horse was set forth. In this article we will as clearly as possible say something of the muscular system. For purposes of accuracy the scientific world has adopted the Greek and Latin languages as the source of names, since they are generally understood by scholars; for this reason it is difficult to go into the detail of names ina popular work such 32 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR as this without cumbering it with a great mass of useless matter, but we will try and give a goodly amount of instruction and put it into language easy of comprehension. Muscles are the active organs of motion, each being separated from the other by a thin, delicate membrane of connective tissue, which forms a sheath for the muscle. They are divided into two. parts—fleshy and tendinous. ‘The first is larger than the second and is sometimes called the ‘‘belly of the muscle.’’ Itis the ‘‘lean meat,’’ to use a popular term. At both ends of the muscle is the tendinous part, which is hard and white and forms the attach- ment to the bone. Every muscle is attached to two or more places on different bones, and by their contraction move the joints. of the body. ‘They are supplied with nerves, which give energy and feeling, and also well supplied with small blood vessels, from which the muscle is fed. There are two kinds of muscles —voluntary and involuntary. The voluntary are under the control of the will of the animal, as the muscles which move the leg or head. ‘The involuntary are those that work without con- scious action of the will, such as those of the heart, or of the breathing organs. Muscles of the Head and Neck.—The masseter muscle forms the cheek of the horse, and its function is to close the jaw; the temporal muscle also assists in the action of chewing, and the dimpling seen above the eye in doing so is from the action of this muscle. The eye has two muscles—one to close the eye and one to raise the eyelid. The ear muscles are not conspicuous; one turns the ear forward, a second turns it inward and backward, while a third descends at the back of the cheek and turns the ear outward. The nose and lip muscles are important, since they aid in gathering food, and in expanding and contracting the nostrils in breathing. They also, in connec- tion with those of the ears, aid one in judging much as to the temper of the horse. One muscle entirely surrounds the mouth, and it opens and closes the lips; another, a pyramid-shaped muscle, covers the nostril, and also raises the upper lip. The under lip is drawn back by a narrow muscle, which is inserted into the lip below the angle of the mouth; it passes along the side of the jaw, disappearing under the cheek muscle—the masseter. ANATOMY OF THE HORSE 33 One of the principal muscles of the neck originates in the four or five first dorsal bones and in the lower five bones of the neck; from these points uniting into one muscle, which makes up the principal lower part of the neck, and which, diminishing in size as it passes toward the head, terminates in a tendon inserted in the bone covering the top of the head. Above this is another muscle called the splenius, which is inserted into alt the bones of the neck except the first, but having with this and the top of the head a separate connection. To the form and development of these muscles the muscularity and beauty of the neck is due. The thick crest and massive neck of the stallion are largely due to the development of these muscles. On the front of the neck are three muscles that may be mentioned, the first of which is the hyoid muscle; this is attached to the hyoid bone of the tongue; descends along the front of the neck close to the trachea, or windpipe, to the point of the breast, but is for most of its length covered by other muscles. The principal depressor muscle of the neck partly covers the hyoid muscle; it rises from the upper part of the point of the breast, covers the lower front of the neck, proceeds upward just under- neath the skin, and is inserted by a flat tendon into the rear angle of the lower jaw. It forms the lower border of the groove on the side of the neck, called the ‘‘ jugular furrow.’’ Extending from the back of the head and upper part of neck, along the side of the neck forming the upper border of the jugular furrow is an important muscle which spreads out over the point of the shoulder. It has a double function; with the head fixed by its own muscles, it becomes the point from which this muscle raises the shoulder—but the action can be reversed. With the shoulder as the fixed point, the head can be depressed by means of a small slip of muscle being carried forward to the point of the breast bone to bear the head in that direction. The muscles are all arranged in pairs, sometimes, but rarely in contact; so that in speaking of them in the singular, their function and position is to be understood as applying to each side of the animal. Muscles of the Shoulders and Back.—An important muscle is one called the trapezius muscle. It rises from the. aK 34 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR ligament of the neck and the principal bones of the withers, and terminates in a pointed shape on the prominent part of the shoulder-blade. Its office, assisted by another muscle, is to raise and support the shoulders, Occupying the outer surface of the shoulder-blade, on the front side of the spine or ridge of that bone, is another important muscle, the anterior spinatus. It proceeds to the lower bone of the shoulder (the humerus), and dividing into two parts is inserted into the two prominences on the front of it. Its office is to carry the bone forward. Covering the shoulder- blade, back of the bony ridge, is another muscle called the posterior spinatus. It is these two muscles which waste away in Sweeny. Inside the arm at the junction with the body is the large pectoral group of four muscles, whose work is to pull the whole foreleg inward, keeping it in line with the body, inducing an even and regular action of that member, and forming the breast. On the outside of the shoulder, and easily seen when the horse is in motion, is a triangular group of large muscles, whose office is to straighten and extend the forearm, bringing it down perpendicu- larly and in line with the lower bone of the shoulder (the humerus). Arising from the back border of the shoulder-blade and the lower bone of the shoulder, they are inserted into the point of the elbow. ‘The muscles which bend the forearm up- wards are not visible in the living horse, being nearly covered by those of the shoulder. The principal muscle of the back extends from the shoulder to the haunch; it is strongly attached to the processes of the back bones and to the ribs, and is employed in raising the fore and hind parts and in rearing and kicking. The portion nearest the surface is that covered by the saddle, but no part is distinctly apparent without dissection. Muscles of the Fore Legs.—These may be divided into two classes—extending or straightening, and flexing or bending. The first named are the ones that straighten the leg. Above, these muscles are attached to the bones around the elbow joint and pass down on the front of the forearm; about three inches above the knee they change into tendon and become what are called the ‘‘cords of the leg.’? Some are attached just below the knee joint ANATOMY OF THE HORSE 35 to the cannon bone, and others pass down in front of the cannon and attach to the foot bone. The flexing or bending muscles are situated at the back part of theleg; are attached above to the back part of elbow joint and pass downward on the back part of the forearm. Above the knee they also become tendinous, a part of them attaching to the little bone at the back of the upper row of knee bones, and in acting bend this joint, while two continue down the back of the cannon, forming what are called the back tendons, and are attached to the bottom of the foot bone. Muscles of the Hind Quarters.—Among the prominent muscles of the hip are what are called the gluteal muscles; they are large and make up a large part of the flesh around the hip bone. Their function is to carry the the hind leg back, and so when the foot is fixed to the ground, push the body forward. They have been termed the ‘‘ kicking muscles.’’ The principal one arises in the bones of the loin, and in the side bone of the pelvis, and terminates in a projection on the upper bone of the thigh, (the femur). Another important muscle is the ‘‘ three headed muscle’’ of the thigh. Really it is three in one, having a common origin and united together. Originating from the sacral bones, and from various parts of the pelvic bones, it curves downward and forward, dividing into three heads, which are inserted into the upper part of the lower bone of the thigh behind the stifle joint. It assists the preceding muscle in carrying the leg backward, and hence throws the body forward when the foot is fixed. Parallel with and behind this is the ‘‘double-headed muscle’’ that descends from the croup and first bones of the tail, to the inner side of the lower bone of the thigh. It forms the rear border of haunch and assists the two preceding, the three being very important muscles and should be large in draft horses. The rectus muscle forms the front of the thigh and extends from the side bone of the pelvis, in front of hip joint, to the patella or knee-cap. It, with two assistants, carries the leg forward. There are a number of muscles on the inside of the thigh which keep the leg from swinging away from the body. Of the 36 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR muscles of the tail there are four—one on the upper side, its office being to raise the tail; two are on either side, to draw the tail in either direction sidewise, and one on the under side to draw and hold the tail down. Muscles of the Lower Thigh, or Gaskin.—Like the fore- leg these may be divided into the flexing and extending muscles. The first named are attached above around the stifle joint and descending down the front of the thigh bone, one becomes at- tached to the front of the cannon just below the hock and flexes: this joint, while the others pass through sheaths or loops at the hock to hold the muscles firm while leg is in action; thence con- tinuing down in front of the cannon bone to the fetlock, we find them passing through loops or sheaths, then on down in front of the pastern bones, and widely expanding are inserted into the upper part of the coffin bone; these straighten the fetlock joint. The back muscles are attached above, around the stifle joint at its back; they become tendinous before reaching the hock. ‘Iwo of the principal ones pass down to the back part of the hock joint, known as the ‘‘ point of the hock,’’ to which one is attached; they form what is called the ‘‘ham-string.’’ ‘The other passes down the back of the cannon to the fetlock joint through a sheath, along the back part of the pastern bones, and is attached to the lower one. ‘This tendon, from the hock down, forms one of the back tendons of the hind legs. Another important muscle passes down underneath the one already mentioned, through a sheath at the back part of the hock where it is supplied with a synovial sack, and then passes down the back of the shank or cannon bone be- neath the other tendon, through the sheath at the fetlock to the back part of the bone of the foot where it is attached. The one which attaches to the point of the hock straightens that joint and is important in propelling the animal; those going to the foot bend that member backward. Involuntary Muscles.—Are those that control to some ex- tent the expansion and contraction of the lungs in breathing; the action of the heart in beating, and they also help form the walls of all the hollow organs, as the digestive tract, the bladder and the womb. ANATOMY OF THE HORSE _ 37 The Diaphragm is a large muscular curtain which separates the chest from the abdomen; it has an important action in breathing. THE NERVOUS SYSTEM.—tThe nervous system is a very important set of the organs which give energy and feeling to the body, and interpret impressions received through the medium of the senses, such as seeing, smelling, hearing, etc. The brain is the center of the nervous system, and is situated in the cranial cavity. It is surrounded by three delicate membranes, called the ‘‘meninges,’’ the outer one being attached to the inner wall of the cranial cavity. From the brain the nerves which supply the various organs in the headare passed down through the foramina or openings to their respective points, as the optic nerve to the eye, the auditory nerve to the ear, the olfactory nerves that supply the sense of smell to the nose, and the nerve of taste to the tongue. Other nerves pass to other parts of the head to give feeling and motion, and still others to the pharynx to give the power of swallowing. In passing from the brain along the spinal cord, which is situated in the canal of the bones of the back, there are numerous small nerves, given off to supply the muscles of the neck, giving both feeling and motion. About opposite the shoulder-blade the spinal cord gives off a large bunch of nerves, part of which gives nerve power to the heart and lungs. An important point to remember is: that if the spinal cord is injured in front of these nerves, death is the result. ‘The other part of the nerves supply the shoulders, chest and muscles of the front legs. Farther back are given off the nerves that supply the organs of the abdominal cavity. In the region of the hips are another lot of nerves given off, some going to the rectum, the womb and the bladder, assisting in the functional work of those organs; others supply the muscles of the hips, hind legs and the tail. Nerves have the appearance of white threads held together by a common tissue sheath. The brain of the horse weighs on the average 23 ounces; that of man 50 ounces. THE CIRCULATION .—The system of circulation is car- ried on by means of the heart, arteries, capillaries and veins, and the very important fluid, the blood. 38 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR The Heart.—The heart is the principal organ of circula- tion; it weighs in the average horse about six to six and one-half pounds. It is a hollow, involuntary, muscular organ, and acts as a force pump in maintaining the circulation of the blood, and is situated between the lungs. The bottom end or apex is down- ward and rests just above the breast bone, the base or upper part being directed upward and to the left side, the left lung having a hollow on its side for the heart to work in. There is a sac around the heart which helps to protect and support it, being attached to the back bone above, and to the breast bone below. ‘The sac is composed of a whitish fibrous tissue, smooth inside, with many small glands that secrete a watery substance that lubricates the outer heart wall and the inner sac wall, so that in action the walls are not irritated. The heart cavity is in two parts, the right and left sides, each one of these are again divided into an upper cavity called the auricle, and the lower called the ventricle, so we have right and left auricle and right and left ventricle. The right auricle communicates with the right ventricle through an opening in the septum or partition on the right side of the heart, but a return is prevented by a valve. The left auricle opens into the left ventricle in the same way. The right side is sometimes called the venous side and the left side the arterial side. Two large veins empty the impure blood of the body into the right auricle. The right auricle con- tracting forces the blood through the opening in the partition into the right ventricle; the valve preventing return. The right ventricle contracts and forces the blood into the pulmonary artery, which branches a few inches above the heart, connecting with the. right and left lungs. These are again divided into other small arteries which flow into what is called the capillary net-work, which is situated around the air-cells of the lungs, where the blood gives up its carbonic acid gas, and takes in oxygen from the air, which changes the color from a dark purplish red to a bright red. Here is emphasized the necessity of well ventilated quarters, in order that the carbonic acid gas may be carried off and the oxygen supplied. The pulmonary veins now return the blood to the left auricle, and the contraction of the auricle sends the blood through the opening into the left ventricle, which. WOVUHdVIG INV LYVGH JO NOILISOd DNIMOHS ‘LSAHO AO HOIMALNI eee : xe ee temas ANATOMY OF THE HORSE 39 opening is guarded to prevent a return, while the left ventricle contracts and forces the blood into the aorta or large artery of the body, which passes above the heart two or three inches, where the artery branching, sends one forward to supply the parts of the body in front of the heart, and another backward along the spinal bones, to supply the body behind the organ. The branch that goes forward soon divides, sending off branches to supply the shoulders and forelegs, while two other branches, called the carotid arteries, pass along each side of the neck under the jugular veins, giving off branches to supply the muscles and parts of the neck, Just below the butt of the ears these divide again each into three large branches, which supply the brain and other parts of the head. The branch of the aorta that turns backward from the heart is a very long and large one, passing below the spine and between the kidneys, branching again a few inches beyond into four large arteries, two to the left and two to the right side, supplying the pelvic cavity and the hind legs. Before the division into four branches, other small branches were given off, supplying the liver, the spleen, the stomach, the large and small bowels. and one to each kidney. As the blood nears the extremities the arteries grow smaller, until at last the blood reaches the capillaries—small vessels connecting the arteries and veins—where the blood unloads its nutritive mat- ter and takes on the waste material, conveying it back to the heart through the veins, Arteries are the vessels that convey the blood away from the heart to the different parts of the body, which being purified in the lungs by air contact is pure and of a bright red color. Veins carry the blood back to the heart loaded with the im- purities that are taken up in the capillaries, and it is then a dark, purplish color. The Capillary Vessels are small vessels about 1-3000 of an inch in diameter that are arranged in varied form in net-work between the termination of the arteries and the beginning of the veins. It is here that the nutritive elements are given up to the tissues and the waste matter is taken up. 40 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR The Lymphatic, also known as the absorbent system, is con- nected with the blood vessels, and is made up of very minute tubes and glands, which convey from the tissues of the body a clear fluid known as lymph, and pour it into the blood of the veins as it ison its way back to the heart. These glands are found all threugh the body—in every tissue of the body supplied by blood. It is from an inflammation of these glands that are found inside of the thigh and shoulder, that we have the disease known as ‘‘lymphangitis’’ or ‘‘water farcy.’’ THE DIGESTIVE ORGANS.—The digestive organs comprise the alimentary canal and accessories from the mouth to the anus. Thechief parts are the mouth, pharynx, esophagus, or the tube leading from the pharynx to stomach and the bowels, or intestines. The mouth is the cavity at the beginning of the digestive canal; in front are the lips; at the sides, the cheeks, which are lined by what is termed mucous membrane, that has several openings in it from the glands, which supply the saliva. On the upper surface of the mouth the mucous membrane is thrown into folds or bars, from eighteen to twenty in number, which assist the tongue in the manipulation of food. The tongue is an important member in articulation, in mastication and in taste. The Teeth.—The teeth perform a most important office in masticating food, thus helping to prepare it for digestion. The horse has two sets, the milk teeth of which there are twenty- four; and the permanent teeth of which there are forty. In the mare the tusks are rudimentary or wanting, hence there are usually thirty-six. The incisors, or front teeth, are twelve in number, six in each jaw, the upper being longest; the two middle ones are called nippers, or central incisors, the two adjoining teeth lateral incisors, and the outer ones corner incisors. ‘The tusks or canine teeth are four in number, a pair above and below; as has been stated these are generally wanting in the mare. The molars or grinders are twelve in the milk teeth, and twenty- four in the permanent set—six on each side above and below. Like the incisors, those of the upper jaw are the largest. In addition the horse may have supplementary molars called wolf i ANATOMY OF THE HORSE 41 teeth, small round pointed teeth that come in the upper jaw, ‘also sometimes in the lower jaw, in front of the molars, one on each side. The Salivary Glands.—These are the glands that secrete ‘the saliva that is poured into the mouth while the animal is eat- ing. There are three pairs of importance, one large pair on each side of the throat below the ears, filling the space between the ‘jawbone and neck; this pair has ducts passing around and under the lower jaw and up into the cheek muscles, entering the mouth opposite the third molar. The next pair are below the first men- tioned and open into the bottom part of the mouth. The third pair are situated under the tongue, one on each side; by many small ducts they empty saliva into the mouth. The use of saliva is to liquify starchy food, and to convert it into dextrin and maltose; it also aids mastication and assists the sense of taste by dissolving the food. The Pharynx.—A cavity just back of the mouth common to both digestive and respiratory tracts. It isseparated from the mouth by a curtain called the soft palate; this is very large in the horse, preventing food from returning into the mouth after having entered the pharynx. The Esophagus or Gullet.—Is a tube, lined with mucous membrane about the same as the mouth, that extends from the pharynx to the stomach. Its office is the conveying of food from the pharynx to the stomach by means of successive contractions of its muscular coat. The Stomach.—The stomach of the horse is small, holding about three to four gallons. The walls of the stomach are com- posed of three coats, the outside or serous membrane, the middle or muscular membrane, and the inner or mucous membrane, ‘which is a continuation of the membrane of mouth and esophagus. When the stomach is empty, the inner coat is in loose folds, and there are found small openings in it through which gastric juice enters from the secreting glands. This juice aids in the process of digestion. The middle or muscular coat consists of muscular fibres which in action give the stomach a sort of churning motion, 42 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR rolling the food around and mixing it with the gastric juice. There are valves at the entrance and the exit of the stomach to prevent a return of food to the gullet, or to allow coarse, undi- gested food to enter bowels. Large ligaments hold the stomach in place, and it is well supplied by blood vessels and nerves. In the horse stomach, the digestion of food takes place quickly in comparison with other animals. After the food has been fully digested in the stomach it is changed into what is called chyme, and in this form passes on to the bowels. The Bowels or Intestines.—The bowels or intestines are divided into large and small, the two, however, forming a con- tinuous tube with winding convolutions, their length being in the average horse about ninety feet, of which the small bowels are about three-fourths the total length. ‘The coats are similar to those of the stomach. ‘The outer one secretes watery fluid that lubricates the bowels and prevent irritation from contact with the abdominal walls; the middle or muscular coat has the faculty of contracting and relaxing, forcing the contents onward toward the anus and mixing the food with the juices; the mucous membrane contains small structures that absorb the nourishment from the food after it is completely digested by the juices of the liver and pancreas, and the glands of the mucous membrane, pouring it into the blood, which, by the action of the heart, car- ries it to all parts of the body. About six inches from the stomach in the bowels are found two openings, one for the hepatic duct, which carries the bile from the liver, and the other for the pancreatic duct, which carries a clear fluid from the pancreas, called pancreatic juice, These act on the food from the stomach, changing it as stated above. The first part of the large bowels is known as the blind gut and is about three feet long; its use is to act as a reservoir for water and fluid parts of food. ‘The next part of the large bowels is known as the great colon; it is about eleven feet in length, eight to ten inches in diameter and lies on the floor of the belly, being doubled on itself three times, forming four portions; it is the largest portion of the tract, holding about eighteen gallons. Here digestion of the food is completed, the bowel contracting and ANATOMY OF THE HORSE 43 working, it takes out the nutriment, from here the contents are carried into what is called the floating colon, which is about ten feet long and about two inches in diameter; it is thrown into folds and has the office of working its contents into balls, which are then emptied into the rectum. It is suspended from the back bone by a curtain, and lies largely in the left flank. The Rectum.—This is the last part of the intestines, is about eighteen inches in length, and is sometimes termed the straight bowel. The coats are a continuation of those of the large bowels, but the walls are very much thicker. Above this bowel are the bones of the croup; below in the horse is the blad- der. In the mare are found the womb and vagina or passage out, and at the sides are the bones that help to make the pelvic cavity. It is the receptacle for the feces passed on from the colon, which when full, is discharged by the contraction of its muscular coat, and the dilation of the anus or the posterior opening of the ali- mentary canal. THE LIVER.—The liver is the largest secreting gland of the body, weighing from ten to twelve pounds; it is situated between the stomach and the diaphragm and is held in place by several strong ligaments; is dark brown in color and secretes a fluid known as bile, which is greenish in color and bitter in taste. The horse has no gall bladder, but simply a tube that allows the bile, as fast as formed, to flow directly into the small intestines about six inches beyond the stomach. It is well supplied with blood vessels and nerves. The bile is an important digestive fluid. THE PANCREAS.—The pancreas is an elongated, lobed gland, which lies across the stomach and in front of the kidneys; it is a reddish cream color, and closely resembles salivary glands; the pancreatic juice which it secretes, and pours out into the small intestines just back of the stomach, is a clear, colorless alkaline fluid resembling the saliva, and it aids in the digestive process. THE SPLEEN.—The spleen is a soft, greyish-red organ, situated on the left side of the stomach, and closely attached to it. 44 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR It has no ducts for the secretion of any fluids, and its purpose is not well understood, but is thought to regulate the temperature of the stomach during digestion, and to act as a reservoir for the blood. It weighs from two to four pounds and is well supplied ‘with blood vessels and nerves. THE MEMBRANES.—The muscles are enclosed and bound in their places by a white, thin, tendon-like tissue called fascia; the surface tissue varying in thickness in different parts of the body, separating muscle and skin and protecting the struc- ture beneath, besides conserving the heat of the body—fat being a poor conductor. The deep tissue not only encloses the body of each muscle in a sheath, but it becomes united to and blends with the covering of the bone—the periosteum. The mucous membranes line all open cavities of the body, as for example, the digestive organs, the breathing organs, the urinary and the genital organs. In the mucous membranes are a large number of glands which secrete a somewhat vicid fluid, called mucus; this keeps the membranes moist. When the mem- brane is diseased the mucus is secreted abnormally and a discharge is the result, or, it is not secreted sufficiently and the membrane becomes dry and irritated. ‘The serous membranes, so called because they secrete serum, a lubricating fluid, line the cavities of the body that do not com- municate with the air. This membrane is made up of two coats, the inner one attached to the organs in the cavity and the other forming the cavity lining, as for example: the belly cavity is lined and the bowels covered with a serous coat called the peri- toneum. Another that lines the chest cavity and covers the lungs is called the pleura. THE SKIN.—This is the membrane that covers the body and consists of two parts—the epidermis or outer layer, and the dermis or true skin beneath. The epidermis is the outer layer of the skin and is composed of minute cells or scales, its office being to protect the under layer from injury, becoming especially thick where the skin is exposed to friction. This layer has no nerves and is insensible; there is a constant change going on, the dry scale thrown off being known as dandruff. ANATOMY OF THE HORSE 5 The dermis or true skin lies beneath the epidermis, and is made up of a network of tissues, vessels and nerves. What are known as the sweat glands are found in this layer. Being sup- plied with nerves of touch, it is highly sensitive, while at the same time it protects the terminations of the nerves that supplies it. It is a bad heat conductor, and thus serves to retain the heat of the body; it throws off waste matter through the sweat glands, the sweat playing an important part in regulating the tempera- ture of the body; absorption sometimes takes place from its sur- face. The sebaceous or oil secreting glands are also found in the skin; they furnish fatty matter that keeps the hair soft and sleek. THE HAIR.—The hair is the clothing of the horse, and is found in three forms; the common, which covers the body of the animal being the finest. That of the mane and tail is coarse and long, while a third that is stiffer is found around the muzzle, and is sometimes called ‘‘cat hairs.’’ The condition of the horse is shown by his hair; when well, it will be sleek and glossy, while in dis- ease, it will be dry, harsh, and staring. In the spring the old coat is shed, a new one being ready to take its place; and as the hot weather comes on, this is also shed in part. As the cold weather again approaches a new suit of hair, thicker and coarser, begins to appear. THE EYE.—Something has been said of the eye in the description of bone, muscle and nerve, but a little might be added that would be instructive and of interest. The eye of the horse is a roundish body, flattened behind, mostly enclosed in its bony cavity and membranes. It is made up of several coats around the outside, and the interior of what are called the humors of the eye—the same being three transparant media through which the light rays pass, and are respectively liquid, semi-solid and solid. The solid one is the lens, which resembles in shape the lens of a camera, and forms a picture on the retina the same as the lens does on the plate. On the inner side of the coats is a thin membrane called the retina, which receives the impressions of objects and transmits them to the brain through the optic nerve which terminates in it. ‘The oblong opening is known as the pupil of the eye, and has the power of dilation and contraction, 46 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR thus adapting the eye to light received. At the back of the eye are several muscles attached to the eye and to the bony cavity, the uses of which are to move the eye and hold it in place. At the front are the two movable curtains called eyelids, which serve to open and close, and to protect from injury, aided by the eye- lashes. At the inner angle of the eye may be seen what is known as the haw, or winking cartilage, the office of which is to assist in removing foreign bodies from the front of the eyeball. In the corner of this angle is a duct that leads to the nose, which conducts the tears of the eye to the nasal passages. A small gland above the outer part of the eyeball, secretes the tears that flow over the eye, keeping it lubricated. THE EAR.—The ear of the horse is divided into several parts. The inner part or drum is situated in the petrosal or hard bone of the head. ‘The auditory nerve (from the Latin audire, to hear) terminates in small structures just inside the drum of the ear and conveys the sound impressions received to the brain. From the drum is a small opening outward to the external ear, which is made of cartilage to give it stiffness. This is covered with a fine delicate skin and covered with soft, fine hair. Long hair pointing outward fills the external ear, its purpose being that of protection. The muscles of the ear have been mentioned in the muscular system. THE HOOF.—The hoof of the horse is divided into three distinct parts—the wall, sole and frog. The wall is that part of the hoof that is visible when the hoof rests on the ground, and is divided into the toe, the quarters, the heels and the bars. ‘The toe forms the front of the hoof, the quarters are the sides, and the heels make up the back part. The wall is thickest at the toe and decreases in thickness from the front, being much thinner at the sides. From the heel is a process of hoof which looks like a bar, passing forward between the frog and the sole, one on each side, acting as a brace to the heel and to the quarters; these are called ‘‘bars.’’ Inastate of nature the walls are covered witha fine mem- brane called periople, that gives the hoof a polished look. Its office is to prevent evaporation and cracking of the horn—a fact ‘LOOM 40 ANOLVNV JOR, JO UONIIS TOSA Se. = GOA] s auoqd Uys) s >». MOLY STIO LILLE) Zi LIU TL ALNU0L9) ‘ if ns mf UCPUI) | \ S2erALOJlIA LON Dl ) Uopuot ‘ \uosuayx Zz JUO>" UU PPPULS f vopue \ STEYDLOJMI LOW) of FU0g PIOUDSIS ( quauDon HW \ Avosuadsns | DUOQ UOUUD HOLD PROOLD FASIFUOLOD BUNSST) S1Q24Y AOJDLBY] LO MOUTLUT f GUO? U“L/O) JI0Y JO apisuy IUD UYJO) UTE STA ONUNT PDILO) [PLAOT ANATOMY OF THE HORSE 47 -often overlooked in shoeing when the smith rasps it away too -freely.. Around the top of the wall where it unites with the skin is the coronary band, which is that portion of the skin from which the wall of the hoof grows. Within the wall are the coffin, navic- ular and part of the small pastern bones, also the quick or sensitive laminae, plantar cushion, and lateral cartilages. The sole of the foot is a thick, plate of horn shaped like the circumference of the foot, except that a V-shaped opening is left behind for the reception of the frog, and is concave on the lower surface. It is produced by the velvety tissue, a thin membrane covering the inferior surface of the coffin bone. The horn of the sole differs somewhat from that of the wall in construction. The frog is the prominent elastic horn found in the V-shaped notch in the back part of the sole, and is attached to its borders. It is wide at the back, helping to form the heels, and the point of it in front is called the apex. Between the frog and the bars on either side are the commissures, and on the upper part is the membrane known as the sensitive frog, which attaches the frog to the tendon which lies above. The office of the frog is to destroy shock and to prevent slipping. THE ORGANS OF RESPIRATION OR BREATH- ING.—These comprise the nostrils, chambers of the head, larnyx, pharynx, windpipe, bronchial tubes and the lungs. The Nostrils are the two openings, one on each side of the nose, held open by the aid of cartilage and muscles. About one and one-half inches up the nostril, on under side, is a small shot- like opening which is the terminal of the eye duct, which carries down the tears that lubricate the eyes. The nostrils are lined with a thin, delicate skin, that changes to the mucous membrane as it passes into the head chambers. Above the nasal openings are what are called false nostrils. The Nasal Chambers give passage to the air from the nostrils to the pharynx, and are separated by a partition of cartilage or gristle, each chamber again being divided into three continuous compartments by thin bo y plates, called turbinated bones. The 48 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR nasal chambers open into the pharynx, the cavity which is com- mon to both digestive and respiratory tracts and is described with, the digestive organs. On account of the formation of the large, soft palate at the back of the mouth, the horse can breathe only. through the nose. The Larynx is situated between the lower jaw bones, just. back of the root of the tongue, is box-like, made of cartilage, gives passage to the air and is also the organ of voice. It has an opening on the upper side guarded by a valve, which is open except when the animal is swallowing food or water. The lining- is so delicate that the smallest particle of food dropped into it. from the pharynx, causes a violent fit of coughing. It is retained_ in place by the windpipe, muscles, and bones to which it is at- tached. The Windpipe, or Trachea, is the tube which carries the air- from the larynx to the bronchial tubes and the lungs. It iscom- posed of forty to fifty rings of cartilage united by strong, elastic. ligaments, which give the windpipe its flexibility, so that it can be bent in any direction. It is lined with mucous membrane. It. can be readily felt in the front of the neck, the upper end being- very superficial. The Bronchial Tubes and Air Cells.—The bronchial tubes are of the same composition as the windpipe, but only about half the size. ‘These, after they pass into the substance of the lungs, break up into other smaller tubes which pass all through the lungs, terminating in what are known as air cells. A very thin mucous membrane, which is a continuation of that of organs already mentioned, lines all these parts. Just inside this membrane is found the capillary net-work of the lungs, and while the blood from the heart is slowly passing through these capillaries it gives off to the air the carbonic acid gas, and absorbs the oxygen from the pure air while it is in the lungs. The object of the system being to purify the blood in this manner. The Lungs are the essential organs of respiration. They consist of two—right and left—spongy masses, commonly called. “‘lights’’ and are situated in the chesi cavity. On account of the. ANATOMY OF THE HORSE 49 heart occupying a hollow in the left lung the right is the larger, and is also the more frequently diseased. They are separated by a partition called the mediastinum, and also by the heart, by large blood vessels, and by the esophagus which passes on the way to the stomach. The structure of the lung is a light, soft, but strong and elastic tissue, and is full of air cells and tubes. Externally the lungs are covered by the pleura or serous membrane also lining the chest cavity. Healthy lungs float in water, and are of a rosy, flesh color, marked by irregular marbling or mottling. The lung of a foetus which has never respired will sink, but when once inflated will float, if healthy, as stated. This may be made useful in determining whether a foal was born dead or died after birth. The lungs are well supplied with blood vessels and nerves. Breathing consists in first drawing in the pure air, and in forcing the impure out. The first act is caused by the contrac- tion of muscles of the chest in such a manner as to enlarge the chest cavity, and on account of the space between lungs and chest walls being air tight, the lungs enlarge and the air rushes in to fill the space. These muscles then relax and others con- tract so as to close the chest cavity, making the lungs smaller and forcing out the air. THE URINARY ORGANS.—The urinary organs con- sist chiefly of the kidneys, ureters, bladder and urethra. The Kidneys.—These are two in number and are situated on the right and left of the spinal column, just beneath what is termed the loins or small-of-the-back. The right one is farther ahead than the left, lying beneath the last rib. These organs are full of tubes which excrete the urine from the blood while it is passing from the kidneys, this being their function. The Urine, the fluid excreted by the kidneys, consists of water, but holding in solution a varying quantity of earthy salts and a peculiar nitrogenous substance known as urea, which if not carried out of the system acts as a blood poison. The Ureters.— These are the tubes which carry the urine from the pelvis of the kidney down to the bladder. There are two of them, one from each kidney, passing back on each side of 4 50 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR the hip cavity close to the walls. They enter the upper back part of the bladder close together. They are about the size of a straw. The Bladder.— This is situated in the pelvic or hip cavity, lying on the front part of its floor. It has a body and neck, the body being in front with neck to the rear and in connection with the urethra. The bladder is made up of three coats, a serous, a muscular and a mucous, somewhat similar to the bowels. The outer, serous, is a continuation of the lining of the belly cavity, the inner mucous. When the bladder is empty it is thrown into folds. The muscular coat has the power of contraction, thus emptying the bladder when full. The office of the bladder is to act as a reservoir for the urine, and when full, the nerves of the wall are acted on in such a manner as to cause the contraction spoken of and consequent emptying of the bladder. The neck is guarded with a muscular valve which prevents passage of urine except when the bladder contracts. The Urethra is the tube that carries the water from the bladder to the outside. In the mare it is very short, passing from the bladder along and below the womb and vagina or pas- sage from womb to the vulva, and it opens up onto the floor of the vulva from four to six inches from the outside. The opening can be felt by the finger upon examination. In the horse the urethra is a great deal longer; from the bladder it passes along below the rectum to just below the anus; here the tube bends downward and forward, passing into and down to the end of the penis. In the horse this tube is used in connection with the organs of reproduction. THE GENERATIVE ORGANS OF THE HORSE.— The principal organs of generation in the horse are the testicles and the penis. The Testicles are two in number and lie in a double pouch called the scrotum. In fetal life they are at first situated in the belly cavity near the kidneys, but about the time of birth they descend to the scrotum through what are termed inguinal rings— openings at the back part of the muscles of the belly—where ANATOMY OF THE HORSE 51 they are attached to the under part of the hip bones. The testi- cles are oval glandular organs and their office is to secrete the semen. Lying upon the top part of each testicle is a narrow flattened body called the epididymis. The substance of the testi- cles is made up of small tubes, these finally uniting into a few tortuous tubes to form the epididymis. The vas deferens is formed by a union of the tubes of the epididymis and is the excretory duct of the testicles. It ascends along with other structures which together form the spermatic cord, the cord attaching the testicle to the body. The spermatic cord, one for each testicle, is composed of arteries, veins, lymphatics, and the vas deferens, and extends from the internal inguinal ring, where its component structures are collected together, through the inguinal canal, and into the scrotum, where it terminates by attaching to the testicle. It is cut in removing the testicle. The vesiculae seminales are two reservoirs situated upon the upper back part of the bladder; they receive the semen from the vas deferens which open into them, one into each. ‘They secrete a fluid which is mixed with that from the testicles. During the act of copulation the semen is expelled from here by contraction of the walls through the ejacu- latory ducts into the urethra. The ejaculatory ducts are two very short tubes connecting the two vesiculae seminales with the urethra. ‘The urethra is the tube that extends from the neck of the bladder to the point of the penis. It is common to both urinary and generative systems. The semen, or seminal fluid, is the generative product of the horse. Under the microscope it is found to contain numerous small living forms called spermatozoa, and when one of these meets the ovum of the female after copulation, it germinates, and from the ovum thus fertilized the foetus develops, the development taking place in the womb. The Penis is the organ of copulation and may be divided into root, body, and extremity or glans penis. The back part of it is attached to the under surface of the pelvic bones. The sub- stance is formed of what is called erectile tissue, which under cer- tain conditions becomes distended with blood. The urethra 52 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR passes along the under side, and acts as a conductor for both the urine and the seminal fluid. The glans penis, or extremity, is an enlargement of what is called the corpus spongiosum. The sheath is a loose process of skin which invests the free part of the penis; it forms a wrinkled and folded sack, and extends from the scro- tum, with which it is continuous, to a varying distance forward. The sheath covers and protects the penis except during erection; the erection is simply due to the excessive filling of the penis with blood. THE GENERATIVE ORGANS OF THE MARE.— The female organs of generation may be divided into the ovaries, with their ducts, the womb or uterus, the vagina or passage from the womb, and the external part which is called the vulva. The Ovaries correspond to the testicles of the horse; they are about the size and shape of a pigeon’s egg; are held in place by ligaments and are a little behind the kidneys. At the back part each has a tube leading from it to the womb, called the Fallopian tube. Beneath the coat of each ovary lies what are called the graafian vesicles. Each of these sacs contain a fluid, and an ovum; the fluid increases in quantity and the vesicle grows, and finally the wall of the ovary and of the sac gives way and the ovum or egg escapes into the Fallopian tube and through it into the womb. The Uterus, or Womb, is a muscular, membranous sac or pouch in the hip cavity between the bladder and the rectum, and is the organ in which the development of the young, or fcetus, from the ovum takes place. It is divided into what is known as the body and two horns, the horns projecting forward from the body; the back end of the body is restricted and forms the neck; it is a small organ, being only about six to eight inches in length and a couple of inches in diameter when animal is not pregnant. It is lined with mucous membrane and liberally supplied with blood vessels and nerves. It is held in place by strong ligaments . attached to the sides and from there to the hip bones; these are called broad ligaments. At the back of the womb the neck ovens into the vagina, the opening being called the mouth of the womb. ANATOMY OF THE HORSE 53 The Vagina is a membranous canal extending from the womb or uterus to the exterior part or vulva, and is situated between the rectum and bladder. It is made up of two mem- branes, one muscular and the inner mucous. It is small at the outer part, but widens at its inner portion and surrounds the neck of the womb. It receives the penis during the copulation, and forms the passage of the foetus at birth. The Vulva is the external opening of the organs of genera- tion and urination, and is situated immediately below the anus. It is made up of two lips and a short canal leading forward from them. In the inferior angle of the organ, in a depression on the floor, lies what is called the clitoris; it is similar in structure to the penis in the male, and becomes erected in copulation and after urination. The urethra opens into the passage about four to six inches from the external opening. The Hymen is an incomplete partition or membrane which separates the vulva from the vagina, lying immediately before the urethral opening. It is ruptured during the first act of copulation. The Mammary Glands, or Udder, are two glands situated between the thighs of the mare, the use of which is to secrete and hold milk for the nourishment of the new born animal. The glands are covered with a smooth, thin skin, and the substance of them is filled with small glands and tubes. The glands are liber- ally supplied with blood, from which, by some mystic touch of nature, the milk is formed, and is conveyed to the young through teats on the under side of the glands, the ends of which are pierced by several holes for its escape. 54 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR ANATOMY OF MAN AND HORSE COMPARED HE bony structure of the horse, when carefully compared with that of man, does not reveal those differences that one from superficial review might think existed. As long agoas the days of Aristotle the question had been given some study, and that wise man was enabled to state, that though the horse was a hoofed | and apparently a single-toed animal, he nevertheless had the rudiments of toes enclosed in the flinty hoof which developed around the foot and protected it from the rough soil over which the animal traveled. And the parallel, when once found to exist in the foot of the man and the horse, is easily extended to all the other parts of the skeleton. In the table given below, the names of the different parts of the limbs of man and of the horse are given in parallel lines, so that one may see at a glance, those exactly corresponding, though. called by different names. FRONT LIMBS. MAN HORSE Arm (Humerus) corrresponds to Lower boneof the shoulder (arm). Forearm Forearm. Wrist co Knee: Hand (Metacarpus) ct ‘« Cannon and splint bones, Knuckles ‘ “ Fetlocks. Fingers s ‘« Pastern and foot. HIND LIMBS. Thigh (Femur) corresponds to Upper bone of the thigh. oe Knee “ Stifle joint. Shin bone of ‘« Lower thigh or gaskin. Ankle i AY. Hock, Foot (Metatarus) a ‘« Leg, back cannon. Ball of the foot ss ‘- Fetlock. Toe as “« Pastern and foot. ANATOMY OF THE HORSE 55 PROPORTIONS OF THE HORSE Scale of Measurements, To assist in judging horses we give an outline indicating the proportions of the severalparts. In making thischart, the average of six horses of perfect symmetry is combined. And while this will not apply to draft horses, the nearer horses of general utility come to the measurements the better they will be. INCHES. BILE ete da cehias ocak sous sotcn Gow asd aco tacewadavedeas sancseesevesuausesaans 63 Length from shoulder-point to quarter............csecssesee soees 66 Dowest part of chest to, the SrOUMG Ys... 2..i.c.scescecesscoonstescece 36 Hibowe poe toy EMG PTOUNG ss. 50. conn sercke sas tccusesteanvodeacwadenoccs 39 Withers to poll just behind the ears, in a straight line...... 30 Daile MeAasuTe BlONS THE CLestr. co.oc. 56 ss scscncosneesvacdvewsvecesens 32 BPI Oe MCA pane cari taaaen cncGeensodsns I pint. Give as one dose, and repeat four times a day for two or three days, if conditions require; alternate with this % ounce Tincture of Iron, in % pint of water, Hot blankets to the loins would be valuable in some cases. STRICTURE OF THE URETHRA.—This is a per- manent narrowing of the urethra at a given point. Causes.—Irritating ingredients in the urine; by strong injec- tions used in gleet; or by the healing of ulcers in neglected gleet. Symptoms.—The urine is passed in a very fine stream with straining, pain and groaning, and by frequent painful erections. TREATMENT.— Consists of mechanical dilitation, with catheters just large enough to pass with gentle force. Insert once a day, increasing the size as passage will admit them. The catheter should be kept perfectly clean and washed in a solution of Borax and water and well oiled before it is introduced. A teaspoonful of Fluid Extract of Belladonna in an ounce or two of water injected through the catheter into the urethra may help in dilating. To inject, see ‘‘Inflammation of Bladder.’’ DISEASES OF THE HORSE 14} OBSTRUCTION OF URETHRA WITH A CAL- CULUS.—Occasionally the urethra is obstructed by a limy deposit which forms either in the urethra or in the bladder and then flows down into the urethra and obstructs it. Symptoms.—The symptoms will be the same as those for ‘‘Spasm of the Neck of the Bladder.’’ The urine will be retained. TREATMENT.— Medicinal treatment will fail; the catheter must be passed and the deposit pushed back into the bladder and then treated as described under ‘‘Calculi.’’ If the obstruction cannot be dis- lodged with the catheter, it must be cut down into and removed. This would require a veterinarian. AZOT URIA.—The exact nature of this disease is not well understood, and while it is not a disease of the urinary organs, it is described in this connection, as these organs are affected by the disease to a greater or less extent. It always occurs with over- fed and under-exercised horses. Causes.—From allowing the horse to stand in the stable and feeding too well. Horses that are being liberally fed upon grain should be out for exercise at least every other day. If for any reason the horse cannot get out for exercise, cut down on the grain ration. Symptoms.—The disease always develops during exercise. The horse is taken out for work after a period of rest, with high feeding. He starts out feeling extra active and playful, but after going from a few rods to three or four miles, the driver notices something wrong; the horse slacks up, commences to sweat pro- fusely, breathes heavily, shows lameness or irregularity in action of hind limbs, seems stiff, the ankles throw forward, and back is apt to be arched; if not stopped, the weakness gets worse, the horse reels and goes down, and is unable to get up with the hind limbs; may rise up with the front limbs. The hind limbs are paralyzed. The muscles cf the loins are swollen and hard. If he goes down, he shows great nervousness; if stopped before he goes down, he braces himself, trembles, and continues to sweat TA2 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR for some time; the urine, when passed, or if drawn, is of a dark, coffee color, and apt to be thick. If down, he is unable to pass the urine. TREATMENT.— As soon as the first symptoms appear, stop the animal, unhitch and blanket warmly right where he is; do not try to get to a barn, unless the weather makes it absolutely necessary, in which case get to the nearest. If stopped at once, the attack will probably be light, but a little extra exercise may turn the scales. Frequently the driver goes a little further, to see what develops, and this often changes a mild, into a fatal case. Get a veterinarian to treat the case, if possible. If not, give the follow- ing: A teaspoonful of the Fluid Extract of Belladonna and % ounce of Bromide of Potash, in % pint of water, repeat in two or three hours, and afterwards repeat every four or five hours; also give 1 drachm doses of Iodide of Potash, in 1% pint of water, repeat four times the first day, afterwards three times a day for two days; also give twice a day, 1 ounce of Sweet Spirits of Niter. Aside from these, the horse should have a purgative; give 1 ounce of Aloes in form of a pill, or in a pint of thin Lin- seed gruel; 3 pound of Epsom Salts can be substituted for the Aloes; if the bowels do not move freely in twenty-four hours, give a pint of Oil, and repeat every six or eight hours until they do. Aside from this internal treatment, apply hot blankets to the loins as in ‘‘Nephritis.’’ If the animal is down, he must be kept bolstered up on his chest, and rolled over five or six times a day; if down, the urine must be drawn with a catheter, four or five times a day. (See OPERATIONS.) If for any reason it is not best to use hot blankets, hot bags of salt may be substituted. If horse is treated where attacked, after six to ten hours he can probably be very slowly worked to the nearest barn, where he should be kept three or four days. If he goes down on the street, remove to a barn on a large stone-boat. The disease can always be prevented by exercising, at least every other day, horses which are being liberally fed. Allow the animal to become thoroughly convalescent before exercising again, and begin by exercising gradually. DISHASHS' OF ‘THE HORSE | 4s DISEASES OF THE GENITAL ORGANS OF THE HORSE INFLAMMATION OF THE TESTICLES—ORCH- ITIS.—When in vigorous health and on stimulating food, stallions are subject to congestion of the testicles, which become swollen, hot and tender, but without any active inflammation. The reduction of the grain in the feed, and by giving % pound of Epsom Salts, repeating in two or three days, also a teaspoonful of Saltpeter three times a day and bathing affected parts with hot water, or Alum water—Alum 1 ounce, water 1 pint—will usually restore him. From frequent copulation, heavy grain feeding, hot weather and lack of exercise, if not relieved, congestion may run into inflammation. Causes.—Besides as noted, this may arise from blows and penetrating wounds, implicating testicles; abrasions of the scro- tum by a chain or rope passing inside of thigh; from abrasion by rubbing against the inside of thighs in trotting stallions; from sympathetic disturbance in diseases of the kidneys, bladder, or urethra. Symptoms.—Apart from wounds of the parts, there is a swelling, heat, and tenderness of the testicles, straddling of the hind legs, alike in standing or walking; stiffness and dragging of the hind limbs or limb on affected side, arching of loins, abdom- inal pain, as shown by looking back at flanks; more or less fever, rise of temperature, quicker pulse and breathing, lack of appetite and dullness. Generally symptoms abate about second or third day, and if it lasts longer abscesses are apt to form. Improve- ment may go on slowly or malady subside into a subacute or chronic form. TREATMENT.— Give perfect rest and quiet, and administer a purgative of 34 to 1 pound of Epsom Salts or, instead, an ounce of Aloes. Apply an astringent lotion of: Acetatelor edd ecetacesstececvdtssseseses I ounce, Fluid Extract of Belladonna........... TNs WiAtGhispercerscnaa2-ssckactiracvsesescrduce ves I quart, FA THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR to the affected parts with soft rags or cotton wool, and keep in place with a bandage. Foment freely with hot water. When abscess threatens apply warm poultices of half Linseed meal and half bran to favor formation of pus, and when ready the knife must be employed to give free escape of pus. The resulting cavity may be injected with a weak Carbolic lotion: CarbolicACid: 2c) acc .tecscecncacesoosenccont: 2 drachms, Water. chu onesssoadecores sagen ceaseeceaeneee iets I pint. This will keep wound clean and favor healing. Also give internally the following. Fluid Extract of Belladonna...... .... I ounce. Fluid Extract of Aconite............... I drachm. Fluid Extract of Colchicum Seed..... 14 ouuce. Saltpeter tncis.cceeqceseenee es ea eee 2 ounces. Water tomakes..c.s.uscscseonsstesce css I pint. Shake. Dose: Two ounces four times a day. Feed very sparingly on laxative diet. DROPSY OF THE SCROTUM, OR BAG-HYDRO- CELE.—The scrotum is the bag or pouch that contains the testicles. Causes.—This may be an accompaniment to dropsy of the belly, the cavity of which is continuous with that of the scrotum in the horse. It may result from local disease of the testicles, the spermatic cord, or the walls of the pouch. Symptoms.—There is enlargement of the scrotum, with a fluctuation under the fingers; the testicle will be recognized as floating in water. By pressure the liquid is forced in a slow stream, and with a perceptible thrill, into the abdomen. Some- times the cord or scrotum is thickened, and ‘‘pits’’ on pressure. TREATMENT. — Give a laxative in the form of one-half pound of Epsom Salts, or 6 drachms of Aloes. Also give the following: Fluid Extract of Colchicum Seed..... 6 drachms. DAltPeLSE ec-vosccsscssessenesoseuececeseesinne 2 ounces. TodideoMRotashiviccsssecssameseanesccisscerce I ounce. Wratemtomakcer ss. iicn conc csesceactancses I pint. Dose: 2 ounces three times a day; give three days, withhold a day or two, and give again. DISEASES OF THE HORSE 145 If there is any inflammation of testicles or cord, give local treatment, as in previous disorder. Painting the scrotum with Tincture of Iodine once a day is also good. One-half ounce doses of Tincture of Iron given three times a day in % pint of water, alternating with the previous mixture, will be helpful. If this line of treatment fails it will be necessary to draw off the water with asmall trocar and canula, repeating if the scrotum fills up again, Feed nourishing but laxative diet. GONORRHEA OR GLEET.— Causes.—This is an inflammation of the urethra from irritat- ing substances in the urine; excessive work in the stud; mastur- bation; connection with a newly delivered mare; or with one that has an irritating discharge from the womb; injury to penis; or from stone or gravel. Mostly confined to stallions. Symptoms.—The urine will be passed in jets, with frequent interruptions and manifestations of pain; there is swelling and soreness of sheath; later, there will be more or less discharge of pus which will be seen around the head of the penis. There is tendency to erection of penis, and in cases contracted from the mare, the outer surface of organ will show more or less of sores and ulcers. Stallion, in such cases, will refuse to mount, or in case he does, will not complete act of coition. If entrance is effected, mares are liable to infection. TREATMENT.— Give in early stages 6 drachms of Aloes and apply cloths wrung out in hot water to sheath and penis. If infection is sus- pected, inject into the urethra, through the penis, twice daily, a solution made as follows: BOLACICPACIG Ee eetee us caocnec saree emoee bens I drachm. Fluid Extract of Belladonna........... I ounce WATERS (LEPC) cnscnearecssastecsresvacepece I quart Dix. Inject by passing catheter a little distance and injecting through it as in ‘‘Inflammation of the Bladder.’’ Where a dis- charge shows later in the disease, inject: INTEP ARS OF OUVEL. vesceescs.ccnccaccessceveee 30 grains, VRC daaveatoecvectee scan caescosesoicosee ease I quart, 10 146 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR And the same may be applied to the surface of penis and inside of sheath. One drachm doses of Copaiba may be given once daily after the discharge has appeared. One ounce doses of Sweet Spirits of Niter morning and night may also be given. Stallions suffering from this disease should be withheld from service, as also should mares with leucorrhea. Feed a laxative diet and give regular exercise. PHIMOSIS, AND PARAPHIMOSIS.—These are swollen or otherwise diseased conditions of the penis. In the first, the penis is swollen and confined within the sheath, and in the sec- ond, the penis swollen or otherwise affected without the sheath, and cannot be drawn back. Causes.—From castration, or from injury by blows or kicks; from rough handling, or from too much service. TREATMENT.— When the penis is swollen and confined, bathe the sheath in cold water, enlarge, if necessary, the external portion of sheath so as to liberate the penis, and then bathe penis with cold water, and apply a lotion made of: SucariOwiveadeessccecscssasteucccsescesse- nes % ounce. \ ERs? Sasoncicsoonocoan 0000000 canodedadenoneBOeC I pint. Mix, and apply to affected parts three times daily. When penis protrudes and is swollen outside of sheath, bathe with cold water and apply the Lead lotion as in ‘‘Phimosis,’’ and support the penis by a bandage passed around the loins. This should not be omitted, as weight of swollen organ is sufficient alone to keep up irritation and inflammation. As a last resort, the rim of the sheath may be slit upa little and penis manipu- lated and pushed back, treating wound with lotion as before. Paralysis of the penis will also cause it to hang from the sheath; in this case it is not swollen, but hangs in a flabby con- dition, otherwise looking normal. ‘Treatment in this case is to give, internally, a teaspoonful Fluid Extract of Nux Vomica three or four times a day; give exercise; bathe penis with hot water. DISEASES OF THE HORSE 147 Growths upon the penis may also prevent its being with- drawn. These would need to be treated according to their nature. If conditions cannot be overcome, the penis can be amputated. The operation would require a veterinarian. FOUL SHEATH.—As a general thing the sheath of a horse needs no cleaning. The glands ordinarily secrete a fluid to lubricate the parts in the proper amount, but at times there is a larger secretion, or a diseased secretion, and it accumulates as a gummy, black substance in the sheath, and irritates the parts, causing ‘‘Foul Sheath.’’ TREATMENT.— Wash out carefully with a little soap and warm, soft water, being careful not to use any violence in drawing down the yard, and particularly be careful not to scratch parts with the finger nails, using a soft sponge or cloth. After cleaning, dry by press- ing gently with a dry cloth and apply melted vaseline. SWELLING OF THE SHEATH.— Causes.—This may arise from a bad condition of the blood; from disordered kidneys; from a foul sheath, following castration, and in disease of the kidneys. If sheath is foul, treat as pre- viously described. Give the horse a physic of 6 to 8 drachms of Aloes to clear the bowels, and when this has operated, give the following powders: Equal parts, by weight, of Saltpeter and Sulphur; mix thoroughly and give a tablespoonful three times daily in the feed. Give a little exercise each day and the swell- ing will soon go down. If after castration, treat as described under that operation. GROWTHS ON END OF PENIS.—These are of various kinds and ofttimes prove very troublesome and painful when animal is urinating. Causes.—Are varied. Sometimes from neglect in treating a slight injury, the sore will throw out a growth. At other times the growths are of fungoid nature. 148 THE (PRACTICAL) STGCK DOCTOR TREATMENT.— If not very large, wash off with warm water and soap, then touch the effected part with a stick of lunar caustic, which will burn it. When scab falls off, wash and burn again, repeating until growth is removed. Dress every day with a carbolic lotion. Bad cases require treatment by a veterinarian. WARTS AROUND THE SHEATH.—These are often seen on the sheath, and in some cases may be seized between the thumb and finger and twisted off. Or they may be removed by tying a cord around them tightly, which will stop circulation, and they will drop off. When it can be done this is probably the best manner of removal. Still another way of removing it is to cut them off with a knife or scissors, and touch the wound with a stick of lunar caustic. MASTURBATION.—This is a bad habit of abusing nature that some stallions get into. Causes.—From weakness in consequence of having too much work in the stud, or from superfluous passion attending want of work and being fed too highly. TREATMENT. If from the weakness from overwork, reduce work, and give the digestive tonics. Give walking exercise daily. If from lack of work, give a purgative of 6 to 8 drachms of Aloes, reduce the grain and increase exercise, and give a teaspoonful of Saltpeter two or three times a day. Sometimes the only remedy is a mechanical one—the fixing of a net under the penis in such a way as to prevent extension of the organ. It is well to use this in connection with the other treatment. DISEASES OF THE HORSE 149 DISEASES OF THE GENITAL ORGANS OF THE MARE INFLAMMATION OF THE OVARIES.—This disease, though rare, is occasionally met with in the mare. Causes.—It usually occurs at the time of heat, and passes away when that is over; it aggravates the passions excited at that time. Symptoms.—There is a slight fever, and soreness on pressure in the region of the loins. The periods of heat are irregular; at times almost continuous. ‘TREATMENT.— Give a teaspoonful of Saltpeter and a teaspoonful of Fluid Extract of Belladonna in a bran mash three times a day for a few days. Feed laxative food. ENLARGEMENT OF THE OVARIES. — This is another disease that is met with in connection with the ovaries. Causes.—Results from inflammation sometimes obscure. Symptoms.—Mare is more or less irritable; falls off in con- dition; if put to horse does not get with foal; is more or less con- tinuously in season. Symptoms not diagnostic. Examination per rectum might reveal condition in some cases. TREATMENT.— If in good condition give her a physic—Aloes 8 drachms, in form ofa pill or in thin gruel. Give a teaspoonful of Saltpeter three times a day for a week; withhold a week and give again. Dissolve an ounce of Iodide of Potash in a pint of water; give I ounce of the solution three times a day; give for a week, with- hold a week and give again; alternate with the Saltpeter. Where possible, an examination by a veterinarian would be advisable. 150 THE PRACTICAL, STOCK DOCTOR WHITES—LEUCORRHEA.—This is a catarrh of the vagina, or the womb, or of both. Causes.—Originally, by aslight attack of inflammation, a dis- charge from the irritated surfaces is set up and soon becomes chronic. It often follows foaling, in which the parts have been torn or injured. It invariably follows retention of the afterbirth. Also found in old mares that are out of condition, and have ceased to breed. Symptoms.—There is a discharge of whitish, slimy substance from the vulva, of a disagreeable odor; in fact, when following retention of the afterbirth, it is purulent and very offensive. Animal loses flesh; the coat becomes rough, coarse and staring, and the milk dries up, or nearlyso. Where the womb is involved, the discharge is thrown off after urination, or when pulling severely, oftentimes in large quantities. TREATMENT.— Wash out the womb and vagina, using a soft, rubber tube with a funnel attached, through which pass warm water at a temperature of 115 degrees, until it comes away clear. To make sure the treatment reaches the womb, oil the hand and tube, introduce them into the vagina, and insert the tube through the mouth of the womb. Elevate the funnel and pour the water into it. Close the lips of the vulva by clasping them, thus filling the organs full, then let it flush out. After flushing out thoroughly with the water, pour in the following lotion: SUGAL OL Weadertesseciae se ceescsccosossecvnse 3 drachms WW atiettllnwialtelyennsestmcimecmetsesaisecsieesecere I quart. Use enough to fill organs full, holding the vulva to retain it a few minutes. Carbolic Acid, 2 teaspoonfuls to a quart of water, can be used part of the time in place of the Lead solution. Alum or Copperas is sometimes used in place of the Sugar of Lead. Treat once a day at first, afterwards once in two or three days, as case requires. To tone up the animal, use tonics as for ‘‘Chronic Indiges- tion.’’ DISEASES OF THE HORSE 151 BARRENNESS IN THE MARE.—In this case the mare does not breed. Causes.—From enlarged or diseased ovaries; from contraction or closure of the mouth of the womb; from neck of the womb being turned to one side; diseased condition of the womb; old age. TREATMENT.— Examine the neck of the womb by passing the hand, oiled, into the vagina until the mouth of the womb is reached, and, if you find it contracted, or closed, open it by working your fingers gently around in it until it dilates or opens. If a little hard to dilate, saturate a small piece of soft sponge with Fluid Extract of Belladonna, tie a string to it and carry the sponge into the vagina and press into the mouth of the womb as faras possible. Leave it there an hour and on removing it you will probably find the neck relaxed and easily opened. After the neck is opened, put the mare to the horse, and she will most likely get with foal. If the neck of the womb is twisted to one side, try and straighten it with your hand, and immediately have her put to the horse. If the ovaries are diseased, treat as previously described, or call a veterinarian. Sometimes after breeding to one horse a number of times, and she does not get with foal, a change of horse may bring success. If ordinary copulation fails, inject the semen directly into the womb with a syringe. A run at grass, along with tonic preparations, as those recommended for ‘‘Chronic Indigestion,’’ may successfully over- come barrenness. If mare is fleshy, deplete her. If in poor condition, tone her up. If womb is diseased, treat accordingly. HYSTERIA.—This is a peculiar and rather rare nervous affection accompanying heat, and manifested principally by the voluntary muscles. Symptoms.—It occurs at the time of heat; the jaws champ; the teeth are ground; the muscles tremble; the legs and feet are liable to paw, strike or kick spasmodically; in short the mare acts in a generally delirious manner, at times becoming more or less vicious. 152 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR TREATMENT. — Give a quart of Linseed Oil to act as a purgative and follow with: Fluid Extract of Belladonna........... I teaspoonful. Or: Sulphate of Morphia ...................2. 4 grains. Water.........sseeeeee peassassensiossowenitesievicne I ounce. Give as one dose; repeat every three to six hours until the unpleasant symptoms have disappeared. The disease is generally due to some disease or abnormal condition of the ovaries. It is often necessary to have these organs removed in order to overcome the disorder. FOALING (PARTURITION) AND ATTENDANT DISEASES Gestation, or the period of carrying the young, continues, on the average, eleven months or forty-four weeks, but may be extended or shortened in some instances a month either way. The covering around the feal, or foetus, is called the cleaning, placenta, fetal envelopes, or after-birth, and is attached to the inside of the womb, to the little processes called papillz; connecting the foal and the after-birth is the navel-string, or umbilical cord. ‘This is made up of blood vessels, which con- vey the fetal blood down to the fetal envelopes, where the nourishment is received from the mother’s blood, and the impuri- ties given up to her blood. ‘The air element—oxygen—is also received here, so we might say that the foetus breathes through the cord, and for this reason if it is broken, the foetus soon dies. Between the foal and after-birth is a fluid, the use of which is to protect the foal from injury from the motion of the mare. HOW TO TELL WHEN A MAREIS WITH FOAL.—The mare becomes gentler in disposition, and there is an increase of fat; the belly gradually becomes distended, and at the DISEASES OF THE HORSE 153 end of the sixth or seventh month, after the mare has taken a drink of cold water, there is movement on the part of foal. The signs are more noticeable on the left than on the right side. Another way is to pass the oiled hand into the vagina and find if the neck of the womb is closed and sealed. This must be very carefully done, or abortion may be produced. ‘The foal may be felt at the same time. By examination per rectum, it can also be told whether a foetus is present or not. During the time of gestation, it is not the rule for the mare to get in heat every three weeks, but this is not an infallible sign, as occasionally a mare will take the horse when with foal; but ordinarily, when a mare ceases to come in heat after being bred, it is a good indication that she has conceived. They will frequently pass the first period, but come in heat at the second, and so they should be closely watched for six or even nine weeks after being bred, for indica- tions of being in heat. HOW TO USE A MARE WITH FOAL.—The best treatment for a mare that is with foal is to give her regular farm work up to the very time of foaling. After the abdomen com- mences to noticably enlarge, do not give rapid road work. Never let her pull too heavy, especially toward the last, or slip or strain herself, or back up too suddenly, as these have been the causes of mares losing their foals. Slipping is especially dangerous. In the absence of moderate work the mare should be kept in a lot where she can exercise at will. During the winter she should be out a portion of each day for exercise. The food should be liberal but not too fattening, such as oats, bran, and good clover hay. In the spring, turn out to pasture at night. Water should not be too cold, and given rather often. Constipation should be corrected by bran mashes, carrots, etc., and if medicine is needed give a dose of oil. A few carrots or other roots fed during the winter are excellent. After the mare foals, turn her out with her colt for at least ten days before putting her into work again. SIGNS OF IMMEDIATE FOALING.—As the period of foaling approaches the swelling of the udder bespeaks the 154 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR coming event. For afew days before, a liquid comes from the teats, and in about twenty-four hours forms as a white wax around the orifices. The mare should now be watched closely until after the act takes place. The vulva enlarges, and there is escape of glairy mucus. The belly droops, the flanks fall in, aud the loins are depressed. Finally mare becomes uneasy, stops feeding, looks anxious, whisks her tail, and may lie down and rise again. In many cases this is not repeated, mare remaining down. Violent contraction of the abdominal muscles ensue; after a few pains the water bag appears and bursts, followed by the fore feet of the foal, with the nose between the knees, and, by a few more efforts the foetus is expelled. This is sometimes accomplished standing. ‘The whole act may not occupy more than ten to fifteen minutes, and should never be prolonged to any great length of time if everything is normal. When the act takes place the mare should be by herself in a large, roomy place. THE NAVEL-STRING—UMBILICAL CORD.—The navel-string which connects the foal to the membranes is rup- tured when the foal falls to the ground, or when the mare rises if she has been down, and the membranes are expelled a few minutes later. If the cord does not break immediately after foaling, take a piece of cord and tie it one inch from the belly, then cut off the navel-string an inch below where it is tied and leave the string on until it drops off; this will prevent bleeding. Use Carbolic Acid solution on string and also on the cord. NATURAL WAY FOR THE FOAL TO COME.— When there is a single foal, the usual position is with the fore feet first, the nose between the knees, and with the front of the hoofs and the knees and the forehead directed upward toward the anus, tail, and croup; or, in other words, the foal lies on its belly. When there is a twin birth, the second foal usually comes with its hind feet first, and the backs of the legs, the points of the hocks, and the tail and croup are turned upward toward the anus and tail of the mare. ‘This position also occurs with a single foetus. In both these ways, the curvature of the body corresponds DISEASES OF THE HORSE 155 to that of the passages. Any presentation different from these may be said to be abnormal, and are treated under the next head- ing. The first is called a front, the second a rear presentation. CAUTIONS IN ASSISTING WITH PARTUR- ITION.—Certain precautions are very important in assisting at parturition; first, be gentle; also have everything clean—hand, arm, ropes and instruments; first, wash in soap and water and then oil freely with carbo:‘zed lard or oil (lard or oil % pint, Carbolic Acid 1 teaspoonful) thoroughly mixed; introduce nothing into the womb until it has been thoroughly oiled. Cut finger nails short and have dirt cleaned from beneath them. In assist- ing, pull steadily and gently, only when the mother throes. In repelling, or pushing foetus back into the womb, repel only when throes are not on, holding what you gain when she again strains. In entering the hand for an examination, make it cone-shaped, by placing the thumb and two outer fingers toward the center. Do not be in too much of a hurry, gentleness is more important than speed. In making an examination, the water sack should be broken and the hand put inside, directly against the foetus. When an examination is made and the fcetus is found to be ina wrong position, examine thoroughly and determine just how it lies, then outline a plan for putting it into either a front or a rear presentation, and proceed at once tocarry out the plan. If the presentation is going to be quite difficult to correct, and the mare is straining hard, something should be given to stop it to a great extent. The best drug for this is Chloral Hydrate, dose, from % to 1 ounce in % pint of water, or 2 ounces Laudanum may be used, or a teaspoonful of Fluid Extract of Belladonna. Any of them may be repeated in one-half hour if necessary, and again in an hour. Have the animal stand while the correction is being made. If after a mare has been laboring for one-half hour, there seems to be no progress, an examination should be made to determine the trouble. The examination can do no harm if the foregoing instructions are followed, and if anything is wrong the sooner it is determined the easier it is to correct it. Sometimes a very slight mal-presentation, which can be corrected in two or 156 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR three minutes, will stop the passage of the foetus. Why allow the mother to suffer for an hour or two? The examination causes no extra pain and may be the means of relieving so much. If a bad presentation is found and a veterinarian is to be called, which is always best, if one can be had, quiet the mare with the drugs, and if the labor becomes severe, place the hand in the womb and hold the foetus from coming back any farther. After the womb has contracted so as to crowd the foetus well back into the arch, it is very hard to make a correction, and by preventing this, the veterinarian has a much better chance when he arrives. The symptoms of mal-presentations and other difficulties to parturition is simply the straining without progress, and an examination determines the exact trouble. DIFFICULTIES MET WITH IN FOALING— MALPRESENTATION.—With natural presentation, diff- cult parturition is a rare occurrence. Sometimes, however, labor pains come on and the mare wants to foal, but the mouth of the womb remains closed. In such a case, smear hand and arm with Carbolized Lard, enter hand with thumb and fingers together, cone- shaped, into the passage, and in some cases you can open the mouth of the womb very easily with your fingers. If it will not open easily, smear the neck with Fluid Extract Belladonna and lard, equal parts, and after a little while it will probably easily open. If the front legs and head appear, and the labor does not bring the foal any farther, use gentle force, pulling on legs and head, when the mother strains, holding what you get between throes. Never pull upon any presented part until you are sure the presentation is correct. Sometimes when presentation is cor- rect, a case of dropsy of the belly—where the foal’s belly is swollen with water—will prevent the foetus passing; in such a case push fcetus back, pass in a knife, guarded by the hand to not injure the mare, and make a small incision in the foal’s belly to let out the water, and then start head and legs again, and she will probably soon foal, if gently assisted. In case of ‘‘water in the head’’ (Hydrocephalus), the feet and point of nose will start, but advancement ceases, and an DISEASES OF THE HORSE 157 examination reveals the difficulty; the top of the head is much enlarged and soft; puncture the head with a trocar or knife, let out the water and press in the thin, bony walls. Now give the mare a little help when she labors, and the foal will come. A foal may come with head and only one front leg extended, and the mare cannot deliver. In such a case, push foal gently back and bring the other leg forward, and mare will foal probably without more trouble. Sometimes the front legs come with the head, which is turned back, either to one side, upon the back, or down between the front legs. Push the foal back; take a piece of rope four or five feet long, make a noose and slip it over foal’s nose. Have assistant pull on the rope gently, while you help to straighten the neck and head, placing them between the legs; follow with a little gentle pulling, if necessary, and the foal will come. Sometimes head will appear, but both front legs are turned back. Push foal well back, catch front legs and bring them forward, one at a time, then pull gently on the legs to com- plete delivery. All four legs sometimes come together and head is turned back. In such a case it is best to push the front legs back into the womb as far as you can with hand and arm, and bring foal out backward, pulling gently on hind legs. If the presentation is backward, and the hind legs come first, the delivery will generally be normal, although not as easy as front presentation. If, however, the foal is coming backward, and the legs do not appear, and nothing but rump, tail, and hips, are felt, the hind legs being turned in under; shove the hind end of the foal upwards and towards the front of the womb, then slip the hand down and get hold of the foot of a hind leg and lift upward and backward until you can bring the leg out into the passage; repeat the operation with the other leg, and the foal will come away backward. It is more difficult to correct rear, than front presentations. In the case of twin foals, if there is difficulty, examine the case thoroughly, and whichever foal is nearest the outlet, deliver first, first making sure that the legs which are presented, and that you are pulling on, are the legs of the same foal. The second foal comes very easily. 158 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR Sometimes the foal will be lying partially upon its side and the feet will not come out straight, but strike the side of the passage and prevent delivery. In such a case straighten by rolling the foetus down onto its belly. Each mal-presentation must be carefully studied and good judgment used as to the best way to correct, remembering that gentleness and cleanliness are very important. Deformities or freaks of nature hardly ever occur twice alike, so no specific instructions as to assisting delivery can be given. A thorough examination must be made, and good judgment used as to the best way of proceeding, acting on plans given in the different positions. In all cases where it is necessary to push the foal back into the womb, the hind parts should be raised, by boards, by bed- ding, or by head of mare being turned down hill, as this will tend to make the foal go forwards. It is always best to use the hands, and pieces of fine rope, avoiding as far as possible all knives, - hooks and harsh methods. Sometimes, when it is impossible to correct a presentation, it is necessary to cut up the foetus within the womb. A veterinarian should always be secured for the oper- ation. Blunt or even sharp hooks can sometimes be used to advan- tage in correcting a presentation, but due caution must be used not to injure the mother, and they should always be attached to a rope to avoid dropping them. If a mare is not delivered of her foal in a half hour, or such a matter, after the labor commences, there is something wrong, for when everything is normal the contractions of the womb and abdominal walls are so powerful that she foals in a few minutes. It is best, after waiting as above, to make an examination, and if anything is wrong to right it at once, for it is easier to do it immediately than after the mare has been sick for a couple hours. By so doing the mare’s life is often saved as well as that of the foal. * CLEANING—PLACENTA, OR AFTER-BIRTH.— Sometimes the mare will not clean properly, and part of the DISEASES OF THE HORSE 159 membranes remain attached to inside of the womb, and it will be left hanging out behind. In such a case try the following: ReawolAnseed (Oil scc. «oc. ascedesmecransenre ¥ pint. Sweet Spirits’ of (Niter..:.........sccs<<00s I ounce. Fluid Extract of Belladonna ........... I teaspoonful. Mix and give as a drench. Put cloths, wrung out in hot water, or a peck of hot salt ina bag on the loins and cover to keep in heat. If this does not cause it to come away in the course of twenty-four hours it will have to be removed. Have mare held by the head, with one front leg held up so she cannot kick, and the tail held to one side. Oil the hand and arm with the Carbolized Oil, take hold of mem- brane with left hand and twist it, while the right is passed in to where the membrane is attached to the womb; commence at top, gradually detaching it, working the fingers gently in between it and the womb; do not be harsh. Give the mare a teaspoonful of Saltpeter two or three times a day for a few days. FLOODING— PROFUSE BLEEDING AFTER FOALING.— Causes.—From failure of the womb to contract after foaling; from congestion or laceration; or with eversion of the womb. Symptoms.—lf blood accumulates in the womb from not con- tracting, it may be only suspected by reason of advancing weak- ness; swaying, unsteady gait; hanging head, paleness of the eyes and other mucous membranes, and weak, failing pulse. A hand examination in the womb detects blood clots. If it escapes from the vulva, the condition is evident. TREATMENT.— Give a large dose of Fluid Extract of Ergot—1 ounce—repeat- ing in half an hour, and apply cold water or ice to the loins and external generative organs. Besides this, remove clot, if present, and flush out the womb with an Alum or Iron solution—from 1 to 2 ounces of Alum or Sulphate of Iron (Copperas) to each quart of water used. Flush as in ‘‘Leucorrhea,’’ filling the womb full. AFTER-PAINS.—These are the labor pains continued after the foal is out of the womb. 160 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR Symptoms.—Animal will continue to strain the same as though the foal had not been born. TREATMENT.— First examine to find cause; if another foal and correctly presented, allow her to expel it; if from bleeding, treat as under that head; if everything is normal, and the straining is due to nervous irritation, keep mare quiet, and watch her that she does not force the womb out, and give the following to relieve the pains: Chiloraly drates-2.;-eccecsseepeenteee sane I ounce. WERE cat stecsts duests en cuitocmecredseddeean esau: % pint. Or: ’ Wandantim. 5.0.0, vipenctoaecnsnescorassn tes I ounce. Fluid Extract Belladonna............... I teaspoonful, Sweet Spirits Niter..........;..:.... Reseies I ounce. Gis Sree cca sscor dscns aeventeocen foenesesenas I tablespoonful. Mix in lukewarm water and give as a drench; repeat every hour and a half or two hours, until relieved. Put a peck of hot salt in a bag and apply that to the loins, or apply hot blankets as in ‘‘Inflammation of the Kidneys,’’ and give her a hot bran mash. Stay with her until all straining ceases, and if womb should start to evert, prevent it by clasping lips of vulva and holding them together. EVERSION OF THE VAGINA.—This is the turning out of the vagina, or passage leading from the womb. Causes.—From standing in the stall with hind feet too low before foaling; from lying down, when on account of being so full, the womb presses back and forces the vagina out; from straining to pass manure. Symptoms.—There is a bulging out of the passage through the vulva, forming a large red tumor; it may show only when lying down, going back when the mare gets up, or it may become swollen and remain out. TREATMENT.— Bathe the part well by pouring over it cold water, which removes the dirt and reduces the size; do not rub the part; if the ~ DISEASES OF THE HORSE 161 dirt does not all flush off, pick it off gently; follow by pouring over it slowly a quart of Alum water: WALES caaecsccanccredadcsectecssisoncsecssstee= I quart. ried 20) Fl alg ler (6 iS ee apie eee Ra eee nee a oreen 1% teaspoonfuls. \ WIIG predcbatihdaorachencabnooudboososdcagncgguc I quart. Now return it by placing the palm of the left hand against the back of tumor and gently pushing, and with the right hand near the vulva, gently work it back to place; see that the finger- nails of the right hand are short, so as not to irritate the part. After returning it, it must be retained; some do this by applying a truss, which allows the animal to make water, but prevents the return of the accident. Trusses are hard to keep in place, fre- quently get off, allowing the accident to re-occur; the best way to retain, is to put in sutures, or stitches, across the vulva. Use strips of good factory, an inch wide, for the stitches. To put them in, pick up a fold of the skin back from the vulva, four or five inches, where the hair commences, take a sharp knife and thrust the blade through this fold, between the fingers and the body, remove the blade, and before letting go of the fold, push one end of the stitch through the cut with a blunt nail, let go the fold and you have the stitch underneath an inch or more of skin, which will not tear out. Put the other end of the stitch through a fold on the other side of the vulva in the same manner, and then tie the two ends together across the vulva. Put in about three stitches, and there will be no chance for the accident to re-occur. ‘The stitches will not interfere with urinating. If she does not strain, the stitches need not be tied tight. If she strains, give drugs as for ‘‘After-Pains.’’ As the time for delivery approaches, she must be watched closely, and stitches removed as pains come on; after delivery and when the after-birth has been removed, put the stitches in again for a few days. After this accident, keep the animal where the hips will be the higher. Control the mare during the operation with a twist and side line, or hobbles, if necessary. 11 162 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR EVERSION OF THE WOMB—FOAL BED TURNED OUT.—If the womb fails to contract after difficult foaling, the after-pains will sometimes lead to the organ turning inside out and passing out through the vagina, hanging as a large ted mass from the vulva, sometimes extending down to the hocks. TREATMENT.— Put hobbles on the mare if necessary to prevent kicking. Have two assistants hold a clean sheet under the womb to sup- port it, and gently clean it as in the preceding disorder, using the cold water, Alum, and Carbolic lotions. Support the womb with the hands and flush. off any dirt that may collect in the sheet; great care is necessary in cleaning the part. After this is done, return it by commencing around the vulva and putting it back. Have the assistants hold the womb as high as the vulva, so its weight will not pull it out. Sometimes by taking a long strip of cloth, commencing at the lower end and winding it round and around the womb as tightly as possible, it forces the blood out and reduces the size and helps in making it return more easily; then as the womb is returned, gradually unwind the cloth. Re- turning the womb is a long, hard job; don’t get in a hurry, but be gentle. After half or more has been returned, it will go in much faster. After it has been returned, pass the oiled hand in and smooth the womb out as nearly natural as possible. Put in the sutures to retain it as in the preceding disorder. While it is being returned, and for some days afterward, keep the hind parts the higher. Give the mare at the beginning of the operation, to stop her straining, the drugs as recommended for ‘‘After-Pains,”’ continuing their use for two or three days if there is any strain- ing, giving every three or four hours. If the after-birth is still attached to the womb, remove it before returning. ‘This is a serious accident with the mare, and if the womb gets injured while out, chances for recovery are very slight. As there is a tendency for inflammation to set in, the following treatment should be given after the womb is returned. Feed very light, on easily digested, laxative food, and give from a pint to a quart of DISEASES OF THE HORSE 163, raw Linseed Oil and from 2 to 4 ounces of Epsom Salts daily to keep the bowels loose; also use the following: Fluid Extract of Belladonna........... 2 ounces. Fluid Extract of Aconite ............... 2 drachms. IAI CONOR aaseccerocccdsscescesscctocbvcueenet 6 ounces. Roa G pe Ge bene cca cnsaccaescaccnccoscessasner oe: Al ane Wistterito make ccc ssssccccctese cuca cess I quart. Dose: 2 ounces three or four times a day, continuing five or six days. If after a time, the animal becomes dull, pulse becomes more rapid, temperature rises, inflammation is developing; then treat as for ‘‘Inflammation of the Womb.’’ Remove the sutures after conditions appear to be normal. RUPTURE OF THE WOMB.—This may occur from the feet of the foal during delivery, or from ill-directed efforts to assist, but it is especially liable to occur when there is an eversion of the womb. The resultant dangers are bleeding from the wound, escape of bowels through the opening, and their fatal injury by the mare’s feet or otherwise; from peritonitis, and from the escape of poisonous liquids of the womb into the abdominal cavity. TREATMENT.— If in an eversion of the womb, the first thing to do is to close the wound, which must be carefully sewed up before the womb is returned, with catgut sutures. After its return, inject daily of the following: Boracic Acid % ounce, or Carbolic Acid 3 drachms, to 1 quart of water. If inflammation threatens give treatment as for ‘‘Inflammation of the Womb.’’ When from feet of foal, or from ill-directed effort to assist, little can be done, other than the medicinal treatment; it will probably prove fatal. RUPTURE OF THE VAGINA, OR PASSAGE.— When this happens it occurs during the act of foaling, and is done by the legs of the foal in coming through the passage not coming straight, or from the foal being too large for the passage. In some cases where the mare is not attended at the outset, the legs are found, one out through the natural passage, and the 164 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR other by a rupture, through the anus. Again, the mare may have seemingly foaled all right, but later manure is seen coming through the vulva. An examination with oiled hand and arm will locate the rupture. TREATMENT.— If in a case where foal is coming out, and is caught with a leg in each passage, oil the hand and push back into womb, and bring both legs out the right way. Keep mare very quiet and give soft feed, with plenty of Flaxseed init to keep the bowels free, and if in season let her have fresh cut grass. If bowels are costive, give 1 pint doses of Linseed Oil to keep them open, but not too loose. If feverish, use the prescription as in ‘‘Eversion of the Womb.’’ Flush out the vagina twice a day with the following: Boracic Acid 1 ounce, water 1 quart; close lips of vulva around the tube and fill vagina full; once a day flush with . Carbolic Acid 2 teaspoonfuls, water 1 quart. Use tube and funnel, as for ‘‘Leucorrhea.’’ INFLAMMATION OF THE VAGINA AND VULVA— Cause.—Often follows a difficult case of foaling. Symbtoms._—The vulva is inflamed and swollen and the membrane of the passage a bright red, with more or less discharge. TREATMENT. — } Give the animal 1 pint of Linseed Oil to move the bowels, and then keep them free, feeding soft food with boiled Flaxseed in it. If in season, feed freely with fresh cut grass; if not, bran mashes with 3 to 4 ounces Epsom Salts daily. Bathe outside of vuiva with warm water, and flush out vagina as in preceding dis- order, and give internally the prescription as recommended for “Inflammation of the Womb.’’ Use injections and bathing freely. INFLAMMATION OF THE WOMB—METRITIS.— This is an inflammation of the substance of the womb. Causes. —From injuries to the womb during or after a diffi- cult case of foaling; from exposure to cold or wet; from the DISEASES OF THE HORSE 165 action of putrid products in the womb, and from using dirty instruments, ropes and hands when assisting in delivery; also follows eversion of the womb. Symptoms.—Usually comes on two or three days after foaling. There is first shivering, staring coat, small, rapid pulse, elevated temperature, quickened breathing, loss of appetite, arched back, stiff movement of body, looking back at flanks, uneasy motion of hind legs, discharge from vulva of a reddish or yellowish fluid, which later may be whitish or glairy, and fetid or not. By pass- ing oiled hand in through the vagina, the womb will be found to be hot, swollen and sensitive. TREATMENT. — Give a laxative in the form of a pint to a quart of raw Lin- seed Oil and 3 or 4 ounces of Epsom Salts, and repeat Oil daily to keep bowels active; also give the following: Fluid Extract of Belladonna.......... I ounce, Fluid Extract of Aconite................ I drachm. INI COMO ees ance cdc yenceuns snnscaceeesoeassee ts 4 ounces. SAIEPELST ee reese ceececcacisvusssadduecisccneess Dns Wateritomaakersr. cet pusscaetesncos I pint Dose: 2 ounces four or five times a day. If temperature runs high, give 1 drachm of Acetanilid and an ounce of Alcohol in % pint of water morning and night. Half- drachm doses of Quinine two or three times a day are also good. Flush out the womb very freely with warm water until water flows away clear, then inject twice a day: Boraciev Ac detec awd ren snoceaneceens I ounce, WaT WATER HAS ss as us a sees eet an ss yy I quart, And also twice a day: CAarDOlieVACUs ccccscocs ce kedattvatesendeces 2 teaspoonfuls. ‘Warntiwater sicciiiciscscctsssseccessaverses I quart. In flushing, use tube and funnel as in ‘‘Leucorrhea,’’ filling womb full by closing lips of vulva with the hand. Apply, almost continuously, hot blankets to the loins, as in ‘‘Inflammation of the Kidneys.’’ Mustard paste applied to the loins is also good. If much pain is manifest, give 3 grain doses of Morphine every three hours. Following the flushing out of the womb, watch her to see that the straining does not evert the orgaa. 166 THE PRACTICAL, STOCK DOCTOR INJURIES TO HIPS DURING FOALING.— Symptoms.—There will be a falling away of the muscles on the affected side, and the animal will be stiff and lame. TREATMENT— Apply to the muscles of the hip on the affected side some good, stimulating liniment, and if this fails, blister as described under ‘‘Ring Bone.’’ During treatment let animal run to grass, which will also give needed exercise. Some time is required in such cases for complete recovery. INFLAMMATION OF THE UDDER—MAMMITIS — GARGET.— This is an inflammation of the glands that secrete the milk. Causes.—From exposure by lying on the cold, damp ground, in fall or spring; from foal not sucking properly; or from injury. Not very common with the mare. Symptoms.—One or both the milk glands become enlarged, hot, and tender; the milk dries up, or is replaced by a watery, or reddish serous fluid, which at times becomes fetid; animal may walk lame, lose appetite, and show general disorder and fever. TREATMENT.— Give % pound of Epsom Salts and repeat in two days if bowels do not move quite freely; also give internally the follow- ing: Fluid Extract Belladonna...........000 I ounce. Bld xtracteAconittessmesectessesceets 1 drachm., SaAlEPeters.ccccsstaeceeatsnesonneseerectode genes 2 ounces. Wrateritovmialke 52.2... chctesssvecteorereses I pint. Dose: 2 ounces three or four times a day. Bathe the udder with hot water for two or three hours at a time, and then apply one of the following: Camphorated oil, or: dekno Solas eee ence tansdh sasnhcceach con seaasoces I part. Spirits of Camphor, or Lard............ 4 parts. Or: MULPEWMMMLE ce scp cesses one sece sr econssanceres 2 ounces. Fluid Extract of Belladonna........... TO oo Sap WinME << occcvccnccresseesaseeenen es A teers DISEASES OF THE HORSE 167 If milk should become thick, inject into the udder, through a milking tube, warm water 1 pint, Carbolic Acid 1 teaspoonful; then knead the udder thoroughly and milk out. If an abscess should form, open it and wash out with a Carbolic Acid solution. SORE TEATS, CRACKS, WARTS.—From sucking, especially in cold weather, the teats are subject to abrasions, cracks and scabs, and as the result of such irritation, or inde- pendently, warts sometimes will grow and become troublesome. These should be clipped off with sharp scissors and their roots burned with a stick of Lunar Caustic. For sore teats use an ointment made of: WISE INT edcooccgodsoccaanotoocotoyoutonenGer I ounce. Balsanipholunencsscscccecsescscsnsscsenssces 5 grains. HI PHALS OL ZING ase. decsesareasasceesecne 5 grains. Mix and apply. Or: Waselitte econ cccroncdesrteretsecsueoceersanss I ounce. Subnitrate of Bismuth.................00 a MO ew A Clee ae cae ceasaetecsncnsieceersa se 15 drops. PUERPERAL FEVER.—This is a benign fever, usually occurring on the second or third day after foaling. It is aggra- vated by colds, exposure, or neglect. Symptoms.—Are those of a general fever, accelerated pulse and respiration, higher temperature; ears and extremities are cold ; bowels constipated ; urine scanty and high-colored; milk secretion suspended; udder inclined to inflammation and hard- ness; appetite more or less affected. May occur in mares of all ages, but is most often met with after the first pregnancy, and it seems to accompany the effort of nature to secrete the milk. The symptoms of the more severe disorders are absent. TREATMENT .— Keep the animal warm, but in a place where there is plenty of fresh air. Give soft food, grass if in season, and plenty of pure water to drink; give internally the treatment as recommended to be given internally for ‘‘Inflammation of the Udder.’’ One-half drachm doses of Quinine twice a day are also good. Recovery generally takes place in two or three days unless complications arise. 168 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR SWELLING ALONG THE BELLY BEFORE FOAL- ING—DROPSY .—This begins at the udder three or four weeks before foaling, and extends gradually forward until the swelling reaches between the fore legs. The animal shows no signs of being sick, and eats as well as usual. TREATMENT.— If mare is accustomed to being shut up in the stable, let her out where she can have exercise every day, and give the mix- tures as recommended for ‘‘Chronic Indigestion,’’ giving about one-half the dose. Keep the bowels moderately loose by repeat- ing % pint doses of raw Linseed Oil and laxative foods. Not serious usually, but best to be looked after. Mare is usually all right after foaling. ABORTION, OR SLINKING THE FOAL.—This is a term used in case the foetus is expelled from the womb before it _is capable of surviving outside that organ. If advanced enough to live, but before the regular period, it is called premature birth. Causes.—From over work; from injury in any way; from sight or smell of blood, if it frightens; from slipping; from acute disease; from poor feeding and over-feeding. Svmptoms.—Vary according as early or late in pregnancy. In first or second month, mare may miscarry without observable symptoms, and fact only appears by her coming in heat. If somewhat later, there will be loss of appetite, meighing and straining, and the small foetus is expelled with its coverings. At a still later stage the symptoms will be still more marked, anc mare will be very restless, get up and down, walk around until the labor pains come on, which soon cause the water bag to appear and break, and delivery will soon be completed if presen- tation is correct. ‘This may occupy in all an hour or two, or may continue a day or two, the symptoms subsiding for a time, only to reappear with renewed energy. TREATMENT.— Should be preventive, if possible—avoiding all conditions which might cause the accident. After the pains come on, it is doubtful if the accident can be prevented. Fluid Extract of DISEASES OF THE HORSE 169 Black Haw, in from % to 1 ounce doses, is sometimes used, repeating every three or four hours, until quiet; 14 ounce doses of Chloral Hydrate, in % pint of water, may also be given. If pains continue, however, but act does not progress, assist, as with difficult parturition. Give the animal rest for a few days, feed lightly, giving bran mashes, small doses of oil and a tea- spoonful Saltpeter three times a day. (See Contagious Abor- tion in CATTLE DEPARTMENT). DISEASES AND CARE OF YOUNG FOALS. BLEEDING FROM THE NAVEL.—This is caused by the blood vessels not closing when the cord is broken. Symptoms.—Blood dropping from the end of the cord; may be slight or rapid. TREATMENT.— Tie a string around the cord about an inch from the body. If the cord is broken off so short that it cannot be ligated, fold a piece of cloth, saturate it with Alum, or Copperas water (an ounce of either to % pint of water), place the cloth against the navel, and hold it in place by a bandage about the body; have the bandage tight. Use Carbolic Acid lotion. Sometimes the urine will flow from the cord. ‘There is a tube leading from the bladder down through the cord in the foetus, and when this does not close, as it should when the cord breaks, the urine flows from it. The treatment is to ligate, the same as for bleeding. Sometimes the other natural opening is not formed and then ligating will cause death, but if the natural duct cannot be opened, the foal may as well be destroyed. CONSTIPATION IN YOUNG FOALS.—There is diffi- culty sometimes in getting the bowels of a young foal to move. 170 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR Causes.—From the mare being fed on very dry food, and from foals not getting the mother’s first milk, which is a laxative. Symptoms.—Foal will be noticed to be fuller than usual; does not want to suck; strains as if wanting to pass something, but without results; and sometimes will lie down and look around at his sides as though in pain. If not relieved in a little while, refuses to get up. TREATMENT.— Give small injections of lukewarm water, with a little raw Linseed Oil in it, three or four times a day. In some cases it is necessary to oil the finger and insert it in the rectum to clear out the hardened feces, but in so doing be careful about irritating the bowels. Give 2 or 3 ounces of raw Linseed Oil and 1 teaspoonful of whiskey, mixed well together, repeating this three times a day, until the bowels move and the foal seems better. In very obstinate cases from % to 1 ounce of Epsom Salts can be given. ‘This is for a day-old colt, and the amount can be increased in proportion to size. Keep colt warm and comfortable. DIARRHEA IN YOUNG FOALS.—This is the reverse of above. Causes.—From exposure and lying on damp ground too soon after foaling; from excitement by the mare being turned in with other horses; from the mare’s milk being too rich, or too poor; or from sucking while the mother is too heated up from work. Symptoms.—Are obvious in the watery discharges. TREATMENT. — If the cause can be discovered remove it, whether in sur- roundings, milk, or conditions of feeding. Give the colt: INVISION orc tes tour etes cece Sems cen con dale 's 1 teaspoonful. ATI G ATMETT ey ema one ceeae ctise asses I ae TRIOS bbe Bop hen bebe Reac ne Goctno HOSBDc OCC OACER EEE 1 tablespoonful. Mix all with a little of the mare’s milk and repeat every four or five hours until foal is re- lieved. Keep the body of the colt warm. A little Linseed or Starch gruel is also good. If these fail, Copperas is good—dissolve a DISEASES OF THE HORSE 171 teaspoonful of Copperas in 2 ounces of water and give a teaspoon- ful of the solution in a little milk, alternated with the Laudanum mixture, From 1 to 3 teaspoonfuls of the following is good: Corrosive Sublimate.................0..00 4 grains. WARE E rosics cet eenn ntecns idee ves desacsncstctes ¥% pint Dissolve Corrosive Sublimate in the water and give as directed. LEAKING OF THE NAVEL, AND RHEUMATISM IN YOUNG FOALS.— Causes.—By some it is said to be due to a germ getting inte navel, while others say the cause is a cold, a chill, or an injury. Symptoms.—At first one hind leg will be noticed as being lame, and some joint swollen and tender; and there will be more or less discharge at the cord. Navel may also be swollen and inflamed. Swelling in leg may move from leg to leg for a few days, when it will settle in one of the joints, which is apt to fester and break, the discharge being offensive. When this ceases to run and begins healing, another joint will swell and fester; this condition keeping up until colt weakens and dies. Sometimes the joints do not break, but the navel discharge is continuous, resulting finally in death from exhaustion. TREATMENT.— If attended to at the outset, it is curable. Apply Monsell’s Solution of Iron to the navel with a feather two or three times daily, and if inflamed, foment with hot water. Give the foal % teaspoonful of Salol in a tablespoonful of oil and a little milk three times daily. Foment the swollen joints with hot water and apply a good stimulating liniment; if they break, continue the bathing and use Carbolic Acid solution. ‘The following will also be good to give: Fluid Extract of Belladonna........... 1 drachm. Fluid Extract of Aconite.............0.0. 12 drops. Sweet Spirits of Niter...;...........sss00 I ounce. WV AEE LOPINAK GE e-sesecaversasverenracteoses I pint. Dose: 1 to 2 ounces three to five times a day. Keep the colt quiet and warm, and help it up to nurse. 172 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR WEAKNESS IN THE LEGS AND JOINTS OF YOUNG FOALS.—Bandage legs to support and strengthen them, giving first a good hand rubbing. If down and cannot get up, raise him up several times daily to suck, and give him a chance to put strength in his legs. CROOKEDNESS OF THE LEGS IN YOUNG FOALS.—Sometimes they will be over on the knees, while in other cases the crookedness will be in hind legs. TREATMENT .— Leave the foal alone; do not try to do anything with the legs. Simply feed him well, and as he gets strong on his legs, they will straighten up. DISTEMPER IN FOALS.—See ‘‘Distemper, or Stran- gles,”’ page 197. CASTRATION—DISEASES AND TROUBLES FOLLOWING This operation had best be left to the veterinarian, when- ever it is possible to do so. It is usually done at one year of age, but may be accomplished when a few weeks old, at the expense of an imperfect development of the fore parts. The sim- plicity and safety of the operation are greatest in the young, but a delay until two, three, or four years old will, in some cases, secure a better development and carriage of the fore parts. The essential part of castration is the safe removal or destruction of the testicle, and the arrest and prevention of bleeding from the spermatic artery found in the anterior part of the cord. The months of April, May or June are the best months to operate in, after the colt has been turned out to grass for ten days or more, and is shedding his coat. The fall of the year is also a good time for operating. DISEASES OF THE HORSE 173 PRECAUTIONS BEFORE OPERATING.—Do not operate on a colt unless he is in good condition and healthy. Select a time when the weather is right—neither too hot, nor too cold—avoid cold winds and damp weather particularly. If more than a year old, feed lightly the day previous, so the bowels will be empty, as it makes it easier on the colt when thrown and tied. Find out before throwing, by question and examination, if the colt has been ruptured; and also see if both testicles are down before throwing the animal. Wash and oil the sheath of old horses a few days in advance of operating, as it often prevents swelling. THROWING, OR CASTING, A HORSE.— Under OPERATIONS two methods of casting a horse are given, but we give another here, which is commonly practiced in this country —the rope tackling. Take about 4o feet of 34-inch rope; make a loop by doubling it in the center, tie a knot, and slip the loop over the head; pass the ends of the rope back, one on each side, and run the rope through the ring in the hind hobble, which is made of a heavy thick strap, and buckles on the hind leg below the fetlock, and has a ring in front of it to run the rope through. Pass the rope forward, after it is put through the ring in the hobble, up to the neck, and through the loop at the neck. Repeat on the other side. Now have a man at the head back the colt, pulling the head to one side, and pushing towards the other side, while a man on each side pulls on the ropes. This will throw the animal and he can be securely tied, so as not to hurt himself. He will throw more easily if one front foot is strapped up, as described under ‘‘Training a Vicious Horse.’’ Roll the colt partially upon his back, and place a rail along the side, and he is in a position for operating. Some operate stand- ing. EXPOSING THE TESTICLES.—tThis part of the operation is the same with all the methods. First, have the knife and all instruments, or cords, if used, lying in a solution of Carbolic Acid for one-half hour before the operation. When everything is ready, wash the scrotum with some of the Carbolic 174 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR solution, and also the hands; take one of the testicles in the left hand and roll it so that it lies perfectly straight with the dividing line of the scrotum, and so the line comes nearly on top of the testicle; hold the testicle firm, take the knife, which should be very sharp, and make a good free cut, about one-half inch from the dividing line, and straight with it, down onto the testicle; try and cut through with one stroke, so that the testicle will pop out; if the testicle does not come out with the first stroke, make another and it should; if cut clear down onto, the testicle will pop out easily. After the testicle pops out, pick it up with the left hand and cut the thin attachment back of the cord, which leaves the back end of the testicle free. The testicle can then be drawn out further and removed by some one of the following methods. Repeat the operation on the other testicle, dash a little of the Carbolic solution into each of the wounds, and let the colt up. OPERATING WITH CLAMPS.—This is the old method and should not be used, as the newer methods, given below, are less painful. The clamps were made of good, tough wood, four or five inches long, grooved along the center of opposing surfaces, which were filled with an ointment made by mixing 1 drachm of Sulphate of Copper with 1 ounce of lard. One end of the clamps were tied with strong twine, leaving the other end free. The exposing of the testicle was the same as now practiced with the other operations. After being exposed the testicle was taken hold of with the left hand and the clamp with the right, and slipped over the cord, drawing the cord just moderately tight, and spreading it out in the clamp; the clamp was then tightened at the end that was not tied, with a pair of castrating pincers, and tied good and tight with strong twine. The testicle, and the part of the cord below the clamp, leaving from a half to an inch of the cord, was then cut off and the clamp left in place for twenty-four hours; then by cutting the twine at one end of the clamp, the latter was opened and the stump liberated without danger of bleeding. If the stump hung outside the wound it was pushed inside with the finger and left there. A clamp was used for each testicle, and placed so as to lie lengthwise of the scrotum. DISEASES OF THE HORSE 175 OPERATING WITH THE ECRASEUR.—This is a newer method of operating and is not so painful as that by the use of clamps. After liberating the testicle, slip it through the looped chain of the ecraseur and slip the chain up the cord some two or three inches from the testicle, then draw chain down and by slowly turning the ratchet, crush the cord off. The secret of success is to turn slowly so as not to crush the cord too rapidly; it is the crushing which stops the bleeding, and when crushed too rapidly, bleeding sometimes follows. When the cord is crushed off, the body end goes back into the scrotum out of sight. In placing the ecraseur over the testicle, place the blunter side of the slot through which the chain draws, next to the body; it crushes more than the sharp side, which tends to cut. In colts two or three years old, as an extra precaution against bleeding, the cord may be crushed twice, the first time the ecraseur is turned down and crushes the cord some, but not clear off; then loosen up the ecraseur, drop it down half an inch and crush the cord off. OPERATING WITH THE EMASCULATOR.— The emasculator is an instrument something like a pair of pincers with one arm having a single jaw and the other a double, the single working between the double. One side of the jaws is roughened so as to crush, the other is sharp and cuts. The instrument is used by placing the cord between the jaws some two or three inches from the testicle, being sure that the rough side is next to tbe body so as to crush the end of the cord; close the jaws by pressing the handles and the testicle is cut off and the body end of the cord crushed. Some prefer this instrument to the ecraseur; it is a little more rapid, and better where the animal is operated upon standing. One or the other of these two instruments is used almost exclusively now in operating upon colts. OPERATING BY SEARING.— This is another old method and still used in some sections; it is a modification of the clamp system. Iron clamps are used instead of wooden ones. Cut the cord close to the clamp, and have a hot iron ready; dip it in oil and sear the end of the cord and artery; this prevents bleeding. 176 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR Now remove iron clamp and the cord goes back into the scrotum. Operate on the other testicle in same manner. By oiling the iron, it is kept from sticking and pulling away the scab. OPERATING BY LIGATURES.—This is used more on bulls and boars than on horses. It is much like the clamps, differing by tying a string around the cord in place of the clamp. Better than the clamp, for as soon as the testicle is cut off, the cord goes back into the scrotum, and so relieves the pain caused by keeping it drawn down so long. The ligature does not need to be put on as tight as the clamps do, and so is not so painful— just tight enough not to slip off. Catgut should be used, as it will be absorbed and cause no trouble; a guitar or violin string answers nicely. CASTRATING ORIGINALS, OR RIDGLINGS.— CRYPTORCHIDS.—This is the removal of a testicle or testi- cles that have not descended into the scrotum, but have been detained in the inguinal canal or inside the abdomen. ‘The cause of this is not fully understood. The operation is one requiring expert knowledge, and space will not be taken up in trying to describe it here. If testicles are not down in a yearling, it is best to let the animal run over for a year or so, for the testicles. often come down of themselves later on. PAIN AFTER CASTRATION.—Sometimes a colt will manifest colicky pains after castration; if so, give % ounce of Laudanum, or 4 teaspoonful of Fluid Extract of Belladonna to a yearling. Repeat in an hour, if necessary. HOW TO CARE FOR A COLT AFTER OPERA- TION.—Put the colt in astableand keep him quiet for from twelve to twenty hours, then turn him out, taking him up cold nights, and in rainy, damp weather; if weather is so he cannot run out, exercise each day. Feed on grass only. The day after the opera- tion, oil the fingers of the right hand and place them between the edges of each wound, opening them, as they are apt to be stuck together and prevent discharging. Repeat each day for three or DISEASES OF THE HORSE 177 four days, to be sure the cuts are kept open. If colt commences to get at all stiff, or swelling becomes extensive, flush out the wound twice a day with: CarpolicwA Cita. rdessecudscosceescesce cece Y% ounce, WALGE oon loveasdewes oiqassesvesincesoncdsnasaches I pint. Use a bulb syringe and flush out freely. A twist on the nose will control the colt. After two or three days there should be some discharge. If swelling should become very bad, bathe the scrotum with hot water. BLEEDING AFTER CASTRATION.—This may be from the veins in the scrotum, or from the artery of the cord. If from the veins, it can be told by its dribbling away from cuts and from its dark color. From an artery the bleeding is more rapid and may come in jets, and is a bright red color. TREATMENT.— If warm weather, and the veins bleed too continuously, dash cold water onto the scrotum. Cold water dashed onto the loins will also help stop the flow of blood. Occasionally the scrotum will have to be plugged with cotton saturated with an astringent lotion, as Alum or Copperas 2 ounces, water I pint; injecting the lotion into the scrotum may check flow. Remove cotton next day. If from the artery in the cord, put a twist on the colt’s nose, and then reach up into the scrotum with the thumb and first finger, find the end of the cord; bring it down, and have an assistant tie a string around it; use catgut, if possible, if not, leave ends of string long, so they hang from the scrotum, and the string will then come away later. If the cord cannot be reached. plug scrotum as above. Monsell’s solution, diluted with equal parts of water, is more powerful than the Alum or Copperas solution, but is more irritating. In reaching into the scrotum use Carbolized Oil on the hands. RUPTURE (HERNIA).—It sometimes occurs that the animal has a small rupture that was not noticed before operation was performed; or, insome cases the animal will rupture himself at time of operation. 12 178 THE, PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR Symptoms— Bowels will be noticed to be hanging out of the cut; there may be but a few inches, but sometimes they will come down so that they will be trampled under foot. If very far out, and they become strangulated and inflamed, the horse will be in great pain and act as in inflammation of the bowels. Bowels will be bluish-red, and after a time, if left out, will become mortified. TREATMENT.— If bowels are out, inflamed and bruised under the feet, and he seems in great pain, nothing perhaps can be done but kill the horse. If only a small amount of bowel is out, cast animal and secure him. Flush off the bowel with: Garbolic (ACiq er inemctseet actscaceee 2 teaspoonfuls. WALT eee A malalstledstmieeieicie sees adele I quart. Pick up the inner lining of the scrotum and sew up the cut in it, or plug up the scrotum with cotton saturated in the Carbolic Acid solution, If the cotton is used, one stitch best be taken in the cut in the scrotum, to keep it in; remove a part only of the cotton the following day, the remainder of it the second and third days, by which time the opening through which the bowel came will be closed. Feed a laxative diet and give 14 teaspoonful of Saltpeter three times a day. FATTY CURTAIN COVERING THE BOWELS COMING DOWN AFTER CASTRATION.— Sometimes where there is a slight rupture, and after animal has been about for a few hours, the fatty curtain covering the bowels comes out. - It may be but a few inches, but may be a couple of feet. It is generally red in color and has a fatty appearance. It may cause the animal no inconvenience, as he seems to feel well and has a good appetite. TREATMENT .— The same as for ‘‘Hernia;’’ or, remove the lining that hangs out with a pair of scissors or a knife, and see that no more comes down. There is but little danger from bleeding. ABSCESSES IN SCROTUM AFTER CASTRA- TION.—This sometimes occurs after animal is apparently well. DISEASES OF THE HORSE 179 Causes.—A piece of the dead cord; some dried matter; from the ligature when an ordinary string is used. Symptoms.—There is heat, pain, and swelling in the scrotum; soreness to the touch and stiffness of the gait in hind parts. TREATMENT.— Encourage formation of matter by poultices, and when it “‘comes to a head,’’ open and let the matter escape. In some cases, when poulticed, it will break of its own accord. After it is open, flush it freely with: Gar boli ce Aetdeisieeee.uhiss suse ce ocesocceses %y ounce. SR et Ge te eeerctaiteteneranesenaenereauts dene cenease I pint And repeat daily until well. SWELLING AFTER CASTRATION.—A small amount of swelling is not a bad sign, and is to be expected, but when very bad, so that it affects the animal’s appetite, and incli- nation to move about, the discharge being changed to a watery character, and red in color, the case assumes a serious stage and needs attention. Causes.—From exposure; from allowing wounds to heal too soon; or from lack of cleanliness in operation. Dirty quarters may also be a cause, as also a bad condition of the blood. TREATMENT.— Keep the bowels open with small doses of raw Linseed Oil; bathe cuts well with warm water. After parts have been bathed, flush out freely with antiseptics. CArDOIC PAN Cle tectiteoicccraets woecee seeese Y%y ounce WAI erin cnc cece rtbes-tuccsh cose seesies I pint. After bathing and opening cuts, and washing them out, apply a poultice of warm Linseed meal and bran, and hold it to wound by means of strings over the back. Repeat bathing, flush- ing and poulticing three or four times daily. Feed soft food and give the following: Fluid Extract of Belladonna........... % ounce. Winide extract A COMIC. s.cs.sc) Ww DISEASES OF THE HEART, ARTERIES AND BLOOD-VESSELS INFLAMMATION OF THE ENDOCARDIUM— ENDOCARDITIS.—tThis is an inflammation of the serous membrane, lining the heart. It is not a common disease, and is one that is hard for the inexperienced to recognize. The disease may not be fatal in its early stages, but from incomplete recovery there is a permanent thickening of the valves, which is the begin- ning of valvular disease. Causes.—It is met with in general rheumatism, involving the serous membrane, in some of the specific fevers, in septic poison- ing and in influenza. Symptoms.—May be ushered in by a chill, with marked rise of temperature; pulse decreases in strength or becomes irregular, while heart beats more or less tumultuously. In early stages, soft, blowing sounds may be heard by placing ear over heart on left side, which correspond in number and rythm to heart’s action. Excessive pain is manifested when animal is compelled to trot; often difficulty in breathing is developed early in attack. When valves are involved, visible mucous membranes become either pale or very dark colored, and horse may faint if head is suddenly elevated. There may be marked lameness of the left shoulder, and if horse is turned to the left, he may groan with pain and the heart become violently excited, though pressure will not produce pain, unless roughly applied. There is no appe- tite, and animal does not drink much. Surface of body and extremities are cold, and frequently body is in a subdued tremor. There is usually suppression of urine. Symptoms may continue for from three to seven days without marked changes. If he shows signs of improvement, they will be slow and steady until he seems all right, but when taken out and urged, the breathing may become like that in heaves, and all symptoms return in a modified form. 234 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR TREATMENT.— In some respects disease of the heart is the most difficult of all conditions to treat. When any organ is inflamed, the treat- ment generally is to let that organ rest and stimulate others to do its work as far as possible; this cannot be done with the heart, and so perfect quiet is necessary, that in this way the heart may be relieved. Give clean, well ventilated stable and clothe warmly. If the animal shows any desire to eat, give grass, if in season, or bran, scalded oats, Linseed meal, and a little hay. Internally, give the following: Fluid Extract of Belladonna........... I ounce. Fluid Extract Digitalis. ........-....2. ym Fluid Extract of Colchicum Seed..... A) ae Saltpetenccicsccaersreceucoveseeu+vlacouesseesss 2 ounces. Water topmaketeeeetecestsecccsseces sce I pint. Shake. Dose: ‘Two ounces, three or four times a day. In early stages, if heart beats rapidly and irregularly, give 10 to 15 drops Fluid Extract of Aconite, four or five times a day. Later, if heart gets weak, give 1 grain of Strychnine, in a little water, three or four times a day. If animal improves, give one ounce of the following, three times a day: NodidelorePotashinecsesseccecsecececcscseseess I ounce. WWAter Sits.) scsecanetatantessseeveccecossscerces I pint. Also give the Gentian and Nux Vomica mixture as for ‘‘Chronic Indigestion.”’ If there is any reason to believe that rheumatism is the cause, give 2-drachm doses of Salol, three times a day. INFLAMMATION OF THE SAC SURROUNDING THE HEART—PERICARDITIS.—The sac surrounding the heart is called the pericardium. Causes.—May be caused by cold or damp stabling, exposure and fatigue, from wounds caused by broken ribs, etc. Generally it is associated with an attack of influenza, rheumatism, pleuritis, ete. DISEASES OF THE HORSE 235 Symptoms.—Usually there are chills, with pain in moving; a short, painful cough; rapid, short breathing; high temperature, and a rapid, hard pulse. The fever and pulse are highest in the evening and lowest in the morning. In early stages the pulse-beat is regular; later, when there is much effusion in the sac, the heart-beat becomes muffled, and may be of a redoubled, or rebounding, character. In the early stage, when the ear is placed at left side of chest, behind the elbow, a rasping sound 1s heard, corresponding to frequency of heart-beat. This is called ‘‘to and fro friction sound.’’ Between the second and fourth days this sound may disappear on account of distension of the sac, by liquid exuded. When effusion partly fills the pericardium, percussion will show an increased dullness over heart region, and the heart-beats become less marked than in health, and sometimes a splashing, or flapping, sound is heard. If effusion becomes absorbed, the ‘‘to and fro’’ sound usually recurs for a short time; this friction may often be felt with the hand on the side of chest. When the disease is associated with rheumatism, or influenza, some symptoms may be obscure, but careful examina- tion will reveal enough to diagnose the disease. Disease is usually fatal, especially when complicated with other disorders. TREATMENT. — The treatment for this disease is quite like that for ‘‘Pleu- risy’’—the arresting of the inflammation and the absorbing of the serous effusion. Give well-ventilated stall, clothe warmly, and feed laxative diet. Internally give the following: Fluid Extract of Aconite.............4. 1% drachms. Fluid Extract of Digitalis.............. ¥% ounce. Fluid Extract of Colchicum Seed.... % ‘“ Fluid Extract of Belladonna...... bexea ye) ONSICG, SALE Pobet pat esteneseetere ear scuacasenws dened 2 ounces. NY Aeb Gee TAG: coe eee tec mnesencemeneawsceas I pint. Shake. Dose: Two ounces, four times a day. After three or four days, drop out the Aconite. Give 2 or 3 ounces of Liquor Ammonia Acetatis three times a day. If heart 236 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR gets weak, give 1 grain Strychnine four timesaday. If animal improves, give 1-ounce doses three times a day of: Todiderof ‘Potash. issue. scenseesnecateete I ounce. Water ct: uccctheacscezsscmeeseeeeemet ates I pint Apply a strong Mustard paste to the left side of the chest. During convalescence, give the tonics, as for ‘‘Chronic Indiges- tion.’’ ENLARGEMENT OF THE HEART. — HYPER- TROPHY .—This disease is an enlargement of the substance of the heart, with or without cavity changes. It may occur in various forms. Causes.—Diseased valves of the heart; determination of blood to that organ; from a latent form of inflammation of muscular structure; or from long-continued increase of action de- pendent upon nervous disease. It may occur in connection with other chronic disorders. Symptoms.—In addition to the usual symptoms manifested in organic diseases of the heart, there is a powerful and heaving pulse at each beat, which is apparent on left side, and even on the right sometimes. These beats are regular, and when strong and full at the jaw, there is a tendency to active congestion of the capillary vessels, which frequently gives rise to local inflam- mation, active hemorrhage, and the like. In case of enlargement with dilatation, the impulse is not only powerful and heaving, but it is diffused over the whole heart surface, and the normal sounds are increased in intensity. Percussion reveals an enlarged area of dullness, while the impulse is usually much stronger than normal. Dropsy of the pericardium will give same wide space of dullness, but the impulse and sound are lessened. An animal with moderate degree of enlargement may live a number of years, and be capable of ordinary work; it depends on accompanying disease. As a rule the disease is incurable. TREATMENT.— If the cause can be discovered and be removed, it should be done. Iodide of Potash may be of use if continued for a sufi- cient length of time. Give it in 1-drachm doses once daily for DISEASES OF THE HORSE ely) a month or more. General tonics, freedom from excitement, avoidance of bulky food, and good ventilation are indicated. ATROPHY OF THE HEART—WASTING OR SHRINKING.—This is a shrinking away of the heart sub- stance. The walls become soft and flabby, and fail to perform the work in a healthy manner. Symptoms.—Pulse is weak and irregular, often missing two or three beats at a time. There is emaciation, languor, and pallor of visible mucous membranes. Death is likely to occur at any time from formation of blood clot. TREATMENT.— Give good food and 1 drachm Fluid Extract of Nux Vomica three or four timesaday. After two weeks, give the tonics as for ‘‘Chronic Indigestion.’’ FATTY DEGENERATION OF THE HEART.—This may involve the whole organ, or be circumscribed to patches. When general, the substance is flabby or flaccid, and in extreme cases, collapses when emptied or cut. Causes.—It is associated with other morbid conditions of the heart, as obesity, dilatation, rupture, aneurism, etc. It may be connected with fatty diseases of other organs, as the liver, kid- neys, etc. It may be due to condition of blood in wasting dis- eases, or to poisoning with arsenic and phosphorus. Symptoms.—The most prominent symptoms are feeble action of the heart, a remarkably slow pulse, general debility, and attacks of vertigo. It may exist for a long time, but is apt to terminate in death on the occurrence of other diseases, surgical operations, etc. It may involve a liability to sudden death from rupture of the ventricular walls. TREATMENT.— Is of little use; counteract weakness, as in previous disorder; give regular exercise. 238 THE PRACTICAL STOCK. DOCTOR PALPITATION OF THE HEART.—This is an excited spasmodic beating of the heart, and by some is termed ‘‘thumps,”’ which term, in this book, is applied to a spasmodic action of the diaphragm. Causes.—It may be due to indigestion, to fright, increased nervousness, sudden excitement, over-exertion in speeding, or pulling, or may follow weakening diseases. It is more likely to occur in hot weather. Most common cause is hard work when not accustomed to it. Symptoms.—'The heart may act with such violence that each beat may jar the whole body of the horse; very frequently it may be heard at a short distance away. The pulse will be rapid and tumultuous. ‘The countenance has an anxious look, and usually the horse is bathed in perspiration. The nostrils are dilated, and breathing rapid. ‘TREATMENT.— Stop and give the animal rest, blanket warmly and give stimulants: ‘Two ounces of Alcohol, or 4 ounces of Whiskey, in a little water; repeat in half an hour, and again in one and one-half hours. Also give 12 drops of Fluid Extract of Aconite, and 1 drachm of Fluid Extract of Belladonna; repeat in an hour. After the acute symptoms have passed, give Fluid Extract of Digitalis, % drachm, three times a day for a few days, and the tonics as for ‘‘Chronic Indigestion.’’ Condition for work care- fully. TUMOR (ANEURISM) OF AN ARTERY.—This is a diseased condition of the walls of an artery, in which the walls become enlarged, forming a tumor. Symptoms.—lf the aneurism is in a superficial artery, it appears as a tumor in the course of the artery, and pulsating with it. It is round, soft, and compressible, yielding to pressure. The beating in unison with the heart is the characteristic symptom. Aneurism occurs in the abdominal and chest cavities, and creates obstruction and disturbance, but no characteristics can be given that would be of any use. They may rupture, causing sudden death. DISEASES OF THE HORSE 239 TREATMENT.— Nothing can be done by way of treatment, except if super- ficial, and located where it is possible, a gentle compress can be applied. RUPTURE OF AN ARTERY.—The inflammation of the wall is the primary cause of rupture in most cases. It will cause death when it involves a large vessel, especially if it is situated in one of the large cavities, permitting an excessive escape of blood. It may arise from mechanical violence, or as a result of accident. Symptoms.—In fatal rupture with profuse bleeding, animal becomes weak, the visible membranes become blanched, breathing hurried or gasping, pupils dilated, staggering in gait, swooning, and death. When limited, the symptoms may not be noticeable. When near the surface of the body a tumor or swelling will form. Asa secondary result of rupture of this kind, there may be formation of an abscess. ‘TREATMENT. — When the rupture of a deep-seated artery is suspected, give Fluid Extract of Ergot in 1-ounce doses to produce contraction of the blood vessels. ‘Tannin in 2-drachm doses, or Tincture of Iron in 1-ounce doses are also useful. The animal should be allowed to have as much water as he desires. Afterward give stimulants and nourishing food. INFLAMMATION OF A VEIN—PHLEBITIS.— Inflammation may be simple, or diffuse. If the first, it is confined to a limited portion; if diffuse, it involves the vein for a long distance. Causes.—Contusions, or direct injuries; an extension of inflam- mation from the surrounding tissue, as in abscess, tumor, or malignant growth. It may be due to the presence of infective material, gangrenous matter, etc. When blood-letting from the jugular vein was practiced, a case of dangerous phlebitis was not unusual, being brought about by using rusty, or dirty instruments, or from improper care afterward. Not so common since bleeding has become a thing of the past. 240 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR Symptoms.—The vein swells, gets hot, sore, red, and painful; the inflammation spreads to surrounding parts, and much swelling is a result. A diffused swelling, with great tenderness, may extend along the vein, and the animal will manifest all the symptoms as in an acute fever. The effect of this is quite often the obliteration of the vein, which becomes hard, filled, and ceases its function. In the case of the jugular vein this condition is serious, since the horse cannot graze, owing to the blood that is forced to remain in the vessels of the head and neck, causing congestion of those parts, they being in a pendant position TREATMENT.— Foment the part affected with cloths and hot water three times daily, and manipulate the vein to get obstruction to move on, if it will. If nothing results, apply a smart blister along the course of the inflamed vessel, early opening any abscesses that may form. Give the horse complete rest, and feed bran mashes to keep the bowels free. If fever runs high, give 14-ounce doses of Nitrate of Potash in drinking water three times daily, which may be changed in two or three days for 1-drachm doses of Iodide of Potash twice daily. GENERAL DISEASES OF THE BLOOD BAD BLOOD.—This is an impure condition of the blood. Causes.—From heavy work and feeding highly nutritious food; or from exposure with very poor food—as for example, the run of the straw-stack. Symptoms.—In the latter case, the animal is weak and does not thrive, becoming hide-bound. The coat is rough, dry, ana scurfy. If the animal is warmed up, pimples are apt to form over the body; when horse stands in the stable over night, his legs swell; and if exposed to the weather, scratches ensue; ani- mai is dull and unfit for work. Feeding does not bring him up. DISEASES OF THE HORSE 241 If from high feeding, animal may be in good condition, but the eruption of the skin and the swelling of the limbs indicate the disease. TREATMENT.— If in good condition give a purgative—an ounce of Aloes, or 34 pound of Epsom Salts; if in poor condition, give raw Linseed Oil, 1 quart, and repeat in two or three days; give a laxative diet and a teaspoonful of Saltpeter three times a day for a week, after which use the two mixtures as for ‘‘Chronic Indigestion.”? A teaspoonful of Sulphur once or twice a day is also good. If in the spring, give a run at grass. If he has to be kept in, give regular exercise. May have to continue treatment for some time. PURPURA HEMORRHAGICA.— Causes.—This disease usually occurs as a sequel to debilitat- ing diseases, such as strangles or distemper, influenza and other weakening ailments. It may arise from badly ventilated stables, and among poorly fed horses. Exposure to storms when in a run-down condition may also bring on an attack of the disease. It is apparently due to a deterioration of the blood, weakness of the capillary vessels, and general debility or exhaustion of the nervous system. Certain micro-organisms may play a part in its production. Sometimes develops as an independent disorder, with animal in good condition. Syiptoms.—The disease generally comes on rather suddenly, and is shown by swellings on various parts of the body, on the head, or lips, limbs, abdomen, etc. They pit on pressure, and are but slightly painful to touch. Swellings are characterized by sudden termination and stop abruptly ; is not so noticeable below hocks and knees, as above; also seen about head and on underside of abdomen. The mucous lining of the nose and mouth is covered with dark red or purple spots, at first small, but soon run together and form quite large patches; a bloody serum flows from nose, the tongue may be swollen so as to prevent eating. In two or three days bloody serum will exude from the pores of the skin over swollen places; later abscesses may form. ‘The fever is moderately high, the pulse is frequent, and weak, and 16 242 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR becomes weaker as strength fails. A cough is usually present. Urine is scanty and high colored, and if bowels are much affected a bloody diarrhea may set in, with colic pains. Some of the internal organs may become implicated in the disease. A few cases run a mild course, and begin to improve in three or four days. In severe cases, septic poisoning is apt to occur, which soon causes death. The appetite may remain fairly good, especially in the milder cases. TREATMENT .— The treatment is to nourish the animal well and give tonics to build up the system. Give nourishing, laxative food, good hay, bran, Linseed meal, scalded oats. Place in a clean, well ventilated stall. Give the following medicines: Mancture\ Of Trotrcsses seresescceaaceacecess I ounce. Qala 2312! eee wees tees oes oer 0s 1 drachm. Waters ..:cc.cecccessnstesnccearsrcescecesnes ss I pint. Give as one dose; repeat three or four times a day. Iron is a very important drug in this disorder. Also give the following, having an hour or so elapse between doses of this and the foregoing: Fluid Extract Nux Vomica............. 2 ounces. Fluid Extract Colchicum Seed ........ I ounce. Fluid Extract Gentianiis<..-<.......00. 3 ounces. Fluid Extract Digitalis...............20+ I ounce. Saltpeter.. 0... scessasevonecppecospecemcs sweees 2 ounces. Water to) imalce. .ctertcsscedyasnceceressne ns I pint. Dose; 1 ounce, in a little water, three or four times a day. If heart shows weakness, give an ounce of Alcohol in % pint of water three times a day. T'wo-ounce doses Hyposulphite of Soda, in % pint of water, three times a day, are good. If tem- perature should run high, give as one dose: INcetanilideccecsssosecneeteeeaneesesscecesass I drachm. JN keyoI 0X0) ans agensucenecncb anocaS COA CObSOnE noc I ounce. Water 052i vc.-ssestcesadstsseusoascsgercetenss ¥% pint. Once or twice a day. DISEASES OF THE HORSE 243 If swellings become bad about the head, so as to interfere with breathing or eating, foment with hot water and keep the head up higher than the body. If abscesses form, open them and treat as described under ‘‘Abscesses.’’ After horse improves somewhat, change treatment and use tonics as for ‘‘Chronic Indigestion.’’ A veterinarian can give the Serum treatment. RHEUMATISM.— Causes.—This is supposed to be caused by an accumulation in the blood of a peculiar acid, or of some natural acid in excess. Upon the slighest provocation in the way of exposure, or derangements of the stomach and bowels, it is apt to assume the acute form, and to cause intense pain and lameness. Symptoms.—There is lameness, usually of a peculiar kind, flying from one joint to another, and from one leg to another; sometimes the parts swell, and sometimes not; the joints most commonly affected are the fetlocks, shoulders, and hips. There is usually more or less fever, elevation of temperature, high pulse, and sometimes suppuration of the affected parts. Some- times it attacks the muscles, causing them to contract, and changing the shape of the part; the contraction produces pain, and the animal moves the affected member frequently, swinging it, or pawing; if in a joint, it causes severe lameness, if in muscles stiffness. TREATMENT.— Place the animal in a dry, well ventilated, but warm box stall, blanketed warmly; give a mild purgative—6 drachms of Aloes, or 1% pound Epsom Salts—and afterwards keep bowels active by giving from % to 1 pint of raw Linseed Oil daily; feed laxative diet, roets, bran, and a little hay. Give the following: Fluid Extract of Belladonna........... 2 ounces. Fluid Extract of Colchicum Seed..... 6 drachms. Liquor Ammonia Acetatis.............+. I pint. RISE DEC cnet deaeteeesaassn-wewsepacesabbs 3 ounces. WWACSIA EG SIAICG nes casvonnnash ecsonenessasnas I quart. Dose: 2 ounces, three or four times a day. 244 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR Also give as one dose: Salole eeteectecadoremenn ee eaten nee eee I to 2 drachms AlCOHOl sa dcieoncs cassette eee 1% ounce Water’ s.5c.-udsvcete Set soroeaceomere semesters: % pint. Three or four times a day. If the temperature runs high, give: Acetanilid cscs. Uosecsnecoeecatoetec nese I drachm. AICOHOL iusseceseseses eee ee eee oee ener I ounce. WATtEE ici toSaucuaieecns tee caaemeene sere esasies' ¥% pint. Once a day. Apply dry heat to the affected part, in the form of hot woolen blankets, hot salt bags, or hot water bottles; also bathe the part with some good liniment, perhaps the following: Witch Hazel. cee stsccrscrprececes-losvcoven. 2 ounces, polos ayn Ppbat boot ssel bs o56c 5555 spoon neo IOdEe RED 3 ‘ WAUGd ani socceocceseseedeecsesesessss+-e. 2 cs OTN PEttiMe seceseancrtae te ueenerer es cers wees I ounce. Shake. If a joint is affected and the lameness remains after the acute symptoms subside, apply a blister. See ‘‘To Blister,’’ under Ring Bone.” ABSCESSES.—An abscess is a gathering of pus in a sac from a morbid process in the glands, muscular tissues, or even in the bones. ‘There are two kinds, which may be classed as acute, and cold or chronic abscesses. Acute abscesses may arise from distemper; from bruises; from cuts healing with foreign matter in them; or from impurities in the blood. They are apt to form in any part which becomes highly inflamed. A good example are those in the glands after distemper. ‘There is an increase in size, glands becoming firm, hot, hard and painful At first swelling is uniformly hard over entire surface, but it soon becomes soft (fluctuating) at some por- tion, mostly at the center. From this time on the abscess is said to be ‘‘pointing’’ or ‘‘coming to a head,’’ which is shown by the small elevation, which at first is dry, but soon becomes moist from the serum transuded. ‘The hair over this part loosens and falls off, and in a short time the abscess opens, contents escape, and cavity gradually fills up. When in the muscular tissue, DISEASES OF THE HORSE 245 abscesses are usually the result of bruises or injuries. In ail cases where abscesses are forming, the ripening should be encour- aged with hot, soft poultices—Linseed meal is the best—until it points or comes toa head. ‘Then open witha knife, unless in the region of a joint or a large blood vessel, when it is imperative to let the abscess open of itself. When open, press gently with fingers to remove the clots of thick pus and flush out freely, first with water, then with a Carbolic Acid lotion: @arbolics Acid eeeersncseeceaecccarsccaaates % ounce, Wii bet seeetscmaeenecctnninestacrcrasstaccoccese I pint, Using a bulb syringe. Probe the abscess with the finger, and if opening is too high to allow of good drainage, enlarge it or make another. Be very careful in probing abscesses about joints. It is a good plan to inject into old abscesses, after they have been cleaned out, 2 or 3 drachms of the Tincture of Iodine, press- ing on the walls after the injection so as to paint the whole interior; repeat daily for three or four days. Do not let the opening into the abscess close too quickly; enlarge it if it closes too rapidly —as it will unless large in the first place. If walls of abscess are thick and hard, poultice for a few days after opening. Repeat the flushing out of the abscess daily for three or four days, then once in two or three days until well. ‘‘Cold Abscess’’ is the term applied to those large, indolent swellings that are the result of a low or chronic form of inflam- mation, in the center of which is a small collection of pus. They are mostly met with at the base of the neck and in front of the shoulder joint, and are caused by the irritation of a loose or badly-fitting collar. ‘The swelling is diffuse, slightly hotter than the surrounding parts, and not very painful to touch. This swel- ling subsides gradually, and leaves the hardened mass fairly well defined. One of the characteristics of cold abscesses is their tendency to remain in the same condition for a longtime. If, however, the horse is put to work, the surrounding tissues assume a tumor-like condition, which, after a few days’ rest, disappear, leaving about as before. Sometimes, by careful examination, what appears to be a fluid may be discovered deep-seated in the center of the mass. It may be but little, not more thana tablespoonful, 246 » THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR and is not easily detected. In such a case the treatment consists in exploring the tumor with a small trocar and canula, or hollow needle, for the presence of pus. When found, make an incision into the tumor and let the pus escape. After this, induce active inflammation of the tumor to promote the solution of the thick walls of the abscess. Insert well into the incision oakum or cotton saturated with Turpentine or Tincture of Iodine, or pack incision with Sulphate of Zinc and leave in for twenty-four hours. ‘These agents set up a destructive inflammation of the walls. Matter is generated, and this is to be encouraged by poulticing as in an acute abscess. Orifice must be kept open, and if disposed to heal, again introduce some of the agents as above. If after the abscess heals, there is still a little enlargement, apply once or twice a day, with liberal rubbing, the following Iodine Ointment: Toditte'Crystalsiyercesseistseto cscs esos 2 drachms. Todidexof Potashwiaeeedsetecesscscsesecs 1 drachm. Biniodide of Mercury<...-2.:2.002..2..... 20 grains, IWASCLIIC Ns suotanenestaceeenemeee eee cas shciencs/s 2 ounces. Mix. Follow the application of a little of the ointment with ten to fifteen minutes’ rubbing with a rub cloth. If the part gets sore after a few applications, withhold for a time and then apply again. ERYSIPELAS.—Not very common, except in certain sec- tions. It is an inflammation of the skin. It may be superficial and only involve the upper layers of the skin, or deeper seated and involve the under layers. The superficial does not suppurate, but the deep seated usually does. It is believed to be contagious, and to be due to a bacterial poison. It sometimes rages as an epidemic. It usually follows wounds, injuries, and sores, but may come on an apparently healthy skin. Causes.—It is, as above stated, due to a germ, but the fol- lowing are favorable conditions for the development: Damp, hot, and oppressive weather, especially if horses are kept in low, unsanitary places. ‘The suppression of a chronic discharge; feed- ing on rich, heating food, when horse has been accustomed to DISEASES OF THE HORSE 247 poor, scanty food; keeping animals with open sores near decom- posing animal tissues, are also favorable conditions. The common means of contagion is by using same sponge on erysipelatous and healthy sores, and by use of harness, clothing, etc. Symptoms.—There is usually fever, with pulse and tempera- ture raised; urine scanty and high colored; bowels usually con- stipated; loss of spirits and appetite. This may be followed in the course of twelve hours by a diffuse swelling that is hot, red, and painful; if on a white skin, it will be found shining, tense and deep red. It spreads rapidly, terminating at edges in a well marked line. Swelling does not pit on pressure, but returns when finger istaken away. It may attack a wound in any part of the body, but aside from that, is most common in head and legs. There is a peculiar odor, like burnt hair. TREATMENT.— Place in a very clean, well ventilated stall. Internally, give laxatives, as a pint to a quart of Oil, or % pound of Epsom Salts, and give laxative, but nourishing, food,—bran, scalded oats, roots, hay. Also give internelly: Fluid Extract of Colchicum Seed.... % ounce. Fluid Extract of Digitalis... 22.:-2:.:... 3 drachms. Sim gore et ae Ca sase ae ae oa cree ec cae 2 ounces. IAT CON ONie. oc. aceecwesee re ses denies sosweeseeebces 4 ounces. Wee EO TA ee an sen nteahecedeseacsecas I pint. Dose: 2 ounces three or four times a day. Also give, alternating with the foregoing: PINCHES OF OM: . cc rius/ssbscecsressesuove 1 ounce. OMIT aos do ee snr snlecaepacesaboeyeacees ¥% drachm. Widiterrierosrecmecsbsccccessecchacscessasecenste ¥% pint. Three times a day. If the temperature runs high, give: INCELATIIIC erste et ene ce ce ockuscuseswcevscate I drachm. AT CONOLE ese tree e eee ae ea cacatasceneese I ounce. WiAECEE watssn enter set te oostcoss ese ccsbesese ¥ pint. Morning and night. Locally apply to the diseased parts astringent and antiseptic lotions. 248 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR For an antiseptic : Apply two or three times a day. For an astringent use: Acetaterol Wead ict e-cesessoetee ees nee I ounce. Water iicitelcns veottenciameneereceemectess wae I pint. OF: SulphatelofmMronrerssccceeeereseseee ese secre 2 ounces. Wrateiic.ceccececcescs ome ee sa eee eee cowie tiee I pint. Apply two or three times a day. Keep the affected part covered with cloths wrung out of a solution of Hyposulphite of Soda. Hyposulphite of Sodarc-c..2..+00..00.0 4 to 6 ounces. IWALET asi ccpcesvcnseaseecnemeneenernabecaas «ns I pint. If possible get a veterinarian to give serum treatment, as used in human family. If abscesses form, open and treat as described under ‘“Abscesses.”’ DISEASES OF THE BONES CARIES, OR ULCERATION OF A BONE. — This may affect any bone in the body. ‘The bones most frequently affected are the teeth, the lower jaw, bones of the neck, spines of the back, bones of the tail, in fact any bone sustaining an injury severe enough to cause a sloughing of the bone substance. Causes.—Wounds of any kind, affecting the bone, are liable to be followed by inflammation and ulceration. Symptoms.—A peculiar, offensive odor of the pus from the wound is the first indication that the bone is affected—an odor like decayed teeth. The discharge that comes directly from the bone is small, but enough to give the odor to the pus from the DISEASES OF THE HORSE 249 wound. ‘The surface of the bone is rough. The surrounding parts swell considerably, and become in time hard and calloused. The discharge, if applied to silver, will tarnish it. TREATMENT.— Wash the part and make an opening on the under side, if possible, to allow the free escape of pus. Scrape the diseased surface of bone with a dull-edged instrument, to remove the dis- eased portion, and dress twice daily with the following lotion : PAV ALOCMIOTMC ACI. aciscennesteocctecescses 2 drachms, IWatbetjes. s.cccencscreeneseetar ssa 0 DS NG al AAMISTO Tacs: selastocutaseceenaeeatee 9 Water tOMMake reo necscredcsccesnessocsccess I pint. Mix, and apply. In absence of liniment, Tincture of Camphor, Arnica, or hot vinegar, are good. Give patient a few days’ rest. SPRAIN OF THE MUSCLE ON FRONT OF THE HIND LEG, BETWEEN THE HOCK AND STIFLE JOINT.—This is a sprain of the what is called the flexor metatarsi. 296 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR Symptoms—The muscle will be swollen and sore; in moving the horse forward, when he lifts the leg and attempts to bring it forward, instead of going forward, it will go backwards and upwards. TREATMENT.— Keep the horse quiet and treat as for ‘‘Sprain of the Back Tendons.”’ SPRAIN, OF THE | MUSCLES OF THE INSIDE OF THE) HIND LEG) RUNNING UP FROM (THE HOCK.— Causes.—From a severe sprain of the leg, by slipping out- ward when pulling a heavy load. Symptoms.—There is a thickening of the muscles above the hock, and the horse will be stiff for a few days; the stiffness will soon disappear, but if not treated, there may be a permanent thickening. TREATMENT. — Let the animal rest from work, and treat as in foregoing. BOG SPAVIN.—This is an enlargement, or distension, along with inflammation of the synovial membranes of the hock joint, partly on the inside and partly on the front. There is an excess of joint oil (synovial fluid) secreted, and this bulges out the capsular ligament at this part of the joint. Causes.—From severe sprain of the joint; from jumping, kicking or being kicked; from pricks by forks; or nails in stall when horse may be kicking. Symptoms.—There will be a large, soft swelling on the front and inner side of the hock, just a little above where the enlarge- ment for bone spavin occurs. It is of the same character as ‘‘wind-galls;’’ seems filled with air, but it is joint oil, or synovia. In mild cases there is little lameness, but in bad cases there is lameness, resembling that of bone spavin, the animal getting better with exercise. ' DISEASES OF THE HORSE 207 TREATMENT.— First try fomentation, along with liniment and liberal hand rubbing as for ‘‘Sprain of the Back Tendons.’’ If this, with rest, does not affect a cure in three or four weeks, blister, using Spanish Fly and Biniodide of Mercury. (See ‘‘To Blister’ under ‘‘Ring-Bone.’’) If blistering fails, firing may be tried. In many cases, treatment is unsuccessful. HYDRARTHROSIS.-—A condition affecting the hocks of large, over-grown colts, the appearance of which is the same as bog spavin, except there is no lameness; there is the same puffy enlargement on the inner front aspect of the hock. ‘The enlargement generally disappears as the animal reaches maturity; if treated at all, use only some mild liniment, as equal parts of Soap Liniment and Witch Hazel, with lots of hand rubbing. Do not break colt until fully matured. Never use more severe treat- ment unless lameness develops, and then treat as for ‘‘Bog Spavin.’’ THOROUGHPIN.—This is of the same nature as bog spavin—a distension of the synovial bursa—but is found in the back part of the hock. Causes.—It is produced by many of the same causes that produce bog spavin; is most often seen in horses that do hard work, as draft, hack, and stage horses, and those of general utility. It is often seen in stallions, from weight thrown on hind legs, and in colts that are large and heavy for their age. Symptoms.—There are two puffs, one on each side of the hock, at the bottom of the depression in front of the point of the hock. If one is pressed against, the one on the other side becomes larger, and if there is bog spavin, as there frequently is, if the puff in front is pressed against, both the thoroughpin enlargements will increase in size, showing that a thoroughpin and bog spavin affect the same synovial sac, but at a different place. When lameness is present it is the same as in bog spavin. 298 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR TREATMENT .— The same as for ‘‘Bog Spavin.’’ When the puffs appear in young, rapid-growing colts treat as for ‘‘Hydrarthrosis,’’ under ‘‘Bog Spavin.”’ CAPPED HOCK.— The point of the hock is liable to injury, giving rise to swellings of the nature of a tumor. It is filled with a watery fluid, slightly tinged with blood. If not emptied and properly treated they become calloused and changed into a solid, fibrous mass in a month or so. The callous on the hock never gets so large as on the elbow, but it is just as hard and unsightly, and far more noticable. Causes.—By kicking either in stall or in harness; by sitting on haunches in getting up; sometimes by runaways; or by being struck by timber falling on the hocks, or by the breaking of an evener. Symptoms.—The points of the hocks are found to be much swollen; hot and sore to the touch if examined soon after the injury; later the enlargement becomes puffy like a sac of water, caused by a serous fluid collecting under the skin; occasionally the fluid is synovia. Sometimes the enlargement is hard and firm. ‘TREATMENT.— In the early stages fasten a folded blanket about the hock and keep wet with cold water; keep on throughout the day and bathe well night and morning with White Lotion (page 263); after the acute symptoms have abated, use the Iodine Ointment, as recommended under ‘‘Abscesses.’’ If this treatment fails and a fluid collects, open at the bottom and treat as an ‘‘Abscess.’’ Use the Cocaine solution in opening (see OPERATIONS). After opening, inject a little Tincture of Iodine, and flush out once a day with Carbolic Lotion. If proud flesh forms at the opening, use Sulphate of Zinc on it. Use the cold fomentations after opening, to keep down the swelling, and afterward use the Iodine Ointment to remove any thickening. SPRAIN OF THE HOCK JOINT.— Causes.—Severe slipping, or by getting the foot caught. DISEASES OF THE HORSE 299 Symptoms.—Horse is very lame, and keeps the hock stiff in bringing the leg forward. There is swelling and heat around the joint. TREATMENT.— Foment the hock during the day with hot or cold water, by wrapping a folded blanket about the hock and keeping it wet. Night and morning apply some good liniment. Later, if lame- ness still continues, blister. Spavin is quite apt to develop; if so, treat as under ‘‘Spavin.’’ PRACGURE OF THE BONES OF THE HOoCK.— Fractures of the bones of the hock are not very common. Symptoms.—Horse will be very lame; will hold up leg with pain; joint will become swollen and sore to touch, and by manip- ulation the grating of the bones may be heard. TREATMENT.— If very bad, there is no remedy, and horse had better be killed. If horse is young and break is not bad, and confined to small bones in the lower part, put him in a sling, with just pres- sure enough on the belly to ease the weight on the legs, and apply a splint if necessary (see ‘‘ Fractures’). If the splint is not necessary, use fomentations to keep down part of the inflam- mation; after five or six weeks, blister as for ‘‘Spavin,” and repeat if necessary. BLOOD SPAVIN.—This is the enlargement of a vein which passes over the front of the hock. The symptom is the enlargement fading above and below into the vein. Do not attempt to treat. OPEN JOINT.—This is one of the serious injuries that horse-flesh is subject to, and it is not uncommon. Causes.—Cuts, bruises, pricks from nails, from a fork in handling manure and bedding, falling on the road, and kicks from other horses, are common causes. Symptoms.—There is the wound, lameness, swelling around the injured joint, and leaking from the puncture of an oily- looking fluid, which is the synovia, or joint oil. In some 300 THE PRACTICAL) STOCK) DOCTOR cases the flow of synovia is so slight it cannot be detected; in such cases apply a poultice, leaving it on twelve hours, and upon taking it off the synovia can be seen on the poultice, if the joint was open. ‘The synovia is yellowish, as thick as the white of an egg, and slippery feeling. TREATMENT.— Put the horse in a sling to help keep the joint quiet. If the wound is large, first clean by pouring water over it, and then pour over it Carbolic Acid solution, but do not inject into it; if stitches are necessary, put them in, but do not sew up tight; stiffen the joint with a splint and apply a poultice at night, and keep on, during the day, heavy clean bandages wet with cold water; at night bathe the joint well with White Lotion (page 263), and in the morning bathe well with a lotion composed of equal parts of Witch Hazel and Soap Liniment. If the edges of the wound commence to look red and angry, dust on a little burned Alum. Continue treatment until after the opening closes and the discharge stops; after this, continue the cold fomentetions and rub well with a strong liniment. If the lameness continues, blister, using the Spanish Fly and Mercury blister (see ‘“To Blister,’’ under ‘‘Ring- Bone’). Do not attempt to close the opening into the joint cuickly; let it close gradually. Internally give the following: Plinid i BxtractiotwAconite 2.20 <....-cscc6 I drachm. Fluid Extract of Belladonna........... I ounce. Fluid Extract of Colchicum Seed.... % ounce. DAE PELC IAM cats amee ene taeehat anise a esieic oss 2 ounces. Water! told ce eee et ca debes sis I pint. Shake. Jose: 2 ounces, two a three times a day. Depending upon the amount of fever; give for a week, dis- continue for a few days, and then give again if necessary. Feed on laxative diet, giving a handful or two of Linseed meal three times a day, and grass if in season. If the appetite keeps good, temperature remains near normal, joint does not swell badly, and limb is held quiet, the symptoms are favorable; if, however, appetite is lost, fever high, limb badly swollen, and limb kept swinging, the symptoms are unfavorable, and treatment needs to be applied more vigorously, if possible; in the later case death is apt to follow. DISEASES OF THE HORSE 301 CURB.—This is a strain and an enlargement of a ligament on the back of the hock a little below the point. It is seen in the form of a bowed section, about four inches in length; some- times it is swollen up as thick as an inch from the healthy form, and at other times it is hardly noticeable. When in the inflam- matory stage the disease causes lameness, but when the swelling is once hardened it seldom does. It is most commonly seen in sickle or cow-hocked horses. Causes.—A sprain of the ligament at the back part of the hock; by getting the hind feet too far under the body; stopping suddenly and feet slipping under; rearing; backing heavy loads, etc. Symptoms.—Standing at the side of the horse and opposite the hind parts, and looking across the legs, you will notice a curve on the back and lower portion of the hock, instead of a straight line as in a healthy leg, from the point of the hock to the fetlock. In recent cases there is lameness, heat, soreness to touch, and, like all sprains, it grows worse with exercise. In moving, the horse strikes the toe to the ground first. TREATMENT.— If near a blacksmith shop, have a high-heeled shoe put on; then wrap the joint in a folded blanket and keep it wet with cold water, applying fresh water every half hour; once a day bathe freely with White Lotion (page 263), and once with a lotion composed of equal parts of Witch Hazel and Soap Liniment; continue until lameness subsides, and then use Iodine Ointment to help in removing the enlargement (see under ‘‘Abscesses’’). If the above fails to effect a cure, blister, using the Spanish Fly and Mercury blister. (See ‘“To Blister’? under ‘‘Ring-Bone.’’) CUTTING THE BACK TENDONS.—The back ten- dons of the hind leg are sometimes cut by the horse backing up onto something sharp, as mower knives, scythe, corn-cutter, etc. Symptoms.—The appearance; a wound in the back of the leg between hock and fetlock, and if both tendons are cut the fetlock descends so that the horse walks on the back of the pastern; and upon examining the wound the separated ends of the cut tendon can be seen, 302 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR TREATMENT. — Bind a large wad of some material on the back of the pastern to keep it from going down so far, and get the animal to the stable; then put on the long-heeled shoe, and attach an iron to extend up the back of the leg, as with ‘‘Break Down.’’ ‘The leg must be supported in its natural position, so that the cut ends of the tendon will come close together, otherwise, when they unite, they will be too long, and the fetlock will go down too low; dress the wound with White Lotion (page 263) and the Carbolic solution. Bandage it loosely, but in putting bandage on and taking it off, do so gently, so as not to disturb the tendons. If proud flesh starts to form, keep it down with burned Alum or Sulphate of Zinc. Put the horse in a sling at once, and keep him there until the part is entirely healed and strong, which will take from six weeks to two months. Feed on light, laxative food. If the limb seems to be weak after the parts have healed, apply a mild blister. RUPTURE OF THE MUSCLES.— Causes.—Muscles are sometimes ruptured across the fibres by over exertion, severe sprains, etc. Symptoms.—Great lameness is noticed as an early symptom. Swelling, heat and soreness follow in from two to six hours after an injury. There is unwillingness, amounting to inability, to move the affected part. When inflammation has subsided and swelling is gone, there will be a depression in the muscle at the seat of injury. TREATMENT .— During the active inflammation, apply hot fomentations as continuously as possible, and also apply, three times a day, the following anodyne lotion: Soap Liniment............ Sesedae tees ceases 4 ounces. Tincture Of AriiCAan ceccncssceses~soeceece ie iss TinCHUure OF Opuwittliericeccosessces>scoeoes- BJ ss Witch Hazel) tommalkces./.0.5..2...5060.0.- I pint. When inflammation has gone and the muscle depression is formed, apply strong liniments or a blister, as for ‘‘Sweeny.”’ hee POE = : a git ade ph” > es ia ~ od sae io > S ~ ee — - fo ‘LOOT JO ANOLVNV az0S FUSSY sig ydozo4say] PNY (ap0mun TOM | { WoLayo T (supiydopoad) INS ST) LIUTULD TJ { PIAAOULAL | fO0Y JOJPY FUO anssy (GAMA | VLOULIL Sans ST) ILIIS” >. . UOPIUP? AOX A] UQIUA LOSUBL IY — UOTY STP ATHLON T FIUOG WUYfO_) BODTQLOD TOLPLOT 4 : ¥ - ALLL ot As 5 W aN DISEASES OF THE HORSE 303 ATROPHY OF THE MUSCLES.—This is a wasting away, or shrinking, of a muscle or group of muscles, leaving a flattened or hollow surface in the place of the normal fullness. Causes.—Sprains, strains, bruises, severe pressure, are prin- cipal causes. Inaction of a muscle will also produce it. Symptoms.—A flattened or hollow place will be found in the place of the muscle. Compare with corresponding muscle of the other side, and the difference is easily detected. TREATMENT.— Treat with strong liniments, friction, blisters, and seton, if necessary, as recommended under ‘‘Sweeny.’’ It is an atrophy of the muscles which has to be overcome in that disease. DISEASES OF THE FEET. QUIT TOR.—This is the name given to a disease of the foot, when the festering of any sore works up through, and breaks out on top of the foot at the junction of the hair. Causes.—It is usually the result of a neglected corn, prick of a nail, gravel getting into nail-hole, or a severe, poorly cared for wound at the top of the hoof, working downward. Symptoms.—It usually occurs on the quarters, anywhere from the heels to two or three inches forward, but is oftener seen on the inner quarter, because most corns are found there. After horse has been lame some time, it makes its appearance by swel- ling at the coronet, which may reach the size of a hen’s egg. In the course of a day or two it breaks and discharges matter, when horse will be relieved of some of the pain, which is intense during the formative period. Sometimes foot can scarcely be put on the floor, and may be paining most of the time. When the sore has been discharging two or three days, the flesh around opening will turn purple and soft, and the matter will spread, extending each 304 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR way, but more toward the front. In a couple of weeks, pipes will have formed, pointing downward in all directions, having one common center in the opening at the top. If let alone, the walls of the pipes will thicken and harden, and enlargement at the top increase in size. If allowed to run for three months, the foot be- comes so full of pipes and so large, hot, and painful, as to require very persistent treatment to stop disease, and it can never be re- duced to natural size again. In extreme cases lameness is per- manent, the toe turns up, and horse walks on his heel. TREATMENT. — If taken as soon as it breaks open at the top, poultice the foot for twenty-four hours to soften the parts. Then give the diseased part vent at the bottom to allow matter to run out if it will; but if none is found at the bottom, do not cut hoof to make it bleed, as that would only make another sore. Open freely at top and probe with a smooth probe to find depth and direction of hole. Then follow the probe with a knife, and open right out and down the hoof, as far as the hole goes, taking out a V-shaped piece of the wall to allow escape at the bottom, instead of making it come out of the top. Then sponge out with warm water to cleanse it, and follow with a lotion made as follows. SulphatelOfi@onperre il... ... esses 2 drachms. WEEE sls eee redalnaiets weaken sowecescs % pint. Mix, and inject well down into the wound. Also flush out twice a day with the Carbolic lotion. If after a week the wound does not appear to be doing well, change the Copper lotion to the following: Sulphate Oi Zimenuuseanesresctsce esas 3 drachms. Water eines cneateea teint peor cedsecses se ¥% pint. Mix See that the opening is down at the bottom all the time to let the matter out. Foment or tub the foot the most of each day, and poultice part of the time at night. Keep the shoe off until the foot is well enough to work; then put on a bar shoe to pro- tect the weak quarter. DISEASES OF THE HORSE 305, In very bad cases, where several pipes are running in as many directions, it is absolutely necessary to open each one fear- lessly. Then go on with lotions as above, and change occasion- ally to the following: Corrosive Sublimatescs.2....0 ee s = Ate a, iy = = fe Pree ~~ x had ~ 7 » _ f eo a , » < prs. = 7 : ; 4, : ; ; a a : aac ae. 1% a < 7 F ; a ; =e ai b= €r : he —_ % = - Ei -ae a's; = = i. : = baad tb. po be - - al Al —o a - ae oe Sing = - 7 P 2 - - . = a bal Re = - © - “A - ' Sy = < ef, ta ; ; NESS 2 iB ; a a" ry ed . A wie % ne a 7 ate ri bic eis, we — : 4 : - 2 x p ( me OY De x i ; : : ot a = fas os - i Mio 74s “ 3 - 7 — > : id re c as Ne eae Sa ‘> = a ra - = he Pee ee te: ew . = § = ~ | ’ os , = oA : J = = x 5 hulle | 4 vm > = a “ - at am — : a Fo: = s » e oa ' 5 - - & = ‘ * ' a . S 7 = é > i i a ns j , = - 7 a o i 2 = . = ‘ < - ' " » : 6 7 7 6 a 4 7 ~~ & 7 7 e, - 4 se pes se : SKELETON OF THE COW. DISEASES OF CATTLE 363 and runs farther forward on the belly than with the horse, and has a tuft of hair on the point. When the penis is extended forward, as in serving a cow, the S-shaped curve of -the penis straightens. The S-shaped curve prevents the passage of the catheter through from the end of the penis, as in the horse. The urethra has to be cut into just, below the anus, where it rounds forward. ACTION OF REMEDIES IN CATTLE On account of a different make-up, remedies work quite dif- ferently in cattle than in the horse. Medicines should, as far as possible, be given them in liquid form, and in more bulky form than for the horse. The medicine should also be given slowly, as the chances are better for it passing into the fourth stomach. Cattle also take from one and a half to two times the dose taken by horses. Aloes, though so excellent a purgative for horses, is not a good remedy for cattle, while Epsom Salts, that are cold and drastic for horses, on cattle work like a charm. Calomel and other forms of mercury act violently on cattle, salivating them soon, and in milch cows is excreted through the milk, affecting sucking calves seriously. Oils, used as purgatives, do not work very well on cattle; melted lard is perhaps the best. Mustard, as a blister, acts with more vigor on cattle than on the horse, but Turpentine acts with less. 364 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR PULSE, RESPIRATION AND TEMPERATURE The normal pulse in cattle varies from fifty to fifty-five beats per minute; in old animals, and in calves especially, it is more rapid. The pulse is the most conveniently taken on the under border of the lower jaw, just in front of the angle, the same as with the horse. In health it is softer and less tense than it is in the horse. The respiration requires no special skill to diagnose; this will come with practice. The soft, rustling sound of the healthy ‘‘respiratory murmur,’’ when the ear is placed to the chest, is altogether changed when there is any disease affecting the lungs or air passages. The number of respirations in cattle per minute (usually twelve to eighteen) can be easily counted by the heav- ing of the chest. Some practice is required to make one a good judge of sound as obtained by percussion, which in health is always clear and resonant. Percussion consists in- placing the forefinger of the left hand upon the chest, and striking it smartly with the ends of the first three fingers of the right hand. The temperature in cattle—as in all animals—is an index of great value. It can only be arrived at, with any degree of satis- faction, with what is called a ‘‘ clinical thermometer,’’ which is so shaped that when taken from the body the reading remains the same until shaken down. It is inserted into the rectum and left two or three minutes and then removed and read. ‘The normal temperature of cattle is about ro1 degrees, a little higher than the horse. A rise of temperature above the normal is called a fever. OTHER INDICATIONS OF DISEASE.—A “‘staring coat,’’ as it is termed, in which the hairs stand like bristles, is an obvious symptom, and sometimes the only one, of a low state of health. Shivering, when animal is only exposed to moderate cold, or none at all, should receive prompt attention; for it is infallibly the ushering in of an attack of disease that is usually severe. Cold sweat coming out on the skin of an animal severely DISEASES OF CATTLE ; 365 ill, indicates a desperate if not a fatal condition. The posture when standing, the method of lying down or getting up, the action in moving around—all these are significant, and should be noted carefully. The countenance, and especially the eye, will betray the dis- tress and pain which the dumb sufferer is unable to express in words. ‘The muzzle, which in health is moist—covered with ‘‘dew’’—in fevers especially, becomes unnaturally hot and dry, or cold, and sometimes changed in color—sometimes paler but more commonly injected with blood. One of the earliest signs of constitutional disturbances, as well as of special disorders, is the suspension of rumination—ceasing to chew the cud. In the case of milch cows, a nearly coincident symptom is the drying up of the milk. Inasmuch as cattle are not subject to the same conditions as the horse in many respects, diseases of some parts of the body are very much less common, although exclusive of lameness, nearly all the diseases of the horse are met with in cattle. In this work, where the treatment is the same, the reader will be, referred to the treatment as given for the disease with the horse. To find the page in which the disease is described, unless given at the time, refer to the index. DISEASES OF THE RESPIRATORY ORGANS CATARRH, OR COLD IN THE HEAD.—Simple cold, or catarrh, is inflammation, more or less acute, of the membrane lining the nose and passages of the head, generally implicating the eyes and throat. Neglect in attending the early symptoms frequently occasions diseases of a more serious nature. Causes.—Damp, drafty, badly drained stables; but generally from exposure to storms, and sudden changes in the weather. 366 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR Symptoms.—There will be more or less fever, as indicated by the thermometer; sneezing; cough sometimes accompanies; mouth is hot and nose dry; horns hot at the base and cold at tips; ears and extremities are cold. Discharge from the nose is at first watery, but in a day or two becomes purulent. Eyes are red and swollen, and inclined to weep. If not relieved, symptoms become aggravated; pulse rapid and hard; no appetite; urine scanty and high colored; bowels very apt to be constipated. TREATMENT.— Put animal in a comfortable, dry place, and give a small dose of Epsom salts (34 to 1 pound); repeat in two days if bowels do not respond; give light, laxative food, and also the treatment as for the disease in horses, remembering that the dose is one and a half to two times as large. Steaming the head is as valuable as with the horse, and is done in the same way (see page 75). MALIGNANT CATARRH.— This is a malignant disease affecting the chambers of the head, and causing offensive discharges from the nose. ‘These at first are watery, but later on they become purulent, and in last stages are accompanied with exten- sive sloughing. It is contagious. Causes.—Are not very well known, but thought to be due to minute organisms, perhaps belonging to the bacteria. Symptoms.—It is ushered in with a chill, with all the attend- ing symptoms of fever; the muzzle is hot and dry; animal hangs his head and isolates himself in the pasture; membranes are of a bluish color; eyes are closed and swollen; soon nose and eyes begin to run a watery fluid, and saliva drools from the mouth. Pulse is quick and not very strong; a dry, hard cough ensues; bowels are usually costive, feces being black and hard, but diarrhea may set in at any time. There is great thirst, but no appetite, and urine is scanty and highcolored. In the course of twenty-four , hours discharges become purulent, taking off the hair wherever they touch; passages of the head become so much inflamed and filled with matter, that when head is tapped on the outside with the fingers, a dull, heavy sound is heard. Breath becomes feti’, and temperature rises to 105 to 107 degrees. There is extens vs DISEASES OF CATTLE 367 sloughing in last stage. Prostration is great; pulse becomes faint; convulsions follow, and a great fall in temperature; in some cases ulceration of the cornea takes place, letting out the humors of the eye. Death follows in from nine to eleven days. TREATMENT.— Put the animal in an isolated place, and have it cool in summer and warm in winter. Give a purgative to clear the bowels (1 to 14% pounds of Epsom Salts); also use the following to try and check the fever: Fluid Extract Aconite.............. 1% drachms, Fluid Extract of Belladonna........... I ounce, Fluid Extract of Colchicum Seed..... 1 ‘“ RAR OTIC EBay ea esate dascmniwusinanatiesrascoasces 2 ounces. DY AIRS eI eee orale tose en scm asec onsen I pint. Shake. Dose: 2 ounces, three to five times a day. If fever runs very high give 2 drachms of Acetanilid and 2 ounces of Alcohol in half a pint of water, twice a day. After two days, drop the Aconite from the foregoing pre- scription and put in the prescription in its place % ounce of Digitalis. Also steam the head, as in simple ‘‘Catarrh.’’ Put 2 teaspoonfuls of Carbolic Acid in the water from which the steam is generated; also put ina little Camphor. The steaming is very important, and can be kept up most of the day. If the eyes become badly affected, treat as for ‘‘ Inflammation of the Eyes.’’ After the animal commences to improve, use tonics, as with ‘“‘Chronic Indigestion.’’ ‘To prevent the spread, thoroughly dis- infect where the animal is kept. SORE THROAT—LARYNGITIS.—This is an inflam- mation of the larynx, or upper part of the windpipe. Causes.—Are usually those of a common cold, but some ani- mals seem predisposed to it, a slight exposure bringing on an attack. Symptoms.—Animal may appear hungry, but does not eat, owing to inability to swallow; respiration becomes quick, painful and hurried; pulse is rapid; there is more or less fever, and if 368 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR water is taken, some of it is likely to return through the nostrils, owing to inflamed throat. Head hangs; ears droop; and saliva runs from the mouth. TREATMENT .— Give the same treatment as‘‘Laryngitis’’ in the horse, remem- bering that the dose for cattle is one and a half to two times that for the horse. Also remember that the medicine is to be given in the form of a paste. Steam the head and apply liniments and fomentations to the throat as for the horse (see page 80). MALIGNANT SORE THROAT .—This is a disease that centers itself inthe throat in form of acute inflammation, followed by an effusion that is apt to cause suffocation by closure of the larynx. It is fatal to cattle; also to swine, in which it is known as ‘“‘Quinsy.”’ Causes.—Probably due to some infection. Symptoms.—It starts like a common cold-fever—injected mucous membranes, cough, etc.; throat swells enormously; tongue becomes spotted with purple and is protruded; animal gasps for breath, until at last he falls suffocated, struggles a little and dies. Disease usually attains its height in three or four days. TREATMENT. Use the same treatment as for simple ‘‘Laryngitis.’’ Give the medicines in the form of a paste. Steam the head, using Carbolic Acid in the steam as for ‘‘Malignant Catarrh.’’ Also use: Chiloratevofshotashicncnscsuccs:cssccccess see I ounce. Chloridevorelnongeeetssatnesescceetececseee 6 drachms. Wratten Binge eismewtensacnec ssc %: sabe soe. ene I pint. Mix. Inject 2 ounces well back into the mouth and throat, four or five times a day. If speedy suffocation is threatened, the operation of trache- otomy must be performed (see OPERATIONS). Apply liniments and fomentations to outside of the throat. The animals that die should be buried deeply. DISEASES OF CATTLE 369 BRONCHITIS.—This is an inflammation of the mucous membrane lining the bronchial tubes, which extend from the lower end of the windpipe into the lungs. Causes.—Exposure accompanying a common cold; or from the extension of inflammation in cases of catarrh and laryngitis. Symptons.—Loss of appetite; a peculiarly anxious expression of countenance; the respiration is painful and a slight grunt is noticed at each breath; a husky, wheezy and painful cough; on placing an ear to the windpipe, in the early stage, you get the tubular sound as with the horse, and later you get the rale. The temperature is elevated and pulse rapid and soft. Disease reaches its height in two to four days, and in favorable cases begins to abate in from five to eight days. TREATMENT. — Put in a dry, warm, and well-ventilated place, but avoid drafts. Apply Mustard paste mixed up with water, or water 2 parts and Ammonia 1 part, and rub well in at the base of the neck, over the windpipe, and on the sides. Keep body warm by blanketing. Use injections per rectum, to keep the bowels soft; avoid violent purgatives, but 1% pound of Epsom Salts may be given every second or third day. Aside from above, give treatment as for the disease in the horse (page 85), giving nearly twice the dose given to the horse. FILARIA BRONCHITIS; HOOSE OR HUSK.—This is a disease that afflicts young cattle and sheep, more than older animals, for the reason, perhaps, that they graze closer than older animals, or else the parasites affect them more. It is caused by a parasite (strongylus micruris), the eggs of which are swal- lowed in feeding. Symptoms.—There is a slight husky cough; the coat soon becomes staring; and the breathing more and more embarrassed. Cough becomes more frequent, and in character more suffocating and more mucus; worms, either single or in greater number, will be coughed up. 370 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR “TREATMENT.— Feed liberally with nutritious diet, including Linseed meal and roots, giving in the food: WPUTpPeN tines. cc scsi, wands enenasicoeccs ses 1% ounces, Raw) Linseed Oil ni sc sseasenssssesisevscces I pint. Give as a dose night and morning for two or three days, then discontinue for two or three days, then giveagain. For yearling calves give one-fourth the dose. Burn turpentine on pine shavings in the pen with the calves, ‘and let them inhale the fumes, or burn a little sulphur; care must be taken not to suffocate. The following is perhaps the ‘most effectual treatment: PE PCT LING Be Ueoet denser yaaccsseoscersses 15 drops. CarboltezAtci der ncssses te riccsccsesscwees 5 drops. CHTOFOLOL i ieee cteassetaossceeseesecs 8 drops. OlVe OU isece cee ceietek terre tseccesecsesssece 1 drachm. Give as one dose by injecting into the wind pipe with a hypodermic syringe; insert the needle of the syringe in between two of the rings and inject slowly. Thedoseis for a good sized calf; it can be doubled for adult animals. Prevention is better than cure. Stock should be kept off affected pasture, and cattle must not be allowed to drink from stagnant ponds. ‘The drainage of low pastures should be looked after. INFLAMMATION OF THE LUNGS — PNEU- MONIA.—This is an inflammation of the lung tissue. Causes—May come from a cold, exposure, etc., but oftener from the inflammatory conditions of bronchitis, or laryngitis extending into the lungs. Symptoms.—This disease is preceded with a chill, staring coat, loss of appetite, cessation of ruminating, and if a milch cow, loss of milk. The pulse is soft, full, and quick; respiration rapid and heavy; temperature, 104 to 107. When the sides are tapped, a dull, heavy, full sound is heard, and on listening with ear to side, a crackling sound is heard, but in later stages there DISEASES OF CATTLE 371 will be no murmur in affected parts; in early stages expired air is hot; later is cold; ribs are fixed, breathing being done by the abdominal muscles; flanks heave, nostrils are dilated, and coun- tenance has anxious appearance. In second stage, temperature generally drops 1 to 2 degrees; respiration difficult; cough painful and frequent; animal lies down most of the time; when standing fore legs are wide apart and elbows turned out; looks haggard; extremities alternately hot and cold; crackling sound no longer heard; and percussion gives dull sound. If one side only is affected, well side will show increased murmur. TREATMENT. — Place in a light, well ventilated box stall, and give the best of care and nursing. Feed laxative foods, and give small doses of Epsom Salts, 3 or 4 ounces daily; keep fresh water before the animal. Aside from the foregoing give the animal the same medicinal treatment as was recommended for the horse (see page 90); remembering that the dose is 14 to 2 times as large. Use the Mustard or liniment applications to the chest freely. In some instances hot applications in the form of hot water bottles could be used to advantage. Blanket warmly. If seen during the chill, stop it as soon as possible, as recommended for the horse. PLEURISY.—This is an inflammation of the pleura, or serous membrane which lines the chest cavity, and which is reflected over the lungs. If this disease is not attended at an early stage, its usual termination is hydrothorax, or water in the chest. Causes.—The same causes which bring on inflammation of the lungs, bronchitis, and other diseases of the respiratory organs. Also external injuries to the chest, broken ribs, etc. Symptoms—There is more or less fever; quick pulse, but small and hard, inclining to be wiry; breathing is quick and pain- ful; elbows turned out; ribs are fixed, and breathing is done by abdominal muscles; a crease is seen extending from the elbows along toward the flanks, where ribs join the cartilages of the chest. Inspirations are short and imperfect, while the expirations 372 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR are prolonged and more easily affected. Pressure between the ribs causes pain, and a rasping sound is heard when the ear is applied to the sides; head hangs low; ears droop; nose is dry; and though eyes are partly shut, the countenance has an anxious look. ‘There is no appetite; flanks are tucked up; hacking, pain- ful cough; pains in chest cause animal to turn the head around to his sides. Unlike pneumonia, tapping on the ribs produces a clear, resonant sound, and causes pain; the expired breath is not hot, and there is no mucus rale as in bronchitis. TREATMENT. — Give the same general care as recommended in ‘‘Bronchitis’’ or ‘‘Pneumonia.’’ Give 3 or 4 ounces of Epsom Salts daily, unless bowels act freely. Apply strong Mustard paste or Turpentine liniment to the chest and the internal treatment as for the horse (see page 91), giving nearly double the dose. If water collects in the chest, it is recognized and treated as given under ‘‘Hydro- thorax,”” HYDROTHORAX—WATER IN THE CHEST.— This is not a disease in itself, but is simply a condition where an excessive effusion of water takes place into the chest cavity in pleurisy. Symptoms.—As soon as an effusion commences to take place, pain ceases, respiration is deeper, longer, and less painful; elbows no longer turn in; appetite returns; eyes get bright; and to a causal observer, animal appears to have taken a decided turn for the better. After a short time, however, there are unfavorable symptoms, as flapping of the nostrils, quick labored breathing, heaving of the flanks. The legs and chest become dropsical; eyes sparkle and countenance has an anxious look. No respira- tory murmur is heard at the bottom of the chest, but increased at upper part, and later, a splashing may be heard when water reaches the heart. Percussion on ribs produces a full, dull sound at the lower part of the chest; pulse rapid, but small, and gradu- ally fades away. Death comes from suffocation, the water crowding the lungs into too small a space in the upper part of the chest. DISEASES OF CATTLE 373 TREATMENT. — If the drugs recommended for pleurisy have been given liberally, and yet the fluid has collected, medicinal treatment will fail; if the drugs have not been given, and the chest is not more than one-third full, by giving them, the fluid may be absorbed. If it cannot be removed in this way the chest will have to be tapped (see OPERATIONS). Continue treatment, as chest is apt to refill. See the disease in the horse (page 92). DISEASES OF THE DIGESTIVE ORGANS. WOUNDS AND CONTUSIONS OF THE LIPS.— Causes.—From a blow by the horns of other cattle; from the whip of a driver of oxen; or from the bite of a snake. Symptoms.—As a result of a bruise the lips are thick and swollen, and if neglected become hard and indurated, so much so that it is difficult to eat. In such cases the tongue is made use of to endeavor to gather and bring into the mouth the desired food. In case of snake-bite the swelling limits are not well defined; and it is soft and comparatively painless. If the skin is broken it will at once suggest the trouble. TREATMENT.— For a bruise, bathe the affected parts steadily three or four hours, twice a day with hot or cold water. Also bathe well with White Lotion, and the Turpentine, Witch Hazel, and Soap Liniment (see PRESCRIPTIONS, back part of book). If the skin is broken, treat as for ‘‘Wounds’’ in the horse (page 262). Iffroma snake-bite, make a cut through the center of the wound and then another at right angles to the first. Press a wad of cotton against the wound until the bleeding is nearly stopped, and then apply the following lotion several times a day: Permanganate of Potash...........+.s00 2 drachms. WBE hoe tie cnccadnaseesececassssescsnensceds I pint. ‘a 374 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR As snake-bites are likely to result in depression, and later stupor, it is advisable to give % pint of Whiskey in a pint of water, repeating only often enough to prevent sinking into a stupor. SLAVERING, OR SALIVATION.—This is a dribbling of saliva from the mouth. Causes.—From a wound or the presence of any foreign matter in the mouth or teeth; from eating irritating plants, such as wild mustard; from the use of mercurial ointment; or as a symptom of other disease. TREATMENT.— This will depend on the nature of the cause. Examine to see if any foreign body is in the mouth. If from eating irritating plants, dissolve an ounce of powdered Alum in a quart of water, and syringe out the mouth with the mixture twice a day, using ahalf pint each time. If from the presence of a thorn, splinter of wood, or any foreign substance imbedded in the cheek or tongue, remove the offending object and wash the mouth occasion- ally with a weak solution of Carbolic Acid and water, 1 ounce to the quart; do not allow the animal to swallow much; also use the Alum solution. When the condition is produced by some disease, as by ‘‘Foot and Mouth Disease,’’ follow the treatment given under the disease causing the trouble. IRREGULARITIES OF THE TEETH.—This may be occasioned by the unequal wearing of some of the teeth or by some of the incisors being broken, which occasionally happens in cattle pastured on sandy or gravelly soil. The molars may also show irregularity from similar causes. Their edges may become sharp, or it may happen that a molar tooth has been accidentally fractured. In shedding, the loosened teeth get partially dislodged and cause trouble. TREATMENT.— Examine the animal’s mouth by grasping the tongue with one hand and partially drawing it out of the mouth, so as to expose the incisors and molar teeth for inspection. When it is desired DISEASES OF CATTLE 375 to examine the molars with the fingers, an instrument like the balling-iron which is used for horses, or a large clevis held up edgewise, should be put into the mouth to separate and keep the jaws apart. Any sharp edges must be removed with a rasp. Any chance tooth that interferes with mastication, or any frac- tured or loose one should be taken out. In performing such operation it is advisable to have animal cast and to hold the head securely, so the operator can do what is necessary without diffi- culty. Whenever possible secure a veterinarian to operate if it becomes necessary to remove sound teeth. CAPS ON THE TEETH—This sometimes occurs in cattle between the ages of 2 and 4 years, when they are shedding their milk grinders. Instead of teeth dropping out as they should, caps hang on the new teeth, causing them to fester at the roots, and causing a lump on the jaw-bone. Symptoms.—Animal will hold its head to one side; has diffi- culty in eating, and sometimes spits the food out; will fall off in condition, and in time a lump will form on the jaw-bone opposite the festered tooth. TREATMENT.— Examine the mouth carefully until the capped tooth is found. ‘This will be known by the tooth projecting above its neighbors. When found, remove with pincers, or even a ham- mer, and a long, somewhat blunted, chisel, by tapping gently until cap is knocked off. DECAYED TEETH (CARIES) IN CATTLE.— Symptoms.—The presence of decayed teeth may be suspected by the bad odor of the breath, and by the animal occasionally stopping while eating, and perhaps spitting out the food, and holding the head sidewise. If the mouth be examined, as directed in ‘‘Irregularities of the Teeth,’’ and then explored with the hand, the bad tooth will be found. TREATMENT .— Have animal tied short and have the tongue pulled out and held. Then remove the tooth with a pair of large pincers, or by 376 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR forceps for that purpose. When the crown of the tooth has been destroyed, and only a stump, or root, is left, it cannot be drawn, but can be punched out; in such cases, if animal can be fattened, it is best to sell it to the butcher. If ugly, animal will have to be cast. Get a veterinarian to operate, if possible. LUMPS ON THE JAW-BONES FROM TEETH OR FROM INJURY.— Causes.—As stated in heading. TREATMENT.— If caused from a cap staying too long on the tooth, causing the roots to fester, remove the cap; do not pull the tooth at first, but try a blister on the lump. Use the Spanish Fly and Mercury blister (see ‘‘To Blister,’’ page 257); or the Iodine Ointment, as used in ‘‘Abscesses,’’ can be used. If the blister is used, repeat the treatment in four or five weeks, if necessary. If this treat- ment does not stop the lump from growing, throw the animal and pull the tooth with forceps. If the cause is from injury, treat as above. For other information as to lumps on the jaw, see ‘‘Actinomycosis of the Jaw-Bones.’’ INFLAMMATION OF THE TONGUE.— GLOSSI- TIS.— Causes.—F rom eating irritating substances; from eating acid plants; or little blisters may form in the mouth of calves when having indigestion, constituting what is termed ‘‘Aphtha;’’ also from injuries from various kinds. Symptoms.—The saliva dribbles from the mouth, and when examined, the surface of the tongue and other parts of the mouth will appear red and inflamed. In the case of calves, in the form of disease called ‘‘Aphtha,’’ small, red elevations are seen on tongue and other parts of mouth, having little white points on their centers. These white patches are succeeded by ulcerated surfaces, which are exposed by the shedding of the white patches. In some cases the tongue is so badly swollen as to protrude from the mouth. DISEASES OF CATTLE ely TREATMENT.— When there is merely a reddened and inflamed condition of the mucous membrane of the mouth and tongue, syringe the mouth several times a day, using about 4 ounces at a time of the following: ANSI aa bca3saaconccbosqoguotbdcnucnsucadaasoaq0c0 2 ounces, \WEIESEE Bacoaadaucosdoosppesondn aggoaeadsoDoECCC I quart. When the edges of the tongue and other parts of the mouth are studded over with ulcers, these should be rubbed over once a day with the Nitrate of Silver, using the Nitrate of Silver pencil, or by holding a large crystal in a pair of forceps. When indigestion is associated with an ulcerated condition of the mouth, the disorder should be treated as indicated under that heading. GANGRENE OF THE MOUTH IN YOUNG CALVES—GANGRENOUS STOMATITIS.—tThis affec- tion usually appears in young calves about the time they are cutting their teeth. Causes.—Insufficient nourishment; debility resulting from diarrhea, and from inflammation of the navel, predisposes animals to this disease, and its development is associated with disorder of the digestive system resulting from the cutting of teeth. Adult animals have been known to be affected with the disease, but the cause is not well understood. Symptoms.—In early stage there is redness of the mouth, from which the saliva dribbles, but in two or three days a whitish point appears on some part of the mucous membrane of the mouth. It gradually extends in size and depth, and a red, inflamed zone surrounds the affected part, which begins to present a yellowish, cheesy appearance, and then, as it begins to break up and decom- pose, exhales a fetid, disagreeable odor. Sometimes the entire thickness of a portion of the tissues composing the cheek become gangrenous. If decayed part is not removed with a knife, it is gradually separated from surrounding living tissue by the process of ulceration. In some cases a hole will be made through the cheek through which the saliva is ejected in process of mastication. 378 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR It may be complicated with diarrhea and consequent weakness. Malady often terminates in death, and runs its course in from seven to ten days. In adult cattle, recovery does not take place under three to four weeks. TREATMENT.— For the calf, give 5 to 10 grains of Quinine, according to size and age of animal, and repeat dose four times a day. If diarrhea is present, give Lime-water in 1Z-ounce doses. When animals show signs of debility, or diarrhea is present, Whiskey or Brandy, in r-ounce doses, should be given three or four times a day. Mix with two or three parts of water. It may also be given when appetite is poor, two or three times a day. To cleanse the mouth and remove odor, syringe several times daily with the following solution: Permanganate of Potash.........s1+-+0 2 drachms. Waters eaccuscessscstecactesceclicics: oecseeeee I quart. When the gangrenous part has sloughed, then use White Lotion (page 263), and a Carbolic Acid lotion (Carbolic Acid, ¥%Z ounce to apint of water). Swab the raw surface several times a day to promote healing. ‘The diet should be nutritious, and for calves the cow’s milk is to be preferred. When the gangrenous tissue assumes a yellow, cheesy look, the animal’s recovery will be hastened by removing the dead tissue with the knife. During the convalescent stage, give, in combination with the Quinine, Sulphate of Iron. For calves, give it in 10 to 20-grain doses, and to cows in 2-drachm doses. CHOKING.—This is a rather common occurrence on the farm. Causes—From attempting to swallow too large an object, such as a turnip, potato, beet, or an apple or pear, though in rare cases it may occur from bran, chaff, or some other finely divided food lodging in and filling up a portion of the gullet. The latter form is most likely to occur in animals which are greedy feeders. Symptoms.—Animal will stop eating, slaver at the mouth, cough, breathe heavily, and after a time become bloated in DISEASES OF CATTLE 379 paunch, which is noticed on left side. Will also keep chewing, poking out the nose, and swallowing, and when it drinks water it is soon ejected, and there is seen an anxious expression on the countenance. If the choke takes placein the neck region, the enlargement will be seen on the left side. TREATMENT.— If the obstruction is in the back part of the mouth, or upper part of throat, put a clevis in the animal’s mouth, so the hand can be inserted, then while the head is held in a horizontal position by two assistants, pass the hand into the mouth and take out the offending object. An assistant to manipulate the obstruc- tion on the outside, and push it up against you, will help in the removal. If the object cannot be reached, give carefully a swallow of melted lard, then try by manipulation on the outside, until the lard works around it, to move it downward to the stomach. If this fails, pass the probang (see ‘‘Choking,’’ in the horse, page 105). The one-half inch hose answers very nicely—-making it stiffer, if necessary, with the wire. Two assistants, by taking hold of the horns and nose, can straighten the head out nearly straight. The probang does not bother cattle in breathing as much as it does horses, and is easier to pass in cattle. Where the animal is badly bloated, and efforts to press the object down fail, tap on the left side with a trocar and canula, or even with a knife (see ‘“Tympanites ’’ for tapping.) If the obstruction is very firmly lodged, use the Belladonna along with the lard, as recommended for the horse. Never use a rake-handle, or anything rigid, for a probang, as is so often done; if you do the esophagus is almost sure to be injured. LOSING THE CUD—REMASTICATION.— It was once thought, and perhaps still supposed by some, that the ox sometimes loses his cud, and that something must be given him to take its place, and so old rags, pieces of pork, and various other substances were pushed into his throat to act as a new cud. In order that such a ridiculous practice may be discontinued by those who refer to this book, an explanation of the cud and how it is disposed of will be given 380 THE PRACTICAL, StOCKk DOCTOR All those animals which remasticate their food, when fed, eat hastily, very imperfectly chewing the food and swallowing it in a very poorly masticated condition; food swallowed in this condition passes into the large paunch, and when this organ is opened the food in it is always found to be very coarse. After eating up its feed the animal goes and lies down and commences to chew its cud, or remasticate the food, and appears perfectly happy. In order to get the food back to the mouth a small portion of this coarse food from the paunch is thrown, by an action very much like vomiting, into the lower end of the esophagus, and this organ, by reversing its action, commences to contract at the lower end first, and forces the food back into the mouth. ‘This portion of food constitutes the cud, or bolus. The animal now chews this very thoroughly, putting it into excellent shape for digestion; when the chewing is completed the bolus is swallowed, not stopping in the paunch, but, by a peculiar struc- ture of the parts, passes directly into the third, and from that into the true stomach and on into the intestines, never again to return to the mouth. Almost as soon as the bolus has been swallowed, another portion of the food from the paunch is thrown into the esophagus and carried back to the mouth, constituting a new cud. ‘The process is repeated over and over again, until the animal is satisfied; then the process of remastication is suspended for a time, to be continued again when the sense of hunger returns. Each*cud is a new one. Not all the food is remasti- cated; some of it passes from the paunch on into the second and third stomachs without going back into the mouth. Almost any disease will cause an animal to stop chewing its cud, simply because it has lost the desire for food; when the disease is over- come and the appetite returns, the animal will again commence to remasticate without being given any artificial cud. BLOATING—HOVEN—TYMPANITES—This disease is characterized by swelling of the left flank, and is caused by the formation of gas in the rumen, or paunch, as the result of fer- menting food. Causes. —Choking,sudden changes in food, wet clover, or eating frozen roots of any kind. Anything which will cause acute DISEASES OF CATTLE 381 indigestion. Very often caused by turning cattle into luxuriant pasture when not used to green feed. Symptoms.—The abdomen is very much enlarged, and espe- cially the left flank; by tapping with the fingers on left side over the paunch, a hollow, drum-like sound is emitted. Animal has an anxious expression of countenance, moves uneasily, and is evi- dently distressed. If flank is pressed in with fingers, it springs back quickly. If relief is not obtained in time, the animal breathes with difficulty, reels in walking or standing, and in a short time falls and dies from suffocation. ‘The distension may become so great in some cases as to cause rupture of the stomach. TREATMENT.— In mild cases medicinal treatment may be of value, but in severe cases tapping should be resorted to at once, as the danger of the operation is very slight, and it relieves the suffering to a great extent almost immediately. For medicines give the following: Aromatic Spirits of Ammonia......... I ounce. Fluid Extract of Jaborandi.............. 4 drachms. Fluid Extract of Calibar Bean......... 1 drachm. Fluid Extract of Belladonna........... 1 drachm. Hyposulphite of Soda.....--....:-.2..---. 4 ounces. Waters Tommie ss. .crs.c0. 0.3. ec-ceeeesene I pint. Shake. Give as-one dose, and repeat in one-half hour if necessary. If these drugs are not at hand, give a good dose of Ginger, or an ounce of Turpentine in a pint of Oil. A piece of fork handle held in the mouth as a bit will some- times help in getting rid of the gas. If the bloating continues, tap the animal. Cattle are tapped in the left flank, in the center of the triangle, or where the bloat is most prominent. Use the horse trocar and canula, as it is smaller, and yet answers every purpose. To tap, wash the instrument first in the Carbolic lotion (see OPERATIONS), and have the point of the trocar sharp; also wash place of tapping with Carbolic lotion; place the point of the trocar against the flank, direct it downwards and forwards, and push it in nearly the 382 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR whole length; withdraw the trocar and the gas will escape. If it is necessary to tap a second time, do so in a slightly different place. In absence of a trocar and canula, a knife and a quill can be used; insert the small blade of a knife, and when it is withdrawn, put in the quill. Every stock owner should have a trocar and canula, as this disease so frequently occurs, and it generally develops so rapidly that there is no time to send for help. ‘The gas can be removed by passing the hollow probang (see ‘‘ Choking”’ ). Even if the animal is tapped, the medicines should be used to pass the fermenting mass onward, and after the acute symp- toms have passed off, give a good physic—1% pounds of Epsom Salts, and 2 tablespoonfuls of Ginger, in 2 quarts of water. Give for a week or two the digestive tonics, as recommended under ‘‘Chronic Indigestion,’’and see that the cause producing the dis- ease does not again occur. IMPACTION OF THE RUMEN, OR PAUNCH.— This is a case where the animal’s paunch is so filled with food that it causes temporary paralysis, and the whole mass lies like so much soggy material in a leather bag. Causes.—From taking a large feed of straw, or bulky food— engorging itself; from getting loose and eating too largely of grain; or eating freely of food that animal is unaccustomed to. Getting into a grain field, or at a bin of grain, is most common cause. Symptoms.—In some cases there is slight bloating, while in others there is no bloating at all; animal is uneasy, makes a grunt, or groan, every time it breathes. If a milch cow, the milk flow will fall off in one night. The nose will be dry; breathing and pulse will be quickened, and animal will keep getting up and down, and will not take much food or water. On pressing the flank with the closed fist the indent of the hand remains for a short time in the flank, as if the rumen were filled with a soft, doughy mass. Tapping over the stomach gives off a dull, heavy sound. Bowels are costive, and the passages are dry and slimy-looking, with a bad odor. If the animal has eaten a very large amount, the left flank will be distended; the history of the case helps diagnose. ‘NAWOUY AHL JO NOMWMISOd DISEASES OF CATTLE 383 TREATMENT.— Give a dose of physic as follows: PopeG rt OAS wen adensinnassancnececctonsevs 1lg to 2 pounds. Bicarbonate of Soda.............sccceeeees I ounce. RET ere ieotindn ns deanddeasen csemuaacowesqend Ria Dissolve in 2 quarts of lukewarm water and give as a drench. , Also give the following to assist in passing the mass along: Aromatic Spirits of Ammonia......... I ounce. SIO NIAC tHE. oi eat eas. +ca+se- I pound. Fluid Extract of Belladonna............ I drachm. Sweet Spirits of Niter..................... I ounce. Wig bGieleseieesaasatneiaeeaerseeeiriatate seein. siseae I quart. Mix, and give as a drench. Blanket well and keep a peck of hot salt in a bag on the loins; give a hot bran mash and keep her quiet, and the after- birth may come away. If in thirty hours it has not passed away, it will have to be removed mechanically. In removing the after-birth from a cow, the anatomy must be remembered. Scattered over the inside of the womb are some forty to sixty large, button-like enlargements, at this time nearly as large as one’s fist; these are attached to the womb by a restricted neck, and are called ‘‘cotyledons,’’ On the outside of the fetal envelope are saucer-shaped masses, corresponding in number to the cotyledons, and the attachment of the envelope to the womb is accomplished by the saucer-shaped structure fitting over and being attached to the cup-shaped cotyledon, much as the palm of one hand would clasp the closed fist of the other hand. ‘The attachment can be rather crudely illustrated by a style of glove fastening. The surface of the saucer-shaped struc- ture has a large number of small, pointed bodies, projecting from it, which fit into depressions in the cup-like cotyledon, and these hold the two together. To remove the after-birth: Place the cow with her right side against a partition; have an assistant stand by her left side and keep her from arching her back by rubbing on the loins with a small stick. Bare the right arm to the shoulder, clean the finger nails and hand, and sil hand and arm with Carbolized lard; take that part of the after-birth which hangs from the vulva in the left hand, and twist it into a rope; make the right hand cone- shaped, and pass it gently into the vulva along this rope-like structure; upon reaciing the womb, the rope will seem to be made up of a large number of strings running together; follow up one of these and it will lead the hand to a cotyledon. The DISEASES OF CATTLE 423 large, cup-shaped cotyledon is to be left on the womb, the saucer- shaped structure on the envelope is to be separated from it; to do this, slip the neck of the cotyledon in between the first two fingers, place the thumb on top of the cotyledon and press down as the fingers clasp the neck quite firmly, and slip along it towards the thumb. If they adhere too closely to be separated in this way, gently work the fingers in between the two structures and separate them, remembering that only a thin outer portion of the mass is to be taken off. Repeat the process with each of the masses. Be gentle, and don’t hurry. ‘Twist occasionally wit the left hand, but pull but very little. When the cotyledons have all been separated, the entire mass will slip away and the opera- tion is complete. Sometimes it is an easy matter to separate the cotyledons, at other times a difficult task. If no putrefaction has taken place, nothing need be done after the envelopes have been removed; if some decomposition has taken place, flush out the womb with a weak Carbolic Acid solution, 2 drachms to a quart of water (see ‘‘Abortion’’). _ TURNING OUT OF THE VAGINA, OR PASSAGE LEADING FROM THE WOMB -EVERSION OF THE VAGINA. Causes.—From standing, before calving, in a stall with the hind feet too low; and while lying down, on account of its being so full, the womb presses back against the passage and turns it out. It may occur for a few days after parturition, from strain- ing, or may be caused from constipation in effort to pass the feces. Synptoms.—There protrudes from the vulva a red tumor; if small, it may go back when animal gets up, but if larger, it re- mains out, becomes swollen and hard; may be as large as a peck measure. ‘The animal stands with the back arched, and strains more or less. TREATMENT.— As soon as discovered, secure the animal so she can not bruise the part in any way, and get an assistant. Then clean, by pouring over it cold water; this also reduces the size; if all 424 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR the dirt does not flush off, pick it off gently; do not rub the part in cleaning. When clean, pour over it a quart of Alum or Copperas solution, using an ounce of Alum or % ounce of Cop- peras to a quart of water, and also pour over it a weak Carbolic Acid solution—two drachms of the acid to a quart of water. Return in the same manner as recommended in the mare, and re- tain it with the sutures in the same way (page 160). It must be returned gently, otherwise abortion may be produced. After returning, keep the cow on a floor that slants slightly forward. When the labor pains come on, remove the sutures, and after the calf is born, the after-birth best be removed, and the sutures put back in again for a few days. After the accident, keep the bowels loose with laxative food, and, if necessary, small doses of Epsom Salts; and also give a tablespoonful of Saltpeter twice a day for a few days. ‘To relieve the pain and straining somewhat during the operation of returning, give 1 ounce of Chloral Hy- drate, or 2 drachms of Fluid Extract of Belladonna in ¥% pint of water at the outset; also repeat two or three times a day if straining continues after the operation. WOMB, OR CALF BED, TURNED OUT—EVER- SION OF THE WOMB.—This is the turning inside out of a greater or less portion of the womb itself. Causes.—From cow lying with her hind parts too low. After- pains may cause the cow to strain and turn it out. Or it may follow removing the after-birth, especially if roughly done. It sometimes is thrown out almost immediately. Symptoms.—There lies, or hangs, behind the cow a large pink, bag-like mass, covered with mulberry-like excrescences all over the surface. It very soon swells and becomes a hard tumor- like mass, hanging from the vulva nearly to the hocks, or lying out behind the animal if she is down; a very repulsive sight. TREATMENT.— As soon as noticed, secure the cow so she cannot injure the part and get three assistants, and a veterinarian if possible, and turn the case over to him. First, have two of the assistants support the organ by placing a clean sheet under it, the same as DISEASES OF CATTLE 425 was recommended with the mare (page 162) ; also at the outset give something to quiet—an ounce of Chloral Hydrate or 2 drachms Fluid Extract of Belladonna in % pint of water. Clean the womb the same as with ‘‘ Eversion of the Vagina,’ using the Alum and Carbolic Acid solution the same. Be sure all dirt is removed; the use of the Carbolic lotion is very important. If the after-birth is still attached, remove it before cleaning. When ready to return, proceed as recommended with the mare, being careful not to injure the organs with the finger nails. Have the hind limbs of the animal higher than the front ones, and have an assistant keep the animal from arching the back by pressing on the loins. When it is returned, pass the oiled hand in and smooth it out. Retain by using the sutures as for ‘‘ Eversion of the Vagina’ in the mare (page 160). Keep her from straining as much as possible by repeating the Chloral Hydrate or the Belladonna once in three or four hours. Keep the hind feet much the higher. AFTER TREATMENT.—While this accident is not quite as serious with the cow as with the mare, yet it is serious, and needs careful attention. Give the cow a liberal laxative—1 to 14% pounds of Epsom Salts ; feed lightly on laxative food; grass if in season, if not, a little hay, bran mash and scalded oats ; and also use the following : lurid? Mxtract Aconite.:...s..s0+..0ss--s2 2 drachms. Fluid Extract of Belladonna........... I ounce SAE MELSt re cesteeeee erste ee sccclecasees seats 3 ounces. WWALEr tO sadice eececmescewseccwersscnanase I pint. Shake. Dose: 2 ounces, three or four times a day. If the animal shows weakness, also give 2 ounces of Alcohol in Y% pint of water three times a day. If the temperature keeps nearly normal (1o1 degrees), and the pulse also nearly normal, the conditions are favorable for recovery ; but if temperature runs up, pulse becomes rapid and hard, and animal dull, it indicates that inflammation is setting in and the conditions are unfavorable; then treat as for ‘‘Inflam- mation of the Womb.’’ If everything goes along nicely for three or four days, recovery will probably take place. Do not let the ¥ 426 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR calf suck the cow. Leave the sutures in for a week or ten days. If the womb is much injured while out, the chances for recovery are slight. If very badly injured, it can be ampu- tated; a veterinarian would be required for the operation. If the cow recovers, and is a valuable breeding animal, she may be bred again, paying special attention the next year, to see that the accident does not again occur. INFLAMMATION OF THE VAGINA—VAGINITIS. —This may occur independently of inflammation of the womb. Causes.—From lacerations, bruises, or other injuries, sus- tained during calving. Symptonis.—There is swelling of the lips of the vulva, which, together with their lining membrane, become of a dark red, or leaden hue, and the mucus discharge increases and becomes whitish, or matter-like, and may become offensive. Passing of the oiled hand causes pain, and the walls will be found to be thickened, making the cavity much smaller. TREATMENT.— Slight cases recover without treatment, or under warm fomentations and mild antiseptic injections, as: Car DOlCrA Gd ee. scesvacesees concsessoeces 2 teaspoonfuls, WIENS scginah doadice ded cbonbnoriodeSsnancdscnncooore I quart. Severe cases may go on to the formation of large sores, or a considerable portion of the mucous membrane may die and slough off. In all severe cases the antiseptic, and warm water injections, must be applied perseveringly; and also use the follow- ing: ACCLATCIOL IVCAG Side suisinccene coer. stue sete 3 drachms. NIMES (ie CU SR GGL aa CCACOOO EEE EEE REE BEC CEE I quart. Inject into the vagina twice a day with a rubber tube and funnel. Hyposulphite of Soda (2 ounces, to 1 quart of water) is also excellent for an injection; alternate with the Lead lotion. Inter- nally, give from 1 to 1% pounds of Epsom Salts, feed on laxative food, and give a tablespoonful of Saltpeter three times a day for afew days. If the disease is allowed to run and becomes chronic it is called ‘‘ leucorrhea.’’ DISEASES OF CATTLE 427 INFLAMMATION OF THE WOMB—METRITIS. —This disease, when it occurs, usually comes on two or three days after calving. Causes.—From getting wet, or standing in a draft; from injuries received in difficult calving; or from dirty hands, ropes, or instruments, used when assisting. It also follows eversion of the womb, and may occur when it is difficult to assign a cause. Symptoms.—Slight shivering; the horns, ears, and legs are cold, the pulse is rapid and hard, the breathing quick, the tem- perature elevated, 104 to 107; cow loses appetite and stops chew- ing her cud; countenance depressed; is restless and uneasy in the hind legs, as though in pain; is tender to pressure on the right side, especially if jarred in the right flank; the vulva is swollen, and there is a discharge from it mixed with blood; the bowels are costive, and urine is high-colored; the animal lies down most of the time, sometimes refusing to get up at all; when up, stands with back arched. By passing the hand into the rectum the womb is recognized as enlarged and hard, and more or less sensitive to pressure. The secretion of milk is diminished. The disease is sometimes mistaken for milk fever, but need not be; with this disease there is a marked rise of temperature, while in milk fever the temperature is normal, or below. With milk fever the animal is unconscious; with this condition she is conscious, although she may refuse to get up. TREATMENT.— This is a serious disease and very often terminates fatally. The treatment is both internal and local. Internally give a laxative, 1 to 114 pounds of Epsom Salts, and repeat half dose in two days if the effects of the first dose are not quitemarked. Also give the following : Fluid Extract of Aconite............... 2 drachms. Fluid Extract of Belladonna........... 1% ounces. Fluid Extract of Colchicum Seed..... 1 ounce. RSHIUDGEGE ee pacesaetasscocacuetnsctoennvenbes 3 ounces, Wiaitetaro tialc@tres se eyaseaacsscdeasa Sonne I pint. Shake. Dose: 2 ounces three or four times a day. If she shows great weakness, give 2 ounces of Alcohol with each dose of the above in %4 pint of water; and if the fever runs high, 428 THE PRACTICAL STOCK DOCTOR give 2 drachms of Acetanilid twice a day with the Alcohol. After two or three days take the Aconite out of the above pre- scription and put 3 drachms of Fluid Extract of Digitalis into the prescription in its place. Apply to the loins, continuously, blankets wrung from hot water ; change every half hour and keep the hot blankets covered with a rubber blanket and dry woolen blankets. Have the water as hot as the animal will stand. It is also well to flush out the womb, part of the time, with a mild antiseptic lotion, as Carbolic Acid 2 drachms, water 1 quart; and part of the time with an astringent lotion, as Acetate of Lead 3 drachms, water 1 quart; or Hyposulphite of Soda, 2 ounces to a quart of water, is good. Use each lotion about twice a day. Flushing with large quan- tities of water at a temperature of 115 degrees, just before injecting the above lotions, is a good practice. For injecting, use a soft rubber tube with a funnel in one end. After flushing, if the cow strains, watch to see that the womb is not everted. In using the injections and in flushing, be sure the solutions enter the womb. The tube best be carried through the vagina with the hand and inserted into the womb; have the hand and tube well oiled with Carbolized lard, and insert it carefully. If the animal lies down, roll her gently from one side to the other two or three times a day ; keep her lying on her chest. Give her all the fresh water she wants to drink, but in small quantities at a time, and a very little laxative feed if she desires to eat. PUERPERAL FEVER.—This is a simple fever occur- ring at the time of parturition. Causes.—Undue exposure to cold, or wet, or to hot sun. Also occurs when the animal is unthrifty; with animals that have been highly fed for a time before parturition, or fed too quickly after parturition. Young animals are more susceptible than older ones. Symptoms.—It may develop any time within two or three days after parturition. There is a slight dullness, partial loss of appetite, a rise of temperature, 103 to 106; pulse more rapid than normal, 60 to 90 beats per minute; the mucous membranes of the DISEASES OF CATTLE 429 eyes and nose are red; the milk secretion is partially stopped, and the udder is apt to be inflamed. These same symptoms are met with in other disorders at this time, and so we have to recognize this disease by the absence of the symptoms characteristic of other diseases. TREATMENT. — The disease generally runs a mild course, but complications sometimes arise, and so treatment should be given—even in mild cases. Give the cow a laxative—from 1 to 1% pounds of Epsom Salts, dissolved in two quarts of water. Feed lightly on laxative food for a few days, and also give the following: Fiuid Extract of Aconite............... 2 drachms. Fluid Extract of Belladonna........... I ounce. (SH MOET Sconce degaancaneuaconosop GNOOCOUHaE 4 ounces. Water LOpmmaieys..ccescsccoccccso+csceecwe <= I pint. Shake. Dose: 1 ounce, three or four times a day. Watch for complications, and if any should develop, treat as for that disease. WHITES — LEUCORRHEA.—This is due to a con- tinued or chronic inflammation of the womb, the vagina, or of both these organs. Causes. — Usually results from injuries sustained in calv- ing as the result of rough handling, or from irritation by putrid matters in connection with retained after-birth, or from the use of some object in the vagina, as a pessary, to prevent eversion of the womb. Very apt to follow abortion. The disease will also develop when it is hard to assign a direct cause. Symptoms.—The principal symptom is the glairy white dis- charge flowing more or less constantly from the vulva (sometimes more when the cow lies down), soiling the tail, matting its hairs and those of the vulva. When lips of vulva are drawn apart, the mucous membrane is seen to be redder than normal, if vagina is affected. The discharge has more or less of an offensive odor. Health may not suffer at first, but if discharge continues and is putrid, the health fails, milk shrinks, and flesh is lost. If womb 430 THE PRACTICAT, STOCK DOCTOR is involved, the hand passed into the vagina may detect mouth of womb slightly open and some of the liquid collected within its cavity. With oiled hand in rectum, the outline of womb beneath may be detected, somewhat enlarged. In some cases cow may be in heat oftener than normal, and it may be more intense, but she rarely conceives, and if so, generally aborts. In other cases she does not come in heat at all. TREATMENT.— In mild or recent cases, give injections as in ‘‘Inflammation of the Vagina.’’ In more obstinate ones stronger solutions may be used after the womb has been washed out by a stream of hot water at a temperature of 115 degrees, until it runs clear. To do this, insert a rubber tube into the womb, carrying it through the vagina with the hand; oil hand and tube; place a funnel in its raised end, and pour the water and afterward the solution through this. Hold the lips of the vulva together until the womb and vagina fills, and hold the solution in for a few minutes. If neck of womb is so closed that the liquid will not flow out, with- draw the tube and let it flush out and then refill. As injections, use: Acetate of ead |... .ccstedescots