(BL A. T.1380)° =, PRELIMINARY CATALOGUE OF PLANTS POISONOUS To. STOCK, Assistant, Division of Botany, Department of Agriculture. ee ae > ak ye 5 i me ey Coreen | Reprinted from the Annual Report of the Bureau of Animal Industry for 1898.] . i, eae Hh eae? 2 AI Dia a> * ¥ Class SB ez’ Book. PRESENTED BY Dee bas met ae See's exe 3 * Stuer ig ie SO PRELIMINARY CATALOGUE PLANTS POISONOUS TO STOCK. Wee CPR SN UT, B.S: Assistant, Division of Botany, Department of Agriculture. [ Reprinted from the Annual Report of the Bureau of Animal Industry for 1898. } Fac. 38 39. 40. 41, 42. 43, 44, 45. 46. 47, 48, 49. 50. 51. 52. 53. 54, 55. 56. 57. 58. 59. 60. 61. 62. 63. 64. 65. 66. 67. 68. 69. LEBUS RRA ELONS. Page Bly amanita (Amanita muscaria) = 2-22 222s ble 22222. 394 Halse helleboren( Verairun:wiridey 226" eat ee 2 ot oe 396 Lily of the valley (Convallaria majalis) -._-...--.....2..------.-- 396 Siehder Note Uried GracHtis) ===... eu ae tenn Ge ee 397 ORewecd CE ngroldecd O2CAnara ). =. .<2-2s2.22- 05 sue. ocak ss eck. 398 Worm cockic CAgrostemma guunago)~ .- 20 225.32. 2 222 Se Re 399 Aconite (Aconitum columbianum) . .-....-----.-----~------------ 399 Dwarf larkspur (Delphinium tricorne) --_---.- oe bt ee oe 400 Cursed Crowfoot (Ranunculus sceleratus) ....--..--.1_.------.--. 401 Mandrake (Podophyllum peltatum) ..--------------. ----- SUENER 402 iblgcleeherry, (Prunus SCTOUUNG). 2 s2202 5 <8) ne eens oe Se 403 Stemless loco weed (Aragallus lambertii) .--.---.-----.-----.--=- 403 Woolly loco weed (Astragalus mollissimus) .. ....-.---..--..---. 404 Rattlebox (roralaria:sagitialis), ..-—2-- si. 522.022: 22s eek 405 Caper spurse (Huphorbia latnyris ic. 2.2262 4 22 o sde ee oe 406 Snow on the mountain (Euphorbia marginata) _____--.----_.___- 406 Castor-oil plant (Ricinus communis) *._.....--.----.-------.----- 407 Red buckeye (Asculus pavia) .....-.-.----.----.---- epee Sas ah 407 NWiater nemloci: (Cieula maculata)... 2-2 ee ee 408 Orezon water hemlock (Cicuta vagans) . 224. 2-2 2. - 22-22-22 2222 409 Poison hemlock (Conium maculatum) ..-.\- 22 02--2.. 0222222238. 409 Narrow-leaf laurel (Kalmia angustifolia) .__........-..-.-------. 410 ‘Brosmleatlaurel(Katmeia latifolia)... 2. 2-222 s2 saan ene 25- 410 ramerm uve eheucollioe CalesOey). 22. 522 -~ fon cn Se 411 Mae eMemSM CP Vertis MUTIGNG) ~ 226 oo oe rec A es ene 412 Great laurel (Rhododendren maximum) _____-..-.-.-------------- 412 Milkweed (Asclepias eriocarpa)....-..-.--.-------- Se ae ee 418 Jimson weed (Datura stramonium) .. .-..--.----.----.---------- 414 Bittersweet (Solanum dulcamara) .__....------- BRC ALY Se On cee Be 415 Black nightshade (Solanwm nigrum) ___._---.-- SFE es eee eS 415 Spreading nightshade (Solanum triflorum) .._......-.--.-.---.--- 416 SneszoweeulClclentimn GUlwmnale)\.:... 02248. 2. =.2----422525 417 PRELIMINARY CATALOGUE OF PLANTS POISONOUS TO STOCK. By V. K. CHESNOT, B. &., Assistant, Division of Botany, Department of Agriculture. In Bulletin No. 20 of the Division of Botany of this Department and in Farmers’ Bulletin No. 86, also of this Department, an attempt was made to describe the plants native to the United States which are best known to be poisonous either to man or to domestic animals, and also to give a satisfactory account of their geographical distribution and poisonous qualities. No systematic attempt has as yet been made to study the poisonous plants of our new possessions. In the present catalogue there has been gathered together a few brief notes concern- ing a very much larger number of plants, mostly introduced or native, than was given in the bulletins named above, all of which have been reported to be more or less poisonous to stock. Some of the species treated of in the bulletins have been omitted in this catalogue, either because stock are not poisoned by eating them, or because they are not known to have been eaten by stock. The leaves of the various species of poisonous Rhus, for example, are eaten by several, if not all, kinds of stock with impunity, and even with considerable relish. On the other hand, stock have not been known to eat the false jessamine. The plants which are well known to cause death in a purely mechanical way are excluded from this account because they are not poisonous. Bacteria and all living plants parasitic on animal organisms have also been excluded. Those plants which are injurious or fatal in a mechanical way have been called ‘‘stock-killers” by Prof. J. H. Maiden, the well-known economic botanist of Australia. These contain no poisonous sub- stances, but operate chiefly by clogging up the intestines, by perfor- ating and inflaming the tissues of the eyes, the nose, or the mouth and intestinal tract, and perhaps by evolving gases which distend the stomach and intestines to such a degree that it is impossible for the lungs and heart to perform their function in aerating and circu- lating the blood. Instances of bloating are very frequent in stock, as is evidenced by the information contained in Bulletin No. 52 of the State Agricultural Experiment Station at Fort Collins, Colo. Prof. W. W. Cooke cites numerous eases of death in sheep, espe- cially ewes, from bloat caused by eating green alfalfa. He estimates that over 5 per cent are killed by eating it and concludes that it is 387 5528——1 388 BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY. not a safe food for stock unless certain precautions are observed. The precautions enumerated are well worthy of careful consideration. While this action in several cases is mechanical, it seems probable that, under certain conditions, poisonous substances may also be formed in the stomach at the same time, and that these may also be a cause of death. Prussic acid may thus be easily formed from amygdaline, a nonpoisonous substance which exists in the leaves of several groups of plants belonging to the rose family. The annoying or serious and sometimes fatal effect of the sharp barbed awns of certain grasses is especially well known to Western farmers, who experience much trouble from the fox-tail and squirrel- tail grasses (Hordeum sp.), which are so abundant in Western mead- ows. These grasses make excellent fodder when young, but when nearly mature the awns easily separate, and frequently work their way into the mouth and throat, or the eyes and ears and cause such intense suffering that the animal must be killed. The hairs from the crimson clover (Trifolium incarnatum) act in a very different man- ner. In Circular No. 8 of the Division of Botany of this Department Mr. Coville has shown that if the overripe dried plants are eaten by stock the hairs becomo easily detached from the flower stalks and heads, and, by virtue of their barbed structure, accumulate in the intestines in the form of felt-like balls which gradually increase in size until the intestines become completely clogged. Several instances of death from this cause have been recorded. This is also true of some species of cacti which in Mexico and the southwest serve as food for stock. In the issue of the Transactions of the Academy of Science of St. Louis for November 30, 1897 (Vol. 7, No. 18), Prof. Trelease gave an account of an unusual accumulation of fine cactus bristles which caused the death of a bull at San Luis Potosi in Mexico. The animal being untamable, had been allowed to run wild, its chief food in winter having consisted of five species of Opuntia, which grew plentifully in the vicinity. Since the minute bristles had not been scorched or burnt off the plant in any way, they were swallowed with the fleshy part and gradually accumulated in the form of six- teen spherical masses which averaged about 4 inches in diameter and about 7 ounces in weight. A microscopical investigation of these balls showed that they were composed almost wholly of the minute barbed bristles characteristic of the Opuntias. Anyone who has attempted to gather the gorgeous blossoms of these species can not fail to remember the ease with which the bristles pierce the flesh and the pertinacity with which they cling to it. When the plants are properly singed, however, they may be used for fodder without danger. When the larger spines only are cut off and the remainder feed to stock, these concretions are to be expected. At least one representative of the lower orders of fungi, the corn smut (Ustilago maydis), appears to be deleterious, and sometimes FIFTEENTH ANNUAL REPORT. 389 even fatal to stock in a mechanical way by virtue of the large quan- tity of the dry powdery spores which it contains when mature. These probably act by expanding, and thus obstructing the stomach. In the case of some molds, such as the white mold (Aspergillus glaucus), found on corn and oats, it has been proved that the spores will germinate and grow within the tissues of the body. They cause death apparently from a poisonous compound which is produced simultaneously with the mold. Other plants are undoubtedly delete- rious to stock on account of their dry, tough, fibrous, or indigestible character. Cases of blind staggers with marked cerebral symptoms have been cited to me by Dr. Albert Hassall, of the Bureau of Ani- mal Industry, which were caused simply by the continued feeding of a large quantity of dry fodder for several days or weeks. The intes- tines were completely stopped, but when the impacting material was removed the symptoms speedily vanished. The list as given is provisionalfor some species, as the reports upon which their reputation is founded are very meager, and sometimes even contradictory. A very interesting and instructive illustration of this was published in the Bulletin of Pharmacy for May, 1899. The chief portion of Mr. Theod. A. Melter’s article entitled ‘‘ When to Gather Plants” [for drugs] is devoted to a consideration of the time in various places in the Southern States, at which to gather the passion flower vine (Passiflora incarnata), which is very extensively used by pharmaceutical manufacturers. It is a well-recognized fact that, in order to get a drug of maximum and uniform strength, the plant should be cut off just above the roots when it is beginning to flower. The very interesting observation was made that, while the plant blossomed in March at West Palm Beach in Florida, the blos- soms did not appear until April at Jacksonville, Fla., 300 miles north- ward; nor until May at Montgomery, Ala., and June at Nashville, Tenn., both of which latter places are, respectively, 300 and 600 miles north of Jacksonville. The drug collected at the flowering time at all of these places proved to be of equal potency. The most interesting fact, however, comes in right here. In July, 500 pounds of the drug was collected and offered for sale at Jacksonville. As the plant blossoms here in April, the drug was refused for medical use, but was purchased at a cent a pound to be used for hay. The horse to which it was fed ate it with relish so long as the supply lasted, and even preferred it to hay. No ill results were observed, and in fact the horse became not only very fat, but more high spir- ited. Eight months later, in March, the author of the article received 50 pounds of the fully potent drug from West Palm Beach, and, by accident or carelessness, his horse got access to it at night and ate over half of the quantity. The animal was found in a very stupid state the next morning, and it remained in this condition, but with loss of flesh, for six weeks when it died. When it is remembered 390 BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY. that the other horse ate 500 pounds and became high spirited, the effect of the varying season on the drug is at once apparent. Several doubtful plants are here enumerated, not necessarily be- cause it is believed that they are poisonous, but with the view to eliciting more positive evidence either for or against them. Although comprehensive, the list is incomplete, for experience is slowly but con- stantly adding to the number already known or suspected to be poisonous. A few plants not poisonous to stock are nevertheless objectionable to stockmen and should be mentioned in this connection. This class includes all of those which, when eaten, taint the milk or impart a disagreeable or more rarely poisonous quality to the animal’s flesh. Wild garlic (Alliwm vineale) is a familiar example of a plant which taints milk. It is intended, however, to speak here only of those species which thus indirectly cause poisoning. Mention has been made of a few such plants in -the catalogue, the most prominent being the bitterweed (Heleniwm tenuifolium) of the Gulf States, and the may apple (Podophyllum peltatum) of the Eastern States. More facts and further investigation are needed in this line of work. In considering the circumstances under which stock eat this obnox- ious vegetation the most stress should be laid upon unfamiliarity. The odor and the taste of the plants which are ordinarily eaten by stock are so varied that it is little wonder that any animal, when placed among plants with which it is unfamiliar, will eat one that is deleterious. Especially when hungry or thirsty such animals are apt to eat anything of the kind placed within their reach. The custom so prevalent in the West of driving large herds of cattle and sheep from one pasture ground over wide areas of barren country to another is especially conducive to severe losses from plant poisoning. Another very important class of cases is due to a purely artificial cause, and may therefore be remedied by the exercise of due intelli- gence and care. This cause consists in the use of impure or unclean hay. The seed sown is sometimes contaminated with poisonous weed seeds or with the spores of ergot. Grass or meadow hay is still more apt to contain poisonous plants. These are, of course, generally rejected by all but the most hungry animals, but when the texture happens to be nearly the same as that of the hay itself it is very apt to be eaten by the animal. Bulletin No. 35 of the North Dakota Experiment Station contains an interesting account by Prof. E. F. Ladd of the poisoning of a bull by eating slough hay which was described as being badly contaminated with the water hemlock (Cicuta maculata). In the case investigated, evidence of the water hemlock poison was plainly detected in the stomach. The practice of tempting stock to eat material which is more or less deleterious by cutting it up finely and mixing it with food of superior quality is also open to criticism. There is some question in FIFTEENTH ANNUAL REPORT. 391 regard to the merits of the seeds of the velvet bean as a food plant for stock. The plant is now largely cultivated in the South, but does not mature its seed well except in Florida and the adjacent parts of Georgia and Alabama. The nitrogen content of the seed is very high, but, according to Mr. J. F. Duggar, of the Alabama Station, the verdict of three out of four correspondents is against the use of the seed as a food for man. The fourth man, quoting from Professor Duggar’s bulletin on the subject, says: ‘‘For human food they are by all odds the richest and best vegetable I have ever tasted. If eaten in large quantities they will nauseate the stomach, not from poison, but from richness.” This recommendation is of rather doubt- ful value, especially when we consider there is one authentic case on record in which nearly fifty people were very badly poisoned by eating the seeds. Stock often refuse to eat the seeds, but as the hull is readily eaten alone, both the hull and seed are often ground up together in order to make the animals eat the seeds, which are con- sidered very nutritious. It is possible, however, that, as in the case of the jack bean (Canavalia ensiformis), much of the nitrogen which they contain is in the form of amides, and is, therefore, not available for nutrition. If not absolutely poisonous, it may possibly be deleteri- ous in the assimilation of other food. Some plants useful for fodder in small quantities are deleterious when fed continuously as hay. In Bulletin No. 35 of the North Dakota Station Professor Ladd has shown that millet hay exercises a very marked action on the kidneys of stock to which it has been fed continuously, and he has succeeded in isolating a poisonous glucocide. Lupines (L. plattensis and L. leucophyllus) are esteemed as good fodder in Montana, but the enormous fatality which has occasionally attended its use show that it is poisonous under some conditions, probably when the ripe seeds are present in considerable quantity. , The most serious losses of stock due to poisonous weeds have been reported from the western half of the United States. In-three cases that occurred in October and November, 1898, over 2,000 sheep are reported to have perished. Smaller fatalities have been reported from all parts of the United States, including Alaska. The money value of this loss can not well be estimated, but it must be a very considerable sum. The loss to one correspondent from loco in one year is estimated at $2,200, and, as is mentioned in the catalogue, the State of Colorado paid out $200,000 in bounties to rid itself of this pest. The loss from lupine poisoning in Montana during the fiscal year ending June 30, 1899, is estimated at about $10,000. The number of eastern cases of animal poisoning investigated by the Division of Botany during the fiscal year ending June 30, 1899, is only six, all of which were of minor importance only. Twenty cases from west of the Mississippi were investigated during the same period. 392 BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY. The information incorporated in the accompanying catalogue has been procured from the most diverse sources. Special treatises, including the works of Kobert, Blythe, Cornevin, Fréhner, Dammann, Millspaugh, White, Van Hasselt, and Rochebrune, have been con- stantly at hand, and free recourse has been had to the numerous articles found in the various botanical and chemical journals and agricultural bulletins; also the literature indexed in the Catalogue and Index Medicus of the Surgeon-General’s library at Washington. Besides some actual experiments made in this Department, an impor- tant and most valuable source of information has been the corre- spondents of the Division of Botany. The letters from farmers and large stock raisers have done much to further our knowledge in these lines. The letters from botanists, chemists, and medical men have been especially esteemed for the more explicit information which they conveyed. The problem of establishing the identity of a plant which has, or is supposed to have, caused poisoning in the field is not always easy, and it is frequently only by a combined knowledge of the sciences and of a variety of diseases that it can be solved. For the general facts as to the occurrence of losses, the number of animals affected, and the amount of the money loss we must look to those whose inter- ests are immediately affected. The same class can also afford us gen- eral data, assisting in the identification of the plant which has inflicted the damage. For the final determination of the injurious plant, how- ever, technical assistance is required, and here the veterinarian, the chemist, and the botanist can be of great service. When, however, the plant has been identified we still need infor- mation concerning the nature of the poison, and need to know of a rational antidote. For this knowledge we must depend upon the chemist and medical man. The cooperation of chemists and medical men is therefore espe- cially solicited; but at the same time it is still necessary to impress upon others the desirability of their assistance in obtaining the fullest and most accurate information in regard to all the phases of plant poisoning which come under their observation. CATALOGUE OF PLANTS POISONOUS TO STOCK. PERISPORACEZ (Rot-mold Family). Aspergillus glaucus (L.) Link.—This is the common flocculent WOOLLY MOLD which sometimes develops to a dangerous extent on corn, oats, and other food grains which have either been har- vested before full maturity or been stored in a damp place. The moldy growth is pure white at first, but changes with the ripening of the spores to gray and then green. The spores are apparently the cause of the so-called enzootic cerebritis, or ‘‘staggers,” of FIFTEENTH ANNUAL REPORT. 393 horses, which, during the winter of 1898-99, has been reported as having caused very heavy losses throughout the Missouri Val- ley, in Illinois, Indiana, Tennessee, and Maryland. Experiments made in 1891 by Dr. N. 8. Mayo, at Manhattan, Kans., confirm the results of European investigators, who have shown that the spores of this mold will grow inside of a living animal if they are introduced into the blood in any way. Death is probably caused by some poison which is simultaneously produced with the mold in the body of the animal. HYPOCREACE (Ergot Family). Claviceps purpurea (Fr.) Tul.—This, the most common species of ERGOT, infests various species of native and cultivated grasses. It causes great loss of stock, especially in the West, where it is much more common than in the Eastern States. USTILAGINACEZE (Smut Family). Ustilago maydis (DC.) Corda.—The black powdery fungus known as CORN SMUT is common throughout the corn-producing districts of the middle West and is occasionally reported as being fatal to stock. Experiments made in Wisconsin and elsewhere show that it is not a very active poison when eaten in moderate quantity. When fed in gradually increasing amounts up to 2 pounds, no effect was noted, but 4 pounds fed on each of two successive days caused the sudden death of one cow. Since corn smut has been shown to be less fatal when wet, it seems probable that its phys- ical and not its chemical character may be responsible for the death of cattle which have eaten it in considerable quantity. UREDINACEZ (Rust Family). Coleosporium solidaginis (Schw.) Theum.—This is a_ parasitic growth that is found on some species of golden rod and is pos- sibly responsible for the cause of the so-called golden-rod poison- ing in horses. (See Solidago sp.) AGARICACEA (Mushroom Family). Amanita muscaria (L.) Fr.—The well-known FLY AMANITA (FLY FUNGUS; DEADLY AMANITA) may be found from spring to early winter in pine forests throughout the United States. Cows are supposed to be killed by eating it, and almost every year the daily papers chronicle the death of several human beings who were led to eat the fungus through mistake for some edible species. The fresh cap is frequently rubbed up with milk and used to poison flies. 394 BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY. PHALLACE® (Stink-horn Family). Clathrus columnatus Bose.—In an article published in the Botan- ical Gazette (vol. 15, p.45), Dr. Farlow, of Harvard University, gives an account of an investigation of a case of poisoning in hogs which was caused by eating this peculiar fungus. It grows in patches in oak woods and openings, and is quite common throughout the Southern States. Pn Pn, 1 CAM IC Spee AR \ i) } pi It 3 Be “ALAN Hills aL Lic SOM NIT IRIN L\\\\ \ aul fly A | D ees” bb! (9 kag ls FiG. 38.—Fly amanita (Amanita muscaria):; a, mature plant; b, top view of cap showing corky patches—both one-half natural size. POLYPODIACEZ (Fern Family). .Pteris aquilina L.—In July, 1895, nineteen cattle died in Maryland, which were supposed to have been poisoned by eating the common BRACKEN FERN. Very few similar cases are on record, but one European authority cites onein which five horses were killed by eating hay contaminated with this fern, and another states that cases are quite frequent among cattle in England. EQUISETACE (Horsetail Family). Equisetum arvense L.—The FIELD HORSETAIL was reported from Connecticut in 1871 as being poisonous to horses. Cases are very FIFTEENTH ANNUAL REPORT. 395 rare, and it is probable that this plant is deleterious only when eaten in considerable quantity and then perhaps only on account of its physical character. Experiments made in Europe show that a similar species (H. palustre) is fatal to horses when fed in considerable quantity with hay. TAXACEA (Yew Family). Taxus minor (Michx.) Britton.—The COMMON YEW, or GROUND HEM- LOCK of the northeastern United States, is called POISON HEM- LOCK in some places. The leaves of this shrub are probably poisonous to stock, as are those of the European yew. This species is more accessible to stock than the western yew (Taxus brevifolia), which grows only in deep canyons. POACEA (Grass Family). Lolium temulentum L.—The seed of the DARNEL, or POISON RYE GRASS, an introduced annual especially abundant on the Pacific Slope, is considered poisonous to both man and animals. Stipa robusta (Vasey) Nash.—This is a perennial plant which is known in Arizona and New Mexico as SLEEPY GRASS. It pro- duces a narcotic effect on horses and cattle that feed upon it, but stock bred in that region rarely touch it. Zea mays L.—The numerous deaths that are frequently attributed to INDIAN CORN are mostly due, not to any poison inherent in the plant, but rather to parasitic or saprophytic fungus growths, as noted under Aspergillus and Ustilago. The green fodder is very apt to cause severe and even fatal bloating if the animal’s diet is not properly regulated. Death hasalso been attributed to the presence of niter (potassium nitrate) in the growing stalks. It is supposed that in very rich soil this substance will sometimes accumulate in the stalks in considerable quantity during a pro- longed drought. MELANTHACEA (Bunch-flower Family). Chrosperma muscetoxicum (Walt.) Kuntze.—The bulbous portion of the FLY POISON, or CROW POISON, an Eastern plant, is some- times eaten by cattle with fatal results. The bulbs, when mashed up with molasses, are used to stupefy flies. Veratrum viride Ait.—The leaves of the COMMON SWAMP HELLE- BORE (AMERICAN WHITE HELLEBORE; FALSE HELLEBORE; INDIAN POKE) of the eastern and northern portions of the United States have proved fatal to man and to horses. Sheep eat the young leaves and shoots with apparent relish. The seed is poisonous to chickens. Veratrum californicum Durand.—The root and young shoots of the CALIFORNIA FALSE HELLEBORE have been reported as being fatal to horses. 396 BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY. Zygadenus venenosus Wats.—The name DEATH CAMAS has been applied to this plant in the Northwest to distinguish it from the true camas (Quamasia quamash), which is highly esteemed for food by the Indians. In Ore- gon it is erroneously called Fia. 39.—False hellebore (Veratrum viride), one- Fia. 40.—Lily of the valley (Convalla- third natural size. ria majalis), one-third natural size. ‘‘lobelia” by most stockmen and farmers. Horses, cattle, and sheep, as well as man, are poisoned by eating the bulb. Zygadenus elegans Pursh.—The bulbs, and perhaps the leaves of the Glaucous zygadenus, or ALKALI GRASS, are poisonous to cattle. LILIACEZ (Lily Family). Leucocrinum montanum Nutt.—This beautiful little plant is known throughout the Northwest as LEUCOCRINUM. It is supposed in Montana to be very fatal to sheep, especially after the fruit is developed. Nothoscordum bivalve (L.) Britton.—The bulbs of a plant called CROW POISON were sent to the Department from Texas in March, 1898, with the information that they were suspected of being very fatal to cattle at that time of the year. The mature FIFTEENTH ANNUAL REPORT. 397 plants grown from these bulbs proved to be of the above species. Another common name for the plant is YELLOW FALSE GARLIC. CONVALLARIACEAS (Lily of the Valley Family). Convallaria majalis L.—All parts of the LILY OF THE VALLEY are powerfully poisonous, and are liable to cause damage to cattle and horses. HASMODORACE (Bloodwort Family). Gyrotheca capitata (Walt.) Morong.—This is the RED ROOT, or PAINT ROOT, of the Atlantic Coast and Cuba, so called on account of the red color of its sap. White hogs are supposed, through- out the South, to be particu- larly subject to the poison contained in the plant. AMARYLLIDACEA (Amaryllis Family). Atamosco atamasco (L.) Greene. — The ATAMASCO LILY of the southeastern United States is supposed by some persons to cause the disease known as ‘‘staggers” in horses. FAGACEZ: (Beech Family). Quercus sp.—In Europe the acorns of various species of oaks cause sickness and death in hogs and cattle This effect may possibly be due to bloating, but may also be due in some way to the tannin or the bitter principle which they contain. URTICACE4 (Nettle Family). iJ -Urtica gracilis Ait.—The SLEN- Fig. 41.—Slender nettle (Urtica gracilis). ER NETTLE covers thou- sands of acres of reclaimed swamp land in Michigan and Wiscon- sin, which is made nearly worthless by its dense growth, horses refusing to pass through it to cultivate the soil. 398 BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY. CHENOPODIACEZ (Goosefoot Family). Sarcobatus vermiculatus (Hook.) Torr.—BLACK GREASEWOOD, or CHICO, is a scraggy shrub which grows in strongly alkaline soil in the southwestern and western portions of the United States. A correspondent in New Mexico states that on one oceasion he counted as many as 1,000 sheep that had been killed by eating the leaves of this plant. Itis claimed that cows are not affected by eating it at any time and that sheep can eat it quite freely in winter. Death is perhaps due more to the bloating effect rather than to any poisonous substance which the plant contains. Fia. 42.—Pokeweed (Phytolacca decandra), one-half natural size. PHYTOLACCACEZ (Pokeweed Family). Phytolacca decandra L.—The leaves of the common POKEWEED (POKE; GARGET; AMERICAN NIGHTSHADE) of the eastern half of the United States is occasionally eaten by cattle with fatal results. ALSINACE: (Pink Family). Agrostemma githago L.—The common CORN COCKLE (COCKLE; MUL- LEIN PINK) is an introduced weed from Kurope. Poultry and household animals are occasionally poisoned by eating the seeds or the bread made from wheat contaminated with the seeds. Silene antirrhina L.—The SLEEPY CATCHFLY, which is found through- out the United States, was stated to have poisoned sheep in southern Michigan a few years ago, but there is reason to believe that the poisoning was due to another source. FIFTEENTH ANNUAL REPORT. 399 MAGNOLIACEZ (Magnolia Family). Illicium floridanum Ellis.—The leaves of this species of ANISETREE are supposed to be poisonous to stock. RANUNCULACE (Crowfoot Family). Aconitum napellus L.—The EUROPEAN ACONITE (MONKSHOOD; WOLFSBANE) is very commonly cultivated in gardens and is therefore capable of doing great damage to stock. Horses and cattle have fre- Fic. 438.—Corn cockle (Agrostemma githago). Y a, Spraysshowing flowers and seed capsule, Fia. 44.—Aconite (Aconitum columbianum): a, one-third naturalsize; b, seed, natural size; flowering plant; b, seed capsule—both one- b’, seed, four times natural size. third natural size. quently been poisoned by eating the leaves and flowering tops. Aconitum columbianum Nutt.—The WESTERN ACONITE, or MONKS- HOOD, is native in the northwestern portion of the continent, where it sometimes poisons sheep. Actza alba (L.) Mill., WHITE BANEBERRY.—Actza rubra (Ait.) Willd., RED BANEBERRY.—Very little damage is done to stock by these plants, because animals generally refuse to eat them. Lefc. 400 BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY. Sheep are occasionally poisoned by eating the leaves of a closely related European species (A. spicata). Anemone quinquefolia L.—The COMMON WIND FLOWER which grows throughout most of the United States is extremely acrid and poisonous. Cattle seldom touch it. The plant loses most of its poison in drying. Delphinium tricorne Michx.—The DWARF LARKSPUR, or STAGGER WEED, of the northeastern quarter of the United States has been especially reported from Ohio as fatal to cattle in April, when the fresh leaves appear. Delphinium consolida L.—The seeds of the commonly intro- duced FIELD LARKSPUR are well known to be poisonous; the leaves are known in Europe to be fatal to cattle. Delphinium menziesii DC.— The PURPLE LARKSPUR of the northwestern quarter of the United States is very common throughout Montana. In one case of poisoning reported by Dr. E. V. Wilcox of the Mon- tana Experiment Station, over 600 sheep were affected, 250 of which were claimed to have been killed by the weed. An experiment made by Dr. S. B. Nelson, professor of veterinary sciences in the Washington State Agricultural College, PD. shows that it is possible to feed as much as 24% pounds of the fresh leaves to a sheep within a period of five days without any apparent ill effect taking place. An experiment made by Dr. Wileox shows that the extract from less than an ounce of the dried leaves killed a yearling lamb in two hours, the dose having been given by way of the mouth. Delphinium geyeri Greene.—The WYOMING LARKSPUR is well known throughout Wyoming, Colorado, and Nebraska under the name of POISON WEED. It is reported to be the most troublesome plant to stock in Wyoming, the dark-green tufts of foliage being espe- cially tempting in spring when the prairies are otherwise dry and barren. Fia.45.—Dwarf larkspur (Delphinium tricorne), one third natural size. FIFTEENTH ANNUAL REPORT. 401 Delphinium recurvatum Greene.—This species of LARKSPUR grows in wet subsaline soil in the southern half of California. It has been reported from San Luis Obispo County as fatal to animals. Delphinium scopulorum Gray.—The TALL MOUNTAIN LARKSPUR of the Rocky Mountains has been reported to the Canadian Depart- ment of Agriculture as poisonous to cattle in the high western prairies of Canada. Delphinium trolliifolium Gray.—This plant is common throughout the coast region of northern California, Oregon, and Washington. In Humboldt County, Cal., it is known as COW POISON on account of its fatal effect on cattle. Its toxie character has been questioned. Per- haps it is not equally poison- ous throughout all stages of its growth. Helleborus viridis L.—The GREEN HELLEBORE is a Euro- pean plant sometimes found as an escape from our gar- dens. All of the parts are poisonous. Cattle have been killed by eating the leaves. Ranunculus sceleratus L.—The CURSED CROWFOOT, or CEL- ERY-LEAFED CROWFOOT, is found throughout the eastern half of the United States and also in Europe. Cattle gen- erally avoid all of the butter- cups, but fatal cases of poi- soning from this plant are recorded in European litera- ture. When dried in hay, the plant appears to be non- poisonous. The BULBOUS CROWFOOT (Rf. bulbosus) and the TALL CROWFOOT (R. acris) are well known to be very acrid in taste, and it is probable that all of the species which grow in water or in very marshy land are poisonous. Fig. 46.—Cursed crowfoot (Ranunculus scelera- tus.) BERBERIDACE (Barberry Family). Podophyllum peltatum L.—The leaves of the COMMON MANDRAKE, or MAY APPLE, of the eastern half of the United States, are spar- ingly eaten by some eattle. Cases of poisoning are very rare, 402 BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY. but the experience of one correspondent shows that the milk from a cow that had been feeding on the plant off and on for about three weeks was so extremely laxative as to be positively poisonous. The incident oc- curred during babyhood, when cow’s milk was the sole source of food. The physiological ef- | fect of the milk was precisely / like thatof mandrake. It was shown that the cow ate the plant, which was abundant in one pasture, and when the ani- mal was removed to a pasture free from the plant the illness stopped at once. BUTNERIACEH (Strawberry-shrub Family). Butneria fertilis (Walt.) Kear- ney.—The large oily seeds of the CALYCANTHUS, or SWEET- SCENTED SHRUB, contain a poisonous alkaloid, and are strongly reputed to be poison- ous to cattle in Tennessee. PAPAVERACEZ (Poppy Family). Argemone mexicana L.—The Fic. 47.—Mandrake (Podophyllum peltatum). MEXICAN POPPY is reputed to be poisonous to stock both in the United States and in New South Wales. The seeds are nar- cotic, like opium. Chelidonium majus L.—The yellow milky sap of the CELANDINE, an introduced weed common in the East, contains both an acrid and a narcotic poison. Both are powerfully active, but cases of poi- soning are very rare, as stock refuse to touch the plant. Papaver somniferum L., OPIUM POPPY, or GARDEN POPPY.— P. rhoeas L., FIELD POPPY, RED POPPY, or CORN POPPY.—These plants are sometimes found as escapes from our gardens. Both contain acrid and narcotic poisons, and European literature records the death of various animals from eating their leaves and seed pods. PRUNACEA (Plum Family). Prunus caroliniana (Mill.) Ait.—The LAUREL CHERRY, or MOCK ORANGE, is native in the southeastern quarter of the United FIFTEENTH ANNUAL REPORT. 403 States, and is there often cultivated for hedges. The half-wilted leaves and the seeds yield prussic acid and are poisonous when eaten by animals. Prunus serotina Ehrh.—The WILD BLACK CHERRY is a valuable forest tree which ranges throughout the eastern half of the . United States. Cattle are killed by eating the partially wilted leaves from branches thrown carelessly within their reach or Fia. 49.—Stemless loco weed (Aragalluslambertii): a, flow- ering plant; b, seed pods; c, Fia. 48.—Black cherry (Prunus serotina), one- cross section of seed pod—all third natural size. one-third natural size. ignorantly offered as food. The leaves of various other wild and cultivated cherries are probably poisonous to cattle in the same way. VICIACEZ (Pea Family). Aragallus lambertii (Pursh.) Greene.—The LAMBERT, or STEMLESS LOCO WEED is, next to the following species, the best-known rep- resentative of a large group of closely related plants which are native to the western half of the United States, and are known as loco weeds on account of the peculiar crazy condition which they induce in animals that eat of their leaves. Horses and eattle are bo2o——= 404 BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY. both affected, but the chief damage is done to horses. After being permitted to graze on any of these plants the animal acquires an unnatural appetite for them and soon refuses all other kindsof food. It rapidly becomes unmanageable and crazy, and finally dies from the lack of proper nourishment. Astragalus mollissimus Torr.—This, the WOOLLY LOCO WEED, is perhaps the best known of all the loco weeds. It is the species most abundant in Colorado, where from 1881 to 1885 nearly $200,000 was paid out in bounties in an attempt to exterminate it. The plant is still abundant WZ NOX: in that State, and reports of we 2 WA the damage done by it con- tinue frequent. Specimens of the three following species of Astragalus have been for- warded to the Division of Bot- any with the information that they were causing great finan- cial loss in the districts noted. It is quite probable that other species are dangerous also. Astragalus bigelovii A. Gray.— Especially reported from Plain- view, Tex. Astragalus hornii A. Gray.— Stock are affected by this loco weed in the southern part of California. Astragalus pattersoni A.Gray.— This was especially reported ; from Flagstaff, Ariz., as poison- i ous to horses and to sheep. Crotalaria sagittalis L.—The RATTLEBOX (RATTLE WEED; Fia.50.—Woolly loco weed (Astragalus mollissi- WILD PEA) is an annual weed mus): a, whole plant; b, section of pod—both Thi 2 2 Lets one-third natural size. which grows on sandy soil throughout most of the eastern half of the United States. In some years it is especially abun- dant in the bottom lands of the Missouri Valley. Horses and sometimes cattle are killed in this region by eating grass or meadow hay which is contaminated with the plant. Lupinus leucophyllus Dougl.—This herbaceous shrub is a represent- ative of a very large genus of plants, many of which are widely and abundantly distributed throughout the West, and are gen- erally known as LUPINES. The above species is very abundant FIFTEENTH ANNUAL REPORT. 405 in Montana, where it is said to have caused the death of a very large number of sheep. There is some question whether the ani- mals are killed by a poisonous constituent of the plant or merely by bloat. The seeds of all the lupines are probably deleterious in the raw state. In Europe, however, the seeds of Lupinus albus, after the bitter taste has been removed by steeping and boiling, are eaten by human beings as well as by eattle. Robinia pseudacacia L.—The common LOCUST TREE is native in the central and eastern parts of the United States, and is extensively cultivated for ornamental purposes throughout the Union. The bark and the leaves contain a powerful poison, and persons have been killed by eating these parts. Sesbania vesicaria Ell.—The curious membranous-sacked seed pods of this annual vine were sent to the Department from South Carolina in No- vember, 1897, with the infor- mation that similar seeds were found in the stomachs of cows that had died from eating some poisonous plant. This species was most strongly suspected. Sophora secundiflora (Cav.) DC.—The beautiful bright red beans of the FRIJOLILLO, or CORAL BEAN, of southern and western Texas contain a powerfully poisonous alka- loid. The plant is said to have poisoned stock in Texas and in northern Mexico. Sophora sericea Nutt.—The Fic. 5l.—Rattle box (Crotalaria sagittalis): a, PueaPeRnuEs Of Re south.) ee ee Pee ern Great Plains region has been somewhat vaguely reported as one of the plants that ‘‘loco” horses in that region. Theseeds contain a very poisonous alkaloid. Thermopsis rhombifolia (Nutt.) Richards.—This plant is known as the PRAIRIE THERMOPSIS throughout the northern part of the Great Plains region. The seeds have been reported to the Cana- dian Department of Agriculture as being poisonous to children. Since the plant grows abundantly in pasture lands, it is here mentioned as a plant to be suspected in cases of stock poisoning. 406 BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY. LINACE (Flax Family). Linum rigidum Pursh.—The LARGE-FLOWERED YELLOW FLAX is reported from Pecos Valley, Tex., as poisonous to sheep. An investigation made at this Department showed that the plant is poisonous. MELIACE (Umbrella-tree Family). Melia azedarach L.—The CHINESE UMBRELLA TREE is much culti- vated for ornament, and sparingly escaped from cultivation in Fic. 52.—Caper spurge (Euphorbia lathyris): F1q@.53.—Snow on the mountain(EHuphorbia mar- a, upper half of plant, one-third natural ginata): a, whole plant, one-third natural size; b, seed capsule, natural size. size; b, seed capsule, natural size. the South. oo ee eee 413 Aracalluclarn berbiba = 22-. .2s5cseeee-- 403 AT SO MONO MeRMIGANA: JR o8 . 6 ee 402 ENB CLODIAC ACCES eee ae ges ss. Te So 413 Asclopias CTlocarpa=aeeas.,. <2. ee ee = 2 413 MNORIGHN cee 2h Olt eS 14: SY TAGA 2 epee ee meee aise Ae triberosar.-+s.< eee tes. 4d PAS Her Ubu Sia. 222 Lee ne see eno 395 elauCus = ._ =e eee ee 389, 392 Agtraralus bigcloyill . _.. 2. Socseeeeee eee 404 Orns... -) 2k See ee 404 MOolissimus. 2-e2e- secre es 404 pattersonil 22 seeees sean. 404 Agamoscoatamasco'... 25 ----sseessia-4 == 397 dal yetes 2252-2522 es eee a= 397 AvaleasCaliforniad-.=4 = sca eeeeneie ao oan 410 accidentalis.*sssceses en aoees oo. = 410 Page. BPE Ooi Aye ahs \6 =. 5 ee ee eee 399 Wipes oe ee ae Coase 399 Ban bertyirawl hye sees eso Sar AOL PSAs. OP OSC eet eee ee ao es eee 408 eee herria yan te stems meee ne 397 Belisfiower familys sao ott oot eee 417 iBerberigacem 2... 2222) o-4 eee AOI Bplers week. -< -o-). ween sabe sent AIG | limiting. 2. essence TANS IBIGDET EGU) oo ste 2 ooo... eee Semen es 390 Blackveredsewood 2.215. <2 -. et , 397 henbaneres 2s 2a es ee Ad Blind Sige Cotsen sss eee no oe eee 389 WB loate eee ee epee ck eee SSTaBOD U8: 405 Blood wortifamilby +2. she 5 2 ee ae 397 1EYoy hey it: yeaa ek mete ee POR En ry het eee par 417 aie OT a ee a vie 407 family te ann esa ashe agains ac ase 407 STAGE DMGEN . 3,2 o\.s sce ee aaa ren a Seay OO IS TANGMPIV Vics. 2 hon oie ae ee eee ene 411 Buckeye, California: ---22-2-5-465--4..2.. - 408 Gace) (60 hi ee eee ey Ys EGC 3

Soe cee eee eae = eee 390, 408 VWAPaNS 2262s sce se seer eee ones 409 Clathrnus colummnatus---sseosnee eee == 394 Claviceps purpurea sass ase nee sees 393 Clotbur, spiny -sec2 o- see seo eer sen see eee 47 Cockle eos. ea eee eee 398 Cocklebur, American =~ =~ <2... 5252-2222--< 417 ‘broad 2 = eee ewe 417 Coleosporium solidaginis ---...----------- 393 Coniumimaculatum > s-05-- = 409 Jon Vallariac@s.-o+~ = S--eese ee eee eee eae 397 Convallaria majalis'=* 222222 .- =e 5 397 @Goral hean=: =.= 5 Ss seni a ees ote es 405 @orn Cockle 2222252 tees 22-8 esa ase Se ee 398 SmUbs 52 eles ees one eee eee 388, 393 @ow bane! 18s 2- =sonae noses eae ee 408, 409 Gowpoison. 252205042. == 2st cccn2 22. 401 Grimponelovier=).-s2es = oe == Aen 388 Crotalaria sagittalis:=*-- 22-2055 ee ee nee 404 @rowfoos, DU bDOUB). = 922522246 =-2- oe eeoee 401 celery-leafed) 2a-.--==* 225 5.65- 401 CHPSDE) 3 =k iset seer eee oem 401 familiys2 oss 222225 3.2 een aene 399 boll eee teste ate eee 401 Crow po0ison ==-2 =s2s62 56 se seh ee tesa eee 395, 396 Paenclis oe meee ee ee ee cree ok oe = ees et oD. Datura stramonium.-..._..--------------- 414 fabian era ae hee eee 414 “PAD Ceptie) ater y 15's ASS ee oes Teh er aS eS 396 Delphininmconsolida=>--2 2-22 -2-=2====— 400 PGVerl Seto c ans ses esese eee 400 MON AICS. faethe cee ee ee eee OO TECUrVALOINE = eee ken ee eee OL SCOpUlOnUNY Soon ee ee ene 401 EICOTNS 2) est cae eae eee 400 trolltifolitm:.- ----... -- 2s hss he eae eee 414 Kalmia angustifolia.--s.-22-- 2 aeaene eee 410 latifolia. 2.2.22 = ee 411 Wwabrador tes. .-2¢ =. 5 Cee eee 411 California’<22*2253 4225 25—e 411 Tam bkill 4. ees 411 Iuarkspur oc2t2 22-5 Stone ae ere 401 dwart i) eee 400 field :.:1-222).0 ae eae 400 Purples =f ee ee 400 tall mountain _.*2-=-2- 22 2eeee 401 Wyoming ..=.:..../222205 2-5 Wianrell: 2) 22.22 ee Wi 22 eeee 411 broad-leat ._-... . eee 411 Gherry ----_-=- 05: e eee eee 410 ereat..... <=. 22222 ee 412 @TOUNG 2. 2-2-2522 ee 410 mountain 222222 ese eee nee 412 narrow-leafe- 2-2 see eee 411 sheep ..2.-15 225 eees ease ae ween 411 isequm Pp landulosum ses -ee-—2 =e eee 411 eroonlandicumes ss ce. - = eee fhencoerinum .- 2. ..:2- 5.625) =e 396 mMontanwiM 2p aese ene 396 lheucothoé catesbeaei:--- 2222552 e— -e=e 411 TPACOMOSH - == =e eee eee 411 INDEX. Leucothoé swamp ----.-.-----..---,------- 411 RArustrim valearer 2-2..225.22-22-2- wees. 1413 Niners eee ee OS Sg eee 396 eiivcrarin lye 2222 25S 8 ORS ae 396 ty OMbNChVANO Yi. 22... = .coceese seston 397 family te; 22 een ee 397 WAMWHEC SOM 8 oot ad 2 ee eae ee 406 anwm riciddm = =- 25. = eae. Jeo 406 HIOCOW COG. 2 eee Lee eee 2 aes 403, 404 Jam berths] hoo. saeenw a sana 403 Stemiless t= 2-o 2 ta eee a = oe 528 403 WOOLY Beer oe re Sara eeee eaee 404 VERY 0) WF: ep aE eee a ee) [DOO kets oe oe eee 417 TOM bre eset = ae eee es eee 417 int eal ree one Ae ee ree ee 47 Realiniieeiaen wewwe se ees BLE Lae 2 ee = 47 Dale-spikied ates. sees eae eee 417 SPLCA tas ee ee ee ce ome 417 SUP MMet een sees - eee ee 417 OCIS URE oe een eter ee we ese aes sees 405 Lolium temulentum .-.-_..---- Cpe hes OS 395 WORSE WOlL ae ee ore eae ee See sa Sass 416 Tati pin GS ee ee een ee ees ce ewes 391, 404 iE DINU S Al DUS ek Soe a = So ow es See 405 leucophy lus! 242. 252522 ae 404 plabtensisr +2 A20244 ico ee oe Ol ike fers] kh Veron ses eee rie en ane ere a 399 Maonolig tamily = 9 =o a= ssh eee oe 399 ISOC KG yee Seca here ONL See Dns oy SM 401 Maya plo asset vor en ee eae ee 390, 401 AVA VOU Te eke Sette te Mm ne eee So ae 410 Mela a Gece eee ye hs ee Re ae 395 Meliarazedarachecees = ceo nee 406 WIG ep se Es BL See ee ee Be ene 406 Millkswiee dice Merete eae a) Ae Lk ea 413, 414 if etrmalliysh NEA e ee ore Sey ate 413 DALTOW- Oak ch scam ses moe 414 VG Gay peer eee ern Se ee ey 391 TOES pares wy BE es Dee 389 orm ssnoodee-t see) ake Senko e eases 399 MOOT OG Ue eee eee eee | ee aes ee 410 Mountain fetterbush -....-_._-...-.-._-.. 411 MMinillomnspink ese oe ees eae eee oe: 398 Mushroom) family ess eeees ee eae ee 393 Nerium) Oleander. see se eee 413 Nettle: tam y< sae eee ye cy eee 397 Slond ereee rae ee Ce ee es 397 BDUEEO Sass anon Sos aoe eee ee 407 Nicotianatabacuimn 4.2252. 245.0 ese 414 Nightshade, American. .........---.-..--- 398 z folate berets Mei oa 5 eee eb 415 Climbing nso 5 = es se 415 COMM Ones 455-5222 415 Sard ones ess 415 SPECad in ees ok 416 Nothoscordum bivalve_.....___...____.___ 396 Oleager:. 22... .. 2. ae ee eee Se > 413 Oleander: 262. _ 222 ee 413 Olivetamuly;. 91:2... 413 Opuntia tse. 2.2.22 220 ee 388 Oxypolisirigidus....-25- =e 409 Paint root -- 2.5.3: a oe 397 IPapaveracers 2: -\: #0 saa aae aeons be 402 Papayer somniferum — 22. eeeeee se 402 Passifloraincarnata ces see eee eee 389 IIT Page. PASSlONTLOW Ol VANO cso. c-52ssseecceasaces] 389 eaehangilivs 2 sia ess oes 0 2. - ser eee ee 403 Pedictlarises-o8 sano oss Stes ee ee 416 palustriséss.cs stone eee 416 IPCTIS HOT ACO Ss sa Ss Ss ase eee sa Sree 392 Phallacassmemeer tsar ent is Ste eee 394 Phytolaceacocsy-sasues= alae: BLE E 3 aks Bee 398 Phytolacca decandra........----...---.---- 398 Pieris orinundate sso ee ee ee 411 MARIAN areca ae coe Ce ne ea ee 412 Pimpernel soc see ere eee ee 412 rik fam ye oes eae eet ho Oe 398 lommsy TOOtrHs -s-at see eee fe ae See 414 lumefamilve 26s eet: eee 402 POAC Rus Sere tna ie IS ors. A a 395 Podophyllum peltatum_.--__.-.._.___-__- 390, 401 IPOISOMEEVC- DT AsSen eens 2 foe ee ee 395 Poisoninierstabisnicses = 25 22 ee 59] Poisonous plants. Loss from _.__..__-_-- 391 POISON: W.eedieeenn me 2 ee 400, 413 OK Glew. = 3 aas ees en ed SBN ed 398 POKGWEGG se. orm edie nea A 398 sy aati hy eet See oe ee oe at 398 Polypodiaceg, = <= 22-25. = 585.2 ee 394 POpp Yi COMD setae seas ae je eee Pee 402 si Die at) Ria Aen ee A AS Biles ese 402 TOL ae oe Ber cane ee ee ee 402 Panden = fies Se ee ee 402 Mexicans -2ssee ss £228 Ateeeee 402 Opts ate eee en 402 veo aaa Ae? Sa a meh Bec vee 402 OLALO) ates a ee tee ee ee a 416 fer ype ees eee eee yee Ae pLalrlertHOrmOpsis a. 24 sean Sane 405 cab saleeneta Se eres pier, sate aise Seer Pe eed Miah? 1 (2: Primrose, familys eae ee el ee 412 Iprimmlacesse, Sars: eat Mor ae Poe es 412 PRINGG 222 eee Se a. at ee oe eas 413 IABUNA CCR a eee 5 ee a i ac ee 402 Prinus carolimianasss 2-22 ee 402 SGRO PIN ee ee eee ae ay nes 403 PiGris ag Uilina setae ees ee ee 394 Quamasia Quamash --...-................. 3896 CUTER CUS stash a aan at ee yee alae 397 Ragweed: family. -£°.2- 22262123 ee 417 Pet TICULAGG2O on en a ee OG Ranunecullusacris: 22.22.2222. 2 ee 401 pul bosts)j2----- eee AO Scolokatuse-=-6—- ssc. ass eae 401 Rattleboxeeeeee eet a ti. Bee Seen 404 Rattleweedwasn =. oo. ee 404 Red, 7 O0th eset oe eee 397 Rhododendron californicum__-___________- 412 PAAR UNUM Se ees eee 412 TRS seca ee ee oa. oe ee Cee 387 RicmMuscommunis, see. =e 407 Robinia pseudacacia ___..._________-_. eee AD ROSG Daye sere ere ees ea ae ey De ear 412 Rot-moldetamdil yes eae eee eee 392 PoUsbylamall yee es oe ee eee 393 Sarcobatus vermiculatus _.--____..._____- 397 scrophwlaniacesire-- cs. 22s ees oeee 416 Senecioi@uadalensis—-- =~. 22 -.-.22ss2-25 418 HACODSA eens eae ee ee 418 Sesballianvies| Camis sso - 0s oss eee 405 Siloneyan bireh nave. seo eee Se 398 IV INDEX. Page. Page. CST Sey fo (0 DeSean Pa RE RE ee eof 414 | Dansy. TAS wOnie. ses oce o> --2 oe 418 Sillomisophorac-<--5-2--2--ce n= one = ese BLOBS) UNC rs ae es 395 Simm wien bretolupis ass es. eee #10: |: Maxais Minor.7- - soe saesaase nse -22 neers 395 Sleapyicabchtlyce. 32 heme eee ee ee 398 ibrevitolia; psoas a= +o ona eeeee 395 STARS Eo ater eee Soa aa ae eters 395 | Thermopsis rhombifolia_---....---------- 405 Slough thay, == 02- 2- saokee- ooo, 2-asees, Oe) enstle family: 202s ae ee eee 417 Sih antl eee. ee a en ee 305) i ROUBCCOL: 22 <