■ * ■ Agriculture

Canada

Research Direction générale
Branch de la recherche

Technical Bulletin 1 988-9E

Preliminary inventory of
Canadian weeds

AGRICULTURE CANADA

CODE 88/10/24 NO.

LIERARY/BIBLlOThLtUF OTTAWA K1A OC5

Canada

Preliminary inventory of
Canadian weeds

C.W. CROMPTON, J. McNEILL, A.E. STAHEVITCH, and W.A. WOJTAS
Biosystematics Research Centre
Ottawa, Ontario

Technical Bulletin 1988-9E

Research Branch
Agriculture Canada
1988

Copies of this publication are available from

Director , ' * ? A~t i

Biosystematics Research Centre

Research Branch

Agriculture Canada | ,

Ottawa, Ont

Kl A 0C6

© Minister of Supply and Services Canada 1 988
Cat. No.: A54-8/1988-9E
ISBN: 0-662-16455-5

Produced by Research Program Service
Staff Editor: Frances Smith

cover

The dots on the map represent Agriculture
Canada researc h establishments.

Ill

CONTENTS

Introduction, 1

Introduction (French), 3

The spelling of English common names, 5

Descriptive flora, 7

References, 224

Index, 243

Digitized by the Internet Archive
in 2013

http://archive.org/details/preliminaryinven19889crom

INTRODUCTION

This publication is based partly on Common and Botanical Names of Weeds in
Canada by Alex et al. 1980, under the auspices of the Expert Committee on
Weeds. The current work consists of data on the scientific names of plants
(including synonymy) and their life history, habitat, and distribution.
Approved English and French common names, along with several less well known
local common names, are included. The bibliography includes references to the
plants' biology, taxonomy, and phytogeography. Standard texts and floras used
in completing the compilation are as follows: Fassett (1940); Fernald (1950);
Hitchcock (1950); Hitchcock et al. (1955-1969); Scoggan (1957, 1979); Erskine
(I960); Gleason and Cronquist (1963); Porsild (1963); Marie-Victorin (1964);
Tutin et al. (1964-1980); Boivin (1966-1967), (1967-1981); Hultén (1968);
Roland and Smith (1969); Frankton and Mulligan (1970); Flore du Canada (1974);
Welsh (1974); Ferron and Cayouette (1974, 1975); Taylor and McBryde (1977);
Rouleau (1978); Looman and Best (1979); Dore and McNeill (1980); Moss (1983) ;
and Hultén and Fries (1986).

It has become increasingly apparent since the completion of Flora Europea
(Tutin et al. 1964-1980) that many groups of North American plants, especially
introduced weeds, require a rethinking of their taxonomy. As a result of an
evaluation of these plants, based on current knowledge, this inventory often
departs from traditionally held concepts of formerly published research on
weeds. We hope that the data contained in this publication will serve as a
basic reference work for Canadian weed researchers and will stimulate research
on some of the fundamental biological - taxonomical problems posed in the
treatment of certain taxa and their allies.

The text is arranged mainly according to the plant family and generic
taxonomic sequence followed by Fernald (1950) in Gray's Manual of Botany, 8th
edition, and Dalla Torre et Harms, Genera Siphonogamarum (1958).

It was decided to include in this preliminary inventory plants that are the
major weeds in agricultural crops, pastures, rangelands, and forestry
nurseries. Several recent studies in the United States and Europe have
concluded that there are some 500 weeds of primary economic importance.
Accordingly, we have attempted to condense our preliminary list to
approximately 500 taxa.

For example, Lotus corniculatus L. has been included in the Biology of
Canadian Weeds series (Turkington et al. 1980). The species is excluded here
because of its agronomic importance for forage and because it is used
throughout northern Ontario as a roadside soil-binding species.

Many crop plants are considered to behave like weeds because they occur as
volunteers in land planted to new crop species or as a component in poorly
cleaned low-grade seed. These taxa usually have not been included because
their biology, taxonomy, and control measures are normally well known. Plants
such as many species of Aster, Solidago, and small weedy shrubs have also been
excluded. These normally occur in old fields, unimproved pastures, or
rangeland sites. In any case, mechanical methods, cultural practices, and

herbicides tend to control these species effectively. Studies are required,
however, to evaluate these plants as weeds; some of them may, in fact, help in
land and animal preservation and conservation because of their soil-binding
characteristics and because they are potential fodder for domestic and wild
species of grazing and browsing animals. In addition, these species provide
food for wild fowl as well as nesting material and cover.

In the process of preparing this inventory, data were accumulated for
approximately 2000 taxa that may qualify as pest species under certain
circumstances. The Biosystematics Research Centre, Vascular Plant Section, is
maintaining a continuing data file of these species and of the entries in the
inventory. This data file also includes all plants listed in Alex et al.
(1980). Information may be supplied to researchers on written request to C.W.
Crompton, Vascular Plant Section, Biosystematics Research Centre, William
Saunders Building, Central Experimental Farm, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0C6.

Localities where the species occur or are distributed are abbreviated as
follows: Greenland, GR; Northwest Territories, District of Franklin, NT-F;
Northwest Territories, District of Keewatin, NT-K; Northwest Territories,
District of MacKenzie, NT-M; Yukon Territory, YK; Alaska, AK; Labrador, LB;
Newfoundland, NF; Saint Pierre and Miquelon, SM; Prince Edward Island, PE ;
Nova Scotia, NS; New Brunswick, NK; Quebec, QU; Ontario, ON; Manitoba, MB;
Saskatchewan, SK; Alberta, AB; British Columbia, BC.

Official common names are indicated by an asterisk (*) and can be found in
Common and Botanical Names of Weeds in Canada (Alex 1980). All other common
names have no official status.

INTRODUCTION

Cette publication dont la source de référence est en partie Noms populaires
et scientifiques des plantes nuisibles du Canada (Alex et al. 1980) produite
sous le patronage du Comité consultatif de malherbologie, présente les noms
scientifiques des plantes, la synonymie, le cycle vital, l'habitat, la
répartition géographique, les noms communs anglais et français reconnus ainsi
que plusieurs noms vernaculaires locaux moins bien connus. La bibliographie
comprend des références sur la biologie, la taxonomie et la phytogéographie de
ces plantes. Les références de base et les flores utilisées en complément
sont: Fassett(1940) ; Fernald (1950); Hitchcock (1950); Hitchcock et al.
(1955-1969); Scoggan (1957, 1979); Erskine (I960); Gleason et Cronquist
(1963); Porsild (1963); Marie-Victorin (1964); Tutin et al. (1964-1980);
Boivin (1966-1967), (1967-1981); Hultén (1968); Roland et Smith (1969);
Frankton et Mulligan (1970); Flore du Canada (1974); Welsh (1974); Ferron et
Cayouette (1974, 1975); Taylor et McBryde (1977); Rouleau (1978); Looman et
Best (1979); Dore et McNeill (1980); Moss (1983); et Hultén et Fries (1986).

Depuis la parution du dernier tome de Flora Europaea (Tutin et_ al. ,
1964-1980), une mise à jour de la taxonomie de plusieurs groupes de plantes
nord-américaines, en particulier des mauvaises herbes introduites, devient
nécessaire. En évaluant ces plantes sur la base des connaissances actuelles,
cet inventaire s'écarte en plusieurs points de la tradition des travaux
malherbologiques antérieurs. Nous espérons que les données de cette
publication puissent servir de référence de base aux chercheurs
malherbologistes canadiens et stimuler la recherche sur la biologie et la
taxonomie de certains taxons et de leurs groupes apparentés.

Le texte suit principalement l'ordre des familles et des genres de la 8e
édition du Gray's Manual of Botany de Fernald (1950) et du Genera
Siphonogamarum de Dalla Torre et Harms (1958).

Les auteurs ont décidé d'inclure dans cet inventaire préliminaire les
mauvaises herbes les plus nuisibles dans les cultures agricoles, les
pâturages, les prairies et les pépinières forestières. D'après plusieurs
études récentes faites aux États-Unis et en Europe, on dénombrerait quelque
500 mauvaises herbes d'importance économique majeure. Nous avons donc
restreint cette liste préliminaire à environ 500 taxons.

Lotus corniculatus L. , par exemple, inclus dans la série Biology of
Canadian Weeds (Turkington et Franko, 1980), est toutefois exclu du présent
travail en raison de son importance économique comme plante fourragère et de
son utilisation dans tout le nord de l'Ontario comme fixateur de sol sur les
abords routiers.

Plusieurs plantes fourragères peuvent se comporter comme des mauvaises
herbes parce qu'elles se retrouvent soit comme "pionnières" sur des terrains
préparés pour d'autres plantes fourragères, soit comme impureté dans des
semences de mauvaises qualité. En général, ces taxons n'ont pas été retenus
ici étant donné que leur biologie, leur taxonomie et leurs moyens de contrôle
sont habituellement bien connus. On a également exclu des plantes comme

plusieurs espèces d'Aster, de Solidago et de petits arbustes envahissants,
régulièrement présentes dans la succession des champs abandonnés, dans les
pâturages non amendés ou dans les prairies. Dans chacun des cas, les méthodes
mécaniques, les pratiques culturales et les herbicides permettent un contrôle
efficace de ces espèces. Néanmoins, des études sur le potentiel
malherbologique de ces taxons sont toujours de mise car certains d'entre eux
s'avèrent grandement utiles à la conservation des sols et à la survie des
animaux. Ils servent entre autres d'agents fixateurs de sol, de fourrage aux
animaux brouteurs autant sauvages que domestiques, de nourriture pour
l'avifaune, de sites de nidification ou de couverture végétale.

La préparation de cet inventaire a nécessité la compilation de données sur
environ 2000 taxons considérés comme potentiellement nuisibles. Des dossiers
mis à jour sur ces plantes, incluant celles mentionnées dans cet inventaire,
sont conservés à la Section des plantes vasculaires du Centre de recherches
biosystématiques; ils comprennent également les données sur les plantes
publiées dans Alex et al. (1980). Les chercheurs qui désirent se procurer ces
informations peuvent les obtenir en écrivant à C.W. Crompton, Section des
plantes vasculaires, Centre de recherches biosystématiques, Édifice William
Saunders, Ferme expérimentale centrale, Ottawa, Ontario, K1A 0C6.

On a abrégé de la façon suivante les noms des régions où les espèces
apparaissent et celles où elles sont disséminées: Groenland, GR; Territoires
du Nord-Ouest, district de Franklin, NT-F; Territoires du Nord-Ouest, district
de Keewatin, NT-K; Territoires du Nord-Ouest, district du MacKenzie, NT-M;
Territoire du Yukon, YK; Alaska, AK; Labrador, LB; Terre-Neuve, NF; Saint
Pierre et Miquelon, SM; île-du-Prince-Édouard, PE; Nouvelle-Ecosse, NS;
Nouveau-Brunswick, NK; Québec, QU; Ontario, ON; Manitoba, MB; Saskatchewan,
SK; Alberta, AB; Colombie-Britannique, BC.

Les noms communs officiels sont indiqués par un astérisque et on peut les
trouver dans Noms populaires et scientifiques des plantes nuisibles du Canada
(Alex, I98O). Tout autre nom commun n'est pas reconnu.

THE SPELLING OF ENGLISH COMMON NAMES*

Robert A. Hamilton

1. Written as one word

(a) When the modified word is plant or a type of plant, as in leadplant ,
skunkbush, peatree, peavine, jewelweed, lungwort ; except when the
modifier is more than one word, as in Kentucky coffee tree, or a
hyphened word, as in silk-tassel bush, or a proper noun, as in
Virginia creeper.

(b) When the modified word is a part of a plant, as in juneberry,
twayblade, buffalobur, coneflower, leatherleaf , bladderpod ,
balsamroot, bugseed, twistedstalk, bluestem, buckthorn, wormwood.

(c) When the modified word is a part of animal anatomy, as in arrowhead ,
bluelips, cattail, beardtongue; except when the modifier is in the
possessive case, as in bird 's-eye, crane's-bill.

(d) When the words are figurative or suggestive, as in beggarticks,
fairybells, meadowsweet , paintbrush; except when the modifier is in
the possessive case, as in baby 's-breath, or when it is a proper noun
or the adjectival form of a proper noun, as in Venus-slipper,
Indian-pipe, or when letters demand separation for ease in reading or
pronunciation, as in morning-glory.

2. Written as separate words

(a) When the mofified word is taxonomically correct, as in red clover
(genus Trifolium) , alkali grass (family Gramineae), fringed milkwort
(genus Polygala) , woolly plantain (genus Plantago) .

(b) When the modifier is the word common, false, mock, wild, as in common
camas, false flax, mock pennyroyal, wild chives.

(c) When the modifier is a proper noun, as in Douglas hawthorn ,
Mackenzie's hedysarum.

(d) Exceptions in 1.

3. Written hyphened

(a) When the modified word is not taxonomically correct, as in

*

Reprinted from Common and Botanical Names of Weeds in Canada (Alex et al
1980).

sweet-clover (genus Melilotus, not genus Trifolium) , whitlow-grass
(genus Draba, not family Gramineae), sea-milkwort (genus Glaux, not
genus Polygala) , water-plantain (genus Alisma, not genus Plantago) ,
except in a few instances of spelling of long standing, as burdock,
buckwheat.

(b) When the modifier is a compound, as in round-leaved hawthorn, and
whether or not the modified word is taxonomically correct, as in
salt-meadow grass (family Gramineae), blue-eyed grass (genus
Sisyrinchium, not family Gramineae).

(c) In certain three- or four-word groups, as balm-of-Gilead,
butter-and-eggs , grass-of-Parnassus , lily-of-the-valley , touch-me-not

(d) Exceptions in 1.

DESCRIPTIVE FLORA

POLYPODIACEAE (fern family)

Pteridium aquilinum (L.) Kuhn subsp. aquilinum

(AK) NF SM NS PE NK QU ON MB AB BC.

Native.

Perennial; in open woods, thickets, and clearings.

Pteridium aquilinum (L.) Kuhn subsp. aquilinum var. latiusculum (Desv.) Underw.

eastern bracken,* American bracken, American brake, brake, bracken, bracken
fern, pasture brake, hog brake.

fougère d'aigle,* Pteridium des aigles, grande fougère, Ptéridie d'aigle,
Pteridium aquilin, fougère à l'aigle, fougère grand-aigle, fougère impériale,
fougère-paille, polypode à feuilles recourbées, Ptéride aigle, Ptéride
aigle-impériale, Ptéridie aigle-impériale, Ptéridie latiuscule, Ptéris
aigle-impériale, Pteridium à ailes d'aigles, Pteridium large, fougère
aigle-commune (France).

NF SM NS PE NK QU ON MB AB BC.

Native.

Common.

Tryon 1941; Lodge et al. 1968; Cody and Crompton 1975; Mulligan and Munro 1983.

Maps: Hultén 1962, Map 131, p. lUl; Cody and Crompton 1975, Fig. 3, p. 1063;
Hultén and Fries 1986, Map 34, p. 17.

Pteridium aquilinum (L.) Kuhn subsp. aquilinum var. pubescens Underw.
Pteridium aquilinum subsp. lanuginosum (Bong.) Hultén

western bracken,* bracken, brake, eagle fern.

grande fougère de l'Ouest,* grande fougère.

(AK) AB BC.

Native.
Relatively common,

Pteridium aquilinum subsp. aquilinum var. aquilinum occurs in Europe and the
Mediterranean region. Other varieties of subsp. aquilinum occur in Asia.
Subspecies caudatum is a taxon that occurs predominantly in the Southern
Hemisphere.

Tryon 1941; Cody and Crompton 1975.

Maps: Hultén 1962, Map 131, p. 141; Cody and Crompton 1975, Fig. 3, p. 1063,

Dennstaedtia punctilobula (Michaux) T. Moore

hay-scented fern,* boulder-fern, hayscented fern (United States).

dennstaedtie ponctilobulée,* dennstaedtia à lobules ponctués, fougère foin,
dicksonie velue, fougère d'odeur, fougère odorante.

NF NS PE NK QU ON.

Native.

Perennial; in shady places, rocky open woods, pastures, or damp slopes;
common from Nova Scotia west to Ontario.

Cody et al. 1977.

Map: Cody et al. 1977, Fig. 2, p. 1162.

EQUISETACEAE (horsetail family)

Equisetum arvense L.

field horsetail,* devil's-guts, scouring rush, mare's tail, horse pipes, snake
grass.

prèle des champs,* prêle des champs, prèle, prèle commune, herbe à écurer,
queue-de-cheval, queue de cheval, queue de renard, queue-de-rat,
queue-de-renard, queue de rat.

GR NT-K NT-M YK AK LB NF SM NS PE NK QU ON MB SK AB BC .

Native.

Perennial; common in a wide range of habitats, particularly wet sandy
locations; poisonous to livestock.

Lodge et al. 1968; Holm et al. 1977; Cody and Wagner 1980; Mulligan and Munro
1983.

Map: Hultén and Fries 1986, Map 19, p. 10.

Equisetum arvense var. arvense

GR NT-K NT-M YK AK LB NF SM NS PE NK QU ON MB SK AB BC.

Equisetum arvense var. boréale (Bong.) Ledeb.

GR NT-K NT-M YK AK LB NF SM NS PE NK QU ON MB SK AB BC.

Equisetum fluviatile L.

Equisetum fluviatile var. verticillatum Doll

water horsetail,* swamp horsetail, pipes, river horsetail.

prèle fluviatile,* pipes, prêle fluviatile.

NT-K NT-M YK AK LB NF SM NS PE NK QU ON MB SK AB BC.

Native.

Perennial; in shallow water of shorelines, swales, and marshes; poisonous to
livestock; common.

Lodge et al. 1968.

Map: Hultén 1962, Map 96, p. 104; Hultén and Fries 1986, Map 15, p. 8.

Equisetum hyemale L. subsp. affine (Engelm.) Stone
"Equisetum hiemale"

"Equisetum hyemale subsp. affine (Engelm.) Calder and R.L. Taylor"
Equisetum hyemale var. affine (Engelm.) A. A. Eaton
Equisetum hyemale var. californicum Milde
Equisetum hyemale var. elatum (Engelm.) C.V. Morton
Equisetum hyemale var. intermedium A. A. Eaton
Equisetum hyemale var. pseudohyemale (Farwell) C.V. Morton
Equisetum hyemale var. robustum (A. Braun) A. A. Eaton

10

scouring-rush,* scouring rush, horsetail, smooth scouring rush, common
scouring rush, rough horsetail (United Kingdom), scouringrush (United States).

prèle d'hiver,* prêle des tourneurs, prêle.

NT-M YK AK NF NS NK QU ON MB SK AB BC.

Native.

Map: Hultén and Fries 1986, Map 11, p. 6.

Perennial; in moist areas along roadsides, shorelines, and open woods;
poisonous to livestock; common.

Equisetum hyemale subsp. hyemale is restricted to Eurasia.
Hauke 1963; Calder and Taylor 1965; Lodge et al. 1968.

Equisetum palustre L.

Equisetum palustre var. americanum Vict.

Equisetum palustre var. simplicissimum A. Braun ex Engelm.

marsh horsetail,* marsh-horsetail, meadow horsetail, meadow-horsetail.

prèle des marais,* prêle des marais.

NT-M YK AK LB NF NK QU ON MB SK AB BC.

Native.

Perennial; in moist areas such as marshes, woods, and shorelines; poisonous to
livestock; common.

Lodge et al. 1968; Mulligan and Munro 1983.

Map: Hultén 1962:, Map 89, p. 99; Hultén and Fries 1986, Map 16, p. 8.

TAXACEAE (yew family)

Taxus canadensis Marshall

Canada yew,* American yew, ground hemlock, ground-hemlock, dwarf yew,
ground-spruce, yew.

if du Canada,* buis de sapin, buis, sapin traînard.

11

NF SM NS PE NK QU ON MB.

Native.

Shrub; in wet thickets and rich woods; poisonous to humans and livestock.

Mulligan and Munro 1983.

Maps: Meusel 1943, Fig. 33B; Atlas of Canada 1957, Map 13, Sheet 38; Meusel
et al. 1965, p. 19; Little 1971, Map 86, 1-N.

NAJADACEAE (pondweed family)

Potamogeton crispus L.

curly-leaved pondweed,* curled pondweed, crisp pondweed, curly pondweed.

potamot crépu,* potamot crispé.

(NS) QU ON SK AB BC.

Introduced from Europe; native of Eurasia.

Perennial; lakes, ponds, and streams; uncommon except in Ontario.

Stuckey 1979; Catling and Dobson 1985.

Maps: Hultén 1962, Map 128, p. 137; Catling and Dobson 1985, p. 660; Hultén
and Fries 1986, Map 101, p. 51.

GRAMINEAE (grass family)

Poa annua L.

Poa annua var. reptans Hausskn.

annual blue grass,* speargrass, annual meadow-grass, annual poa, six-weeks
grass, low speargrass.

pâturin annuel,* canche naine, pâturin.

GR (YK) AK LB NF SM NS PE NK QU ON MB SK AB BC.

12

Introduced; native of Europe.

Annual to perennial; in waste places, along roadsides; a weed of gardens and
lawns; common in Quebec and westward.

Marsh 1952; Bowden 1961; Wells 1974; Warwick 1979; Dore and McNeill 1980.

Map: Warwick 1979, Fig. 2, p. 1057; Hulte'n and Fries 1986, Map 210, p. 105.

Poa compressa L.

Canada blue grass,* Canadian bluegrass, wiregrass, flat-stemmed meadow-grass,
flattened meadow-grass (United Kingdom).

pâturin comprimé,* pâturin du Canada.

NT-M (YK?) AK LB NF SM NS PE NK QU ON MB SK AB BC .

Introduced; native of Eurasia.

Perennial; in dry, open, poor soils; common in Quebec and westward.

Dore and McNeill 1980.

Map: Hultén and Fries 1986, Map 223, p. 112.

Vulpia bromoides (L.) S.F. Gray
Festuca bromoides L.
Festuca dertonensis (All.) Ascherson and Graebner

barren vulpia, squirreltail fescue (United Kingdom).

BC.

Introduced; native of Europe.

Annual; uncommon.

Lonard and Gould 1974.

Map: Hultén and Fries 1986, Map 239, p. 120.

Vulpia myuros (L.) K.C. Gmelin

Vulpia myuros var. hirsuta E. Heckel
Festuca myuros L.

rattail vulpia, rat's-tail fescue (United Kingdom), rattail fescue (United
States) .

13

BC.

Introduced; native of Europe.

Annual; uncommon.

Vulpia octoflora (Walter) Rydb.
Festuca octoflora Walter

slender vulpia, six weeks fescue (United States).

QU ON MB SK AB BC.

Native.

Annual; locally common on dry sterile soil on the prairies and in British
Columbia; easily overlooked because of a short growing season.

Lonard and Gould 197^; Dore and McNeill 1980.

Vulpia octoflora var. glauca (Nutt.) Fernald

Vulpia octoflora var. tenella (Willd.) Fernald

QU ON (MB?) SK AB BC.

Common.

Vulpia octoflora var. hirtella (Piper) Henrard

BC.

Common.

Vulpia octoflora var. octoflora

BC.

Common.

Festuca longifolia Thuill.

Festuca ovina auct. pro parte
Festuca ovina var. duriuscula auct.

hard fescue.

YK (AK?) LB NF NS PE NK QU ON MB SK AB BC.

14

Introduced; native of Europe.

Perennial; dry open soil or rocky slopes; uncommon.

Often confused in Canada with Festuca ovina L. and referred to under that
name, or under Festuca ovina var. ovina, or under Festuca ovina var.
duriuscula (L.) W. D. J. Koch.

McNeill and Dore 1977; Dore and McNeill 1980; Aiken et al. 1985.

Lolium persicum Boiss. & Hohen. ex Boiss.
Lolium dorei Boivin var. dorei
"Lolium persicum Boiss. & Hohen."

Persian darnel,* darnel, rye grass.

ivraie de Perse.*

QU ON MB SK AB BC.

Introduced; native of Eurasia.

Annual; in gardens, grainfields and waste places; widespread throughout the
prairies and parklands; common.

Dore 1950; Terrell 1968; Dore and McNeill 1980; Cayouette et al. 1983.

Bromus hordeaceus L.
Bromus mollis L.

soft chess, soft cheat, soft brome-grass , tender brome-grass, soft-brome
(United Kingdom).

brome mou, brome doux, brome mollet.

NS ON BC.

Introduced; native of Eurasia.

Annual; roadsides, old fields, gardens, and waste places; common in Nova
Scotia and British Columbia.

Plants introduced into Canada are referable to Bromus hordeaceus subsp.
hordeaceus. Subspecies hordeaceus has often been applied in error to a
distinct taxon of coastal dunes in Western Europe (and reported as introduced
on Vancouver Island) that is correctly called Bromus hordeaceus subsp.
thominii (Hardouin) Hylander.

15

Seymour 1966; Smith 1968; Dore and McNeill 1980.
Map: Hultén and Fries 1986, Map 276, p. 138.

Bromus japonicus Thunb. ex Murray

Japanese brome,* Japanese chess, Japanese brome grass.

brome du Japon,* brome japonais.

QU ON MB SK AB BC.

Introduced; native of Eurasia.

Annual; in waste places, along roadsides, and in cultivated fields;
occasional, but reported as spreading.

Dore and McNeill 1980; Gilmartin et al. 1986.
Map: Hultén and Fries 1986, Map 272, p. 136.

Bromus tectorum L.

downy brome,* downy chess, cheat grass, early chess, downy brome grass,
drooping brome grass, drooping brome (United Kingdom).

brome des toits.*

(GR) YK AK NS NK QU ON MB SK AB BC.

Introduced; native of southern Europe.

Annual; in dry areas along roadsides, in waste places, and on open prairie; a
troublesome weed in Ontario, Alberta, and British Columbia; reported as
causing mechanical injury in livestock.

Lodge et al. 1968; Dore and McNeill 1980; Thill et al. 1984; Evans and Young
1984; Gilmartin et al. 1986; Upadhyaya et al. 1986.

Map: Hultén and Fries 1986, Map 269, p. 135; Upadhyaya et al. 1986, Fig. 2,
p. 694.

Hordeum brachyantherum Nevski

Hordeum jubatum L. var. boréale (Scribner and J.G. Sm.) Boivin
"Hordeum jubatum var. boréale (S. Hitch.) Boivin"
Hordeum jubatum subsp. breviaristatum Bowden
Critesion jubatum (L.) Nevski subsp. breviaristatum (Bowden) A. and D. Love

meadow barley.

16

YK AK NF (QU) SK AB BC.

Native.

Perennial; in waste places, along roadsides, in open areas, and along
shorelines; common.

Hordeum jubatum L.

Hordeum jubatum var. caespitosum (Scribner) A.S. Hitchc.
Critesion jubatum (L.) Nevski

foxtail barley,* wild barley, foxtail, squirrel-tail, skunk grass,
squirrel-tail grass, flicker-tail-grass.

orge queue d'écureuil,* finette, orge à épis en crinière, orge agréable, orge
sauvage, petit minou, petit minou monte dans ma manche, queue d'écureuil,
queue de poulain, queue-de-renard, saute au cul.

NT-K NT-M (YK AK) LB SM (NS)(NK) QU ON MB SK AB BC.

Native.

Perennial; in waste places, along roadsides, in open areas, and along
shorelines; reported as causing mechanical injury to livestock; common.

Plants called Hordeum jubatum subsp. x intermedium Bowden are said to be
hybrids of Hordeum jubatum sensu stricto and Hordeum brachyantherum Nevski
(= Hordeum jubatum subsp. breviaristatum Bowden).

Lodge et al. 1968; Best et al. 1978; Dore and McNeill 1980.

Map: Best et al. 1978, Fig. 2, p. 703-

Agropyron repens (L.) Beauv.

Agropyron repens var. subulatum (Schreber) Reichenb.
Elymus repens (L.) Gould
Elytrigia repens (L.) Nevski

quack grass,* couch-grass, quitch-grass, twitch-grass, twitch, witch-grass,
quick-grass, quack, scutch, common couch (United Kingdom).

chiendent,* chiendent ordinaire, petit chiendent, remords de conscience,
froment rampant, grimon, herbe de charlatan, mèche de chandelle, agropyron
rampant, agropyre rampant, chiendent des boutiques, teigne.

GR NT-M YK AK LB NF NS PE NK QU ON MB SK AB BC.

Introduced; native of Eurasia.

17

Perennial; a serious weed of arable land; also found in pastures and waste
places; very common.

Bowden 1965; Holm et al. 1977; Werner and Rioux 1977; Dore and McNeill 1980.

Maps: Werner and Rioux 1977, Fig. 2, p. 908; Hulte'n and Fries 1986, Map 291,
p. 146.

Avena fatua L.

A vena fatua L. var. vilis (Wallr.) Haussk.

wild oats.*

folle avoine,* avoine folle, avoine sauvage.

NT-M (AK) NF NS PE NK QU ON MB SK AB BC .

Introduced; native of Eurasia.

Annual; one of the most serious weeds in the prairies, particularly in wheat
and other cultivated crops; reported to cause mechanical injury to livestock;
common.

Lindsay 1956; Baum 1968, 1969; Lodge et al. 1968; Holm et al. 1977; Sharma and
Vandenborn 1978; Dore and McNeill 1980.

Maps: Baum 1968, p. 1014; Sharma and Vandenborn 1978, Fig. 4, p. 146; Hultén
and Fries 1986, Map 296, p. 148.

Arrhenatherum elatius (L.) Beauv. ex J. and C. Presl
"Arrhenatherum elatius (L.) Mert. and Koch"

tall oatgrass, common oatgrass, false oat-grass.

fenasse (France), fromental (France).

(AK?) NF SM NS NK QU ON BC.

Introduced; native of Eurasia.

Perennial; formerly a cultivated grass, occasionally escaping and becoming
naturalized along roadsides; uncommon, but with the potential of becoming a
problem weed.

Dore and McNeill 1980.

Apera interrupta ( L . ) Beauv .
Agrostis interrupta L.

dense silky bent grass, dense silky-bent (United Kingdom).

QU ON BC.

Introduced; native of Europe.

Annual; in waste places and dry rangeland ; uncommon but possibly increasing.

McNeill 1980a, Cayouette et al. 1983.

Map: Hultén and Fries 1986, Map 330, p. 165.

Apera spica-venti (L.) Beauv.
Agrostis spica-venti L.

silky bent grass,* loose silkybent (United Kingdom), windgrass (United States)

agrostide jouet-du-vent , * jouet-du-vent .

ON.

Introduced; native of Eurasia.

Annual; a serious weed of small grains; known only from one small area where
it is extremely abundant.

McNeill 1980a; Warwick et al. 1985.

Maps: Warwick et al. 1985, Fig. 2, p. 715; Hultén and Fries 1986, Map 329,
p. 165.

Phragmites australis (Cav.) Trin. ex Steud.
Phragmites communis Trin.
Phragmites communis var. berlanderi (Fourn.) Fernald

common reed,* reed, reed grass, cane grass, phragmites.

phragmite commun,* roseau, roseau commun.

NT-M NS PE NK QU ON MB SK AB BC .

Native.

Perennial; in fresh to alkaline marshes, ditches, and along pond margins;
common.

19

Holm et al. 1977; Dore and McNeill 1980.
Map: Hultén and Fries 1986, Map 3^3, p. 172.

Spartina gracilis Trin .

alkali cord grass.*

NT-M MB SK AB BC.

Native.

Perennial; in dry to wet alkaline areas and on sandy soils; common,
particularly in the Prairie Provinces and British Columbia.

Mobberley 1956.

Spartina pectinata Link

Spartina pectinata var. suttiei (Farwell) Fernald

prairie cord grass,* slough grass, fresh water cord-grass, cord grass, tall
cord grass.

spartine pectinée,* herbe à liens, chaume.

(NT-M?) NF SM NS PE NK QU ON MB SK AB BC .

Native.

Perennial; sandy to gravelly soils along shores, in moist prairie habitats,
and in marshes; common.

Mobberley 1956; Dore and McNeill 1980.

Eragrostis cilianensis (All.) Lutati ex F.T. Hubbard
"Eragrostis cilianensis (All.) Link"
"Eragrostis cilianensis (All.) Lutati"
"Eragrostis cilianensis (All.) E. Mosher"
Eragrostis megastachya (Koeler) Link

stink grass,* snake-grass, skunk-grass, strong-scented love-grass.

éragrostide fétide.*

NS QU ON MB SK.

Introduced; native of Eurasia.

20

Annual; a serious weed of gardens and waste places; common.
McNeill and Dore 1977; Dore and McNeill 1980.

Hierochloë odorata (L.) Beauv.

Hierochloë hirta (Schrank) Borbas subsp. arctica (C. Presl) G. Weimarck
Hierochloë odorata subsp. arctica (C. Presl) Tsvelev
Hierochloë odorata subsp. hirta (Schrank) Tsvelev
"Hierochloë odorata subsp. hirta Schrank"

sweet grass,* holygrass, Seneca-grass, vanilla-grass, Indian grass, Indian
sweet grass, common sweet grass, sweetgrass (United States).

foin d'odeur,* herbe sainte, hierochloë odorante.

GR (NT-F) NT-K NT-M YK AK LB NF SM NS PE NK QU ON MB SK AB BC .

Native.

Perennial; in wet sandy soils, along riverbanks, lakeshores, and in open
grassy habitats; common.

Weimarck 1971; Dore and McNeill 1980; Schouten and Veldkamp 1985.

Map: Hultén and Fries 1986, Map 3^5, p. 173.

Sporobolus cryptandrus (Torrey) A. Gray

sand dropseed,* cryptandrous dropseed.

sporobole à fleurs cachées.*

QU ON MB SK AB BC .

Native.

Perennial; on sandy soils of prairies, beaches, and open woods.

Dore and McNeill 1980.

Sporobolus cryptandrus subsp. cryptandrus

SK AB BC.

Common.

21

Sporobolus cryptandrus subsp. fuscicolus (Hooker) Jones and Fassett

QU ON MB SK AB BC .

Uncommon.

Muhlenbergia frondosa (Poiret) Fernald

wire-stemmed muhly,* western muhly .

muhlenbergie feuillée.*

NK QU ON.

Native.

Perennial; damp, open habitats, e.g., waste places, shores, and clearings;
common, particularly in southern Ontario.

Pohl 1969; Dore and McNeill 1980.

Muhlenbergia mexicana (L.) Trin.

Muhlenbergia foliosa (Roemer & Schultes) Trin.

Mexican muhlenberg, Muhlygrass.

Muhlenbergie mexicaine.

YK NS NK QU ON MB SK (AB) (BC) .

Native.

Perennial; in open moist woods or swamps and along the shores of rivers and
lakes; common.

Dore and McNeill 1980.

Cynodon dactylon (L. ) Pers .

Bermuda grass, scutch grass, bermudagrass (United States).

SM BC.

Introduced; native of Eurasia.

Perennial; cultivated in the southern United States; a casual introduction in
waste places and grasslands; uncommon.

Holm et al. 1977; Dore and McNeill 1980.

22

bouteloua gracilis (HbK) Lag. ex Steudel

blue grama,* grama, blue grama grass.

boutelou gracieux.*

(QU) MB SK AB BC.

Native .

Perennial; dry prairie grassland and sandhills; common.

Leersia oryzoides (L.) Swart z

rice cut grass,* cut grass, rice-cutgrass, rice cut-grass.

léersie faux-riz.*

NS PE NK QU ON MB BC.

Native.

Perennial; wet meadows, riveroanks, lakeshores, ditches, ana uepressions;
common, especially in untario.

Pyrah 19b9; wore and McNeill 19&0; riosa ana Coroaneau lyb6.

Maps: Hultén 195b, Map 246, p. 2bb; Hultén ana fries 19bb, Map 3ob, p. 1»3«

Panicum capillare L.

Panicum capillare var. occidentale Hydb.

witch grass,* ola-witcn grass, common witch grass, capillary panic-grass,
witchgrass (Unitea States).

panic capillaire,* monte au cul, mousseline, panic.

NS PE NK QU ON MB SK AB BC.

Native.

Annual; a weed of fields, roadsides, clearings, waste places, prairie
habitats, and gardens; common, particularly in Quebec, Ontario, ana ManitoDa.

Plants witn dairy leaf pulvini and larger spikelets are often distinguished as
var. occidentale Rydb. Altnough var. occidentale occurs across Canada, it is
more common in the west, where variety capillare is rare or absent.

Fernald 1919; Uore and McNeill lytiO.

23

Panicum dichotomiflorum Michaux

Panicum dichotomiflorum var. geniculatum (A. Wood) Fernald
Panicum dichotomiflorum var. puritanorum Svenson

fall panicum,* fall panic grass, smooth witch grass.

panic d'automme.*

QU ON NS.

Introduced; native of the United States and the West Indies.

Annual; in waste places and along transportation routes; uncommon.

Most plants of Panicum dichotomiflorum that occur in Canada represent
relatively recent introductions from the United States, but some populations
in southwestern Nova Scotia may be native. These are sometimes referred to
var. puritanorum Svenson, but the distinctions between this variety and others
said to occur in Canada, e.g. var. dichotomiflorum and var. geniculatum (A.
Wood) Fernald, require study.

Dore and McNeill 1980; Doyon et al. 1986.

Panicum miliaceum L.

proso millet,* broomcorn millet, broomcorn, millet, proso, common millet,
panicum millet, hog millet, millet panic grass.

panic millet,* mil (France), millet commun (France).

(NS?) PE QU ON MB SK (AB?) BC.

Introduced; native of Europe, Africa, and Asia.

Annual; cultivated in the Old World and introduced from discarded birdseed;
waste places around dwellings, along streets, and in dumps; uncommon.

Dore and McNeill 1980; Bough et al. 1986; Warwick (in press).

Panicum virgatum L.

Panicum virgatum var. spissum Linder

switch grass.*

panic raide.*

QU ON MB SK.

24

Native.

Perennial; prairies, open woods, and along sandy shores; uncommon.

Linder 1922; Dore and McNeill 1980.

Echinochloa crusgalli (L.) Beauv.

"Echinochloa crus-galli" (L.) Beauv.

barnyard grass,* water grass, cockspur grass, common barnyard grass, cockspur
(United Kingdom), barnyardgrass (United States).

echinochloa pied-de-coq,* échinochloé crête de coq, ergot de coq, millet,
millet patte de coq, oplismène, pied-de-coq, panic pied de coq, patte de poule.

(AK?) NF SM NS PE NK QU ON MB SK (AB) BC.

Introduced; native of the Old World.

Annual.

Gould et al. 1972; Holm et al. 1977; Dore and McNeill 1980; Barrett and Wilson
1983; Maun and Barrett 1986.

Map: Maun and Barrett 1986, Fig. 2, p. 744.

Echinochloa crusgalli var. crusgalli

(AK?) NF SM NS PE NK QU ON MB SK (AB) BC.

Introduced; native of the Old World.

A weed of barnyards, gardens, waste places, grain fields, dumps, and
roadsides; common.

Echinochloa crusgalli var. frumentacea (Link) W.F. Wight
Echinochloa frumentacea Link
"Echinochloa frumentacea (Roxb.) Link"

billion dollar grass, Japanese millet.

NS QU (ON MB AB?).

Introduced as a fodder plant; long cultivated in Asia as a food plant;

also an ingredient of birdseed; a casual plant that does not usually persist.

25

Echinochloa microstachya (Wieg.) Rydb.

Echinochloa crusgalli var. mitis (Pursh) Peterm.

Echinochloa pungens var. microstachya (Wieg.) Fernald and Grisc .

Echinochloa pungens var. wiegandii Fassett

Echinochloa wiegandii (Fassett) McNeill and Dore

western barnyard grass.

NK QU ON MB SK AB.

Native .

Annual; moist, graded roadsides and excavations and along natural shorelines;
common in Ontario.

Plants with fewer trichomes on spikelets that are often less purplish are
sometimes distinguished as Echinochloa wiegandii (Fassett) McNeill and Dore
(Echinochloa crusgalli var. mitis (Pursh) Peterm. pro parte; Echinochloa
occidentalis auct. ; Echinochloa pugens var. wiegandii Fassett; and
Echinochloa muricata var. occidentalis Wiegand). They are more common in
western Canada and appear to be more weedy.

Fassett 1949; Gould et al. 1972; McNeill and Dore 1977; Dore and McNeill 1980,

Echinochloa muricata (Beauv.) Fernald
Echinochloa pungens (Poiret) Rydb.

prickly barnyard grass,* barnyard grass, watergrass, muricate barnyard-grass,
rough barnyard grass, prickly barnyardgrass (United States).

echinochloa piquant,* pied-de-coq, echinochloa muriqué.

NK QU ON.

Native.

Annual; in moist to wet habitats, e.g., marshes and shorelines; common in
Ontario.

Fassett 19^9; Fairbrothers 1956; Reeder 1956; Gould et al. 1972; Dore and
McNeill 1980.

Digitaria ischaemum (Schreber) Schreber ex Muhl.

smooth crab grass,* small crabgrass, smooth crabgrass, smooth finger-grass
(United Kingdom).

digitaire astringente,* digitaire, digitaire glabre, panic glabre, petite
digitaire, petit panic sanguin.

26

NS PE NK QU ON MB AB BC .

Introduced; native of Eurasia.

Annual; fields, roadsides, waste places, pastureland, city streets, and
railway yards; a troublesome weed of lawns; common, particularly in Ontario
and Quebec.

Henrard 1950; Dore and McNeill 1980.

Map: Hultén and Fries 1986, Map 366, p. 183 .

Digitaria sanguinalis (L.) Scop.

large crab grass,* crabgrass, large crab-grass, hairy crab grass, hairy
finger-grass (United Kingdom), large crabgrass (United States).

digitaire sanguine,* digitaire pourpre, panic sanguin, panic pourpre.

NS (PE) QU ON MB SK AB BC.

Introduced; native of Europe.

Annual; in waste places, along roadsides, in dumps, fields, or any rich soil
with loose ground; a troublesome weed of vegetable and flower gardens; common.

The Canadian populations are all referable to var. sanguinalis; plants with
larger spikelets and more ciliate lemmas are often recognized as var.
ciliaris (Retz.) Pari.; they occur in the United States but have not been
reported in Canada.

Henrard 1950; Holm et al. 1977; Gould and Shaw 1983.

Map: Hultén and Fries 1986, Map 367, p. 184.

Setaria faberi W. Herrman
"Setaria faberii"

giant foxtail,* giant bristle grass.

sétaire géante.*

QU ON.

Introduced; native of the People's Republic of China.

Annual; railway tracks and yards, fields; a troublesome weed of fields in the
United States and a recent introduction into Canada; uncommon (locally common)
but apparently spreading.

Fairbrothers 1959; Pohl 1962; Dore and McNeill 1980.

27

Setaria glauca (L.) Beauv.

Setaria lutescens (Weigel) Hubbard

Setaria pumila (Poiret) Roerner and Schultes

yellow foxtail,* yellow bristlegrass, foxtail grass, pearl millet, foxtail,
pigeon grass, bristly foxtail, yellow bristle-grass (United Kingdom).

sétaire glauque,* foin sauvage, mil sauvage, sétaire jaunâtre, sétaire jaune,
vulpin jaune.

SM NS (PE) NK QU ON MB (SK AB) BC.

Introduced; native of Eurasia.

Annual; in waste places, along roadsides; a troublesome weed of cultivated
land; common except in Ontario.

Rominger 1962; McNeill and Dore 1977; Kerguelen 1977; Clayton 1979; Dore and
McNeill 1980; Steel et al. 1983-

Maps: Steel et al. 1983, Fig. 3, p. 716; Hultén and Fries 1986, Map 368,
p. 184.

Setaria italica (L.) Beauv.
Setaria viridis 'Italica'

foxtail millet, millet, foxtail, German millet, Hungarian millet.

millet des oiseaux, mil, sétaire italienne.

(NS?) QU ON MB BC.

Introduced; native of the Old World and cultivated as a forage and cereal crop
in warm, temperate regions around the world.

Annual; a cultivated grass, rarely naturalized; uncommon.

Pohl 1962; Rominger 1962; Dore and McNeill 1980.

Setaria verticillata (L.) Beauv.

bristly foxtail,* bur bristlegrass, verticillate foxtail, bur bristle grass
(United Kingdom).

sétaire verticillée.*

NT-M QU ON MB BC.

28

Introduced; native of Eurasia and Africa.

Annual; in waste places, fields, gardens, and along city streets and
roadsides; common.

Rominger 1962; Holm et al. 1977; Dore and McNeill 1980; Steel et al. 1983.

Map: Steel et al. 1983, Fig. 4, p. 717.

Setaria viridis (L.) Beauv.

green foxtail,* green bristle grass, bottle-grass, wild millet, bottle-grass.

sétaire verte,* foin sauvage, mil sauvage, sétaire verdâtre.

NT-M (AK?) NF NS PE NK QU ON MB SK AB BC.

Introduced; native of Eurasia.

Annual; in waste places, fields, gardens, dumps, barnyards, and along
roadsides.

Pohl 1962; Rominger 1962; Alex et al. 1972; Holm et al. 1977; Dore and McNeill
1980; Douglas et al. 1985.

Maps: Douglas et al. 1985, Fig. 2, p. 67^; Hultén and Fries 1986, Map 369,
p. 185.

Setaria viridis var. viridis

NT-M (AK?) NF NS PE NK QU ON MB SK AB BC .

Common, particularly in Quebec and westward.

Setaria viridis var. weinmanii (Roemer and Schultes) Heuffel
Setaria viridis var. breviseta (Doll) A.S. Hitchc.

NF NS PE NK QU ON.

Uncommon.

Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench.
Sorghum vulgare Pers.

sorghum, broom-corn.

29

mil, sorgho commun (France), millet à balais (France).

(QU) ON MB AB.

Introduced; native of Eurasia.

Annual; a cultivated grass used in poultry and bird feed, occasionally
spreading along field margins; uncommon.

Dore and McNeill 1980.

Sorghum halepense (L.) Pers .

Johnson grass,* Egyptian millet, johnsongrass.

sorgho d'Alep,* herbe de Cuba (France).

QU ON.

Introduced; native of Europe and occurring throughout the Mediterranean region,

Perennial; a serious weed because of its vigorous rhizomatic growth; local but
apparently spreading.

Garber 1950; Roberty I960; McNeill 1976; Holm et al. 1977; Monaghan 1979; Alex
et al. 1979; Dore and McNeill 1980; Warwick and Black 1983.

Maps: Warwick and Black 1983, Fig. 2, p. 1002, Fig. 3, p. 1003.

Sorghum sudanense (Piper) Stapf ex Prain

Sorghum vulgare var. sudanense (Piper) A.S. Hitch.

Sudan grass, sorghum, broom corn, grass sorghum, sudangrass (United States).

QU ON.

Introduced; native of the Sudan and adjacent parts of Africa.

Annual; a cultivated forage grass, occasionally spreading to waste places,
adjacent fields, and dumps; uncommon.

Dore and McNeill 1980.

30
CYPERACEAE (sedge family)

Cyperus esculentus L.

yellow nut sedge,* yellow nut-grass, edible cyperus, galingale, nut-grass
cyperus.

souchet comestible,* amande de terre, souchet rampant, souchet-sultan, souchet
traçant, trasi.

NS (NK) QU ON (MB?) BC.

Native.

Perennial; on damp, sandy soil and in cultivated fields; generally uncommon
except in Ontario and Quebec.

Mulligan and Junkins 1976; Holm et al. 1977.

Map: Mulligan and Junkins 1976, Fig. 3, p. 3^3.

LILIACEAE (lily family)

Zigadenus elegans Pursh
"Zygadenus elegans"

white camas,* smooth camas, alkali-grass, elegant zygadenus, mountain
deathcamas (United States).

zigadène élégant.*

NT-M YK AK MB SK AB BC .

Native.

Perennial; in damp meadows, prairies, open woods, shores, and bogs; poisonous
to humans and livestock; common.

Lodge et al. 1968; Mulligan and Munro 1983.

Map: Porsild 1951, Fig. 6, p. 143-

Zigadenus venenosus S. Watson

death camas, meadow deathcamas (United States).

31

SK AB BC.

Native.

Perennial; in wet meadows and along moist rocky ledges; poisonous to humans
and livestock.

Kupchan et al. 1961; Lodge et al. 1968.

Zigadenus venenosus var. gramineus (Rydb.) Walsh ex Peck
Zigadenus gramineus Rydb.
"Zygadenus venenosus var. gramineus"

death camas,* poison-camas, hog's potatoes, grass-leaved death-camas, hog's
potato, grass-leaved death-camas, grassy death camas, grassy deathcamas
( United States) .

zigadène vénéneux.*

BC.

Uncommon.

Sometimes treated as a separate species, var. gramineus tends to replace var,
venenosus in the interior of British Columbia.

Kupchan et al. 1961; Lodge et al. 1968; Mulligan and Munro 1983.

Zigadenus venenosus var. venenosus

SK AB BC.

Common, particularly in British Columbia.

Kupchan et al. 1961.

Veratrum viride Aiton

false hellebore,* American white hellebore, itch weed, Indian poke, green
false hellebore, white hellebore (United States).

varaire vert,* hellébore blanc, tabac du diable, veratrum vert, vérâtre vert,
hellébore, varaire, ellébore.

YK AK LB (NS?) NK QU (ON?) AB BC.

Native.

32

Perennial; in swamps, grassy meadows, and low ground; poisonous to humans and
livestock.

Boivin 19^8; Kupchan et al. 1961; Mulligan and Munro 1983; Mulligan and Munro
1987.

Map: Mulligan and Munro 1987, Fig. 2, p. 781.

Veratrum viride subsp. eschscholtzii (A. Gray) A. and D. Love
Veratrum eschscholtzii A. Gray

Veratrum eschscholtzii var. incriminatum Boivin
Veratrum viride var. eschscholtzii (A. Gray) Breitung

showy false hellebore.

YK AK AB BC.

Common, especially in British Columbia.

Boivin 19^8; Kupchan et al. 1961; Mulligan and Munro 1987.

Map: Porsild 1966, Map 42, p. 72.

Veratrum viride subsp. viride

LB (NS?) NK QU (ON?).

Uncommon .

Boivin 1948; Kupchan et al. 1961; Mulligan and Munro 1987.

Smilax herbacea L.

carrionflower, * Jacob's-ladder.

smilax herbacé,* raision de couleuvre, salsepareille herbacée.

NK QU ON MB SK.

Native.

Perennial; in rich or alluvial thickets, meadows, and low woods,

Smilax herbacea var. herbacea

NK QU ON SK.

Occasional to common, but rare in Saskatchewan.

33

Smilax herbacea var. lasioneuron (Hooker) DC.

"Smilax herbacea var. lasioneuron (Small) Rydb."
Smilax lasioneuron Hooker

ON MB SK.

Common; especially in Manitoba and Saskatchewan.

Smilax herbacea var. pulverulenta (Michaux) A. Gray
Smilax pulverulenta Michaux

ON SK.

Uncommon.

IRIDACEAE (iris family)

Iris versicolor L.

larger blue flag, blue flag, poison flag, blue iris, wild iris, flag, boats,
wild blue flag, purple iris (United Kingdom), blueflag iris (United States).

clajeux, glaïeul des marais.

NT-K LB NF SM NS PE NK QU ON MB.

Native.

Perennial; in meadows, marshes, and along turfy shores; poisonous to
livestock; common.

Variable in flower color; plants with entirely white flowers have been
referred to as forma murrayana Fernald and those with only the inner perianth
segments and styles white as forma albocaerulea Rousseau.

Anderson 1936; Mulligan and Munro 1983.

ORCHIDACEAE (orchid family)

Epipactis helleborine (L.) Crantz.

helleborine,* hellebore-like epactis, large-leaved epactis.

épipactis petit-hellébore,* épipactis à feuilles larges.

34

QU ON BC.

Introduced; native of Europe.

Perennial; in woods, thickets, ravines, near settled areas, and in gardens;
common.

Doyon and Cayouette 1966; Soper and Murray 1985; Brunton 1986; Dore 1986.

Map: Hultén and Fries 1986, Map 543, p. 272.

SALICACEAE (willow family)

Populus balsamifera L.

balsam poplar,* cottonwood, balsam-poplar hackmatack, taccamahac, black poplar.

peuplier baumier,* peuplier noir, liard, peuplier, peuplier balsamifère,
baumier.

NT-K NT-M YK AK LB NF SM NS PE NK QU ON MB SK AB BC.

Native.

Tree; widespread.

Map: Hosie 1969, p. 124.

Populus balsamifera subsp. balsamifera

Populus balsamifera var. subcordata Hylander

heartleaf balsam poplar.

peuplier baumier à feuilles cordées.

NT-K NT-M YK AK LB NF SM NS PE NK QU ON MB SK AB BC.
Common.

Populus balsamifera subsp. trichocarpa (Torrey and A. Gray) Brayshaw
Populus trichocarpa Torrey and A. Gray ex Hooker

black cottonwood, western balsam poplar, northern black cottonwood.

peuplier baumier de l'Ouest.

35

YK AK AB BC.
Locally common.

Populus tremuloides Michaux

Populus tremuloides var. aurea (Tidestrom) Daniels

Populus tremuloides var. magnifica Victorin

Populus tremuloides var. vancouveriana (Trelease ex Tidestrom) Sarg.

aspen poplar,* trembling aspen, quaking aspen, aspen, quaking asp, trembling
asp, quiver-leaf, American aspen.

peuplier faux-tremble,* tremble.

(NT-K) NT-M YK AK LB NF SM NS PE NK QU ON MB SK AB BC.

Native.

Maps: Meusel et al. 1965, p. 112; Hosie 1969, p. 120; Huit en 1968, p. 332.

MYRICACEAE (wax-myrtle family)

Myrica gale L.

Myrica gale var. subglabra (Chev.) Fernald
Myrica gale var. tomentosa DC.
Gale palustris (Lam.) Chev.

sweet gale,* meadow fern, bog myrtle, gold-withy.

myrique baumier,* bois-sent-bon, myrica gale, myrique gale, piment royal,
herbe à cheval, gale (France), piment aquatique (France).

NT-K NT-M YK AK LB NF SM NS PE NK QU ON MB SK AB BC.

Native.

Shrub; in wet habitats such as marshes and swamps; a common weed of
blueberries and cranberries.

Maps: Hultén 1958, Map 199, p. 219; Meusel et al. 1965, p. 117; Hultén and
Fries 1986, Map 618, p. 309.

Myrica pensylvanica Loisel.
Myrica caroliniensis auct.

bayberry,* candleberry, northern bayberry (United States).

36

myrique de Pennsylvanie,* cirier de Pennsylvanie.

NF SM NS PE NK QU ON.

Native.

Shrub; in dry to wet sterile soils; occasional, most abundant in the
Maritime Provinces; a weed of blueberries and cranberries.

Hall 1975.

Map: Hall 1975, Fig. 1, p. 165.

Comptonia peregrina (L.) Coult .
Myrica asplenifolia L.
Myrica asplenifolia var. asplenifolia
Myrica asplenifolia var. tomentosa (Chev.) Gleason
Myrica peregrina (L.) Kuntze

sweet-fern,* sweetfern, sweet fern.

comptonie,* comptonie voyageuse, comptonie à feuilles d'asplénie, bois-chaud,
bois de savane, fougère odorante, myrice, myrice à feuilles d'asplénie.

NS PE NK QU ON.

Native.

Shrub; in open waste places, clearings, along roadsides, and in pastures;
uncommon; weedy in blueberries.

Hall et al. 1976.

Map: Hall et al. 1976, Fig. 3, p. 150.

CORYLACEAE (hazel family)

Corylus cornuta Marshall

beaked hazelnut,* beaked hazel, beaked filbert.

coudrier à long bec,* noisetier à long bec.

NF SM NS PE NK QU ON MB SK AB BC.

Native.

Tree; a common understory component of forests; weedy in silviculture,

37
BETULACEAE (birch family)

Betula papyriafera Marshall
Betula neoalaskana Sarg.

Betula papyrifera var. commutata (Regel) Fernald
Betula papyrifera var. elobata (Fernald) Sarg.
Betula papyrifera subsp. humilis (Regel) Hultén
Betula papyrifera var. macrostachya Fernald
Betula papyrifera var. neoalaskana (Sarg.) Raup
Betula papyrifera var. pensilis Fernald
Betula papyrifera var. subcordata ( Rydb . ) Sarg.

paper birch,* white birch, canoe-birch, paper-birch, birch, western paper
birch, western white birch, Alaska birch, Alaska paper birch, canoe birch.

bouleau blanc,* bouleau à canot, bouleau, bouleau à papier, bouleau
occidental, bouleau de l'Alaska.

NT-M (YK) LB NF SM NS PE NK QU ON MB SK AB BC.

Native.

Tree; an important source of timber, used for pulpwood and veneer; sometimes
weedy in silviculture.

Maps: Hosie 1969, p. 160; Hultén and Fries 1986, Map 619, p. 310.

Betula populifolia Marshall

gray birch,* grey birch, fire-birch, oldfield-birch, white birch, fire birch,
old-field-birch, wire birch.

bouleau gris,* bouleau rouge, bouleau à feuilles de peuplier.

NS PE NK QU ON.

Native.

Tree; occasionally used as fuel; often weedy in tree nurseries.

Alnus crispa (Aiton) Pursh

Alnus viridis (Chaix) DC. var. sinuata sensu Boivin

American green alder,* green alder, mountain alder, alder.

aulne crispé,* aulne vert, aulne, bois à rames, aulne vert.

38

GR NT-K NT-M YK AK LB NF SM PE NS NK QU ON MB SK AB BC .

Native.

Shrub or occasionally a small tree; weedy in silviculture.

Alnus crispa subsp. crispa

Alnus crispa var. elongata Raup

Alnus crispa var. mollis Fernald

Alnus viridis (Chaix) DC. subsp. crispa (Aiton) Turrill

NT-K NT-M YK AK LB NF SM NS PE NK QU ON MB SK AB BC .

Common except in Alberta and British Columbia; weed of silviculture.

Maps: Meusel et al. 1965, p. 119; Furlow 1979, Fig. 58, p. 207; Hultén and
Fries 1986, Map "623, p. 312.

Alnus crispa subsp. sinuata (Regel) Hultén
Alnus crispa var. laciniata Hultén
Alnus sinuata (Regel) Rydb.

Alnus viridis (Chaix) DC. var. sinuata Regel
Alnus viridis subsp. sinuata (Regel) Love & Love

Sitka alder.*

aulne de Sitka.*

YK AK AB BC.

Usually a shrub; common in British Columbia; sometimes a weed in silviculture,

Maps: Meusel et al. 1965, p. 119; Hosie 1969, p. 174; Furlow 1979, Fig. 60,
p. 214; Hultén and Fries 1986, Map 623, p. 312.

Alnus incana (L. ) Moench

grey alder, tag alder, hoary alder, rough alder.

aulne, verne, aulne blanc, aulne commun, vergne, aulne blanchâtre, aulne
rugueux.

NT-M YK AK LB NF SM NS PE NK QU ON MB AB BC.

Native.

Tree; in wet or moist areas.

39

Alnus incana subsp. incana is a native of Europe and adjacent parts of Asia.

Alnus incana subsp. tenuifolia (Nutt.) Breitung

Alnus rugosa (DuRoi) Sprengel var. occidentalis (Dippel) C.L. Hitch.
Alnus tenuifolia Nutt.

mountain alder.*

aulne de montagne.*

NT-M YK AK MB SK AB BC.

Uncommon; sometimes weedy in silviculture.

Maps: Hosie 1969, p. 172; Hulte'n 1971, Map 126, p. 136; Furlow 1979, Fig. 50,
p. 181; Hultén and Fries 1986, Map 625, p. 313-

Alnus incana subsp. rugosa (DuRoi) R.T. Clausen
Alnus rugosa (DuRoi) Sprengel
"Alnus rugosa (Ehrh.) Sprengel"
Alnus rugosa var. americana (Regel) Fernald

speckled alder.*

aulne rugueux.*

LB NF SM NS PE NK QU ON MB SK.

Most common in Ontario and Quebec; weedy in tree nurseries.

Maps: Hosie 1969, p. 172; Hultén 1971, Map 126, p. 135; Furlow 1979, Fig. 48,
p. 173; Hulte'n and Fries 1986, Map 625, p. 313.

URTICACEAE (nettle family)

Urtica dioica L.

stinging nettle, common nettle (United Kingdom).

ortie, ortie élevée, grande ortie, ortie piquante, ortie dioïque .

NT-M YK AK LB NF NS PE NK QU ON MB SK AB BC.

Native and introduced.

40

Perennial; in waste places, along roadsides, at the edge of woods; common;
plants with stinging hairs.

Bassett et al. 1977.

Maps: bassett et al. 1977, Fig. 3, p. 494; Hultén and fries 1986, Hap 035,
p. 318.

Urtica uioica subsp. dioica

huropean stinging nettle.*

ortie uioïque d'Europe.*

NF NS PE i.\IK QU UN.

introduced; native of Eurasia.

Maps: bassett et al. 1974, p. 513; bassett et ai. 1977, Fig. 3, p. 494.

Urtica dioica subsp. gracilis (Aiton) Relancer

Urtica dioica suosp. gracilis var. californica (Greene) C.L. Hitcnc.
Urtica dioica subsp. gracilis var. lyalli (6. Watson) C.L. Hitcnc.
Uriica dioica var. procera (Muhlenb. ex Willd.) Wedd.
Urtica procera Munlenb. ex Willa.

American stinging nettle,* tall nettle, slender nettle, tall wild nettle, slim
American stinging nettle, Lyall's American stinging nettle.

ortie dioïque d'Amérique.*

Nï-M YK AK Lb NF NS PE NK QU ON MB SK Ab bC.

Native.

Maps: bassett et al. 1974, p. blb; bassett et al. 1977, Fig. 3, p. 494.

SANTALACEAE (sandalwood family)

Geocaulon liviuum (Richardson) Fernald
Comanara livida Richardson

nortnern cornandra,* nortnern reo-fruited comandra.

comandre livide.*

41

NT-K NT-M YK AK LB NF NS NK QU ON MB SK AB BC .

Native.

Perennial; in wet areas, such as swamps and bogs, often in forests, and
sometimes along roadsides; common.

POLYGONACEAE (buckwheat family)

Rumex L.
Dawson 1979.

Rumex acetosa L.

garden sorrel,* meadow-sorrel, garden-sorrel, sourdock, sorrel, green sorrel,
sweetleaf, sally chives, common sorrel (United Kingdom).

grande oseille,* rumex oseille, oseille cultivée, oseille commune, oseille des
jardins, oseille sauvage, patience grande oseille.

GR (NT-M) (YK) LB NF SM NS (PE?) NK QU ON MB SK AB BC.

Introduced; native of Eurasia.

Perennial; in waste places, old fields, and along roadsides; locally common.

Maps: Meusel et al. 1965, p. 127; Hultén and Fries 1986, Map 660, p. 330.

Rumex acetosella L.

Rumex acetosella var. pyrenaeus (Pourret) Timbal-Lagrave

sheep sorrel,* sheep-sorrel, common sorrel, red sorrel, cow sorrel, mountain
sorrel, field sorrel, horse sorrel, sour weed, sourgrass, sorrel, redweed,
sheep's sorrel (United Kingdom).

petite oseille,* oseille, surette, oseille des brebis, oseille des champs,
patience petite oseille, sucrette, petite oseille de brebis, petite oseille
sauvage, rumex petite oseille, vignette, rumex petite-oseille.

GR YK AK LB NF SM NS PE NK QU ON MB SK AB BC.

Introduced; native of Eurasia.

Perennial; in sandy to gravelly soils, waste places, meadows, pastures, hay
fields, and along roadsides; common.

Maps: Meusel et al. 1965, p. 127; Hultén and Fries 1986, Map 658, p. 329.

42

Rumex arifolius All.

Rumex acetosa L. subsp. alpestris (Scop.) A. Love
Rumex acetosa subsp. arifolius (All.) Blytt and Dahl

common sorrel .

NT-M YK AK (AB) BC.

Introduced; native of Eurasia.

Perennial; uncommon.

Map: Hultén and Fries 1986, Map 661, p. 331.

Rumex crispus L .

curled dock,* yellow dock, curly-leaf dock, sour dock, curly dock.

patience crépue,* herbe à cochons, oseille crépue, parelle sauvage, patience,
rumex crépu, patience sauvage, reguette, parelle (France).

AK NF NS PE NK QU ON MB SK AB BC.

Introduced; native of Eurasia.

Perennial; in waste places, pastures, hay fields, and along roadsides; common
from Nova Scotia westward to Manitoba and in British Columbia.

Holm et al. 1977.

Map: Hultén and Fries 1986, Map 667, p. 334.

Rumex longifolius DC.

Rumex domesticus Hartman

long-leaved dock,* garden dock, northern dock (United Kingdom).

rumex à feuilles longues,* patience, doche.

GR AK NF SM NS PE QU ON MB SK AB BC.

Introduced; native of Eurasia.

Perennial; in waste places, pastures, abandoned gardens, and along roadsides;
common in New Brunswick, Quebec, and Ontario.

43

Sarkar 1958.

Map: Hultén and Fries 1986, Map 665,, p. 333-

Rumex maritimus L .

maritime dock, golden dock (United Kingdom).

rumex maritime.

NT-F NT-K NT-M YK AK NS NK PE QU ON MB SK AB BC.

Introduced and native.

Annual or biennial; in moist places, e.g., edge of ponds, lakes, marshes,
sloughs, and ditches.

Rumex maritimus var. fueginus (Phil.) Dusén

Rumex maritimus subsp. feuginus (Phil.) Hultén

golden dock.*

rumex maritime,* rumex fausse-persicaire.

NT-F NT-K NT-M YK AK NS PE NK QU ON MB SK AB BC .

Native.

Common in Saskatchewan and Alberta.

Map: Hultén and Fries 1986, Map 672, p. 336.

Rumex maritimus var. persicarioides (L.) Mitchell
Rumex persicarioides L.

seashore dock, golden dock.

rumex fausse-persicaire .

NS PE (NK) QU.

Native.

Locally common.

44

Rumex obtusifolius L.

Rumex obtusifolius var. sylvestris auct.

broad-leaved dock,* red-veined dock, bitter dock, burnt dock, blunt-leaved
dock, broadleaf dock (United States).

patience à feuilles obtuses,* patience, patience à feuilles larges, patience
rouge, rumex à feuilles obtuses, rumex sanguin, patience à feuille obtuse.

GR AK NF SM NS PE NK QU ON BC.

Introduced; native of Eurasia.

Perennial; in waste places, pastures, hay fields, along roadsides and river
banks; occasional.

Holm et al. 1977.

Map: Hultén and Fries 1986, Map 670, p. 335.

Rumex occidentalis S. Watson

western dock,* windowed dock.

rumex occidental,* rumex à fenêtres.

(NT-K) NT-M YK AK LB NF SM QU ON MB SK AB BC.

Native.

Perennial; in wet areas, e.g., bogs, marshes, wet meadows, sloughs, roadside
ditches, and along riverbanks.

Map: Porsild 1966, Map 53, p. 73.

Rumex occidentalis var. labradoricus (Rech. f . ) Lepage
Rumex fenestratus Greene
Rumex occidentalis var. procerus (Greene) J.T. Howell

AK LB NF SM QU BC.

Occasional.

Rumex occidentalis var. occidentalis

(NT-K) NT-M YK LB NF QU ON MB SK AB BC .

Common in the district of Mackenzie and the Prairie Provinces.

45

Rumex pseudonabronatus Borbas
Rumex fennicus Murb.

field dock.*

rumex de Finlande,* patience, doche.

YK QU ON MB SK AB BC.

Introduced; native of Eurasia.

Perennial; in moist areas, fields, and along roadsides; most common in
Saskatchewan and Alberta.

Rumex stenophyllus Ledeb.

serrate-valved dock.*

rumex à feuilles étroites.*

QU MB SK AB.

Introduced; native of Eurasia.

Perennial; in waste places, along roadsides, and occasionally in wheat fields,

Sarkar 1958.

Rumex triangulivalvis (Danser) Rech. f.
Rumex mexicanus Meissner

R umex mexicanus var. angustifolia (Meissner) Boivin
Rumex mexicanus var. sibiricus (Hultén) Boivin
Rumex mexicanus var. triangulivalvis (Danser) Lepage

Rumex salicifolius Weinmm. subsp. triangulivalvis Danser var. mexicanus
(Meissner) C.L. Hitchc.

willow-leaved dock,* narrow-leaved dock, mexican dock (United States).

rumex mexicain,* patience du Mexique.

NT-M YK AK LB NF SM NS PE NK QU ON MB SK AB BC.

Native.

Perennial; in rich soils.

Sarkar 1958.

46

Maps: Sarkar 1958, Fig. 19 (dots R. triangulivalvis) , p. 960 and Fig. 26
(dots R. sibiricus) .

Rumex venosus Pursh

veined dock,* winged dock, sour greens, wild begonia, wild hydrangea, veiny
dock (United States).

rumex veiné.*

MB SK AB BC.

Native.

Perennial; on wet sandy soil along riverbanks and roadsides; most abundant in
Saskatchewan; poisonous to livestock.

Sarkar 1958; Mulligan and Munro 1983.

Map: Sarkar 1958, Fig. 16, p. 956.

Polygonum achoreum Blake

Polygonum erectum pro parte

striate knotweed,* leathery knotweed.

renouée coriace.*

NT-M YK AK NK QU ON MB SK AB BC.

Native.

Annual; on waste ground, disturbed soils, and in saline marshes; common.

Love and Love 1956.

Polygonum amphibium L. subsp. laevimarginatum Hultén

water smartweed,* water-smartweed, amphibious bistort, amphibious knotweed,
lakeweed, redshank, amphibious knot-weed.

renouée amphibie.*

NT-K NT-M YK AK LB NF SM NS PE NK QU ON MB SK AB BC.

Native.

Perennial; a great variety of aquatic habitats, dry lakebeds, and dunes.

47

Mitchell 1968, 1976; Mitchell and Dean 1978.

North American populations are referable to subsp. laevimarginaturn Hultén;
subsp. amphibium is restricted to Eurasia (Hultén 1971).

Maps: Meusel et al. 1965, p. 130; Hultén and Fries 1986, Map 652, p. 326.

Polygonum amphibium subsp. laevimarginaturn Hultén var. emersum Michaux
Polygonum coccineum Muhlenb.
Polygonum coccineum var. coccineum

Polygonum coccineum var. ratincola (Greene) Stanford
Polygonum coccineum var. rigidulum (J.L. Sheldon) Stanford

swamp smartweed,* water-smartweed.

renouée écarlate.*

NT-M NS PE NK QU ON MB SK AB BC.

Common.

Mitchell and Dean 1978.

Polygonum amphibium subsp. laevimarginaturn Hultén var. stipulaceum Coleman
"Polygonum amphibium subsp. laevimarginaturn var. stipulaceum (Coleman)
Fernald"
Polygonum natans Eaton

NT-K NT-M YK AK LB NF SM NS PE NK QU ON MB SK AB BC.

Common, weedy in pastures and field margins.

Mitchell and Dean 1978.

Polygonum arenastrum Boreau
"Polygonum arenastrum Jordan"

oval-leaved knotweed, doorweed, knotgrass.

NT-M NT-K YK AK LB NF NS PE NK QU ON MB SK AB BC.

Introduced; native of Eurasia.

Annual; on disturbed or packed soils, gravel and along sidewalks, paths, and
roadsides; common.

McNeill 1981b, Wolf and McNeill 1986.

48

Polygonum aviculare L.

Polygonum aviculare var. neglectum Bess.

prostrate knotweed,* fringed wild buckwheat, knotweed, common knotweed, yard
knotweed, doorweed, door-weed, knot-weed, knotgrass, ironweed.

renouée des oiseaux,* centinode, herbe des Saints-Innocents, traînasse, herbe
à cochons, achée, aviculaire, renouée, herbe-à-coqueluche, herbe-à-crapaud,
herbe au panaris, persicaire des oiseaux, renouée aviculaire.

NT-M NT-K YK AK LB NF NS PE NK QU ON MB SK AB BC.

Introduced; native of Eurasia.

Annual; along roadsides and in disturbed or cultivated soils; common.

Love and Love 1956; Wolf and McNeill 1986.

Map: Hultén and Fries 1986, Map 645, p. 323.

Polygonum bistortoides Pursh

Western bistort .

SK AB.

Native.

Perennial; a plant of swamps, streambeds and wet places, occasionally a weed
of grain fields.

Dahl 1962.

Polygonum convolvulus L.

Bilderdykia convolvulus (L.) Dumort .
Fallopia convolvulus (L.) A. Love

wild buckwheat,* black bindweed, ivy bindweed, climbing bindweed, knot
bindweed, corn bindweed, bindweed, black-bindweed (United Kingdom).

renouée liseron,* renouée chevrier, chevrier, faux liseron, liseron noir,
vrillée bâtarde, vrillée sauvage, faux-liseron, vrille.

GR NT-M YK AK LB NF SM NS PE NK QU ON MB SK AB BC.

Introduced; native of Eurasia.

49

Annual; in cultivated fields, waste places, along railway tracks and
roadsides; common.

Love and Love 1956; Holm et al. 1977; Hume et al. 1983.

Maps: Hume et al. 1983, Fig. 2, p. 962; Hultén and Fries 1986, Map 655, p. 328,

Polygonum cuspidatum Sieb. and Zucc.
Reynoutria japonica Houtt.

Japanese knotweed,* fleeceflower, Japanese fleeceflower, horse-buckwheat.

renouée japonaise,* bambou, canne, jonc canadien, jonc de Saint- Joseph ,
Sainte-Anne, sarrasin des Indes, Jérusalem, persicaire cuspidée (France),
renouée de Siebold (France).

(AK?) NF NS PE NK QU ON MB BC.

Introduced; native of Asia.

Perennial; in waste places and poorly attended gardens; spreading rapidly;
occasional to common.

Love and Love 1956.

Polygonum erectum L.

erect knotweed.*

renouée dressée.*

AK NF NK QU ON MB (SK) (AB?) BC .

Native.

Annual; in waste ground, clearings, and disturbed soils; common.

Love and Love 1956.

Polygonum hydropiper L.

Polygonum hydropiper var. projectum Stanford

marshpepper smartweed,* common smartweed, water-pepper, water pepper,
smartweed.

renouée poivre-d'eau,* renouée poivrée, poivre d'eau, curage.

(AK) NF SM NS PE NK QU ON MB BC.

50

Native.

Annual; in moist and disturbed soils, e.g., fields and meadows; common.

Love and Love 1956.

Map: Hultén and Fries 1986, Map 649, p. 325.

Polygonum hydropiperoides Michaux

Polygonum hydropiperoides var. digitatum Fernald
Polygonum hydropiperoides var. psilostachyum St. John

mild smartweed,* water-pepper, mild water pepper, false water pepper, water
smartweed.

renouée faux-poivre-d'eau.*

(AK?) NS NK QU ON BC.

Native.

Perennial; in a variety of semiaquatic habitats; common and spreading.

McDonald 1980.

Polygonum lapathifolium L.

Polygonum lapathifolium var. ovatum A. Br.
Polygonum lapathifolium var. prostratum Wimmer

pale smartweed,* willow-weed, dock-leaved knotweed, smartweed, pale persicaria
(United Kingdom).

persicaire pâle,* renouée à feuilles de patience, persicaire élevée,
persicaire pied rouge, petite renouée rose, renouée à feuilles d'oseille,
persicaire à feuilles de patience, renouée incarnate.

GR (NT-M) (AK) NF SM (NS) PE NK QU ON MB SK AB BC .

Native.

Annual; in disturbed soils and moist places; common.

Staniforth, and Cavers 1979.

Map: Hultén and Fries 1986, Map 651, p. 326.

51

Polygonum pensylvanicum L.

Polygonum pensylvanicum var. eglandulosum J.C. Myers
Polygonum pensylvanicum var. geniunum Fernald
Polygonum pensylvanicum var. laevigatum Fernald
Polygonum pensylvanicum subsp. oneilli (Brinckle) Hultén

Pennsylvania smartweed,* pinkweed, Pennsylvania knotweed.

renouée de Pennsylvanie,* persicaire glanduleuse.

(AK?) NS NK QU ON.

Native .

Annual; in disturbed soils and cultivated fields; common.

Staniforth and Cavers 1979.

Polygonum persicaria L.

Polygonum persicaria var. ruderale (Salisb.) Meissner

lady 's-thumb,* heart 's-ease, lady's thumb, heartweed, spotted knotweed,
spotted smartweed, redshank, blackheart, willow weed, lady 's-thumb smartweed,
ladysthumb (United States).

renouée persicaire,* herbes grasses, persicaire, pilingre, persicaire pied
rouge, renouée, sabots de la Vierge, fer à cheval, pied rouge.

GR (YK) AK LB NF SM NS PE NK QU ON MB SK AB BC.

Introduced; native of Eurasia.

Annual; in damp clearings, cultivated ground, along roadsides and shorelines;
common.

Staniforth and Cavers 1979.

Map: Hultén and Fries 1986, Map 650, p. 325.

Polygonum prolificum (Small) Robinson

Polygonum ramosissimum Michaux var. prolificum Small

proliferous knotweed.

(YK) NS QU ON MB SK AB BC.

Native.

52

Annual; brackish shores and marshes; occasional; reported as weedy in British
Columbia.

Polygonum ramosissimum Michaux
Polygonum exsertum Small

yellow-flowered knotweed, bushy knotweed.

renouée très rameuse.

(YK?) (AK?) NS PE NK QU ON (MB) SK AB BC.

Native.

Annual; in sandy and light soils, along roadsides and shores; common.

Polygonum scabrum Moench

Polygonum lapathifolium auct. pro parte

Polygonum lapthifolium L. var. incanum (Roth) Koch

Polygonum lapthifolium var. salicifolium Sibth.

green smartweed,* pale-flowered persicaria, dock-leafed knotweed.

renouée scabre,* renouée grêle rosée.

NT-M AK LB NF SM NS (PE) (NK) QU ON (MB) (SK) AB BC .

Introduced; native of Eurasia.

Annual; on gravelly shores; common.

Staniforth and Cavers 1979.

Polygonum scandens L.

Fallopia scandens (L.) J. Holub

climbing false buckwheat, false buckwheat, climbing bindweed, hedge smartweed
(United States) .

renouée grimpante.

NF NS PE NK QU ON MB SK AB BC .

Native.

Perennial; in moist woods, thickets, and along roadsides; occasional.

Map: Hultén and Fries 1986, Map 656, p. 328.

53

Fagopyrum esculentum Moench
Fagopyrum sagittatum Gilib.
Polygonum fagopyrum L.

buckwheat. *

sarrasin commun,* sarrasin, blé noir, renouée sarrasin.

NF (NS) PE NK QU ON (MB) SK.

Introduced; native of Asia.

Annual; cultivated, becoming volunteer; occasional to common.

Fagopyrum tataricum (L.) Gaertner
Polygonum tataricum L.

Tartary buckwheat,* India-wheat, buckwheat.

sarrasin de tartarie,* renouée de tartarie, fagrée.

NF (NS) NK QU ON (MB) SK AB.

Introduced; native of Asia.

Annual; cultivated, becoming volunteer; locally common particularly in the
central prairies.

Sharma 1986.

Map: Sharma 1986, Fig. 2, p. 385.

CHENOPODIACEAE (goosefoot family)

Chenopodium L.

Wahl 1954; Bassett and Crompton 1982a.

Chenopodium album L.

Chenopodium album var. lanceolatum (Muhlenb.) Cosson et Germ.
Chenopodium album var. stevensii Aellen

lamb's-quarters,* common lamb's-quarters, lamb's quarters, pigweed, fat-hen,
white goosefoot; common lambsquarters (United States).

54

chénopode blanc,* poulette grasse, chou gras, anserine, amarante commune,
anserine blanche, anserine verte, farineuse, herbes grasses.

GR NT-M YK AK LB NF SM NS PE NK QU ON MB SK AB BC.

Introduced; native of Eurasia.

Annual; along roadsides, a weed of row crops, gardens, and grain fields;
poisonous to livestock; common.

Holm et al. 1977; Bassett and Crompton 1978; Mulligan and Munro 1983.

Maps: Bassett and Crompton 1978, Fig. 4, p. 1066; Bassett and Crompton 1982a,
Fig. 25, p. 603; Hultén and Fries 1986, Map 687, p. 344.

Chenopodium berlandieri Moq. var. zschackei (J. Murr) J. Murr
Chenopodium album auct. pro parte
Chenopodium berlandieri auct.

Chenopodium berlandieri var. farinosum (Ludwig) Aellen
Chenopodium berlandieri subsp. zschackei (J. Murr) Zobel

net-seeded lamb's-quarters,* stinking goosefoot.

chénopode de Berlandier.*

NT-M YK AK QU ON MB SK AB BC.

Native.

Annual; in open waste places, especially common in Saskatchewan, Alberta, and
British Columbia.

Chenopodium berlandieri Moq. has its centre of diversity in the southern
United States and Mexico, where a number of infraspecific taxa, including var
berlandieri , are recognized.

Map: Bassett and Crompton 1982a, Fig. 27, p. 604.

Chenopodium gigantospermum Aellen

Chenopodium hybridum auct. pro parte

Chenopodium hybridum L. var. gigantospermum (Aellen) Rouleau

Chenopodium hybridum subsp. gigantospermum (Aellen) Hultén

ma

pie-leaved goosefoot,* sowbane.
chénopode hybride,* pied d'oie.

55

NK QU ON MB SK AB BC.

Native.

Annual; in waste places, clearings, thickets, and woods; common in Ontario,
Manitoba, and Saskatchewan.

Map: Bassett and Crompton 1982a, Fig. 20, p. 601; Hultén and Fries 1986,
Map 681, p. 341.

Chenopodium glaucum L.

oak-leaved goosefoot,* oakleaf goosefoot .

chénopode glauque,* anserine glauque, patte d'oie glauque.

(NT-K) NT-M AK LB (NF?) NS PE NK QU ON MB SK AB BC .

Native and introduced.

Annual; in waste places, along roadsides, and in cultivated fields;
occasional; poisonous to livestock.

Maps: Hultén 1971, Map 133, p. 1^3; Bassett and Crompton 1982a, Fig. 5,
p. 595.

Chenopodium glaucum subsp. glaucum

LB (NF?) PE NK QU ON.

Introduced; native of Eurasia.

Most common in Ontario and Quebec .

Maps: Hultén 1971, Map 133, p. 1^3; Hultén and Fries 1986, Map 678, p. 339,

Chenopodium glaucum subsp. salinum (Standley) Allen
Chenopodium glaucum var. pulchrum Aellen
Chenopodium glaucum var. salinum (Standley) Boivin
Chenopodium salinum Standley

(NT-K) NT-M AK QU ON MB SK AB BC.

Native.

Most common in Manitoba and Saskatchewan.

56

Maps: Hultén 1971, Map 133, p. 143; Bassett and Crompton 1982a, Fig. 6,
p. 595; Hultén and Fries 1986, p. 339.

Chenopodium rubrum L.

red goosefoot,* eoastblite, fat hen, French spinach.

chénopode rouge,* anserine rouge.

NT-M YK AK NF SM NS PE NK QU ON MB SK AB BC.

Native.

Annual; saline and alkaline soils; common from Manitoba westward.

Maps: Hultén 1971, Map 295, p. 305; Bassett and Crompton 1982a, Fig. 7, p.
595; Hultén and Fries 1986, Map 679, p. 340.

Chenopodium strictum Roth

Chenopodium album L. subsp. striatum (Krasan) J. Murr
Chenopodium strictum var. glaucophyllum (Aellen) Wahl
Chenopodium strictum subsp. glaucophyllum (Aellen) Aellen

late-flowering goosefoot.*

chénopode comprimé.*

QU ON MB SK BC.

Introduced; native of Eurasia.

Annual; in dry, sandy habitats; most common in Manitoba and Saskatchewan.

Gervais 1979.

Map: Bassett and Crompton 1982, Fig. 26, p. 604.

Monolepis nutalliana (Schultes) Greene

"Monolepis nuttaliana (Roemer and Schultes) Greene"

spear-leaved goosefoot,* povertyweed, common povertyweed, Nuttall's monolepis

anserine hastée.*

NT-M YK AK QU (ON?) MB SK AB BC .

Native.

57

Annual; in saline and alkaline soils of waste places; most common from
Manitoba westward.

Atriplex L.

Bassett et al. 1983.

Atriplex heterosperma Bunge

Russian atriplex.*

arroche de Russie.*

QU ON MB SK AB.

Introduced; native of Eurasia.

Annual; uncommon; most abundant in British Columbia, where it is locally
common.

Frankton and Bassett 1968.

Map: Frankton and Bassett 1968, Fig. 5, p. 1313.

Atriplex hortensis L.

Atriplex hortensis var. atrosanguinea Hort.
Atriplex hortensis 'atrosanguinea'

garden atriplex,* garden crach, garden orache, French spinach, orache,
orach, garden-orach.

arroche des jardins,* arroche, bonne-dame, bonne dame (France),
arroche-épinard (France).

NT-M (AK?) QU ON MB SK AB BC.

Introduced; native of Eurasia.

Annual; spread from cultivation to waste places and along roadsides; locally
common.

Frankton and Bassett 1968; Bassett et al. 1983.

Maps: Frankton and Bassett 1968, Fig. 5, p. 1313; Hultén ana Fries 1986,
Map 689, p. 3^5.

58

Atriplex oblongifolia Waldst. and Kit.

oblong-leaved orache.

ON AB BC.

Introduced; native of Eurasia.

Annual ; uncommon .

Frankton and Bassett 1968.

Atriplex patula L.

Atriplex patula var. bracteata Westerlund

spreading atriplex,* spearscale, common orach, spreading orach, orach, orache,
common orache (United Kingdom).

arroche étalée,* arroche des champs.

NT-M YK (AK) NF SM NS PE NK QU ON MB SK AB BC.

Introduced; native of Europe.

Annual; saline, brackish or rich soils, both coastal and inland; occasional.

Taschereau 1972.

Map: Hultén and Fries 1986, Map 694, p. 3^7.

Atriplex prostrata Boucher ex DC.
Atriplex hastata auct.

Atriplex patula subsp. hastata sensu Hall and Clements pro parte
Atriplex patula var. hastata auct. pro parte
Atriplex triangularis Willd.

halberd-leaved atriplex,* halberdleaf orach, hastate atriplex, lance-leaved
orach, spear-leaved orache.

arroche hastée,* arroche, arroche à feuilles en hallebarde, belle dame, bonne
dame.

NS PE NK QU MB SK AB BC.

Native.

Annual; in waste places and at the edge of sloughs and alkaline marshy areas;
common in the Prairie Provinces.

59

Taschereau 1972.

Map: Hultén and Fries 1986, Map 695, p. 3^8.

Atriplex rosea L .

tumbling orach, red orache, red orach.

NS ON AB BC.

Introduced; native of Europe.

Annual; along roadsides and in waste places; poisonous to livestock; locally
common.

Map: Hultén and Fries 1986, Map 691, p. 3^6.

Atriplex subspicata (Nutt.) Rydb .

Atriplex patula var. hastata auct. pro parte minore

Atriplex patula subsp. hastata sensu Hall and Clements pro parte minore

Atriplex patula var. littoralis auct. pro parte

saline orache.

NF NS PE NK QU ON MB SK AB BC.

Native.

Annual; in wet areas such as sloughs and marshes; common in Manitoba,
Saskatchewan, and Alberta.

Taschereau 1972.

Suckleya suckleyana (Torrey) Rydb.

poison suckleya.*

SK AB.

Native.

Annual; in waste places, cultivated fields, and along roadsides; most common
in the Prairie Provinces; poisonous to livestock.

Mulligan and Munro 1983.

60

Axyris amaranthoides L.

Russian pigweed,* upright axyris, Russian-pigweed.

anserine de Russie,* axyride amarantho'ide, chou-gras de Russie.

NT-M (NS) PE QU ON MB SK AB BC.

Introduced; native of Eurasia.

Annual; in waste places, cultivated fields, and along roadsides; most common
in the Prairie Provinces.

Bassia hyssopifolia (Pallas) Volk. in Engler and Prantl
"Bassia hyssopifolia (Pallas) Kuntze"

five-hooked bassia,* fivehook bassia (United States).

bassia à feuilles d'hysope.*

SK AB BC.

Introduced; native of Eurasia.

Annual; in waste places; generally uncommon except in British Columbia;
poisonous to livestock.

Mulligan and Munro 1983.

Kochia scoparia (L.) Schrader

Kochia scoparia f . trichophila Schinz et Thell.

kochia,* summer-cypress, red belvedere, belvedere, summer cypress, mock
cypress, burning bush.

kochia a balais,* petits soldats, cyprès d'été, petits pins, belvédère
(France), anserine à balais (France).

NS QU ON MB SK AB BC.

Introduced; native of Eurasia.

Annual; in cultivated fields, waste places, and along roadsides; common from
Ontario west to Alberta; poisonous to livestock, when it comprises over 50$ of
their ration.

Mulligan and Munro 1983.

61

Corispermum hyssopifolium L.

bugseed,* common bugseed, hyssoleaf tickseed (United States).

corispermum à feuilles d'hysope.*

NT-M (AK) QU ON MB SK AB BC.

Probably introduced; native of Eurasia.

Annual; in open sandy localities such as on beaches and sand dunes,

Corispermum hyssopifolium var. emarginatum (Rydb.) Boivin

Corispermum orientale Lam. var. emarginatum (Rydb.) Macbr.

villose bugseed.*

corispermum émarginé.*

QU ON MB SK AB (BC) .

Uncommon.

Corispermum hyssopifolium var. hyssopifolium

NT-M (AK?) QU ON MB SK AB .

Uncommon.

Corispermum nitidum Kit.

Corispermum hyssopifolium L. var. rubricaule Hooker

shiny bugseed.

ON MB SK (AB) BC.

Introduced; native of Eurasia.

Annual; in sandy open soils; uncommon.

Sarcobatus vermiculatus (Hooker) Torrey
greasewood,* black greasewood.
SK AB BC.

62

Native.

Perennial; dry saline to alkaline soils, pastures, and prairies; causes
dermatitis in humans and is also poisonous to livestock; locally common.

Lodge et al. 1968; Mulligan and Munro 1983.

Salsola pestifer A . Nelson

Salsola iberica Sennen and Pau

Salsola kali L. subsp. ruthenica (Iljin) Soo

Salsola kali L. var. tenuifolia Tausch

Russian thistle,* Russian cactus, Russian tumbleweed, saltwort, spineless
saltwork (United Kingdom).

soude roulante,* chardon de Russie, herbe roulante, herbe roulante de Russie,
soude commune, soude de Russie.

NS PE NK QU ON MB SK AB BC.

Introduced; native of Eurasia.

Annual; on sandy shores, along roadsides, in cultivated fields and waste
places; common, particularly in parts of the Prairie Provinces.

Beatley 1973; Crompton and Bassett 1985.

AMARANTHACEAE (amaranth family)

Ama ran thus albus L.

tumble pigweed,* tumbleweed.

amarante blanche,* amarante grecque, herbe-à-cochon, herbe roulante, herbe
roulante de l'Ouest, fleur de jalousie.

NS PE NK QU ON (MB) SK AB BC.

Native.

Annual; in waste places, along roadsides and railway tracks; a weed of
gardens, cultivated crops, and wheat fields.

Amaranthus blitoides S. Watson
Amaranthus graecizans auct.

prostrate pigweed,* tumbleweed, prostrate amaranth, matweed, related amaranth,
giant amaranth (United States).

63

amarante fausse-blite,* amarante basse, amarante charnue, amarante couchée,
amarante étalée, amarante parente.

(AK?) QU ON MB SK AB BC .

Introduced throughout most of its Canadian range; native of central and
western United States and possibly parts of western Canada.

Annual; in waste places and along roadsides, and as a garden weed; poisonous
to livestock; rare.

Mulligan and Munro 1983.

Amaranthus hybridus L.

smooth pigweed,* pigweed, wild beet, green amaranth, prince's feather,
pilewort .

amarante hybride,* brède de Malabar.

QU ON MB.

Introduced; native of tropical and subtropical America.

Annual; in waste places; a weed of cultivated crops (e.g., tobacco, oats);
poisonous to livestock; uncommon.

Holm et al. 1977; Weaver and McWilliams 1980; Mulligan and Munro 1983.

Map: Weaver and McWilliams 1980, Fig. 5, p. 1222.

Amaranthus powellii S. Watson

Amaranthus retroflexus var. powellii (S. Watson) Boivin

green pigweed,* Powell amaranth (United States).

amarante de Powell.*

PE QU ON SK AB BC.

Introduced; native of tropical America.

Annual; in waste places, along roadsides, and in gardens; a troublesome weed
of cultivated crops (e.g., corn, tobacco, tomatoes).

Weaver and McWilliams 1980; Cayouette et al. 1983; Doyon et al. 1986.

Map: Weaver and McWilliams 1980, Fig. 4, p. 1221.

64

Amaranthus retroflexus L.

redroot pigweed,* green amaranth, pigweed, redroot, wild beet, red-root, rough
pigweed, green amaranth, red-root pigweed, common amaranth (United Kingdom).

amarante à racine rouge,* amarante, amarante épiée, herbe grasse, amarante
pied rouge, amarante réfléchie, amarante repliée, amarante verte, amarante
rétroflexe, chou gras, herbes grasses, canne.

NT-M (AK) NS PE NK QU ON MB SK AB BC .

Introduced; native of tropical America.

Annual; in waste places, along roadsides, and in gardens; a weed of cultivated
crops (e.g., corn, tomatoes); poisonous to livestock.

Weaver and McWilliams 1980; Mulligan and Munro 1983.

Maps: Meusel et al. 1965, p. 135; Weaver and McWilliams 1980, Fig. 3,
p. 1220; Hultén and Fries 1986, Map 705, p. 353-

NTCTAGINACEAE (four-o'clock family)

Oxybaphus hirsutus (Pursh) Sweet

Mirabilis hirsuta (Pursh) MacMillan

hairy four-o'clock,* hairy umbrellawort , umbrellawort .

nyctage hirsute.*

ON MB SK AB BC.

Native.

Perennial; in dry sandy to gravelly areas, e.g., along roadsides, on
hillsides, and in railway yards; rare.

Oxybaphus linearis (Pursh) Robinson

Mirabilis hirsuta (Pursh) MacMillan var. linearis (Pursh) Boivin
Mirabilis linearis (Pursh) Heimerl.

narrowleaf four-o'clock (United States).

MB SK AB.

65

Native.

Perennial; on dry sandy to gravelly slopes; rare.

Oxybaphus nyetagineus (Michaux) bweet

Mirabilis nyctaginea (Michaux) MacMillan

wild i'our-o1 clock.*

nyctage parasol.*

QU ON Mb SK AB.

Native.

Perennial; in cry open sandy to gravelly habitats, e.g., roadsides, railway
yards, and sand dunes; rare.

PHYTOLACCACEAE (pokeweed family)

Phytolacca americana L.

pokeweed,* poke, scoke, pigeonberry, pokeberry, common pokeweed (United
btates) .

phytolaque d'Amérique,* garget, phytolaque à 10 étamines (France), raisin
d'Amérique (France), casque de Jupiter (France).

QU ON.

Native.

Perennial; in open wet areas; poisonous to livestock; occasional.

Mulligan and Munro 19&3.

AIZOACEAE (carpe tweed family)

Mollugo verticillata L.

carpetweed,* carpet-weed, common carpetweed, carpet weed.

mollugo verticillé,* mollugine, mollugine verticillée.

66

NS NK QU ON BC.

Introduced; native of tropical America.

Annual; in waste places, along sandy river banks, and in cultivated crops;
occasional.

PORTULACACEAE (purslane family)

Portulaca oleracea L.

purslane,* common portulaca, common purslane, pusley, pursley, pussley, wild
portulaca.

pourpier potager,* pourpier, pourpier commun, pourpier doré, pourpier gras,
pourpier sauvage, porcelaine.

NS PE NK QU ON MB SK AB BC.

Introduced; native of Eurasia.

Annual; along roadsides, in waste places, gardens, and cultivated fields;
common.

Kiyoko and Cavers 1980.

Maps: Kiyoko and Cavers 1980, Fig. 3, p. 956; Hultén and Fries 1986, Map 706,
p. 353.

CARYOPHYLLACEAE (pink family)

Cerastium arvense L.

Cerastium arvense var. villosum (Muhlenb.) Hollick and Britton
Cerastium arvense var. viscidulum Gremli

field chickweed,* field-chickweed, meadow chickweed, whiteweed, field mouseear
(United Kingdom).

céraiste des champs,* mouron des champs à oreille de souris, mouron d'alouette.

GR (NT-K) NT-F NT-M YK AK LB NF SM NS PE NK QU ON MB SK AB BC.

Native and introduced.

67

Perennial; in open habitats, particularly common in the Prairie Provinces.

Ugborogho 1977.

Maps: Meusel et al. 1965, p. 124; Hultén and Fries 1986, Map 741, p. 371.

Cerastium fontanum Baumg. subsp. triviale (Link) Jalas
Cerastium holosteoides Fries
Cerastium vulgatum auct.

Cerastium vulgatum L. var. holosteoides (Fries) Wahlenb.
"Cerastium vulgatum L. var. holosteoides Fries"

mouse-eared chickweed,* common mouse-ear chickweed, larger mouse-ear
chickweed, chickweed, mouse-ear chickweed, common chickweed, mouseear
chickweed (United States).

céraiste vulgaire,* céraiste commun, mouron à oreille de souris.

GR YK AK (LB) PE NF SM NS NK QU ON MB SK AB BC.

Introduced; native of Eurasia.

Perennial; in open waste-places, lawns, pastures, and cultivated land; common
except in the Prairie Provinces.

Other subspecies, including subsp. fontanum, are native and nonweedy in
various parts of Europe; subsp. scandicum H. Gartner, a native of northern
Europe, extends westward to Greenland.

Hylander 1945; Jalas 1963.

Map: Hultén and Fries 1986, Map 747, p. 374.

Cerastium nutans Raf .

long-stalked chickweed,* nodding chickweed.

céraiste penché.*

NT -M QU ON MB SK AB BC.

Native.

Annual; in waste places, moderately shade-tolerant; particularly common from
Ontario westward.

68

Stellaria graminea L.

glass-leaved stitehwort,* common stitchwort, lesser stitchwort, lesser
starwort, stitchwort, little starwort (United States).

stellaire à feuilles de graminées,* mouron des champs, stellaire, stellaire
des graminées, stellaire graminoïde.

LB NF SM NS PE NK QU ON BC.

Introduced; native of Eurasia.

A mat-forming perennial; common in fields and waste places; a common weed of
hay, grain, and other field crops.

Map: Hultén and Fries 1986, Map 731, p. 366.

Stellaria media (L.) Vill.

"Stellaria media (L.) Cyrillo"

chickweed,* common starwort, common chickweed .

stellaire moyenne,* mouron des oiseaux, céraiste, cresson, herbe à Bolduc,
morgeline, morgeline d'été, mouron, mouron blanc, mouron commun, mouron des
oiseaux, stellaire, stellaire intermédiaire.

GR NT-M YK AK LB NF SM NS PE NK QU ON MB SK AB BC .

Introduced; native of Eurasia.

Annual; common in waste places; a serious weed of wheat and other cultivated
crops.

Holm et al. 1977; Turkington et al. 1980.

Maps: Turkington et al. 1980, Fig. 3, p. 985; Hultén and Fries 1986, Map 724,
p. 362.

Sagina procumbens L.

Sagina procumbens var. compacta Lange

bird's-eye pearlwort,* bird's eye pearlwort, birdseye, procumbent pearlwort ,
pearlwort.

sagine couchée,* sagine courbée, lance d'eau.

GR AK LB NF SM NS PE NK QU ON BC.

69

Introduced; native of Eurasia.

Perennial; in damp, open places, e.g., beaches, shorelines, and seepage areas;
common in Nova Scotia and Quebec.

Crow 1978.

Maps: Hultén 1958, Map 106, p. 125 (aggregate species); Meusel et al. 1965,
p. 164; Hultén and Fries 1986, Map 762, p. 381.

Arenaria serpyllifolia L.

thyme-leaved sandwort,* sand weed, sandwort, thymeleaf sandwort (United
States) .

sabline à feuilles de serpolet.*

NS PE NK QU ON SK AB BC.

Introduced; native of Eurasia.

Annual; common in waste places and as a weed of cereals, hay, and garden crops,

Map: Hultén and Fries 1986, Map 712, p. 356.

Spergula arvensis L.

Spergula arvensis var. sativa (Boenn.) Mert. and Koch

"Spergula arvensis var. sativa (Boenn.) Reichenb."

"Spergula arvensis var. sativa (Boenn.) Koch"

corn spurry,* corn-spurrey , stickwort, starwort, spurry, devil' s-gut,
sandweed, pickpurse, corn-spurry, povertyweed, common corn spurrey, corn
spurrey (United Kingdom).

spargoute des champs,* grippe, fourrage-de-disette, herbaneux, herbe à Bolduc,
spargoute, spergule, spergule des champs, spergule ordinaire, herbe de poudre.

GR NT-M YK AK NF SM NS PE NK QU ON (MB?) SK AB BC.

Introduced; native of Eurasia.

Annual; in waste places, along roadsides, in grainfields, row crops, and
gardens; common only from Quebec eastward and in southwest British Columbia.

Holm et al. 1977.

Map: Hultén and Fries 1986, Map 770, p. 385.

70

Scleranthus annuus L.

knawel,* annual knawel, German knotgrass.

scléranthe annuel,* scléranthe annuelle, granelle, granelle annuelle, herbe
aux alouettes.

NS PE NK QU ON SK AB BC.

Introduced; native of Eurasia.

Annual; occasional, in waste places, along roadsides, and in grain fields.

Map: Hulte'n and Fries 1986, Map 766, p. 383.

Agrostemma githago L.

purple cockle,* corn cockle, corn campion, corn rose, common corn cockle,
corncockle (United Kingdom).

nielle,* agrostemme, nielle des blés, agrostemme githago, agrostemme nielle,
attrape-mouche de nuit, couronne des blés, fleur de coucou, gasse, gerzeau ,
lychnide laciniée, lychnide nielle, nielle des champs, agrostemme à savon.

(AK) NS PE (NK) QU ON MB SK BC.

Introduced; native of Eurasia.

Annual; along roadsides and rarely as a weed of winter wheat and rye; the
seeds are toxic.

Mulligan and Munro 1983.

Map: Hultén and Fries 1986, Map 779, p. 390.

Silène csereii Baumg.
"Silène cserei"

biennial campion,* campion.

silène bisannuel.*

QU ON MB (SK?) AB BC.

Introduced; native of Europe.

Biennial; on railways, roadsides, and in waste places; abundant from Manitoba
to Alberta.

Chowdhuri 1957.

71

Silène noctiflora L.

Melandrium noctiflorum (L.) Fries

night-flowering catchfly,* sticky cockle, night-flowering campion,
nightflowering catchfly (United States).

silène noctiflore,* attrape-mouche, attrape-mouche de nuit, lychnide
blanche, silène de nuit, silène fleur-de-nuit, fleur de nuit, silène
nocturne.

NF NS PE NK QU ON MB SK AB BC.

Introduced; native of Europe.

Annual; in waste areas, pastures, grain fields, gardens, and along
roadsides; occasional from New Brunswick westward.

Chowhurdi 1957; McNeill 1980b.

Maps: McNeill 1980b, Fig. 2, p. 1247; Hultén and Fries 1986, Map 794, p. 397.

Silène pratensis (Raf.) Godron and Gren.
Silène alba (Miller) E.H.L. Krause
Lychnis alba Miller
Lychnis xloveae Boivin

white cockle,* white campion, evening lychnis.

lychnide blanche,* campion blanc, campion nocturne, f loquet, lychnide
coquelourde, lychnide dioïque, lychnide du soir, lychnis blanc, lychnite,
oeillet de Dieu, passe-fleur.

AK NS PE NK QU ON MB SK AB BC.

Introduced; native of Eurasia and North Africa.

Biennial or short-lived perennial; in waste places, cultivated fields,
orchards, gardens, and along roadsides; most abundant in Quebec, Ontario, and
British Columbia.

McNeill 1977, 1978; McNeill and Prentice 1981.

Map: McNeill 1977, Fig. 9, p. 1107.

Silène vulgaris (Moench) Garcke
Silène cucubalus Wibel

bladder campion,* bladder-campion, maiden 's-tears, cow-bell, rattleweed,

72

silène enflé,* pétards, péteux, silène enflée, behen blanc, carnillet ,
eornillet, péterolle, pois, silène à larges feuilles, silène cucubale,
silène gonflée, silène vésiculeux.

NF NS PE NK QU ON MB SK AB BC.

Introduced; native of Eurasia.

Perennial; in waste places, fields, gardens, and along roadsides; very
common in eastern Canada.

Chowdhuri 1957.

Map: Hultén and Fries 1986, Map 788, p. 39^.

Gypsophila paniculata L.

baby 's-breath,* baby's breath.

gypsophile paniculée,* oeillet d'amour, gysophile en panicule (France).

NT-M QU ON MB SK AB BC.

Introduced; native of Eurasia.

Perennial; a garden escape spreading into fields and along roadsides.

Darwent 1975.

Maps: Darwent 1975, Fig. 2, p. 1052; Hultén and Fries 1986, Map 800, p. 400,

Saponaria officinalis L.

bouncingbet,* soapwort, bouncing-bet, bouncing bet.

saponaire officinale,* herbe à savon, herbe à foulon, saponaire, saponaire
commune, savonière, savonnière.

NS PE NK QU ON MB SK AB BC.

Introduced; native of Eurasia.

Perennial; a garden escape, found in old fields and along roadsides; most
abundant in Ontario.

Map: Hultén and Fries 1986, Map 802, p. 401.

73

Vaccaria pyramidata Medicus
Vaccaria segetalis Garcke
"Vaccaria segetalis (Necker) Garcke"
"Vaccaria segetalis (Necker) Garcke ex Ascherson"
Saponaria vaccaria L.

cow cockle,* cowherb, cow-cockle, china cockle, cow soapwort, cow-basil.

saponaire des vaches,* gypsophile des vaches, vaccaire, saponaire vaccaire

YK AK NS (NK?) QU ON MB SK AB BC.

Introduced; native of Eurasia.

Annual; in waste places, cultivated fields, and around railway yards.

Map: Hultén and Fries 1986, Map 803, p. 402.

RANUNCULACEAE (crowfoot family)

Caltha palustris L.

Caltha palustris var. radicans (Forrest) Hartman

marsh marigold,* cowslip, king-cup, meadow-gowan ,

water-dragon, May blobs, soldiers-buttons, water goggles, May-blob,

marshmarigold (United States) .

populage des marais,* souci d'eau, populage des marécages, populage,
bouton d'or, calthe des marais, clair bassin, corbeille d'or, giron.

NT-K NT-M YK AK LB NF PE NS NK QU ON MB SK AB BC.

Native.

Perennial; in shallow water, swamps, marshes, wet meadows, and wet woods;
poisonous to humans and livestock.

Maps: Meusel et al. 1965, p. 155; Hultén and Fries 1986, Maps 822, 823,
p. 411-412.

Delphinium L.

Most species of Delphinium are reported to be poisonous to humans and
livestock.

Ewan 1945.

74

Delphinium bicolor Nutt .

low larkspur,* Montana delphinium, little larkspur (United States).

pied d'alouette bicolore.*

SK AB BC.

Native.

Perennial; in meadows and along streambanks; poisonous to livestock;
common, especially in Alberta.

Lodge et al. 1968; Looman 1975; Mulligan and Munro 1983.

Delphinium brownii Rydb.
Delphinium glaucum auct.

tall larkspur,* glaucous larkspur, larkspur, glaucous delphinium.

pied d'alouette glauque,* pied d'alouette.

NT-M YK AK SK AB BC.

Native.

Perennial; in meadows and along streambanks; poisonous to livestock;
uncommon.

Lodge et al. 1968; Mulligan and Munro 1983.

Delphinium menziesii DC.

northern dwarf larkspur.

BC.

Native.

Perennial; on plains, open hillsides, and clearings; poisonous to
livestock; occasional to uncommon.

Mulligan and Munro 1983.

Ranunculus L.
Benson 1948, 1954.

75

Ranunculus acris L.

Ranunculus acris var. latisectus G. Beck

tall buttercup,* common buttercup, buttercup, meadow buttercup, tall
crowfoot, tall field buttercup.

renoncule acre,* bassinet, boucet jaune, clair bassin, codron, herbe à la
tache, fleur-de-beurre, grenouillette, grande renoncule, jauneau, marguerite,
bouton-d'or.

jaune, moutarde, patte-de-loup, renoncule, renoncule acre du Canada, renoncule
des prés.

GR AK LB NF SM NS PE NK QU ON MB SK AB BC.

Introduced; native of Europe.

Perennial; a weed of wet localities; common.

Map: Hultén and Fries 1986, Map 844, p. 422.

Ranunculus repens L.

Ranunculus repens var. erectus DC .
Ranunculus repens var. glabratus DC.
Ranunculus repens var. villosus Lamotte

creeping buttercup,* buttercup, creeping crowfoot.

renoncule rampante,* bassin d'or, bassinet, pied-de-poule, renoncule
couchée.

GR AK LB NF SM NS PE NK QU ON AB BC.

Introduced; native of Eurasia.

Perennial; a common weed of wet open ground, ditches, and yards; common.

Map: Hulte'n and Fries 1986, Map 842, p. 421.

Ranunculus trichophyllus Chaix

Ranunculus aquatilis L. var. capillaceus auct .

white water buttercup,* hair-like water-crowfoot, water-crowfoot, white
water-buttercup, thread-leaved watercrowfoot, Whitewater buttercup (United
States) .

renoncule aquatique,* renoncule capillaire, herbe aux écrevisses, renoncule
à feuilles capillaires.

76

GR NT-K NT-F NT-M YK AK LB NF NS PE NK QU ON MB SK AB BC .

Native.

Perennial; in fresh, brackish, or calcareous ponds and slow streams.

Cook 1966.

Maps: Meusel et al. 1965, p. 163; Hultén and Fries 1986, Map, 874, p. 437.

Ranunculus trichophyllus subsp. eradicatus (Laest.) C.D.K. Cook
Ranunculus aquatilis var. codyanus (Boivin) Boivin
"Ranunculus aquatilis var. codyanus Boivin"
Ranunculus aquatilis var. eradicatus (Laest.) W. Drew
Ranunculus confervoides (Fries) Fries
Ranunculus trichophyllus subsp. lutulentus (Perr. and Song.) Vierh.

GR NT-K NT-F NT-M YK AK LB QU ON MB BC.

Uncommon.

Cook 1966.

Maps: Cook 1966, Fig. 21, p. 140; Hultén and Fries 1986, Map 874, p. 437.

BERBER ID ACE AE (barberry family)

Podophyllum peltatum L.

May-apple,* mandrake, wild jalap, may apple.

podophylle pelté,* pomme de mai, podophylle à feuilles peltées (France) .

NS QU ON.

Native.

Perennial; in rich woods, thickets, and pastures; poisonous to livestock;
generally uncommon.

Mulligan and Munro 1983.

Berberis thunbergii DC.
Japanese barberry.*

77

épine-vinette du Japon,* vinettier de Thunberg.

NS PE NK QU ON.

Introduced; native of Asia.

Shrub; spreading from cultivation to pastures and fields; uncommon.

Ahrendt 1961.

Berberis vulgaris L.

common barberry,* European barberry, barberry.

épine-vinette commune,* épine-vinette, berbéride, berbéride vulgaire,
verbéris, berbéris vulgaire, épine-vinette d'Europe, vinettier.

NF NS (PE?) NK QU ON MB BC.

Introduced; native of Eurasia.

Shrub; in thickets, pastures, and along fencerows; eradication attempted
because it is an alternative host for the fungus that causes stem rust of
wheat and cereals; common.

Ahrendt 1961.

Map: Hultén and Fries 1986, Map 886, p. 443.

PAPAVERACEAE (poppy family)

Chelidonium majus L.

greater celandine,* celandine, swallow wort.

grande chélidoine,* grande éclaire, herbe aux verrues, chélidoine ,
chélidoine commune, chélidoine éclaire, chélidoine majeure, éclair,
éclaire, felougne, grande-éclair, herbe à cors, herbe de l'hirondelle.

NF PE NK QU ON.

Introduced; native of Eurasia.

Biennial; in rich, damp soils in vicinity of towns; generally uncommon.

Map: Hultén and Fries 1986, Map 892, p. 446.

78

Dicentra canadensis (Goldie) Walpers

squirrel-corn,* squirrel corn, bleeding-heart.

dicentre du Canada,* coeurs-saignants, diclytra du Canada (France).

QU ON.

Native.

Perennial; in rich woods, possibly poisonous to livestock and causing
dermatitis in humans; occasional.

Stern 1961; Mulligan and Munro 1983.

Dicentra cucullaria (L.) Bernh.

Dutchman * s-breeches , * breeches-flower .

dicentre à capuchon,* dicentre en capuchon, dicentre cucullée, culottes de
Hollandais, diclytra à capuchon (France).

NS NK QU ON.

Native.

Perennial; in rich woods; poisonous to livestock and reported to cause
dermatitis in humans; occasional.

Stern 1961; Mulligan and Munro 1983.

Dicentra formosa (Haw.) Walpers

"Dicentra formosa (Andr.) Walpers"

Pacific bleedingheart , bleeding-heart.

BC.

Native.

Perennial; in moist woods; poisonous to livestock, causes dermatitis in
humans; uncommon to occasional.

Mulligan and Munro 1983.

Fumaria officinalis L.

fumitory,* common fumitory, earth-smoke.

79

fumeterre officinale,* fumeterre, fiel de terre, herbe à la jaunisse,
fumeterre officinal, bec d'alouette.

NF SM NS PE NK QU ON MB SK AB BC .

Introduced; native of Eurasia.

Annual; in cultivated and waste ground; poisonous to humans and livestock;
uncommon.

Map: Hultén and Fries 1986, Map 900, p. 450.

CRUCIFERAE (mustard family)

(Rollins 1981)

Lepidium L.
Mulligan 1961.

Lepidium campestre (L.) R.Br.

field pepper-grass,* cow-cress, field-cress, field pepperweed, cow cress,
pepperwort, field cress, field pepperwort (United Kingdom).

lépidie des champs,* cresson des champs, passerage, passerage des champs,
passerage sauvage, nasitort (France).

NF NS PE NK QU ON AB BC.

Introduced; native of Eurasia.

Annual; in waste places, fields, and along roadsides; poisonous to
livestock; common especially in Ontario and Quebec.

Maps: Mulligan 1961, Fig. 12, p. 82; Hultén and Fries 1986, Map 977, p. 489.

Lepidium densiflorum Schrader

common pepper-grass,* pepper-grass, common peppergrass, peppergrass,
greenf lower pepperweed, green-flowered peppergrass, prairie pepper-grass

lépidie densiflore,* passerage, passerage apétale, passerage densiflore,
passerage lépidie.

NT-M YK AK LB NF NS PE NK QU ON MB SK AB BC.

80

Native.

Annual; along roadsides and in waste places.

Maps: Mulligan 1961, Fig. 13, p. 85; Hultén and Fries 1986, Map 979, p. 490

Lepidium densiflorum var. densiflorum

NT-M YK AK LB NF NS PE NK QU ON MB SK AB BC .

Common.

Map: Mulligan 1961, Fig. 13, p. 85.

Lepidium densiflorum var. elongatum (Rydb.) Thell.

YK AK SK AB BC .

Uncommon.

Map: Mulligan 1961, Fig. 13, p. 85.

Lepidium densiflorum var. macrocarpum G.A. Mulligan

MB SK AB BC.

Uncommon.

Map: Mulligan 1961, Fig. 13, p. 85.

Lepidium densiflorum var. publicarpum (A. Nelson) Thell

BC.

Uncommon.

Map: Mulligan 1961, Fig. 13, p. 85.

Lepidium perfoliatum L.

clasping-leaved pepper-grass,* yellowf lower pepperweed (United States).

lépidie perfoliée.*

QU ON SK AB BC.

81

Introduced; native of Eurasia.

Annual; in waste places, fields, and along roadsides; uncommon.

Map: Mulligan 1961, Fig. 12, p. 82.

Lepidium virginicum L.

poor-man's pepper-grass,* poor-man' s-pepper, pepper-grass, poor man's
pepper, poor-man's peppergrass, Virginia pepperweed.

lépidie de Virginie,* lépidie, passerage, passerage de Virginie, passerage
sauvage.

NF NS PE NK QU ON BC.

Native.

Annual; on dry open soils, along roadsides, and in waste places; uncommon.

Maps: Mulligan 1961, Fig. 12, p. 82; Hultén and Fries 1986, Map 978, p. 489

Cardaria chalepensis (L.) Hand.-Mazz.

Cardaria draba subsp. chalepenis (L.) O.E. Schulz
Cardaria draba var. repens (Schrenk) O.E. Schulz

lens-podded hoary cress,* heart-pod, hoary cress, chalapa hoary cress.

cranson rampant.*

ON MB SK AB BC.

Introduced; native of Europe.

Perennial; in waste places, fields, and along roadsides; common in
Saskatchewan, Alberta, and Manitoba.

Mulligan and Frankton 1962; Mulligan and Findlay 1974.

Maps: Mulligan and Findlay 1974, Fig. 6, p. 154; Hultén and Fries 1986,
Map 982, p. 491.

Cardaria draba (L.) Desv.
Lepidium draba L.

heart-podded hoary cress,* heart-pod, hoary cress, white-weed, white-top,
perennial peppergrass.

82

cranson dravier.*

(NS) (QU) ON MB SK AB BC.

Introduced; native of Eurasia.

Perennial; in waste places, fields, and along roadsides; poisonous to
livestock; common.

Mulligan and Frankton 1962; Mulligan and Findlay 1974.

Maps: Mulligan and Frankton 1962, Fig. 8, p. 1423; Mulligan and Findlay
1974, Fig. 5, p. 154; Hultén and Fries 1986, Map 982, p. 491.

Cardaria pubescens (C.A. Meyer) Jarmolenko
"Cardaria pubescens (C.A. Meyer) Rollins"
Cardaria pubescens var. elongata Rollins

globe-podded hoary cress,* globe-pod, hoary cress, hairy whitetop
(United States).

cranson velu.*

MB SK AB BC.

Introduced; native of Eurasia.

Perennial; in waste places, fields, and along roadsides; common in
Saskatchewan and Alberta.

Mulligan and Frankton 1962; Mulligan and Findlay 1974.

Maps: Mulligan and Frankton 1962, Fig. 10, p. 1423; Mulligan and Findlay
1974, Fig. 7, p. 154.

Thlaspi arvense L.

stinkweed,* field thlaspi, field penny -cress, Frenchweed,

ithridate-mustard, fanweed, pennycress, common penny-cress, field pennycress ,

field penny cress.

tabouret des champs,* cennes, ail sauvage, cents, herbe-aux-écus, herbe
violette, monayère, tabouret, thlaspi, thlaspi des champs, monnoyère, herbe
aux écus.

GR NT-M YK AK LB NF SM NS PE NK QU ON MB SK AB BC.

Introduced; native of Eurasia.

83

Annual; in waste places, fields, and along roadsides, a troublesome weed of
grainfields; poisonous to livestock; common.

Best and Mclntyre 1975.

Maps: Best and Mclntyre 1975, Fig. 3, p. 283; Hultén and Fries 1986, Map 974,
p. 487.

Alliaria petiolata (Bieb.) Cavara & Grande
Alliaria officinalis Andrz.

garlic mustard,* hedge garlic, garlic-mustard.

alliaire officinale,* alliaire.

QU ON BC.

Introduced; native of Eurasia.

Biennial; along roadsides, in open woods, and near habitations; uncommon to
ocasional.

Cavers et al. 1979.

Maps: Cavers et al. 1979, Fig. 3, p. 220; Hultén and Fries 1986, Map 907,
p. 454.

Sisymbrium altissimum L.

tumble mustard,* tumble-mustard, Jim Hill mustard, tumbling mustard, tall
rocket, tall sisymbrium, tall tumble mustard.

sisymbre élevé,* herbe aux chantres, herbe roulante, sisymbre de Hongrie,
sisymbre officinal, sisymbre très élevé, sisymbre très haute, moutarde,
moutarde roulante.

(GR?) NT-M (YK) AK NF NS PE NK QU ON MB SK AB BC.

Introduced; native of Eurasia.

Annual; in wasteplaces, fields, and along roadsides; poisonous to liestock;
common in Quebec and westward.

Map: Hultén and Fries 1986, Map 904, p. 452.

Sisymbrium loeselii L.

tall hedge mustard,* Loesel's hedge mustard, Loesel's tumble mustard,
false Lodon-rocket (United Kingdom).

84

sisymbre de Loesel,* sisymbre très haute, sisymbre très élevé, sisymbre élevé
de Loesel.

QU ON MB SK AB BC .

Introduced; native of Eurasia.

Annual; in old fields and waste places; occasional to common.

Map: Hultén and Fries 1986, Map 903, p. 452.

Sisymbrium officinale (L.) Scop.

Sisymbrium officinale var. leiocarpum DC.

hedge mustard,* hedge-mustard, common tumble mustard.

sisymbre officinal,* erysimum, herbe au chantre, moutarde des haies, tortelle ,
vélar, vélar officinal, herbes aux chantres (France).

(AK?) NF (SM?) NS PE NK QU ON MB AB BC.

Introduced; native of Eurasia.

Annual; in fields and waste places; poisonous to livestock; common.

Map: Hultén and Fries 1986, Map 905, p. 453-

Descurainia pinnata (Walter) Britton

western tansy mustard, tansy mustard, short-fruited sisymbrium, tansymustard
(United States) .

sisymbre à fruits courts, moutarde tanaise, moutarde à fruits courts, sagesse
des chirurgiens, sisymbre vert, sisymbre à feuilles découpées, sisymbre à
fruits courts, sisymbre blanchâtre, sisymbre sagesse.

NT-M QU ON QU ON MB SK AB BC.

Native.

Annual; on dry sands and in waste places; poisonous to livestock.

Descurainia pinnata var. brachycarpa (Richardson) Fernald
Sisymbrium brachycarpon Richardson

green tansy mustard.*

85

moutarde tanaisie verte.*

NT-M QU ON SK AB BC.

Poisonous to livestock; occasional.

Mulligan and Munro 1983.

Descurainia pinnata var. filipes (A. Gray) Peck

QU ON SK AB BC.

Occasional; common in British Columbia.

Descurainia richardsonii (Sweet) O.E. Schulz
Sisymbrium hartwegianum E. Fourn.

gray tansy mustard,* grey tansy mustard, tansy mustard, Richardson tansy
mustard, Richardson's tansy mustard.

moutarde tanaisie grise,* sisymbre de Hartweg, sisymbre gris, sisymbre touffu.

NT-M YK AK QU ON MB SK AB BC.

Native.

Annual; on calcareous gravels, prairie, in waste places, and along roadsides;
common especially in the Prairie Provinces.

Descurainia sophia (L.) Webb ex Prantl
"Descurainia sophia (L.) Webb"
Sisymbrium sophia L.

flixweed,* herb-sophia, tansy mustard.

sagesse-des-chirurgiens,* sagesse des chirurgiens, asperge, sagesse, science
des chirurgiens, sisymbre des chirurgiens, sisymbre parviflore, sisymbre
sagesse, sisymbre sophia.

GR NT-M YK NF NS PE NK QU ON MB SK AB BC .

Introduced; native of Eurasia.

Annual; along roadsides and in waste places; common; one of the most abundant
weeds of the prairies.

Best 1977.

86

Maps: Best 1977, Fig. 2, p. 502; Hultén and Fries 1986, Map 906, p. 453.

Diplotaxis muralis (L.) DC.

sand-rocket,* wall rocket, wall-mustard, stinkweed, stinking wall-rocket,
annual wall-rocket (United Kingdom), stinking wallrocket (United States).

diplotaxis des murs.*

NS PE NK QU ON MB SK AB.

Introduced; native of Europe.

Annual or biennial; in waste places or along roadsides; occasional.

Map: Hultén and Fries 1986, Map 987, p. 494.

Diplotaxis tenuifolia (L.) DC.

wall-rocket,* narrow-leaved wall-rocket, perennial wall-rocket, (United
Kingdom), slimleaf wall-rocket (United States).

diplotaxis à feuilles ténues.*

NS NK QU ON BC.

Introduced; native of Europe.

Perennial; along roadsides and in waste places; common.

Map: Hultén and Fries 1986, Map 986, p. 493.

Erucastrum gallicum (Willd.) O.E. Schulz

dog mustard,* dog-mustard, common dog mustard, hairy rocket (United
Kingdom) .

moutarde des chiens,* fausse roquette.

NF NS PE NK QU ON MB SK AB BC .

Introduced; native of Europe.

Annual; along roadsides, in fields, and waste places; common.

Map: Hultén and Fries 1986, Map 993, p. 497.

87

Brassica juncea (L,) Czern .
"Brassica juncea (L.) Cosson"
Brassica juncea var. crispifolia Bailey

Indian mustard,* Chinese mustard, leaf mustard, brown mustard,
leaf-mustard.

moutarde de l'Inde,* moutarde, moutarde cultivée, moutarde joncée, moutarde
sauvage.

NT-M (AK?) NF (NS) (PE) (NK) QU (ON) (MB) SK AB BC.

Introduced; native of Asia.

Annual; a cultivated species sometimes becoming weedy; poisonous to
livestock; common.

Map: Hultén and Fries 1986, Map 989, p. 495.

Brassica nigra (L.) Koch

black mustard. *

moutarde noire,* moutarde, moutarde sauvage, petit bouquet jaune, sénevé,
sénevé noir.

NF SM NS (PE?) NK QU ON BC.

Introduced; native of Eurasia and North Africa.

Annual; formerly much cultivated; persisting after cultivation and spreading
to waste places; occasional to common.

Map: Hultén and Fries 1986, Map 990, p. 495.

Brassica rapa L.

Brassica campestris L.

bird rape,* bird's rape, field mustard, field-mustard, wild turnip, rutabaga,
bird-rape.

moutarde des oiseaux,* navette, chou champêtre, chourave, colza,
colza-navette, moutarde, moutarde champêtre, chou-rave, rave, moutarde
d'Allemagne, moutarde des champs, moutarde sauvage, navet sauvage, navette
d'Allemagne, navette des oiseaux, navette d'été, navette fourragère, navette
oléagineuse, navette sauvage, sénevé à feuilles lisses.

GR NT-M YK AK LB NF NS PE NK QU ON MB SK AB BC .

Introduced; native of Eurasia.

88

Annual; a cultivated species, spread to waste places; common.
Map: Hultén and Fries 1986, Map 988, p. 494.

Sinapis alba L.

Brassica hirta Moench

white mustard,* charlock, tame mustard, rough mustard.

moutarde blanche,* moutarde cultivée, moutarde rude, sénevé, petit bouquet
jaune, moutarde anglaise, moutarde.

GR (YK) PE NK QU ON MB SK AB BC .

Introduced; native of the Mediterranean area.

Annual; a very occasional escape from cultivation; uncommon.

Map: Hultén and Fries 1986, Map 992, p. 496.

Sinapis arvensis L.

Brassica arvensis auct. non L., nom. illeg.
Brassica kaber (DC.) Wheeler
Brassica kaber var. orientalis (L.) Scoggan
Brassica kaber var. pinnatifida (Stokes) Wheeler
Brassica kaber var. schkuhriana (Reichenb.) Wheeler

wild mustard,* charlock, field mustard, field kale, crunch-weed, mustard,
kedlock.

moutarde des champs,* moutarde d'été, jotte, moutarde commune, moutarde,
moutarde sauvage, petit bouquet jaune, sanve, sauve, sendre, séné, sénevé,
sénevé des champs, snôve, ravonille.

GR NT-M YK (AK) LB NF SM NS PE NK QU ON MB SK AB BC .

Introduced; native of Eurasia and North Africa.

Annual; a common weed of fields and waste places; poisonous to livestock.

Mulligan and Bailey 1975; Mulligan and Munro 1983.

Maps: Mulligan and Bailey 1975, Fig. 6, p. 176; Hultén and Fries 1986,
Map 991, p. 496.

Raphanus raphanistrum L.

wild radish,* jointed charlock, jointed radish, jointed wild radish.

89

radis sauvage,* rave sauvage, moutarde, moutarde des champs, radis-rouge, rave
sauvage, ravenelle.

GR LB NF SM NS PE NK QU ON (MB?) SK AB BC.

Introduced; native of Eurasia.

Annual; a weed of grainfields and waste places; poisonous to livestock; common
in the Maritime Provinces and Quebec.

The introduced weed is referable to subsp. raphanistrum; other subspecies
occur as weeds and seashore plants in Europe and around the Mediterranean Sea,
but have not been found in Canada.

Map: Hultén and Fries 1986, Map 996, p. 498.

Barbarea vulgaris R. Br.

Barbarea vulgaris var. arcuata (Opiz) Fries
Barbarea vulgaris var. brachycarpa Rouy and Foucaud
Barbarea vulgaris var. sylvestris Fries

yellow rocket,* common winter-cress, winter-cress, common winter cress, winter
cress, herb barbara.

barbarée vulgaire,* cresson d'hiver, herbe de Sainte-Barbe, cresson de terre,
barbarée, barbarée commune, cresson, moutarde, roquette des marais, roquette
jaune, vélar d'Orient.

NT-M YK AK LB NF SM NS PE NK QU ON MB SK AB BC.

Introduced; native of Eurasia.

Biennial; a weed of cultivated fields, roadsides, and waste places; reported
as poisonous to livestock; common.

Mulligan and Munro 1983.

Map: Hultén and Fries 1986, Map 919, p. 460.

Rorippa Scop.

Jonsell 1968; Stuckey 1972.

Rorippa austriaca (Crantz) Besser

Austrian yellow cress,* Austrian cress, Austrian yellow-cress (United
Kingdom), austrian fieldcress (United States).

90

cresson d'Autricne.*

MB SK AB.

Introduced; native of Eurasia.

Perennial; in low fields and on muddy snores; uncommon.

Map: Hultén and Fries 1986, Map 924, p. 462.

Rorippa sylvestris (L.) Besser
"Horippa silvestris"

creeping yellow cress,* wood watercress, water-rocket, creeping yellow-cress
(United Kingdom), yellow fieldcress (United States).

rorippe sylvestre,* cresson des bois, cresson jaune, rorippa sylvestre, herbe
à l'oie.

GH NF NS PE NK QU ON MB SK AB BC .

Introduced; native of Europe.

Perennial; in meadows, along shores and roadsides; common.

Map: Hultén and Fries 1986, Map 922, p. 461.

Nasturtium officinale R. Br.

Roripa nasturtium-aquaticum (L.) HayeK
"Roripa nasturtium-aquaticum (L.) Schinz & Thell."

water-cress,* watercress, water cress, true water cress, common water
cress.

cresson de fontaine,* cresson, cresson officinal.

NS QU ON AB BC.

Introduced; native of Eurasia.

Perennial; along brooks and in meadows; a weed of silviculture; common.

Map: Hultén and Fries 19b6, Map 9^5, p. 463.

Capsella bursa-pastoris (L.) Medicus

Capsella bursa-pastoris var. bifida Crépin

shepherd' s-purse,* common snepherd's-purse, pickpocket, shepherd's purse,
pick-pocKet, shepnerdspurse (United States).

91

bourse-à-pasteur,* tabouret, bourse à berger, boursette, capselle, capselle
bourse-à-pasteur, corne de lion, tabouret des champs, thlaspi, thlaspi bourse
à pasteur, bourse à pasteur.

GR NT-F LB NF SM MB SK AB BC.

Introduced; native of Eurasia.

Annual; a common weed of roadsides, fields, and waste places.

Holm et al. 1977.

Map: Hultén and Fries 1986, Map 971, p. 486.

Camelina microcarpa Andrz. ex DC.

small-seeded false flax,* smallseed falseflax, little-podded false flax.

caméline à petits fruits,* caméline à petites graines.

NF NS PE NK AB BC.

Introduced; native of Eurasia.

Annual; along roadsides, in fields and waste places; poisonous to livestock;
common.

Camelina parodii Ibarra & LaPorte
Camelina dentata auct.

flat-seeded false flax.*

caméline à graines plates.*

MB SK AB.

Introduced; native of Eurasia.

Annual; in waste places and cultivated fields; uncommon.

Camelina sativa (L.) Crantz

large-seeded false flax,* gold-of -pleasure, false flax, largeweed falseflax,
western false flax, Dutch flax.

caméline faux lin,* caméline, caméline à graines mucilagineuses, caméline
cultivée, caméline de l'Ouest, faux lin, moutarde, faux lin de l'Ouest, petit
lin, sésame d'Allemagne, faux-lin, sésame bâtard, caméline faux-lin.

92

NT-M (AK?) NS QU ON MB SK AB BC.

Introduced; native of Eurasia.

Annual; along roadsides, in cultivated fields and waste places; occasional.

Map: Hultén and Fries 1986, Map 969, p. 485.

Neslia paniculata (L.) Desv.

ball mustard,* ball-mustard, common ball mustard, yellow weed, neslia.

neslie paniculée,* neslie, moutarde.

NT-M YK AK NF NS PE NK QU ON MB SK AB BC.

Introduced; native of Eurasia.

Annual; in waste places and grainfields; occasional.

Map: Hultén and Fries 1986, Map 970, p. 485.

Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) Heynold
"Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) Schur"

mouse-ear-cress,* thale cress, mouse-ear cress, common mouse-ear cress,
mouseearcress (United States).

QU ON BC.

Introduced; native of Eurasia.

Annual to biennial; along roadsides, in waste places and dry fields;
occasional.

Cayouette et al. 1983.

Map: Hultén and Fries 1986, Map 909, p. 455.

Arabis glabra (L.) Bernh.
Turritis glabra L.

tower mustard,* tower-mustard, glaborous arabis.

arabette glabre,* tourette, moutarde blanche, moutarde glabre, tourette glabre

YK AK QU ON MB SK AB BC.

93

Native.

Biennial; along ledges and cliffs, in thickets and fields; common in Ontario
and British Columbia.

Maps: Meusel et al. 1965, p. 190; Hultén and Fries 1986, Map 938, p. 469.

Erysimum asperum (Nutt.) DC.

p rairie-rocket . *

vélar des prairies.*

QU ON MB SK AB (BC).

Native.

Biennial; on dry prairies, bluffs, and sandy soils; common in the Prairie
Provinces.

Rossbach 1958.

Erysimum cheiranthoides L.

wormseed mustard,* wormseed-mustard, common treacle-mustard, treacle mustard,
wormseed wallflower.

vélar fausse giroflée,* herbe aux chantres, moutarde, vélar giroflée, herbe au
chantre.

NT-M YK AK NF NS PE NK QU ON MB SK AB BC.

Introduced; native of Eurasia.

Annual; in waste places, cultivated fields, and rich meadows; poisonous to
livestock; common, especially in Ontario and Quebec.

Rossbach 1958.

Map: Hultén and Fries 1986, Map 916, p. 458.

Erysimum hieraciifolium L.

tall wormseed mustard.*

vélar à feuilles d'épervière. *

94

NS QU ON SK.

Introduced; native of Europe.

Biennial; in fields, waste places, and along roadsides; occasional.

Rossback 1958; Mulligan and Frankton 1967.

Map: Hultén and Fries 1986, Map 915, p. 458.

Erysimum inconspicuum (S. Watson) MacMillan

small-flowered prairie-rocket,* small-flowered rocket, small-flowered
wallflower, small-flowered prairie rocket.

vélar à petites fleurs.*

NT-M YK NS NK QU ON MB SK AB BC.

Native.

Perennial; on dry open soils; common, particularly in Ontario and westward.

Rossbach 1958.

Berteroa incana (L.) DC.

hoary alyssum,* hoary false alyssum, hoary alison (United Kingdom).

berteroa blanche,* alysse.

NS NK QU ON MB SK (AB) BC.

Introduced; native of Eurasia.

Annual; in fields and waste places; common, particularly in Ontario.

Map: Hultén and Fries 1986, Map 946, p. 473.

Hesperis matronalis L.

dame's-rocket,* common dame's violet, dame's violet, dame's violet, sweet
rocket, mother-of-the-evening, damask violet, damesviolet (United States).

julienne des dames,* cassolette, damas, giroflée musquée, julienne, hespéride
des jardins, hespéris matrone, julienne des jardins, roquette.

(NT-M?) AK NF NS PE NK QU ON MB SK AB BC.

95

Introduced; native of Eurasia.

Perennial; a garden escape, along roadsides, thickets, and in open woods;
common, especially in Ontario.

Map: Hultén and Fries 1986, Map 917, p. 459.

Bunias orientalis L.

Turkish rocket,* warty cabbage (United Kingdom).

bunias d'Orient.*

NS NK QU (BC?).

Introduced; native of Eurasia.

Biennial; in waste places and meadows; uncommon.

Map: Hultén and Fries 1986, Map 914, p. 457.

Conringia orientalis (L.) Dumort .

hare's-ear mustard,* hare's-ear-mustard, rabbit 's-ear, hare's-ear,
haresearmustard (United States).

vélar d'Orient,* barbarée commune, conrigia oriental, herbe de Sainte-Barbe,
conringia.

(GR?) NF NS PE NK QU ON MB SK AB BC.

Introduced; native of Eurasia.

Annual; in waste places, along roadsides, and in fields; poisonous to
livestock; common, particularly in the Prairie Provinces.

CAPPARIDACEAE (caper family)

Cleome serrulata Pursh

pink beeplant,* pink bee-plant, spider-flower, Rocky Mountain bee-plant, bee
plant, stinkingclover, bee spiderf lower, Rocky Mountain beeplant.

cléome denté,* cléome à feuilles dentelées.

QU ON MB SK AB BC.

96

Native.

Annual; on prairie, damp sandy soils, in waste places, and along roadsides;
common, particularly in the prairies.

ROSACEAE (rose family)

Spiraea alba Du Roi

narrow-leaved meadowsweet,* meadow-sweet, meadowsweet, white spiraea, white
meadowsweet, narrowleaf meadowsweet (United States).

spirée blanche,* thé du Canada.

QU ON MB SK AB.

Native.

Shrub; in wet meadows, on swampy ground, and along shorelines; common.

Spiraea latifolia (Aiton) Borkh.

"Spiraea alba var. latifolia (Aiton) Boivin"
Spiraea alba var. latifolia (Aiton) Ahles
Spiraea latifolia var. septentrionalis Fernald

broad-leaved meadowsweet,* meadowsweet, meadow-sweet, broadleaf spirea ,
large-leaved meadowsweet.

spirée à larges feuilles,* thé du Canada, spirée sauvage, bois d'Inde, herbe à
cheval, reine des prés, aleillant, spirée à feuilles larges (France).

LB NF SM NS PE NK QU ON MB.

Native.

Shrub; on low ground; common.

Hall et al. 1974.

Map: Hall et al. 1974, Fig. 2, p. 143.

Spiraea tomentosa L.

Spiraea tomentosa var. rosea (Rafin.) Fernald

hardhack,* steeple-bush, tomentose meadow-sweet, steeple-bush spiraea,
steeplebush.

97

spirée tomenteuse,* thé au Canada, spirée rose, reine des prés, reine ces prés
du Canada, spirée, spirée cotonneuse.

NS PE NK QU ON.

Native.

Shrub; in sterile meadows and pastures; common.

Aronia melanocarpa (Michaux) Elliot

Pyrus arDutifolia (L.) L.f. var. nigra Willd.
Pyrus melanocarpa (Michaux) Willd.

blacK choKederry.*

aronie à fruit noir,* gueules noires, aronie noire, aronie naine.

LB NF NS PE NK QU ON.

Native.

Shruo; in low wooos, wet thickets, and on swampy ground; common.

Hall et al. 1978.

Map: Hall et al. 1978, Fig. 2, p. 502.

Aronia prumfolia (Marshall) Rehder
Aronia floribunda (Lindley) Spach

Pyrus arbutifolia (L.) L.f. var. atropurpurea (Britton) hobinson
Pyrus floribunda Lindley

purple chokeberry.*

aronie à feuille de prunier.*

LB NF SM NS PE NK QU ON.

Native.

Shrub; in peat, low thickets, and wet to dry clearings; common.

Crataegus crus-galli L. sensu lato
Crataegus crus-galli sensu stricto
Crataegus fontanesiana (Spach) Steud .

cockspur hawthorn, cockspur thorn.

98

aubépine ergot-de-coq, ergot-de-coq, aubépine ergot de coq, épine ergot de coq
(France) .

ON QU.

Native.

A small tree; abandoned or poorly managed agricultural land; common.

Dickinson 1985.

Fragaria virginiana Duchesne

strawberry,* Virginia strawberry, wild strawberry.

fraisier des champs,* fraise des bois, fraise des champs, fraisier, fraisier
commun, fraisier de Virginie, fraisier du Canada, fraisier écarlate, fraisier
sauvage, fraisier virginien.

NT-K NT-M (YK) AK LB NF SM NS (PE) NK QU ON MB SK (AB) BC.

Native.

Perennial; in fields and at the borders of woods; reported to be poisonous to
livestock.

Subspecies glauca (= Fragaria glauca (Wats.) Rydb.) is sometimes divided into
a western variety, var. glauca, which occurs in YK AK SK AB and BC, and an
eastern variety, var. terrae-novae, which occurs in LB (SM?) NF NS PE NK QU ON
and MB.

Fragaria virginiana subsp. virginiana

NS NK PE QU ON MB SK AB BC .

Common.

Fragaria virginiana subsp. glauca (S. Watson) Staudt
Fragaria glauca (Wats.) Rydb.
Fragaria virginiana var. glauca Watson
Fragaria virginiana var. terrae-novae (Rydb.) Fernald

NT-M AK YK LB SM NF NS PE NK QU ON MB SK AB BC.

Common, especially in the Prairie Provinces and British Columbia.

99

Rubus allegheniensis Porter

Rubus Sect. Allegheniese L.H. Bailey

Allegheny blackberry,* common blackberry, sow-teat blackberry.

ronce des Alléghanys,* mûrier, ronce alléghanienne, mûres.

(NS) PE NK QU ON BC.

Shrub; in thickets and clearings; occasional.

Rubus hispidus L.

Rubus hispidus var. cuplifer L.H. Bailey
Rubus hispidus var. obovalis Fernald

trailing blackberry,* dewberry, hispid blackberry.

ronce hispide.*

NS PE NK QU ON.

Native.

Shrub; on moist or dry open soils, in ditches, swales, and open woods;
occasional to uncommon.

Jensen and Hall 1979.

Map: Jensen and Hall 1979, Fig. 3, p. 771.

Rubus idaeus L.

raspberry, garden raspberry.

framboisier, framboisier des jardins, ronce du mont Ida.

NT-K NT-M YK AK LB NF (SM) NS PE NK QU ON MB SK AB BC.

Native and introduced subspecies.

Shrub; in thickets, open woods, and fields.

The red raspberries, Rubus idaeus, form a variable complex that has a
circumpolar distribution. The European and east Asiatic populations, which
constitute subsp. idaeus, are introduced in eastern North America. Native
North American red raspberries usually have been distinguished at specific,
subspecific, or varietal level under the epithet strigosus, but Hara (1952),
Boivin (1955), and Hultén (1971) do not believe that the Eurasian raspberries

100

can be distinguished from the North American ones. Consequently, the native
plants are referred here to Rubus idaeus subsp. melanolasius (= Rubus idaeus
var. aculeatissimus) .

Rubus idaeus subsp. idaeus

(NF?) (NS?) PE QU (ON).

Introduced; native of Europe.

Uncommon.

Map: Hultén and Fries 1986, Map 1053, p. 527.

Rubus idaeus subsp. melanolasius (Dieck) Focke

Rubus idaeus var. aculeatissimus Regel and Tiling

Rubus idaeus subsp. sachalinensis (Léveillé) Focke

Rubus idaeus subsp. sachalinensis var. peramoenus (Greene) Fernald

Rubus idaeus subsp. sachalinensis var. sachalinensis

Rubus idaeus var. strigosus (Michaux) Maxim.

Rubus idaeus subsp. strigosus var. canadensis Richardson ex Fernald

Rubus melanolasius Focke

Rubus strigosus Michaux

wild red raspberry,* wild raspberry, American red raspberry.

framboisier sauvage,* ronce framboisier.

NT-K NT-M YK AK LB NF (SM) NS PE NK QU ON MB SK AB BC.

Native.

Common .

Map: Hultén and Fries 1986, Map 1053, p. 527.

Rubus odoratus L.

Rubus odoratus var. malachophyllus Fernald

flowering raspberry,* purple-flowering raspberry, thimbleberry , raspberry,

chapeaux rouges,* calottes, framboisier sauvage, ronce odorante.

NS NK QU ON.

Native.

Shrub; in thickets and at the borders of woods; common.

101

Potentilla anserina L.

silverweed,* silverweed cinquefoil (United States).

potentille anserine,* argentine, richette, anserine, argent, argentine, bee
d'oie, drisérine, herbe, potentille, herbe à clef, herbe aux oies, iris
d'Argentine, panne, pied d'oie, quintefeuille.

GR NT-K NT-M YK AK LB NF SM NS PE NK QU ON MB SK AB BC.

Native.

Perennial; on gravelly or sandy shores and flats; common.

Some authors include Potentilla egedii Wormsk., a native arctic species, in
Potentilla anserina, where it is usually regarded as comprising a number of
subspecies (Hultén 1968) or varieties (Boivin 1967). Rousi (1965) treats
these populations as forming a single subspecies and includes the native
Pacific Coast species Potentilla pacifica J.T. Howell as a subspecies of
Potentilla anserina.

Rousi 1965.

Maps: Meusel et al. 1965, p. 218; Hultén and Fries 1986, Map 1097, p. 549.

Potentilla argentea L.

silvery cinquefoil,* hoary cinquefoil (United Kingdom).

potentille argentée,* argentine, potentilles.

NF SM NS PE NK QU ON MB SK AB BC.

Introduced; native of Europe.

Perennial; in dry open localities, e.g., pastures, roadsides, lawns, and waste
places; common.

Werner and Soule 1976.

Maps: Werner and Soule 1976, Fig. 4C, p. 597; Hultén and Fries 1986,
Map 1106, p. 553.

Potentilla fruticosa L. subsp. floribunda (Pursh) Elkington
Potentilla fruticosa var. fruticosa
Potentilla fruticosa var. tenuifolia Lehm.
Potentilla floribunda Pursh

shrubby cinquefoil,* golden-hardhack, widdy, yellow tundra-rose, buckrush,
gold-withy, yellow rose, tundra rose.

102

potentille frutescente.*

(NT-K) NT-M YK AK LB NF SM NS NK QU ON MB SK AB BC.

Native.

Shrub; in dry to moist localities at low to subalpine elevations; common.

Elkington (1969) restricts Potentilla fruticosa subsp. fruticosa to diploid
populations from northern Europe; the tetraploid subsp. floribunda is found in
Eurasia and North America.

Elkington 1969; Klackenberg 1983 .

Maps: Meusel et al. 1965, p. 214; Klackenberg 1983, Fig. 1, p. 183; Hultén
and Fries 1986, Map 1095, p. 548.

Potentilla gracilis Douglas ex Hooker

slender cinquefoil,* cinquefoil, graceful cinquefoil.

potentille gracieuse.*

YK AK PE QU ON MB SK AB BC.

Native.

Perennial; in fresh to brackish meadows and on prairie.

Potentilla gracilis var. flabelliformis (Lehm.) Nutt. ex Torrey & A. Gray
Potentilla flabelliformis Lehm.

AK(0N?) MB SK AB BC.

Occasional; common in Saskatchewan and Alberta.

Potentilla gracilis var. gracilis

YK AK PE QU ON MB SK AB BC.

Occasional; common in Saskatchewan and Alberta.

Potentilla gracilis var. glabrata (Lehm.) C.L. Hitchc.
YK AK (ON?) MB SK AB BC.

103

Occasional .

Potentllla gracilis var. pulcherrima (Lehm.) Fernald

QU ON MB SK AB BC.

Occasional; common in Alberta and Saskatchewan.

Potentilla inclinata Vill .

Potentilla canescens Besser

Potentilla intermedia var. canescens Rupr .

silvery cinquefoil, downy cinquefoil (United States).

PE QU ON.

Introduced; native of Europe.

Perennial; along roadsides and in old fields; uncommon.

Map: Hultén & Fries 1986, Map 1107, p. 554.

Potentilla intermedia L.

downy cinquefoil.*

potentille intermédiaire.*

NF NS PE NK QU ON.

Introduced; native of Eurasia.

Biennial or short-lived perennial; along roadsides and in old fields; uncommon
to occasional.

Map: Hultén and Fries 1986, Map 1111, p. 556.

Potentilla norvegica L.

Potentilla norvegica var. hirsuta (Michaux) Lehm.

Potentilla norvegica var. labradorica (Lehm.) Fernald

Potentilla norvegica subsp. monspeliensis (L.) Ascherson & Graebner

rough cinquefoil,* upright cinquefoil, ternate-leaved cinquefoil, Norwegian
cinquefoil.

potentille de Norvège,* potentille, potentille de Montpellier, potentille
dressée, potentille jaune.

104

GR (NT-K) NT-M YK AK LB NF SM NS PE NK QU ON MB SK AB BC .

Native.

Biennial to short-lived perennial; in waste places, thickets, grainfields,
pastures, gardens, hay fields, and along roadsides; common.

Werner and Soule 1976.

Maps: Werner and Soule 1976, Fig. 4B, p. 597; Hultén and Fries 1986,
Map 1110, p. 555.

Potentilla recta L.

Potentilla recta var. obscura (Nestler) Koch
Potentilla recta var. pilosa (Willd.) Ledeb .
Potentilla recta var. sulphurea (Lam. & DC.) Peyr.

sulfur cinquefoil,* erect cinquefoil, rough-fruited cinquefoil .

potentille dressée,* potentille droite.

NF NS PE NK QU ON MB AB BC.

Introduced; native of Europe.

Perennial; in dry fields, along roadsides, and in waste places; uncommon.

Werner and Soule 1976.

Maps: Werner and Soule 1976, Map 4A, p. 597; Hultén and Fries 1986, Map 1112,
p. 556.

Alchemilla L.

Roland and Smith 1969.

Alchemilla

The name Alchemilla vulgaris L. has been applied to many North American floras
and to an aggregate of all the following species, excluding Alchemilla alpina .

Alchemilla filicaulis Buser
lady 's-mantle .
pied-de-lion (France).

105

GR LB NF SM NS QU ON.

Introduced; native of Europe.

Perennial; on cool to wet rocks and along brooksides.

Alchemilla filicaulis Buser subsp. filicaulis

Alchemilla vulgaris L. var. filicaulis (Buser) Fernald

thread-stemmed lady 's-mantle.

GR Lb NF SM NS QU ON.

Introauced; native of Europe.

Probably a native of its confirmed range; records from Nova Scotia, southern
Quebec, ana Ontario represent introductions; locally common.

Maps: Hultén 1958, Map 96, p. 115; Hultén and Fries 1986, Map 1145, p. 573.

Alchemilla filicaulis subsp. vestita (buser) M.E. braashaw
Alchemilla minor auct.
"Alchemilla minor Hudson"
Alchemilla vestita (buser) Raunk.
Alchemilla vulgaris L. var. vestita (buser) Fernald

lesser lady 's-mantle.

GR Lb NF NS.

Maps: Hultén 1958, Map 109, p. 128; Hultén and Fries 1986, Map 1146, p. 573.

Alchemilla xanthochlora Rothm.
Alchemilla pratensis auct.
Alchemilla vulgaris auct. pro parte
Alcnemilla vulgaris var. vulgaris auct. pro parte

lady 's-mantle, * common lady 's-mantle.

alchemille vulgaire,* alchemille, grand sanicle, manteau des uames,
pied-de-lion.

NS NK QU.

Introduced; native of Eurasia.

Perennial; along roadsides, in fields and thickets; locally common along the
Bay of Fundy coast of Nova Scotia.

Map: Hultén and Fries 1986, Map 1144, p. 572.

106

Rosa woodsii Lindley
Rosa fendleri Crépin

Rosa woodsii var. fendleri (Crépin) Rydb .
Rosa woodsii subsp. ultramontana (S. Watson) R.L. Taylor & MacBryde

Woods' rose,* Wood's rose, Woods rose (United States).

rosier de Woods.*

NT-M (YK AK ON) MB SK AB BC.

Native.

Shrub; in thickets and clearings, on open prairie and sandhills; common.

Prunus pensylvanica L.f .

pin cherry,* bird-cherry, pin-cherry, fire-cherry, wild red cherry, bird
cherry, red cherry, fire cherry.

cerisier de Pennsylvanie,* cerise d'été, petit merisier, arbre à petites
merises, merisier.

NT-M LB NF SM NS PE NK QU ON MB SK AB BC.

Tree; in woods, thickets, clearings, and recent burns; common.

Prunus serotina Ehrh.

black cherry,* rum-cherry, timber cherry, rum cherry, wild cherry.

cerisier tardif,* cerisier d'automne, cerises d'automne, cerisier noir.

NS NK QU ON.

Native.

Tree; in dry woods or along fencerows; common.

Mulligan and Munro 198la, 1983.

Map: Mulligan and Munro 198la, Fig. 11, p. 982.

Prunus virginiana L .

red choke cherry, choke-cherry, common chokecherry (United States).

107

cerisier a grappes.

NT-M NF NS QU ON MB SK AB BC.

Native.

Large shrub or small tree; in thickets, along shores, and at the boraers of
woods; poisonous to livestock.

Mulligan and Munro 1901a, 1983 .

Map: Mulligan ana Munro 19t>la, Fig. 10, p. 9&2.

Prunus virginiana suosp. melanocarpa (A. Nelson) R.L. Taylor & MacBryde
Prunus virginiana var. melanocarpa (A. Nelson) Sarg.

black choke cherry.*

cerisier à fruits noirs.*

MB SK AB BC.

Common .

Prunus virginiana su'osp. virginiana
Prunus virginiana var. virginiana

rea choke cherry.*

cerisier de Virginie.*

NT-M NF NS QU ON MB SK.

Common.

LEGUMINOSAE (pulse family)

Lupinus

Because of the difficulty in identifying lupines, literature reports of
poisonous species are difficult to interpret. Moreover, under varying
seasonal and edaphic conditions, the toxicity of particular plants can change,
making prediction of poisoning uncertain. Consequently, all lupine species in
Canada must be considered potentially poisonous, but only the two common
species are included in this inventory.

Dunn and Gillett 1966.

108

Lupinus argenteus Pursh

Lupinus argenteus var. tenellus (Douglas) D.B. Dunn

silvery lupine.*

lupin argenté.*

MB SK AB BC.

Native.

Perennial; along prairie slopes and ridges; locally common.

Mulligan and Munro 1983«

Map: Dunn and Gillett 1966, Fig. 47, p. 55.

Lupinus pusillus Pursh

low lupine (United States).

SK AB.

Annual; on dry sandy soils and on dunes; occasional to uncommon,

Mulligan and Munro 1983.

Map: Dunn and Gillett 1966, Fig. 4, p. 16.

Ulex europaeus L.

gorse,* furze, common gorse.

ajonc d'Europe,* ajonc (France), lande (France).

BC.

Introduced; native of Europe.

Shrub; cultivated as a sand binder, local in sand.

Map: Hultén and Fries 1986, Map 1185, p. 593.

Cytisus scoparius (L.) Link

Scotch broom,* broom (United States).

109

genêt à balais,* genet à balai (France).

NS PE BC.

Introduced; native of Europe.

Shrub; a garden escape to sandy roadsides, barrens, and open woods; common, a
naturalized pest in British Columbia and Nova Scotia.

Map: Hultén and Fries 1986, Map 1180, p. 590.

Medicago L.

Lesins and Lesins 1979.

Medicago lupulina L.

Medicago lupulina var. glandulosa Neilr.

black medick,* nonesuch, hop clover, hop medic.

lupuline,* bujoline, lupin noir, lupine, luzerne houblonnée, luzerne lupuline,
mignonnette, minette, trèfle jaune, trèfle noir, triolet.

GR NT-M (AK?) NF SM NS PE NK QU ON MB SK AB BC.

Introduced; native of Europe.

Annual; along roadsides and in waste places; common.

Turkington and Cavers 1979.

Maps: Turkington and Cavers 1979, Fig. 2, p. 102; Hultén and Fries 1986,
Map 1230, p. 615.

Melilotus alba Medicus
"Melilotus alba Desr. "
"Melilotus albus"

white sweet-clover,* white melilot, white sweetclover (United States).

mélilot blanc,* trèfle d'odeur, luzerne bâtarde, mélilot, mélilot à fleurs
blanches, mélilot de Sibérie, trèfle Bokhara, trèfle d'odeur blanc, trèfle de
Boukharie, vieux garçons.

(GR?) NT-M YK (AK) LB NF SM NS PE NK QU ON MB SK AB BC.

Introduced; native of Eurasia.

110

Annual or biennial; along roadsides and in waste places; common.

Turkington et al. 1978.

Maps: Turkington et al. 1978, Fig. 3, p. 528; Hultén and Fries 1986,
Map 1228, p. 614.

Melilotus altissima Thuill.
"Melilotus altissimus"

tall melilot (United Kingdom), tall yellow sweetclover (United States).

(GR?) NS ON.

Introduced; native of Eurasia.

Annual or biennial; along roadsides and in waste places; local.

Map: Hulte'n and Fries 1986, Map 1227, p. 614

Melilotus indica (L.) All.

annual yellow sweet clover, small-flowered sweet-clover, small melilot (United
Kingdom), annual yellow sweetclover (United States).

NS MB BC.

Introduced; native of Eurasia and the Mediterranean region.

Annual or biennial; along roadsides, in grasslands, and in waste ground;
uncommon.

Melilotus officinalis (L.) Pallas

yellow sweet-clover,* yellow melilot, ribbed melilot (United Kingdom), yellow
sweetclover (United States).

mélilot jaune,* mélilot officinal, mélilot, mélilot à fleurs jaunes, mélilot
de Sibérie, mélilot des champs, mélilot diffus, lotier, trèfle d'odeur jaune,
trèfle de cheval, trèfle des mouches, trèfle d'odeur, vieux garçons.

NT-M AK NF NS PE NK QU ON MB SK AB BC.

Introduced; native of Eurasia and the Mediterranean region.

Annual or biennial; in waste or cultivated ground and along roadsides; common.

Ill

Turkington et al. 1978.

Maps: Turkington et al. 1978, Fig. 4, p. 529; Hultén and Fries 1986,
Map 1229, p. 615.

Trifolium arvense L.

rabbit-foot clover,* stone-clover, old-field-clover, hare's-foot clover
(United Kingdom).

trèfle des champs,* trèfle pied-de-lièvre, pied-de-lièvre, trèfle velu.

(NS PE) NK QU ON BC.

Introduced; native of Eurasia.

Annual; along dry roadsides and in fields; common.

Map: Hultén and Fries 1986, Map 1244, p. 622.

Trifolium hybridum L.

alsike clover,* alsike.

trèfle alsike,* trèfle hybride, alsike.

NT-M YK AK LB NF NS PE NK QU ON MB SK AB BC.

Introduced; native of Europe.

Perennial; a cultivated plant that has spread to roadsides, clearings, and
fields; common.

Both subsp. hybridum var. hybridum and subsp. elegans (Savi) Ascherson &
Graebner var. elegans (Savi) Boiss. are naturalized in Canada.

Map: Hultén and Fries 1986, Map 1236, p. 618.

Trifolium repens L.

white clover,* wild white clover, Dutch clover, white trefoil, creeping white
clover.

trèfle blanc,* trèfle rampant.

GR NT-M YK AK LB NF SM NS PE NK QU ON MB SK AB BC.

112

Introduced; native of Eurasia.

Perennial; along roadsides, in open pastured woods, and in grasslands; common,

Turkington and Burdon 1983 .

Maps: Turkington and Burdon 1983, Fig. 2, p. 247; Hultén and Fries 1986, Map
1235, p. 618.

Astragalus L.
Barneby 1964.

Astragalus adsurgens Pallas

NT-M YK AK ON MB SK AB BC.

Native.

Perennial; in dry grasslands and on open slopes; common.

Astragalus adsurgens var. adsurgens occurs in eastern Asia, but its range does
not extend into North America.

Map: Barneby 1964, Map 77, p. 613.

Astragalus adsurgens Pallas var. tananaicus (Hultén) Barneby
Astragalus adsurgens subsp. vicifolius (Hultén) Welsh

YK AK.

Map: Barneby 1964, Map 77, p. 613.

Astragalus adsurgens Pallas var. robustior Hooker

Astragalus adsurgens subsp. robustior (Hooker) Welsh
Astragalus striatus Nutt.

ascending purple milk-vetch,* standing milk-vetch.

astragale rayé.*

NTM (YK) ON MB SK AB BC.

Map: Barneby 1964, Map 77, p. 613.

113

Astragalus agrestis Douglas ex G. Don

Astragalus danicus Retz. var. dasyglottis (Fischer ex DC.) Boivin
Astragalus dasyglottis Fischer ex DC.
Astragalus goniatus Nutt.

purple milk-vetch,* field milk-vetch.

astragale rustique.*

NT-M YK ON MB SK AB BC.

Native.

Perennial; in moist plains and meadows; common.

Maps: Barneby 1964, Map 78, p. 620; Meusel et al. 1965, p. 243; Hultén and
Fries 1986, Map 1186, p. 593.

Astragalus bisulcatus (Hooker) A. Gray

two-grooved milk-vetch,* twogrooved milkvetch (United States).

astragale fondu.*

MB SK AB.

Native.

Perennial; on prairie and alluvial flats; poisonous to livestock; common.

Lodge et al. 1968; Mulligan and Munro 1983 .

Map: Barneby 1964, Map 45, p. 411.

Astragalus drummondii Douglas ex Hooker

Drummond's milk-vetch.*

astragale de Drummond.*

SK AB BC.

Native.

Perennial; on dry hillsides and prairie; common.

Map: Barneby 1964, Map 58, p. 492.

114

Astragalus flexuosus Douglas ex G. Don

slender milk-vetch.*

astragale tortueux.*

MB SK AB BC.

Native.

Perennial; in gravelly soils and on prairie; common.

Map: Barneby 1964, Map 14, p. 204.

Astragalus miser Douglas ex Hooker

timber milk-vetch.*

astragale prostré.*

AB BC.

Native.

Perennial; in moist meadows and along mountain slopes; poisonous to livestock,

Mulligan and Munro 1983.

Map: Barneby 1964, Map 20, p. 239.

Astragalus miser var. miser

weedy milk-vetch.

AB BC.

Common .

Map: Barneby 1964, Map 20, p. 239.

Astragalus miser var. serotinus (A. Gray) Barneby

Astragalus decumbens (Nutt.) A. Gray var. serotinus (A. Gray) M.E. Jones

Cooper's weedy milk-vetch.

AB BC.

115

Common .

Lodge et al. 1968.

Map: Barneby 1964, Map 20, p. 239.

Astragalus pectinatus (Douglas ex Hooker) G. Don

narrow-leaved milk-vetch,* narrow-leaved vetch, tine-leaved milk-vetch,
narrowleaf milkvetch (United States).

astragale peigné.*

MB SK AB.

Native.

Perennial; on prairie or strongly alkaline soils; common.

Map: Barneby 1964, Map 48, p. 425.

Oxytropis campestris (L.) DC.

yellow oxytrope, yellow oxytropis, field oxytrope, late yellow loco-weed

(NT-F) NT-M YK AK LB NF NS NK QU MB SK AB BC.

Native.

Perennial .

Map: Hultén and Fries 1986, Map 1196, p. 598.

Oxytropis campestris var. campestris occurs of Eurasia.

Oxytropis campestris var. cervinus (Greene) Boivin

BC.

Reported to be poisonous to livestock; uncommon.

Oxytropis campestris var. gracilis (A. Nelson) Barneby

Oxytropis campestris subsp. gracilis (A. Nelson) Hultén

late yellow locoweed.*

116

oxytropis jaune tardif.*

MB SK AB BC.

In moist grassland, open woods, and openings; common.

Map: Barneby 1952, Map 8, p. 265.

Oxytropis campestris var. johannensis Fernald
Oxytropis johannensis Fernald

St. John's River oxytropis.

oxytropis du fleuve Saint-Jean.

(NT-F) LB NF (NK NS) QU ON MB.

On calcareous rocks and gravels; uncommon.

Maps: Barneby 1952, Map 8 (including inset), p. 265; Meusel et al. 1965, p.
245 (0. johanensis) .

Oxytropis splendens Douglas

Oxytropis splendens var. richardsonii Hooker

showy locoweed,* locoweed, showy crazyweed (United States).

oxytropis voyant.*

NT-M YK AK ON MB SK AB.

Native.

Perennial; in grasslands and open woods; common.

Map: Barneby 1952, Map 11, p. 295.

Vicia americana Muhl.

American vetch,* wild vetch, peavine, buffalo-pea.

vesce d'Amérique.*

NT-M (AK) QU ON MB SK AB BC.

Native.

Perennial.

117

Vicia americana var. americana

NT-M (AK) QU ON MB SK AB BC.

On damp or gravelly shores, in thickets and meadows; common.

Vicia americana var. minor Hooker

Vicia americana var. angustifolia Nees

narrow-leaved American vetch.*

vesce d'Amérique à feuilles étroites.*

MB SK AB BC.

On prairie and dry soils; common.

Vicia americana var. truncata (Nutt.) Brewer

ON MB SK (AB) BC.

In parkland areas; occasional.

Vicia angustifolia L.

"Vicia angustifolia Reichard"
"Vicia angustifolia (L.) Reichard"

Vicia angustifolia var. segetalis (Thuill.) W.D.J. Koch

Vicia angustifolia var. uncinata (Desv.) Rouy and Foucaud

Vicia sativa var. angustifolia (L.) Wahlenb.
"Vicia sativa var. angustifolia (Reichard) Wahlenb."

Vicia sativa subsp. nigra (L.) Ehrh.

narrow-leaved vetch,* common vetch, tare, vetch, wild vetch, narrowleaf vetch
(United States) .

vesce a feuilles étroites,* vesce sauvage, pois sauvage.

GR AK NF SM NS PE NK QU ON MB BC.

Introduced; native of Eurasia.

Aarssen et al. 1986

Maps: Aarssen et al. 1986, Fig. 7, p. 719; Hultén and Fries 1986, Map 1209,
p. 605.

118

Vioia cracca L.

tufted vetch,* Canada-pea, bird vetch, cow vetch, wild vetch, purple tufted
vetch.

vesce jargeau,* vesce cracca, vesce en épi, vesce à fleurs nombreuses, vesce à
fleurs en épi, vesce multiflore, vesce sauvage, vesceron, jargeau, jargeau
petits-oiseaux, petits oiseaux, pois sauvage.

GR NT-K YK AK LB NF NS QU ON.

Introduced; native of Eurasia.

Annual or biennial; along roadsides and in waste places; common.

Aarssen et al. 1986.

Maps: Aarssen et al. 1986, Fig. 8, p. 720; Hultén and Fries 1986, Map 1200,
p. 600.

Vicia sativa L.

Vicia sativa var. linearis Lange

common vetch,* spring-vetch, tare, cultivated vetch.

vesce cultivée,* vesce commune.

GR NF SM NS PE NK QU ON BC .

Introduced; native of Eurasia and southern Europe.

Annual (or winter annual); cultivated, occasionally spreading to roadsides and
waste places.

Aarssen et al. 1986.

Map: Aarssen et al. 1986, Fig. 9, p. 720.

Vicia tetrasperma (L.) Moench

"Vicia tetrasperma (L.) Schreber"

four-seeded vetch,* smooth vetch, slender vetch, smooth tare (United Kingdom),
fourseed vetch (United States).

vesce à quatre graines,* lentillon, cicérole.

SM NS PE NK QU ON BC.

119

Introduced; native of Eurasia.

Annual; along roadsides, in old fields and waste places; common.

Aarssen et al. 1986.

Maps: Aarssen et al. 1986, Fig. 10, p. 721; Hultén and Fries 1986, Map 1207,
p. 604.

Vicia villosa Roth

hairy vetch,* winter-vetch, woolly vetch, winter vetch, fodder vetch.

vesce velue,* vesce de Russie.

(AK) NS QU ON MB BC.

Introduced; native of Europe.

Annual or biennial; cultivated and spreading to roadsides and fields;
poisonous to livestock.

Mulligan and Munro 1983.

Aarssen et al. 1986.

Maps: Aarssen et al. 1986, Fig. 11, p. 722; Hultén and Fries 1986, Map 1205,
p. 603.

Vicia villosa subsp. varia (Host) Corb.
Vicia dasycarpa auct.
"Vicia dasycarpa Ten."

NS.

Local .

Vicia villosa subsp. villosa
(AK) NS QU ON MB BC.
Common .

Lathyrus venosus Muhl. var. intonsus Butters & St. John
purple vetchling,* hairy-veined peavine.

120

gesse des chasseurs.*

(AK?) QU ON MB SK AB BC.

Native.

Perennial; on dry or sandy soils; common.

Lathyrus venosus var. venosus occurs in the eastern United States.

OXALIDACEAE (wood-sorrel family)

Oxalis corniculata L.
Oxalis repens Thumb.

creeping wood-sorrel,* yellow oxalis, creeping lady's sorrel, creeping
woodsorrel (United States).

oxalide cornue,* oxalide corniculée, surette corniculée.

NS QU ON SK BC.

Introduced; a cosmopolitan weed, possibly of Eurasian origin; in Canada found
as a weed in greenhouses in various parts of the country.

Eiten 1955, 1963; Holm et al. 1977; Lovett Doust et al. 1985.

Maps: Lovett Doust et al. 1985, Fig. 6, p. 699; Hultén and Fries 1986,
Map 1258, p. 629.

Oxalis dillenii Jacq .

Oxalis corniculata auct. pro parte

Oxalis dillenii subsp. filipes (Small) Eiten

Oxalis stricta auct.

common yellow wood-sorrel,* common yellow sorrel, lady's sorrel, sheep's
clover, yellow sorrel, southern yellow woodsorrel (United States).

oxalide de Dillénius,* oxalide dressée.

NS PE NK QU ON MB SK AB BC.

Native.

Annual; on dry open soils; common.

121

Eiten 1955, 1963; Lovett Doust et al. 1985.

Map: Lovett Doust et al. 1985, Fig. 7 and 8, p. 700.

Oxalis stricta L.

Oxalis corniculata auct. pro parte
Oxalis europaea Jordan

European wood-sorrel,* upright yellow oxalis, European woodsorrel, European
wood-sorrel .

oxalide d'Europe,* pain d'oiseau, surate, surette d'Europe.

NF NS PE NK QU ON MB SK (AB) BC.

Native.

Annual or perennial; a weed of fields, cultivated ground, and roadsides;
common.

Eiten 1955, 1963; Lovett Doust et al. 1985.

Maps: Lovett Doust et al. 1985, Fig. 9, p. 701; Hultén and Fries 1986,
Map 1259, p. 630.

LINACEAE (flax family)

Linum usitatissimum L .

flax,* common flax, linseed.

lin cultive,* lin, lin utile.

NT-M AK NF NS PE NK QU ON MB SK AB BC.

Introduced; native of Eurasia.

Annual; cultivated, spreading to waste places and railway-yards; common.

RUTACEAE (rue family)

Zanthoxylum americanum Miller
"Xanthoxylum americanum"

prickly-ash,* toothache-tree, northern prickly ash, prickly ash, pricklyash
(United States).

122

clavalier d'Amérique,* frêne épineux, clavalier, clavalier frêne, clavalier à
feuilles de frêne (France).

QU ON.

Native.

Shrub; in rich woods and along riverbanks; common.

EUPHORBIACEAE (spurge family)

Euphorbia corollata L.

flowering spurge,* tramp's spurge, wild hippo.

euphorbe pétaloïde.*

QU ON.

Native.

Perennial; in dry open woods, clearings, fields and along roadsides; common.

Euphorbia cyparissias L.

cypress spurge,* graveyard spurge, balsam-spurge, graveyard-weed, Irish moss,
tree-moss, quacksalver 's-spurge, Bonaparte 's-crown.

euphorbe cyprès,* euphorbe à feuilles de cyprès, euphorbe faux-cyprès,
euphorbe petit cyprès, rhubarbe des pauvres, rhubarbe du paysan, tithymale ,
petit cyprès.

NF NS PE NK QU ON MB BC.

Introduced; native of Eurasia.

Perennial; originally cultivated, spreading from neglected cemeteries to
roadsides, pastures, and old fields; poisonous to livestock; common.

Moore and Lindsay 1953; Moore 1958; Moore and Frankton 1969; Mulligan and
Munro 1983.

Maps: Moore and Lindsay 1953, Fig. 1, p. 154; Hultén and Fries 1986,
Map 1286, p. 643.

123

Euphorbia dentata Michaux

dentate spurge.*

ON.

Introduced; native of the United States.

Annual; on dry open soils, in thin woods and waste places, and along railroad
banks; common.

Euphorbia esula L.

leafy spurge,* wolf's-milk.

euphorbe ésule,* euphorbe feuillue.

NS PE QU ON MB SK AB BC.

Introduced; native of Eurasia.

Perennial; on sandy banks, cultivated fields, pastures, and rangeland, in old
fields, and along roadsides; poisonous to livestock, common.

Euphorbia esula is a taxonomic problem. The species comprises several
biotypes and cytotypes, and it hybridizes with Euphorbia cyparissias and other
species. Its affinities are currently being studied. Euphorbia virgata
Waldst. & Kit. has been included under Euphorbia esula in this report.

Moore 1958; Moore and Frankton 1969; Best el al. 1980; Mulligan and Munro
1983;

Maps: Best et al. 1980, Fig. 1, p. 654; Hultén and Fries 1986, Map 1285,
p. 643.

Euphorbia exigua L.

dwarf spurge.

NS ON BC.

Introduced; native of Eurasia.

Annual; in waste places and along roadsides; local in occurrence.

Map: Hulte'n and Fries 1986, Map 1283, p. 642.

124

Euphorbia glyptosperma Engelm.

Chamaesyce glyptosperma (Engelm.) Small

ridge-seeded spurge,* corrugate-seeded spurge, ridgeseed spurge (United
States) .

euphorbe côtelée.*

NK QU ON MB SK AB BC.

Native.

Annual; on dry open soils and in waste places; common.

Mulligan and Lindsay 1978.

Euphorbia helioscopia L.

sun spurge,* wartweed, sunweed, turnsole, churnstaff, cat's-milk, wolf's-milk,
summer spurge.

euphorbe réveille-matin,* réveille-matin, euphorbe, euphorbe hélioscopique,
herbe aux verrues, réveil-matin (France).

NF SM NS PE NK QU ON MB SK AB BC.

Introduced; native of Eurasia.

Annual; in fields, gardens, and waste places; occasional.

Map: Hulte'n and Fries 1986, Map 1282, p. 641.

Euphorbia lathyrus L.

caper spurge, moleplant.

épurge (France).

(ON?) BC.

Introduced; native of Europe.

Annual to perennial; spread from cultivation to roadsides and waste places;
extremely rare.

125

Euphorbia maculata L.

Euphorbia supina Rafin.
Euphorbia supina var. supina

hairy-fruited spurge,* milk-purslane, eyebane, spotted spurge, creeping
spurge, prostrate spurge (United States).

euphorbe couchée.*

ON.

Native.

Annual; on dry open soils, in waste places, and along roadsides; common.

Mulligan and Lindsay 1978.

Euphorbia nutans Lag.

Euphorbia maculata auct. non L.
Euphorbia preslii Guss.

spotted spurge,* eyebane, wartweed .

euphorbe maculée.*

PE NK QU ON.

Native.

Annual; on dry open soils, in waste places, cultivated fields, and along
roadsides; common.

Mulligan and Lindsay 1978.

Euphorbia peplus L.

petty spurge,* wild caper.

euphorbe des jardins.*

AK NF SM NS PE NK QU ON MB SK BC.

Introduced; native of Europe.

Annual; a weed of cultivated and waste ground; common.

Map: Hulte'n and Fries 1986, Map 1284, p. 642.

126

Euphorbia platyphyllos L.
"Euphorbia platyphylla"

broad-leaved spurge.*

euphorbe a grandes feuilles,* euphorbe à larges feuilles.

QU ON.

Introduced; native of Europe.

Annual; along shorelines, in thickets and waste places; common.

Euphorbia serpens Humb. Bonpl. and Kunth

creeping spurge.*

ON.

Introduced; native of the midwestern United States.

Annual; in fields and waste places; occasional.

Euphorbia serpyllifolia Pers.

Chamaesyce serpyllifolia (Pers.) Small

thyme-leaved spurge.*

euphorbe a feuilles de serpolet,* euphorbe à feuilles de thym.

NK QU ON MB SK AB BC.

Native.

Annual; in sandy and alluvial soils, along railroads, and in waste places;
common.

Mulligan and Lindsay 1978.

Euphorbia vermiculata Raf .

Chamaesyce vermiculata (Raf.) House

hairy-stemmed spurge,* hairy spurge, vermiculate spurge.

euphorbe vermiculée.*

NS NK QU ON BC.

127

Native.

Annual; on dry open soils and in waste places; common.

Mulligan and Lindsay 1978.

ANACARD1ACEAE (cashew family)

Rhus glabra L.

smooth sumac, sumac, white sumac.

vinaigrier glabre, vinaigrier, sumac glabre.

QU ON MB SK BC.

Native.

Shrub; along roadsides, in old fields, and at the margins of woods; common.

Rhus radicans L.

Toxicodendron radicans (L.) Kuntze

poison-ivy,* poison ivy, mercury, markry, cowitch, cow-itch, poison-oak.

herbe à puce,* sumac vénéneux, sumac grimpant, sumac toxique, arbre à la puce,
bois de chien, bois d'enfer, herbarapuce, grande herbe à puce, lierre à trois
feuilles du Canada, sumac à la gale, sumac du Canada, vignes du Canada.

NS PE NK QU ON MB SK AB BC.

Native.

Gillis 1971; Mulligan and Junkins 1977, 1978; McNeill 198la.

Map: Mulligan and Junkins 1978, Fig. 1, p. 292.

Rhus radicans subsp. negundo (Greene) McNeill

Rhus radicans var. negundo (Greene) G. A. Mulligan

Rhus radicans var. vulgaris auct.

Toxicodendron radicans subsp. negundo (Greene) Gillis

poison-ivy. *

herbe à la puce.*

128

QU ON.

Shrub; in wooded areas and Dottoralands; causes dermatitis in humans;
common .

McNeill 1981a.

Rhus radicans subsp. radicans
Rnus radicans var. radicans
Toxicodendron radicans (L.) Kuntze subsp. radicans

eastern poison-ivy.*

herbe à la puce de l'Est.*

NS NK.

Shruo; in thickets, open woods, sandy or rocky places, and along fence-rows;
causes dermatitis in humans; common.

Map: Mulligan and Junkins 1978, Fig. 1, p. 292.

hhus radicans subsp. rydbergii (àmall ex HydD.) McNeill
Rhus radicans var. rydbergii (Small ex Rydb.) Rehder

Toxicodentron radicans (L.) Kuntze var. rydbergii (Small ex Rydb.) Erskine
Toxicodentron rydbergii (Small ex Rydb.) Greene

Rydberg's poison-ivy.*

nerbe à la puce de Rydberg.*

NS PE NK QU ON Mb SK AB BC.

Shrub; in open woods, coulees, along river flats, and on rocky slopes; causes
dermatitis in humans; common.

Map: Mulligan and Junkins 1978, Fig. 1, p. 292.

Rhus trilobata Nutt.

Rhus aromatica Aiton var. trilobata (Nutt.) A. Gray

skunkbush,* fragrant sumac, lemon sumac, skunk-bush, skunkbush sumac
(United States) .

sumac à trois lobes.*

oK AB.

129

Native.

Shrub; in coulees, thickets, and open-wooded places; occasional.

Rhus typhina L.

staghorn sumac,* staghorn-sumac, velvet sumac, sumac, vinegar-tree.

sumac vinaigrier,* vinaigrier, sumac amarante, sumac amaranthe.

NS NK PE QU ON.

Native.

Shrub or tree; on dry, rocky, or gravelly soils; common.

Map: Hosie 1969, p. 260.

Rhus vernix L.

poison sumac,* poison-sumac, poison elder, poison dogwood, poison-dog-wood,
poison elderberry, swamp sumac.

sumac à vernis,* bois-chandelle, arbre du vernis, sumac vernis (France), bois
chandelle (France).

QU ON.

Native.

Shrub or small tree; in wooded swampy areas; common.

Map: Hosie 1969, p. 262.

ACERACEAE (maple family)

Acer negundo L.

Acer negundo var. interius (Britton) Sarg.
Acer negundo var. violaceum (Kirchner) H. Jaeger
"Acer negundo var. violaceum (Kirsch.) Jaeger"

Manitoba maple,* box-elder, ash-leaf maple, boxelder, ash-leaved maple, sugar
maple, inland Manitoba maple, box-elder maple, box elder.

130

érable négondo,* érable à giguère, érable du Manitoba, érable négundo, érable
à feuilles de frêne, plaine à giguère, aulne-buis, érable, érable argilière ,
érable à giguère pubescent.

NT-M NF NS PE NK QU ON MB SK AB BC.

Native.

Tree; along river banks and streams; common.

Acer saccharinum L.

silver maple,* white maple, soft maple, river-maple, silver-maple, river maple

érable argenté,* plaine blanche, plaine de France, érable blanc.

NK QU ON MB SK.

Native.

Tree; along river banks and in bottomlands; common but not on the prairies.

Map: Hosie 1969, p. 272.

RHAMNACEAE (buckthorn family)

Rhamnus alnifolius L'Her.
" Rhamnus alnifolia"

alder-leaved buckthorn,* buckthorn, alder-leaf buckthorn, dwarf alder, swamp
buckthorn.

nerprun à feuilles d'aulne,* nerprun à feuille d'aulne, nerprun à feuilles
d'aune (France).

NF NS PE NK QU ON MB SK AB BC.

Native.

Shrub; in moist woodlands, swamps, and meadows; the berry of this plant is
reported to be poisonous; common.

Rhamnus catharticus L.
"Rhamnus cathartica L. "

European buckthorn,* common buckthorn, buckthorn (United Kingdom).

131

nerprun commun,* nerprun, nerprun cathartique, nerprun noir-prun, nerprun
purgatif, noirprun, épine noire, bois noir, épine de cerf, bourguépine,
bourdaine, argoussier.

NS PE (NK?) QU ON MB SK.

Introduced; native of Eurasia.

Shrub; an early introduction that has spread to open woods, pastures, and
along fencerows; common.

Map: Hultén and Fries 1986, Map 1298, p. 649.

VITACEAE (vine family)

Vitis aestivalis Michaux

summer grape,* summer-grape, pigeon-grape.

vigne d'été.*

ON.

Native.

High-climbing vine; in dry woods and thickets; occasional.

Vitis labrusca L.

fox grape,* fox -grape.

vigne lambruche.*

ON.

Native.

High-climbing vine; spread from cultivation to wet or dry thickets and the
borders of woods; common.

MALVACEAE (mallow family)

Abutilon theophrasti Medicus

velvetleaf,* velvetleaf abutilon, butter-print, pie-maker.

132

abutilon,* mauve jaune, mauve des Indes.

(NS?) PE QU ON MB SK (BC).

Introduced; native of Asia (India).

Annual; in waste places, vacant lots, and cultivated fields; locally common.

Doyon et al. 1986; Warwick and Black 1986.

Malva moschata L.

musk mallow. *

mauve musquée,* amours.

NF NS PE NK QU ON MB BC.

Introduced; native of Europe.

Perennial; in old gardens, fields, and along roadsides; common.

Map: Hulte'n and Fries 1986, Map 1304, p. 652.

Malva neglecta Wallr.

common mallow,* cheeses, dwarf mallow, running mallow, cheeseweed.

mauve négligée,* mauve commune, amours, fromagère, fromageon, graines, petite
mauve, petite mauve fromagère.

NF NS NK QU ON MB BC .

Introduced; native of Eurasia.

Biennial; a weed of barnyards and waste places; common.

Map: Hultén and Fries 1986, Map 1306, p. 653.

Malva parviflora L.

small-flowered mallow,* least mallow (United Kingdom), little mallow (United
States) .

mauve parviflore.*

(QU) SK BC.

133

Introduced; native of Europe.

Annual; in waste places, locally common.

Malva rotundifolia L.
Malva pusilla Sm.

round-leaved mallow,* dwarf mallow, running mallow, cheeses, common mallow,
cheeseweed, small mallow (United Kingdom).

mauve à feuilles rondes,* fromagère, fromageon, graines mauve à feuilles
arrondies, mauve commune, amours.

PE NK QU ON MB SK AB BC.

Introduced; native of Europe.

Annual; in waste places and along roadsides; common.

Malva sylvestris L.

high mallow, common mallow (United Kingdom).

mauve sauvage, grande mauve (France).

QU ON MB SK AB BC.

Introduced; native of Europe.

Biennial.

Map: Hultén and Fries 1986, Map 1302, p. 651.

Malva sylvestris var. mauritiana (L. ) Boiss
Malva mauritiana L.

high mallow.

mauve d'Alger.

QU ON MB SK AB.

Originally cultivated and occasionally escaped and established.

Malva sylvestris var. sylvestris
high mallow.

132*

QU BC.

Along roadsides and in waste places; uncommon.

Mal va verticillata L .

whorled mallow, Chinese mallow (United Kingdom).

NS PE QU ON MB SK AB.

Introduced; native of Asia.

Annual.

Malva verticillata var. crispa L.
Malva crispa L.

curled mallow. *

mauve crépue,* mauve frisée.

PE NK QU ON MB SK AB.

In waste places and along roadsides; common.

Malva verticillata var. verticillata

whorled mallow.

NS QU ON.

A local weed of gardens and waste places.

Hibiscus trionum L.

flower-of-an-hour,* trilobate ketmia, modesty, Venice mallow (United
States) .

ketmie trilobée,* fleur d'une heure, oeil de faisan, ketmie trifide.

(NS PE?) NK QU ON MB SK.

Introduced; native of Eurasia.

Annual; in cultivated and waste ground; occasional.

135
GUTTIFERAE (St. John^-wort family)

Hypericum perforatum L.

St. John's-wort , * common St. John's-wort, Klamath weed, goatweed, perforate
St. John's-wort (United Kingdom), St. Johnswort (United States).

millepertuis perforé,* herbe Saint-Jacques, herbe St. -Jean, herbe aux cent
trous, milletrous, millepertuis commun pertuisane, truchereau, chasse-diable,
faux-lin, lin sauvage, herbe à mille trous (France).

NF NS PE NK QU ON BC.

Introduced; native of Eurasia.

Perennial; in dry pastures, neglected fields, and along roadsides; poisonous
to livestock; common.

Mulligan and Munro 1983.

Map: Hulte'n and Fries 1986, Map 1317, p. 659.

Hypericum punctatum Lam.

spotted St. John's-wort,* spotted St. Johnswort (United States).

millepertuis ponctue.*

NS OU ON.

Native .

Perennial; in thickets, pastures, damp openings, and at the border of
woods; common.

HALORAGACEAE (water-milfoil family)

Myriophyllum sibiricum Komarov

Myriophyllum exalbescens Fernald

Myriophyllum spicatum auct.

Myriophyllum spicatum var. capillaceum Lange

Myriophyllum spicatum subsp. exalbescens (Fernald) Hulten

Myriophyllum spicatum var. exalbescens (Fernald) Jepson

northern water-milfoil,* whitish water-milfoil, northern spiked water-milfoil,
northern watermilfoil (United States).

136

myriophylle blanchissant,* myriophylle de Sibérie.

GR (NT-F) NT-K NT-M YK AK LB NF SM NS PE NK QU ON MB SK AB BC.

Native.

Perennial; in ponds, pools, and quiet streams that are often brackish; common,

Aiken et al. 1979; Aiken and McNeill 1980; Aiken 1981; Ceska and Ceska 1986.

Maps: Aiken et al. 1979, Fig. 18, p. 207; Hultén and Fries 1986, Map 1374,
p. 687; Ceska and Ceska 1986, Fig. 2, p. 98.

Myriophyllum spicatum L.

Eurasian water-milfoil,* spiked water-milfoil, Eurasian watermilfoil
(United States).

myriophylle en épi.*

QU ON BC.

Native.

Perennial; in ponds and quiet streams that are often brackish; common.

Aiken et al. 1979; Aiken 1981.

Maps: Aiken et al. 1979, Fig. 18, p. 207; Hultén and Fries 1986, Map 1374,
p. 687; Ceska and Ceska 1986, Fig. 2, p. 98.

Myriophyllum verticillatum L.

Myriophyllum verticillatum var. intermedium Koch

Myriophyllum verticillatum var. pectinatum Wallr.

Myriophyllum verticillatum var. pinnatifidum Wallr.

green water-milfoil,* whorled water-milfoil, green milfoil, water-milfoil.

myriophylle verticillé,* volant d'eau.

NT-K NT-M YK AK NF SM NS (PE) NK QU ON MB SK AB BC.

Introduced; native of Eurasia.

Perennial; in shallow waters; common.

Aiken et al. 1979; Aiken 1981.

137

Maps: Aiken et al. 1979, Fig. 19, p. 207; Hulte'n and Fries 1986, Map 1373,
p. 687; Ceska and Ceska 1986, Fig. 2, p. 98.

ARALIACEAE (ginseng family)

Oplopanax horridus (Sm. ) Miq .

Echinopanax horridum (Sm.) Decaisne and Planchon

devil's-club,* devil's club.

aralie épineuse,* bois piquant.

AK YK AB BC.

Native.

Shrub; in low, rocky woods and on sheltered cliffs; common.

OMBELLIFERAE (parsley family)

Cicuta bulbifera L.

bulbous water-hemlock,* bulb-bearing water-hemlock, bulbous water hemlock,
bulb-bearing water-hemlock.

cicutaire bulbifère.*

NT-M LB NF PE NK QU ON MB SK AB BC .

Native.

Perennial; in swamps and wet thickets; common.

Mulligan 1980.

Map: Mulligan 1980, Fig. 24, p. 1764.

Cicuta douglasii (DC.) Coulter and Rose

Cicuta maculata var. californica (A. Gray) Boivin

western water-hemlock,* beaver-poison, cowbane, western waterhemlock
(United States).

138

cicutaire pourpre,* carotte à Moreau.

AK (AB?) BC.

Native.

Perennial; in swamps and wet thicks; poisonous to humans and livestock;
occasional.

Lodge et al. 1968; Mulligan 1980; Mulligan and Munro 198lb; Mulligan and
Munro 1983.

Maps: Mulligan 1980, Fig. 16, p. 1764; Hultén and Fries 1986, Map 1412,
p. 706.

Cicuta maculata L.

spotted water-hemlock,* spotted cowbane, musquash-root, beaver-poison, water
hemlock, spotted water hemlock, cowbane, beaverpoison, poison parsnip, spotted
hemlock, spotted waterhemlock.

carotte à Moreau,* cicutaire maculée, carotte cicutaire, cicutaire, cicutaire
aquatique, cicutaire tachetée, cicutaire vireuse, cig'ùe, cigûe aquatique,
cigûe maculée, cig'ùe tachetée, ciguë vénéneuse, cicutaire aquatique, grande
cig'ùe, panais sauvage.

NT-M YK NS PE NK QU ON MB SK AB BC.

Native.

Biennial; in meadows, swales, low thickets, and prairies; poisonous to humans
and livestock.

Mathias and Constance 19^2; Mulligan 1980; Mulligan and Munro 198lb.

Maps: Mulligan 1980, Fig. 17, p. 1765; Hultén and Fries 1986, Map 1412 ,
p. 706.

Cicuta maculata var. maculata

NS PE NK QU ON MB.

Common.

Mulligan 1980; Mulligan and Munro 198lb.

Map: Mulligan 1980, Fig. 28, p. 1765.

139

Cicuta maculata var. victorinii (Fernald) Boivin

QU.

Local in occurrence.

Mulligan 1980; Mulligan and Munro 198lb.

Map: Mulligan 1980, Fig. 30, p. 1765.

Conium maculatum L.

poison hemlock,* hemlock, deadly hemlock, snakeweed, poison parsley, poison
stinkweed, common poison-hemlock.

cigù'e maculée,* carotte à Moreau, cigù'e, cigù'e commune, ciguë d'Europe, ciguë
tachetée, grande cigù'e.

NS QU ON SK BC.

Introduced; native of Eurasia.

Biennial; in waste places; poisonous to livestock; occasional.

Lodge et al. 1968; Mulligan and Munro 1983.

Map: Hultén and Fries 1986, Map 1406, p. 703.

Carum carvi L.

caraway,* common caraway.

anis canadien,* aneine, anis, anis bâtard, anis des Vosges, anis sauvage, care
carvi, carvi, carvi commune, cumin, cumin des prés.

GR NF (SM) NS PE NK QU ON MB SK AB BC.

Introduced; native of Eurasia.

Biennial; in abandoned fields, waste places, and along roadsides; common.

Map: Hultén and Fries 1986, Map 1414, p. 707.

Aegopodium podagraria L.

Aegopodium podagraria var. variegatum Bailey

goutweed,* bishop's goutweed, ground-elder.

140

égopode podagraire,* herbe aux goutteux, petite angélique, égopode goutteux
(France), herbe de Saint-Gérard (France), pied de chèvre (France).

NF NS NK QU ON MB BC.

Introduced; native of Eurasia.

Perennial; in waste places and along roadsides; common.

Map: Hultén and Fries 1986, Map 1395, p. 698.

Sium suave Walter

water-parsnip,* water parsnip, hemlock water-parsnip, waterparsnip
(United States).

berle douce,* berle, berle suave.

NT-M (AK?) NF NS PE NK QU ON MB SK AB BC .

Native.

Perennial; in meadows, wet thickets, and along muddy banks; common.

Angelica atropurpurea L.

angelica,* alexanders, purplestem angelica (United States).

angélique,* angélique noire-pourprée, angélique pourpre foncé.

NT-K LB NF (NS) (PE) (NK) QU ON.

Native.

Perennial; in rich thickets, bottomlands, and swamps; common.

Map: Weinert 1973, Abb. 2, p. 306.

Angelica sylvestris L.

woodland angelica, wild angelica (United Kingdom).

angélique des bois, angélique sauvage (France).

NS.

Introduced; native of Eurasia.

141

Perennial; in old fields pastures, townsites, and along roadsides; common and
rapidly spreading.

Map: Hultén and Fries 1986, Map 1421, p. 711.

Pastinaca sativa L .

wild parsnip,* parsnip, common parsnip.

panais sauvage,* panais, carotte-blanche, panais commun, panais cultivé,
panais potager.

YK AK NF (SM) NS PE NK QU ON MB SK AB BC.

Introduced; native of Europe.

Biennial; an escape from cultivation spreading to waste places, fields, and
along roadsides, causes dermatitis in humans; occasional.

Plants naturalized in Canada are referable to subspecies sativa, the
subspecies that includes the cultivated parsnip.

Map: Hultén and Fries 1986, Map 1428, p. 714.

Heracleum lanatum Michx .
Heracleum maximum Bartr.

cow-parsnip,* cow parsnip, masterwort, wild parsnip, common cow-parsnip.

berce laineuse,* berce, berce très grande, poglus, ciguë.

NT-K NT-M YK AK LB NF SM NS PE NK QU ON MB SK AB BC.

Native.

Perennial; in shady woodlands and moist places, causes dermatitis in humans;
common.

Map: Hultén 1968, p. 707.

Heracleum mantegazzianum Sommier and Levier
giant hogweed.*
berce du Caucase.*
ON.

142

Introduced; native of Europe.

Perennial; along rivers and streams or planted in gardens; causes dermatitis
in humans; spreading.

Morton 1974, 1978.

Map: Morton 1978, p. 183.

Daucus carota L.

wild carrot,* Queen Anne's-lace, devil 's-plaque, Queen Anne's lace,
bird's nest, Queen-Anne 's-lace.

carotte sauvage,* carotte potagère, carotte, carotte commune, dauce
carotte.

LB NF PE NK QU ON MB SK BC.

Introduced; native of Eurasia.

Biennial; a weed of dry fields and waste places; common.

Plants naturalized in Canada are referable to subspecies carota.

Dale 1974; Small 1978.

Maps: Dale 1974, Fig. 5, p. 676; Hultén and Fries 1986, Map 1434, p. 717.

CORNACEAE (dogwood family)

Cornus canadensis L.

Cornus canadensis var. dutillyi (Lepage) Boivin

Cornus Chamaepericlymenum var. canadense (L.) Ascherson and Graebner

bunchberry,* dwarf cornel, puddingberry, crackerberry, Canadian dwarf cornel,
bunch-berry, pigeonberry, pudding-berry, Canadian bunchberry.

cornouiller du Canada,* quatre-temps, rougets, rouget.

GR NT-K NT-M YK AK LB NF SM NS PE NK QU ON MB SK AB BC .

Native.

Low perennial herbs; in woods, thickets, and damp openings; common.

143

Hall and Sibley 1976.

Map: Hall and Sibley 1976, Fig. 2, p.

ERICACEAE (heath family)

Ledum groenlandicum Oeder
"Ledum groenlandicum Retz."

Ledum palustre L. subsp. groenlandicum (Oeder) Hultén
Ledum palustre var. latifolium (Jacq.) Michaux

Labrador-tea, common Labrador tea, Labrador tea.

thé du Labrador, thé velouté, lédon du Groenland, bois de savane.

GR NT-K NT-M YK AK LB NF SM NS PE NK QU ON MB SK AB BC .

Native.

Erect shrub; on peaty soils, particularly in bogs; common.

Rhododendron canadense (L.) Britton, E.E. Sterns and Poggenb.
"Rhododendron canadense (L.) Torrey"
Azalea canadensis (L.) Kuntze

Canadian rhododendron,* rhodora.

rhododendron du Canada,* rhodora du Canada, rhodora, azalée du Canada
(France) .

NF SM NS PE NK QU ON.

Native.

Shrub; in bogs and damp thickets, on acid barrens, rocky summits, and slopes;
common .

Kalmia angustifolia L.

sheep-laurel,* lambskill, pig-laurel, dwarf laurel, wicky, sheep laurel, pig
laurel.

kalmia à feuilles étroites,* kalmia à feuille étroite, crevard de mouton,
laurier, poison de brebis, bois-chaud, herbe à commis, herbe forte, kalmia,
kalmia à feuilles étoilées, sacacoumi, tue-moutons.

144

LB NF SM NS PE NK QU ON.

Native.

Slender shrub; on dry or wet sterile soils and barrens, and in old pastures;
poisonous to livestock; common.

Hall et al. 1973; Mulligan and Munro 1983.

Map: Hall et al. 1973, Fig. 2, p. 867.

Vaccinium myrtilloides Michaux

Vaccinium angustifolium Ait. var. myrtilloides (Michaux) House

velvet-leaved blueberry,* sour-top-blueberry, velvet-leaf-blueberry,
blueberry, Canada blueberry, velvet-leaf blueberry, sour-top blueberry.

airelle du Canada,* airelle fausse-myrtille, bleuets, bleuet du Canada.

(NT-M) (LB?) (NF?) NS (PE) NK QU ON MB SK AB BC.

Native.

Shrub; in moist woods, swamps, and clearings; common.

Vanderkloet and Hall 1981.

Map: Vanderkloet and Hall 1981, Fig. 2, p. 332.

PRIMULACEAE (primrose family)

Androsace septentrionalis L.

Androsace alaskana Cov. and Standley

Androsace septentrionalis var. diffusa (Small) Knuth

Androsace septentrionalis var. glandulosa (Wooton and Standley) St. John

Androsace septentrionalis var. puberulenta (Rydb.) Knuth

Androsace septentrionalis var. robusta St. John

Androsace septentrionalis var. subulifera A. Gray

Androsace septentrionalis var. subumbellata A. Nelson

pygmy flower,* northern fairy-candelabra, hairy northern f airy -candelabra ,
northern rock jasmine (United States).

androsace septentrionale.*

GR (NT-F?) (NT-K?) (NT-M?) (YK?) (AK?) NF QU (ON) MB SK AB BC.

145

Native .

Annual; on dry open ground to alpine elevations; sometimes a weed of
blueberries; common.

Map: Hultén and Fries 1986, Map 1472, p. 736.

Lysimachia L.
Ray 1956.

Lysimachia punctata L.

Lysimachia punctata var. verticillata (Bieb.) Boiss.

garden-loosestrife, dotted loosestrife, f ringed-loosestrife, golden-cup.

lysimaque, lysimaque ponctuée.

NF NS PE (NK) QU ON.

Introduced; native of Eurasia.

Perennial; along roadsides and in waste places; occasional.

Map: Ray 1956, Map 7, p. 117.

Lysimachia vulgaris L.

garden-loosestrife, yellow loosestrife.

lysimaque commune, chasse-bosses (France), herbe aux corneilles (France),
chasse-bosse (France).

NF NS (PE) QU ON BC.

Introduced; native of Eurasia.

Perennial; along roadsides, in thickets, and on flats; occasional.

Maps: Ray 1956, Map 7, p. 117; Hultén and Fries 1986, Map 1477, p. 739.

Anagallis arvensis L.

scarlet pimpernel,* common pimpernel.

mouron rouge,* morgeline (France).

146

GR NF SM NS (PE) (NK) QU ON AB BC.

Introduced; native of Eurasia.

Annual; in waste sandy fields; common.

Holm et al. 1977.

Map: Hultén and Fries 1986, Map 1484, p. 742.

ASCLEPIADACEAE (milkweed family)

Asclepias L.
Woodson 1954.

Asclepias speciosa Torrey

showy milkweed.*

belle asclépiade.*

MB SK AB BC.

Native.

Perennial; in openings, along roadsides, and on moist grassland;
poisonous; common.

Lodge et al. 1968; Mulligan and Munro 1983.

Asclepias syriaca L.

common milkweed,* common silkweed, milkweed, silkweed.

asclépiade de Syrie,* asclépiade commune, asclépiade de Cornut, asclépiade,
cotinier, herbe à ouate, oreilles, ouate végétale, petit-cochon, herbe à
coton, petits cochons, cochons de lait, herbe à cochons de lait, petits
poissons, cotonnier, asclépiade à ouate, herbe à la ouate.

NS PE NK QU ON MB.

Native.

Perennial; in thickets, dry fields, and along roadsides; poisonous; common.

147

Bhowmik and Bandeen 1976; Mulligan and Munro 1983.
Map: Bhowmik and Bandeen 1976, Fig. 2, p. 582.

Asclepias tuberosa L .

butterflyweed,* butterfly-weed, pleurisy-root, orange-root, Canada-root,
orange swallow-wort, yellow milkweed, Indian-posy, silk-weed, chigger-f lower ,
butterfly milkweed (United States).

asclépiade tubéreuse.*

QU ON.

Native .

Perennial; in dry open soils.

Asclepias tuberosa subsp. interior Woodson

QU ON.

Common.

Asclepias tuberosa subsp. tuberosa

ON.

Common.

Asclepias verticillata L.

eastern whorled milkweed,* whorled milkweed.

asclépiade verticillée.*

ON MB SK.

Native.

Perennial; in dry woods and open, sterile soils; common.

148

APOCYNACEAE (dogbane family)

Vincetoxicum nigrum (L.) Moench
Cynanchum nigrum (L.) Pers.

black dog-strangling vine,* black swallow-wort, black swallowwort (United
States) .

QU ON.

Introduced; native of Europe.

Perennial; a garden escape to fields, roadsides, and waste places; occasional,

Bullock 1958; Kirk 1985.

Vincetoxicum rossicum (Kleopov) Barbarich
Vincetoxicum medium auct.
Cynanchum medium auct .

dog-strangling vine.*

ON (BC?).

Introduced; native of Europe.

Perennial; in cultivated grounds; occasional.

Moore 1959; McNeill 198la; Kirk 1985.

CONVOLVULACEAE (convolvulus family)

Cuscuta epilinum Weihe

flax dodder,* flax-dodder.

cuscute du lin,* bourreau du lin, cuscute densiflore, vrillette.

QU (ON).

Introduced; native of Eurasia.

Annual; extremely injurious to cultivated flax; occasional.

Yuncker 1965.

Map: Hultén and Fries 1986, Map 1534, p. 767.

149

Cuscuta epithymum Murray

clover dodder,* clover-dodder(s) , common dodder, dodder (United Kingdom).

cuscute du thym,* cuscute, cuscute du trèfle, cuscute de la luzerne, cuscute
épithyme, cheveux de Vénus, cheveux du diable, petite cuscute, perruque du
diable, rougeot, teigne, tignasse.

NK ON BC.

Introduced; native of Europe.

Annual; extremely injurious to clover fields; common.

Yuncker 1965.

Map: Hultén and Fries 1986, Map 1535, p. 768.

Cuscuta gronovii Willd .

"Cuscuta gronovii Willd. ex Roemer and Schultes"
Grammica gronovii (Willd.) Hadac and Chrtek

swamp dodder,* common dodder, angel's hair, love vine, Gronovius dodder.

cuscute de Gronovius,* cuscute commune, cuscute d'Amérique, cuscute.

(NS) (PE) (NK) QU ON MB.

Native.

Annual; on low grounds, parasitic on a variety of hosts; common.

Yuncker 1965; Hadac and Chrtek 1970.

Convolvulus arvensis L.

field bindweed,* field-bindweed, cornbind, small bindweed, orchard
morningglory , small-flowered morning-glory.

liseron des champs,* petit liseron, vrillée, clochette, gloire du matin, herbe
roulante, liseron, liseron grand, liseron noir, liset, manchette de
Notre-Dame, teigne, vrillet, vrillet à clochettes, vrille (France).

NS (PE?) NK QU ON MB SK AB BC.

Introduced; native of Eurasia.

Perennial; in old fields, gardens, and waste places; common.

150

Holm et al. 1977; Weaver and Riley 1982.

Maps: Weaver and Riley 1982, Fig. 2, p. 464; Hultén and Fries 1986, Map 1538,
p. 769.

Calystegia fraterniflora (Mackenzie and Bush) Brummitt

Calystegia sepium var. fraterniflora (Mackenzie and Bush) Shinners
Convolvulus sepium var. fraterniflorus Mackenzie and Bush

SK BC.

Native.

Perennial; in waste places, thickets, fields, and along roadsides;
uncommon.

Brummitt 1965.

Calystegia sepium ( L . ) R . Br .
Convolvulus sepium (L. )

hedge bindweed,* wild morning-glory, hedge-bindweed, bindweed, morning glory,
wild morning glory.

liseron des haies,* grand liseron, clochettes, gloire du matin, belles du
matin, belles de nuit, calystégie des haies, chemise-de-Notre-Dame, chemise du
bon Dieu, oeillet sauvage, chemisette à la bonne vierge, cloches de
Notre-Dame, fleur de la Sainte Vierge, lis des champs, liseron des clôtures,
manchettes de Notre-Dame, robe à la bonne vierge.

NF SM NS PE NK QU ON MB SK AB BC.

Native and introduced.

Perennial .

Brummitt 1965; Lewis and Oliver 1965.

Map: Hultén and Fries 1986, Map 1537, p. 769.

Calystegia sepium subsp. americana (Sims) Brummitt
Calystegia sepium var. americanum (Sims) Matsuda
Convolvulus sepium var. communis Tryon
Convolvulus sepium var. repens (L. ) A. Gray
Convolvulus sepium var. sepium auct.

NF SM NS NK PE QU ON MB SK AB BC.

151

Native.

On bushes, along water courses, and in moist areas; common.

Calystegia sepium subsp. sepium

Convolvulus sepium var. dumetorum Popichal

NS.

Introduced; native of Europe.

In waste places and along roadsides; uncommon.

BORAGINACEAE (borage family)

Cynoglossum officinale L.

hound* s-tongue,* common hound' s-tongue, common hound's tongue, sheep bur,
hound's tongue, houndstongue (United States).

cynoglosse officinale,* langue-de-chien, langue de chien, cynoglosse
officinal, cynoglosse, herbe d'antal.

NS NK QU ON MB SK AB BC.

Introduced; native of Eurasia.

Biennial; in waste places, calcareous pastures, and along roadsides,
common.

Map: Hultén and Fries 1986, Map 1565, p. 783.

Lappula occidentalis (S. Watson) Greene

Lappula echinata var. occidentalis (S. Watson) Boivin
Lappula redowskii auct.

western bluebur,* western stickweed, western blue bur, western sticktight
(United States).

bardanette de l'Ouest*.

NT-M (YK) AK (MB) SK AB BC.

Native.

Annual; on light dry soils, in waste places, and along roadsides.

152

Lappula occidentalis var. cupulata (A. Gray) Higgins
Lappula echinata f . cupulata (A. Gray) Boivin

Lappula redowskii (Hornem.) Greene var. cupulata (A. Gray) M.E. Jones
Lappula redowskii (Hornem.) Greene f. cupulata (A. Gray) Scoggan

AB BC.

Occasional.

Lappula occidentalis var. occidentalis
bardanette de l'Ouest.
NT-M (YK) AK (MB) SK AB (BC).
Common .

Lappula squarrosa (Retz.) Dumort.
Lappula echinata Fritsch
"Lappula echinata Gilib."
Lappula myosotis Moench

bluebur,* stickweed, burseed, blue-bur, European stick-tight, maiden-lip,
stickseed, burweed, blue weed, beggar-ticks, beggar's lice,
bur forget-me-not, European sticktight (United States).

bardanette épineuse,* bardanette, bardanette hérissée, bardanette myosotis

NT-M YK (AK) LB NF NS PE NK QU ON MB SK AB BC.

Introduced; native of Eurasia.

Annual or winter annual; along roadsides, in waste places and cultivated
fields; common; particularly in the Prairie Provinces.

Frick 1984.

Map: Hultén and Fries 1986, Map 1565, p. 783.

Hackelia floribunda (Lehm.) I.M. Johnston
Lappula floribunda (Lehm.) Greene

large-flowered stickseed,* many-flowered hackelia, western stickseed
(United States).

hackélia florifère.*

153

ON MB SK AB BC .

Native.

Biennial or perennial; in damp thickets, along shorelines, on Pacific slopes,
and in the Rocky Mountains; common.

Symphytum asperum Lepechin

prickly comfrey,* rough comf rey .

consoude âpre,* consoude rugueuse.

NF NS PE QU ON MB BC.

Introduced; native of Asia.

Perennial; in waste places and along roadsides; common.

Map: Hulte'n and Fries 1986, Map 1547, p. 774.

Symphytum officinale L.

comfrey,* common comfrey.

consoude officinale,* langue de vache, herbe à la coupure, grande consoude,
consoude, herbe du cardinal, consoude commune (France).

NF SM NS NK QU ON AB BC.

Introduced; native of Eurasia.

Perennial; in waste places and along damp roadsides; occasional.

Map: Hultén and Fries 1986, Map 1546, p. 773-

Borago officinalis L.

borage,* common borage.

bourrache officinale,* bourrache (France).

SM NS PE NK QU ON MB SK AB BC.

Introduced; native of Europe.

Annual; a cultivated species spreading to waste places; occasional.

154

Anchusa arvensis (L. ) Bieb.
Buglossoides arvensis auct.
Lycopsis arvensis L.

small bugloss,* bugloss.

lycopside des champs,* chaudronnette, face de loup, griffe des champs,
lycopside, petite buglosse, face-de-loup.

NF (NS) PE NK QU ON MB SK AB.

Introduced; native of Eurasia.

Annual; in dry or sandy fields and waste places; common in eastern Canada,
uncommon in the Prairie Provinces.

Johnston 1954.

Map: Hultén and Fries 1986, Map 1549, p. 775.

Myosotis arvensis (L.) Hill

field scorpion-grass, field mouse-ear, field forget-me-not, rough
forget-me-not.

GR (AK?) NF SM (NS) (PE) (NK) QU ON MB SK BC.

Introduced; native of Eurasia.

Annual or biennial; in waste places, fields, and along roadsides; rare in the
prairies, occasional elsewhere.

Map: Hultén and Fries 1986, Map 1552, p. 776.

Myosotis discolor Pers .

Myosotis versicolor (Pers.) Sm.

yellow-and-blue forget-me-not, changing forget-me-not, (United Kingdom).

NS ON BC.

Introduced; native of Europe.

Annual; in fields; local in occurrence.

Map: Hultén and Fries 1986, Map 1554, p. 777.

155

Buglossoides arvensis (L.) I.M. Johnston
Lithospermum arvense L.

corn gromwell,* corn-gromwell, bastard alkanet, field gromwell, wheatthief.

grémil des champs,* charrée.

SM NS ON MB BC.

Introduced; native of Eurasia.

Annual or biennial; a weed of sandy fields and roadsides; common.

Map: Hulte'n and Fries 1986, Map 1540, p. 770.

Lithospermum officinale L.

pearl gromwell,* common gromwell, European gromwell, gromwell.

grémil officinal,* herbe aux perles, graines de lutin, grémil, herbe de lutin,
thé des champs.

NK QU ON (MB?) .

Introduced; native of Europe.

Perennial; in pastures, open places, and along roadsides; common.

Map: Hultén and Fries 1986, Map 1539, p. 770.

Echium vulgare L.

Echium vulgare var. pustulatum (Sibth. and Sm.) Coincy
"Echium vulgare var. pustulatum (Sibth. and Sm.) Rouy"

blueweed,* blue devil, blue-weed, viper* s-bugloss, viper's bugloss, blue
thistle.

vipérine,* vipérine vulgaire, bouquet bleu, herbe aux vipères, langue d'oie,
herbe bleue, herbe piquante, vipérine commune.

NF NS (PE) NK QU ON MB SK AB BC.

Introduced; native of Eurasia.

Biennial; in dry fields, waste places, and along roadsides; common except in
the Prairie Provinces, where it is weedy in several areas but generally rare.

Pusateri and Blackwell 1979.

Map: Hulte'n and Fries 1986, Map 1541, p. 771.

156

VERBENACEAE (vervain family)

Verbena bracteata Lag, and Rodr.

bracted vervain,* prostrate vervain, carpet vervain.

verveine prostrée.*

ON MB SK AB BC.

Native.

Annual or short-lived perennial; on sandy prairie in fields and waste places;
not common but locally abundant.

Verbena hastata L.

blue vervain,* simpler' s joy, ironweed.

verveine hastée,* verveine bleue.

NS NK QU ON MB SK BC.

Native.

Perennial; in damp thickets, woodlands, and river valleys, common.

Verbena urticifolia L.

white vervain,* nettle-leaved vervain, bur-vine.

verveine à feuilles d'ortie,* verveine blanche, verveine à feuille d'Ortie.

NK QU ON SK.

Native.

Perennial; in rich thickets and at the borders of woods and pastures;
common.

LABIATAE (mint family)

Ajuga reptans L.

ajuga,* carpet bugleweed, bugle.

157

bugle rampante,* herbe de Saint-Laurent, petite consoude .

NF QU ON.

Introduced; native of Eurasia.

Perennial; along roadsides and in fields; local.

Map: Hultén and Fries 1986, Map 1576, p. 788.

Teucrium canadense L .

germander,* wood-sage, American germander.

germandrée du Canada.*

NS NK QU ON MB SK BC.

Native.

Perennial; in thickets, rich low woods, and along shores.

McClintock and Epling 1946.

Teucrium canadense subsp. canadense

Teucrium canadense var. virginicum (L. ) Eaton

NS NK QU ON.

Occasional.

Teucrium canadense subsp. viscium (Piper) Taylor and MacBryde

Teucrium canadense var. occidentale (A. Gray) McClint. and Epling

hairy germander, head-betony.

germandrée occidentale.

QU ON MB SK BC.

Uncommon, rare in the Prairie Provinces.

Glechoma hederacea L.

Glechoma hederacea var. micrantha Moricand
Nepeta hederacea (L.) Trev.

ground-ivy,* gill-over-the-ground, ground ivy, scarlet runner, haymaids,
creeping Charlie, robin-run-away, hedgemaids, run-away-robins.

158

lierre terrestre,* glécome lierre, népète lierre-terrestre, lierre sauvage,
cataire, chataire, chataire lierre, bléchome, chataire lierre-terrestre,
gléchome lierre, népète, lierre terrestre panaché, népète faux lierre,
rondette, rondelotte.

Introduced; native of Europe.

Perennial; along roadsides, in waste places and gardens; reported as poisonous
to livestock; common.

Mulligan and Munro 1983.

Map: Hultén and Fries 1986, Map 1603, p. 802.

Dracocephalum parviflorum Nutt.

Moldavica parviflora (Nutt.) Britton

American dragonhead,* American dragon-head, dragonhead, small-flowered
dragonhead.

dracocéphale d'Amérique,* dracocéphale parviflore, dracocéphale à petite fleur.

NT-M YK AK NF SM QU ON MB SK AB BC.

Native.

Annual or biennial; often on rocky or calcareous soils or in recent clearings;
common.

Prunella vulgaris L.

heal-all,* carpenter-weed, self-heal, carpenterweed selfheal, common
self-heal, healall (United States).

prunelle vulgaire,* brunelle, herbe au charpentier, prunelle commune, brunelle
commune, brunelle vulgaire, primevère commune, prunelle, prunellier commun.

AK LB NF SM NS PE NK QU ON MB SK AB BC.

Native and introduced.

Perennial.

Prunella vulgaris subsp. lanceolata (Barton) Hultén
Prunella vulgaris var. aleutica Fernald
Prunella vulgaris subsp. aleutica (Fernald) Hultén
Prunella vulgaris var. calvescens Fernald
Prunella vulgaris var. rouleauiana Vict.

AK LB NF SM NS PE NK QU ON MB SK AB BC .

159

Native.

In open woods, thickets, and along roadsides; common.

Map: Hultén and Fries 1986, Map 1607, P- 804.

Prunella vulgaris subsp. vulgaris

Prunella vulgaris var. parviflora (Poiret) Bentham

LB NF SM NS QU ON MB SK AB BC.

Introduced; native of Eurasia.

Along roadsides, on grasslands, and in waste ground; common.

Map: Hultén and Fries 1986, Map 1607, p. 804.

Galeopsis bifida Boenn.

Galeopsis tetrahit L. var. arvensis Schlecht.

Galeopsis tetrahit var. bifida (Beonn.) Lejeune and Court

bifid-lipped hemp-nettle.

NT-M (AK?) LB NF SM NS PE NK QU ON MB SK AB BC .

Introduced; native of Eurasia.

Annual ; a common widespread weed .

Map: Hultén and Fries 1986, Map 1587, p. 794.

Galeopsis tetrahit L.

hemp-nettle,* dog nettle, common hemp-nettle, hemp nettle, bee nettle,
flowering nettle, hempnettle (United States).

ortie royale,* gratte, galéopside, galéopside tétrahit, galéopside à tige
carrée, chanvre sauvage, chambreule, chanvre bâtard, chanvre folle,
chardonnet, chevenelle, cromois, donate, galéope piquant, galéopse, galéope
tétrahit, geneviève.

AK NF (NS) (PE) NK QU ON MB SK AB BC.

Introduced; native of Eurasia.

Annual; in waste places, cultivated fields, and along roadsides; common.

160

O'donovan and Sharma 1987.

Maps: Hultén and Fries 1986, Map 1586, p. 793; O'donovan and Sharma 1987,
Fig. 2, p. 790.

Lamium amplexicaule L.

henbit,* henbit-nettle, henbit dead-nettle, dead nettle.

lamier amplexicaule,* pain de poule.

(GR) LB NF SM (NS) NK QU ON SK AB BC.

Introduced; native of Eurasia.

Annual or biennial; in waste places, fallow fields, new seedings, and along
roadsides; occasional in the Prairie Provinces, occurring locally in the rest
of Canada.

Map: Hultén and Fries 1986, Map 1593, p. 797.

Leonurus cardiaca L.

motherwort,* common motherwort, mother wort.

agripaume cardiaque,* herbe piquante, cardiaire, cardiaque (France).

NS PE NK QU ON MB SK BC.

Introduced; native of Eurasia.

Perennial.

Map: Hultén and Fries 1986, Map 1595, p. 798.

Leonurus cardiaca subsp. cardiaca
Leonurus cardiaca var. cardiaca

NS PE NK QU ON MB SK BC .

In waste places and along roadsides; common.

Leonurus cardiaca subsp. villosus (Desf . ex Sprengel) Hyl
Leonurus cardiaca var. villosus (Desf.) Bentham

161

MB.
Uncommon.

Monarda fistulosa L.

wild bergamot,* horse mint.

monarde fistuleuse.*

QU ON MB AB BC.

Native.

Perennial; in dry thickets, clearings, and at the borders of woods,

Scora 1967.

Monarda fistulosa var. mollis (L.) Bentham

Monarda fistulosa var. longipetiolata Boivin
Monarda fistulosa var. maheuxii Boivin

QU ON MB AB BC.

Occasional.

Scora 1967.

Monarda fistulosa var. fistulosa
QU ON.
Occasional.
Scora 1967.

Monarda menthifolia R.C. Graham

Monarda fistulosa var. menthifolia (R.C. Graham) Fernald
"Monarda fistulosa var. menthaefolia"

mint-leaved bergamot, wild bergamot.

menthe de cheval, bergamote sauvage.

ON MB SK AB BC.

162

Native.

Perennial; in fields, open woods, and along roadsides; common.

Scora 1967.

Lycopus americanus Muhl. ex Barton
"Lycopus americanus Muhl . "
Lycopus americanus var. scabrifolius Fernald

American water-horehound,* cut-leaved water horehound, water-horehound ,
cut-leaved bugle-weed, American bugleweed.

lycope d'Amérique,* lycope sinuée .

(NF) NS PE NK QU ON MB SK AB BC.

Native.

Perennial; on low, marshy ground; common.

Henderson 1962.

Lycopus uniflorus Michaux

Lycopus uniflorus var. ovatus Fernald and St. John
Lycopus virginicus L. var. pauciflorus Bentham

tuberous water-horehound,* northern bugleweed, northern water horehound, bugle
weed, northern bugle-weed, bugleweed, bugle weed, onef lower bugleweed, spring
of Jerusalem.

lycope à une fleur,* lycope uniflore, lycope commun.

(AK) LB NF SM (NS) (PE) (NK) QU ON MB SK (AB?) BC.

Native.

Perennial; on marshy ground and along stream banks; common.

Henderson 1962.

SOLAN ACEAE (nightshade family)

Hyoscyamus niger L.

black henbane,* henbane, foetid nightshade, insande root, poison tobacco.

163

jusquiame noire,* jusquiame, mort-aux-poules, tabac du diable, potelée,
careillade, canicule, henebane potelée, herbe à la teigne, herbe aux
engelures, herbe corniculaire, herbe de Sainte-Apolline, herbe du diable.

NS (PE?) NK QU ON MB SK AB (BC?).

Introduced; native of Europe.

Biennial or annual; along roadsides, in waste places and gardens; reported to
be poisonous to humans and livestock, a source of the narcotic hyoscyamin;
occasional.

Map: Hultén and Fries 1986, Map 1621, p. 811.

Physalis L.
Waterfall 1958.

Physalis alkekengi L.

Chinese lantern,* winter-cherry, Chinese lantern-plant, alkekengi, Chinese
lantern plant, winter cherry, cape-gooseberry, Chinese lanternplant
(United States).

coqueret alkékenge,* alkekenge, lanterne dirnoise, alkékenge (France).

(QU) ON.

Introduced; native of Asia.

Perennial; spreading locally from cultivation.

Physalis heterophylla Nees

Physalis heterophylla var. ambigua (A. Gray) Rydb.
Physalis heterophylla var. nyctaginea (Dunnal) Rydb.

clammy ground-cherry,* ground-cherry, wild ground cherry, clay groundcherry
(United States).

coqueret hétérophylle,* cerise de terre sauvage, cerise-de-terre.

(NS) QU ON MB.

Native.

Perennial; in dry, open woods and clearings; occasional.

164

Physalis subglabrata Mackenzie and Bush

Physalis longifolia Nutt. var. subglabrata (Mackenzie and Bush) Cronq.
Physalis virginiana Muhl. var. subglabrata (Mackenzie and Bush) Waterfall

smooth ground-cherry,* smooth groundcherry (United States).

coqueret glabre.*

ON.

Native.

Physalis virginiana Miller

QU ON MB.

Native.

Perennial; in dry, sandy, or rocky woods, clearings, and openings; uncommon.

Solanum L.

Stebbins and Paddock 1949; Heiser 1969; Henderson 1974; Edmonds 1977, 1978,
1979b; Schilling 1978, 1981; Schilling and Heiser 1979; Heiser et al. 1979;
Bassett and Munro 1985.

Solanum carolinense L.

horse-nettle,* balle-nettle, ball-nettle, horsenettle (United States).

morelle de la Caroline.*

QU ON.

Introduced; native of the United States and southern Ontario, introduced
further northward.

Perennial; in fields, waste places, and sandy openings; locally common.

Bassett and Munro 1986.

Map: Bassett and Munro 1986, Fig. 5A, p. 983.

Solanum dulcamara L .

Solanum dulcamara var. villosissimum Desv.

climbing nightshade,* bitter nightshade, bittersweet, nightshade, matrimony
vine, woody nightshade, bittersweet-nightshade, scarlet berry, violet bloom,
fever-twig, European bittersweet.

165

raorelle douce-amère,* douce-amère, vigne de Judée, herbe à la fièvre, laque,
morelle grimpante.

NF NS PE NK QU ON MB (AB?) BC .

Introduced; native of Eurasia.

Perennial; in thickets and clearings near settlements; poisonous to livestock
and humans; common.

Mulligan and Munro 1983.

Map: Hultén and Fries 1986, Map 1624, p. 812.

Solanum nigrum L.

Solanum nigrum var. nigrum auct. pro parte

black nightshade,* common nightshade, stubble-berry, garden nightshade.

morelle noire,* tue-chien, morelle noire, raisins de loup, crève-chien,
herbe-mou, morelle.

(AK?) NF NS (PE?) NK QU ON MB SK AB BC.

Introduced; native of the eastern United States.

Annual; in waste places, along roadsides, and on disturbed soils; poisonous to
humans and livestock; common.

Lodge et al. 1968; Holm et al. 1977; Mulligan and Munro 1983; Bassett and
Munro 1985.

Maps: Bassett and Munro 1985, Fig. 8, p. 406; Hultén and Fries 1986,
Map 1622, p. 811.

Solanum nodiflorum Jacq. subsp. nutans R.J.F. Henderson

Solanum americanum Miller var. nodiflorum (Jacq.) Edmonds
Solanum americanum var. patulum (L.) Edmonds

black nightshade.

BC.

Native.

Annual ; rare .

166

Solanum pterocaulum Dunal
Solarium americanum auct.
Solanum nigrum auct .
Solanum nigrum var. virginicum L.

American nightshade,* black nightshade.

morelle d'Amérique.*

QU ON.

Introduced; native of the eastern United States.

Annual; in rocky or dry open woods, thickets, and openings, along shorelines,
often spreading to cultivated or waste ground; common.

Solanum rostratum Dunal
Solanum cornutum auct.

buffalobur,* buffalo-bur, buffalo bur, Kansas-thistle.

morelle rostrée.*

(PE?) QU ON MB (SK?) AB BC.

Introduced ; native of the United States and Mexico .

Annual; in waste places; occasional to uncommon.

Bassett and Munro 1986.

Map: Bassett and Munro 1986, Fig. 5B, p. 983.

Solanum sarrachoides Sendtner
"Solanum sarachoides"

hairy nightshade,* cupped nightshade, green nightshade (United Kingdom).

morelle poilue.*

AK QU ON MB SK AB BC.

Introduced; native of South America.

Annual; in waste places and gardens; uncommon.

Edmonds 1979a; Bassett and Munro 1985.

Map: Bassett and Munro 1985, Fig. 9, p. 406.

167

Solanum triflorum Nutt .

wild tomato,* spreading nightshade, prairie nightshade, cut-leaved nightshade,
three-flowered nightshade, cutleaf nightshade.

morelle a trois fleurs.*

QU ON MB SK AB BC.

Introduced; native of the western United States.

Annual; on dry plains, in open woods, and often a weed of fields and
roadsides; common.

Datura innoxia Miller
"Datura inoxia Miller"

Datura metel auct .

Datura meteloides DC. ex Dunal
"Datura meteloides DC. "

sacred datura.

QU ON.

Introduced; native of tropical America.

Annual; in waste places; locally common.

Avery et al. 1959; McNeill I98la.

Datura stramonium L.

Datura stramonium var. tatula (L.) Torrey
Datura stramonium f . tatula (L. ) Boivin

jimsonweed,* stramonium, jimson-weed, Jamestown weed, jimson weed, devil's
apple, mad apple, stinkwort, white man's plant, thorn apple, thornapple ,
thorn-apple, stinkweed, purple thorn-apple, stramonium thorn-apple.

stramoine commune,* datura stramoine, pomme épineuse, herbe aux sorciers,
bourse-du-diable, herbe des magiciens, herbe du diable, plante de l'homme
blanc, pomme du diable, stramoine, stramoine violette, herbe à la toupe
(France) .

NS PE NK QU ON SK (AB?) BC.

Introduced; native of Asia.

Annual; spreading from gardens to cultivated fields and waste places; uncommon
on the prairies, common in Ontario.

168

Avery et al. 1959; Mulligan and Munro 1983; Weaver and Warwick 1984.

Maps: Weaver and Warwick 1984, Fig. 2, p. 983; Hultén and Fries 1986,
Map 1625, p. 813.

SCROPHULARIACEAE (figwort family)

Verbascum thapsus L.

common mullein,* flannel-plant, great mullein, mullein, wild tobacco.

grande molène,* tabac du diable, molène vulgaire, bonhomme, molène, molène
commune, molène médicinale, blanc de mal, bouillée, cierge de Notre-Dame,
semelles, bouillon-blanc, bouillon blanc (France).

(AK?) NF NS (PE?) NK QU ON MB SK AB BC.

Introduced; native of Eurasia.

Biennial; in fields and on rocky or gravelly banks; common in British Columbia
and eastern Canada, rare in the Prairie Provinces.

Gross and Werner 1978.

Maps: Gross and Werner 1978, Fig. 2A, p. 406; Hultén and Fries 1986,
Map 1629, p. 815.

Linaria dalmatica (L.) Miller

Linaria genistifolia (L.) Miller subsp. dalmatica (L.) Maire and Petitmangin

Dalmatian toadflax,* broad-leaved toadflax.

linaire à feuilles larges,* linaire de dalmatie.

(NS) QU ON MB SK AB BC.

Introduced; native of Europe.

Perennial; spreading from gardens to roadsides and fields; common.

DeWolf 1956; Alex 1962.

Map: Alex 1962, Fig. 5, p. 305.

169

Linaria vulgaris Miller
"Linaria vulgaris Hill"

yellow toadflax,* butter-and-eggs, Gomraon toadflax, toadflax, common linaria,
toad-flax, wild snapdragon, butter and eggs.

linaire vulgaire,* linaire commune, linaire, gueule de lion, lin des crapauds,
gueule de lion des champs, muflier sauvage, pain et beurre, pisse de chien,
gueule-de-lion.

NT-M AK NF SM NS PE NK QU ON MB SK AB BC.

Introduced; native of Eurasia.

Perennial; a weed of fields and waste places; common.

DeWolf 1956.

Map: Hultén and Fries 1986, Map 1636, p. 818.

Chaenorrhinum minus (L.) Lange

dwarf snapdragon,* common dwarf snapdragon, small snapdragon, small toadflax
(United Kingdom).

chénorhinum mineur,* linaire mineure.

NS PE NK QU ON MB SK AB BC.

Introduced; native of Eurasia.

Annual; along roadsides, in waste places, and around railroad grades;
occasional.

Widrlechner 1983

Maps: Widrlechner 1983, Figs. 1-5, pp. I8O-I83.

Scrophularia lanceolata Pursh

lance-leaved figwort,* figwort, lanceolate figwort, lanceleaf figwort
(United States).

scrofulaire lancéolée.*

(NS) (NK) QU ON SK BC.

170

Native.

Perennial; in thickets and at the borders of woods; occasional.

Veronica agrestis L.

field speedwell,* field-speedwell, garden speedwell, garden speed-well,
winter-weed, green field-speedwell (United Kingdom).

véronique rustique,* véronique agreste.

NF SM NS NK QU ON AB (BC?).

Introduced; native of Eurasia.

Annual; in waste places, cultivated ground (gardens), and along roadsides;
common.

Map: Hultén and Fries 1986, Map 1657, p. 829.

Veronica arvensis L .

corn speedwell,* corn-speedwell, wall speedwell, field-speedwell, field
speedwell, corn-speed-well.

véronique des champs.*

Annual; in waste open ground, rocky or sterile pastures, open woodlands,
and along shaded ledges; common.

GR (AK) (LB?) NF (SM) NS NK QU ON BC.

Introduced; native of Eurasia.

Map: Hultén and Fries 1986, Map 1654, p. 827.

Veronica chamaedrys L .

germander speedwell,* bird's-eye, angel's eye.

véronique germandrée,* petit-chêne, herbe à Thérèse, petit chêne.

(AK?) NF NS PE NK QU ON AB BC.

Introduced; native of Eurasia.

171

Perennial; along roadsides, in fields, and at the borders of woods; reported
as a rare garden weed in the Prairie Provinces, otherwise occasional.

Map: Hultén and Fries 1986, Map 1646, p. 823.

Veronica filiformis Sm.

creeping speedwell,* slender speedwell.

véronique filiforme.*

QU ON BC.

Introduced; native of Asia.

Annual; appearing in lawns; occasional.

Map: Hultén and Fries 1986, Map 1661, p. 831.

Veronica officinalis L.

Veronica officinalis var. tournefortii (Vill.) Reichenb.

common speedwell,* gypsyweed, heath speedwell (United Kingdom).

véronique officinale,* thé d'Europe, véronique, herbe aux ladres, véronique
mâle.

NF SM NS PE NK QU ON BC.

Introduced; native of Eurasia.

Perennial; in fields, open woods, and on dry hills; common.

Map: Hultén and Fries 1986, Map 1645, p. 823.

Veronica peregrina L.

purslane speedwell,* neckweed, purslane-speedwell, American speedwell
(United Kingdom).

véronique voyageuse.*

NT-M YK AK PE NK QU ON MB SK AB BC.

Native.

Annual .

172

Veronica peregrina var. peregrina

PE NK QU ON BC.

On damp open soils, often becoming a roadside weed; occasional.

Map: Hulte'n and Fries 1986, Map 1656, p. 828.

Veronica peregrina var. xalapensis (Humb., Bonpl., & Knuth) St. John & Warren

NT-M YK AK NK QU ON MB SK AB BC.

On moist or even wet soils, sometimes in marshes or estuaries; occasional,
locally abundant in the Prairie Provinces.

Map: Hultén and Fries 1986, Map 1656, p. 828.

Veronica persica Poiret

Veronica persica var. aschersoniana (Lehm.) Boivin
Veronica persica var. corrensiana (Lehm.) Boivin

bird's-eye speedwell,* bird's-eye, Persian speedwell, Persia speedwell, common
field-speedwell (United Kingdom), birdseye speedwell (United States).

véronique de Perse.*

NF NS PE NK QU ON AB BC.

Introduced; native of Eurasia.

Annual; in waste places and along roadsides; common.

Map: Hultén and Fries 1986, Map 1660, p. 830.

Veronica serpyllifolia L.

Veronica serpyllifolia var. nummulariodes Lee. and Lem.

thyme-leaved speedwell,* thymeleaf speedwell.

véronique à feuilles de serpolet,* véronique à feuilles de thym.

GR YK (AK?) LB NF SM NS PE NK QU ON MB SK AB BC.

Introduced; native of Eurasia.

Perennial; in damp open woods, grassy places, and along roadsides; occasional.

173

Maps: Hultén 1971, p. 260; Hultén and Fries 1986, Maps 1640 and 1641,
pp. 820-821.

Digitalis purpurea L.

foxglove,* common foxglove.

digitale pourpre,* digitale pourprée (France).

(AK?) NF SM NS ON BC.

Introduced; native of Europe.

Biennial; a cultivated escape to clearings and old fields; uncommon, locally
abundant in Newfoundland.

Mulligan and Munro 1983 .

Map: Hultén and Fries 1986, Map 1638, p. 819.

Euphrasia L.

Sell and Yeo 1970.

Euphrasia nemorosa (Pers.) Wallr.
Euphrasia americana Wettst.
Euphrasia canadensis auct. pro parte

NS PE NK QU BC.

Possibly introduced; native of western and central Europe.

Annual; in fields and along roadsides, occasional.

Map: Hultén and Fries 1986, Map 1674, p. 837.

Euphrasia stricta Wolf ex Lehm.

Euphrasia officinalis auct. pro parte
Euphrasia rigidula Jordan

stiff eyebright, eyebright (United Kingdom).

euphraise dressé.

NS (PE?) QU.

nn

Possibly introduced; native of Europe.

Annual; in dry fields and on sterile grasslands; common.

Map: Hultén and Fries 1986, Map 1675, p. 838.

Euphrasia tetraquetra (Bréb.) Arrondeau
Euphrasia americana auct. pro parte
Euphrasia canadensis Townsend

eyebright,* Canadian eyebright .

euphraise du Canada.*

QU.

Introduced; native of Europe.

Annual; in open, sterile fields and along roadsides; common.

Odontites serotina Dumort .

Odontites rubra (Baumg.) Opiz
"Odontites serotina (Lam.) Dumort."
Odontites verna auct.
Odontites verna (Bellardi) Dumort. subsp. serotina (Dumort.) Corb.

red bartsia.*

odontite rouge,* bartsie dentée.

NF (NS) (PE) (NK) QU ON MB AB.

Introduced; native of Eurasia.

Annual; along roadsides and in fields; common.

Map: Hultén and Fries 1986, Map 1684, p. 842.

Rhinanthus minor L .

Rhinanthus borealis (Sterneck) Druce
"Rhinanthus borealis (Sterneck) Chab."
Rhinanthus crista-galli L.

Rhinanthus crista-galli var. fallax (Wimmer and Graebner) Druce
Rhinanthus minor subsp. borealis (Sterneck) Druce
Rhinanthus stenophyllus (Schur) Schinz and 'Thell.

yellow rattle,* common yellow rattle, small yellow rattle, yellow-rattle,
common rattle, Boston-weed, mormon-weed, cockscomb rattleweed, rattle-box,
rattle-seed.

175

rhinanthe crête-de-coq,* claquette, sonnette, cocrête, tartaire, graines de
Boston, rhinanthe mineure, rhinanthe petit, cocrète, rhinanthe à petites
fleurs, bourse, cociste, cocriste, croquette.

GR NT-K NT-M YK AK LB NF SM NS PE NK QU ON MB SK AB BC.

Probably native and introduced.

Annual; in meadows, on slopes, and along shorelines; common.

Van Hulst et al. 1986.

Maps: Hultén 1958, Map 119, p. 139; Van Hulst et al. 1986, Fig. 1, p. 1445;
Hulte'n and Fries 1986, Map 1702, p. 851.

PHRÏMACEAE (lopseed family)

Phryma leptostachya L.

lopseed .

Phryma à épis grêles.

NB QU ON MB

Introduced; native of east Asia.

Perennial; in rich woods, thickets, and along roadsides; local in
occurrence.

PLANT AGINACEAE (plantain family)

Plantago L.
Bassett 1973.

Plantago aristata Michaux

Plantago patagonica Jacq. var. aristata (Michaux) A. Gray

bracted plantain, buckhorn, large-bracted plantain.

(YK?) NS ON AB BC.

Introduced; native of Eurasia.

176

Annual or short-lived perennial; on dry, open soils; uncommon.
Map: Bassett 1973, p. 38.

Plantago lanceolata L.

Plantago lanceolata var. angustifolia Poiret

Plantago lanceolata var. sphaerostachya Mert. and Koch

narrow-leaved plantain,* ribgrass, ripplegrass, buckhorn, English plantain,
ribwort plantain, rib-grass, lance-leaved plantain, buckhorn plantain.

plantain lancéolé,* plantain, plantain à feuilles lancéolées, plantain long,
bonne femme, herbe à cinq coutures, herbe à cinq côtés, herbe à coutures,
herbe aux cinq coutures, oreille de lièvre.

(AK?) NF SM NS PE (NK) QU ON (MB?) BC.

Introduced; native of Eurasia.

Perennial; in hayfields, pastures, lawns, farmyards, waste places, and along
roadsides; common.

Holm et al. 1977; Cavers et al. 1980.

Maps: Bassett 1973, p. 34; Hultén and Fries 1986, Map 1724, p. 862.

Plantago major L.

Plantago major var. pachyphylla Pilger

Plantago major var. pilgeri Domin

Plantago major var. scopulorum Fries and Broberg

broad-leaved plantain,* common plantain, whiteman's-foot , lamb's-tonque ,
greater plantain, broad-leaf plantain, rat-tail, plantain, whiteman's foot,
broadleaf plantain (United States).

plantain majeur,* grand plantain, pays, pied du blanc, plintan, plantain à
grand épi, plantain à grandes feuilles, plantain commun, queue de rat,
plantain.

(GR) NT-M YK AK LB NF SM NS PE NK QU ON MB SK AB BC.

Possibly introduced.

Annual or perennial; a semicosmopolitan weed, along roadsides and in yards;
common.

Hawthorn 1974; Holm et al. 1977.

177

Maps: Bassett 1973, p. 8; Hawthorn 1974, Fig. 2, p. 386; Hultén and Fries
1986, Map 1725, p. 863.

Plantago patagonica Jacq .

woolly plantain,* patagonian Indian-wheat.

plantain laineux de Pursh.*

MB SK AB BC.

Native.

Annual or short-lived perennial; in sandy soil, along rivers, and on dry soils,

Map: Bassett 1973, p. 36.

Plantago patagonica var. patagonica

Plantago patagonica var. gnaphaloides (Nutt.) A. Gray
Plantago purshii auct.

MB SK AB BC.

Common.

Plantago patagonica var. spinulosa (Decne.) A. Gray
"Plantago patagonica var. spinulosa A. Gray"

SK AB BC.

Common .

ROBIACEAE (madder family)

Galium aparine L.

cleavers,* goose-grass, goosegrass.

gaillet grateron,* gratte-cul, gratteron, herbe collante, gaillet gratteron,
rièble, caille-lait.

(GR) (AK) NF (NS) QU (ON) (MB) SK AB BC.

Native.

178

Annual; in moist woodlands and along riverbanks; a weed of parklands; common
Moore 1975a; Holm et al. 1977.
Map: Moore 1975a, Fig. 9, p. 886.

Galium boréale L.

Galium boréale var. hyssopifolium (Hoffm.)DC.

northern bedstraw,* crooswort.

gaillet boréal.*

GR NT-M YK AK NS NK QU ON MB SK AB BC.

Native.

Perennial; along shores, roadsides, and on gravelly or rocky banks; common.

Map: Hulte'n 1958, Map 86, p. 105.

Galium mollugo L.

smooth bedstraw,* bedstraw, white bedstraw, babyfs breath, hedge bedstraw
(United Kingdom).

gaillet mollugine,* gaillet, caille-lait, gratte-cul, gratteron, rable,
caille-lait blanc (France).

NF NS PE NK QU ON BC.

Introduced; native of Eurasia.

Perennial; in fields and along roadsides; common.

Galium palustre L.

marsh bedstraw,* common marsh bedstraw, marsh-bedstraw, common bedstraw,
common marsh-bedstraw (United Kingdom).

gaillet palustre,* gaillet des marais.

(YK) NB NF SM (NS) (PE) (NK) QU ON (MB) (AB) .

Native.

179

Perennial; in wet meadows, bogs, swamps, and along banks; common.
Map: Hultén 1958, Map 151, p. 171.

Galium spurium L.

Galium aparine auct. pro parte

Galium aparine var. echinospermum (Wallr.) Farwell

Galium aparine L. f. spurium (L.) Boivin

false cleavers.*

gaillet bâtard.*

QU ON MB SK AB.

Native.

Annual; in rich woods, thickets, waste places, and along shorelines;
common.

Moore 1975a.

Map: Moore 1975a, Fig. 9, p. 886.

Galium verum L.

yellow bedstraw,* bedstraw, Our Lady's bedstraw, lady's bedstraw (United
Kingdom) .

gaillet vrai,* gaillet commun, gaillet jaune, grappelle, herbe à Vierge,
caille-lait jaune (France).

NF (SM NS) QU ON MB AB BC.

Introduced; native of Eurasia.

Perennial; in dry fields and along roadsides; locally common, rare in the
Prairie Provinces.

CAPRIFOLIACEÂE (honeysuckle family)

Sambucus canadensis L.

common elderberry, common elder, Canada elderberry, elderberry, Canadian elder,

180

sureau blanc, sureau du Canada, sirop blanc.

NS NK QU ON.

Native.

Shrub; reported as a weed of silviculture; common.

Sambucus racemosa L. subsp. pubens (Michaux) House
Sambucus pubens Michaux

catberry, elder, red elder, red-berried elder, stinking elder, red elderberry,

sirop rouge, sureau pubescent, sureau rouge.

AK NF NS PE NK QU ON MB SK AB BC.

Native.

Shrub; in woods and openings that are often rocky.

Sambucus racemosa subsp. racemosa occurs in Europe.

Sambucus racemosa subsp. pubens var. arborescens (Torrey and A. Gray) A.
Gray

coastal American red elder.

AK AB BC.

Common, particularly in British Columbia.

Sambucus racemosa subsp. pubens var. leucocarpa (Torrey and A. Gray) Cronq.
Sambucus pubens subsp. pubens var. pubens (Michaux) Koehne
Sambucus racemosa var. pubens (Michaux) Koehne
"Sambucus racemosa var. pubens (Michaux) S. Watson"

eastern American red elder.

NF NS PE NK QU ON MB SK BC.

Occasional to common.

Sambucus racemosa subsp. pubens var. melanocarpa (A. Gray) McMinn

American black-fruited elder, black-berried elder, blackberry elder, black
elder.

181

sureau arborescent.

AB BC.

Uncommon.

VALERIANACEAE (valerian family)

Valeriana officinalis L.

common valerian,* garden-heliotrope, garden heliotrope, garden valerian.

valériane officinale,* herbe aux chats (France).

NS PE NK QU ON BC.

Introduced; native of Eurasia.

Perennial; in thickets and along roadsides; originally a cultivated escape;
occasional.

Meyer 1951.

Map: Hultén and Fries 1986, Map 17^3, p. 87^.

DIPSACACEAE (teasel family)

Dipsacus fullonum L.

Dipsacus sylvestris Hudson

teasel, wild teasel.

cardere, cardère des bois, cardère sylvestre, cabaret des oiseaux, chardon des
forêts.

QU ON BC.

Introduced; native of Eurasia.

Biennial; in old fields, pastures, and along roadsides; locally common.
The cultivated Fuller's teasel, Dipsacus sativus (L.) Honckenny (= Dipsacus
fullonum subsp. sativus (L.), Dipsacus fullonum auct. amer.), does not appear
to be established in Canada.

182

Ferguson and Brizicky 1965; Werner 1975.
Map: Werner 1975, Fig. 2, p. 786.

Knautia arvensis (L.) Coulter
"Knautia arvensis (L.) Duby"

field scabious,* bluebuttons, blue buttons, pincushion, gypsy's rose

scabieuse des champs,* knautie des champs, oreille d'âne, mirliton.

NF NK QU ON MB SK AB BC.

Introduced; native of Eurasia.

Perennial; in dry pastures, fields, and waste places; occasional.

Map: Hultén and Fries 1986, Map 1746, p. 873.

CAMPANULA CEAE (bluebell family)

Campanula glomerata L.

Campanula glomerata 'speciosa'

clustered bellflower.*

campanule agglomérée,* ganteline d'Angleterre, campanule à bouquets
(France) .

NS QU ON.

Introducea; native of Eurasia.

Perennial; in old fields, pastures, and along roadsides; occasional.

Map: Hultén and Fries 1986, Map 1752, p. 876.

Campanula rapunculoides L.

Campanula rapunculoides var. ucranica auct .
"Campanula rapunculoides var. ucrainica"

creeping bellflower,* bell-flower, bluebells, garden bluebell, bellflower,
bluebell, rampion bellflower (United Kingdom).

campanule fausse raiponce,* campanule fausse-raiponce, campanule, raiponcette,
clochettes, campanule raiponce, raiponce.

183

NF (NS) (PE) (NK) QU ON MB AB BC .

Introduced; native of Eurasia.

Perennial; a cultivated escape spreading to roadsides and thickets; occasional
to common.

Shetler 1963; 1982.

Map: Hultén and Fries 1986, Map 1756, p. 878.

Campanula rotundifolia L.

Campanula gieseckiana Vest ex Roemer and Schultes

Campanula rotundifolia var. arctica Lange

Campanula rotundifolia var. lancifolia Mert. and Koch

harebell,* bluebell, common harebell, Scottish bluebell, thimble, bluebell of
Scotland.

campanule à feuilles rondes,* campanule à feuille ronde, cloches, clochettes
bleues.

GR NT-K NT-M (YK) AK LB NF SM NS PE NK QU ON MB SK AB BC.

Native.

Perennial; on open or rocky banks, shores, and in meadows; common.

Bocher 1966; Hultén 1971; Shetler 1963, 1982.

Maps: Hultén 1971, Map 119, p. 129; Shetler 1982, Fig. 3, p. 395; Hultén and
Fries 1986, Map 1757, p. 879.

COMPOSITAE (composite family)

Eupatorium maculatum L.

Eupatorium purpureum L. var. maculatum (L.) W. Darlington

spotted Joe-Pye weed,* Joe-pye weed, Joe-Pye-weed, Joe-Pye-Weed, joepyeweed
(United States).

eupatoire maculée,* eupatoire pourpre.

NF SM NS PE NK QU ON(N) MB SK AB BC .

184

Perennial; in wet localities and low, moist woodland openings
Native.

Eupatorium maculatum var. bruneri (A. Gray) Breit.
MB SK AB BC.
Bruner's trumpetweed.
Common .

Eupatorium maculatum var. maculatum

Eupatorium maculatum var. foliosum (Fernald) Wieg .

NF SM NS PE NK QU ON.

Common.

Eupatorium rugosum Houtt.

Eupatorium ageratoides L. f.

white snakeroot,* white sanicle, Indian sanicle, squawweed, richweed, white
top, deer-wort-boneset .

eupatoire rugueuse,* eupatorium rugueuse, eupatoire à feuilles d'ortie,
eupatoire agérate, eupatoire blanche, agérate blanche.

NS NK QU ON.

Native.

Perennial; chiefly in basic soils of thickets, clearings, and rich woods;
poisonous to livestock; common.

Blake 1941; Grant 1953; Mulligan and Munro 1983.

Grindelia squarrosa (Pursh) Dunal

gumweed,* gumplant, curlycup-gumweed, curlycup gumweed.

herbe à gomme,* grindélie squarreuse, épinette de prairie.

NT-M NF QU ON MB SK AB BC.

Native and introduced.

185

Biennial to perennial; on dry prairie saline flats, along roadsides, and at
slough margins.

Grindelia squarrosa var. quasiperennis Lunell
NT-M NF QU ON MB SK AB BC.
Native.
Common .

Grindelia squarrosa var. serrulata (Rydb.) Steyern.
ON MB SK.
Native.
Common .

Grindelia squarrosa var. squarrosa

All records from Canada possibly refer to var. serrulata.

Chrysopsis villosa (Pursh) Nutt .

Heterotheca villosa (Pursh) Shinners

hairy golden-aster,* golden aster, hairy golden aster.

chrysopside velue.*

MB SK AB BC.

Native.

Perennial; on dry sandy prairies and hillsides.

Chrysopsis villosa var. hispida (Hooker) A. Gray
Heterotheca villosa var. hispida (Hooker) Harms

(AB) BC.

Uncommon.

186

Chrysopsis villosa var. villosa

Heterotheca villosa var. villosa

MB SK AB BC.

Native.

Common .

Solidago canadensis L.

Canada goldenrod,* Canadian goldenrod, common goldenrod.

verge d'or du Canada,* bouquets jaunes, verge d'or, verge d'or commune, gerbe
d'or, solidage du Canada.

NT-M YK AK LB NF NS (PE) NK QU ON MB SK AB BC .

Native.

Perennial; in pastures, forest nurseries, perennial gardens, and crops;
reported to be poisonous to livestock.

Werner et al. 1980; Melville and Morton 1982; Semple and Ringius 1983.

Solidago canadensis var. canadensis

NT-M YK (AK) LB NF NS PE NK QU ON MB SK AB BC.

Common.

Solidago canadensis var. gilvocanescens Rydb.

canescent Canadian goldenrod.

NT-M LB NF NS NK QU ON MB SK AB BC.

Common, particularly in the Prairie Provinces.

Solidago canadensis var. salebrosa (Piper) E.M. Jones

creek goldenrod.

NT-M AK YK NF QU ON MB SK AB BC.

Common, particularly in the Prairie Provinces.

187

Solidago canadensis var. scabra (Muhl.) Torrey and A. Gray
Solidago altissima L.

tall goldenrod.*

verge d'or haute,* solidage très haute.

NK QU ON MB.

Common, particularly in Ontario and Quebec.

Haplopappus spinulosus (Pursh) DC.

spiny ironplant,* iron-plant.

haplopappe épineux.*

MB SK AB.

Native.

Perennial; on dry plains and hillsides; common.

Chrysothamnus nauseosus (Pallas) Britton

stinking rabbitbrush,* common rabbitbrush, rabbit-brush, rabbit brush,
rabbit-brush, stinking rabbit brush, rubber rabbitbrush (United States) .

bigelovie puante.*

(MB?) SK AB BC.

Native.

Perennial; on badlands, eroded hillsides, and occasionally on saline clay
flats.

Mulligan and Munro 1983.

Chrysothamnus nauseosus subsp. albicaulis (Nutt.) H.M. Hall and Clements
Chrysothamnus nauseosus var. albicaulis (Nutt. ) Rydb.

BC.

Uncommon.

188

Chrysothamnus nauseosus subsp. graveolens (Nutt.) Piper
Chrysothamnus nauseosus var. glabratus (A. Gray) Cronq,

SK BC.

Uncommon.

Chrysothamnus nauseosus subsp. nauseosus
Chrysothamnus nauseosus var. nauseosus

(MB?) SK AB BC.

Locally common.

Chrysothamnus viscidiflorus (Hooker) Nutt. subsp. lanceolatus (Nutt.) Piper
Chrysothamnus viscidiflorus var. lanceolatus (Nutt.) Greene

sticky-leaved rabbitbrush,* Douglas's rabbitbrush, Douglas rabbitbrush
(United States).

bigelovie visqueuse.*

BC.

Native.

Perennial; in wooded areas; local.

Chrysothamnus viscidiflorus subsp. viscidiflorus occurs in Washington State
but does not extend into Canada; subsp. puberulus (Easton) H.M. Hall and
Clement has been reported, apparently erroneously, from British Columbia.

Aster laevis L.

Aster laevis var. geyeri A. Gray

smooth aster.*

aster lisse.*

(YK?) QU ON MB SK AB BC.

Native.

Perennial; in open woodlands, on moist to dry prairie, and around bluffs;
common.

189

Erigeron annuus (L. ) Pers .
Stenactis annua (L.) Nees

annual fleabane,* daisy-fleabane, sweet-scabious, white-top, annual
daisy-f leabane .

vergerette annuelle,* erigeron annuel, vergerette annuelle, vergerette,
vergerette perlée, vergerolle annuelle.

NF NS PE NK QU ON MB SK AB BC.

Native.

Annual or sometimes biennial; in fields, waste places, and open woods; common,

Erigeron philadelphicus L.

Erigeron philadelphicus var. glaber Henry
"Erigeron philadelphicus var. glabra Henry"
Erigeron philadelphicus var. provancheri (Vict, and Rousseau) Boivin
Erigeron provancheri Vict, and Rousseau

Philadelphia fleabane.*

vergerette de Philadelphie,* érigéron de Philadelphie, vergerette rose,
vergerolle de Philadelphie, vergerolle à fleurs purpurines.

NT-M NF NS (PE?) NK QU ON MB SK AB BC.

Native.

Perennial; in moist places, thickets, open woodlands, and springy slopes;
common .

Conyza canadensis (L.) Cronq.
Erigeron canadensis L.

Canada fleabane,* Canadian fleabane, horse-weed, hog-weed, butter-weed,
horseweed, butterweed, hogweed, fireweed.

vergerette du Canada,* queue de renard, herbe des français, vergerette,
érigéron du Canada, érigéron, queue-de-renard, vergerolle du Canada, fausse
camomille.

NT-M NF SM NS PE NK QU ON MB SK AB BC.

Native in the more southerly parts of Canada, introduced northward.

Annual; in waste places, cultivated fields, and on dry soils; common.

190

Filaginella uliginosa (L.) Opiz
Gnaphalium uliginosum L.

low cudweed,* marsh cudweed, mud cudweed, wartwort .

gnaphale des vases,* gnaphale uligineuse, immortelle des vases.

GR NT-M (YK) (AK) (LB) NF SM NS PE NK QU ON (MB?) SK (AB) BC .

Introduced; native of Eurasia.

Annual; in ditches, damp clearings, and waste places; common in the Boreal
forest, uncommon in the Prairie Provinces.

Map: Hultén and Fries 1986, Map 1789, p. 895.

Gnaphalium obtusifolium L.

fragrant cudweed,* cat foot, obtuse-leaved everlasting.

gnaphale à feuilles obtuses,* gnaphale à feuille obtuse.

NS PE (NK) QU ON BC.

Native.

Biennial; in fields, dry clearings, and at the borders of woods; common.

Inula helenium L.

elecampane.*

inule aunée,* inule aulnée, grande aunée, alliaume, aster de chien, aulnée,
aunée, aunée officinale, hélénine, énula-campana, inule, inule hélénie, soleil
vivace.

(NF?) NS PE NK QU ON BC.

Introduced; native of Eurasia.

Perennial; along roadsides, on fencerows, and in rich clearings; common.

I va axillaris Pursh

povertyweed,* small-flowered marsh elder, poverty weed.

herbe de pauvreté.*

191

MB SK AB BC.

Native.

Perennial; in heavy, somewhat saline soils; a serious weed in many farming
areas where soil conditions are favorable.

Bassett et al. 1962; Best 1975.

Map: Bassett et al. 1962, Fig. 1, p. 1245.

I va axillaris subsp. axillaris

MB SK AB.

Common.

Bassett et al. 1962; Best 1975.

Map: Bassett et al. 1962, Fig. 1, p. 1245.

I va axillaris subsp. robustior (Hooker) Bassett
Iva axillaris var. robustior Hooker

small-flowered poverty-weed.

SK BC.

Occasional.

Bassett et al. 1962; Best 1975.

Map: Bassett et al. 1962, Fig. 1, p. 1245.

Iva xanthiifolia Nutt.

false ragweed,* tall poverty-weed, marsh elder, burweed marsh elder, careless
weed, prairie ragweed, rough sumpweed (United States).

fausse herbe à poux,* iva xanthifoliée, fausse-herbe à poux.

NS PE NK QU ON MB SK AB BC.

Native.

Annual; a common weed along roadsides and in fields.

192

Ambrosia artemisiifolia L.

Ambrosia artemisiifolia var. elatior (L.) Descourt.

common ragweed,* small ragweed, hogweed, Roman wormwood, bitterweed, ragweed,
hog-weed, bitter-weed, annual ragweed, short ragweed

petite herbe à poux,* ambroisie à feuilles d'Armoise, jacobée, absinthe du
pays, ambroise à feuilles d'armoise, herbe à poux, herbe à la roupie, herbe à
poux commune, herbe-chiffon, herbe frette, herbe souff reuse, petite ragweed,
roupie, sarriette, ambrosie à feuilles d'armoise.

NF NS PE NK QU ON MB SK AB BC.

Native.

Annual; a weed of roadsides, waste places, and cultivated fields; common.

Bassett and Terasmae 1962; Bassett and Crompton 1975.

Maps: Bassett and Terasmae 1962, Fig. 1, p. 143; Bassett and Crompton 1975,
Fig 2, p. 467.

Ambrosia psilostachya DC.

Ambrosia coronopifolia Torrey and A. Gray

Ambrosia psilostachya var. coronopifolia (Torrey and A. Gray) Farwell

perennial ragweed,* western ragweed.

herbe à poux vivace,* ambrosie vivace.

NS PE QU ON MB SK AB BC.

Native.

Perennial; on dry prairies, barrens, sand, and in openings; locally common.

Bassett and Terasmae 1962; Bassett and Crompton 1975.

Maps: Bassett and Terasmae 1962, Fig. 3, p. 144; Bassett and Crompton 1975,
Fig. 3, p. 467.

Ambrosia trifida L.

giant ragweed,* great ragweed, buffalo-weed, kinghead, tall ragweed.

grande herbe à poux,* ambroisie trifide, ambroise trifide, ambroise à trois
lobes, herbe à poux, ambroisie à trois lobes.

193

NS PE NK QU ON MB SK AB BC .

Native.

Annual; in waste places, fields, and along roadsides; locally common.

Bassett and Terasmae 1962; Bassett and Crompton 1982b.

Maps: Bassett and Terasmae 1962, Fig. 2, p. 143; Bassett and Crompton 1982b,
Fig. 3, p. 1006.

Franseria acanthicarpa (Hooker) Coville
Ambrosia acanthicarpa Hooker

bur-ragweed,* sandbur, sand-bur, bur ragweed, annual bursage
(United States).

franserie lampourde.*

MB AB.

Native.

Annual; on sand dunes; locally common.

Xanthium spinosum L.

spiny cocklebur, bathhurst-bur, cocklebur.

lampoude épineuse, petite bardane.

ON (SK) BC.

Introduced; native of South America, naturalized in south and central Europe.

Annual; in waste places; occasional.

Holm et al. 1977.

Xanthium strumarium L.

Xanthium strumarium var. canadense (Miller) Torrey and A. Gray
"Xanthium strumarium var. canadensis (Miller) Torrey and A. Gray"
Xanthium strumarium var. glabratum (DC.) Cronq.

cocklebur,* rough cocklebur, heartleaf cocklebur.

lampourde glouteron,* gratia, glouteron, lampourde.

194

NS P£ NK QU ON MB SK AB BC .

Native.

Annual; in waste places, along slough margins, and in low places;
poisonous.

Love and Dansereau 1959; Holm et al. 1977; Weaver and Lechowicz 1982;
Mulligan ana Munro 1983.

Map: Weaver and Lechowicz 1982, Fig. 3, p. 216.

Rudbeckia nirta L. var. pulcherrima Farwell
Rudbeckia serotina Nutt.

Rudbeckia serotina var. lanceolata (Bisehoff) Fernald anû Schubert
RudbecKia serotina var. sericea (T.V. Moore) Fernala and Scnubert

black-eyed Susan,* yellow daily, blackeyed Susan, blackeyedsusan (United
States) .

rudbeckie hérissée,* marguerite orangée, marguerite jaune, rud'oeckie tardive,
moutarde orange, rudbeckie, rudbeckie hirsute, rudbékie bicolore, obéliscaire,
rudbéckie hérissée.

NF NS PE NK QU UN MB SK AB BC .

Introduced; native of the central and eastern United States.

Biennial or perennial; in open woods, thickets, barrens, fields, and on tne
prairie; common.

Rudbeckia hirta var. hirta is a native of the eastern United states from
Pennsylvania southward.

uress 1961.

Rudbeckia laciniata L.

Rudbeckia laciniata var. gasper eauens is Fernald

cut-leaved conef lower,* tall conef lower, conef lower, golden glow.

rudbeckie laciniée,* rudbeckia à feuilles dentelées, rudbékia lacinié
rudbeckia laciné.

NS PE NK QU UN MB.

Native.

195

Perennial; in rich low ground, meadows, open woodlands, and at the edge of
forests; common.

The double-flowered cultivar Hortensia (= cultivar Hortensis = var. hortensis
Bailey) is also found as an escape sometimes in New Brunswick, Quebec, and
possibly Prince Edward Island.

Dress 1961; Mulligan and Munro 1983.

Helianthus L.
Heiser et al. 1969.

Helianthus annuus L.

sunflower,* common sunflower, common annual sunflower.

hélianthe annuel,* tourne-soleil, soleil, grand soleil, tourne-soleil, soleil
tournesol (France).

(NT-M) (AK) NS PE NK QU ON MB SK AB BC.

Native and introduced.

Helianthus annuus subsp. annuus
Helianthus annuus 'giganteus'

(NT-M) (AK) NS PE QU ON MB SK AB.

Annual; cultivated for seed, occasionally escaping.

Introduced; native of the United States southward to the South American
continent.

Helianthus annuus subsp. lenticularis (Douglas ex Lindley) Cockerell
Helianthus annuus f . fallax Boivin
Helianthus annuus f. lenticularis (Douglas) Boivin

PE NK QU ON MB SK AB BC.

Native and introduced.

Annual; on clay and heavier soils and along roadsides; common.

196

Helianthus petiolaris Nutt .

prairie sunflower,* annual sunflower.

hélianthe des prairies.*

ON MB SK AB BC.

Native and introduced; introduced into Ontario and British Columbia.

Annual; along roadsides, in sandy areas, and on sand dunes; common.

Bidens cernua L.

Bidens cernua var. dentata (Nutt.) Boivin

Bidens cernua var. elliptica Wieg.

Bidens cernua var. intégra Wieg.

Bidens cernua var. minima (Hudson) Purs h

Bidens cernua var. oligodonta Fernald and St. John

Bidens cernua var. radiatus DC.

nodding beggarticks,* stick-tight, bur marigold, nodding bur-marigold, nodding
beggar-ticks, pitchfork.

bident penché,* fourchettes.

NT-M AK NS PE NK QU ON MB SK AB BC .

Native.

Annual; in water and very wet soils; common.

Maps: Hulte'n 1958, Map 260, p. 279; Hultén and Fries 1986, Map 1797, p. 899.

Bidens frondosa L.

Bidens frondosa var. anomala Porter

Bidens frondosa var. pallida Wieg.

Bidens frondosa var. stenodonta Fernald and St. John

devil's beggarticks,* devils beggarticks, beggar-ticks, stick-tight, common
beggarticks, common beggar-ticks, large-leaved beggar-ticks, boot-jacks,
beggarticks (United Kingdom).

bident feuillu,* bident touffu, fourchettes.

NF NS PE NK QU ON MB (AB?) BC.

Native.

Annual; in damp, open habitats and waste or cultivated ground; common.

197

Bidens tripartita L.

Bidens comosa (A. Gray) Wieg.

Bidens connata Muhl .

Bidens connata var. fallax (Warnst.) Sherff

Bidens connata var. petiolata (Nutt.) Farwell

Bidens connata var. submutica Fassett

three-parted beggarticks,* swamp-beggarticks, beggar-ticks, leafy-bracted
beggarticks, beggar-ticks of Europe, leafy-bracted beggar-ticks,
beggar 's-ticks, stick-tight, trifid bur-marigold (United Kingdom).

chanvre d'eau,* bident en toupet, cornes, fourchettes.

NF NS PE NK QU ON (AB?) (BC?).

Native and introduced.

Annual; in swampy thickets and waste places; common.

Map: Hulte'n and Fries 1986, Map 1799, p. 900.

Bidens vulgata Greene

Bidens frondosa L. var. puberula Wieg.
Bidens vulgata var. puberula (Wieg.) Greene
Bidens vulgata var. schizantha Lunell

tall beggarticks,* beggar-ticks, stick-tight, common beggar-ticks.

bident vulgaire.*

NS (NK) QU ON MB SK AB BC.

Native.

Annual; in ditches, waste places, along roadsides, and on rich low ground;
common.

Galinsoga ciliata (Rafin.) S.F. Blake
Galinsoga quadriradiata Ruiz & Pav.

hairy galinsoga,* shaggy galinsoga, quickweed, ciliate galinsoga, shaggy
soldier (United Kingdom).

galinsoga cilié,* galinsoga.

NS (PE) NK QU ON MB AB BC .

Introduced; native of south and central America.

198

Annual; a weed of gardens, yards, and waste places; common.

Warwick and Sweet 1983.

Maps: Warwick and Sweet 1983, Fig. 3, p. 701; Hultén and Fries 1986, Map
1801, p. 901.

Galinsoga parviflora Cav.

small-flowered galinsoga,* field scabious, galinsoga, joey hooker, yellow
weed, kew weed, gallant soldier, smallflower galinsoga (United States).

galinsoga à petites fleurs,* galinsoga, scabieuse des champs.

QU ON BC.

Introduced; native of Mexico and South America.

Annual; weedy in gardens and waste places; common.

Warwick and Sweet 1983.

Maps: Warwick and Sweet 1983, Fig. 4, p. 702; Hultén and Fries 1986, Map
1800, p. 900.

Helenium autumnale L.

sneezeweed,* false sunflower, swamp sunflower, yellow ox-eye, common
sneezeweed.

hélénie automnale,* hélénie d'automne (France).

NT-M QU ON MB SK AB BC.

Native.

Perennial; poisonous to livestock.

Mulligan and Munro 1983.

Helenium autumnale var. autumnale

ON.

In rich thickets, meadows, and on shorelines; occasional.

199

Helenium autumnale var. canaliculatum (Lam.) Torrey and A. Gray
Helenium autumnale var. fylesii Boivin

QU ON.

In meadows, thickets, and on freshwater or tidal shores; occasional.

Helenium autumnale var. grandiflorum (Nutt.) Torrey and A. Gray

NT-M AB BC.

In moist meadows and on shore banks; occasional.

Helenium autumnale var. montanum (Nutt.) Fernald

mountain sneezeweed.*

hélénie automnale des montagnes.*

ON MB SK AB BC.

In low meadows, beside water courses, and in low places; common.

Gaillardia aristata Pursh

gaillardia,* brown-eyed Susan.

gaillarde,* gaillarde vivace.

NT-M QU ON MB SK AB BC.

Native.

Perennial; on prairie grassland, in dry open areas, and along roadsides;
common.

Anthémis arvensis L.

Anthémis arvensis var. agrestis (Wallr.) DC.

corn chamomile,* corn-chamomille, corn-chamomile .

camomille des champs,* camomille sauvage, fausse-camomille (France).

GR NF (PE) QU ON BC.

Introduced; native of Eurasia.

200

Annual or biennial; along roadsides and in waste places; common.
Map: Hultén and Fries 1986, Map 1802, p. 901.

Anthémis cotula L .

stinking mayweed,* mayweed, dog-fennel, stinking chamomile, chamomile, fetid
chamomile.

camomille des chiens,* queneron, maroute des chiens, petite marguerite,
maroute, camomille maroute, camomille fétide, camomille puante, camomille
romaine, camomille sauvage, maroute puante, amaroude, bouillot, chamaron,
maroune.

(YK) (AK) NF NS (PE) NK QU ON MB (SK) AB BC.

Introduced; native of Eurasia.

Annual; along roadsides and in waste places; common.

Map: Hultén and Fries 1986, Map 1803, p. 902.

Anthémis tinctoria L.

yellow chamomille, yellow chamomile.

camomille jaune, camomille des teinturiers, oeil de boeuf, oeil-de-boeuf
(France) .

(AK?) NF NS NK QU ON MB SK AB BC.

Introduced; native of Eurasia.

Perennial; in fields, waste places, and along roadsides; occasional.

Map: Hultén and Fries 1986, Map 1804, p. 902.

Achillea millefolium L.

yarrow,* common yarrow, milfoil.

achillée mille-feuille,* achillée, millefeuille, mille-feuille, millefeuille,
millefeuille commune herbe à dindes, herbe à dinde, herbe à dindons, herbe à
dindon, herbe au charpentier, saigne-nez, achillée, arabadinde, grassette,
herbe à la couture, sourcil de Vénus, herbe aux militaires, herbe à mille
feuilles, herbe à la saignée.

201

GR NT-K NT-M YK AK LB NF SM NS PE NK QU ON MB SK AB BC.

Native and introduced.

Perennial.

Mulligan and Bassett 1959; Warwick and Black 1982.

Achillea millefolium var. borealis (Bong.) Farwell
Achillea borealis Bong.
Achillea millefolium var. nigrescens E.H.F. Meyer

northern yarrow.

achillée boréale.

GR NT-K NT-M YK AK LB NF SM NS QU ON MB SK AB BC.

Native.

On cool slopes, wet rocks, and shorelines; poisonous to livestock; common.

More northern in its distribution than var. lanulosa; common.

Warwick and Black 1982.

Maps: Warwick and Black 1982, Fig. 4, p. 169; Hultén and Fries 1986, Map 1805,
p. 903.

Achillea millefolium var. lanulosa (Nutt.) Piper
Achillea lanulosa Nutt.

Achillea millefolium subsp. lanulosa (Nutt.) Piper var. alpicola (Rydb.)
Garrett

Achillea millefolium subsp. lanulosa (Nutt.) Piper var. lanulosa
Achillea millefolium var. occidentalis DC.

western yarrow.

achillée laineuse.

NT-M AK (LB?) NF SM (NS) (PE) (NK) QU ON MB SK AB BC.

Native.

In clearings, on waste ground and prairie, and along roadsides; common.

Warwick and Black 1982.

Maps: Warwick and Black 1982, Fig. 3, p. 168; Hultén and Fries 1986, Map 1805,
p. 903.

202

Achillea millefolium var. millefolium

GR NT-K NT-M YK AK LB NF SM NS PE NK QU ON MB SK AB BC.

Introduced; native of Eurasia.

In fields and along roadsides; poisonous to livestock; common.

Warwick and Black 1982.

Map: Warwick and Black 1982, Fig. 5, p. 170; Hultén and Fries 1986, Map 1805,
p. 903.

Matricaria maritima L.

Tripleurospermum maritimum (L.) Koch

mayweed, maritime camomile, bachelor's buttons, barnyard daisy.

matricaire maritime.

(GR) (NT-M) (AK?) LB (NF) (SM?) (NS) (PE) NK QU ON MB SK AB (BC).

Introduced; native of Eurasia.

Annual; in waste places; occasional.

Map: Hultén and Fries 1986, Map 1809, p. 905.

Matricaria perforata Merat

Matricaria maritima auct. pro parte
Matricaria maritima var. agrestis (Knaf) Wilmott
Matricaria maritima subsp. inodora (L.) Clapham
Tripleurospermum inodorum (L.) Schultz Bip.
Tripleurospermum maritimum auct. pro parte

scentless chamomile,* scentless mayweed, false chamomile (United States).

matricaire inodore,* camomille inodore, camomille.

GR NT-M AK LB NF SM NS PE NK QU ON MB SK (AB) BC.

Introduced; native of Eurasia.

Annual; in fields, waste places, and along roadsides; common.

Map: Hulte'n and Fries 1986, Map 1809, p. 905.

203

Matricaria recutita L.

Chamomilla recutita (L.) Rauschert

Matricaria chamomilla L. pro parte

Matricaria chamomilla var. coronata (Gay) Cosson and Germ.

Matricaria recutita L.

wild chamomile,* wild-chamomile, German chamomile.

matricaire camomille,* camomille, camomille ordinaire (France) .

GR NF NS NK QU ON MB SK AB BC.

Introduced; native of Eurasia.

Annual; along roadsides and in waste places; locally common.

Toman and Stary 1965; Cayouette et al. 1983 •

Map: Hultén and Fries 1986, Map 1807, p. 904.

Matricaria matricariodes (Less.) Porter
Chamomilla suaveolens (Pursh) Rydb.

pineappleweed,* pineapple-weed, pineapple weed, rayless chamomile, wild
marigold.

matricaire odorante,* matricaire suave, herbe à crapaud, pomme de pré.

GR NT-F NT-M YK AK LB NF SM NS PE NK QU ON MB SK AB BC.

Introduced; native of Eurasia.

Annual; in old fields, yards, and waste places; common.

Map: Hultén and Fries 1986, Map l808, p. 904.

Leucanthemum praecox (Horvatic) Horvatic
Chrysanthemum ircutianum Turcz.
Chrysanthemum leucanthemum L. var. boecheri Boivin

NT-K YK LB (NF?) (SM?) NS PE (NK) QU ON MB AB (BC).

Introduced; native of Eurasia.

Perennial; in waste places and along roadsides; local.

204

Leucanthemum vulgare Lam.

Chrysanthemum leucanthemum L.

Chrysanthemum leucanthemum var. plnnatifidum Lecoq. and Lam.

ox-eye daisy,* ox-eye-daisy, white daisy, whiteweed, oxeye daisy, white
ox-eye, daisy, bulb's-eye, white-weed.

marguerite blanche,* marguerite, chrysanthème des prés, grande marguerite,
pâquerette, chrysanthème leucanthème , marguerite des champs, bouquet blanc,
chrysanthème à fleur blanche, chrysanthème blanc, leucanthème, leucanthème
commum, oeil-de-boeuf, chrysanthème grande-marguerite.

LB NF SM (NS) (PE) (NK) QU (ON) MB SK AB BC.

Introduced; native of Eurasia.

Perennial; in waste places, meadows, and along roadsides; common.

Map: Hultén and Fries 1985, Map 1813, p. 907-

Tanacetum vulgare L.

Chrysanthemum vulgare (L.) Bernh.
Tanacetum vulgare 'crispum'

tansy,* common tansy, golden-buttons, English fern.

tanaisie vulgaire,* tisane, tanaisie crépue, tanacet, tanaisie commune,
tanaisie, balsamite arrière, herbe amère , herbe à puce, barmise, herbe de
Saint-Marc, remise, tanacée, herbe aux vers, willie puant, bardotine, tenze.

(AK) LB NF SM NS PE NK QU ON MB SK AB BC.

Introduced; native of Eurasia.

Perennial; a cultivated plant spread to waste areas, ditches, roadsides, and
the borders of fields; common.

Map: Hultén and Fries 1986, Map 1810, p. 905.

Artemisia absinthium L.

Artemisia absinthium var. insipida Stechmann

absinth,* absinthe, absinthium, common wormwood, wormwood, absinth wormwood
(United States).

armoise absinthe,* armoise, absinthe.

NF SM NS (PE) NK QU ON MB SK AB BC.

205

Introduced; native of Eurasia.

Perennial; along roadsides, in waste places, and at the edge of fields; common.

Maw et al. 1985.

Maps: Maw et al. 1985, Fig. 2, p. 392; Hultén and Fries 1986, Map 1819,
p. 910.

Artemisia biennis Willd.

biennial wormwood,* biennial sagewort .

armoise bisannuelle,* herbe Saint-Jean, fausse tanaisie.

NT-M NS PE NK QU ON MB SK AB BC.

Introduced; native of the western United States.

Annual or biennial; in cultivated fields, waste places, clearings, on open
ground, burns, and along roadsides; common.

Senecio jacobea L.

tansy ragwort,* tansy-ragwort, stinking Willie, ragwort, British ragwort,
staggerwort, stinking-willie, baughlan, common ragwort (United Kingdom).

séneçon jacobée,* séneçon, fleur de Saint-Jacques, herbe de Saint- Jacques,
jacobée.

NF SM NS PE NK QU ON BC.

Introduced; native of Eurasia.

Biennial or winter annual; in fields, pastures, and along roadsides; poisonous
to livestock; common.

Mulligan and Munro 1983.

Map: Hultén and Fries 1986, Map 1841, p. 921.

Senecio viscosus L.

sticky groundsel,* sticky ragwort, clammy groundsel, fetid groundsel, stinking
groundsel.

séneçon visqueux.*

206

NF NS PE NK QU ON MB BC .

Introduced; native of Eurasia.

Annual; in waste places and around railroad yards; common.

Map: Hultén and Fries 1986, Map 1847, p. 924.

Senecio vulgaris L .

common groundsel,* garden groundsel, common ragwort, groundsel.

séneqon vulgaire,* séneqon commun, séneqon, herbe aux charpentiers, grand
mouron, toute venue, petit séneçon, séneçon des oiseaux.

GR NT-M (YK) AK LB NF SM NS PE NK QU ON MB SK AB BC.

Introduced; native of Eurasia.

Annual; a weed of cultivated land and waste places; occasional.

Map: Hulte'n and Fries 1986, Map 1848, p. 924.

Cardueae

Moore and Frankton 1974.

Echinops sphaerocephalus L.

globe thistle,* common globe-thistle.

boulette commune.*

QU ON MB BC.

Introduced; native of Eurasia.

Perennial; a cultivated species occasionally escaping to waste heaps in fields,

Arctium lappa L.

great burdock,* cuckle-buttons, greater burdock (United Kingdom).

grande bardane,* artichaut, bardane majeure, rhubarbe sauvage, rapace ,
graquias, toques, bardane, bardane commune, catherinettes, croquia, glouteron,
gratteau, herbe aux teigneux, piquant, rhubarbe du diable, roses-bardane.

207

(NS) NK QU ON MB BC.

Introduced; native of Eurasia.

Biennial; in waste places and along roadsides (chiefly in calcareous soils);
common.

Arènes 1950; Gross et al. 1980.

Maps: Gross et al. 1980, Fig. 2B, p. 626; Hultén and Fries 1986, Map 1852,
p. 926.

Arctium minus Bernh.

"Arctium minus (Hill) Bernh. "
"Arctium minus Schkuhr"

common burdock,* lesser burdock, burdock, clotbur, wild burdock.

petite bardane,* bardane, tabac du diable, cibourroche, rapace, graquias,
toques, rhubarbe sauvage, bardane mineure, artichaut, herbe aux teigneux,
bardane microcéphale, bourrier, crakia, glouteron, grateau, grateron, gratia,
gratte, gratteron, péterolle, piquant, R'quin'ben, rhubarbe, rhubarbe crapaud,
rhubarbe du diable, teigne, bourrier.

NF NS PE NK QU ON MB SK AB BC.

Introduced; native of Eurasia.

Biennial; a widely distributed weed, reported to cause mechanical injury to
livestock.

Lodge et al. 1968; Gross et al. 1980.

Maps: Gross et al. 1980, Fig. 2A, p. 626; Hultén and Fries 1986, Map 1853,
p. 927.

Arctium nemorosum Lej.

Arctium minus auct. pro parte
"Arctium nemorosum Lej. and Court."

common burdock.

NF NS (NK) QU ON MB AB (BC).

Introduced; native of Eurasia.

Biennial; in waste places; occasional.

Arènes 1950.

208

Carduus L.

Mulligan and Frankton 1954; Kazmi 1963, 1964.

Carduus nutans L.

nodding thistle,* musk-thistle, musk thistle.

chardon penché.*

NF NS SM NK QU ON.

Introduced; native of Eurasia.

Biennial.

Plants introduced in Canada are referable to subsp. nutans.

Other infraspecific taxa of Carduus nutans reported from Canada are referable

to Carduus thoermeri Weinm.

Moore and Mulligan 1956.

Map: Hultén and Fries 1986, Map 1859, p. 930.

Carduus nutans var. macrocephalus sensu Boivin non Carduus macrocephalus
Desf .

BC.

Uncommon.

Carduus nutans L. var. nutans

NF NS SM NK QU ON.

In fields and waste places; common.

Carduus thoermeri Weinm.

Carduus nutans subsp. leiophyllus (Petrovic) Stoj. and Stefanov
Carduus nutans var. leiophyllus (Petrovic) Arènes
Carduus nutans var. petrovicii Arènes
Carduus nutans var. vestitus (Halacsy) Boivin

QU ON MB SK BC.

Introduced; native of Eurasia.

Biennial; in waste places; occasional.

209

Cirsium arvense L.

Canada thistle,* creeping thistle.

chardon des champs,* chardon, chaudron, chardon commun, minou ,
chardon en prés, chardon du Canada, cirse des champs, chardron.

NF SM NS PE NK QU ON MB SK AB BC.

Introduced; native of Eurasia.

Perennial.

Moore 1975b; Holm et al. 1977.

Maps: Moore 1975b, Fig. 1, p. 1035; Hultén and Fries 1986, Map 1862, p. 931

Cirsium arvense var. arvense

NS QU ON MB.

In cultivated and waste ground; common.

Cirsium arvense var. horridum Wimmer and Grab.
Cirsium arvense var. arvense auct.

NF SM NS PE NK QU ON MB SK AB BC .

In waste places; occasional.

Cirsium arvense var. integrifolium Wimmer and Grab.
Cirsium arvense var. arvense auct. pro parte

QU ON MB SK AB BC.

In fields, waste places, and along roadsides; occasional

Cirsium arvense var. vestitum Wimmer and Grab.

QU ON MB SK.

In waste places and along roadsides; occasional.

Cirsium undulatum (Nutt.) Sprengel

Cirsium undulatum var. megacephalum (A. Gray) Fernald

wavy-leaved thistle,* prairie, thistle, wavy leaf bullthistle
(United States).

210

chardon des prairies.*

MB SK AB BC.

Native.

Biennial; on dry prairies and along roadsides; common.

Frankton and Moore 1961.

Map: Frankton and Moore 1961, Fig. 10, p. 25, Fig. 11, p. 26.

Cirsium vulgare (Savi) Tenore

bull thistle,* bull-thistle, spear thistle, common thistle.

chardon vulgaire,* piqueux chardon, gros chardon, pet d'âne, piqueux, chardon,
chardon anglais, chardon lancéolé, cirse vulgaire, cirse, cirse lancéolé,
piquants, pépiques.

(AK) NF SM (NS) PE NK QU ON MB SK AB BC.

Introduced; native of Eurasia.

Biennial; in waste places, clearings, pastures, and along roadsides;
common.

Map: Hultén and Fries 1986, Map 1867, p. 934.

Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertner

milk thistle,* milk-thistle, blessed milk-thistle, lady 's-thistle.

chardon-Marie,* silybum mariai, chardon-marie commun (France), lait de
Notre-Dame (France).

NS NK QU ON SK (BC) .

Introduced; native of Europe.

Winter annual or biennial ; an occasional garden escape .

Onopordum acanthium L.
"Onopordon acanthium L. "

Scotch thistle,* Scotch common-thistle, cotton thistle (United Kingdom).

211

acanthe sauvage.*

NK QU ON BC.

Introduced; native of Eurasia.

Biennial; in waste places and along roadsides; occasional.

Vezina and Grandtner 1980.

Map: Hultén and Fries 1986, Map i860, p. 930.

Centaurea L.

Moore and Frankton 1954; Moore 1972.

Centaurea diffusa Lam.

diffuse knapweed,* diffuse star-thistle.

centaurée diffuse.*

QU(?) AB BC.

Introduced; native of Eurasia.

Annual or biennial; along roadsides and railway tracks; rare in Alberta, more
common in British Columbia.

Moore and Frankton 1954; Watson and Renney 1974; Maddox 1982.

Map: Watson and Renney 1974, Fig. 4, p. 692.

Centaurea jacea L.

brown knapweed.*

centaurée jacée,* jacée des prés, jacée (France).

QU ON BC.

Introduced; native of Eurasia.

Perennial; in fields, waste places, and along roadsides; common.

Map: Hultén and Fries 1986, Map 1869, p. 935.

212

Centaurea maculosa Lam.

spotted knapweed,* Jersey knapweed (United Kingdom).

centaurée maculée,* centaurée tachetée.

NS NK QU ON BC.

Introduced; native of Eurasia.

Biennial; in fields, waste places, and along roadsides; common.

Moore and Frankton 1954; Watson and Renney 1974; Maddox 1982.

Map: Watson and Renney 1974, Fig. 5, p. 692.

Centaurea nigra L.

Centaurea nigra var. radiata DC.

black knapweed,* knapweed, spanish-buttons, common knapweed.

centaurée noire.*

NF SM NS (PE) NK QU ON BC.

Introduced; native of Eurasia.

Perennial; in fields and along roadsides; common.

Map: Hultén and Fries 1986, Map 1871, p. 936.

Centaurea solstitialis L.

yellow star-thistle,* Barnaby's thistle, yellow starthistle
(United States).

centaurée du solstice,* chardon doré, auriole.

ON MB SK.

Introduced; native of Eurasia.

Annual or biennial; in fallow fields, waste places, and along roadsides,
poisonous to livestock; common.

Mulligan and Munro 1983.

213

Acroptilon repens (L.) DC.
Centaurea repens L.

Russian knapweed,* Turkestan thistle, Turkestan-thistle.

centaurée de Russie.*

ON MB SK AB BC.

Introduced; native of Asia.

Perennial; in fields, waste places, and along roadsides; common.

Moore and Frankton 1954; Watson 1980.

Map: Watson 1980, Fig 3, p. 997.

Cichorium intybus L.

chicory,* wild succory, blue sailors, common chicory, succory, wild chicory,
blue daisy, coffee-weed.

chicorée sauvage,* chicorée, barbe de capucin, chicorée à café, chicorée
amère, chicorée commune, chicorée cultivée, chicorée frisée, chicorée
ordinaire, endive, endive sauvage, chicorée bleue.

LB NF SM NS PE NK QU ON MB (SK?) AB BC .

Introduced; native of Eurasia.

Perennial; in fields, parklands, and along roadsides; common.

Map: Hulte'n and Fries 1986, Map 1875, p. 938.

Lapsana communis L.

nipplewort,* nipple-wort, swine's cress.

lapsane commune,* herbe aux mamelles, graveline.

(GR) (AK?) NF NS NK QU ON (MB?) BC.

Introduced; native of Eurasia.

Annual; in waste places and along roadsides; common.

Map: Hulte'n and Fries 1986, Map 1918, p. 959.

214

Hypochoeris radicata L.
"Hypochaeris radicata"

spotted cat's-ear,* cat's ear, common cat's ear, long-rooted cat's ear,
flatweed, coast dandelion, gosmore, hairy cat's-ear, false dandelion, spotted
cat's ear (United States).

oreille de chat,* herbe à l'épervier.

AK NF SM NS NK QU ON SK AB BC.

Introduced; native of Eurasia.

Perennial; a weed of lawns, roadsides, ploughed fields, raspberry and
blueberry patches; common in British Columbia, locally frequent from
Newfoundland to Ontario, rare in the Prairie Provinces.

Aarssen 1981.

Maps: Aarssen 1981, Fig. 4, p. 370; Hultén and Fries 1986, Map 1882, p. 9^1.

Leontodon autumnalis L.

fall hawkbit,* fall dandelion, fall-dandelion, arnica, autumnal hawkbit,
august flower, augustf lower.

liondent d'automne,* léontodon automnal, léontodon d'automne.

GR (AK?) LB NF SM NS (PE) NK QU ON BC.

Introduced; native of Eurasia.

Perennial; in fields and along roadsides.

Map: Hultén and Fries 1986, Map 1883, p. 9^2.

Leontodon autumnalis subsp. autumnalis
Leontodon autumnalis var. autumnalis

(AK?) (NF) (NS) (PE) (NK) QU ON BC .

Occasional.

Leontodon autumnalis subsp. pratensis (Koch) Archangeli
Leontodon autumnalis var. pratensis (Link) Koch

GR LB NF SM NS (PE) NK QU.
Common .

215

Picris echioides L.

ox-tongue, bristly ox-tongue, bristly oxtongue (United Kingdom) and
(United States).

(NS?) NK QU ON SK AB.

Introduced; native of Eurasia.

Annual or biennial; in fields, waste places, and along roadsides; occasional

Cayouette et al. 1983.

Picris hieracioides L.

hawkweed oxtongue (United States) and (United Kingdom).

AK ON (BC?).

Introduced; native of Eurasia.

Annual; in fields, waste places, and along roadsides.

Picris hieracioides subsp. hieracioides

ON (BC?).

Introduced; native of Eurasia.

Uncommon.

Map: Hultén and Fries 1986, Map 1886, p. 943.

Picris hieracioides subsp. kamtschatica (Ledeb.) Hultén
Picris hieracioides var. alpina Koidz.
Picris hieracioides var. kamtschatica (Ledeb.) Boivin

AK.

Native.

Not yet in Canada.

Map: Hultén and Fries 1986, Map 1886, p. 9^3.

216

Tragopogon dubius Scop.
Tragopogon major Jacq.

goat 's-beard,* yellow salsify, yellow goat's-bear, western salsify (United
States) .

salsifis majeur.*

NT-M QU ON MB SK AB BC.

Introduced; native of Eurasia.

Biennial; along roadsides and in waste places; common.

Tragopogon porrifolius L.

common salsify,* salisfy, oyster plant, vegetable oyster, oyster-plant.

salsifis cultivé,* salsifis, salisfis commun, huître végétale, salsifis à
feuilles de poireau, salsifis des jardins, scorsenaire.

(NS) QU ON MB AB BC.

Introduced; native of Europe.

Biennial or perennial; a cultivated plant spreading to fields and along
roadsides; occasional.

Tragopogon pratensis L.

Tragopogon pratensis subsp. orientalis auct.

meadow goat 's-beard,* goat 's-beard , goat's beard, salsify, meadow salsify,
jack-go-to-bed-at-noon, johnny-go-to-bed-at-noon, yellow goatsbeard, common
goat 's-beard.

salsifis des prés,* salsifis sauvage, salsifis blanc, barbe de bouc, salsifis,
salsifis des champs, salsifis des prés à fleurs jaunes.

NS PE NK QU ON MB AB BC.

Introduced; native of Eurasia.

Biennial; in fields and on rocky banks; common.

Tragopogon pratensis subsp. orientalis (= Tragopogon orientalis L.) has been
reported from British Columbia, but specimens are referable to subsp.
pratensis.

Map: Hultén and Fries 1986, Map 1878, p. 939.

217

Taraxacum erythrospermum Andrz. sensu lato (= Taraxacum Section
Erythrosperma Dahlst.)

Taraxacum laevigatum (Willd.) DC.

red-seeded dandelion,* smooth dandelion, redseed dandelion (United States).

pissenlit à graines rouges,* pissenlit lisse.

(NS) (NK) QU (ON) MB SK AB BC.

Introduced; native of Europe.

Perennial; on thin dry soils, in waste places, and along roadsides; common.

Taraxacum officinale Weber ( = Taraxacum Section Taraxacum)

dandelion,* common dandelion, facelock.

pissenlit,* pissenlit officinal, dandelion officinal, florion d'or,
dent-de-lion commune, pissenlit dent-de-lion, dent-de-lion.

LB NF SM (NS) (PE) (NK) QU ON MB SK (AB) BC.

Introduced; native of Europe.

Perennial; a very common weed of lawns, grasslands, open grounds, waste
places, and roadsides.

Fernald 1948.

Taraxacum paluscre (Lyons) Symen sensu lato (= Taraxacum Section Palustria
Dahlst.)

Taraxacum officinale var. palustre (Sm.) Blytt

NF NS PE NK QU.

Introduced; native of Europe.

Perennial; in damp soils and marshes; occasional.

Sonchus arvensis L.

perennial sow-thistle,* corn sow-thistle, field sow-thistle, field sow
thistle, field-sow-thistle, perennial sow thistle, perennial sowthistle
(United States) .

laiteron des champs,* bouquet jaune, crève-z-yeux, florent, laiteron, laiteron
vivace, roi des champs.

218

(NT-M) AK NF SM (NS) (PE) (NK) QU ON MB SK AB BC.

Introduced; native of Eurasia.

Perennial; in fields, waste places, wet localities, on gravelly shores, and
along roadsides.

Intermediates between subsp. arvensis and subsp. uliginosus have been called
Sonchus arvensis var. xshumovichii Boivin.

Map: Hultén and Fries 1986, Map 1887, p. 944.

Sonchus arvensis var. arvensis

rough perennial sow-thistle.

chaudron- jaune .

AK NF SM (NS) (PE) (NK) QU ON MB SK AB BC.

Very common.

Sonchus arvensis subsp. uliginosus (Bieb.) Nyman

Sonchus arvensis var. glabrescens Guenther., Grab. & Wimmer

smooth perennial sow-thistle.*

laiteron des champs glabre.*

(NT-M) (NS) (PE) (NK) QU ON MB SK AB BC .

Common .

Sonchus asper (L.) Hill

spiny annual sow-thistle,* spiny-leaved sow-thistle, spiny-leaved sow thistle,
annual sow-thistle, annual sow thistle, prickly annual sow thistle, spiny
annual sow thistle, spiny sowthistle (United States).

laiteron rude,* chaudronnet, laiteron épineux, laiteron âpre, laiteron,
chaudronet .

YK AK LB NF SM NS PE NK QU ON MB SK AB BC.

Introduced; native of Eurasia.

Annual; in waste places and along roadsides; common.

219

Hutchinson et al. 1984.

Maps: Hutchinson et al. 1984, Fig. 2, p. 734; Hultén and Fries 1986,
Map 1888, p. 944.

Sonchus oleraceus L.

annual sow-thistle,* common-sow-thistle, milk-thistle, common sow thistle,
annual sowthistle, common annual sow-thistle, common sow-thistle, smooth
sow-thistle (United Kingdom).

laiteron potager,* laiteron commun, laiteron, laiteron annuel, laiteron âpre,
laiteron lisse, chardon blanc.

NT-M (AK) NF SM NS PE NK QU ON MB AB BC.

Introduced; native of Eurasia.

Annual; in cultivated fields and waste places; locally common.

Holm et al. 1977; Hutchinson et al. 1984.

Maps: Hutchinson et al. 1984, Fig. 3, p. 735; Hultén and Fries 1986,
Map 1889, p. 945.

Lactuca biennis (Moench) Fernald

tall blue lettuce,* blue wild lettuce, blue lettuce, biennial lettuce
(United States).

laitue bisannuelle,* grande laitue bleue, laitue à épis, laitue en épi,
muigédie en épi.

(AK) LB NF SM NS (PE) (NK) (QU) ON MB SK AB BC.

Native.

Biennial; in rich or damp thickets and openings; occasional.

Lactuca canadensis L.

Lactuca canadensis var. latifolia 0. Kuntze

Lactuca canadensis var. longifolia (Michaux) Farwell

Canada lettuce,* devil's weed, Canadian wild lettuce, tail lettuce
(United States).

laitue du Canada,* chicorée blanche, laitue à feuilles sagittées, laitue de
montagnes, laitue sauvage.

220

(NS) (PE) (NK) QU ON MB (SK?) (AB?) BC.

Native.

Biennial; in thickets, clearings, and at the borders of woods; common except
in the Prairie Provinces, where it is rare.

Lactuca serriola L.
Lactuca scariola L.
Lactuca serriola var. integrata Gren. and Godron

prickly lettuce,* wild lettuce, compass plant.

laitue scariole,* laitue serriole, laitue épineuse, laitue piquante, laitue
sauvage, laitue vireuse, plante boussole, chardon de Russie, laiteron,
scariole, escarole.

(PE) (NK) QU (ON) MB SK AB BC.

Introduced; native of Eurasia.

Annual or biennial; in waste ground and along roadsides; common.

Mulligan and Munro 1983 .

Map: Hultén and Fries 1986, Map 1915, p. 958.

Lactuca tatarica (L.) C.H. Meyer subsp. pulchella (Pursh) Stebbins
Lactuca pulchella (Pursh) DC.

blue lettuce,* showy lettuce, blue-flowered lettuce, common blue lettuce, wild
blue lettuce, perennial lettuce, blue flowering lettuce.

laitue bleue.*

NT-M AK (NS?) QU ON MB SK AB BC.

Native.

Perennial; on prairies, along riverbanks, and in openings; common, Lactuca
tatarica subsp. tatarica occurs in Eurasia.

Map: Hultén and Fries 1986, Map 1917, p. 959.

Mycelis muralis (L.) Dumort .

Lactuca muralis (L.) Gaertner
"Lactuca muralis (L.) Fresen."

wall lettuce,* wall-lettuce.

221

laitue des murailles.*

QU ON BC.

Introduced; native of Eurasia.

Annual or biennial; in waste places and along roadsides; common.

Map: Hultén and Fries 1986, Map 1913, p. 957.

Crépis capillaris (L.) Wallr.

smooth hawk's-beard,* hawk's-bear, smooth hawksbeard.

crépis capillaire,* crépis glabre.

NS NK QU ON BC.

Introduced; native of North Africa.

Annual or biennial; in fields and waste places; common.

Map: Hultén and Fries 1986, Map 1930, p. 965.

Crépis tectorum L.

narrow-leaved hawk's-beard,* annual hawksbeard, annual hawk's-beard,
narrowleaf hawksbeard (United States).

crépis des toits,* crépide.

GR NT-M YK PE NK QU ON MB SK AB BC.

Introduced; native of Eurasia.

Annual; on light soils and along roadsides; common.

Najda et al. 1982.

Maps: Najda et al. 1982, Fig. 2, p. 475; Hultén and Fries 1986, Map 1936, p. 968.

Hieracium

Voss and Bôhlke 1978.

Hieracium aurantiacum L.

orange hawkweed,* devil's paint-brush, king-devil, king devil, orange paint-brush,

222

épervière orangée,* bouquets rouges, marguerite rouge, roi des champs, bouquet
rouge, boutique d'or, charbonnier lugubre, épervière des Alpes, épervière de
Hongrie, Saint-Louis, pirevire orangée.

NF (SM) NS PE NK QU ON (MB?) AB BC.

Introduced; native of Eurasia.

Perennial; in clearings and fields; common in eastern Canada.

Map: Hultén and Fries 1986, Map 1895, p. 948.

Hieracium caespitosum Dumort.
Hieracium pratense Tausch

yellow hawkweed,* king devil, meadow hawkweed, field hawkweed, hawkweed.

épervière des prés,* épervière branchue, épervière élevée, roi des prés.

NF SM NS PE NK ON BC.

Introduced; native of Europe.

Perennial; an aggressive weed in clearings and pastures; common.

Map: Hultén and Fries 1986, Map 1896, p. 948.

Hieracium X floribundum Wimmer and Grab.

yellow devil hawkweed,* yellow devil, king devil, king-devil, yellowdevil
hawkweed (United States).

épervière à fleurs nombreuses,* épervière à fleurs multiples, épervière
florifère.

NF SM NS (PE) (NK) QU ON BC.

Introduced; native of Europe.

Perennial; in fields and clearings; common.

Hieracium pilosella L.

Hieracium pilosella var. niveum auct.

mouse-eared hawkweed,* mouse-ear, mouse-ear hawkweed, mouseear hawkweed
(United States).

223

épervière piloselle,* oreille des souris, épervière, piloselle oreille de
souris.

NF SM NS PE NK QU ON BC.

Introduced; native of Eurasia.

Perennial; in fields and pastures; common.

Map: Hultén and Fries 1986, Map. 1891, p. 946.

Hieracium piloselloides Vill.
Hieracium florentinum All .

king devil hawkweed,* king devil, tall hawkweed, king-devil, kingdevil
hawkweed (United States).

épervière des Florentins,* épervière florentine.

NF NS NK QU ON BC.

Introduced; native of Europe.

Perennial; in fields, clearings, and along roadsides; common.

Hieracium praealtum Vill. ex Gochnat

Hieracium praealtum var. decipiens W.D. J. Koch

tall hawkweed,* king devil, tall king devil hawkweed, tall kingdevil hawkweed
(United States).

épervière élevée.*

NF NK ON BC.

Introduced; native of Europe.

Perennial; in grasslands and pastures; locally common.

224

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243

INDEX

Accepted scientific names are underlined.

absinth 204

abutilon 132

Abutilon theophrasti 131

acanthe sauvage 211

Acer

negundo 129

negundo var. interius 129

negundo var. violaceum 129

saccharinum 130
ACERACEAE 129
Achillea

boreaiis 201

lanulosa 201

millefolium 200

millefolium subsp. lanulosa var. alpicola 201

millefolium subsp. lanulosa var. lanulosa 201

millefolium var. boreaiis 201

millefolium var. lanulosa 201

millefolium var. millefolium 202

millefolium var. nigrescens 201

millefolium var. occidentalis 201
achiliée mille-feuilie 200
Acroptilon repens 213
Aegopodium

pocagraria 139

podagraria var. variegatum 139
agripaume cardiaque 160
Agropyron

repens 16

repens var. subulatum 16
Agrostemma githago 70
agrostiae jouet-du-vent 18
Agrostis

interrupta 18

spica-venti 18
airelle au Canada 144
AIZOACEAE 65
ajonc d'Europe 108
ajuga 156
Ajuga reptans 156
Aichemilia

filicaulis 104

filicaulis subsp. filicaulis 105

filicaulis subsp. vestita 105

minor 105

pratensis 105

vestita 105

vulgaris 105

vulgaris var. filicaulis 105

244

vulgaris var. vestita 105

vulgaris var. vulgaris 105

xanthochlora 105
alchemille vulgaire 105
alder

American green 37

mountain 39

sitka 38

speckled 39
alliaire officinale 83
Alliaria

officinalis 83

petiolata 83
Alnus

crispa 37

crispa subsp. crispa 38

crispa subsp. sinuata 38

crispa var. elongata 38

crispa var. laciniata 38

crispa var. mollis 38

incana 38

incana subsp. rugosa 39

incana subsp. tenuifolia 39

rugosa 39

rugosa var. americana 39

rugosa var. occidentalis 39

sinuata 38

tenuifolia 39

viridis subsp. crispa 38

viriais subsp. sinuata 38

viridis var. sinuata 37, 38
alyssum, hoary 94
amarante

à racine rouge 64

blanche 62

de Powell 63

fausse-blite 63

hybride 63
amaranth 62
AMARANTHACEAE 62
Amaranthus

albus 62

blitoides 62

graecizans 62

hybridus 63

powellii 63

retrof lexus 63

retroflexus var. powellii 63
Ambrosia

acanthicarpa 193

artemisiifolia 192

artemisiifolia var. elatior 192

245

coronopifolia 192

psilostachya 192

psilostachya var. coronopifolia 192

trifida 192

ANACARDIACEAE 127

Anagallis arvensis 145

Anchusa arvensis 154

Androsace

alaskana 144
septentrionalis 144
septentrionalis var. diffusa 144
septentrionalis var. glandulosa 144
septentrionalis var. puberulenta 144
septentrionalis var. robusta 144
septentrionalis var. subulifera 144
septentrionalis var. subumbellata 144

androsace septentrionale 144

angelica 140

Angelica

atropurpurea 140

sylvestris 140
angélique 140
anis canadien 139
anserine

de Russie 60

hastée 56
Anthémis

arvensis 199

arvensis var. agrestis 199

cotula 200

tinctoria 200
Apera

interrupta 18

spica-venti 18
APOCYNACEAE 148
arabette glabre 92
Arabidopsis thaliana 92
Arabis glabra 92
ARALIACEAE 137
aralie épineuse 137
Arctium

lappa 206

minus 207

nemorosum 207
Arenaria serpyilifolia 69
armoise

absinthe 204
bisannuelle 205
Aronia

floribunda 97
melanocarpa 97
prunifolia 97

246

aronie

à feuille de prunier 97

à fruit noir 97
Arrhenatherum elatius 17
arroche

de Russie 57

des jardins 57

étalée 58

hastée 58
Artemisia

absinthium 204

absinthium var. insipida 204

biennis 205
ASCLEPIADACEAE 146
asclépiade

de Syrie 146

tubéreuse 147

verticillée 147
Asclepias

speciosa 146

syriaca 146

tuberosa 147

tuberosa subsp. interior 147

tuberosa subsp. tuberosa 147

verticillata 147
Aster

laevis 188

laevis var. geyeri 188
aster

lisse 188

smooth 188
astragale

ûe Drummond 113

fondu 113

peigné 115

prostré 114

rayé 112

rustique 113

tortueux 114
Astragalus

aasurgens 112

adsurgens subsp. robustior 112

adsurgens subsp. vicifolius 112

adsurgens var. robustior 112

adsurgens var. tananaicus 112

agrestis 113

bisulcatus 113

aanicus var. dasyglottis 113

dasyglottis 113

decumbens var. serotinus 114

drummondii 113

flexuosus 114

247

goniatus 113

miser 114

miser var. miser 114

miser var. serotinus 114

pectinatus 115

striatus 112
Atriplex

hastata 58

heterosperma 57

hortensis 57

hortensis 'atrosanguinea1 57

hortensis var. atrosanguinea 57

oblongifolia 58

patula 58

patula subsp. hastata 58, 59

patula var. bracteata 58

patula var. hastata 58, 59

patula var. littoralis 59

prostrata 58

rosea 59

subspicata 59

triangularis 58
atriplex

garden 57

halbera-leaved 58

Russian 57

spreading 58
aulne

crispé 37

de montagne 39

de Sitka 38

rugueux 39
Avena

fatua 17

fatua var. vilis 17
Axyris amaranthoides 60
Azalea canadensis 143
baby's-breath 72
Barbarea

vulgaris 89

vulgaris var. arcuata 89

vulgaris var. brachycarpa 89

vulgaris var. sylvestris 89
barbarée vulgaire 89
barberry 76

common 77

Japanese 76
bardane, petite 207
bardanette

de l'Ouest 151

épineuse 152
barley, foxtail 16

248

bartsia, red 174

bassia à feuilles d'hysope 60

bassia s five-hooked 60

Bassia hyssopifolia 60

bayberry 35

bedstraw

marsh 178

northern 178

smooth 178

yellow 179
beeplant, pink 95
belle asclépiade 146
bellflower

clustered 182

creeping 182
beggarticks

aevil's 196

nodding 196

tall 197

three-parted 197
BERBERIDACEAE 76
Berberis

thunbergii 76

vulgaris 77
berce

du Caucase 141

laineuse 141
bergamot, wild 161
berle douce 140
berteroa blanche 94
Berteroa incana 94
Betula

neoalaskana 37

papyrifera 37

papyrifera subsp. humilis 37

papyrifera var. commutata 37

papyrifera var. elobata 37

papyrifera var. macrostachya 37

papyrifera var. neoalaskana 37

papyrifera var. pensilis 37

papyrifera var. subcordata 37

populifolia 37
BETULACEAE 37
Bidens

cernua 196

cernua var. dentata 196

cernua var. elliptica 19b

cernua var. intégra 196

cernua var. minima 196

cernua var. oligodonta 196

cernua var. radiatus 196

comosa 197

249

connata 197

connata var. fallax 197
connata var. petiolata 197
connata var. submutica 197
frondosa 196

fronaosa

var.

anomala

196

frondosa

var.

pallida

196

frondosa

var.

puberula

197

frondosa

var.

stenodonta 1

tripartita 197

vulgata

197

vulgata var. puberula 197

vulgata var. schizantha 197
bident

feuillu 196

penché 19b

vulgaire 197
bigelovie

puante 187

visqueuse 188
Bilderdykia convolvulus 48
bindweed

field 149

hedge 150

gray 37
birch 37

paper 37
blackberry, trailing 99
black-eyed Susan 194
Dluebell 182

blueberry, velvet-leaved 144
bluebur 152

western 151
blueweed 155
Dorage 151, 153
BQRAGINACEAE 151
Borago officinalis 153
bouleau

blanc 37

gris 37
boulette commune 20b
bouncingbet 72
bourrache officinale 153
Dourse-à-pasteur 91
Bouteloua gracilis 22
boutelou gracieux 22
bracken

eastern 7

western 7
Brassica

arvensis 88

campestris 87

250

hirta 88
juncea 87

87

88

juncea var

. crispifolia

kaber 88

kaber var.

orientalis

kaber var.

pinnatifida

kaber var.

schkuhriana

nigra 87

rapa 87

brome

des toits

15

downy 15

du Japon

15

Japanese

15

Bromus

hordeaceus

14

japonicus

15

mollis 14

tectorum

15

Droom, Scotch 108
buckthorn 130

alder-leaved 130

European 130
buckwheat 41, 53

Tartary 53

wild 48
buffalobur 166
bugle rampante 157
buglossoides

arvensis 154 , 155
bugloss, small 154
bugseed 61

villose 61
bunchberry 142
bunias d'Orient 95
bunias orientalis 95
burdock

common 207

great 206
bur-ragweed 193
buttercup

creeping 75

tall 75

white water 75
butterflyweed 147
Caltha

palustris 73

palustris var. radicans 7 3
Calystegia

fraternifiora 150

sepium 150

sepium subsp. americana 150

251

sepium subsp. sepium 151

sepium var. americanum 150

sepium var. fraterniflora 150
camas

death 31

white 30
Camelina

dentata 91

microcarpa 91

parodii 91

sativa 91
caméline

à graines plates 91

à petits fruits 91

faux lin 91
camomille

des champs 199

des chiens 200
Campanula

gieseckiana 183

glomerata 182

giomerata 'speciosa' 182

rapunculoides 182

rapunculoides var. ucranica 182

rotundifolia 18 3

rotundifolia var. arctica 183

rotundifolia var. lancifolia 183
CAMPANULACEAE 182
campanule

à feuilles rondes 183

agglomérée 182

fausse raiponce 182
campion

biennial 70

bladder 71
caper 95
CAPPARIDACEAE 95
CAPRIFOLIACEAE 179
Capsella

bursa-pastoris 90

bursa-pastoris var. bifida 90
caraway 139
Caraaria

chalepensis 81

draba 81

draba subsp. chalepenis 81

draba var. repens 81

pubescens 82

pubescens var. elongata 82
Carduus

nutans 208

nutans subsp. leiophyllus 208

252

nutans var. leiophyllus 208

nutans var. macrocephalus 208

nutans var. nutans 208

nutans var. petrovicii 208

nutans var. vestitus 208

thoermeri 208
carotte

à Moreau 138

sauvage 142
carpetweed 65
carrionflower 32
carrot, wild 142
Carum carvi 139
CARYOPHYLLACEAE 66
cashew 127

catchfly, night-flowering 71
cat's-ear, spotted 214
celandine, greater 77
Centaurea

diffusa 211

jacea 211

maculosa 212

nigra 2x2

nigra var. radiata <il2

repens 213

solstitialis 212
centaurée

de Russie 213

diffuse 211

du solstice 212

jacée 211

maculée 212

noire 212
céraiste

des champs 66

penché 67

vulgaire 67
Cerastium

arvense 66

arvense var. villosum b6

arvense var. viscidulum 66

fontanum subsp. triviale 67

holosteoides 67

nutans b7

vuigatum 67

vulgatum var. holosteoides 67
cerisier

à fruits noirs 107

de Pennsylvanie 10b

de Virginie 107

tardif 106
Cnaenorrhinum minus 169

253

Chamaesyce

glyptosperma 124

serpyllifolia 126
vermiculata 126
Chamomilla

recutita 203

suaveolens 203
Chamomile

corn 199

scentless 20<i

wild 203
chanvre d'eau 197
chapeaux rouges 100
chardon

des champs 209

des prairies 210

-Marie 210

penché 208

vulgaire 210
CheliQonium ma jus 77
chénopode

blanc 54

comprimé 56

de Berlandier 54

glauque 55

hybride 54

rouge 56
CHENOPODIACEAE 53
Chenopodium

album 53, 54

album subsp. striatum 56

album var. lanceolatum 53

album var. stevensii 53

berlandieri 54

berlandieri subsp. zschackei 54

berlandieri var. farinosum 54

Derlandieri var. zschackei 54

gigantospermum 54

giaucum 55

glaucum suosp. giaucum 55

giaucum subsp. salinum 55

glaucum var. pulchrum 55

glaucum var. salinum 55

hydridum 54

hydridum subsp. gigantospermum 54

hydridum var. gigantospermum 54

rubrum 56

salinum 55

strictum 56

strictum subsp. glaucophyllum 56

strictum var. glaucophyllum 56
chénorhinum, mineur 169

254

cherry

black 106

black choke

107

pin 106

red choke 107

chickweed 68

field 66

long-stalked

67

mouse-eared

67

chicorée sauvage

213

chicory 213

chiendent 16

Chinese lantern

163

chokeberry

black 97

purple 97

Chrysanthemum

ircutianum 203

leucanthemum

204

ieucanthemum

var. boecheri 203

leucanthemum

var. pinnatifidum

vulgare 204

chrysopside velue 185

Chrysopsis

villosa 185

villosa var.

hispida 185

villosa var.

villosa 186

Chrysothamnus

nauseosus 187

nauseosus subsp. albicaulis 187

nauseosus subsp. graveolens 188

nauseosus subsp. nauseosus 188

nauseosus var

'. albicaulis 187

204

nauseosus var. glabratus 188
nauseosus var. nauseosus 188
viscidiflorus subsp. lanceolatus 188
viscidif lorus var. lanceolatus 188

Cichorium intybus 213

Cicuta

bulbifera 137

douglasii 137

maculata 138

maculata var. calif ornica 137

maculata var. maculata 138

maculata var. victorinii 139

cicutaire

bulbifère 137
pourpre 138

ciglie maculée 139

cinquefoil

downy 103

255

rough 103

shrubby 101

silvery 101

slender 102

sulfur 104

Cirsium

arvense 209

arvense var.

arvense 209

arvense var.

horridum 209

arvense var.

integrifoliura

arvense var.

vestitum 209

undulatum 209

unaulatum var. megacephalum

vulgare 210

clavalier d'Amérique 122

cleavers 177

false 179

Cleome serrulata

95

209

209

clover

alsike 111

rabbit-foot 111

white 111
cléome denté 95
cockle

cow 73

purple 70

white 71
cocklebur 193
Comandra livida 40
comandra, northern 40
comandre livide 40
comfrey 153

prickly 153
C0MP0SITAE 183
composite 183
Comptonia peregrina 36
comptonie 3b

conef lower, cut-leaved 194
Conium maculatum 139
Conringia orientalis 95
consoude

âpre 153

officinale 153
CONVOLVULACEAE 148
convolvulus 148
Convolvulus

arvensis 149

sepium 150

sepium var. communis 150

sepium var. dumetorum 151

sepium var. fraterniflorus 150

sepium var. repens 150

256

sepium var. sepium 150
Conyza canadensis 189
coqueret

alkékenge 163

glabre 164

hétérophylle 163
corispermum

à feuilles d'hysope 61

émarginé 61
Corispermum

hyssopifolium 61

hyssopifolium var. emarginatum 61

hyssopifolium var. hyssopifolium 61

hyssopifolium var. rubricaule 61

nitiduin 61

orientale var. emarginatum 61
CORNACEAE 142
cornouiller du Canada 142
Cornus

canadensis 142

canadensis var. dutillyi 142

cnamaepericlymenum var. canaaense 142
CORYLACEAE 36
Corylus cornuta 36

36

coudrier à long

bec

cow-parsnip 141

cranson

dravier 82

rampant 81

velu 82

Crataegus

crus-galli

97

fontanesiana 97

crépis

capillaire

221

des toits 221

Crépis

capillaris

221

tectorum 221

cresson

d'Autriche

90

de fontaine

90

Critesion

jubatum 16

jubatum subsp. breviaristatum 15
crowfoot 73
CRUCIFERAE 79
cudweed

fragrant 190

low 190
Cuscuta

epilinum 148, 149

257

gronovii 149
cuscute

de Gronovius 149

du lin 148

du thym 149
Cynanchum

medium 148

nigrum 14b
Cynodon dactylon 21
cynoglosse officinale 151
Cynoglossum officinale 151
CYPHIRACEAE 30
Cyperus esculentus 30
Cytisus scoparius 105
daisy, ox-eye 204
dame's-rocket 94
dandelion 217

red-seeded 217
darnel, Persian 14
Datura

innoxia 167

metel 167

meteloides 167

stramonium 167

stramonium f. tatula 167

stramonium var. tatula 167
Daucus carota 142
Delphinium

bicolor 74

brownii 74

glaucum 74

menziesii 74
Dennstaedtia

punctilobula 5
dennstaedtie ponctilobulée 5
Descurainia

pinnata 84

pinnata var. brachycarpa 54

pinnata var. filipes 05

richardsonii 65

sophia 83
devil's-club 137
Dicentra

canadensis 76

cucullaria 76

formosa 78
dicentre

à capuchon 78

du Canada 78
digitaire

astringente 25

sanguine 26

258

digitale pourpre 173
Digitalis purpurea 173
Digitaria

ischaemum 25

sanguinalis 26
diplotaxis

à feuilles ténues 86

des murs 86
Diplotaxis

muralis 86

tenuifolia 86
DIPSACACEAE 181
Dipsacus

fullonum 181

sylvestris 181
dock

broad-leaved 44

curled 42

field 45

golden 43

long-leaved 42

serrate-valved 45

veined 46

western 44

willow-leaved 45
dodder

clover 149

flax 148

swamp 149
dogbane 148
dogwood 142

dracocéphale d'Amérique 158
Dracocephalum parviflorum 15b
dragonhead, American 158
dropseed, sand 20
Dutchman' s-breeches 78
Echinochloa

crusgalli 24

crusgalli var. crusgalli 24

crusgalli var. frumentacea 24

crusgalli var. mitis 25

frumentacea 24

microstachya 25

muricata 25

pungens 25

pungens var. microstachya 25

pungens var. wiegandii 25

wiegandii 25
echinochloa

pied-de-coq 24

piquant 25
Echinopanax horridum 137

259

Echinops sphaerocephalus 206
Echium

vulgare 155

vulgare var. pustulatum 155
égopode podagraire 140
elecampane 190
Elymus repens 16
Elytrigia repens 16
épervière

à fleurs nombreuses 222

des Florentins 223

des prés 222

élevée 223

orangée 222

piloselle 223
épine-vinette

commune 77

du Japon 77
Epipactis helleborine 33
epipactis petit-hellébore 33
EQUISETACEAE 8
Equisetum

8

arvense

arvense var. arvense

arvense var. boréale 9
fluviatile 9

fluviatile var. verticillatum 9
hyemale subsp. affine 9
hyemale var. affine 9
hyemale var. californicum 9
hyemale var. elatum 9
hyemale var. intermedium 9
hyemale var. pseudohyemale 9
hyemale var. robustum 9
palustre 10

. americanum 10

10

palustre var. americanum

10

palustre var. s:

iraplicissimum

érable

argenté 130

négondo 130

éragrostide fétide

19

Eragrostis

cilianensis 19

megastachya 19

ERICACEAE 143

Erigeron

annuus 189

canadensis 189

philadelphicus

189

philadelphicus var. glaber 189
philadelphicus var. provancheri
provancheri 189

189

260

Erucastrum gallicum 86
Erysimum

asperum 93

cheiranthoides 93

hieraciifolium 93

inconspicuum 94
eupatoire

maculée 183

rugueuse 184
Eupatorium

ageratoides 184

maculatum 183

maculatum var. bruneri 184

maculatum var. foliosum 184

maculatum var. maculatum 184

purpureum var. maculatum I83

rugosum 184
eupnorbe

à feuilles de serpolet 126

à grandes feuilles 126

côtelée 124

couchée 125

cyprès 122

des jardins 125

ésule 123

maculée 125

pétoloïde 122

réveille-matin 124

vermiculée 126
Euphorbia

corollata 122

cyparissias 122

dentata 12 3

esula 123

exigua 12 3

glyptosperma 124

helioscopia 124

iathyrus 124

maculata 125

nutans ±2 5

peplus 125

platyphyllos 126

preslii 125

serpens 126

serpyllifolia 126

supina 125

supina var. supina 125

vermiculata 126
EUPHORBIACEAE 122
euphraise du Canada 174
Euphrasia

261

americana 173

canadensis 173

nemorosa 173

officinalis 173

rigidula 173

stricta 173

tetraquetra 17 4
eyebright 174
Fagopyrum

esculentum 53

sagittatum 53

tataricum 53
Fallopia

convolvulus 48

scandens 52
false flax, large-seeded 91
fausse herbe à poux 191
fern 7

hay-scented 8

sweet 36
Festuca

bromoides 12

dertonensis 12

longifolia 13

rayuros 12

octoflora 13

ovina 13

ovina var. duriuscula 13
figwort 168

lance-leaved 169
Filaginella uliginosa 190
flax 121

flat-seeded false 91

small-seeded false 91
fleabane

annual 189

Canada 189

Philadephia 189
flixweed 85
flower-of-an-hour 134
foin d'odeur 20
folle avoine 17
fougère d'aigle 7
four-o'clock 64

hairy o4

wild 65
foxglove 173
foxtail

bristly 27

giant 26

green 28

yellow 27

262

Fragaria

glauca 98

virginiana 98

virginiana suDsp. glauca 98

virginiana subsp. virginiana 98

virginiana var. glauca 98

virginiana var. terrae-novae 98
fraisier des champs 98
framboisier sauvage 100
Franseria acanthicarpa 193
franserie lampourde 193
Fumaria officinalis 78
fumeterre officinale 79
fumitory 78
gaillarde 199
gaillardia 199
Gaillardia arista ta 199
gaillet

bâtard 179

boréal 178

grateron 177

mollugine 17&

palustre 178

vrai 179
Galeopsis

bifida 159

tetrahit 159

tetrahit var. arvensis 159

tetrahit var. bifida 159
Gale palustris 35
gale, sweet 35
galinsoga

à petites fleurs 198

cilié 197

hairy 197

small-flowered 198
Galinsoga

ciliata 197
parviflora 19 8

quadriradiata 197
Galium

aparine 177, 179

aparine f. spurium 179

aparine var. echinospermum 179

boréale 178

boréale var. hyssopifolium 178

mollugo 178

palustre 178

spurium 179

verum 179
genêt à balais 109
Geocaulon lividum 40

253

germander 157
germandrée du Canada 157
gesse des chasseurs 120
ginseng 137
Glechoma

hederacea 157

hederacea var. micrantha 157
gnaphale

à feuilles obtuses 190

des vases 190
Gnaphalium

obtusifolium 190

uliginosum 190
goat's-beard 216

meadow 216

golden-aster, hairy 185
goldenrod

Canada 186

tall 187
goosefoot 53

late-flowering 56

maple-leaved 54

oak-leaved 55

red 56

spear-leaved 56
gorse 108
goutweed 139
grama, blue 22
GRAMINEAfc 11
Grammica gronovii 149
grande

barûane 206

chélidoine 77

fougère de l'Ouest 7

herbe à poux 192

molène 168

oseille 41
grape

fox 131

summer 131
grass 11

alkali cord 19

annual blue 11

barnyard 24

Canada blue 12

Johnson 29

large crab 2d

prairie cord 19

prickly barnyard 25

quack 16

rice cut 22

silky bent 18

264

smooth crab 25

stink 19

sweet 20

switch 23

witch 22
greasewood 61
grérail

des champs 155

officinal 155
Grindelia

squarrosa 184

squarrosa var. quasiperennis 185

squarrosa var. serrulata 185

squarrosa var. squarrosa 185
gromwell

corn 155

pearl 155
ground-cherry

clammy 163

smooth 164
ground-ivy 157
groundsel

common 206

sticky 205
gumweed 184
GUTTIFERAE 135
Gypsophila paniculata 72
gypsophile paniculée 72
Hackelia floribunda 152
hackélia florifère 152
HALORAGACÊAE 135
haplopappe épineux 187
Haplopappus spinuiosus 187
hardhack 5"6
harebell 183
hawkbit, fall 214
hawk's-beard

narrow leaved 221

smooth 221
hawkweed

king devil 223

mouse-eared 221

orange 221

tall 223

yellow 222

yellow devil 222
hazel 36

hazelnut, beaked 36
heal-all 158
heath 143
hélénie

automnale 198

265

automnale aes montagnes 199
Helenium

autumnale 198

autumnale var. autumnale 198

autumnale var. canaliculatum 199

autumnale var. fylesii 199

autumnale var. grandif lorum 199

autumnale var. montanum 199
hélianthe

annuel 195

des prairies 196
Helianthus

annuus 195

annuus f. fallax 195

annuus f. lenticularis 195

annuus giganteus 195

annuus subsp. annuus 195

annuus subsp. lenticularis 195

petiolaris 19 S
hellebore, false 331
helleborine 33
hemlock, poison 139
hemp-nettle 159
henbane, black 162
henbit 160
Heracleum

lanatum 141

mantegazzianum 141

maximum 141
herbe

à gomme 184

à la puce 127

à la puce de l'Est 128

à la puce de Hydberg 128

à puce 127

à poux, petite 192

à poux vivace 192

de pauvreté 190
Hesperis matronalis 94
Heterotheca

villosa 185

villosa var. hispida 185

villosa var. villosa 186
Hibiscus trionum 134
Hieracium

aurantiacum 221

caespitosum 222

florentinum 223

x floribundum 222

piiosella 222

pilosella var. niveum 222

piloselloides 223

266

praealtum 223

praealtum var. decipiens 223

pratense 222
Hierochloë

hirta subsp. arctica 20

oaorata 20

odorata subsp. arctica 20

odorata subsp. hirta 20
hoary cress

globe-podded 82

heart-podded 81

lens-podded 81
hogweed, giant 141
honeysuckle 179
Hordeum

brachyantherum 15

jubatum lb

jubatum subsp. breviaristatum 15

jubatum var. boréale 15

jubatum var. caespitosum 16
horse-nettle 164
horsetail 8

field 8

marsh 10

water 9
hound' s-tongue 151
Hyoscyamus niger 162
Hypericum

perforatum 135

punctatum 135
Hypochoeris radicata 214
if du Canada 10
Inula helenium 190
inule aunée 190
IRIDACEAE 33
iris 33

Iris versicolor 33
ironplant, spiny 187
Iva

axillaris 190

axillaris subsp. axillaris 191

axillaris subsp. robustior 191

axillaris var. robustior 191

xanthifolia 191
ivraie de Perse 14
jimsonweea 167
Joe-Pye weed, spotted 183
julienne des dames 94
jusquiame noire 163
kalmia à feuilles étroites 143
Kalmia angustifolia 143

267

ketmie trilobée 134
knapweed

black 212

Drown 211

diffuse 211

Russian 213

spotted 212
Knautia arvensis 182
knawel 70
knotweed

erect 49

Japanese 49

prostrate 48

striate 46
kochia 60
Kochia

scoparia 60

scoparia f. trichophila 60
kochia à balais 60
LABIATAE 156
Lactuca

biennis 219

canadensis 219

canadensis var. latifolia 219

canadensis var. longifolia 219

muralis 220

pulchella 220

scariola 220

serriola 220

serriola var. integrata 220

tatarica subsp. pulchella 220
lady 's-raantle 105
lady's-thumb 51
laiteron

des champs 217

des champs glabre 218

potager 219

rude 218
laitue

bisannuelle 219

bleue 220

des murailles 221

du Canada 219

scariole 220
lamb's-quarters 53

net-seeded 54
lamier amplexicaule 160
Lamium amplexicaule 160
lampourde glouteron 193
Lappuia

echinata 152

ecninata f. cupulata 152

268

echinata var. occidentalis 151

floribunda 152

myosotis 152

occidentalis 151

occidentalis var. cupulata 152

occidentalis var. occidentalis 152

redowskii 151

redowskii f. cupulata 152

redowskii var. cupulata 152

squarrosa 152

Lapsana <

communis

213

lapsane <

commune

213

larkspur

low

74

tall

74

Lathyrus

venosus

var. in

tonsus

Ledum

groenlandicum 143

119

palustre subsp. groenlanaicum 14 3
palustre var. latifolium 143

Leersia oryzoides 22

léersie faux-riz 22

LEGUMINObAE 107

Leontodon

autumnalis 214

autumnalis subsp. autumnalis 214
autumnalis subsp. pratensis 214
autumnalis var. autumnalis 214
autumnalis var. pratensis 214

Leonurus

cardiaca 160

cardiaca subsp. cardiaca 160
cardiaca subsp. villosus 160
cardiaca var. cardiaca 160
cardiaca var. villosus 160

iépidie

densiflore 79
des champs 79
de Virginie 81
perfoliée 80

Lepidium

campestre 79

densiflorum 79

densiflorum var. densiflorum 60

densiflorum var. elongatum 00

densiflorum var. macrocarpum 80

densiflorum var. publicarpum 80

draba 81

perfoliatum 80

virginicum 81

lettuce

blue 220

269

Canada 219

prickly 220

tall blue 219

wall 22U
Leucanthemum

praecox 203

vulgare 204
lierre terrestre 158
LILIACËAE 30
lily 30
LINACËAE 121
linaire

à feuilles larges 168

vulgaire 169
Linaria

dalmatica 168

genistifolia subsp. dalmatica 168

vulgaris 169
lin cultivé 121
Linum usitatissimum 121
liondent d'automne 214
liseron

des champs 149

des haies 150
Lithospermum

arvense 155

officinale 155
locoweed

late yellow 115

showy 116
Lolium

dorei var. dorei 14

persicum 14
lopseed 175
lupin argenté 108
lupine, silvery 108
Lupinus

argenteus 108

argenteus var. tenellus 108

pusillus 108
lupuline i09
lychnide blanche 71
Lychnis

alba 71

x loveae 71
lycope

à une fleur 162

d'Amérique 162
lycopside des champs 154
Lycopsis arvensis 154
Lycopus

americanus 162

270

americanus var. scabrifolius 162

uniflorus 162

uniflorus var. ovatus 162

virginicus var. pauciflorus 162
Lysimachia

punctata 145

punctata var. verticillata 145

vulgaris 145
madder 177
mallow 131

common 132

curled 134

musk 132

round-leaved 133

small-flowered 132
Malva

crispa 134

mauritiana 133

moschata 132

neglecta 132

parviflora 132

pusilla 133

rotundifolia 133

sylvestris 133

sylvestris var. mauritiana 133

sylvestris var. sylvestris 133

verticillata 134

verticillata var. crispa 134

verticillata var. verticillata 134
MALVACEAE 131
maple 129

Manitoba 129

silver 130
marguerite blanche 204
marigold, marsh 73
matricaire

camomille 203

inodore 202

odorante 203
Matricaria

chamomilla 203

chamomilla var. coronata 203

maritima 202

maritima subsp. inodora 202

maritima var. agrestis 202

matricariodes 203

perforata 202

recutita 203
mauve

à feuilles rondes 133

crépue 134

musquée 132

271

alba 109

altissima

indica 110

officinalis

negligee 132

parviflore 132
May-apple 7b
mayweed, stinking 200
meadowsweet

broad-leaved 96

narrow-leaved 96
Meaieago

lupulina 109

lupulina var. glandulosa 109
meaick, black 109
helandrium noctiflorum 71
Melilotus

109

110

110
milk-vetch

ascenaing-purple 112

Drummond's 113

narrow-leaved 115

purple 113

slender 114

timber 114

two-grooved 113
milkweed 146

common 146

eastern whorled 147

showy 146
millepertuis

perforé 135

ponctué 135
millet, proso 23
mint 156
Mirabilis

hirsuta 64

hirsuta var. linearis 64

linearis 64

nyctaginea 65
Moldavica parviflora 156
Mo Hugo verticillata 65
mollugo verticillé 65
Monarda

fistulosa 161

fistulosa var. fistulosa 161

fistulosa var. longipetiolata 161

fistulosa var. maheuxii 161

fistulosa var. menthifolia 161

fistulosa var. mollis 161

menthifolia 161
monarde fistuleuse 161
Monolepis nutalliana 56

272

morelle

à trois fleurs 167

d'Amérique 166

de la Caroline 164

douce-amère 165

noire 165

poilue 166

rostrée 166
motherwort 160
mouron rouge 145
mouse-ear-cress 92
moutarde

blanche 88

de l'Inde 87

des champs 88

des cniens 86

des oiseaux 87

noire 87

tanaisie grise 85

tanaisie verte 85
Muhlenbergia

foliosa 21

frondosa 21

mexicana 21
muhlenbergie feuillée 21
muhly, wire-stemmed 21
mullein 168
mustard 79

ball 92

black 87

dog 86

garlic 83

gray tansy 85

green tansy 84

hare's-ear 95

hedge 84

Indian 87

tall hedge 83

tall wormseed 93

tower 92

tumble 83

wnite 88

wild 88

wormseed 93
Mycelis muralis 220
Myosotis

arvensis 154

discolor 154

versicolor 154
Myrica

asplenifolia 36

asplenifolia var. asplenifolia 3b

273

asplenifolia var. tomentosa 36

caroliniensis 35

gale 35

gale var. subglabra 35

gale var. tomentosa 35

pensylvanica 35

peregrina 36
MYRICACEAE 35
myriophylle

blanchissant 136

en épi 136

verticillé 136
Myriophyllum

exalbescens 135

sibiricum 135

spicatum 135, 136

spicatum subsp. exalbescens 135

spicatum var. capillaceum 135

spicatum var. exalbescens 135

verticillatum 13 6

verticillatum var. intermedium 136

verticillatum var. pectinatum 136

verticillatum var. pinnatif'idum 136
myrique

baumier 35

ae Pennsylvanie 36
mélilot

blanc 109

jaune 110
NAJADACEAE 11
Nasturtium officinale 90
Nepeta hederacea 157
nerprun

à feuilles d'aulne 130

commun 13 1
Neslia paniculata 92
neslie panicuiée 92
nettle 39

American stinging 40

European stinging 40
nielle 70
nightshade lb2

American 166

black 165

climbing 164

hairy 166
nipplewort 213
nyctage

hirsute 64

parasol 65
NYCTAGINACEAE 64
oats, wild 17

274

odontite rouge 174
Odontites

rubra 174

serotina 174

verna 174

verna subsp. serotina 174
Onopordum acanthium 210
Oplopanax horridus 137
orchid 33
ORCHIDACEAE 33
oreille ae chat 214
orge queue d'écureuil 16
ortie

dioïque a' Amérique 40

dioïque d'Europe 40

royale 159
oseille, petite 41
OXALIDACEAE 120
oxalide

cornue 120

de Dillénius 120

d'Europe 121
Oxalis

corniculata 120

dillenii 120

dillenii subsp. filipes 120

europaea 121

repens 120

stricta 120, 121
Oxybaphus

hirsutus 64

linearis 64

nyctagineus 65
Qxytropis

campestris 115

campestris subsp. gracilis 115

campestris var. cervinus 115

campestris var. gracilis 115

campestris var. johannensis 116

johannensis 116

splendens 116

splenaens var. richardsonii 116
oxytropis

jaune tardif 116

voyant 116
panais sauvage 141
panic

capillaire 22

d'automme 23

millet 23

275

raide 23
Panicum

capillare 22

capillare var. occidentale 22

dichotomiflorum 23

dichotomiflorum var. geniculatura 23

dichotomiflorum var. puritanorum 23

miliaceum 23

virgatum 23

virgatum var. spissum 23
panicum, fall 23
PAPAVEKACËAE 77
parsley 137
parsnip, wild 141
Pastinaca sativa 141
patience

à feuilles obtuses 44

crépue 42
pâturin

annuel 11

comprimé 12
pearlwort, bird's-eye 68
pepper-grass

clasping-leaved 80

common 79

field 79

poor-man's 81
persicaire pâle 50
peuplier

baumier 34

faux-tremble 35
phragmite commun 18
Phragmites

australis 18

communis 18

communis var. berlanderi 18
PHRYMACEAE 175
Phryma leptostachya 175
Physalis

alkekengi 163

heterophylla 163

heterophylla var. ambigua 163

heterophylla var. nyctaginea 163

longifolia var. subglabrata 164

subglabrata 164

virginiana 164

virginiana var. subglabrata 164
Phytolacca americana 65
PHYTOLACCACEAE 65
phytolaque d'Amérique 65
Picris

echioides 215

276

hieracioides 215

hieracioides subsp. hieracioides 215

hieracioides subsp. kamtschatica 215

hieracioides var. alpina 215

hieracioides var. kamtschatica 215
pied d'alouette

bicolore 74

glauque 74
pigweed

green 63

prostrate 62

rearoot 64

Russian 60

smooth 63

tumble 62
pimpernel, scarlet 145
pineappleweed 203
pink 66
pissenlit 217

à graines rouges 217
PLANTAGINACEAE 175
Plantago

aristata 175

lanceolata 176

lanceolata var. angustifolia 176

lanceolata var. sphaerostachya 17 d

major 17b

major var. pachyphylla 176

major var. pilgeri 176

major var. scopulorum 176

patagonica 177

patagonica var. aristata 175

patagonica var. gnaphaioiaes 177

patagonica var. patagonica 177

patagonica var. spinulosa 177

purshii 177
plantain 175

broad-leaved 176

laineux de Pursn 177

lancéolé 176

majeur 176

narrow-leaved 176

woolly 177
Poa

annua 11

annua var. reptans 11

compressa 12
podophylle pelté 76
Podophyllum peltatum 76
poison-ivy 127

eastern 128

Rydberg's 128

277

pokeweed 65
POLYGONACEAE
Polygonum

41

48

47
47

47

achoreum 46

amphibium subsp. laevimarginatum 46

amphibium subsp. laevimarginatum var. emersum 47

ampnibium subsp. laevimarginatum var. stipulaceum 47

arenastrum 47

aviculare 48

aviculare var. neglectum

bistortoides 48

coccineum 4~7

coccineum var. coccineum

coccineum var. ratincola

coccineum var. rigidulum

convolvulus 48

cuspidatum 49

erectum 4b, 49

exsertum 52

fagopyrum 53

hydropiper 49

hydropiperoides 50

hydropiperoides var. digitatum 50

hydropiperoides var. psilostachyum 50

hydropiper var. projectum 49

lapathifolium 50, 52

lapathifolium var. incanum 52

lapathifolium var. ovatum 50

lapathifolium var. prostratum 50

lapathifolium var. salicifolium 52

natans 47

pensylvanicum 50

pensylvanicum subsp. oneilli 51

pensylvanicum var. eglandulosum 51

pensylvanicum var. geniunum 51

pensylvanicum var. laevigatum 51

persicaria 51

persicaria var. ruderale 51

prolificum 51

ramosissimum 52

ramosissimum var,

scabrum 52

scandens 52

53

7

prolificum 51

tataricum
PÛLYPODIACEAE
pondweed 11

curly-leaved 11
poplar

aspen 35

balsam 34
poppy 77
populage des marais 73

278

Populus

balsamifera 34

bal sami fera subsp. balsamifera 34

balsamifera subsp. trichocarpa 34

ba±samifera var. subcordata 34

tremuloides 35

tremuloides var. aurea 35

tremuloides var. magnifica 35

tremuloides var. vancouveriana 35

trichocarpa 34
PORTULACACEAE 66
Portulaca oleracea 66
Potamogeton crispus 11
potamot crépu il
Potentilla

anserina 101

argentea 101

canescens 103

flabelliformis 102

floribunda 101

fruticosa subsp. floribunda 101

fruticosa var. fruticosa 101

fruticosa var. tenuifolia 101

gracilis 102

gracilis var. flabelliformis 102

gracilis var. giabrata 102

gracilis var. gracilis 102

gracilis var. puicherrima 103

inclinata 103

intermedia 103

intermedia var. canescens 103

norvegica 103

norvegica subsp. monspeliensis 103

norvegica var. hirsuta 103

norvegica var. labradorica 103

recta 104

recta var. obscura 104

recta var. pilosa 104

recta var. sulphurea 104
potentille

anserine 101

argentée 101

de Norvège 103

dressée 104

frutescente 102

gracieuse 102

intermédiaire 103
pourpier potager 66
povertyweed 190
prairie-rocket 93

smail-flowered 94
prèle

279

d'hiver 10

des champs 8

des marais 10

fluviatile 9
prickly-ash 121
primrose 144
PRIMULACEAE 144
Prunella

vulgaris 158

vulgaris subsp. aleutica 158

vulgaris subsp. lanceolata 158

vulgaris subsp. vulgaris 159

vulgaris var. aleutica 158

vulgaris var. calvescens 158

vulgaris var. parviflora 159

vulgaris var. rouleauiana 158
prunelle vulgaire 158
Prunus

pensylvanica 106

serotina 106

virginiana 10b

virginiana subsp. melanocarpa 107

virginiana subsp. virginiana 107

virginiana var. melanocarpa 107

virginiana var. virginiana 107
Pteridium

aquilinum subsp. aquilinum 7

aquilinum subsp. aquilinum var. latiusculum 7

aquilinum subsp. aquilinum var. pubescens 7

aquilinum subsp. lanuginosum 7
pulse 107
purslane 66
pygmyf'lower 144
Pyrus

arbutifolia var. atropurpurea 97

arbutifolia var. nigra 97

floribunda 97

melanocarpa 97
rabbitbrush

188

sticky-leaved

stinking

187

radish, wild

38

radis sauvage

89

ragweed

common 192

false 191

giant 19^

perennial

192

ragwort, tansy

205

RANUNCULACEAE

73

Ranunculus

acris 75

280

acris var. latisectus 75

aquatilis var. capillaceus 75

aquatilis var. codyanus 76

aquatilis var. eradicatus 76

confervoides 76

repens 75

repens var. erectus 7b

repens var. glabratus 75

repens var. villosus 75

trichophyllus 75

trichophyllus subsp. eradicatus 7b

trichophyllus subsp. lutulentus 76
rape, bird 87
Raphanus raphanistrum 88
raspberry

flowering 100

wild red 100
rattle, yellow 175
reed, common 18
renoncule

acre 75

aquatique 75

rampante 75
renouée

amphibie 46

coriace 46

de Pennsylvanie 51

des oiseaux 48

dressée 49

écarlate 47

faux-poivre-d'eau 50

japonaise 49

liseron 48

persicaire 51

poivre-d'eau 49

scabre 52
Reynoutria japonica 49
RHAMNACEAE 130
Rhamnus

alnifolius 130

catharticus 13 0

rhinanthe crête-de-coq 175
Rhinanthus

borealis 174

crista-galli 174

crista-galli var. fallax 174

minor 174

minor subsp. borealis 174

stenophyllus 174
Rhododendron canadense 143
rhododendron, Canadian 143
rhododendron du Canada 143

281

Rhus

aromatica var. trilobata 128

glabra 127

radicans 127

radicans subsp. negundo 127

radicans subsp. radicans 128

radicans subsp. rydbergii 128

radicans var. negundo 127

radicans var. radicans 128

radicans var. rydbergii 128

radicans var. vulgaris 127

trilobata 128

typhina 129

vernix 129
rocket

Turkish 95

yellow 89
ronce hispide 99
Rorippa

austriaca 89

nasturtium-aquaticum 90

sylvestris 90
rorippe sylvestre 90
Rosa

fendleri 106

woodsii 106

woodsii subsp. ultraraontana 106

woodsii var. fendleri 106
ROSACEAE 9b
rose 96

Woods' 106
rosier de Woods 106
RUblACEAE 177
Rubus

allegheniensis 99

hispidus 99

hispidus var. cuplifer 99

hispidus var. obovalis 99

idaeus 99

idaeus subsp. idaeus 100

idaeus subsp. melanolasius 100

idaeus subsp. sachalinensis 100

idaeus subsp. sachalinensis var. peramoenus 100

idaeus subsp. sachalinensis var. sachalinensis 100

idaeus subsp. strigosus var. canadensis 100

idaeus var. aculeatissimus 100

iaaeus var. strigosus 100

melanolasius 100

odoratus 100

odoratus var. raalachophyllus 100

Sect. Allegheniese 99

strigosus 100

282

Rudbeckia

hirta var. pulcherrima 194
laciniata 194

laciniata var. gaspereauensis 194
serotina 194

serotina

var. .

Lanceolata

19

serotina

var. :

sericea 19L

\

ruabecKie

hérissée

194

laciniée

194

rue 121

Ruraex

acetosa

41

acetosa ;

subsp.

alpestris

42

acetosa :

SUDSp.

arifolius

42

acetosella 41

acetosella var. pyrenaeus 41

arifolius 42

crispus 42

domesticus 42

fenestratus 44

fennicus 45

longifolius 42

maritimus 43

maritimus subsp. fueginus 43

maritimus var. fueginus 43

maritimus var. persicarioides 43

mexicanus 45

mexicanus var. angustifolia 45

mexicanus var. sibiricus 45

mexicanus var. triangulivalvis 45

obtusifolius 44

obtusifolius var. sylvestris 44

occidentalis 44

occidentalis var. labradoricus 44

occidentalis var. occidentalis 44

occidentalis var. procerus 44

persicarioides 43

pseudonatronatus 45

salicifolius subsp. triangulivalvis var. mexicanus 45

stenophyllus 45

triangulivalvis 45

venosus' 4~5
rumex

à feuilles étroites 45

à feuilles longues 42

de Finlande 45

maritime 43

mexicain 45

occidental 44

veiné 46
RUTACEAE 121

283

saDline à feuilles de serpolet 69
sagesse-des-chirurgiens 85
Sagina

procumbens b8

procumbens var. compacta 68
sagine couchée 68
St. John's-wort 135

spotted 135
SALICACEAE 34
salsifis

cultivé 216

des prés 216

majeur 216
salsify, common 216
Salsola

iberica 62

kali suDsp. ruthenica 62

kali var. tenuifolia 62

pestifer 62
Sambucus

canadensis 179

pubens 180

pubens subsp. pubens var. pubens 180

racemosa suosp. pubens 180

racemosa subsp. pubens var. arborescens 180

racemosa subsp. pubens var. leucocarpa 180

racemosa subsp. pubens var. melanocarpa 180

racemosa var. pubens 180
sandalwood 40
sand-rocket 86
sandwort, thyme-leaved 69
3ANTALACEAE 40

saponaire

des vaches

73

officinale

72

Saponaria

officinalis

72

vaccaria 73

Sarcobatus vermiculatus

61
sarrasin

commun 53

de tartarie 53
scabieuse des champs 182
scabious, field 182
scléranthe annuel 70
Scleranthus annuus 70
scouring-rush 10
scrofulaire lancéolée 169
SCROPHULARIACEAE 168
Scrophularia ianceolata 169
sea^e 30

yellow nut 30

284

Senecio

jacobea 205

viscosus 205

vulgaris 206
séneçon

jacobée 205

visqueux 205

vulgaire 206
sétaire

géante 26

glauque 27

verte 28

verticillée 27
Setaria

faberi 26

glauca 27

italica 27

lutescens 27

pumila 27

verticillata 27

viridis 28

viridis 'Italica' 27

viridis var. breviseta 2<

viridis var. viridis 28

viridis var. weinmanii 2i
sheep-laurel 143
shepherd 's-purse 90
Silène

alba 71

csereii 70

cucubalus 71

noctiflora 71

pratensis 71

vulgaris 71
silène

Disannuel 70

enflé 72

noctiflore 71
silverweed 101
Silybum marianum 210
Sinapis

alba 88

arvensis 88
sisymbre

de Loesel 84

élevé 83

officinal 84
Sisymbrium

altissimum 83

brachycarpon 84

hartwegianum 85

loeselii 83

285

officinale 84

officinale var. leiocarpum 84

sophia 65
Sium suave 140
skunkbush 128
smartweed

green 52

marsh pepper 49

mild 50

pale 50

Pennsylvania 51

swamp 47

water 46
Smiiax

herbacea 32

herbacea var. herbacea 32

herbacea var. lasioneuron 33

herbacea var. pulverulenta 33

lasioneuron 33

pulverulenta 33
smiiax herbacé 32
snakeroot, white 184
snapdragon, dwarf 169
sneezeweea 198

mountain 199
30LANACEAË 162
Solanum

americanum 166

americanum var. nodiflorum 165

americanum var. patulum 165

carolinense 164

cornutum 166

dulcamara 164

dulcamara var. villosissimum

nigrum 165, 166

nigrum var. nigrum 165

nigrum var. virginicum 166

nodiflorum subsp. nutans 165

pterocaulum 166

rostratum 166

sarrachoides 166

164

triflorum 167
187

Solidago

altissima
canadensis

186

canadensis var. canadensis 186

canadensis var. gilvocanescens

canadensis var. salebrosa 186

canadensis var. scabra 187

186

Sonchus

arvensis 217

arvensis subsp. uliginosus 218

286

arvensis var. arvensis 218

arvensis var. glabrescens 218

asper 218

oleraceus 219
sorgho d'Alep 29
Sorghum

bicolor 28

halepense 29

sudanense 29

vulgare 28

vulgare var. sudanense 29
sorrel

garden 41

sheep 41
souchet comestible 30
soude roulante 62
sow-thistle

annual 219

perennial 217

smooth perennial 218

spiny annual 218
spargoute des champs 69
Spartina

gracilis 19

pectinata 19

pectinata var. suttiei 19
spartine pectinée 19
speedwell

bird's-eye 172

common 171

corn 170

creeping 171

field 170

germander 170

purslane 171

thyme-leaved 172
Spergula

arvensis 69

arvensis var. sativa 69
Spiraea

alba 96

alba var. latifolia 96

latifolia 96

latifolia var. septentrionalis 96

tomentosa 96

tomentosa var. rosea 96
spirée

à larges feuilles 96

blanche 96

tomenteuse 97
sporobole à fleurs cachées 20
Sporobolus

287

cryptandrus 20

cryptandrus subsp. cryptandrus 20

cryptandrus subsp. fuscicolus 21
spurge 122

broad-leaved 126

creeping 126

cypress 122

dentate 123

flowering 122

hairy-fruited 125

hairy-stemmed 126

leafy 123

petty 125

ridge-seeded 124

spotted 125

sun 124

thyme-leaved 126
spurry, corn 69
squirrel-corn 78
star-thistle

yellow 212
stellaire

à feuilles de graminées 68

moyenne 68
Stellaria

graminea 68

media 68
Stenactis annua 189
stickseed, large-f lowered 152
stinkweed 02

stitchwort, glass-leaved 68
stramoine commune 167
strawberry 98
suckleya, poison 59
Suckleya suckieyana 59
sumac

à trois lobes 128

à vernis 129

poison 129

staghorn 129

vinaigrier 129
sunflower 195

prairie 196
sweet-clover

white 109

yellow 110
Symphytum

asperum 153

officinale 153
tabouret des champs 82
Tanacetum '

vulgare 204

288

vulgare 'crispum' 204
tanaisie vulgaire 204
tansy 204
Taraxacum

erythrospermum 217

laevigatum 217

officinale 217

officinale var. palustre 217

palustre 217
TAXACEAE 10
Taxus canadensis 10
teasel 181
Teucrium

canadense 157

canadense subsp. canadense 157

canadense subsp. viscium 157

canadense var. occidentale 157

canadense var. virginicum 157
thistle

bull 210

Canada 209

globe 206

milk 210

nodding 208

Russian 62

Scotch 210

wavy-leaved 209
Thlaspi arvense 82
toadflax

Dalmatian 168

yellow 169
tomato, wild 167
Toxicodendron

radicans 127

raaicans subsp. negundo 127

radicans subsp. radicans 128

radicans var. rydbergii 128

rydbergii 128
Tragopogon

dubius 216

porrifolius 216

pratensis 216

pratensis subsp. orientalis 216
trèfle

alsike 111

blanc 111

des champs 111
Trifolium

arvense 111

hybridum 111

repens 111
Tripleurospermum

2b9

inodorum 202

maritimum 202
Turritis glabra 92
Ulex europaeus 108
UMBELLIFERAE 137
Urtica

dioica 39

dioica subsp. dioica 40

dioica subsp. gracilis 40

dioica subsp. gracilis var. californica 40

dioica subsp. gracilis var. lyalli 40

dioica var. procera 40

procera 40
UKTICACEAE 39
Vaccaria

pyramidata 73

segetalis 73
Vaccinium

angustifolium var. myrtilloides 144

myrbilloides 144
valerian 181
VALEKIANACEAE 181
Valeriana officinalis 181
valerian, common 181
valériane officinale 18 1
varaire vert 31
velar

à feuilles d'épervière 93

à petites fleurs 94

des prairies 93

d'Orient 95

fausse giroflée 93
velvetleaf 131
Veratrum

eschscholtzii 32

eschscholtzii var. incriminatum 32

viride 31

viride subsp. eschscholtzii 32

viride subsp. viride 32

viride var. eschscholtzii 32
Verbascum thapsus 168
Verbena

bracteata 156

hastata 156

urticifolia 156
VERBENACEAE 156
verge

d'or du Canada 186

d'or haute 187
vergerette

annuelle 189

de Philadelphie 189

290

du Canada 189
Veronica

agrestis 170

arvensis 170

chamaedrys 170

filiformis 171

officinalis 171

officinalis var. tournefortii 171

peregrina 171

peregrina var. peregrina 172

peregrina var. xalapensis 172

persica 172

persica var. aschersoniana 172

persica var. corrensiana 172

serpyllifolia 172

serpyilifolia var. nummulariodes 172
véronique

à feuilles de serpolet 172

de Perse 172

des champs 170

filiforme 171

germandrée 170

officinale 171

rustique 170

voyageuse 171
vervain 156

blue 156

bracted 156

white 156
verveine

à feuilles d'ortie 156

hastée 156

prostrée 156
vesce

à feuilles étroites 117

à quatre graines 118

cultivée 118

d'Amérique 116

d'Amérique à feuilles étroites 117

jargeau 118

velue 119
vetch

American 116

common 118

four-seeded 118

hairy 119

narrow-leaved 117

narrow-leaved American 117

tufted 118
vetching, purple 119
Vicia

americana 116

291

americana var. americana 117

americana var. angustifolia 117

americana var. minor 117

americana var. truncata 117

angustifolia 117

angustifolia var. segetalis 117

angustifolia var. uncinata 117

cracca 116

dasycarpa 119

sativa 118

sativa subsp. nigra 117

sativa var. angustifolia 117

sativa var. linearis 118

tetrasperma 118

villosa 119

villosa subsp. varia 119

villosa subsp. villosa 119
vigne

d'été 131

lairibruche 131
Vincetoxicum

medium 148

nigrum 148

rossicum 148
vine 131

black dog-strangling 148

dog-strangling 148
vipérine 155
VITACEAE 131
Vitis

aestivalis 131

labrusca 131
Vuipia

oromoides 12

myuros 12

myuros var. hirsuta 12

octoflora 13

octoflora var. glauca 13

octoflora var. hirtella 13

octoflora var. octoflora 13

octoflora var. tenella 13
wall-rocket 86
water-cress 90
water-hemlock

bulbous 137

spotted 138

western 137
water-horenound

American 162

tuberous 162
water-milfoil 135

Eurasian 136

292

green 136

northern 135
water-parsnip 140
wax-myrtle 35
willow 34
wood-sorrel 120

common yellow 120

creeping 120

European 121
wormwood, biennial 205
Xanthium

spinosum 193

strumarium 193

strumarium var. canadense 193

strumarium var. glabratum 193
yarrow 200
yellow cress

Austrian 89

creeping 90
yew 10

Canada 10
Zanthoxylum americanum 121

Zigadenus

elegans 30

gramineus 31

venenosus 30

venenosus var.

gramineus

31

venenosus var.

venenosus

31

zigadène

élégant 30

vénéneux 31

,L',B.M^.Ry BIBLIOTHEQUE

AGRICULTURE CANADA OTTAWA KlÂ

3 ci073 QOOST'm fi