ot — \ \ \ \ WY RQ RANE SOOO NC ae TANS Wyse hts . 8 wel . * Ne ae @ i ox * RO en ee) Ae ee ipte> - , . , aan ar a i sty eT os 7 ee ee COO ee eee re TCU rh, « AB Vt i reese” «4 7 at ‘ Ria Lys Te oe oe , " ete} = Ni = CN =f, i ah ~ i; > ite ie P ’ ve eae) > nto P — aa te . , ; ; <5 ° . ~ f A 7 , >is + ¥; : = a+ , - ry _ 7 — < } - i ° - 4 - cay . . . - 5 y v 3 ' . < re a a “ ss , - a \ e ° aa pa ‘suawlaeds JO ensole1e9--O “O “‘S[PADI—N #P9 ‘DRRI-PLEI ‘BluBA[ASUUSe”d JO s1Odey [BOIso[Oey SECOND GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF PENNSYLVANIA, REPORT OF PROGRESS #”. A PRELIMINARY REPORT ON THE PALMONTOLOGY OF | PERRY COUNTY. DESCRIBING THE ORDER AND THICKNESS OF ITS FORMATIONS AND ITS FOLDED AND FAULTED STRUCTURE. TL .¥ ze ann a" 7, se. KW CLAYPOLE. ILLUSTRATED By 48 PAGE PLATES OF MAPS AND SECTIONS; A COLORED GEOLOGICAL MAP OF THE COUNTY PRINTED IN 1879; AND A COLORED GEOLOGICAL MAP OF THE COUNTY BY E. W. CLAYPOLE IN 1883. HARRISBURG: PUBLISHED BY THE BOARD OF COMMISSIONERS FOR THE SECOND GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. 1885. Entered, for the Commonwealth of Palisa yinen ies in the year 185, ACK to acts of Congress, - By WILLIAM A. INGHAM, Secretary of the Board of Commissioners of Geological Survey In the office of the Librarian of Congress, « t WASHINGTON, D. C. Electrotyped and printed by LANE 8. HART, State Printer, Harrisburg, Pa, BOARD OF COMMISSIONERS. His Excellency, ROBERT E. PATTISON, Governor, and ex-officio President of the Board, Harrisburg. maaO FARDER -— - - - - - - .- = - Hazleton. Witiiam A. INGHAM, - - - - - - - Philadelphia. Henry S. ECKERT, - - - - - - - - Reading. Henry McCormick,- - - - - - - - Harrisburg. JAMES MACFARLANE, - - - - - - - Towanda. CHARLES A. MINER, - - - - - - - - Wilkes-Barre. meer Wilcox, = - - - °- - + - Media. Hon. DANIEL J. MORRELL, - - - - - Johnstown. Louis W. Hatt, - - - - - - - - - Harrisburg. SAMUEL Q. BRown, - - - - - - - - Pleasantville. SECRETARY OF THE BOARD. WiiiiamM A. INGHAM, - - - - - - - Philadelphia. STATE GEOLOGIST. PETER LESLEY, - - - - - - - - - - Philadelphia. Mr. ASSISTANTS IN 1884. CHAS. A. ASHBURNER, geologist in charge, Survey of the Anthracite coal fields; headquarters, address 907 Walnut street, Philadelphia. . CHARLES B. Scort, assistant and secretary. . O. B. HARDEN, draughtsman and artist. . MICHAEL CARRAHER, messenger. . FRANK A. HILL, assistant geologist, Scranton. . JOHN C. BRANNER, assistant ‘“ . BARD WELLS, assistant geologist, Pottsville. . H. N. Sims, assistant. me . GEORGE M. LEHMAN, aid. . A. D. W. SMITH, aid. . BAIRD HALBERSTADT, aid. . CLARENCE R. CLAGHORN, volunteer aid. . E. L. STEWARDSON, “s “ . CHARLES H. MINER, i 86 “ . J. ADACHI, “ 26 . A. E. LEHMAN, geologist and topographer, South Mountain Survey. . E. B. HARDEN, topographer, 905 Walnut street, Philadelphia. LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL. To His Excellency Rospert E, Pattison, ex-officio Chair- man of the Board of Commissioners of the Second Geo- logical Survey of Pennsylvania : Str: I have the honor to transmit the first report of Prof. EK. W. Claypole on Perry county, relating chiefly to its ‘structural geology. The description of fossils and the dis- cussion of purely paleontological subjects are reserved for another report. The first five chapters I have edited and condensed, add- ing sundry geographical items to the first chapter. Prof. Claypole has read the proof of the printed text from page 113 onward. The Index I have myself compiled. Two colored geological maps of Perry county accompany this report. One prepared by me in 1878, from the MS. maps and field notes of Mr. John H. Dewees, and from the State map of 1841~2 (1858); the other by Prof. Claypole in 1883. The one ascribed to Mr. Dewees was drawn on stone and printed in 1879 by Bien & Co., and has ever since awaited the publication of Mr. Dewees’ reports on Perry and Juniata counties—a publication delayed by various causes not needful to specify. This map may be more cor- rect along the lines of fossil ore outcrop to which Mr. De- wees paid special attention, but is wholly incorrect along the Dick’s ridge, Mahony ridge and Half-Falls mountain belt (the central belt of Perry county) so carefully studied and portrayed by Prof. Claypole. The author’s township outcrop maps are reproduced from the originals without change. No separate geological maps were made of Jackson, Madison and Toboyne town- ships on account of their mountainous and wild condition and lack of reliable geographical data. (v F2.) a vi F’, REPORT OF PROGRESS. FE. W. CLAYPOLE. His cross-sections I have redrawn to make the vertical scale correspond with the horizontal scale; and to make the outcrop-belts conform in width to the general scale of thicknesses given on page 32, and in Plate V, page 34. The plication of the underground rocks of Perry county is so great that its rock-beds come to the surface at all angles, from 1° to 90°; and are even overturned in the south-east corner of the county where the older formations overlie those which were deposited upon them. (See the Index of Dips on pages 404, 405.) In drawing cross-sections it is easy to exaggerate the amount of plication. To avoid such exaggeration, it is needful to execute them on one and the same scale, vertical and horizontal. If this be done, and the formation-thick- nesses be only approximately correct, then the formation- dips will come right in spite of minute local variations. If, for example, the Oriskany outcrop No. VII and the Dellville sandstone outcrop at the base of No. IX be well marked on one of the township maps where the dip is all one way—and if there be 5600 feet of Marcellus, Hamilton, Genessee, Portage, Chemung, and passage beds of No. V II I— it follows that a cross-section on a dip of 33° will rep- resent the structure with a close approximation to the truth. If there should be a local thickening of the deposits of VIII to 6000 feet, or a local thinning down to 5000, then, in- © stead of using for the cross-section a dip of 33°, one must use 35° or 28°. Itis plain, therefore, that very considerable errors in estimating the thicknesses of the formations will produce a hardly appreciable effect upon the character of the cross-sections if they be drawn to a true scale both vertical and horizontal, provided fixed points of reference have been secured upon the map. I have constructed six sections on Plate IV, page 32, partly to exhibit this truth, and partly to show that the apparently excessive plication of Perry county is not of an extraordinary kind, nor so great as that of the Anthracite coal basins. I had also in view the illustration which it affords of a LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL. FE’, vii law first discovered by Dr. Whelpley in 18388, that the pli- cations of a great system of rocks are not regular from top to bottom ; that the set visible at the surface does not cor- respond exactly to those concealed beneath the surface ; and that a few great folds in the massive sand-rocks are represented by a much larger number in the overlying or underlying soft formations. Thus, the two great basins and the great intermediate arch in the upper formations at the east end of Perry county are represented by many smaller arches and basins in the lower formations at its western end; and we may be- lieve thatif we could get data for constructing a true cross- section on a plane 10,000 or 15,000 feet beneath the Susque- hanna river it would exhibit a similar series of small arches and basins. I have also endeavored to show, on Plate IV and on other plates, how faults at the surface must necessarily terminate downward in unbroken folds whenever the dip is stronger on one side of the fault than on the other, no -matter at what angle the fault-plane itself may stand; that the upthrow must necessarily take place on the side of the steeper dip; and that it must increase upward constantly. In horizontal rocks, in unplicated regions, faults may go to great depths; but in folded regions they must stop at some definite distance underground easily calculated by merely drawing a geometrically true cross-section. The decided north-westward leaning of the Appalachian folds is shown in these Perry county sections; and it is well to call attention again to the smaller and more numer- ous folds in the lower formations in connection with this north-westward leaning, on the supposition of its being caused by a thrust from the south-east. No satisfactory explanation of the origin of such a thrust has offered itself. The fact itself seems to be undoubted; but whether the movement was one of the underlying Azoic foundation rocks, or whether it was confined to the superficial paleo- zoic formations sliding down a rigid inclined plane pro- duced by the vertical elevation of the Azoic zones, is the first question. In the latter case it is easy to see how the viii F°. REPORT OF PROGRESS. E. W. CLAYPOLE. sliding mass would fold itself in overturns towards the bottom of the descent; and it is also easy to see how fric- tion on the rigid Azoic surface would not only limit the distance at which the movement would cease, but also cause the lower formations to be folded much more minutely and universally than the formations higher in the series, which would move with a certain freedom over them; and this may guide us to an understanding of the extraordinarily close and collapsed crimples of the limestones and slates of the Cumberland valley, and to the origin of the numerous small folds of the roofing-slate belt of the Lehigh region. On the other hand, having recently constructed a model of the State showing the upper surface of the Medina sandstone No. IV, with all its underground arches and troughs, and with these arches restored to their original heights in the air, I was surprised at the clearness of the testimony which it bears to the fact that a huge block. of the Azoic country south of Harrisburg has been moved bodily north-westward at least ten miles, crushing the Palse- ozoic formations into concentric circular segments, the outer one having a radius of 120 miles struck from Port Deposit at the mouth of the Susquehanna river; and that to this movement are due the overturn the Blue mountain rocks above Harrisburg, the four-mile fault and throw along the Chambersburg and Gettysburg turnpike, the McConnells- burg Cove upthrow of 8000 feet, the profound synclinal of the Broad Top, the great broken anticlinal at Tyrone City, and no doubt the faults in Perry county, at Orbisonia, at Greenwood furnace and elsewhere in middle Pennsylvania. Such a movement, however, involving anticlinal arches five miles high, and synclinal basins correspondingly deep, could not take place without greatly disturbing the original thicknesses of the several formations, hard as well as soft ; nor without an enormous amount of irregular shifting of one formation upon another and shearing motion among the groups of beds; as in fact the Anthracite survey has ampiy demonstrated. In view of this inevitable conse- quence of such a transfer of the parts of the Paleozoic system from place to place, I cannot consider it quite certain LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL. FE”. ix that the remarkable disappearance of outcrops (Marcellus, Oriskany, Little Helderberg and Upper Onondaga) along the line of the overturn—that is along the Blue mountain for some miles west of the Susquehanna river in Perry county and for some miles east of the river in Dauphin and Lebanon counties—can be wholly explained by an original lack of the sediments in a shallow or dried up sea. It is very remarkable that this failure of the formations should happen just along the line of maximum thrust and slide,—just where the whole mass was turned over beyond the vertical upon its face,—therefore, just where the greatest amount of shearing motion must have occurred,—in fact, just where we should expect an upthrow fault with all its consequences. Prof. Claypole has presented the arguments for shallow water on pages 37 and 393; and they have force; but there are dark places in the line of argument of this question pursued by geologists in other parts of the world; and the evidence from pebbles must be considered of little weight since the researches of M. Delesse in the waters of the bay of Biscay, and the remarkable discoveries of large pebbles in considerable numbers in very deep water off the Atlantic seaboard made by the dredging parties of the U. 8S. Coast Survey and published recently by Prof. Verrill. Even the coralline beds of the Lower Helderberg, mentioned on pages 160, 182, 338, are not conclusive evidence of shallow water, unless it be proved that the original reef-is in place. Detritus of coral reefs is carried far out into deep water ; and the multitudes of disjointed encrinite stems found in the Lower Helderberg and Hamilton formations (pp. 62, 206, 260, 348) may have been distributed over a deep ocean bed. No geodetic instrumental work has been done in Perry county. Consequently the limits of the outcrops of the formations are drawn only provisionally upon the town- ship maps (which are not very reliable) and must be cor- rected by the local knowledge of the citizens of the county. They will serve very well fora description of the geology of the county, but must not be relied upon for local explo- ration. They will be very useful to guide explorers in a elie” | ie LB xik". REPORT OF PROGRESS. E. W. CLAYPOLE. general way; but when it comes to tracing and opening special beds, then a specially accurate local survey must be — made by those interested. In presenting this report, it is my duty to remind the Board that Prof. Claypole was commissioned by it for a particular purpose, namely, to study the fossils of Perry and Juniata counties, and to discover the locality and range of each species in the pile of formations; in other words, to learn what genera and spécies of animal form, charac- terize the different rock-deposits which outcrop along the Juniata river. In the pursuit of this business he was com- pelled to acquaint himself with the order of the rock- deposits, and to define their upper and lower limits, and their subdivisions. His attention was arrested near New Bloomfield by the irregular conjunction of certain forma- tions which were elsewhere separated by hundreds or thou- sands of feet of intermediate deposits. The cause of this irregularity is shown on the plates which accompany the report, in the shape of two principal faults, or cracks in the earth, on one side of which the rocks are lifted and on the other side lowered, so as to bring into contact the edges of formations which ought to be far apart, at the present surface. In other parts of the county he found disturbances of another kind interfering with his study of the fossils, viz: a crumpling of the deposits sideways, increasing their ap- parent thickness, and duplicating the same bed one or more times. This led him toa remeasurement of the formation- thicknesses. ‘The result has been this preliminary descriptive report on the structural geology of Perry county; and it will be noticed that only so much attention has been given to the economic geology, the fossil iron ore beds, the limestone quarries, and the worthless coal beds of Duncannon and Mt. Patrick, as came in the way of the main pursuit, and was necessary for the limitation of the formations. The discussion of the utility of lime on soils and the table of living plants were intended to be merely appendixes to the report. LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL. us An interesting feature of this report is the description which Prof. Claypole gives of the trap dykes of the Cove. Dr. Henderson’s long dyke assumes a new aspect ; and im- portant conclusions may be drawn from the fact that four parallel dykes traverse the Cove, one of which crosses Cum- berland county southward, and another projects itself northward beyond Halifax, in Dauphin county. The trend of these evidently profound cracks in the earth crust is diagonal to the middle radius of the concentric circular segments produced by the thrust already mentioned. Prof. Claypole’s researches in Perry county in 1882 and 1883 have resulted in important modifications of the know- ledge obtained by previous surveys, especially in the fol- lowing particulars :— 1, The limitation of the name Clinton to the lower divi- sion of that mass of shales and thin sandstones numbered V by the First Survey, no Clinton fossils having been found in the upper division. 2. The consequent establishment of the Onondaga form- ation, as embracing the upper 1600 feet of No. V, partly on stratigraphical and partly on paleontological grounds. 3. The demonstration of the absence of WViagara beds from No. V. 4. The demonstration of the absence of the Corniferous limestone group from the whole county, and the allotment of the strata hitherto considered as representing that group to the Marcellus subdivision of the Hamilton division of No. VIII. 5. The definition of 600 or 700 feet of shales, chiefly by their fossil forms, as Upper Hamilton, Genessee and Port- age beds. 6. The demonstration of a fauna, partly Chemung, and partly peculiar, high up in the Catskill formation No. IX, and— 7. The systematic tracing of the richly fossiliferous Kingsmill sandstone along all the Catskill outcrops of the county. The proofs of these propositions will be given in detail in the second part of his report. ea a ee iO vb te a eT _ = xii F®, REPORT OF PROGRESS. E. W. CLAYPOLE. The Medina sandstone No. IV seems to be barren of fos- sils; a few unidentified forms were obtained from the north slope of Conococheagae mountain. The Clinton lower green shale of No. V has proved to be very barren; only a few not yet studied forms were found init. The /ron sandstone is occasionally very fos- siliferous, yielding Beyrichia lata and Calymene clintoni. In this occur traces of the earliest vertebrate yet recognized in America: a spine* named by Prof. Claypole Onchus clintoni ; broken and comminuted scales and plates; and small pellets, apparently coprolites. The Upper green shale has yielded Beyrichia lata, Calymene clintoni, and Calymene niagarensis. The Ore sandrock and Sand vein ore bed are often abundantly fossiliferous, but the forms are badly preserved: Beyrichia lata, Calymene clintoni, Ormoceras vertebratum. The limestone and shale beds above the sandrock are not fruitful of the Clinton forms, among which appears Lingula oblonga. The Onondaga red shale of No. V has yielded few fossils, Leperditia alta being almostalone; but comminuted scales, probably of fish, were found at a few localities. The Varie- gated shale is almost equally barren ; but Leperditia alta is very abundant in the beds near the top; and the very highest beds (Bloomfield sandstone) are made peculiarly interesting by Prof. Claypole’s discovery in them of the shields of two kinds of fish, which he has named Pale- aspis americana and Paleaspis bitruncata, and spines of small size, with fluted surfaces like those of Salachian or Silu- roid fish, which he names Onchus pennsylvanicus.t Inthe Water-lime group, Leperditia alta, often of unusually large size, is the only fossil form abundant in Perry county; but a good specimen of Plerygotus osborni was obtained from Juniata county through Mr. James Stevenson, now of Akron, Ohio. | The Lower Helderberg formation No. VI is very fossil- * Described in advance in the Quarterly Journal of the Geol Society of London. Meeting December 14, 1884. + For a preliminary description and remarks, see American Naturalist, p. 1222, December, 1884, LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL. Pe as: iferous. The list of forms found in its soft shales is a long one, although these strata are seldom well exposed for ex- amination, and most of the collections were made at a few points, chiefly Clark’s mill near Bloomfield. Lingula spatiosa, Lingula centrilineata ? Atrypa reticularis, Spir- Yera vanuxemi, Spirifera saffordi, Rhynchonella nucle- olata, Rhynchonella mutabilis, Meristella bella, Meristella levis, Renselleria mutabilis, Discina ampla, Discina discus, Strophomena woolworthana,; HEuomphalus pro- Sundus ; Megambonia aviculoidea, Modiolopsis dubia, Cypricardinia lamellosa,;, Leperditia alta, Beyrichia granulata, Beyrichia notata,; Orthoceras longicamera- tum; Lepadocystites ; Chaetetes abruptushave been deter- mined. No Corniferous fossils have been found. In the Marcellus division of No. VIII appear Atrypa reticularis, Leiorhyncus limitaris, Strophomena rugosa, Ambocelia umbonata, Discina seneca, Phacops rana, Beyrichia ungula (new species), Coleolus (Coleoprion) ten- _uicinctus, Styliola fissurella. The Hamilton division of No. VIII is as a whole the richest fossiliferous formation of the district, and the list here given might be considerably extended by further sys- tematic collections ; Strophodonta perplana, Strophodonta inequistriata, Vitulina pustulosa, Chonetes lepidus, Cho- netes mucronatus, Chonetes setigerus, Discina media, Dis- cina minuta, Atrypa spinosa, Atrypa aspera, Atrypa hystrix, Atrypa reticularis, Sperifera medialis, Spirifera jimbriata, Spirifera mucronata, Spirifera ziczac, Spirifera acuminata, Spirifera granulifera, Rhynchonella hors- Jordi, Leiorhynchus multicostatwm, Ambocoelia umbonata, Cyrtina hamiltonensis, Pholidops hamiltonensis, Strep- torynchus chemungense (var.), Productella truncata, Pro- ductella spinulicosta, Nucleospira concinna, Orthis pen- elope, Orthis vanuzxemi, Crania hamiltonia, Cryptonella rectirostra, Tropidoleptus carinatus, Terebratula linck- leni, Strophomena rhomboidalis ; Loxonema delphicola, Nueulites oblongatus, Nuculites triqueter, Hodon tenui- striatus, Eodon bellistriatus, Sanguinolites truncatus, . _— ‘ ee ee ee ee xiv KF’. REPORT OF PROGRESS. FE. W. CLAYPOLE. Orthonota carinata, Orthonota undulata, Orthonota sili- qguoidea, Modiomorpha concentrica, Modiomorpha alta, Mo- diomorpha complanata, Nucula bellistriata, Nucula lirata, Palaoneilo fecunda, Paleoneilo jfilosa, Paleoneilo emar- ginata, Paleoneilo muta, Paleoneilo maxima, Goniophora hamiltonensis, Goniophora truncata, Macrodon hamit- tonia, Cypricardinia indenta, Actinoptera decussata, Nu- culana diversa, Aviculopecten orbiculatus, Paracyclas lirata, Actinodesma subrectum,; Pleurotomaria triliz, Pleurotomaria sulcomarginata, Pleurotomaria capillaria, Bellerophon thalia, Bellerophon patulus, Bellerophon crenistriatus, Bellerophon leda, Cyrtolites pileolus, Platy- ceras carinatum ; Coleolus acicula, Coleolus tenuicinctus, — Tentaculites gracilistriatus, Styliola fissurella, Conularia continens; Tenioporaexigua, Aulopora tubiformis ; Dal- manites calliteles, Phacops rana, Proetus macrocephalus, Homalonotus dekayi, Beyrichia punctulifera. The char- acteristic forms of the subdivisions of the group will be separated in Part II of this report. The Genessee division of No. VIII, supposed to be rep- resented by 200 feet of shales overlying the Hamilton is destitute of fossils. The Portage division of No. VIII may be represented by a succeeding mass of black shale containing Cardiola spe- ciosa, &e. The Chemung visas of No. VIII has afforded P7vo- ductella hirsuta, Cyrtina hamiltonensis, Strophodonta perplana, Orthis impressa, Atrypa reticularis, Spirifera mesocostalis, Spirifera mesostrialis, Leiorhynchus meso- costale, Chonetes logani; Paleoneilo filosa, Paleoneilo constricta, Modiomorpha concentrica, Modiomorpha sub- alata, Hodon bellistriatus, Grammysia elliptica ; but the Chemung proper has not proved rich in fossils in Perry county, and their fragmentary condition adds to the tedious- ness of collecting a complete suite. The areas are very large, especially in the northern townships, where the form- ation is at least twice as thick as it is in the southern, and where good exposures are not numerous and the country is wooded. In the southern townships exposures are redu- LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL. Per plicated by the rock folds, which, however, have distorted and broken the fossils. The transition Chemung-Catskill strata which may be regarded by some as at the top of No. VIII, and by others as at the bottom of No. LX, contain numerous lamelli- branchs, while the brachiopods become fewer in proportion. The beds containing these fossils, so far as their true posi- tion can be determined, lie high up in the series, and above red beds of shale containing the well known Catskill fish Hloloptychius and Bothriolepis, if these be really distinct. Prof. Claypole has arranged a list of such fossils as occur above the fish-bed and up to the horizon where in his dis- trict he found the last traces of a Chemung type. ‘* Many hundred feet of shale and sandstone, mostly red, here oc- cur, some containing fish-scales and other Chemung fossils, until the great red mass of the Catskill proper is reached, which here, as elsewhere, is almost barren of remains of animal life :’’—Spirifera mesostrialis, Spirifera disjuncta ; Sanguinolites undatus, Goniophora chemungensis, Modi- ola metella, Schizodus oblatus, Schizodus chemungensis ? Schizodus rhombeus, Lyriopecten priamus, Actinoptera zeta, Curdiomorpha rotunda, Bellerophon maéra (var.) ; floloptychius americanus, Bothriolepis taylori. ‘* Other undescribed forms also occur in these beds; and it is worthy of remark that many of the identified fossils show some variation from their figures and descriptions, probably the result of conditions of life for the most part unfavor- able.”’ From the Catskili formation No. IX nothing has been obtained but a few plant remains. From the Pocono formation No. X only a few drifted logs of Lepidodendron were seen. In the Mauch Chunk formation No. XI no trace of or- ganic life was noticed. In the Second Part of Prof. Claypole’s report he will present the evidence which the several localities have fur- nished for the correctness of his conclusions, in greater de- tail, and with illustrations of the fossils which are not yet sufficiently prepared for publication. Meanwhile the First > ny : a. Bee eet, ey os ad pay @. f Af 4 a “1 o-. _ i 4 ae fe ise f ” 5 Sie, ee POT. J a ¢ ‘1, q % »~ «= ie “fe xvi F*. REPORT OF PROGRESS. mW i 4! Perry county who are intonaptell to tne the g of their vicinity. Wide: PHILADELPHIA, 1008 Clinton street. February 9, 1885. — a - . . TABLE OF CONTENTS. CHAPTER I. | | Phyo Page. Physical geography of the county; townships; towns and villages; mountains and hills; _ rivers, creeks and runs; canal and railroad levels; valleys; 1 3 CHAPTER II. Geological structure of the county ; subplications ; Se tae Cr TOPMALIONS >... 2 ee se BL CHAPTER III. Description of the formations. ng Ill. Utica and Hudson river shales, ....... 48 . “iV. Oneida and Medina sandstones, ....... 43 Rome Ce nNtOW STOUD ek kk uy a eee Comparison with New York, .-...... 46 Clinton lower green shale, ...... dL Block ore and iron sandstone,. ... . iii Morte aS Chinton upper shalé;; fj. 2 lee. sifraeueB Sand rock and sand vein ore bed, ...... 49 Niagara group wanting, ...... EA; es ies ata 5 Vb. Onondaga red and variegated shales, Pies os eenCNE SanGMOne, >, 6. 6 ta tas) ye OE Cuemaasa oray shales, iis. n.)./). 84 bec eis OD Peeeoorr SANGSLONe, — 3°. 2 2) is) Me. 57 mo Lower Helderbers group, -....... -.- - 58 See TINNY BANGSONG. ..- 6}. 0. 2 ee . 62 Upper Helderberg wanting, ........----:-: 64 VIIIb. Marcellus limestone and black shale, hele Siok | o ' (xvii F2.) Ville. Hamilton lower shale, Hamilton sandstone, . Hamilton upper shale, VIIId. Genessee group, .... . Ville. Portage: group,::..) <5 ae VOL. Chemihg group, .":- ie. 1X. Catskill formation, 34.aenn Fish beds,. = 2%) eee Kingsmill sandstone, . . . .- Kingsmill shales,:. . . 2... Dellville sandstone, . Catskill upper beds, . X. Pocono sandstone, . . . XT. Mauch Chunk red shale, Volcanic rocks; trap dykes, . CHAPTER IV. The Perry county tanht;? 24 | aoe Half Falls fault, ; Little Germany fault, .. Intermediate fault, CHAPTER V. Clinton fossil iron ore beds, Marcellus brown hematite bed, . . . Hamilton (Montebello) fossil iron ore, Oriskany ferruginous beds, Portage-Chemung iron ore, . Catskill iron ore, Pocono iron ore, Lime and its use upon lends Coal in Perry county, CHAPTER VI. Catalogne of living plants, ~. * mA D ence xviii F*. REPORT OF PROGRESS. &. “W. CLAYPOL! LE. eS »! 4 a » eo ede a us . . * . i? TABLE OF CONTENTS. F’. xix ' CHAPTER VIL. . a Page. he _ Geological descriptions of townships in alphabetical ~ order :— 7 Rupmmmemeree mmr order ae Ss a Paap PR td a> SEER ce hd 555 DRE ks a eee cern: . 169 EEE Se a 2 ok ee Pe CMe er re ee eo) aa TEE TEST ed Behe 2k UI alle aac rn cas Aen 228 memati ee eee a) iz Bee” Se er aS: mrtrernonl, So. py PRR eS (LIL Sle SS ae a oe EE rg ee gt. ou ig Fe outs ecw BOO RINT My tee, A SN ln FAY st al ne PU aE eR rete Rial ee OE a SME 3 5: Ree ee a, “eit Oe SOS ri OCHIAI MR WME Semeragitle or SD es as A gett tg dertes hbo Seren | Sek PRE PE Lartnt, eDee tO L 1) LES E 3g RR lel ee eestor gals 3° Dien) ae oe Ss i ar ire fed A anker ots | res 367 MEOW SP a Sho. A: pe Ae AU BTS G se i hae AS Ene er . . . « 899 to 437 LIST OF PAGE PLATES. Page feuap.o. No. TV mountains, ......: 4 reer ee canes 6 weer all or the Susquehanna. river, 2:2 2h.jcoe . ke «18 3. Geological structure, Figs. ‘1, 2,.3,4. ...... 30 4 Six cross sections of the great-arch,;... 0. . .. 82 5. Table of formations, ... . PA ols). jab ee 6. Four figures of the Perry ae Sate Sale eae Se faamMaps and sections of the fault, .-. 0 557000. 84 S. Ore.and coal sections, .. . Garey ren. 92 8(b). Section of tunnel mine, fossil Ores ii area YF 118 9. Map of Buffalo township oad section A B, ... 146 Pea g Ornarroll tomme@hip. oii) eet Pe ieye 166 feeocal tap.and cross section A B,°... . . . .. . 158 mas Ol eemite TOWNSHIP, 20.0.0... oe. 18 iE CRIA Ne ess oe es en EO Peer ross section-€. Dew... ee. rec Maria 172 aooeiocal Map aud smallsection,;. ....... . . 174 NESSES i TAGES Gs eo A a ae A (6) 17. Local map and small aa ae Raper Lyte. 18. Map of Greenwood township ane two eeodone ote, mae me Oross section 34. Cross section and nonconformability, ; a 35. Map of Saville township, 6. 025. 4 > 24 36. Cross and‘ columnar sections, 7 2..." > [ae 87%: Map. of Spring township, .°- 92) -.2 eee $8: Cross section A Bs ).:0/ 40a J Pw ; 39. Little Germany fault, ..... hee 4 40. Cross and columnar sections in Gabuyns township, ‘ 41. Map of Tuscarora:township;.\ (10 200 ee 49; Map of Tyrone township, .. . 0) 6...) Sa 43. Cross and columnar sections, . .. . . 44. Map of Watts township and section A B, ie | 45. Map of Wheatfield township, .. . 7 46. Cros sand columnar sections, : 4 47. Old map of the Susquehanna, 1701, 48. Section across Tuscarora township, » PERRY COUNTY. CHAPTER I. Physical Geography of the county. Perry county is bounded on the east by the Susquehanna river, from five miles above Liverpool down to the gap in the Blue mountain,* four miles above Harrisburg, a distance of 21 miles as the crow flies, and of 29 miles along the wind- ings of the river bank. The southern line, adjoining Cumberland county, follows the crest of the Blue mountain westward for a length of 53 miles. From corner to corner, if measured ona straight. line 8. 10° W., the distance is 384 miles. For the entire distance the mountain is unbroken by a single gap deep enough to passa stream. With the excep- tion of two or three slight notches or air-gaps, the crest maintains a uniform height of about 1000 feet above the Cumberland valley to the south. But the course of the mountain (and therefore of the county line upon the map) is by no means a straight line. For the first 22 miles from the river it is nearly straight, due westward. Then it curves back northward to Welsh hill and makes a loop (called by the people of the neighborhood Green valley). Coming out again as far as before, to Pilot Knob, it makes a second and deeper loop called Kennedy valley. Hence its course is nearly straight (S. 80° W.) for 16 miles, to the Franklin county line corner. * Known to the settlers on the lower Susquehanna as the First mountain, further west as the North mountain, and further east, in Schuy!kill, Lehigh, and Northampton counties as the Kittatinny mountain, which name was adopted by Prof. Rogers in his final report of 1858. (1 F2.) | | 2 F*, 2EPORT OF PROGRESS. E. W. CLAYPOLE. The southwestern boundary line, adjoining Franklin county, is a series of nearly right angled jogs. Commencing on the south at the Blue mountain crest, it crosses Henry valley to Little Round Top and Round Top, and Horse valley to the crest of West Tuscarora mountain, the air-— Jine distance from corner to corner being 8} miles. The north-western boundary, adjoining Juniata county, would be a nearly straight line (E. N. E.) 45 miles long, were it not for two small offsets to the northwest, thus: crest of W. Tuscarora mountain (nearly straight, E. N. E.) 10 miles ; offset to the northwest across Liberty Valley to the top of Tuscarora mountain, 1? miles ; along crest of Tusca- rora mountain, (nearly straight, E. N. E.) to the Juniata river, 224 miles; offset to the northwest, 14 miles; thence nearly straight (E.) 122 miles to the Susquehanna river. . The shape of Perry county is therefore that of a slightly curved blunt wedge, about 15 miles wide at its eastern base and 8 miles wide at the south-western edge, with an average medial length of 40 miles. — It is said to contain 539 square miles, or 344,960 acres,* of which at least one fourth may be said to be occupied by ranges of mountains from 600 to 1200 feet high,+ covered in large part by forest trees of the second, third, or fourth erowth, and separated by arable valleys, mostly narrow and . long, and by glens heading up between the ends of the mountains. The larger valleys in the eastern part of the county are sub-divided by low ridges, also much wooded, but mainly cultivated. The population of Perry county in 1860, was 22,793; in 1870, 25,447; in 1880, 27,522. Townships. There are twenty townships in the county, five of which border on the Susquehanna river, viz: Liverpool, Buffalo, Watts, Penn, and Rye; five occupy the triangular space between the Susquehanna and Juniata rivers, viz: Liver- * Walling & Gray’s Atlas of 1872. + Measured from the valley beds alongside, but from 800 to 1600 high above ocean level. THYSICAL GEOGRAPHY OF THE COUNTY. F*. 3 pool, Buffalo, Watts, Greenwood, and Howe; five border on the west bank of the Juniata river, viz: 7uscarora, Oli- ver, Miller, Wheatfield, and Penn; seven border on the north line, viz: (from east to west) Liverpool, Greenwood, Tuscarora, Saville, Madison, Jackson, and Toboyne ; seven border on the south line, viz: (from east to west) Rye, Car- roll, Spring, Tyrone, Madison, Jackson, and Toboyne ; and two occupy the center, viz: Juniata and Centre. Madison, Jackson, and Toboyne therefore entirely cross the county in succession at its western end. The arrangement may be thus exhibited : Tuscarora || Greenwood Liverpool || Saville = Juniata Oliver || Howe Buffalo || Madison = Jackson Tyrone Centre Miller || Watts || Toboyne = = Spring Wheatfield || |j Carroll Penn || Rye || Towns and Villages. The following names will occur more or less frequently in this report, especially in connection with the lines, belts and zig-zag outcrops of the various formations. Although they can all be found in the index (wherein reference will be given to every page on which a name occurs) it will: be well for the reader to see them here arranged in the order of the townships (from north to south and from east to west) in which they severally belong. LivEerPoo..— Liverpool P. O., on the Susquehanna river, just north of and in front of the Buffalo mountain gap. BurraLo.—Mt. Patrick, on the river, just north of the Berry’s mountain gap. Montgomery, on the river, 2 miles south of Mt. Patrick and 14 north of the east end of Half Falls mountain. Watts.—New Buffalo, on the Susquehanna river, 44 miles ‘above the mouth of the Juniata. GREENWOOD.—WMillerstown, on the Juniata, one mile south of the bend at the east and of Tuscarora mountain. Liberty Hail, on the eastern township line, 2 miles from the ~~. ae - | > = * aa ss ee ae is ye iat . et : 4 i. REPORT OF PROGRESS. FE. W. CLAYPOLE. oe southeast township corner. P/outz valley occupies the northern part of the township, and Wild Cat valley the southern. Howr.-—No village is notable in this small township, a northern part of which is covered by the rough ground of Buffalo and Berry’s mountains, which unite and terminate westward at the Juniata river. eae Tuscarora.—Donally s Milis, on Raccoon creek, which traverses this long narrow township from end to end, at the south foot of the Tuscarora mountain, 5 miles west of the Juniata. MiIuuER.-—Bailysburg, (Old Caroline Furnace,) on the Juniata river and Pennsylvania railroad, 44 miles (by rail) east of Newport, and 14 miles west of the gap through Lime- stone ridge. W HEATFIELD.— Montebello, 5 miles west of the Juniata river, and 1 mile southwest of the bend of the Little Juni- ata, now totally abandoned except one cottage. De/lodille, on Sherman’s creek, 5 miles west of the Susquehanna river. Prenn.— Duncannon, on the Pennsylvania railroad at the mouth of the Little Juniata and of Sherman’s creek, and 2 mile above the gap in Peter’s or Third mountain. Baskin- ville, at the mouth of the Juniata river, one mile north of Duneannon. Ryxr.—WMarysville, on the Pennsylvania and Northern Central railroads, at the west end of the Pennsylvania rail- road bridge, south of the gap in Second mountain. Aey- stone, on Fishing creek, 7 miles west of the Susquehanna river. Grier’s Point, on Fishing creek, at the western township line, 10 miles west of the Susquehanna. river. JuUNIATA.—Juniata (or Milford,) at the horseshoe bend of Buffalo creek (which traverses the township from west to east,) 3 miles from the Juniata, and # mile from the eastern township line. Jlarkelsville, also on Buffalo creek, 4 miles west of Juniata (Milford. ) OxLiver.—Vewport, on the Juniata river and Pennsyl- vania railroad, one mile below the mouth of Buffalo creek. Crentre.—Bloomfield (New Bloomfield,) the county seat, PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY OF THE COUNTY. EF’. 5 in the centre of the township. Mannsville, on Little Buf- falo creek, in the northwest corner of the township. CaRROLL.—Shermansdale, at the great bend of Sherman’s creek, 44 miles above (8S. W. of) Delville, and 3 miles west of Grier’s Point. SAVILE.—Ickesburg, on Ickes’ branch of Buffalo creek, "14 miles south of the foot of Tuscarora mountain. Rose- burg, on Buffalo creek, 2 miles squth of Ickesburg and 12 miles west of the Juniata river. Sprine.—Hlliotsburg, on Montour run (a branch of Sherman’s creek,) in the northern corner of the township. Bridgeport, on Sherman’s creek where it crosses the west- ern township line. Oakgrove, on the Green Valley branch of Sherman’s creek, 2 miles north of the southwestern cor- ner of the township, site of one of the five old charcoal fur- naces of the county. Tyrone.—Loysville (Andesville,) on Andes’ branch of Sherman’s creek, 1 mile from the northern township line. Green Park, on Montour run, 2 miles east of Loysville, and close to the eastern township line. Landisburg, 4 mile north of the mouth of Montour run, and + mile from the eastern township line. MADISON 4 miles west of Loysville. Sandy Hill, near the eastern township line, 3 miles north of Centre. Andersonburg, on Anderson’s run, 1? miles from its junction with Sherman’s creek, and $ errile from the western township line. J ACKSON.— Leavertown, near the center of the township, 4 mile south of Sherman’s creek. Slain, 14 miles N. W. of Beavertown and north of Sherman’s creek. M¢. Pleasant, 24 miles west of Beavertown and north of Sherman’s creek. The rest of the township is very mountainous and hilly. ToBoYNE.—WVew Germantown, on Sherman’s creek, i mile from the eastern township line. Centreville, on Sherman’s creek, 14 miles west of New Germantown. Fairview (tan- nery) near the head of Sherman’s creek, 4 miles west of New Germantown. Horse Valley, P. O., near the northwestern corner of the township and county, behind (N. W. of) the Conecocheague mountain. JMJonterey (tannery) on Hous- * = >= ~~ es [sem eee Spy se =, *, ee PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY OF THE COUNTY. 7 ton’s run, (a southern branch of Sherman’s creek,) 3 miles southeast of New Germantown, and near the eastern town- ship line. Most of this township is very mountainous and wild. Mountains and Hills. Five separate ranges of mountains traverse parts of the county, and three distinct ranges of lower hills. - Three of the five mountain ranges are of one geological character and physical form. The other two have a differ- ent form, and are of a different age and constitution, but, although separate in Perry county, are alike, and actually unite to form one range in Dauphin county. One of the three hill-ranges zigzags continually to and fro throughout the county. The other two are of a different shape and age, but like each other form two great loops across the eastern half of the county ; and the inner legs of these loops unite in Dauphin county. The colored geological map which accompanies this re- port expresses very clearly to the eye the courses of these ranges, both of the mountains and of the hills, each range keeping strictly within its own belt of color, and being broken for the most part only by water-courses. Mountains of No. IV (Medina and Oneida.)* (1.) Hast Tuscarora mountain forms one range by itself ; and along its crest, for a distance of twenty-one milest runs the northwestern countyline. Itisalmost perfectly straight and continuous, except that it is gashed by a ravine op- posite Ickesburg.t The little stream which flows down this ravine drains a small cove or vale in the heart of the mountain, 3 miles long by half a mile wide and pointed at bothends. The mountainis therefore double fora short dis- tance, having two crests, along the southern one of which runs the county line, the other crest traversing Juniata * See these mountains on page plate I. + The total length of the mountain, measured by its crest, is about 24 miles. ¢ 14 miles from its east end at the Juniata river. = tig ate fh . ee : ; moe 2, 8, REPORT OF PROGRESS. FE. W. CLAYPOLE. “Gta J ap a ae ‘ hae a. county. The mountain dies down gently at both ends; and around both ends fold its foot hills in sharp semi-ellipses. — (2.) West Tuscarora mountain, Conecocheaguemountain, Round Top, Little Round Top, Rising mountain, Amber- son ridge, and Bower mountain* are all merely longer or shorter zigzags of one range, which encloses Jackson and Toboyne townships at the southwest end of the county, as shown by the yellow color on the map. A woodsman can enter Perry county from Franklin county on the rocks at the top of the West Tuscarora mountain, aid walk along the rocky crest of this range, alternately to- wards the northeast and towards the southwest, for a total distance of 35 miles, reéntering Franklin county by the crest of Bower mountain, only 3 miles across from the place where he Jeft it. In all this distance he will keep at nearly the same elevation, say 1600 feet above ocean level, except at three points, where the wall on the top of which he is trav-. eling is broken down to its base by small stream&. One of these water gaps is cut through the West Tuscarora mountain; asecond is made by the head of Sherman’s creek, which cuts through Rising mountain; the third is made by Houston’s run through the north leg of Bower monntain. Everywhere else along the line he will find the sharp crested mountain unbroken by gaps, with steep rock-covered slopes or even cliffs always on his right hand, and a gentler, smoother, but still quite steep slope on his lefthand. When he turns the east end of a zigzag he will see the mount- ain crest make a long slope downward into the valleys of Perry county ; and when he turns the west ends of the zig- zags, he will be on boldly scarped knobs overlooking the shale and limestone valleys of Franklin county. On these knobs he will always reach a somewhat higher elevation above tide. Round Topand Little Round Top are simply the southwestward looking ends of two of the zigzags rather more strongly pronounced than the others. (See Figs. 2 and 8 on page plate I.) (3.) The North, Blue, or Kittatinny mountain carries the * Named thus in this order from northwest to southeast across the west end of the county. 7 ; PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY OF THE COUNTY. 6 southern county line, and is similar in form and character to those just deScribed, having two large zigzags in its course. Its total crest-length is 53 miles, unbroken by a single water-gap; but in a straight line from county corner to county corner, the distance is only 38 miles. For 17 miles it runs (with one small zigzag) parallel to Bower mountain, separated from it by Henry valley, the deep and narrow vale of the north branch of Laurel run, which heads at the Franklin county line. Both mountains run on thus southwestward through Franklin county, unite and end before reaching Loudon. Bower mountain, there- fore, is only a long return-zigzag of Blue mountain. The mountain ends (so far as Perry county is concerned) at the Susquehanna river, 4 miles above Harrisburg ; but, in point of fact, this is merely a wide water-gap in it; for its rocks rise as boldly again on the east bank of the river, and its crest continues on for nearly two hundred miles, in the same E. N. E. direction (broken at intervals by the water-gaps of the Swatara, Schuylkill, Lehigh, and Delaware rivers) to the real terminus of the mountain, not far from Newburgh on the Hudson river. Along its whole course it preserves its shape of a mono- clinal ridge, from 1200’ to 1400’ high above the river-water in the gaps, with a comparatively long smooth slope to the north, and a steeper rougher slope towards the south, some- times crowned with low cliffs of coarse sandstone. The mountain received the name of First mountain from the early settlers of Southeastern Pennsylvania, especially those who built their cabins along the Susquehanna river at Columbia, Marietta, and Harrisburg, and had occasion to canoe the river upwards through the water-gaps. The jirst mountain they passed through was the Blue mountain ; the second was Cove mountain, and from the Susquehanna to the Lehigh it has retained the name of Second mountain ever since ; the 477d was the Sharp mountain of Schuylkill county, which traverses Dauphin county, but does not reach the Susquehanna river; the fourth was Peters’ mountain, on the east or Dauphin side of the river, and the short north leg of Cove mountain on the west or Perry county 10 EF’. REPORT OF PROGRESS. E. W. CLAYPOLE. side. Here the numbering stopped at the mouth of the Juniata. The mountains further north gapped by the Sus- quehanna were called Berry’s and Buffalo mountains, Mountains of No. X (Pocono.) In Perry county there only remain to be described the Second and Fourth mountains, 7. e., the two legs of Cove mountain, and Berry’s and Buffalo mountains, which also unite and form a cove. The gray color of these mountains on the map shows that their crests are made by the hard beds of the Lower Carboniferous Pocono sandstone, No. X. (4.) The Cove mountain, then, in the south eastern corner of Perry county, is merely asharply recurved ridge, about 1000’ high above the water in the gap, the cut-off prow of a canoe-shaped basin, the Dauphin county anthracite coal basin, —the west end of a long-pointed ellipse*—diagonally traversed by the Susquehanna river, so that its south reach of crest is 10 miles long, and its north reach of crest only 5. The two crests unite in a slightly elevated knob at the west end, overlooking the fertile valley of Sherman’s creek. . The shape of the Cove mountain differs from that of Blue, Bower, Rising, Round Top, Conecocheague, West and East Tuscarora mountains of the Ist, 2d, and 3d ranges already described in two essential points: First, its rocks are of later age and different constitution (see further on;) and Secondly, its cross-section is not that of a sharp crest and two slopes. Cove mountain has along, gentle, smooth slope on its inner side, 7. e., into the Cove, and a bold terrace on its outer side (southward towards the Blue mountain, and northward towards Sherman’s valley) cut by ravines, and sometimes quite separated from the mother mountain as a distinct and lower ridge, composed of the hard beds of the Catskill formation No. IX. The explanation and representation of this peculiar form | is reserved for the geological description, further on. See report on Penn township. (5.) Berry s mountainand Buffalo mountain, in the north- * The east end of which is in Carbon county, beyond the Lehigh river. PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY OF THE COUNTY. Pe at eastern corner of Perry county, gapped by the Susquehanna at Mt. Patrick and at Liverpool, are 7 and 8 miles long re- spectively, and unite ina slightly elevated knob on the east bank of the Juniata river a mile above Newport. Both of them have perfectly straight sharp crests, long gentle slopes inwards (into the cove), and outer terraces (that of Berry’s facing south, that of Buffalo facing northwest, ) distinct but not so strongly accentuated as those of Cove mountain, less deeply cut by ravines, and never separated from the mother mountain, for geological reasons to be hereafter explained. Unlike thesharp ellipse of Cove mountain, that of Berry’s mountain is gapped nearly to its base at its western end on the southern side, by a little stream descending into the Juniata. Buta high divide behind the gap virtually closes the upper end of the cove. It only remains to add, that on the eastern side of the Susquehanna river, Berry’s mountain runs on through Dauphin county and returns as Peters’ monntain (or Cove mountain). Buffalo mountain also reappears on the east bank of the river under the name of Mohontango mountain, and along its crest runs the north county line of Dauphin to the northwest corner of Schuy]kill county. As the Dauphin county anthracite coal basin is enclosed at its west end by the Cove mountain in Perry county, so in precisely similar style the west end of the Wiconisco an- thracite coal basin is enclosed by Berry’s and buffalo mountains in Perry county. This is the reason why the two coves resemble each other so closely in shape, size, and position ; and it is also the rea- son why no anthracite or other workable coal measures now exist in Perry county, as will be more fully explained in another chapter. Hill ranges. While mountains surround Perry county on the north, west, and south, and penetrate it to a certain distance from the east, the space thus enclosed must be regarded, topo- graphically, as an extensive wedge-shaped area of open country, traversed by many ranges of hills, which vary in 12": REPORT OF PROGRESS. FE. W. CLAYPOLE. elevation from 200 to 500 feet above the drainage level, and are some of them cultivated in common with the valleys. The arrangement of the greater number of these hills is remarkably complicated, but perfectly easy to comprehend with the aid of the colored geological map. The arrangement of the others, forming a second class by themselves, and having nothing in common with the first class either in shape, size, or in rock composition, is on the the other hand quite simple, as the map shows. fills of No. VIL (Oriskany.) These consist of sandstone on one side and limestone on the other; the limestone rocks passing down under the sandstone, and commonly leaving the sandstone to form the main rib or crest of the hill, with a slope of shale. The Lower Helderberg limestone No. VII being colored blue on the map, and the Oriskany sandstone No. VII yel- low, the continuity of the hills of this class along its out- crop, zigzaging more than a dozen times over the county, is evident ata glance. However broken for a moment in its course by some stream, the hill range continues to mark the surface from township to township. However confused the landscape may appear to the traveler on the high road, or reviewing it from one of the hills of the range, it becomes at once reduced to an intelligible order when a neighboring mountain is ascended, and the broad expanse is looked down upon from above. ‘The long lines of the zigzags are then seen fading away in the distance, or uniting in pairs or groups in the near foreground. Occasionally the sandstone outcrops are so complicated as to constitute the bulk of the hill, and the limestone slopes sink in comparison into the valleys. In othercases the lime- stone rocks are so massive and repeated as to spread out into wider and higher hilltops, while the sandstone belt forms a selvage of lower elevation and minor importance. But the idea of a continuous range is never lost, and the union of the sandstone and limestone is indissoluble over the whole area, except along the extreme southern border of the county (at the foot of the Blue mountain approach- PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY OF THE COUNTY. F 18 ing the Susquehanna river) where the sandstone first and then the limestone ceases to exist, and the hill range neces- sarily disappears. The map will show, also, that the zigzags of this hill-range (of the first class) correspond to or point towards the zigzags of the first, second, and third mountain ranges already de- scribed ; and it will be shown in a subsequent chapter that the same geological causes operate to bring the two sets of zigzags into existence and into mutual concordance. In describing the No. VI-VII range, it will be convenient to divide it into seven sections or courses, beginning at the north. The first section, 8 miles long and perfectly straight and unbroken, forms the northern boundary of the county between the Juniata and Susquehanna rivers. The lime- stone faces the south. It is gapped by Cocalamus creek and another smaller stream. The second section, 36 miles long, extends nearly the whole length of the county. It unites with the first section in a sharp point 2 miles west of the Susquehanna river; is straight for 8 miles to the Juniata river at Millerstown, with three gaps; then 5 miles further to Donnally’s mills, where it is gapped by the south branch of Raccoon creek; and then 8 miles further (with another slight gap) as far as Ickes- burg. Limestone always facing north.* Here the limestone ends, or rather zigzags back three times. The sandstone begins to zigzag southward at a point 2 miles before reaching Ickesburg. From a point 3 miles east of Ickesburg to New German- town (15 miles) the course is straight, (with one zigzag half- way.) At New Germantown the limestone ends in a point. The sandstone points out 6 miles before reaching New Ger- mantown, 7. €., opposite Andersonburg. The third section, more than 30 miles long, measuring from New Germantown to the Juniata river below Baileys- *Tt should be mentioned that though the range is here spoken of asa hill, yet along this part of its course almost no elevation can be seen, and conse- quently the ‘‘gaps”’ are quite insignificant. —ae ee eee. ee ee ee i Ve ae, ae, 14 F’. REPORT OF PROGRESS. FE. W. CLAYPOLE. a burg, is known along its whole length by the local name of a the Limestone ridge. Ps It is 25 miles broad north of Andersonburg and Centre, and between Centre and Sandy hill, where its belt of sand- stone zigzags sharply several times. “~ For the next 14 miles it is a narrow, straight, and un- broken ridge. Zigzags twice opposite Bloomfield, and then runs on again, straight and unbroken, 8 miles further to the Juniata. From a mile west of Bloomfield to the Juniata, a distance of 9 miles, the ridge has a double or triple crest of sand- stone, inclosing a narrow stripe of limestone. In all other parts of its course the limestone forms its south face. The fourth section, 16 miles long, returns sharply on the third, and close toit, from the Juniata river, past Bloomtield and Elliottsburg to Green Park, where the limestone (always facing north) points out. There are four gaps through it in Centre and Miller townships, but along a great part of its course there is no ridge, the ground is quite low, and the sandstone is rarely visible. Four zigzags occupy the area (24 miles wide from north © to south) between Green Park and Landisburg, and there is a water gap throngh the first one a mile south of Elliotts- burg. The fifth section, 13 miles long, returns east for about 8 miles, and is known locally as /ron ridge. It is there cut out by the Perry county fault. The ridge is gapped by Richland run at the Perry furnace. A small outlier of sand- stone and limestone occurs at Montebello narrows, 3 miles further east, brought up by the fault. The sixth section, 10 miles long, with two sharp zigzags, is four times gapped, once by Sherman’s creek a mile north- east of Oakgrove, where the ridge ends. Limestone always facing north. The seventh section runs along the base of the Blue mount- ain, the limestone facing south. The sandstone and lime- stone grow less and less for 10 or 12 miles east of Oakgrove ; and the ridge ceases to exist near Sterrett’s gap. PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY OF THE COUNTY. ¥’. 15 Hills of No. VIII ( Hamilton sandstone. ) The hills of the second class are confined to the eastern half of the county. They are of two kinds. a. The first isa range of high, steep, chiefly monoclinal ridges, for the most part wood-clad and untilled, which enter the county from Juniata, three miles north of Millers- town, and range east almost to the Susquehanna, forming the county line under the name of Turkey ridge. Here, curving sharply round, it runs west-southwest, in a straight line, to the Juniata just below Millerstown, where its point is cut off by Cocalamuscreek. Along this part of its course it bears the name of Wild Cat ridge. Several gaps have been cut through it, two by Cocalamus creek, and others by small unnamed streams on both the north and south courses. Rough and steep, it forms an encircling wall round the northeast and south of Pfoutzs Valley. Crossing the river it passes on under the name of Raccoon ridge, and four miles further is gapped at Donally’s mill. Three miles beyond this point it swerves slightly to the southwest and continues for 6 miles to a point west of Roseburg, where, turning sharply, it zigzags back about 2 miles, resumes its former course, and runs to Sandy hill as Bitman’s Ridge. In this part of the range it is gapped in four places. From Sandy hill it runs east-northeast for 4 miles, southwest for two miles, then turns sharply and ranges nearly east, past Mannsville and Bloomfield, to Inoculate run on the Newport- Bloomfield road, where a short turn to the southwest inter- rupts the line. Thence, immediately returning, it resumes its course to the Juniata river below Bailysburg. Here it bears the name Buffalo hills. Crossing the river it becomes Half Falls mountain and ranges to the Susquehanna, whence, immediately returning almost parallel with itself under the same name, it re-crosses the Juniata and sweeps west-southwest as Mahanoy Ridge to Little Germany, near which hamlet it comes to an end, as will be explained fur- ther on. Reappearing a mile to the eastward as Cranby hill, it makes three short zigzags, forming the Murnace hills, and 16 FE": REPORT OF PROGRESS. FE. W. CLAYPOLE. > a dies down gradually to the level two miles northeast of the ; Blue Ball, near Landisburg. A second ridge, distinct but very closely connected, di- verges from Half Falls mountain (of which at its origin it — it forms part) and ranges across the Juniata for 5 or 6 miles as Dick’ s hill, steep on the northern but gentle on the south- ern slope. Two miles southeast of Bloomfield it zigzags suddenly, but almost immediately resumes its former course and (under the name of Rock hill and after crossing Sher- man’s creek, of Pisgah hill,) runs on southwest for about 8 miies till it terminates in this direction ina high knob near Oakgrove furnace. Curving round sharply at this point it sweeps in an almost straight line for nearly 20 miles, under the name of Little mountain, to the Susquehanna river at Marysville. This sandstone range is a very conspicuous and important factor in the physical geography of the county, ranking in this respect only below the mountain range previously de- scribed. So much, however, will be found in other parts of this volume concerning it, that to add more here would be mere repetition. Hills of No. VIII (Chemung.) 6. The second kind of hills included in this class are broader than the comparatively sharp-crested Hamilton sandstone ridges last described, and have flowing outlines of a gentle beauty. Innumerable runs and rills indent their flanks. Each rill descends from the central elevated rolling summit through a slight ravine, the sides of which are quite smooth and usually cultivated. The vista pre- sented by miles of these ravines and intermediate rounded offsets of the range is most agreeable. The side of the ridge seems artificially ornamented for picturesque effect, scolloped or gophered in a wonderfully regular manner, and smoothed —almost polished—like a piece of furniture. The geologist will at once recognize the peculiar constitu- tion of the ridge by this remarkable feature of its erosion, which demands and will receive a careful explanation fur- ther on in this report. PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY OF THE COUNTY. B17 Five ranges of these hills in Perry county may be speci- fied : The first range commences at the Susquehanna river, in the northeast corner of the county, and runs for 25 miles to Roseburg in Saville township. It is perfectly straight for 16 miles, and then bends slightly more southward. It is cut in two by the Juniata river below Millerstown, and again by Buffalo creek 3 miles west of Markelsville. It is also cut, east of the Juniata, by the north branch of Wild- cat run; by two branches of Barger’s run, coming from the north; and the creek which enters the Susquehanna river at Liverpool. The second range runs straight for 20 miles as JZiddle ridge and Middle Bucks Valley ridge, from Roseburg back to the Susquehanna at Montgomery. It forms, with the first range, a solid mass of hill-land, east of Roseburg, around which Buffalo creek curls its headwaters in a semi-circle. It is unbroken by any water-course for 11 miles, from Rose- burg to Newport, Little Buffalo creek flowing at its base the whole distance. The Juniata river gaps it at Newport ; bends north, and passes back through it 2 miles further on ; bends scuth, passes through it a third time one mile above Baileysburg. In the 53 miles of its course, between the Juniata and the Susquehanna, it is broken four times by three runs entering the former, and another entering the latter river. The third range, short and irregular, is wedged in be- tween Mahoning ridge and Dick’s hill, west of the Juniata, 2 miles southeast of Bloomfield. The fourth range, 20 miles long, starts at the Susque- hanna river in the bend between Montgomery and New Buffalo ; is trenched transversely by the Juniata, and then by the Little Juniata; is broken through successively by three of the northern branches of Sherman’s creek, by Sherman’s creek itself, and finally near its end by another branch. Two miles east of Oakgrove it curves sharply round to the south and east, and makes The fifth range, 17 miles long, at the north foot of which 2 E”. New Buftor(g fall tn the 5 usquehanna R. of wate? ley SB > 6O Am AF Duncanno 18 F2. JPL. PITYSICAL GEOGRAPHY OF THE COUNTY F’, 19 flows Fishing creek, passes Keystone and Marysville to the Susquehanna river. Rivers, Creeks, and Runs. The Susquehanna river flows in a shallow rocky channel, about half a mile wide, studded with islets, along the eastern border of the county, a distance of about 20 miles in a straight line, but of about 30 miles by its windings from north to south. : These windings are caused by the topographical ob- stacles which it encounters. Within three miles of the county corner it is deflected sharply westward along the north foot of Buffalo mountain, 3 miles to Liverpool, where it gets through the mountain by a boldly cut gap. Cutting straight across the Hunter’s run cove 3 miles, and issuing from a similar gap in Berry’s mountain, it is de- flected a little east around the end of Half Falls mountain. Bending west again in a beautiful quadrant of a circle past New Buffalo, it encounters the Juniata coming in from the northwest. Here the two rivers have formed a plain or inland delta, 3 miles long by 14 miles wide, called Duncan’ s island, at the south end of which is the present confluence. The combined waters, pressing against the north foot of Peter’s mountain and flowing southwestward, gradually shave off its terraced slope, and then turn and flow through a gap into the Cove. The river, flowing slantingly down and across the Cove, eastward, 5 miles, turns in through a gap in the Second mountain, and flows straight on to and through a gap in the Blue mountain into the Cumberland valley towards Har- risburg and Chesapeake bay. The gradients of the Northern Central railroad, which des- cends its east bank, should give us the gradient of the Sus- quehanna river approximately, the height of rail above tide at Liverpool station being 396.11, and at. Bridgeport depot 354.57, equal to a fall of about 40 feet in about 22 miles, —1.82 feet per mile.* *See Report of Progress, N, table 110, pages 115 and 111, pages 116, 117. * a =p te Tues fo CP eee oy ee ae 20 F’, REPORT OF PROGRESS. JW. CLAYPOLE, — + The canals and pools along the Susquehanna, | howeve! determine its real rate of deanant as follows: i A. Locks. B. Miles. G. "eet Mahantango look, | ‘iF 2) ys 0 a te wee teen 7 Dry Saw-Mill lock, : | 5.4 8 ie tae eee Liverpool ‘upper Jock, (2) S43)" °. % wie a ee Liverpool lower look;;:-.;.°s7. eee . Mt.. Patriok, loakk, 50.) S155 aeihe te ee 26.4 Montgomery lock, Butfalo lock, : Juniata Junction lock, 2) s\\.\8<0 si, ee Lae Raisner’s lock, . | «is 4 WwW an eee Clark’s Ferry pe = ie Twin Tavern lock, : ee ene Dauphin Tools, >.) <6 ak" 2 a, ek eee eee ee Rockville. lock,:. ois ss 5, chi Fa ee 1s eet eee Harrisburg lock, |. oats ast saa sees eee Pek 2, A is the tabular list of locks descending the river. B gives the distance, in miles, from Harrisburg. C gives the elevation above tide of the water in the dar above each lock, in feet, according to Allen and Ames’ sur- a vey, 1877. as explained in the profatory note to table 11 15, a page 120, of Report of Progress N. ie From Mahantango, at the noith east corner of Perry county, a to Rockville, at the southeast corner of the county, a dis oe a tance of 304 miles, the Susquehanna river has a total fall 0 814 feet, or at the rate of about 2% feet per mile. = “ Rate From. To. Miles. Fall. permile. Mahantango—Dry Saw-Mill, ...... 1.8 7 .65' 4.25° : Dry Saw-Mill—Liverpool U.L., .... 3.0 5. 40' 1.0), ees as Liverpool U. L.—Liverpool L.L., ... 1.8 6. 43! 3.57 Liverpool L. L.—Mt. Patrick,...... 2.6 6. 92! 2.66’ Mt. Patrick—Montgomery, ..... 2 Bs 6 .82! 4.01’ Montgomery—Buffalo, ...... pray te 3.1 7.65! 2.47' }: Buffalo—Juniata Junction, ....... 4.6 0.00’ 0.00’ Juniata Junction—Clark’s Ferry, .... 2.0 14.26’ Tite Clark’s Ferrv—Twin Tavern, ...... 3.0 3. 00! 1.00! Twin Tavern—Dauphin, 4.3 6.80! 1.58' Dauphin—Rockville, ......,.+..-. 2.6 6. 99! 2. 69' Rockville—Harrisburg, .......+.+-. 5.1 6.91’ 1.35! The Susquehanna river, then, descends with comparative map dity where it passes Te the five gaps of Buffalo, — > ee A PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY OF THE COUNTY. pe 3T rapidly where it crosses the intermediate valleys. Behind or north of each mountain it is dammed back upon the softer rocks, and descends over the hard rock-ledges in the gap as over a natural wier. For example, its rate behind the Buffalo mountain is 1.80%, but in the gap itself 3.57’. Behind Berry’s mountain its rate is 2.66’, bat in the gap itself 4.01’. Behind Peters’ mountain its bed is almost a dead level for four miles, and then falls in the gap at the rate of 7.13’. Across the Cove its rate is only 1.00’ and 1.58’, but through the Second mountain and Blue mountain gaps it averages 2.69’. Hence to Harrisburg the rate is 1.35’. It is plain to see that the ribs of sandstone rock which form the several mountain crests and descend steeply (some- times vertically) to and across the bed of the river in the several gaps, form natural dams (and must have always formed natural dams) over which the river has been tumb- ling for ages. These natural dams, being still in process of destruction, must have been higher above ocean level in each preceding age as we follow the process of wear and tear backwards in the order of time. Jt follows that the river, as a whole, must have once flowed on a level with what is now the tops of the mountains. But it does not follow that the relative heights of the mountains and valleys were the same then which they are now, and that the whole country behind the Blue mountain was then flooded by the river ; in other words, that all cen- tral Pennsylvania was then a great lake. On the contrary, what is true of the Susquehanna is true as we shall see of the Juniata and all its other main branches, and of all their secondary branches, and of all the creeks and runs and rills which feed these secondary branches with water; for the whole surface of the country must have shared in the gradual lowering of the bed of the Susquehanna. But if this be true, then the entire surface of the country must have stood higher and higher above sea level as we go back in time: not the valleys only, but the mountains also ; a Cor Aa SS ee ee Soe ee es Lee a, ae? ee 22-5". REPORT OF PROGRESS. E. W. CLAYPOLE. for the hard-rock outcrops must always have stood higher than the soft-rock outcrops. And thus we ¢an easily imagine both the mountains and the valleys of the surface of Perry county in past times standing at an elevation sev- eral thousand feet higher above sea level than now; and not of Perry county only, but of all Pennsylvania, and in — tine of all the Appalachian belt of the United States. The Susquehanna river has therefore a rock bed its whole length past Perry county, the edges of the strata (upturned sometimes towards the north, sometimes towards the south) crossing it from bank to bank, and producing riffles in many places, behind which lie shallow sheets of river pebbles and river sand, brought down from the northern counties, and from the State of New York,—pebbles moved forward by the spring and fall freshets and replaced by others,—peb- bles gradually being ground into mud, and to be finally spread upon the bottom of Chesapeake bay and the Atlantic g ocean. The Duncan’s island flat is an inland delta of such deposits. In long-continued droughts the river bed is left uncovered in a thousand places, and the bordering strata can be traced across it, or even used for fording. After heavy general rains, or after the melting of the winter snows, a sea of water descends the broad channel, filling it to the top of its banks ; and debacles of floating ice threaten the safety of the ‘alleen and canal which accompany its course. Mil- lions of tons of rounded stones and sand are poured into it by all its affuents, keeping up its supply of grinding ma- terial for lowering its own bed, and furnishing the amplest evidence tha it would be desired of the continuous destruc- tion of the whole country and the continuous lowering of the general surface through all ages.* The Junigta river is the principal branch of the Susque- hanna in central Pennsylvania, as it drains the face of the Allegheny mountain for a length of 50 miles, and also por- *Too much has not here been said on this subject to prepare the reader for the importanc geological consequences of this process of river erosion, a good understanding of which is absolutely necessary, if the descriptive geology of this or any other county of Pennsylvania is to be adequately comprehended. PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY OF THE COUNTY. F=, 238 tions of Blair, Huntingdon, Mifflin, and Juniata counties before entering Perry county around the east end of Tus- carora mountain, 2 miles above Millerstown. It flows nearly straight across the county (past the west end of Buffalo mountain) 5 miles to Newport. It then makes a letter S (3$ miles) to Bailysburg; followed by a bend to the south, through the little gap of Half Falls mountain, 14 miles ; and then flows straight 5 miles further to the Susquehanna river junction. From Millerstown to the Aqueduct, measured along the track of the Pennsylvania railroad, the distance is 15 miles ; and the total descent of the railroad grade in this distance is 31 feet; an averege rate of about 2 feet to the mile; thus :— Millerstown, (138 miles from Philadelphia,) ..... 408’ A. T.* Newport, HES BRC I i Br ae Ada Oks Oe he Om PAST 9 GA ee are 395‘ Baily’s, Ge ipl ae a i a ee ee Pens ea 387' EST Ea eh DS Sig SRS Sa ec a a 377! The old levels of the Juniata division of the Pennsylva- nia canalt+ makes the water-fall 30.6 feet; the surface of the Millerstown dam being stated at 388’ and the miter-sill at the Junction 357.3’. But as the water above the lock at the Junction is 370.35’, and the water in the Juniata river under the aqueduct, stood at 342.6 when the survey of 1877 was made,t (or 340.6 by another survey, $) fhe actual fall of the bed of the river is probably something more than 31 feet. The rate of descent must be much more uniform than in the caseoftheSusquehannariver, because theJuniatariver passes through only two gaps in.hard rock, and these are very small, viz: one through the limestone-sandstone range at Mil- lerstown, and the other through the same range at Baileys- burg. Everywhere else it traverses broad belts of compara- tively soft strata. The influence of the geology upon a river course is however as well exemplified in the case of the Juni- ata as in that of the Susquehanna ; for the sigmoid curve which the Juniata makes between Newport and Bailysburg *See Report of Progress N, table 1, page 3. t See table 113, page N, 119. ¢ Table 115, page N, 121. § Table 125, page N, 136. - ‘ es ¥ - 4 ~ 7 pees . . y a et eer 24’. REPORT OF PROGRESS. E. W. CLAYPOLE. oie Reet / is evidently due in part to the ridge below Newport, and er. to the effort of the drainage waters to get round its eastern end. | 0a Sherman’ s creek plays the principal réle in the drainage = of Perry county, and is wholly confined to the county; heading in its westernmost township (Toboyne,) and flow- ae ing eastward through Jackson, Madison, Tyrone, Spring, _ Carroll, and Wheatfield to the Susquehanna riverat Dun- cannon, two miles below the mouth of the Juniata river. In its exceedingly tortuous course past the villages Fair- view, New Germantown, Mt. Pleasant, Beavertown, Cen-— tre, Landisburg, Bridgeport, Shermansdale, and Delville, it receives a hundred smaller streams, of which the principal are Brown’ s run, Houston's run, Laurel run, and McCabe's run, descending from the western mountain spurs, and An- dersows and Montour’s runs coming in from the north, the one past Andersonburg and the other past Ellotts- burg. Sherman’s creek illustrates the geology of Perry county in two ways: First, It occupies itself solely and wholly with collecting and transporting eastward the rainwater which falls upon’ the area lying to the south and west of the blue limestone Z1PZZags. A mile below Bridgeport, it breaks through the Limestone ridge, and flows forward (still eastward) across the brown into the pink belt, and along the north face of the North Cove or Peters’ mountain to the Susquehanna. Why, when it had reached Shermansdale, it did not adopt for its channel the straight and narrow valley lying open | before it, between the Cove and Blue mountains (past Grierspoint, Keystone, and Fenwick) instead of receiving @ branch from that direction, and itself turning back to take aljonger, crookeder, and more round-about northerly way to its destination, will be explained when the local geology of | Carroll township is described. | But why Sherman’s creek makes its bold curve from Fairview to Bridgeport is perfectly well explained by the coloring on the map, where the stream is seen cutting * . PHYSICAL GEOGRAPILY OF THE COUNTY. | T’, 25 through the ends of seven different spurs from the mount- ains on the west. Secondly, Sherman’s creek, in flowing from the west east- ward, shows plainly the general slope of the formations, towards the deep coal basins of Schuylkill county.* And in this tendency towards that profound geological depres- sion in the earth’s crust, it is imitated by the other large drainage-ways of the county: by Little Juniata creek, by Little Buffalo creek, by Buffalo creek, and by Raccoon run all of which make towards the anthracite coal basins, and would have been branches of the Schuylkill river had they not been stopped by the Juniata and Susquehanna rivers. Little Juniata creek heads on the west township line of Centre, 24 miles east of Elliottsburg, and drains (eastward) the long narrow valley south of Mahanoy ridge for 8 miles. Issuing through Dick’s ridge southward, it flows into the Susquehanna at Duncannon, 13 miles below the mouth of its great namesake the Juniata river. That it did not keep straight on, north of Dick's hill, to the Juniata river is one of those eccentricities of drainage for which a local and not very apparent geological cause must be sought. Little Buffalo creek, heading 14 miles west of Manns- ville, drains (eastward) the corresponding valley north of Limestone ridge, and enters the Juniata at Newport. It is 10 miles long. | Buffalo creek, with its numerous branches, drains all Sa- ville and Juniata townships, and enters the Juniata river a mile above Newport. For 8 miles west of the river, it meanders down the cen- ter line of the great trough in which lies the Wiconisco an. thracite coal basin. It thus illustrates the geology of Perry county, just as Sherman’s creek does in flowing down the middle of the Dauphin county coal basin. The extreme head-waters of its northern branch are at * Landisburg, at the mouth of Montour run, is 740’ above tide, (table 203, page 228, N,) and railroad grade at Duncannon at the mouth of Sherman's run is 376’, (table 125, page 136, N.) The distance in a bee-line is 11 miles. Therefore, the descent eastward must be at an average rate of 364'--11—33' per mile, although by the course of the creek it is only 364’ 254+ miles = 14' per mile, or less, as Landisburg is considerably above the creek. x aa SA AP alts bh de 26 FE”, REPORT OF PROGRESS. E. W. CLAYPOLE. the county line, between Tuscarora and Conecocheague — mountains, 8 miles west of Ickesburg. Another branch issues from the little cove in the heart of the Tuscarora mountain, and flows south past Ickesburg to the main creek, $ mile below Roseburg. -— Bier ie Bae ith ag, 4 ae anes i Aad salt te ee , w/ — er Te, ere CuHaPpTer II. The geological structure of Perry county. Viewed as a whole the geological structure of Perry county is the simplest possible :—abont 380,000 * feet of Pal- gzozoic measures, thrown into two great troughs separated by one great arch. The northern trough extends the whole length of the county, passing out south-westward into Franklin county. The southern trough extends half its length, passing out south-westward into Cumberland county. The centre line of the northern trough crosses the Sus- quehanna river a mile north of Mt. Patrick; the Juniata river two miles north of Newport; and passes through the villages of Juniata, Markelsville, Roseburg, Sandy Hill, New Germantown, and Fairview in Toboyne township. The center line of the southern trough crosses the Sus- quehanna river 14 miles below Duncannon ; and passes half a mile north of Shermansdale and through Oakgrove in Spring township. The northern trough extended eastward becomes the Wiconisco anthracite coal basin of Dauphin and the Potts- ville basin of Schuylkill county. The southern trough extended eastward becomes the Dauphin county coal basin, which unites with the Wico- nisco basin at Trevorton, in Schuylkill county. Both troughs are very deep (equally deep) at the Susque- hanna river; and shoal up westward ; but not at the same rate. For, while the bottoms of the troughs are exactly on a level with each other at the Susquehanna and also at the distance of 8 miles west of it, that of the sowthern trough rises in the next 12 miles as much as that of the * That is, counting only the formations which appear at the surface in Perry county. (31 F?.) GEOLOGICAL STRUCTURE OF THE COUNTY. on northern trough in the next 36 miles; or exactly three times as fast. The cause of this difference is seen in the fact that the iwo sides of the northern trough are symmetrical ; whereas the seuth side of the southern trough is turned up and pressed over inwards ; narrowing, sharpening and shorten- ing the trough all at the same time and by the same opera- tion. See page plate III, page 30, Figs. 1, 2, 3, 4. Sub-plications of the troughs and arches. The structure however, is by no means so simple as the foregoing general idealized sketch would lead the reader to suppose, except along the Susquehanna river, the eastern border of the county, and for a few miles inland to the west. After that it becomes complicated by many excep- tional details, which are, each of them, of great local im- portance, and which it will be the business of this report to describe. Meanwhile, a general idea of these complications must here be given. Along the Susquehanna river there are but two great troughs, each simple in its structure, and ene great arch between them (represented by Half Fails mountain, 1 mile south of Montgomery,) itself also quite simple in its struc- ture. On the Juniata river the northern trough still retains its simplicity, but the middle arch (or grand anticlinal) at Baileysburg begins to exhibit irregularities, being both double and faulted. Nine miles west of the Juniata, on a line through Bloom- field, the middle arch is not only complicated three times on each side of its included little basin, but also faulted. See page plate IV, page 32, Fig. 1. Three miles west of Bloomfield, the little basin has be- come enlarged by the absorption of some of the: plications on the north side of it, and by the introduction of new rolls See Fig. 2. Five miles further west, a cross-section from Green Park to Bridgeport and Oakgrove shows the little basin compli- cated four times, as in Fig. 3. 3 EY. Pocono sandstone. ‘e000. \Gatsiall Senses ues Seen 3000 Chemung shales. 200 Portage flags 200 Genessee shale. ! 4500 Hamilton ae ang Shales. | 200 Marcellus slates. a SS. 350 Lower Helderberg Tih ares J 1600 Onondaga shale. 800 Clinton shale. 1500 Medina upper ana middle. 500° Oneida conglomerate. Vs. or _ et ‘ GEOLOGICAL HISTORY OF THE COUNTY. HP 35 _ Five miles west of Green Park, a cross-section through Centre Village shows that the southern trough las passed out of Perry county into Cumberland, as also the axis and southern half of the middle arch. See Fig. 4. Six miles west of Centre Village, a section of the north- ern trough through Beavertown restores it to its original simplicity. See Fig. 5. Ten miles west of Beavertown, the iy oe half of the great anticlinal is magnificently plicated. See Fig. 6. However simple then may be the general structure of Perry county, its complications in detail are numerous and . very important, causing many local repetitions of the out- crop of each rock, and giving a curious and beautiful zigzag pattern to the colored geological map. Faults. While the two great troughs have bent to all appearance without breaking, the intermediate great arch suffered not only numerous plications, but at least three important frac- tures, one of which is sixteen miles long. But, as the character of these wp-throw faults can not be understood without a knowledge of the rock-formations affected by them, their description is postponed to a following chapter, Chapter IV. - Geological history of the district. At the earliest date to which Geology can point back with tolerable certainty in the history of what is now Perry county, the interior of the North American Continent was an ocean of unknown extent into which were borne the sand and mud of neighboring lands, swept down by the rivers of that distant age to make the beds of rock which to-day compose the solid land of the United States. The history of this process is written in the rocks, and a brief sketch of the history is essential to the intelligent perusal of this report. In the following table are given the names of the differ- ent formations which, lying one upon another, are com. posed of the sediment washed at different dates into this 36 F°. REPORT OF PROGRESS. E. W. CLAYPOLE. ancient ocean of North America. The lowest is the firs deposited—the oldest—and the others were laid down suc- cessively above it. Rea The uppermost formations, Nos. XIl and XIII, have been, in the course of ages, swept away from Perry county, ie cs remain in the counties east of the Susquehanna river, The lowermost formations, No. I and most of No. II, are — everywhere buried underground in Perry county, but come — to the surface in Cuinbartaidl and Franklin counties. Table of Palawozoic rocks, with their thicknesses as er. posed in Perry and bordering counties. . No. . Name. — Thickness. Composition. : ( XIII. Coal Measures,. ... 2500’ Sandstone, shale, and coal. § = XII. Pottsville, |... . 1000’ Pebbles and sandstone. Se XI. Mauch Chunk, ... 2500’ Red shale. Roel. OR. Pron. se oe ae 2000' Gray sandstone. ( rx; eben tt, hee 6000’ Red sandstone and shale. ° ; Chemung,...... 3000’ Olive sandstone and shale. ° S | | Boringes See geet 200’ Shale. § 4 VIII. 2 Genessee, ...... 200' Dark shale. : Hanslion,: 275s 1500’ Shale and sandstone. 8 | | Marcellus, ...... 200' Dark shale and limestone, { | (Upper Helderberg, absent. ) VIL. ; (Cauda-galli, . . . absent.) Oriskany, |.) it oe 25' Sandstone. .( V1. Lower Helderberg, . 200’ Limestone and shale. 3s eed Onondaga,...... 1600’ Shale. S54 CHmiiag Fo ee 800’ Red sandstone and green shale. a ee Medina. sit eet 1500’ Sandstone and shales. wan A Ohman > ea era 500’ Conglomerate and sandstone. + Wer ae Hudson River,. . .. 1000’ Slates and shales. s § | Utiek.<3 s- Beer ten 500’ Dark shales. = 5 4 ‘Trenton, :. 1.44 5 G2. 500’ Sot II } cnaay, at pier yeaa 5000! {Limestone ° Calciferous, .... Cambrian. I. Potadam, .....: ; ’ 2000’ Sandstone and slate. Total, ats 4 32725’ All the formations vary greatly in thickness in different counties, and even in different parts of a county; and in some places were not deposited at all ; so that the thicknesses assigned to them in the table must not be taken as exactly correct, butonly as general indications. No. I, forexample, is several thousand feet thick in the mountains south of eee ee.) © a eee eee : . a ell GEOLOGICAL HISTORY OF THE COUNTY. Fe. St Carlisle and Chambersburg. No. II is more than 6000 feet thick in Blair county, but may not be 8000 feet thick at Harrisburg and Carlisle. No. III is more than 5000 feet thick on the Lehigh and Delaware rivers, but less than 1000 feet thick in Bedford county, And so with the other for- mations. It appears then that more than six miles of material ac- cumulated in middle Pennsylvania while it was the bed of a sea; so that in places where these rocks exist in full thick- ness a bore-hole would have to be sunk to that depth to reach the azoic rocks on which they lie. Changes in the depth of the sea seem to have taken place at certain stages in the long history of the paleozoic de- posits. Either different parts of the sea filled up with un- . equal rapidity ; or its bed settled unequally ; or slight up- ward movements of the crust of the earth took place along certain lines or at certain points, so as to expose parts of the sea bottom to the air for short times, during which there could be no deposits at such places. But in spite of these irregularities, it is evident that there was an almost contin- uous subsidence of the crust of the earth beneath the pale- ozoic sea from first to last; for, otherwise there could not have been a series of formations six miles thick deposited. The interruptions in the process were local, and resulted in the loss of only a few hundred feet of rock measures. At such places there must have been islands or sand-banks in the sea, like the one at Marysville, described in the report on Rye township; and another may be indicated by the Bridgeport sandstone in the western part of the county. By whatever cause such changes in the condition of the palzozoic column may have been produced, they seem to have had an important effect upon the animal life which prevailed in the sea in different ages, changing their condi- tions of existence, causing some species to perish or migrate to distant regions, and bringing in others to occupy their places. _ In some cases it seems to have happened that species driven away for a time afterwards returned. The genus Rensseleria, for example, disappears from the rocks at the top of the Oriskany sandstone (No. VII,) but ap- 38 F", REPORT OF PROGRESS. FE. W. CLAYPOLE. pears again higher up in the Hamilton sandstone (No, vax Vill g i As the eastern part of the sea seems to have sunken to much greater depths than the western parts, the eastern deposits in middle Pennsylvania were both coarser and — thicker than those in western Pennsylvania, Ohio, and the — western States, and contain a much larger proportion of gravel beds, sandstones and shales to limestones, except at the bottom of the whole series (No. II.) Towards the close of the palaozoic age the bed of the sea seems to have remained stationary and become filled nearly to water level, producing continental swamps and islands of carboniferous vegetation, resulting in the produe- tion of the Coal Measures. A further subsidence however allowed the deposit of an additional thousand feet of Per- mian strata, before the great change came which elevated the continent, drained away the sea waters to other regions of the earth’s surface, and established a new order of events. This change was brought about by a great pressure from the direction of the present Atlantic seaboard, which thrust the thick formations of Middle Pennsylvania sideways, folding them together, elevating them into arches and de- pressing them in troughs. As soon as this state of things commenced the frosts and rains began to wear away the new continent, and a great river system was established which began its work of trans- ferring the waste of the land into the Atlantic ocean. This river system is essentially that which is represented on our maps. It has been at work through all ages since the close of the coal era. The continent has never since then been submerged, at least for any length of time sufficiently long to allow of the deposit of additional ocean sediments. The waste of the continent during the Triassic, Jurassic, Cretaceous, and Tertiary ages has of course been enor- * Since this chapter was written, I have received the first volume of the Geological Survey of Wisconsin. It may be merely a coincidence, but is worth remark that a dry area existed over that State during the same period, from the Lower Helderberg to the Hamilton. There is consequently a gap in the geological history of Wisconsin almost exactly coincident with that here 1 alluded to in Perry county. _. errr re ~ 6 ot eee POMC. TOS ow sod nan ah ee ee de, ahah 4-1) hy- 4. ie an POMEL GRO)... ns were ene alte Pa em Band rodk, a ee ee 5 “6 ( 53 5 teh 2 (Gs ee ths ae Aes Fe, 6 oy Tron, sandstone, co se tenes ok baedee aes tf Upper shale, 4 Fossil i ay c= We a’ AN ects 6 ee ; At SHBIG, o's oe oo cok ee ee . > be Tron, sandstone; ..' i ki4ate PRS Ss aie de, atta tp Hard fossil .b10GK, O78) sedans cacieele saa fenstn galt et ay ey Mee Lower shale.) 62 ee iepgoal vee ee oa te ae pA )w ae Total thickness of Clinton group, ........-. 989 ‘6 ee - The thickness assigned to the different beds is not a con- _ stant quality, and the diagram does not represent any actual — section. The measurements have been taken or estimated — where it was possible to obtain them, and the details will = be found in the account of the respective townships. Most ph of them were obtained either at Millerstown or in the west of the county. The proportion of lime in the Clinton rocks increases’ westward, and theiron ore diminishes, and often disappears. The only bed of iron ore which I have found in the west | of the county in the Clinton group is the sand-nein ore bed, | the bed from which all the ore now mined at Millerstown is taken. } On the other hand, there are several workable beds of. lime in Jackson and Toboyne townships which do not exist further east, and which, in the absence of the thicker Lower Helderberg limestones, are sometimes resorted to by the farmers to obtain lime, * Comparison with the Clinton of New York. Though data are somewhat imperfect and much more in- TL baad: patie PU) See DESCRIPTION OF THE FORMATIONS. EF’. 47 vestigation is required before any real correlation can be established, yet the following comparison between the Clin- ton in New York and in Pennsylvania may not be without interest : | New York. Perry County, Pa. Limestone. Fossil ore and limestone. Sand rock. Iron ore. Fossil ore. Sand rock. Upper green shale. Upper green shale and ore. Iron ore and limestone. Iron sandstone and fossil ore. Lower green shale. Lower green shale. Thickness, 80 feet 6 inches. Thickness, 989 feet. Difference of opinion may prevail as to the identity of the beds of iron ore but this is of little moment. They are usually discontinuous and probably their horizons vary. But it is impossible not to notice the close correspondence in general between the two sections. No sandstone appears, it is true, in New York, and little limestone in Pennsylvania ; but such discrepancies must be expected, and are due to difference of conditions during deposition. They are no argument against correspondence. The reduction of the mass of the so-called Clinton group in Perry county brings it into close correspondence with the typical beds in New York. There is nothing in the New York Clinton like the great mass of red shale and the overlying equally thick mass of variegated shale which oc- curs in Pennsylvania. : The Clinton Lower Green Shale. The solid mass of smooth, thin-bedded green shale is persistent along the outcrop, but very few opportunities are afforded for measuring its thickness or estimating its vari- ation. Its upper portion is often exposed, but its lower beds are seldom seen, and its contact with the Medina is visible nowhere in the county to my knowledge. These shales contain numerous thin beds of a red sand- stone closely resembling the iron sandstone, of which they were the geological precursors. They are scantily fossil- iferons, but time would donbtless enable the geologist to obtain a fair collection of species. Their exposures are TTR GS ee Te A eel On ee ee a oe . 48 F?, REPORT OF PROGRESS. E. W. CLAYPOLE. chiefly in roadside cuttings in the western part of the county, where the edges of the beds alone are exposed and the chance of finding fossils is much diminished | The Block Ore and Iron Sandstone. A remarkable bed of very hard red sandstone occurs along the whole Clinton outcrop in Perry county. It isnevermas- sive, seldom measuring more than 10-20 feet, and composed of thin slabs two to three inches thick, but its power of re- sisting the weather isremarkable. Years of exposure seem to have no other effect than that of rounding off the corners and dissolving or removing any soft or decomposable ma- terial that it may contain. A consequence of this dura- bility is that, though only in most places a thin bed, its slabs cover large areas on the hillsides, and seriously inter- fere with agriculture on what is otherwise good soil. Five or ten feet thick in the northeast of the county, it increases to the southwest, and in Madison township meas- ures at least 20 feet. Further south I have had no oppor- tunity of obtaining its exact thickness; but in the Blue mountain near Landisburg it probably exceeds 20 feet. The lower portion of the Iron sandstone is the hard fossil block ore of the northeast of Perry county. It is about 21 feet thick and of good quality, but is nowhere worked at present, nor exposed, so far as I am aware except near Mil- lerstown. It does not extend over the county. I have found no trace of it in the southwest where the Iron sandstone is best displayed. The Clinton Upper Shale. This shale, like that below it, is only well exposed in the west of the county, where it contains more limestone than in the east, but the ore is absent. A good section through these beds is shown where the road crosses the Little I]li- nois valley and Brown’s run; of this section, an account will be found in the report on Toboyne township. It proves the absence of the ore beds very conclusively. The fossil ore of this shale, like that below it, lies under a thin bed of Iron sandstone. It is about one foot thick and has been opened near Millerstown, but to very small extent. on vee ty ti 6) ee DESCRIPTION OF THE FORMATIONS. F’, 49 All attempts to find this bed of ore in the west of Perry county will fail unless it should, as sometimes happens, oc- cur in lenticular masses or pockets, in which case accident alone is likely to reveal it. The greater quantity of lime- stone in the Clinton group of the western townships is a strong reason for doubting the presence of iron ore at this horizon. The Sand Rock and Sand Vein Ore Bed. This is the most important seam of ore in Perry county and the one which has contributed more than any other to its wealth. From it is taken all the ore mined near Millers- town, and, with small exceptions, all that has ever been mined there. It is of good thickness, from one foot to eighteen inches, but variable, and lies on top of the sand rock so that its extraction is easy. On both sides of the river immense quantities of ore have been taken out during the past fifteen years and the bed has been proved at vari- ous places up the Raccoon valley. At some of these it is hard and too expensive to mine; at others it is soft, but the distance from railway and canal is a great obstacle. In the present depressed state of the iron trade little is done ex- cept close to the river. This is, however, the bed which may be sought with the greatest prospect of success in the west of the county. In numerous places there are evident indications of its pres- ence, as in Kennedy’s valley, on Buck hills and Coneco- cheague mountain. Itis present, too, apparently in good quantity and quality. Should improved communication in the future render this ore available, some land in the west will become much more valuable than now. The Ore Sand Rock is an unfailing guide to the place of the ore if present. As shown in the section it lies close on the top of the rock. The small, thin bed in the sandstone has no economic value even at Millerstown. and elsewhere I have not seen it. The following analysis of the ore from this bed north of Millerstown on the river was made by Mr. A. 8. McCreath, chemist to the survey: 4 F”, r ; | j 50 F”. REPORT OF PROGRESS. E. W. CLAYPOLE. * Sesquiozide of ‘iron, |»). i-vet Lk yh Sp eae eee 78.571 6 $6 MANGAN CS vs, 4 o2' 5) ae ees - 021 Alumina, yoo Aa 4o Fae oe ee eee oe wena Dine, seis By 8 ae “Se a! Se oe -510 Mamneslay ris. 5s i See Fale ts “el einen nae . 213 Sul ph Uxi0 BOIS so: aw as arn: REM a ee ee Sra: egies 4k cea - 042 Phosphoria a0id, .. «7 > 46 We be Bee Fie ar ee 1.502 Water and organio matter, 02°." 5. Sn Seca ae ee eee 6.015 Siliceous.matter;,. © 9 - act Si eo Mp eee ee 8.170 Motallio iron, °;...\-.5 ein! Ss) aan eee 55. 000 Phosphorog). \. o:i5, 2 46 4 sae eet eee - 656 In some places, as in Kennedy’s valley, on the land of Mr. Egolf, this ore is very fossiliferous. The sand rock which contains one bed of ore and supports the other is itself a remarkable formation. It extends along the whole outcrop, varying, like the Iron Sandstone, somewhat in thickness, but where thickest, even in the west, not exceed- ing twenty feet. Some of its beds are very hard and flinty, but the upper part, immediately under the ore, is soft and pliable and very fossiliferous. It is one of the most im- portant contouring rocks in the middle of the western town- ships, rising in several low rolls or arches and being the re- sisting layer in the Chestnut hills and other parallel ranges which have no distinct names. Fine displays of its bent strata may be seen near Beavertown at what are called the ‘¢ Rainbow rocks,’’ also near Andersonburg and near Bist- line’s mill, and in numerous other places. Fossil aspect of the Clinton beds. Very few fossils have yet been found in the Lower shale, chiefly from the difficulty of finding good exposures. The Iron sandstone is also in few places fossiliferous but some specimens have been found which promise to be of considerable interest. There is no question however of the age of these two beds. The Upper shale is often abundant in fossils, and their affinity is unmistakable: e. g. Beyrichia lata, Calymene Clintoni, and C. Blumenbachi. The same species occur abundantly in the Sand-rock, and Beyrichia lata and Caly- mene Clintoni continue up into the overlying Sand-vein, where they are associated with Ormoceras vertebratum, Hall. We have therefore paleontological evidence, at present ye 4 © DESCRIPTION OF THE FORMATIONS. EF’, ST scanty it is true, but quite satisfactory, of the persistence of a characteristic Clinton fauna with the Sand-vein ore bed. Here however the Clinton fauna, pure and alone, ceases. Above the Sand-vein ore (or limestone) comes a mass of green shale and thin hard limestone bands in which fossils are scarce, but from which I have obtained two or three species. Among these are Lingula oblonga, Hall, found in the Clinton group of New York and Beyrichia notata, Hall, described from the Lower Helderberg of that State. There are also some Lamellibranchs not yet determined. We have here therefore a mingling of the Clinton and Lower Helderberg faunas indicating passage beds from the © one system to the other, such as should be looked for at all such changes of horizon. The commingling of species is limited, so far as my observations have gone, to the belt of green shales and limestones here mentioned. Immediately above comes the Bloomsburg Red Shale which is almost barren. Only in one or two places has it yielded any fossils that bear upon this question, and those two are the well-known Lower Helderberg forms, Beyrichia notata, Hall, and Leperditia alta, Conrad. No Clinton form has yet occurred. Paleontology therefore fully bears out the proposed sep- aration of No. V of Rogers thus :— Onondaga group, Bloomsburg red shale. (See Report G7.) Passage beds, Green shale and limestone. ( Sand-vein ore bed. Ore, sand-rock, and fossil ore. Upper green shale and fossil ore. Iron sandstone. Hard fossil block ore. | Lower green shale. Clinton group, d These beds are thus correlated with those of the First Survey of Professor Rogers, (Vol. 1, p. 132.) Onondaga, Bloomsburg red shale, Surgent Red shale. Passage beds, Green shale, 66 Upper shale. Ore sand-rock, te Ore sandstone. Lower shale. Uppe een shale and ore Clinton, ly hare 43 Upper slate. | Iron sandstone and ore, ‘¢ Tron sandstone. | Lower green shale, 6 Lower slate. gah REPORT OF PROGRESS. FE. W. CLAYPOLE The Niagara Group wanting. From the identification here established it follows that nothing is left to represent the Niagara group in Perry county. If any representation of it existed it should lie at the top of the iron ore capping the Clinton group. But the green shale of the passage bed has yielded no fossils that can characterize a bed of that age. They hold, as shown above, a mingled fauna of the Clinton and Lower Helderberg ages. Consequently the Niagara group cannot be recognized in Perry county. The rapid thinning of the Niagara group in New York would prepare us for this conclusion. Two hundred and forty feet thick at Niagara Falls, it dwindles down to about one hundred and thirty feet in Wayne county near Rochester. In southwest Ohio it scarcely exceeds 50 feet. The Onondaga group. (V b.) Immediately overlying the beds just described at the top of the Clinton group, is a mass of shale with a few inter- bedded sandstones 1500 or 1600 feet thick. These constitut-— ing the upper part of Rogers’ No. V, should occupy the place of the Onondaga of the New York series. The Onondaga, Salina, Salt, or Gypsiferous group of New York consists, like the above-mentioned strata, of a mass of shales of various colors, and as the names imply yielding salt and gypsum. The total thickness given by Vanuxem in the report of the Third district is about 700 feet, divided as shown below. The section in Perry county is given in another column for comparison. New York. Perry co., Penna. Magnesian rock—limestone with styolites. t#ypseous bed, (upper,). . ) Porous (vermicular) lime- rock, Lows ie he Gypseous bed, (lower,) . . Variegated shale, red and green, . Variegated shale, red and green, 700 ft. Bloomsburg red shale, ..... Red shale, 700 ft. | . Gray calcareous shale, 200 feet. The thickness of the group in New York varies from 300 DESCRIPTION OF THE FORMATIONS. EY, 68 to 1000 feet. Its thickness in Perry county is about 1500 feet. Onondago red and variegated shales. A very close agreement may be observed between these beds in the two States. In both they consist at base of a thick mass of red shale overlain by another of varying col- or. Indeed the descriptions given of these lower beds in New York might be copied literally and applied to the Penn- sylvanian rocks. Vanuxem says (Rep. on 3d District, p. 96) of the red shale: ‘‘ The great mass is of a blood-red color, fine-grained, earthy in fracture, breaking or crumbling into irregular fragments.’’ And of the variegated shale he says (p. 97): ‘Tt consists of shales and calcareous slate of a light green and drab color, intermixing and alternating with the red shale at its lower part.’? Thus we have at the top of the series, green, then red under it, green, red, bluish-green and yellow, this latter by exposure to the air; then green and red layers with a little white and greenish sandstone, being several repetitions of the first two, and finally red shale as the lowest visible mass. No better description can be given of these two groups as they occur in Perry county. The thickness of the separate beds is not mentioned in the Report of the New York Survey, but in Perry county they form two masses of about 700 feet each, giving to the whole group, as usual, a thickness considerably greater than that which it has in New York. Again (p. 97): ‘‘In several localities the red shale shows numerous green spots, varying from an inch or two to sev- eral inches in diameter.’’ ‘‘The red shale presents a thick- ness of from one to nearly five hundred feet, yet nowhere has a fossil been discovered in it, or a pebble, or anything extraneous excepting a few thin layers of sandstone.’’ Similar green spots occur in the Red shale in Perry county, as near Waggoner’s mills and other places. The great scarcity of fossils is also remarkable, though they are not totally absent in Pennsylvania, as will be seen below. 54 EF". REPORT OF PROGRESS. E. W. CLAYPOLE. ~~ (== These Red and Variegated marls of the Onondaga group — occupy a very large area of Perry county, especially 1 in the west, where they are exposed by the erosion of the over- lying beds. The Red shale area is fringed along its whole, or nearly its whole, outcrop by the Variegated shales, which run out into long tongues as shown on the geological map. The whole of the long strip running from Loysville east- ward. with the exception of a small part near Loysville, consists of the Onondaga variegated shales. Both these and the underlying Red shales form a warm fertile soil when disintegrated, and for this reason the west of Perry county is a better farming district than the east. Onondaga Bloomfield sandstone. Near the top of the second division of the Onondaga variegated shales occurs a thin bed of soft friable sand- stone, breaking up into rectangular, brick-shaped fragments. Like the shales it is of varying colors, dull reddish and greenish, and is about ten feet thick. Being harder than the beds adjoining it, its presence is usually indicated by a well-marked low ridge running along its outcrop. This may be well traced in Centre township. It passes under New Bloomfield, and a good section of it may be found on the road to Newport, half a mile east of the town. Other sections are visible at various places along the valley road. This sandstone is one of the beds containing Leperditia alta in great abundance, both at New Bloomfield and at Landisburg. Italso possesses great interest and importance from having yielded the fossils of which an account will be found in another place. This is no doubt the bed which Prof. Rogers describes in Geol. Penn., 1858, (p. 329.) ‘*In theupper part of this mass, the Scalent gray marl, near the bottom of the Scalent limestone, there is a bed of argillaceous sandstone in layers of various colors, dull red, gray, white, and greenish. This rock which breaks up into small rectangular fragments has a total thickness of only 8 or 10 feet, and yet owing to its superior hardness to the underlying marls it generally forms a decided feature to the surface, occupying a low ridge by DESCRIPTION OF THE FORMATIONS F”.. 00 which it and the strata adjoining 1t may easily be recog- nized.’’ It occurs however near the top of the Variegated shale, not of the Gray shale, in which horizon no such bed exists in Perry county. A great error in stating the thickness of the Variegated marls also occurs on the same page. They are said to be ‘probably not more than 100 feet thick,’’ near Tuscarora mountain. They are 700, as stated above. Onondaga gray shales. In regard to the uppermost part of the New York Onon- daga deposit the comparison made above is also to a great extent true. The description given of it is largely appli- cable to the upper part of these Pennsylvanian shales, the Scalent gray marls of Rogers. Vanuxem says, (p. 99:) ‘*The great mass of the deposit consists of rather soft yel- lowish or drab and brownish colored shale and slate both argillaceous and calcareous.’’ So in Perry county, though seldom well exposed, the mass is of this kind. It contains ‘‘argillaceous and calcareous slaty and more compact masses which are hard.”’ But there is no evidence in Perry county of the presence of those concretions of gypsum which characterize the upper part of the Onondaga in New York, and which together with its brine springs render it the most valuable rock in the State. The gray shales contain no valuable mineral ex- cept the lime which enters largely into their composition and which gives the soil derived from their disintegration a value almost equal to that of the adjoining ‘‘limestone land.”’ Their area is not large, forming only a narrow fringe between the variegated shale and the base of the Lower Helderberg limestone. Owing to their softness, also, they are seldom exposed. The great barrenness of these shales in the matter of fossils prevents the production of satisfactory evidence of age. Only two or three species have rewarded a con- siderable amount of search. Of these the only one that occurs in any quantity is Leperditia alta, which has been 56 F’. REPORT OF PROGRESS. E. W. CLAYPOLE. found in the Red shale in a few places abundantly, near Buffalo Mills, for example, in the Buffalo valley, Saville township. It is also found in the second division—the Va- riegated shale—in Centre township, and becomes exceed- ingly abundant in its upper portion, whole slabs being com- pletely covered with its casts. The Gray beds afford few opportunities for examination; but it (Z. alta) runs up through the massive limestone which in this county makes the lowest division of the Lower Helderberg rocks. Abovo that level I have not found it. In regard to this species in New York State, Vanuxem says, (I. c., p. 99:) ‘* At one place only I succeeded in finding fossils in the second deposit, (the Variegated shales, ) consisting of Cythe- rine (Leperditiz) about half the size of those in the groups above and below the salt group.’’ In this respect, there- fore, the correspondence is exact. No fossils having been found in the red shale in New York the presence of Leperditia alta in those of Perry county, though not without importance, does not bear on the correlation. It has been mentioned that in the green shale passage beds at the base of the red shale the Lower Helderberg species Beyrichia notata has been found. This may seem at first an objection against the classification here adopted. But when we consider that the range of Leper- ditia alta has been extended downward to the red shale, there is no improbability in supposing that Beyrichia no- tata which ranges equally high may descend a little lower. It would not be wise to decide against an arrangement that so well harmonizes with many facts on account of so small an objection as this. Neither paleontology nor strati- graphy must decide such questions alone—they must work ~ hand in hand. Moreover, as the red shale in New York is reported barren it is impossible to compare the two beds in this respect. In the geology of the Fourth district Prof. Hall describes eight species from the Onondaga shale, but does not say from which division they were obtained. The locality of seven of them, Newark, being near the south line of Wayne county, it may be inferred that they do not belong to the DESCRIPTION OF THE FORMATIONS. Por red shale. The only other species named by Prof. Hall is a eurypterus from Williamsville, Erie county, which cannot be from the red shale, as that bed is said not to be found west of the Genessee. Its indications are of Lower Helder- berg affinities, in this respect agreeing with those of Leper- ditia alta and Beyrichia notata above-mentioned. Onondaga Bridgeport sandstone. In the mass of red shales comprising the lower part of the Onondaga lies a bed of hard flinty sandstone deserving some notice. Its occurrence in so thick a mass of shale is very surprising as is also its small extent. It is merely a local patch of quartz sand thinning out in all directions from a center near Bridgeport, whence the name. It is difficult to account for the presence of so large a mass of this material so deposited. From what source can it have been derived? How was so limited a mass of sand transferred or deposited in a thick mass of red shale with- out connection with any other similar deposit? . 6 7s2 wo 3k a) | = ( Tentaculite bed, ...... = | Polyzoon bed, ..... s+ | 6 Beyrichia granulata bed, . < H vies | Lepiaena bed; 7255 5 S 348 | Clark’s mill 3 g¢r9matopora bed, ....150 “ | | Lime shales, : 2 | | Spherocystites bed, .... | ° | Rhynchonella bed,..... Hi | Murchisonia bed, i | | Beyrichia notata bed, .. . | Lewistown Limestone, massive, ...... 100°, 4X3 Full details may be obtained from the township reports. The lime shale, though very persistent, is apparently absent at the exposure under Half Falls mountain. The following section will enable the reader to compare the Lower Helderberg rocks of Perry county with the ex- posures in New York as given in the survey of the State: New York. Perry co., Pa. Upper Pentamerus limestone. Encrinital limestone,’.> . s/c eia aie fe Flint shales. Delthyris (Spirifera) shaly limestone, Lower Pentamerus limestone, 1* ‘ Lime shales. Water lime, (Tentaculite limestone,) .. . . Massive limestone. It is difficult to correlate these two sections with any de- DESCRIPTION OF THE FORMATIONS. FE’. 61 gree of minuteness, but there is a general resemblance which is not to be overlooked. In a paleontological sense also there is both agreement and discrepancy. In the Lewistown massive limestone very few fossils can be found in Perry county, and the only one that can be looked for with any reasonable expectation of success at most exposures is the little Leperditia alta, Conrad. As this species has thus far not been seen in any of the higher divisions, but ranges downward to a great distance, it can- not be called a special characteristic of this limestone in the county. In New York the Water-Lime is characterized by this Leperditia, and by several other species, among which is Tentaculites ornatus, Hall, (= T. gyracanthus, Eaton; 7. irregularis, Hall,) a species which in Perry county occurs at a higher level. (see section) with Spirifera Vanuzemi, Hall,(=Orthis plicata Vanuxem. ) The lime shales of Perry county correspond well in a gen- eral way with the Lower Pentamerus limestone and the Delthyris shaly limestone of New York, though, on de- scending into minute details, the resemblance is less close. This is, however, no more than should be expected con- sidering the distance that separates the two places. We have in both the same profusion of fossils, the calcareous composition of the rocks, and, to a great extent, the same species prevailing on slightly different horizons. The fol- lowing partial catalogue will show the general resemblance between the faunas of the two States. | Partial list of fossils common to the lime shales of Perry county, Pennsylvania, and the Lower Pentamerus lime- stone and Shaly limestone of New York: Discina discus, Hall. Meristella levis, Vanuxem. Strophomena rugosa, Dalman. “ bella, Hall. Rensseleria mutabilis, Hall. Megambonia aviculoidea, Hall. Rhynchonella nucleolata, Hall. Murchisonia minuta, Hall. 66 Jormosa, Hall. This list might be munch extended by further study and collection. The total absence of the genera Platyceras and — y — =" ~ “Thr. ae ee ae VS ~ \ YA a i . . Ro eA eu 62 F’. REPORT OF PROGRESS. E. W. CLAYPOLE. Pentamerus is worthy of notice, no specimens having yet been obtained. It should, however, be borne in mind that only one exposure (Clark’s mill) has been closely examined. this being the only good one found in the county. The Flint shales overlying the Lime shales afford few fos- sils except in one horizon—the White fiint These beds are often crowded with casts among which Sp. macropleura, Conrad, and Strophomena rugosa, Dalman, are especially abundant. At the base of these shales the bed immediately overlying the black cherty limestones, and perhaps the latter also to some extent, abound with silicified erinoidal joints and may perhaps be an equivalent of the encrinital limestone of New York. There is however nothing in the New York section resembling the immense flint deposit of Perry county. These however are apparently of limited extent, as I found no sign of their presence in Huntingdon county, where, at the Mapleton sand-works, a good section is shown in the tunnel by which the sand is brought out of the quarry. The whole interval there shows only soft shale of different colors, chiefly red and yellow. It appears then that with a general resemblance amply sufficient to establish their correspondence, there are num- erous smaller discrepancies such as would be likely to ap- pear ata distance of between 200 and 300 miles from the outcrop in New York. No. VIT. Oriskany Sandstone. This remarkable but variable bed is found in Perry county in almost every place where its outcrop might be expected. It forms one of the most conspicuous features of the map, zigzaging back and forth as the various minor folds in the strata bring it to the surface. It nowhere exceeds 20 or 25 feet in thickness ; it varies from white through yellow to red, and in hardness from pure sand to a flinty rock. In some places it is a mass of small white quartz pebbles like white beans ; in others it is a clean sandstone. In Pfoutz’s valley it is very thin or in some places en- tirely absent. 3 Along Sherman’s creek it attains its greatest development. [to NS ee ce Z ie i DESCRIPTION OF THE FORMATIONS. E*. 63 It is often fossiliferous, but the fossils. or rather the casts, are indistinct and fragile. In the northwest part of the county it is very ferrugi- nous sometimes simulating a poor iron ore, but in no part of the county does it yield anything of commercial im- portance except an inferior stone for rough walls. Neither glass-sand nor iron-ore has been found in it. Its pulpit rocks often afford picturesque scenery, especi- ally near Bloomfield. In those parts of the county where the Lower Helderberg limestones are specially folded the Oriskany sandstone is usually included in the fold, occasionally inclosing the Mar- cellus ore and shales; but as often these have been nipped out and the sandstone alone remains. The extension of so thin a sandstone over so wide an area makes the question of the mode of its formation both dif- ficult and interesting. No local cause can explain its origin. The most probable opinion seems to be that it in- _ dicates an age when from some cause, perhaps subsidence elsewhere, the flat bottom of the palgeozoic ocean was laid dry, and the waves sorted and sifted the accumulated ma- terial, washing away the finer and lighter portion and accu- mulating the coarser and heavier on banks and shoals and spits, distributed according to the direction of the winds and currents, but with tolerable uniformity. The adoption of this opinion, it must be remembered, implies the admis- sion of great destruction of preéxisting deposits in order to form so vast sand beds, for the shales underlying the Oris- kany, though flinty in Perry county, do not usually afford much siliceous material. This view is beset with fewer dif- ficulties than any one which involves the introduction of the sand from outside the Oriskany area and its even distribu- tion. The absence also, now certain, of the next overlying _ group, the Upper Helderberg or Corniferous, strongly con- firms the belief that Perry county and the adjoining part of Middle Pennsylvania was dry land or shallow water dur- ing this interval. To some extent then the Oriskany sand- stone of Perry county may be coeval with the Corniferous | | 4 ( ' 1 1 64 F”. REPORT OF PROGRESS. kK. W. CLAYPOLE. limestone of surrounding districts. Apparently, too, theo black Marcellus shale is ‘thinner than in many other me of Pennsylvania—a fact quite in harmony with the abe a: suggestion. We may possibly, therefore, have in the interval and gap +c As between the Oriskany Sandstone and the Marcellus a second dry land area in Perry county considerably later than that described in the report on Rye township. No. Villa. Upper Helderberg (Corniferous) group. The Upper Helderberg or Corniferous Group being, as above mentioned, absent over the whole county, the lowest of the Hamilton rocks rest directly in most places upon the Oriskany Sandstone. For the reasons which have led to the adoption of this opinion the reader is referred to the report on Madison township. No. VIII b. Marcellus limestone and black shale. Overlying the Oriskany sandstone is a series of shales — and limestones which paleontological evidence places in the Marcellus division of the Hamilton group. They are all constant, except in the southeast, but vary in thickness at different outcrops in the county. The lower portion of this series has been regarded as the representative of the Cornif- erous limestone of New York, but my observations decide against this identification. The Marcellus beds in Perry county may be thus divided : &. Mareellus Black Shale, 9.5: 5 as 6 x ts See 100 feet ) 4. Marcellus upper iron or, 9. 6 Seo. ips 2 ee a 8. Marcellus Limestone, .., .... 5 «ss ee 204 2. Marcellus Lime Shales, .°..s os, 4 6 6 we i 1. Marcellus lower iron Ore; . . 1 «6 0 cs ss a2 Oriskany Sandstone. 1. The lower iron ore is of little value; it has been dug for paint in one or two places but is worthless as an ore. (See chapter on iron ores.) 2. Marcellus Lime Shales. This bed is of very uniform thickness wherever it appears throughout the county. It consists of thin beds of a very argillaceous gray limestone and of shale of the same color. In most parts of the county DESCRIPTION OF THE FORMATIONS. F’. 65 it has yielded no fossils, or they are so indistinct and diffi- cult of extraction as to be nearly worthless, but at its north- western exposures it is fossiliferous and here was obtained the evidence of its position. (See report on Madison town- ship.) 3. The Marcellus Limestone is only a continuation up- ward of the shales with an increase of lime to such an ex- tent that the beds are very hard and solid, especially in Madison township, and can be burnt into good lime. They are for the greater part of their thickness interbedded with thin seams of dark shale, which gradually increase in number and thickness until they merge in the overlying beds of the black Marcellus. 4. The Marcellus Upper Iron Ore will be found described in the chapter on the iron ores. 5. The Marcellus Black Shale. This formation presents few features of interest in the county. It is almost unfos- siliferous at all the exposures where I have examined it. Its thickness is very uniform. At its base it is very ferru- ginous and even pyritous, but these features disappear up- ward, the blackness diminishes and it passes gradually into the base of the Hamilton Lower Shale. The exception to be noted in regard to the fossils is that at almost every out- crop in the county the lower beds yield in great abundance the minute vegetable remains which have been described from beds of similar age in Canada, by Dr. Dawson, under the name of Sporangites. (See ‘‘On Rhizocarps in the Pale- ozoic Period,’ Dr. J. W. Dawson.) The same or similar fossils have been reported by Prof. E. Orton, of Columbus, Ohio, from the Marcellus beds of that State. Whatever these fossils may be their wide extension on this horizon is thus rendered certain. The soil formed by the disintegration of the Marcellus black shale is among the poorest in the county but it yields the very best material for roads. Accordingly the roads upon its outcrops or near them are often smooth, dry, and hard, as those at Little Germany and Centre Mills. Un- fortunately these outcrops are few and far between. 5 FE’. St en oe 66 FY’. REPORT OF PROGRESS. E. W. CLAYPOLE, No. Ville. Hamilton group. The Hamilton group in Perry county consists of a gieiteal mass of strata comprehending almost all kinds of ca mentary material. The following section represents its — general components and dimensions including the Mar- cellus : Hamilton Upper Shale, ...... 200'— 300’ Hamilton (Montebello) sandstone, 500'— 800! Average, 900’ Hamilton Lower Shale, ..... 400'— 500’ 5. Marcellus Black Shale, ...... 80'— 120’ 4. Marcellus Iron Ore, ....... ; ema £: 38. Marcellus Limestone, ..°..... 10’— 40’ 2. Marcellus Lime Shale,....... 20'— 40’ 1. Marcellus Lower Ore, ....... B= 8 aa: Oriskany Sandstone. Se The Hamilton lower shale. The lower shales of the Hamilton group consist of about 500 feet of olive sandy shale often with interbedded thin sandstones of the same color. They are generally much stained with iron toward the lower portion, sometimes con- taining thin layers of poor hematite. Downward they grad- | uate imperceptibly into the upper beds of the Marcellus, growing darker and darker. Upwards they pass as imper- . ceptibly into the basal beds of the Hamilton sandstone, be- coming more and more sandy until solid sandstone ensues. Their thickness is very constant, apparently greater in the northwest ; and they extend over the whole county except the small district on the southeast described in the report on Rye township. These shales are soft and their disintegration has in part produced the broad valleys that usually run along between the ridge of Hamilton sandstone and those of the Oriskany, if the latter is hard enough to form one; if not, the val- ley eroded in the Lower Hamilton shales blends with that of the Marcellus, Oriskany and the upper part of the Lower Helderberg. The soil produced by the disintegration of these shales is lean and poor, and easily distinguishable by its whitish — hue. In some places it extends over considerable areas, as at the west end of Dick’s hill, about Little Germany, and DESCRIPTION OF THE FORMATIONS. 1 tate Ff south of Sandy hill. But they are usually of less width and much covered with wreckage from the Hamilton sandstone, or Oriskany, or both. The Hamilton Montebello sandstone. The Hamilton sandstone is one of the most remarkable deposits of Perry county. Lying in the midst of a vast mass of material, consisting almost entirely of shale, it has the appearance of being out of place to the geologist accus- tomed to look on the Hamilton as essentially a soft group. The valleys excavated in the Hamilton shales in most parts of the paleeozoic belt here give place to high, rough, wooded ridges, especially in the southern part of the county. Turkey ridge, and Wild Cat ridge in the northeast, Rac- coon ridge, Buffalo hills, Mahanoy ridge, Dick’s hill and its geological continuation, Rock hill, in the central portion of the county, with Pisgah hill and Little mountain in the south, are all formed by the outcrop of thissandstone. Some of these are high, rough and untillable, others are compara- tively smooth and accessible. The difference is due to two causes—the hardness and the dip of the sandstone. In Mahanoy ridge the strata are nearly vertical, and the ridge is steep and rugged. In Buffalo hills and Dick’s hill the beds dip at about 45°; while in the neighborhood of Sandy hill the dip is very gentle, and the range is cultivated to its top on the south side. Then again the proportion of sand rapidly diminishes toward the north and west, especially in the middle of the bed. This also tends to diminish the steepness and roughness of the ridges. At its southeastern exposure near Marysville, this sand- stone attains its greatest thickness and hardness, a thick- ness amounting to about 800". From this point it gradually thins away, the upper and lower beds persisting farthest, and the intermediate shale becoming constantly thicker, until it at length becomes two distinct thin sandstones, with an intervening thick bed of softer material. This change may be detected in Perry county. At Montebello narrows the Little Juniata has cut its way through the lower hard bed and has then flowed for nearly half a mile parallel to |) in . 68 F’. REPORT OF PROGRESS. E. W. CLAYPOLE. the ridge and between the two sandstones, at length cross- re Ee ing the upper, thus producing a zigzag channel. Evident | traces of the change may be seen in Pfoutz’s Valley and near. a Sandy hill. But outside the limits of the county it becomes — ae manifest. At and near Huntingdon the two sand layers” ae may be distinctly traced only a few yards thick, the upper) being the heavier, and the great mass of the bed fins become — : shaly. his is only 60 miles in a straight line fromits point — of greatest development on the Susquehanna. The Hamil- ton sandstone is, therefore, a mass of coarse material, inter- calated near the middle of the group, and spreading fan- wise as from a center near Marysville, dying away and at length disappearing as it recedes from that point. Further details and deductions from the observed facts on this stratum will be found in the report on Rye township. es The Hamilton upper shale. These shales extend, so far as my observation hasreached, over nearly all that part of the county occupied by the Ham- ilton sandstone. It overlies that formation, being separated a, from it only by the Montebeilo fossil ore. The transition is <2 much more abrupt than that between the lower shale and the sandstone. ‘The shale is also much smoother, contains 9 very little sand, almost none toward its upper part, is pecu- liarly soapy to the touch, olive green in color, with ocherous weathered surfaces for the most part, and in its upper por- tion remarkable for the abundant fossil fauna which it yields, altogether of marine types. These fossils are also ocherous or black from the presence of iron. The Hamilton upper shale lies along the slopes of the Hamilton sandstone ridge, and is usually much concealed by the fallen wreckage. It is exposed, however, at several places on the south side of Mahanoy ridge, near Bloomfield ; near Drumgold’s tannery on Sherman’s creek, in Carroll — township; near the crossing of Inoculate run on the New-. port-Bloomfield road ; between Buffalo hills and Little Buf- falo creek on the land of Mr. Toomey, &c., &e. The Hamilton upper shale may be divided in Perry county into the following beds: DESCRIPTION OF THE FORMATIONS. }". 69 PrtereetetMLRHAIO)) 1. sis: SNe LNA en 15 feet. Hamilton | Preridi emtue simle, phy. cles ok ine ane 15“ [ig 13 Va Wt Le Sa ee ne are 200 ‘5 SAM) cs PAreovolas Bhal©, 2 . FAULTS OF PERRY COUNTY. FE’. 83 Another anticlinal axis, also running up from the south- “west produces another repetition of the Hamilton upper shale around the outside of the Hamilton sandstone ridge, inclosing on the east the Perry Furnace valley, so that in passing south about half a mile from the New Bloomfield and Little Germany road one passes over two anticlines ; rising first to the top layer of the Upper-Hamilton shales or perhaps even into the Genessee ; then descending to the edge of the Hamilton sandstone; again rising over the syn- cline ; and again descending on the second anticline. Nor is it until both these ridges have been passed over that one finds the strata regularly dipping outwards at an angle of almost 90° from the last anticlinal axis. The consequence is that the Chemung rocks do not occur, as they were believed to do, in the west of.the valley. The whole of this area is occupied by Hamilton shales. On the other hand much of the area believed to be occu- pied by Hamilton rocks between the roads leading to Perry furnace and to Gibson’s rock is occupied by beds of later date. Most of them are equivalents of the Genessee, Port- age and Chemung, very similar in appearance to one an- other. In fact among the slight thongh rather numerous exposures of shale occurring in the valley it would be al- most impossible without the assistance of fossil forms to determine their different horizons. Even with this aid the difficulty, although diminished, is not removed. Many of the beds are totally barren; but, by the study of the fossils vielded by others, the folds and varying angles-of dip were followed out, and Chemung fossils and rocks were found to occupy the whole southern side of the middle basin close up to the foot of its bonnding range, Dick's hill and Lron ridge. Inasmuch as the base of these hills is in many places occupied by the No. VI limestone, it is evident that strata so far apart can only be brought into contact by a fault. Following the various roads out of New Bloomfield it is not difficult to trace this fault throughout the county. 1. The Ridge road to Carlisle. On this line the successive formations occur in regular sequence from New Bloomfield Hi'Ham ulton oO Heamiton SSana L ; e! shal fFfoak Ce (wut a.) (We) ee 0.0 freee oh Fig. 3. co LE NW iu Soe mal AN AMM 2 — ———ae BAA =z mn f —< 4 — - Hi * oetzy car mm Tui me “ c —_— : , , er mv TIMI eye eerrvnn HT itl eT oe y D Oris Gone ee ee we i es oy ‘ 7 , o a wo" ue ‘ > FAULTS OF PERRY COUNTY. F’. 85 for about 23 miles, when the ground suddenly changes from Chemung shale to No. VI limestone. 2. Old road to Carlisle. The same result is obtained along this line. At about 2 miles from New Bloomfield is a small roadside cutting showing Chemung shale, and at about 100 yards farther on is an indistinct but manifest Oriskany ridge. Between the two is a narrow strip of Lower Helderberg (No. VI) limestone. 3. West road to Gibson’s Rock. At about two miles- and a half from New Bloomfield the Portage beds (Cardiola shales, ) dipping at nearly 90°, crop out on the roadside, and within 100 yards the road passes over the Oriskany sand- stone near Mr. 8. Brown’s house. 4. Road to Montebello narrows. This road running almost due east passes over a great distance of Chemung shales, rising to a higher horizon than either of the roads already mentioned. But on turning to the south at the entrance to the narrows two cuttings, only 150 yards apart, show the one Chemung shales and the other Lower Helder- berg limestone. 5. Road from Perry furnace to Gibson’s rock. The old Perry furnace lies upon the Lower Helderberg lime- stone. The Oriskany sandstone does not make any con- spicuous ridge along this road. But at a few hundred feet south of the furnace the base of the Hamilton sandstone is seen, and passing through the narrows its upper limit may be easily detected. Following this, at a distance of about 400 feet comes in the Oriskany sandstone, forming a distinct ridge of rocks. The fault, therefore, comes through in this interval, bringing Lower Helderberg limestone in contact with Hanvilton upper shale. The throw here is less than further east, not exceeding 1650 feet, measured at right angles to the beds, or 2300 feet if measured vertically. 6. Road to Losh’s run, (Polecat road and Ohio wharf road.) This road strikes the line of fault about 6 miles east from New Bloomfield. The exposures are not quite so strik- ing as in the places already mentioned, but the fault is quite as conspicuous. Chemung shales occupy the ground | | | | 86 EF’. REPORT OF PROGRESS. E. W. CLAYPOLF. ‘south from Mahanoy ridge to Dick’s hill, with, so far as can be determined, a tolerably uniform dip of about 40°. Close to the northern foot of Dick’s hill the Lower Helder- berg limestone is quarried. Though no cutting showing the shales can be seen close to the quarry, yet the surface of the fields shows the presence of the Chemung sandstone ; and from the color it is apparantly nearer the top than the bottom of the group. Some indications also are present ‘which seem to show that the yellow shales and brown sand- stones underlying the L. Helderberg limestone are brought up into contact with the Chemung. The throw of the fault here is consequently greater than at any one of its western exposures, amounting, if measured square across the beds, to about 4650 feet, or vertically 6510 Jeet. Westward from these localities followed the fault may be traced. It cuts off the Hamilton sandstone of South Furnace ridge, which declines in consequence to the general level of the country. This extinction of the Hamilton sandstone ridge takes place about two miles southwest of the Perry furnace. It cuts through the Oriskany ridge almost at the point where the two outcrops are about to meet, and pass- ing out of the Oriskany near the high point behind Adams’ Glen school-house (near Landisburg) cannot be followed through the monotonous red shale of which the valley con- sists. There is, however, no ground for supposing that it continues into the Blue mountain, no traces of displacement being visible in Kennedy’s valley or on Pilot Knob. Eastward beyond the exposure near Montebello narrows, described above, the fault continues, but its investigation becomes difficult. After leaving the exposure at No. 6, which is about a mile east of the narrows, and where the throw is greatest, it suddenly diminishes. The Hamilton sandstone, which has been faulted up and has formed the monoclinal ridge of Dick’s hill, suddenly sinks and vanishes | underground. The land being low it is not easy to find evidence of its presence, but sections along the river and in Watts township show that it continues to Half Falls © mountain. FAULTS OF PERRY COUNTY. EY. OF From the facts that have been collected the only possible inference is that the fault here doubles itself and rapidly di- minishes. The line already traced continues nearly along the course of Losh’s run and forms the most southern of the four ranges of Hamilton sandstone which together form Half Falls mountain. Near the meridian line on which the sudden descent of the Hamilton sandstone takes place and Dick’s hill disap- pears, a subsidiary fault develops itself about half a mile northward near the end of Mahanoy ridge and continues to and across the river where it throws up a second ridge of Hamilton sandstone immediately south of the first and nearly equaling it in height. (See below, and report on Watts township. ) The Perry county fault is thus shown to be one of no trifling extent, having been traced about 18 miles from E. N. E. to W.8. W. The changes which it renders necessary in the State map are considerable. The whole north dip- ping outcrop of Hamilton sandstone supposed to range along the north side of Dick’s hill must be cancelled, and its place occupied by south dipping Chemung shales. The supposed Chemung shales in the western end of the valley must be replaced by Hamilton, and the supposed Hamilton by Che- mung. These changes may be seen in a moment by’ com- paring the two sketch maps on page plate VI, Figs. 3 and 4, with one another. The narrow middle valley of Perry county is nota syncline but a monocline. Half of it has been elevated above the level of the rest, removed by at- mospheric action and swept into the Atlantic, leaving the monoclinal south dipping half of the Dick’s hill anticline as a monument of its former existence. The section through Montebello Narrows five miles east of New Bloomfield (see page plate VI, fig. 1) and that south of New Bloomfield, although not drawn accurately to scale, will suffice to show the amount of throw and the horizons brought into juxtaposition, which vary to some extent, but these variations do not in any way affect the general truth. The fault is indicated on the surface only by a slight and interrupted depression not in any way noticeable; but te Ae * ie i, ae 88 F°. REPORT OF PROGRESS. E. W. CLAYPOLE. a along at least a part of its course it is marked by a line of | strong springs. So evident is it when the structure of the county is understood that aman can stand with one foot on the Chemung shales and the other on the Lower Helderberg limestone. In estimating the throw of this fault it must be remem- bered that it is not everywhere of the same extent. At its greatest the olive shales of No. VIII, the Chemung, are brought into contact with the limestone of No. VI, the Lower Helderberg. If we then calculate the throw where it is greatest we shall get the following results. The part of the Chemung appearing at the surface at the fault is as near as I can ascertain about 1800 feet above the base of that group. Partial thickness of Chemung, (lower portion,) .. . . 1800 feet. Total os POPS RO i) Yo inde eee ae 200 § 6 “ Genesee: Shale, Ss ae ee 200: 6 6 Hamilton Uppershale, ...... 800 ‘ 6 6 Hamilton sandstone, ...... 600 * “6 “ Lower Hamilton shale, ...... 500“ “6 cs Marcellus black shale, . i 6 ‘sf a limestone and shale, .. 100 ‘ . ‘6 6 Oriskany sandstone, ..... 25 #6 Partial si Lower Helderberg limestone and | ob i _ Nae aims og ti Rear =f ong 107 250 ‘ Total thickness of rocks thrown by the fault,. ..... 4075‘ Thus within certain small limits of error is the amount of throw calculated at right angles to the bedding. The total dislocation is however much greater. The tangential or horizontal thrust, to which is due the folding of the Ap- palachian strata and their accompanying or, subsequent fracture, forced the rocks on the southeast side of the fault over those on the northwest side along a slope whose angle cannot be determined. It has been represented in the sec- tion as 45° but was probably less. If the amount above given be now increased in the proportion of the sine of this angle to the radius, or multiplied by 1.4, we obtain as the actual displacement of the strata, at this part of the fault, about 5700 feet. The Half Falls fault. , This fault is apparently confined almost wholly to the FAULTS OF PERRY COUNTY. FE’, 89 Hamilton sandstone. It begins near the east end of Maha- noy ridge. Its most conspicuous effect is to throw up the sandstone after it has sunk on the south side of the anti- cline and so cause a repetition of its whole thickness. The result of this and the Perry county faults where they cross the river is in combination with the anticline to give the mountain four separate summits, and to produce a tract among the wildest in the county, which gradually narrows eastward by the convergence of the ranges and dies away at Girty’s Notch on the Susquehanna. The throw of this fault does not exceed 600 or 700 feet, and its maximum is apparently on the river. It probably ranges east and west about 3 or 4 miles, but it has been im- possible to trace it away from the Juniata. The Little Germany fault. This fault runs parallel to and at the distance of about a mile north of the long Perry county fault. It develops itself near the hamlet of Little Germany in Spring township and runs east northeast into Centre for nearly five miles. Though far inferior in length and throw to the Perry county fault it yet produces much complica- tion in the geology and several noteworthy changes in the topography and landscape. | The most westerly point at which I have been able to de- tect the fault is on the hill west of Little Germany, where it produces a fork in the Oriskany sandstone; one ridge con- tinuing on its previous course; the other diverges slightly to the southward. The latter thrown up by the fault is cut off at a short distance, the ridge terminating in a field. In thus bringing up the Oriskany to the surface the dis- location has also brought up the Lower Helderberg lime- stone adjoining it, and the result is that the limestone has been quarried and burnt at one place at the distance of only about one hundred feet south of and therefore apparently above the Marcellus black shale, with no intervening sand- stone ridge. The Marcellus thus occurs on doth sides of the narrow belt of limestone. 90 F’. REPORT OF PROGRESS. E. W. CLAYPOLE. A little farther to the east we find the Lower Hamilton shale brought up on the south side against the Marcellus on the north ; and farther on, the lower shale, about 500 feet thick, occupies both sides of the fault. As we approach the township line which lies on the water- shed, parting the south fork of Montour run from the trib- utary of the Little Juniata, a high connecting ridge of Lower Hamilton shales rises on the south side of the fault, exposing the Marcellus at its base into which a tunnel (six feet square in section) has been driven in search of coal. On the north side lies the Hamilton sandstone, through which the fault here cuts obliquely, causing a lateral dis- placement of nearly a mile, through which the road passes from the lower to the upper shale without crossing any sandstone ridge. | Entering Centre township the fault passes along the strata as they rise to the Crawley arch, leaving the synclinal west end of Mahanoy ridge separated from the anticlinal east end of Crawley hill. The latter is so far eroded as to ex- pose the Hamilton lower shale for more than two miles from Little Germany. The throw is greatest near the watershed on the township line where the lower part of the Lower Hamilton shale is brought up against the Upper Hamilton shale, and may be estimated thus: Upper Hamilton shale, (part) .,...).ts ocala 150 feet. Hamilton sandstone, i... aes ccs a ccek Slee eee 600 *§ Lower Hamilton shale, sr Oe Se aes eee 400 ‘§ 1150 * But as the beds dip at about 45° the actual vertical dis- placement is more, being in proportion to the size of the angle of dip. This will give about 1600 feet. The fault extends into Centre township almost to Bloom- field, gradually dying out. But it may be traced byaslight | valley and by the increased thickness of the Hamilton upper shale as far, at least, as the residence of Mr. William Brun- ner. Its total length is about four anda half miles. IRON ORE, LIMESTONE, AND COAL. F’. 91 Intermediate fault. A third fault of small dimensions runs between the two above described. Beginning near the house of Mr. George Meck it causes. a repetition of the Hamilton sandstone, bringing the middle and upper beds to the surface after they have dipped south from the Crawley anticline. This fault is of no great extent apparently disappearing ina mile and a half. Nor is its throw more than about 200 or 300 feet. But it makes a distinct short ridge of Hamilton sandstone and a deep intervening valley between it and Crawley hill. Fie a Section across Limestone ridge S. of Newport. \ | Puy ee Section at mouth of tunnel,- Mt.Patrick. S. Bigs MAP es d. Dip O5°M. : an wy 1 i Ss Ee ee ee ee eee ae eee CHAPTER V. The Iron Ore, Limestone, and Coal of Perry county. Jron ore occurs on three distinct horizons in Perry county, exclusive of several which have never yet yielded it in pay- ing quantity. These will be described in their geological order from below upwards. 1. The Clinton fossil ore beds. The first or lowest and oldest of these horizons is that of the Millerstown beds. This ore occurs above the middle of the Clinton group, and is both from its quality and its lo- cality the most valuable ore in the county. The only draw- back is the thinness of the bed which necessitates the re- moval of some of the rock in order to obtain room for work- ing. The outcrop near Millerstown is close to the river, canal, and railway, so that the means of transport are as convenient as possible. The lowest of these Millerstown beds is what is called the block ore. This is in reality the lowest layer of the iron sandstone. The iron sandstone is thin in the north of the county, and for the most part contains little iron, but to- ward the base it becomes richer, and at last yields a bed softer than the sandstone, but harder than the other ores of the district, which breaks out in roughly cubical blocks, whence it derives its name. With it there occurs a red sandstone bed, forming a com- plete mass of flattened pebbles of red shale in a sandstone matrix. This ore bed is not now taken out. Above this hard fossil block ore bed lies the Zron sand- stone, here about ten feet thick. Then follow about 200 feet or more of green shales not well exposed at Millerstown. On these lies the second bed of fossil ore about a foot or rather more in thickness, capped by the thin upper tron sandstone. (98 F2.) 94 F”, REPORT OF PROGRESS. FE. W. CLAYPOLRE. A hundred and sixty feet of shale, mostly greenish, over- lie this, and are in turn overlain by the ore sandrock, a double bed of sandstone about ten feet thick, containing between its two portions a thin bed of hard ore. Upon the sandrock lies the great source of all the Mil- lerstown ore, the sand vein ore bed, about twelve inches thick. | The mining industry at Millerstown is of comparatively recent date, little having been taken out before 1866. I have been told, however, that a small quantity was used at the old Juniata furnace more than 40 years ago. Since then, however, several hundred thousand tons have been sent to Reading, Harrisburg, Dry Valley, and Lochiel where it takes high rank among iron ores. It is said to yield a very tough iron. One fact connected with these beds is well Known by all engaged in mining or seeking ore, because it has a most important influence upon the quantity that can be obtained in any given area. The fossil ore is only soft to a certain depth, or to the depth to which the surface water penetrates. Below that it is a hard ferriferous limestone, useless for the furnace. In the slopes of the mountains, where the drain- age soaks down, the hard limestone—the original ore-bed— has been altered by the removal of the lime and perhaps by the concentration of iron, so that its texture is softened and its proportion of ore relatively, if not absolutely, increased and it is rendered valuable as an ore. But below this level, and probably in most of the flat land, nothing would be found but the hard limestone above mentioned. This fact is sometimes overlooked in estimating the quantity of iron ore and the consequent value of the land containing or supposed to contain it. In fact the sand vein ore bed and the other-underlying fossil ore beds are in all probability nearly worthless, except along the slope of the ridge where they crop ont. Even there, in some places, the hard, lime- stone is found. Mr. R. Cochran has recently cut it in a drift opened about a mile west from Millerstown and where the expense of mining far exceeds the value of: the ore. A determination of the principal ingredients of the hard IRON ORE, LIMESTONE, AND COAL. F’. 95 limestone ore by Mr. A. S. McCreath has given the follow- ing results: Analysis of hard fossil limestone ore, one mile west of river at Millerstown. Re Pe. a inte a se 5.640 ey Saar e . 065 IR SE GE SS eres wee ar 41.730=74.518 Carb. of Lime. Se es 10. 880 Extent of these Beds.—As regards the extent of these Milierstown ore beds over Perry county little that is defi- nite can at present be said. The value of ore in the west, far from a railway, is so small that there is little induce- ment to search for it. These three beds certainly make no conspicuous show anywhere except near Millerstown. Traces of soft fossil ore were shown to me in the neighbor- hood of Marysville by Mr. A. Seidel, and the hard ferrif- erous limestone is reported on Bowers’ mountain and _ per- haps in one or two other places in the southwest. But in others there are no indications of either the soft or hard ore, and the section given in the report on Toboyne town- ship is conclusive against their existence at that place. There is, however, ample room for them in places not yet examined where the ground is covered with wood or un- cultivated, for there is little prospect of finding surface in- dications of so soft an ore except through the plow. The Sand Vein Ore Bed.—This bed, as may be seen from the section at Millerstown already given, is the highest of all those occurring there and is separated from the others by the ore sand rock and shales. Like them it is thin, sel- dom exceeding fourteen inches in thickness, but so far as I have been able to examine the ground it is much more persistent over the county. Its quality is good, as the fol- lowing analysis by Mr. A. 8. McCreath will show, the pro- portion of phosphorus being, however, rather high. The specimen came from the mine of Messrs. B. G. Mush & Co. on the sontheast side of Tuscarora mountain, one fourth of a mile north of Millerstown: * * See Report M°, 1881, page 37. iy J i 4 -. = 5 i a 96 F’. =REPORT OF PROGRESS. E. W. CLAYPOLE. an . (117) (118) pesq uioxide of Iron, 3. sdfiya ibs eee ee 78.571 73.714 as sO. HAN PANNE, «ys... 5. bos oth. 5 aes, ee - 021 Ajumina, °s= dcaetves 4 Stee ere oY ee ae § RADOO 4s sores as meen Roe Sie a amie Rte, Bieta” ol ee wall -510 .3890 BIRUGRIA, i ae sis we “0. wins Mike | pele nay kite aa 213 =. 209 : snl phurio acid; *)). i%s'S ae fenet eahee a os ee - 050 Phosphoria aid) © 2 yfscilncs » Gees ea 6 thee) de Water and orgatiio matter... 6 5.5. 2. ee ena 6.015 9.075 Silicepus matter, os eish-0: me aac ciky Sie ter aa ee te 8.170 8.870 Metallio inom, )<, 6.6) 5 7 aid rere ree A es een ye Metallic manganese, .....a%s acec.s. Ste coupes: te Sector .015 Srirabdir. = sao eta edb he caUReee ee We eben, rn Pirsphortiay!) 8 ee a, ae ee oe Bee 656 779 Phosphorus in 100 partsiron, ..... ee ae er” 1.192 1.509 This bed is mined at and near Millerstown, but nowhere else in Perry county, though indications of its presence are not wanting in many other parts. It apparently accompa-- nies the ore sandrock in its various outcrops, and shows itself in the valleys in the west. In Kennedy’s valley es- pecially there is unquestionably an abundant supply of rich ore along the ridges near the face of the sandrock. Ail this is however a store for the future, since it is in the present. state of transportation valueless. Further details concerning these Clinton ore beds will be found in the report on Greenwood and Tuscarora townships. 2. The Marcellus brown hematite. The second iron-bearing horizon in Perry county lies at the base of the Marcellus black shale and on the top of what has sometimes been regarded as the representative of the Corniferous limestone of New York, but what I consider only a caleareous bed belonging to the Marcellus.* » This ore is not a fossil ore like that at Millerstown, but a concretionary limonite,+ called locally a wash ore, because occurring as it does in a bed of clay it needs washing to fit it for the furnace. Its form is usually pseudo-stalactitic, lying in horizontal masses with stalactitic appearance. It is *It is extensively mined on the Juniatain Mifflin county, on Yellow creek in Bedford county, and elsewhere, ti. e. brown hematite. IRON ORE, LIMESTONE, AND COAL. BB, often hollow, and is hence called ‘‘ pipe ore.’’ Sometimes it is more cellular, when it is termed ‘* honeycomb ore.”’ This is, or rather has been, the most extensively worked ore in the county. Its outcrop follows the outcrop line of the Oriskany sandstone throughout its zigzag course, being seldom entirely absent. At the same time its thickness is very variable, ranging from 12 or 14 feet down to one or two feet in no great distance. This renders the mining uncer- tain and hazardous. It is worthy of notice that where the ore attains its greatest thickness, the accompanying lime- stone is absent, and the ore with its inclosing white and black clay lies on the Oriskany sandstone. This may be seen at the Clouser works south of Newport ; at the Reeder works northeast of Bloomfield, and at the Long works three miles west of Bloomfield. When the limestone and its lime shales reappear, the ore thins down. At the Clouser works, where it can be best seen, the ore occurs in two or three beds with intervening strings all massed ina white clay. The whole is taken out and washed together. The thickness of the mass is at the least 15 or 20 feet. No trace of the limestone is visible on either side of the ore, which here lies in a syncline of the Oriskany, con- taining a small secondary fold which largely increases the accessible amount of ore. The structure of limestone ridge at this place is shown on Page Plate VIII, Fig. 1. The Marcellus ore has been mined at the following (with other) places in Perry county : (1.) Limestone ridge. The Clouser works, south of Newport. The Reeder works, near old Juniata furnace One mile north of New Bloomfield. (2.) Iron ridge. Half a mile south of the old Perry furnace Halfa mile west ‘ ch 9 cd. (3.) Mahanoy ridge. At New Bloomfield. Three miles west of New Bloomfield. Four miles ‘ RS * eh 5 98 F’. REPORT OF PROGRESS. FE. W. CLAYPOLE. (4.) Near Little Germany. Southwest of Little Germany, in Bell’s hill. North of Little Germany. (5.) Pisgah hills. Half a mile southwest of Oakgrove furnace. . (6.) Above Adams’ Glen school-house, near Landisburg. The above list does not include all the places where iron ore has been taken from the Marcellus hematite bed, but these are given to show its general distribution over the county. In other places—as near Gibson’s rock—there is no sign of its presence in the usual place. Any one will be able to discover by reference to the map accompanying this report the place where its outcrop should be looked for along the line which separates the Oriskany sandstone and the Marcellus black shale. At the present time, 1883, owing to the low price of iron ore (at the only furnaces now in blast in the county—Dun- cannon and Newport—about $3 a ton,) this bed of ore is mined at only the two most favorably situated places in the county, the Clauser and Reeder works, from both of which itis sent to Newport. The roads from these points are short, and no ridges intervene. Where these advantages are not present the mining is now attended with loss, con- sequently all the other works have been abandoned. Asin the case of the soft Millerstown fossil, so also in the case of this ore a great change takes place below the. access of surface water. Down to that level the»ore isa loose hematite—a wash ore—bedded in clay. Below that it is a hard blue carbonate of iron, heavy and massive. As this ore needs roasting at the furnace to expel the carbonic acid before it can be smelted, it is of course less valuable, and less is paid for it. It is therefore not worth following to the deep, and no attempt is usually made to take it out in Perry county. The following analyses, by Mr. A. 8. McCreath, of samples from the Clauser works, two miles south of Newport, repre- sent the value of this ore and its variation :* * See Report M3, page 32, where other analyses will also be found. IRON ORE, LIMESTONE, AND COAL. }”. 99 Pebcemiaey OF STON, 8206) 2k ks 50.285 61.143 62.000 “ ‘“ manganese, ...... . « . -051 072 -072 Ses, sine ..U.iae seeker Sth re -059 Unfortunately, however, this ore occurs only in thin seams seldom or never exceeding four inches in thickness, and flanked with hard sandstone. Both these reasons com- bine to render its extraction unprofitable. Pocono iron ore. It is not likely that beds of good iron ore exist in the sandstone of Peter’s and Cove mountains, and in Buffalo and Berry’s mountains. Until iron becomes much more valuable than it is at present, or is likely to be for many years to come, it is not probable that any labor or money say anything at present about their value or extent. The charcoal furnaces in Perry county were blown out about 1840-45, and have never since been relighted, the substitution of coal and coke for charcoal in the process of iron-smelting having been here as in other places the means of removing the iron manufacture from its old seat to places nearer or more accessible to the coal fields. All the iron now smelted in Perry county is smelted in furnaces on the line of the Pennsylvania railway. The principal points to be considered in mining are :— ist. Thickness of ore bed. 2d. Quality of ore or yield of iron. 3d. Freedom from gangue of clay or sand. | 4th. Freedom from partings of shale or clay. » er i; =P at Cael hie fu ne’ | ow ee wn IRON ORE, LIMESTONE, AND COAL. F’. 103 5th. Supply of water for washing the ore if necessary. 6th. Quality of the iron—freedom from phosphorus. 7th. Suitability of the ore for the smelting process. 8th. Distance from the furnaces—cost of hauling. 9th. Price of the ore delivered at the furnaces. No ore bed in Perry county now fulfills all these condi- tions sufficiently to yield much profit to those who work it. Lime and itsuse upon land. The only minerals of commercial value yet discovered in this county are limestone and iron ore. The former is al- most confined to the Limestone ridge and other outcrops of of the Lewistown limestone. Immense quantities of stone have been taken from differ- ent parts of Limestone ridge, largely as a flux when the furnaces were in blast, and since then for liming pa, for which it is well suited. All the limestone in the county is low in magnesia, much almost a pure carbonate of lime. It yields consequently a ‘‘hot’’ or ‘*fat’’ lime, less convenient for the purposes of the builder than the ‘‘cool’’ ‘‘lean’’ lime derived from the dolomitic limestones of other places. It slakes soft, and crumbles down to powder, showing that it possesses little or no hydraulic properties, and therefore is low in alumina. No hydraulic limestones or cement beds are worked in this county, and, so far as I have leaned, none have ever been found there. Attempts have been made to burn some of the calcareous shales at the base of the black shale for this purpose, but without success. The vexed question of the advantages and disadvantages of liming land has not been solved in Perry county. Both sides have strong advocates. Men who have persistently limed the black shaly land for many years maintain that it has much improved under the treatment. But the general disuse of lime of late in the county is an argument on the other side. Probably both views would be considerably modified if all the concomitant circumstances were taken into the account. The experience of farmers in this region 104 F’. REPORT OF PROGRESS. FE. W. CLAYPOLE. supplies no new argument against the position now taken by most agricultural chemists that lime is a stimulant, and not an enricher of the soil. If the soil contains nutritive material the lime can render that material more readily available; and in this way it is advantageous to land where stores of plant-food are locked up. But if the land con- tains no such store the addition of lime can never bring forth any. Limestone soils are as much improved by the addition of lime as are the shaly soils, whether black or red, because the lime applied is in a very different chemical condition from that which naturally exists there. The un- burnt lime of the soil is quite inert as a decomposer of plant-food ; but when burnt and rendered caustic its decom- posing energy is developed. In the stone the lime is com- bined with carbonic acid, which completely masks the active property on which its value asa stimulant to the soil de- pends. But in the kiln this carbonic acid is driven off, the stone loses about half its weight, and its power of decom- posing organic matter is developed. For the same reason a limestone soil as it is called, if it really contains any lime, coutains it in the same form, the carbonate. Hence the lime, if naturally present in the soil, is of no value as a stimulant; it is inert; and the addition of quick or caustic lime has exactly the same effect both in nature and amount as on any other land. The secret of the value of lime in agriculture lies in the chemical fact already alluded to, that quick or caustic lime has the power of decomposing animal and vegetable matter. Hence lime in this caustic state speedily destroys organic material and reduces it to a condition in which it is avail- able for plant-food. Butit is obvious that the amount of plant-food thus produced will depend on the amount of or- ganic matter existing naturally in every soil, and unless this store is in some way replenished it must before long become exhausted. The liming of land therefore year after year without the application of manure of some kind must end in the reduc- tion of the natural store of plant-food below that which will yield a paying crop, as is the case with not a little of the — at oe 1A 6. — 2 aw 7 4 7 « re - IRON ORE, LIMESTONE, AND COAL. F". 105 poorer sort of land in Perry county at the present time. Some of the farmers are in the condition of men who pos- sess an annuity, but overdraw it every year, thus reducing the principal, dollar by dollar, until it falls too low to afford them a living. An intelligent farmer aided by a knowledge of the chem- ical principle above laid down, will see that he can only se- curean advantage from lime by placing in the ground a supply of organic material which the lime will convert into plant-food. This supply may be obtained by manuring it ; by allowing it to lie fallow, when the weeds which spring up and die will add their remains to the soil; or, by growing some greeu crop upon it, such as clover, the tops and espe- cially the roots of which contribute largely to its stock of organic material. (A crop of red clover is said to yield about 8 tons of roots.) This is attacked by the lime, when added, and quickly decomposed, whereas naturally the pro- cess would require a much longer time. Hence liming the soil does not really add anything to its fertility, but only anticipates the future and brings back to the farmer in one or two years what would be otherwise spread over more. The farmer should also bear in mind the fact that quick- lime, when exposed to the air, rapidly absorbs from it car- bonic acid, and returns to its former condition of carbonate of lime, when it is of little or no use to the land. Lime should be applied fresh; for, a heap of burnt lime left in the open air rapidly recarbonates itself and loses most of its value. If it cannot be spread at once, it should be well covered with earth to prevent the absorption of car- bonic acid. A few drops of muriatic. acid (or spirits of salt) if added to carbonate of lime, will cause strong effer- vescence or bubbling, owing to the escape of the gas, whereas, if added to quicklime, little or no effervescence will ensue. In this way the good or bad condition of a stack of slaked lime may readily be determined. The use of lime does not, however, altogether end here. In some parts of Perry county, especially those which lie upon the red sandstones of the Catskill group, the soil and sub-soil contain a considerable quantity of potash in the a I i ee ie 106 F*?. REPORT OF PROGRESS. FE. W. CLAYPOLE. ae form of silicate of potash. When lime is added to such soil as this, it changes the silicate of potash into silicate of lime, and sets free the potash, which is carbonated. Carbonate of potash is one of the most valuable materials for growing © plants. Such soils contain within themselves a reserve of this plant-food locked up which ages cannot exhaust. It must not, however, be inferred from the above-stated fact, that this red sandstone soil does not need manure. Plants cannot live or grow upon potash alone, though potash is one of their most important constituents. They require many other chemical elements, which must be supplied in the shape of manure. ) | Again, when new boggy land is broken up, the soil is often sour from the presence of humic acid produced by the decay of vegetable matter. In some cases it is too sour to allow the growth of anything but the natural swamp grasses and sedges. Lime is alkaline or anti-acid in property, and, therefore, its application in considerable quantity is pro- ductive of immediate benefit in diminishing the acidity and rendering the soil suitable for the growth of more profit- able crops. As to the details of the application of lime, the time, man- ner, quantity, &c., experience is the best guide, and the farmer can determine these points for himself. But a knowledge of the chemical principles above given will guide an intelligent man in the use of this valuable but much abused stimulant, which, like many others when used alone and unwisely, develops a short-lived energy, but ends in greater exhaustion. From what has been said, it is evident that the addition to the land of finely-powdered limestone is totally useless as a substitute for quick-liming. It may have a good me- chanical effect on some soils, like that produced by sand, coal, ashes, &c., but cannot stimulate their fertility. T he Coal of Perry county. I have been many times asked during my travels in Perry county if there is not ground for anticipating the discovery IRON ORE, LIMESTONE, AND COAL. Be 207 of coal within its limits. Many people are evidently of opinion that coal ought to be found here, because it is found in adjoining counties. Others are of the opinion that the hills of Perry county must contain coal or some other min- eral because they are good for little or nothing else. As tothe first argument, I may say that itis quite worth- less, unless regard is paid to the position and arrangement of the strata. A miner of gold, silver, lead, or of any other metal that occurs in veins, may have ground for believing that the same lode which traverses his neighbor’s land must also traverse his own, if it lies in the direction of the lode. But the miner of coal and iron, or of any mineral deposit- ed in beds, has no right to anticipate a similar result unless the strata be horizontal, or nearly so. Ineed hardly, therefore, say that the argument is worth nothing in Perry and adjoining counties where it would be difficult to find a square mile of horizontal strata. In reply to the second argument, I see no reason for believing that mountains must yield valuable minerals because they are good for nothing else. They may be good for something of which the miner has no conception-— scenery, forexample. Many of the mountains of the globe have no other value than this. They are safe from the in- trusion of cultivation, and in years to come they may be the only parts of the world that areso. Itis some pleasure to feel that there are places where Nature will probably re- main forever supreme, the solitude never be broken by traffic and commerce, and the soil continue unprofaned by the plow and the harrow. And mountains preserve forests, and influence the climate. My answer to the questionhas usually beenthis: ‘‘If by coal is meant merely samples of coal, there are enongh in Perry county; but if workable, profitable coal seams are meant, then there is none.’’ The oldest rocks in Perry county lie in the Horse valley, and consist of dark, almost black shales. They have natur- ally produced the impression that coal might be found there, and Mr. J. Hockenberry showed me a place from which he had taken some. But it was only avery thin seam of in- 108 FE’. REPORT OF PROGRESS. E. W. CLAYPOLE. Brae ferior quality, absolutely worthless as a coal bed. Kt. pitched, moreover, almost vertically down into the ground, so that to follow it would be difficult and expensive. These shales lie far below all the other rocks of the county ; about four miles deep in the Cove. | The next rock in age in the county is the gray shale- slate, . also found in the Horse valley ; and following this comes the heavy sandstones of the Tuscarora and other mountain ranges. In neither of these has any sign of coal been seen in Perry county, so far as 1 am aware. The same is true of the great red shales of the western part of the county and of the limestone and sandstone which overlie them and form the summit of Limestone and other ridges in the county. This brings us in the series of formations up to the O7vis- kany sandstone No. VIL; on top of which lie the dlack Marcellus slate beds; and the dark color of these has in many cases led sanguine land owners and ‘‘practical miners”’ to dig at great expense in search of coal ; near Laurel Grove, for example. However some beds of these shales may resemble coal, even to the extent of being ‘‘burnable,’’ they are not coal, and have never yielded coal in any places where the search has been made, either in Perry county or outside of it. Andas they have been thoroughly examined, the in- ference is justifiable that they never will yield any. Upon the black Marcellus shale rests a great mass of olive colored shales and sandstones, about a mile and a half thick, in Middle ridge, Buffalo hills, and many other places. At several levels in this mass of rocks beds may be found, occa- sionally several inches thick, containing combustible ma- terial fairly entitled to the name of coal. Butitis usually of — acrumbling nature. Several of these thin coal seams may be traced across the Juniata river and crop out in its banks. As in the cases already mentioned, this has led to various attempts to open mines of coal, all of which have ended in loss and disappointment, not only in Perry county, but elsewhere. For this reason geologists infer that the search for coal in these Lower and Middle Devonian shales and Ie t-sys. . ‘ . IRON ORE, LIMESTONE, AND COAL. F’. 109 sandstones will be as unsuccessful in the future as it has been in the paSt, and dissuade those who consult them from undertaking what must prove a fruitless task. Above the olive-green shale and sandstone just men- tioned, come red shales and sandstones of vast thickness. These form the red ground between Half-Falls mountain and Duncan’s island, and outside the Cove along Sherman’s Creek and Fishing Creek valleys. In this formation, Cats- kill No. 1X, several thin seams of vegetable matter resem- bling coal have been seen, but nothing, so far as I know in Perry county, that has looked promising enough to tempt much investigation. Over the Catskill formation No. IX,lies the Pocono forma- tion No. X, the great sandstones of Cove, Buffalo, and Berry’s mountains. Here the indications of coming coal are stronger. Seams of mineral fuel occur at various levels through theirmass. Inall these mountains serious attempts have been made at different times, mostly, I believe, by per- sons not acquainted with the district, or with its geology, to open coal mines. Opposite Newport, in the mountain gap, traces of such workingsmay beseen. At Mt. Patrick, too, a gangway has been driven for a long distance ina coal seam, from which a considerable quantity has been taken out.* The same is true of various places on the Cove mountain. But every one of these undertakings has been abandoned. The inference is—they were not profitable. Over the great sandstone No. X lie the red shales of the two coves, in which no coal is found. We have now gone through the whole series of Perry county rocks from the lowest to the highest, and only in one of them, the No. X sandstone, have we found any evi- dence of the presence of coal that deserves a moment’s con- sideration. But outside of the county, in Dauphin county, the red shales dip under the great conglomerate which sup- ports the genuine coal measures of Pennsylvania. A little consideration of the facts above presented will show any thoughtful reader the nature of the evidence on * See Page Plate VIII, Fig. 2. — a ee 110 F’, XEPORT OF PROGRESS. E. W. CLAYPOLE. which geologists deny the existence of workable coalin Perry county. The rocks are too old. They were made before the great coal-making age of the earth’s history began. It seems as if the process of coal-making had been begun by Nature on a small scale, as if she were trying her ‘‘’ prentice han’’’ at the work. In her Cambro-Silurian days she suc- ceeded in making the little thin layer in the Horse valley, and abandoned the attempt. In Devonian days she tried again, and obtained rather better success, forming the little ‘*coals’? above described of several inches in thickness. Again, she laid the task aside as beyond her strength, and not till the Lower Carboniferous (Pocono No. X) age did — she take it in hand again. By this time the conditions of the earth had become more favorable, and Nature succeeded in producing such coal seams as that at Mt. Patrick and in the Buffalo and Cove mountains. These were fine achieve- ments compared with her previous failures, but miserable failures compared with her subsequent triumphs. They are coal beds which have burnt the fingers of those who at- tempted to handle them; coal beds from which it costs a dollar to obtain fifty cents’ worth of coal. If it be asked why the coal near Duncannon (which is the same as that near Liverpool) is not workable, the an- sweriseasy. Inthe first place, the beds are toothin. Beds of coal two feet thick will scarcely pay to work, even in the anthracite region, and I know no bed in Perry county even as thick as that. In the second place, it is often necessary to take out a great deal of rock, sometimes hard sandstone, in ‘‘getting’’ the coal. This is very expensive. In the third place, where the coalis obtained, though ‘* burnable,”’ yet it leaves between 30 and 40 per cent. of ash—one ton out of three. Good coal should not exceed 10 or 15 per cent., and the best coal has but 5 or less per cent of ash. An examination of the sections will show that over New Bloomfield the coal measures, when they existed, lay ata height of about 22,000:feet above the present surface. Is it surprising, in view of these facts, that geologists speak of coal-seeking in Perry county as folly and infatuation ? Analyses of Pocono (Duncannon) coal are to be found in IRON ORE, LIMESTONE, AND COAL. | ios 111 =. Beert M?, page 100, made by Mr. A. 8. McCreath, the Ch emist of the Survey: (6974) (6976) Cove Cove . Mountain. Mountain. FR a 3 an .570 . 320 POEM ENOORLEES Sik oa ba oc 8s TAS SBD 15.500 © amend Carbots..). ss 2 5 Ape hates. | 48. 285 50. 709 1 A tae ee a ae, or .320 . 206 Seah geen eee i Wig pas ee 36.445 33. 265 100. 000 100. 000 697a was selected by Mr. William C. McFadden, and 697 by Mr. McCreath himself. - i 2 i - wo ies. i 4 r - b ts et 4 " o " - . s As # » = - — 4 Ctl ae . a Le | to.) FUR on Ay HIAX BIL PU ‘Lye 9G bod 2 Asp union ys “Gon, Puung, ho yng ‘drysumo), poomtaays “YN] Yooqurayybnops, wi w0rjoays mal a an 7 CHAPTER VI. Catalogue of the Names of Plants found in Perry county during the summer of 1882 and 1883. The plants named in the following list were collected or observed chiefly in the neighborhood of New Bloomfield, but not a few were obtained during the prosecution of geo- logical work in the more distant parts of the county. It is by no means a complete catalogue of the Flora, time not having allowed much search for plants. It consequently contains only the names of the more obvious species. The absence, total or partial, of several genera will be noticed, such as the sedges, willows, &c. The aquatic plants too are scantily represented being less easily found. Several common genera and species will also be missed, the Baneberries, (Acte@a,) the Twinleaf, (Jeffersonia diphyl- la,) the Sundew, (Drasera,) and the Trilliums. Names marked with an asterisk (*) are those of trees planted in the streets or similar places, but not showing any disposition to spread. Names marked with a dagger (+) are those of plants growing in abandoned gardens or escaped from cultivation, but not yet naturalized, though showing a disposition to become so. Si". (113 F2,) ae E. W. CLAYPOLE. REPORT OF PROGRESS. 114 F’. ‘QuUOWeUY POO “OMOT-PUIM °° OT SY “Bsoroweu 2 * : 5 a <> da , : ¥ _ wt * = ‘90d4- 3 ade eee ne ee LICL tO} WOLpuoPpoLiry eed wequinoniy t= “ry “ByBULUINOR BILOUSRIT : Raovlpousep “TTA ‘BSOULOOVI BONJIOLWI) seattle Moosesame: MOuTe = Fete Set eee Tabs. ee eS “ry ‘wprjosuoo wurury dyed. MO) Wi ae eS SE “SisdepBueyy visopimby ; "e10qeT/eoH UeeIKH’ °° fa Shoe rye SIDA SnIOgeTOH+ z WOM MIMI ha Ss RE “ry ‘staysnyed vyyleg | ‘yooymorg Ape oS TQNYL ‘Slvepnorosey ee ‘{OOJMOID POYOOP’ °° °° 1 TT tO ‘Snyvammoed ze 7 GOT MOT EMpPOedUyct. tee “rT ‘snqBie[aos os “OOTMAEY (ialoalOl a -[femle: gt re a “rT ‘snalyroqe % ? Tie UZ arg Rove Wg fee Me ea a “10g ‘sniisud snpnounuey a ‘ony MOPROPL Tea, ee ed rhe a a car CP eee |e er TINULON a * ‘Sry Moped uence eae ‘suoosviudand _ x : ony MOPBET Apreny eer a eet, ee oa ek ee Sate ‘tNdTOIp - = ‘QUOULEUY-Ony * “xXYolyl ‘SeplouoMoUB WMA OTLeY, YT, ‘woredoyy poqo[-punoyy * = > Sxreyg ‘eqopiay voryedey ‘ Ory “BURIULSILA OUOWLOU YW at ory ‘GUBLULSIT A, = : - + * “rT ‘BULOTA STJBUI9TO : BooVv[NOUNUVIT ‘OUOUOU YW URIULGIT A * ‘IOMOG-S ULOIT A WOUUWOD * ‘IOMO[ YT -LOY VT * a ar i 1D = 4 Gy CATALOGUE OF PLANTS. ‘ssorg ourtdg ° ‘VOMYIOOT, POABOT-GUY * “VOMYJOOT, VAL) * ‘SSOLQ) SAV] * ‘SSOIQ MOTIOR * "SSO.10-1098 AA OTL, * ‘SI[VpALON MOTION * ‘Solpoorg § UBWUTpOING * ‘4OO1-poolgq * “OUTPURTOD IBVALD * ‘A[UT-puod MOT[OK WOUUWoy * “AIT -107B AA POJUIOS-JOOMG * ‘oyerpueypy Sopdde-Avpy * ‘yoor-osooddeg ‘ysoyon ony ° "poosuooyy UBIPVULY * “MVC MB | UOULULOY * © . “ry “(7 ‘vaploquloya ouLUEpreEd “TNL 'BIVLULOLT oo ort Sqan yy SVULLX BU BLIByUE(T “Q -q ‘oaysnped mny..njse Ny “rig ‘yy ‘oajsoaTAs tUnTZANySse Ny “aq “‘y ‘oTvUTOYyjo WnTyANgse NY | : VIOJIONIY fore “STeay “SMAGT STTepsdoy °° SO co ‘BLIB]TNONH BIUSDIC, : VOOVLIVUID YT] “ry ‘ststopvuRg BIIRULNSULY soos) Sry Ssnfvur wMMOprlpey yO : Roovloavded ss oss Satyr “gueape rvydn Ny "- “ary “eyeropo vaaydurds : ava0 Bae CUA NT “rr Stungeajed wunypAydopog ‘XII ‘soproaorpeyy wanqpAtdopnvy : RoVpLloqlod “ry ‘osuepeury wnuLtod suey : RoovuULodstuoe fl “Teun? BQol[Lty VULwIsy : BoovVUOUWY a ee TS ? REPORT OF PROGRESS. 1162". E. W. OLAYPOLE. ratio: a nae ‘JOTOL A. POAVO[-MOLIY ° ‘JOJOLA POAVOT-JIVOTT * ‘Q9TOTA PoAavel[-PuUbyT ” = ‘OTTT[M TIM POYIBUL 4, 45 > ‘JOTOLA ONT WOULUIOD * “JOTOTA SITU MM JOOMS © ‘JOTOLA POAvBaT-CoUKT * ‘sspis-10dded PItM ° ‘easing S,paeydeysg ° “XBL Os[Ry * ‘gsviS-MOTITY AA” ‘parvysnyl YOR ° "SS01() IBa-9SNOP * "pareisnyy vopey * ‘pABISN PIIS-ULIO MA ° “pod-af org * ‘sg910-Yooyy oo ° ‘gso10-yooy, Surpeeidg ° ‘SSeIQ I9}IIG [[VUS ° ‘SS010-1018 A ULBJUNOP * — a a [—— pe re Le ‘ ee eee oot e y a? * Y stg ‘sitysoa Ls se “ry “eulUeo ,, Cary ‘eyeqyIses ,, * ‘eqIBpAOd “IBA - a ‘eyeurped “IBA + - “ary ‘eye[pnond yy. “DITLAA “Bpuvlq — ;, “ry ‘eyBlOooURy BIOTA : BIOB[OT A Cr uMoTULsaL A wnipidery “qouay ‘stoysed-vsing vijesdep “ZIUBI ‘BATJVS BUT[OWUR/) “ry ‘BULoA BQBICT “sstod ‘BLOW BOISSBId “pnesy ‘BURrey}] WNLIQuiasig - “doog ‘epvulo yo wntaquiAsig Cry ‘soproyjuRireyo wnwscig * Sry ‘sIsuepBuRy fs “Pg “VIVSARlT “arug ‘suayed —,, 2 soe es Orr paerh] StIQery or Seynsary ‘euUTUBpIB\ “XTPOIL ‘BI[OJIPUNJOL OUTMUBPABLY riy “PeeM AOI) PP ‘PpoeM YOY IwWI-9snoy ‘qWIomaeya duevag ‘peomyory) uowwog ‘apyooN UlOg VUld PTEM “mOTduey O41 AA ‘uotdwmry Altvyi9 ‘yeq sutounog 4aomdvog uoWULOD F’. ‘VIOM-S UYOP IQ YSIvyy ‘VIOM-S UO YO peddoy-7eL qT N H Zi a =| am Ry co) a 7 ~ os) ) a a H a oO ‘PeoMUT [[VUG ‘asva-s qavoy] Asuvg ‘Qe[OLA MOTIOK AUMOCT ‘POLOTA PLB ‘pooM-OUTY ‘SSVIS-9SUBIC) ° ‘JAOM-S UYOP "JQ potoMOTf [TBULG ° ‘WIOM-S UO? GQ UOULULOD * ‘WOM-S UYOR IG Aqquays ° ‘pooMUL poavol-oWAy, ° " rT SasuoArB ¢ “ry ‘WUNgBS[NA WNTSBldD “TIN, “BSOULSTTN i * * PQTtUg “BIPEl BIIVTTAS “uery ‘oseyyy stuyporg “xyor, ‘eotuvapAsuueg _—,, wr" CT "SOAR. |S. sass 8 Copy “By eTTeIs SUSTIC “ry ‘stpeuroyo vireuodug : moo A ydoAaeg oss Saan aT “BOTUTSILA SOPOTT “xXYor “Biyyorrs - OPE UCL Ta “h Tyny, ‘wansoq wAs00 “ “ry Suny etoyaed * “rr Suunoyrtpoad wooed AFT : Boovolod AFT oy SO Serr SOUT Ue bs ' Susing ‘vrpoyrmAty voyoorT : BIIVISTY ee eer te ty ‘LO[OOLL i So her egoseand *y; ww ol) te es try ‘B) BLES a ? wa mg jem tt ere ‘[OIIOY POO AA MOTTAK * °° : | ‘[AIIOG pOO AA JOLOTA * * * ‘pooM-Temof? you-eu-yonoy, peyyodg ° ‘T[IQsouvlg peLOMoP-[[VUg * [T[LqsouBdy) BUl[OIBD * THEQseuvty) PILM © E,W. CLAYPOLE, ‘XBL [BUS © ‘poom-sseg * FLIT-JOATOA * “MOTLEY USUI ‘MOT[BJ UOULWOD * ‘Aqnveg suridg * ‘QUvBISING UOWWOL * REPORT OF PROGRESS. ‘poom-qod.rey ° “pooMyAy Poytoy 118 F’. * ry UUM UBLUTLOIBA) a “+ + Gry “eurpedoo ,, 2. EA ont, ‘euryd sy suyy | : BoOVBLpAvOVUY ota: te ry ‘BOLTS <3 7 + + Grr ‘ggoR[OlA ‘STTBXO “qn ‘Batny sucryedwy “ry Scunppisud FS “ry ‘uunjepnoBUL WUNTUBIOf) : RIIVIUBIOL) * Sry CUNUBIULSILA WUT : Boovuly "+ Sry BUROTIOULY BILL : BOOVI[LL “Uqlevy ‘BUUs0IA VY WoT WUqy “ry “eyeoSOUL sy, % * Ory SelpOFIpuUnjJOL BATVIY ‘ : BIovalVyf > Sry “eoTUISILA BIUOJALIO " “ry ‘Ba0RIe[O BOB[NJLOq > RooBoV[UJLOg Or ‘eyRT[LONAeA OSU[[OP CXTPOTPY ‘VULOLOTPOIp BIOAUW FY 119 CATALOGUE OF PLANTS. TOP XO” © ‘aidvyy AVMION * ‘ofdeyy duivag 10 pay ° ‘ordeyy OI MA * ‘ajdvyy avong | ‘o[deyy ulejunoyy * ‘aAo yong ‘aideyy poduayg » ‘jnu-leppeg ° “OOYRR AA ° ‘JOOMS-LOJILG SULQUITTD ° ‘way, ASIA? MON * ‘loda0lQ URIULSITA * ‘advly JSO1yf LO 1OJUT AA * ‘ode Towulng * ‘edviy-xXO,, UIEYION * ‘ToRuUNg JUBISBI T° ‘AAT UOSIOd ° ‘Yous0y ‘Soploteov OpUNSIN y a.) SS SODIOWe UIC «. ¥ “ry ‘UInIqu4 53 javgayq ‘undavoAsep = SUBAA SUNULIBYOoRs Hy “uey ‘wnyvords ) Te AN TAA GaGa S Ste Ose We sss eS re OMOEA ASU he oh .don W- <-seh OR ee 5 3 “BI[OJLLY vot Aydrig | : BIOVpPULdVy “bove ‘snomndindo.ye snwAuony " * * “rr ‘stepuBos SNAIYSBIOD > BIOVIASV[AO om “ry ‘snuBollewy snqyjoured > BoOOVUULVYY, “xyory ‘erpoyonbuinb stsdojeduy a “XU “BITOFIPLo9 **XQOIp ‘SI[VAlysov,, "+ “rT ‘eosniqey SIT A > BIOVILA “ary ‘Boryewmore sy, ' “ry ‘UoIpPUEpOOTXO) snYy fers! mre ‘ ae E. W. CLAYPOLE, © REPORT OF PROGRESS. 120 F” habits A ic ae ‘Sullyoyo A AUTO A * ‘Yolo A UBOLIOWY * "YI A VUITOIRY * “IOAOTO-ysug Aarey * “IOAOTO-Ysng polomopy-Auvyy * ‘LaAOTN-ysug efdang ° ‘THOfetL-AOLL BS © “TLOJOLT-YOLT, POLLEN ‘tag Areoy ° ‘qsnoory Yov[gq * “JOTITOWAL OFT MA * “IaAO[)-doy{ IO MOTIOX ° ‘MOAOTO OFT M * “IDAOTO pey ° ‘TOAOTOD JOOF-TIQQVy * "xOQ-o[9VYy * ‘ourdwy] PIEAA ° ‘OMY Posuryy ° “JIOMMTEPL POLLOTLAA * ‘WOMATIA PO. “ry ‘srusnted “1 “Tynp_ ‘snsouea ‘snifyyeryT “Tquy ‘vuvollIemy ,. “qTV MA “BUBIUTLOLBD BIOTA. eon eh “TI ‘eq ay, 5 , aie Besa! ‘TAATIYG és s gh ee ‘IBA ‘BIOV[OLA BZapedserT oy ‘a ‘UUNPISLt < “Q-q ‘Wn.Oftpnu wntpoulse”d “slag ‘BURIULSILA vIsoIyday, “rT ‘erovovpnesd viuiqoy “Ulery ‘eq[e snyoTl[oW “ry ‘WUNTIBISe ¥ c-. ‘ rT ‘sueder x “rr ‘asueqyvad = “ry ‘aSueAIBe UINT[OJLLY, “ry ‘SITBIJISBS BLIB[TRIOID “ry ‘stuusred snuidwy : RSOULUINS AT “DIEM “epofroned =, “rT “ByBI[PA10A “ry ‘BoUINSUS Bl[VDATOG : waov[RoA[Og aks of | CATALOGUE OF PLANTS. ‘ALLoqdsvy -SULIOMO [i] ofan g “AMMOQMBIYD PILAA ‘TLoy ouburg woumog ‘[LoJ-onbuly poavoy-oalt y, oS.reryT . ‘ALLOGMBIZG WOLLVG * ‘SUOAW Ov AA ‘AUOWLIO WY UOULWLOD * ‘4ooy"y S§ UBULMOG “S1IBQ-OUINT ‘ATION SOUL PILAN “AION POU PIL “ALIOYO JABM(T “Wid PI PILM | ‘qsnoory-AoUOoTy ° ‘oaly-o0yfoy Ayonjuay ‘BIg VOPLIAV “euues PITM ‘oary-svupne ‘Spuq-poery ‘OSIpUT PTE “BOd TTA YJoows ‘qnu-vog SOFT ‘uved PIL ‘NU-punowTy ea Ser Ly er eed Bi cL Sy ' GreyAyA “VUVIULSILA BIIRORI YT " * “rT ‘SismepvuRy ms "+ + “rT ‘BOTSDAION BI[IIUSIOG “WB, ‘SSOPLOLBVIvA, BVIUTOISPTR AA, "sos ss “Teun ‘uINgTBe WNnes s+ os Grr ‘erojedugq BImowLsy "+ * “OUST ‘BIRITOFLY VIUaT[L

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SR ee “rpury ‘sneinze,, Ss “nMemyyeotmm: °° “°° 7 °° * + > SenqUstAey aA “7 ‘SIAR 55 5 "10]SV Surpreadg =o ak co i ee ee eT ed eee ‘ary ‘suoqed a A pies opamorommmge, “9 0S fe “ry ‘sny[Aydorvm —,, = Perea wey A oe he or “ary ‘snsoquLA1oo) 19]SV¥ = ‘Toiee Meddo erm Ane - “g9any ‘saproz{uo0o snd IBI0dLLAg £ | ‘JOOI-OYVUG OTA” | $e Bae ee Ae eat ee ese ‘soployRlese * 2 Dec arOenOINy LS “ry canyerpojaed es meaonk ietuinty, peMesq cor oT “rr ‘unemdaind wntwoyed ug eo" ee een peed ge “DITLAL “BSOLTBOS SLI] RIT s ‘peemuoly poumy’ «°° °° °° PTTL ‘SISUIDBIOGAAO N BIUOULO A - : ae ytIsoduloy aot ay; FY, 127 CATALOGUE OF PLANTS. ‘ouvdurvos,y WoMWOg "pPOI-UepTOK) Paave-oour'y ‘porl-uaplosy ATIBgy ‘pol-uap[OH JOoMEG ‘podl-UoplO4) POAvBaT- WT “por-ueploy ITB ‘pol-uepl[oxyy poavoT-Yonoy ‘pol-ueppor) AMoyg ‘por-uepfoy MOTIAX ArBvoyy ‘pot-uaploxy ATvoyy ‘por-usploxy ATBog “IOISV pop] Sliq-o[quoq ‘ouvqvo[,y Asteuq [eruuseseg ‘ouvqvey ASTe(y ‘ouvq vel] UOULWLOD ‘poe M-O8.L0 F] ‘IaJSy puvpsuq MONT * "oto Srp SqUNTUeTey BlNUT “ry ‘vyBlOooURy 3 ‘TT ‘sIstepvueg te ' Cary ‘sI[PRlouleu 3 1% ang eres ‘aw “BLOpO 3 ats “TYNL “Vrypoyruypn : : “ry ‘BUISsTy[V :; "ABVIND) P “AIO ], ‘ILoTOquaTYNL - ‘4qTy ‘ensue rs “es” Orn SaTas od. \ “ABIL) Y AO, “BOO Fou 3 (tA Saga hy BeOTOtES % qn ‘epnzequd = TT “visaro 9 * * SIOTOOUOD ABA ‘TT “IOTOOIG $ Sunes oer ‘LOTOOT x el 8 yt “Tyny ‘vsotreubs osepljog oy, ‘snjyeyequin snddedordiq e ‘TyNPL ‘susosiys y “sted ‘snnuue . “ry ‘snorydpeprply ' “ry ‘SisuepRURy UOLISLI “rT ‘all SUV -@AON 10ISV ae are 3 “poomaltyy ‘BUISLIIOAG POAVO[-ULBJULT * ‘SULSVLIOAG, WOULWLOZ ° “Asuvy, VOWLULOD “MOIIBK WOUWOD ‘pedM-9Z90UG ‘soTpooN ystuvdg ‘plOSUVy-lng 1e51v'T ‘syory-rvscog dueag ‘SyOl]-Iwsseq WOWULOY) E. W. CLAYPOLE. — ‘TOMO J-UNG poavol-Ysuoy, ‘IOMO] J -UNG poeproy-[[BUS REPORT OF PROGRESS. ‘IOMO[] OUOD PeAve[-Juy “IMQeTYooH UOTULOL) 128 EF”. “€suvy, dstg ° ‘Asteq of9-XQ ° ‘poom-Avyy UOULULOA) * ‘laMOTJ-UNg peTeyed-uay, * ‘ABIL ‘IOMO[ VUOD ATSIIG ° poy eee ‘POOMSVY POAVO[-POOMUTLIO MA * “pooMovy qvolt) ° Tuy VTPOFLOBAETY, SOITITPIOI ‘yooyy ‘vIpoyiuisvjurld viieuuejuy “xyor ‘unpeydooAjod wnipeydeuy hes *.<: NAIL TEA is ee PO ret SS rE OLB UA mL geOR UT 7+ Sure SoresTnaA WNUEYyUBONATT soto sss Sry SUMTTOFST[L BeT[IYOV . e Sam FR te al ‘BMqon BINIR]Y ros os os Sr SeTeUUINjNe WHEE ‘ry “eyeuurdiq —,, “xo, ‘SoplowmoeyyuRs ATO a ROS a Stee AT eo PA 5, a, Pp eee ee ey at ‘BsOpuody suoplq ‘ “ry ‘snyejedroep a “yey ‘sngusary .3 "5 + ry ‘sngvolrBArp ¥ ‘rT ‘snsownds suyjUeBlloy ‘Oy, ‘snpvydeoo1o1u suyyUeRI[OH . . . . sb *BYALY, 9 ie ed oe. 7s a i ‘B] BINT] BIYOIGpuy Hs oh eS UNI ae ‘ . . . . oer ‘BITOJIISLWMA 1.18 $9 ~ ad e . . . . ° . ae ‘epylly BISOIGULYy —a eee 8 A Niet F*. 129 CATALOGUE OF PLANTS. i i i iii | oe” a oe a == ‘erpoqorT poyidg : ‘OOORVQCOT, UBTPUT “BIPOQO'TT OUT MA FVAL “BITOQOTT RA.Lp) “LOMO HY -TRUTPABO ‘90N}19'T PIEM ‘uoTepuRG, WOWUOD ‘{OOL-OYVUSOTIIVI, OLY AA TRL “JOOd-OYVUSOTIIVY, OILY AA, ‘POOMYMLTT PopOUVg "pooM-OBUSITIIVIT “pooOMYMVTT YSONOYy “uoTopuLRG, JAVA “pooping WwoUuLWOD ‘OLSIL, aNySVg ‘opstyy, dure, OUST TL ‘Q[ISTIT, WOUUIOD ‘poom-mMenbg “UlBjULLg URIpUT aVq ‘Bq[B “IBA “wer ‘eyeords 3 ea i tw Y b 99 “TT ‘vonryiydss __,, “ry ‘stpeurpareo VIpTEqory BIOVIOQor] eet tga “IVA “TT ‘SISUOPLVULD vonqoLT] heat ‘StUOe[-SUEP WNMOVXBALY, ‘yOOP] ‘SUUUISSTITR 4 7 + “yooR ‘suqye snpequyy “ry ‘ungyepnorued “ry ‘ulMsoueA . “XO SWMAGvos UUNTORIOTTT “PILEAA SBOTULSIT A BLOLLYy 19 ‘Iva ‘UOT ‘stpeupyo veddeuy * ‘Suetdg ‘vunyrund ‘- * “xyouA ‘anon re ‘Suoidg ‘WN WISSTIyTe ¥ * “suetdg ‘1opoostp re “doog ‘uingRpoeoUR] WMNISATD ss “rT ‘sttame OTEUag STE SerpopLorpd1aye BlpBouy awl om 130 E’. E. W. CLAYPOLE. REPORT OF PROGRESS. eos es al . pL a ghee ae Nae M Ree ode ae ‘U99IS-IOJUL AA “OUT §,e0UN © ‘BlOIAG Peprts-ougd * ‘BlOIA PolaMOPf-Waelyy ° ‘Jeol uly © ‘[QINVT YVoly ° “IOQMOT,] Lo}XULg ‘VI[VzZy aiding ° ‘jeqIney UrByUnOPL * ‘epeuloIpuy ° "MEdISIOUI AA SuIdeaID * ; “IOMOT A -AVIL | ‘Artaqon[q-Aduvwmg 10 UOULULOLZ) © “areqon[qd Moy ° ‘kareqontqd javaq * “Kqreqsoy ‘Aateqioee(] * ‘ALIOqIT OUP, Youl_ ° ‘Aqeqeyyouy eur” * ‘r1eqoT yon F{-xXog ~° “SSBLp)- -SUTYOOT SnudA * ‘TOMOPTLPM ITRL “IOMOPT[PG YSIVPL * + “using “eyepnovul - "oss gan yy Seqerpequin vprydeuiyy) te 8): Oe Tes ua | ‘epunoes 5 - ° “aremg ‘eqqUuBIO[yo 4. . 7 + qnyy Svoudiyye vpordg “ry WUNUIxXBU WOIpuspopoyy ‘+ + Grp SBIOYIPNU Be[VZV eat ieee Laer oa ‘BILOJIV] VIC CTynp, ‘BULIysnSi, vpewoipuy soos Gry Ssuaquinoodd BLIoty[NeL) rth hea Ae © “ry ‘suodor vactdy “ry ‘cunsoqw A100 pe “ * + “apurpog ‘suv[[lova ms “mey ‘uunomvalAsuueg i “ry “WUNOUTUBIS WUNTUTOO® A ‘KBIN) DY “MOT, “BSOUTSAL Zs ga: HY “doy, “Vsopuoay os “XYOI, ‘eteokyourq vrlovssn[Ary) : RIVOLI Cod “W ‘eyetpojzed viepnoeds Ory ‘BUROLlouly = “using ‘seproutredy vpnuedarey : RoovpnuvduUley “UleT [UP Meee te tem he he eae T ‘BlIeyy eq ug ee MEU Ra > Mangdeny tanosueie A | : RoovLVN dog 7 JOO1-ra0uv) “yoor-menbg © °° °° + + + + “qyoaTTe AA “eURoleUly stpoydouoy ae : : RoVTpOURYOI_ Teo rey COUOLy 28 OE SRR en oe On Serepaten ST[[vovuy ‘OJLIJSOSOOTT pesutty Meer ea Sa eee en sap bly ct bo VAR tte? Oe “ey eI] IO ‘OF LTIBONOOT/Poawe[InO "Ft ts Ger Seromipend a OUISGROGSy PiaipE 8 Eis en se Sen ipa vItToVultsAry TOMOBPABIS TC Lt tt Spsaing ‘euvolewy siyequerty, “IMAQ Suyooyg BG CORN Mai tea eo ie, ae | “eIprayy wosy woo po(y > VoOVNULL = FE’ 131 ’ _. et ey 7. wef ‘UIvIULT Axeojy] TG ers Sarat Ro ike bg) ad Zo pele a) “WOTULDL A, a urEjueTd Ystpouy ‘sseisqry ttt tt tt Grp Seqefooouey 4 TUES (et ONCE Oye Yes EON aa Re fe ttm Ut tee hee ‘rofeur peered : ROOVULILIULBL | “UOUISIOG UOMULO) * © ot tt tt tts Se SeueruTsirA sorfdsorq 2 3 : BOOVUIGA 8 c. ‘£ITOGIOYUL MA yyoourg Mie Se BOM. ets ahalt’, “ores Wa em Tee Oho ey Gimbrah shake eral te ak es ‘AB ‘RIBOTAOL] 3 e a ; ase T aie Pea MOBTED pT eM pater oe tees #. eg ‘RIVI[LOIAOA XT] - ‘ 4 . } | : eooRTpoyINbDy a ee. MOOMp Wace, Deu PG RsaUT Tt t ttt tte 8 Srp pharaohs ty a eee = # | Ph GS Ss hte GRE ES \40)) | th a “ry ‘uroytun edorouoy, A. CATALOGUE ‘OF PLANTS. * — ae tay F ae 1c? % a 4 AYPOL 7 i A wus ‘qBOT M-MOD i. ‘ , Sa, Oi cha th . ‘ E. W. CL ‘BIPIVIOY POABOT-IND ‘QAOTOXO, OS[RY YIoourg ake ‘ ae - A. ) i * ‘BIPIvIOH) Iapue|s ‘TJampaedg poavoy- owAT I, ‘Tjampoodg uwowUloy ‘IaMOT-LOYUOP POUL AA, iamoy-Aoeyuoyy, poututeys-orenbg REPORT OF PROGRESS. “pee -ofAny, 132 F’. “ULBAIO A OJIN AA * ‘UIBALO A ONT ° “MOTIEMA LOTT AA ‘GIOMOSNOT UOULUOS) * * “OAOTOXO,T O8[B YY AuUMO(T * ‘OUT YOOI UBOLIOWLYy * ‘joutod utd ose * ‘OnSUO0}-palved ° ‘VIOMST ‘S550 puv doyyug ‘xvp-peoy, * at" . , - ‘ry ‘osuepeurg wnaondy, : BYVIQV'T “Ty “eyoyfoyin —,, “ry ‘eyvysvy Bueq.e A BIOBUIG.LI A “ry ‘eUuBOLIOWY Bleue] : BIVBYIJUBI VY + “XO ‘unuvoweury wukduepeyy “ry ‘SISUdpVvUBY SLIB[NOTped era ies ‘eLrepnotped ” - "snag ‘epoyrorenb ~~ ,, PC gt oer he ee “‘kpyaed esi § ‘BAVTT ) “TYyVA ‘BITOJINUe, VIpPIe.ley) "+ Cry “eroyy[Adtes i, le ee ek ig § ‘SITBULO YO nf Sct od chal ha ‘BVUBOLIGULY BOTUOI8 A. “Wquegq ped aS soyuBssy] eee “a ‘snyy[e,, “ry ‘SUASULL SUNT sa a fed ha es barcdicns ig Eee | So ete Laat “ry “BIqe[s aUOTEYO “ry ‘esopou viiepnydoiog “TTT ‘SIROTA BIIVUlyT ia ~ * YY A AO I aR yy oP ee ¥F’ 133 CATALOGUE OF PLANTS. oT} 10 N-OSpeH] PSOnoy ‘O[MeN-dwey, WoULULOD ‘punoyatoy, UOULWLOD ‘Ceo[pnyg Sop-prypy -deorpusyg A.reoyy ‘dvoynyg Aareyy ‘dvoqnyg AUMOCT ‘[vaY-JJOQ WOULWLOD ‘AAT punods ‘dimujeyg “error, Aareyy “W[BQ-OS.LO FT ‘jeAotsuUdg UBOLIOW VY ‘ued UOWULOD “THSBeL “QUITU-ULBJUNOPY PoAVoT-9oUVry ‘quiu-urequnoyy Areoyy “AULIILCT UOULULOD “‘punoYoIOTT 19}V AA JOT PeTtoy MM ‘yurutodda gq ‘quiunreedg ‘spIno-on[ ‘etodse ‘ava ‘ry ‘stasnped sXyouje "+ “rr “yeas, stsdoaey oS Se eRe Pee WN IGUlle A] " “rT “BIOT110} BP] ui * Sry “eITO}LISe4y UT 4 “xo ‘esopid” ,, * “AUNT ‘SUBDSEUBO VITLT[AJNIG “ry ‘SLIBSTNA viounAg “"qued ‘BuMoyoopy * “ry ‘vtanyeg vyodon So “Sey “eqeryto error, ' “rr ‘SiIstepvuRryg viuosul[ [on ‘S20 q ‘Sseploroa [ud vuloapey] “rT ‘SIPVUlOyjO BSSTTeyW * “tqueg ‘unrpodourp vygurueyepg : ela: ‘WUNQRpOVOULT WNW JUBUDA J Serr ‘UNUBOUL WNULOYJUBUIA J "se 8 “rr “Busey BiImny ‘+ “rr ‘sneedorgy sndoodry eo: 0, , Blanes rt | *BATTRS - Mg rcamlg Waar 151s Sle 7° Ory STPLUILA vyUe py “ry TUNULOJOYOTp VULEISOYOLL, E. W. CLAYPOLE. REPORT OF PROGRESS. 134 F’. (ly rcoielle “ip on ann oe ee aa hee ae Yk he ay ane i eeclite) punory suey — OpVYS}YSTIN WOULD ‘Iappoq womu1log ° ‘poompulg aopey ‘xoldd Surprardg - ‘Loppvry § .qoovr MoT * ‘BITOOVY PotOMOP-[[VUg ° “SISTA * "JUOT-IOYV-AA UBIULSITA ° ‘O0r'T S AVs.coq | “£oIyULON PIL ‘{[OMULO.LY) UOULULOD ‘AoIFULON) WOULULOL) ‘poom-ontg ° ‘JIOMIOY JOP WOULULOD ‘anSUO0}-S PUNOP UOWULOD * ‘JOUIWJISIOY INA, [VU * ‘uoooong Arwoy * tel oe et tee PRBOOSER SIPURA UT LR een ee ONT ULUSOR | : BIOVULIOG SAR vee ee te oe “DITELAA ‘TTAOUOLY) eynosny) soe ee 4 rer ar “GInIdes BIdO}SA TEN 3 : BIOV[NA[OAUOD pelea Moerea ee Wee ee MTBOLIRA TTS SOT em "ss sos Sry ‘suejder UNIUOUIE[Og | : BIIVIUOW[Og ss soy + * &rgin gd ‘eiograried Bijeowyg mete oe ei est Mer waraigA kr BIST VE "sos Grr SMoTUTsaTA wnqpAqdoap Ay : woovl[AydoupAy vr Sey cr OSLIOny ” Re 30 8 le bre SOTTO A % * + + Gry SoTBULTOYyO tanssopsoudsy ext] IVA SULIOYILAA ‘StusupedsyosoAy ie Se Ack amt “ry ‘oTeuLloyyo wnutedsoyyry “ry ‘apeuryyo wunjAydursg rose ee 8s Gry Qiv8ma UNTYO : BOOBULOBLIOG ross ee 6 + + Gry SBoRIpIBO snanUOET >, EF" 135 PeeMeyOg, UMOUO Dy. 2S ee et “BID UBOOP. BOOB;OJAU FT 2 : eoovo0KpoI AY | | MOMUbE sie poe Bt te Eek > re Sone) UlTLEeS y | “1 BOOVIOOTOISILY MSY ele i, dOCHOUIC A a") se seit rs. Serr Serr ond tres Be : 7 Bro MN Pek oe het cy cat CORSE ee UL Le on oe ‘ ES imeem 8 fe tht ks ee SLIGO UA BOULLARL ¥ 4 ? > BIOvoI[O F xt “pooMIATT oSuri¢d ae i Ee ap Oe a ae eg ‘egoroqny 3 4 Fy ‘POOMHTIP, PeABeT-AABVAA °° «°° * * 8 8 8 * SxYorp ‘eTfoyIsnjqo —,, ) ‘ 3 “PpoOM YL duivag ISAS Sb ae ear ee eT cd “ey BUvoUL fe 7 4 “‘peoM YL POAvOT-INO WT Boe paw oF eee AMS. Bal Shs “bower ‘vIpoytapenb 4 ‘a s S ‘peOMYI, UOMMOD - °° °°: ** °* * * ‘ousreoeg ‘YynuU100 suIdepsy 4 Y p : Boouprideposy a Be S ‘euvqsog suipvaidg - °° °° + * +) Srp SuantpoyTueesorpue =winudoody B. a : woovudA00d y a 2 Pee nh cm eee eS eet eae ROTULSITA BIIvTOO 23, a ‘uvuey pesojg °° °° °° \7 °° * * ' Sqestty ‘TIsmelpuy Bueyues 7 a ‘Arnequey uvoweury pejsuy °° °° 7 tt SYsaing ‘slvpusue veyeqqeg * — | : BOOVULI UAL Sado t UOUmLOO ft tt 8 er “Om TOURS "BINg ey aa i Rs ‘eulA-AUOULMey oe tt tt 8 tt Syeung ‘ere’ina moody — y . i. ie, sane a Pee e *”® * it} _ * i) eee eS ne a Bie eo i een sab eee eee eat en ee “ann ‘eyB[jequIn BIPUBILOs) 3 | , : BIIV[BJUBY : ; ‘Tatg-oordg *«.° esos vos) ss 2 eo Gaus “UIOmeg Glepury EITGesEg et fo OR RRs ot Ss POON “OTEULOIDO SBITBeseR 3 ~) : BOOBINE'T ii "[OLIOg desys “Cee (ee ea a par eee aU tes(6 a) mi ees ae er ‘pl[eso}e0R = ae SUS CNTs aia ie gece © is he cry ‘SNITOJISNIGO i 2 © "yoo pepang ee SEE Pat) ae ele wie met ce ee ine. ale we ‘sndsito xouny oF ‘qeoymyong osjeq suiquiijg °° °° °° 8 8 8 tt * S4y ‘untoyeuUNp sis ; Bj ‘Gurtiini-ee) DoAbe|-MOtIy (°°, 8 8 ot oo ry Omg Bag es 2: oem-100G) eseincso0y) Sealelomy — "fot tt tet bt SE CeIeMorae 2 g Welded mie detuLodl A. tt Cry ‘UINUBIULSIT A, * 4 = “paaMJ ABU TOR MA Seen sie Aan <> tore’ rigs be Salk Se “xy gees) ‘910R + ‘ S ‘redded-10j@ 44 10 poomyivulg uoMMIO0D © *° + tO Sry ‘xodtdospség rs a ‘quinyy-s Apery ‘VLAD Any i iaee tin ete aCe en eer Tana ry ‘eLieorsied a z 5 ‘unuosAjog perojoo-yse,q °° °° 8 OS EEG “uanyeureour 3 gS ‘oyjeeag Seoug ° °° °° °° 8 tt og ‘opequero unuossjog+ oe. S : RaoVUOSATOG ‘4001-pay ‘YjUeIeUTW Wee °° 7 Tt SY ‘snxepoijer snjyuBleuly : ROOVIUBIVULY e ‘Deemed DeAvo| taj naueLly tet tt ttt rE Soamoiqin = ea eee cious med So Sry Sony wnutpodousyg = : moovrpodoueyg SS Te MOE anmmory ey ket yes ete Yon a Gare ehehiT sTueen Pe ‘dwioyy PEE Sie Sai a ae ee Se Ud ‘BAT]US sIquuuny ; Eee ry er et “TOW ‘RolUvA[ASUUO VILLI ‘PUGMaesT yy “pee myoryy. Tk Re ie eermand dors OMeR BUONT St ‘pueyorpnes Be igi tat vo .todery "OMiokemattore 7 Ft kN eas Sieg oe cbt Bola] ‘ALIOG IN, Li) I OS ae ee ee Pes Ory ‘qe a “ALLO [ NIA poy We RLGTC Te ete sarod | Ve cer Raf Wr Shay fem we alate hee 8 Boi | ‘eBaIqua SLOW ‘KaTqypouy Ag ef RP ae eee a ra et ry ‘ST[U] UA P1990 Sue) OT GU reamory tT 1 OU ese treORl ISAC TU A, UCU OME yes FOS Sh SERS Se a eeOREET TH Pern wouleuane © 1 SS Nt ss ts hs es Seen T On nity | : BOOvVIYA] £ ‘esindg peavef-pomgooy, - ° «°° tt tt tt) KYO “eyeyUEp ‘ — ‘esindg kmoyg er ag ae a ea et ee Dae Ls “B]RT[O.LO9 Ad P. i. ‘CAINS MOM |e aOL ie 2 POP Fs 8s Mer en omomedte is | y = _esindg peyjodg * * * ts tt tt ts + Srp “eyernoeur viqaoydng ss : woovrqroyd ng ; ‘QIOMIRIG TVBAA tt Sasang SeTTAydosojzoy, OTOL Teo a VoovVypouUI [VO af (om TEC ian HR e had: = ics | | | : BOOMING I’. 137 CATALOGUE OF PLANTS. vival EX was ae aD pe se ~ eye Pag eee ae Ree ee. pet ire ie a aepunaree peaceare ‘InU-9|ZBET peyvogd ‘qnu-[ozeH PILM ‘qoved UvoLIoWy ‘qnuysey "yVOQ sul 10 ysturdg ‘duvag “MeO Pea. “YVO JOTIBOG : | “yVQ qnaog Youlg 10 Ive E. W. CLAYPOLE. yeo-ng "20 OFT AA ‘KIO, poqtuay-[Vug ‘AIOYOIH YIvq-svyg Io yawq-[[PUs REPORT OF PROGRESS. *JnULIIJN 138 F”. ~ “CO Yved ” "yBVO-juuyseyM ° “yeVO 4SOd * “AIOMOTEL WAVOT-OFIT AA ‘qnuye AA WORT © ‘aLOWUBOAG IO OULTA UBOLIOUTY * "+ SpTTEA worutsat A B&I9SO oa ele “ay ‘BI BIISOL a “UBM “BUvoLIeUy sn[sIo) “ary ‘voUTSnIley SNSR ‘+ Sry ‘BOSeA BOURSES) “roy uq ‘siysnped Se —- “ry “Biqua ” ‘BI10JOUT} “IBA cg te - “Suv Ay ‘veuto000 = “BuUBAA “VITOFLONL ss at pzic or ‘snuid 33 “xyorpy ‘edreoo10vUl - s Big) sh ds la os “ry ‘eqie snorenet) :eteytndnyg “any ‘esoquewo} —,, ‘aan “edavooror —,, “qn ‘eqre BATE aif | ‘BISTU a Cry ‘eateulo suvpony’ : goovpurlsusl Cry ‘stpRJUeptooo snUvye[ : BOOVULILE | > fala) re Fy, yi a Zi < _ " = . fx . fo) ia 3 3 = q g ‘ i ee ” < A >) ‘diuimy, werpuy TEPa) Dost ‘VILA OGIy UvoTIOWy ‘oonudg YyoorTueyy ‘eonddg a[qno(y 10 ypurg ‘ould qnaog ‘OUld_ OFT MA Sule: Got “poom-0}409 ‘uodsy uvoLlowy “MOTITM OFT MA * “MOTILAA ABU JIBM CT ‘eply ArvoH 10 popyoodg ‘YOU pay tO IOATY ‘YOU oy AA uUvoLwoury ‘WII Youpq 10 yoomg UIA] JOOME ‘MUBEqUIOT] UvoLeMy “1107, ‘wuniTAYydi1y vulevsiry > BOOVLY “ry ‘euUBIULoITA sudediune ‘rT ‘siqejueplooo VIN, x “XY, ‘sIsuepvury —,, “TOg ‘Blslu Selq Vy SOUT "55 ‘TT (sngqeais 55 ‘IOP ‘Vplolt snutd VIIJIUOD ‘q1y ‘BdlopI[IUOUL Ga aint 2 srerauled snjndog ‘ <4 “BQTBR 45 “qry ‘STISIt} XI[Vg oe : BOWOTLLY _ “DTITLAA, “vueour snuly 7 oe arte MESSE. sey dn ‘toudg “aqloutradod tea ‘gqTe’ 5; L e or ‘eye, vpNyog b, : Boovpnjog a “ary “Brfoptuapdse vruojd wo B. : BOOVOLLA J “xo, ‘vuvoniemy snurdavy etc er ee S oo ~ 5 << co< F) ‘ y che a ae Shs aeei”= , eh as 2 ee al o li oe > Ae ae . ‘evry pofo-onig ee ‘SLIT JUBA] iz ‘SRL ONT locrVvr] — ‘Sassery, SeTpeT Iepusl[g ‘SOSSOL], SOTPVTT POABOT-SSB.LD) ‘UILIULT -OYVUsa[IVY, ‘sIporQ-posutg ofdin ‘pvoy-MOLLY “UIBIUL[ 1078 MA REPORT OF PROGRESS. ‘poom you [Bug "qnyo-Wep[o) ‘oseqqey YUNYS ‘100I-WOSVA(T 140 ¥”. a -roddyg s Apery ojding * | s -roddiyg 8 ApeyT-MOT[A A JOT[VUS * ie ‘apelqAeay, ° eS “eIUOSed PoLtoy MA - a ‘sossol], SOIpvry SUIPPON * ‘SIPOIQ-posully MOTOR * Reghowne 5 ORE. UINTTOULLASI ; fait eS ee oe 8 3 ‘PILIOA A 4. “ry ‘LO[OOISIAA STI] : BoOBpHy] * Cary SaynBoe rr ““QSI[Vs ‘uunroptared wn tpedid sg ‘paVYOIYy, “VIPOJMT, served ry “nN “B)BI[loNdea vos ‘MOTASIG, ‘SI[LoVls is Se M dea ‘Tpury “vauruTe.ts 7? ‘pavyory “wnuteo soqjuvadg “ag “yy ‘sueoseqnd vlad Poors) - + + + ‘feng ‘sepoyosd Xe “Ig ‘y ‘SMevr[lo vlIIBMoqey : BoVpUpO “CUpOSUGT ‘STIQVLIVA VIILIILOVS ‘TUNUBOLIOULY IVA TT ‘osequeld BVuUsITy : RIOVUSILY “ry “IOUTUL BUILT : BoOVUUA'T Or ‘tUnoeNbe WN WOO - “QqstpVg ‘snplywy sndavoojdursg ‘WoYoR ‘MINTUOOBIp VUIOVSTIY F’. 141 CATALOGUE OF PLANTS. “MOTA[TIO-JO-1vqJG ‘JOTOLA YOO, 8 .Soq “ATIT MOTIAX PIL ‘ATIT pey-osuvtog PITA ‘snovirdsy ueparey "[B9Q S UOMMOTOY 4RaLD [vag 8 UOWO]Og JoTfeUg "[B9G 8 UOWMLO[OY es[Ry PoAveT-OM, ‘pavuexyidg es[eiq ‘"GIOMT[OG POABOT-OTISSAQ ‘GIOMI[IO OF VI[OJLOT We § (Ao, ‘OLOQOT[PH] OY AA WeoLoULy ‘4OOI-LoquInonyg UBIpUy ‘IOMOTY WOLLIBO “ToLIqueaty Yoowg “LOLIQ USL) WOULULOD "OOI-WR K PIL ‘[Trpoped “ry ‘wnye[pequin wiNn,TVsSoy WIG ‘YJIUg ‘WnuUBOLIEUy wntuoYy AI “rT ‘osuopBueyn -—,, TT ‘wnorydjopepryg wnryry ' “ry ‘sivvulyyo snsviedsy4 ¢ “YOLIolq ‘uINe]UBSIS = “TW “Wnoyiq wunjeuosaA[og “Toy “BIOHIQ: sy, “Jsaq_ ‘VSOULONBI BULOLTIWUG “ry ‘BIfojTyIsses * “ry ‘eqyetpoyaed BLetepna sy) ‘MUNIN, WULITpeuUevyy “qry ‘OplIlA WUT} BLo A “ry “BOLULGUIL A “BlOOpey] > BOOVLVT "Sry ‘wooeqiey =, “1B AA. “BONYIS..-,, “ry “BlpojIpunjor XvypTUIg > BIOVTLUUG “rT “BSOT[LA BaLOOSOL(T : BIIVIOOSOL(T * ‘snsstorvuopnoesd Ssnssto1e Ny : voovplpArBuy i 7 et es on Bs 1 = POWs . 5 +, > v, BE. W. CLAYPOLE. REPORT OF PROGRESS. 142 FE’. “-sseug-aredg mory “SSBIK) PIVTPIIO ‘SSBL-OINIG ‘ssBLy JUEg SII MA ‘doy-ped ‘AYJOWLY, * "'SSBIX) OVI ‘YsnaNg JValy ° ‘sseixy pofo-MOTIOX ‘VIOM-LOPIdg WOULWLOL) ‘YSny-poo M ‘Aqvy-Avq wowmoy ‘yqupeAy odery OTe) PIS © "SOATTO “UOTUD PITM. ‘yyupeAH PILM . . eecs Pisce ae aney d os ~ Gry ‘esseidu100 ,, “ry “enuue Bog ' Or ‘eyereuLo[s sT[Ajovd “stag ‘uo[Ajyoup wopousy . 6 ‘eq[e ‘BOIULSIL A. b> ieee “WILMA ‘Stres[nA sOIsy “ry ‘esuoqvad wne[y BISON] : BOULUIBIL) ' “TyBA ‘snprpea sudipg : woovted AO “mdeyy “Tun ‘esonxey suAX : RooBpluAKy " Sry “BOTULSITA BIJUBOSOPBLY, : RoovuA[PULULOZ) g “ry ‘o[BoOULA * “ry tansBIdoudtpg “OY “oq ‘stysedwuvo vpnzwy : Boovoun se “rT ‘BATNE ST[[voo.1emey + “TI ‘seprodajoq Meosnyy + 29 39 Tunnuled WILY ‘TLIASBIyL BL[LIG an) ; bi TROT OAS TRIS PW. 2) 21 legac ae GL 9 7 . 4 : 5. 150 F’. REPORT OF PROGRESS. FE. W. CLAYPOLE. strata are here so disturbed, that a slight dislocation may exist. Evidently there are here beds indicating a gradual transition from the Lower Helderberg limestone to the Oris- kany sandstone. Similar beds may be found in the west of Tuscarora township. The Oriskany sandstone. No good exposure of this sandstone occurs in the town- ship, but its presence is plainly indicated in places all round the outcrop of the limestone. It is coarse in texture, being a conglomerate of fine white quartz pebbles as at many other places in the county. A reef of this rock here crosses the river and helps to form the rapid. The Marcellus and Hamilton lower shale. An outcrop of the Marcellus black shale is said, in the report of the first survey, to exist at Half Falls mountain. I have seen no natural exposures of it, but it has been dug into in the woods near the lime quarry. | The Hamilton sandstone and upper shale. Along the southern line of the township the Hamilton sandstone makes a long line of outcrop in Half Falls mount- ain, a high bold wooded ridge extending from the Juniata to the Susquehanna and forming a continuation, geologi- cally speaking, of Buffalo hills, Limestone ridge, Mahanoy ridge, and Dick’s hill, the latter thrown up by the Perry eounty fault. All these four ranges converge and meet at different points along the line of this township between the rivers, and finally die out at the Susquehanna. The influ- ence of their hard sandstones may, however, be seen in the bend of the river to the eastward, about Girty’s notch, where they project into its channel. This eastward or southeast- ward course is continued until the river strikes the Catskill and Pocono sandstone of Peters mountain, when it turns again to the southwest, and at length finds, or rather has made for itself a passage at Duncannon. Near the east end of Half Falls mountain is the place so well known, locally, as Girty’s notch, the home, or rather 1. BUFFALO TOWNSHIP. F’, 151 abode, of Simon Girty, an outlaw who figured largely in the early history of this part of the State about the middle of the last century. The cave is still shown in which Simon is said to have dwelt, and an hotel now bears hisname. Ac- cording to the common account, Girty was banished from society for his vices, and lived mostly with the Indians. The situation of the place gave great facility for command- ing the navigation of the river, because at low water the only passage-way for boats lies under the end of the mount- ain, the ledges of rock forming a rapid across most of the channel. | A quarry has recently been opened at the notch on land belonging to the Messrs. McCormick in the upper beds of the Hamilton sandstone, anda great quantity of stone taken out for the building of the new railroad bridge at Shamokin. The quarry is well situated and capable of yielding an in- exhaustible supply of stone. The uppermost layers are soft but are easily removed, and then several beds of solid sand- stone, some of them slightly conglomeratic, are met with. They vary from one to three feet in thicknes, and dip ata very slight angle, abont 10°, to the south. An inclined plane with railway runs from the quarry to the canal side, where a derrick has been erected for loading the stone. An- other quarry has been open for some years about a mile from this one, for an account of which see the report on Watts township. No outcrop of the upper shale has been.seen in this town- ship, but it must certainly exist, as it is found just over the line in Watts township, and there abounds in its character- istic fossils. The Chemung group. The olive gray shales and sandstones of this group cross the township from east to west, and are fairly well exhibited at the Juniata river section. The harder upper beds con- stitute Middle Bucks Valley ridge, which is really only a continuation of Middle ridge in Centre and Oliver town- ships, the two parts being sundered by the Juniata. The river has in fact made three gaps across the line of outcrop : _ » s rs Se a i ae 152 F’. REPORT OF PROGRESS. KE. W. CLAYPOLE. of these shales, cutting it into four parts, one of which is in Juniata or Oliver townships, another in Howe, a third in Miller, and a fourth in Buffalo. The rocks here present the same rounded surface and comparatively poor soil that characterize their outcrop in other parts of the county. The Catskill group. The red rocks of this group crop out in a line across the township from the Susquehanna to the Juniata. But they present no feature calling for special mention. They lie | between the south slope of Berry mountain and Middle Bucks Valley ridge. The Pocono sandstone. The southern outcrop of the Pocono sandstone in Berry mountain divides Buffalo township into two parts, one of which consists of what we may call the Northern cove of Perry county, and the other of the wide and ridgy Bucks valley. Each division includes its bounding mountain walls. An account of this southern outcrop of the sandstone will be sufficient, as the northern outcrop shows no difference. The Pocono sandstone is here about 2000 feet thick, and its solid, hard beds rise at an angle of about 65° to the south, dipping northward under the red shale of the cove to rise again in Buffalo mountain three miles or less further north. This is the same sandstone as that of the Southern cove, and like it underlies the true coal measures, but at a dis- tance below them of nearly 2000 feet. It very closely re- sembles the sandstone immediately underlying these meas- ures, and has often been mistaken for it by miners unac- quainted with geology. It also contains at least one seam of coal and probably more; sufficient to entice such men into spending money and labor, but not sufficient to reward them. The coal beds in the Pocono sandstone are a mere will-o’-the-wisp, luring on the miners yard after yard into the solid hills, and finally disappearing when just within their grasp. | Many a chapter might be written on the disappointment 1. BUFFALO TOWNSHIP. FE’, 158 and loss incurred by men who either through ignorance or through obstinacy persist in thus exploring *‘ the bowels of the earth’’ for treasures that do not exist. None are so groundlessly hopeful as those who are in quest of ‘‘min- eral,’ be it coal or ore. ‘The treasure is always a few yards beyond them. The seam or vein is always going to thicken. The quality will improve as they go farther or deeper. Men who in all other respects are rational seem to lose their rea- son when they set out on the search for ore. Few of them will take advice. They know there is something in the hill. If not, ‘‘ What is it good for?”’ say they. There zs some- thing inevery hill. Millions of tons of sandstone or shale or limestone, but not necessarily ore or coal. From a miner’s point of view many hills and mountains, many whole ranges, are good for nothing. In spite of his confident as- sertion, the geologist can often tell him before he begins to dig that he will find nothing to repay his labor. But he will seldom listen. He goes on and adds another to the al- ready long list of foolish undertakings and failures that townsbip in Pennsylvania. Had the money thus sunk been wisely expended we might now possess a good topographical and geological map of the whole State. Money enough has been spent in several townships in Perry county to pay for complete surveys. , The Coals of Buffalo township. Some years ago a drift was run into the end of Berry mountain, in the face of the gap, by some persons from Baltimore in the hope of finding coal. The drift was car. ried about 300 feet into the hill and at its farther end the coal seam is said to be three feet thick. Two openings were made, one a little higher and a little farther north than the other. How far the northern level was carried I could not learn. Some of the sandstone forming the roof has fallen and more is loose. Entrance is therefore hazardous. A section at the mouth of the tunnel reads as follows (See Page Plate VIII, page 92, Fig. 2): may be found in the history of almost every county and © 154 F’. REPORT OF PROGRESS. E. W. CLAYPOLE. ¢; Bandatone; i's S12 Pathe let tat he ratte arercel- hea! ate bee _ h. Thin yellow sandstone, (8 inches,)..........-. at g. Coal, (1 inch, ) i es ia. ewe, ae iy jf. Thin, smooth, soft, green shale, (6 inches,)...... ; 6" e. Slaty coal, soft, (1 inel;). ot Fea Sa a’ d. Red, rabbly-ehale, ~..shcca0 bel eee eae ee: aa She _— é. Green, tibbly shale.) 23/45. aie 5 mean ae o. $e wy 6. ‘Thin coal seam, “(TImn0h yo So 2 sea ee oe a ae ” a. Green, smooth, sandy shale with yellow ochre and plants. No coal of marketable quality was obtained from this opening. It is soft, and has white shale seams or flakes in it. Iwas informed that it was equally soft at the end of the level. On the left side, at the entrance, is a bed full of plant re- mains, but they are injured by compression and slaty cleav- age. After working for more than two hours, I failed to get a single piece that I could recognize with certainty. There was little to be obtained, except the long-wrinkled or rib- bed grass-like impressions, probably the leaves of a large Calamites. In the wall of the tunnel is an impression of a Calamite, about three feet long and six inches in thickness or rather. breadth, and another of smaller size is below it. A third I extricated in part from the sandstone wall of the northern opening. These were probably the stems from which the enormous quantity of leaves that are found in the same beds have fallen. They resemble Calamites trans- itionis, (Goep.,) but are not in condition for identification. Strongly-ribbed (with only one rib in the middle) casts are common here, which may be small stems or even leaves. In the bed marked / is a heavy black ferruginous con- glomerate, with pebbles (concretions?) of red and yellow ochre, and others of a hard sandy clay stone. It is a lean iron ore, but of no value. There is no evidence of the growth of these plants on the spot where their remains occur. No traces of roots of any kind appeared. From their position in the shale, from their broken and comminuted condition, it seems certain that they were drifted to the spot and buried. The growth must have been monotonous, consisting almost wholly of one species, 1. BUFFALO TOWNSHIP. F’, 155 There is no trace of a fire-clay either above or below the coal seams. The coal is soft, and crumbles to powder between the fingers. No great quantity appears to have been taken out. No one seems to know much about it, and all the spoil has been removed and used for embanking the canal. A few feet below (south of) the coal is a mass of yellow ochreous shales, 8 or 10 feet thick. The position of this coal is about the middle of the Po- cono sandstone, and corresponds in a general way to a por- tion of the group of coal measures cut by the railroad tun- nel through Sideling hill in Huntingdon county, described in Report F, page 209, 1878. Had the money been spent in running a tunnel into the hill across the strata, much might have been learned of their contents. = FAERRETS Cap Imniles. 2. CARROLL TOWNSHIP. B, b37 2. Carroll township. Carroll is one of the large townships in the county. Itis bounded on the north by Centre and on the east by Wheat- field, Penn, and Rye. The crest of the Blue or Kittatinny mountain is its. limit on the south and on the west a small stream, Richland run, rising in Centre and flowing south to Sherman’s creek, then for a short distance Sherman’s creek itself, and further on an imaginary north-south line to the Blue mountains separate it from Spring township. It is not mountainous, the greater part of its surface lying in the great undulating plain contained between Pisgah hill and Little mountain. The northern part of the township, how- ever, is occupied by the range called Pisgah hill, and the southern part by the more rngged Little mountain and Blue mountain, between which latter les the long and narrow Polecat valley. Its length and breadth vary much in dif- ferent places, but may be set down approximately as 8 miles and 7 miles respectively, giving an area of rather more than 50 square miles. The chief draining stream of this township is Sherman’s creek, which traverses it from west to east almost in the middle. Its course is very sinuous, and its basin includes, with very small exception, the whole of the township, the waters from south and north meeting in its channel. Sherman’s creek flows for several miles along the north foot of Pisgah hill, but about a mile from the point where it enters Carroll township, it passes through the ridge, form- ing a picturesque gorge several hundred feet deep and dis- playing a fine curving cliff of Hamilton sandstone rocks on the west side. On the east side a high projecting knob of rock almost bars the passage for the stream. This has been quarried away in making a road, and is locally known as Gibson’s rock, being named from Chief Justice Gibson, whose homestead is close by the place. This gorge is a common resort for picnic parties from the surrounding county. East of the stream the range takes the name of ‘xX Kxx 2D purmy ESSOT /f -——— ~——o a ee fee es UT? 2 =a ~ - - ae As TLL OL LD) SUDUABYS dysumo) 7101.03) ssoson yy uonoas ‘LOL 2. CARROLL TOWNSHIP. F’. 159 Rock hill from the cliff just mentioned. Soon after leaving this point the stream comes upon the olive shales of the Chemung, near Dr. Drumgold’s tannery, and then upon the red sandstone and shale of the Catskill, near Shermansdale mill, upon which it continues for the rest of its course. In this township occur some of the most fossiliferous ex- posures of the Kingsmill sandstone, chiefly, however, as loose blocks for the bed rock is seldom seen. On the border between this township and Rye lies the great highway from Perry county to the south—Sterrett’s gap—formerly more used than now. To this point con- verge the roads on both sides of the mountain, passing over at about half the average height of the range. The Perry County fault. This fault passes through the northwest corner of the township throwing up the Lower Helderberg limestone against the Hamilton upper shale or the top of the Ham- ilton sandstone. The contact is not exposed but the pres- ence of the fault is evident in the close juxtaposition of the Marcellus iron ore and the Hamilton sandstone. The throw here is about 1200 feet. For further details see the chapter on the faults of Perry county. The Medina sandstone. In Carroll township the Medina makes little or no show, the county line throwing all or nearly all of its outcrop into Cumberland county. It is thin and makes with the iron sandstone the buttresses of the mountains, an account of the structure of which may be found in the report on Rye township. = Kg : hi The Clinton group. Little can be seen of this group in the township. The fields near Sterrett’s gap expose the lower green shales, frag- ments of which are brought up by the plow. There are in- dications of two thin beds of poor iron ore on the land of Mr. Burn, which are interesting by rendering more exact the correlation of these lower shales in Perry county with the same beds farther north. The iron ore beds just men- 160 F*. REPORT OF PROGRESS. E. W. CLAYPOLE. A 2 tioned probably represent here the Block ore and Bird’ s-Eye fossil ores of Shade mountain. | Polecat valley gradually widens to the westward by the coming in of the limestone and shales, and also by the in- creasing thickness of the Onondaga, but through this town- ship the Clinton group is mostly covered with timber and difficult of examination. The Onondaga group. As the shales of this group flatten down and also attain their full thickness, the Polecat valley which is due to their erosion, widens out and is cleared of timber and cultivated. The beds at the top of this group—the variegated and grey shales—reach their full development in the western part of this township. But Ihave been unable to trace their gradual increase or determine their lower limit. | The Lower Helderberg group. — The rocks of this group which first appear near Sterrett’s gap (the flint shales) gradually increase in thickness west- ward, lower beds continually coming in until near the mid- dle of the township the upper part of the group has be- come solid enough to yield limestone for the kiln at Mr. Brownell’s. The beds here are soft and much decomposed at the outcrop. The lime has been much dissolved out. They are fossiliferous and yielded me several of the species common in the lime shale. The lower part of the division including the more solid limestone beds does not make an appearance at this point. The rocks of this group how- ever make a noticeable ridge along the valley which becomes very conspicuous farther west. The limestone has been very largely quarried and burnt near the north line of the townshipat Mr. John Bear’s. The coral bed is here largely developed and the corals silicified. See section below. Bear’ s limestone quarries. The quarries from which a large quantity of limestone has been taken occupy the same horizon as Garber’s quarry 1! ee 2. CARROLL TOWNSHIP. F’. 161 at Falling Spring. They are some of the largest in the county. The beds from which the lime is obtained are the lower beds of the limestone shale in No. VI. These beds are almost barren except the coral bed which is as largely developed here as at Garber’s quarry and the corals are more silicified. They occur in the highest bed in the quarry, and good specimens may be obtained from a small hole in the field to the southeast. The Oriskany sandstone (VII) crops out at the turn of the road north of the quarry and again on the other side of the | field belonging to John Berry. Between these two les a tongue of the Devonian slates and the Marcellus ore. See Plate XI, page 158, Fig. 2. , These two lines of Oriskany sandstone come from the road from New Bloomfield to Rattlesnake hill, returning rom Ayl’s lime quarry and the camp ground. Smith's quarry and red ochre diggings. At this point is shown the meeting of three different groups :—Marcellus limestone and lower ore; Oriskany sandstone ; and Lower Helderberg limestone. In the quarry occur the Coralline beds of the sandstone shales, with T7rematopora, dipping southwest, and a few yards further up the road northeast. Between the quarry and the corner of the road may be found in the bank traces of the Meristella bed, but not well exposed. The Oriskany betrays itself almost exactly at the turn in the road, and following it is a bed of red iron ochre from which many tons have been taken and ground down for paint, which is said to be of good quality. The seam varies from one to three feet in thickness and has been followed along the crop for about 80 or 100 feet, but no attempt is now made to mine it. Next to this is a feeble show of the Marcellus limestone. In the field below some of this which has been thrown out from a small tunnel run about 25 feet in the search for ore. Oriskany sandstone; Marcellus and Lower Hamilton shales. These beds require little notice. They make no con- SANG gd w.. 162 IF’. REPORT OF PROGRESS. E. W. CLAYPOLE. "a ~_ end spicuous outcrop and present no features of importance, — a All are probably present in full thickness, and by their disintegration contribute to the formation of the valley called Sandy Hollow. The Hamilton sandstone. The Hamilton sandstone shows two outcrops in this town- ship, one of which forms a long straight line from E. N. E. to W.S8. W. from the road between New Bloomfield and Del- 3) ville to the township line near Falling Spring. This ridge is the real continuation of Dick’s hill, with a trend rather more to the southward owing to the intrusion of the tongue of red shale, &c., that runs up from Bridgeport. It is also a continuation in the opposite direction of Pisgah a hill, but these names are not usually applied to this portion = of the range. Common usage limits the term Dick’s hill to the range in Wheatfield township, and Pisgah hill to that southwest of Sherman’s creek, the intervening part being usually Known as the Rock hill from its precipitous termi- nation at Gibson’s rock on Sherman’s creek. In this ridge the beds on the northern side dip very sharply, but the angle becomes less and less so that on its south side it seldom exceeds 30°. In consequence of this increase of dip the breadth of the range much exceeds the thickness of the bed of sandstone of which it is composed. Like the other ridges of Hamilton sandstone, this is steep and covered with wood, especially on its northern side. The only cut in Rock hill through which water passes from the north side to the south is Gibson’s gap, which affords one of the most beautiful examples of the erosion accom- plished by a small stream that can be found in Perry county. The bold peak of Pisgah hill, which here reaches its greatest a altitude, shows the height of the barrier through which the creek was compelled to pass on its way tothe sea. The steep hard cliffs of sandstone which rise on both banks show the nature of the obstacle. For nearly half a mile the stream winds along between almost perpendicular walls till it emerges from its confinement to wander more freely over 2. CARROLL TOWNSHIP. = 163 the softer shales of the upper Hamilton and Chemung groups. The ridge road to Carlisle from New Bloomfield passes over the Rock hill at a place abont two miles from the Rock where the crest is slightly lower than usual, but the de- pression in no wise deserves the name of a gap. The road from the county-seat to Duncannon also passes through the Hamilton sandstone range at Rattlesnake hill, but here also the depression is slight. No water comes through it from the head of upper Sandy Hollow. The gap is only in course of formation and will require many thou- sands of years for its completion at the present rate of pro- gress, the little stream which heads near its north side being capable of doing only a small amount of erosion on the sandstone. The second outcrop of the Hamilton sandstone is on the south of the township where under the name of Little mountain it runs in an east and west direction parallel with the Blue mountains. The dip of the beds is here much steeper than farther north and the passes are consequently shorter. The Hamilton fossil ore. The bed or beds of this ore pass through the township along the southeastern slope of the Rock hill. Traces of the presence of ore may be seen in many places but none has yet been taken out. From fossil evidence it is probable that the three beds described in the account of Wheatfield township also occur here. Nor is there any reason to doubt their presence in Little mountain. The ore bed has been exposed on the southeast side of the Rock hill on the land of Mr. Hicks but no attempt has been made to work it. Indeed it would probably be un- profitable. The ore is very fossiliferous, holding the same species as near Marysville. The Hamilton Upper shale. Good exposures of this bed occur along the south side of the Rock hill between the Hamilton sandstone and the road. * P 7 - Se a , ; ; 7 F 164 EF’. REPORT OF PROGRESS. E. W. CLAYPOLE. They are for the most part small ledges in the fields broken ee up by the plow. Some of them are very fossiliferous and have yielded most of the species found on this horizon in other parts of the county with some not yet met with else- where. The shale has apparently its usual thickness. Along the place of this outcrop in the south side of the syncline I have not seen any exposure but have no reason to suppose that it is not present. The two formations above the Hamilton sandstone next to be mentioned, though thin, are so far as I have observed persistent. The Genessee, Portage and Chemung. The shales of these groups are exposed in Carroll town- ship along their expected line of outcrop, especially on the north side of the syncline. The characteristic fossils of the Portage shales may be found near an old mill on the south side of the road, about a mile from Drumgold’s tannery. The shales present here their usual dark color and cross- fracture and apparently are of their usual thickness. The Chemung shales cover a great extent of ground in this township, their outcrop forming a belt more than a mile wide from Rattlesnake hill to Mount Pisgah, and thence east to the line of Rye township. Their thickness is intermediate between that of the same group near Mil- lerstown and near Marysville. In the western part of its outcrop this does not exceed 2700 or 2800 feet, about three times its amount at the Susquehanna gap. Their surface presents the usual rounded hillocks and poor soil without any geological features calling for farther notice. The Chemung-Catskill beds and Catskill group. The middle of the syncline in Carroll township is occupied by the red sandstones and shales of this group, mostly with a low angle of dip and curving gradually around to return eastward to the Susquehanna along Fishing Creek valley. They show none of the thinning out that marks those of the Chemung in the southern and southeastern part of the county, and their outcrop consequently under- lies a wide tract of country. The rocks dip south-southeast ? ? 4 is 2. CARROLL TOWNSHIP. FE’. 165 in the northern part of the township, east in the central, and north in the southern portions, passing everywhere under the Pocono sandstone of the Cove mountain. The lower part of these rocks consists of soft shales and sandstone which, by disintegration, yield a warm and fer- tile soil far superior to that on the adjoining olive shale of the Chemung group. But their upper part consists of the harder sandstone bed which skirts the outcrop near the foot of the Pocono mountain, and form Pine hill, a wooded ridge encircling the sandstone outcrop, to which it is an outer line of circumvallation. A narrow valley lies be- tween the two ramparts, the water escaping by a gap near Grier’s Point, in Rye township, into Fishing Creek val- ley. The terminal point of the syncline rises in a conspicuous knob opposite the end of the Pocono sandstone of the Cove mountain overlooking Sherman’s creek to which these hard beds form a barrier until near Duncannon it succeeds in passing through them about a mile from its mouth. The Kingsmill sandstone. Entering from Wheatfield township this bed passes west- southwest without any very strong show for nearly a mile. It then crops out as a strong ridge on or near the land of the Hon. Judge Junkin. It is here very fossiliferous but the species are in great part different from those which occur at the other exposures described in the account of Wheat- field township. This bed continues towards Sherman’s creek where abund- ance of loose blocks reveal its presence near Shermansdale mill on the grounds of Mr. William Borroll and of Mr. 8. Grier. The fossils are abundant and in excellent preserva- tion, brachiopods, which were rare farther east, being here plentiful. They are very ferruginous and of course only occur as casts. The persistence of this ridge over so great an extent of country renders it a very valuable horizon. I have not found it so rich in fossils along its south line of outcrop in Carroll township, but this is also true of it in the northern and northeastern townships where though rec- 166 F*. REPORT OF PROGRESS. E. W. CLAYPOLE. is ognizable without the slightest doubt fossils are compara. tively scarce. ise 7 i) ik Section of beds in Chemung—Catskill sandstones and shales, on the farm of the Hon. Judge Junkin near Delville. See map on Page Plate XI, page 158, Fig. 3. ( 6. Delville green sandstone—a massive bed about twenty feet thick and upwards, containing in its middle a bed of plant remains sometimes very thick. 5. A bed of brown or brick-red sandstone not shown in place but indicated by numerous loose blocks at the saw-mill and containing fossils. Brown sandstone, indicated by stones in a pile on the side of the road northwest from J. Speace’s, possibly same bed as 5. - White or pale yellow sandstone on the top of the ridge immediately north of the house on Judge Junkin’s — farm, showing in place in a field to the west. Kings- mill sandstone. 3. Brown sandstone, indicated by two or three large blocks 4 Chemung-Catskill passage-beds. on road from public highway to the farm-house, com- pletely filled with casts of Spirifera mesocostalis, &c. Brown sandstone on road between Rhinehart’s brick house and the fork in the road to the north of it. Green shaly bed about ten inches thick, full of Polyzoa and Poteriocrinus. 2 L | 4 E L Section on Sherman s creek at Shermansdale mill Dip, 15° =~ —— = =—. —_ = 3. CENTRE TOWNSHIP. Bek beauty of those through the Buffalo hills, being less deep and narrow and usually cleared of timber. Limestone ridge passes at a short distance north of New Bloomfield and is: capped in many places with rugged, moss-grown pulpit rocks of the Oriskany sandstone, forming long, straight ridges. Graywethers of the same material dot the fields and woods on both sides of these ridges and bear witness to their former wider extent. : The vale of New Bloomfield lies between Limestone ridge on the north and Mahanoy ridge on the south. It is the most fertile portion of the township. The soil is compara- tively rich and warm, and being mostly under cultivation yields good returns. Mahanoy ridge passes immediately south of New Bloom- field. It is high, often steep, and well covered with small timber. The gaps in this range, though shorter, resemble those through the Buffalo hills, being narrow, winding, and dark with spruce and pine. The meaning of the name is unknown but it is probably of Indian origin. It occurs in Northumberland county as the name of a creek and of a small town standing upon its banks. Another Mahanoy is a station of the Catawissa railway on Catawissa creek in Schuylkill county. The word is usually pronounced with a guttural sound as if it were spelled ‘‘ Machonoy, the ch having the Scotch or German sound. A connection may hence be inferred with the name Mauch Chunk where the ch is pronounced in a similar manner. There is much more picturesqueness in the geography of a county when the names of the great and abiding features of the landscape—those that remain while men come and go, ‘‘ the everlasting hills,”’ the valleys and rivers—bear the names bestowed on them by a race that has passed away. Such names are fossils, superficially meaningless to the pre- sent inhabitants, but showing when studied a significance and richness of association that no name of recent signifi- cation can contain. The slopes of Mahanoy are tilled only up to a small height, as their upper parts are too steep to render cultiva- tion profitable. og-< ubyruman aljlag Polo 5.9 iy U0008 3. CENTRE TOWNSHIP. ets A wide open valley separates Mahanoy ridge from Dick’s hill and Iron ridge, along the crest of which, for the most part, runs the township line. The soil of this valley, being composed of disintegrated Chemung shale, is less fertile than that of the vale of Bloomfield, but contains, neverthe- less, some good farms. This southern valley of Centre township is broader than the valley of New Bloomfield, for causes which will more clearly appear when the geology of the township has been described. Though undulating, its surface is seldom steep, and it is well watered by springs and streams. Moreover the shaly soil and sub-soil are more retentive of moisture than is the limestone of the northern ridge. | Cultivation has been carried up the slopes of the hills in Centre township as high as at present would be profitable, and in some cases higher. The labor of clearing the stones from the hillsides is very great. Two crops of them may sometimes be gathered annually and yet there are plenty left for the future. Plowing softens the ground and enables the rain to carry the soil down to the lower levels. In this way new stores of stones are, year by year, brought into view on the upper part, while on the lower slopes few are visible at the surface. In the woods, also, where the wash is prevented by the roots and leaves there is often—not al- ways—a fair covering of soil until the timber is felled and the plow begins its work. The huge piles of sandstone and chert that almost surround some of the hillside fields— euphoniously termed in the district flint-gravel—attest the labor spent in clearing the land. In genera] this is only done where a limestone sub-soil exists. Where sandstone is the basis the land is usually poor and thin, and does not repay the outlay. The soil is deep in many parts, especially on the lower grounds and along the courses of the streams. Occasion- ally this is true among the hills. But where the slope is steep or the brow of the rising ground prominent, the rock will usually be found at a small depth—a few inches often-- below the surface. In these cases the outcrop of the beds may be readily traced by the fragments thrown out by the Marcellus ore, north of N Bloomfield. Fig.1. Local map. ua \\ s ..c— or —— he > —*K —— SS ¥ TTT i Sy Ui | < = oe mill Lower Hamilton shale. Z vill ; bee Marcellus shale ana lime. vt(_] Oriskany sandstone. — w & 3 Lewistown limestone. Fig. 2. Cross section. /*) 2+ bs a, =k te -aa BD . pe ‘ a 7) e" he 4 ry. I oe 4 ue ‘ 3. CENTRE TOWNSHIP. EX P¥5 plow. Here cultivation usually ceases, the soil being too thin to repay the labor. Continual plowing of the hillsides for many years has also been attended by its usual consequence. The soil has been thrown down-hill one furrow’s breadth every time, and the higher part gradually bared to the rock. The soft soil ex- posed on a steep slope has been washed by the rain to lower ground, so that many hill-fields formerly cultivated have been abandoned, and are now going back to forest and becoming covered with a new growth of scrub pine (P. in- ops.) This is the best use to make of such land. The ridges and hills of Perry county if carefully managed by men skilled in woodcraft would yield a better harvest with less labor than can ever be obtained from them by the use of the plow. The present plan of cutting them over occa- sionally—clearing them and coaling the wood—is not the most profitable method of turning forest land to account. While it is not probable that the most valuable kinds of timber, such as black walnut, will ever be grown, except in some lowlands in the county, yet the hills would yield un- der good management perennial crops of white oak, maple, and chestnut, becoming every year of greater value in con- sequence of the growing scarcity of wood. Many of them might also be planted with the white pine and locust, and would yield a speedier return. It might be quite worth the cost and labor of the experi- ment to attempt the introduction of the European larch, (P. lariz,) a tree which grows rapidly on dry hillsides and yields a timber of great value. Many thousand acres of waste mountain land in Scotland have been thus con- verted from desolate, almost worthless property, into green and wood-clad slopes and craigs, yielding their planters (the Dukes of Athol) a revenue that could have been ob- tained from them in no other way. The disease now pre- vailing among the larch plantations of Scotland may also contribute to render its growth of greater importance in America. Care should however be taken to avoid importing the parasite, lest as has happened in several similar cases the mischief should exceed the gain. Iron ridge north of N. Bloomfield. Fig. 1. Cross section. PH eee tf if H rT é‘ pe ea eer ee 1 ee 4 ele kab. SKiemo er fy } L Y wk SGWY4 SLY, SNS =. Ba S Sa “G Fig:4. Disappearance of the ore worked south of Newport, westward. 3. CENTRE TOWNSHIP. EY 777 Centre township possesses no large stream. Its southern valley is drained by the Little Juniata, which rises in Spring township and flows between Mahanoy and Crawley hill, then between Mahanoy and Iron ridge, and lastly be- tween Mahanoy and Dick’s hill until it reaches the gap near Montebello furnace through which it passes and continues in a southeasterly direction to meet the Susquehanna at Duncannon. The Bloomfield branch of the Little Juniata rises in the west of the township and drains the vale of Bloomfield, passing immediately south of the town where it receives the waters of the ‘*‘ Town spring’’ and a number of smaller ones, and flows through the gap in Mahanoy ridge to meet the larger stream. All the waters north of Limestone ridge, in Centre town- ship, and most of those that rise among its branches and spurs flow away to the north and pass through one or another of the gaps above mentioned in the Buffalo range till they meet the Little Buffalo. They are insignificant in size, but some of them supply mill-power as they flow through the narrow defiles. B. Geological description. The rocks of Centre township, like those of Perry county in general, have been subjected to violent compression and crumpling, and stand at all angles up to and even beyond the vertical, being in some cases overturned, so that what was their lower side is now the upper. The Onondaga variegated shale. (No. V.) These variegated beds of the vale of Bloomfield, the lowest or oldest in Centre township, occupy a strip along the middle of the township about three quarters of a mile wide at its western line, narrowing to nothing at the east. The upper part of the group consists of alternating layers of yellow-greenish and red shale none of them very hard but containing thin beds of sandstone which form a long low ridge along the middle of the outcrop. The ridge may be traced almost continuously. It passes through the town of New Bloomfield, whence I have named it the Bloomfield 12 FE”. ~ ee, a ee ee ee ee ee ee ae oe a) - - ‘ : - is £ aa - - - Te. be . “Ss ie . ‘ , “s =~ “~ ~. 3. CENTRE TOWNSHIP. FY 99 sandstone. Here its harder beds may be seen cropping out in the streets with an almost vertical dip. The road to Newport lies for several hundred feet ex- actly on the southern edge of the variegated shale, and about half a mile east of the town is a low cutting which displays the alternations of color and hardness very dis- tinctly. Farther east it lies south of the road bed but may easily be traced where the fields have been recently plowed, through the farms nearly to the township line on the road to Baileysburg. This red and green shale lies in the upper portion of what was called, in the Report of the First Survey, No. V, and is the equivalent of the Onondaga salt group of New York, but to my knowledge has never yielded either salt or gyp- sum (plaster) in thiscounty. It represents the middle por- tion of the group in New York which lies under the gypsum and salt bearing strata. (See Chapter III, page 53. The Onondaga gray shales. (Vo. V.) These beds make no conspicuous show in the township. They are apparently 200-250 feet thick but no measurement can be obtained. They form, with the variegated shales just described, the south slope of Limestone ridge, and ex- tend under part of the flat land in the valley between the Oriskany and the Bloomfield sandstone, the latter being the upper layer of the variegated shale which forms a low ridge along the valley. The Lewistown limestone. (Lower Helderberg, No. VI.) The second geological formation in Centre township is the Lewistown limestone, so called from its great develop- ment near Lewistown, in Mifflin county. : This is the bed from which all the lime made in the town- * ship is obtained. It corresponds, as has been determined from its fossils, to the water-lime division of the Lower Helderberg limestone of New York. a It consists of a hard, solid, thick-bedded limestone, with Ai a thickness near New Bloomfield of about 60-70 feet, from which it does not largely differ anywhere in the township. 180 F’. REPORT OF PROGRESS. E. W. CLAYPOLE. eet: It comes to the surface at many places, especially along the —— ridge, and usually shows a dark color when freshly broken, —* changing under the influence of the weather to a lighter tint, and is marked with very fine lines on the exposed 7 edges, indicating the layers of original deposition. In many | { places it is very bituminons, giving out the characteristic smell when struck with the hammer. This smell is often a described as ‘‘sulphury’’ by the quarrymen. . When burnt it yields a strong white hot or ‘* fat”’ lime, but is much valued in the district for building, where the dolomitic or magnesian limestones yielding a cool or ‘‘lean”’ lime do not occur. For use on the land it is preferable to the latter kind, yielding results more quickly and needing less caution in itsapplication. It has been very extensively used for many years past, and with excellent results. In most cases the farmers quarry and burn the stone them- selves, lime-burning as a separate business having scarcely yet developed itself in the township. (See Chapter V.)- The beds of this limestone contain very few fossils in Centre township. They are mostly hard and smooth grained, and are preferred for this reason to the overlying strata by thelime-burner. In some places, however, they are crowded with the little crustacean common in the water lime rocks of New York, Leperditia alta. Where the rocks of this group come very near the sur- face they are brought out by the plow in the form of thin, flat slabs beveled at the edges, that ring under the hammer. In many parts they lie so thickly on the limestone ground that it seems asif nothing could grow between them. This is not the case. Indeed, the limestone is seldom picked off | the land unless it is wanted, and even then in consequence of long exposure it burns with such difficulty that farmers . prefer to quarry new stone. The outcrop of the Lewistown limestone may be traced on the map so easily that it would be tedious to describe here its curious zigzag course in Centre township. One re- mark, however, it is right to make. The limestone bed with the over and underlying shales, being only 300-400 feet thick and lying for the most part nearly vertical, it is an | ; . ! : 3. CENTRE TOWNSHIP. | pede ys | not at once obvious how it can occupy so great an area. But by studying the sections given in this report, and fol- lowing them across the county along the indicated lines, the puzzle will readily be solved. ‘The 400-foot bed of limestone, &c.,has been folded and creased so sharply that its beds, as there shown, are often vertical and sometimes overthrown, as may be seen south of New Bloomfield at Barnett’s rocks. Consequently fold after fold of limestone occurs close together, sometimes separated by a layer of sandstone pinched into the crease and sometimes without it. The limestone, therefore, extends over a much greater tract of country than its mere thickness would enable it to cover, and shows at the surface alternately its upper and lower faces. This, too, is the cause of the recurrence of sand- stone ridges parallel or rudely parallel with each other at intervals of about 800 feet—double the thickness of the limestone. Lewistown lime-shales, (No. VI.) These beds overlying the Lewistown limestone are ex- posed in several places in Centre township, but with one exception, to be noted presently, the exposures are small and insignificant. The beds are seldom opened for lime be- cause the more solid limestone underlying them affords it at less expense and in greater purity. The small accidental cuttings therefore in which these shales are displayed only serve to prove the extension over the township of the fossils found at the typical exposure which forms the exception noted above. This exception is a roadside cutting and at the same time a lime quarry which has afforded me a com- plete section through the shales. It is situated about two and one half miles northwest of New Bloomfield at the en- trance of the gap leading through Buffalo hills to Manns- ville and Ickesburg. The shales are dipping at about 30° N. N. W. under the Devonian rocks and were once quarried for lime, though now abandoned. To the section here shown all the others found in the county must be referred as to a standard. No other can be compared with it either in completeness or clearness. 182 F®. REPORT OF PROGRESS. E. W. CLAYPOLE. = ie The following is a detailed section of the Lewistown lime- stone shales as they appear at Clark’s mill: 4 (a.) Clark’ s Mill section. (Typical.) Yellow Flint beds. Limestone beds with black chert. bed with Strophomena. with Tentaculites and Brachiopoda. Coral bed. Tentaculites gyracanthus. Tentaculites gyracanthus and some Brachiopods. Coral— Trematopora—solid mass. Rhynchonella beds. covered. soft, uneven gray shales with few fossils. covered—bed full of B. granulata on surface of slabs. soft, greenish shales with limestone bands. covered. bed covered with very small Chaetetes and Tentaculites. hard, dark limestone full of small Chaetetes and some Brach- iopods. covered. Limestone beds. Soft Shale. covered containing Leptaena bed, L. rugosa. Rough Shales. covered. 3’ thin, smooth, even-bedded shale. covered. Coral bed containing Stromatopora and Favosites. rubbly limestone—no fossils noted. smooth, even-bedded limestone shale—no fossils seen. covered. shaly, soft bed—full of a Syringopora? and Sphwrocystites multifasciatus. Rhynchonella bed—crammed with &. formosa. s full of very small crinoidal relics with a few Brachiopods. close, firm, blue limestone with Rhynchonella formosa. thin-bedded, wavy limestone, several thin beds crammed with Murchisonia minuta. Murchisonia beds. ‘ shaly limestone weathering into rounded lenticular nodules, with afew Beyrichiae and Rhynchonella and toward the top afew Murchisonia. coarse limestone full of Beyrichia notata, Hall. thin-bedded yellow limestone. blué thin-bedded limestone. thin-bedded limestone—Leperditia alta abundant. ground covered. , thin-bedded limestone, dark, containing no fossils but the little Entromostracan, Leperditia alta. Waterlime. Beds thinner toward the top. 3. CENTRE TOWNSHIP. F’, 183 (b.) Clark's Mili section (fossil beds.) Silicified crinoid stems, &c. Limestone beds with chert in the middle. Orthis oblata, Hall, rather abundant. Bed with Tentaculites gyracanthus, Eaton. Bed full of Cladopora fibrosa ? Bed with Beyrichia granulata, Hall. Bed with small Chaetites? and 7. gyracanthus. Bed with Leptaena rugosa and Calymene. Rubbly bed with Stromatopora and Astrocerium. Soft shaly bed with Aulopora? and Sphaerocystites multi- Jasciatus, Hall. 5! Sofi shaly beds full of Rhynchonella formosa. ~ mutabilis. Spirifera Vanuxemi. Cornulites, 3’ Thin-bedded limestone with layers of Murchisonia 4’ Coarse limestone full of Beyrichia notata, Hall. Other exposures. Beside the typical exposure at Clark’s mill the following should be noted :— (a) A small quarry on the top of the hill above Mr. Ar- nold’s farm-honse, a mile west of Bloomfield, shows the Tentaculite and Meristella beds abounding in fossils; thus— 7 a ~ ‘, % = Section of Tentaculite beds at exposure (a.) 2' 0'’ Thin shaly limestones—silicified Brachiopods. 2' 0'' Thin limestone—fossils not abundant, Tentaculites. | 6'’ Limestone with small polyzoa and shells— Tentaculites. La 5’ 0'' Thin-bedded limestones with Brachiopods and Tentaculites, | -- a Trematopora? bed near middle, and a black bed cram- med with brachiopods about 1 foot from base. Rough rubbly shaly stone flaking off, full of Meristella laevis much crushed. (6) In the woods on the top of Limestone ridge north of New Bloomfield and on the old road to Newport is a small quarry also showing the Meristella beds. (c) The Meristella beds may also be seen in the wood a few hundred feet east of Mr. Adam Clouser’s house. (7d) A small show of some of the beds occurs on the road to Newport near the top of the ridge. (é) The fossils of the limestone shale occur along the top ‘ 184 F’, REPORT OF PROGRESS. E. W. ‘CLAYPOLE. of the hills west of Bloomfield near Clark’s mill for a mile or so. | (7) Near the ore banks of the old Juniata furnace is a quarry in the lime-shales, of where may be seen “5! 0! Rhynchonella beds, soft greenish shales. 1' 0" Shaly limestone. 1’ 0” Solid limestone, silicified corals. — 5' 0’ Rubbly limestone, no fossils distince. 2' 0'' Murchisonia beds. 2' 0’ Solid limestone. 7' 0" Thin-bedded shaly limestones with silicified Meristella laevis, Streptelasma. 3’ 0'' Lenticular limestone without fossils, (g) On the top of Limestone ridge, north of Mr. O. Rice’s house, are some abandoned quarries, where may be seen 6' 0" Rhynchonella beds, soft greenish shale. 2' 0'' as next below but thin bedded. 1’ 0'' Limestone, fossils silicified. 6’ 0'' Rubbly limestone with few fossils. lV’ 3" Murchisonia beds. 1’ 0" Limestone, no fossils. The Oriskany sandstone, (Wo. VII.) No geological formation in Perry county can vie with the Oriskany sandstone for picturesqueness. ‘The smooth, rounded outlines of the shale and limestone hills and great valley are attractive and profitable to the farmer, but their beauty is that of repose and quiet. The wild, rough, ragged, and moss-covered pulpit rocks of this formation standing up in long, narrow lines across the county, have a grandeur and sometimes a majesty which can never be found in smooth and cultivated ground. Perhaps no one of these equals the well known Pulpit rocks of Warrior ridge near Huntingdon, but those who explore the woods and wilder parts of the county are well aware that they conceal dis- plays of Oriskany pulpit rocks finer than any that can be seen near the roads and other frequented places. The Oriskany sandstone in Centre township is thin, sel- dom or never exceeding 20 feet in thickness. This thin- ness prevents its forming high hills or mountains, such as those made by the outcrop of the Medina and Hamilton 3. CENTRE TOWNSIIIP. F’. 185 sandstones. It usually shows itself asa ridge of rocks upon the surface. The frosts and storms, the suns and rains of the ages have split the solid rock into pieces and the same process is still going on. The larger fragments are being broken into smaller ones and the smaller ones into. sand, which is washed down and carried away by the river as fast as it is formed. Nothing but their greater hardness has saved them from the more rapid destruction which has been the fate of all the softer beds in the vicinity. But, though thin, the Oriskany sandstone is a conspicu- ous feature in the geology of the township. The great number of its outcrops renders its ridges very numerous and in some places they seem almost in contact. The lat-. eral or tangential pressure to which I have alluded as the cause of the foldings of the rocks was more severe, or, to speak more accurately, the effects of its severity are more apparent in Centre township than anywhere else in the county. The beds of rock in many places stand vertical and are sometimes overthrown. These facts may be best observed on Limestone ridge and in Dick’s hill and Iron ridge. As mentioned above the limestone bed of which these ridges consist is not more than 400 feet thick, including the adjoining shales. Conse- quently as this bed, sharply folded and lying in a vertical position, covers tracts of country sometimes half a mile wide there must be many folds in that space. Now, every fold of the limestone involves a fold of the overlying Oris- kany sandstone. A geologist therefore would expect to find a series of nearly parallel ridges crossing the county at intervals ranging up to 700 or 800 feet. This is actually the case, as may be proved by any one who will take the trouble to walk across Limestone ridge or [ron ridge at right angles to the strike of the beds, or from N. N. W. toS. S. E. (See sketch section, Plate XVI, page 176, Fig. 1.) Three complete folds of the Lower Helderberg limestone and Oriskany sandstone are here shown. They are crushed and pressed close together so that their sides are nearly par- allel. The Oriskany sandstone is represented by the black line on the top of the limestone. It is observed that this . ; avs! ‘ M . ; err 4 J Lae ts : : i". . \ 186 F®. REPORT OF PROGRESS. FE. W. CLAYPOLE. sandstone will form a ridge at every fold. The must south- erly ridge has been removed by the erosion of the surface. When the land stood at the level represented by the dotted line the three ridges were present. When it shall have been cut down to a lower level than at present the second ridge will disappear, and at a later period the third ridge, now the deepest, will have been removed. In this way it comes to pass that a wide extent of country can be occupied by a bed of limestone seemingly or really continuous though only 400 feet thick. This is the case on Limestone and on Iron ridges and in several other places in the county. For the most part erosion of the land by weather has not proceeded far enough to cut out altogether the ridges of sand rock, which may therefore be traced run- ning side by side with the intervals given above. They are not always continuous. One will stop and its place be taken by another or by two, according to the number of rolls in any cross section. In some places the Oriskany sandstone is a conglomerate of small rounded quartz pebbles resembling in size and appear- ance little white beans. These are mixed with a small pro- portion of larger ones, but no very coarse material has been noticed in Centre township. Usually this conglomerate is hard, but at certain spots, such as the exposure nearest to New Bloomfield on the south of the cemetery, it is soft and crumbling, so that it is easily quarried and crushed and the constituents separated. The pebbles were formerly used for rough-casting the frame houses in the town. Little of this is now done, weather-boarding having taken the place of rough-casting or pebble-dashing. The sand from this bed, if fine enough, as is often, perhaps usually, the case, is used in making mortar. Sand for this purpose would otherwise be difficult to obtain in the south of the township, as there are no streams capable of making and accumulating it. It is worthy of notice that the sand grains of which this sandstone is composed are not sharp like those of a grit- stone, but well rounded and smoothed, showing that they have been ground down with the pebbles on an old beach just as the same materials are now ground down on the 3. CENTRE TOWNSHIP. FE’. 187 beach of an existing ocean. The sand may, therefore, be considered the relics of pebbles that have disappeared, and the pebbles the remains of greater ones which only exist by the law of the survival of the hardest. Whence the sand was obtained to form this ancient Oriskany sea-beach is a question which cannot be here discussed for want of space. This local softness of the Oriskany sandstone is one of the causes of the disappearance of the ridges in many places where antecedently they would be expected. Many such instances may be observed by any one who traces out the lines of this formation in the field. The Oriskany tron ore. In many places the Oriskany sandstone is deeply stained with iron. Some ofits layersare very ferruginous. Blocks often occur completely covered with a black shining crust, which consists of the hydrated oxide of iron or brown hema- tite. These pieces have raised fallacious hope of the dis- covery of beds of iron ore in this rock. But such hopes have always been disappointed. No deposit of ore is known to exist in the Oriskany sandstone in Perry county, and with the exception of a bed to be presently mentioned none exists immediately above or below it. Though the sand- stone ridges may with care be used as a guide to ore, yet they themselves contain no useful store of that mineral. The enlarged local map of outcreps north of New Bloom- field, page plate XV, Fig. 1, will show the complex struc- ture of the country immediately north of New Bloomfield, and at the same time serve as a guide to the iron ore bed at the base of the Marcellus black shale. Land owners in the district shown will be enabled to determine, by examining the map, whether or not this ore bed can be found on their land. At the same time the quantity and quality of the ore can be discovered only by digging. There is no other known means of proving the thickness or quality of any bed of iron ore, and all who claim the possession of any such means are claiming what they have not. I cannot too frequently repeat that the geological map can only show the place and not the quant‘tv or quality of the ore. Yet 188 F’. REPORT OF PROGRESS. FE. W. CLAYPOLE. if a man is thus saved the expense of seeking what he will never find he is so far a gainer. The first and most striking feature of the map is the ex- tension of long tongues of the Oriskany sandstone through the Lewistown limestone. Between the northern and southern lines three such tongues may be counted. The first comes down from the northeast, at the road-junction near the Old Juniata furnace and runs for about two miles. In this trough or syncline the Marcellus ore bed must lie, but in this part of its course no ore is worked, nor can I learn that any has been discovered. (The ground is low for the most part at the northeastern end, and the ore may be deeply buried beneath superficial wash. About a mile to the southwest, however, a considerable quantity was mined under cover some years ago and washed in the stream about half a mile away. Farther west than this no ore probably exists. The syncline becomes narrow and close, and after running as a single ridge for nearly a mile, is finally cut out by erosion near Poplar Hill cemetery. Immediately south of the last and running southwest is another svncline also narrow but yielding ore in much greater profusion. Immense quantities were taken out to supply the Juniata furnace when in blast. The holes still remain on both sides of the rcad. Narrowing rapidly this trough of sandstone thins out and ends in a point about a mile from the road. But in this V-shaped place are situated Reeder’s ore works, from which more is extracted than from any other in Perry county at the present time. The tunnel by which access is gained is situated on the north side of the ridge of Oriskany sandstone, through which it has been driven to reach the syncline containing the ore. In this way good drainage is secured for the workings, and the removal of the ore rendered easy. Further details may be found in Chapter V, on the iron ores and in the account of the Marcellus ore bed in Centre township. This syneline is cut out by erosion at a short distance further southwest, then faintly reappears, but shows itself much more distinctly on the road from New Bloomfield to Markelsville, where it forms an opensynclineand contains the ee i>"): * 4 te 3. CENTRE TOWNSHIP. F’, 189 ore bed. Some attempts have been made lately to prove the ore, but without success. Nevertheless there is no question of its existence, especially on the land of Mr. W. Garling. Further search can alone determine if it is thick or thin, good or worthless. Indications, however, on the surface are against its proving valuable. The ridge of sandstone and ore is cut off about a mile further, the limestones taking their place near the house of Mr. John Power. The other two sandstone ridges shown in the plan need a little notice. Both are synclines. The more northern be- gins about a mile northeast of New Bloomfield, and con- tinues in a straight line for more than two miles westward, where it is cut out by erosion. The other is the end of the long ridge lying for the most part in Oliver and Miller townships, where it holds the iron bed and yields ore in great quantities. It begins just behind the school-house near Mr. O. Rice’s house, and may be easily traced east- ward to the Newport and New Bloomfield road which it crosses at the highest point between the two towns, the ridge here forming the watershed. Thence it continues through the wood for about half a mile, when it becomes double. At the place where the ridge becomes double a small displacement is visible which throws the eastern por- tion of the ridge about 100 feet to the south of the western part. This doubling is caused by the widening of the syn- cline so that the two walls come to the surface separately. Here also the dip of the north ridge is to the sonth, and that of thesouth ridge to the north indicating a change, for along all the western part of the ridges already described the whole parallel series dips to the north. A little further east the dip of the whole series is to the south. It should be mentioned here that as soon as the ridge be- comes double the Marcellus ore appears, showing its char- acteristic thin basal bed of fossil ore. (See Plate XVI, page 176, Fig. 2.) Continuing about a quarter of a mile farther eastward the north ridge becomes very bold, rising at least 50 feet above the sonth ridge and presently shows a magnificent sheet of sandstone dipping 65° 8. 10° E. It is the finest ex- ’ 3 aie 190 F*. REPORT OF PROGRESS. E. W. CLAYPOLE. hibition of the Oriskany sandstone as a bedded rock in the township and perhaps in the county. Very soon after pass- ing this cliff, for such it may be truly called, a third ridge — appears between the two already described running out from the north ridge. The Marcellus ore bed immediately appears between this new ridge and that to the north, so that at this place there are three distinct sandstone ridges with two troughs between them each containing the hema- tite bed with its accompanying white and black clay. The northern ridge is the highest, rising some 50 feet above the next, which in turn rises about as much above that on the south. For the geological structure of which these ridges and ore beds are the superficial indications, see Plate XVI, page 176, Fig. 3. These ridges continue eastward. See Miller township. Fossils.—Coarse and hard as is the Oriskany sandstone yet it furnishes evidence that the ocean on whose shores or shallows it was formed contained avundance of animal life. These coarse blocks are often honeycombed with the casts of fossil shells. The shells themselves have been dissolved and carried away by the percolation of acidulated water. But they have left cavities in the stone which indicate their former presence. It is not surprising if in the wear and tear of a sea-beach the thin and fine forms have been ground down and destroyed. ‘This is the case in Perry county. But some of the heavier shells, such as the well known Spirifera arenosa, survived the rough usage to which they were subjected and were buried in the sand. But the relics of former life during the Oriskany age are very imperfect and scarce in Centre township. Nowhere in Perry county are they good. But in other parts of the State and in other States this rock has yielded fossils in great quantity and good preservation. The Marcellus lime-shale and limestone. These beds are only to be seen in a few places in the town- ship. They areapparently well developed near New Bloom- field on the farm of Mr. Barnett, and their development is an argument against the pressure of the Marcellus ore in - > Page> 4 i gt 5 er CU 3. CENTRE TOWNSHIP. F’, 191 any great thickness. Some years ago an attempt was made to burn some of them for lime but it proved a failure. The lime would not slake. As will be mentioned in the report on Madison township similar beds there yield lime of fair quality. It might be worth the experiment to try if these limestones at Bloomfield would yield hydraulic cement. I have also seen the Marcellus limestone at its outcrop be- tween Bloomfield and Clark’s mill, where it may again be taken as evidence against the presence of a thick bed of. ore. i? a / 7 | 4 i ri 4 4 194 F®. REPORT OF PROGRESS. FE. W. CLAYPOLE. “e “4 Another opening of a similar nature is found about 3 miles west of New Bloomfield, on the ground of Mr. Dacia i. a Long, by whom it is leased for a royalty of 18 cents per ton. 4 Like the preceding, this opening les under the souther ity slopes of Mahanoy. ridge, and is geologically on the same | horizon—the AMabketlest ore bed. The ore is of similar quality, being pipe ore for the most part, and of course — needs washing. The bed here also dips almost vertically, so that the labor and cost of working is rapidly increased as it is followed downwards. This is one of the great draw- backs to mining the Perry county ores. If access is ob- | tained by a level only a small quantity can be reached, and if by a shaft, the water, in wet seasons especially, is apt to become troublesome. Moreover, every yard in depth means an increase in the cost of raising the ore. At this (Mr. — Long’s) bank a small steam engine has been erected, which also pumps out the water which is employed for washing it. In dry seasons, such as that of 1881, the supply is in- sufficient, the sump being dry by midday, but in wet sea- sons more than enough can be obtained. The shaft isnow _ (December, 1881,) 67 feet deep, and the ore is followed 3 nearly east and west from the bottom of it. Thebedis from 4 to 14 feet thick, with a parting of clay dividing it Be: into two smaller beds. This of course is separated in dig- ging it. The yield varies according to the force employed. In December, 1881, I was informed that 100 tons a month of washed ore were brought to bank, and as about half of it is lost in washing this must mean 200 tons of crude ore. It was then worth at Newport, 9 miles off, $3 50 a ton. The hematite was followed almost down to drainage level and began to show signs of giving place to the blue carbon- ate of iron, a much less valuable ore, because it needs roasting. This and the growing cost of lifting to the sur- face, and of haulage to Newport, and the diminishing price given at the furnace have combined to reduce the profits below cost, and the works were suspended in the early part of 1883. The ore has also been proved on the land of Mr. Neilson, near the west line of the township. 3. CENTRE TOWNSHIP. Fe" TB5 No other attempt has been made so far as I am aware to open and work the ore along this line of outcrop. Another small outcrop of the limestone ore occurs near the Perry furnace in the southwest corner of the township. It runs in a curve round the furnace between the Oriskany ‘sandstone and the black shales, but is of very small extent, and so far as I am aware was never worked in the township though a small opening exists a short distance over the line in Spring township. Another outcrop of the Marcellus ore occurs about a mile north of New Bloomfield, where in one of the long, narrow synclinal folds running southwestwardly from the old Ju- niata works it has been mined in the woods under cover. This outcrop may be traced on the map of the county north of Bloomfield. The works are now abandoned and have fallen in. The ore was hauled half a mile to the stream in Dorran’s narrows for washing. The outcrop at the old Juniata furnace is the last of which mention need be made. This is at the same time the oldest and most productive in the township and second to few in the county in these respects. It was worked for the fur- nace half a century ago and immense quantities of ore were extracted at great cost, especially in the eastern portion of the works where the cutting is about twenty-five feet deep and open. Traces of the old works may be found scattered through the woods on the west of the road nearly half a mile distant. These works were abandoned about forty years ago, when the introduction of coal and coke ruined the charcoal-iron industry and they lay idle for many years. They have, however, been reopened by driving a tunnel through the Oriskany sandstone ledge on the north side of the syncline. whereby access has been obtained to the ore beds lying within it and a considerable quantity of ore ex- tracted and hauled to Newport by Mr. Reeder. The position of Mr. Reeder’s works and tunnel is shown in Plate XVII, page 178, Fig. 1. The Marcellus black shale. There are not many places in Centre township where this . 2 ee oe _ 196 EF’. REPORT OF PROGRESS. E. W. CLAYPOLE. ee rock is exposed. It.is soft and consequently much disin- tegrated by the weather. Lying as it does with other soft beds between the two sandstones, the Oriskany and the Hamilton, it is generally covered with the wreckage that — : has fallen from their slopes so that its detection is difficult. The Marcellus black shale, together with the Hamilton’ lower shales, is usually much excavated by atmospheric erosion and forms a deep valley lying alongside of the Ham- ilton sandstone ridges which it accompanies in all their zig- zagging course through the townships. An examination of the map and sections will enable any one to follow its out- crop without further explanation. This rock consists of thin, dark or nearly black layers of shale, very smooth in most places but occasionally slightly sandy. It so closely resembles the formation in New York on the same horizon that even without fossils there would be little difficulty in identifying the two. The best exposure of this rock in the township is in the field adjoining Barnett’s rocks directly south of New Bloomfield. The beds are there nearly vertical and have yielded no fossils. - Another smaller one is in the syncline on the top of the hill between New Bloomfield and Clark’s mill, where I have been told that the plow brings fragments to the surface. A third exposure occurs at the cross-roads between Lime- stone ridge and Buffalo hills on Dorran’s run, where in the search for ore many pieces of this rock were brought to the surface. These on examination yielded a few fossils a list of which will be given elsewhere. A fourth exposure of these black shales occurs near the ore works of the old Juniata furnace two miles east of New Bloomfield. A double section is here made. The end of the syncline coming west from Newport narrows gives the ~ black shale dipping both ways on both sides of the cross. road. On the south side it has been extensively excavated in the search for ore but on the north side no attempt has apparently been made to find the bed. 3. CENTRE TOWNSHIP. F’, 197 The Hamilton lower shale. Lying immediately over the black Marcellus shale come the Lower Hamilton shales, softer and lighter in color. They run through the township, following very closely the line of outcrop of the Hamilton sandstone which overlies them. The latter forms the ridges the former the valley. Unable on account of its softness to resist the weather as the hard stone has done, it has been eroded by frost, sun- shine, and rain, and now forms valleys alongside of the harder rocks. The northern slope of Mahanoy ridge and the southern slope of Buffalo hills are composed of the Hamilton lower shales, covered very deeply by the wreck- -age from the overhanging Hamilton sandstone. The slope at the western end of Dick’s hill also consists of these shales rising from under the heavy sandstone. It extends in long tongues west into Iron ridge, and is gradually thrown out by the rising of the older limestone to the surface. No other outcrop of the Hamilton lower shales exists in Centre county, and in these the exposure of bed rock is rare. In only one or two places in the gaps or passes as on Dor- ran’s run and at the old Juniata furnace can the lower shales be studied in place. frossils.—These shales are exceedingly barren, frequent and careful search at all the outcrops in the township hav- ing failed to bring to light any fossils. Either life in the ocean of this age was scarce in Centre township or all traces of its exisience have been destroyed. Land.—The Lower Hamilton shales yield mostly poor land, inferior to that over the other shales of the township. Good farming and free expenditure of labor can, however, render it fairly productive and in the end profitable. The Hamilton sandstone. This is the most conspicuous feature in the physiography of Centre township. The Lower Helderberg limestone forms a high ridge, but most of it is under cultivation, and more of it would be tilled were it not for the numerous sinkholes on its surface. The Oriskany sandstone in many places Gr eety ss Ce ee 198 F*. REPORT OF PROGRESS. E. W. CLAYPOLE. caps the limestone with its rugged range of pulpit rocks. ba: But the Hamilton sandstone is massive and hard enough “ to stand up in bold lines along the township, and so far to resist the weather as to maintain a steep slope on one or both flanks. Consequently it forms not only the most con- spicuous, but the most important feature in the physical geography of the township. ra The jirst outcrop of the Hamilton sandstone.—The Buf- — falo hills are the most northerly line of outcrop of this for- mation. many places. The shale is so near the surface that cultiva-_ tion of the ground has been abandoned, and the fossil har- _ vest may be easily reaped. For the most part the bed con- ~ sists here of soft green shale, sometimes splitting with ease, but often tough. Many parts of it are full of fossils,and they are usually either bright rusty red or black from the presence of iron. This renders them very conspicuous, and their details are easily seen. In this place the beds are about 20 feet thick, and stand almost vertical with a slight overthrown dip of about 92° to the north. portions are crowded with Fenestella, often very beautifully preserved, but soft and fragile and belonging to several species. Near the middle it is characterized by abundance of Vitulina pustulosa, Hall, and in the lower layers which — ; are more sandy by Tropidoleptus carinatus, Hall. The Hamilton upper shales to Fenestella bed. Very smooth, fine, dark shales, black when damp. Greenish, soft, shaly bed with Styliola fissurella. Thin, soft, rusty bed with Menestella. Soft, sandy beds much marked with bright red oxide of iron, and containing Brachiopods, Crinoids, Trilobites, &e. Soft, shaly beds with few fossils. Greenish, sandy shales. Hamilton sandstone of Mahanoy ridge. The Fenestella shale is also well exposed on the land of Mr. Toomey, senior, on Little Buffalo creek, and the whole thickness of the upper shale can be traced down to the sand- stone. The dip here is about 30° N. N. W. From this point the fossiliferous beds may be followed without much a} ? Vane. es hundred feet southeast from the mill owned by Mr. G. Bar- my ys esse ~ It is difficult to | establish distinct horizons in this thickness, but the upper ~ ca s ys a ' a an ele, Fn ari: os bs! = an at A 3. CENTRE TOWNSHIP. FE’, 207 difficulty up the valley to the western line of the town- ship. Numerous other exposures of these shales occur in the township. For instance, southwest of Bloomfield, along the road to Little Germany, again on the branch road to Perry furnace, on the land of Mr. George McKee and Mr. 8. Brown, and Mr. William Brunner, in the field adjoining whose brickyard they were exposed in digging some ditches, and showed the fossils very much crushed and distorted. The Genessee shale. This shale makes no conspicuous displays, and being destitute of fossils, can only be recognized by its position. tts dark thin layers can be seen along the road on the south side of Mahanoy ridge, but they crop out nowhere else. The Portage shale. Though these beds should occur in several places in the valley between Mahanoy ridge, and Dick’s hill, and [ron ridge, yet I have not recognized them anywhere except near the house of Mr. 8. Brown, where they crop out at the road- side and contain their characteristic fossils, details concern- ing which may be found in the proceedings of the American Philosophical Society for 1888, and will be given in the volume on the paleontology. The Ch emung group. Rocks of the Chemung group occupy all the middle of the valley south of Mahanoy ridge and extend to the foot of Iron ridge and Dick’s hill where they are cut off by the Perry county fault. For the most part they dip steeply to the south but the extension of the Perry furnace anticline along the valley reduces and reverses the dip so that no measurements minutely accurate can be made of their thick- ness. They are fossiliferous in many places, but there are few good exposures and the surface shows the usual rounded hills that mark the Chemung areas in the county. The passage from the Portage to the Chemung is well shown at ia Wy 208 F? REPORT OF PROGRESS. E. W. CLAYPOLE. the exposure of the former near the house of Mr. 8. Brow mn, a | where the smooth, thin shales of the lower are gradually : a supplanted by the more sandy beds of the upper group con-— a taining their characteristic thin, squarely fracturing A stone boda “tat Brick-clay and sand. Clay suitable for making bricks is found in several places — : in the township. A bed exists close by New Bloomfield on the ground of Mr. Barnett where many thousand bricks have been made and burnt. Their quality is fair but not excellent. They shrink very much in the fire when burnt ~ at a high heat and are said to bend. This brick-field and another of similar quality belonging to Mr. William Brun- ner, about two miles southwest, supply most of the bricks — employed in the town. They are sold on the ground at prices varying, according to quality, from $5 50 to $700 a thousand. These clay beds are all composed of the material washed down from the neighboring hills. The clay is white witha faint tint of blue. It contains a considerable quantity of iron, as is shown by the color of the bricks. The beds are not thick, the workable depth being only about two feet. Below that the clay contains fragments of shale which render it unsuitable for the purposes of the brickmaker. It occurs where the valleys are a little wider and flatter than usual but nof in the narrower and deeper ones, and is evidently the product of the flooding of swampy ground during many years. A similar white marl is often found in several places in digging ditches through low-lying lands, so that brick-making material is abundant. Sand for building purposes is obtained from two sources in Centre township. That which is used in New Bloomfield and to the south is found at the outerop of the Oriskany sandstone, south of the town. Differing here from its usual condition this formation, instead of being hard and resist- ant, is soft and friable, so that it can be dug out with a spade. At the exposure on Mr. Barnett’s land it is pebbly, the pebbles being fine and white and having the appearance ae FO ee ee e 3. CENTRE TOWNSHIP. FE’, 209 of small white beans. These are screened out and used for rough-casting the plastered houses, while the sand that passes through the screen is used for making mortar, &c. At the next exposure, on the land of the Hon. William Grier, the Oriskany sandstone consists of pure white or yellow sand, almost free in some spots from pebbles, in others containing a great many. Though the Oriskany abounds in fossils where the beds are hard, yet they seem to be altogether absent where these beds are soft and sandy. It is also worthy of notice that only in this low ridge of Oriskany lying interruptedly along the north foot of Mahanoy ridge does it present this soft friable aspect in Centre township. Nor do all parts of this ridge present it equally. Ata very few yards’ distance to the east 1t con- sists as usual of a chain of rugged pulpit rocks of consid- erable hardness. Farther west it crops out as a similar rugged chain, but at Mr. Long’s ore works the soft sand again appears, and much of it has been excavated in the search for iron. On the northwest of the town, in some . spots, soft sandstones occur, easily crumbling down under the hammer, but not capable of being dug out, as at the places just mentioned. In the north of the township sand is obtained from a bed several feet deep lying on the very top of the Buffalo hills about midway between Dorran’s and Hentzel’s narrows. It is not easy to account for its formation. It can hardly be the result of water-action. The place of its occurrence is on the low part of the ridge where a foot-path crosses from the Buffalo valley. It has been dug out to the depth of about two feet and apparently extends much deeper. It is mixed with angular pieces of the Hamilton sandstone but few very small fragments. This sandstone is not subject, like the Oriskany, to be soft in places nor isit liable to rapid disintegration under the action of the atmosphere. The great accumulation of sand on this rock at so high a level in the present configuration of the surface is therefore an ap- apparent anomaly. 14 F’. 210 K® REPORT OF PROGRESS. E. W. CLAYPOLE. The Little Germany fault. This fault, of which an account will be found in the re- port on Spring township, enters Centre at the southwest just where it cuts through the topmost beds of the Hamil- ton sandstone. The lateral displacement here is about a mile, and through the gap thus left in the eastern rampart of Little Germany, passes the road to New Bloomfield. At this point the Lower Hamilton shales of the eroded Craw- ley anticline abut against the Genessee or probably against the Portage shales of the south slope of Mahanoy ridge. Consequently the throw of the fault is here at its maximum. We may form an approximation to its extent from the fol- lowing figures which represent the thickness of the several groups as nearly as I have been able to determine them: Portage, part) 66s ie is Wo ee eer ge ee ee 50 feet. GOnesIOG, ~, k:.s se fle oe Hn ees ht pe ee Core 200 ‘< Hamilton upper BiaIG, 6 estes ed Ses: a a ae 300 “. Hamilton’ Sandstone, ss se sie 13st Gs Ptaees eee 600 * Hamilton lower shale, party, 3666's fla ie dace is See 100. * Total throw, | c.5) oer kek oa 5. oe fe ce eee ee 1250 * | | This is little, compared with the throw of the Perry county fault a mile further south, but is yet sufficient to produce important changes in the geology of the county. From this point the fault continues northeastward and about a mile from the township line the disjointed edge of the Hamilton sandstone is seen rising on the south of the road. Soon afterwards the Hamilton upper shales showing the Tropidoleptus bed appear in the road, and at the fork to Perry furnace the throw of the fault has become quite insignificant. It may however be traced for nearly half a mile farther. The Tropidoleptns shale crops out at the residence of Mr. Wm. Brunner and then follow, descending, the Genessee shales, thus indicating very closely the place of the fault. It is here indicated by a depression which, enlarging to the southwest, becomes the valley along which we have, in imagination, been traveling from Little Ger- many. Wee ye ae ee eae af ae + ’ 3. CENTRE TOWNSHIP. ’. 911 i‘ The only conspicuous evidence of the fault east of this point is the repetition of the Hamilton upper shale without _ inversion and the presence of the Genessee between the two outcrops. The lower outcrop is at the fork of the road near Mr. Sanderson’s, and the higher at Mr. Wm. Brunner’s. In both cases the lower beds lie to the north. A plan of the fault may be found in the account of Spring township. - Sere ne -- at --* ~ wena, —_ - eat EP ope towns 4, GREENWOOD TOWNSHIP. 213 4. Greenwood township. This township lies on the north line of the county and east of the Juniata river. It is bounded on the north by Turkey ridge, on the west for the most part by the Juniata, on the south by Buffalo mountain, and on the east by an imaginary line which parts it from Liverpool. It contains about 25 square miles. It is divided naturally into two wide open valleys by the high and rugged Wild Cat ridge, across which there is only one good road near the middle of the township. Pfoutz s valley lies on the soft beds of the Clinton and Onondaga shales and narrows to the eastward, where it ex- tends into Liverpool township. It has no drainage system of its own. All its water- courses that are large enough to require notice fall into Co- calamus creek which enters the valley from Juniata county through a gap in Turkey ridge, and leaves it to reach the Juniata in Wild Cat valley. The eastern branch of the creek which drains the upper end of the valley comes down from the high land on which runs the line between Greenwood and Liverpool townships and flows along the northern base of Wild Cat ridge until it meets the larger branch coming down from Juniata county, and both united skirt the range until they find a way through it near Millerstown. Of this gap further mention is made later. The soil of Pfoutz’s valley is good, being for the most part composed of the same shale that is so abundant in the west of the county. Pfoutz’s valley also contains part of the most valuable stores of iron-ore now worked in Perry county. Of good quality, yielding a high percentage of iron lying in soft material, and at a convenient dip, these beds of fossil ore can be profitably worked when no other vein 4. GREENWOOD TOWNSHIP. BY Sis in the county will pay. The beds-are unfortunately not thick, seldom exceeding twelve inches, but the advantages above-mentioned more than counterbalance this defect. (For further details concerning the ore see page 217.) Slaughterbeck hill, sometimes called Michaels ridge, is a conspicuous object from every part of Pfoutz’s valley. It blocks the entrance from the west, rising above every other range in the township. It is really a fragment of the great Tuscarora anticlinal which has been cut off by the Juniata river from the main body and constitutes an outlier. In truth the whole of the valley is a continuation eastward of the anticlinal ridge of Tuscarora, eroded by long ages of frost, rain, and sunshine. The beds dip eastward at a gen- tle slope, disappearing one after another under newer over- lying ones. The structure of the valiey may be easily un- derstood from the map and section on Plate X VIII. It will be seen at once that the sandstone of the Tusca- rora range passes down underneath the lower green shales of the Clinton group, these beneath the Iron sandstone and this beneath the upper green shale, fossil ore, and sandrock. Over all these lie the Onondaga shale, the Lower Helder- berg limestone, and the Hamilton group of Wild Cat ridge. Wild Cat valley composes the southern part of Green- wood township. It is broad and open, intersected with ridges running lengthwise, some of which are steep and wooded, and others gently sloping and cultivated. Through this valley Wild Cat creek flows into the Juniata, carrying almost all the water that runs off its surface. Its head springs are in Wild Cat ridge and Buffalo mountain and on the water-shed between the two rivers, which here lies wholly in Greenwood township. The northern portion of this valley lies for the most part on the green shales and shalestones of the Chemung, yield- ing as usual a soil of little fertility. Its southern part, on the red sandstone and shale of the Catskill, is of much bet- ter quality for farming, and as in other parts of the county the Catskill soil compares favorably with the geologi- cally older red shale land of Pfoutz’s valley and the west of the county. 916 F’. REPORT OF PROGRESS. E. W. CLAYPOLE. ae Buffalo mountain is thickly wooded with chiefly small timber, and is traversed by only one road leading through a gap into Howe township. (See Howe and Liverpool town- ship, on pp. 228, 241.) shale, No. V. The Medina sandstone is only seen in this township near its northwestern corner where the point of the great Tusca- rora anticline is cut off by the Juniata river. It forms the . axis of Slaughterbeck hill or Michael’s ridge, its beds dip- | ping north and south from the axis. This point of high land is surrounded on three sides by a trench caused by the removal of the soft Lower Clinton shales which formerly filled it. The sandstone which farther west forms the high, straight crest of Tuscarora mountain sinks to the eastward . so rapidly that on the eastern line of the township it is nearly a thousand feet below the surface. The point alluded to above—Slaughterbeck hill—forms a striking object from the east end of the township. Stand- ing out boldly in the midst of the valley it resembles some huge fortified camp surrounded by a deep fosse cut out of : | the Clinton lower shale and again by a ring-wall composed | of the hard beds of the Iron sandstone. From the whole of Pfoutz’s valley this natural fortress can be seen flanked to north and south by the long ranges of Turkey ridge and | Wild Cat ridge. | The Medina sandstone, No. 1V, and the Clinton Lome TT The Clinton Iron sandstone. | The Iron sandstone is apparently only .a few feet thick in this township yet its hard, thin, red layers are capable of forming a distinct ridge or minor crest around Slaughter- beck hill which may be traced from the Juniata river east- ward for about three miles where it turns and runs back to the river a little north of Millerstown. With its disap- pearance eastward the general level of the country sinks and both the Iron sandstone and ore beds pass down un- derground to the eastward and on the township line are al- ready far below the surface. a 4. GREENWOOD TOWNSHIP. "> SIF The eastern point of the hard Iron sandstone compels Co- calamus creek to make a long curve before assuming its proper course. It crosses Pfoutz’s valley just at the end of the Iron sandstone outcrop. The Clinton fossil ore. The outcrop of this important group of rocks enters Greenwood township from Juniata county about two miles north of Millerstown, and ranging east to or perhaps across Cocalamus creek turns and passes west southwest to the Juniata river a few hundred yards north of Millerstown. Few natural shows of it occur. The beds are chiefly soft and weather down easily ; but the place of the ore is indi- cated by harder ridges which sometimes form terraces along the hillside. . These beds of fossil ore extend across the whole township below the surface under the red shale, but are mined only where their outcrop occurs on the hillside; and near the river where they have been softened by water action and lie near to the canal and railway. Many thousand tons of this soft fossil ore have been sent from Millerstown during the past 15 years, chiefly to Read- ing, Harrisburg, and Dry Valley, near Northumberland. Only the uppermost bed, the Sand-vein ore bed, is worked on this side of the river. This isabout a foot in thickness. The other beds may be readily found on the hillsides, In many places they have been dug into at their outcrops, and from some a considerable quantity of ore has been taken. The details of the section in Fig. 3, p. 212, Plate X VIII, were given me by Robert Cochran, Esq., of Millerstown, who works the Sand-vein ore bed at this place. No attempt has been made to drive further into the hill in quest of the deeper beds. Their probable position may be learned from the account given of the works of Mr. Rounsley on the other side of the river, in Tuscarora township. The places where the greatest quantity of ore has been mined are at the workings under the management of Mr. 218 EF’. REPORT OF PROGRESS. E. W. CLAYPOLE. Robert Cochran, about a mile northeast of Millerstown, and ; those of Mr. 8. Hoffman,about two miles further to the north- ; east, where the ore beds flatten down and dip more to the . east before disappearing under the overlying Lower Helder- berg limestone which here laps round the end of the hill. | The fossil ore beds return westward to the north of . Slaughterbeck hill, but I have not been able to learn that | any ore has been taken out there or any attempt made to prove the beds. They are reported to be of inferior quality. The Lower Helderberg (Lewistown) limestone. No. VI. Few exposures of this limestone occur along its southern “ve outcrop in the western part of the township. It occupies for the most part the low land along the course of Cocala- mus creek. It is, however, well exposed at the great bend where the stream strikes against Wild Cat ridge and is di- verted to the west. Here it consists of solid heavy bitu- minous limestone, and some of its fossils, for example Sp. modesta and Rh. formosa, may be obtained. Its whole thickness near Millerstown is about 800 feet, but its various divisions can with difficulty be made out. At the bend in the creek before alluded to the chert beds are well shown. These beds seldom appear, being almost always disinte- grated by the action of the weather. The Oriskany sandstone No. VII. Near Millerstown the Oriskany sandstone is exceedingly thin and makes none of those conspicuous ranges of pulpit rocks which mark its outcrop in the middle of the county. Its two lines of outcrop are drawn where the sandstone should be, rather than where it can be seen, for it rarely happens that even a fragment of it can be found except in the west- ern part of the township, where I have picked up a few small pieces among the wreckage of the flint ridges which is there very abundant. So faras I have been able to see the Oriskany seems to thin out in the east of the township. The Marcellus group. These rocks, so far as I have observed, have no good ex- a OE SE Ie" -e- 2er yee ¥ ® = gs * a = be ff a tee a. ' Se 4. GREENWOOD TOWNSHIP. > 340 posure here. The Marcellus black shale may occasionally be seen on the northern slope of Wild Cat ridge, but its outcrop is usually buried beneath the wreckage from the heavy Hamilton sandstone above it. | *‘Along Turkey ridge, (north side of Pfoutz’s valley,) where the surface is higher than along Wild Cat ridge, the surface ore indicates the presence of the bed below, but it has been opened at very few points, and mined only at two. At Isaac Troutman’s, 64 miles northeast of Millerstown, in one season’s work for Maria furnace, 300 or 400 tons were taken from an open cut. The bed varies from 1 to 3 feet.” ‘*On Michael Hull’s land, on the Turkey Valley road, 4 miles northeast of Millerstown an open cut produced in one season a few hundred tons for Mariafurnace. The bed was reported one to two feet thick.”’ The Hamilton group. Two lines of outcrop of the Hamilton rocks cross this township. The northern runs along the county line from east to west and its hard sandstone forms the crest of Turkey ridge. The southern line comes in from Liverpool township forming Wild Cat ridge, and acts as a barrier to Cocalamus creek, compelling it to flow southwestward to join the Ju- niata. Near its mouth the creek has cut into the Hamilton strata of the ridge, beginning probably when it and the Juniata flowed at a much higher level. Its mouth is now on the south side of the ridge. There can be little or no doubt that it once met the larger stream close to the place where Millerstown now stands. It looks as if the range turned slightly to the southwest on approaching the Juniata, at the same time declining in height. But in reality Coca- lamus has cut farther and farther southward and has car- ried away the whole mass of material which once occupied the triangular space north of its mouth, and faced Raccoon ridge on the right bank of the river. The gradual change in the nature of the Hamilton sand- stone as it is traced from the west of Greenwood township to the east deserves notice. Hard and solid near the Juni- ata river it becomes softer and more shaly as its outcrop ap- 920 KF’. REPORT OF PROGRESS. E. W. CLAYPOLE. proaches the line of Liverpool township, and the ridge is consequently less steep and rugged ;* this change is however | more marked after crossing the line, and further notice of it may be taken in the account of Liverpool township. The Genessee, Portage, and Chemung. A single broad outcrop of these olive green shales crosses the township near the middle, forming a district of rounded, rather steep ridges and hills often wooded, but commonly cleared and cultivated. The land on these yellowish green and olive beds is, as usual, very poor. The Chemung and Catskill, (VIII and IX.) | A broad belt of these rocks underlies much of the south- ern part of Greenwood township, from the Juniata river northeastward, making red ground. More than half . of Wild Cat valley consists of this kind of land. It forms | . a rolling surface where the hills are not too steep for easy | farming, and the ground is much more productive than on the light colored soils in the northern part of che valley. This belt of the old red sandstone skirts Buffalo mountain | on the north, its edge running nearly parallel to the road. | It dips steeply to the 8. 8. E., diving under the sandstone | of the mountain and reappearing to the south of Berry’s mountain in Howe and Buffalo townships. At the base of the Catskill group the Kingsmill white sandstone which forms so prominent and interesting a fea- | ture in the geology of Wheatfield township may be traced less distinctly in Greenwood. It is the same white or yel- lowish material, but not so purely siliceous. The clay it contains gives it greater toughness, and the scarcity of fos- sils makes its presence less easy to demonstrate, but there can be no doubt of the identity of the two beds. The only place in Greenwood township at which I have been able to obtain its fossils is on the road leading north from the gap and on the top of the ridge north of Wild Cat creek. This ridge is apparently formed by the Kingsmill sandstone, and numerous fragments lie on the surface. ; | | . j | ] 4, GREENWOOD TOWNSHIP. EY) 231 The Pocono sandstone, No. X. This is the highest stratum occurring in Greenwood town- ship and with it the geological history ends. It constitutes the axis of Buffalo mountain and its beds dipping steeply to the 8. 8. E. meet at the eastern end of the township the N. N. W. dipping beds of Berry’s mountain, and both rise together into the high knob known as Buffalo mouutain at Newport. Owing to the great hardness of this stone it has resisted the weather which has destroyed and carried away so vast a mass of the softer rocks and, as may be seen by inspecting the section of the township given herewith, has also removed no inconsiderable quantity of the resistent sandstone. , This sandstone is of the same nature and age as that com- posing the Cove mountain in the southeast of the county, and for further detaiis concerning it the reader is referred to the account of Buffalo and Penn townships. The thickness of this sandstone, as nearly as can be de- termined, is about 2000 feet. a -4- Lee on 2 A A lO EF I CE nt CR: EA Oy a OE yy OE eg le ae 7 5. HOWE TOWNSHIP. HE”, ‘223 5. Howe township. Howe is one of the smallest of the townships of Perry county, containing less than ten square miles of surface. It is also very irregular in shape being deeply cut into by the great double bend of the Juniata, which, thrown back by the Buffalo hills, returns northward and is again re- flected by the high ground at the foot of Berry mountain, where it returns southward and finds a passage through the Buffalo hill barrier at Baileysburg. To the observer of geological processes this part of the river affords some fine examples of the way in which the Juniata has been made what and where it now is. Every river and stream in turning a corner cuts away, as is well known, the side against which it strikes because the current is there strongest. At the same time on the opposite or concave side of the river, owing to the retardation of its flow, it drops its sediment. Thus the Juniata in Howe township has gradually cut its way southward at the first bend, and northward at the second, both of which points are faced on the convex side by cliffs, and backed on the concave side by low alluvial land gradually rising from the water’s edge. The Hamilton group. Not much notice of the Hamilton group is required here, inasmuch as its outcrop only enters the township at its southeastern corner, leaving it again almost immediately and passing under the Juniata. The Hamilton sandstone forming the most northern of the three ridges of Half Falls mountain, scarcely can be said to exist in Howe township, but the Upper Hamilton shale must exist along a short range near the old Tavern, though [ have not found any exposure of it; nor have I been able to learn that any trace of the Hamilton Fossil ore bed has been seen on its proper line of outcrop. : Fr. +4 x \ } oF 2? ae. ms f Ses ns vara’ ©! * aed! @ |’ ; . a \ 994 K®. REPORT OF PROGRESS. FE. W. CLAYPOLE. The Genessee, Portage, and Chemung. The southern portion of Howe township is composed, with the small exception already noted, of the rocks of this group cleft into two portions by the great double bend of — the Juniata. The first portion projects southward and is- nearly surrounded by the river. The second portion lies on the east side of the river. The hard sandy shales oppo- site Newport are only a continuation of those in Middle ridge. These same beds are continned again in Middle Bucks valley into Buffalo township. They dip uniformly to the N. by W. In this township and crossing into Oliver occurs a calea- | reous bed of unusual thickness. It is only exposed so far as [am aware opposite the furnace at Newport and a mile east from this point in the river bank. Apparently it isa lenticular mass composed in great part of fossil shells, or rather casts, and extending over no great distance. Its composition, as may be seen from the following analyses by Mr. McCreath, varies much : Oarbonate of dims, 2559S Gow 44a oe 60.214 49.178 33.482 Carbonate of magnesia, ........ 1.664 1.816 1.967 Oxide of iron and alumina,....... 5.384 5.761 8.298 . Phosphorus, 0a) Ss Sete ee .068 052 084 Biliceous aMiatter, © 0:40). e+» a dkeele Rene 31.520 41.940 53.810 It is worthy of remark, though properly belonging to . Oliver township, that this bed of limestone just mentioned seems to be the chief water-bearing stratum at Newport for | the southern part of the town. Asa consequence the water | yielded by the wells is so hard as to be unfit for use in : washing. This bed, therefore, has a very important bear- : | ing on the water supply of the town. | It may be further observed that in measuring the thick- ness of the different formations in Perry county, this liime- stone band just described has been assumed as a base to the Chemung. It is scarcely necessary to add that, being a mere lenticular bed, it has no such value, and all measure- ments founded on the assumption are untrustworthy. In- stead of being the base of the Chemung it lies high up in that group. It is crowded with Chemung fossils, especially ‘ : ' { fehl typ EPA 8h OE = Sa ee 5. HOWE TOWNSHIP. B -S5 Strophodonta demissa, in bad condition and chiefly as casts. Moreover, the Chemung fauna runs down below this bed for many hundred feet. . Section of Newport beds opposite the saw mill. About 300 yards below the bridge at Newport is a series of beds of sandy clay-stones, green and yellow. Dip 60° N. In a small gully opposite the saw mill 1s exposed a number of different beds. The uppermost shales con- tain a few Lamellibranch shells. Then follow Yellow, soft, crumbling shales stained with bright red spots and blotches of oxide of iron. Solid sandy clay-stones with abundant fragmentary veg- etable remains extending through a considerable thickness of rock. Reddish soft sandy shale at base. eS ROL OMT, OUD nd i ew ace, md) vale 40 feet. Red sandy shales containing Spirifera mesocostalis,. . 200 * Alternating red and green flagstones containing Pro- ductella hirsuta, tee bey ie ek ha he oe . 200 *§ Brown sandstones with pues beds, Len ee eee eee 100 ¢ Solid green and brown eens very sandy with shale EGA, uate i aT I ad iar eae | el Limestone bed, argillaceous, containing casts of encri- nites and Strophodonta demissa, Hall,........ ae od (Strophodonta bed.) The Chemung-Catskill and Catskill. These rocks form a long broad belt through the midst of Howe township, as may be seen on the map. They appear first a few hundred yards north of Newport bridge on the two roads to Millerstown and continue to their junction two miles north of the bridge. Their eastward extension forms a fine open tract of rolling land of good quality mostly under cultivation. Middle Bucks Valley ridge, a continuation, geologically considered, of middle ridge in Centre township, is composed in great part of the rocks of this group. This ridge ranges across the township and then enters Buffalo to which the greater part of it belongs. These Catskill rocks dip northward under the Berry mountain reappearing to the north of Buffalo mountain in Wild Cat Valley, Greenwood township. 15 EF". 226 F*. REPORT OF PROGRESS. E. W. CLAYPOLE. The Pocono sandstone, No. X. Howe township contains the angle made by the meeting of the two long lines of outcrop of the Pocono sandstone, which enter Perry county at Liverpool and Mount Patrick — respectively. These two lines of outcrop diverging further after they leave the county eastward form the outer walls of the Lykens Valley coal field or Wiconisco basin, the northern fork of the Great Pottsville anthracite field. This hard and massive sandstone, the same as that which ~ surrounds Allen’s cove in the south of the county, forms everywhere by its outcrop rough bold mountain ranges throughout eastern Pennsylvania, encircling all the coal basins, and compelling the rivers to cut for themselves gaps. It contains in itself evidence of coal on a small scale, but lies too low, geologically speaking, to yield any profitable seams. | There are few places where it is possible to measure: with any approach to accuracy the thickness of this sandstone, but along the Susquehanna river it has been determined to be 1950 feet. The Pocono sandstone mountains carry a very high and even crest. The two ridges converging in Howe township opposite Newport are examples of this fact. Both run, with one exception, from the Susquehanna to the Juniata without a gap. No roads pass over them and they consequently form complete barriers between the inhabi- tants on their two sides. ; The one exception alluded to above occurs near the west- ern end of the ridge. Very near or at the place where the two ranges meet the mountain has been cut completely down, so that a road passes through without any steep as- cent. It is not easy to assign a cause for this remarkable pass. It is not a narrow dark shady gap like most of those in the county, but is wide and open. Nor is there, at present, any water flowing through it. A small stream rises about the middle of the opening and flows south ; scarcely any water flows north; nor does any come from the valley included between the ridges. All the drainage of the inner slopes - + Ao eae Pr eee Le a ll 5. HOWE TOWNSHIP i cay | of the red shale cove reaches the Susquehanna by Hunter's run. If the Juniata, when flowing at a much higher level, cut across the point of Buffalo mountain, as six miles to the northward it has cut across the end of Tuscarora mountain, it would have made such a gap as actually exists. Allusion was made above to the presence of a promise of coal in this mountain. In the gap and near its southern end are traces of an attempt made some years ago to open acoalmine. Nosuccess attended the effort nor have I been able to see any specimen except what weathered fragments can be found at the bank. There are many who yet believe that these mountains will one day yield coal, but all such faith is baseless and the expectations founded on it are futile. No workable coal exists in the mountain in Howe township, and those who are inclined to deem this a rash and positive assertion without proof must be referred for the facts on which it is based to the report on the Cove mountain sandstone in Penn township and the chapter on ‘“The Coals of Perry county.”’ : The Mauch Chunk red shale No. XT. This formation occupies a small area in the. northeast of the township between the mountains at the head of the northern cove. It is the youngest geological formation in the county, and is only found in the three townships, Howe, Buffalo and Penn. Onondaga shale. Section on Valley road between M Bloomfield ana Enslows an Grey pi a shale, —«~—— 4. red shale » wae Includes the ; BLoomFigtp SANDSTONE " fe thin red shale, 4 red shale, Grey shales and limestone beds grey and red shale, yellow shale, yellow ana grey shale, 6. JACKSON TOWNSHIP. F’, 229 6. Jackson township. Jackson township like Toboyne and Madison extends across the whole county from West Tuscarora mountain on the northwest to the Blue mountain on the southeast, and is bounded on the east and west by two straight lines drawn from mountain to mountain. It is eight miles long by four miles wide and being nearly rectangular measures about 32 square miles. ‘It is divided into three parts by natural barriers which isolate these parts almost completely from one another. 1. Horse valley is enclosed between West Tuscarora and Conecocheague mountains over neither of which is there any road in the township. ‘This portion is almost entirely covered with forest and its eastern end is one of the wildest parts of Perry county, where a bear may still be occasion- ally met with. 2. The second part is the wide, comparatively open valley in the middle of the township consisting for the most part of cleared and cultivated land, though towards the south are several low ridges covered with wood, the foot-hills of Bower mountain. 3. The third part is a long, narrow valley contained be- tween the Blue and Bower mountains, accessible by a road over the latter nearly three miles long and requiring at least two hours for passage. The highest point of this road is 1350 feet above Landisburg, 950 feet above the valley at its foot, and nearly 2000 feet above the sea. Shaeffer’s valley as it is called in its lower, or Henry valley in its upper part, is a long, narrow strip the mount- ain-walls of which meetin the middle. It is sparsely settled and for the most part covered with wood. Ahl’s tannery occupies the middle of it, from which a road passes over the Blue mountain into the lower part of Doubling hollow. 230 F*. REPORT OF PROGRESS, E.W.OLAYPOLE. _ All the water of the township reaches Sherman's creek. Brown's run entering from Toboyne comes in at Mount Pleasant. ouston’s run, draining the valley betwéen Chestnut hills and Bower mountain, passes through a gap in the former called Beavertown narrows and reaches Sher- | man’s creek at Enslow’s mill. Laurel run or Murray run drains the narrow valley at the south of the township and passes into Madison. - The chief ridges guiding the course of the streams are Conecocheague mountain, a monoclinal southeast dipping range—the other half of which is West Tuscarora; Bower mountain, here an anticlinal but farther west cleft like the former over the axis into two monoclinal ranges. Both these consist of the Medina sandstone, No. IV, and rise to nearly equal height. Chestnut hills, which part the waters of Houston’s run from those of Sherman’s creek as far as Beavertown, are an interrupted ridge or chain of hills cross- ing the township near its middle and formed of the upbent Iron sandstone and ore sand-rock carrying the Clinton (Bloomsburg) red shale No. V on their slopes. The Utica and Hudson River shales, No. IL. The description given of these rocks in the report on To- boyne township exactly represents them as they occur in Jackson. Further notice would be only useless repetition. The Medina sandstone, No. IV. Six outcrops of this sandstone occur in the township. 1. West Tuscarora mountain forms its northern bound- ary. This is the northwest dipping half of the Horse Val- ley arch, and exposes the whole thickness of the formation— both the Upper white and the Lower red sandstone. The latter may be seen on the inner slopes of the Horse valley and the former on the top and outer slope of the ridge. 2. A small fold forms a projecting spur at the northeast end of Horse valley, locally known as the Locking of the Mountains, This divides the end of the valley into two parts, neither of which extends far. 3. Conecocheague mountain. This range consists of the 6. JACKSON TOWNSHIP. Ff", 231 southeast dipping side of the West Tuscarora anticline. At the east end of Horse valley both sides meet, the small in- tervening fold disappears, and the united mountains become the anticline of Conecocheague in Madison township. No gap exists along its whole course. 4. Bower mountain. This lofty range passes completely across the township as an undivided anticline with an aver- age height of about 2000 feet above the sea. This range is untraversed by any gap or even low place in the township. 5. A short spur, caused by an anticlinal fold projects from the Blue mountain near the west side of the township into Henry valley, partly dividing it. The southern of the two portions rapidly rises and comes to an end on the top of the Blue mountain, and the synclinal knob thus formed is the southern wall of a deep valley or ravine called Three Square Hollow, ‘in Cumberland county. 6. The Blue mountain forming the southern line of the township and county consist as elsewhere of a monoclinal south dipping range, the other side of which has been com- pletely removed by erosion. The Clinton group, (Vo. V.) The outcrop of the Clinton running along the south slope of Conecocheague mountain is much obscured by wreckage from the crest of the mountain and difficult of access, the ground being covered with timber. The rocks of this group are, however, well exposed where they are brought up by the axis of Chestnut ridge. This ridge which first becomes conspicuous at Waggoner’s mill, near Centre, in Tyrone township, is apparently the continu- ation of the main axis of the vale of Bloomfield, and conse. quently of Half Falls mountain, an axis which comes in from the east side of the Susquehanna and traverses the whole of Perry county. It elevates the Onondaga gray shale at the east end of Centre township, the variegated shale almost immediately afterward and as it approaches Loys- ville the red shale appears at the surface for the first time. Continuing westward it brings up the ore sandrock and green passage shale at Waggoner’s mill on the edge of 4 7 yen om +s «| 282 KF’. REPORT OF PROGRESS. E. W. CLAYPOLE. Jackson township, and begins to form Chestnut ridge. The sand rock is well shown at this point, and is quarried yield- . ing afair quality of stone. A mile and ahalf further west, — near Centre, Sherman’s creek has cut through the ridge and the iron sandstone and lower shale are exposed with a low dip of 15°. Half a mile further west a road passes through making a similar display, but the dip has steepened to 60°. A second gap occurs at a short distance westward where the ridge is again crossed by the creek and a corres- ponding section exhibited. In this way the axis can be traced across the township into Toboyne, where continually rising it brings up the Medina sandstone and merges into Amberson mountain. Along this axis oceur the best exhi- bitions of the Clinton rocks in the township. At Beaver- town narrows and the other gaps already mentioned the various beds are distinctly shown. At Bistline’s mill, near Andersonburg, the creek side shows a beautiful arch of the Iron sandstone and Ore sandrock with the lower shales be- neath them. Some of these exposures are fossiliferous as that at Beavertown where the upper shales yield abundantly and the lower shales scantily.* South of this axis another develops itself in the Clinton shales and brings up the Ore sandstone. This axis is much eroded in Jackson township by several streams which have cut their way through it. The Onondaga shale, (Vo. V.) These shales underlie the greater part of the township, including almost all the farming land. They lie along the edges of the Clinton outcrop, but are usually low and covered with soil. They occur in three distinct patches: | 1. The valley between Conecocheague and the end of Limestone ridge. 2. The broad open plain in the middle of the township. 3. Shaeffer valley between Bower and the Blue mountain. . *The account here given of this anticlinal axis differs from its description by Prof. Rogers in his Final Report of 1858. In fact I have found it difficult to follow Prof. Rogers’ description of the axes of Perry county in the field. His details seem in some places incorrect and confused. ie ae 6. JACKSON TOWNSHIP. i 3 The Onondaga shale in Jackson township has yielded many of the interesting fossils, to be described in Vol. 2. (See Silurian fossil list. ) Section of Onondaga variegated shale from the 19th mile post on the valley road from Bloomfield to Enslow’ s mill. See Page Plate X XT. Gray calcareous shale with wrinkled or cracked surface. 2' Green shale. 4’ Red shale. 1’ Brown sandstone and shale. 120' Ground imperfectly exposed. In this space is the Bloomfield sand- stone. 116’ Limestone and lime shale, (in soil.) Red shale, thin. 40' Gray shale and limestone. 4' Red shale. 144’ Gray shale. Thin limestone. 32’ Gray shale. Red shale, thin. 48’ Gray shale. Red shale, thin. 30’ Gray shales with bands of limestone, (spring. ) 4’ Red shale. 2’ Gray shale. 6’ Red shale. 72 Gray shale. 48’ Gray and red shale, mostly. 3’ Yellow shale. ; 125’ Yellow and gray shale. The Lower Helderberg (Lewistown) limestone, No. VI. - A broad belt of this limestone enters Jackson township from the northeast, consisting of two synclinal troughs, be- tween which runs an anticlinal axis, (perhaps the fifth of Rogers’ enumeration.) The belt of limestone gradually narrows by the disappearance of the southern part, but the northern synclinal continues onward toward New German- town, narrowing as it passes westward. The synclinal fold is well seen at Mr. Hall’s quarries, north of Blain, where about 50 feet of the limestone are exposed. From these e, ae “, PT ee, Oe, Ae ¢ et ~§ =) y, 7h} . > i> ae + Ana ; 234 F’. REPORT OF PROGRESS. E. W. CLAYPOLE. | “ees quarries most of the lime nsed in the west end of the ec is obtained. The limestone synclinal which form a high ~ knoll at Blain, gradually sinks until it comes down to the 2 level of the country, and consequently becomes more and more inaccessible. It is, however, quarried by Mr. J. D. 4 Rhinesmith near the western line of the township, and about i half a mile north from the turnpike road and on the land . of Mr. Kern, near the same place. a, ¢ bat roa ’ ‘ <— The Oriskany sandstone, No. VII. eas a Only a small outcrop of this sandstone occurs inthis town- | ship in its northeastern portion, where the long tongue pro- jecting from the Sandy Hill synelinal caps the hill that over- looks Blain. It is nearly destroyed here by erosion, and makes no great show. The sandstone is here very ferrun- ginous, much of it consisting of an ochreous yellow sand- stone with hard red irregular veins. 7. JUNIATA TOWNSHIP, F’, 235 7. Juniata township. Juniata township occupies a four-sided space intervening between Tuscarora on the north, Oliver on the east, Centre on the south, and Saville on the West. It measures about seven miles in length by two and a half in average breadth having an area of about twenty-five square miles. Its sur- face though hilly is less rngged than that of its neighboring townships, Tuscarora and Centre, and the greater part of it is under cultivation. Middle ridge is the most conspicuous feature. Ranging in a direction from east by north to west by south its gentle slopes are everywhere cleared of wood and cultivated to their very tops. Along its top runs the ridge road from Newport westward through a farming country without villages or hamlets. North and south of this ridge the township is occupied by undulating land of less height. Most of the small streams of this township coming from Middle ridge and Hominy ridge make their way to the Buffalo, which occupies the middle valley and conveys their united waters into Oliver township. Those, however, that rise on the southern slope of middle ridge flow down into the Little Buffalo which enters the Juniata at Newport. The Buffalo enters Juniata from Saville and its course lies nearly along the middle of the syncline of the Catskill rocks. Near Juniata it makes a remarkable sweep to the north resembling that made by Sherman’s creek in W heat- field township, and apparently for the same cause. The stream has in its history struck against beds of hard green and red sandstone which occur near the top of the Cats- kill and by them has been deflected northward. Soon meeting these same beds as they rise from the axis of the syncline it was again turned from its course, this time to dein oi SP! As & menses 7. JUNIATA TOWNSHIP. : S87 the southward, till it again struck its former barrier along the foot of which it then flowed toward the Juniata. Since the country was cleared and the drainage improved by clearing the streams the flood plain has been lowered as has happened with other streams in the county. Proof of former greater height of the flood waters is afforded by a thick deposit. of red and green clay from which good bricks are made on the land of Mr. Tressler about one mile west of Juniata. The northern part of Juniata township with the southern part of Tuscarora forms the wildest and bleakest district in Perry county. Hilly but not mountainous, cleared but sterile, with thin soil and that-chiefly made of the dis- integration of the Chemung shales, it presents little to at- tract the farmer or the geologist. The best use that could be made of a considerable part of it would be to allow it to go back into timber. Juniata township includes the smallest number of geo- logical groups found in any township in the county. It is entirely made of the Chemung and Catskill rocks. The great thickness of these two, about 10,000 feet, enables their outcrop to cover a great extent of country and this is doubled by the synclinal axis which passes through the township. The Chemung group, ( VIL.) This group occupies the northern and southern parts of the township, crossing it in two broad belts from east-north- east to west-southwest. The southern outcrop extends along the line of the Little Buffalo creek the softer lower beds lying under the flat plain of the creek at the east and crossing gradually to the north bank as their dip diminishes. The upper, harder, and sandy portion of the Chemung, ris- ing rather abruptly from the valley and forming the south side of Middle ridge, is a broad rounded range coming into the township from Saville on the west, passing across it as the water-shed between the Buffalo and Little Buffalo, and then leaving it to enter Oliver, where it terminates in the bluff overlooking Newport. ‘ : : \f a ee ee itenaieemaiiaenniadiiiedan 938 F*. REPORT OF PROGRESS. E. W. CLAYPOLE. Middle ridge is for the most part cleared and cultivated, but its soil, so far as it consists of the decomposed Chemung shale, is poor and some of it is partially passing back into woodland. At the eastern end the whole ridge is composed — of Chemung rocks, but westwardly the red Catskill beds come in and oceupy fully half the ground. Along the top runs one of the best roads in the county, Middle Ridge road, affording beautiful views, especially to the northward over Perry, Juniata, and Mifflin counties, to the line of the East Shade mountain. Many small exposures occur along the road ascending Middle ridge from the south but fossils are not abundant though characteristic. They are mostly in bad condition toward the east in consequence of com- pression, but farther west where the dip is flatter they have suffered less. The Chemung-Catskill and Catskill, (VIII-LX ; IX.) As the Chemung so the Catskill crosses this township in two broad belts, which, however, occur in the middle of the Buffalo (Lykens valley) syncline and therefore adjoin each other and really form one wide tract, occupying all the middle of the township from east to west. Their outerop necessarily grows narrower toward the west where it passes — into Saville township and thence into the air. Nearly the whole surface of the Catskill in this township is cleared and cultivated except the steep banks of the Buffalo. The soil is usually good, composed of the decom- posed red shale and sandstone with a few intervening yellow and green beds of no great thickness. The lower beds of this group form the top and north slope of Middle ridge except at its eastern end where it is wholly composed of the Chemung shale. They consist of the usual succession of red shale and sandstone and present no feature requiring further notice. The Kingsmill sandstone, in No. 1X. This remarkable stratum, of which a detailed account is given in the report on Carroll and Penn townships, reap- ; pears in the Buffalo (Lykens valley) syncline in full force. 7. JUNIATA TOWNSHIP. EF’. ‘930 Except at the eastern end it forms the northern escarpment of Middle ridge, the top and slope of which are covered with its wreckage. It may be seen on the Ridge road near the western end of the township, but is most conspicuous on the northern side of the syncline west of Walnut Grove school-house, where the land is strewn and the road is fenced with its loose blocks. In texture and appearance it very closely resembles the same bed at its southern out- crop, but fossils are exceedingly scarce. Sufficient, how- ever, have been found to establish its place on palzeontolo- gical grounds. The position it occupies in Juniata township is analogous to that in Carroll; time, however, did not al- low exact measurement. Buffalo creek has cut its way through the northern wall of the syncline at Walnut Grove school-house, and the rest of its course lies in the trough formed by the Kingsmill sandstone, which otherwise continues unbroken to the Juniata river at Newport and Rope Ferry. In the upper part of the group occur the hard solid beds | of green and red sandstone, which in the southern part of the county form the range of hills skirting the Cove mount- ain and which are well shown in the cutting on the North Central railroad opposite Duncannon. Here, however, in the north of the county they are much less hard and form no conspicuous ridge on either the east or west side of the Juniata. Their presence is only indicated by a steep low hill skirting the plain of the Buffalo and gradually diverg- ing as the syncline opens toward the river. dIHSNMOL O1Vdd4NG NIVLNOAOW XYOrIvW4 ange ete Tt ma ane . ie tt ~~ Tame <--> =. f -+4 On | VIE. the line AB of me -“Q = * °. 2" a a “sal 4 — ~ Pod — Pe . - ¢ a + oo . a Mea -" Ss aa > i i Pd “ait , an * or e st - 8 / x - ‘ Pd - . ‘ “ ee 4 ‘ uf m,.) eee > y ie : a i) ae \ > ., aa > ~™s S NS | » s ® ~ - 4 a ae se nN Q) pak ee a wW ~ ts Y ; . ® 8 L © em ae AG ae ee ee 8. LIVERPOOL TOWNSHIP. F’, 241 8. Liverpool township. Liverpool township occupies the northeastern corner of Perry county, and contains about 24 square miles of area. It is less mountainous than its neighboring township, hav- ing only one range (Buffalo) that deserves the name mount- ain. It has for the most part a rolling surface diversified with a few steeper ridges crowned with wood in some places. The eastern end of Wild Cat valley makes up the greater part of the township drained by Barger’s run, whose head- waters lie on the water-shed, parting it from the basins of Cocalamus creek, Wild Cat creek, and Hunter’s run. The point of Pfoutz’s valiey enters from Greenwood and forms the northern part of the township, but owing to the softness of the Hamilton sandstone, as noticed under that head. these two valleys are less distinctly marked off from each other in this township than in Greenwood. The Susquehanna river forms the eastern boundary of Liverpool township. It is more than half a mile in breadth and studded with numerous islands, all of which form part of Dauphin county ; the line running along low water-mark on the west bank of the Susquehanna. In the succession of rocks in Liverpool township a gap is occasioned by the absence of the Oriskany sandstone which makes no appearance anywhere within its limits. Either its beds are so soft as to crumble down and leave no mark on the surface, or, as is more probable, they are very thin or absent. The exceptionally fine scenery of the Susquehanna river near Liverpool, so instructive to the geologist, is caused by the passage of the river through the two mountain out- crops of Pocono sandstone, leaving four projecting head- lands, one pair near and the other distant, gradually narrow- ing the landscape southward and yielding a most beautiful perspective view down theriver. At sunrise or sunset noth- 16 EF”. ‘a 242 F’. REPORT OF PROGRESS. E. W. CLAYPOLE. : a a ing in the county surpasses, for distant effect, the prospect from Liverpool. The Onondaga shale, (V.) A slight outcrop of these shales exists in this township, __ in the northwest, at the east end of Pfoutz’s valley. Only the uppermost beds are shown just before they sink under — the overlying Lower Helderberg limestone. The Lower Helderberg limestone, No. VJ. Two outcrops of this formation occur in Liverpool town- ship; perhaps, however, being connected at one end, they should be regarded as one. The northern line enters Liver- pool from Greenwood, runs round the east end of Pfoutz’s valley, and turning runs W.8.W. along the south side of the valley, leaving the township about a mile south of the place at which it entered. It is well exposed along both lines, and lies so high that it is easily worked. Many quarries have been opened in the township, and a great quantity of lime burnt. The head of Pfoutz’s valley is indeed the great store-house for this material for the county round. Of late, however, the kilns at Georgetown, on the opposite side of the Susquehanna, have competed in supplying the eastern part of Liverpool, Susquehanna, and other townships on the river bank. The lime is said to be of better color and quality and is delivered at the same price. The upper rubbly beds of this group are usually exposed in the quarries. These beds lie below the fossiliferous lime- stone shales, and above the more solid limestones, and yield very few fossils except the ubiquitous Leperditia alta. The beds dip steeply from the middle of the valley north and south in the west of the township, gradually folding round. to the east at the place where the two lines of outcrop meet. Here, however, the limestone lies low and cannot be so well or so easily quarried. The flint beds near the top of the limestone are well developed, and form a magnificent ridge in some parts of their outcrop. In many places the land is perfectly covered and white with their wreckage, making its cultivation almost impossible. Fortunately the strip of LL A I eG ————— = — a aR ——x—xz&—E—=£=>=7 r=; ~ — 8. LIVERPOOL TOWNSIIIP. I". 38 flinty ground is never wide. It runs round the edge of the valley outside of the limestone and inside the sandstone of Wild Cat and Turkey ridges. The Hamilton group, ( VITT.) The outcrop of the Hamilton group enters Liverpool from Greenwood and runs almost due east nearly to the Susque- — hanna river, where, turning, it runs west-southwest, as shown on the map, reéntering Greenwood. Along its northern outcrop its harder beds from Turkey Ridge. Along its southern outcrop, the same beds show them- selves in Wild Cat ridge. The physical nature of the rocks is not so strongly con- trasted as in the middle townships of Perry county. The change is very conspicuous in the sandstone. In Centre and neighboring townships it is very hard, 500 or 600 feet thick, always forming steep, rugged, and wooded hills. Here in Liverpool its beds are much softer and less sandy. The proportion of shale is greater. In consequence the ridges which it forms are less abrupt and rocky. Wild Cat ridge and Turkey ridge lose much of their steepness as they approach the Susquehanna, and in many places are culti- vated to their very tops. Pfoutz’s valley is therefore not so well defined at its eastern end as near the Juniata river. Its bounding ridges sink and becoming comparatively in- significant, are crossed by numerous roads without the roughness and steepness that usually mark roads on the Hamilton sandstone. The point of the angle formed by the meeting of the two outcrops of the Hamilton sandstone lies between one and two miles from the river and forms the eastern termination of Pfoutz’s valley, itself the eastern end in Perry county of the long Tuscarora anticline, of which more will be written under the head of the Chemung group in Liverpool township. The Genessee, Portage, and Chemung groups, ( VIIT.) The outcrop of these rocks may easily be traced on the geological map of the township given herewith. They fol- > & 4 244 F’. REPORT OF PROGRESS. E. W. CLAYPOLE. low the same direction as the other groups and fold over the eastern end of the sinking arch which runs for so long a distance across the county, and forms for many miles the boundary between Perry and Juniata counties. At the Sus- quehanna river the Chemung rocks carry the arch Com- pare the section of the western part of Pfoutz’s valley in the report on Greenwood township with the section of its eastern end. See Page Plate XXIII, p. 240, Fig. 3. The Chemung-Catskill, and Catskill, No. IX. The red sandstone and shale of this group are well ex- posed in many places in this township, for example near Liverpool, where a long and continnous section through its upper beds may be seen along the stream forming the north branch of Barger’s run. This section extends with few in- terruptions from the Susquehanna river to the grist mill, nearly a mile and a half. As the beds dip very steeply, at an angle of about 70°, and the brook flows nearly at right angles to the strike the thickness of the part of the group is easily calculated. It amounts to between 6000 and 7000 feet. The section does not quite reach to the top of the Catskill but includes the basal beds of the series, which are marked here as elsewhere in the county by the occurrence of layers of yellowish shale and of thin, square-fracturing, fine-grained sandstone similar to that of the Upper Che- i mung, interbedded with red shales and sandstones. The group is not well exposed along the Susquehanna river owing to the great erosion. The Catskill rocks oceupy a broad belt in the southern . part of the township. Their southern limit lies nearly along the road at the foot of Buffalo mountain and its northern | nearly coincides with a straight line drawn from the grist i mill above mentioned to a point a few hundred yards north ! of Liberty Hall, and extended to the Susquehanna river 1 near Dry saw-mill. Its surface yields good land for cultivation and is diver- sified with hills and valleys and well watered. In some places near Liverpool good flagstones are quar- ried from the red sandstone of this group. 8. LIVERPOOL TOWNSHIP. FE’, 245 The Kingsmill sandstone, of which a description was given in the report on Wheatfield township, runs from Greenwood (see report on that township) through Liverpool to the Susquehanna river. It forms a stony ridge difficult to cultivate and consequently left for the most part in timber. This sandstone may be found about two miles north of Liverpool near Dry saw-mill. No actual exposure of the bed was discovered, but in the stone-piles scattered over the fields several of the fossils so abundant in this rock at its typical exposures in Wheatfield township were found. There can be little or no doubt that this bed extends or once extended over all the eastern part of Perry county near the base of the Catskill group. The Pocono sandstone, No. X. The crest of Buffalo mountain is the dividing line be- tween Liverpool and Buffalo townships. This mountain runs in astraight line from the Juniata to the Susquehanna, where it has been cut down by the river in order to afford an escape for the water of the upper country. This gap forms one of the picturesque features of the scenery at Liverpool, and combines with that through Berry’s mount- ain, three miles below, to form the magnificent semi-pano- ramic view so much admired by visitors and residents. The slope of Buffalo mountain in this township is, like that in Greenwood, covered with timber so that the mount- ain side is in summer an unbroken green wall cutting off these two townships from Howe and Buffalo to the south. aaa — Bistlines mill section. | “a Ww i - E Tal; 3) ae, ee 4! 4 ieee: Limexhale group. eet a RS ee (TTT Zoe , i caw 4? ate Fan Waggoners mill section. ia en | ii it | | it m ved phale. | il === 510 Red shale. Ne, : og | ‘ Tune 20| Ove Sand-rock. Sie OM Tron band ston = Pee Se Le ee Pee ae 9. MADISON TOWNSHIP. F’, 247 9. Madison township. _ Madison township, like Jackson and Toboyne, reaches across Perry county from Tuscarora to the Blue mountains. It is one of the large townships, measuring about ten miles from north to south by six from east to west, and conse- quently contains nearly 60 square miles. Its northern and southern portions are mountainous, but the middle is open and tolerably level, except that it is divided by Chestnut ridge through which, however, several gaps have been cut by Sherman’s creek. The northern part of this middle portion consists for the most part of a limestone soil, and the land is strong though rather cold in the spring and hard to work. The southern portion lies on the shales of the Clinton and the Onondaga, and is for the most part a red warm soil. Chestnut ridge rising on the eastern line of the township consists of an anticline which brings up the harder beds underlying the red shale. The Ore sandstone and the Iron sandstone form the axis. Both are thin and are conse- quently cut down with ease. Hence the numerous gaps. The anticline which brings up Chestnut ridge passes on southwestward and culminates in Amberson’s mountain on the county line. Another ridge without name extends across the township further north, running from Sandy hill southwestward. It consists of the Lower Helderberg limestone No. VI, capped by a synclinal outcrop of the Oriskany sandstone No. VII, which latter is cut down and ends near the west line. Conecocheague mountain rises north of this last named ridge. It is an anticline of Medina sandstone No. LV, un- divided and even-crested. Steep and rough it forms an effectual barrier between the dwellers on its two flanks in Onondaga limestone. Cissnas Run section Centre section. 4 ta Woo was 30 Berea 4 TT 4 biuel, (Leverd. alla. s[“= epee ) io) §=— Fed bhale — red bhale. “ = = 4 red band one- mmm} Zomreslone. i si (9 red bhale. — ROR, 9. MADISON TOWNSHIP. FE’, 249 - the west of the township, but being lower at the east where the Medina arch sinks it is there crossed by two roads. East Tuscarora mountain, like Conecocheague, is an un- divided anticline running with even and unbroken crest from one side of the township to the other. It is an arch of the Medina sandstone from the top of which the softer shales have been removed. It is rough, steep, and covered with wood, and no road passes over it in this township. Bower mountain in the south, like the two already men- tioned, is, in Madison township, an undivided anticline of Medina sandstone. It rises gradually from the level of the surrounding county with a high and even crest which con- tinues until it passes into Jackson. Qromand TOOK, oi a8 150'? Olive shale, * > 229 2... ip AAAS pliant 220' pe TOM Gandatone,. 60 6s aac 1262! This section deserves notice as it is the only place where I have seen a sandstone, the equivalent of that at Bridge- port or another resembling it, where its position could be ascertained. The Onondaga shales, (V.) These shales occupy their usual position in the township, that is on the top of the rocks composing the Clinton group. They are, therefore, found in the middle of the synclines such as Liberty valley and Shaeffer valley, the valley be- tween Bower mountain and Chestnut ridge, &c., or near the base of the Lower Helderberg limestone, and dipping under them. They may be subdivided thus: Gray calcareous shales Bloomfield sandstone. 256 F*. REPORT OF PROGRESS. E. W. CLAYPOLE. — Variegated shales, (calcareous. ) Red shale, (calcareous. ) a A good section through the ereater part of the red shale is shown west of Waggoner’s mill along the roadside, with a continuous dip of from 15°-80° N. N. W. The Ore sand- = rock is quarried in the hill at the top of the section, and — about 120 feet of olive calcareous shale with a bed of fos- siliferous limestone succeed it. Then follow about 450 feet of red shale which do not include the whole of the stratum. Waggoner’ s Mill section, (V.) 470'+-Red shale exposed with dip from 0°-80° in middle of syn- cline. 3' Four small thin beds of green shale. 2’ Hard green sandstone. Dip 70°. 120' Space concealed, but the lime shales and sandstone show in field east of mill with abundance of Beyrichia notata. Dip varying. ‘ Ore sand rock. Dip 10°S.S. E.,....... . Total, 615’ Green shale. Cissna s (Cedar) Run section, (Onondaga.) The road running south from the main turnpike road through the valley shows an interesting section across the beds lying at and below the base of the Lower Helderberg limestone. They are the Scalent variegated marls of the first survey, and in part the Scalent gray marls overlying them. A noteworthy point is the existence of Leperditia alta almost to the bottom of the section so far below the base of the limestone. It must also be remembered that the top of this section is many feet below the true limestone beds which are shown about a mile to the westward, but a section of which can scarcely be obtained there. Near Robert Clark’s farm on the roadside the limestone beds may be followed down each, containing Z. alta until they appear to be almost pure ar- gillaceous shales. 9. MADISON TOWNSHIP. EY’, 257 Cissnas Run section. Top of section. Green shale in main road. Red shale, er eer ee era ca Ge loro ay WA oS ter da eh cae 2' 6" Ren TER OUIEY EREVOMCOTI OS ie 5 i SS ali s, o's ce cit imple. eo 8 aka es ip 6" ay ae kta eee sha er re 5! 0" Green and yellow sandy shale, .....:...6+4.s+see-s i EO SI ls es aes a ke Par a a a ee 6” Oy ert ie ener ee Oar eee eee eee sta ge tes 7' 6" Hard red sandstone, ....... Shae bal ayer ge. a. aed on 2' 0" Lg af RY ae a i nape erik Aas ih bs eres ST nt ae RS Gy PMERMEMEIE ORS Lye ie te a, CR igh So a fa oe Ma aes be hla Bo Og Os BS Eg te et ee ee er en ee ee 25! 0" 0 ES RE ee Oe et eee ee ee, Be 2' 0” Dark shale weathering yellow, ....... Na tiles Cand ae 30’ 0" MINNIE TS eRe koro ls pha) te a een en ae nr oe i ase Sle ee er ee ee a ie atale le 7 oe gas ey AS (PARIS) Siege Sera aby pee ae a a 5’ 0" BENS I ice SE a ee ee ee a ee 6’ 0’ a Us REAM ro cig hy) gos eS a ey em 4’ 0" RL BRNIGHINBES ye) ea AR tee ko pid Metis ee a a 3’ 0” ge SERIES No Uae a 29 a | or ea ee er ae ee 12 ¢" CS TT tah Dil ee age ey ee ae ee ee gee 50’ 0" Green shale, (eet Me ME Nee tS ee ar ener cary eres ae Base of section. Ground not exposed. Section of Onondaga variegated shales west of Centre. A good section of part of the variegated shales, appar- ently the same beds as are displayed in the railway cutting at Patterson, (Mifflintown,) is shown on the side of the turnpike road at a short distance west of the village of Cen- tre. At the top of the section the dip is 30° N. te", 258 I’. REPORT OF PROGRESS. E. W. OLAYPOLE, Centre section, (Onondaga, Wo. V.) Green shale,” wes Ae ade al ee ee . 3) See RUOC BMGLB Sb iw 5 Veraoke aie Dee ESE Oe a5 . 1a Green shale, . i ee: 9' oO" Red shale, ts , 6’ 0” Green shale, . y vie) Red shale, ae oat pe dec ae Space covered 22 feet. Green shale, = 7 oo Green shale mottled with red, Sang fs 1 a Red shale, ; .. Green shale, yo 9 eo Red shale, os aa . Green shale with thin bed of limestone, . <5 3 ee Red shale, : rhe Green and yellow shale, . 3% % el Space covered 30 feet. Green shale, a) ile: ace ae Green shale mottled with red, .... 9’ 9” Red shale, eit

. +1" Dark shale, . . 6" Limestone, _. ... . 2'' Limestone, tae 4"' Dark Saalei¢ 5. -.2!".:.. Dark shale, . . 2" kamoenionen 2 is 8 052s 6'' Limestone, rah kee 6"! Dark shale, . .. 3'' Dark shale, . . 3” Limestone, tefs Vesey Eamestone, panier id Paritahala, .. 2". i" Dark shale, . . 3” Limestone, gaan, i ~ Eamestone, a) gi Derk shale, +s: -2" Dark shale, . . , Limestone, .. Tas 1 TAM OM ORG fh" See LE 12'’ Dark shale, ... 3’ Dark shale, . . 7 Limestone, ... . 6’ Limestone. Dark shale, ... 4" Tamestone 5 Ne his tas 8” i dat Dark shale, ... 4! ah a Here is a series of fifteen beds of limestone alternating with fourteen beds of dark shale exactly resembling some parts of the Marcellus shale. It is black when wet, but dries to a peculiar reddish tint as do many of the layers in the Marcellus proper. There is no impropriety, therefore, or stratigrapical evidence in referring the whole mass in question to the Marcellus,and this conclusion is corroborated by the presence of Marcellus fossils in several of the lower ty , we f 262 F’. REPORT OF PROGRESS. E. W. CLAYPOLE. : beds of black shale. The strata at this quarry dip very gently to the N. N. W. at about 2°-5°. wh Another small quarry opened on the adjoining farm of Mr. D. Rice shows the following section : ae ae can Rice's Quarry section. a, Black or dark shale, Limestone, Dark shale, Limestone, Dark shale, Limestone, Dark shale, Limestone, Dip 20-59 N. N. W. Both these sections are in the Marcellus limestone over- | lying the Marcellus lime shales, and exhibit the limestone in the most solid form in which I have seen it in the county. | The decrease in the limestone and relative increase of the shale towards the top is obvious. West of Centre Mills is a section of rocks dipping 40° to the north, as follows: Centre Mills section, (bottom of VITT.) _ Limestone. Dark shale and limestone interbedded, Dark shale, . Greenish calcareous shales, Greenish smooth shale, Sandy green shale, Soft green shale weathering red, Flinty odlitic bed square-fracturing, No. 3, Green rubbly shale weathering red, Hard flinty bed, odlitic, No. 2, . . Green rubbly shale, weathering red, Dark odlitic hard bed, No. 1, Blue dlay, ti. tise ee Iron ore, slaty, liver colored, ORISKANY SANDSTONE, soft, 65’ 10" This section gives the base of the Marcellus lime-shale down to the Oriskany sandstone. It is obvious that the amount of lime rapidly increases upward and the amount — a! 9, MADISON TOWNSHIP. *\ 963 of dark shale diminishes. The gray calcareous shale at the - base of the group gives place toan alternation of dark shales and limestone, the latter in very solid, hard beds, as shown in the preceding sections. These beds have yielded numer- ous fossils for an account of which the reader is referred to the volume on the paleontology. The Marcellus black shale, ( VILI.) Good exposures of this rock may be found in Madison township. It is thrown out by the low folds of which men- tion has already been made, and made be found exposed by the wayside in many places between Bixler’s mills and Sandy hill. It presents, however, no unusual features and calls for no further remark at this outcrop. A strong sulphur spring issued at Sandy hill, at H. Kep- ner’s, probably from black slate. At * * in Fig. 3, plate XXIV, the Marcellus limestones make a good show along the roadside, but in a passing examination I saw no fossils. The Marcellus Iron ore. This ore crops out near sandy hill and makes a very fine display along the roadside. Many tons might readily be gathered up and an abundant supply obtained by mining. But without railway carriage it is of little or no present value. The Hamilton lower shale and sandstone, ( VIII.) > These beds make but an insignificant show in Madison township entering it from Saville, and there is no occasion to do more than refer the reader to the report on that town- ship for all necessary details. ip — w iw S ae) > = line AB on map. oe o* . Section along the . Rake go fe ee - 10. MILLER TOWNSHIP. FE’. 265 LO, Miller township. This township occupies the great bend of the Juniata from the border of Oliver on the north to that of Wheat- field on the south. It touches Centre for a short distance on the west, but its longest boundary is the Juniata river. It occupies a greater length of the bank of this river than any other township in the county. Four distinct parallel ridges traverse Miller township from east-northeast to west-southwest, and determine the main features in its physical geography—Buffalo hills, Limestone ridge, Mahanoy ridge, and Dick’s hill. No stream of any importance is found within its limits. The largest is Losh’s run, which drains its southern portion, and of which one arm forms its dividing line from Wheatfield township. The basin of this stream is bounded by Mahanoy ridge and Dick’s hill. Another stream of smaller size, Bailey’s run, drains the narrow basin between Mahanoy ridge and Lime- stone ridge, and falls into the Juniata at Baileysburg. Miller township is divided into two parts by the triple ridge that traverses it as mentioned above. Its three parts diverge from the central knob or focus in Watts township where they all take their origin. They have no gaps ex- cept at Pine Grove and Baileysburg, which will be found described in the chapter on the Hamilton sandstone. In consequence of its structure a great portion of this township is covered with timber. The high ground on the Upper Chemung in the peninsula, the slopes of Buffalo and Mahanoy, the ridges south of Mahanoy and Dick’s hill are almost entirely wood-clad. Much of Limestone ridge is also in the same condition, especially where its surface is strewn —sr” «CV TT 266 FE’. «REPORT OF PROGRESS. E. W. CLAYPOLE. * with loose blocks of Oriskany sandstone or traversed by — Oriskany ridges. ' , The Perry county fault is a conspicuous fonitxane in the geology of the township. Entering from Centre it passes along the north foot of Dick’s hill, and then suddenly — diminishing continues with less and lessening throw across the township to the river. Its effect in the western part of the township is to bring the Lower Helderberg limestone against the Chemung shales. Further east the Hamilton sandstone comes against the Chemung, then the Hamilton upper shale until finally by the development of a second and parallel fault to the northward, the outcrop of the Ham- ilton upper shale is thrown so far south that the Chemung is altogether cut out before it reaches the river, and the two outcrops of Hamilton upper shale meet round the end of the syncline in or about the river, and the Perry county fault disappears. ‘To trace its exact course and throw across the flat low ground near the river is, however, difficult, and the above description may therefore be inaccurate in some of its minute details. The Lower Helderberg limestone, No. VI. Three distinct outcrops of this limestone occur in Miller township. The first and most northerly is a very narrow anticline coming in from Oliver and passing a few hundred yards north of the washer at the iron ore works. It scarcely shows more than the very highest beds, such as the flint bands, and dies out about the middle of the township. It is the continuation and ending of Limestone ridge, or at least of that part of it lying on the north slope of Inoculate hill between Bloomfield and Newport. The second outcrop is parallel with the first and is a con- tinuation of the two limestones on the north and south sides of the vale of Bloomfield. These unite near the township line owing to the disappearance of the red shale, which sinks below the surface to the eastward, and pass along as a single anticlinal outcrop to the Juniata river. Numerous quar- ries, large and small, have been opened init. Most of these 10. MILLER TOWNSHIP. }". 267 * are in the lower solid beds and few of them expose the fos- siliferous limestone shales. The third outcrop of the limestone in the township is an isolated patch brought up by the Perry county fault on the | north side of Dick’s hill. Part of the outcrop lies in Centre township but it extends for about a mile in Miller township and several quarries have been opened in it. These quar- ries owing to the fault are all within a few hundred feet of the Chemung shale. At the western line of the township the strata are overthrown so that the Marcellus shale over- lies the Hamilton sandstone, but the dip changes and the limestone, as explained elsewhere, soon disappears in con- sequence of diminished throw. The Oriskany sandstone, No. VII. The outcrops of the Oriskany sandstone in Miller town- ship show traces of that complication which is so marked a feature in the geology of Centre township. Beginning as a simple anticlinal ridge in Watts and Buffalo where it is raised by the limestone in the western end of Half Falls mountain the Oriskany crosses the Juniata as a double _ ridge, the southern line of which forms an almost complete dam in the river. The effect of the northern line of outcrop is much less strongly marked, probably because the water is dammed back over it by the southern outcrop, which will be described first. First outcrop.—Continuing in almost a straight line to the west-southwest it runs nearly parallel with the New Bloomfield and Baileysburg road for some distance to Pine Grove, where it passes close behind an ancient graveyard* and a church and about a mile farther on enters Centre township, where a gap in Mahanoy ridge allows the water to pass to the southward. A second ridge of Oriskany sandstone appears along the *This graveyard, belonging to one of ths three original Presbyterian churches in the county, was built ten years before the Revolutionary War or abont 1766. The church has long been removed but the graveyard is still in tolerable preservation. 268 F’. REPORT OF PROGRESS. E. W. CLAYPOLE. northern side of the anticline ranging from Half Falls mountain over the Juniata, which it crosses about 100 yards north of the ridge already described. Thence continning west-southwest and gradually diverging from the former it crosses the road from New Bloomfield to Baileysburg nearly on the line of the run, and continues along the south foot of Buffalo hills rising gradually with the land until it is found again crossing the road that passes by the Clouser ore works about 100 yards north of the washer. Continuing through the woods its outcrop may be traced through Oliver township across the New Bloomfield—Newport road on the north side of Inoculate ridge in Centre township. Along some part of its course this line of outcrop forms a rough ridge of rocks, but in most places it is inconspicuous com- pared with that to be next described. The third outcrop of Oriskany sandstone in the township occurs as a synclinal fold between the two already men- tioned. Beginning in the low ground about two thiles west of Baileysburg, it rapidly rises into prominence and forms the crest of Inoculate ridge, which continues in an almost straight line nearly parallel with the other ridges through this and Oliver township, enters Centre and forms the crest of the ridge on the road from New Bloomfield to Newport 400 feet above the Juniata, and continuing about a mile further runs out behind the school-house near Mr. Oliver Rice’s. It must be borne in mind, however, that although the Oriskany runs out the syncline of which it is the mid- dle continues along the valley to a distance that cannot be well determined, but probably as far as Bloomfield. This is by far the most important of all the Oriskany sandstone ridges in the township, in consequence of the quantity of iron ore which it contains. As it approaches the line of Oliver township the syncline, at iirst simple, be- comes double by the rise of a small anticline in the middle of it. This double syncline begins to develop its mineral wealth in Miller township. The whole space between the sandstone walls is filled with a mass of ore and ore clay, lying in almost vertical beds and very much mixed up 7! Ol eee 10. MILLER TOWNSHIP. FE’, 269 together. Immense quantities of ore have been taken from this bank and sent to the Marshall furnace at Newport. For further details see the chapter on the iron ores of Perry county. A fourth outcrop of the Oriskany sandstone may be traced in Miller township. It is like the last mentioned, a narrow syncline running inside the main anticline of the township. It begins to be distinct near the southern angle of the Bloomfield—Baileysburg road, and forms a more or less distinct line of outcrop for two or three miles, passing south of the Clouser Iron Ore works along the slope of the hill and gradually disappearing to the westward. A fifth outcrop occurs in the south and runs for more than a mile along the north foot of Dick’s hill between the limestone and the shale. It is brought out by the Perry county fault which here throws the Lower Helderberg lime- stone against the Chemung. The fault may be well seen on the township line at Montebello narrows, where its throw is nearly or quite at a maximum amounting to 5000 feet. The Marcellus 1 imestone, ore and black shale, and Lower Hamilton rocks, ( VITT.) No very extensive exposures of these beds are found in the township but there is sufficient evidence of their exis- tence. At the north end of Pine Grove narrows a great quantity of loose blocks of the Marcelius limestone may be seen. They have been thrown out in searching the ground for the Marcellus hematite bed, but as the openings have long fallen in, no details can be obtained concerning their thickness. The Marcellus shale has been taken out from the same opening and heaps of it lie on the gronnd. Some of these beds may also be seen at Montebello nar- rows where they are slightly overturned and havea dip of 95° south-southeast. The Marcellus shale is well shown. A bed of hard close-grained sandstone here lies at the base of the Marcellus. It is about a foot in thickness and has not been observed elsewhere in the county. Enough has already been said concerning the Marcellus — 4 OE ae ee) 270 F*. REPORT OF PROGRESS. E.-W. CLAYPOLE. ore in the report on the ores of the county, and in the re- port on Oliver township. The Hamilton sandstone, ( VITT.) Four lines of Hamilton sandstone cross Miller township from east-northeast to west-southwest. Three of them form high bold rough ridges. The other is here low but rises into the third summit of Half Falls mountain in Watts township, immediately after crossing the Juniata. The Buffalo hills make the northernmost of these ridges. It enters from Oliver and runs through the township in a straight line to Baileysburg where it crosses the Juniata. Its heavy solid beds, almost vertical, may be seen by the side of the railway which runs parallel with them for half a mile or more south of the station. The northern slope of this range is gentle and has been cleared along part of its course almost to the summit, but there are few more barren, rough and forbidding hillsides in Perry county, perhaps none, than the scarped and stony, steep, southern front of Buffalo hills overlooking Bailey’s run. Few trees can get a hold upon it and the attempt to scale it is most likely to start an avalanche of loose blocks. The run which has here cut a deep valley out of the rocks lying between the Oriskany and Hamilton sandstones has excavated a channel for itself across the latter which forms a picturesque con- clusion to the long valley above it. The road leading down to the Juniata affords one of the most beautiful drives in the county for rock and woodland scenery ; and the river valley, though on a larger scale, is here scarcely less beau- tiful, being hemmed in between the termination of Lime- stone Ridge, Mahanoy ridge, and Buffalo hills on the right bank and the three bold headlands of Half Falls mountain on the left. The ledges of Hamilton sandstone crossing the Juniata here form a rapid, the incessant murmur of which adds the pleasure of the ear to that of the eye. Altogether the gap of the Juniata between Miller township on the one side, and Howe, Buffalo and Watts on the other, is, perhaps, the most beautiful piece of near scenery in Perry county. 10. MILLER TOWNSHIP. Pest It has not the distance that forms so great a charm in the landscape at Duncannon and Liverpool, but the beauty, though of a different cast, is in no degree inferior. Mahanoy ridge, the description of which has been in part anticipated by the account of the second line of Ham- ilton sandstone outcrop, contributes much to the beauty of landscape, forming as it does in Watts township the middle and highest peak of Half Falls mountain. Entering the township from Centre it passes a little south of Pine Grove, which in height is less than usual, and Pine Grove narrows, consequently, are less picturesque than most of the passes through this sandstone. Ranging from this point eastward to the river, and almost uniformly high, it affords no other pass practicable for a road, but forms a southern wall to the little narrow valley, of which the ridge previously de- scribed, is the northern barrier. The drainage of this valley is divided between the brook falling into the Juniata at Baileysburg, and another reaching it about a mile and a half to the southward. No gap exists through this hill in the township except that already mentioned at Pine Grove Narrows. The third (Dick s hill) range of Hamilton sandstone is, in this township, insignificant, but not, therefore, undeserv- ing oi notice, because in Watts township it rises in a bold ridge. The origin of this ridge is connected with the for- mation of the Perry County fault, of which mention has been made in the description of the county, and also of Spring and Centre township. See also Watts township. The fonrth range of Hamilton sandstone in this township is the eastern end of Dick’s hill, which enters from Centre at the Montebello narrows and continues nearly uniform in height until it rather suddenly declines about a mile and a half further east. This range is brought up as already ex- plained by the great fault, the throw of which gradually increases from west to east (as shown in Chapter IV, page 85, above)to this point, from which it suddenly decreases, and Dick’s hill comes to an abrupt termination about two miles west of the Juniata. The sandstone here sinks nearly or { | | i | : { : 2972 KF’. REPORT OF PROGRESS. E. W. CLAYPOLE. quite out of sight and cannot be traced in the low ground intervening between it and the river. But it rises again on the other side in Watts township, and forms the "forme summit of Half Falls mountain. So far as can be determined the whole plain across which Losh’s run flows is underlaid by an exposure of the Hamil- ton upper shales, Genessee and Portage brought up by the double line of fault described above. The Hamilton fossil ore. ( VITT.) A good outcrop of this ore crosses the township along the south slope of Mahanoy ridge from Pine Grove narrows to the Juniata river. It has been mined at several places and a great quantity of ore taken out. Abandoned workings may be seen along the road from Pine Grove to Losh’s run, es- pecially on the ground of Mr. G. Peterman and Mr. P. Cook. The bed of ore at the former place is said to be be- tween two and three feet thick, and was mined for some distance under cover more than ten years ago, (written in 1883.) A considerable quantity of ore was taken out and sent to the furnace at Duncannon, but with the fall in the price of iron the mine became unrenumerative, and the two drifts are now wholly or partly fallen in. The difference in quality between the two parts of the bed at this outcrop is well shown by the following analyses made by Mr. A. 8. McCreath: Sesquioxide Alumina. Siliceous of iron. matter. Top H0d: Of Ora. i571 hs 44.1 9.3 34.0 Middle division, ..... 33.4 12.1 44.6 Bottom (fossil) layer, . . . 40.7 3.7 48.9 These figures show that the ore is a very silicious brown hematite, especially near the base. This might be expected from its proximity to the sandrock. As a whole it yielded about 27 per cent. of metallic iron. | The usual fossil of the ore bed and Paracycles shale may be found on the spoil-bank, but greatly damaged by long exposure to weather, atv) — 1 =. Po 10. MILLER TOWNSHIP. PF 273 The Hamilton Upper shale, ( VITT.) Four lines of this shale cross the township. The first is on the north side of Buffalo hills, and nearly coincides with the upper road from Newport to Baileysburg. No good exposure occurs along it, but its presence is indicated in several places in the fields. The second line is on the south side of Mahanoy ridge from Pine Grove Narrows to the Juniata river. This line of outcrop may be seen in the roadside near Peterman’s Ore works, where the characteristic fossils of the Tropido- leptus shale may be collected. . At Peterman’s and Cook’s ore banks the characteristic fos- sils of the Paracycles shale may be found. This line of outcrop bends more to the south, thrown over by the rising of the second ridge of Hamilton sandstone. The end of Mahanoy ridge is doubled by a fault which develops itself near the Juniata on the west bank, and increasing in throw as it approaches the river brings up the Hamilton sandstone which is shown at the canallock. The 7ropidoleptus shales may be seen about a quarter of a mile from Losh’s Run station, where they yield their usual fossils. This outcrop seems to extend far enough to the south to meet that brought | up by the Perry county fault, so that there is here a dou- bling at least of the Hamilton Upper shales. There is a probability that a narrow strip of newer rocks may run along the middle of the valley and part these two upthrows, but I have seen no trace of it. Most of the ground is covered with alluvial deposit, and consequently the determination is very difficult and would require much time. ; The position of these confluent outcrops of the Hamilton Upper shale may readily be seen by looking at the geological map of Miller township. The Genessee, Portage, Chemung group, (VIL) The rocks of this group compose almost the whole penin- sula of which the northern part of Miller township consists. 18 EF”. | : \ | | 274 F’. REPORT OF PROGRESS. E. W. CLAYPOLE. It is surrounded on three sides by the Juniata river which cuts across these beds three times in six miles between Baileysburg and Newport. The exposure along the rail- way is so weathered and overgrown that little work in paleontology can be done there. The lower and softer beds, representing the Portage and Genessee, range along the north side of the upper road to Baileysburg and are marked by low ground. The Upper or Middle ridge group (for the most part) forms the high bluffs along the river side. A good exposure occurs along the road just mentioned which crosses the beds nearly at right angles. | | The northern part of this group in the peninsula lies low, having been cut down by the river, and a broad expanse of flat land occupies the whole bend. The dip of the beds is almost everywhere steep to the N. N. W., but at some places, for instance about a mile south of Newport, are sey- eral small anticlines or folds. A second line of outcrop of the Portage-Chemung group in Miller township lies to the south of Mahanoy ridge on the south slope of the Hamilton upper shales. The lower softer beds here also form a valley which is drained by the north branch of Losh’s run. The harder layers of the Up- per Chemung group form a rough, wooded range of low hills skirting the north slope of Dick’s hill and abutting on the limestone and the Hamilton sandstone brought up by the fault. This outcrop showsa 8. 8. E. dip almost every- where. The tract of Portage-Chemung here described narrows down eastward owing to the protrusion southward of the Upper Hamilton shales brought up by the small fault in Mahanoy ridge near the Juniata, as shown on the map. It is finally thrown out altogether before reaching the river by the meeting of this outcrop of Hamilton upper shale with that brought up by the Perry county fault along the line of Dick’s hill. The Catskill group, No. IX.. A small area of these rocks exists at the northern point ¥ ~ ve! ere "2 ens a! » oh a ls . ‘ rn 10. MILLER TOWNSHIP. F’, 275 of the peninsula. But it is overlain by alluvial deposit and ~eannot be seen. Should the Juniata continue cutting its _ channel northward at this point as it is now doing the time will come when there may be found in Miller township a considerable extent of Catskill rocks that now lies under the water of the river. TOWNSHp Oliver township. ah sown peo ——— 11. OLIVER TOWNSHIP. Fe -Sr7 11. Oliver township. This, one of the smallest townships in the county, con- tains the largest town, Newport. It borders on the Juniata river for about 6 miles from the southern line of Tuscarora township to the great bend be- tween Newport and Baileysburg. It is bounded on the west by Juniata and Centre township and on the south by Miller, and its entire area does not much exceed 20 square miles. Excepting the margin of the river where some flat and alluvial land occurs, the whole surface of the township is hilly and much of it wooded. No heavy timber exists, the demands of the charcoal furnaces in years past having caused its destruction. Since, however, they went out of blast a young growth of wood, chiefly chestnut, has sprung up and covered the hillsides where the plow does not visit them. The principal ridges in this township are in the south. Limestone ridge, extending from Centre township, passes through its southern angle and affords the only supply of limestone of any value that is contained within its limits. The Buffalo hills run parallel to and a short distance north of Limestone ridge. They are not continuous but broken by deep passes or gaps. There is consequently no gathering ground of sufficient extent to produce a consid- erable stream. All the runs that issue from the springs among these hills find their way through one or another of these gaps into the basin on the north side of the range. This basin is bounded on the north by Middle ridge, which differs from most of the ridges in being completely cleared and cultivated to its very top. A road runs west-southwest from Newport along its summit giving a wide view over the adjacent country. 278 EF’. REPORT OF PROGRESS. E. W. CLAYPOLRE. Middle ridge and Limestone ridge form the northern and southern boundaries respectively of the basin of the Little Buffalo creek which falls into the Juniata at Newport, and is there used to supply ice and mill power. The largest stream in the township is the Buffalo, which occupies the wider valley or basin between Middle ridge and Hominy ridge in Tuscarora township. Its course is much more sin- uous in consequence of the greater breadth and flatness of its basin, and it enters the Juniata about two miles north of Newport. In the northern part of the township the western bank of the river is fenced by high cliffs close to the water, while the bank on the other side is comparatively low. The re- verse is the case just above Newport. The waters of Coca- lamus, entering below Millerstown, may have aided in erod- ing the land about its mouth, and those of the Great Buf-— falo may have done the same near Newport. Both streams once flowed at a much higher level than they do at present. The Lower Helderberg group, No. VI. This is the lowest bed cropping out in Oliver township, and forms only two narrow lines across its southern end. Their structure will beat once understood by examining the map and sections of the township given herewith. They are two anticlinal ridges extending east from Centre town- ship. The shales of the Onondaga group sink beneath the surface near the line, and the limestone on the northern side dips off their slope, rising again immediately and emerging at the surface, when it forms a very narrow out- crop before it again sinks under the Buffalo hills. The Oriskany sandstone (No. VII) outcrops cross the southern part of the township. The Marcellus group, ( VITIT.) This group is commercially the most important in Oliver township because it contains the unusually rich deposit of hematite which has been worked for many years to supply the blast furnace at Newport. The structure of the rocks in en A Se OR Pe: 11. OLIVER TOWNSHIP. EF’, 279 here has been fully explained in the chapter on the iron ores of the county, Chapter IV, page 91, above. It is sufficient to remark that the ore occurs as usual in a thick mass of white and black clay, occupying the place and per- haps produced by the decay of the Marcellus limestone. These ore works are more advantageously situated than any others in the county that mine this bed. The distance to the furnace is less than two miles, all down hill. Water is sufficient for washing the ore and its extraction is easy. The beds lie nearly vertical and the material is soft. The quantity, however, to be washed is very large as the ore is much scattered through the body of the clay, which is in some places 15 or 20 feet in thickness. The black shale is seen in but few places, and presents no unusual feature. | The Hamilton lower shale beds form a long narrow val- ley on the south side of the Buffalo hills extending across the township. It is not cleared and needs no notice. The Hamilton sandstone, ( VITT.) The Hamilton sandstone of Buffalo hills forms the only rugged ridge in Oliver township, though that portion of Middle ridge near Newport composed of the Chemung up- per shale makes a very near approach to it in steepness and roughness. The Hamilton sandstone enters the township from Miller at the east and runs W. 8S. W. across the road from Newport to Duncannon, where it crops out at the edge of the wood. It crosses the township line in the narrows and then returns, being thrown ont by one of the northern anticlines of Limestone ridge, reénters the township, and again zigzagging westward passes out finally at the lower end of the narrows where it is cut through by Inoculate run. There are no features calling for remarks in this short line. The sandstone shows the same characters as in Cen- tre township, in the account of which full details concern- ing it may be found. Its dip is very steep, about 75° N. N. W. toward the southeast line, but it flattens down towards Inoculate run to 25° or 30°. The steeper dip may be seen between Newport and the Clouser Iron Works at the top ” a u oe) aa 280 FF’. REPORT OF PROGRESS. E. W. CLAYPOLE. oa of Limestone ridge where the road passes through or rather over the Hamilton sandstone. The channel of the brook can scarcely be called a gap, rising as it does to summit level where the water, before it begins its journey down the hill, is employed in washing the ore. The Hamilton fossil ore. This belt of iron ore runs through the township immedi- ately north of the Hamilton sandstone but Iam not aware that any has ever been taken out along its line of outcrop, which is very near the edge of the woods for the most part though in some places toward the eastern end it lies well up in the wood. Its place may be found on the map by marking the top of the Hamilton sandstone. it Several attempts have been made to open the bed but ; little more has been done than to prove its presence along | the north side of the hill. It is certainly very thin in most places and the probability is that if opened it would prove lean and sandy. The Hamilton Upper shale. | This band of shale crosses the township parallel to the Hamilton sandstone. It crops out in the side of the road | leading from Newport to Duncannon, about one hundred yards south of Mr. Ramer’s house, and zigzagging like the sandstone crosses the township line in the fields east of the i lower end of the narrows. It may be seen in Centre town- f ship on the Newport-New Bloomfield road near the top of the hill rising from Inoculate run where it is very calea- reous. The characteristic fossils of the Fenestella shale may be found abundantly at both these outcrops. The Genessee shale, ( VITT.) a The 200 feet of barren, whitening shale which I have con- _ i sidered to represent the Genessee of New York may be ! found in their proper place between the Hamilton Upper | shale and the Portage shale. They crop out at the road- 7 side immediately over the Hamilton Upper shale. 11. OLIVER TOWNSHIP. F’, 281 The Portage group, ( VIIZ.) There are two good exposures of the Cardiola shale of this group in Oliver township on the two roads leading south from Newport. On the road to the Clouser Iron Ore Works it may be found on the hill north of Mr. Ramer’s house where most of the characteristic species may be ob- tained. Another outcrop, where only the Portage-Chemung sandstone and the topmost beds of the Portage are ex- posed, is on the upper road to Baileysburg on the land of Mr. Longacre. The Chemung rocks, ( VIIZ.) Two short outcrops of these rocks cross the township, one in the north and another in the south. The former is merely the margin of the line of outcrop that crosses Tus- carora township and scarcely needs mention here. The latter forms a very conspicuous object in the landscape. Its eastern bluff overlooks Newport and forms a shelter from west and northwest winds. It isa rough wooded ridge washed on its southern face by the Little Buffalo which has excavated a deep valley for itself in the soft material lying between the Buffalo hills and Middle ridge. Once this ridge was continuous with the hills on the eastern bank, but the Juniata river has cut for itself a channel through the range. It has been gradually working its way southeastward at this point, and consequently the slope and flood-plain is on the northwestern bank, while the southeastern consists of hard rocks washed at their feet by the river, and from which the water and the ice are yearly carrying away their tribute towards the sea. Middle ridge above mentioned overlooking Newport con- sists in part of the hard and sandy Upper Chemung beds. These in the north of Perry county are sufficiently hard to form rough and wooded hills only inferior to those made by the Hamilton sandstone. I have consequently in some places used the term ‘‘ Middle Ridge rocks”’ as a synonym for the Upper Chemung. 282 F’. REPORT OF PROGRESS. E. W. CLAYPOLE. Chemung—Catskill and Catskill, (No. IX. ) The middle portion of Oliver township consists of a broad exposure of the rocks of the Catskill group formed by the | union of the two outcrops on the north and south sides of | Buffalo and Berry’s mountains, which meet at the west end — Ee >. of the mountain and run out into Juniata township as a broad open canoe-shaped trough rising into. the air near the township line. Along this wide open outcrop the Buffalo winds along sometimes between low banks and at others washing the feet of steep rugged cliffs as at the loop below — Milford. The beds of this formation are well exposed along the bank of the river in the cuttings of the railway. The hard sandstone beds of the lower part of the formation ex- tend southward from Rope ferry at the northern side of the trough, but are less prominent at their southern outcrop, possibly in consequence of the inflow of the Buffalo. The rocks of this group form as usual a rolling landscape well suited for farm purposes, and with a fertile soil. es sak > eel ee * > ee aor weer eS 12. PENN TOWNSHIP. F’, 283 #2. Penn township. The shape of the township is rudely triangular, with its apex to the west about five miles distant from the river. The measurements, however, would give no clue to its area, which may be set down at about 18 square miles. The physical features of Penn township are entirely due to the presence and direction of the Pocono Sandstone mount- ain. Entering it from Dauphin county, which it crosses under the name of Peter’s or Fourth mountain, it runs to the southwest then curves around and turning eastward at the Horseshoe returns to the Susquehanna river, which it crosses passing again into Dauphin county. It is in fact the western extremity of the southern angle of the great Pottsville coal basin which divides at its western end some- thing like the tail of a fish. The northern extremity lies in Buffalo township. The outer slopes of the Cove mountain throw all the waters coming from the west outside the township. Sherman’ s creek is thus compelled to skirt the northern ‘face of the mountain until it reaches the Susquehanna below Duncannon. Fishing creek, in the same manner, is compelled to flow along the southern face. The district enclosed by the mountain is drained by a small stream rising at the Horse Shoe bend and receiving the waters from both slopes. This district is peculiarly isolated from the rest of the county by its physical conformation. Surrounded on two sides by the mountain and on the third by the river, access to it is very difficult. Two roads zigzag across the range to the south from Rye township, and one enters from the north through the gap of the Susquehanna and passes out at the south by the same outlet. The Pennsylvania railway has taken advantage of the same natural pathway to enter and HS N MYO 1: Cau a ae f \ oe or wk: now 3 i C= ae N pen nwe nnn nnn wwewn cnnw an mecca menses se eneee ss enen edi ence nan enee oe —-— ooo N ‘wa, OF Jay YKE OE DYKE 5 ee ae , =. SE outs \ GREAT HOR \ "YIAIY YVNNVHINOSNS Smiles. Penn township. fot ca RIVER = EE AE EN TO TT oe On Oe, a - ——— -~ — a a serene -_ —— ~~ Peres at, 12. PENN TOWNSHIP. FE’, 285 leave the valley. These excepted, there is no practicable road from the outside world into this secluded district, which is, as it were, a little world by itself. Cove mountain and Peters’ mountain are formed by the outcropping edges of the Pocono sandstone above men- tioned which descends on the north and passing under the red shale at a depth of about 1000 feet rises again to the south. The beds of sandstone in the northern side of the syncline dip sharply to the southeast, in the southern side they are nearly vertical, and at the eastern end of the range are overthrown so as to dip at 5° to 10° to the south. The sandstone is about 2000 feet thick, and owing to this and its great hardness the mountains composed of it take rank among the first in the county, rivaling those formed by the Medina and Oneida sandstones. The slopes of the mountain are steep and wooded on both sides, and for the most part covered with the wreckage of the sandstone which is especially abundant and heavy near the Susqnehanna gap. The Chemung-Catskill, and Catskill, No. 1X. The northern portion of Penn township consists of the Catskill sandstone dipping for the most part to the south- east but containing several indistinct folds which run in from the opposite side of the river. The area of red rocks exposed in the township is consequently very large and their thickness amounts to about 6000 feet. The Catskill rocks here resemble those in other parts of the county, as described in the general report. The lower portions or passage beds have proved, however, more inter- esting than at any other similar exposure. Here occurs the richly fossiliferous horizon which has yielded the fossils of which an account may be found in the volume on the paleontology and the stratigraphical details of which are given below. The base of the Chemung-Catskill rocks lies in Wheat- field township, and the line separating it from the Chemung may be drawn more or less indistinctly across from the Ju- niata river about half a mile south of Losh’s run to the Ps pnt PRY ledes 2 ‘U2W 9407) wo rere - - ww eewce ee” et of — erimans c7cek. Cea in, Jro” Sh bs Sketch: of the- ae i s mill locality. 4 ? King A. 4 ile- F2 ae! eS are! a 12. PENN TOWNSHIP. B®. 287 Little Juniata about half a mile north of King’s mill and thence in the same direction southwestward, but it nowhere enters Penn township. The lowest fossiliferous layer in the group now under consideration which is found in the township is the remarkable Kingsmill sandstone of this report, which crosses near the northern line and is well ex- posed between King’s mill and Linton’s hill. The sections given herewith are found in the northern part of the town- ship and must be considered together though the former really belongs to Wheatfield township. It is, however, placed here to avoid the separation of what are in reality only the lower and upper parts of the same section. This is the only instance I have met with of fossiliferous shales and limestones above the Kingsmill sandstone or base of the true Catskill. This exposure is only made by the re- cent cutting of a new road and possibly had a similar op- portunity existed elsewhere similar beds might have been displayed. All the beds of the Linton’s Hill section (see page 290) lie beneath those of the Kingsmill section described below, on page 289. The peculiar sandstone bed with its crowded Lamelli- branch casts at the top of the Linton’s Hill section appears near King’s miil, and is there evidently many feet below the base of the Kingsmill section, probably 200 to 300 feet below it. By combining the two sections and including the space between them (200 ? feet,) the space between the base of the lower section and the lowest layers of the Chemung- Catskill (50 feet 7) and the space to the thin coal seam in the Dellville sandstone lying above the top of the higher section, (about 80 feet,) we obtain a section of the Lower Catskill and Chemung-Catskill rocks about 1300 feet. The Kingsmill section. The following beds are exposed by a side cutting on a road running nearly N. W. and 8S. E. made about twelve months ago, and on the N. E. side of the road. At the 8S. E. end or top of the section, where the cutting begins, near the little run, the rocks dip 40° S. 20° E.: Cabkill- Chemung. Catskill. Lintons Hill section Kingsmill section. | = 1 Dellville Sandstone, contcainm a thinicoaly layer. ==51 Bed No9.fossiferous. red shale. Sp.mesostriclis Bed No.8. plants. =i Becl Nog, fossiliferous, =—= Bed No.5. Sp.disjuneta. === =|Bed No.4, fassili*ferous. red shale. Bed No.3. coprolites(?) = ad No:2. fish-scales, —— hae a Ui ss green shale red shale.¥e. i} greenshale., ==| Bed No.0.— plants « red sh. sands fone. green shale. 12. PENN TOWNSHIP. re Kingsmill section, (Lower Catskill, IX.) Deliville green sandstone with thin coaly layer, ..... 20° 6" PERE RE oo Ba dary esti) ar CaP ia” BE ZC SAL = 50' 0" Red shale and sandstone, ..... SO es teh) re Rae k TO Green shale, no fossils seen,. . . 2. 6.6 2 ee ce oka, hyn) A ee ee SCIONS SIRI III Ato Zany. Huge or SwvePAivalws tds am ( 3! 6!' 2 eS OE a i ee OA ee verariey (eae es er ree ie RMI REAM URR TBR nt eee rd ah ef cl Sti i'w pad ei nt Pe | a Green shale, ..... ees a e., ait lem a wig Bea tet Ghee a Red shalestone,. ...... Eb OSE ai re Ad: igh s ha vine b> 0' 6" Se REET ad ees ne Pe ee 9! go’ No.9. Green shale, fossils seen,. . ... cae ive els. Sand. Ker Gheetirs 5' 0" BamES UNTRUE ONL NO Sw. janx vette ys oe) Raw ae PS ig Se ST OS et allel ahi d OR a Oe 4' o” Red shales with a thin green bed,. .......2.e.s0-s ve Ea a NOD Ta aaa ML) a 2 ee a 12.0)" No. 8. Green sandstone, hard, thin bedded, ........... 2'6! a. ” MRC PMO bt Sl ccninrig, ohits a Pope tale rte 0! 6! - Green sandy shales. et IS eS rei gts in te itlap ay te iene He stsiehs 14 OSE No.7. Greenish yellow shales, fossils,...... sane sw Ee gee MS FUCA CE CRE Je.) baal te a as SC EE eg Dion 20' 0” the SeWetON) MMOH: FORALL. tae. Tle sg a KG asa 00 oe) oa la 0! 5! No. 5. Bluish limestone shales, fossils, (Spirifer disjuncta,) . . 0! 2" Senne, Semisteees SIMRCOMIOIIO, JOSMGIR 2, Pw se ww en kw mele 0! 5” ee cut) ASR a) a a ee a a lava tite Red sandstone with some red shale marked with green spots and blotches. PR MUERETNSCE MTDNA UR re ng cg Sod, we Wath Go vyaeiay a% 4’ O"' Red shales and thin red shalestones with some thin slightly micaceous sandstones, Pepe Ty inte Fare anno? oe BN Ose No. 3. Coprolite (?) bed, green sandstone, ........2... 0! 3" Red sandstone, Ate! le A ee re OT ti tae ene No.2. Thin bed, (fish scales, ) Fish Had: eg WE ee i ae ooo 2' 0"! No.1. Thin bed with fish scales. Red shales and shalestones,. ..... eR eeatter tala Op nieire 44! QO!’ Dip 35° S. 30° E. Green shales, . Ch ot OP aes Goh ae Be ee 1}'.0F Red shales and shalestones with some green beds, .... 43’ 0" anne NII EN ee oe ad? EN eure ot 44 oie ms hy} oF ee CTO AED OUMRIMOTIG ee ee tn ew eee. oe oe 21' 0" No.0. Yellow sandy bed with plants, ... 2... «eevee 0' 6!’ Red shales and shalestones,. .....-.s-e-e.e28e68. 59’ 0! Ct RRC REO Ei on pw ama aueuly apt es 10’ 0" Base. Red sandy shalestones and shale with thin solid beds, . . 13' 0!’ Dip S. 20° E. 553! 0! 19 FE”. 289 290 I’. REPORT OF PROGRESS. E. W. CLAYPOLE. Linton’ s Hill section, (Catskill-Chemung. ) (Along the road between Mr. Reeds house and the CrOss- Be roads, and one mile west of King s mill.) ea Solid white and yellow sandstone, (exposed almost at the i, fie cross-roads, ) partly soft and crumbling, partly hard and ; like quartzite. In this bed are Sayers of casts of fossil . aN lamellibranchs, &c., in lenticular beds, irregular but nu- MBrOWT Ss OL ee us Kingsmill sandstone, brown, thin-bedded sandstone, not well shown at and near cross-roads, ‘ oi i. Space covered but probably same as next below,. ... . 26’ 0” Yellow shale with thin brown sandstone,. ........ 90' 0” Green shale weathering yellow, ........ ste Fee . Brows -ahale, 3°) OST ORAS eS a LeU ee a Greenish yellow shale, ..\0)°.t.4. EE pip eae el ve eee ee re Brown shale-stone, Sos cis eee dee oS Ae ee oe : . Brown rusty bed with Sp. mesostrialis, ......... JW 0" Brown shale-stone and shale, ......... Cs i< a Yellow shales? mostly covered, ...... +) line Siac et } i ' Soft brown sandsions,*.;.:.. «'i..0kOe eee te Sis ee ee A | ‘Yellow shale,.<".'5 t's. fe eee y Say ay ees 50’ 0!” i, Red thaléy: (ss. 2 40. RLS Goa ut arn ee , 7 | Yellow shale,....... 2 eels eat ie Ae beeen ts oe Ye" ~ = | jcc |: en Ree CMR gel a TS er | } Wellow ehale. 3). eset o Pa ee ee Rg ky ‘i. Red shales, ..... pra a ae Jac ee 57! 6" Red shale, 46k scx a 6. ew Reece oie ee oe 13’ 5" Yellowish preen- shales... 6's sw ee on ake ae ee a ee 3' 6" Thin red sandy shale with fish scales. Red‘shale, 26's). Ry) © WS a) Se ee ee 10’ 0” Red shaly sandstone crosaing the road in ledges and full of sonles Of fiahes (ic i: ov ete: 2) ae ea ae es ee 3” Red whale, ies es oe ts oe ee ee ee a oS atte oe Yellow shale,-.°. o x 4 0s SI ee ee 15’ 0” Red shale opposite Mr. Reed’s house and about 200 feet horizontally from limit of red shales=36 feet vertically, . 50’ 0” 557' 0” The Kingsmill section which exhibits nearly 500 feet in vertical thickness of the Catskill group, and nine different beds containing animal fossils. In No. 9, the uppermost, I could not obtain any, owing to the scanty material, but saw them in the rock. In No. 7 a greenish yellow, soft shale, much weathered are numerous but indistinct small organic remains, not re- cognized. rs St ee See: SA — a . — ' ] , : ve pie. RE SB I GES: 12. PENN TOWNSHIP. TI”, 291 No. 6 also consists of a green shale with Lamellibranch shells. No. 5 is a thin bed of limestone weathering toa soft rusty mass and full of Brachiopods and Lamellibranchs, often in a fair state of preservation, Sp. disjuncta very small. No. 4 is only a repetition of No. 5in mineral composition, being a limestone from which the water has partly removed the lime, leaving a similar dark rusty mass. It contains immense numbers of two species of Beyrichia, showing white on the weathered stone, but difficult of detection in the blue limestone core. No. 3 is a green, soft, sandy shale rubbly in texture and containing numerous small nodules or concretions, which from their appearance would be taken for phosphatic copro- lites, but an examination by Mr. A. 8. McCreath gave a very small proportion of phosphoric acid. No. 2 is the Upper 2ish bed, a thin layer on a surface of red shales composed of the scales of Holoptychius? and Bothriolepis. These two are probably one species of Holoptychius. No. 1, about 2 feet below No. 2, consists of similar ma- terial with the same remains. Two beds containing plants occur in the section. One near the base of the section shows the usual ‘‘ plant rags ”’ occurring in so many horizons in the Devonian here. Another near the top of the section shows similar remains. The Kingsmill sandstone consists of a white or yellow- ish sandstone perfectly honeycombed with casts of Lamelli- branch shells, among which Schizodus rhombeus, Hall, is the most abundant. It has accumulated here in immense numbers, washed up on the beach or on a sand-bar in the ancientocean. They were evidently dead and drifted shells for I have never seen two valves together or in their natural position. The stony ridge, formed by the outcrop of the Kingsmill sandstone wherever it occurs or can be traced in the county, continues west and east from this point. It reappears on Mr. G. Brunner’s land also about a mile to the eastward, and passes very near the head of the great loop on Sherman’s 292 I’. REPORT OF PROGRESS. E. W. CLAYPOLE. a creek. It continues into Carroll township, in the report on which and in the general account of the county will be found more details on this interesting stratum. The Pocono sandstone, No. X. The outcrop of this hard and massive sandstone forms a rampart around the cove, about 1000 feet high, with a level and unbroken crest ; sweeping from near Duncannon first southwest for four miles; then turning and running in a straight line back eight miles to the Susquehanna. This Horse Shoe Bend, as it is called, affords one of the most beautiful views in the county, the mountains clad with wood from base to summit forming a green back- ground to the river scenery. Pocono sandstone coal bed at Duncannon. About six years ago a tunnel was driven about 200 feet into the cove mountain by Mr. John Foose of Duncannon directly across the strata, here dipping steeply southward. At about 150 feet from the entrance a bed of shale was cut about ten feet thick, containing two seams of coal— the upper about ten inches, the lower about thirty inches thick—separated by two feet of black shale. Two feet of black shale covered the upper coal. The coal occurs in small pieces and is much crushed and slickensided. It would, I think, come out in pieces seldom exceeding a pound or two in weight. A specimen from this seam or from another to be noticed below was analysed at Harrisburg some years ago by Mr. A. 8. McCreath, with the following results : Volatile matiar; . 62 set Pe le et S LT aS Wee eee ° Fixed carbon,’ .: «s/c s! allel wie ele eet whee tke ea 48. 28 Sulphur, « «4.0: « {9b 9-0. se) wee pas ke (ee ee ees 6¢# @ 6. se tle" Grr 2.49 3 i> 9/7828 8. eee fee | It is easy to see from the high proportion of ash that the | coal is of very low grade. I add for comparison an analysis | of the Lykens Valley coal made by the same chemist: Peer eee ee 12. PENN TOWNSHIP. F’, 293 ES CN ae Same gS Wd i Ae ey ee ns Oe ee oe er es 8.83 Se ORREMY ens Al Toth en taal cbya; feed ph) ‘mcg ) 0. ta yey satya yal, 78.83 1 Ge ee ee eer ee et ee ae eee oer ee ee . 67 eee Tete aa ata nee, Sew sete ee ee a oe 9.39 Nothing further need be said concerning this coal. The facts speak for themselves. Nor is there any probability that results appreciably different would be yielded by the other two seams which accompany this and may, like it, be traced along the mountain by the slight terraces at their outcrops. The Mauch Chunk red shale, No. XI. This red shale occupies the whole trough or basin of the cove. Its beds dip regularly from the mountain on both sides, and become nearly horizontal along the middle line of the syncline. Its decay affords good farming land, and the cove, sheltered as it is from winds by the mountain ranges which almost surround it, is one of the best farming districts in the county. Some of the beds of the Mauch Chunk red shale are cal- careous enough to render the water hard. Iron ore. A thin bed of poor nodular iron ore accompanies one of the coaly layers in the Pocono sandstone. Specimens of the nodules have been analysed, and the percentage of phos- phorus is so high as to suggest a coprolitic origin. The great weight and yellow rusty color of the fragments of rock (dolerite) along the lines of the trap-dykes (described below) have deceived people into believing that they were masses of iron ore, and attempts have even been made to Open mines upon the trap. But, of course, the material was rejected by iron-makers. Trap is not iron ore, although grains of magnetic iron are scattered through it. T he trap-dykes of the Cove. Trap-dykes are ancient cracks in the earth filled from be- low by lava which has hardened into rock. They must be js . * Ad { wee wey * = Gr f , a - CY : Sh ot 294 F’. REPORT OF PROGRESS. E. W. CLAYPOLE. of great depth, for they can be traced along the present sur- face of the earth for a great distance. The trap-dyke de- scribed by Dr. Frazer, in his report on Lancastergcounty, runs in a nearly straight line (N. E.) forty miles. Many others exist in Adams, York, Lancaster, Dauphin, Lebanon, Berks, Chester, Delaware, Montgomery, and Bucks coun- ties, and in middle and northern New Jersey, southern New York, and New England. The most remarkable of them all starts in the South Mount- ains, and runs in a nearly straight line across Cumberland county (between Mechanicsburg and Carlisle) to the Perry county line, on the crest of the Blue mountain, two miles east of Sterritt’s gap.* The description of the dyke, on page 366, of Vol. I of this ‘‘Geology of Pennsylvania,’’ is erroneous in- several important particulars. It reads as follows :— ‘*This dyke crosses Cumberland valley and cuts through the Blue mountains 2 miles east of Sterrett’s gap. It crosses Fishing Creek valley and the Cove mountain bear- ing N. 10° E., where it forms a low ridge separating the waters of Fishing creek from those of Sherman’s creek. ‘“The dyke next crosses the Cove where its loose frag- ments are strewed over the surface to a great extent. The point where the dyke cuts the northern ridge of Cove mountain is not visible but we find the mass # mile north of Petersburg, (Duncannon,) where, with a bearing of N. * Dr. A. A. Henderson, assistant geologist on the first survey, in 1849, sup- posed that the dyke here entering his district extended to the Juniata and be- yond the Susquehanna into Dauphin county, 30 miles from its southern end at the Boiling Spring, on the Yellow Breeches creek, in Cumberland county. This is evidently not the real southern end of this dyke. It undoubtedly continues southward through the South Mountain rocks into York county, and joins the trap-dykes north of Petersburg, for Mr. A. E. Lehman, assistant geologist on the second survey, has found traces of it in the wooded parts of the mountain. It is but justice to Dr. Henderson, who was one of the best geologists of his day, and to whom we owe our first accurate knowledge of the complicated structure of Perry, Juniata and Mifflin counties, to say that he could only with great difficulty at that early day trace the line of the dyke upon his map? and the line which he laid down on his map was transferred to the Geological Map of Pennsylvania, made by me in 1842, and published by Professor Rogers in the Atlas to his Final Report, in 1858. [J. P. L.] ‘12. PENN TOWNSHIP. FE’, 295 30° E., we trace it for many miles. It reaches the Juniata 14 miles above the head of Duncan’s island where it can be seen well exposed on the turnpike. From the Juniata it is traceable to the Susquehanna where it appears immediately below Montgomery’s Ferry. It cuts the Half Falls mount- ain a mile from its northeast extremity. ‘Where the trap-rock comes in contact with red shale the shale is indurated and altered toa dark brown and pur- plish color. ‘*The surface of the dyke is from 60 to 120 feet wide, though the actual thickness of the intrusive wall of rock beneath the surface is probably much less.’’ ‘**From the Blue mountain to the point where it reaches the Susquehanna its length is 15 miles, but it crosses the river and passes into Lykens valley.” In Cumberland county there is in fact but one dyke crossing the Great valley ; and this dyke is so conspicuous a landmark that it has been adopted as the boundary line between four townships: Silver Spring and Monroe on the eastern, and Middlesex and South Middleton on the western side of it. But in Perry county the crust of the globe was cracked not merely along one line, as the old map represents it, but along several lines, each of which produced a separate trap- dyke. On the township maps of Penn (Plate XXX) and of Rye (Plate XX XIII) I have drawn the lines of four trap-dykes crossing the Cove, and its bounding mountains, one of which is much longer than the other three, and extends northward, through Wheatfield, beyond the head of Duncan’s island. (See Plate XLV.) There is another dyke in Watts (see Plate XLIV) which is almost in exact line with the course of the long dyke in Penn, before it makes its bend, a mile north of Duncannon, and this is what deceived Dr. Henderson into supposing that there was but one long dyke, the whole length of 30 miles. I shall describe the four dykes in Perry county under four special names: 296 F’. REPORT OF PROGRESS. E. W. CLAYPOLE. (1.) The Great Horseshoe dyke, Ironstone ridge, or Cum- berland county dyke. (2.) The Little Horseshoe dyke, next, east of, near and parallel to the great dyke. (3.) The West Duncannon dyke; and (4.) The East Duncannon ame next, east of, near nil parallel to it. _ The two Horseshoe dykes run south across Rye township, and will be also described in the geology of that township. The West Duncannon dyke will also be noticed in the geology of Wheatfield and Watts townships ; but the East Duncannon dyke is contined to Penn township. (1.) The Great Horseshoe dyke, Ironstone ridge, or Cum- berland Valley dyke. The line of this dyke may be detected by loose fragments on the south side of Peter's mountain about two and a west of the river and between the highest terrace and the summit of the mountain. : Its course is plainly indicated down the slope by the same evidence from terrace to terrace, with a bearing of 8. 10° W. into the Cove at the foot of the Horseshoe and almost to the creek. Along this part of its course it appears to be the widest of all the dykes in the Cove, but just before it reaches the creek it suddenly and markedly increases and assumes com- paratively gigantic proportions, admirably displaying both the trap and the accompanying rocks altered by contact with it. The sandy beds of the Mauch Chunk Red shales (XI) which are here cut through are changed toa dark brown and chocolate colored material; the red shales themselves are in some places burnt into a mass resembling half made > brick, but not usually much hardened. Some fine shale beds, however, have been so much changed that they are almost as tough and hard as the trap itself. This change in the appearance of the rocks at this point has led to considerable excavation in the belief that the 12. PENN TOWNSIJIP. y=, Sor dark, soft, sandy shale beds contained copper—a belief for which there is of course not the slightest foundation. But the excavation serves to make very plain the striking de- velopment of the dyke at this point. From being a dyke very much resembling the other three—perhaps rather larger—it suddenly enlarges and becomes nearly 200 feet from side to side. The bed of the Cove creek and the flat, marshy ground alongside of it, overgrown with a thicket of laurel, in some places impenetrable, is thickly bestrewn with massive blocks of the dyke up to half a ton in weight. How far this display continues through the wood I cannot say nor to what height it rises on the north flank of Cove mountain. The bearing of this dyke is 8. 10° W. (2.) The Little Horse Shoe dyke. About a quarter of a mile east of the great Horse Shoe dyke, another parallel line of fragments can be found high up the south slope of Peters’ mountain, in fact upon the highest terrace. Its first appearance, so far as I am aware, is at an old shaft sunk some years ago under the impression that the trap dyke carried an ore vein. The shaft was sunk to a depth of about 25 feet, and at the depth of about 22 feet many blocks of the hard, tough, dolerite (trap rock) were thrown out. This is the most northerly indication of this dyke that I have seen in the cove. Hence, it may be followed at inter- vals, southward down the slope of Peters’ mountain, form- ing an almost continuous line through the thickets to the cleared land in the cove below, where it crosses first a field and then the road leading west into the woods of the Horse Shoe, and is lost to view at the creek, where a large meadow is almost ruined by the number of blocks which lie scat- tered about upon it. Beyond the creek no one, so far as I can learn, has suc- ceeded in tracing it, so that it probably does not rise so high on the Cove mountain as it does on Peters’ mountain. I have no means of estimating the breadth of the dyke 298 F’. REPORT OF PROGRESS. E. W. CLAYPOLE. but judge it not to exceed 6 or 8 feet. Its bearing is, as nearly as I could ascertain it, south 10° west. (3.) The West Duncannon dyke. Half way between the head of the cove and the river, and near the foot of Peters’ mountain, a range of trap can be readily traced. It crosses Cove creek close by an old saw- mill pond, now dry, and then shows in a byway on the north side of the main turnpike road. Following it over.a field it is seen very plainly in the bank, and then runs along keeping parallel with the same road as far as the foot of the Cove mountain. oa In front of the farm-house which stands at this point isa well sunk exactly on the line of the dyke. Mr. J. M. White, who sank this well, informed me that he passed through the dyke, and that itis not vertical, but pitches to the west, at an angle of about 45°. The greater part of the well was sunk in the red shale, the dyke being left at a depth of about 8 feet. It measures here only about 6 or 8 feet, and consists of a number of loose blocks embedded in the red clay—the product of their own decomposition. In the neighboring field a pit was dug to examine the dyke which gave the same results. Crossing the road at this point the dyke can be traced about 100 yards further through the orchard into the wood where all traces of it are lost, nor has any one, tomy knowl- edge, ever seen it higher on the hill. (4.) The East Duncannon dyke. About three quarters of a milefurther east a trap-dyke may be seen in the roadside about + mile south of the mouth of Sherman’s creek. Thence it has been traced up the hillside, where its outcrop has been followed, in a vain search for iron ore, to the top, but not to the evest of the mountain. The dyke cuts through it near the brow overlooking the river. It continues on the same course, S. 20° W., down the slope of Peters’ mountain into the cove, and may be fol- 12. PENN TOWNSHIP. F’, 299 lowed by the color of the soil and the loose blocks lying about across the fields to the main road up the cove, which road it crosses just east of a farm-house. Running on thence with the same bearing, it may be seen alongside of the road (which here turns to the south-south- west) for about 200 yards, where crosses a lane running off at the next angle in theroad. Here its presence is marked by the usual red clay and bowlders. Beyond. this point I have not traced it. : This set of parallel dykes in the cove constitutes a dis- tinct and interesting feature in its geology. Ranging across it from mountain to mountain, like four walls, they divide it into five separate portions, and were they all as heavy as the last mentioned, would form serious barriers to commu- nication, and difficulties in the way of the farmer. As they are it is often a task of great labor to dig out and carry away the fragments from the fields and pile them up at the roadsides where their subangular form and rusty color make them conspicuous objects to the passer by. They all consist of the same tough, hard dolerite, show- ing some but very little variation in composition and fine- ness at different places. ‘The most remarkable thing about these dykes is this :— WVot one of them has ever been detected at the top of either of the two mountains ; the East Duncannon and Great Horseshoe dykes alone rising above the highest terrace, so far as known. The West Duncannon dyke does not appear to rise into the mountain at all, its exposure ceasing sharply at the foot. It is not however impossible that further ex- amination may modify this assertion which is based on neg- ative evidence only. The trap-dykes north of the Cove. The West Duncannon dyke is the only one of the Cove dykes which exists to my knowledge north of Peters’ mountain and west of the Juniata river. 1 can most easily describe it by beginning at its northern end. Its first appearance is on the turnpike road about one 300 F’. REPORT OF PROGRESS. FE. W. CLAYPOLE. mile south of Losh’s Run Station on the Pennsylvania rail- way. Its next appearance, so far as I am aware, is on the road — leading west from the Aqueduct. | There is no trouble in following it from this point by an almost uninterrupted series of exposures to Duncannon. i Its course is marked by the red color of the soil, for a mile t due south, across fields, to the road running west from the . railway station at Juniata bridge. i Here a pit was sunk some yearsago in quest of ore on the western edge of the dyke, to a depth of about 25 feet. A drift was then run for 6 feet into it in the attempt to pene- ! trate it. This made its thickness upwards of twelve feet. | The same discolored sandy shales were thrown out here as in the Cove. At this point the direction of the dyke suddenly changes ; , but a thin vein of trap appears to continue nearly on its former course, as indicated by an occasional trap pebble in the low ground. Such pebbles have been found in the run close by the place where the change occurs, near the grist i mill west of Duncannon, and again at a short distance behind the nail factory. Theseare sufficient to indicate a faint con- tinuation of the dyke in its former direction as far as to the north foot of Peters’ mountain. An examination of the . map will show that it is on the line of dyke No. 3 in the | Cove, before described. But the main mass of the dyke suddenly bears away at S. 80° E. down a slope, across a field, passing under a house (as shown when the cellar was dug) and so reaching the river It has not been seen in the bed of the river; but on the opposite or eastern river bank, opposite the mouth of Sher- man’s creek, and exactly on the right course, what is prob- ably the same dyke is displayed in a cutting of the North | Central railway. This exposure gives an opportunity of . measuring the thickness of the dyke, which is about 50 feet. It does not appear to rise to the surface; and the | rocks on both sides are altered as in the case of the Great Horseshoe dyke in the Cove. poh “dnd "dete eee 12. PENN TOWNSHIP. P*.. sot The geological age of the trap-dykes. Not one of these dykes is yet known to appear upon the © very summit of either Peters’ or the Cove mountain. The great Horse Shoe dyke ranges highest, running, as has been shown, up to the topmost terrace of Peters’ mountain on its southern flank. This failure of the dykes to appear at the summit proves the mountains to be older than the dykes. Now since the Triassic red sandstone of York county is eut by numerous similar dykes with which these Perry county dykes seem to be connected, they must be not only later than the coal measures, but of later age than the Trias ; but as no such dykes are known in the Cretaceous beds of the Atlantic seaboard, our dykes must be older than the Cretaceous age. Nature of these Trap-rocks. The trap of Perry county is a hard, very tough, dark, heavy and fine-grained dolerife containing grains of mag- netic iron ore disseminated through the mass, readily dis- coverable by crushing a small piece with the hammer and ap- plying a magnet when the magnetite immediately clings to it. The presence of this material is partly the cause of the decay which takes place at the surface of the trap. Under the action of moisture the magnetite becomes rusty and passes into brown hematite. The outer layer of stone is softened and changes color to a rusty yellow. This outside layer scales off and the process is repeated upon the new surface thus exposed. In this way from year to year a red clay soil is produced, by the disintegration of the other,mate- rials of the rock, felspar and hornblende, colored by the iron oxide. In consequence of the abundance of this red clay along the course of the trap it is usually called by the resi- dents of the neighborhood ‘‘iron ore,’’ or ‘‘ magnetic ore rock.”’ But it is not likely that any merchantable iron ore will be found along the lines of these dykes. —_ te eriemibtn dc eo= NNR tgree ee | -_—<--* Sm cedne’ daphne oieaanessen—net Z a ed ~ ow-= y ono wares enna men eweeerre yao) ee See eee Oe ee SS a cdrysumo aly a ee et hie ‘ae 13. RYE TOWNSHIP. F*.:308 13. Rye township. This township occupies the southeastern corner of the county. It is long and narrow, consisting for the most part of two valleys with their containing ridges. The crest of Cove mountain forms its boundary on the north and that of the Blue mountain, an extension of the Kittatinny range, on the south. The Susquehanna river washes its eastern margin, anda nearly north-south line from the great bend of Cove mountain limits it on the west. The narrow Polecat valley extends along its whole length from east to west between the Blue mountain and a range lying to the north of it called Little mountain. A broad open vale oc- cupies the middle of the township between this range and the Cove mountain. Its length and breadth are 11 and 3 miles respectively, making its area about 33 square miles. Only one of these three vales is wide enough to afford sufficient gathering ground to maintain a stream of any im- portance. Fishing creek drains the middle of the township, receiving its waters from the slopes to north and south, and delivering them into the Susquehanna below Marysville. The western end of the township is drained by a small stream which falls into Sherman’s creek in Carroll township. The geological structure of Rye township requires a few words of comment. In one respect it is unique in the county. Several groups of rocks elsewhere continuous here fail and disappear. There is a great gap in the geological history which must be filled up from other places. The record is here very imperfect. Long ages passed by and left no imprint of their passage. It is even probable that they destroyed some of the records that had previously been deposited. The red sandstone and shale of the Onondaga group were laid down over the whole surface of Perry county, and over —- oe? 7 “aim -T. - -- “Jermere Ls . . » tat - Ps ocle . ae oo" -- . . . Se feeeer ae a . . ®esaao!* at wearin YS LHD) WILLS | oe %, Rey 3 Sl Hees DH, =" ac oA . ps / t 2 "342 brpeay ‘puny? 09 -- —<—<—<——e gop : oniy ne A-B. otvns{ip. ‘ GINA hi RAVEN LUNN al l 8 W guél O7t SCCU — AMMAN -~ 7 - “se ®aenaaecae SJ 225 Ee a — —= i 13. RYE TOWNSHIP. FE’, 305 nearly the whole county there followed in regular succes- sion the Lower Helderberg limestone and flint shales, the Oriskany sandstone, the Marcellus shale and limestone, the Tron ore, the Marcellus black shale, and the Hamilton lower shale amounting in all to a thickness of 600-1000 feet. .But in the east of Rye township this order is interrupted. The Lower Helderberg limestone and shale, the Oriskany sand- stone, the Marcellus shale and limestone, the Marcellus iron ore, and the Marcellus black shale, and the Hamilton lower shale are all absent, and the Hamilton sandstone rests di- rectly upon the Onondaga red shale. | 7 This fact has great geological significance. The only measure which we possess of the lapse of geological time in Perry county is the thickness of the rocks that were de- posited as that time passed by. Where the rocks are thick we infer, other things being equal, that time was long ; where they are thin, the contrary. Where there are no rocks it would, therefore, seem fair to infer that no time elapsed. But we are precluded from doing this by the occurrence of rocks in other townships of the county which must be placed in this interval. Plate XXXIV, page 302, Fig. 2, is meant to show the missing formations in Rye township :— In other townships. In Rye townshtp. Catskill. Catskill. Chemung. Chemung. Portage. Portage. Genessee. Genessee. Hamilton Upper shale. Hamilton Upper shaie. Hamilton Lower'shale;) .......:. Wanting. Marcellus black shale, _) Marcellus iron ore, : Marcellus limestone, f ape. Shp keels i) RR. Marcellus shale, ) Lower Helderberg shale and limestone, . Wanting. Onondaga. The five bracketed together being thin, are represented by one layer in the section. The question naturally follows: Why were these strata not deposited in Rye township aselsewhere? And geology has but one answer: This part of the county was above sea- level during some portion of that interval. This is the geo- 20 F”. 306 F®. REPORT OF PROGRESS. E. W. CLAYPOLE. logical interpretation of the absence of a stratum, if that stratum occurs in close neighborhood to the place. Wherever the sea exists there sediment is deposited, and there is no reason to doubt that the same was true in the past. Consequently the inference is logical that wherever sediment was not deposited there was dry land. We thus come to the conclusion that Rye township was above or nearly above sea-level during part of the interval that elapsed between the close of the deposition of the Onondaga shale and the commencement of the deposition of the Hamilton sandstone which lies upon it. This is the earliest glimpse of land revealed in the county.* Here is evidence of one of those changes of margin and level to which allusion was made in the chapter on the early geological history of Perry county, one of those fluc- tuations to which the paleeozoic ocean of North America was subject in consequence of variation in the rate of de- pression and deposition. By this variation Rye township was temporarily raised above the water-level, and other changes, now to be mentioned, were induced. After what has been already said on the subject of ero- sion no proof will be needed of the assertion that if Rye township was above water at the time in question some part of the surface must have been washed off. The amount we have at present no means of determining. Now an exami- nation of the ground has shown that over such part of the township as allows an opportunity for inspection the Onon- daga gray shale and some part of the Onondaga variegated shale are absent. This is the case in the section at Marys- ville, as will be detailed below. Only a part, and that the lowest part, of the Onondaga variegated shale is there present. The question then arises, ‘‘ Were the Upper Onondaga variegated shales and the gray shale ever deposited here or have they been since removed?’ The question is very diffi- cult to answer. But judging from the facts that have been * This was written before I had proved the absence of the Corniferous lime- stone over the whole county, whereby an earlier land surface was demon- strated. 13. RYE TOWNSHIP. BY 307 obtained it appears probable that these shales once existed in full mass and that they were afterwards eroded. Careful and minute examination of the beds in the Polecat valley can alone removeall doubt and such examination will require more time than could now be afforded. On the result de- perds the decision whether Rye township was really elevated above the sea at the time in question or existed as a low sand bank washed and often covered by the waves. It may, however, be safely asserted that whether dry or only a salt ‘marsh it lay so low that the erosion from its surface was not great or rapid. Its comparatively small amount war- rants another inference—that Rye township was above the sea only during part of the interval in question, that is, the interval that elapsed from the deposition of the Onondaga variegated shale to that of the Hamilton sandstone. If, as maintained above, the gray shales were deposited, the town- ship must have been below sea level at the time. It must then have risen to or above that level and remained so while they were destroyed. Furthermore their destruction must have occupied the whole lapse of time until it again sub- sided, that is the whole interval during which the missing rocks were deposited elsewhere. Now as the thickness of the Onondaga shale removed cannot be estimated at more than 300 or 400 feet, and as the material was doubtless as soft as it is now it is evident that erosion was not violent—an in- direct proof moreover that the land was low because erosion increases at a high rate with elevation. It follows, therefore, that the dry or nearly dry area in Rye township only existed during the latter part of the time represented by the gap above pointed out in the geo- logical record. For to maintain that the ground was dry during the whole interval would be, as shown above, to maintain that the forces of erosion did nothing—that they were in abeyance—a geological absurdity. We may then divide the interval into two equal parts and assume that the work of erosion during the latter half of the time pro- ceeded as fast as the work of deposition during the former. We then reach the intelligible and defensible position that Rye township was above the sea during the latter half of ] ; tl. . } \h i ii i | : 1 1) | | Ve | i 308 F’. REPORT OF PROGRESS. E, W. CLAYPOLE. a the time required for the deposition of the following strata, in its neighborhood : Hamilton lower shale, Marcellus black shale, = iron ore, © limestone, shale and ore, Oriskany sandstone, Lower Helderberg flint shale, s fF shaly limestone, limestone, in all about 1000 feet of rocks. We cannot yet turn this date in years, but on the basis assumed above we can make the duration of the dry land equal to that required to erode and destroy the lower four hundred feet of strata (Onondaga shale) deposited during a preceding period. It is not necessary for our purpose to maintain any spe- cial cause for the elevation of the land at this place. The continued but probably intermittent subsidence now uni- versally admitted during the deposition of the paleeozoic rocks of Pennsylvania is sufficient. Dry land is as easily produced by a subsidence of the sea as by an elevation of the land. If the bottom of the sea in the district lying un- der the present Appalachian region slowly subsided, its bor-— der would be left dry. We have but to place Rye town- ship on the southeastern side of the subsiding area to ac- count for its relative elevation without improbability or dif- ficulty. It is of course impossible in the present imperfect state of our knowledge of the geology of this part of Pennsylvania to determine exactly where the boundary between sea and land at that distant epoch should be drawn. Wedo not know where the missing beds begin to appear, or where the drain- age went during the time of elevation. But facts connected with the overlying deposits in this district suggest some further possibilities which must now be considered. What- ever doubt may exist regarding the limits of the Onondaga shales there is none in regard to those of the other group. As shown in the diagram and detailed in the pages of the 66 se 66 66 Je ¢6.,. Aol Sale eke eee A. ites 13. RYE TOWNSHIP. F’, 309 township report, each of ‘those beds successively overlaps that below it until the last—the Hamilton lower shale— almost, and perhaps quite, reaches the southeastern part of the township, though if it there exists it is exceedingly thin. This regular overlap indicates their deposition against a sub- siding shore, up which they rose successively higher and higher until at length the land sank below the sea level and the Hamilton sandstone was deposited over all. . The Lower Helderberg limestone as shown on the map thins away eastward from Oak Grove Furnace until it totally disappears before reaching Sterrett’s gap. The conspicuous ridge which it forms in Carroll township gradually sinks until no trace of it can be seen., But the Lower Helderberg group can be traced by its flint beds nearly to the gap, and about the same place the last relics of the Oriskany sand- stone appear. Careful examination shows that the lower beds of the limestone are first lost, and the highest, the flint-beds, persist farthest. Beyond these, eastward, the Lower Hamilton shale alone exists. All these rocks were consequently deposited during submergence, and for this reason the destruction of the upper part of the Onondaga shale was given above as the only memorial of the period of elevation. | This subsidence bringing the whole township again below the sea, and amounting to about 1000 feet, measured by the thickness of the missing beds was not improbably the means of so changing the drainage of the adjoining district as to bring on the next stage in the history of the township. After this temporary emergence, Rye township sank again beneath the waters, and over its whole surface was laid down the massive bed of Hamilton sandstone, here 800 feet thick. This deposit indicates another important change in the history of the district. The Hamilton sandstone is a formation peculiar to this part of the State. The Hamil- ton group in New York and in Northern Pennsylvania con- sists entirely of soft material, shales and thin sandstones, the latter not abundant. But in Perry and the adjoining counties there is interbedded with these shales a heavy, hard, coarse sandstone spread out like a fan and thickening | | | 310 F*. REPORT OF PROGRESS. E. W. CLAYPOLE. ae from every point in its edge to the centre. It is thin at Selinsgrove and in Juniata county, and in the northwest of Perry county. Inall these directions the sand is gradually replaced by shale. Rye township, or rather the southeastern portion of Rye — township, is the locality towards which the Hamilton sand- stone gradually thickens, and consequently the nearest point, at least in Rye township, to the source of the sand. Where then was this source? We have no right to infer. that the original limit of the Hamilton sandstone was at the place of its present greatest thickness. On the con- trary, we must assume its former southward extension for some miles at least. But it is reasonable to infer that that extension will follow the same laws as the existing mass, and we may, therefore, believe that the source of this sediment lay towards the south; possibly the mouth of some great river, draining a continental area now imperfectly repre- sented by the Azoic country of southern and southeastern Pennsylvania. [The outcrop of the Hamilton sandstone crosses the Sus- quehanna river and runs through Dauphin, Lebanon, and Schuylkill counties. The failure of the deposits below it is also a remarkable feature in those counties, as well as in Perry county. It could not be expected that the true cause of a phenomenon, so extensive in its range, and impossible to observe south of the line of the Blue mountain, should be satisfactorily explained at the west end of its area, namely in Rye township, Perry county. But the facts de- scribed in this report make an important addition to our imperfect knowledge of the subject.—J. P. L.] The Medina sandstone, No. IV. This sandstone makes but small show in the township. In this part of the county it is thin, not exceeding about 100 feet, and the line is drawn so as to throw almost the whole of it into Cumberland county. Its vertical beds (slightly overthrown to the north) are exposed on the rail- way below Marysville,and may be followed along the south crest of the Blue mountain. “ woe | Ca tea” — 13. RYE TOWNSHIP. 2. att The ridge of this mountain differs in a striking manner from that of Tuscarora. The latter exhibits an even, un- broken line against the sky. The former consists of a suc- cession of hummocks with lower places, or notches, between them. It consists of two vertical walls, the Medina sandstone and the Iron sandstone of the Clinton group, neither of which is very massive. Between these retaining walls is confined about 500 feet of soft material—the Clinton lower green shale. Consequently the Blue mountain affords in many places a broad flat top of cultivable land, as at Sterrett’s gap, buttressed on the north by the thin Iron sandstone, and on the south by the thicker but not massive Medina sandstone. Such ashale-mass forms a good gather- ing ground for water which finds its way out through or over the retaining sandstone walls, and has therefore cut them down in many places, in some so low as to afford gaps over which passage is comparatively easy, and of which Ster- rett’s gap, the main highway between Perry and Cumber- land counties, is the most conspicuous example. The Clinton group, (V.) The southern portion of Rye township consists of an ex- posure of the rocks of this group in beds vertical or slightly overthrown. There is much difficulty in determining the exact thickness of every member owing to the want of clear exposures. But they may be readily traced in their re- spective positions, especially in the lower part of the group. The Clinton lower shale occupies the middle of the Blue mountain as explained above. Consequently the top of the mountain is flat and cultivated in some places. So far as it can well be measured here this shale is between 400 and 500 feet thick. In this shale lie two beds of iron ore. No good exposure was seen, but both may be traced at Ster- rett’s gap. The Clinton iron sandstone which supports the middle mass of shale in the Blue mountain, presents the usual ap- pearance of a hard, purplish red sandstone in thin layers. Its thickness is from 10 to 20 feet. As usual its fragments =. §, m am , i ie tit di: eA! id . ‘ig Vos 312 F’. REPORT OF PROGRESS. E. W. CLAYPOLE. place of contact indistinct. The Clinton fossil ore beds and their adjacent strata ap- pear to be less developed in this township than farther north. They have never yet been opened (1883.) Whether they exist or not in workable condition is doubtful. They should occur north of the upper or northern face of the Iron sandstone. (At Millerstown the lower layer of this sandstone is the block ore and is about three feet thick, and the other beds occur within about two hundred feet of this.) It would not be difficult to find the place of the block ore in the Blue mountain, and its presence may be inferred ii) from the occurrence of heavy siliceous fragments among the i wreckage of the Iron sandstone. The presence of the soft . fossil ore may likewise be inferred from the presence of 11) small fragments in various places along the side of the | | mountain. It is possibly indicated by an outcrop of clay | { in which, however, several shafts sunk for twenty feet failed to discover the ore.* An unfavorable sign is the absence of any well marked | | ridge of the sand-rock or ore sandstone lying between the two upper ore beds. A perceptible terrace may, however, } be detected along the north slope of the mountain and about | 150 feet below the summit. This is in all probability formed | by the outcrop of the sand-rock and would prove a good indication of the place of the ore beds. The Onondaga group, (V.) i The Onondaga group is very well developed in Rye town- i} ship, there being nearly 1400 feet of red shale and red and green shale overlying the iron sandstone and fossil ore beds. The details of this part of the group are not well exposed in their lower portion; but a quarry near the west end of the ih * Among vertical beds, such as those of the Blue mountain, a shaft is not : , | | the best means of discovering ore, because it continues in the same or nearly | | the same stratum from top to bottom. A more systematic and likely-to-be-suc- ia cessful meth d is a tunnel run in at right angles with the beds. This would re cut directly across them and whatever lies within the space penetrated cannot 1 escape discovery. *e | Ain _ ee OF cover the outcrops of the adjoining beds, rendering the 13. RYE TOWNSHIP. Pt ts Susquehanna bridge gives a complete section of the upper four hundred feet, showing a large predominance of beds of red shale and sandstone and a subordinate mixture of thin olive and yellow shales between them. The thick gray shaly beds which form so conspicuous a feature in the upper part of the Onondaga in many places in the county are here missing, or if present are as red as those below them. The thickness of the group is rather less in Rye township than farther west. The Lower Helderberg limestone, the Oriskany sandstone and shales, the Marcellus ore and shale, and the Hamilton lower shales are all absent from the exposures in the east end of the township, and very thin at its extreme west end. The Hamilton lower shale, ( VITI.) These beds.which reach a thickness of about 500 feet in the middle of the county, thin down in Rye township and altogether disappear at the river, unless the shaly lower beds of the Hamilton sandstone be considered to represent them. As these latter are fossiliferous (containing species common in the sandstone), and the shales are remarkably barren at every outcrop in the county, the former view is the more probable one. The Hamilton sandstone, ( VITT.) The Hamilton sandstone is well exposed in the township. Its outcrop forms a conspicuous ridge called Little mount- ain which runs in a straight line from west to east. It is in fact a continuation of the same range in Carroll township, where under different names it may be traced to the eastern end of Dick’s hill. Little mountain, like almost all the other Hamilton sand- stone ranges in the county, is steep, rough, and wooded. Its summit in some places is a pile of disjointed masses of the sandstone. At its eastern end, on the Northen Central railway, is a nearly complete section of this rock in which its vertical (or overthrown) beds are well shown. The total thickness here is about 800 feet greater, than anywhere else in the county where I have been able to measure it. Its 314 F®. REPORT OF PROGRESS. E. W. CLAYPOLE. beds also are very solid, especially toward the middle, grow- ing thinner and more shaly at base and summit. The fossil bed so characteristic of the Hamilton sand- stone, is exposed near the signal-box at the junction. This is the only section where I have been able to measure its distance from the base of the sandstone; a distance of 360 feet ; placing the fossil bed a little below the middle; an horizon which it appears to occupy generally, though the figures probably vary with the varying thickness of the sandstone. It is worthy of remark that the top of Little mountain, near this section at Marysville, yields a Rensseleria (or Rensselaerioid brachiopod) which I am unable to distin- guish from Hall’s &. Marylandica. I have found it at several places along this range, but this locality is specially valuable because the Oriskany sandstone does not occur within ten or twelve miles of the locality, therefore there can be no doubt of the rock in which the shell occurs. The Hamilton fossil ore. An outcrop of the Hamilton fossil ore occurs in its usual position along the northern slope of Little mountain on the top of the Hamilton sandstone. It is of good thickness, measuring in the gangway at the end of a tunnel recently driven by Messrs. Seidel about 28 inches. The ore was first discovered at Lamb’s gap about four miles west from Ma- rysville and has since been followed almost to the river. There is no reason to doubt its continuity westward through the township along the north flank of Little mountain, but at present prices and with present means of carriage there would be little or no profit in digging it. An analysis of the ore from Mr. Seidel’s land taken from an old opening was made some years ago with the follow- ing result (see M3): Motallic iron, .. 6 isco iis tiecsics ae loth 0 © eaineeh ie se See 25.5 SGLDMET, us ct bey acer pene eg ey een Pee ee -014 Phosphorns,! | 5). ols GA Ud a SE ek ee . 267 Siliceous Matter, . .. 6) .0./s, aii e -—A/ F —_— i i W 4? ah : 1 i} : iol SY m7 Si] fUuns “H) js ; ORE lj aay ay hak | lqi TUSCA RO R r i ee er EEN | + 1 lV Vay 14. SAVILLE TOWNSHIP. Fk’, 319 14. Saville township. Saville is oneof the largest townships in Perry county. It measures about seven miles from east to west by six from north to south, and its area is not far from forty square miles. It is interesting to the geologist for several reasons. It exhibits the western end of the Lykens valley (Buffalo) syncline, so far as concerns the Devonian rocks. These, en- tering it from the east, curve gently around in order and, sweeping eastward, again pass over the line into Juniata township. Their alternate hard and soft beds form a set of nearly parallel ridges, one outside of another, which, though © not very boldly developed, are yet the causes of most of the superficial features. They determine the direction of the water-courses and of the roads, which run either on the ridges or in the valleys. Prominent among the former is the Buffalo creek one head of which, rising near Manns- ville almost on the border of Centre township, flows west- ward along the valley excavated from the soft shales be- tween the Hamilton sandstone and the Chemung upper beds of Middle ridge. The three curve parallel with each other, turn north and then west at Roseburg, after joining the main stream and pass into Tuscarora township. The suc- cessive curves of the Lower Catskill, (including the Kings- mill sandstone, ) the upper Chemung and the Hamilton sand- stone, with the intervening softer beds, and the Hamilton lower shale and Marcellus, make up most of the southern part of the township. The northern portion consists of the Oriskany sandstone, the Lower Helderberg limestone and shale, and the gray variegated and red shale of the Onondaga, the Clinton group, and the Medina sandstone. The erosion of these in varying fe ee a ed ip ted ig at ; Plate XXX ms Noa ; Sis ae < , a? Pa Qo. , yay B ce! ion mills. ~ Bs 5 Section Ononda )) Red shale. sh scales. = 4| Fis Tish scales. ; Aaedacoy = _ ; 2 ; “S72 TOPE, Dbpn.t pains ‘abpne Aupuoy. ‘abpnd oe. =o ib. mgsoxer ke = pielBish niga ~ - Cale, og = Ca - < ~“ . ’ ‘ dha altiy ® / fe f/ Shells. (Leper } !)y My) yy a 14. SAVILLE TOWNSHIP. BR’. S21 degrees, according to hardness, has produced the low ground which, under the names of Buffalo valley and Raccoon val- ley, forms the most fertile part of the township. Narrow at the east the rising of the axis of Conecocheague mount- ain causes its greater extension in the west where the shale is about two miles wide. The mountain wall of Tuscarora rises on the north forming a barrier between it and Juniata county and unbroken by any pass, though a ravine called Run gap, cut by a small run on the south side, makes the ascent to the crest somewhat easier than elsewhere. An irregular limestone ridge bounds the valley on the south, and the limestone is thrown up by four anticlines east of Ickesburg, which cause it to occupy a great breadth, and the three synclinal knobs form conspicuous objects in the landscape. Backing this ridge on the south and separated from it by a valley less regular than usual, in consequence, probably, of the greater hardness of the lower shale, is the Hamilton sandstone outcrop known locally as Bilman ridge, high and rugged in the east and middle of the township, but gradually flattening down as the dip diminishes, until it ceases to be prominent. Nor does it regain its former height until it returns with steeper dip at Buffalo hill after rounding the end of the syncline. The erosion of this ridge by the Buffalo creek has formed one of the longest gorges through the Hamilton sandstone in the county, and produced some beautiful and romantic scenery. The Buffalo coming from the north strikes the sandstone and is deflected westward. It gradually cuts its way obliquely into the ridge, and after passing through it finds itself in face of another and higher one raised by the return fold formed by the north side of a short anticlinal axis passing south of Sandy hill. Instead of cutting through this second barrier the stream evades it, and turning west flows between two ridges until the anticline flattens down and the sandstone sinks beneath the upper shale after a course of about two miles. The whole length of the gorge exceeds three miles, and it is traversed from east to west by the road from Sandy hill to Roseburg, but no road 21 F”. 322 KF’. REPORT OF PROGRESS. KE. W. CLAYPOLE. ee exists from north to south through the gap, the engineering _ “3 difficulties being apparently beyond the reach of the town- ship. A long detour is thus rendered necessary. All the drainage of the township is carried off by the Buffalo, ex- — cept a small quantity at the southeast corner which enters the Little Buffalo, and another at the southwest which flows into Sugar run or Bixler’s run. Reports of the discovery of copper and lead ore in the slope of Tuscarora mountain have sometimes excited great interest in this township. There is no improbability of their occurrence, but hitherto mere traces have been seen, which in themselves offer little inducement to mining. : | The Medina sandstone. No. IV. The straight anticline of Tuscarora is the only appearance of this sandstone in the township, and this in itself presents Hi no features differing from those noted in the adjoining town- 1 . ship. Run gap, however, so called, in reality only a ravine, | deserves some notice as it exhibits to the geologist the pro- WW cess in action of cleaving an anticlinal mountain. Some geo- | | logical accident determined the outbreak of a spring in this place. The water slowly cut its way back into the slope, | undermining and carrying away the rock until the mount- | | ain side was gashed so deeply that the Lower Red Medina was exposed, the only place in the whole range where it can . be seen. This erosive process was accompanied by the de- velopment of other springs as the gap increased, and the quantity of water was thereby rendered larger. The gap having reached the axis of the mountain, spread both ways along it, and a longitudinal valley is consequently in pro- cess of formation which will in time extend nearly the whole length of the range. Tuscarora will then become what Conecocheague, Bower, Shade, Blacklog, and Jack’s mount- ains have already become: double monoclinal mountains with a valley between them. wn gap thus affords an in- teresting lesson to geologists, who here see the beginning of a process which in its results becomes so important. -—-. on Ane | } | f : { | } } | 14. SAVILLE TOWNSHIP. i? .<898 The Clinton group. No. V. This group, using the word in the restricted sense estab- lished in the present report, makes but little appearance in Saville township. Its outcrop is restricted to the north- eastern part where the axes of Tuscarora and Conecocheague lift it to the surface. Its five sub-divisions may be traced along both lines of outcrop but not with equal distinctness. They are the following: 5. The Sand-vein ore bed. j upper, soft. 4. The Ore sand-rock, | lower, hard. 3. The Upper Olive shale. 2. The Iron sandstone. 1. The Lower Olive shale. 1. The Lower Olive shale is not well exposed in the town- ship. It might probably be found on the slope of Tusca- rora but is mostly overlain with wreckage from the Medina which forms the crest of the mountain. 2. The Iron sandstone appears to be thin on the mount- ain, as it makes little or no show in the wreckage and forms no conspicuous terrace or foot-hill. Where Run gap de- scends to the foot of Tuscarora is a vast accumulation of stone brought down during past ages and accumulated on the lower slope. But it consists almost entirely of the white and red Medina without the Iron sandstone. West- ward, however, this rock must rapidly thicken ; a manifest terrace appears on the mountain side and in the rising slopes of Conecocheague the whole ground is strew with its pecu- liar flat red slabs. Here, too, occurs the fossiliferous hori- zon of which fuller details may be found in the volume on the paleontology and in the appendix to the present re- port. 3. The Upper Olive shale is exposed in several places along the axis of Conecocheague, where it may be distin- guished by the color of the soil. But it is not conspicuous and time allowed only a short examination in the township. No sign of the Millerstown (Danville) ore beds was seen in the township and they are almost certainly absent. * al 324 F’. REPORT OF PROGRESS. E. W. CLAYPOLE. an 4. The Ore sand-rock may be traced along its line of out- crop by the color of the stone and the fossils it contains, It is difficult to distinguish it from the Medina sandstone in the Tuscarora range, but in the axis of Conecocheague _ on the edge of the township signs of its appearance may be seen which become more marked over the line in Madison township. 5. The Sand-rock ore bed, judging from indications, ex- tends all along its line of outcrop—on the top of the sand- rock. But without railway carriage it is of no value and little has been done towards seeking it. The Red, Variegated and Gray shales of the Onondaga group (V.) These shales cover the greater part of Raccoon valley and by their disintegration form the usual fertile soil. They are well exposed in short sections in several places, especi- ally near Buffalo mill, where the following section was ob- tained, chiefly remarkable for the fossil remains which it yielded (See Plate XXXVI, Fig. 2): Solid red shale; (top,).c) 5° 5%.) Saha. fet) Soe 200’+- Greenish yellow shal, ....55 554 kth ue ua ee 2! Red shale and sandstone, with fish scales?. ......4.,.. 4 Red shale and sandstone, 3-6 le. «Ale | dee eb eee 10’ Red shale and sandstone, with fish scales?. ......... i Sandy ‘red shale, >!) i456, feel ios) bh ae cole pet ot ee 3! Greenish yellow. shale, ; . PUPA ct - : “ Ameen os 3 J - S - — ~ Pe a adie oo, , , f ges ee - Np ° ee re Mt ; AS . Sy ~ a ee = Ny Seu ~ oe se at aes Par a SS No rh * Sie: - ~ “eae ‘ a ae eo - > > es, idee “ < . bas =weeer SQ 70) - a o Ba re a EE sa. eer) ae ae oe ‘wz ; » > “seas ever” %/ ~ es ene é sts “ ne = s am 4 Ly iar ao fa = r i) si Se ees et ad ge +a ~ ~ ’ Tea hg net Py a) an é DW S << , > ~ - ewe 4 - ‘ ‘ ‘ ‘ x8 ot et La Seat re Sts ote S Eas Bey be AY ae ay ay . = ‘ute Sherman pte, C) North Furnace h } 0 15. SPRING TOWNSHIP. FE". 333 The township is abundantly supplied with limestone. The outcrop of the Lower Helderberg zigzags to and fro across its northern portion, and forms a narrow line on its northern edge, and again enters and traverses it twice in the southern part. It uniformly makes high bold ridges often capped with the Oriskany sandstone. From many of these ridges beautiful and extensive views can be obtained over the county reaching from Tuscarora on the north to Blue mountain on the south, and including westward the doub- lings and foldings of the latter round the various closed valleys in the southwest of the township. The northeastern part of the township is rather a wild and rough district, the confused ranges of Mahanoy ridge, Crawley hill, and North and South Furnace hills almost meet here in a focus, leaving either very narrow valleys be- tween them, or else actually running together. The pic- turesque hamlet of Little Germany les nestled in the valley between the termination of Mahanoy ridge and Crawley hill. Both these and the Furnace hills consist of the Hamilton sandstone, four lines of which, therefore, traverse the town- ship from its eastern boundary to its middle. The drainage from this part of the township is brought down by Beggar’s run to Bridgeport where it falls into Sherman’s creek, and by the north and south branches of Montour’s run which empties itself near Landisburg. Green run, joined by a smaller one from the east, brings down the drainage of the south part of the township by Oak Grove furnace, and reaches Sherman’s creek just before the latter strikes the sandstone of Pisgah hill, and is de- flected to the northwest, a course which it is compelled to follow for three miles until it passes through the gap which it has made for itself at Gibson’s rock. The Medina sandstone, No. IV. A narrow strip of the sandstone forms the southern edge of the crest of the Blue mountains in Spring township. Its length is less than three miles, and it calls for no longer notice. DAT en SSS ae of pes ; — Ee) | ee SS sn UT LIQ P IH T- | SSS ths = SS SESS rae) = eae ee AL ——— “SS Aunyshin *. S Ss S SS aN S & ~ > ‘S ‘SS a SS Q S SSS D ES * . =e eee”: 4 = 15. SPRING TOWNSHIP. F*. 335 The Clinton Lower green shale, (V.) These beds form the crest of the Blue mountains, but- tressed on the south by the Medina and on the north by the Iron sandstone next to be mentioned. The Clinton iron sandstone, &c., ( V.) These hard, dark-purple, resisting beds form the northern edge of the crest of the Blue mountain in the township. In this part of the county the iron sandstone attains a much greater thickness than in the northeast and rivals the Me- dina in mountain-making power. Its thin, flat, but almost indestructible, plates strew much of the red shale land spoiling what would otherwise be well adapted for cultiva- tion. They are carried along by the streams and lie along the banks of every water course which passes near or over the outcrop, often exciting curiosity regarding their mineral value in places where they are not, otherwise familiar. It need not be said that their mineral value is ‘‘nil.”’ The higher beds of the Clinton occur only on the slope of the Blue mountain, and need little mention. The ore sandrock and upper green shale are both concealed for the most part, and I have seen no exposure of the Sand-vein ore bed in the township. The Onondaga shale, (V.) The northern outcrop of this shale in Spring township is the summit of the eroded Bloomfield anticline, which is here cut down so far that the variegated shale is exposed over a space about a mile in width between Limestone and Mahanoy ridges. Over this tract runs the main road up the valley through Elliotsburg. The higher beds of the Onon- daga should be exposed on both north and south sides of the valley, but much of their surface crop is deeply covered with the wreckage from the limestone and Oriskany sand- stone. A small tongue of the same red shale also runs up south of Bell's hill or Bell’ s Cop, but it requires no special notice. The great tract of shale in this township is that around . . ee - ber 1 336 EF’. REPORT OF PROGRESS. E. W. CLAYPOLE. \ a Bridgeport and extending thence to the east and northeast. — In various parts of this exposure may be found all the upper portion of the group including the gray calcareous beds and the variegated shale as well as the red shale pro- per. But owing to the irregularity of dip and the flatness — a of the ground the measurement of its thickness would re- — quire much time and care. Another shale tract occurs in the south occupying the valley between Blue mountain and Mount Pisgah. It is part of the Polecat valley, extending from west to east and gradually narrowing towards the Susquehanna where, near Marysville, it is too narrow for profitable cultivation and is consequently still covered with wood. The softness of the shales is the geological cause of these valleys. Exposed for ages to the wash of rain and the car- rying agency of streams, their surface has been gradually worn down leaving the somewhat harder portions protrud- ing until the whole now forms a gently undulating surface which is as suitable for farming purposes as any land in the county. The soil, too, is warm and fertile, standing well in comparison with the limestone land adjoining it, which is the strongest and most durable soil. The Bridgeport sandstone, ( V.) ~ This very singular bed of hard flinty sandstone 1s found in Spring township. One of its best outcrops is on Sher- man’s creek, south of Bridgeport, where it is brought up by the extension of the Welsh mountain anticlinal. Both sides are visible, dipping from the middle line with a gentle slope, and disappearing in a few yards. It is here about 8 feet thick and very hard and solid in the middle, but more soft and shaly toward the top and bottom. It is somewhat thicker in Tyrone township, but nowhere coarser than here. It is used as a rough building stone, but like the Oriskany cannot be dressed with success as it breaks very irregu- larly. How far it extends eastward cannot be known. Its eleva- tion contributes to the formation of Quaker hill under which ~ = Ss Ue Pe. a 15. SPRING TOWNSHIP. k* 397 it passes. The overlying red shale is not yet eroded deeply enough to expose it anywhere else in the township. See report on T'yrone township. The Lower Helderberg limestone, No. VI. This limestone forms an exceedingly intricate line or rather many lines of the outcrop in the township. A nar- row strip of it occupies the northern edge, the township line running along the ridge. Its beds dip to the N. N.W. un- der the Oriskany sandstone, which, together with the flint beds, caps the hill north of Elliotsburg. The next outcrop of this limestone is on the hill south of Elliotsburg, where it spreads over a large extent of county. * The details of its structure must be sought on the geologi- cal map of the township given herewith. It forms the high round ridge called Bell’s hill, and is intersected by two lines of Oriskany sandstone as is uniformly the case in all broad exposures of this thin linestone in the county. _ The position of the outcrop of this limestone can be readily traced on the geological map. It zigzags back and forth from E. N. E. to W.8.W., completely crossing the county several times and at last leaving it near the S. E. corner where it is becoming thin and is on the point of disappear- ing. The lime shales are shown on Sherman’s ‘oreek near the Falling Spring and again near Mr. F. Gibson’s in an old abandoned quarry. In the former the Stromatopora bed is well shown and forms a complete band in the rock. Garber’ s Quarry section. Coa MS 1: Aa ee Bit Gomi ed, Mrrcmmiopora, G0., 5.0 ep le ee a a Rubbly limestone with crinoid stems and Rhynchonella for- ee it ee eee tm tert a (hs CT et Aer ee o> 12:0 Solid dark blue limestone Cayce Beyrichia NOCHE: 0 6: wpa a On Dip 20° S. 30° E. The top beds of this quarry lie about 300 feet horizontally, 100 feet vertically from the outcrop of the Oriskany sand- stone which here shows itself in place. 22 ¥’. ,¢ —_ SoM # “4 ie 388 F’. REPORT OF PROGRESS. FE. W. CLAYPOLE. hs The development of the coral bed in the southern expo- . sures of the limestone shale is remarkable. In the typical ae section at Clark’s mill it contains scattered but abundant masses of Stromatopora anda Favosites or Fenestella. In — this quarry it exhibits a mass 5 feet thick of more or less silicified masses of the former genus with a few interspersed nodules of the latter, generally if not always, calcareous. Many of these can be cleaned by the use of muriatic acid and give a fair representation of the original form. The Oriskany sandstone, No. VII. The map of Spring township given herewith shows that — the course of the Oriskany sandstone is exceedingly erratic. To understand the nature and cause of this complexity the map must be compared with the section across the strata. It will then be seen that the superficial lines on the map are merely the outcrop of folded and contorted beds which have been forced into their present position during the general crumpling to which the strata in this part of the State have been subjected. Only a few of the more conspicuous or determinate can here be noticed. Theridge south of Elliotsburg is a continuation of that which appears at Half Falls mountain, forming a dam across the Juniata. It passes thence close to Pine Grove church, may be seen south of Bloomfield, and thence traced along the valley westward. The ridge crossing the road at the residence of the Messrs. Rice near Landisburg comes almost in a straight line from the Perry furnace, and is called in this report the North Furnace ridge. At the Perry furnace it turns round the anticline and returns west-southwest almost parallel with the preceding until it ends in a high bluff above Adam’s Glen school-house two miles north of Bridgeport. Here the Perry county fault, to be presently noticed, cuts across it, producing, however, a very small displacement. Another line of this sandstone enters the township at Gibson’s mill after running down the north side of Sandy hollow. Hence it forms the north bank of Sherman’s creek Ps ee el Le ' it ee oS 4 “WEF * eal desl a4. "5" 7 @ 15. SPRING TOWNSHIP. Y";. Soe beyond Falling spring and Warm spring (near which occurs a small fold) to the high knob west of Oak Grove furnace, where it crosses the line and for a short distance runs into Tyrone. Returning, its course is nearly due east to the township line. As it approaches this point it becomes less conspicuous, apparently in consequence of thinning down. Along its whoie outcrop in the township the Oriskany perserves its usual character in the county of a hard, rough, ferruginous sandstone. Two excellent springs of cool soft water issue on this horizon at Falling sprihg, and contribute much to the volume of water which here enters the creek. The Marcellus shale and limestone, ( VIII.) The rocks of the Marcellus group are, on the whole, well exposed in Spring township.. They nowhere in the county afford large outcrops, being thin and much covered with wreckage. But on several scattered places they make an appearance sufficient to show their continuity and consist- ency. The largest exposure is near Gibson’s mill where by the roadside about half a mile and again about a mile north of mill and along the creek, near Falling Spring, there is a fair display of the harder beds of the limestone which is at the last-mentioned place about 50 feet thick and contains a few fragments of trilobites apparently Dalmanites. At the other places above-mentioned the same fossil may be found together with Atrypa reticularis. | The Falling Spring, as it is called, is a small stream flow- ing down from the north, which, reinforced by two beauti- ful springs coming out of the Oriskany sandstone by the roadside very near each other, falls over the face of sand- stone here nearly vertical, and then reaches Sherman’s creek on the edges of the Marcellus limestone beds. The Mar- cellus ore makes no appearance. Another partial but good section of the Marcellus lime- stone may be seen on the road leading from Perry furnace to Adam’s Glen school-house where it is exposed in the cut- a - , - “hy eee ee Ae a aah te | 340 EF’. REPORT OF PROGRESS. FE. W. CLAYPOLE. ting through the Oriskany ridge, being brought up by the Perry county fault. The portion of the limestone and shale here exposed is about 40 feet thick and yields the fossils as mentioned above. Two other smaller exposures of these beds may be seen’ near the residence of the Messrs. Rice. One of these is op- posite the house. The ledges of limestone may be here seen in the road. The other is about a mile to the northward where the Oriskany ridge returns and crosses the road to Greenpark. Nearly 75 feet are here exposed, but the limits are concealed. | The Marcellus ore, ( VILT.) The zigzag folds of the Oriskany sandstone lead us to an- ticipate a long and intricate outcrop of this valuable ore bed in Spring township. This is the case. It would be tedious to enumerate here the various lines along which it may be looked for. Any one may trace them for himself upon the map by recollecting that the ore bed lies about 50 feet above the Oriskany sandstone (7. e.) on the opposite side to the limestone. There can be little doubt that Spring township contains an almost inexhaustible supply of hematite from this bed alone. Nor is this only theory, for the bed has been opened in a number of places sufficient.to show that its quality and thickness are not inferier to what they are at other places in the county. To mention all the openings that have been made would be almost impossible. A few will suffice. At the angle where the Oriskany crops out from below the Devonian strata near Oakgrove, at the top of the knoll, great quantities of ore were taken out while the furnace was in blast. Much of the top of the hill is now honeycombed, and from time to time falls into the old working. Again at the high point where the Oriskany runs out be- hind Adam’s Glen school-house, two miles east of Landis- burg, much ore has been mined. Few people now living in the neighborhood recollect the time, as the bank has been closed for nearly fifty years. 15. SPRING TOWNSHIP. | aes”. 8 | Though no attempt has been made, to my knowledge, to prove the ore along the ridges of Oriskany sandstone, run- ning west from the Perry furnace, yet the superficial indi- cations are abundant near the point named in the preceding paragraph for two miles or more, and the ground is very favorable for its extraction. Again, along the south side of the high ridge running southwest from Little Germany, which is, strictly speaking, a continuation of Bell’s hill, ore has been taken out and washed within the last two or three years and sent to New- port. It is needless to add that this enterprise did not pay and was soon discontinued. Continuing eastward along the same ridge, or rather system of ridges, the ore occurs again - nearer to Little Germany, especially on or near the farm of Mr. Reepson and Mr. Dunn. [am not aware of its having been proved nearer to Elliotsburg, but there is no improba- bility in the belief that it would be found if sought. The Marcellus black shale, (VITT.) Spring township affords the best exposures of these beds that I have seen in Perry county. Near Little Germany, on the north road to Elliotsburg, is a quarry from which the black shale has been very largely taken for mending the roads in the neighborhood. It forms excellent road metal as is readily perceived by any one driving in that part of the township. The syncline at the west end of Mahanoy ridge exposes the Marcellus shale over a great space, reveal- ing a small anticline coming in from the west, probably the one which runs up the valley and is cut through by the fault. Some of the lower and more solid beds are here cal- careous, but have yielded no fossils except the minute sporangia which have been described from the same beds in other places.* But the blackness of these shales has deluded several of the inhabitants of the hamlet into the belief that coal must be found if a hole were driven in far enough, and * See papers by Orton & Dawson in the Proceedings of the American Asso- ciation for 1882 and 1883. ea en es ee 342 KF, REPORT OF PROGRESS. E. W. CLAYPOLE. these a six-foot tunnel was driven 30 or 40 feet into the hill- side before the faith and patience of the diggers failed. A little knowledge of geology would have prevented the ex- penditure of so much useless labor. The whole thickness of the Marcellus black shale is exposed between the school- house and the saw-mill, and if any workable bed of coal ex- isted in it its edge must have been shown somewhere on this space. No coal seam of even moderate thickness could escape notice on so large an outcrop. And there is nothing in the black shale of the hills that does not exist in the black shale of the valley. I was informed by Mr. Smith, who has bored numerous holes to sight depths in the country round Little Germany, that he once found what he considered a bed of coal about three inches thick. Such seams are known in the Marcellus in several places in the county, but it need hardly be said that they are totally worthless. Another good display of nearly the whole thickness of the black shale occurs close to the residence of the Messrs. Rice, and the exposure of the Marcellus limestone just de- scribed. It shows about 80 feet, which is about its full amount here, though some part is doubtless concealed under the road. One note-worthy feature at this point is the gradual transition from one bed to another. The black shales of the base, rusting to an ochreous color, slowly lose their rust, and higher still the black fades into a lighter shade and then into a pink, which merges so gradually into the gray of the Hamilton Lower shale that to draw a divid- ing plane is impossible. There is no break, but slowly changing conditions of deposit are plainly indicated. The Mareellus black shale has also been thrown out of the ore works at Oak Grove and at Adam’s Glen, but no further notice is required of these outcrops. aes Sa acting on this belief much labor has been spent in two :, places in the valley in fruitless effort to find it. One of these places is near the school-house and the other about a_ mile up the valley near the water-shed. In the latter of | ‘-) 15. SPRING TOWNSHIP. FE’, 343 The Hamilton lower shale, (VIIT.) As with the Marcellus so with these shales, Spring town- ship makes a very fine display. They crop out extensively round the west end of Mahanoy ridge and Crawley hill, ex- posed by the erosion which has removed so vast a mass of material from the western end of the township. Along the road leading from Little Germany to McAffee’s fulling mill these shales are cut through for several hundred yards, and can be well examined though no complete section is exposed. Their sandy nature is very evident; in many places they are thin sandstones, but the sandy beds are thinner and finer than in Centre township. Their great barrenness in fossils is also conspicuous, long search upon this line of ex- posure having failed to discover anything except a few un- recognizable fragments of brachiopod shells. The white meager soil afforded by the decomposition of _ these shales is very conspicuous in this district. Further south the outcrop of the Lower Hamilton shales affords few or no exposures, being covered as usual with the wreckage of the Hamilton sandstone. The valley caused by the Little Germany fault, along which runs the road to New Bloomfield, affords a very fine display of the lower part of the Hamilton lower shale. The high knob about a mile from the hamlet is entirely composed of these rocks with a base of black shale. They are bronght up by the fault and abut against the upper part of the same shales on the other side of it. The throw of the fault is here between 400 and 500 feet. These shales skirt the valley along the north foot of Crawley hill, ascending high upitsflanks. Near the village a tunnel was lately driven by Mr. Wm. Foose for about 110 feet into them, in the hope of finding coal ‘‘in the hill.” This is the only instance with which I have met in the county where such an attempt has been made in the greenish shales of the Lower Hamilton. Yet ‘‘it 7s an ill wind that blows nobody good.’’ On the spoilbank at the mouth of the tunnel I found the only crinoid, I had almost said the only fossil, in tolerably good condition, which I have ob- 344 KF’. REPORT OF PROGRESS. FE. W. CLAYPOLE.. tained from these lower shales in the county. One bed ap- parently abounded in its remains, which were strewn over the ground by the action of the weather. The Hamilton sandstone, ( VITT.) The Hamilton sandstone is the factor of the most con- spicuous though not perhaps of the most useful features of Spring township. Its hard beds cropping out across the synclinal axis of southern Perry county enclose an angle in the south of the township which is thus, except by one gap, almost cut off from communication with the rest. Mount Pisgah, at the angle of the syncline, rises high and bold, ‘and is a prominent object for miles around. The rest of the range in the township is not high, but rough and steep— on the side toward Sherman’s creek, owing to the great hardness and solidity of the Hamilton sandstone. Little mountain is so named only by contrast with the Blue mountains, its greater neighbor. It would hardly have re- ceived the name had the latter not been so near. The Hamilton sandstone is so thick and solid that its outcrop forms a ridge comparable in height and mass with that of the Blue mountains themselves. Farther north the South Furnace hill enters from Centre, and would form another sandstone wall in the township near its middle, were it not cut out by the fault which crosses the syncline, gradually thinning down to nothing the outcrop of the sandstone, and consequently lowering to nothing the altitude of the ridge. Continuing eastward this ridge turns round the end of the anticline, runs westward at the North Furnace hill, which continues in a straight line until it gradually approaches and at last unites with the monoclinal west end of Crawley hill, both forming on the east side of Beggar’s run a single wooded synclinal ridge. The long outcrop of the Hamilton sandstone forming Mahanoy ridge is partly in Spring township. Coming in from Centre it ranges west nearly to Little Germany, where it terminates in a high synclinal knob. Returning eastward. the line of outcrop encounters the fault running along this valley and is cutcompletely through, the severed end being 15. SPRING TOWNSHIP. F’, 345 displaced about a mile. Inconsequence of this the road to New Bloomfield passes along the valley without scaling a ridge of Hamilton sandstone, as it would otherwise have been compelled to do. Resuming its course the sandstone ridge regains its height after its severance by the fault, and continues to the east end of Crawley hill where it again terminates in a broad, low anticlinal mound, the flatness of which has tempted enthusiastic farmers to clear and plow its summit and at- tempt to raise crops among the stones. But Nature has asserted her supremacy, and after a short conflict the land has been again surrendered to sprouts and huckleberries, for the growth of which it is better fitted. This, however, _ properly belongs to Centre township. The Hamilton fossil ore, ( VIII.) The line of possible outcrop of this bed of ore may easily be traced by following the upper surface of the Hamilton sandstone. But I donot know that it has ever been proved or opened in the township. The Hamilton upper shale, ( VIII.) This shale may be traced along its usual line of outcrop in a few places in the township, but requires no special mention. The Genessee, Portage, and Chemung group, ( VITT.) No mention of this group at any length is needed. Only a small patch of its rocks exists in the township. Thisruns in from Carroll at the point of the syncline behind Pisgah hill, and is quite insignificant. The Perry County fault. The southwestern termination of the Perry county fault so far, at least, as I have been able to trace it occurs in Spring township. Coming in from Centre, it, for a short distance, almost coincides with the township line crossing the road about half a mile south of the Perry furnace. Its course may here be traced over the hill west of the road, the [Se 346 F*. REPORT OF PROGRESS. E. W. CLAYPOLE. ware > —s to. northern part of which consists of the Hamilton sandstone _ of South furnace hill, and the southern of the limestoneand __ Oriskany sandstone brought up by the fault. It is evident, therefore, that its throw is much less than further east where — the Chemung was brought against the same limestone. Es- timating the thickness as before, the total displacement can- not here exceed 1300 or 1400 feet thus distributed : Hamilton sandstone, |... 40.0402 \/btev= bealedin talon dee 600 feet. Hanmiilton lower Shale, F. ss eke eee e eee 400 * Marcellus shale and limestone, .......2.+06.. 200 ‘§ L. H. limeshale and limestone, + (6:2) ¢: a) SBS ke 200 * 1400 * Continuing to the southwestward the direction of the fault is not quite parallel to the strike of the beds, being rather more nearly east and west. Consequently it cuts continu- ally deeper and deeper into the Hamilton sandstone, thus thinning down its outcrop until at the distance of about two miles the sandstone is altogether cut out. The South Fur- nace hill composed of this outcrop of sandstone therefore becomes lower and lower and ultimately disappears, and the shales between it and the limestone come together. Fur- ther than this I have been unable to follow it, there being no hard rocks except the Oriskany sandstone, the line of outcrop of which shows very little, perhaps no, displace- ment. Moreover the Oriskany itself is largely eroded along the line of the fault. The Little Germany fault. (Pl. XX XIX.) A fault develops itself near the hamlet of Little Germany, in Spring township, and runs east-northeast into Centre for nearly six miles. Though far inferior in length and throw to the great Perry county fault, it yet produces much com- plication and several note-worthy changes in the topography and landscape. The most important of these lie in Centre township, but several must be noticed here. The most western point at which I have been able to detect the fault is on the hill west of Little Germany where it produces a fork in the Oriskany sandstone, one ridge continuing on its 15. SPRING TOWNSHIP. *. 347 previous course while the other diverges slightly to the southward. The latter thrown up by the fault continues but a short distance before it is cut off, the ridge terminating in © the middle of a field. In thus bringing up the Oriskany to the surface, the dislocation has also thrown up the lime- stone adjoining it, and the result is that limestone has been quarried and burnt at one side of the field, while at the dis- tance of about 100 feet northward, or geologically speaking, below it, the Marcellus black shale lies only two feet under ground with no intervening ridge of sandstone. The Mar- cellus is found in its proper place about 200 feet south of the Oriskany. Following the line of fault a little further to the east, we find the Lower Hamilton shales brought up on the south side against the Marcellus on the north, and yet further the former shales occupy both sides, being in full thickness. As we approach the township line, which lies on the water-shed parting the south fork of Montour run from the tributaries of the Little Juniata, a high con- necting ridge of Lower Hamilton shales rises on the south side of the fault, exposing the Marcellus at its base, and the north side is occupied by the Hamilton sandstone, through which the fault here cuts very obliquely, causing a lateral displacement of about a mile and forcing a passage through the sandstone along which the road passes from the lower to the upper shale without touching the sandstone. Beyond this the fault lies in Centre township, but to ren- der the account complete, a few words will be added. The fault passes along the strata as they rise to the Crawley an- ticlinal, leaving the synclinal west end of Mahanoy sepa- rated from the anticlinal east end of Crawley hill. The an- ticline of the latter is so far eroded as to expose the Hamil- ton lower shales for more than two miles from Little Ger- many. These forma stretch of plowed and cultivated ground on the top of the hill, abutting on the north against the Genessee, or probably the Portage shales, and backed on the south by the south flank of Crawley hill. The Warm Springs. On Sherman’s creek in this township and on the land of t 4 x . ie’ ot A ae y } abe Ue | - ~ han % he (6 batt’ 348 F?. REPORT OF PROGRESS. E. W. CLAYPOLE. a Mr. Bower, lie what are known in the county as the Wa: rm Springs. They are much frequented as a picnic ground and considerable money has been expended in providing — accommodation for visitors. The situation is a under the high ridge of Hamilton sandstone rising south o: the creek aid the low ridge of Oriskany on the other bai The springs are three in number, reckoning only those of — fair size, but they scarcely deserve their name. They throw a out a copious supply of water and appear more like subter- ranean streams emerging into day than ordinary springs. is This is very likely their true nature. Their temperatureis decidedly above that of other springs in the same district but can only be called warm because the water is not cold to the taste. fe On October 27, 1883, I obtained the temperature of the water as follows: Hast spring, os |x, ss: s,s)» cab the uh ek, ae See ~ 0 Ce MEIGdIC Apis, bs. h As Fh bE necro Eee « ate one 61° West spring, i. a) sae. ae Shee ee pera ce 60° On the same day the temperature of the water at the Falling spring, three miles off, was 55°. I have been told that the water retains its warmth in the winter. If this be the case the explanation above offered is less likely to be correct as streams would then be colder than springs. But in October the reverse is true. 16. TOBOYNE TOWNSHIP. F’., 349 16. Toboyne township. This is the largest and most mountainous township in Perry county. Tuscarora mountain on the north and Blue mountain on the south are connected by minor folds each of which composes a mountain in itself. The natural line or water-shed dividing the drainage of Perry and Franklin counties is consequently exceedingly crooked, zigzagging backward and forward from southeast to northwest over the western and southern pari of this township. Conecocheague, Round Top, Rising mountain, Amberson ridge, Bower mountain, and the Blue range are only so many folds of the Medina sandstone. All the mountains named above except Conecocheague and Blue are anticlinal in structure, forming arches of sand- stone. Conecocheague is a monocline or half-arch dipping to the south and Blue mountain a monocline dipping to the north. The headwaters of Sherman’s creek flow from the slopes of the mountains of Toboyne township. The real head of this stream is in a swamp on tune north slope of Amberson ridge known as the Bear ponds. In wet seasons these are really three large pools of water, the ovewlow from which forms the longest branch of several that contribute to form the main stream, here called by some Patterson's run. But in a dry time they are reduced to small swampy patches of ground. ° From this point the brook takes its way across Rising mountain, which is here cut down to its base, and then enters on its long passage over the red and green shale and sandstone of the lowlands of west Perry county. It is joined by several runlets from the Round Top and Coneco- cheague, one of which is fed by the great spring on the mountain between New Germantown and Concord. Brown’ s run rising near the Bear ponds, but on the other side of a low water-shed, flows down the long and narrow Conecocheaque mountaln . Mmountaljr. SUSCATOTH d SS LS 4 Yy Yyg) Yj > KK] Horse valley: 3 Gy Yi Y Nag Va v WY Fig. &. The Clinton beds of the Sillle Minors valley, | 20° ORE SAND-ROCK. 50° ——_80' Shales, fossileferous. (2358) Fy 50/2) IRON SANDSTONE. at ~ a a " hice Pea ee a kot eal ts buitie 5 >s - ee, ee 2) eee ae ve 17. TUSCARORA TOWNSHIP. FB”. 363 | Se Sea ee 160’ 5 lron sandstone, ..... 2' 3) Pippo hy ce ne ee ea = itenied malar cs ih Ste RY 300! Lower ore beds, , Iron sandstone, ..... 10 ll’ 6" \ Hard block ore, ..... Mk Lower Olive shale. The thickness of the Olive shales is here much greater than in the west of the county, and this greater thickness is accompanied with the development of the lower ore beds which do not exist there. Only the Sand-vein ore bed is now worked in Tuscarora township ; but the two lower beds are easily accessible at the river, and could be at once resorted to if the price of the ore were higher. At present about 800 tons a month are sent to market. | West from the river this ore bed has been opened in numer- ous places, but with one exception all are now ‘‘standing.”’ It is not of uniform quality. In some places as at the new level driven by Mr. R. Cochran a mile west of Millerstown, the soft ore gives place to a hard ferriferous limestone, very expensive to mine and containing a high percentage of lime. (For further details see Chapter V.) The Onondaga group, (V.) No natural exposure of these rocks was found in this township. Its nearly vertical beds are concealed by super- ficial soil along Raccoon valley below the level of the open- ings of the ore beds. These openings sometimes begin in the red shale and sometimes in the olive shales underlying it—the passage beds. But these excavations present no features which have not been already mentioned in this re- port. The Lower Helderberg group, No. VI. The rocks of this group crop out forming a low ridge along the middle of Raccoon valley. They differ from themselves in other parts of the county by being less mas- sive. Though no good or complete section is exposed in the township, yet the absence of the massive limestone beds 364 F®. REPORT OF PROGRESS. E. W. CLAYPOLE. Tg om of Limestone ridge is very marked. The beds are thin, ania se j : at the few exposures at the east end of the township show ay only a small part of the section. But at the west end near the border of Saville township occur the best exposures of the white flint beds that I have seen in the county. Near School-house No. 8 can be seen the section here represented : Solid white flint, \. .. ¢..« br.» iss mikes 0) he eee 0 66% Solid: white flint,< 3.33.7 \s BAe ee be Se a 0! 6" Solid white flint, er ee ee trae ee 14 Sandy limestone with lenticular black flint masses, ... . 4’ Sandy limestone as at Half Falls mountain,........ 6! The exposure of these rocks in this part of the township - is much increased by three anticlinal rolls, which are repre- sented on the county maps by the zigzags of the color bands. The Oriskany sandstone, No. VII. This sandstone makes but little show in Tuscarora town- ship, and calls for no lengthened description. >. creck. + - Ne = Se ae — LS SS . a > SEQ AY S \ \ \\ \ i) vn s ui > + i} ) Yi fe LY a Ad Vy ! iW 18. TYRONE TOWNSHIP. FF? 369 over the Onondaga shales in the synclinal valley of Laurel creek (coming from the west between Bower and Blue mountain) to Mount Dempsey, where it cuts across the end of the soft Clinton upper shales and turns east again. Receiving Montour run from the north, near Landisburg, it again turns southward and curves across the synclinal of Kennedy valley to the end of the Welsh hill, where it leaves Tuscarora township and enters Spring. Receiving then McCabe’s run from the west it gets round the end of the mountain in the soft Onondaga lower shales, and strikes for the last time southward to cross Green val- ley, but after cutting through No. VI and VIland the Mar- cellus soft rocks of No. VIII, it meets the hard Hamilton sandstone, abandons its southeast course and keeps away north eastward through Spring, Carroll, and Penn townships to the Susquehanna river at Duncannon: [As Sherman’s creek, in a small way, behaves in Tuscarora and Spring townships, so, in a larger way, the Juniata and Susquehanna rivers behave in crossing the middle belt of the State. They avoid the greater anticlinal arches by pass- ing around their dying ends; and, as Sherman’s creek gets round the ends of Bower, Dempsey, and Welsh mountains of No. IV by keeping in the softer rocks of No. V, vet is sometimes obliged to cut gaps through the smaller lime- stone and sandstone ridges of V, VI, VII, and VIII; so the Juniata and Susquehanna rivers while avoiding one hard formation are obliged sometimes to cut gaps through another. —J. P. L. | That this cutting process has not always been going on at the present level of the country is evident without argument. Sherman’s creek and its branches, like the Juniata and Sus- quehanna and all their branches, have flowed in past times at various higher levels. I noticed round gravel lying on a hillside in Kennedy’s valley 60 to 80 feet above the present bed of McCabe’s run. The Medina sandstone, No. IV. One long sinuous outcrop of this hard and massive for- 24 F”. eal =e a 370 EF’. REPORT OF PROGRESS. E. W. CLAYPOLE. a mation makes the southern harrier of the township as de- scribed above. | Green valley and Kennedy’s valley are troughs of Clin- ton and Onondaga No. V in folds of this outcrop. There is no gap in the outcrop of No. IV from end to end, — but a road into Cumberland county crosses the mountain by a notch in the crest called WcClure’s gap, at the back of Welsh hill, where the Medina sandstone is cleft over the anticline. The dip of the Medina rocks is everywhere so nearly ver- tical that the breadth of the outcrop nearly measures the thickness of the formation. It contains no minerals of value. The Clinton group, (V.) Two outcrops of the rocks of this group cross the town- ship. 4 One extends along the whole line of the Blue mountains from the Spring township line, round Green valley, to Welsh hill; along both sides of Kennedy’s valley ; and along the north side of Mount Dempsey, passing out of the township into Shaeffer’s valley. The other saddles the end of Bower mountain. The former of these outcrops has a length of about 18 miles, chiefly through a wooded country. High up on the Blue mountains runs the outcrop of the Iron sandstone supporting the lower green shales. The Iron sandstone is somewhat thicker in this part of the county than in the north, and makes a visible terrace round the prominent points of the mountain. The terrace, however, is largely due to the Ore sandstone. An excellent example of the relation of these beds may be seen in Pilot Knob. Viewed from any of the limestone ridges near Landisburg the central mass of the Medina sand- stone is seen composing the highest knob, behind which in Cumberland county lies Doubling hollow. In front of and surrounding it like a wall is a lower ridge formed by the Clinton outcrop, with its two sandstones. Between this lower ridge and the main mountain a trench 18. TYRONE TOWNSIIIP. eye has been eroded along the outcrop of the soft lower green shales. This trench-like valley drains out through a gap in the lower rampart-like ridges of the twosandstones. The same structure prevails along the whole line, but isnowhere else so conspicuous. The outer wall, or sandstone ridge, is, as described above, double crested ; the one crest formed by the ron sandstone, the other by the Ore sandstone. The upper green shales, which lie between the two sand- stones, are usually less than 200 feet thick, and are protected from the weather by the covering of slabs of the almost in- destructible Iron sandstone. No trace, so far as I have observed, exists of the ore beds which in some other places, as at Millerstown, lie under the Ore sandstone and in the upper shale. The Sandvein ore bed, on top of the Ore sandstone, is present and makes a fair display, especially in Kennedy’s valley, where on the land of Mr. Egolf, numerous fragments may be seen containing characteristic Clinton fossils. The Onondaga group, (V.) The shales of this group crop out over the greater part of Tyrone township and yield the colored soil which it usually exhibits. They are everywhere on edge, so that their thickness is exposed in many places. It is not easy to obtain measurements on account of the difficulty of de- termining the exact limits of the beds. Near Landisburg, however, exposures occur sufficiently clear for the purpose. On the whole, Tyrone township affords one of the most in- structive fields for studying the Onondaga group that I have found in the county. The Bloomsburg red shale is well exposed to the south of the town on the road to Bridgeport, and measurements give its thickness there at about 700 feet—the same as else- where. This part of the group is uniform in mass over the county. The variegated shale, as nearly as it was possible to de- termine the fact, is here of nearly the same thickness as in —= - 372 FEF’. REPORT OF PROGRESS. E. W. CLAYPOLRE. iy other parts of the county, that is between 700 and 800 tana measuring from the Bloomfield sandstone down to the solid (Bloomsbui ‘g) red shale. Behind the town of Landisburg the following section can | be measured : Section at Landisburg. (Onondaga upper variegated shales; see Fig. 2,Pl. XLIIL.) Shaly limestone. Red shale!) ic¢ a b7ci Lees eee 21 S0ee Gee A Limestone shale with wrinkled surface, ........ a » ee eee ee 15’ Gray shale, .' 040 /0 AA ne Fite Sao ee eee eee’ DTN Rae Bed shale... 105 of ncisy co be eterds bee eee Ye Cee eS wen eee ee ee en erm mp ee el golly) ok ie ones . 180’ Rel shai ee a a aa er ee o, Win a ya ieee <9 to Potall: Sei teh Male ok Bs iia: are ee aes rarer sy 327' The slabs in one of these beds of the Bloomfield sandstone are completely covered with the casts of Leperditia alta. The Gray shales lie between the top of the section here represented and the limestone which crops out on the side of the hill. They are apparently about 200 feet thick as usual, but their summit is not well exposed. The great extent of the outcrop of the Bloomsburg red shale gives to this township its fertile soil. It is the most easterly of the townships of Perry county which can boast that the greater part of its surface consists of good farming land. The shale ground extends over all the northern and middle parts of the township and high up the slopes of the mountains, running deep into the long valleys which form sheltered nooks secluded from the rest of the world, the southward sloping sides of which should produce as early crops as any places in the county. q: 18. TYRONE TOWNSIIIP. . 873 The red shale saddles all the anticlines as shown on the map. A tongue of it enters the township at Waggoner’s mill and extends beyond Loysville. A second comes in from the anticline of Bower mountain ; a third from that of Pilot knob, anda fourth from Welsh hill. Skirting all these on north and south is a broad belt of the variegated shale which runs high up the valleys, occupying a broad tract in the middle of each. It may be traced in Kennedy’s and Shaeffer’s valleys for several miles. The gray shales are eroded from every part of the township except along the border of the limestone. The Bridgeport sandstone (of which a description may be found in the account of Spring township) crops out in numerous places in Tyrone, especially on the sides and tops of the shale ridge in Kennedy’s valley and Green valley. Here it forms rough, rugged terraces, and its flinty frag- ments cause much labor in clearing some of the fields. Near Mr. Egolf’s saw-mill, in Tyrone township, is perhaps one of the best exposures. The sandstone has been deeply eroded by McCabe’s run and its ragged edges stand out dip- ping at about 45° N. N. W. onthe north bank. It is about 12 feet thick. The variegated shales are well seen on the banks of Sher- man’s creek a mile anda half southwest of Loysville. About 800 feet of the upper or more calcareous beds are here vis1- ble in the middle of the troughs between Bower mountain and Chestnut ridge. The limestone bands are very thick and heavy. Oneof them has been quarried and burned for lime. This is the most easterly lime quarry on these beds in Perry county. The calcareous beds, except those near the base of the section, yield two well- euoten fossils of the Lower Helder- berg—Leperditia alta and Beyrichia notata—abundantly. The former may be found almost to the bottom of the ex- posed section or nearly 600 feet from its top, thus carrying the crustacean fauna of the Lower Helderberg deep down into the shale, at least as far as the calcareous beds ex- tend. A curious bed occurs at the same place consisting of a | ( y | 374 F®. REPORT OF PROGRESS. E. W. CLAYPOLE. limestone breccia, the fragments of which are subangular connected by limestone. The fragments consist apparently of the more solid beds of limestone broken down and re- cemented. There is also a bed containing great numbers of small quartz geodes in yellow shale. It may be remarked in pass- ing that similar beds occur in the Niagara limestone in Ohio. The same series of beds with the same fossils is exposed on the Valley road near Cissna’s run or Cedar run in Madi- son township. See report on that township. The Lower Helderberg limestone, No. VI. Three points of this limestone project from Spring into Tyrone township. The first is the point of Bell’s hill near Greenpark, the second is the double pointed ridge overlook- ing Landisburg, and the third is a small point west of Oak- grove furnace. At the second of these some of the fossils of the limestone shales occur chiefly in loose slabs. Most of them belong to species found at Clark’s Mill. (See page —.) Another outcrop of this limestone is on the north border of the township along Limestone ridge, the crest of which is the township line. It is long and narrow, and cultivated in most places to the top. These outerops yield an abundant supply of lime for the inhabitants of the township, but they present no features of special geological interest and call for no further remarks. The Oriskany sandstone, No. VII. Only the faintest traces of the Oriskany sandstone are discoverable in the township, except along the northern ~ (Saville) line. Slight indications of the cap of Oriskany | may be seen on the two hills above Landisburg, but none on the point of Bell’s hill. It is seen again on the top of the knoll facing Oakgrove furnace where the long line from Half Falls mountain meets that coming in from Carroll township. i eli MEA ee eR? TTS ON oe Ofte et 1 re % ‘ re ast W —- 18. TYRONE TOWNSHIP. EF’. 375 op The Marcellus limestone, iron ore, and shale, (VIIL) The only place where any trace of these can be found is at the high knoll opposite Oakgrove furnace, where the black shale and iron ore have been taken out, the latter in considerable quantity. The hill is honeycombed with old workings, and to this day a horse or a man or both will oc- casionally drop in. ee Oe ees eae a 19. WATTS TOWNSHIP. I eer ow 19. Watts township. This township occupies the point of land between the rivers Juniata and Susquehanna, from Half Falls mount- ain to Duncan’s and Haldeman’s islands. Its northern line is mountainous but southward it slopes gently towards the point where it is but little raised above the level of the river. The township is rather thinly set- tled, especially in the north where the land is rough and poor. The Pennsylvania canal runs along the river side for about seven miles and crosses into Haldeman’ s island at the southern point, the old channel between them being filled for that purpose at the west end. A third island formerly existed but since the construction of the canal the intervening channel has silted up so that it is now six feet above the usual level of the river. Consequently this (Hulings island) is permanently united physically to Perry county though by the original deeds and still legally it is a part of Dauphin.* One of the most interesting features in the geology of Watts township is the abundant evidence it yields of the former flow of the rivers ata higher level. Haldeman’ s island is nothing but a former flood plain of the Susque- *The tradition in the neighborhood is, that the earliest settler in the dis- “trict, Abraham Huling, a man of unusual foresight, at least in his own opin- ion, bought 200 acres of land at the mouth of the Juniata commanding both rivers with a view to profit from the great city that was likely to grow up at the confinence. He did the same at the junction of the Allegheny and Mo- nongahela. After awhile as the cities did not appear, he came to the conclu- sion that the latter was too far west and sold it, retaining the former. Alas for human prescience! The one is now Pittsburgh, the other is still the Junction farm and since the introduction of the railway has lost what little importance it previously had from lying on the highroad west from Harrisburg to Fort Duquesne, (Pittsburgh.) 378 F’. REPORT OF PROGRESS. E. W. CLAYPOLE hanna and Juniata. Rounded gravel and sand are found in every field. The same is true of Duncan's island, al- though some of it, by the deepening of the channel, is now much above the water. Before the construction of the canal the Juniata flowed into the Susquehanna, or vice versa, through a channel north of the islands. Once since then, during a great flood in 1846, the Susquehanna rose over its banks, reopened this old channel and swept out the embankment of the canal. Much of the land along the east side of the township is © alluvial soil consisting of ancient river bottom, now far above the highest floods. On the west side there is no such land. The Juniata flows close under the cliffs. Many feet above this flood-plain may be found rounded and trans- ported stones proving the ancient presence of the river at that height. The bearing of these facts on the geological history of the county iseasilyseen. If therivers were ever thirty or forty feet higher than now, they may have been 300 or 400 feet higher, for the process which is lowering their channels now has been lowering them for untold ages. The Susquehanna thrown more and more to the eastward at Girty’s notch has cut into Dauphin county and left the accumulation of alluvial soil along its western bank, till striking Peter’s mountain it again flows westward. The erosion of the Catskill sandstone terrace, or north flank of Peter’s mountain, by the river as it slants in to the gap, is finely exhibited. The Lower Helderberg limestone, No. VI. This limestone makes but a small outcrop in the township in the northwest corner. The point of limestone ridge crosses the river and enters the end of Half Falls mountain, where it has been quarried and burnt for several years. The limestone extends but a short distance inland, being soon covered by the shales and sandstone of the Hamilton. The beds are here very much disturbed, and have yielded no fossils. Some of the layers are very sandy, but are nevertheless burnt for lime. 19. WATTS TOWNSHIP. EF’, 379 The Oriskany sandstone, No. ( VIZ.) Immediately above the limestone which crops out on the north line of the township comes a bold ridge of Oriskany sandstone about 20 feet thick, or rather less. It forms an almost complete dam across the Juniata, producing the flalf Falls, from which the mountain takes its name It is hard and full of the small white quartz pebbles so char- acteristic of it in other places. It does not form a distinct ridge as in many parts of the county and is soon overlap- _ped by the lower shales and Hamilton sandstone. The Marcellus shale, limestone, and ore, ( VITT.) The area in which the outcrop of these beds can be looked for in this township is very small, and I know no place where any of them can be found outside of the river bed. The Marcellus limestone is mentioned in the report of the First survey (Vol. I, p. 188) as cropping out at Half Falls mountain, but I have been unable to find it. It may be visible in the river at very low water, but this is improbable. The Marcellus black shale and Hamilton lower shales, CHILL) These shales make no noticeable outcrop in this township. The only place where they can be looked for is at and near the Half Falls mountain, and here they are completely covered and concealed by the wreckage of the Hamilton sandstone. At low water they may be seen in some places in the river bed, and are imperfectly shown in some holes dug in search of the ore bed. The Hamilton sandstone, ( VIII.) The northern portion of Watts township consists of a mountainous district formed by the outcrop of the Hamil- ton sandstone in a series of converging ridges, the geologi- cal structure of which is somewhat complicated. The main axis of the ridge, whose southeastern slope continues under the whole of Watts township, passes along the dividing line from the limestone quarries at Half Falls mountain to Girty’s Notch. But the southern side of this anticline is not 380 F?. REPORT OF PROGRESS. FE. W. CLAYPOLE. simple. An inspection of the county geological map will _ show that along this line are several distinct outcrops con- verging to a junction near the Susquehanna river. The ranges of Buffalo hills, Limestone ridge, Mahanoy ridge, and Dick’s hill all tend directly tothis point, and their near approach and ultimate meeting render the structure of the northern part of Watts township somewhat intricate. In the first place almost immediately south of the lime- stone comes the continuation of Mahanoy ridge. It forms — the middle and highest point of the triple ridge of Half Falls mountain, about 500 feet above the river. This promi- nent feature in the geography of the township continues E. N. E., gradually sinking to a lower level as it nears the Susquehanna at Girty’s Notch, where its south-southeast dipping beds are well exposed. But immediately south of this ridge is a second parallel and of almost equal height, the presence of which can only be explained by the. exist- ence of a fault running along the narrow valley between the two ridges. This is probably a continuation on a rather different line of the Perry county fault running through Spring, Centre, and Miller townships, and of which an ac- count may be found in the general report on the county. At this point the effect of the fault is to bring the Hamilton sandstone up a second time so that the base of its southern lies against the summit of its northern outcrop. There is, therefore, presented along the river side a double thickness of the Hamilton sandstone as may readily be proved by horizontal measurement. The distance from the Oriskany sandstone through the two ridges of Hamilton sandstone to the iron ore bed is about 3500 feet, which, at a dip of 40°- 50°, is equivalent to a thickness of about 2400 feet. De- ducting 600 feet for the thickness of the Oriskany, Marcel- lus, and Hamilton lower shale, we have 1800 feet remaining. The Hamilton sandstone nowhere in the county exceeds 800 feet, and seldom reaches that figure, so that there is evi- dently a repetition of its whole mass and part of the upper or lower shale or both. These are, however, concealed, and therefore inaccessible. The amount of ‘‘throw’’ may be set down at about 800 feet. 19. WATTS TOWNSHIP. F’, 381 So far as time has allowed me to determine it, this sub- sidiary fault extends about three miles to the east-north- east where it finally dies out. But the fault above mentioned does not include all the complications of the Hamilton sandstone in Watts town- -ship. Immediately south of the outcrop thrown up by it occurs another, bringing up the topmost beds of the same sandstone. It is difficult to determine from the exposure whether a complete arch exists at this place or not. But the evidence I have been able to obtain leads me to the con- clusion that we have here the eastern termination of the Perry county fault.’ The axis of the arch above mentioned is exactly in the line of Dick’s hill, and the indications of rapid decline in the throw of the fault at the east end of that range prepare us to expect its disappearance at no great distance. Accordingly we here find the missing northern slope of the Dick’s hill anticline reappearing from its long submergence. It once probably passed near Bridgeport and thence possibly along the present site of Kennedy’s valley into Cumberland county where the anticline may still be traced. But erosion long ago destroyed it and no vestige of it now remains. This is an indication, if any such were necessary, of the great antiquity of the fault. The Hamilton sandstone sinks rapidly at the east end of Dick’s hill, so that the range suddenly disappears. From this point the exact line of the fault cannot well be traced across the Jow flat ground by the river side, but the reap- pearance of the sandstone in Watts township restores it. This outcrop runs about 33° north of east and may be traced about three miles into the township where it ends by unit- ing with the other ranges above described. The northern line of this township is therefore a focus where meet all the four ridges named above which are prom- inent features in the geography of Perry county. From near the middle of this line they radiate—Buffalo hills to Centre, Limestone ridge to New Germantown, Mahanoy to Elliotsburg and Dick’s hill, under various aliases, to Oak Grove. Geologically three of them may be traced back again— Buffalo hills, by Racoon and Wild Cat ridges, to the 382 KF? = REPORT OF PROGRESS. FE. W. CLAYPOLE. she) ae. Susquehanna; Limestone ridge to Ickesburg and isi town and around Pfoutz’s valley, and Dick’s hill, by Little mountain, to the Susquehanna at Marysville. The return of Mahanoy: ridge is prevented by the Perry county fault, which ents it on near the Perry Furnace. ‘From the point of convergence these ranges continue as a single simple anticline to the Susquehanna river; gradu- ally subsiding, it there sinks beneath the water forming a reef of rocks anda rapid. Some additional details will be found in the report on Buffalo township. A quarry was opened some years ago on the south side of the mountain about a mile from the Susquehanna, or Big river as it is commonly called in the district, but it has not been worked recently. The Hamilton fossil ore. An outcrop of this ore exists along the southern side of the Hamilton sandstone, but so far as I am aware no at- tempt has been made to open or work it except at the two ends of the range in the township. On the Susquehanna at Girty s Notch several drifts were run in some years ago and a considerable quantity of ore taken out. The prop- erty is now in the possession of the Messrs. McCormick and the ore is not worked. Its quality, so far as can be judged from appearances, is the same as in most other exposures along this line of outcrop. Iwas informed that the mine had been abandoned on account of the poverty of the ore but am not aware that the ore has been analysed. It is said to be very sandy. Another exposure from which a few tons have been taken is at the other end of the mountain on the Juniata river. Here a quantity of the ore is lying with the usual appear- ance and of the usual quality but this opening also has been abandoned. It lies on the south slope of the ridge brought up by the fault. A few hundred yards farther south on the upper surface of the sandstone of the arch above men- tioned a small hole has been dug exposing rave Hamilton fossil ore, but only imper fectly. At the present prices of iron (1883° this bed is not worth 19. WATTS TOWNSHIP. FE’. 383 working anywhere in Perry county. Most of the ore taken from it was mined during the years following the war when the price of iron was high. The Hamilton Upper shale, ( VITZ.) These shales may be found exposed in their usual posi- tion—over the Hamilton sandstone--wherever the ore has been opened. At Girty’s Notch the Paracyclas shales have been largely excavated in mining the ore and abundance of the characteristic fossils may be obtained in the spoil-bank. This is the richest locality with which I have met in the county for these fossils. The same fossils may be found at the other two outcrops of the fossil ore but less abundantly, less shale having been taken out. Near the last of the three outcrops alluded to when writ- ing of the fossil ore the Zropedoleptus bed may be found about 100 yards to the southward showing its typical color and fossils. The Genessee-Portage-Chemung shale, VIII. This group as shown on the map occupies a broad belt of the township extending from the Juniata to the Susque hanna. The breadth of this belt of ground, however, indi- cates nothing in regard to the thickness of the rocks. It is impossible to measure them here, in consequence of the numerous foids and flexures they exhibit. The cliffs along the road by the Juniata river show nothing but a succession of rocks dipping at varying angles from vertical to horizontal, and a series of anticlinal arches sometimes only a few feet, sometimes many yardsacross. It is consequently quite im- possible to establish any subdivision in the great mass of olive shales and sandstones without much more expendi- ture of time than the exigency of the survey allowed. It is, however, quite certain that the rocks of this group thin down to the southeast. Careful measurement with approximate allowance for repetition by folding would not, I think, give them here more than one half the thickness they have at Newport, only six miles away. 384 FY. REPORT OF PROGRESS. FE. W. CLAYPOLE. a The outcrop of these rocks across the township gives a meager soil, with rolling surface, much cut down by streams some of which flow in valleys, the sides of which are too steep forcultivation, and are therefore covered with timber. The Chemung-Catskill and Catskill, No. IX. These red shales and sandstones occupy the whole south- | ern and southeastern part of Watts township. Its surface is, like that of the Chemung rocks, rolling and cultivated. Its soil is good and well watered. Its slope is gradually to the south, giving it a warm exposure. As with the Chemung group, so with the Catskill, the beds are much folded and contorted, sometimes standing almost vertical and at other times lying almost horizontal. Consequently the area underlaid by these rocks is much larger than their mere thickness. Unlike the Chemung, however, the Catskill group does not thin out to the south- east, but maintains its full mass, which in Watts township is probably at least 6000 feet. But its outcrop reaches from a point nearly two miles north of Haldeman’s Island to the base of Peter’s mountain, a distance of nearly four miles. The contortion is confined to the lower and softer beds, the harder red sandstones which form the foot-hills of Peter's mountain and pass under the Pocono sandstone dip regu- larly and continuously to the 8 8S. E. The Kingsmill sandstone shows evident traces of its presence in the township by forming one or more stony ridges of white sandstone. But in the midst of so much contortion and displacement it has been impossible to trace it, as it was traced in Penn and Carroll townships. More- over it is not apparently so fossiliferous as there, and con- sequently is more difficult to follow. Enough evidence, however, has been obtained to justify the extension of the horizon through the township, though not enongh to enable me to represent it with close accuracy on a map. The Hast Duncannon trap-dyke. One of the trap-dykes of which an account may be found in the report on Penn and Rye townships and also in the nats aot hy 19. WATTS TOWNSHIP. > ae general report on the county, can be followed across the Juniata into Watts township. It isin all probability a con- tinuation of what is there named the East Duncannon dyke, which passes through the cove and across Peter’s mountain near the gap. It may be seen exposed by the riverside about half a mile below Duncannon. Its course if con- tinued along the same line would bring it nearly to the place in Watts township where the trap-rock again appears, about half a mile north of Dr. Reutter’s house at the junction. | This dyke must thereforecut somewhere near Duncannon the branch of the West Duncannon dyke which runs southeast from its point of division. It is precisely like the trap of Penn township—a hard, tough, dark green, almost black dolerite, containing a small proportion of magnetic oxide of iron which by rusting renders the outside yellow. From the point where it first shows itself in the river bank it may be tracked by loose blocks scattered on the roads and fields nearly to the foot of Half Falls mountain and probably had time allowed might have been followed farther. The last trace of it seen was near the house of Mr. M. Peters. 25 1 papi d+Hsnmox 34% T1WIH aNid 20. WIEATFIELD TOWNSHIP iH? 1387 20. Wheatfield township. Wheatfield township lies on the south side of the Perry county fault. The crest of Dick’s hill which is thrown up thereby forms its northern line. It is a long, narrow town- ship lying for the most part on the Chemung shale and con- sequently consisting in so far of rather poor land. Its northern and southern portions, the former of which con- sists of the Hamilton shale and the latter of the Catskill red sandstone, are of better quality. Its surface as is usual with the Chemung shale is hummocky, being cut in all di- rections by streams. The drainage is consequently very irregular. No steep or high: ranges cross Wheatfield township ex- cept the Hamilton sandstone ridge of Dick’s hill which les close to its northern border. Its waters are carried off in four directions, east to the Juniata, west to the Sandy hol- low branch of Richland run, south into Sherman’s creek directly, and centrally into the Little Juniata. The northwestern corner of the township is occupied by the great zigzag of the Hamilton group which makes a fold on approaching the limestone of Iron ridge. This fold forms the high knob locally known as Round Top and also the ridge connecting this with the main range, which bears the name Dick’s Hill bridge. One of the five charcoal furnaces of Perry county was situated in this township at Monte- bello on the Little Juniata. Long ago abandoned, the place is now marked only by the chimneys of the old cottages, by the ruins of the old furnace and its surrounding’ struc- tures, by the mass of slag not yet overgrown with vegeta- tion, resembling an ancient lava-field. and by a single in- habited house. Almost all else has disappeared and the place by its forsaken gardens and white pine thickets re- i 20. WHEATFIELD TOWNSHIP. EF”. 389 minds the passing geologist of Goldsmith’s lines in the ‘* Traveler ’’?— ‘‘ Near yonder copse where once the garden smiled, And siill where many a garden flower grows wild,’’ &c. Nature has almost regained her supremacy, and is fast restoring to the spot that beauty which the smoking furnace destroyed, and is reclothing with wood the hillsides which were stripped to supply charcoal. A projecting point in the southwest includes a part of Sherman’s creek. Delville mill, with the few houses sur- rounding it, is the only hamlet in the township since the decay of Montebello. At this part of its course Sherman’s creek is deflected to the northward by striking the hard beds near the top of the Catskill group. After flowing north for a mile it meets the almost equally hard beds near the base of the group, and is again deflected southward. Exactly similar changes are produced in the Buffalo, in Juniata township, by striking on the same beds of rock. The Hamilton lower shale, ( VIII.) These shales make a larger show in this township than anywhere else in the east of the county, passing along the north foot of Dick’s hill in Centre township, where they are brought up by the fault, and have been cut away by the Little Juniata. They curve around the western end of the hill and crop out along the Duncannon road. They reénter the anticlinal fold forming the Bridge, and here occupy a large extent of ground. Crossing the road they leave the township and pass down into Sandy Hollow in Carroll town- ship. The fields at the west end of the hill show the peculiar whitish cast that characterizes these shales, and the land is of the same quality as they usually afford—rather poor. The Hamilton sandstone, ( VITT.) This sandstone, forming the crest of Dick’s hill, is thrown up by the fault which ranges along the northern foot of the hill. The dip of its bed varies from 90° to 30°, often in a 9) v7 oy © i r 390 F*. REPORT OF PROGRESS. E. W. CLAYPOLE. comparatively short distance. Its outcrop forms the usual rough stony ridge overgrown with timber which the Hamil- ton sandstone exhibits in its southeastern exposure. Toward the west the range suddenly disappears, the sand- stone descending to and below ground level by the rapid diminution of the throw of the fault, an account of which . will be found in the chapter devoted to that subject. Beyond the doubling of the sandstone by a fold at the western end of Dick’s hill, there is nothing more that re- quires special notice. The bold peak called Round Top is an anticlinal point connected with the main range by a ridge called Dick’s Hill bridge. From the Round Top the ridge enters Carroll township and a partial gap is cut through it by a small stream where the Dellville road passes. The Hamilton fossil ore, ( VIIT.) This bed crops out in its usual position along the south flank of Dick’s hill where it is of good thickness, and has been mined on the land of Messrs. Dochterman, Lickel, Rathvon and Heishley. It contains the usual fossils that characterize it but requires no further mention. See chap- ter on the Iron Ores. The Hamilton Upper shale, ( VIIT.) As may be seen by inspection of the geological map this shale runs along the south flank of Dick’s hill, keeping at the eastern end close under the ridge owing to the steep dip of the beds. It is seldom exposed, and so far as I have been able to examine it, it is less fossiliferonus than near New Bloomfield. It zigzags with the Hamilton sandstone at what is called Dick’s Hill bridge, and is then thrown much fur- ther southward at the western than at the eastern end of the township. Its dipis uniformly south-southeast, varying © a little from an average of 8. 30° E. Owing to the zigzag above mentioned the Fenestella shale is found running along the turnpike road, east from Rattlesnake hill, nearly to the head of Dark Hollow, where, though the bend of the road is very slight, beds higher in the series are exposed. 20. WHEATFIELD TOWNSHIP. F’, 391 The most remarkable feature characterizing the Hamilton upper shale in Wheatfield township is the presence of a band of iron ore which does not occur in Centre. The shale which carries but a small proportion of iron in most places here becomes heavily charged with it and yields in some spots an ore bed as much as two feet thick. This ore bed and the inter-bedded and containing shales afford many of the fossils found at the typical exposure near New Bloom- field. The bed at the openings yields a brittle fossiliferous ore, characterized by a tendency to break with a square fracture. It is of good quality for its kind, and was mined for the use of the furnace at Duncannon until about 1872, when that furnace was blown out for a time. Since then nothing has been done and the openings have fallenin. The traces of these workings may yet be seen on the land of Messrs. C. Rathvon, C. Dochterman, L. Lickel, and C. Heishley. Specimens from this bed on the land of Mr. Lickel were analysed by Mr. J. M. Stinson at the laboratory in Harris- burg with the following result :* ERIN SUS a ita a avin sow 5 ee ne fie ae a 33.10 eRe a cae ree, Wc cine ine and le hase ee 7.98 PR amas eons ips a. ele eae 8 a a we ee oe .30 a Oe Ee a a aaa rae 80 a Oe Er ae ee ee 2.50 The Genessee and the Portage shale, VIL. The Portage shale is well exposed at the mouth of Losh’s run by the roadside. Here its characteristic fossils may be obtained. | It also crops out in the roadside about a mile and a half to the southwest on the bank of the south branch of the run. Elsewhere I have not noticed it. The Chemung group, VITTI. These rocks occupy a broad belt across the middle of the township. They exhibit the usual rounded hilly surface, cut in all directions regardless of the strike by little water * For full report of analyses see Report M°, p. 35. = 392 F*. REPORT OF PROGRESS. E. W. CLAYPOLE. courses. The land on this belt is poor as is usually the aieke on this shales or yellow slate as they are called in the yes trict. The Chemung shale has a uniform §. 8. E. dip except near the fold in Dick’s hill, and I have not observed any | subsidiary flexures in the township. It is, however, prob- able that some, at least, of the numerous wrinkles on the © east side of the Juniata extend to the west bank. + The Chemung-Catskill beds, VIII-LX. Section in passage beds between Chemung and Catskill north of Kingsmill. The following section occurs near the base of the red shales at the top of the hill half a mile north of Kingsmill: Dip 25° S. 30° E. Yellowish-green sandstone (with fossils) indicated only by loose stones, (d on map below.) Red shale, sandy and micaceous, with green sandstone layerS, sc a wees «; = mes pbs eh le ck gee pe 85’ 0” Green shale’) 6 Pac st so CUA peo a ee ee 3’ 6” Red shale with thin green sandstone, ......... » . 45'0” Green shale, sie ted gta ty 0 ee ee eee bp. Beiabes 4’ 6” Red shale, crumbling, .°... . . «2s % sss © = = sm 4' 6” Space covered 50 feet. Green sandstone with orange specks, .......-4.+-e-s re det Yellowish-green shale, needle fracturing,......... 22’ 6" 169’ 6’ The base of this section is near the top of the Chemung, but I found no traces of a fish bed along the part examined. Below the base of this section at the brook is a bed of green smooth shale. ) Pocono’ eeal, 45 Mancannon=.-. 2. ee kt bony Hah gee 66 ‘¢ Hamilton fossil ore, VIII c 2, Rye t., Seidel’s,......... 314 6 ‘¢ local Hamilton fossil ore, VIII c 3, Wheatfieldt., ....... 391 a yO ES oT Ta al a re 5 ee re een eer Ee ek a a) ww i's ee 2 8 6 ee we ee 24 Andesville, (Loysville,) in Tyrone 4; RS Ee kg en Ae 5 Anticlinal valleys enumerated,........e48-. et aS ae es pees nes 29 ES Ug Meal Pal het ager a> ea a 33 81,83 6 ‘¢ of Chestnut ridge, shows V @ well, Jacksont.,......... 231 “ “6 66 ‘6 main axis of Bloomfield vale and Half Falls mtn., . 231 “ “ Dbexutuuly snows aL Bintlitie Smill,. 5... kw we ee ss 232 66 ‘© of Amberson’s mtn. and Chestnut ridge, Madisont.,, ..... 247 "arches, five in Madison t., lifiimg Vto VITI, . . .....2.2e--. 249 s ‘* four in Limestone pack E. of Ickesburg, Savillet.,. ..... 321 “ ee ee ee ee Ber Ae ee a el gw ec) wie ose owe. 367 “sb ‘“ of Half Falls ee Se or yi ee ee ree Recess. 0 We BRS Sele ee oa “SP o-ne ar Pi lag ear ee 23 Arches—See Anttclinal: Archimedes’ screw for pumping water,........+¢see0e¢e¢0e0-0 193 (399 F2.) 5 , “, | | 400 F”. REPORT OF PROGRESS. E. W. CLAYPOLE. oe a Area of Perry county, ...- 62s ce ccer ers es s + 6 Arnold's farm, (7... ak See Sr ari Ce Ayl’s quarry, in VIj.. uss Se ee - 161 Bailey’s run, Miller t., drains basin bet. Mahony and Limestone ridges, . 265 “ “at foot of Stony south steep of Buffalo hills, ..........270 mC c 8666 ine dOONeEF, Ge se eee ae Baileysburg, (Old Caroline furnace,) Miller t., oo ess 0 4 0 le “ biuffsof VITLF,. io) wii ieee 0 + bbe.) aoe Ballast for roads from VIII 6 5, near LittleGermany, ......... . 3841 Barger’s run valley, 5... 5 1. Hi al ees eee «+ a Ss |» nn Barnett’s farm in Centre t. shows VIII Ooi ee ee 190 ‘* (Geo.) Marcellus ore diggings, at Bloomfield, ..... oe 3 ** rocks, S. of New Bloomtield, best exposes VIII 05, ....... .100 “- mill, Contre't., ..- . sae ss © Ue eee ee oe ate . 206 “ brick clay, near New Bloomfield,. ........2.e+-.s. « «ot we ‘“ gand pits, VIL, pebbly, . .\.%,0s, eee o + ss & een” Barren (of fossils) shale VIII c3 (c), 200' Centret.,.......... 6 ss ‘green ahale, VITI c3.(b,) 200 3, 510. aun ale bee +. 10 ae Basins (geological) described, °. .).. << °§ wie we eile “as-ah ene alee ee . 3l Beskinville ‘in ‘Pent: 6., (33450 «Pace ee ee 6 0 fa Bio) ees a Beach drift of dead shells in Kingsmill] SS., ........+-¢+.e-se.. 291 Bear’s quarries, VI, largest in Perry co.,...... ots, ip he. ale canyon Bear ponds, head of Patterson’s run, Toboynet.,...........+.e. 349 Beavertown in Jackedn 4.,) sa: 0). ess is) ee re a o> 2 ‘* narrows, on Houston’s run, Jacksont.,..... «0 » «fe ane ‘fine GXpPOsNTe 2 icc |. Pate eee Gee Pee ° ». >. «se Beggar’s run, drains to Bridgeport, Sherman’s cr.,. ... . ee 6 ‘. in Spring tay) oes Gis ie oe ¢ 2 20, oleae) Bell’s hill (Bell’s Cop,) Spring. 6... . . « o/s © s « «.@ ss >s) een on 6 6 made by VI limestone, . 6.496 2s See eee io 6 ‘* hes no Vile Bes) 2s Sere rere rio se Berry, (J.,) ee re i re fe Ro eee ee Berry’s mountain, described, |... ww. s.'v* 6 6 dee ee Je) nena «346 «ee Big river, local name for Susquehanna, Wattst.,.........+... .382 Bilman ridge, Savage t., VITITe2, . 2. 3... 6 0 8 = 6 0 321 “« * « high and rugged eastward, flattens out westward, ....... 321 « «Jong, romantic gorge made by Buffalo cr... ....... . 321,327 Birdseye ore, © +s). 6) 2) ol a ie ee ee cee ee 6. 0, ja 0, etlit ie ieee 160 Bistline’s mill, Madison t., Jackson t. line,. ....... oa’ vettnel e 57 ; 232 s <« near Andersonburg,: \...ijcte soni) mu kecesies » < ee ee 253 ss ‘* 6gection of V, a, b, 1262’, Madison t., . ..-. . = sss sss seem 255 Bitman’s ridge, VID1.¢ 2 desoribed, .). . «5 . 0). oes 015 oh ee ee 15 Bituminous limestone, VI a, Millerstown,........ . . . . 58,180,218 Bixler’s milis, Savaget.. ..... 2.6 ee eee 5 \0. a0 js Se eeee Cae 326 ‘ quarry in VIO, ...° m.64s1- ee oe ee cee op noble ty on, ee Black cherty limestone beds of VIc¢,.........2468-. «mth meee 62 és v6 ‘* abound with silicitied crinoidal joimts, .......... 62 Black shale, (Marcellus,) see VIII db, 2.2.2. 2. eee eee ere e eee « OF a. ee ee ee ee oe : INDEX. F’. 401 Page. NE SRP er Pe ee ee 5,351 SSE rr 234 a EE OREN oe eg a hve bare debe of ve ee 48,160 Bloomsburg red shale of I. C. White’s report G7, ‘Matta mew Ore mine, 1m, me. OF Millerstown, .. . . ose evi e-2 2% 363 Cocalamus creek, Greenwood t., how itruns,..........e... 13,26 ,213 SS te el Rees ee . . &A9 Conococheague mountain, No. IV, Jacksont., ....... eS ve Bae 8,230 & =) Raecteon t:, 246,240; Toboyne t.,....6 s/s) 2 «6. » « » . 804,305 Contorted fossils; see Fossils, ........ wht print Mow Dip? se) ‘ote ay Says 70 ? 404 F*, REPORT OF PROGRESS. E. W. CLAYPOLE. Cook & Petermann’s, Hamilton fossil ore, d Cook, (P.,) old mines, Miller €.j,).).. (i iidiaeny as eee Copper ore, sith yo: Pelt > a pani eee ili es cee Corniferous character of Clark’s Mills limestone topmost beds, VI ae oh ‘* limestone formation of New York, possibly coeval with Oriskany i ee i. oy . an 4 << improperly recognized in the giicing inset beds und VIII 6 1, aa 66 ‘ not to be identified with VIII b 2, 3; no ticens Lim. fossils to | foundinthem,..... 3. eid aries abtua tease ee 6 Cove creek, ree Mere ar OR ar NE a ES tes 7 Cove mountain, Penn t.; Goserlbedsy 6.2! 5 Nat oa eh ce ee ne 3 > tere Cove in Penn t., well cultivated; = aT SS, * Sigal ane ae oA oe Cove of Hunter’s run, or Buffalo mountain, .......... bisa Oranby: hill, ViIT 0 By} oc: seks ,u iol peta te ee ae ieee ee Pars Crawley anticlinal, . ..-.. 5 - :6 6-014 esos) e ce tela ge Orawiey hill, Ville 35.) 13). we eee, er a Poe Ce ae ‘ Little Germany fanlt;, 5... 3 oe oe . ihe ee “c és VIII c 2 fossil ore outcrop; unproved,..... 3 a 2 6 ‘¢ east end in Centre't.,.. 5 ~~ «99>, G0) ee ¢ 6 ‘¢ unites with N. Taree hill, at Beggar’s run, Spring t., 343 344,34 Crest of Blue mountain, Rye:t., 26) sie eis ale Se Ae ae 31 Crumpling of the crust of the earth, rary Ase oe ts i Cumberland Valley trap. dyke, =... 73) es SA » Sets eae , Dachterman’s farm, .. 4. {f)°0)))) 5a Ga eee . - Danville fossil ore beds, at Millerstown v., a 3, . . a 6 ‘+ jn shales under ore SS., no trace of them in Tyncdne i! . o -— Dark Hollow, Kingsmill SS., Wheatland hag. veces Ste eae cee . 30a “ee Dawson, (Dr. J. W.,) of Montreal, . 23.5.5) °9 V8) «ss 65,841" Delvilie, in Wheatfield t.; mill, ©.“ «"! 0 er eee 4; 369,394 Delville green sandstone, assumed base of [X,..... «) dpa 75,77 394 4 “Why green, col ate) OT OS Se et ee cee 0 : «#20! thick at Judge Sankioa Carroll t,he eee oe “6 ‘* has coaly layer; top of Kingsmill section, Pennt.,. . . . 289; 395 “oo «road through gap between Dick’s hill and Round Top, . «Jey 4) Deposits in the sea, 4 8 ©). oi phe ge) ane 42m ae 37 Dick’s hill, VIII ¢ 2; faulted, «yd! ee eee . . . «16,67; 86 “ ‘* fossil ore of VIII, oi yim SE Ne hs ltes A Oe ase eure n se 100 e ‘© in Wheatfield t.—called Rock hill in Carrollt., ...... . . 162 “= «highest ridge in Centre t.; only one gap, . ....... 202,203 “ + in Millert,. 4 poo © alee Ss a ee . 271 “4 “ 86s ast end cut off by fault,» < -.. = ° ©") Si eee 381 3 Dick’s Hill Bridge, a connecting ridge from Dick’s hill to Round Top, . . 390 Dip gentle in Sandy bill,,. «5 ek Wee ae, 0 ee a 67 ‘é¢ 45° in Buffalo and Dick’s hills)... 0 a 0, «© 23s © ace ee eee 67 «& 400 in Dick’s-hill, |. (ces Sime eae 5 be SA ast 0 he ‘6 45° at Little Germany fault, .¢ 2...) 6 5 ee kb 8s eerie ‘© 65° N., in X, Berry mtn., Buffalot., ...... ly t aS aie eee 168) jg ‘* steep in Rock hill, N. side; 300S.side, ...... vata). oe “« vertical nearly in Centre t., zig-zagsof VIIa, ........2--. ray “ overthrown sometimes in Centret., VI a, ..... eee eee se INDEX. EF’. 405 Page, ‘Dip 20° N. N. W.., Centre t., Clark’s mill, VIO, ..... rea eethix: Say wake. fa 181 a enere t., sono’ s ore bank, VEIT 0.1, 0. on. eek vk ye) 194 ee ONLEG, L,Y NOvy Se Tt, 9h Et lie! a Sede en ew eli 206 =e IN. IN. W. Centre t.,on L. Buffalo creek, .....05 6) « ee ws . 206 «© 60° N. 300 yards below Newport bridge, .. . Ph eet aor s¢ 15° Jackson t., gap of Sherman’s cr. through Chestnut eithes: in the 7 OT SIS gear ee a PMD eva dhs Marc: pei maehge IY Ge siete’ yt a ras Le TF 232 «© 60° Jackson t., halfa mile west ofthe gap, ..........4+.-. 232 Peru oN. and o, in Liverpool ty-VI, =. 1 LS . 242 «© 70° along N. br. of Barger’s run for 15 miles, making VII IX aud ete RUMP C IRIE pe essa te e si AN WIE aM oip a a. Sic ee ede 244 20° to 250 N. N. W. Madincn t., Centre quarries, Vla, ....... 259 20 to 5° N. N. W. in limestone quarries of VIIT6, ...:..... 262 ano weep Of Contre mills, in’same, ) 4 Sitevalb ae wie 262 « 90° Oliver t., ore bed of VIII 61, . Sir, Salah Fo et an eee £2 279 © 750 N. N. W. between Newport and louse’ S RANG eh got. a een 279 ‘6 flattens to 25° and 30° at Inoculate run, Olivert.,.......... 279 “ 1000+ N. N. W. overthrown, in Pennt., X, ....... oe Rais oO «© 400 S. 200 SERINE Le TINPOSENI IE 8 ed wah renee Ge Fig a Mew eee 66 35° S. 200 E. at mineral, Di lghtene x ARAN Me soi) GU aa iota. tx Oe 289 s¢ 90° nearly all along Blue mountain, Tyrone i at A ng Te ae ay 370 = 450 N,N. W. on McCabe’s run at Egolfs mill, . 2... ot. ne 373 «“ 40° to 50° in Half Falls mountain, Ait wre Cs cathe op at ey ta 380 *© 30° to 90° in short distance along crop of VIII c 2 in Wheatfield t., . 389 s© 30° SS. E. uniformly along crop of VIII ¢ 3, along Dick’s hill, Wheat- Ts Sa SS oSeay 022 ir eRe ee SR een a ea mee nee ee 390 ‘6 950 §. 30° E. in Kingsmill section, Wheatfield hn s peg Be aD elo 392 «¢ 400 S. 200 E. in VITI-IX shale, Wheatfield t. .......2.... 392 we?) Neary in Kingsmill SS., Wheatiield t.,.. . 2 «ste es ee 394 Distortion of fossils, SELON achig Bal ae a: tat Sh eis Pk Ae ES A ied 41 Dividing mountain, Toboyne 7 SAREE ME CLS, ah? a hod aN ctn at Yee ok 356 mocmserman, (C.;) mine on VIII c3, local ore,. . . 2. 2. kk ee 390 ,391 enemeenren Few sae seen re ena AS SV ergo el ee 301 Dolomitic (magnesian) limestone absent from Center Log thts Porte vein be he 180 TS EET Gg 4g | ee a ee 4,15 Dorran’s run, Center t., A oa Pisa ones ss dite rier gare etio ta Siialhi- 196 Dorran’s gap, very picturesque, -8==— =. ww ww get bal ar Yat sitca, ¥ acvia st ou ery 199 rn a arrows. V tll forall OTe GrOp, *.. so. a). 0) sus lee 2h lo 195,204 - peg te Gi oR ag DP ee ee ee gitar s Wah he anil’ s ae 209 Doubling hollow in Cumberland county,. ........+..-....-. 229 ,370 6s nd, COwer Sse Mibt.. Niadioor £.. 665 |. ce og ele ee 249 Drumgold’s tannery, Sherman’s cr., Carrollt..........2.e+-. 68, 164 RR cs Se lee a aa ee re 63 Dry saw-mill on the Susquehanna river, two miles N. of Liverpool, . 244,245 Punean’s island, Wheathield £5 <2 5 ee i ee ee es 295 ,393 nnn SNCNIA ESRD OUST rae wae ee oe 9. laf eed elev, 4 “ hill, of IX, TTL Rh cas Ab, alate td whe. a, ahelabie ts «6p 78 Pano COMPANY + TIERACR. oe ww ceo we is 8 ol oe we 100; 391 ne SON Ee FR: 4 ole asa ele eae Sew jee 292 Dunn’s ore banks, Spring t., VIII 6 1, gk phi eet Lai. wits Sea Weledealray seit? os 341 Fele, (Dr.,) of Harrisburg, ...-.-.+.-+s-. Tsk esate de elis aimee: 395 a oe c £5 406 EF’. REPORT OF PROGRESS. E. W. CLAYPOLE Earth crust subsides, . . . . ses + 6 6-66 6 » # ps © 66 ons ih une East Duncannon trap dyke, . 5 .. 0 5% i ss eletan 0 5 eT 84 Egolf's mill in Kennedy valley, Tyronet........ “0 oe an : ‘* saw-mill, Tyrone t., good exposure of Bridgeport SS. «0 of ane *« ore of V, very fossiliferous; cross Tyronet., ....... . . .50; 371 — Elevation and subsidence; see Emergence, ...........+... -306 Elliotsburg in Springt., ......... rr ‘© valley, part of valeof Bloomfield, .........+..-se..-s . voile ‘© red shale valley, V 6, between Limestone ridge and Mahony ridge, 885 7p “¢ outspread of VI limestone, ] 4.7.) 's=ra ee! =. cate ures. . 337 a Eilvand; see Trap dykes ©. i bi Gee be wee dae ge Himergence ; sec: Elevation, .° si 2. <0 ee o. 0 8 me oneal ‘+ or shallow water shown by Kingsmill SS., &c., .......s.see- « in Ryet. temporary, (VI, Vil, VIEL6)- ie eae ere. . ‘¢ in Chemung age, shown by pebble bed, Wheatfieldt., ....... ¥ Enslow’s mill, Sherman’s cr., mouth of Houston run, Jackson t., . . . - 28 6 ‘¢ youd section of V 6 (B01',) «Sil cases ae cee o 2) ae Erosion of river beds, ..-...... slice st se 6 © ie oYa usr oan” ‘¢ of Central Pennsylvania, . . . . » ss'e's @ « «se te oe of Horse valley, 25,0009... 64) sb 2 eee oi Salva) hse enters re ‘© by the Juniatariver, .. . 2) cS "RSy! gaoe ee Oe) eer “© from Perry co. 5,000000,000000 cub. yds. of rock, ” ;——one 5,000th of a yard por year, =... ie 2 tin ae « shown by white chert bowlders in Little Buffalo Creek valley, 30! to 50’ above the present water level, ; “of gap, one mile west of Little Juniata gap, in ‘Mahony ridge; worthy of study, ‘“* of vales in middle “member of Ville 2, making zig-zag narrows, as at Montebello, ‘by the Juniata river, in Howet., . ...+ 5. 0% 6 « 6 ee oe “© gee Brick clay, 1 m. W. of Juniata, ‘¢ of Buffalo creek, at Bilman Ridge gap, VIII ¢ 2, curious and beauti- ful instance of folded structure affecting topography, ....... ‘© of Sherman’s ofeck, Tyrone t,; “a6... 8.9.0 liev Ge See ‘6 of valley of McCabe’s run, shown by gravel deposits 60’ to 80' above bed of run, Tyrone t., w ‘* between ridges of iron Ss. and ore SS., Tyronet.,. . . . 2... « 370,371 ‘© of Susquehanna river, in Wattst., j- ....-. Error of thickness assigned to Genessee formation,. ... . Excavation by rivers; (see erosion), ....+.-++.s-. Fairview, in Toboyne t., Falling Spring, Springt., . . ot bh chee 6 “ fed by two springs, (out of VII, ) &o., stati py ak ein 6 ‘“* temperature, 55° F., i oh wah 6 “ Stromatopora bed (VI b) well exposed, Farming in Centre t., . Fault of Perry co., described ie ORG EVs Ad ite en ce oo bee ‘* throws 2300! ; 6510’, ‘* does not reach Blue mountain, .......+.+-.e-e. > ‘* doubled in Half Falls mountain, .....s..e.6.-s. oh ‘* measured by formations 4075' (5700'),. . «2. se es — Tt _—-. .. ee: AnD INDEX. _ ¥*. 407 Page Fault in Half Falls mountain, 600/+,..... SPERMS eile ta « oye if, le 88 I ens OC ek a ig oe ba Sas (Gaby (tees be mayo 100 PE, Gee ME PRE erate’ belte Ale, © 2 4 aoe 159 “« in S. W. end of Spring t. described, OSE hss eee ‘“ in Watts t., Half Falls mtn.; throw, say 800’ ; dies out 8 miles or so 8 SO ee a ee ee er 380 Fault of Little Germany Sescribed: OT Ee ae) a RT le GRR te 89 ‘‘ throws 400’ to 500’ at Knob, Springt.,.........-. RP cee 343 TS ges Cg Sa es ee iy Rita val ret 346-7 Fault intermediate, throws 200' to 300’, ........ aia: fads 2 Ba ae 91 ee © ONES Sa EGO Beg 2 tb a ell aes rs w je eee « * 19,283 ,303 $f oP ES a ee re Beat Yeede gh 26 Flagstones from IX red SS., Liverpool Ss I re rey ae ae . 244 Flags, in middle of VIII c 1, an exceptional occurrence (in Saville t. S . 326 . Flint shale members of VI described, We Fete OF Tes ee eRe 59 SE GC AR 8 s\n es . 69,173 Flint beds of VI, make fine ridgeand rocky soil, narrow belt, Liverpool t.,242 «section, Tuscarora t., 364 Flint of cornif. lime. for. of Maw: York, not ‘to be found in the fine expos- ures of Madison t. (No corn. lim. fossils,) ... ......-.-. 260-1 mn ararenene 41+ in Yl, VE Oontrat.,..-5 . 6 2 6 1 ne se a 185 Pee sera ey DOU OF, Was i. NUMOFOUS, . 2 ois «+, 0 0 ee 2 383 Foose, (J.,) of Duncannon, a ast hn ale Gay 6 ha) Gba es waa ce 292 *« tunnels for coal in VIII cl, beat oleh a etaay ace fare oe a te 344-5 Forest trees, irae Le Mice al og 0k OM iw ei tAal awy putoe b,hd tee wee ae ** described in Chapter ITT, edie eM Sy 2) cat VaR b! aha Th) eet iat km | ey a 43 Formations tabulated, indexed—See end of feaae de Pee aoter 2am airs 8s 36 Fossils—See end of Index for list of genera and species. UE UN ERNOURT SS OMIRMEI Es Ot as ge ns. ok ew wit ce, bute ao . 204 En RPE ON TREMNRNT Dh 2g we ay a os vas shin) fede. wig 102,387 Furnace hills, N. andS., VIIIc2, ....... Sieh Sip oe aan Teas 15 “6 «© beautiful soonery, Centret., . . . . «wee ee ai Ma cate) ie Ae 202 “y 7 mre Wt bie FORREL OTE GEO, 2 occ sce 0 ag ae ca 205 EES OD as SD ae ee a5. (40 ‘“¢ of Chemung (VIII/) rarely well prcaoeed oe phand Jey aala eden Ae athe 70 eeebeman inl a Oxide of rom, (VETT-IX,) 1. kc i i fig we ete we 74 BA nen eM TPE ae 0S ig oT) posi SATs (ahs tw Leta 2 Ua 190 as ‘* make up the Newport limestone, ( base of EEE Foes tog ees: 224 “6 ‘* of lamellibranchs crowded in K.SS., Pennt., ........ 287 “6 ‘“* of dead drifted shells on breach of K. es aa) Side Sa La ely wea 291 ff ‘s of Leperditia alta cover Bloomfield SS. slabs, ........ 372 ‘Fossils help toshow the lines of fault, = $= 2 .......... 81,83 Fossils of Clinton and L. Helderberg commingled, .......... 51 ‘of Oriskany found as high as Hamilton, See nog 3” | Fossils of V a; abundant in ore SS.; scarce in lower shale ; not frequent in iron SS.; abundant in uppershale, ........... DSL Oe BG gS 6 ee ee 254 cee eaniage WONNE CRC Eeeny ONIIO Big)! a! 4. wo gt a lis ae 6a we ew ces 371 ene een: SORT REUL PON Er els. 6 ale le, ris & es 53 ss oF A aL, bo WE NWOT OOUINIS, Ns ae es ala pc ee se 233 es a TM ia RN Sr re 324 a“ 6 “6 ‘¢ seldom to be found elsewhere,......... 324 er es = ae Dey SE | an PO aN ae 7 " 4 s ; Tse Ja cies 408 F’. REPORT OF PROGRESS. E. W. OLAYPOLE. ng Fossils of VI; Brownall’s lime-kiln, . . . 1S 9) «<.“ not seen in Watts t., . <. i! x. «(eye poe 6 4 VIS InCentrs ty. - po, eee ee ee o 3/06 Jee) Lene Ai - aS ‘¢ coral masses easily cleansed, .......:2e 6 és « VI cd, flint shales, ecards”. 2's 0 o Gaeta Fossils of VII, casts, Centre:t.,. c.- s 4 et Se eee eee Fossils of VIII a, Corniferous limestone of N. Y. nowhere to be se Perry county, < Grae ame e * VIIT 6 3, at Adam’s Glen ‘ond Falling Springs, i ee od ‘© ‘VIII -¢,3, gcaree.in Centre ti, =F ee eee ee Baas i> mM 6 . ** nearly absent in all Perry conyty; “:': 5 aae - ‘“ ‘VIII ¢2, Centre t.,. Paracyctas, . > sa) eee 203, ‘ee abundant and well preserved in Savillet., .... .@: ke ‘“¢ VIII d ef, hard to find in the outcrops of the Jurtale river bends, Miller t., - “ VIII e, Portage, Carroll t., ~ <3 2 Aiseesoft oF ee - ‘6 ‘VIII f, Chemung, rarely well preserved, .......... ay“ M - ‘¢ plants, in upper red sandy beds in Saville t. ; but not in the southern townships, .... ..... - ¢ VITI-IX, Kingsmiil SS., 73-74; abundant, good, in Carroll Me a e «© 0 eS es 6 mR , & 1 ® 1 a eee eee “ec ce 165; in Liverpool t., 6s ‘¢ nine beds in 500’, > le em “e oe (@ “wd. Oe) 8 eee = ‘* IX, (base,) Delville SS.; plants, ss ‘¢ of Centre mills to be described in Vol. 2, ht oS, me. OSes, Fossil ore of V a in section, ‘* of upper shale absent, « double at Mgolts) «si. sea ds ** described ; soft at outcrop, ‘ at Marysville, 95; in Kennedy mci in Greenwood t. described, Fossil ore of VIII ¢ 2, Hamilton SS., _ 6 se & @° 9 eo e+ ey. Ds SE el + Se Seek lee ‘* on south slope of Rock hill, ake beds, Carroll '§;,. ..5 55 sae ‘© McCormick & Co., Girty’s notch, ‘“ ore trials in Ogulie t., ‘** no trace of it in roe t., sv. 8). eo eh oe Oe Me a7 “soe Te Oe fee ‘© mined extensively in Millert., SS., Mahony ridge, ......... ‘* upper bed, Fenestella shale, (Rye t.,) ‘* middle bed, 30’ feet lower, is probably Little mountain bed, ‘* never opened in Spring t., Fossil ore of VIII ¢ 3; overlyina Ham. SS., ‘Centre te, ss 28’’ in Seidel’s tunnel, Rye t., Gaps; see Narrows,*, = - MNS Ve RS ee ‘ of Sherman’s creek through Pisgah hill, * in Blue mountain, s =. . .».% ‘* through VIII ¢ 2, in Centre t., ‘** one mile west of L. Juniata gap through Mahony ridge, has only a prook in ‘lt as eS ‘* through Buffalo mountain in Howe * ‘* of Beavertown narrows on Houston’s run, pe) 2. + Sere ae pe) Ae eR ae. «4 Pt ee a as ad ae oe Le J . INDEX. F’. 409 Page enone i bower mountain, 2 yi... ek tk ee 231 ** of Sherman creek through Chestnut ridge, . . 232 ‘* numerous through Chestnut ridge on account of thinness of iron SS. and ore SS. in Madison t., * ale Py fe: Soe ae eta 247 ‘of Susquehanna now at Virerodel: A Sh oi deme aeneo a ea ast bee 5 | * in Buffalo hills, Miller t., 270 ‘© of Buffalo creek, chtagh Bilman ridge, (VIII ¢ 2,) in Saville t., pic- EE Se SE As Co Sem es eee a eee or . 821 ‘«* jn mountains in IV, Toboyne Le ae ee NP REEDS ep RSE ety ai ena eae 356 ent ne Berane Of formations, (2.05 ee Note to 38 ee nt RW AS TOPITIO E ye wg ee a ew ew tg 161,337 IE PE eae ees Ve). ele we ga sok sh ke ea 189 Genesee fovination-=Se8 VIII d. AE REE, PURI RS pees a tw 157 Senden eeruclurarat,; hittory,. Vo Se limos ee se 35 rane.) Ore Cuatryrin: VO, Spring t.,. 5. ls eb es et 337 TET SRE OC REOENE: 0) eR a gh wg here ce pe we eels 8 101 = onp through Vllle 2 ridwe, Carrollt.. |... ... 2.1: . 162 Gibson’s rock, end of Rock hill, Carrollt., ........... 83, 101, 157, 162 = er remrra eran BY GSI, eee ee ee a 8 85 Girty’s notch on the Susquehanna river, Buffalo Regs Tne ard 89 150,378, 380 as ‘* fossil ore of VIII ¢ 2, tee Sale dale © a ne BAO RR AD 100,382 _err(mimen,) Lhaoutlaw; Hid cave, . . . 2 4 1 eet ke te te 151 Pee eee ree CRIN OF DTIGGONort,: «ow > «as nope ee a «wth Gai ‘c' sandstone, (see VIII 6 2) — nis eee PAPE cs ear ss upper shales, (see VILI ¢3,): -.)& s+. 5 w Seletden te) ooo Se Harrisburg, Indian village, === #3 #8 ... 2.4% ere we sl Heishley (C.) fossil ore mineof VIII¢e3,.......... » nun =) » Henderson, (Dr: A.iA.))) = \° 4 Se ae eee —— Henry valley, upper part of Shaeffer’s valley, ....... y,0 eee . 9,229, . iz ‘“« split by spur of Blue mountain, W. end Jacksont.,..... .231 Hentzel’s narrows, (VIII ¢ 2,) Center t., beautiful, . * Ga 199 iB ‘* sand of VII, Hicks’ fossil ore exposure, VIII c 2, very fossiliferous ; same fossils as at Marysville, Hill ranges of VIT described, eer ae | oh a Hill ranges of VIII c 2 described, © .§.)4) wt iete 299) ee Hockenberry’s (J i coal in Horse valley, pba tinh t., in Utica slate, bee’ linch thick, ... a ee a at. Hofiman, (S.,) == °°" os wih aegis «ae Hominy ridge, Juniatat., VIII f/f, -. ..... » et ee ee 71,935,328 sb ‘¢ Chemung shales, poor land, VIII f/f, ..... 1 eee ra ‘“. Tosearorat.. VIIITF, «9 «s+ wtb eee eee rte as ‘* gouth side, Kingsmill SS., (VILI-LX,).. 53 cw4sy te ae } Honeyoomb ore, (VIII 6 1,) Kingsmill, .:, oj Shee ta @ Horse-Shoe bend of Susquehanna—Cove, .......+.+s2e¢+sse4ee0e-: Horse-Shoe trap and dykes— See Great and Little. Horse valley, in Jackson t., Toboyne tf... . sayin) mde 29 ,229 ,351 aa ‘; east end split by Locking mountain, ............-. Horse Valley run, in Madison t., . 2. i 5 soe br es Ss ek 6 os “« gap, Toboynet., . 3) 5 «.s)\« se: a sllp ss ee Kf « Pp. 0,, Toboyne ii,*- |) - ->). 2 ihe ite- ee) es eee ora. stat Horting’s run, bet. Centre ana Miller, into Juniata, ‘ Houston’s run, Jackson t., bet. Bower mountain and Chestnut hills, . 24, we é ‘ In Toboynet., 2's). s7ae oe © ba), Suet * ‘s valley synolinal, «oc. 2 kien los) cit oe te te ee eee he ‘© gap, Toboyne t., J Sah Bane Laven der oe phate 6 0 po thie ee Hudson River slate formation No..III 6, ....... «sa Seas tl Hanter’s run, 26 ;400¥6;":(. * is asa ei ie eee a ee a Huling’s (Ab.) isifm~d, (+s sees w stell. J) ops eee axe se Hydraulic lime wantéd in VI,.. 2 otis 2 és. ule ps sae ee ss 8 Ickesburg, in Saville t., Sn rs he 9 MLAS! Yon eee ‘* valley of V a, between Chae neti and VIII ridge, in Madison t., (antioclinal,) =... A’ 3 ER A ee ee ee et ole * limestone, > |. :) \lhiieleae) blley et en reper eileen ei eke eee Inoculate run, 15; VIII c8, - © +5) ws bw! oo wal a) se ee 4 ‘“ in Oliver t.. =~ > « 40s Se ee ee ae owr ie Latte INDEX. FY’. 411 Page Inoculate bridge, outcrop of VIII ¢ 2, iron ore, Centre te, Wich ae one bee 204 moe «todd! ore, VIIIc2, . ... Big? eke thie “oh! Rilo SE retiree ore.) Tnoculate ridge made by VII, in Miller Eigen auth 1d Wah Citta Vio Cgh's, 6% 0d a0 2S 268 EERE MRI ER UHI SURED et ik ee a eh wee 6 be be @ te els 91 RE Pa re 2 OT cre ECV ish | a) hide a) tenn Iron ore beds described in Chapter V, ee ORE Tes BR are AB Pacey 93 “© of V a, at Millerstown, only sand vein worked,........... 363 “ of V a—See V a. “or VIE wanting all over Perry county, ..-.. - .-... 101,187 ‘** on top of VII, in Centre t., at Juniata furnace, en Garling’s, Powers’ &c., oe Seay! w>lehday (eee te « on top of VII, in Centre Mills section, 1 MIAGISOM fs, Fast es oa as 262 mer Vill 6 1. Marcellus brown hematite, «§ . . 2... 26 1 wie bes 64 ‘ “6 «© Clouser’s, Ruder’s, Long’s, ...-—.-..~ eyesad 2? ah a are . 96,97 a ah ats ARE SOeEDTe, be PEO EOI | ny PRE SS i ar ore 191 6s he © thick when the limestone is thin, and Mines W tetas bh ie 193 6 “6 «© hematite at crop, carbonate below, ........... 194 olan ‘¢ fine display on road, Madisont., .... . 263 sy «© mined considerably on hill Spee Oak Grove sienace, Ty- Ce Be Sa op ye i ee eae ra 375 as “6 2! thick on VIll-e3; local. to Wheatfield 4.5. 06/93 ree eh. 391 ss 6 “¢ in white and black clay, vertical, Olivert.,........ 279 ‘“ 6 of hile “Bs | eo) ee re pet ef ils sounoae 6 6 ‘© —See also VIII 61. re Vadt © 2, Gtermton fossil Ore, ... «ss «2 w es 6 PBT ud Sgn, Be 69 “6 és « —See also VIII c 2. ee Vel 6 tom Fortage, worthless, 3. 66. ee he ke ew 101 ‘© in IX thin seams of red hematite, Ryet.,......2.ss20- 102 ,316 «© in X Pocono, with coal, poor,. ........ AOS ne ete 102,293 0S eg see Sve ee MaN ah Cheelke Na ed 14,98,197 Iron sandstone—See V a 2. 66 cor bower mountain, . 156%. <4»). s sAR ka er rinse ert je 367 6 aD INT MN AEE TAOUINGRIN Goes ws aS we os as ecm 370 66 6 > Fig Oe WBC POTrace 640 a) it ee eS resale adie one tk s« thicker in Tyrone than further north,. .......... 70 Ironstone ridge=Great Horseshoe trap dyke. wa EE UN Saami TA CCW Veg ccc ee. See) e x tw wilds % ie a) 316 Islands in the Susquehannariver, ........e. Mlawbdtnt 2 aa 241 Ps oe Oe ee 229 en RSA nk re eh oo ars AS kg) gt DO re Juniata township described, generally cultivated, hilly N. part wilderness, 235 ” entirely composed of VIII fand IX, ......... ee Bat Juniata river described ; ‘‘ Cheniaty,” ..... at ae LE peer Oeo e ** carries 1,000,000 cubic yards of rock down annually, feet pies 5 39 -- ON ET OE Nia a eT et eee sens ae 235 Juniata bridge, (trap dyke, ) Re eh etog: Ya ft) a 4% aha Boe 300 Juniata furnace, 184 ; ore bank, (VII c 2 ip aCe ete deta) Biceiiol i ay 100,192 4 “ oD ES EE tae a Cory mPa aly a 195 en marca Onm. Vibe © 2, OGnGOriti,.05- sia oe ee ole ee et we 198 SarnrG AMES ) MOQLIOEA 400 COATEOI fy oe). ss Site wo we le ele wo 166 EES US ES) re 165 412 F*. REPORT OF PROGRESS. E. W. CLAYPOLE. Kennedy’s valley; ore; Tyronet.,..... é Kepner’s (H.) sulphur spring, Madisont., .........+.2+s+e-. Kern’s quarries, limestone VI, Jackson t., . 2)...» «sss se ene Keystone in Rye t., 64 3 PRS © ee ee ee oe el jee b) Coe Kingsmill, 2m. N. W. of Duncannon, & 0 o-wils be lacey ys sake eee Knob of VII at Oak Grove furnace,............ owes 6 nn Knob of VIII ¢ 1, made by Little Germany fault, ..... ..... «343 Knob of VIII c 2, Mahony ridge, west end, Springt., ......... Lamb’s gap in Little Mtn., mye t., 4m. west of Marysville, shows VIII ¢ 2 Kingsmill section, VITI-IX, Pennt. ....:..«sss+s Sie S's Bp PERE Le Wheatfield tag’ terra a We ETERS ta Pepe Kingsmill sandstone—See VIII-IX. sc és ‘¢ 20', best exposed, low ridge, Wheatfield’t.,. . .. Kingsmill shales, described, a Di gle Sd eS aoe : : Kittatinny mountain; (see Blue mountain,) .......... 1 Knob of Blue mtn. synclinal, over Three Square hollow in Cmte GOUNEY, 66 Tove ie ave 5 le al te Re eet en > ee ret es. fomail ore, 0 en ays SSO 314 ee Aa Landisburg, Tyrone t., (740' A. T.,) . 2... 2s 0 6 6 oe 6 so By SD, eee “ oroof VILL G1, So as A a ei ee ee . is a « gection of Vb var. shales (327")) 5 4 See +n Ae Bis “« limestone prongs, PRM tretir ie kG =) Sate Laurel run (Murray run) drains Henry valley, Jackson t.; synclinal ; ie Madison t.; Toboyne't.,.. |. «i015 .-t1048 Sine ee 9 ,24 29; 230; 253; 351 “en Level ore, ich 7 Hee Bee ant eee Sete Ha Rg PAR . as oe Levels on canal and railroad, 05°52) :3 205 a ee ,» «sa Level of top of Bower mtn., 2090'+ A.T., ...... eee ee ss ‘* of Landisburg, 740’ A. T., Loh WN a SS Bi ap a oe ‘‘ of Shaeffer’s valley road, 1140’+ a Ts, LM Dt ab eae a a So Lewistown limestone—See VI a Lower Helderberg. Liberty hall, Greenwood t., Liverpool t., ~ <<.) . Spee 3,244 Liberty valley, continuation of Raccoon valley bet. E. Tusc. mtn. and Co-— MOCO MUM. ee we a 249 Lickei’s (L.) farm ; fossil ore, ‘local in Vil ¢G, +. Jie 100 ,390 ,391 Lime and its uses on land,;) © 9: ©" 9 “Se)> )o87 hy Gee oo ne Lime for the region made from Liverpool t. quarries, ....... ae Limestone ranges—See VI a. Limestone formations, .. = =. |. “=... « |.) shi Si 38 Limestone ridge, 13,14; ends in Buffalo te, 149; in Centre t. described, 169; 1 in Oliver t., 277; 1n Tyron@ ty? . -) ow % + ss Bobs pe pe 374 | Limestone, Marcellus, VIEL 6,293 (6 2 as eee oo a ee . 64 x ‘* abundant in Spring t., zigzagsof VIa, ...... cow ees < a ‘¢ and shale alternations, Tudor section,. .......:.s.s8..% 261 «4 ‘* bedsin V 6 var. Sh. very thick and re 1; m. S. W. of Loysville, . Tyrone t., ee Mey 373 ‘“ broken up and re-cemented, 373 Limit of Clinton and Onondaga (V a, V b) ) placed at top of Sand vein ore bed, , a ane Oe Sie 2k leanne ae are Linton’s hill, 3 m. Ww. of Duncannon, - soo wien: ae le 6 eee 6 ‘* section, Kingsmill SS., &c., (see VITI-IX,) . . “ ‘ in Wheatfield. t,. . a 6 asic 5 eee 8 ae é a. ea) ee he ee ae ee” INDEX. EF’. 413 } Page OT ear ny Poe ee Ret it 0 ee ee er 287 = ecepOr, Valley, AMticlinal, . .°) . fb ee Re ee 29 Little Buffalo creek, 17,25; valley, 29; gap, through Vur c 2, Centre t., na MEMPL CNN Sis etek er Lies + Me ian 199 Little Germany fault, throws 1150": -(1600, ) 89; ‘described, 201; throws 1250’ in Centre t., 210; throws VIII ¢ 1, 400’ to 50’ at Knob, 343; in Spring t.,. described, 346 "347 Little Germany village, nestles picturesquely in valley between Mahony arn Crawler DUM prime i. 2 8 6k Geen wees 333 Little Germany ore banks, a! Pee 8 pee eee ae ORE ee 98 Tattle Horseshoe trap dyke, Penn t.; Ryet., ........2s.e¢.:.- 297 ; 317 Little Lilinois vailey, Toboyne t.; section (290’,) ..... . . . . 851,358 Little Juniata described, 25,177; valley, 29; gap through Mahony ridge, 200 ; gap through Dick’s hill, (see Montebello narrows, ) . - 202,203 Little mountain, VIII ¢ 2, 16,67; high, rough ridge in Spring t., 344; car- ries Hamilton fossil ore, in Ryet........ +83! PA ee | 100,157 ,315 PIII TUE SUMRNSRR EON ose FeT od io) sl falicna he at te sm’ es eS we he 8 ET Sa ee en ee ae Per 3 Liverpool Eswxithtp described; rolling; chiefly Barger’s Run valley ; east in MEINE Oe Fe ia on lod oe gt a oS She wy el) 8 241,245 IIE A ee a ee ag 241,245 NO ee te 2g ei ee ee 20 Locking of the mountains, Jackson t., an anticlinal spur splitting east end of Horse valley, 230; in Madisont., - . . 253 Long’s (Darius) ore banks, VIII 61,3 m. W. of Bloomfield, Centre é, . W 194,209 Donpacre’stand, Olivert., ..-.-.--.:. be Talia Sy as a ed arte Oe Ri 281 Loop on Sherman’s creek, Wheatfield t.. ................ 394 i ER 2 ee ree 85 ,87 ,202 ,272 ,285 “ «© station, P. R. R., West Tyaivediiatn CURE TAG: Oey ans ey 300 6s “© mouth exposes VIII Wrenn Tee TORTS ete eae Ease 391 Lower Helderberg (Lewistown) limestone; see VIa, ........ 58 6 ‘s fossils, 600’ below bottom of VI, in V 4, var.Sh., ....... 373 CAE Sy RS ee ee 327 EA GT Ls ine 0 Sn , 5,231,373 McA ffee’s fulling-mill, Springt., .......... es 2 Ae oe ee 343 eR ne NNER WME TS. oc. kl a) ww las wee ele ae a 29 ss aT Tn ES SS a ee ee 369 McClure’s gap in Blue mtn., Tynhie eg Ghee tat odes | 4 Eel alld tet v0 nen as 370 McCormick’s, VIII ¢ 2, fossil ot E ttaey BE OS a nen APR ae ae ae 100 ,382 McCormick’s sandstone quarry, Girty’s notch, .............. 151 I ee ONE OE oe eat ne ay ee 207 Madison township described ; large; erend valley between high mount- ains; divided by Chestnut ridge, with Sherman’s creek gaps, . . 247 Magnesian limestone wanting toV 0, .......-.....-4... 52,180 i is ee ae oe Peed ewe eo 395 Mahony ridge crest, VIII ¢ 2, 15,67; south slope, VIII /, 70; Hamilton fossil ore banks, 98,100: in Centre t. described, 171,200; in Miller t., . 271 ES Ey EE ee eee en ear ee Pe 5,15,26 Manorsville Hamilton fossil ore, (VIII c2,)......4....e6.0e-e..-. 100 414 F”. REPORT OF PROGRESS, E. W. CLAYPOLE. Grammysia elliptica, = ....... cas ch e ee ee 28 Marcellus formation—See VIII 0. gies BOSFID TOYNROC, | Sins) nar so pee 0 aoe es etl Dela a ee Markelsville, Juniata t., . 9. 0 ie 6 ed & wl eee awe eS aee Map of Susquehanna river, old, . ..: . «Seiki ss» «0 s 61s ee Marl, white, ee eee emer se Maris of the Onondaga group cv. b), 0. ate | ateaed Rte, Goan ene oc. SR Maryrville, in Ryet.,. =) 9) “Sa aes sea ta. So a Nel Mauch Chunk red shale, (see X1,).- ... s+ esse ° sek feo Mook, (George,) «ss 6 OR Ea ee ee so oe Medina sandstone ; (abe LV B 6,)0. "is... 9 ee ee 7 a Michael’s ridge, bSarpavapciel tice hill,) in n Greenwood t., IV, . ae ag ‘“* gentle slopes, cultivated tothetop, ... ......2e.6-. sig * upper hard beds of VIII /, broad, round ends in the Newport bluffs, Juniatat., . =) soa 237 6 “© lower bedsof IX, (or VITI-1X,) cabeieie at E. and, 2°. a 238 ‘= «6 escarpment made by Kingsmill SS.; débris,. ........ _ . 239 «“ = ~VWITI f, 274; overlooks Newport, 281; Savillet,...... . . 328 Middle Bucks Valley ridge, VIII f, Buffalot., .........- .. s « 6— in Howe t., VILI-LX, and TX, 6. 2 Sos". 225 Mikqua Indians, . 2.0.0. 6 0s wo Aa oe 395 Milford, Juniata t., A ah 9a anes SE ae as om Miller township described ; has ‘four ridges ids no stream of im portance ; mostly covered with timber, ...0.0. 2.5 3". s., 4) id) vas ee 265 Millerstown, Greenwood t., + 8 2 o's 0p a 6 ale cel ts ey ate 3,361 — ‘¢ ore beds, (Danville,) Va3,..... oe ee aha llst- bw a 93 ,323 Mining methods. «, ):.-s,..o 2 Waa ee o 350 8k ee 49 Mines of Marcellus, (iron ore;)) eas & ae 2 + x 97 ,98 Montebello, in Wheatfield, =§#.§..... 4 Montebello narrows of the Little Juniata, through Didk’s ridge, VI. c 2, Centre ¢., 14,67 ,202,208; in Millert,. . .° v5). 4. so40) Noo 269,271 6 +6 shows falta is Sa a. bee We wie en ee ae a6 &“ gection: Of YOOKS,\<). 4... asec wee Bele eee 0 5. 87 Montebello furnace in ruins, ..... +... © os eis 6 0s = se ee 387 ss ‘“ pluffsof VITI f,°.-... esse 8 ree te 72 Montebello sandstone (Hamilton SS.) 500’ to 800’ thick, makes great rough Fidgos, © 0 en SINT SSE SOR os 0c 66 ,67 Montebello (Hamilton) fossil ore, VIII ¢8.a2',. i 3s So 69 Monterey tannery,;*Loboyne t., 5... 33 8s Fee) aes i ee Montgomery ferry, Buffalo £.,°°.. 002.5. 5 S90 Fae 3,147 ,295 . Montour run joins Sherman’s cr. at Landisburg, Spring t., 24,333; at GL. Germany fault, 90; in Tyrone t.,.. . . = - » » ss sis « Bienen ete eee Moore, (R.,) ee |e he Ata) einen: Mt. Pisgah, bold knob of VIII c 2, Spring t., Ny of tbs 0 we eRe Mt. Pleasant, JackSont., ... . « sss 0 ++ we ete oa oaseh ee Ab 6's hee Mc, Patrick, Buffalo t.,. © 91. ih Ge tag 5 ee oe : Mountains of [IV described, 7; Toboynet.,, . 20. «0 sid) s bine oo wae ow p Ls : b 4 INDEX. F’. 415 Page Mountain of X described, ..... ee ch ere ee de eat sd ep 10 mee Tum, I. TyFOne ts . 2 ww ee ie ein Vatielis’ = ede ates Murray (Laurel, Patterson) run,...... Geena te atiertel «6 oe ee ee 72,237 ,274 NCEE © eM ORCS ee Ns sod es ie oe ae 8 8 ee 8 100 EB ys Oa a Sa a 278 Wewport limestone, local beds, high in VIII f/f, ......2......- 224 Newport narrows, explained; (see Erosion,) ...........s.e.-. 198 Newport section of VIII / (563',) = # ...... Bele Maa, raed tee 225 Niagara formation, wanting; (see Va@b,) ......... a te or on a eae Nonconformity of VIII on V, eed Salle Via eel gear Mie . . 304,305 eer mountsin; (seo Blue mountain,) .....'. 2. ssc ce ee ee we 8 ES Sy a Sa a ee 338 nmr Ciniret Patri SOVOIN eg eee SS PS UA Ss 19 DE SY MUTICHIL ETON GORETIDEG, .. . sc ts 8 te 8 ee te + lee aie! & 31 Oak Grove, Spring t., RN Re tore ee aes cas) ec tw, a eee es a tote 5,101 ‘«« furnace, Rye t.; limestone point, EEE ek aera ELS ee 309; 374 $s - fupiemoe or V Mo spring tf, -+. a ee ne cab sah @ (Cte ec 339 ,374 &s “ore diggings, Vill 6 1, abla: Wa atint a Me se P ee why ee tere 340 ,375 eet h MENI RNC ee ee ee Sc eg 6 elects wie. « 101,161 Ohio wharf road shows fault, MARC RU te forsee Be sil is) ie te! ale aah Re ete 85 EEE etre PCNIIIER FEUOES Poems Wg es ke a ee 395 Senuwn BO OMPLINNG BNQWH familie ea 85 Oliver township described ; all hilly, eetty fronded: second growth char- coal; Limestone ridge, Buffalo hill, Middle ridge, PIIITIGNUCT MLO LL EOR EY Gy) fo 6 ke kee ee ee 43 Onondaga formation—See V 6. (oe Danks Of Old Juniata furnace, Centert., ..<..+.c6se«ecevewes 184 Ore banks—See Iron ore. RENE REIMER T ee ir s mie p e e e e s e ee 45 Ore ridge, Tuscarora t.; (see Iron Ss.; Ore SS., PME are tat ons ia ap u oR Ore sandrock described; (see V a 5,) 49 of s “ chiefly instrumental in making the Blue mountain terrace in ee ee ee ae eed! os Pa. ey bee ee 370 Oriskany sandstone; (see VII, y Bear iN ode waese sc 6 Fe totes aire fats 62 AT See 10k AP A tie te ee sk ese se Ba © bs, Meda mata es 8 65.341 Outiaw's cave; (see Girfy,) <2... 0 2 ew ee Doin ee ae A; eee ET og | OS) ry i ea ee 181,285 ,310 nin ar Ute ie Sa ie aot en ee Skt ake a Ce 56 ,37 Paleozoic river, possible source of PE Be AE ore gabe Lis ce Mes ek 310 erent a i Semis ME Gs yi Vov errs, bbe) e whtel eo 6 ss 51 » 66 ee eee Ne PAM MERE Gee 55 Sepia es ue eet eee es 207 nD att eM OOUMEM WE a ew a 257 ,259 Patterson’s (Laurel, Murray) run, Madison é, Fgh ata La oe ee 253" ve \ eh Ae Pe : a ‘ bs Pirin na sat ae br oP aan i ke ' 416 F’. REPORT OF PROGRESS. E. W. CLAY POLE. * Patterson’s, in Toboyne t., heads in Bear vais Pat (es Shh slg eras oe x ’ 3 Paving flag quarry, 205-2 i an Pebbles of rounded greenish shale in VITI-IX, .......... es Penn township described, ............e+. vos Ses ee Pennsylvania‘R.R. levels, |. ......... else Sah eee ee Perry county fault, 18 miles long; (see Fault,) .. ©....... a “6 ‘ in Miller t., 266; cuts VII, 2 m. N. of Bridgeport, Beets t., 338 GW. ond in Spring 't., describéd; “.\) 5°) > in eee js Perry furnace, 14,85; VIII c8, ore,. ... 1.2025. ae ae 1 6 6) wallloy,,).\ {2 4c5., rive STSRA ssa oe Ss nr ae ie . us Peters’ mounisin, ‘Penn's, “. .0. es. 2 ee eee ee Eg er Poters’ (M.) house in Watts ti; 2... . Gai onli eee ite ae Peterman’s (G) VIII ¢ 2 ore bed,-2') +- Millert., ...... jn ke Pfoutz’s valley, anticlinal,Greenwoodt., #8 # ...... o tate Sande “6 ‘ not so well isolated on the Susquehanna, ..... o wk Phosphatic nodules, oy Sie ES SAE a RS a ee ie Picturesque gorge of Buffalo creek through Hila ridge, Savaget.,.. . Pilot Knob, Tyrone t., desoribed, °° 22... Sas) a eee ,370 Pine hill, top sand abonndiar 1X, Carrotktas du ) Se “ abhurch, Centre-t., 0. esl Sache eee ere me : “*. © shure, Spring f.,) 2) oe ae ne re 8%, - .* ia “6 +s gschool-house, Centre t., VIII ¢.2:ore, ... is). 26s Giese 2 7 «¢ gchool-house, Miller t., 2. 2) bh eka Ae en ee ae t,. &6: peprows Miller ti, .°. “| ithe eee 3 jks Sa 2 Pipe ore; (see iron ore, VIII b Tat. keke 3 ss tae gan Ct on ‘ste Oe 193 194 a Pisgah hill, VIII c2, picturesque, .......... via nae 16, 67, 162 My, i, SS Ore hanks, VE oR)... ate tee 1 Ck eee Plants now growing in Perry county, Chap. Vi,:. ete ot ee Rivers of Perry county described, ..... ovate Pa Roads on VIII 6 5 outcrop very good, .......... ‘3 Road to Montebello narrows shows fault, ....... «be 6s Road over Bower mountain in Jacksont., ......... Ae Road along top of Middle ridge, VIII /, very good, ..... eles imam a ‘¢ shows remarkably beautiful views, Juniatat., ..... eat Road from Sandy hill to Roseburg, fine scenery, = # © ..... Road metal, the best comes from quarry in VIII 6 5, Spring t., at Rock hill, VIIT ¢ 2, 16,67; Carroll t.—Dick’s hill in Wheatfield Pisgah hill west of Sherman’s creek, .°..........+.+-+.-. Rolls in the rocks due to side pressure,. .......2.s.+4e6+-+4-. am Rope ferry, Olivert., .. 6 4...4 4 58 ae 39 , 28: Roseburg, in Saville t..- ... .J. dik wie aakee eee oes ie, coma , Round Top mtn., Powe bey a en Round Top, anticlinal knob, Ww. end of Dick’s hill, Wheatlandt., ... . Roundsley’s (Mr.) section of V a, Millerstown, .......... Rubbly upper beds of VI, exposed in quarries, ........ ae ee Rumgold’s tannery, near Gibson’s rock, Carrollt.,..... ae oe Run gap, ravine, Tuscarora mtn., Savillet., ....... oe “ ‘¢ only exposure of IV a in the while rangé,-.:.) 4 4 de Rye township described ; Polecat valley, &., ........ . ae Salina formation; see Onondaga, Vb, .......:..6-. oc . Sanderson, (Mr.,): «,_, > (ss. Ay) a eee oe tae 1: Sand from VII not sharp, ‘atid ‘well Menbea: int Se ee oS he ‘¢ for building purposes from VII, N. Bloomfield, hot ae oes Sand banks in the Paleozoic sea, Onondaga age, Bridgeport SS.,. ... . 5 os ‘s of Oriskany age,. . ...°) 2°) 14 9S a SS 63 3 Sandstone, why green, . 6 a ahire . Goal eee eee 23 ‘ quarry at Girty’s:Wotoh,)')'))u/.5 0 (lhe eee en ee ae 161' ‘¢ ridges parallel, 800' apart, zigzags of VI, VII,. . ... <.» ss esuem 181 Sand-rock of V a; see ore-sand rock, .. 6 . «ss 4 We a) es 49 Sand-vein ore beds, V a; see Ironore, Va, ..... 45 ,49 ,51,95,217 ,335 ,363 “6 ‘* on top of ore SS. displayed in BL: t., especially at Egolf’s in © Kennedy valley, .\. 33) 5.) }.eh i 5 371 Sandy hill, Madison t., VIII.e 2.0.) 2... whe) ) ae 5,15 ,67 ,247 ‘* synclinal shows VIII overlooking Blain, Jackson bey. jay ee ‘6 gynolinal of Vill ic 2, Saville t.,')...-. . «7 3 Se ee + 5 aire 251 ‘© and Roseburg road, through fine GoPwe, «5. Vis. Shei ee 321 “ gulphur spring, VIII b, Savillet., 2.26 es ee 325 Sandy hollow, Oarroll:t.,; Springt.,> 9) 's90.. «5,2; . . 163,338 Saville township described ; beac Buffalo mountain trough ; curved out- crops, &c., eS Te 06 Oe Scenery fine down Bailey’s run, Millert., ©... 2.525 esses -s Scenery fine from top of ridges of VII, Springt.. .........s4-. Scenery fine in Toboynet., ......+e esses Pa kee ae. Sea-level changes), iss, iit a a OS . Second mountain, ™: 4‘: (i.e) eee Se ee Section of V b, Waggoner’s mill, Madlinon ti,.o° . 0)4) 0p ed baie ees ‘© of V 6, Cissna’s run, Madisont., ...... er re ek INDEX. F’. 419 Page. ne on, COMLES, MAMIROM Ge hee ll elk ale a wet 257 ,258 = Of V 6, variogated shale, (327’,) Landisburg, ............e-. 372 ee ETA. RPA MREOIP Gost oe Scale OE ME esp eg ee 364 “© of V a, Little Illinois elie mepayas Bete altase ot sh. Ne A 358 eae. ¥ =o, Clarke mill, Contre t. typiealy 6. .6.55 2. ew el ee 182 ‘“* of VI, Garber’s quarry, aries Ree eer PME Te ce ae Se, 337 of VIII 6 1, Barnett’s ore bank, N. Bloomfield,....-....... 193 ADORE UT Ns Tg) var oy A nr 261 aot VLE hoem, west of Centre mills; - 2 ce he et 262 aS RS Ss et me ae a er ee ere Se 203 Sees. VILL 7, (560 ,) Newport beds, Howet.,. 2. 2... ee ew ew et 225 =o. Viil-1X and [X, Barger’s run, Liverpool t.,.-. . 2... es 244 SEES US ES eg a eee ne eS rae 1538 , 154 Sediment in river water, at PERE SUR SE eo ttaine dlink at We ee tlie! at 39 Seidel, (A.,) VIII c 2, fossil-are tunnel, Ryet.. ......... 95,101,314 eR MM lsat Noh kw We > Ad ek wiselietedicta AT De) eye ay S48 395 Schaeffer’s valley in J Shiai et de Peers Bee eo ana he log At 4 Ale 229 66 ‘¢ V } shales, narrow, mended: sacked ectaen agi at eyiasah so tree 249 Shallow water, pebble bed, VIII 7, Wheatfieldt.,, ... ........ 393 Sharp mountain, rn Rear tre Pa eatba gs MST e tal os 9 Sherman’s creek and paler Ft. WON oe he naa De 17 ,24 125, 27, 29 157, 253, 367 Shermansdale, in Carroll t., Eeararart Weeks ee iss a, wi Vick cn ham ety) SYD ound oy 5,159 ‘** mill, Kingsmill] SS. VIII-IX, 74; section, oe Sree asa ek: 166 Shope’s flagstone quarry VIII cl, 1m. fr. Bixler’s mill, Savaget.,. ... 326 parauns of Perry county catalogued, Ch. VI, .. . 2... ee ee ee 113 Pre. Smee tet GO, Madison te. cate wh fide de Slee 260 Side thrust of the formations amounts to40 %,. .......2...e... 4] od Comin ir Vin See WORM aie el ee Ges 160,183 Sink-holes numerous in fields of VIII c2ridges,............. 198 Slaughterbeck hill, (Michael’s ridge,) Greenwood t. (IV), ...... .215 a6 ‘¢ anticlinal, natural fortress, visible from all sides, ....... 216 a ett Mem BEDE rie AS. oi Ty Sp tb dk vate 41 Slope of Perry county eastward ; Sherman’ Ss ; creek, PRs fatter aid ita BS ne a. teas Oe Ome eelOmsitiees, iio ies lee nw le (ee wi 395 oS Oe Se 0 heh ta Pa on BAO =. duarry and req Oohre banks, Carroll t.,. 2s. 2. she 6 8 we oe 8 161 “ 3" coal bed in VIII 6 5, near New Germany, ..... yal ae een 342 artis HOME, WY MOMENI G25 0 Ses Rieloal a are we © ee a ania eae Soils requiring lime, he, 2G ye dh Re DRE TCA tr) BLE ee ee Ga 103 ‘¢ of top of hill slopes plowed away ae | Pe Be eee eel agtia' st 175 Oe EO OS es Soe ar 213 ‘¢ of northern hill land of Juniata t. ary i. ea oe 237 ‘© of northern Madison t. partly limestone and strong, but rather cold and hard to work; of southern, warm, red, ....... leg. 2AT «« of Liberty valley, Madison t., warm and fertile, .......... 249 ‘6 of vale of New Bloomfield, warm and rich,............. 171 «of Raccoon valley, V 0, Savaget., fertile, .......2.6see.-.-: 324 ‘“ of V 6, warm and fertile, undulating, Springt., ........ 54,336 ‘¢ of V 6 red shale, up Long valley, very fertile, .......... 372 “ of VII in Madison t., yellow; noridgesof VII,.......... 260 of VIII 6 5, the poorest in the county, but makes the best roads, . . 65 420 F*. REPORT OF PROGRESS. EF. W. CLAYPOLE. @N Soils of VIII ¢ 1, valleys, white, poor, lean soil,. . . . a ‘“* of VIII d ef meager in Wattst., steepslopes, . . . .. “© of VIII f very poor; ‘‘ yellow slate soil,’’ “ 6 ** bet. Mahony ridge and Dick’s hill, caltivated, 73 ‘; « 4 rolling and more productive than the Tapia land A of No ‘ Green wood tes : wood land, ss. # . wees ois 0) ee « ‘of IX better thanof VIILY, /)3 4) Be eee : of IX good in Liverpool t., is os, ao tee eee wo, a ie ‘* of IX fertile rolling land,. . . w ee ade A ‘“ of IX good rolling surface, Ss. and S. E. of. Watts t., 2) ela ee South furnace ridge at the fault, 4! athe hl ie Ree South furnace hill, VIII ¢ 2, cut off by fault, +s 0 ee a Wien Gaee Southern great synclinal trough, = & &»&#& ..... 2.» te ipa Sparry limestone, at bottom of VI; see VIa, ..........-.- meh: Speace, (J.,) . . ; Spring tanaiship described ; Sheena s aideks ‘Blas sitio a Wapgontpen gap; Mt. Pisgah; Little mtn., &c., Spring of sulphur water, (iepnee s,) Madison ‘i .. = Wal LS Springs, two at Falling Springs, copious, Sane Spring, large, on mtn. bet. N. Germantown and Concord, -) 6 oe ee Stalactites in cavernsof VI, Savillet., °. . .. . . vy J. Qo : Stalagmite floor, 1 foot thick; in“ . . 1... . 2°07.) a0 ae ify Bterrett’s: cap, topography, . . ...¢s:'s) sisson ae ss) | os Se 800;8 : Stinson, (J. M.,)} chemist, .. . 2 o es wie) Sep & Ree ae). 9 Gtony Greek, © ot) = (re Ue. VIN ee « ae a oe RE! Cpe Structure of Perry county, '... -.. .°. Sele ewes . eS Subsidence and elevation of earth artist; af a is Sater ta ae oe eli ie oe Subsidence after VIII b5in Ryet., ...... od Calo gi Cl Sugar ran, ‘Tuscarora $5) i. 1 SS a eee ee) Sulphuty limestone, Via, 4. Avs es Ree eee ae FS Sulphur spring, VIII 5 5, ? Kepner’s, Madisont., ...... Se “6 ‘© VIII b, near Sandy hill, Saville t., oS nite oe “ springs at contact of III a and II{ 6, Horse valley, “0s ean te Surface shortened by plication 40%, =# ..... oN lea Surgent formation=Onondaga and Clinton, V,....... es Susquehanna river described, a J. .) J a re . ‘* gap at Liverpool, fine, ‘ “bridge section of upper shales of V- b, (400') complete, Rye ty ‘* loeally called Big river, tl acca beg. 5 we aan ey aL OT 9 ee “* oldmap, « 2 84 0°.) OOM Ree Soe ee ae Synclinals of Perry county described,:. 2 2. 6 6 eee ss wl ener e eee Synclinals of VIT filled with iron ore, ...... 0 (6,0 ve! etet 5 Pee ene Table of formations, eo we wee oe ie et Temperature of Falling Springs, 559,.... 1.5) se ss eo el ee ‘“* of three warm springs, 60°, 619,659, ..... oe wba Mele cueee Tannery at Centre, Madison t.; (see Rumgold, ) wee! a wren Tapeworm road, beautiful scenery, Furnace hills, Centret., .. . . . Terrace of V ore series along Blue mtn., F “ of Ore SS. along Blue mountain, Tyronet.,...... . INDEX. EF’. 421 . Page ~ Terrace of Bridgeport SS. 12! thick in Kennedy and Green valleys, snasip _ Thickness of formations, table, = 8 8 ...... Fs} je eo pee “ of Va, 989',. _ . . 46 ** of Scalent shales oe given by H. D. R. as 100' when it is really EBS ee ir ae re re oh, eee “ of VIII d, e, f hard to get on ‘account of fold, mane a i | * of VIII d, e, 7 reduced to one half in 6 miles east of Newport, Watts t., 383 =. Of FOCKS which the fault‘swallows, ...-..........-. Bie eo < by tatie Germany malt, 8. so. el a ke. 90 “* of VIII /, 2700’ to 2800’ in Carrollt.,..... 164 ‘¢ of VIII-IX and IX on Barger’s run 6000’ to 7000’ and does nt yet reach top of IX, . 244 *« of IX hard to measure on account of small rolls, Wheatfield t., 395 Three Square Hollow, deep ravine, Cumberland co., . . 231,357 Thudium’s tract, narrow valley between Blue and Little mtns., Spring t., 331 Toboyne township described ; largest in county ; great mtn. zigzags ; heads Rene Ol feemr DONGE MC ce ie lk . 849 amney, (M.,) Centre t., VIFI ¢ 2 ore crop, '. . . - 2.9. 2s oie 68 , 204 ,206 Topography of Chemung hills (VIII /,) ....--. 2-2-2 --2 eee. . 72 ener anec eae, (Oey EOOIIMt oe Vl Be a a's) sale weet ane 477 Towns of Perry county enumerated, .......... Se a hy ee ee 3 RIESE EEE I, UT SLM Te Sg Yel og ee wo ale ST Bh ak ta eee 2,3 affected by structure; Bilman ridge, gaps, &c., .........--. 321 ** of VIII c confused by sandy nature of VIII ¢ 1 middie ses in Sa- ville t., bas Fe Sei MS I ieee 326 Transition (Passage beds) VI to VII, Buffalo t., 149 ‘¢ of black shales (VIII 5 5) into gray birittins (VIII ¢1,) without any peer BOMMONOR fe ee ew RUS GhW Seyieisaarts fs, Ge eye 342 eee tn MeO we SCTE Bae oc) 2 SS id wl le bbe Sie: en 79,293 Pe yeo across Cumberland county, .........,.6+00t es ws 294 = = s6Op), Culareos Baodenly, Fe. sa. SALSA Bibel tao) ee ea ane 296 4 ee MTS PCR me ie Ll Ok eee en mee tel abel o 297 ws “ No. 3, 6’ to 8’ in White’s well, nitches MD Lol to ace etches 298 3 “© No. 4, S. 20° W. trace by red soiland blocks, ......... 299 Trap dykes do not seem to reach mtn. crests,.............. .299 en ree CAO ea De ee Pek Se 2 PS cere eth 299 Trap dyke changes course at pit W. of R. R. station, ........... 300 rac Se eI eee OR er mn Se NS a eree ee: ol. gl eh CEE Po 300 Trap dykes in Rye t., CC CR eka ais ah ele. ig ta el a, ao head 316 Trap mistaken for magneticironore, #§.=....2..4:se«seeeees 301 Trap dyke (East Duncannon) across Wattst.,............ 384 meet Forry GOunty emislocned, .. 4. tt el 113,175 I OS 8 eee ae ee ee 199 Tressler’s red and green brick clay, J nniata Dearie Baim oe) con ar'ep ing tee Gels P- 237 Troughs described ; (see Synclinals,) ....... Os dahimarramemcals. 6 31 rt Clams Mate VERE LOT 8 8 ells eS aw ol ale « e 219 Tudor’s (S. M.,) section of VIII 6, Centre mills, .:....4...4... 261 Tunnel to Reeder’s VIII 6 lore bed, Centret., ......,..-2+.24.2.. 188 ‘* for coal in Cove mtn., 200’, , St Lddat Be pete Ledan? wh he al 6) fain” oS 292 “6 “ ‘“ in VIII 65, (!) Spring i, Rates sh atv ad-aeteuaitee, etaer tt te 342 « , Vie A i b ry hob sas 422 F*. REPORT OF PROGRESS, E. W. CLAYPOLE. . ee Tunnel for coal in Foose’s, \s.%/5) 5s yes! iis en bs te tein ae te Turkey ridge, VIII 02, .. “44. s So ee ee ee er Tuscarora township described; long, narrow, very mountainous; fou ridges; Tuscarora mtn., Ore ridge, Raccoon ridge, Horning ridge ; all cut by Juniata, . ree’ Ch 2s «tw Tuscarora creek at Waterford narrows, Toboynet.,. .. . o 8 + 8 en Tuscarora mountain, East and West, ela Web tat hh tis ie! 0 68. ee ** «© Kast; anticlinal IV, rough, steep, wooded, 316 eee a ‘¢ slope in Madison t. rocky; hidesorecrop, ........ cr ‘* solid wall between Saville t. and Juniata county, ..... a ‘© split lengthwise by head waters of Run Gaprun, ...... . Tyrone township described, §-) 0) 5+ | a. a ay oe eo < OED ‘* makes Chestnut hills in Jacksont.,.. . re ee Te, Oo a ee 230 424 Fk’. REPORT OF PROGRESS. E. W. CLAYPOLE. ae : 4 * Group of V a 2, Clinton iron SS. and black ore. "Fe be | ‘* thickens rapidly in Madison t. along Conococheague mountain ; makes bold terrace marked with fragments, oi oe ‘¢ makes north crest of Blue mountain, Rye t., “« 10! to 20' thick, in thin layers, fragments oh te) Ot XI Ree in the débris of Run gap; thickens westward and covers the sur with elaba,, . 4, 55'S RS A ae a ee dee “6 ae ‘* very thick in Spring ne : makes northern crest of Blue miountalal ri- valling in height the south crest (IV ¢); itsthin, flat plates spoil th red shale slope of the mountain, and encumber the runs,..... ‘* makes one ridge with the ore SS (V a 5) in Tuscarora t., called Ore THOGO, «co: 9 ES Ae GP aii toe Ee eet a Group of V a8, Clinton upper shales. 754 ‘«s described generally,. ..... .°:'": 4°02 PA Re tee . . 48 ‘¢ in Saville t., along Conococheague anticlinal, shows gray soil, .. .2 et of Va 4, Clinton Ore SS. described generally, ~’ |. <2). ‘nwt eA Bie eee ee oP a ree ‘6 never more than 20’ thick, 2.1 (73° Vart Se eee ar pert ‘© makes a fine bold outcrop, Rainbow rocks, &c,......+.-. ‘© thin in Chestnut ridge, Madison t., gapped,. .......es+s-s. sé very fossiliferous in Madisont.,........ os (sin eee ena ss ‘yeseombles [Ye in Savillet., 2 .°..2 SP yy eee 0 0 ce 6 ol Soe “easily distinguished in Madisont., ...... ww ee ‘¢ finest exposure in Little Minor’svalley,.............+4. ‘B5§ ‘* conspicuous and often fossiliferous in Buck hills south of German- — town, Toboynet.. ....... °° UES Sates S ae ae Group of V a 5, Danville ore beds. tae ‘* aconspicuous plane of division between Clinton V a and Onondaga — V 3b, er ee eer ae ee a ee ee ee ee ee ee eee ee -, 45,46— ‘ Gemoribed 5:42. hve wee ep elle put «owe hie «¢ limestone,’ .) 6. 635,388 ET ee ee «“ not seen in Rye t.; no well- marked ridge, but aterrace,.... 812 “« in Greenwood t.: only worked at Millerstown, east side of the river, 217. - ‘© in Saville t., no signs. of the ore beds, . . .'... Js)... ae 323 ‘¢ equivalent of Danville fossilore beds, .....:...+.+... soo ‘‘ runs through Saville t., but not opened, .......+..+-.. .osd « not.seen in Spring i, 6). )\!) ont ais ke eee oa ite! i ‘* jndicated, but looks poor in Toboynet., ... . ce ‘“ Sand Vein ore bed the only one worked at Millerstowne’ agen Ree 363 ‘* limestone quarried in Little Minor’s valley, Toboyne t., . 358 Formation— Niagara. ‘« wanting to Perry county. It should come in on top of the Sand Vein ~ ore bed, but no Niagara fossils have been found, ......... 52 , Formation No. Vb Onondaga shale. a ‘6 described generally, 9 1) SU OL Se + yl ‘* lower limit, the top of the Sand-vein ore-bed,.... . oe ee ‘ss underlies most of Jackson t., > ©. ..) 0.2 "at Se ee oe 232 — «© 801’ shown in Enslow’s Mill section, = # ......-. 233 “ nameless valley bet. Chestnut ridge and Bower mite; in Madison t., 251 ‘* upper part of Bistline’s mill section, ........-+-+.++++.. Une 8, Al vi ¢Tr a Oa | Tae INDEX. | HS 425 Formation No. V b, Onondaga shale. ECG Ti Srairor tie Oe RPE rE SDE ee Pe, 256 — 4400’ thick in Rye t. ; iawn (red) layers not well exposeu ; 400’ sec- — tion of upper beds soiiplata at the Susq. river bridge, py ela yOls imaked Haccoon valley, Saville ti}, fertile; 2... 2. 2 ke es 324 ETON CT fs ISB GRIESE SP Ss ok Aw Cee, eS ar ce We REC) eee ‘* fossiliferous at Buffalo mill, Saville ties 324 ‘¢ crop a mile wide (Elliotsburg valley) bet. Limestone and Mahony ridges, Spring t., bathe aor ee aa wo Gee ‘6 makes broad flat piniixy around Bridesport, Detytag abet tie eae 336 ‘© makes (Polecat) valley bet. Blue mtn. and Pisgah hill, SCA SEP, Se 336 ‘6 vertical along Raccoon valley, Tuscarorat., ....... ats 3 2868 Group V b I, Bloomsburg red shale of Report G’. ‘¢ no Clinton fossil form as yet found init, ...... Peter iened ha: aiied 51 * fossiliferous only in afew places, ~~... ...4.4. ria i ea eva ea dl INT EMIOR = SEMMOE GUORM ice TN a ed wiles le 6 ee wee 53 z SEA EU 0 0 ee Oe rr sc ee re er oe 255 *« good section got west of Waggoner’s mill, .....5..4..6.060.. 256 «¢ fills all the synclinal valleys of Toboynet.,........ 359 ‘¢ 700’ thickness of red shale well exposed south of Landisburg, . Sn baer Ue E ; -eedaios all the anticlinals:of Tyrone t.,.. 22. sc. es ek ee eel 373 Group V b 2, Bridgeport sandstone. Drmnod- iimeinmo a Ofill section, | 0.00.04. = Soe ee mw leo oe 57 Pn hits taer 20) 4 Ovenw0o red shale; so 2 oe Shs ae wks 58 *“* at Bistline’s mill, and at other places in the county,. .. . . . 255 - * curious bed of flinty sandstone, cropping out on Sherman’s Nafacie south of Bridgeport on the Welsh mtn.anticlinal,......... 336 Peeeekoe peer Spring i565 8) OO de ee OE A ee eS 336 Group V b 3, Onondaga ietaset upper whales “* 700’ thick over Bloomsburg red shale, oie gta lees Ais ay hp ey apy St 54 *¢ 200’ to 250' (?) grey shale at foot of slope and in flat of ss tee Cen- tret., |. Higa shee “ absent from the Susquehanna river bridge section in Rye t., 313 . “* 700' to 800’ thick in Tyrone t., measured from Bloomfield SS. down to solid Bloomsburg red shale, bf eres em er ae eerie 372 ‘¢ (327') in the Landisburg section, Sk Pea iiehe pense era ‘© well exposed in Sherman’s cr., 15 m. W. of Toysville; Fate ais 373 ‘* 800’ of upper more calc. beds here seen, 373 «¢ may be traced several miles along middle of Kennedy’ s and Shaeffer’ s 4 valleys, 373 “© gray shales, over top ‘of Landisburg section and under VI; as usual, RE ORE SY a lt dt BS oe pe Pu ys she BAS eh in ee le 372 Group V b 4, Bloomfield aandatphe. } “© described; thin in Centre t.; makesridges, .......... 54,177 «“ makes a low ridge along the middle of valley, = ........ 179 ‘¢ noticed in Jackson t.; nineteeuth mile-stone section, ........ 233 Formation No. VI, Lower Helderberg. a ONLONG TRIO MOGCKINGG. iii ls as) sis oe 6 enw 6 0 ees - 12 *~ formation stops.at Sterrett’s wap, ... 6s 2 whe ww ws ew ft ee eereeeIOS OM & WHOLG CLOBOTIIIOG, 0. OWE oie ale we peti eae ee 58 nent Ono DOLL DGGE DIbUMIITIONS, chs 6. ee se wee 58 *y in ¢ 426 F*. REPORT OF PROGRESS. E. W. CLAYPOLE. Formation No, VI, Lower Helderberg. ee ‘« 348’ thick in section ; characteristic fossils, ...... ole vee va 60 “ faulted against VIII c; throw, 2300’, .... | os 0) belhel estar ‘¢ much contorted at quarry in Buffalot.,......2..2.... Jaae ss not extensively exposed in Buffalot., «.. ©... 3-sap cee “* top of formation grows sandy upwardsinto VII], ...... ee ‘* brought up against VIII ¢ 3 by the Perry Co. fault, in Carroll t., . _ ‘* quarried largely at J. Bear’s, Carroll t., 4) <5. o/s) see ak ‘* disappears eastward at Sterrett’s gap, Carrollt., ........ 1 ‘* makes a ridge from Sterrett’s gap westward, ........ 0 Were 0 ‘* at Smith’s quarry, Oarrollf.,.0 . 2.17 See gee o -0/ ie! sare “ VI a-- 5, 300 to400' in Centret,, . SieakeeLeeaee oe ae ‘* folded so closely and so often as to make a wide belt, o' -wuleget WR ‘* 600’ in Greenwood t., not easily differentiated, ........... ‘* heavy solid bitianha gi limestone mass, ......46-. errer «¢ two synclinal troughs cross Jacksont.. ......2.6es¢.s.esese+.48- ‘* 60’ exposed at Hall’s quarries in J ‘spleen fag tosh oho ep ay two outcrops cross Liverpool t.; well exposed along both lines; many. quarries ; much lime made at head of Pfoutz’s valley, upper rubbly beds, under fossiliferous beds and over solid beds in the | Liverpool t. quarries, 2 UE 20) ite oy al eae ds upper rubbly beds Aime few fossils, except the ubiquitous Lense [ alta, . : 242 undulates broadly through Aotthern-cente part of Madison re wanting (as well as VII and VIIT @ 6) in Rye t., : thins from Oak Grove furnace eastward to 0’ before reaching Sterrett’s gap in Ryet., ¢ 2. 9) So SR LS ya lower beds thin out first; higher beds persist farther eastward ; proof” of nonconformity, 309 outcrop in Saville t., straight past Ickesburg, and then zigzagged, . broken and crushed, although nearly horizontal, ......... caverns, large, with stalactites, &c., &e., .. . 52.2 ae eae outcrop Zigzags through Spring t.,;. . | % © sets fe Se limestone land in Spring t. abundant,. .. . ue ‘elletible same forms high bold ridges, often capped with VU, -) we 658, Sis spreads widely at Elliotsburg, ..........s.e6-s 6 ad jen Ae makes Bell’s hill, 5 a tf tral, Meals eS ee Sy op) st section at Garber’s quarry, Sypris t., a.» bee Cpt hale makes low ridge through Raccoon y. )Dascapocs t., re ss synclinal points in Tyrone 't., 2 20s 6. mies is) oe 2 fag Phe small show in Watts t.,°) « sich epee? Ratoni ae © wholes oun - much disturbed and no fossils, Wattst.,. ......+e+.e-. ey Group VI a, Lewistown limestone. Bossardville limestone of Report G6, .......... + Ah were 100’ massive, quarried, general section, .......+ee+-. Pe has a few fossils, eee ve ee tae y - 0 {nye ele yields all the lime made in ‘Center bay fo eo. eee 6 ‘nla kelnd Aptana 60’ to 70’ thidk, near N. Bloomfield, &e., i)... os. 6) 6 ae Se 179 its fragments, beveled slabs, resonant, cover the plowed fields without impeding agriculture, ... 2.92. sss see eens ee has a few fossils in Centert., ..... o ini7y ha? le tae ink leet ial oe ; , 4“ “ “ec “i “ec ss “ “cc “ec sé ac “i “cc ss “ “ec ae “ec a ned.’ cy). Ooeeeaew 7 =e . -_—e INDEX. nn 427 Group VI a, Lewistown limestone. sometimes crowded with Leperditia alta, ...........4.4. 180 place of the Waterlime formationin N. Y., . 180 dark when freshly broken: weathers wehsiiiily shows Iaxtrisiatsont ; often very bituminous, ‘‘sulphury;’’ Centert., ... —.. 180 enamel tee, Clee Lites ee i Fowl iS 8 Stak eS ae le eid 180 Reemunnnanact ain OrmibenstY VIM AGE se) fro ae al . . 180 blue limestone quarry rock in Madisont.,.............. 259 40’ thick in Saville t., pee Ae re-set ea reid eid". 325 Group of VI b, Clark’s Mill lime shale, A OT See Pak ee Ss ee 57 ,181 150’ thick at Clark’s mills, PALL 2 FER OL) a as 6) De tae ae 60 Pentamerus Lower limestone of New York, ............ 61 rem neIOSERNIE BME dO nl eM ao, Fe te Sal ba railel it de 61 Lewistown lime shales of Report A VIA bt Be oe ee. Pale ae 181 Seeman Cateeerrrersn asd Bim trtere BEE EES el Sek Elid bel ere, - 259 ne eee ag, A Rtarmiany es SMR ReR fe EEE STR a Lia ie te Neo et late te 259 Meristella beds, &c., fossils, not many here, ............ 259 exposed near Falling spring, Springt., ............. 337 pemnonors cle WOH Gxposed, 69896 Se ye ee ae et 337 exposed in Gibson’s old quarry, Springt.,. ..-...-+...e... 337 Group of VIc, Black Cherty limestone. en CREME ae SNS we nelle ead. 60 well exposed at Half Falls mountain, Buffalo BE USO Wes Ae. 149 uearr maneneued es eee rersypTn, So i) b) Sat eee lel « 218 TET ye Se ES og al ee ee i ee BA are 266 Group VId, Yellow flint shales. CLES 2G Pe i Bie a ek Te ce 59 ,60 Group VIe, White flint shales. 10’ in two beds, Half Falis mtn., described, ............ 59,60 reney wrt -aammermmaemees are EE PUD es ea PS lee eS fe? 60 Oe Ec Se 242 land surface covered with fragments, .......-....2-2.6... 242 can be traced in Rye t., nearly to Sterrett’s gap, .......... 309 Formation No. VII, Oriskany sandstone. possibly coeval with Corniferous limestone, ..-.......4... 63 I ae 0 ee eee ee Pe 62 thin and sometimes absent in Pfoutz’s valley,............ 62 eecome ire persian enews, oh ELT See) die Je a) 62 en ene MM OMY ced hk OLMIS. fe SS a me. 63 ere ter rise at, WV, SOWDANIPS, 15.6 ae oe web . 63 norealironore bed, . . eeree ee, Meme ONY Td Bt wl Ci tidy a beng 63 no glass sand, OE Dy ct sett Mat ase 3 32 VANS le el old 63 beautiful pulpit rocks; eapasialty i near Bloomfield, -i).° 0's. ses lt 63 EE Es Ne 0 Sa ns, AR a 63 OE OR a OS os 85 I Ee a a SS Pe Se 89 very ferruginous N. E. of Blain; noore, .. _ 101 no sharply defined limit at base; because top of WE rows sandy up- wards, oe hie ae 149 conglomerate of fine white pebbles, Buffalo t., he Ae ae ee 150 L « heey “ Formation VIII a, Upper Helderberg. ae é ae 428 F?. REPORT OF PROGRESS. E. W. CLAYPOLE. — Formation No. VII, Oriskany sandstone. rough low ridges, pulpit rocks, &c., Centret., ........+. 20’ only, in the ridges of Centret.. ......... Ass Sess conspicuous for numerous parallel synclinal outcrops along Lin stone ridge, Dick’s hill, and Iron ridge, .......... whee usually a hard solid rock in Centret.,,.........2.... ee BR sometimes crumbly, easily quarried for rough casting sand for bu ings, © «= Te he (RR eee ory ‘es conglomerate of little, bean-shaped, white quartz pebbles, mixed with some of larger size in Centre't,, 2 ogi) Aiea. wR ee ridges disappear occasionally where the rock is locally eruinbly, no ore deposit known in Perry county, .......4.4... ; supposed ore is only iron-stained sandstone fragments, ...... . 187 — tongueson the mapin Centret., ........ o eile be i a BB ES finest exposure in the county, cliff, ©... ....... eke ; 5 very thin near Millerstown, poor outcrop, no pulpit rocks, hardly a a a Ness *) m4. fragment to be found; probably thins to nothing eastward at east — if Be) end of Greenwood t., NTS eels UR ee dot as oie eh Se overlooks Blain, on Sandy hill, Tahaeeal: Pen E) eet es > ihe ay cee absent from Liverpool t., probably, ee ee ath 2: sand makes the fertility of Centre valley, Madison t., ids vic oa much folded, zig-zag, much softer in Madison t. than in the center of the county, 6 = hs Se i . soil yellow; only way to Gexhe VI I; no ridges, av’ ddd Shee tea undulated and compressed in Millert., ....... 2.0... . 2607 double ridge where it crosses the J aniaie > 9 yw | al see ot ote an close behind old graveyard, Istcrop, _- ...... ‘o le oop eee passes Clouser’s ore works, rough ridge, 2d crop, ........ . - 268 high synclinal ridge, 2m. W. of Baileyskurg, ae CTOD, 5 Re gene eee _ 268 makes crest of Inoculate ridge, ee UR ar ae tbe? sien: contains much iron ore; double synelinal, &e., .......... -268 — narrow synclinal ridge, past Clouser’s, 4th crop, ......... .269 along N. foot of Dick’s hill, Miller t., Sth crop, ......... . - 269° absent in Rye t., east of Sterrett’s gap, ..... » © WhO «nn zig-zag in Saville t., cl eb ad 48 > kal os) oes 5 greatly folded and zig-zaged in Spring by indlbaktiee Lie See 338 in ridges of Elliotsburg, past Pine Grove church, south of Blooms- ih burg, : b prente few Auilligs Diy ie Sian BBR: rhs in North Furnace ridge, Spring t., a . . BS ee along north side of Sandy hollow and north bank of Sherman 'screek, eater pass Falling and Warm springs to knob at Oak Grove furnace, . . 339 hard, rough, ferruginous in Spring t., La re Cad tied ey . . ae furnishes the two springs at Falling spring,. ... . 4: | 039 tee eee fairly well exposed opposite Millerstown,. ............ . 864 scarcely noticeable in Tyronet., ...+++-++e6 oe on Landisburg bill, but not on Bell’ 8 hill, . >) Oe 20' thick along north line of Watts t., bold ridge; makes dam across Juniata; makes Half Falls, col” | ae» oe a gee Dn ee apparently absent from Perry county,........ <" eer. INDEX. FE’. 429 . Page. Formation VIII a, Upper Helderberg. improperly recognized in the limestone under 500’ greenish slates of ee ee” Pere, ee ler tan re, GP rr iit ngs oo hd Beda SY 191 «© no Corniferous fossils found i in VIII 3, 2, 3, naan Res tae 260 Formation VIII b, Marcellus limestone and black slate. * described, Bie Se Mace et eens ray ea! feta. ges Oe he 64,65 one Heon in few places:in Centre, - 2. 5. et wt tee ws 190 muwamaovolonen ah MM. Barrett's. 0 2 5 i ce ee ts ee te 190 Deawmaore well G6yeloped, NO iron Ore, .. . 2 «2 swe ee we ww 191 wm well Gxposed i Greenwood fi; eke te ee ee 218 ‘* Local sandstone, at bottom, at Montebello narrows,......... 269 * ich in brown hematite iron ore in Olivert., j «© ...+s.see..-s 278 ‘¢ whole formation absent in Ryet., E. of Sterrett’sgap, ....... 309 menor spring near Sandy hill, Savillet., - 7. 2. 2 ee ee 325 Group of VIIT b 1, Marcellus lower iron ore. aim wormlless; Only ochre beds; .. . sce ek ee te es 4 56a eta SeTeNTMNCTED WEE Chae Pe Bere TT Eo tee at ek ae A 187 ,188 Group of VIII b 2, Marcellus lime shales. OR Ue re | ee cde a ea a a ee a 64 “ hard close-grained sandstone at the bottom, in one “Ipeality in the nena se? PARE NOUM TIATTOWS,. ieee ye ele et a eee eel 269 Group of VIII b 3, Marcellus limestone. ITT OCR pO mus TOT See) ek ee SS Sey hee viel Wee wee 64 ‘* won’t slack, in Centre t., a SB send Aes abi oh a as “oat Pedi tatoo 190 ‘* exposures abundant aa Son IeLS, in DIAC isOnit.) 5) 1) 208 eae Sh. 260 ‘s very interesting fossils; no corniferous forms, . ; Maar i! ‘© fragments numerous at N. end of Pine Grove narrows, Milles fing . 269 ‘¢ 50’ hard beds; Gibson’s mill, Spring t., Se ‘¢ well exposed, but elsewhere much aes 1D) Ss a a ee ‘© fragments of trilobites (Dalmanites ?) Gibson’s mill, eee t., 339 ‘* not seen in Tuscarora t., . B64 ‘* sought for but not anid at the Half Falls, although reported i in Geol. Pa., Vol. I, p. 138, ne PRS BRIADS, Wont ag SNe a ae Group VIII 6 4, Marcellus Upper iron ore. ~ eemersiods Drown Mommiite Or: Sie. eke ol woe . 64,94 Ee gS ee 8 a a ee ee a 191 PP aeennseCUaMe OTe ed. tC! AMO! ck eel els cee a ee te 191 ‘ EE on oa a 8 191 ‘abundant when limestone is poorly developed, and vice versa,. . 193 ‘«* Barnett’s mine, Bloomfield, : Ay Roe ‘“* Long’s mine, Center t., double bed, 4’ to 14’ thick, parting of clay ; * 100 wash tons per month; price at Newport $3 50, .... .. . 194 q . “* changes in the deep to blue carbonate ore, = ....... 194 ‘¢ outcrop near Perry furnace; also N. of Bloomfield, ....... 195 3) to 3’, at Tralitwine’s mine, Greenwoodt.,. .'..........e.-. 219 ‘© sent to Maria furnace, ead atten UE ea ee. . 219 me diapisy On rosd tm Madison ft, el. oye 0 ee the 263 = Hille fold in VIE, Imoculate synclinal ridge, .... . 1... esse e-.. 268 ‘* rich in Olivert.—_smelted at Newport, .-- .. ...2.+. bi ene outcrop near Sandy hill, Saville t., less striking, Fiat LS, Sal Lad, oo os 325 a (eer Waa» AL Se aie Rif Group VIII b 5, Marcellus black shales. Lad Formation VIII c, Humilton shale and wondatones “ce Group VIII ci, Hamilton lower shale: ‘es Group VIII ec 2, Hamilton (Montebello) sandstone. ae e 430 EF’. REPORT OF PROGRESS. E. W. CLAYPOLE. ~ Group VIII b 4, Marcellus iron ore. > ee sig outcrop zigzags over Spring t.; mines numerous, .........~ 50’ over VII; inexhaustible quantities, .. .....+.2.s abundant west of Perry furnace, 6p oie. diggings abandoned S. W. of Little Germany, ee, ae not seen in Tuscarora t., VIII 4 4, 5, dug on high knoll opposite Oak Grove farnace, ‘Tyrone 100’ thick ;-described, «© « «\ "ay pseieea een vos eee Shy passes up into VIII c 1, Ham. lowershale, ......:5..:... ferruginous, pyritous, full of Sporangites, ........4.-. described in Center t., ea Sh a with VIIT ¢ 1 makes a deep valley, © exiter si 1S a aoe Fe exposed best at Barnett’s rocks, on Dorran’s run, Juniata furnace: ore a banks, Center t., SB seen occasionally on N. slope of Wildcat ridge, Greenwood te, oa a displayed bet. Bixler’s mills and Sandy hill, Madisont., ..... .2 Sulphur spring near Sandy hill, Saville t., . ee best displayed in Spring t., at quarry near Little Germany, . \ ss See ¥ makes excellent road metal, §§ &. G's) = eee meee some lower solid beds caleareous,. .........4.s.s6-. oo 3 oe 2 no fossils except minute Sporangia, ...........4. eal 80', whole thickness exposed at Rice’s bet. school-house and saw-mill _ near N. Germany, Spring t., 2 BS gradual transition upward into rusty, ochreous, pink-gray shales of a tag VIII cI Rice’s, ; 7) EUS Sea ee «oa seen at low water in Juniata, Watts ts, 5. Ae SMa ate 8 ra 57g at 900’, described, se sla see) Se 400’ to 500’ soft shales; lean soil; valleys,. ........... in Centre t. described; exposuresraré, .....:+2s5+ss0s66 wooded valley across Oliver t., tae 8 bee, oe thins to 0' at Susquehanna river, in Rye t., oo ae R See covers much of S. W. and central Savillet.,. ........e--. undulated westward; poor land, = = - ‘SW > >). ee northern outcrop runs along N. slope of Racooon ridge, iad middle beds become very sandy in Saville t., much resembling VIIT | a ya ec 2; differs, however, in being even, thin-bedded, hard,dark green a flags, } extensively outspread in Spring t., et SOL 343 fine outcrops at W. end of Mahanoy and Crawley hills, 2 + fine section on road from Little Germany to McAffee’s mill, . . . . 343 | fine exposure along Little Germany fault valley, ........ . . 4 oe very barren of fossils; white meager soil, OS ee Sea $48) Ee usually covered with forest, as in Tuscarora t., : - i an makes a great show in Wheatfield t.; peculiar whitish soil, .. . 389° hill ranges described, ~~ yee ee te 15 500' to 800', Montebello sandstone, high rough ridge, : “cs rn le Ot 8 hn ee, i Fe ae ak ag ian parla INDEX. F’. 431 Page Group VIII c 2, Hamilton (Montebello) sandsione. Ruameriin: Plodtes VAlIGy, 20.0.0 6 ee Ae Wee 3e G7 SER ee ee 68 high ranges in Centre t. mostly cultivated, ............ 197 sink-holes numerous along strong bold outcrop, .......... 197 . 600’ in gap of Centre t., PUA PEN ie le gaan 201 Middle beds well exposed in Crawley’s det SMe es Peg AGS! - 201 soft middle member, in which streams zig-zag, ........... 203 section, Centre t., 203 in Wild Cat ridge; high, hard, and solid near J uniata river ; grows soft and shaly, smoother ridge, eastward into Liverpool t., 219,220 consequently, ridge low in Liverpool t., and Pfoutz’s valley not so nn sd ie RTE WOIOED fia hii) wiveenis Fh LS 241 searcely enters Howet., 223 makes Turkey and Wild Cat ridges i in Liverpont t., but softer, shaly, less sandy, ridge slopes easy, and cultivated to their tops,. 243 _ four outcrops in Miller t., Prd tareeciass Sapte? 4h den See t 270,271 makes rapids in Juniata river, Buffalo Hill gap, Millert.,. . . 270 Buffalo hills, in Oliver t., rugged; dip 75° N. N. W., flattens to 250 to 30°, oy A A ET PE SS 2 SU Seized source of the sand, Gy A Nad SR an Te a” ed SEP, SLO Little mountain, in Rye t., steep, rough, wooded ; crest a pile of dis- Tete tony eee es) es tie ce | (A mh ey 313 800' complete section on Susquehanna river, where the formation is thickest, . : 313 solid, hard middle beds, thinner shaly beds above and below, on Susq. river, Rye t., Os aus cee 2 Fok TY DW, ot eee ike 314 Bilman ridge, Saville t., Ee OS ie ot Oh Aa eee eet eis 321 Midd’e bed imitated oak Wate ec. ; locally im Saville topes ea. 326 polo outcrop in Bufalo hilis, Savillet., = ts fe we ee 327 folded; gapped by Buffalo creek ; dip 300-4, ML ater ey eae 3 327 er eMnres MINERS Pa Aha Woche fe 8-) ur jcl ah a kebelld doe vile 327 Mt. Pisgah, at synclinal angle, Springt., - .... 2.2.0 eee ee. 344 steep rough-wooded range across Tuscarorat., .......2... 364 makes converging ridges, rough country in northern part of Watts t., 379 doubled from 800’ to 1800’ by the Perry co. fault in Half Falls mtn.; universal dip 40° to 50°, 380 ‘¢ crest of Dick’s hill faulted up in Wheatfield t., dip 30° to 90° in short distance, . i SMTA ba Wt Vn ee deat ts ie 389 Hamilton fossil ore, described, PO aE Oe ae ie tr ae 99,100 PaO Be MPOREMIOC, 9. gs vo we as etal Go ope te ele whe 204 NTE gh 01 og AR OS ee Sa 280 er CORP Uel emmeeen EEE Me I bls Ma Se ole Palio al ar ere’. 314 “ exposed at signal-box at Junction R. R, Rye beg atiev raha erretatha Jae. 314 a eo gg a es Oe ee a er 2 345 a Wate t., only opened at Girty’s notechs. = 6) ns ek le we 382 ‘«* in Wheatfield t., along south flank of Dick’shill,.......... 390 rire OR LOU U1 0 EEL OG ee NOOr OPO. s 55 6 ks 8S eke eks ee ee 204 “ Group VIII ¢« 3, Hamilton upper shale. ener. SAUNCRREOMR Ser PrSEE gi ibasatte. bei dis co! a) Bvétien’e! oble Sls 66 ,68 baal ae a a 1 “96 432 F?, REPORT OF PROGRESS. E. W. CLAYPOLE. Group VIII c 8, Hamilton upper shale. * fossils. - .4. cs oe & Ae eee eee <<. 2 eal “ at Girty’s notoh, Buffalo t., we ey os 0S tet deat Sch ld * in Centre t., described, © | - :) 1.55 5 Glee ee er ** three various exposures in Centret., ...... Sees ‘* a little near Old Tavern in Howe t., ....<041 2.445) Dae wot * four lines in Miller t.; on the 1st no good exposure; second near F Pe- terman’s ore works, oy 4 . wea ** crop 100 yds. 8S. of Ramer’s; zigzags across Oliver t., 4 ; “very calcareous; Henestella abundant; road from Newport to N Bloomfield, Oliver t., Vera in’ ae ee. 2S eee . “ ee shales, Oliver by oo SS ee ee nulifera on road from Mannsville to Rigetioies Saville t., ‘* at Girty’s notch in Watts t., Es : “ runs along 8. flank of Dick’s hill, in Wheatfield re but is seldom ex. : posed, and is less fossiliferous than at Bloomfield, 390 SSB a a = nai Aeabet 2' fossil ore bed in Wheatfield, . . . 6 . jisls ca eo eee Formation VIII d, Genesse slate. ’ ‘© 200' feet described; 2) Soe a' S209. GP shad ee w+. oe % erronéously stated at 1120: (1)o° s 222 AG) iw 4 ee . <2 e ‘* goncealed and nonfossiliferous in Centret.,......... - + 207 ‘* 200' barren shales, Oliver t., = ...... stl Mok che 280 ‘* well exposed at mouth of Losh’s run, with fossils, Wheatfield t., Formation VIII e, Portage shale. ‘¢ 200’ described, = si wu hs ay SS ge ee ‘* fossils recognized in Centre t. only at s. Brown's ~.:<-; ‘eee ‘«* VIII e/, passage beds well shown near 8S. Brown’s, ..°... . “ Oardiola shales on two roads south of Newport, Oliver t., VIII d + e makes low ground between Baileysburg and Newport, VIII d + e +, 3300' in the northern townships, 1 “6 ‘¢ makes peninsula N. Miller; river cuts three times across the <3 whole; © 1) Che 2S. «« & — 3800' above Newport ; only 1100’ in Rye t., .. es ** overturned; not exposed on railroad slorig Susquehanna river, 315 oe , ae ‘* thins eastward in Watts t. to one half (?) of what they are at — Newport, six miles west, = 4). = als 8 383 ‘© broad belt across Watts t. much folded, ...... a Formation VIII f, Chemung. ne, ‘© described; contorted ; fossils, ©«.: a). sl oy © eee a ae a ‘* topography; upper limit not defined,........ oe! ae a ee ry aes 4s 2700' or 2800’, Oarnoll 6.35027 OLA) ee ee oe ae Feet Same 164 ide ‘6 plant beds and red shale, = 45s et ss Se eee 166,167 4 ‘* eut off by great fault in Centret., d/l te ee i ‘“ fossiliferous in many places, but few exposures, . ve a ee a 207 °>: aan ‘* makes half of Wild Cat valley, Greenwood t., 220 Newport limestone, a mass of fossil casts; the water-bearing bed of the wells of Newport; exposed opposite the furnace at Newport; local to Howe and Oliver townshipa; 4.) eee ee es bad ae INDEX. F’, 433 Page. Newport limestone, high up in VIII /, and not at its base as has been supposed, ... . . . 224,225 «“ Newport limestone crowed with iste hislgconas demissa, &c., 224,225 me LMOMORE, BUNA Se Se a 225 *« covers N. and S. Juniata t. in two broad belts, .. .- irs aoe «© fossils not abundant; distorted along Middle ridge, J — ks iL a8 « makes bluffs of Juniata between Baileysburg and Newport, - . ah “hard layers of upper VIII / make rough wooded range of low hills at nomen 200, OF fice o hl Miillert.; nus bs et. eI. 7 5. a Og = Oe oa ae a eee See oe ee Ze ‘* slope of Middle ridge, Saville % exposed along road; few extensive _ fossiliferous outcrops; west and of Hominy ridge, ..... . . 328 ** upper beds unusually red and sandy in Saville t., . 328 ** holds fossils not seen in them in the southern townships of the county ,328 ** ridges high and ravined; poor soil in Tuscarorat., ......... 365 = makes broad belt across Wheatfield t., . 9.05.0. 2.0 2 we ee we 391 Group VIII f-TX, passage beds. RN ey ee ee ee 72 nS PMCS SUNCOM Mn Ss See oko Solve wei wa “wice 77 ‘© makes Middle Buck valley ridge in Howet.,..-.........-.- 225 ** long and good section on Barger’s run, Liverpoolt., ........ 244 a 282 rt) erin a eit) Section, .Penn fo ou. es 2 cw as ye mye ce 290 section § m. N. of Kingsmill, Wheatfieldt., ........4.... 392 “‘*no traces of fish bed near top of VIII fin Kingsmill section, Wheat- AS St 22 Oe rs a ee ee te ro 392 ST A ee a es ee 77 “© full of Beyrichia, (NR SOF gr eas Tene eer 77 Kingsmill sandstone, 12' thick, niekes. curve into Saville t., outcrops in TE i er a ee re 329 NE BRS Ek ESS IRE se a ce a nm 73 ‘* continuous at 500’ above top of Chemung, showing transition of VIII LE Sey SES OE a ieee ea a ea a nee 74,75 “6 very fossiliferous exposures around Shermansdale, Carroll ye. | dee ‘6 in Carroll t., SS RTE ES A ee ae Sn a 165 IN en eA 166 TE TE | ere 167 ‘© not so bold in Greenwood asin Wheatfield, ............- 220 “« white; not so siliceous; clay tougher; fossilsscarce, ........ 220 ** road on which alone fossils have been seen in Greenwoodt., .. . . 220 ‘¢ makes northern escarpment of Middle ridge, Juniatat, ...... 239 ‘* best seen, covering ground with fragments, west of Walnut Grove, 5 ty Lag ay Pa ir at it eC a er a 239 ‘* Stony ridge, left in woods Liverpool Beer eekab hk. + 40 aie Rear at 245 “© exposed 2 m. N. of Liverpool, near Dry Pr od Wa ads dere Ls 245 « in Penn t., Sag 287 os eeermacnsind nitie ada of Rilicodus dguteas Ae otha lamelli- OS EE EE Se. ae ey een Cares nt Sere 291 ‘* makes several stony ridges across Wattst.,............. 384 28 EF”. 434 F’. REPORT OF PROGRESS. FE. W. CLAYPOLE. Formation No. IX, Catskill red sandstone. : 6000’ deseribed,- .- * *) =<.45 2 eae + ‘ea pkgs * Deilville SS., the assumed Pa of 1A Lowi t sts eee 66 6 “ -wihty qreem,y 7? 3 na a he oe Hod oe Ets 9 elena ee “ upper beds described, i... 5.55% clad ie boo 6 pemee Gee ‘* jron ore, red hematite, near Oakgrove, ........ 2 6 be ee ‘ top mass makes Pine hill, Carroll:t.; «(i > 2°, 2? ae 65 ‘“ Delville green sandstone, 20', at J iii Junkin’s, near Delville, Car- a= WOM Sis!) tors et eee 166, €; ‘* nearly all cleared and cultivated except steep banks of Buffalo creek, “7 ~ as . Juniata t., ; 238 ; ‘* upper hard otis of Duncannon terrace are soft and make a low. hill ew in Juniata t., ; 239° ** bottom beds hold yellow, shales and thin square-fracture, fine-grained. sandstone layers like Chemung or Barger’s run, Liverpool t., . 244 : ** not well exposed on Susq. river, Liverpool t., ace. ey ** bottom edge line, crosses Liverpool t. a few hundred yards north of Liberty Hall, and runs to Susq. river near Dry Saw-mill, <-) ‘* shales above the base of true Catskill seen only in one place in the county, between Kingsmill and Linton’s hill, Pennt., . . 287 “~ Delville green sandstone, with coaly layer, top of Kingsmill section, Penn t., 6 ee RE te, Ae ee a 289 ‘* red shales make Fisher Creek valley ; ; Slope of Cove mountain; ter- — race; continuous with Pine hill; fertile soil, ..... +. san * 6000'In Rye t.; vorbionl dip): *2.. Soho. «ee eee s.r ** occupies all S. and S. E. of Watts t., good BOR Saks eae ee °° » «tas nnn *«« folded and much contorted in Watts fig sR B dal wh igne e + «0 ** 6000° throughout Watts t., A aS a eo tale a, oe el ‘“ covers all extreme S. of Wheatfield t., af ten Make ee ° 0) sie nn ** lower division distinguished by its iilestite Pee Sy hy AOS a om a ie alae . 395 ‘¢ middle and upper divisions make Pine hill, ........... .39 ‘* thickness obscured by small rolls, ........ 0. 0 6 \iuieth ha ies i Formation No. X, Pocono sandstone. st domoribed, 3 “sca ona 5 2 a eae ee ee ee ee 4 ee en 8 ore beds, 1. oe Ganete ate eee te ee ee o 6. wig e's) etn ‘* 2000’, dip 65° N. Buffalot., Berry mtn.,.........-. sere, oan onal in Berry mts.) oo ba ie avec ale Sees eee o eh ah ‘in Greenwood t, High kmoby: o's. (sie ss eo ee ore ‘ erest of Buffalo mtn, ...... cee Mes MPR ae ee ee ‘ace, s ee ** goal at Duncannon, |.) 7 fe. os a eas eee eels eee a Formation No. XI, Mauch Chunk red shale. ‘¢ 1500 left.in thia: Cove, °< <> ne) oy sel ees bk eee saa ‘* some beds calcareous enough to furnish hard farm water,. ... . . 293 ‘¢ altered by trap dyke—Penn t., =... 5. 4.112. +. s) sb ee ee LIST OF FOSSILS MENTIONED IN THE REPORT, Astrocerium, in rubbly bed VIB, ........ eer ee uk Atrypa reticularis, in VIII62, ... 4... + wees aes ware «“ “ in Vill 68,8 Gi > eee b ghstee kan Aulopora bed,in VIb,.......-. Pee ar oe a ec wre Sear @ fel ei . cm WED se A INDEX. EF’, 4385 * Page ES LOS a”) 2, Se ad sith ele at wu 69 IES a a iste ag oo Sp gatas fey: 0° a.8 ) ytd te a gal Ppa hcg 6 OI Yo 2 SA ee SNe | eee os Sere Pes er ere Bes 60 “ RS So oo ee ee en a eee ee are ee ee 182 ‘“ EMUPENIOUTIL- 00 EOOLOIN, POUT SIUAIG, 50 5 wi ca dh ins ms Walk mole deme 256 “6 re Ve gat) INO PORTO ONI OE Sy a ies apse in s-8. Soi oh iis naty ob lab ne 337 6 ET Sn og la eee | ce a A a ae : 373 Beyrichia fill the Kingsmill shales VITI-IX, ............ 77 ,291 Beyrichia granulata bed in VI6b, ........ OPUS ea 60,182 inne teid ie Vic Upper Saale, oe. 8 tee as Ski nha we ele 50 6 Peete et Pe RUT OMS oo.) Goh ts ehg aca we 8. dy q ues y 50 és ge OR OSS ga oo a oe oe ee ee ae a ee 50 Beyrichia notata, in V b, over Sand vein ore bed, ........ pene Matar ae “ 6 CBAC TG LS ye Tn or eer ee el oe ee ab etecdy erin «1m: “6 << TW oS SR aon ae aed et eS, ge a 56 Bothriolepis scales in IX ; (see Fish,) ..... ssn) Ae oirebrect er get oe 73,291 Brachiopods in Kingsmill SS., VITI-IX,.. ........-+.- . » « 165,393 Ne a eee ae ee dt Spends Rats ra Palie'ee eee ado 154 EE NE EOE) EEE a le ee ee er 50 ae AMUN EENRAN, GED ER carck dk Tolima 0)Tol oi ah i eldas ehdeel pian 50 et PER UW Stir toe a a ay el ta Wt ane chiens tai ae oF 183 Cardiola (Avicula) speciosa in VIII c, Portage,. .........4... 62 Es Scene Na ie a Ce I oes onl Sie cia Lit Cas 85 ,281 PR PO SPR SR as Se UN ail aes Woe oan tee Le Pande & Pu 182 USS OM OS Tos Ni A se eo ee ee 183 Goprolite? bed in Kingsmill SS., VITI-IX, . 0. 0.6 we we oe we 289 nn ERMA 010 WE WELL CLE VOVOUIGO 5 65. Sao Ss <5 Ye ifn Lar os oa wp "0) mw Hay yelieet oe 160 6 ee ee Ae eae a Setarrtn an al vaso tes AG, We an, wiaualix'i Aoki 182,338 ETE SAA ES A SR a ele ee ee a 161,183 CE ROR CRP OT OB re eM che St a) a ited ay la dob AA itil oj meee! 183 Crinoidal jointsin VIc, ...... Ua eh ie oh rane late ee ales aes 62 ss Re Sa cs ee es hae Dive wick ibs cx nayberndpieemist mee 206 6s A aE ee Rs ia org law atte, -o)0.0 ad esis earsuhe 260 ss Pe WER ee Ce sta. os a oO ES a te Meh eee ee eee ee 343 nr aarae Mt SOU TIOIEE Sg Adie 5 a) a Fh lee moe cm) mie le cab ee Dalmanites? in VITIT03, ..... aaa Sart caterten HS a "Se abate “pal ano el gta de 339 Delthyris shaly limestone, VIB, .....-....+.-. say Nab ied diet tahs nl o-ea's pet 60 EG SD EOS eee en ra ae ee ee 61,260 Encrinital limestone, VI d,e, ....... aon Bla 4 pe ca uate Rade ot ie Lan, 60 I EN Ca ee nee ns Blam cma) ip’) vincater, jac tay wi whim, Bele 225 FGurypterus, .++.-2e-. Seat ae ae UR ate als eos cicig Gh heyineh en 1 57 GET UES Ss TS alot ae ee eden tirade Kae 182 ,260 SET, SIAC Eee men als so ay 3), es ete 69 , 204 , 205 , 206 ,315 ,390 I Sie eg et ee ale a! www) mse @ 5 > e's hie ae a Ee 73,75 HSER es SB Soy a ee Pee ee eed 289 ,290 , 291,324 RR PE EG OES Ea ee os a en 328 Holoptychius? scales in IX, (see Fish,) .......... gmp ortn ng: sh gee nmcammasease Airtel TUN ELS 6B iow bath oie ote sn) whie whale alae « 203 nn SUR MTR ete es Sha wo, p aaial ip: we oa, isl bile wite 3 38 51 6 Es € 1 A Ee ee, ee ee hat Wn 4h 73 436 EF, Leperditia alia in V b,. “cc “ec “ce Leptena bed in VI b, . oe inte oblonga in Vb, i te hat “cc Murchisonia minuta, in VI }b,. . large, in VIII c 2, Ormoceras vertebratum in V 6, Orthis oblata, in VI b, REPORT OF PROGRESS. - ’ - . * . . . . . s . . . * . sc in VI, o Feo 8 0 eae eae eee 66 in Vi a, S 8 8, es, ot Bee wee, Sk oe SA VT By a, + 45 wa Sales Seine hp 6 in VIII-IX, eS bey ne ee sais tial sikh aomnauee in VI-O,-.55 4 5 S70 Merestella bella, in VI b, levis, in VI b, 5; wtehaate Cais, vn tae Oa Puracyclas lirata, VIII 68,055.54 ow ee Pentamerus upper limestone, Pentamerus lower limestone, ......... Plant beds, Pilatyceras, Polyzoon bed in VI 8, a yah tate ys Polyzoa plentiful in VIII /, Potericorinus tn VU foe Sr Se er cae fe Productella hirsuta in VIII f,...... Valet Rensseleria mutabilisin VI6b, ........ 6s Sua LE sigh Ae sere eee ae 66 Marylandica? VIIIcec2,..... it i gree he See ee iN ay Pahynchonetia beds'in VIG; :.-. .°.)* se = ets Rhynchonella formosa in VIb, ......2.-. sc mutabilis, VI b, nucleolata, VI b, Schizodus rhombens, VIII-1X; (see Fish, ) Spherocystites multifasciatus, VIb,....... Spirifera arenosa, in VII, se ec Sporangia, minute, VIII b 5, Streptelasma, in VI b, Stromatopora (coral) bed, VI 3, Stronphodontu demissa, VIII /, Strophomena rugosa, VI b, e, Styliola fissurella, VIII d, Genessee, Syringopora? in VI b, 'modesta, VI, disjuncta, VIII-IX, formosa; VILL'e9%, 6 404. & G&S granulifera, VIIL e 3, macropleura, VI,e mesocostalis, VIILS, mesostrialis, VIII-IX, Vanuxemi, VI b, as VIII ¢ 3, -E. W. CLAYPOLE. »” bere a6” 23 Grae ee a te ey ee 2. 69 ,205 ,272,273,383 ce ew on Ty OG o ete e « » - 61,218,260,887 *- @# So ef” 2 ? ’ wT . 73,74,291 0 tee eee 74,77 ,289 ,291 ® £ th. Ti ae ae F’. 437 : : Page. es attenuatus, VIII ¢2, . - a Leal an aie rad Pace gyracanthus, VI a, 6, ohh o. wt >, Ok gia ee tirregularis, VIla, .. r ara ecm gen! | ornatus, VIa,b,... Soe x he ne ee 61 sntaculite beds, VI a, b at enlace De ese = OD IBZ ASS _‘Trematopora (coral) bed, V2 at pe c oe a es 2 183,260 -Trilobites in VIII 6 3, 2S Soe pn a eee Sa Oe ee ee ae 839 | Tropiotpte carinatus beds, VIII ¢ 24 69, 203, 205 ,206 210. 273,383 ne ICES Che as Blea osx’ a coe. wee ata eae 206 UUIUIUELELL) THE PUBLICATIONS OF THE SECOND GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF PENNSYLVANIA. FROM 1874 TO 1885. Reports have been issued by the Board of Commissioners, and the prices thereof fixed in accordance with the law authorizing their publication, as fol- lows: MISCELLANEOUS REPORTS. A. A history of the First GEOLOGICAL SuRVEy of Pennsylvania from 1856 to 1858, by J. P. Lesley. With the annual reports of the Board to the Legis- lature for 1874 and 1875. 89°, pp. 226, 1876. Price in paper $0 25, postage $0 06. B. Report on the MINERALS of Pennsylvania, by F. A.Genth; and on the hydro-carbon compounds, by S. P. Sadtler. With a reference map of the State. 8°, pp. 206, 1875. Price in paper $0 50, postage $0 08; in cloth $0 75, postage $0 10. B 2. Report on the MINERALS, by F. A. Genth, continued from page 207 to page 238. 8°, in paper cover, pp. 31, 1876. (Bound with B.) M. Report of CHEMICAL ANALYSES in 1874-5, in the Laboratory at Harris- burg, by A. S. McCreath. 8°, pp. 105, 1875. Price in paper $0 50, postage $0 05. M 2. Report of CHEMICAL ANALYSES in 1876-8, by A. S. McCreath: Classi- fication of coals, by P. Frazer; Fire-brick tests, by F. Platt; Dolomitic lime- stone beds, by J. P. Lesley; Utilization of anthracite slack, by F. Platt; De- termination of Carbon in iron or steel, by A. 8S. McCreath. With one folded plate (section at Harrisburg) and four page plates. 8°, pp. 488, 1879. Price $0 65, postage $0 18. M 3. Report of CHEMICAL ANALYSES in 1879-80, by A.S. McCreath. With a reference map of 93 iron ore mines in the Cumberland valley. 8°, pp. 126, 188]. Price $0 40, postage $0 10. N. Report on the LEVELS above tide of railroad, canal and turnpike stations, mountain tops, &c., in and around Pennsylvania, in 200 tables, by C. Allen. Withamap. 8°, pp. 279, 1878. Price $0 70, postage $0 15. O. CATALOGUE of specimens collected by the survey (No. 1 to No. 4,264) by C. E. Hall. 8°, pp. 217, 1878. Price $0 40, postage $0 10. O 2. CATALOGUE (continued from No. 4,265 to No. 8,974); also catalogue of fossils (pp. 231 to 239.) 6°, pp. 272, 1880. Price $0 40, postage $0 12. O 3. CATALOGUE (continued from No, 8,975 to No. oe ee, PRS! 2a, 1885. Price$ , postage $ . (Warteng to go to press.) (1) 2 P. Report on the Coat Frora of Pennsylvania and the United States, Vols. 1 and 2, (bound tometliats) by L. Lesquereux. 8°, pp. 694, 1880. Price $0 80, postage $0 28. ; P. Report on the Coan Gets of Pennsylvania and the United States, Vol. 3, with 24 double page plates (lithographed) of coal plants, to accompany P. Vols. land 2. 8°, pp. 283, 1884. Price $1 20, postage $0 18. ; (P.) Artwas of 87 double page plates (lithographed) of coal plants, to ac- company P. Vols. land 2. 8°, 1879. Price $3 35, postage $0 22. P 2. Report on Permo-Carboniferous plants from W. Va. and Greene county, Pennsylvania, by W. M. Fontaine and I. C. White. With 38 double . page plates (lithographed ) 8°, pp. 143, 1880. Price $2 25, postage $0 17. P 3. Description of Ceratiocarida, by C. E. Beecher; andof Hurypteride, by James Hall. With 8 plates. 8°, pp. 39, 1884. Price $0 60, postage $0 07. Z. Report on the TERMINAL MORAINE across Pennsylvania, by H. C. Lewis ; including extracts from descriptions of the Moraine in New Jersey, by G. H. Cook, and in Ohio, Kentucky, and Indiana, by G. F. Wright. With a map of the State, 18 photographic views of the moraine, and 32 page plate maps and sections. 8°, pp. lvi and 299, 1884. Price $1 40, postage $0 17. GRAND ATLAS, Div. I, Pt. I, 1885, port-folio containing maps of 56 counties and parts of counties (scale 2 miles to 1 inch) on 49 sheets (26'’32"). The maps of the remaining counties will be published in Part II. These maps are duplicate prints on heavy paper of the county maps contained in the re- ports of progress. Price $7 25, expressage from Harrisburg, $ ANTHRACITE REGION. A 2. Report on the causes, kinds, and amount of WASTE in mining anthra- cite, by F. Platt; with a chapter on METHODS of mining, by J. P. Wetherill. Illustrated by 35 figures of mining Operations, a plan of the Hammond breaker, and a specimen sheet of the maps of the Anthracite coal fields. 89, pp. 134, 1881. Price $1 10, postage $0 12. AC. Report on MIn1nG MretTHops, &c., in the anthracite coal fields, by H. M. Chance. Illustrated with 54 plates and 60 illustrations in the text. 89, pp. 574, 1883. Price $1 40, postage $0 25. AC. ATLAS containing 25 plates illustrating coal mining, to accompany Report AC, by H. M. Chance. 8°, 1883. Price $1 40, postage $0 12. AA. First report of progress of the anthracite survey; PANTHER CREEK BASIN, by C. A. Ashburner; with a determination of the latitude and longi- tude of Wilkes Barre and Pottsville, by C. L. Doolittle ; and atheory of stadia measurements, by A. Winslow. 8°, pp. 407, 1883. Price $0 58, postage $0 18. (AA.) ATLAS of SOUTHERN anthracite field, Part I, containing 13 sheets: 3 mine sheets, 3 cross section sheets, 3 columnar section sheets, 1 topographical map sheet and 1 coal bed area sheet, relating to the PANTHER CREEK BASIN; 1 general map of the anthracite region, and 1 chart of anthracite production from 1820 to 1881. 8°.1882. Chas. A. Ashburner, Geologist in charge ; A.W, Sheafer and Frank A. Hill, Assistant Geologists. Price $1 50, postage $0 12. (AA.) ATLAS of WESTERN MIDDLE anthracite field, Part I, containing 11 sheets: 4 mine sheets between Delano and Locust Dale, 3 topographical sheets between Quakake Junction and Mount Carmel, and 4 cross section sheets. 89, Nortes.—Single sheets of the Anthracite Survey, with the exception of those in the Pan- ther Creek atlas, can be purchased by nF mapas Chas, A. Ashburner, Geologist in Charge, 907 Walnut street, Philadelphia. Seepage 9. — ee 3 1884. Chas. A. Ashburner, Geologist in charge; A. W. Sheafer and Bard Wells, Assistant Geologists. Price $1 65, postage $0 11. (AA.) ATLAS of NORTHERN anthracite field, Part I, containing 6 mine sheets between Wilkes Barre and Nanticoke, 3 cross section sheets, and 4 columnar section sheets. 8°, 1885. Chas. A. Ashburner, Geologist in charge ; Frank A. Hill, Assistant Geologist. Price $ » postage $ (AA.) GRAND ATLAS, Div. II, Pt. I, 1884, port-folio containing 26 sheets (26'' x32’) as follows: 13 sheets Atlas Southern Anthracite Field, Part I, 11 sheets Atlas Western Middle Anthracite Field Part I, 1 sheet photo views of plaster models in Western Middle and Southern Fields, and 1 specimen sheet Report A 2. Price $4 25, expressage from Harrisburg $ For anthracite coal in SULLIVAN county, see G 2. For Conglomerate beds near Carbondale, Pittston, &c., see G 5, G7. For Utilization of anthracite slack, see M 2. For single sheets see page 9. BITUMINOUS COAL FIELDS AND SURROUNDING AREAS. H. First report on CLEARFIELD and JEFFERSON counties, by F. Platt. ‘With 8 maps, 2 sections, and 139 cuts in the text. 8°, pp. 296, 1875. Price unbound $1 50, postage $0 13 (For second report see H 6, H7.) H 2. Report on CAMBRIA county, by F. & W.G. Platt. With 4 maps and sections and 84 cuts in the text. 8°, pp. 194, 1877. Price $1 00, postage $0 12. H3. Report on SOMERSET county, by F. & W.G. Platt. With 6 maps and sections and 110 cuts in the text. 8°, pp. 348, 1877. Price $0 85, postage $0 18. H 4. Report on INDIANA county, by W. G. Platt. With a colored geologi- cal county map and 87 cuts in the text. 8°, pp. 316, 1878. Price $0 80, post- age $0 14. H 5. Report on ARMSTRONG county, by W. G. Platt. With a colored geo. - logical county map, and 58 cuts in the text. 8°, pp. 338, 1880. $0 75, postage $0 16. H 6. Second report on JEFFERSON county, (See H above,) by W.G. Platt. With a colored geological county map, and 57 cuts in the text. 89°, pp. 218, 1881. Price $0 60, postage $0 12. H 7. Second report on CLEARFIELD county, (see H above,) by H. M. Chance. With a colored geological county map, an outcrop map of the Houtz- dale basin, and 58 cuts inthe text. 8°, pp. 197, 1884. Price $0 85, postage $0 11. I. Report on VENANGO county, by J. F. Carll. The geology around War- ren, by F. A. Randall. Notes on the comparative geology of N. E. O., N. W. Pa. and W. N. Y., by J. P. Lesley. With one small,map of the Venango oil region; one small map of the region south and east of Lake Erie; one long section of the rocks at Warren; and 7 cuts in the text. 8°, pp. 127, 1875. Price in paper, $0 €0, postage $0 05. I 2. Report of oil well records and levels in VENANGO, WARREN, CRAW- FORD, CLARION, ARMSTRONG, BUTLER, &c., by J. F. Carll. 8°, pp. 398, 1877. Price $0 60, postage $0 18. I 3. Report on the VENANGO, WARREN, CLARION, and BUTLER OIL RE- GIONS; descriptions of rig, tools, &c.; survey of the Garland and Panama con- glomerates, &c.: discussion of preglacial and post glacial drainage; by J. F. Carll. With 23 page plates, andan atlas. 8°, pp. 482, 1880. Price (of volume and atlas together) $2 30, postage $0 30. “2 en | ee ee 4 aie ~~ (1 3.) ATLAS of 22 sheets. Map of Venango county, colored geologically; map of lower oil field (Butler, Armstrong and Clarion) in 2 sheets; 3local contour maps at Franklin, Titusville, and Spring creek; two maps of N. W. — Pennsylvania showing the past and present drainage; long section across W. Pennsylvania; vertical section of the formations from the Upper Coal, Meas-— ures down to the bottom of the Devonian; diagram map and section of Third sand; profile section from Meadville, 8S. W.; 5 sheets of grouped oil well sec- tions; 5 sheets of working drawings for well boring, &c.; diagram of daily rate of drilling six wells at Petrolia. (Sold only with the report.) I 4. Report on WARREN county, by J. F. Carll. With a colored geological county map, a map of the Warren oil region, and 2 sheets of oil well sections. ; 8°, pp. 439, 1883. Price $1 12, postage $0 20. (Note. The first 147 pages of - this book contain oil well records ; see under Petroleum Iields below.) J. Report on the O1n REGIon, by H. E. Wrigley; map and profile of line of levels through Butler, Armstrong, and Clarion, by D. J. Lucas; map and profile of Slippery Rock creek, by J. P. Lesley. 5 maps and sections, a plate and 5 cuts. 8°, pp. 122, 1875. Price in paper $0 75, postage $0 06. K. Report on GREENE and WASHINGTON counties, by J. J. Stevenson. With two county maps. (Showing the calculated local depths of the Pitts- burg and Waynesburg coal beds beneath the surface,) and 3 page plates of general sections. 8°, pp. 419, 1876. Price, in paper, $0 65, postage $0 16. (Note.—Since the publication of this book, two colored geological county maps have been published, and will be found in pocket of volume K 3 de- scribed below.) K 2. First report on FAYETTE, WESTMORELAND, and S. E. ALLEGHENY counties, (7. e. west of Chestnut ridge,) by J. J. Stevenson. With 3 colored geological county maps, and 50 cuts in the text. 8°, pp. 437, 1877. Price $1 40, postage $0 20. K 3. Second report on FAYETTE and WESTMORELAND counties, (the Lig- onier valley,) by J. J. Stevenson. With 4 page plates, and 107 cuts in text. 8°, pp. 331, 1878. Price $1 40, postage $0 16. (Note.—Jn a pocket in this vol- ume will be found the colored geological maps of Greene and Washington counties, alluded to above.) K 4. Pt. I, Report on the MONONOAHELA river COAL MINES, from the West Virginia State line to Pittsburgh, (including some on the Youghiogheny and > other streams,) by J. Sutton Wall. With a map of the region in a pocket, 12 helioty pe pictures, and 26 page plates. 89°, pp. 231, 1884. Price $1 15, } ostage $0 14. L. Report on the YOUGHIOGHENY coke manufacture, by F. Platt; Notes on the coal and iron ore beds, by C. A. Young; Report on methods of eoking, by J. Fulton, (See G below;) Report on the use of natural gas in the iron manufacture, by J. B. Pearse and F. Platt; The Boyd’s hill gas well at Pitts- burg, by J. P. Lesley. With a map of the coke region, two folded plates of coke ovens, and page plates and cuts in the text. 8°, pp. 252, 1876. Price $1 00, postage $0 13. Q. Report on BEAVER, N. W. ALLEGHANY, and S. BUTLER counties, by I. C. White. With 3 colored geological county maps, and 21 page plates of sections. 89°, pp. 337, 1878. Price $1 40, postage $0 20. Q 2. Report on LAWRENCE county, and special Report on Correlation of the Pennsylvania and Ohio coal beds, by I. C. White. With a colored geolog- ical county map, and 134 cuts in the text. 89°, pp. 336, 1879. Price $0 70, post- age $0 15. ae a) ee -ue's~y AP! 5 Q 3. Report on MERCER county, by I. C. White. With colored geological county map, and 119 cuts in the text. 89°, pp. 233, 1880. Price $0 60, postage $0 ll. Q 4. Report on CRAWFORD AND ERIE counties, by I. C. White. With two colored geological county maps, and 107 cuts in the text. Also, a Report on a preglacial outlet for Lake Erie, by J. W. Spencer. With two maps of the Lake region. 89°, pp. 406, 1881. Price $1 17, postage $0 18. R. Report on McKEAN county, and its geological connections with Came- ron, Elk, and Forest counties, by C. A. Ashburner. With 33 page plates of vertical and columnar sections, pictures of Rock city and Olean conglomerate, Wilcox and Kane spouting wells, map of Howard Hill coal field, &c., and an atlas of 8 sheets. 8°, pp. 371, 1880. Price of Volume and Atlas together $170, postage $0 22. (R.) ATLAS for McKean county of 8 sheets:—Colored geological county map; three topographical maps; of Buffalo Coal Company tract, Alton coal basin, and Potato Creek coal basin; map of McKean oil district ; one sheet of columnar sections between Bradford and Ridgway ; and 2 diagram sheets of the Well account and Production account in the Bradford district. (Only sold with Report R.) R 2. Part II, Report on township geology of CAMERON, ELK AND FOREST counties, by C. A. Ashburner. (Jo appear about March 15, 1885.) (R 2.) ATLAS for CAMERON, ELK AND FOREST counties, of 11 sheets (pwob- lished November, 1884, in advance of the report) :—3 colored geological county maps; 1 anticlinal and synclinal map; 1 topographical map McKean county; 2 tract maps Forest and Elk counties; 1 map Straight Creek coal basin ; 2 sheets oil well sections; and 1 sheet coal sections. Price $0 65, post- age $0 08. : V. Report on N. BUTLER county; and (Part 2) special report on the Beaver and Shenango river coal measures, by H. M. Chance. With a colored geolog- ical map of N. Butler; a contour local map around Parker; a map of the an- ticlinal rolls in the 6th basin; a chart of the Beaver and Shenango rivers; profile section from Homewood to Sharon; Oil well records and surface sec- tions; and 154 cuts in the text. 8%, pp. 248, 1879. Price $0 70, postage $0 15. V 2. Report on CLARION county, by H. M. Chance. With a colored geo- logical county map; a map. of the anticlinals and oil-belt; a contoured map of the old river channel at Parker; 4 page plates, and 83 cutsin the text. 89, pp. 232, 1880. Price $0 43, postage $0 12. For the coal basins of BRADFORD and TIOGA counties see report G. For the coal basins of LYCOMING and SULLIVAN see report G 2. For the coal basins of PoTTER county see G 3. For the coal basins of CLINTON county see G 4. For the coal in WAYNE county see G 5. For the East Broad Top coal basin in HUNTINGDON county see F. For the mountain coals in BLAIR county see T. For the Broad Top coal measures in BEDFORD and FULTON counties see T 2, For the coal basins in CENTRE county see T 4. For coal analyses, see M, M 2, M 3. For classification of coals, see in M 2. For coal plants, see P, P 2. For fossil crustaceans in coal slate, see P 3. 6 PETROLEUM AND GAS. See reports I, I 2,1 3, 14, and J under Bituminous Coal Fields. See L, for the Pittsburgh gas well, and the use of gas in the iron manufacture. See Q, Q2, Q3, Q4, for references to oil rocks in Beaver, Lawrence, Mercer, Crawford, Erie, and S. Butler counties. See K for the Dunkard creek oil wells of Greene county. See R, R2, for descriptions of oil rocks in McKean, Elk, and Forest counties, See V, V 2, for notes on the oil rocks of N. Butler, and Clarion counties. See H 2 for oil boring at Cherry Tree, Cambria county. See G 5 for oil boring in Wayne county. NORTH-EASTERN AND MIDDLE PENNSYLVANIA. (Paleozoic formations from the Coal down.) D. First report on LEHIGH county iron mines, by F. Prime. With a con- tour line map of the ore region, and 8 page plates. 89°, pp. 73, 1875. Price in paper $0 50, postage $0 04. D 2. Second report on LEHIGH county iron mines, by F. Prime. With a colored geological contour line map of the iron region, (in 4 sheets, ) a colored geological contour line map of the Ironton mines, 4 double page lithograph pictures of Limestone quarries, and one page plate of Monocraterion. 89, pp. 99, 1878. Price $1 €0, postage $0 12. D3. Vol. 1. Report on LEHIGH and NORTHAMPTON counties. Introduc- tion, by J. P. Lesley ; Slate belt, by R. A. Saunders; Limestone belt and iron mines, by F. Prime; South mountain rocks, by F. Prime and C, E. Hall. With 8 lithograph pictures of quarries, 4 pictures of triangulation stations, 14 page plates of sections, and an atlas of maps. 89°, pp. 283, 1883. Price $0 65, postage $0 13. (Note, for atlas see below.) D 3. Vol. Il, part I. Reporton Berks county, (South Mountain belt,) by E. V. D’Invilliers. With 10 page plates of sections and Indian relics, and 3 pictures of rock exposures. 8°, pp. 441, 1883, Price $0 55, postage $0 18. (Note, for atlas see below, as before.) (D 3.) ATLAS: One colored geological map of Lehigh and Northampton counties, (one sheet); one colored geological contour line map of Southern Northampton county, (sia sheets); acontour line map of the mountains from the Delaware to the Schuylkill, (eighteen sheets); a colored geological contour line index map to the 22 sheets, (one sheet); and 4 sheets of maps of Iron mines. Price of Atlas $2 80, postage $0 17. D 5. Aras of colored geological county maps of CUMBERLAND, FRANK- LIN, and Adams, (three sheets); and first instalment of contour line map of the South mountains, Sheets Al, A 2, B1, B2, (four sheets,) by A. E. Lehman, Price of Atlas $1 25, postage $0 08. F. Report on the JUNIATA RIVER district in MIFFLIN, SNYDER and Hun- TINGDON counties, by J. H. Dewees; and on the Aughwick valley and East Broad Top region in HuNTINGDON county, by C. A. Ashburner. With colored geological maps of East Broad Top R. R. and Orbisonia vicinity (2 sheets); Three Springs map and section (2 sheets); Sideling Hill creek map and section (2 sheets); and Isometric projection at Three Springs (1 sheet); six folded cross sections and 22 page plates of local maps, and col- umnar sections. 8°, pp. 305, 1878. Price $2 55, postage $0 20. F 2. Report on PERRY county, (Part I, geology,) by E. W. Claypole. With two colored geological maps of the county; 17 geological outline town- ship maps as page plates; and 30 page plate cross and columnar sections. 8°, pp. , 1884 Price$ _ , postage, - (In press, October, 1884.) G. Report on BRADFORD and TIOGA counties, by A. Sherwood; Report on their coal fields (including forks of Pine creek in Potter county), by F. Platt; Report on the cokinG@ of bituminous coal, by J. Fulton. (See L above.) With 2 colored geological county maps, 3 page plates, and 35 cuts in the text. 8°, pp. 271, 1878. Price $1 00, postage $0 12. G 2. Report on LycomIneG and SULLIVAN counties: field notes by A. Sher- wood ; coal basins oy F. Platt. With 2 colored geological county maps (of Lycoming and Sullivan), a topographical map (in two sheets) of the Little Pine creek coal basin, and 24 page plates of columnar sections. 89, pp. 268, 1880. Price $1 06, postage $0 14. G 3. Report on PoTTrER county, by A. Sherwood. Report on its COAL FIELDS, by F. Platt. With a colored geological county map, 2 folded plates, and 2 page plates of sections. 8°, pp. 121, 1880. Price $0 58, postage $0 08. G 4 Report on CLINTON county, by H. M. Chance; including a descrip- tion of the Renovo coal basin, by C. A. Ashburner; and notes on the Tangas- cootac coal basin, by F. Platt. With a colored geological county map, 1 sheet of sections, local Renovo map, 6 page plates, and 21 sections in the text. 89°, pp. 183, 1880. Price $1 05, postage $0 12. G 5. Report on SUSQUEHANNA and WAYNE counties, by [. C. White. With a colored geological map of the two counties, and 58 cuts in the text. 8°, pp. 248, 1881. Price $0 70, postage $0 12. G 6. Report on PIKE and MONROE counties, by I. C. White. With two colored geological county maps, (1 sheet Pike and Monroe, and 1 sheet Wyom- ing,) a map of glacial scratches, and 7 small sections. Report on the Delaware and Lehigh water gaps, with two contoured maps and five sections of the gaps, by H. M. Chance. 89, pp. 407, 1882. Price $1 15, postage $0 15. G7 Report on WYOMING, LACKAWANNA, LUZERNE, COLUMBIA, MOoNn- TOUR, and NORTHUMBERLAND counties, (7. e. the parts lying outside of the anthracite coal fields,) by I.C. White. With a colored geological map of these counties, (in two sheets,) and 31 page plates in the text. 89°, 464, 1883. Price $0 85 and postage $0 20. (Note.—The colored geological map of WYOMING county is published in G6.) S. Report on the Seven mountains in HUNTINGDON, UNION, AND SNYDER counties, by C. E. Billin. With a colored geological contour line map of the mountains (1 sheet); maps of the fossil ore outcrops, and Stone mountain fault; and colored geological cross sections, (2 sheets.) 8°, pp. , 1885. Price $ , postage $ - (in press.) T. Report on Blair county, by F. Platt. With 35 cuts in the text, and an Atlas of maps and sections, (See below.) 89°, pp. 311, 1881. Price with atlas $4 55, postage $0 28. (T.) Arias of colored geological contour line map of Morrison’s cove, Canoe valley, Sinking valley, and country west to the Cambria county line, (14 sheets); Index map of the same (1 sheet): colored sections, (2 sheets.) 89, 1881. (Note.—The Atlas is not sold separately.) T 2. Report on BEDFORD and FULTON counties, by J. J. Stevenson. With two colored geological maps of the two counties. 89°, pp. 382, 1882. Price $0 80, postage $0 20. 8 ; hae ‘Ss T 3. Report on HUNTINGDON county, by I. C. White. With a colored geo logical map of the county; and numerous sections. 8°, pp. , 1885. — $ , postage $ - (ln press.) T 4e Report on CENTRE county, by E. V. D’Invilliers; also, special ropa by A. L. Ewing; and extracts from report to Lyon, Shorb & Co., by J. P. - Lesley. With a colored geological map of the county, 13 page plates of local maps and sections, and 15 cuts in the text. 8°, pp. 464, 1884. Price $0 80, postage $0 19. See also report on the line of the Terminal Moraine, Z. SOUTH-EASTERN PENNSYLVANIA. C. Report on YORK and ADAMS counties, by P. Frazer. With one folded map of a belt of York county through York and Hanover, 6 folded cross sec- tions, and two page plate, microscopic slices of dolerite. 8°, pp. 198, 1876, Price in paper $0 85, postage $0 10. (Note.—The colored geological — map of YORK is published in the ATLAS to C38.) C 2. Report on York and ADAMS counties, (South Mountain rocks, iron ores, &c.,) by P. Frazer. With one general map of the district; 10 folded cross sections; and 5 page plates. 8°, pp. 400, 1877. Price $1 25, postage $0 12. (Note.—The colored geological county maps of ADAMS 1s published in D 5.) C 3. Report on Lancaster county by P. Frazer. With nine double page lithographic views of slate quarries, and Indian-pictured rocks; one plate of impressions on slate and one page plate microscopic section of trap; and an atlas. 8°, pp. 350, 1880. Price of report and atlas $2 20, postage $0 25. (C 3.) ATLAS of 13 sheets:—Colored geological map of YORK county; colored geological map of LANCASTER county; Susquehanna river section (Sheets 1, 1A, 2, 2A, 3, 4) ; Lancaster section; Pequea section; Muddy run section ; Chestnut-hill mines; Gap nickel mine. (Note.—Atlas sold only with © report.) C 4 Report on CHESTER county; General description, pp. 214, by J. P. Lesley ; Field notes in the townships, pp. 215-354, by P. Frazer. With a col- ored geological county map, a photographic view of contorted schists, and 12 page plates. 89°, pp. 394, 1883. Price $0 75, postage $0 18. C 5. Report on DELAWARE county, by C. E. Hall. With a colored geolog- ical county map; a contour line map around Media; 30 photographic page- plate views of granite quarries, Kaolin pits, &c., and 4 page plates of altered micas. 8°, pp. , 1885. Price $ , postage $ . (Partly printed; but publication delayed.) C 6. Report on PHILADELPHIA and the southern parts of MONTGOMERY and Bucks counties, by C. KE. Hall. With a colored geological map of the belt of country between Trenton and Delaware county (in 3 sheets); a sheet of colored cross-sections, and 24 cutsin the text. 8°, pp. 145, 1882. Price $1 65, postage $0 13. E. Part I of (historical introduction to) a report on the Azorc rocks, by T. S. Hunt. 8°, pp. 253, 1878. Price $0 48, postage $0 12. 9 VOLUMES PUBLISHED AND ON SALE, MARCH 1, 1885. A. D 2. i a he pA P atlas. A 2. D3, Vol. I. I. . “PS; AC. D3, Vol. II, partI. 12. P 3. AC atlas. D 8 atlas. 3. Q. AA. D 5 atlas. 1 3 atlas. Q 2. AA atlas (1.) E. I 4. Q 3. AA atlzs (2.) ¥. : J. Q 4. Grand atlas, Div. G. K. R. 7 Ft. FT. G 2. K 2. R atlas. Grand atlas, Div. G3. K 3. R 2 atlas. a PS. 1: G 4. K 4, Pt. 1. T. B. G 5. L. T atlas. B 2, (exhausted.) G6. M. pl be C. G7. M 2. T 4. C 2. i. M 3. N. C3. H 2. N. V 2. C 3 atlas. H 3. O. Z. C 4. H 4. O 2. — C 6. H 5. F,.-Volm,. FT. 17. 75. D. H6. PF Vol. Fit, Other reports of the Survey are in the hands of the State Printer and will soon be published. SINGLE SHEETS ANTHRACITE REGION. In order to make the results of the survey in this region immediately avail- able, 200 copies of each sheet (size 2632 inches) will be sold singly as soon as printed. Kemittances* for the same and communications respecting the Anthracite Survey should be addressed to CHAS. A. ASHBURNER, Geologist in Charge, 907 Walnut street, Philadelphia. General Map Anthracite Coal Fields, scale .5,4,,ths of nature (about 43 miles to one inch) showing the outlines of the coal basins and outlets to market; with list of working mines during 1882 and 1883 with their annual production, Peeesod on lieht paper, 50.52 wee es Baa Sal eae HG ta ie te Price $0 11 unre Seen Ravan seeenee ct f fa Sa relat eee” 6) ‘ws Price $0 12 Printed on light paper with counties colored, .......... Price $0 13 Geological and Mine Sheets, scale 800 feet to 1 inch ,;,,,ths of nature, showing the geology, mine workings, and the shape of the floor of the coal beds by contour curve lines 50 feet vertically apart. DELANO SHEET!, Western Middle Field, in vicinity of Delano and East Mahanoy City, . Price $0 22 SHENANDOAH SHEET!, Western Middle Field, in vicinity of West Mahanoy City, Shenandoan, and Gilberton, Price $0 26 *The price assigned to each sheet includes one cent for postage. Where less than 10sheets are ordered for one delivery, 5 cents must be remitted in addition to the price of the sheets, to pay for a paste-board tube and postage thereon. 10 GIRARDVILLE SHEET!, Western Middle Field, in vicinity of Irackville and Girard ville, Ae oe he dee Price $0 24 ASHLAND SHEET!, Western Middle Field, in vicinity of Ashland, Locust Dale, Centralia, and Montana, Price $0 31 NANTICOKE SHEET’, Northern Field, in vicinity of Nanticoke and Newport, F Me wa . Price $0 31 WARRIOR RUN SHEET?, Northern Field, in vicinity of Warrior Run and Hanover; contains also skeleton map between Wilkes Barre and Shickshinny, (scale, , Vinile=1 ineh,). 9 3 Scr eh ea ae Price $0 26 PLYMOUTH SHEET?, Northern Field, in vicinity of Plymouth, . Price $0 31 ASHLEY SHEET?, Northern Field, in vicinity of Sugar Notch, Ash- ley, and South Wilkes Barre, ; . Price $0 31 KINGSTON SHEET?, Northern Field, in ee of Kingston and ising: .° . »« « Price $0 36 WILKES BARRE SHEET?, Northern Field, in rica of Wilkes BaryrGs! fo eee he ; ... Price $0 36 DRIFTON SHEET’, Eastern Middle Field, in “aes of Drifton, Jeddo, Ebervale, Stockton, &c., .. a Press HAZLETON SHEET?, Eastern Middle Field, in vicinity of Latti- mer, Hollywood, Harleigh, Hazleton, Mt. Pleas- QHG AG ie bess cg eee os, PHioegae MavucuH CHUNK SHEET‘, Southern Field, in vicinity of Mauch Chunk and Nesquehoning. (See foot-note, page 4.) LANSFORD SHEET‘, Southern Field, in vicinity of Lansford and Summit Hill. (See foot-note, page 4.) TAMAQUA SHEET‘, Southern Field, in the vicinity of Coaldale and Tamaqua. (See foot-note, page 4.) Topographical Sheets, scale 1600 feet to 1 inch ;,4,,;ths of nature, shows ing surface topography in contour curve lines 10 feet vertically apart. SHEET No. I, in vicinity of Delano and Mahanoy WESTERN MIDDLE FIELD! Glogs 4 Tate tee eee Price $0 11 SHEET No. II, in vicinity of Shenandoah, New Bos- WESTERN MIDDLE FIELD! ton, Frackville, Girardville, &c., . Price $0 11 SHEET No. III, in vicinity of Centralia, Ashland, WESTERN MIDDLE FIELD! Mt. Osrmel, 655.40. 55.4 (oases Price $0 11 Seieue Nat in vicinity of Mauch Chunk, Lans- ; SouTHERN FIELD‘, ford, Tamaqua, &c. (See foot-note, page 4.) 1, Contained in Atlas W. M. A. F. Part I. 2, Contained in Atlas N. A. F. Part I. 8, Contained in Atlas E. M. A. F. Part I. 4, Contained in Atlas S. A. F. Part I, 11 Cross Section Sheets contain vertical cross sections, scale 400 feet to Linch, asyoths of nature; reference maps scale 1 mile to 1 inch, ;3},;5ths of nature ; &e, SHEET No. I, WESTERN MIDDLE FIELD! SHEET No. II, WESTERN MIDDLE FIELD! SHEET No. ITI, WESTERN MIDDLE FIELD! SHEET No. IV, WESTERN MIDDLE FIELD! SHEET No. III, NORTHERN FIELD?, SHEET No. IV, NORTHERN FIELD?, SHEET No. V, NORTHERN FIELD2 or He or Gere Orr Ore ere eee een i a OO a e arr eG: eee eee TO eC Oe Oo eee 4 sections through Myersville, Cop- lay, Morris, West Lehigh, Schuyl- kill, Glendon, Primrose, Hillside, Oak Hollow, Barry, Yatesville, Mahanoy City, Elmwood, Tun- nel Ridge, and Middle Lehigh Collieries and East Mahanoy R. R. tunnel, Tes ceoat Ue, int eee sections through Indian Ridge, Plank Ridge, Knickerbocker, Shenandoah City, Coal Run, St. Nicholas, Boston Run, Lehigh No. 8, Packer Nos. 2 and 4, Wil- liam Penn, Bear Ridge Nos. land 2, Stanton, Draper, Colorado, Lawrence, and Ellangowan col- RN Perieccce) ed 2s: alae ar be sections through Girard Mam- moth, Cuyler, Hammond, Conti- nental, North Ashland, Preston Nos. 1, 2,3, and 4, Centralia, Hazle Dell, Bast, Tunnel, Big Run, Key- stone, Potts and Franklin collier- MME ees eben =, ag a at Cag Se A Sections through Mt.Carmel, Rough and Ready, Coal Ridge No. 3, Bellmore and Reno collieries; longitudinal section Mahanoy ba- sin and geological map between Delano and Ashland, (scale 3200 Bere SG es etek Se 10 sections; through Boston, Ply- mouth Nos. 1, 2, and 4, Dodson, Gaylord, Avondale, Nottingham, Reynolds, Franklin, and Sugar Notch Nos. 9 and 10 collieries, terprise, Forty Fort, Wyoming, ‘‘ Harry EH, ’’ Black Diamond, Mill Hollow, East Boston, Kingston, Henry, Burroughs, Prospect, and Midvale collieries, ..... sections; through Pine Ridge, Mill Creek, Laurel Run, Conyng- ham, Baltimore, Diamond (No. 1,) Hollenback (No, 2,) Red Ash, Empire Nos. 3 and 4, and Stanton eee iemrngs Mia sits es a et ac Price $0 v9 Price $0 09 Price $0 09 Price $0 11 . Price $0 09 10 sections; through Maltby, En- Price $0 69 Price $0 09 12 ing eee ey: r «te BS 5 general sections, scale 800 feet to 1 _ et inch ; through Highland, Eckley, “s af SHEET No. I | ’ ; Woodside, Stockton, Hollywood, — EASTERN MIDDLE FIELD® ; Hazleton, Mt. Pleasant, &e., col- oe < A > TR ee oe ae . . Price $ (16 sections; through Highland, — SHEET No. II, | iar ee, ceed, » Tal | ae Shaieneivs Witeieanltaicae { timer, Jeddo, Milnesville, Eber- .s ’ | vale, Hollywood, Harleigh, &e., | collieries, (ER at ae Price $ i a tats ( 9sections; through Lumber Yard, es" SHEET No, III, 1 Stockton, Diamond, Hazleton, cg EASTERN MIDDLE FrELp*, | Cranberry, Crystal Ridge, Sen, Ree | collieries (a>. eal. «taste Price$ Sud fy Sueer Nos. I, [Land III, 25 sections; through collieries L. a =, e SouTHERN FIELD‘, C. and Nay. Co., between Mauch Be Chunk and Wasnacitiae (See foot-note, aoe Bs | Columnar Section Sheets contain sections showing thickness and cae acter of coal measures, scale 40 feet to 1 inch, of coal beds scale 10 feet to i. a . inch, &c., &e. a a5 ( contains sections at Bennett, Pine . : Ridge, Enterprise, Henry, Wy- oming, Oakwood, Prospect, Con- yngham, Baltimore, Diamond, Hollenback, Laurel Run, Min- eral Spring, and Red Ash col- ee Hartes,! <2 85 a a, ee Price $0 11 _ cara 3 SHEET No. I, NORTHERN FIELD?, contains sections at Dorrance, Em- pire Nos. 2 and 4, Kidder, Stan- ton, South Wilkes Barre, Frank- lin, Sugar Notch, Ashley No. 6, | L SHEET No. II, | | Hillman Vein, &c., collieries . . Price $0 11 4 ! | { | | \ NORTHERN FIELD?, contains sections at Maltby, Forty Fort, Harry E, Black Diamond, SHEET No. ITT, East Bosten, Kingston, Mill Hol- NoRTHERN FIELD’, low, Plymouth, Boston, &c., col- LaOr8@ks oe 2 eo et) + Sn Price $0 11 b contains sections at Plymouth, Lance, Gaylord, Dodson, Wana- mie, Alden, Avondale, Chaun- cey, Nottingham, Susquehanna Nos. 1 and 2, Hanover, Warrior Run, &c., collieries, .. . Price $0 11 contains 79 sections at collieries L. SHEET No. IV, NORTHERN FIELD?, SHEETS Nos. I, II & ITI, C. and Nay. Co., between Mauch SouTHERN FIELD*, Chunk and Tainuqua, ( 69 foot-note, page 4. ) Other Anthracite sheets are in the hands of the State Printer and will soon be printed. ae) Oe | A = me : 13 The sale of the reports is conducted in accordance with the provisions of Section 10 of the Act of the 14th day of May, 1874, which directs that copies of the Reports, with all maps and supplements, shall be furnished at cost of pub- lication to all applicants for them. All the printed volumes and maps in stock have been transferred by the Board of Commissioners to the Department of Internal Affairs, where the Sales thereof will hereafter be conducted. Communications relating to the work of the Survey should be addressed to J. P. Lesley, State Geologist, No. 1008 Clinton street, Philadelphia, and those intended for the Board of Commissioners to William A. Ingham, Secretary, No. 907 Walnut street, Philadel phia. For instructions for purchase of single sheets of the Anthracite Survey, see page 9. All letters and orders concerning the purchase of Reports and remittances for the same, should be addressed to J. SIMPSON AFRICA, Secretary of Internal Affairs Harrisburg, Pa. March 1, 1885. - ‘ } : 7 om . Fr, SS 7 a ae ae. ok ee ee ee eee i Len EXPLANATION OF COLORS . ae «: Mauch Chunk Shale Ir] X Pocono Sandstone [ IX Catskill Sandstone => Chemung ( Vill Portage Shales . Hamilton — ; | VI Oriskany Sandstone _— VW Lewistown (1 Held.) Limestone Clinton Red Shales Medina Oneida Sandstone Utica Slates Hudson a i Trenton Limestone Trap Dyke JUUUS BIEN, PHOTOLITH. NEW YORK SECOND CEOLOCICAL SURVEY OF PENNSYLVANIA J.P. LESLEY, STATE GEOLOGIST. GEOLOGICAL MAP PERRY COUNTY Meh JOHN H.DEWEES (TO ILLUSTRATE HIS FIELD NOTES OF 1878.) 188] Seale: Z Miles to Linch. 2 : 2 > ~