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BULLETIN NUMBER SIX

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ELLWOOD CHAPPELL PERISHO

State Geologist

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SOUTH DAKOTA

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY

BULLETIN NUMBER SIX
1914

A Preliminary Report on the Biology of Harding County
Northwestern South Dakota

By STEPHEN S. VISHER

Report of State Geologist

STA TE, PUBLISHING CO,

; D.

LLWOOD CHAPPELL PERISHO, State Geologist
1914

EARTH
SCIENCES

REGENTS OF EDUCATION

A. E. Hitchcock, President Mitchell

T. W. Dwight, Vice President Sioux Falls

A. M. Anderson Sturgis

Marcus P. Beebe Ipswich

August Frieberg Beresford

Fred W. Ford, Secretary Elk Point

333133

LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL

State Geological Survey,
University of South Dakota.

Vermillion, S. D., March 3, 1914.

Honorable A. E. Hitchcock, President of the Board of Regents of
Education.

Dear Sir:

I herewith submit the accompanying articles for publication
as Bulletin No. 6 of the State Survey. It contains a Preliminary
Report on the Biology of Harding County, and the Biennial Re-
port of the State Geologist.

Very respectfully,

EU<WOOD C. PERISHO,

State Geologist.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page

Title Page I

Regents of Education 3

Letter of Transmittal 5

Table of Contents 7

List of Illustrations 9

I. A Preliminary Report on the Biology of Harding
County, Northwestern S. D., by Stephen Sargent

Visher 1 1-103

1. Introduction 11-15

2. The Ecological Formations IS~^1

The Steppe, 15-21

Conditions of the Steppe 15

Conspicuous Plants and Animals 16

Adaptations of the Life 17

Grassy Flats or Terraces along Valleys 22

Wooded Areas 23

Buttes 25

Badlands 27

Sandy Areas 28

Acqnatic Associations 29

3. List of Plants Collected in Harding County 32-68
4. The Birds of Harding County 68-87

5. The Mammals of Harding County 87-92

6. List of the Reptiles and Amphibians .... 92-93

7. A Partial List of the Insects Collected . . 93~94

8. List of the Mollnska of Harding and Per-

kins Counties, by W. H. Over 95-96

9. Notes on A .imals and Plants of Economic

Importance 96-103

Animals of Prey 96

Prairie Dog 97

Other Abundant Forms 97

Useful Animals -. 98

Native Plants as Indicators of Agricul-
tural Possibilities 99

Poisonous Plants . . ? 100

Plants Used in Medicine 102

Food Plants 102

Wood Plants 102

Weeds 103

II. The Biennial Report of the State Geologist by Elwood

Chappell Perisho 107-1 15

General 107

The State Museum 107

Field Work 109

Publications in

Work to be Done 112

The Artesian Water Supply 114

Funds Needed 115

Index 116

Advertisement of Bulletins (Last Page.)

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS

Plate i. Cottonwood Grove opp, p. 23

Plate 2. Two Abundant Plants of the Plains opp. p. 34

Plate 3. Two Plants of Hills and Banks opp. p. 46

Plate 4. Three Plants Conspicuous of the Plains .... opp. p. 52

Plate 5. Western Meadowlark opp. p. 80

Plate 6. Beaver Dam > opp. p. 89

THE BIOLOGY OF HARDING COUNTY, NORTHWEST-
ERN SOUTH DAKOTA.
BY S. S. YISHER.

INTRODUCTION

Harding County is located in the northern Great Plains. Be-
cause of the variety in topography and soil, many ecological as-
sociations are represented. It is believed that a study of the biology
of this county will make easier an understanding of the biological
conditions of a wide area, and therefore that the following report
will have more than local interest.

Harding county is the most northwestern county in South
Dakota. It is bordered on the north by Bowman county, North
Dakota, on the west by Custer county, Montana, on the south by
Butte county. South Dakota, and on the east by Perkins county.
It is approximately 50 miles square and so extends southward
nearly to the YVyoming-Montana-South Dakota corner.

Most of the area is a treeless, semi-arid, rolling plain having
an average elevation of about 3,400 feet. Upon this uneven plain
rise several large more or less forested buttes (Cave Hills in the
north central, Slim Buttes in the east and Short Pine Hills in the
southwest), and numerous smaller buttes. Below the general
level have been eroded many valleys which are most conspicuous
because deepest, towards the borders of the county. Badland areas
are scattered widely. The finest examples are at various points
in or bordering the buttes, especially at Reva gap in the Slim
Buttes and about the northeastern end of the East Short Pine
Hills. The "jump off" which extends for several miles eastward
from the East Short Pines is notable.

The drainage is thorough — there are no lakes and no stand-
ing water except behind small artificial dams and in the shallow
water holes (most of which were formed by the blowing away of
the soil from small areas) which contain water for short intervals
after rains.

12* - »« .* . THE BiOLOG^ OF HARDING COUNTY

The streams are all highly irregular in their flow, except a
few spring fed brooks in forested buttes. The chief rivers are
(i) the Little Missouri which crosses the northwestern corner in
a deep valley along which badland areas and sandy stretches occur.
This river system at present drains but a very small per cent, of
the county. (2) Most of the area is drained by the south fork
of the Grand river and its tributaries. (3) The southern border
of the area is drained by the north fork of the Moreau river.

Numerous classes of soils are represented in this area. There
are large, highly sandy belts, smaller, clay ("gumbo") areas and
all gradition between these. Most of the area is overlaid with
loams.

The climate is severe. The average rainfall is but little over
15 inches, but is very irregular in its distribution. Normally about
four-fifths is received in the growing season. The interval be-
tween killing frosts in spring and fall averages about 120 days,
but the frostless season — between the latest recorded spring and
the earliest recorded fall killing frost is less than three months.
A moderate wind (10 to 12- miles an hour) is normal. It in-
creases in velocity during the day, but often dies down at night.

The vegetation is mostly that of the dry prairies or steppe —
short grasses and herbs. Groves of trees, chiefly cottonwoods, are
found in the Little Missouri valley. In and about the larger
buttes are areas which are more or less forested with pine, ash,
and cedar. The larger buttes have been incorporated into the
Sioux National Forest.

For a detailed discussion of the topography, geology, soil,
climate and mineral resources of this area, see a forthcoming bul-
letin (Number 8) of the South Dakota Geological Survey.

The Biology of the Past. Very early this region of course was
without life. At the time represented by the oldest formations
known in this definite area life was already abundant. There were
woods containing trees (oak, cottonwood, pines, etc.) similar to those
of the present. The flowering herbs of that time are unknown.
Quite likely these were not yet extensively developed. There were
various reptiles, some resembling gigantic "horned toads" with
similar armor-plating. Others resembled monstrous lizards, while
many were very different from anything now living. For example

LIFE IX THE PAST 13

the flying "dragons'' and kangaroo-like dinosaurs. The birds of
this time are but poorly known ; some had teeth ; others were very
similar to those of the present; still others were flightless and very
expert divers suggesting in some respects the penguins and the
recently extinct great auks. Very little is known of the insect
life of this the Cretaceous Period. There were beetles, grass-
hoppers, dragonflies, etc. Butterflies, bees and flies first became
abundant at the close of the Cretaceous or somewhat later.

During the Tertiary the life was in some respects quite dif-
ferent than during the Cretaceous. While Mammals had been
either totally absent here during the Cretaceous or exceedingly
rare, they were predominant in the Tertiary. There were few rep-
tiles, except for land tortoises and an occasional crocodile. Among
the mammals were some forms which were ancestral to modern
mammals and others such as the Titanotheres have left no
descendants. Remains of birds have beln found but rarely here.
However, a fossil bird's egg was found by Wm. H. Over in the
badlands at Reva Gap in the Slim Buttes. In some of the asphalt
pools of California numerous large Tertiary birds have been pre-
served. Many are very modern. The relative absence of fossils
of the smaller kincfc of birds suggests that small birds have since
then increased in numbers more than the large ones. Civilization
at least has been less severe on the small birds than on the large
ones. I know of no fossil insect having been discovered in the
Tertiary of South Dakota, but at a few other localities, notably
Florissant, Colorado, hundreds of species, representing almost all
the modern orders and even many modern families and genera
have been discovered.

The Tertiary flora of this region is shown chiefly by leaf
prints in the shale was likely not greatly different from the
modern flora though tree ferns, sequoras or giant redwood, tulip
tree, magnolia, etc., supplemented our flora. However, it is
quite probable that some families such as the grasses, legumes
(peas, etc.), composites (aster, sage, etc.) were less predominant
than at present. It also seems probable that there was a smaller
number of species of the higher flowering plants then than now.

2. At the coming of \Yhite Man into this region.

The fauna and flora was different from that of today, mainly
in regard to the larger forms. In 1850 there were wild horses

14 THE BIOLOGY OF HARDING COUNTY

(descended from those brought to Mexico and liberated by the
Spaniards in the i6th century. For some unknown reason the
native American horses became extinct on this continent shortly
before the glacial period). There were present large herds of.
bison, elk, antelope and many bighorn sheep, bear and puma, and
more large birds such as the cranes, grouse, ducks, etc., than there
are now. Various small mammals such as some kinds of mice,
etc., were doubtless more rare than now, as is also the case with
numerous kinds of birds, "weeds" and household insects.

3. Explanatory Remarks.

In the treatment of the biology of a diversified area it is
desirable to sub-divide the region into sections having many simi-
larities. In this area there are native perhaps 50 kinds of mam-
mals, 200 kinds of birds, 15 kinds of snakes, lizards and turtles,
6 kinds of amphibians, over a thousand species of insects and con-
siderably over 500 kinds of plants. In addition there are the
fishes, mollusks, crawfish, worms and many smaller forms. Of
this vast array of life very many are inconspicuous and not ob-
served by non-specialists, although without a doubt every species
has its part to play in the biologic economy of the whole. This
is made the more likely when it is noted that most of the species
have a definite place to occupy. The plants and animals of the
ponds are not at all of the same species as those of the hill tops,
those of the shaded ravines not at all the same as those of the level
prairies.

It is therefore convenient to sub-divide this area into several
biological associations or ecological formations. The largest as-
sociation is that of the "Grass-covered Uplard," "Steppe," or "Dry
Prairie." Other important formations are (b) the "grassy Flats"
along the stream valleys, (c) Woods in the ravines and along
the streams, (d) Hne-covered and. Rocky Slopes, (e) Badlands,
(f) Sandy areas, (g) Streams, Ponds and Marshes.

It is noticeable that these several formations are primarily
characterized by their topography, secondarily by their vegetation
and lastly by the animals which inhabit them. This is in reverse
order of the motility and is to be expected. The topography is
practically unchangeable except when considered in a geological
sense. The individual plants are stationary, but the species is
movable by means of the seeds, runners, etc. In the case of the

THE CONDITIONS OF THE STEPPE 15

animals, both the species and the individual are able to move
about, consequently, we would expect the animals to be but par-
tially confined to a given association. The coyote for example
may be found in each and every formation mentioned, but we all
know that in some, for example, the stream, pond or marsh, its
presence only indicates a visit. In the case of animals, the as-
sociations in which they breed are considered to be the associations
to which they truly belong.

II. THE ECOLOGICAL FORMATIONS,
i. The Grass Covered Upland or Steppe.

(a) The Climatic Conditions of the steppe are severe. It has
consequently been classed as a Xerophytic ecological formation.

Precipitation. The rainfall comes sporadically. Sometimes
it falls with great violence and is occasionally accompanied by
hail. Frequently only slight showers occur. Periods of drought
of shorter (a few weeks) or longer (a couple of seasons) dura-
tion are expected. Ordinarily, about three-fourths or more of
the total rainfall takes place in the five growing months. The
dryness of the rest of the year is evident. The relative humidity
of the steppe is low.

Temperature. The range of temperature is very great, almost
150 degrees Fahr. annually, and frequently 40 degrees daily. The
summer months, especially July and August are hot and the
winters cold. The seasons are irregular. Freezes occasionally
occur as early as mid-September and as late as May, and frosts as
early as early-September and as late as June. During the winter
season, especially in January and March, unseasonably warm
weather occasionally starts vegetation only to have it damaged
by the succeeding cold snap.

\Yind. Steppes are windy. The velocity is seldom high, but
an 8-12 mile breeze is almost constantly blowing especially during
the day time. In the summer such winds may be exceedingly hot
and may blast the vegetation severely. In the winter the winds
are often very cold. When driving dry snow, they are indeed
cutting.

Light. There is very little protection from the direct rays
of the sun for the plants nor for the animals, except those that

16 THE BIOLOGY OF HARDING COUNTY

burrow. Cloudiness is unusual. Consequently in regard to light,
the steppe approaches the desert.

(b) Some of the more conspicuous plants and animals of the
steppe. The predominant plants are the grasses. Perhaps chief
are the grama grass (Bouteloua*), buffalo grass (Buchloe), wheat
grass (Agropyron), wire grass (Aristida). Tickle grass (Agrostis)
and blue stem (Andropogon), are abundant in the slight draws.

The Composites are certainly entitled to second place. In
fact except in the spring they surpass the grasses. The most
noteworthy genera are: Blazing Star (Liatris), Goldenrod
(Solidago), Coneflower (Ratbida), Golden Aster (Chrysopsis),
White Aster (Aster), Resin or gum-weed (Grindelia), Nigger-
head (Brauneria), Wormwood and Sage (Artemisia), Sun-
flowers (Helianthus), Yarrow (Achillea), Prairie Pink (Lycodes-
mia), Sideranthus, Erigeron, Actinella.

The Legume family ranks third. It includes some of the
most aboundant plants of these plains: Leadplant (Amorpha),
Prairie Clover (Petalostemon), Dakota Vetch (Lotus), Buffalo
bean, Loco, etc. (Astragalus), Lupine (Lupinus), Psoralea; and
in the draws the true vetch or wild sweet pea (Vicia), (and the
Oxalis).

Monocots, other than the grasses, are the Wild Onion
(Allium), Prairie Lily (Calochortus and Leucocrinum.) There
are several crucifers ; Shepherd's Purse (Capsella), Wall Flower
(Erysimum), Lesquerella, Sophia, Arabis.

Various sorts of evening primroses are conspicuous because
of showy flowers. Genera represented are Anogra, Onagra,
Gaura and Meridolix. Members of the Chenopodaceous plants
(Chenopodium, Eriogonum, etc.) are plentiful in the more clayey
or more sandy portions. Two scrophs (Orthocarpus and Pent-
stemon) adorn the plains. Among the many other abundant
genera may be mentioned: The roses (Rosa), Wild Flax
(Linum), Milk wort (Polygala), Malvastrum, Cogswellia, Puc-
coon (Lithospermum), Oreocarya, Plantain (Plantago.)

The steppe grades, in areas of the sandy loam, into the sand-
hill formation. The wire-grass association is an intermediate phase
between the typical short grass ( Grama and buffalo) and the

beyond.

*For specific names consult "The list of plants collected in this area'
)nd.

ADAPTATIONS OF THE LIFE OF THE STEPPE 17

bunch grass type of vegetation which occupies the rougher areas.
Steppe areas covered by the Pierre clay frequently have developed
on them the wheat grass association.

Among the mammals conspicuous on the plains are the north-
ern coyote*, the gray or buffalo wolf, the kit-fox or swift, large
weasel or ermine, striped ground-squirrel or gopher, Jack rabbit
or prairie hare, pocket gopher. The prairie dog, badger, the
large skunk and the spotted or little skunk are found. The grass-
hopper mouse, the large meadow mouse, the little vole or meadow
mouse all occur. A few antelope still remain especially west of
Slim Buttes and in a large pasture a couple of miles north of
Camp Crook.

The plains birds are especially the following: Western
Meadow-lark*, Desert Horned Lark, Lark Bunting, Chestnut-
collared Longspur, Western Vesper Sparrow, Brewer's Black-
bird, Marsh and Swainson Hawks, Burrowing Owl, Sennett Xight-
hawk. Upland Plover, and about the blowouts, the Killdeer.

The rattle snake (Crotalus*) and the bull snake (Pituophis)
are the reptiles commonly found in this association, and they are
far from plentiful. Land snails (Succina*) are rare and earth
worms are lacking here. Grasshoppers of several genera and
many species*, dung beetles, ants, and robber and bot flies, wasps,
and running spiders are a few of the groups of insects which are
conspicuous.

fc) Remarks on the "Adaptations'' of the life of the Steppe.

The adaptations shown by the plant-, are numerous. The
following seem to be the most prominent:

('i) The predominance of perennial herbs of the higher plains.

Though in favorable years annuals are conspicuous, the char-
acteristic vegetation year in and year out is distinctly herbaceous
— no larger shrubs and of course no trees. This is contrast to
woodland, desert, prairie and most marshes.

(2) Compactness of growth of stalk or of flowers or of both.

This compactness of stalk is illustrated by almost all the
plants. Xo abundant upland species reaches a height, in ordinary

*For scientific names of mammals see "the list of mammals found in
this area" beyond.

For full scientific names see "the list of the birds," "the list of
reptiles," "the list of mollusca" and "the list of insects."

Sig.— 2.

18 THE BIOLOGY OF HARDING COUNTY

seasons, of much over a foot and practically none reach two feet.
The vast majority have most of their bulk within six inches from
the surface. The conspicuous place held in the flora by the Com-
positae points to compactness of flowering parts. Even the
grasses, (Grama, buffalo, wheat, etc.) have the spikelets relatively
compactly arranged instead of loose as is the case of many prairie
and v/ood land grasses.

(3) Root system specialization:

Since there are, in time of drought, frequently only slight
showers which do not soak in, there are many plants, notably the
short grasses which have a shallow, wide-spreading root system
developed. The buffalo and grama grasses have their roots nearly
confined to within a foot from the surface. In contrast to these
there are such deep-rooted plants as Psoralea which has almost
all of its roots at a depth greater than four feet, and in some cases
penetrates hard sub-soil as deep as six feet. 'Certain species
notably Artemisia and Gutierrizia have both well developed lateral
roots and rather deep tap-roots. The plants showing storage are
chiefly the bush morning glory, the blazing star (Lacinaria) and
the Indian turnip (Psoralea). The cacti are the only ones that
store considerable amounts of water above ground.

(4) Prevalence of narrow, small or resin-covered leaves :
Almost all the plants have either small or narrow leaves. The

prairie pink (Lygodesmia) and Gutierrizia are almost leafless.
Abundant species with resin are the cone flowers, gum-weed,
Psoralea, etc.

(5) Wind dispersal including the tumble weed habit:
The "tumble weed habit" is developed chiefly by plants of
the wind-swept plains. Several species belong to the different
groups such as the Russian thistle (Salsola pestifer) a Chenopod;
Psoralea, a legume; the tumble-weed (Amaranthus) a member of
the Amaranthaceae, have this habit.

(6) A short growing period not closely confined as to season:
The climate of plains is irregular. In some years the vege-
tation is several weeks ahead of normal and the next year it may
be as far behind. Delays in the coming of the rains occasionally
cause surprising late flowering. We found flowers of the Pasque
flower and of the prairie rose in August, following July rains.

THE ADAPTATIONS OF THE PLANTS OF THE STEPPE 19

(7) Destruction of exposed parts does not result in death of
the individual :

In the case of many trees, shrubs and other plants belonging
to other ecological association, the individual is killed by the
destruction of the aerial parts. In the case of many steppe plants
such destruction is frequent by grazing animals and perhaps in
all bui: the season of greatest growth, by prairie fires. Certain
species are killed by too frequent fires (oftener than once in three
years for example) or by close pasturing, but the characteristic
steppe plants have wonderful resistance in this regard.

(8) Ability to withstand inactivity (forced by drought) for
an entire season or even two or three years :

This ability is very essential. After a series of wet years
many new immigrants into the steppe flora are noticed. The re-
turn of the dry cycle eliminates these species which are only
sojourners on the steppe. The characteristic species seem to be
uninjured by even prolonged drought. In the summer of 1911
for example, there were localities which for two years had been
so dry that no grass at all had started, yet when the unusual rains
of September came, even-thing was green in a few days.

(9) Resistance to unseasonable weather:

The vegetation does not readily start in the spring. However,
if after it has started a freeze comes, there is surprisingly slight
destruction of the characteristic plants. Early frosts in the fall
also affect the native steppe vegetation scarcely at all.

(10) Marked seasonal succession depending on accumulated
temperature, water content of the soil, relative humidity, etc. :

The succession of flowers, in an ordinary year is striking.
During one month the prairie is tinted by one group of flowers,
and during the next month by others, and the succeeding month
by still others. In this locality the early bloomers of the plains
include Cymopterus, Townsendia, Viola, Pulsatilla, Leucocrinum.
Among those blooming in June are Pentstemon, Allium, Zygode-
nus, Astragalus, Linum. In July, Braunia, Ratbida, Psoralea.
Malvastrum, Gaura, Euphorbia, etc., are prominent. During
August, the Asters, Solidagoes, Senicios, etc., are in their glory.
The Artemisias are in full bloom early in September.

It has been determined by others that accompanying this
progressive activity there is a shifting in the floristic complexion

20 THE BIOLOGY OF HARDING COUNTY

of the region. Early in the season, the plants are mainly related
to eastern or mountain plants. While as the season advances the
active or dominant species are successively related to prairies,
plain and finally the desert.

(n) Predominance of plain yellow flowers, with many
browns.

Although several of the conspicuous flowers are white, sev-
eral are orange and a few pale blues, there are few reds, deep
blues or violets. Scarcely any are streaked or mottled. In the
vast majority of the cases the flowers are small in size as com-
pared with those of other plant formations.

(12) Fertilization accomplished chiefly by the aid of the wind.
The mammals of the plains have all adopted one or more of
the following characteristics :

1. Fleet runners :

Antelope (32 miles an hour), jackrabbit (28 miles in an
hour), coyote (24 miles an hour), kit-fox or swift, and gray
wolf (20 miles per hour.)*

2. Burrowers :

Pocket-gophers, striped gophers, badgers, prairie dogs,
voles.

3. Acute long-range vision.

4. Gray or tawny in coloration.

5. Ability to do without drinking water.

Water for physiological activity and for cooling by per-
spiration is mainly secured from the food eaten. Mud about
the water holes very seldom indicates that these animals have
been drinking there.

6. Daily period of activity chiefly in the early morning, also
to a lesser degree in the evening, and at night.

Voluntary activity of every one of the above mentioned
mammals is very limited during the heat of the summer day.
Most of them are in the shade then. Activity liberates heat
which must be eliminated by perspiration which in turn re-
quires precious water.

7. Many hibernate: (The fleet long-distance runners are the
exception to this rule).

'Quoted from Seton: Life Histories of Northern Animals.

THE ADAPTATIONS OF THE ANIMALS OP THE STEPPE 21

The birds of plains possess one or more of the following
characteristics :

1. Nests necessarily built on the ground.

2. Many sing on the wing. (Lark Bunting, Longspur,
Horned Lark, frequently the Meadowlark, are examples).

3. Songs and calls comparatively loud.

4. Tendency to flock not nearly as prominent as in birds of
the woods or water. The winter flocking is largly accidental.
They gather to feed where food is exposed by the blowing of
the snow.

5. Ability to withstand strong wind. Seed-eaters feed dur-
ing winter in apparent comfort on hills swept by high winds.

6. Females and nestlings are almost all protectively colored.
This seems required by the exposures of the nesting sites.

Highly migratory.

I>ut few individuals remain on unbroken plains during
winter and these of different species than in summer, except
in the case of the Desert Horned Lark. Even this bird mi-
grates somewhat.
8. Ability to withstand the intense heat of the sun.

This is required especially by the nestlings which are
often on dark ground.

The birds of the steppe must of necessity require but little
drinking; water. Heavy dews are rare on the plains.

The reptiles, of which the rattle snake, bull snake, and the
horned lizard are the chief, possess a surprisingly effective pro-
tective coloration.

Of the insects of the steppe the following points may be made.

1. The period of the day when the greatest activity is evi-
denced is in the forenoon from 7-11 o'clock. Mating is
chiefly indulged in between n o'clock and one. During the
rest of the twenty-four hours the insects are quiescent except
when disturbed.

2. Seasonal activity limited to but three or four months of
the year. Almost complete inactivity during six months of
the year.

3. Many forms burrow or occupy mammalian burrows.

4. Predominance of hoppers.

22 THE BIOLOGY OF HARDING COUNTY

2. GRASSY FLATS OR TERRACES ALONG THE
VALLEYS.

1 i ) This biologic association is related to the steppe ; it also
sometimes adjoins the wooded bottoms. Its conditions are similar
to those of the steppe, but not so severe. There is no more, and
perhaps there is less rainfall, but there is more ground water be-
cause of two reasons: (a) The run off from the adjacent eleva-
tions, (b) The terraces are lower and consequently nearer the
water table of the district.

(2) Some of the conspicuous plants and animals of the grassy
Hats. Almost all of the plants of the steppe occasionally grow
here. Since the wash of the rain brings down the seeds of al-
most all the steppe plants it is very reasonable that sporadic repre-
sentatives should occur. The predominant vegetation, however,
is somewhat different. There is a much larger percentage of the
wheat grass (Agropyron*) and decidedly more prickly pears.
There are many .large patches of the buckbush (Symphoricarpos).
The wild rose (Rosa arkansana) is often associated with these
patches. Brome grass (Bromus) is frequently prominent and
with it the grass-like Collomia. Other plants which are usually
in evidence are burr tomato (Solatium), blue-joint (Calamagrostis)
wild-rye (Elymus), red-top (Agrostis). In addition there are
several species each of Atriplex, Chenopodium, Erigeron, Solidago,
Helianthus and Artemisia most notable of which is the true sage
brush and the lancelate sage. As far as my observation goes
there are decidedly fewer flowers than on the steppe.
Locally on the the plains and rarely on the steppe are
blowouts or "hardpan" spots which have a peculiar flora. The
small or fragile prickly pear (Opnntia fragilis) here replaces the
larger Opnntia polycantha of the loam and is sometimes exceed-
ingly plentiful The grass is chiefly the alkali grass (Distichlis).
Three flowers which we found only on such spots are Talinum,
Suaeda, Monolipis.

The conspicuous mammals making these flats their breeding
places are the prairie dog (Cynpmys*) and in these colonies
animals that prey on them, especially the weasel (Putorius) and
rattlesnakes. The western cotton-tail rabit (Lepus) is often found

*For specific names see the technical lists of species which follow
this section of "the biology."

THE ECOLOGY OF THE WOODED AREAS 23

on these flats, especially where there is "buck-bush." There also
nests the Sharp-tailed Grouse and Western Meadowlark. There
are other birds more characteristic of the steppe. Every prairie-
dog town has its brood or broods of Burrowing Owls. The
smaller rodents, as far as we discovered, were those of the steppe
and of the open woods. Perhaps the most striking insect is the
large brown and white moth which feeds upon the sage bush.
For a few clays each summer these "butterfles" are very abundant
and conspicuous.

3. THE WOODED AREAS

In Harding County there are scattered groves in the Little
Missouri Valley especially near Camp Crook. The canyons in the
forest reserves are more or less filled with deciduous trees and
there is generally a narrow extension along the streams into the
plain or steppe. In each of the forest reserves there has been at
one time or other a saw mill. The timber cut was chiefly the
pine, however.

i a i It seems evident that the conditions for growth of most
sorts of plants are much more favorable here than on the plains.
The proximity of springs and running streams indicates that the
ground water is within the reach of such trees as grow here.
These trees partially shade the other vegetation and protect it
somev, hat from the wind. In the canyons, the walls of rock have
the same tendencies. The relative humidity is raised both because
of the cooler temperatures, and because the ground being shaded
it does not dry so quickly after a shower. The daily range of
temperature is less.

(b) Sonic characteristic plants and an'unals: The chief trees
are the Cotton wood (Populus), boxelder (Acer). Ash (Fraxinus)
and hackberry (Celtis). The Elm (Ulmus) is most abundant and
largest about the Cave Hills. The Western Yellow Pine (Pinus)
and Aspen (Populus) are locally abundant on the sides of the
canyons in the forest reserves, and found to some extent among
the deciduous trees in the ravines. Among the larger shrubs are
the plum (Prunus), chokecherry (Prunus), buffalo berry (Lepar-
gyraea), dogwood (Cornus), Currants and gooseberries (Ribes),
buck bush ( Symphorocarpos), Roses (Rosa). In the ravines ad-
ditional shrubs are the hawthorne (Crataegus) Service-berry
TAmelanchier) and blackhaw (Viburnum). The western poison

24 THE BIOLOGY OF HARDING COUNTY

ivy (Rhus) is widely represented. Of the twining plants the
chief are smilax (Nemexia) clemantine (Clematis) and in the
ravines, hop (Humulus), bittersweet (Celastris) and Virginia
Creeper ( Parthenoeissus ) .

The most characteristic grasses of the open woods are the
wild rye (Elymus) and brome (Bromus) with squirrel-tail
(Hordeum) and red-top (Poa) locally conspicuous. Among the
herbs chief are the horse mint (Monarda), thistle (Carduus), false-
solomon-seal (Smilacina), Disporum, golden-rods (Solidago). In
the ravines the following are in evidence : Geum, snake-root
(Sanicula), loose-strife (Stieronema), nettle (Urtica), and on the
shaded north facing banks the wintergreen (Pyrola), twinflower
(Linnea), brittle fern (Filix), strawberries (Fragaria), and three-
flowered-bedstraw (Galium).

The most numerous birds of the groves are : Western
Mourning Dove, Downy and Redheaded Woodpeckers, the
Flickers, Kingbird, Alder Flycatcher, Magpie, Sparrow Hawk,
Cross bill, Goldfinch, Western Lark Sparrow, Arctic Towhee, Black
headed Grosbeak, W-hite-rumped Shrike, Yellow Warbler, Long-
tailed Chat and Brown thrasher.

Among the mammals the more conspicuous are the cottontail
(Lepus) the chipmunk (Eutamias), the porcupine (Erethizon),
the skunks (Mephitis and Spilogale), big brown bat (Eptesicus),
red bat (Lasiurus), the pack rat (Neotoma), the raccoon (Pro-
cyon), Kangaroo or jumping Mouse or rat (Zapus) etc. The
Canada Lynx (Lynx) has been occasionally trapped in the forest
reserves, and puma (Felis) are reported to have strayed into this
country within the past decade. The Whitetailed Deer (Odo-
coileus) is not yet quite exterminated.

,(c) The vegetation of the woods averages infinitely more
bulky than does that of the grass lands. The trees of the open
groves of this area all have a well developed tap root system. The
dispersal of the seeds of the trees is left to the wind to accom-
plish. Almost all the shrubs bear fruits which are edible to the
birds which therefore distribute them.

The birds, instead of being runners or walkers as those of
the plains are mainly hoppers or creepers. Most of the nests are
placed in the trees or shrubs. Several indeed, nest in holes in the

THE ECOLOGY OF THE BUTTES 25

trees. There are numerous other characteristics of woodland
birds.

4. THE BUTTES— PARTLY PIXE COVERED.

The buttes of the forest reserve are all "flat" topped. The
west member of the Cave Hills is called Table Mountain, be-
cause it is so level. The margins at least of the tables are rocky.

(a) Conditions: The buttes are more exposed to the winds.
Because of the increased elevation and wind they are cooler than
the steppe. In fact, excessively warm temperatures are nearly
lacking. Occasionally, when the clouds hang low, the buttes re-
ceive more precipitation, in the form of mist than do the lower
elevations.

(b) The most conspicuous plant is the western red or yellow
pine (Pinus). The distribution of the pine is rather peculiar. It
grows most generally on the slopes, especially the north facing
ones, near the tops of the buttes. Locally it extends well down
to the base, or even beyond onto the plain (in the case of a valley
which heads in the southwestern part of the East Short Pines).
Consequently it is not elevation alone that limits their growth.
Neither is it slope alone for pines are found on the level top of
the West Short Pines and elsewhere, but near slopes. The more
probable explanation of the distribution is that pine seedlings can
with great difficulty resist the climatic conditions except where
protected by the slope or shaded by other pines which when they
were young were so protected. The occasional pine on the level
and not shaded by a pine which is on a slope is perhaps due to
unusually favorable conditions such as being buried in a gopher
hole. If slopes are here favorable to the growth of pine trees
the question may naturally be asked why pines are not found on
hillsides throughout the area. Four factors doubtless combine to
bring about this result, (i) The absence of seeds from which
pine might grow. The cones of seeds washed down from the
buttes are carried along the channels of the ravines and not de-
posited on the favorable slopes. The occasional cone favorably
dropt as to slope may be prevented from starting a tree by (2) the
thick cover of grass or by (3) prairie fires or by (4) the slope
being so rapidly eroded as to undermine the seedling. One or
more of the reasons is the cause for the lack of pines about the
numerous small rocky buttes of this region. The forest service

26 THE BIOLOGY OP HARDING COUNTY

holds that if pines were carefully set out and protected from fire,
each moderately steep north-facing slope could be forested. The
absence of pine on Table Mountain is probably due to the lack
of proper lodgment for the seed here.

The Western Red Cedar (Juniperus) forms thickets on some
of the slopes in this general area though to no great extent in
Harding County. There are cedar thickets in the forest reserve
of the East Short Pines; also in "brakes" or badlands along the
Little Missouri river, near the southern edge of North Dakota.
The most extensive thickets are in some of the gulches on the
divide south of the Moreau river in southern Perkins County.
Short sighted indeed was the policy that permitted the destruction
of these valuable groves while the land was still owned by the
government. However, quarter sections for miles about are well
. fenced.

A third tree found about buttes is the quaking aspen
(Populus.) Thickets are numerous on the talus slopes at the
foot of cliffs especially north or east facing cliffs.

Among the shrubs the more abundant are the dwarf and
creeping junipers (Juniperus), skunk bush (Rhus) and sandcherry
(Prunus). The chief grass is the bunch grass (Andropogon).
The Spanish bayonet (Yucca) is common, as are also various
"locos" (Aragallus and Astragalus). Other plants are Sieversia,
Gilia, Phacelia Phlox, Cerastium, Northern bedstraw (Galium),
small sage (Artemesia), blue-bell or hare-bell (Campanula),
Ereogonium, Antenaria, Potentilla, Yarrow (Achillea) and the
fern Woodsia.

The grassy portions of the tables are covered with the plants
of the plain, but the growth is more dense ; in fact the tables are
quite extensively mowed for hay.

The birds most often seen about the buttes in the pine woods
are Hairy Woodpecker, Sharp-tailed Grouse, Pinyon Jay, White-
winged Junco, Arctic Towhee, Western Tanager, Cedar Waxwing,
Andubon's Warbler, Western House Wren, Long-tailed Chickadee,
Western Robin and Mountain Bluebird. Several others nest about
the cliffs, including Prairie Falcon, Western Redtailed Hawk,
Golden Eagle, Western Horned Owl, Say's Phoebe, Rock Wren
and White-Throated Swift, Turkey Buzzards roost in the pines.
I have seen as many as twenty in one tree in the Slim Buttes.

THE ECOLOGY OF THE BADLANDS 27

The mammal most frequently seen is the chipmunk (Euta-
mais). Mounds of the pocket gopher (Thomomys), are plentiful;
signs of the gnawing of porcupines are seen on many young pine
trees. In the various small caves of Cave Hills many pack rats
(Xeotoma) and bats (Corynorhinus) make their homes.

5. BADLANDS

The badland areas include a large percentage of those
marked as "rough land" on the general and soil maps of this
area. The finest badland areas are near Reva Gap in the Slim
Buttes and on the northeast side of the East Short Pines, and
along the "jump off" but many small areas occur (see general
map). The common custom is to call any area having slopes
nearly bare of soil and vegetation ''badlands."

(a) Conditions: In regard to precipitation these areas doubt-
less fare approximately as does the adjacent plain. Their average
temperature is probably somewhat greater, as is also the intensity
of light, at least in badlands in the light colored formations. The
relative absence of vegetation is seemingly due to two factors
(i) because of the steep slopes with its consequent rapid run off,
as well as the somewhat peculiar nature of the clay of most of
the badlands, water is not absorbed to any great extent. Hence
any vegetation which starts has an insufficient supply. The other
factor is that the rapid erosion undercuts and soon destroys a con-
siderable proportion of the seedlings which obtain a start. Con-
sequently most of the vegetation of badland areas is at the foot of
the steeper slopes, in the valleys.

(b) Some conspicuous plants and animals of the badland
areas are: The rabbit bush (Chrysothamnus*), Gutierrezia, Gold
den Aster (Chysopsis), False boneset (Kuhnia), Mentzelia,
Senecio, Machaeranthera, Thermopsia, Cheno podium Watsoni,
Saltbush (Atriplex), the gumbo lily (Pachlophus), and several
sages (Artemesia). Occasionally forming thickets: the buffalo
berry ( Shepherdia) and the cedar (Juniperus).

Birds that may be expected to be found nesting in Harding
County badlands are the Rock Wren, Say's Phoebe, Prairie Fal-
con, and Cliff Swallows. Western Horned Owls and White

For full scientific names see technical lists which follow the
Ecological Section.

28 THE BIOLOGY OF HARDING COUNTY

Throated Swifts were noted as nesting in the badlands in the
White River formation (Slim Buttes and E. Short Pines). The
only common mammal is the pale chipmunk (Eutamas). Bob-
cats are fairly plentiful. Formerly blacktailed mule deer and
bighorn sheep could be found in the larger badland areas.

(c) The badland life displays several peculiarities: The
plants are mainly long-lived, perennial, chiefly compositiaceous,
shrubs possessing powerful tap and anchor roots and narrow and
pubescent leaves. All shrubs offer great resistance to erosion,
under-cutting and slumping. They are also conservative, late
flowering, and present to cattle very little edible stuff. Prac-
tically every species has yellow flowers. In addition to these
perennials there are various annuals which thrive during moist
seasons on the moister alluvial flats.

The animals are uniformly grayish in coloration with the
exception of the bat and swifts. The crevices and eavelets furnish
homes for the chipmunk, bat, bob cat, Say's Phoebe, Prairie Fal-
con, Rock Wren, etc. The Cliff Swallow and White-throated
Swift find the cliffs suitable for nesting sites. Several of the
mammals are notable jumpers (Bighorn sheep and mule or black-
tailed deer).

6. SANDY AREAS

In this region most of the sand is found in areas covered by
Morton Sandy Loam which covers a considerable portion of cen-
tral and southeastern Harding County and northwestern Perkins
County. (See soil map). Sandhills or dunes are most extensively
developed locally southeast of Buffalo in central Harding county.
Here and there along the river valleys sandy stretches occur and
then in small areas sand is heaped into dunes.

(a) Conditions: Though there is no more rainfall in the
sand-hills than in the surrounding associations there usually is,
except for small bare batches, much more vegetation. This is due
to the fact that the sand at once absorbs any rainfall. For a short
time after showers the evaporation is very rapid and if this were
to continue long this absorbed moisture would soon disappear.
However, evaporation from the surface layers of the wet sand
soon becomes more rapid than water can be supplied from below
by capillary action. . Consequently the capillary tubes become
broken and evaporation stops long before any considerable amount

AQUATIC ASSOCIATIONS 29

of the recent precipitation has disappeared. Relative humidity —
As low as that of the steppe. Temperature — Above the average
for this area. Light — intensity considerable, but many small areas
shaded. Wind — Except in the protected depressions, average
velocity and hot.

(b) Abundant plants in sand areas: The chief grass is the
sand grass (Calamovilfa), the needle grass (Stipa) is very
plentiful especially on the more loamy sandy soil, the bunch grass
( Anclropogon) occurs in the rougher areas. The sand worm-
weed (Ambrosia), the bee plant (Cleome), Clammy weed (Pola-
nisia), annual erogonum (Eriogonum), and wormwood sage
(Artemesia) and lupine (Lupinus) are perhaps generally the most
conspicuous plants. Other abundant plants are Abronia, Allionia,
Franseria, the brome rape. (Orobanche), the groundcherry
(Physalis) spiderwort (Tradescantia) and spurge (Euphorbia).
The most common shrub is the wild rose (Rosa).

We found no birds or mammals characteristic of the sand
areas here. Because of the small extent of the sandhills such
would hardly be expected to be found.

(c) Characteristics of sandhill vegetation. With few ex-
ceptions the plants which grow on sandy soil have long tap roots
—much longer than even very closely related plants which grow
on firmer soils. Plants with long tap roots would probably be
less likely to be killed by exposure caused by the drifting of the
sand than would those with short roots. The vegetation is de-
cidedly coarser than that of the steppe. Coarse plants would be
less apt to be covered by drifting sand. Blowing sand undoubtedly
prevents plants unable to resist it from becoming abundant. Pos-
sibly the secretion of oil from the leaves of various plants such as
the clammy weed, Abronia, Orobanche, may be a method of
resisting abrasion.

7. STREAMS, PONDS AXD MARSHES
The chief permanent streams are the Little Missouri river,
the north and south forks of the Grand river and the north fork
of the Moreau river. Most of the creeks are but a string of
wraterholes connected except during rains only by seepage flows.
The ponds are of two sorts (a) waterholes along the creeks and
(b) "blow outs" most of which contain water only during wet
spells. Marshes are very restricted. We found small ones at a

30 THE BIOLOGY OF HARDING COUNTY

few points along brooks in the forest reserves. The largest are in
the North Cave Hills. Boggy spots occur about springs in a
few other places.

A few characteristic aquatic plants and animals: The rivers
flow swiftly and are subject to frequent floods. Submerged plants,
other than algae are practically lacking. For a list of the plants
found on moist shores see the next two heads. The chief animals
are "clam" (Anodonta) and a snail (Sphaerium), several fish of
which the following were collected: bullhead (Ameiurus), cat-
fish (Ictalurus), buffalo-fish (Ictiobus), sucker (Catostomus),
Dace (Phoxinus), Shiner or minnows (Notropis) — and various
insect larva. The houses of Caddice flies are abundant on the
submerged rocks. Some of the birds frequently seen along the
rivers are the spotted and solitary sandpipers, killdeer, the king-
fisher, th eherons and various ducks. Among the mammals musk-
rats and beaver are the most plentiful — mink and otter occur.

The ponds differ chiefly in their permanency as in this limited
area "alkali" ponds are nearly lacking. The more permanent
waterholes have an abundance of snails of several species and
three genera (Lymnea, Planorbis and Physa), numerous insects
(water beetles, water boatman, water striders, back swimmers,
dragonfly and other immature stages of insects, etc.) ; crustacia
are locally very plentiful. In the larger waterholes along streams
suckers and minnows at least, among the fish, are found. Turtles
and garter snakes represent the reptiles, and frogs the amphibians.
Muskrats are the most abundant mammal. Killdeer and ducks
are the chief birds. About the blowouts and other shallow ponds
waders (sandpipers, etc.) are usually seen in migration. Killdeer
nest near ithem. Submerged in waterholes we found the water
butter cup (Batrachium), False Water Cress (Roripa), Pond
weed (Potomagetan) and Chara. On the moist soil bordering
waterholes are various marsh plants such as Arrowgrass (Trig-
toclim), Water Plantain (Alisma) Arrowhead (Sagittaria) Cord
Grass (Spartina), Sedge (Carex), Rushes (Scirpus, Juncus),
Spike rush (Eleocharis), buttercup (Ranunculus) and Haler-
pestes, Mint (Mentha), Hyssop (Gratiola) Beggar's tick
(Bidens), Water hoar hound (Lycopus), waterhemlock (Cicuta)
Willowher'b (Epilobum), and the 'smartweed (Polygonum), and
dock (Rumex).

CHARACTERISTICS OF AQUATIC LIFE 31

The marshes even though small have an abundant flora in-
cluding many most of the above mentioned genera of marsh plants
and in addition the cattail (Typha) the mat grass (Catabrosa),
canary grass (Phalaris), and many less common species. The
most characteristic birds noted were the redwing blackbird and
the two rails. The aquatic life is in the main similar to that of the
ponds; along the brooks in the forest reserve, however, the
darter (Boleosoma) and brook trout (Salvelinus) were seen, the
latter especially in Slick Creek. The fresh water shrimp (Gam-
marus) is exceedingly abundant about some springs and brooks.
Orchids (Limmochis) is one of the semi-aquatic plants noted
only along brooks.

(c) Characteristics of Aquatic Life.

Plants and Animals found in marshes and other aquatic
associations have characteristics which if they were less fre-
quently exhibited would be quite striking.

The plants are chiefly aquatic or semi-aquatic herbs, many of
which are biennials or short-lived perennials. Ordinarily there is
an abundance of available water and transpiration can be freely in-
dulged in; occasionally, however, the swamps go partially dry.
The plants which are most successful in a region where they fre-
quently occur, are those which can resist such dryings. The
fertilization is largely by the agency of insects and the seed dis-
tribution by water and animals as well as by wind. The tick
marigold (Bidens) is obviously adapted for animal distribution.
Many, if not most, marsh plants also propagate by root runners.

The mammals are all semi-aquatic and rear their young
either in burrows above the water table or in houses. The musk-
rat and beaver are examples.

The birds nest in reed hung or floating nests. The females
and nestlings are, in almost every case, grass-colored for protec-
tion. Most species are swimmers or waders. Their bills are
chiefly sharp and adapted to impaling, or are adapted to probing,
or are supplied with strainers.

Almost all the insects characteristic of marshes spend a por-
tion of their life as aquatic forms. Examples are mosquitos,
dragon-flies, damsel-flies., may-flies, water beetles, water boatmen,
etc.

32 THE BIOLOGY OP HARDING COUNTY

III. LIST OF PLANTS OF HARDING COUNTY, NORTH-
WESTERN SOUTH DAKOTA.*

Collected by S. S. Visher, determined by Aven Nelson,
i. OPHIOGLO'SSACEAE (Adder's-tongue Family)

i. Boirychinm virginianum (L) Sw.
Rare in the forested buttes.

2. POLYPODIACEAE (Fern Family)

2.. Dryopteris FilLi'-mas (L) Schott. Shield Fern.
Rare in deep narrow gorge, Cave Hills.

3. FilLv fragilis (L) Underw. Brittle Fern.

Fairly abundant in deep shady ravines.

4. Pellaea atropnrpurca (L) Link.? Cliff Brake.

Rare in crevices in rocks, Lodge Pole Butte.

5. Woodsia scopulina (DC) Eat.

Abundant, growing in tuffs on exposed rocks about the
buttes.

3. MARSILEACEAE
*6. Marsilia mucronata R. Br. "Four-leaved-clover."

Very abundant in waterholes, especially conspicuous after

these holes go dry.
7. Marsilia vestita. Hook & Grev.

Abundant on muddy bottoms if intermittent creeks.

*The plants were collected, chiefly during July, August and the first
week of September, 1910 and 1912. During June, 1911, most of the
country was visited and some 90 numbers obtained. W. H. Over, formerly
of Date, collected 16 additional species June 1-15, and a small collection
by B. B. Rowley of the 1909 survey party adds 18 species. In addition
29 species are inserted, bracketted, in the list. F. D. Fromme collected
about 200 species during" the summer of 1910 and identified them, chiefly
by manuals, the following winter. Of these 200 some 29 are additions to
my list of plants as identified by Nelson. Over one hundred and fifty of
the following 467 species are not seemingly mentioned in any way in
Saunder's Catalog; and about one hundred and twenty, marked with an
asterisk, are added to the total known flora of South Dakota by these
collections.

A bibliography of the Flora of South Dakota flora.

(1) Rydberg P. H. Flora of the Black Hills, Contrib. U. S. Nat. Herb.
3:463-536.

(2) Flora of South Dakota, Bull 64, U. S. Experiment Station, Brookings,
S. D. 1899.

(3)S. S. Visher additions to the Flora of the Black Hills,

I. Torreya IX, pp. 186-188 1909, 9 additions.

II. Muhlenbergia VIII 12, pp. 135-7 1912, 13 additions.

III. Muhlenbergia IX 1, pp. 33-39 1913, 31 additions.

(4) S. S. Visher Plants of the Pine Ridge Reservation Bull 5 S. D. Geol.
and Biol. Survey, pp 84-108, 1912, 96 Additions.

(5) S. S. Visher "Additions to the Flora of S. D." I. Muhlenbergia p.
45-52, 1913. A revised list of the additions to the state based on
the Pine Ridge collections. Also includes two species of Carex, not
in Bull. 5.

LIST OF THE PLANTS COLLECTED 33

4. EOUISETACEAE (Horsetail Family)

8. Equisetum ari'ense L.

Locally abundant in moist wooded gulches, Cave Hills.
Common along Little Missouri River near Willett.

9. Equisctum laez'-igatum A. Br. ffl

Tolerably common on flood plains, and valley of buttes.

10. Eqiiisetum robnstnm A. Br.

Rare on springy ground, East Short Pine Hills.

5. SELAGIXELLACEAE
*ii. Selaginella dcnsa Rydb. Resurrection Plant.

Very abundant locally on the dry soil of the plains.

6. PIXACEAE (Pine Family)

12. Juniperus coinmitnis Sibcrica (Burgsd) Rydb. Creeping
Juniper.

Abundant, especially in the shady woods. Frequent on the

exposed surfaces of the tables.
*I3. Juniperus sabina L.

Very abundant on high grassy slopes especially on the sides

of the buttes.

14. Juniperus scopulorum Sarg. Red Cedar.

Forms extensive "Cedar brakes" along the Little Missouri
River near the X. D. line, and occurs sparingly in the Slim
buttes and somewhat abundantly in the E. Short Pines. Cedar
apples (gymuosporanguin Xclsomi. Arth.) is common.

15. Finns scopulorum Sarg. Western Yellow or Bull Pine.

Abundant. on the higher slopes of the forested buttes. Attain
the diameter of three feet. Saw mills have been located in
each of the buttes.

AXGIOSPERMS

7. Typhaceae (Cattail Family)

16. Typha latifolia L.

Abundant about artificial ponds, and marshes caused by
slumping in the forest reserves.

8. XAIADACEAE (Pondweed Family)

17. Potamogeton Sp. Pondweed.

Abundant, submerged, in some of the ponds of the creeks.
Sig. — 3.

34 THE BIOLOGY OF HARDING COUNTY

9. JUNCAGINACEAE (Arrow-grass Family)
17. Triglochin maritima L. Arrow-grass,

Abundant along some of the permanent streams.

10. ALISMACEAE (Water Plantain Family)

19 Alisma Plantago-aquatica L. Water Plantain.

Very abundant on mud along all streams.
20. Sagittaria arifolia (Nutt) J. G. Smith. Arrowhead.

Abundant along streams throughout.
*2i. Sagittaria cuneata Sheld.

Fairly common on the smaller water courses.

n. GRAMINEAE (Grass Family)

22. Agropyron caninum (L) Beaut. Awned Wheat Grass.

Rare, floodplain of north Moreau River ; abundant in ravines
of Slim Buttes.

*23. Agropyron dasystachyum (Hook) Scribn.
Common in draws on the steppe.
[Agropyron pseudorepens Scrib. & Smith.

Determined by Fromme. "Practically equals A. tene-

rum," Gray's Manual.]
[Agropyron Smithii Rydb.

Reported by Fromme.]

24. Agropyron tenerum Vasey. Slender Wheat Grass.

Very common along valleys and draws throughout.

25. Agrostis hiemalis (Wats.) B. S. P. Tickle Grass.

A very abundant grass; mixed with other grasses on the

plains and floodplains, especially prominent in the bluestem-

filled draws. Has "the tumble-weed habit."
26 Alopecurus fulous Smith.

Shaded brooksides, West Short Pines.
*27 Alopecurus pratensis L.

Locally common on the steppe.
28 Andropogon furcatus Muni. Bluestem.

Common on grassy hillsides and in draws of the steppe.

(Indicates moister conditions.)

30 Andropogon Hallii. Hack.

Common on sandy part of floodplains and about Cave Hills.

31 Andropogon scoparius Michx. Little Bluestem.

Fairly plentiful on the plains.

LIST OF THE PLANTS COLLECTED 35

32 Aristida longistcda Steud. Bunch Grass.

Frequent on gravelly foothills of the buttes ; occasional on
the hill-sides of the rougher parts of the plains.

33 Atheropogon curtipendula (Michx) Fourn. Tall Grama Grass.

Rare, on grovelly foothills of all the higher buttes.

34 Beckmannia cntcacformis (L) Hast.

Locally common in open woods of Little Missouri Valley.

35 Boutcloiia oligostach\a ( Xutt) Torr. Grama Grass.

Very abundant on the steppe throughout. Grows in vague
patches usually with buffalo grass.
[Bromus altissimus Bursh.
Reported by Fromme.]

36 Bromus cinatns L. Fringed Brome.

Abundant in ravines in woods of Slim Buttes.
*37 Bromus inermis Lyss.

Locally common in open woods of the Little Missouri Valley.

[Bromus purgans L. Brome Grass.

Collected by Fromme.]
38 Buchloe dactyloides (Nutt.) Englm. Buffalo Grass.

With the grama grass but more restricted to mesas and the

higher steppe.
*39 Calamagrostis hyperborea Lange. Reed Grass.

Frequent along streams.

40 Calomozilfa longifolia (Hook.) Hock. Sand Grass.

Abundant on sandy soil. On the steppe it occurs in patches
usually a rod or two across. Such clumps apparently start
about a large burrow where the soil is more porous and
spread by means of root propagation.

41 Catabrosa aquatic a (L) Beauv.

Forming great mats in sluggish portions of the brooks in

the buttes.
*42. Chaetochloa viridis (L) Scrib. Green Foxtail.

Infrequent. Found in grassy depressions.
43. DisticJilis spicata (L) Greene. Alkali Grass.

Very plentiful in alkali spots along valleys.

44 Hchinochloa crus-galli (L) Beauv.

Frequent along water courses.

45 Hlymus canadensis L.

Common along streams.

36 THE BIOLOGY OF HARDING COUNTY

[Elymus glaucus Buckley. Smooth Wild Rye.
Reported by Fromme.]

46 Elymus Macoutiii Vasey.

Locally abundant on Antelope Creek and in open woods in

Little Missouri Valley. (Extends range from little Minnesota

Valley)

[Elymus striatus Willd.

Taken by Fromme.]
[Elymus virginicus L. Virginia Wild Rye.

Recorded by Fromme.]

47 Ericoma cuspidata Nutt.

Common along floodplains and other valleys throughout.
[Festuca ovina L. Sheep's Fescue Grass.
Collected by Fromme.]

*48 Festuca rubra L.

Rare on the steppe.

49 Glycerin neruata (Willd.) Trin.

Common on springy soil in the forest reserves.

50 Hordeum jubatum L. Squirrel tail.

Frequent in open woods of Little Missouri and occasionally
in wet spots on the plains.
*5i Hordeum nodosum L.
On open clay banks.

52 Koeleria cristate (L) Pers. June Grass.

Abundant in the bunch grass association about buttes.

53 Muhlenbergia racemosa (Michx.) B. S. P.

Common along brooks in the Slim Buttes.

54 Panicum capillare L.

Frequent in moist soil of Little Missouri and other valleys

55 Panicum virgatum L.

Locally common on floodplains.

56 Phalaris arundinacea L.

Very abundant on open springy ground in the buttes.

57 Phleum pratense L.

Common along brooks well up in Slim Buttes.
*58 Poa e pilis Scribn.

Rare in the West Short Pines.

LIST OF THE PLANTS COLLECTED 37

*59 Poa interior Rybd. Meadow Grass.

Rare, shady valley elevation 3,600 ft. in Slim Buttes Forest

Reserve.
*6o Poa laevigata Scribn.

In shady valleys in Slim Buttes, abundant.
6 1 Poa ncrvosa (Hook.) Vasey.

Rare in shaded valleys in the Slim Buttes.

[Poa triflora Gilib. Fowl Meadow Grass.

Reported by Fromme.]
*62 Poa Sheldonii Vasey. Western Blue Grass.

With P. interior; also collected by Fromme.

63 Pnccinellia airoides (Xutt) Wats & Coult.

Frequent about the ravines of buttes and on wet soil.

64 Schedonnardus panicnlatns (Nutt.) Trel.

Occasional in grasslands.

65 Spartina gracilis Trin. Cord, Slough or Marsh grass.

Abundant on well-drained soils near water throughout the
county. Flowers grade from red to white in color.
68 Sporobolus asperifolius Thurber. Dropseed Grass.
Rare on the steppe. Collected by Fromme also.

67 $porvbolus~brevifoliuis (Nutt.) Scribn.

Infrequently widely scattered. Grows in clumps along 'cut
banks.

68 Stipa comata Trin. & Rupr. Needle, Spear or Devil's Grass.

Predominant in certain areas especially those where the soil
is somewhat sandy; also those sections which have been over pas-
tured by sheep.

12. CYPERACEAE (Sedge Family)

*69 Care.\- abbre-riata Prescott.

Rare in West Short Pines.
70 Care.r a urea Nutt.

Rare on springy ground at low altitudes about the buttes.
*7i Carc.\- deflexa Farwellii Brit.?

Common in mesophytic gullies in the Cave Hills.

72 Carex festucacea Willd.

Infrequent along the Little Missouri and streams in the
Short Pines.

73 Care.r grarida Bailey.

Rare- in Moreau Vallev.

38 THE BIOLOGY OF HARDING COUNTY

*74 Car ex Hookeriana Dewey?

Rare, floodplains of Boxelder Creek.

75 Care.i- lanuginosa Michx.

Abundant along some of the forest reserve brooks.

76 Care.i' longirostris Torr.

Rare, in the West Short Pines.
*77 Carex inonile Tuckm.

Tolerably common along brooks in Slim Buttes.

78 Care.i' Sartzcellii Dew.

Frequent in moist soil along Little Missouri River and on
spring soil in the Short Pines.

79 Care.i' sic cat a Drew.

Common in tall grass of bluestem swales.
*8o Carex vesicaria L.

Very frequent on the margins of the permanent streams of
the higher buttes, and along the rivers.

8 1 Cy perns inflexus Muhl.

Locally abundant in blowouts between Zeona and Govert.

82 Eleocharis aciculwis (L) R. & S.

Common on moist ground bordering rather permanent bodies
of water.

83 Eleocharis palnstris (L.) R. & S.

Tolerably common on springy soil along the Little Missouri
River.

84 Scirpus americamis Pers.

Along streams and ponds. Probably the most abundant rush
of the area.

85 Scrirpus atrovirens Muhl.

Fairly common along streams of foothills and steppe.

86 Scirpus lacnstns L.

Common on marshy ground.

87 Scirpus campestris Brit?

Tolerably common about water.

13. LEMNACEAE (Duckweed Family)

88 Lemna minor L. Duckweed.

Covering small stagnant ponds in the East and West Short
Pine Hills.

LIST OP THE PLANTS COLLECTED 39

14 COMMELINACEAE (Spiderwort Family)

89 Tradescantia occidentalis Brit. Spiderwort

Occasional on the moister parts of the plains and along the
floodplains.

15. JUNCACEAE (Rush Family)

90 June us balticus Willd.

Found about an artificial pond near Ashcroft.

91 June us Ion gist y Us Torr.

Common along the larger streams.

92 Juncus nodosus L.

Frequent along shady brooks in the West Short Pines.
93. Juncus tennis Willd.

With J. longistylis, less frequent.

94 Juncus Torreyi Coville.

Very plentiful along streams and also about slight undrained
depressions of the steppe.

16. LILIACEA (Lily Family)

95 Alliuni rcticulatum Fraser. Onion.

Very abundant and widespread.
*96 Allium rubrum Osth? Wild Onion.
Abundant on the steppe.

97 Asparagus officinalis L/.

Escaped from cultivation and locally fairly frequent in moist
draws near Ashcroft.

98 Calochortus Xuttallii T. & G.

Very abundant in the bunch grass of rough land. Valley
side of foothills are showy with their flowers early in June.

99 Fritillaria atropurpurea Nutt.

Quite general on the foothills of the buttes.

100 Lcucocnniiin inontanum Nutt.
Plentiful on the prairie.

101 Yucca glauca Nutt.

Abundant on the dry rocky slopes of the buttes, especially near
the top.

17. MELANTHACEAE (Bunch-Flower Family)

*IO2 Zygadenus intenuedius Rydb. "Death Camass."

Especially plentiful in bunch grass association of rough land.

40 THE BIOLOGY OF HARDING COUNTY

18. CONVALLARIACEAE (Lily-of-the-Valley Family)

103 Disporum tray chy carp-urn (Wats.) B. & H,

Fairly numerous on shady slopes of Cave Hills and other
forested buttes.

104 Smilacina stellata (L) Desf.
Common in and about open woods.

19. SMILACEAE (Smilax Family)

105 Neme.via herbacea (L) Small.

Abundant in open deciduous woods of buttes and valleys.

20. IRIDACEAE (Iris Family)

106 Sisyrinchium an gusti folium Miller. Blue-eyed Grass.
Not common in draws on the plains.

21. ORCHIDACEAE (Orchid Family)

*io/ Limnorchis sparsiflora (Wats) Rydb.

Common along the brooks of the Short Pines.

108 Limnorchis viridiflora (Cham.) Rydb.

Not uncommon in marshy spots in the shady wooded gulches
of the West Short Pine Hills.

22. SALICACEAE (Willow Family)

109 Populus angusti folia James. Narrow-leaved Popular.
Rare, along Soft Water Creek, near Redig.

no Populus occidentals (Rydb.) Brit. Cottonwood.

The cottonwood is the most widely distributed tree of this
section of the state. It occurs either singly or in groves along
all the larger streams, a diameter of over three feet is oc-
casionally attained.

in Populus trcmnloides Michx. Quaking Aspen.

Aspen thickets occur on talus slopes at the foot of cliffs and
locally in the box canyons of the forested buttes.

112 Sali.\- amygdaloides Anders. Large Willow.
Frequent along the streams throughout.

113 Sali.v Bcbbiana Sarg.

Found at widely scattered localities.
*ii4 Sali.v Fendlcriana Anders. Bunch Willow.

Common on boggy soil in the Forest Reserves and also the
Little Missouri River.

LIST OF THE PLANTS COLLECTED 41

115 Sali.v flifiiatiiis Xutt.

Locally abundant on the Little Missouri floodplain; also in
the Short Pines.

116 Sali,r Sconlcriana Barr. Red Willow.
In gulches in the several forested buttes.

23. BETULACEAE (Birch Family)

117 Betnla papvrifcra Marsh.

Frequent in the valleys of the West Short Pine Hills.
:;-n8 Bctula foutinalis Sarg.

Found only once, about bog in the North Cave Hills.

24. ULMACEAE (Elm Family)

119 Ulmus fuh'a Michx. Red or Slippery Elm.

Rare, found sparingly in canyons of the Forest Reserves.
Trees of a fair size seen only in South Cave Hills.

25. MORACEAE (Mulberry Family)

120 Hninulns Iiipulus L. Hop.

Frequently met with in the ash thickets in gulches of forested

buttes.

26. URTICACEAE (Nettle Family)

121 L'rtica gracilis Art. Nettle.

Fairly common on moist ground in the Slim Buttes and else-
where in high open valleys.

27. SAXTALACEAE (Sandalwood Family)

i22Comcndra pallid a A. DC. Bastard Toadflax.

Tolerably frequent on foothills of buttes. especially on sandy
es.

POLYGONAOEAE (Buckwheat Family)
123 Eriogonum annuum Nutt.

Abundant on the steppe. In flower as late as Aug. 25.
*I24 l:,i'io^onui:i cenir.un Nutt.

Abundant in caverns in the Cave Hills.

125 Eriogonum crassifoliuw Benth.
Comm n n sand.

126 Eriogcnum flawm Nutt.

n hilltops in rocks.

42 THE BIOLOGY OF HARDING COUNTY

127 Hnogonum nmlticeps Nees.

Frequent on the steppe, abundant on sand where also the

largest individuals are obtained.
*I28 Eriogonum Visheri A. Nels? Dakota Eriogonum.

Abundant on the steppe near Rabbit Butte, Perkins County.

"As far as I can see now a good strong species; will describe

it soon." — Professor Nelson.

129 Polygonum articular e L. Door-yard Weed, Knot-grass,

Goose-Grass.
Not rare along 'streams in all parts of the area.

130 Polygonum convolvulus L.

Uncommon on moist ground in the forested hills.

131 Polygonum Douglasii Greene.
Locally common on plains.

1.32 Polygonum crnersum (Michx) Brit.

P. muhlenbergia

Tolerably common in water holes. (Perkins County).

[Polygonum erectum L. Erect Knot weed.

Reported by Fromme.]
:!:][33 Polygonum exsertum Small.

Open woods in the Little Missouri Valley near routes of

travel.

[Polygonum lapathifolium L.

Reported by Fromme.]
134 Polygonum pennsylvanicum L.

Tolerably frequent in water holes and along streams.
T35 Polygonum persicaria L.

Fairly frequent on springy soil in Little Missouri Valley.

[Polygonum ramorissimum Michx.
Recorded by Fromme.]

136 Polygonum scandens L. Climbing False Buckwheat.
Sparingly introduced.

[Polygonum tenue Michx.
Taken by Fromme.]

137 Rumex me.ricanits Meisn.

Local on waste moist ground — abundant on Soft Water Creek
r.iar Redig.

LIST OF THE PLANTS COLLECTED 43

138 Rinne.v accident alls Wats.

Conspicuous in small marshes in the moister valleys in West
Short Pine Hills.

139 Rnmex renosns Pursh.
Fairly frequent on the steppe.

29. CHEXOPODEACEAE (Goosefoot Family)

140 A triplex argentea Xutt.
Uncommon on the steppe.

141 Atriplex canescenus (Pursh) James.
Abundant on gumbo.

142 A triple A- hast at a L.
Common on clay banks.

143 A triplex Nnttallii Wats. Salt Bush.

Common in the badlands areas and on the drier steppe.
*I44 A triplex philonitra A. Nels.
Abundant on clay banks, etc.

145 A triplex Suchleyana (Torr.) Rydb.

Common to abundant in badlands and on the rougher parts
of the steppe.

146 Chenopodium album L. Lambs Quarters.
Commonly introduced.

*I47 Chcnopodiiun ainbrosioides L.

Fairly frequent along South Grand River.

148 Chcnopodiiun Fremontii Wats.
Wide spread but not abundant.

149 Chenopodium glaucnm L.

On bare clay in cuts, along roads, creeks, etc. Fairly common.

150 Chenopodium hybrid inn L.

Common about caves ; occasionally on the steppe.

151 Chenopodium leptophyllum (Mog.) Nutt.
On the grassy table of Cave Hills.
[Chenopodium rubrum L. Goats Elite.

Reported by Fromme.]
^152 Chenopodium ]Vatsonii A. Nels.

On plains and badlands locally this is a predominant plant.
*I53 Corispermum nit id urn Kit. Bugseed.

Locally common on steppe.
154 Enrotia lanata (Pursh) Moq. Winter Fat or White Sage.

Rare on the steppe.

44 . THE BIOLOGY OF HARDING COUNTY

155 Monolepis Nuttalliana (R. & $•.) Engelm.
Occasional in blowouts, on ''hard pan."

156 Solsola pestifer A. Nels. Russian Thistle.

A very serious weed in small grain and flax fields. Occasion

on the sod.
*I57 Suaeda erecta (Wats.) A. Nels.

Abundant on bare clay of blowouts on flats along streams.

Also in fields. (Perkins Co.)

[Suaeda depressa (Pursh) Wats.

Reported by Fromme.]
*I58 Suaeda Moquinii (Torr.) A. Nels.

Locally common on foothills and tables.

30. AMARANTHACEAE (Amaranth Family)

159 Amaranthus retrople.vus L. Redroot.
Rarely introduced, near Buffalo.

160 Amaranthus graecizans L. Tumble weed.
More commonly introduced.

31. NYCT AGIN ACE AE (Four-o'clock Family)

*i6i Abronia micrantha (Torr.) Chois.

Infrequent in sandy areas of floodplains.

162 Allionia linearis Pursh.

Abundant in fields, frequent along roads and occasionally
on the steppe.

163 Allionia hyctaginea Michx.

Rare on the floodplain of the Little Missouri near Ashcroft.

*i64 Allionia pilosa (Nutt.) Rydb.
Occasional on sand.

32. PORTULACACEAE (Purslane Family)

165 Talinnm peniflonim Nutt.
Locally abundant on gumbo spots.

33. CAROPHYLLACEAE (Pink Family)

166 Agrostemina gigatho L. Corn Cockle.
Rare, in fields, Perkins Co.

167 Cerastiiiui arrcnsc L. Chickweed.

Abundant in the thin soil of the edge of the tables arc! in
cracks in the cap rock of the

LIST OF THE PLANTS COLLECTED 45

168 Lychnis Drummondii Wats. Cockle.

Occasional along Antelope Creek near Rabbit Butte, Perkins

County.)
*i6o, Paronychia scsselifolia Xutt.?

Abundant in gravelly soil -in the drier parts of the steppe.

Grows in compact clumps from a strong root.

170 Saponaria -laccaria L. Cockle.
Occasionally introduced into fields.

171 Silenc sp.

Occasional on gravelly foothills of the buttes.

34. RAXUXCULACEAE (Buttercup Family)

172 Anemone cylindrica Gray.

Xot rare, on the steppe and the swales of the foothills.

173 Batrachinm trichophylhtm ( Chaix.) Bossch. Floating Butter-

cup.

Locally abundant, submerged, in water holes of streams on
steppe.
*I74 Clematis occidentals Homem.

Widespread especially in boxelder groves.

175 Halerpestes cymbalaria (Pursh) Greene.

Abundant on the wet flats of the floodplains of streams on
the plains.

176 Pulsatilla hirsittissima (Pursh) Brit? Pasque Flower.
Fairly abundant, but inconspicuous in summer. The unusual
event of finding pasque flowers in full bloom on August 26,
1910, was probably associated with the drought of the early
part of the year. Specimens sent Professor Xelson were re-
ported not to be typical.

177 Ranunculus abortions L.

Tolerably common on springy ground in the buttes.
[Ranunculus o-ralis Rat.

Reported by Fromme.]
*I78 Ranunculus crcmogencs Greene.

Uncommon along brooks in the fores: reserves.

179 Ranunculus pcnnsyh'anicus L.

Xot uncommon in the shaded valleys of the Slim Buttes.

180 Ranunculus Macounii Brit.

Rare along brooks in the Short Pines.

46 THE BIOLOGY OF HARDING COUNTY

181 Thalictrum dasycarpnm F. & L. Meadow Rue.
Occasional in the small openings along streams at high alti-
tudes in the buttes, sometimes abundant.

35. BERBERIDACEAE (Barberry Family)

182 Berberis aquifolium Pursh.

Common in the forest reserves. Surprising abundant on the
eastern foothills of Slim Buttes in Reva Gap.

36. PAPAVERACEAE (Poppy Family)

183 Argemone intermedia Sweet? Prickly Poppy.
Occasional on the steppe.

184 Corydalis aurea Willd. False Dutchman's-breeches.
Several clumps were found in the higher ravines of the
Short Pines.

37 CRUCIFERAE (Mustard Family)

*i85 Arabis caduca A. Nels.
Rare, Short Pine Hills.

1 86 Arabis hirsuta Scop.

Wide spread and fairly plentiful.

187 Brassica arvensis (L.) B. S. P. Yellow Mustard.
Sparingly introduced into fields.

188 Camelina sativa Crantz. False Flax.
Local in badlands near East Short Pines.

189 Capsella bursa-pastoris Medik. Shepherd's Purse.
Naturalized from Europe but now very abundant everywhere.

190 Draba nemorosa L.

In fields and on plains.

191 Hrysimum asperum DC.

Tolerably common on the steppe throughout but especially on
the foothills.

192 Hrysimum asperrimum (Greene) Rydb.

On bare clay in the steppe, not at all common.

193 Hrysimum cheiranthoides L. Western Wallflower.

Wide spread but not abundant, open woods, brooks and steppe.

194 Hrysimum inconspicuum (Wats.) Mac M.
Rare on the steppe, Rabbit Butte, Perkins Co.

195 Lepidum apetalum Willd. Pepper grass.
Sparingly introduced on the steppe.

OF

UNIVERSITY

V f> T / «*H %

LIST OF THE PLANTS COLLECTED 47

[Lepidium medium Greene.
Reported by Fromme.]
^196 Lesquerella alpina (Nutt.) Wats.

Common on the bare soils of tables, etc.

*I97 Lesquerella argentia (Pursh) Mac M. Globular-podded
Crucifer.

Common on the steppe.
*I98 Lesquerella Lunellii A. Nels.

Abundant on the steppe.
199 Physaria didymocarpa Gray.

Rare, Slim Buttes, June.
*2OO Roripa lyrata (Nutt.) Rydb.

Abundant on muddy margins of streams throughout.

20 1 Roripa paluslris (L.) Bess.

Fairly abundant in mud along streams throughout the area.

202 Roripa sinuate (Nutt.) A. S. Hitch. Nastursian.
Uncommon in open woods along the Little Missouri Valley
and elsewhere along streams.

203 Roripa "close to R. sinuata but likely distinct." A. Nels.
Fields, roadsides, etc., near Rabbit Butte, Perkins Co.

204 Sophia incisa (Engelm.) Greene. Tansy Mustard.
Plentiful about the Short Pine Hills.

*2O5 Sophia pinnata (Walt.) Brit.
Common on tables of buttes.

38 CAPPARIDACEAE (Capper Family)

205 Cleome serrulata Pursh. Bee-plant.
Infrequent on sandy floodplains.

*2o6 Polanisia graveolens Raf.
Common in sand.

207 Polanisia trachysperma T. & G. Clammy-weed.
Abundant on :sand along valleys.

39. SAXIFRAGACEAE (Saxifrage Family)

208 Heuchera hispida Pursh.? Alumroot.

Rare in the shade at high altitudes in the buttes.
*2O9 Heuchera valifolia Nutt.

Fairly numerous in cracks in the rocks in gulches in the
forest reserves.

48 THE BIOLOGY OP HARDTNG COUNTY

40. GROSSULARIACEAE (Gooseberry Family)

*2io Ribes americanum Nutt.

Common.
211 Ribes cereum Dougl. Red Currant.

Quite abundant about the buttes.
*2I2 Ribes hudsonianimi Rich. Currant.

Abundant along the sides of the larger valleys and in the
coulees.
*2i2 Ribes longiflorum Nutt. Golden or Missouri Currant.

Common in open woods.
*2I4 Ribes sa.rosnm Hook. Common wild gooseberry.

Fairly abundant in thickets throughout the county.
214 Ribes setosum Lindl?

Not uncommon in the woods.

41. ROSACEAE (Rose Family)

*2i5 Agrinomia Brittoniana Bickn.

Rare on springy ground in the buttes.

216 Dasiophora fruticosa (L.) Rydb. Shrubby Cinquefoil.
Locally abundant on rocky slopes in the South Cave Hills.

217 Drymocallis argnta (Pursh) Rydb?
Rare on the margins of Table Mountain.

218 Fragaria americana (Porter) Brit. Wild Strawberry.

Not uncommon on the shady north facing banks of ravines in
the forest reserves.

219 Geiwn canadense Jacq.?
Rare along wooded valleys.

220 Geum strictum Ait.

Along streams throughout especially in the reserves. Com-
mon .
*22i Potentilla biennis Greene.

Frequent in open woods of the valleys and on the steppe.

222 Potentilla concinna Rich?

"Probably a form of this species" Nelson. Common about
buttes.

223 Potentilla Hippiana Lehm.

On the grassy table of the Cave Hills, infrequent.

224 Potentilla monspliensis L.

On springy ground in the West Short Pines.

LIST OF THE PLANTS COLLECTED 49

*225 Potcntilla penns\kauica arachnoidea Lehm.

Tolerably common on the plains.
*226 Potcntilla pennsylvanica strigosa Pursh.

In grasslands, frequent.
[Rosa Arkansana Porter.

Abundant on the steppe, determination by Fromme.]
*227 Rosa Fendleri Crepin. \Yild Rose.

Common on the steppe. In flower as late as July 23 in

1910. Abundant in woodlands of buttes.
*228 Rosa Sayi Schwein. Longfruited Rose.

Locally common in woods of Slim Buttes.

229 Rosa IVoodsii Lindl.

Plentiful in open woods, and also on the steppe.

230 Rosa sp.

Abundant on the plains. Reported by Professor Nelson as
propably a new species. Xo. 582.

231 Rosa sp.

"These tiny roses I do not know." Professor Nelson. Com-
mon in the East Short Pines.

232 Rubus strigosiis Michx. Red Raspberry.

In thickets especially in talus at the foot of the escarpments
of the buttes.

233 Sicrersia ciliata G. Don.
Abundant on tables and foothills.

42. POMACEAE (Apple Family)

234 Auiclanchicr alnifolia Nutt. Juneberry, Service-berry.
Scattered specimens wherever copses occur. Very abundant
in the buttes.

235 Cratacgus Shcridana A. Nels. Thorn-apple, Hawthorne.
Forming small thickets in coulees, in the gulches in the buttes
and occasionally along the valleys in the low-lands.

43. DRUPACEAE (Plum Family)

236 Primus americana Marsh. Wild Plum.

In close thickets in open gulches, at base of cliffs about buttes,
and along streams of the plains.

237 Primus Bcsscxi Bailey. \Yestern Sandcherry.

Frequent on the dry hillsides especially on the foothills of the
buttes.
Sig.— 4.

50 THE BIOLOGY OF HARDING COUNTY

238 Prunus melanocarpa (A. Nels.) Rydb. Western Chokecherry.
In thickets in wooded parts of the valleys. Less abundant
than the Wild Plum.

44. LEGUMINOSAE (Pea Family)

239 Amorpha canescens Nutt. Lead Plant, Shoe String.
Abundant on the steppe, even locally giving the color to the
landscape early in August.

240 Aragalhis Lambertii (Pursh) Greene. Loco.
Oxytropis lambertii Pursh.

Very plentiful in the bunch grass association on the foothills.
*24i Aragalhis dispar A. Nels.?

Common on the plains especially in the rougher areas.

242 Astragalus bisulcatus (Hook) Gray.
Along streams, frequent throughout.

243 Astragalus caespitosus (Nutt.) Gray?

Abundant on gravelly soil in the drier parts of the steppe.
Grows in compact clumps from a strong tap root.

244 Astragalus carolinianus L.

Locally abundant along the Little Missouri River.
Astragalus diversifolius Gray?

Rare on table of Short Pine Hills.
Astragalus elatiocarpus Sheld.

Rare along roads on the plains of southern Perkins Co., etc.
247 Astragalus lotiflorus Hook.

Abundant on rougher land.
^248 Astraguhiis nitidus Dougl.

Tolerably frequent about buttes.
*249 Astragalus pauciflorus Hook?

Prof. Nelson thinks more material might indicate that this

represents a new species. Fairly frequent in the bunch grass

association on the foothills of the forested buttes.
*25<D Astragalus Purshii Dougl.

Rare on the steppe of the extreme northwestern corner.
*25i Astragulus succulentus Rich.

Common on the plains. We found no fresh fruit during the

dry summers of 1910 or 1911. Quite plentiful in 1912.
251 Glycyrrhiza lepidota Pursh. Buffalo Bur.

A common shrub along stream banks.

LIST OF THE PLANTS COLLECTED 51

252 Lotus americanus ( Xutt.) Bisch. "Wild Alfalfa," "Dakota
Vetch."

Wide spread and abundant on the plains and in fields.

Still more plentiful on sandy floodplains.
*253 Lupin us argent ens Pursh. Lupine.

Abundant on the steppe, especially at high elevations.

254 Lnpinns pusillns Pursh.

Very abundant in sand along valleys and in sandy soil of the
plains.

255 Melilotns alba Desv. White Sweet-clover.

Found along the banks of several streams even fifty miles
from a railroad.

[Petalostemon candidus Michx. White Prairie Clover.
Reported by Fromme.]

256 Petalostemon oligoghyUits (Torr.) Rydb. White Prairie

Clover.
Fairly abundant on the steppe.

257 Petalostemon pnrpurens (Vent.) Rydb.
Abundant on the high prairies throughout.

258 Petalostemon z'illosns Nutt.

Rare, found only on the grassy table of North Cave Hills.

259 Psoralea argophylla Pursh.
Abundant on the plains in loam.

260 Psoralea lanceolata Pursh.

Fairly abundant in open woods, etc.

261 Psoralea tenniffora Pursh.
Common along the Grand River.

262 Strophostyles panciflora (Benth.) Wats. Small Wild Bean.
Locally common along some of the creeks.

263 Thermo psia rhombifoldia (Nutt.) Rich.

Abundant on the steppe, dominant on brakes. Only a few
individuals fruit in dry years.

264 Vicia linear is (Nutt.) Green. Narrow-leaved Vetch.
Plentiful in draws on the plains.

45. OXALIDACEAE

265. O. rails stricta L. Wood Sorrel.

Abundant in blue stem draws on the steppe.

52 THE BIOLOGY OF HARDING COUNTY

46. LIXACEAE (Flax Family)

266 Lin n ni Lcinsii Pursh. Blue Wild Flax.
Quite abundant on the plains.

267 Linum rigidum Pursh. Yellow Wild Flax.
Plentiful on the steppe in all parts of this area.

47. POLYGALACEAE (Milk wort Family)

268 Polygala alba Nutt. Milkwort.
Common on the plains.

269 Polygala terticillata L.

Rare on the steppe near Rabbit Butte, Perkins Co.

48. EUPHORBIACEAE (Snow-on-the-mountain Family)

*27<D Euphorbia arkansana Engelm & Gray.
Tolerably common on the 'steppe.

271 Euphorbia glyptospenna Engelm.
Occasionally on the plains throughout.

272 Euphorbia petaloidea Engelm.

Common on the sand along the Moreau River, Boxelder
Creek and other streams.

49. CALLITRICHACEAE

273 CalUtriche bifid a (L) Morong. Water Star wort.
Growing submerged in water ; local in the smaller streams.

274 CalUtriche palustris L. Water Fennel.

Partly submerged in shady brooks, West Short Pines.

50. ANACARDIACEAE (Sumac Family)

275 Rhus Rydbergii Small? WTestern Poison Ivy.

Abundant in groves, on rocky slopes, on grassy hillsides in
"broken" areas.

276 Rhus trilobata Nutt. Skunk-Bush.

Common on hillsides of rougher regions. Not poisonous.

51. CELASTRACEAE (Staff Tree Family)

277 Celastris scandcns L. Climbing Bittersweet.
Abundant in the wooded gulches of the buttes.

52. ACER ACE AE (Maple Family)

278 Acer negundo L. Boxelder.

Single trees and small clumps are scattered along the streams
in the valleys especially about the buttes.

South Dakota Geological Survey.

Plate 4

The Prickly Pear (Opuntia polyacantha\ especially abundant on

Grai
ground.

the flats or benches along the valleys. Grama grass in back-

Snow-on- the- Mountain (Euphorbia marginata] abundant on
steppe.

Chrysothamnus graveolens. A conspicuous plains composite.

LIST OF THE PLAXTS COLLECTED 51

53. VITACEAE (Vine Family)
279 Parthenocissiis litacca A. S. Hitch. Virginia Creeper.

Rather plentiful in groves, especially in ravines of buttes.
2&o J'itfs I'ulpina L. River-bank Grape.

Rare ; most common in East Short Pines.

54. MALVACEAE (Mallow Family)

281 Mak'astnun coccineum (Pursh) Gray. False Mallow.
Very abundant on steppe, especially along roadsides.

55. VIOLACEAE (Violet Family)

282 J'iola canadcnsis L.

Common on moist banks about the buttes and occasionally

on other streams.
^283 J'iola retusa Greene?

Rare Little Missouri and Shaw Creek.
*284 J'iola i-allicola A. Xels.

Abundant along valley banks.

56. LOASACEAE (Loasa Family)

285 Mentzelia dccapctala (Pursh) Urban & Gilg.

This large and showy herb grows on steep clay banks, less
common than the following.

286 Mcntsclia nuda (Pursh) T. & G.

Fairly numerous on clay bluffs of cut banks and on rocky
slopes of buttes.

57. CACTACEAE (Cactus Family)

287 Maurillaria "di'ipara (Xutt) Haw. Pin-cushion Cactus.
Fairly frequent on the steppe especially on the moister por-
tions.

288 Opuntia fragilis (Xutt.) Haw. Smaller Prickly Pear.
Abundant in blowout spots on hard pan, especially on flats
along valleys.

289 Opuntia polyacantha Haw. Larger Prickly Pear.
Abundant on the steppe in general, but seldom in blowouts.

58. ELAEAGXACEAE (Oleaster Family)

290 Shcpherdia argent la Xutt. Buffalo Berry.

Abundant in dense thickets along streams, in washouts, and
on hillsides. The yellow fruited variety is widespread but rare.

54 THE BIOLOGY OF HARDING COUNTY

59. ONAGRACEAE (Evening Primrose Family)

291 Anogra albicaulis (Pursh.) Brit.

Numerous in fields, along roads, on bare clay of banks, and
frequent elsewhere on the steppe.

292 Anogra Nnttallii (Sweet) A. Nels.

Not uncommon on the steppe, fields, open woods of Little
Missouri, etc.

[Anogra coronofolia (T. & G.) Brit.
Reported by Fromme.]

293 Cliainacnerion angustifolium (L.) Scop. Forest Fire-weed.
Locally abundant in open valleys in the buttes.

294 Hpilobiinn adcnocanlon Hausskn. Common Willow Herb.
Common along brooks.

295 Epilobimn lineare Muhl.

Plentiful in marshy spots along streams.
[Gayophytuni ramosissiiiuuii T. & G.
Reported by Fromme.]

296 Ganra coccinea Bursh.

One of the most abundant of the "weeds" on the steppe.
*297 Lai'an.ria flara A. Nels.

Common on the sandy floodplain of the Grand River, near
Buffalo. Rare in badlands.

298 MeriolLv serrnlata (Nutt.) Walp. Tooth-leaved Primrose.
Abundant on the steppe, particularly along roads.

299 Oenothera laciniata Hill.

Tolerably common on steppe near Govert, etc.

300 Onagra biennis (L.) Scop. Eastern Evening Primrose.

In valleys of Slim Buttes and on Little Missouri floodplain.

301 Onagra striogosa Rydb. Common Evening Primrose.
Fairly frequent in all open situations.

302 Pachylophus caespitosa (Nutt.) R'aimann. Gumbo Lily.
"Typical! Good specimen and a great find." Prof. Nelson.
Fairly abundant on bare heavy clay of badlands.

303 Pachylophus macro glottis Rydb.
In badlands and on clay.

Pachylophus montanus (Nutt.) A. Nels.
Bare clay, Short Pine Hills. June.

LIST OF THE PLANTS COLLECTED 55

60. UMBELLIFERAE (Parsnip Family)

305 Carum carui L. ?

In wolf berry patches on the eastern foothills of the Long Pine

Hills.
*3<D6 Cicuta occidental Greene. \Yater Hemlock.

Fairly numerous along brooks ; occasional along creeks.
*3O7 Cogsivellia macrocarpa (L.) Kuntze.

Abundant on the steppe.
*3o8 Cogsft'ellia montana Jones.

Numerous on the plains.

309 Cymoptenis acaulis (Pursh) Rydb.
Rare on the steppe throughout.

310 Heracleum lanatiun Michx. Cow Parsnip.
Along streams, tolerably frequent.

311 Sanicula Marylandica L- Snake-root.
Plentiful in forest reserves.

312 U'ashiugtonia sp. Sweet Cicely.

Common in deep shade in the forested buttes.

61. CORXACEAE (Dogwood Family)

313 Conius canadensis L. Bunch-berry, Carnel.

Common in the most shaded ravines of the forest reserves.
*3i4 Conius instoloneus A. Nels. ined. Dogwood, "kinnikinic."
Not uncommon in thickets along streams throughout.

62. PYROLACEAE (\Yintergreen Family)

314 Pyrola clliptica Xutt. \Yinter green.

Abundant in moist ravines in the West Short Pine Hills.
*3:5 Pyrola nliginosa Torr.

Common in shady gulches of the forest reserves.

63. MOXOTROPACEAE (Indian Pipe Family)

316 Pterospora androincda X'utt. Pinedrops.
Frequent in shady gulches.

64. ERICACEAE (Heath Family)

317 Arctostaphylos ufa-ursi (L.) Greene. Bear berry or Kinni-

kinick.

Quite frequent on partly open hillsides at high elevations in
the Slim Buttes and Pine Hills ; rare in Cave Hills.

56 THE BIOLOGY OF HARDING COUNTY

65. PRIMULACEAE (Primrose Family)

318 Androsace occidentals Greene.

Common on Rabbit Butte, etc. (Perkins Co.)

319 Steironema ciliatinn (L.) Raf. Fringed Loosestrife.
Fairly abundant in shady valleys well np in the buttes.

66. OLE ACE AE (Olive Family)

320 Fra.rinus lanceolata Borck. Green Ash.

Abundant in small groves along all streams except in the
drier parts of the steppe. Predominant in coulees.

67. GENTIAXACEAE (Gentian Family)
*32i Gentiana af finis Griseb.

Abundant along brooks.

*322 Gentiana plebeja Cham.

Uncommon in the Little Missouri floodplain and on the foot
hills of the buttes.

323 Gentiana pubenila Michx? Blue Prairie Gentian.

Locally abundant with blue stem grass in mesophytic north-
eastern draws near Lodge Pole Butte. In full bloom Aug-
ust 10.

*324 Gentiana strictiflora (Rydb.) A. Nels. Yellow Gentian.
Fairly abundant on wooded hill sides in Cave Hills.

68. APOCYXACEAE (Dogbane Family)

325 Apocyniun androsacmifolium L- Indian Hemp.
Pretty general on the foothills of the buttes.

69. ASCLEPIADACEAE (Milkweed Family)

326 Accraies liridflora Ivesia. Brit. Green Milkweed.
Locally abundant along the creeks and rivers.

327 Asclepias pumila (Gray) Vail. Small Milkweed.
Frequent on plains, especially their rougher portions.

328 Asclepias spcciosa Torr.
Frequent along the larger valleys.

329 Ascelpias lerticillata L.

Rare in the valleys on the steppe.
70. COXYOLYULACFYE (Morning-glory Family)

330 Coni'okntlus sepimn L. Hedge Binchvecd, \Yild Morning-

glory.
Occasional in thickets and about dwellings.

LIST OF THE PLANTS COLLECTED 57

331 Ipomoea lcptoph\lla Torr. Bush Morning-glory.
Rare on dry hillsides.

71. POLE'MOXIACEAE (Phlox Family)

332 Colloinia lincaris Xutt.

Abundant in grassy parts of the flood plain of the Little

Missouri and its tributaries.
"'333 Gilia ccphalodidca Rydb. Round-headed Gilia.

Common in bunch grass association.
:<:334 Xararretia minima Xutt.

Rare along Antelope Creek near Rabbit Butte, Perkins Co.
*335 Phlo.\- alyssifolia Greene.

Abundant on rocky cliffs of Slim Buttes.
^336 Phlo.v cancsccns T. & G.

Plains, and especially buttes.
*337 Phlo.v Hoodii Rich.

Fairly plentiful on exposed rocky points.

338 Phlo.v Kclscyi Brit.
Common on rocky exposures.

339 Phlox sp.

Rare on steppe and rough land near Camp Crook.

72. HYDROPHYLLACEAE (Waterleaf Family)

340 Macrocaiy.r nyctelca (L.) Kuntze.

Frequently abundant at the foot of clay banks along creeks.
*34i Phacelia leucophylla Torr.

Abundant on rough land and rocks.

73. BORAGIXACEAE (Borage Family)

^42 Crypc.ntlic crassiscpala (T. & G.) Greene.

Reported by Fromire.
743 Lapfula floribunda (Lehm.) Greene. Stick-seed.

Locally abundant in woods along the Little Missouri Ri-ver
344 Lappnla occidental is Greene. Stick tight.

A pest in old fields : abundant on steppe.
745 Lithosperntum angtistifolium Michx.

Xnmerous on the steppe.
"746 Lithospermtim lincarifoliuin Goldii. Puccoon, Gromwell.

\'cry common on the dry prairies.

58 THE BIOLOGY OF HARDING COUNTY

*347 Mertensia foliosa A. Nels.

Abundant along streams.
348 Mertensia paniculata Don. ?

Rare, West Short Pines. "A full series might show this to

be new." Nelson.
*349 Oreocarya affinis Greene.

Common on Rabbit Butte (Perkins Co.)

350 Oreocarya glowierata (Nutt.) Greene.
Abundant on the steppe.

74. VERBENACEAE (Verbain Family)

351 Verbena stricta Vent?

Fairly common especially in close-cropped pastures.

75. LABI AT AE (Mint Family)

352 Agastache anethoidora (Nutt.) Brit. Fragrant Giant Hysop.
Abundant on rocky areas especially slopes within the buttes.

353 Hedeoma Drummondii Benth. Pennyroyal.
Locally common in gulches in buttes.
[Hedeoma hispid a Pursh.

Reported by Fromme.]

354 Lycopits americanus Muhl. Water Hoarhound.
Along streams throughout.

*355 Lycops asper Greene.
Along all streams.

356 Mentha canadensis L. Mint, catnip.
Abundant along brooks.

357 Monarda mcnthaefolia Graham. Horse Mint, Balm.
Abundant in coulees and groves.

76. SOLANACEAE (Potato Family)

358 Physalis hetcrophylla Xees. Ground Cherry.
A rare ruderal, berry yellow.

359 Physalis lanccolata Michx. Ground-cherry.

Abundant on the sandy flood plain of the Grand River near
Buffalo. Berry greenish yellow.

360 Solatium nignwn L. Night shade.
Occasionally frequent in fields during wet seasons.

361 Solanum rostratiun Dunal. Buffalo-bur, Wild-tomato.
Quite abundant along roads, etc.

LIST OF THE PLANT'S COLLECTED 59

362 Solatium triflorum Nutt.

Abundant along floodplains of streams and in fields.

77. SCROPHULARIACEAE (Figwort Family)

*3^3 Cast-file ja /lava Wats?

Abundant on the grassy plains of the northeastern part of
Harding and adjacent Perkins Co.

364 Gratiola virginiana L. Hedge Hyssop

Abundant on wet soil on the plains especially along streams.

365 Orthocarpus luteus Xutt.

Very abundant on the plains, spreading into ravines ot
buttes.

366 Pentstemon aeuminatus Dougl? Beard Tongue.
Common on the steppe on sandy soil.

367 Pentstemon albidits Xutt.

Plentiful on uplands and grassy valleys.

368 Pcntsteinon angustifolius Pursh.
Abundant in draws on the plains.

369 Pentstemon crianthera Pursh.
Common on foothills of the Short Pines.

370 Pentstemon sp.

"Probably new." Xelson. Common on hillsides in buttes

371 T"eronica amcricana Schwein.

Growing in the water of brooks in forest reserves, locally
abundant.

78. OROBAXCHACEAE (Broom Rape Family)

372 Orobanchc Indo-riciana Xutt. Broom Rape.

Very abundant especially in sandy soil Parasetic on Com-
posites.

79. PLANT AGINACEAE (Plantain Family)
[Plant ago aristata Michx.
Reported by Fromme.]

373 Plantago elongata Pursh. Slender Plantain.
Tolerably common on steppe throughout.

374 Plantago laneeolata L. Ribwort

One patch on a creek just east of Reva; introduced.

375 Plantago major L. Common Plaintain.
Uncommonly introduced about towns.

60 THE BIOLOGY OF HARDING COUNTY

376 Plant ago Purshii, Roem & Schult.
Abundant everywhere on the dry plains.

377 Plantago- Rugelli Dene.

Locally plentiful on margain of Little Missouri River and
along streams in the buttes.

80. RUBIACEAE (Madder Family)

378 Galium boreale L. Bedstraw, Cleavers.

Common on hillsides of buttes, in coulees and other partially
sheltered places.

379 Galium triflorum L. Fragrant Bedstraw.
Abundant in shaded ravines of the forest reserves.

81. CAPRIFOUACEAE (Honeysuckle Family)

380 Linnaca amcricaua Forbs. Twin Flower.

Abundant in the more moist ravines at considerable elevation*
in the buttes.

381 Symphoricarpos occidentalis Hook. Bnckbush, Wolfberry.
Very abundant forming low thicket-patches along much of
the bottomland, and in open groves. Also occasional in shaded
gulches.

382 Symphoricarpos raccinosus Michx.
Rare in Slim Butte Ravines.

383 Viburnum Lcntago L. Black Haw.

Locally abundant forming large thickets in several of the
valleys of the West Short Pines. ''Somewhat different from
eastern specimens.'' Nelson.

82. CUCURBIT ACE AE (Gourd Family)

384 Bchnwcystis lobata (Michx) T. & G. Wild Cucumber, Wild

Balsam Apple.
A few patches in thickets in the West Short Pines.

83. CAMPAXULACEAE (Bluebell Family)

385 Campanula rot und i folia L. Harebell, Bluebell.

Common at high elevation, along cracks in rocks and also in
grass.

84. COMPOSITAE, tribe Eupatorieae

386 Liatris pnnctata Hook. (Lacinaria). Blazing-star.
Abundant everywhere on the plains.

LIST OF THE PLANTS COLLECTED 61

387 Knhnia glutinosa Ell. False Boneset.

Abundant in badlands and on buttes.
*3&5 Kithnia rcticulata A. Xels.

Rare on the edge of mesa of Table Mountain.

COMPOS IT AE, tribe Astereae

*3&7 Aster commiitatns Gray.

Rare on buttes, occasional on the steppe.
"340 Aster Geyeri ( Gray ) Howell.

Frequent anlong ravines and in thickets along rivers.
*39i Aster hcbecladits DC.

Common on the steppe throughout.
392 Aster lac-ris L.

Reported by Fromme.
*393 Aster lactciirens Greene.

Frequent in ravines in Slim Buttes, and Cave Hills.
*394 Aster nniltiflorns Ait.

Uncommon on the foothills.
395 Aster oblougifoliiis Xutt.

"Great find. Xot supposed to be so far west." Prof. Nelson.

Frequent on the steppe in both Harding and Perkins County.
*396 Aster pauciflorns Xutt.

Fairly freuqent on floodplains of Boxelder, etc.
397 Aster ptanmcoides T. & G.

X'ot uncommon on mesas.
*398 Chrysopsis hirsutissima Greene. Golden Aster.

"This greatly extends the range of this species'' (from Colo-
rado, its type locality. ) Xumerous on the steppe and abund-
ant in the badland areas.
*399 Chrysopsis mollis Xutt.

Frequent on the plains.

[Chrysopsis lillosa Xutt.

Reported by Fromme.]

400 Chrysothamnus gra-reolens (Xutt.) Greene. Rabbit Brush.
Rayless Goldenrod.

A perennial shrub with large woody roots which is abundant

in all South Dakota badlands.
*4Oi Chrysothamnu-s nanseosns (Pall.) Brit.

Abundant in badlands.

62 THE BIOLOGY OF HARDING COUNTY

402 Erigeron annurts L. Daisy Fleabane.

On almost bare clay of Little Missouri floodplain, not un
common.

403 Erigeron asper Nutt.
Abundant on steppe and table.

404 Erigeron diver gens T. & G.
Infrequent along brooks in the Cave Hills.

405 Erigeron pumilus Nutt.

Common on the plains and foothills throughout.

406 Erigeron new?
Frequent on the plains.

^407 Grindelia perennis A. Nels. Gumplant.
Only locally frequent, on the plains.

408 Grindelia squarrosa (Pursh.) Dunal. Resinweed.
Especially abundant on the steppe ; not lacking in the shaded
valleys.

409 Gutierrisia Sarathrae (Pursh) B. & R.
A prominent plant in the bad lands.

410 Leptilon canadense (L.) Brit. Prairie Fire-weed.
Abundant on old fields and along roads.

*4i i Machaeranthera canescens (Nutt.) Gray.

Abundant in badland areas. In full bloom at the end of
August.

412 Sideranthus grindeliodes (Nutt.) Brit.
Frequent on rocky cliffs of buttes.

413 Sideranthus spinulosus (Pursh.) Sweet.
Aplopappus spinulo-sa

Common on the steppe throughout.
*4I4 Solidago concinna A. Nels. Goldenrod.
Rare on the steppe.

415 Solidago elongata Nutt.

Fairly numerous in the valley of the Little Missouri River.

416 Solidago missouriensis Nutt. Common Goldenrod.
Very numerous on the plains especially in slight draws.

417 Solidago mollis Barth. Goldenrod.

Abundant on the steppe, on the tables and on the slopes about
the buttes. The most abundant goldenrod of the area.

418 Solidago nemoralis Ait.
Reported by Fromme.

LIST OF THE PLANTS COLLECTED 63

419 Solidago rigid® L. Hard-leaved Goldenrod.

Common on the plains throughout, especially on tables of

buttes.
400 Solidago serotiua Ait. Late Goldenrod.

Common on the plains especially in draws.

COMPOSITAE, tribe Inuleae

[Antennaria arida E. Nels.
Reported by Fromme.]

421 Antennaria aprica Greene. Pearly Everlasting, Jndian To-

bacco.
Frequent on the buttes and plain.

COMPOSITAE, tribe Heliantheae

422 Ambrosia artemisiaefolia L.
Little Missouri Valley, infrequent.

423 Ambrosia psilostachya DC.

Along rivers especially on sandy soil where it is one of the
most prominent plants.

424 Ambrosia trifida integrifolia T. & G.
Along shaded brooks, West Short Pines.

425 Ambrosia trifida L.

Common along roads, on floodplains and along brooks.

[Bidens frondosa L.

Reported by Fromme.]
425 Bidens glancescens Greene. Beggar's Ticks, Bur Marigold.

Plentiful along streams throughout.
*426 Bidens vulgata Greene.

Along brooks, not uncommon.

427 Braitneria angustifolia (DC.) Heller. Niggerhead "Black-

eyed Susan."

On the steppe, very abundant in the areas underlain with
loam.

428 Coreopsis tinctoria Nutt. Tickseed, "Marsh Flax."

Rare in waterholes and undrained spots in fields near Lemmon,
Perkins County.

Franseria acaiit/iiarpa (Hook.) Coville.

Abundant on sandy soil along streams, locally common on
sandy portions of the plains.

64 THE BIOLOGY OF HARDING COUNTY

430 Heiianthus annuus L. Large Sunflower.

About dwellings and fields, especially in the valleys.
[Heiianthus hirsutus Raf.
Reported by Fromme.]

431 Heiianthus Ma.rimilianus Schrad. Prairie Sunflower.
Scattered all over the plains ; most frequent on hillsides.

432 Heiianthus petiolaris Nutt. Prairie Sunflower.
On sandy floodplains, locally very numerous.

433 Heiianthus scaberrhnus Ell. Stiff Sunflower.
On grassy tables of forest reserves, not common

434 Iva xanthifolia Nutt.

Widely distributed about buildings, animal burrows, also in
shaded valleys.
*435 Madia glomerata Hook. Tarweed.

Abundant on the foothills of East Short Pines.

436 Ratibida columnaris (Sims.) D. Don. Cone-flower.
Found to be numerous on all grassy areas.

437 Xanthium echinatinn Murr. Cocklebur.
Quite abundant on mud flats along rivers.

COMPOSITAE, tribe Helenieae

438 Actinclla simplex A. Nels.

Abundant everywhere in the open ; p1ains, buttes and bad-
lands.

439 Bakia oppositifolia Nutt.

Common in grassy tables of buttes, frequent on steppe espe-
cially along roads.
*44O Chaenactis Douglasii H. & G.
Rare, Short Pine Hills.
[Gaillardia pinnatifida Torr.
Reported by Fromme.]

441 Hymeno pappus filifolius Hook.
Not rare on rocks.

COMPOSITAE, tribe Anthemideae

442 Achillea niillefoliuin L. Yarrow, Milfoil.
Abundant in grassy areas especially on hillsides.

*443 Artemisia arowiatica A. Nels. Fragrant Wormwood.

Abundant everywhere on the plains, much parasetized by
Orobanchia.

LIST OF THE PLANTS COLLECTED 65

Artemisia biennis Willd.

Fairly frequent in a few localities for instance along the

north fork of the Moreau River and in the Short Pines.

445 Artemisia cana Pursh. Small Prairie Sage.

Abundant on the drier floodplains r.nd especially on the
terraces of streams. Frequent on the steppe.

446 Artemisia canadensis Michx.

Abundant on rocky slopes and gravelly floodplains.
[Artemisia caudata Michx.
Reported by Fromme.]

447 Artemisia frigida Willd. Silver Sage.
Abundant on drier plains, badlands, terraces, etc.

448 Artemisia gnaphalodes Xutt. Coarse Sage, Alugwort.
Predominant in rougher areas and found also along Little
Missouri floodplain.

*449 Artemisia ludoTiciana (Nutt.) Riddeli.

Rare on rocky talus slopes of buttes.
*45O Artemisia natronensis A. Nels.

Plentiful on sandy floodplains and on rough land about buttes,

not lacking on the steppe.
*45i Artemisia pabnlaris (A. Nels.) Rydb. Eastern Sage.

Now considered by Prof. Nelson to be indistinguishable from

A. gnaphalodes. Rare on the plains especially eastward.

452 Artemesia tridcntata Nutt. Desert Sagebrush.

Abundant especially on the lower terraces of the valleys and
badlands. Lacking on the uplands and rare or absent east
of the Slim Buttes.

COMPOSITAE, tribe Senecioneae

453 Senecio canus Hook. Silver Groundsel.
Badlands and buttes, frequent.

*454 Senecio canus PitrsJiianus (Nutt.) A. Nels.
Common on the foothills of buttes.

COMPOSITAE, tribe Cynareae

*455 Carduus dakotieus A. Nels. sp. ined. Dakota Thistle.

Not uncommon in open woods along Little Missouri Valley.
^456 Car duns filipendulus (Engelm.) Rydb.

Common in forest reserves, occasional on steppe.
Sig.— 5.

66 THE BIOLOGY OP HARDING COUNTY

*457 Car dims nebraskensis Brit.

Not uncommon in open woods of Little Missouri Valley.
458 Carduus umilatus Nutt. Plains Thistle.

Common on prairies especially in sand grass patches, along

valleys even in thickets.

[Cirsiwn iowense (Pammel) Fernald. Plumed Thistle.
Reported by Fromme.]

COMPOSITAE, tribe Cichorieae

*459 Crepis glauca T. & G.

Brooksides in Cave Hills and other forest reserves.

460 Hiera-ceum canadensis Michx.
Tolerably common in woods.

461 Hieracmtn umbellatum L. Hawkweed.

Not uncommon in moist valleys of the timbered buttes.

462 Lactuca pulchella (Pursh) DC.
Fairly frequent along all streams.

463 Lygodesmia juncea Don.

Frequent on the plains, common in fields.
*464 Lygodesmia rostrata Gray.

Common on sandy stretches along the Grand River.

465 Nothocalais cuspidata (Pursh) Greene.
A common ruderal.

466 Sonchus asper (L.) Hill.

Tolerably common along streams in the Slim Buttes.

467 Tro.i'imon glaucum Nutt.

Common in the grassy portions of the forest reserves.
*468 Troximon glaucum piimilum (Nutt.) A. Nels.

Fairly frequent on the foothills of the Short Pines.

LICHENS*

Cladonia pyxidata (L.) Fr.

Abundant on dry soil in the Badlands.
Parmelia mollinscula Ach.

Very abundant on bare dry soil growing between sage, cactus

and other clumps of vegetation. (Harding, Washington,

Washabaugh Counties).

*Determinations of Lichens and Mosses are by R. S. Williams of N.
York Botanical Garden.

LIST OF THE PLAXTS COLLECTED 67

Parmelia conspersa (Ehrh.) Ach.

Very common on exposed surfaces of large talus blocks about

Table Xut, Hlarding Co., and elsewhere.
Parmelia sa.ratilis (L.) Fr.

Frequent on talus blocks, with the preceding.
Peltigcra aphthosa (L.) Hoffm.

Rare in the badlands ( Washington Co.)
Peltigera canina (L.) Hoffm.

Rare in the badlands (\Yashington GJ.)
Ramalina pollinaria (Ach.) Tuck.

Fairly abundant on talus blocks, Cave Hills.
Usnea barbata hirta Fr. Beard Lichen.

Occasional on trees, especially dead limbs, in canyons at

high elevations on the buttes of Harding County ; rare on

Sheep Mt. in the Badlands. Locally abundant in the Black

Hills.

MOSSES

Amblystegiiim compaction (C. M.) Aust.

Abundant on moist rocks of canyons, Cave Hills and Bad-
lands.
Amblystegiiim riparium (L.) Bry Eur.

Forming bogs in sluggish portion of brooks in Cave Hills

and near Little Missouri River.
Brachythecinum salebrosum (Hoffm.) Bry. Eur.

Common on shady banks of narrow gullies in the Forest

Reserves, etc.
Bry urn arctlcum (R. Br.) Bry. Eur.

Common on steppe slopes, but growing in more exposed

situations than the preceding.
Bry um cernmim (Sw.) Lindb. (B. uliginosum.)

With the preceding.
Bninin affine Bland?
Minium cuspidatnm (L. in part Schreb.) Leyss.

Common in moist ravines, Cave Hills.
Orthotrichum rupestra Schleich.

Rare, growing on talus blocks especially in spots where

water collects.

68 THE BIOLOGY OF HARDING COUNTY

Philonotis fontana Brid.

Common in bogs and frequent in deep shade along the Little

White River, La Creek and other streams.
Polytrichium piliferum Schreb.

Abundant on thin dry soil on steep slopes, quite general.
Pseudoleskeella tectorum (A Bratin) Kindb.

Rare with the following.
Stereodon cupressiforniis (L.) Brid.

Rare in Hlarney Springs, Washington Co.
Thuidium abietinum (L.) Bry Eur.

Rare with preceding.
Tortula ruralis (L.) Ehrh.

Rare in pools in White River Valley.

IV. LIST OF THE BIRDS OF HARDING COUNTY
By S. S. VISHDR.

The following list is based upon the following sources of
information: (i) Mr. G. B. Grinnell passed through the area
from northeast to southwest during July 9-16, 1874, and through
the western part August 17-29 with the Custer Expedition to the
Black Hills. His report as naturalist, published in Ludlow's
"Report of Reconnaissance of the Black Hills," contains some
statements which certainly apply to our district. (2) Mr. Sal
Catron of Camp Crook has lived there on the Little Missouri
River since 1883. Continual hunting has made him familiar with
the larger birds. (3) A. A. Saunders of the U. S. Forest Service
spent portions of November and December, 1909, and in a letter
has reported several interesting winter records. (4) As naturalist
to the South Dakota Geological and Natural History Survey, it
was my privilege to visit the area several times, (July 7-Sept. 4,
1910, June 6-20, 1911, Aug. 1-9, Aug. 3o-Sept. n, 1912), during
which practically every township was visited, and the most
interesting areas revisited.

LIST OF SPECIES*

Eared Grebe (Colynibus nigricollis calif oriiicns). An occasional
migrant along the Little Missouri River.

*A revised combination of articles by S. S. Visher, which appeared
in "The Auk" Jan. 1911, Jan. 1912, April 1913.

LIST OF THE BIRDS SEEN 69

Pied-Billed Grebe (Podilymbus podiceps). Reported by Catron
and others to be fairly abundant migrant along the larger
streams.

Loon (Gavia immcr.) Mr. Catron has shot a loon on two oc-
casions, flying along the Little Missouri.

Ring-billed Gull (Larus delawarensis). Taken by Grinnell on
the Little Missouri River in July.

[Forster's Tern (Sterna forsteri). A flock of terns, probably of
this species, was seen hovering over the Little Missouri River
August 30, 1910.]

Black Tern (HydrocJiclidon nigra snrinamensis). A fairly com-
mon migrant through the county.

American Merganser (Mergns americanns). Taken, infrequently,
by Catron and on August 10, 1910, near Harding by a
forester.

Red-breasted Merganser (Merganser serrator). Mr. Catron re-
ports having several times shot them on the Little Missouri
River near Camp Crook during migrations. Taken by Grin-
nell near our area.

Hooded Merganser (Lophodytes cucnllatns) Occasional migrant.
Catron). Grinnell found them nesting near our area.

Mallard (Anas platyrhynchos). Abundant migrant, arriving
August 22. Reported by Grinnell, Catron, and others to nest
during wet summers.

Bald-pate (Mareca aincricana). A common migrant (Catron).
Grinnell reports that in 1874 they bred near our area.

Green-winged Teal (Nettion carolinensis) . Breeds wherever
possible. Six broods seen ; one on an artificial pond not
larger than two rods square.

Blue-winged Teal (Qnerquednla discors). As abundant as the
preceding.

Shoveller (Spatula clypeata). Common migrant. One brood of
young seen on an artificial pond.

Pintail (Dafila acnta). Abundant breeder on artificial ponds and
along Grand River.

Red-head (Marila americana). Usually fairly abundant during
migrations (Catron).

Canvas-back (Marila I'allisineria) . Uncommon, during migra-
tions (Catron).

70 THE BIOLOGY OP HARDING COUNTY

Greater Scaup Duck (Marila marila). Abundant migrant along
the rivers (Catron).

Lesser Caup Duck (Marila af finis}. Very common migrant (Cat-
ron).

Buffle-head (Charitonetta albeola). Abundant migrant.

Snow Goose (Chen hyperborus hypcrboreiis). Xot commonly
seen, most frequently in spring (Catron and others).

White-fronted Goose (Anser albifrons gambcli). Catron reports
this to be the most abundant goose ; a common migrant.

Canada Goose (Branta canadensis canadensis'). Grinnell found
this species breeding abundantly along the Little Missouri and
other streams in 1874. Catron reports they were fairly com-
mon till 1890. Xow infrequent and seen only as a migrant.

Hutchins's Goose (Branta canadensis hutchinsi). Xot common
during migrations (Catron and otherr).

Bittern (Botaurns lentiginosus) . A few here in wet seasons.

Great Blue Heron (Ardca hcrodias hcrodias). Both Grinnell and
Catron reports that this species occasionally breeds along
the Little Missouri River. We saw several in 1912 though
none before.

Green Heron (Butoridcs fircsccns). One seen July 13 on Little
Missouri River. This is a large extension of range and the
bird seen was probably a wanderer.

Black-crowned Night Heron (Nycticarax nycticorax nac-rius)-
Several young of this year were seen on the Moreau River
during the third week of August. They were probably wan-
derers.

Whopping Crane (Grus aincricana). Reported to be not infre-
quently seen during the spring migration.

Sandhill Crane (Grus mexicanus). Grinnell states that this
species was occasionally seen on the plains, and that its nests
were numerous in the pines of the Black Hills. The present
status of Sandhill and little Brown Crane may be described
as "occasionally an abundant migrant."

Virginia Rail (Rallns firginianns). One pair bred in a small
reedy patch in the Cave Hills in 1910 and one pair in West
Short Pines 1912.

Sora Rail (Porzana Carolina}. One was seen in the slump marsh
on the east side of the East Short Pines Sept. 7, 1912.

LIST OF THE BIRDS SEEN 71

Coot (Fulica americana). Rare, because of almost total absence

of suitable resorts.

Avocet (Recurvirostra americana). Fairly abundant in migra-
tions (Catron). Ten were seen flying low on August 23,

1910.
Stilt Sandpiper (Micropalama himantopus) . Seen on the South

Fork of the Grand River August 17. Apparently only a

migrant.
Wilson's Snipe (Gallinage delicata). Common along the river

early in September.

Pectoral Sandpiper (Pisobia maculata). A common migrant.
Baird's Sandpiper (Pisobia bairdi). Several were seen on

artificial ponds.
Least Sandpiper (Pisobia minuttila). Tolerably common in

August.
Greater Yellow-legs (Totanus melanoleucui). A pair was seen

July 19 on Little Missouri River. Catron reports that they

are regular and not rare migrants.
Yellow-legs (Tot amis flaripes). One seen with the preceding.

Apparently only a migrant, in dry seasons at least.
Solitary Sandpiper (Helodromas solitarhis solitarius). Rare in

summer; abundant migrant. Found wherever there is water,

in the buttes as well as on the plains.
Upland Plover (Bartramia longicauda). Breeds sparingly in the

drier western half, mainly in draws of foothills, but fairly

abundant in the eastern half.
Buff-breasted Sandpiper (Tryngites siibntficollis). Seen several

times on the shallow pools in blow-outs after the heavy rain

of August 15.
Spotted Sandpiper (Actitis macularia'). Breeds sparingly. A

common migrant. Seen after July 15 about almost every

body of water.

Long-billed Curlew ( Xumcnius longirostris) Breeds. Frequently
•seen in the sparsely settled western part of the county. Xo

longer found elsewhere except very rarely.
Killdeer ( O.vycchus rod f cms) . Very abundant breeder on the

plains wherever moist ground occurs. Fledgelings observed

a> late as August 5'. The Killdeer is certainly our most

72 THE BIOLOGY OF HARDING COUNTY

common water bird. Almost every pond, or even permanent
puddle has its brood and each lake is the home of several
pairs. Though in our state killdeers prefer to nest near
water, I have found broods who could claim only a small
patch of moist earth as their own. But you may be sure this
wet ground was claimed as vociferously as though it had been
an artesian well pond.

The Killdeer is one of our noisiest of birds. Its loud
killdee, killdee, killdee, repeated incessantly is heard so fre-
quently as to be familiar to all. In fact its harshness is
such that it often is an unwelcome call. However, I never
met a "man with soul so dead" as not to be thrilled by the
cheerful calls of the first killdeer to return in March.

ir This bird has an exasperating habit of signalling the ap-
proach of an intruder. Often it. will fly a quarter of a mile
with loud outcries to meet and scold the sportsman who is
trying to get within shot of a flock of ducks, and it will often
follow a man or dog a long way, advertising his presence.
If the nest of downy young be approached the parents re-
double their complaints and may become almost frantic in
their endeavors to lead us away. They run ahead, limp, fall
over, flutter seemingly helplessly and otherwise pretend to be
wounded. I suspect that every boy at least once in his career
was so well deceived that he chased after the wounded bird
only to find that a sudden cure has taken place. Again and
again have I seen a daring mother so tempt a dog by flut-
tering almost within his reach as to lead him far from her
helpless young. Such is the mother instinct !

"The Killdeer is particularly valuable to the farmer on
account of its fondness for grasshoppers and for insects of
cultivated land. As many as 49 locusts have been taken from
a single Killdeer's stomach and the average of six stomachs
was 44."

Piping Plover (Aegialitis ineloda}. One seen and heard on Box-
elder Creek, July 17-18.

Prairie Chicken (Tyinpannchns aincricanns). Fairly abundant
resident in the valleys near the Short Pine Hills. Feeds
almost solely on "buffalo-berries" during their season, August
and September.

LIST OP THE BIRDS SEEN 73

Gray Ruffed Grouse (Bonasa nmbcllus umbell&ides). One seen
in the Short Pine Hills. Fairly abundant in the Long Pine
Hills.

Prairie Sharp-tailed Grouse (Pedioecetes pkasianellus campestris).
Very abundant resident along the permanent 'streams and in
the park-like area at the top of the buttes and near their
base. Broods this year contain about twelve. One nest was
found in a clump of " buck-bush" (Symphoricarpos). It was
only a slight hollow. The stomach of a bird of the year,
shot August 14 on the mesa of the South Cave Hills, con-
tained 200 flying ants, 4 small (shorthorned) grasshoppers,
i small beeetle ( Chrysomelidae), I small caterpillar, 25
black currants, 50 pods of wild flax.

Sage Hen (Centrocercus nrophasianns). Abundant resident in
the areas covered with scrub sage-bush (Artemisia tridentata),
where water is far distant ; therefore mainly found on the
terraces in the stream valleys. Eight live tapeworms, the
largest a foot long, were taken from the body cavity of an
adult female which, though in good health, was solitary..

The Sage Grouse is in many respects one of the most in-
teresting of the birds of many portions of the west. The cock is
almost as large as a hen turkey, so he is big enough to attract
anyone's attention. All grouse are wonderfully effectively colored
from the standpoint of protection. Some, of which the sage hen is
one, have so much confidence in their invisibility that they have
been dubbed "Fool Hens" because they allow such close ap-
proach. It is astonishing how completely hidden a sage chick can
be even on bare ground. Many a time I have come upon a mother
walking conspicuously along with her brood. \Yhen she flew they
wouM squat on the short grass and disappear from sight. It is
a mighty good test of acuteness of observation to then try to
find all the young. Perhaps some may be located quite easily but
others "in plain sight" will not be seen until they fly almost from
under one's feet.

Formerly they were found in many sections of western South
Dakctn and westward. The last ones recorded from this state,
except in the northwestern corner, were found in Sage Creek in
the Badlands in 1907. By 1910 all were gone except those in

74 THE BIOLOGY OF HARDTNG COUNTY

Harding and Butte Counties. Now (1913) after three more years
of homesteading Sage Grouse are restricted in this state to the
Little Missouri Valley in Hiarding County and to the headwaters
of Indian Creek in Butte. In a very few years they will occur
in South Dakota only as a rare winter straggler from Montana.

This wide spread extermination of the Sage Grouse is in
spite of the fact that the flesh of all but the youngest Sage Hens
tastes so strongly of !sage that they are not usually considered
edible. Sage hens are somewhat destructive to gardens and are
sometimes killed as pests. The young, which are easily shot with
a 22 rifle, are used extensively as food.

Polygmany among wild birds is very rare and the Sage Grouse
is one of our few examples. The mating dance takes place in
April and May and lasts from dawn till well along in the fore-
noon. Upon an open grassy slope as many as fifty of these
stately birds will gather. The cocks walk about with tail wide
spread and the neck much distended by the enflatment of the
air sacs. Upon approaching a female the male drags one wing
on the ground. From time to time the cock utters a dull ringing-
note which can be heard but a very few rods. The females seem
to pay but Httle attention to the dance nor do they select mates
in any obvious manner since several are looked upon with favor
during a single morning.

The nest is made in slight depression and contains from
seven to nine spotted eggs. The young remain with the mother
until winter. They spend the night, not on the lower flats along
streams where most of the day is spent, but on the edge of upland
frequently near the border of a patch of sand grass. The flock
sleep within a few feet of each other. The mother clucks to her
very young chicks after the same manner as does the domestic
hen.

During the summer the cocks congregate together while un-
fortunate females are solitary. Sage Hens require drinking water
and are hence found near water-holes. Since a few small trees
are usually found near our permanent pools, the most frequent
place to find Sage Hens in the heat of the day is sprawled out
in the shade of the single tree, or under a rearby "cut bank."

LIST OF THE BIRDS SEEN 75

Western Mourning Dove- (Zenaidura macronra marginella).
Though a common breeder in the groves along the streams
it is but rarely seen in driving about the country. The Mourn-
ing Dove, also known as Turtle Dove, Wild Pigeon, etc., is
very plentiful especially in the autumn. It arrives from the
south early in April and departs in October or November,
depending upon the season. The cooing is one of the most
soothing of the notes of our groves. The free, swift flight
of the [Mourning Dove and the skill with which he manages
his airship proclaim him a traveller. As he shoots by over
head he cuts the air with the hiss of a bullet. Mourning
Doves ordinarily build a slight nest of twigs in low trees but
frequently they nest on the ground.

This is one of our most useful birds feeding chiefly upon
weed seeds but destroying many grasshoppers in season.
Though doves eat considerable grain it is almost entirely the
stray kernels which have been spilled along the roads.

Turkey Vulture (Carthartcs aura septentriondis). Tolerably
abundant summer resident about the higher buttes. Especially
abundant about Slim Buttes, where thirty or forty were
found roosting together in a large pine tree during the last
week of August.

Marsh Hawk ( Circus hndsoniiis). A common summer resident
on the plains. The Marsh Hawk is certainly our most easily
recognized hawk and even it is often misidentified because
of the different color phases. The young have a general
reddish aspect while the aged birds, especially the males,
become quite hoary. However, they always can be known
by their white patch on their lower, back or rump in con-
.lection with their habit of flying close to the ground. They
never soar, never fly high, never perch in trees, and very
seldom on fences.

The Marsh Hawk is of very great value to the farmer.
They are constantly passing to and fro over his meadows on
the outlook for mice and gophers. Once in a long while an
immature Marsh Hawk, before he has learned to catch mice
very well, may pick up chickens now and then. The old
birds apparently never bother poultry and deserve the farmer's
protection.

76 THE BIOLOGY OF HARDING COUNTY

Goshawk (Astur articapillus). One seen in the Cave Hills,
August 12. One reported by Saunders from near Harding
Nov. 7.

Sharp-shinned Hawk (Accipiter relo.r). Common during the
autumn migration, which commenced August 22.

Cooper's Hawk (Accipiter cooperi). Several seen early in Sep-
tember along the Little Missouri Valley.

Western Red-tail (Buteo borealis calurus). A common summer
resident throughout the area.

Krider's Hawk (Buteo borealis krideri). Two were observed,
apparently near their nest, at the cliff of the Cave Hills.

Swainson's Hawk (Buteo szvainsoni) . Abundant summer resi-
dent.

Rough-legged Hawk (Archibnteo lagopus ^ancti-johannis). Seen
July 14, and three or four times during the last of August
and the first of September.

Ferruginous Rough-leg (Archibnteo ferrugineus). Quite abundant
on the plains. Nests in the buttes. Especially numerous
after August 20.

Golden Eagle (Aquila chrysaetos). A common resident about
the high buttes. Aeries were seen in the Cave Hills and in the
Short Pines.

Bald Eagle (Haliaeetus leucocephalus). One 'seen July 20 on
the Little Missouri.

Prairie Falcon (Falco mexicanus}. Abundant summer resident
in the badlands and elsewhere where clay cliffs occur.

Duck Hawk (Falco peregrinns anatum). Rare. Seen twice.

Pigeon Hawk (Falco columbarius). Rare autumn migrant along
the Little Missouri Valley.

Sparrow Hawk (Falco sparverius) . Abundant summer resident
on the plains.

Osprey (Pandion lialiactus carolinensis) . One seen September 2
. • along the Little Missouri River.

Western Horned Owl (Bubo vtrgiwianus hallcsccns'). Abundant
resident in the badlands and about the stepper buttes.

.Short-eared Owl (Asio flammeus). Grinnell reported several
from the Little Missouri Valley. I have seen this species
chiefly east of the Slim Buttes and in .Perkins County. Under
the name of Fanning Owl it is fairly well known there.

LIST OF THE BIRDS SEEN 77

Snowy Owl (Xyctca nyctca). A frequent winter visitor. Saund-
ers reports several seen north of Camn Crook December 14.

Burrowing Owl (Speotyto ciinicnlaria Jiypogaea). Abundant in
some of the prairie-dog towns.

Black-billed Cuckoo (Cocoysits erythrvphthalmus) . One ob-
served July ii in the Little Missouri Valley within six miles
of the Montana line, and a short distance north of Harding
County, in Xorth Dakota.

Kingfisher (Ceryle alcyon alcyon}. A few pairs nested along the
Little Missouri River, and one on the largest stream of Cave
Hills.

Rocky Mountain Hairy Woodpecker (Dryobates rill os us uionti-
cola). Rare summer resident in the forested buttes and along
the Little Missouri near Camp Crook.

Bachelders Downy Woodpecker (Dryobates pubesccns homorus).
'Much more frequently seen than the preceding. A specimen
collected near Willet identified by Biological Survey.

Red-headed Woodpecker (Melanerpes zrythroceplutlus}. An
abundant summer resident in the groves of the Little Mis-
souri Valley, and sparingly in the buttes.

Northern Flicker (Colaptes auratus luteus). Breeds wherever
trees occur ; much more frequent east of the Little Missouri
than west of it.

Red-shafted Flicker (Colaptes cafer collaris). A common sum-
mer resident in and west of the Little Missouri Valley.
More rare to the eastward.

NuttalFs Poonvill (Phalaenoptilus nuttaUi nuttaUi). A frequent
breeder in the high buttes. One was seen on the mesa of
Cave Hills, one in badlands in Slim Buttes, and a third was
flushed in an arroya at the base of Slim Buttes. They were
heard each night during the two weeks spent about the
Cave Hills in 1910.

Bennett's Xighthawk (Chordeiles wi-giiiianus senn-etti). Common
breeder in the plains. The Xighthnwk, often called Bull
Bat, is a very picturesque bird. During the day time it sits
on fence posts, or stones nearly asleep. Yet when disturbed
it may fly about peenting shrilly even in the middle of the
hottest and brightest days. In fact the jerky zig-zag flight
and loud call of the nighthawk is constantly associated in my

78 THE BIOLOGY OF HARDING COUNTY

mind with our most sultry days. The loud boom which
sounds as the long swoop earth-ward is ended is more fre-
quently heard in the early evening.

The Nighthawk nests on flat stones or on the ground and the
eggs and young are so well protected by their coloration as
to be very difficult to find.

The food of the nighthawks consists of insects of which
myriads are destroyed. As many as nearly 2,000 flying ants
have been taken at one time from the mouth and stomach
of a single bird. Since such food is digested very rapidly
the total number eaten must be enormous.

White-throated Swift (Aeronantes inelanoleucus). Several pairs
nested on the high castellated buttes of Slim Buttes and a
few at the north end of the East Short Pine Hills.

Kingbird (Tyrannus tyrannus). Nests sparingly, usually in box-
elder trees, wherever trees occur. The Kingbird is so well
known that it needs but scanty mention. In some parts of
the country it is called the bee-bird ; but the Biological Survey
after the examination of many stomachs has found that though
it sometimes catches honey bees, they are usually the large,
slow flying drones and not the valuable workers. Since ninety
per cent, of his food consists of insects, mostly of grass-
hoppers, crickets, butterflies, weevils, wild bees, wasps and
gadflies it is seen that the Kingbird is another of the
farmers' friends.

The Kingbird is pugnacious and does not hesitate to attack
and drive away hawks and owls. It scarcely ever molests
birds smaller than itself.

Arkansas Kingbird (Tyrannus rerticalis). Rare in the area un-
der discussion. One pair nested in the foothills of the Cave
Hills and two more in the extreme eastern and southeastern
portions of the county. Their favorite nesting site, a small
tree near a farm house on the plains, is almost lacking as
yet.

Say's Phoebe (Sayornis saya). Abundant summer resident wher-
ever cliffs occur. Therefore most numerous in the badlands.

Western Wood Pewee (Myiochanes richardsoni richardsoni) .
Nests rarely in the forested parts of the high buttes.

LIST OF THE BIRDS SEEN 79

Olive-sided Flycatcher (XnttaUornis borealis). One was seen in
Slim Buttes August 20.

Alder Flycatcher (Empidona.v trallll alorum). Nests, not fre-
quently, along the Little Missouri and in canyons of the
forested buttes.

Least Flycatcher (Empidon&x minimus). A pair nested in a grove
in a valley in Cave Hills.

Desert Horned Lark (Otocoris alpestris leucolaema) . One of the
four most numerous residents of the plains. A nest with
four eggs was found July 15. \\e estimated that there were
perhaps twenty-five adults to each section (640 acres) of
land.

The Horned Lark is with us the year round. It is a
demure, companionable little bird of roadsides, along which
it runs a fearlessly vanguard for travelers ; or from which
it may be seen perching on wayside fence posts with its
little horns raised in curosity as we pass. Its quaint ditty
is usually rendered from the ground, a stone or a post but
in the nesting season, .which commences as early as March,
the males frequently circle around high in the air for several
minutes poising repeatedly for an out pouring of song. Since
the Horned Lark is a very close relative of the Famous Eng-
lish Sky Lark which always sings on the wing, this trait of
our bird might be expected.

So far there is no evidence that Horned Larks are in-
jurious ; on the contrary examination of stomachs show that
from the large number of weed seeds, and the considerable
number of harmful insects eaten, that they are decidedly
beneficial.

Magpie (Pica pica hudsonla). Common resident in groves in the
Little Missouri Valley and in canyons of the buttes which are
filled with deciduous trees.

Raven (Corrns cora.r principalis) . Reported by Catron to be
abundant at Camp Crook during the very coldest weather only.
"Ravens were seen almost every day on the way to the
Black Hills. They had bred on many of the lofty buttes that
we passed." (Grinnell.)

Crow (Comts brachyrhynchos) . A common migrant. A few
nest near Camp Crook in the Little Missouri Valley.

80 THE BIOLOGY OF HARDING COUNTY

Clarke's Nutcracker (Niicifraga columbiana). A frequeni sum-
mer resident in the forested Short Pine Hills — no nests found.

Pinion Jay (Cyanocephalus cyanocephahis) . In 1910 we saw
Pinion Jays only in the North Cave Hills; residents i* form
me that they spread to the Slim Buttes that fall. I found
them in the Short Pine Hills in 1911.

Bobolink (Dolichonyz oryziz'orns) . Rare summer residents along
the Moreau River.

Cowbird (Molothrus atcr ater). Grinnell found this species
numerous. We found it very rare in 1910 but frequeni in
1911 and 1912.

Yellow-headed Blackbird (Xanthocephalus .vanthocephalus). An
occasional migrant only, because of absence of reedy marshes.

Thick-billed Red-wing (Agelaius phoeniceus fortis). A common
migrant. A few pairs nested in a tiny marsh in the North
Cave Hills.

Western Meadowlark (Sturnella neglecta). Abundant nester on
the plains and on the mesas of the buttes. We estimated that
there were about ten pairs to each section of land.
From the standpoint of the agriculturist the meadowlark has
few rivals ; in fact we know of not a single bad habit. Seventy-
five per cent of its food for the entire year is made up of
insects. Grass seeds and weed seeds make up the rest. It
rarely eats grain of any kind and probably never takes
sprouting grain or grain from head or shock. It lives on
grasshoppers, crickets, spiders, cut worms, caterpillars and
a variety of other insects especially those to be found in
meadows. Professor Beal of the Biological Survey calculates
that by killing grasshoppers and other insects meadowlarks
save for man's use, at the lowest estimate, twenty-five dollars
worth of hay per township per year, on the average the whole
country over.

Bullock's Oriole (Icterus Bullocki). One pair was found nesting
in a grove in the Little Missouri Valley July 20.

Brewer's Blackbird (Euphagus cyanocephalus) . Abundant breeder.
Fifty or so fly around together after the breeding season.
Ecologically they replace the Cowbird, the Redwing, the
Crackle, and the Yellowhead. That is to say, they inhabit
groves, etc., much as do the Crackles ; they follow the plow,

South Dakota Geological Survey. Plate 5

Western Meadow Lark

LIST OF THE BIRDS SEEN 81

etc., as do the Yellow-heads; they hang about streams as do
the Redwings ; they follow the cattle as do the Cowbirds ; and
in addition, they wade in the water as do Snipe.

Bronzed Crackle (Quiscalns quiscula aeneiis). Several nested
near Reva in Slim in 1911.

Crossbill (Lo.ria currirostra minor). A frequent summer resi-
dent wherever trees are plentiful. After the breeding season
they fly about in flocks of twenty or thirty.

Redpoll (Acanthis linaria linaria). Saunders reports having seen
a small flock of Redpolls in the \Yest Short Pines, Novem-
ber 6.

Goldfinch (Astragaliniis tristis). Not uncommon during the
summer.

Pine Siskin (Spin-its pinns). A small flock was seen early in
September.

English Sparrow (Passer domesticns). Abundant in the only
large town, Camp Crook, even when there was no railroad
nearer than 80 miles.

Snow Bunting (Plectrophena.v nivalis niz'alis). Flocks of Snow
Bunting were seen by Saunders during the last half of No-
vember, and first half of December, the time he was in that
region.

Lapland Longspur (Calcarius lapponicus lapponicus). Reported
by Saunders to have been abundant during his stays.

Chestnut-collared Longspur (Calcarius ornatits). Abundant breeder
on the plains of the eastern part of the county ; less numerous
westward.

McCown's Longspur (Rhynchophancs nutccowtti). Abundant on
the plains. This and the preceding probably outnumber the
Horned Larks. A nest containing young just hatched was
found July 16.

\Yestern Vesper Sparrow (Pooecetes gramineus confinis). A com-
mon summer resident on the plains. Very frequently seen dur-
ing the first half of September.

\Yestern Savannah Sparrow (Passerculus sanduuichensis alaud-
iuus). Seen September 1-6. It may be expected to nest
here.

Sig. — 6.

82 THE BIOLOGY OF HARDING COUNTY

Baird's Sparrow (Ammondramus bairdi). Breeds rarely in the
moister draws of the -steppe. Common as a migrant toward
the close of August and early in September.

Western Grasshopper Sparrow (Ammodramus savannarum bima-
culatus). Nests in the moister blue-stem swales of the east-
ern part of the area.

Western Lark Sparrow (Chondestes grammacus strigatus). A
common breeder in the groves along the streams. They left
the region about August.

White-crowned Sparrow (Zonotrichia leucophrys leucophrys). A
few were seen several times early in September.

Western Tree Sparrow (Spizella monticola ochracea). Common
in the Short Pines in December (Saunders).

Western Chipping Sparrow (Spizella passerina arisonae). Rare
summer resident along the Little Missouri. Quite numerous
in the Slim Buttes during the last half of August.

Clay-colored Sparrow (Spizella pallida). Seen once in July on
the plains.

Western Field Sparrow (SpizeUa pusilla arenacea). Not un-
common on the foothills of the higher buttes, where suitable
situations occur — copses and grass. Occasional elsewhere.

White-winged Junco (Junco aikeni). Common nester in the
Short and Long Pine Hills. Fledgelings observed July 20
in the Long Pines.

Dakota Song Sparrow (Melospiza melodia Juddi). Nests in each

of the suitable localities about the buttes. Quite common as

a migrant after August 21.
Lincoln's Sparrow (Melospiza lincolni lincolni). One collected

September 7, 1912, in the East Short Pines.
Swamp Sparrow (Melospiza georgiana). One seen August 22 on

the Moreau River.

Arctic Towhee (Pipilo niaculatus) . Abundant breeder wherever
woods occur.

Black-headed Grosbeak (Zamelodia melanocephala). Abundant
nester in those parts of the Little Missouri Valley which are
well filled with cottonwood groves. One was observed to
sing while flying, a song much resembling that of the West-
ern Mockingbird.

LIST OF THE BIRDS SEEN 83

Indigo Bunting (Passcrina cyanea). One seen in the Slim Buttes
early in June — probably a wanderer.

Lazuli Bunting (Passerina ainoena). A rare breeder in the
forested buttes.

Lark Bunting (Calamospiza melcmocorys). One of the most
numerous summer residents of the plain. Most of the males
have moulted by August first, when migration is under way.
However, a mother was observed to feed a fledgeling as late
as August 31.

The Lark Bunting is commonly known as the "White-
winged Blackbird" which name is chiefly objectional because
this bird belongs to the finch, sparrow, or bunting family, and
is therefore not a blackbird. In fact only the male can ever
be called black and he wears his sable robes during but
three or four months. During the rest of the year he re-
sembles the greyish brown female.

He is a delightful songster. He flies to a height of a few
rods and then flutters slowly down to earth singing a stimu-
lating lay throughout.

During the nesting season I have observed no tendency
to flock, but afterwards when the immature are able to fly they
gather sometimes in immense flocks and sit around on the
fences and weeds "as if they had nothing to do."

\Yestern Tanager (Piranga ludoviciana) . An abundant breeder in
the Short Pines in June, 1911.

Cliff Swallow (Petrochclidon lunifrons lunifrons). Abundant
nester on the cliffs of badlands and along streams wherever
such cliffs occur. The only swallow seen frequently.

Barn Swallow (Hinindo crytJirogastra). A pair or two nest
about the sheds of each of the old ranches, and in Camp
Crook. They do not wander far from their nests.

The Barn Swallow is perhaps our best known swallow,
though we have several others which are very abundant in
many localities. Our other kinds are all colony builders, but
the Barn Swallow generally nests a pair or two to a barn. It
builds an open mud nest. The Eve or Cliff Swallow makes
a covered mud nest ; the Bank and Rough-winged burrow into
banks, while the Tree Swallow nests in trees and the Violet
green in crevices in cliffs and the Martin in bird boxes.

84 THE BIOLOGY OF HARDING COUNTY

Though we wonder about the strange and varied nesting
instincts of the swallows, their most wonderful trait is their
remarkable powers of flight. They circle about with such
rapidity as to almost defy efforts to continually follow with
the eye their movements.

"No bird is better loved by the average country dweller. With
absolutely no bad habits, believed to subsist entirely upon
winged insects (mosquitoes, flies, etc.) and always graceful,
beautiful and musical, this bird has few rivals in the affections
of the real nature lover."

Bank Swallow (Riparia riparia). One small colony is established
on the North Fork of the Grand River.

Bohemian Waxwing (Bombycilla garrula). A large flock is re-
ported to have spent several days in the Short Pine Hills
during February, 1910, and to have been conspicuous through-
out the winter of 1910-11.

Cedar Waxwing (Bombycilla cedrorum), A common summer
resident in the pine-forested parts of the buttes.

White-rumped Shrike (Lanins ludovicianils excubitorides) . Abund-
ant summer resident of the plains". Nests in the scattered trees
which occur along the intermittent creeks.

The Shrike is a peculiar bird. Though it is far less
abundant in numbers than many other of our birds it is
noticed very frequently because of certain of its traits. It
spends much of the day sitting on telephone and fence wires
where the big head and tail are held in odd positions. When
persons pass along the road the shrike flies slowly by rapid
beating of small wings, off on a level until near the next
landing place when it swoops almost to the ground and as it
alights it sails nearly vertically. This position is very fa-
vorable for the display of its distinctive color pattern — sug-
gesting a crazy quilt of black and white.

This shrike, often called summer butcher-bird, is con-
sidered decidedly beneficial. The greater part of its food
consists of large insects of which it cometimes kills more
than it eats, leaving the rest empaled on the barbs of fences.
Mice are frequently eaten. Our shrikes nest about tree
claims and other clumps of trees. The nest is a bulky affair
of small twigs.

LIST OF THE BIRDS SEEN 85

Red-eyed Vireo (Vireo oliiaceus). Not a rare nester in the
wooded canyons of Slim Buttes.

\Yestern Warbling Vireo (Vvreosylva gilva sivainsoni). Common
during the summer in the woody areas.

Yellow Warbler (Dendroica aestiva). Nests commonly in the
canyons along the brooks of the buttes, and along the Littk:
Missouri.

The Yellow Warbler or yellowbird is often called "The
Wild Canary" because it resembles the canary. The black and
yellow goldfinch, however, might more correctly be so named
since it belongs to the canary or sparrow family. The yellow
bird is our most common warbler and because it nests abund-
antly in willow thickets, small groves and orchards it is
quite frequently seen. As it flits about it distinctly suggests
a flash of golden sunlight. Its simple song has a pleasing
happy ring and a surprising penetration. The food of warb-
lers consists very largely of insects.

The Yellow Warbler arrives from the tropics during the
first week in May and departs early in August. The nest is
built very soon and is commonly placed in some low bush or
shrub, often a rose bush. It usually is made largely of light-
colored flaxen materials gathered from various weed stalks
and is often lined with the cotton from the seeds of willow
and cottonwood.

The Yellow Warbler is constantly victimized by the Cow-
bird, which you know is too lazy to rear its own young.
Where this parasite is abundant many deserted nests are
found containing from two to four eggs of the Cowbird
with or without some of the warblers' own. This clever
warbler sometimes covers a cowbird's eggs with a new layer
of material, and I have found two nests where a second
"false bottom" had been added to cover additional eggs of
the intruder, resulting in a three storied nest.

Audubon's Warbler (Dendroica audiiboni}. N.ests in the pine
forests of the higher buttes ; fairly common.

Ovenbird (Seiurus aurocapillus). Nests in the Short Pine Hills.
Fledglings seen in the Long Pines.

Grinnell's Water-Thrush (Seiurus noveboracensis notabilis). Three
seen along the river early in September.

86 THE BIOLOGY OF HARDING COUNTY

Western Yellow-throat (Gcothlypis trichas occidentals). Breeds
commonly along the permanent streams.

Long-tailed Chat (Icteria inrens longicauda) . Nested abundantly
in the most wooded portions of the Little Missouri floodplain.

Wilson's Warbler (Wilsonia pnsilla). An abundant migrant, ar-
riving August 19.

Redstart (Selophaga ruticilla). Several pairs nested in the Slim
Buttes in 1911. Common along the Little Missouri River in
September, 1912.

Sprague's Pipit (Anthus spraguei). Common breeder on the
grassy plains of the northeastern part D£ the country. Abund-
ant migrant. The call, che,che, is then frequently heard.

Western Mockingbird (Miuiits polvglottos Icucoptcrns) An in-
dividual was closely observed by W. H. Over of Date near
Rabbit Butte, Perkins County, on August 12, 1912. Mr.
Over is familiar with this species and I do not doubt the
accuracy of the record which extends its range from the
southern Black Hills.

Catbird (Dnmctella carolinensis). Not common during the sum-
mer, in the groves along the streams.

Brown Thrasher (Toxostoma rufnui). More numerous than the
preceding, in similar situations.

Rock Wren (Salpinctes obsoletus}. Breeds abundantly wherever
steppe slopes with crevices occur. Hence especially noticeable
in badlands and on the cliffs of the steep-sided buttes.

Western House Wren (Troglodytes aedcn parkmani). Nests
abundantly in the more wooded portions of the Little Mis-
souri Valley and in the pine forests of the high buttes.

The House wren is as energetic a little bird as you could
want. They are all the time on the go. They sing with all their
might. Their notes fairly tumble over each other, they are
poured out so fast. At times the little musicians become so
ecstatic that they raise their quivering wings high over their
backs.

The food of the wren is almost entirely insects. "Half
of the food consists of grasshoppers and beetles and the
other half is made up of almost equal quantities of cater-
pillars, bugs, and spiders."

A LIST OF THE MAMMALS 87

Rocky Mountain Nuthatch (Sitta carolinensis nelsoni). Seen
November 8 in the East Short Pines, by Saunders.

Red-bellied Nuthatch (Sitta canadensis). A common resident in
the pines of the buttes.

Long-tailed Chickadee (Penthestes articapillus septentrionalis) .
Breeds abundantly in the forests of the buttes. Common
later in the woods elsewhere.

Olive-backed Thrush (Hylocichla ustulata swainsoni). Frequent
migrant. Taken in September, 1912, near Camp Crook.

Willow Thrush (Hylocichla fuscescens salicicola). Not uncom-
mon along the Little Missouri, August 27-September 3.

Robin (Planesticus migratorius migratorius). Seen seyeral times

in August, 1910.
Western Robin (Planesticus migratorius propinquis). Nested

quite plentifully in the Short Pines in 1911. The two vari-

eites of robins differ most noticeably in regard to white on

the tail. The eastern robin has some, and the western has

none.
Bluebird (Sialia sialis). Common breeder in the pines of the

higher buttes.
Mountain Bluebird (Sialia cnrnicoides). A brood was seen in the

Short Pine Hills. Grinnell also reports seeing a brood of

young there in 1874.

V. A PRELIMINARY LIST OF MAMMALS OF HARDING

COUNTY.

Compiled by S. S. Visher.

[Elk (Cer-cus canadensis). Formerly were doubtless abund-
ant. The last were killed in 1879 when a large crew cut trees for
the N. P. R. R. in the Long Pines. We found two skulls in the
Cave Hills, one of which was well preserved. Some of the older
settlers have fine antlers.]

Western \\~hitetailed Deer (Odocoileus virginicmus macron-
rus). Until quite recently this deer was fairly plentiful in the
forest reserves. In 1910 we saw deer or certain evidences in each.
During the winter of 1910 over thirty were killed in Slim Buttes.
It is believed that thev are now nearlv exterminated.

88 THE BIOLOGY OF HARDING COUNTY

[Blackballed Mule Deer (Odocoileus Jieinionus hemionus).
Blacktails were formerly found in the brakes along the Little
Missouri and near the "Jump Off" north of the East Short Pines.
They were exterminated by 1900.]

[Big horn Sheep (Ovis montamts). " Sheep Mountain,"
a large butte at the end of Slim Butte is reported to have been
until the go's the home of the mountain sheep. The older set-
tlers state that in the 8o's they were found on each of the buttes.

Pronghorned Antelope (Antilocapra ornericana). Antelope
were until about 1900 very plentiful in this region. In 1910 we
saw four or five bunches. A cowboy who rode about a good
deal estimated that there were over 500 in the county that sum-
mer. In spite of a fine and a year's imprisonment for killing this
beautiful animal they are rapidly disappearing. Although I visited
the most likely portions of the county in 1912 I saw none, though
I learned that there is still a small bunch in a large pasture a
short distance north of Camp Crook.

[Buffalo (Bison bison). In 1874 the Custer expedition in
crossing this area saw no buffalo. An old settler reports seeing a
small bunch in 1886. Judging from the large number of skulls
with bullet holes through them, the* "market shooters" who
killed the buffalo solely for the hide must have 'slaughtered many
here. Northeast of the north Cave Hills and west of the South
Cave Hills we came across groups of numerous skeletons. In one
place more than 13 must have been killed within a few rods of
each other.]

Dakota Red Squirrel (Schirns hndsonicus dakotonsis). I col-
lected a red squirrel in the Long Pines in July, 1910. They are
reported to have been seen in the West Short Pines also.

\Yestern Chipmunk (Eutamias quadrkitatus borcalis}.* Quite
abundant in badlands and about streams near scattered trees.

Striped Gopher (Citcllus trideciiiiluicatus pallid us). \Yith the
coming of the homesteader gophers are increasing in numbers
though they are far from plentiful. They are smaller as well
as paler than the common eastern form.

Richardson Ground-squirrel (Citcllus richardsoni) . This
northern gray gopher or "flicker-tail" war, seen only in the ex-

*A specimen of chipmunk from near the mouth of the Moreau river
has been identified by the Biological Survey as Eutamia.s pallidus.

South Dakota Geological Survey.

Plate G

Beaver Dam on Rabbit Creek.

A LIST OF THE MAMMALS 89

treme northwestern corner of the country. It supplements the
striped gopher in much of North Dakota.

[Gray Gopher (Citellns Franklini). One was seen in ex-
treme eastern Perkins County. \Yith the settlement of the region
it will probably extend its range westward into Harding County.]

Prairie-dog (Cynomys ludovicianus) . Very large towns oc-
cur. One covering several sections was driven across west of
the Little Missouri river. Most of the towns are along the "flats"
of the streams. There is a small one, however, on the table of the
West Short Pine Halls.

Pack Rat (Xcotoina cinerea). Quite plentiful and general,
several killed. (One from the mouth of the Moreau River was
determined by the Biological Survey).

Beaver (Castor canadensis canadensis). Beaver occur in
various sections of this area. Freshly gnawed trees were seen
along the Little Missouri and its chief tributary, Boxelder Creek,
and along the forks of the Grand River. Numerous recent dams
were found in 1910 along Bull Creek between the north and south
Cave Hills and in 'The Devil's Gulch" in the North Cave Hills.

Common House Mouse (Mils musculus). Not yet common.
Most of the mice about the houses come in from the prairies.

[Large Grasshopper Mouse (Omychomys leucogaster leuco-
gastci'). Doubtless common on the grasslands.]

\Yhitefooted or Deer Mouse (Peromyscus uianiculatus nebras-
censisY Plentiful in the open groves along the Little Missouri
and elsewhere. ~\Ye trapped three in one trap in one night. This
mouse is one which enters the homesteader's cabins. (A speci-
men from Pierre has been determined by the Biological Survey).

Large Meadow Mouse (Microtus pennsylvanicus inodestits).
The common short-tailed mouse.

[Small Meadow Mouse or Little Vole (Microtus haydcui).
Also doubtless abundant.]

Muskrat (Tiber ziberthicns cinnanwninus) . Fairly plentiful
along the streams having deep permanent "holes." (A specimen
of this variety taken at the mouth of the Moreau River has been
identified by the Biological Survey).

Pocket-gopher (Thomomys talpoidcs talpoidcs}. Pocket-
gopher mounds are quite frequent especially on some butte sides.

90 THE BIOLOGY OF HARDING COUNTY

Prairie Jumping-mouse (Zapus hudsonius campestris). Kan-
garoo mice or "rats" have been taken by Mr. Over in Perkins
County.

Porcupine (Erethizon epiranthum epi.vanthum) . We ran on
to several porcupines and signs of their work as barkers of young
pine trees were plentiful in the forest reserves.

Jack-rabbit or Prairie Hare (Lepus campestris). Fairly com-
mon in this area.

Western Cottontail (Lepus nuttalli). Quite plentiful in the
groves.

[Canada Lynx (Lyn.v canadcnsis cental ensis). George Craig
and others claim that specimens of this lynx have been taken
recently in the Cave Hills.]

Bobcat (Lyn.v nifus). Plentiful in the badlands and enter-
ing the buttes where our party saw one in 1910.

Kit Fox or Swift (I'nlpes I'do.v I'do.r). While the- Swift is
so rare here that a rancher has hunted with hounds for years
without ever seeing one, it nevertheless undoubtedly occurs. We
saw one along the Little Missouri Valley in North Dakota. Catron
reports having trapped a few.

Prairie Red Fo>x (I'nlpes regalis). Catron reports having
trapped two or three red foxes in this county. Another reports
them not rare about the Long Pines.

Gray or Buffalo Wolf (Canis occid entails occidentalism . Quite
plentiful. As an indication of its abundance I may quote figures
given me in 1910 by Assistant Forest Supervisor Haines : A gov-
ernment trapper caught 5 adult and 25 pups in two months about
the Short Pines and 2 adults and u pups about the Cave Hills in
two months.

Coyote (Cams latrans nebracensis] . Generally considered as
abundant. However, in 1912, I traveled very widely throughout
this area and saw but one though in 1910 and 1911 I saw several.
Haines gave me the following data concerning the number taken
by government trapper in the Short Pines in two months : 34,
in the Cave Hills, 2 months, 22. These were the same periods
during which the gray wolves were trapped and scarcely indicate
the relative abundance of the two because of the greater bounty on
the Gray. The same trapper took 102 coyotes and but 4 wolves
in a whole winter (1909-10) in the Ekalaha Forest.

A LIST OF THE MAMMALS 91

Otter (Lfiitra canadensis canadensis). This wide roving
animal has been recently trapped along the Little Missouri River.

Long-tailed Weasel (Pntorius longicanda longicanda). The
weasel, which during winter when it is white is called the ermine,
is quite common here. During the summer of 1910 we saw 4 or 5
dead ones along the roads.

Mink (Putorins vis on vision). The mink is not common.
Some trappers report never having caught one, but they occur.
My friend, Alvin Mentzer, trapped one on Bull Creek in Feb.,
1911.

Skunk (Mephitis (Chincha) hndsonica). This large skunk
is uncommon in this area.

Little Skunk (Spilogale intcrntpta). The "spotted skunk" or
"civet cat" is much more common than the large skunk.

Badger (Ta.ridca ta.vns ta.nts). Quite common.

Raccoon (Procyon lotor lotor). I know of the killing of
two raccoons in Perkins County.

Puma (Felis concolor). A puma or mountain lion visited
the East Short Pines in the winter of 191011. It was doubtless
a roamer from the larger Long Pines or Ekalaka Forests.

[Grizzly (Ursiis Jwrribilis horribilis). In the early go's a
grizzly was killed a short distance southwest of Camp Crook.
Years before they were doubtless fairly plentiful in this area.]

[Black bear (Ursus americanus americanus). It is reported
that a black bear was seen near the Cave Hills in July, 1910. Bears
have been recently killed in the Long Pine and Ekalaka forests,
but their day of extermination is here near at hand.]

[Shrew (Sore.r personatus personatus). Though we have no
specimen of the shrews from this county the species certainly is
present.]

Little Brown Bat (Myotis lucifugiis lucifugiis). Abundant
about the groves along the Little Missouri and in the forest
reserves. (Determined by the Biological Survey).

[Say Bat (Myotis subulatus). Some of the little brown bats
we saw may have been of this species.]

[Silver haired Bat (Lasionyctcris noctivagaus). This small
black bat was probably seen in the canyons of the Cave Hills.]

92 THE BIOLOGY OF HARDING COUNTY

Large-eared Bat ( Corynorhinu s macrotis pallescens Miller).
Several made Ludlow Cave their home in early September, 1912.
One was sent to the biological survey for determination.

Hoary Bat (Mycteris (Lasiiirus) cinereus). This very large
bat is doubtless a migrant to this area. I saw an individual, I be-
lieve, of this species late in August, in a plum thicket (a speci-
men taken in July at the mouth of the Moreau River has been
determined by the Biological Survey.)

VI. A PRELIMINARY LIST OF THE REPTILES AND
AMPHIBIANS OF HARDING COUNTY.
By S. S. Visher.

Prairie Rattle Snake (Crotahis confluentus). After ques-
tioning many persons we concluded that where several rattles are
killed in a year on a quarter section rattlers are considered to be
"very abundant." One may drive or ride a couple hundred miles
without seeing one. Mr. Over reports an interesting case of
abundance. In the summer of 1912 he saw not a one until early
in August ; nor another until October first. During the first two
weeks of October he killed 27 in a very limited locality.

Bull Snake (Pityophis catenlfer sayi)* The "yellow gopher"
snake is the most abundant of the snakes, except along some of
the streams where the garter snake is more plentiful.

Blue Racer (Bascanion constrictor flaziventris) . Occasional
on the plains.

Western Hog-nosed Adder (Heterodon nasicus). Fairly fre-
quent on the sandy portions of the floodplains.

Garter Snake. (Thamnophis sirtctlis}. The most abundant
snake ; along all streams.

Horned Lizard (Phrynosoma douglassii hcrniandesi) . Horned
"Toads" are according to my experience quite common in this
general area, though large sections seem to be without them.
I have found them chiefly in the rougher portions of the steppe —
about such buttes as Wage Pole butte and on the borders of
badlands.

Mud Turtle or Terrapin (Malococlemnys geographica).
Plentiful in streams.

*Specimens of these varieties were determined by Dr. Alx. Ruthven
of the U. of Michigan Museum.

LISTS OF THE ANIMALS COLLECTED 93

Snapping Turtle (Chclydra serpentina). Fairly frequent in
water holes.

Common Toad (Bufo amcricanus). Quite plentiful especially
around buildings.

Great Plains Toad (Bnfo co gnat us). This "leopard" toad
was met with twice, once just west of the North Cave Hills and
the other time near the Slim Buttes. This apparently establishes
a new northern limit to its range.

Tree Frog (Acris gryllus). I captured an individual of this
species near the dump-pond in the East Short Pine Hills.

[Spade-foot Toad (Scaphiopus hammondii bombifrons). This
toad ought to be found in this county, though we did not suc-
ceed in finding it. It comes out only after heavy rains and such
were very rare in 1910, 1911, which may account for not seeing
any.]

Common Leopard Frog (Rana pipieiis). Green frogs are
most plentiful along the springs in the buttes, but are locally
abundant elsewhere. We had several meals on them.

Mud Puppy (Xocturus inaculosna). Mud Puppies believed
to be of this species were seen several times. They are quite
common about cellars, etc.

VII. A PARTIAL LIST OF THE INSECTS COLLECTED IN
HARDING COUNTY.

Orthoptera (Grasshoppers)
(Named by Prof. L. P. Morse, Ph. D., Wellesley College.)

Sparogemon. Barren Ground Locust.

Melanophus. Two striped Locust.

Asphia.

Opeia

Dactylotum pictum. Brilliant Locust.

Brachystola magna. Giant Grasshopper.

Cole opt era (Beetles)

(Named by Wm. M. Mann. Bussey Institution, Harvard Uni-
versity.)

Agonoderus pallipes.

94 THE BIOLOGY OF HARDING COUN1Y

Amara sp. (New?)

Caligrapha lunata.

Cincindela longilabrus var montana. Tiger Beetle.

Cincindela punctulata. Tiger Beetle.

Dicerca elongata.

Disonycha triangularis

Galerucella notulata.

Hiistera abbreviatns.

Lebia furcata.

Pachybrachus bivittatus.

Saprinus lugens.

Trirhabda canadensis.

Hymenoptera
(Named by Wm. Mann.)

Agatheis.
Philanthus.

Lepidoptera ( Butterflies )
(Collected and named by B. B. Rowley.*)

Argynnis adwardsi. Dnoisa pluxippus.

Agynia electa. Erynnis uncas.

Argynnis idalea. Euptoieta claudias.

Argynnis meadi. Hispiris montivaga.

Argynnis nevadensi. Lycaena comyntus.

Apatela quadrata. Lycaena lycia.

Autographa sp. Lycaena melissa.

Basilarchia weidemeyeri. Lyneda divergens.

Chrysophanus rubidus. Phycoides phaon.

Coelnonympha inornata. Primba sp.

Colias scudderi. Pyramus atalanta.

Oolias philodin. Satyris baroni.

Cymatophora ribcaria. Scoliopteryx lilatrix.

Drasteria crassiuscula. Thanaos martialis.

*Rowley's collection together with additional specimens collected
by Visher were submitted to specialists in 1912, but no returns have
been received. However, it is believed that the determinations are
fairly correct and hence this provisional list is published.

LIST OF THE SNAILS COLLECTED 95

VIII. LIST OF MOLLUSCA OF HARDING AND PERKINS

COUNTIES.*

Collected by Win. H. Over and Determined by Dr. H. A. Pilsbry
of Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, Pa.

Lymnaea bulimoides cockerelli Pils & Fer. Common in water-
holes.
Lymnaea palustris Mull. The most common freshwater shell in

state.

Lymnaea Caperata Say. In waterholes, not abundant.
Lymnaea bullimoides var. techella Hald. Near Camp Crook.
Lymnaea humilis var. modicella Say. Spring-holes in East Short

Pine Hills.
Lampsilis luteolus Lamk. Rare, only one specimen collected in

Little Missouri river at Camp Crook.
Anodonta grandis Say. Several seen in North Grand river, near

Grand River, P. O.

Physa sayi Tapp. Springholes in West Short Pine Hills.
Physa gyrina Say. Near Antelope Creek.

Physa integra Hald. Little Missouri river north of Camp Crook
Planorbis exacuos Say. Antelope creek, Perkins county.
Planorbis deflectus Say. Antelope creek, Perkins county.
Planorbis trivolvis Say. Waterholes 7 miles north of Camp Crook.
Planorbis tinidus Pfr. Antelope creek.

Planorbis umbilicatellus C'k'll. Waterholes near Rabbit Butte.
Euconulns fulvus Mull. Damp shady places in Slim Buttes.
Succinea avara Say. Floodplain Little Missouri River at Camp

Crook.
Succinea grosvenorii Lea. Collected from under sagebrush and

cacti. The most abundant land shell in the plains country.
Pisidinm contortum Ptime. Springs in Slim Buttes.
Musculium jayense Prime. Waterholes near Sorum.
Sphaerium striatum var. acuminatum Prime. Little Missouri

River.
Vallonia gracilicosta Reinh. Camp Crook and West Short Pine

Hills.

*As Perkirvs County joins Harding- on the east and the topography is
nearly identical, it is probable that all specimens listed from Perkins
could be found in Harding County.

96 THE BIOLOGY OF HARDING COUNTY

Agriolimax campestris Binn. Slim Buttes.

Bifidaria armifera Say. Wooded ravines in Slim Buttes.

Bifidaria armifera agna P. & V. Wooded ravines near Antelope

Creek.
Bifideria armifera var. abbreviata Str. Shady places in Slim

Buttes.

Zonitoides arboreus Say. Wooded ravines in Slim Buttes.
Pyramidula cronkhite var. anthonyi Pils. Collected in moist shady
places in Slim Buttes, West Short Pine Hills and at Camp

Crook.

IX. NOTES ON ANIMALS AND PLANTS OF ECONOMIC

IMPORTANCE.
BY S. S. VISHER.

i. ANIMALS OF PREY.

(a). The gray wolf is moderately plentiful, and because of
the proximity of rough lands will probably continue to give some
trouble to horse and cattle raisers for some years to come.

(b) Coyotes are plentiful. However, fences that are coyote
proof are not difficult to make.

(c) Weasels and skunks are especially feared by poultry rais-
ers. Since their activities are limited to the hours of darkness,
precautions can easily be taken against their entrance.

(d) Hawks and owls are, with a couple of exceptions, very
great allies of the farmer, because they live on gophers and
rabbits. Consequently, they ought by all means be permitted to
live. The only owl which is destructive to poultry is the very
large Horned Owl which is occasionally seen in this area. The
Sharp-shinned Hawk, a rather small, swift-flying hawk, is the
only one found at all regularly here, which merits destruction.
Persons who discriminately shoot every hawk or owl that they
can get at are extravagant to say the least.

(e) All the snakes are useful. The only one that has any
serious faults is the rattler. Even they do much good, and ex-
ceedingly rarely do any damage. However, they are rapidly ap-
proaching extinction.

THE EXTERMINATION OF THE PRAIRIE DOG 97

2. GREGARIOUS OR VERY ABUNDANT ANIMALS.

(a) The prairie dog is 'locally abundant. The poisoning of
these pests is comparatively such a simple task that no one need
have a town near his land unless he is too lazy to get rid of it.
Large towns have been entirely destroyed by one application of
poisoned food done properly and at the right time.

The poisons found most satisfactory, and recommended by
the Biological Survey of the Department of Agriculture are (i)
Sulphate of strychnine. Care should be taken to secure strych-
nine sulphate since the strichnine usually sold by druggists is in-
soluble in water. One and one-half ounces of strychnine sulphate
to a bushel of grain is sufficient. The strychnine should be

;ved in 2 1-2 gallons of water by heating in a covered re-
ceptacle. After thoroughly dissolved, add the grain and allow
to stand over night. The grain will absorb the liquid. In dis-
tributing the grain, one-half teaspoon full should be put just
outside of each hole, and had better be distributed during the
evening hours.

(2) One ounce of strichnine sulphate dissolved in one gal-
lon of water mixed with green alfalfa or green, growing grain
cut in lengths of 2 to 4 inches and distributed in the evening so
that it may be eaten before it is dried by the sun, is usually en-
tirely successful.

(3) Crude bisulphide of carbon suitable for killing burrow-
ing animals costs about 8 cents per pound in 50 pound carboys
or drums. It is a volatile liquid and hen.ce should be kept tightly
corked. It is highly explosive. A tablespoonful of crude bisul-
phide should be poured in a piece of dried horse manure, corncob
or other absorptive material and this should be thrown as far as
possible down a burrow into which a prairie dog has just disap-
peared. The burrow should be immediately closed. Bisulphide
can be used to best advantage after a heavy rain.

It should be clearly understood that the method recommended
by the government consists of two steps — (i) to destroy the great
bulk of the inhabitants of the colony by poisoning with strychnine
in \vinter or early spring when food is scarce; (2) to kill the re-
maining animals with bisulphide of carbon. In this way it is be-
lieved that colonies of any size may be wiped out at a total cost of
not to exceed 16 or 17 cents per acre, probably less.
Sig.— 7.

98 THE BIOLOGY OF HARDING COUNTY

(b) Gophers. The carbon bisulphide method of killing
prairie dogs can 'be applied to gophers. Trapping and digging -
out as well as shooting is very much more simple with gophers
than with prairie dogs, and is usually sufficient.

(c) Rabbits are chiefly destructive to young fruit trees and
gardens. We heartily recommend that anyone setting out an
orchard or garden to first have it fenced with a rabbit-proof fence.

(d) Wild Mice are caught in baited traps even more easily
than the house mouse. Of course, the best way to keep down
the mice in the fields and meadows is to allow hawks, owls and
snakes to be unmolested.

(e) Blackbirds, crows, magpies, and jays are all highly use-
ful during the most of the year. Occasionally they are trouble-
some for short periods. At such times it is recommended that they
be frightened away rather than killed.

(f) Grasshoppers are abundant but ordinarily not destruc-
tive. It is occasionally worth while to soak binding twine in tar.

(g) Striped potato beetles can usually be controlled by proper
application of Paris Green. Since the few individuals which
winter are the ones which multiply sufficiently to cause the
trouble, it is good economy to go over the patch shortly after the
potatoes are up and to kill these adults before they have laid eggs.
If clumps of yellow eggs are observed on the lower side of the
leaves they ought to be destroyed. During a hot day this can be
most delicately done by picking off that portion of the leaf and
allowing it to dry up. The bur-tomato, or buffalo-bur thistle
(Solanum rostra-turn) is frequent in this -area, especially on deserted
ground. This plant is fed upon by the potato beetle, which by
its means can exist long distances from potato fields. Since these
plants are easily killed, the wide awake farmer, and the one who
endeavors to save himself future work will cut down all avail-
able plants of this species. This plant, by the way, is the original
food plant of the potato beetle (Leptinotarsa decinlincata) . Un-
til the cultivated potatoes were introduced into its range, this
beetle was found only occasionally, as we found it, on the scat-
tered Solatium rostratum,.

3. PARTICULALY USEFUL ANIMALS.

(a) Insectivors \ All birds feed their nestlings upon insects,
worms or other soft animal food. Most birds subsist almost to-

USEFUL ANIMALS 91

tally upon insect life during the summer months. Almost all
birds in summer time, especially the so-calied song birds are use-
ful and many are so highly useful as to be almost invaluable.
Every farmer can well afford to put himself out to encourage
the birds. In many treeless localities a clump of trees or a plum
thicket would attract them. It is an excellent plan to place water
in such a position as to be accessible for drinks. Cats which are
not valuable "mousers" ought by all means to be destroyed.

(b) Carnk-ors: Coyotes, hawks and other animals of prey
are valuable as destroyers of rodents such as rabbits, mice and
gophers. In regions where there are no sheep, and where reason-
able precautions are taken with the poultry, even coyotes are use-
ful animals.

(c) Seed eaters: Many of the birds subsist chiefly on seed,
except during the summer months. All kinds of seed is eaten,
but since the most available ones are usually seeds of weeds the
birds are very effective weed destroyers. The flock of sparrows,
usually of several species, flushed from the weed patches in fall
and spring are doing a good work for the farmer and should be
appreciated.

(d) As sources of food. Rabbits are always good food
though without a doubt, young rabbits and those not having
''grubs" are most attractive. Ducks, geese and snipe are all ex-
cellent food. It is indeed a short sighted person, that kills these
birds in the spring after breeding is under way. Grouse and
bobwhites or quail present first class flesh. They however are
exceedingly valuable as destroyers of grasshoppers. Let anyone
who maintains that these birds eat much grain before it is har-
vested, examine the crops of such as are available. Since these
birds have practically no bad faults, and have such excellent
qualities, as sources of food and as destroyers of insects, it would
indeed be a pity to have them exterminated.

4. XATIVE PLANTS AS INDICATORS OF AGRICULTURAL POSSIBILITIES.
"Land which bears a pure short-grass cover was found to be
supplied with water in the surface foot or two of soil only, and
usually even to that depth for but a brief period during spring and
early summer. Land with a uniform cover of tall grasses was
found to be supplied with water to a much greater depth and to
offer conditions favorable for plant growth during a much longer

100 THE BIOLOGY OF HARDING COUNTY

season. As a connecting link between these two conditions a
short grass cover which supports a scattered growth of taller
plants was found to indicate intermediate conditions as regards
water supply.

"The area of greatest agricultural value one year with another
are those marked by the presence of the wire-grass vegetation.
Of almost equal value are the areas characterized by those phases
of the grama-buffalo-grass vegetation which are distinguished by
the presence of a considerable quantity of Pso-ralea or of wire-
grass. Bunch grass land is best for crops during especially dry
years, but is relatively the least productive during favorable years.
Typical short-grass land (grama-buffalo-grass association) pro>-
duces more than any other type during wet years, but is first
to fail in time of drought." (From Bulletin No. 201 Bureau of
Plant Industry U. S. D>ept. Agri. 1911.)

5. POISONOUS PLANTS.

(a) Locozveed. This is a low, stemless plant having a few
pinnate leaves and a clump of small, white flowers which re-
sembles those of beans. The seeds are borne in capsules which
rattle when dry. Stock which get the habit of eating this plant
finally gets "locoed." Horses are especially susceptible, partic-
ularly young horses. The loco leaves are green after the grass
has turned dry, and also early in spring. It is eaten more or
less by all live stock. It is dangerous only when an animals gets
the habit of making it the main article of its diet. This most
frequently takes place when the supply of grass is short.

Symptoms. Two stages are recognized. The first, which may
last several months or longer is accompanied by defective eye-
sight and many queer actions. After acquiring a taste for the.
plant it refuses every other kind of food and the second stage,
characterized by sunken eyeballs, lusterless hair and feeble move-
ments, is ushered in. The animals die from starvation in periods
ranging from a few months to one or two years.

Treatment of locoed animals. Animals in the earlier stages
can be cured by depriving them of opportunities of obtaining loco,
and feeding them" on nutritious food. Probably nothing is bet-
ter for locoed horses and cattle than turning them, under proper
conditions, into a field of alfalfa. Locoed animals are constipated.

POISONOUS PLANTS ' tiff.

If alfalfa or alfalfa and oil meal are not effective in overcom-
ing this, Epsom salts may be given (mature cattle does — I pound;
calves, 2 oz. ; horses, 8 oz. ; sheep, 4 oz.) Animals chronically
locoed in addition need a remedy to overcome nervousness. For
horses arsenic in the form of Fowler's solution (4-6 drams) given
in the grain or drinking water is effective after a considerable
time, usually more than a month. Cattle respond best to hypoder-
mic injections of exceedingly small daily doses (3 to 4 twentieths
of a grain) of strychnine. Locoed cattle are easily killed by
doses which would be considered small in ordinary veterinary prac-
tice. It is usually necessary to treat cattle for thirty days or more.*

On the principle that an ounce of prevention is worth a pound
of cure, careful stock men will keep their stock out of pastures
badly infected with loco until the grass has -started well in the
spring, and at other times when the grass is short. It is not a dif-
ficult plant to kill the loco plants — chopping them off just below
the ground is sufficient.

(b) Poison ivy. This low, three-leaved shrub is found in the
woods and upon north-facing hill sides and about the buttes. The
leaves resemble those of the boxelder. The poisoning is caused
by a non-volatile oil and is not spread by the blood. It causes
swellings, itchings, and finally, in bad cases, running sores. The
oil is readily dissolved and can be washed off by 50-75 per cent,
alcohol. If all the sugar of lead (Lead acetate) which will be
readily dissolved be added to weak alcohol a cure can be secured
as a result of several applications a day for a few days. Appli-
cations of castile soap are beneficial.

(c) Snoiw-on-the-mountain. (Euphorbia). Honey made from
the flowers of this plant is hot and disagreeable to the taste and
causes vomiting and purging. The milky juice of this plant may
cause skin eruptions similiar to those produced by poison ivy.
This blistering is, in fact so decided that a few stock raisers in
Texas use the juice to brand cattle, it being held by them to be
superior to red-hot iron for that purpose, because the scar heals
more satisfactorily.**

*These notes on the treatment of locoed stock are taken from Far-
mers Bulletin 380 U. S. Department of Agriculture.
**According to Farmers Bulletin 86.

102 THE BIOLOGY OF HARDING COUNTY

6. PLANTS USED IN MEDICINE.

Quite a variety of plants which are used in medicine and for
which, under proper conditions, have a market value, occur in
this county. For directions concerning collecting, as well as
description, price, etc., see Farmer's Bulletin 188 U. S. Dept. of
Agriculture which can be secured free of charge through your
Congressman or Senator. A list of the plants treated in this
bulletin which are found somewhat commonly in these counties
are as follows :

Tansy (Tanacetum mlgdre).

Gum plant (Grindclia sqitarrosa).

Yarrow (Achillea uriltifoliitm).

Fleabane (Eriogerou [Lcptilon] canadcnsis).

Wormseed (Chcnopodinm anibrosioides, etc.).

Mustard (Brassica nigra and Sinapis alba).

At least two other species not mentioned in Farmer's Bul-
letin 1 88, of considerable medical importance are locally common
in this area.

Oregon grape (Bcrberis aquifoliuin). (Rhizons and roots).

Slippery elm (Ulnus fulra). (Inner bark).

7. PLANTS AS SOURCES OE FOOD.

The chief wild fruits are ( I ) the plum found in thickets along-
all wooded valleys (2) chokccherry found with the plum (3) sand-
cherry, occasional on buttes, etc. (4) buffalo-berry found in
thickets along streams, especially in the badlands. (5) wild goose-
berry and currants along the flood plains and in the woods. (6)
The June or senice berry occurs scattering in brush especially in
the forest reserves.

Herbs used 'somewhat for food include the Indian Turnip
(Psoraela), ground cherry (Physalis), and night shade (Solannm).

8. PLANTS AS SOURCES OF WOOD.

With about 100,000 acres of Harding County included within
national and state forest reserves, the natural assumption is that
there is considerable timber of economic importance. Before the
establishment of the federal reserves there had been saw mills
in each of the forest buttes, and many of the larger trees were

TREES^ AND WEEDS 103

then cut. Certain treeless areas apparently favorable for tree
growth are doubtless the result of former extensive fires.

At present there are encouraging young growth of pine
(Pinus Scopulorum) upon most of the north facing slope in the
forest reserves, and locally elsewhere in the reserves. Ash
thickets have been of great value in furnishing fence posts.
There is still a considerable supply in the Sioux Reserve. Red
cedar is now quite rare in Harding County. The most extensive
thickets we noted were in the Bad Lands just east of the East
Short Pine Hills. Extensive cedar brakes occur in North Dakota
along the Little Missouri River a few miles north of the state line.
The remnant of what was formerly a very valuable supply of
cedar timber is found in Cedar Canyon, etc., on the south side of
the Moreau River a short distance southeast of our area.

The only extensive groves of cottonwood in Harding county
are found in the Little Missouri Valley in Camp Crook.

9. WEEDS.

\Yeeds are not troublesome in Harding County. This is due
mainly to the dryness. The common weeds require more water
than is available. An additional fact is that as yet but few weeds
have been introduced and established because of the newness of
the region agriculturally. Fields almost perfectly free from
weeds are frequent.

SOUTH DAKOTA

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY

Biennial Report of the State Geologist

for 1913-14

ELLWOOD CHAPPELL PERISHO

University of South Dakota, Vermillion

1914

THE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF SOUTH DAKOTA

REPORT OF THE STATE GEOLOGIST

ELLWOOD CHAPPELL PERISHO,
University of South Dakota, Vermillion, 1914.

The work of the State Survey is of vital interest to the people
of South Dakota. This interest is both educational and economic.
Few fields of endeavor furnish such returns to the people for so
small an expenditure of money.

The Survey has been active the last two years along the
following lines of work :

I. General Information. A large number of inquiries from
the citizens of the state concerning mineral specimens, clays, soils,
climatic conditions, artesian and common \vells, plants, birds, coal,
oil, etc., are being constantly received and answered. All this is
without charge and hence must be a saving of no small amount to
our citizens. All the people of the state are urged to make use
of the Survey by sending in specimens of minerals, clays, birds,
plants, and mammals for indemnification or other information
desired.

II. The State Museum: For years the State Geologist has
been anxious to see the collections made by the Survey put into
a more permanent and accessible form. The importance of having
a State Museum in which the type forms of life, especially those
found in our state, are properly classified, labelled, mounted, and
systematically arranged, is so self-evident that it needs no argu-
ment. Such a collection of the representative forms of life would
prove to be of great value as an educational factor. There is
certainly no one in the state who would not only endorse this
idea but be glad to aid in its accomplishment. The Survey was
exceptionally fortunate in securing the services of William H.
Over who has devoted much time the past year in assisting the
Department of Geology of the University and the Survey in col-
lecting, classifying and arranging specimens for the Museum.
Aside from three or four months in the summer occupied in the
field, his whole time was devoted to museum and laboratory work.

108 REPORT OP EiLLWOOD C. PERISHO, STATE GEOLOGIST

Early in 1913, work was started on the mounting and labelling
of the large collection of the type botanical specimens of our state,
mostly collected by S. S. Visher under the direction of the Survey.
This was accomplished and a metallic case was purchased and
placed in the Museum to contain the plant collections. This gives
the state an exceptionally valuable herbarium so arranged that it
may be used as a work of reference by all who are interested in
botany or the plants of the state. The collection is especially rich
in the flora of the Black Hills, Forest Reserves, western plains
and many other localities of the state. We yet need to make
extensive collections of the early spring flowers in a number of
counties before the herbarium reaches its maximum of completion
and usefulness.

Another valuable addition to the Museum in the spring of
1913 is a large case of old Indian stone, flint and bone articles, of
2,000 specimens, about 500 of which belong to the department and
represent the implements of warfare, the chase, and ornamentation
of the Arickaree Indians, who formerly lived on the Missouri
River in South Dakota. The balance of the collection was loaned
by William HI Over. It is valuable on account of representing
the implements of prehistoric races of America, and is the largest
and best collection of old flint and stone relics in South Dakota.

A large case of land and freshwater Mollusks were also loaned
by William H. Over and displayed to the public. There are nearly
1,000 species of shells in the collection, properly identified and
labelled, representing the Mollusca from all parts of the world.
One hundred and thirty species of Unionidae or clams of our
rivers and lakes are shown in this case. In the display there is
also a series showing the economic products of the clam shell as
manufactured at the pearl button factories along the Mississippi
river.

A collection of one hundred twenty-five species of woods were
received from the Philippines and properly displayed.

In addition to a number of skins, forty-five mounted birds and
seven mounted mammals including a black bear and a coyote
have been added to the Museum during the year 1913. The taxi-
dermy work was done by H. E. Lee of Rapid City and William
H. Over. Many valuable specimens were presented by friends to
the Museum during the year. Every one was properly labelled

FIELD WORK DONE 109

with the donor's name. The Survey wishes to especially thank the
following for donations or loans : Dr. Franklin Gault, Tacoma,
Wash., Snowy Owl ; Roy C. Davis, Vermillion, bear, monkey, and
fifteen mounted birds, loaned ; Roy C. Davis, Lamprey and Krie-
der's Hawk, donated; Floyd Bond, -Custer, specimen of tremolite,
loaned ; Professor A. L. Haines, Vermillion, fossil sponge, polished,
donated ; E. D. Cowles, Vermillion, petrified wood, and screech owl,
donated ; Carlton A. Haines, Vermillion, Bat, Garter Snake and
Mole, donated ; W. J. Jones, Rolling Bay, Wash., section of pile
from dock showing effects of ravages of ship worm; Maurice
Chancy, Vermillion, Lamprey, donated ; Floyd Bond and O. R.
Skola, Screech Owl, donated; Wm. H. Over, one hundred species
of land and freshwater shells, donated ; Peter Lund, Vermillion,
Long-eared owl, donated ; Wm. Bauman, Gophers and moles,
donated ; Van Buren Perry, Aberdeen, fossils and minerals, do-
nated ; William Siders and Ronald Jordan, Vermillion, three Bats,
donated ; Lewis Kephart, Vermillion, Bats, donate^ ; Lewis Ort-
mayer, Vermillion, large Hornets' nest, donated ; John Visher,
Vermillion, Barnacles, donated ; L. A. Riter, Vermillion, American
Merganser duck, donated ; Harold Howard, Vermillion, Indian
Maul, donated.

In addition to arranging the accessions, Mr. Over has classi-
fied many of the specimens already in the Museum, and made a
catalogue of all plants, birds and mammals.

III. Field Work: Stephen S. Visher, and Wm. H. Over,
visited Harding County for the Survey during the fall of 1912.
This trip was made to complete the herbarium collection and con-
tinue geological observations. Collections were especially made in
and around Slim Buttes, South Grand River, Cave Hills, Little
Missouri River, East and West Short Pine Hills, and Crow
Buttes. This route covered the most interesting part of the county,
from a geological and biological 'standpoint, and part of the
material for this bulletin was obtained on this trip.

Some work was done along archeological lines in the Cave
Hills, where it was discovered that the old tribes of Arickaree
Indians had long ago used for living rooms, the eroded-out de-
pressions or "Caves" in the sandstone walls. Fragments of pot-
tery, flint and bone articles were found and in one place their

110 REPORT OF ELLWOOD C. PERISHO, STATE GEOLOGIST

pictograph writings showed plainly and drawings were taken for
future reference.

Mr. Barthold Iverson did some valuable field work for the
Survey in the eastern part of the state upon the artesian well
problem.

The State Geologist has spent a limited amount of time in
field work in the northwest part of the state making a study of
the general geology with special reference to the lignite coal beds.
Also in the Southern Black Hills, principally upon the mica and
lithia ore formation. A valuable mineral collection was added to
the Museum by this trip. He has also made many observations
and collected data concerning the Artesian water supply for
eastern South Dakota.

Wm. H. Over devoted the summer to field work. The month
of June was spent upon the fauna and flora of Clay County.
Some four hundred plant specimens were obtained. Special at-
tention was paid to the collecting of grasses of this locality. Many
specimens of Reptiles, Amphibians and Mollusks were taken.

During July, August, September and part of October Mr.
Over was camping at different localities in the southwestern part
of Stanley County, Washabaugh and Lawrence Counties. In
Lawrence County about four hundred plant specimens were pro-
cured, forty-five 'species being new to our Black Hills collection.

In Stanley County the time was occupied in the Badlands
collecting fossils, however, nothing of interest in geology or bio-
logy was neglected. Perhaps the most valuable specimen collected
was an almost complete fossil skull of the ancestral rhinocerous,
(Caenopus Tridactylus) found in the Oligocene formation. This
was found embedded in a sandstone layer. Later it was worked
out of the sandstone matrix and is now on exhibition in the Bad-
land fossil case.

A number of specimens of fossil Turtles were found, two of
which are new to our Museum collection of turtles.

The skull of a fossil Elotherium was found in the Oligocene.
This mammal was about the size of, and perhaps allied to the
ancestral hog. A new species of Helix, a fossil land shell, was also
found.

Many teeth and parts of a skeleton of the fossil Mesohippus
bairdi, or ancestral three toed horse, were collected and much

PUBLICATIONS DONE 111

time and effort was spent in hunting for enough of the little
horse to warrant us in attempting the construction of a skeleton
for the Museum, but without success.

Two hundred and fifteen species of plants were collected from
Stanley County and seventy from Washabaugh County, about
twelve hundred specimens, including duplicates. All plants col-
lected from Clay, Stanley and Washabaugh Counties and the
Black Hills were properly named and a true type from each specie
was labeled, mounted and placed in the Museum Herbarium. The
duplicates were all labeled and may be used in exchange for speci-
mens from other Universities.

The Mollusca of the different localities visited, was also col-
lected and will be properly identified.

Much attention was paid to the collecting of mammal skins
and especially the rodents and bats. These were identified by the
United States Biological Survey and many new species were
added to our Museum. One species of pocket gopher (Thomomys
Clusius) and one of bats (Myotis californicus ciliolabrum) were
the first records for the state. Bird Skins of about forty species
were taken in Stanley County and the Mountain Plover (Podasocys
montanus) is a new record for the state. Eighty specimens of
Reptiles and Amphibians were collected and are in the Museum.
A number of these were identified by Alexander G. Ruthven of
the University of Michigan.

Many insects, including grasshoppers, beetles, moths and
butterflies were taken in the different localities visited and are
in the Museum.

IV. Publications. Bulletin IV may be secured upon re-
quest. It contains the following articles :

ist. Preliminary Report of the Geology of the Northwestern Cen-
tral South Dakota — Professor J. E. Todd, formerly State
Geologist.
2nd. Preliminary Report on the Geology of Gregory and Tripp

Counties. — Ellwood C. Perisho.
3rd. List of Birds, Mammals and Plants of the old Rosebud

Reservation. — A. B. Reagan and Sheridan R. Jones.
4th. Drainage of South Dakota. — Professor A. B. McDaniel. Uni-
versity of South Dakota.

112 REPORT OF ELLWOOD C. PERISHO, STATE GEOLOGIST

Bulletin V., published last year, may be procured upon request.
It contains the following articles :

ist. Report on the Geography and Geology of Mellette, Washa-
baugh, Bennett and Todd Counties. — Ellwood C. Perisho and

Stephen S. Visher.
2nd. A Preliminary Report on the Biology of this Area. — Stephen

S. Visher.

Bulletin VI., published in 1914, and may be procured upon
request. It contains :

ist. A Preliminary Report on the Biology of Harding County.
Stephen S. Visher, under the following subjects:

List of Birds, Plants, Mammals, Reptiles and Amphibians,
Insects and Mollusks.

Notes on Animals and Plants of Economic Importance.
2nd. Biennial Report of State Geologist.

The Survey has much material, including field notes, manu-
scripts, etc., which should be published as soon as funds are avail-
able.

The above will include material for two bulletins ; one on the
Geology and Mineral resources of Northwest South Dakota. The
other, The Birds of South Dakota.

V. WORK TO BE DONE. There are a number of in-
vestigations that the Survey should do for the people of our
state. Among these may be mentioned :

i. The continuation of the collecting and proper mounting of
the type fauna and flora. The longer this work is delayed the
more difficult it will be to procure the needed specimens. A sum
expended now, in the biological work of the Survey, will accom-
plish much more than even a large appropriation can do in a few
years hence.

It is the wish of the Survey, not only to locate and discuss and
put to the service of the people the economic products of the
state, but also to form a good working museum, where there will
be found, in usable condition, the type fauna and flora of South
Dakota. We are certain that everyone, especially teachers aftd
students, will be interested in seeing a large and complete collec-

WORK TO BE UNDERTAKEN 113

tion of the mammals, birds and insects, trees, wild flowers and
grasses, all properly mounted and described.

It is well known that the Surveys of our neighboring states
have published educational Bulletins concerning the animal and
plant life of their respective areas. No one questions the value
of such publications, nor doubts the propriety of extensive appro-
priations made for such purposes. The people of our state not
only need, but are frequently requesting this information, and they
should have it.

2. The services of a competent person for the entire year
should be retained to do field and museum work. Specimens col-
lected during the summer should be prepared, classified, labeled
and properly mounted as quickly as possible. In addition to the
collections made during the regular field trips, the Survey secures
a large number of specimens during the winter months, which
should demand immediate attention; Without such an assistant,
individual and entire collections are stored away in boxes for
months and at times for years. The work of Wm. H. Over the
past year has been exceptionally helpful.

3. In a prairie country like South Dakota, the supply of
building material is always a most interesting problem. Our state
is rich in clay, cement and building stones. The exceptional var-
ieties of clays found, especially in the western part of the state,
should be carefully investigated with reference to the manufac-
turing of brick as well as to tile and pottery possibilities. If
properly studied the almost natural cement character of extensive
beds of clay west of the Missouri River, might become of great
economic value to the settlers.

4. Few problems now before the people of South Dakota
can be of more vital interest than the one of fuel supply. As yet
we have no oil, and but little natural gas, used for economic pur-
poses. Our extensive Forest Reserves, with the limited amount of
timber, is inaccessable to most of our population. 'The people of
the state spend annually for fuel, millions of dollars more than the
entire yearly gross output of the Homestake and all other mines,
and all of our cement plants, brick yards and stone quarries. It
is not certain as yet whether we have oil in usable quantities
beneath the surface, nor do we know if we have an extensive field
of gas which we may draw upon for fuel. These should be
Sig.— 8.

114 REPORT OF ELLWOOD C. PERISHO, STATE GEOLOGIST

determined. However it is known that we have beds of Lignite
Coal, which may be converted into briquetts. In this form our
lignite can be easily shipped and used in every way that the
hard coal of the eastern states are now being utilized. When
ever cheaper transportation is obtained along the Missouri River,
or^ a fuel supply at less cost is accessable, then the inexhaustible
beds of Niobrara Chalk, Ft. Benton and Ft. Pierre shales may
become the sources of the greatest cement manufacturing plants
the country has ever seen.

South Dakota should have cheaper fuel. The Survey must
help in this problem if necessary.

5. THE ARTESIAN WATER SUPPLY. Too much
emphasis cannot be placed upon the importance of our artesian
wells. No fact is better known, than that the water is decreasing
in many of these wells. If the decrease in pressure is due to the
loss of water, this must be caused by one of the following reasons :
(i) Drainage into rivers which have cut into the water-bearing
stratum. (2) Loss of water at the artesian wells. It seems
probably that the very sudden decline in the flow of our wells is
due to the loss at the well. This loss may be either through the
pipe at the surface or around the pipe below the surface into
porus beds. The whole problem of our artesian wells should be
carefully studied by our Survey in order that proper precautions
may be taken to conserve this great resource.

If careful investigation shows that the amount of water
escaping through the tube at the surface is quantitatively important,
laws regulating the size of wells and the flow of water, must be
passed and enforced. At present less than 5 per cent, of the
water supplied by the artesian wells is used. However, if in-
vestigation proves that much more water leaks into porous beds
below ground than escapes at the surface, then great efforts will
have to be taken to save our artesian well supply, since leaks
usually become larger and larger. That there be no hole around
the pipe through which water can escape will have to be required
by law. At the time of the first piping of new wells, proper
precaution can easily be taken. Methods for stopping the leaks
in the older wells will have to be devised. That we have been
careless in the past concerning our artesian wells, the greatest

FUNDS NEEDED 115

mineral product of the eastern part of the state, is evident to all.
The time for action has certainly come if this great resource is
to be shared by our children.

VI. FUNDS NEEDED. The survey should publish other
bulletins during the coming period :

Bulletin VII, on the Geography, Geology and Coal Resources
of Northwestern South Dakota, especially Harding and Perkins
Counties; Bulletin VIII, a preliminary report on the birds of
South Dakota ; Bulletin IX. A revised "List of the Plants of South
Dakota."

The Legislature appropriated $3,000 for the past biennial
period. In consideration of the work which ought to be done and
the reports now awaiting publication, we feel that the appropria-
tion for the coming period should be at least $2,000 or $2,500 a
year. If all problems outlined above are to be advantageously un-
dertaken a larger fund will be required.

The policy of the Survey is to do those things which will be
of the most real value to the people of the State. This work
should be educational as well as simply utilitarian in character.
The advancement of knowledge, as well as the development of in-
dustries, must be an aim of this organization. The State Survey
of South Dakota exists for all the people of the state. The Sur-
vey cordially invites the hearty co-operation of all the people of
South Dakota.

To assist in making the work of the Survey as efficient as
possible, Professor Christian P. Lommen of the Department of
Biology, and Dr. Alfred N. Cook of the Department of Chemistry,
of the State University, fill the positions of Biologist and Chemist
respectively.

ELLWOOD C. PERISHO,

State Geologist.

IIVDEX

Numbers refer to pages of the Biological Section. Figures
referring to pages of the scientific lists where specific names will be
found are in each case the last numerals given.

Page

Abronia 29, 44

Acanthus 81

Accipeter 76

Acer 23, 52

Acerates 56

Aceraceai 52

Achillea 16, 26, 102, 64

Acris 93

Actinella 16, 64

Actitis 71

Adder 92

Adder tongue Family 32

Aegialitis 72

Aeronautes 78

Agastache 58

Agatheis 94

Agelaius 80

Agonoderus 93

Agrinomia 48

Agnolimax 96

Agropyron 16,34

Agrostemna 44

Agrostis 16, 34

Alfalfa, wild 51

Alisma 30, 34

Alismaceae 34

Allium 16, 19, 39

Allonia 29, 44

Alopecurus '. 34

Ambrosia 29, 63

Aniara 94

Amaranthaceae 44

Amaranthus 18, 44

Amblystegium 67

Amelanchier 23, 49

Ameuirus 30

Ammondromus 82

Amorpha 16, 50

Amphibian 14, 30, 93

Anacardiaceae 52

Anas 69

Andropogon .... 16, 26, 29, 34

Androsace . . . 56

Angiosperms 33

Anemone 45

Anodonta 30, 95

Anogra 16, 54

Page

Antelope 14, 17, 20, 88

Antennaria 26, 63

Anthemideae 64

Antilocapra 88

Anthus 86

Ants 17

Apatela 94

Apocyaceae 56

Apocynum 56

Apple, balsam 60

Apple family 49

Aquila 76

Arabis 16, 46

Aragallus 26, 50

Archibuteo 76

Ardea 70

Argemone 46

Argynnis 94

Aristida 16, 35

Arrowhead 30

Artemisia 16, 18, 19, 26, 27, 29, 64

Asclepias 56

Ash 23, 56

Asio 76

Asparagus 39

Aspen 23, 26, 40

Asphia 93

Aster 16, 19, 61

Golden 16, 27, 61

Astragalinus 81

Astragalus 16, 19, 26, 50

Astur 76

Atheropogon 35

Atriplex 27, 43

Autographa 94

Avocet . 71

Badger 17, 20, 91

Badlands 14, 27

Conditions 27

Life 27, 28

Bahia 64

Baldpate 69

Balm 58

Bartramia 71

Bascanion 92

Batrachium 30, 45

Basilaichia . 94

118

INDEX — Continued

Page

Bats 24, 27, 91, 92

Bayonet, Spanish 26

Bean

Buffalo 16, 50

Wild 51

Bear 14, 91

Beaver 30, 31, 89

Bedstraw 24, 26, 60

Beetles 17, 30, 98, 93

Beckmannia 35

Bell, blue or hair 26, 60

Berberis 102, 46

Berry

Bear 55

Buffalo 23, 27, 102, 53

Rasp 49

Service 23, 102, 49

Straw 24, 48

Wolf 60

Berberidaceae 46

Betulaceae 41

Betula 41

Bidens 31, 63

Bifderia 96

Bighorn 14, 28, 88

Biology of the past 12

Birch . 41

Birds 13, 14

List of 68

Plains 17, 20

Bison 14, 88

Bittern 70

Bitter, sweet 24, 52

Blackbirds -. 80, 98

Brewers 17, 80

Blazing star 16, 18, 60

Elite, goats 43

Blowouts 11, 29

Bluebird 26, 87

Bnuim 67

Bobcat •. . . 90

Bobolink 80

Bog 30

Boleosoma 31

Bombycilla 84

Bonasa 73

Boneset 27, 61

Borage 57

Boraginaceae 57

Botrychium 32

Botaurus 70

Bouteloua 16, 35

Box elder 23, 52

Brachystola 93

Brachytheciunum 67

Branta 70

Brassica 102, 46

Brauneria 16, 19, 63

Page

Bromus , . . 24, 35

Bryum 67

Buchlo 16, 35

Bubo 76

Buckwheat 41

Bufo 93

Buffalo, S. D 28

Buffalo 84

Bufflehead 70

Bugseed 43

Bunting 83

Lark 17, 21, 83

Butorides 70

Bush, buck 23, 60

Rabbit 27, 61

Sage 65

Salt 27, 43

Skunk 26, 52

Buttercup 30, 45

Buttes

Birds of 26

Conditions of 25

Location of 11

Mammals of 27

Plants of 25, 26

Slim 11, 12, 17, 27, 28

Buzzards 26

Cactaceae 53

Cactus 18, 53

Calamogrostis 35

Calcarius 81

Calegrapha 94

Callitriche 52

Callitrichaceae 53

Calochortus 16, 39

Calomospiza 83

Calomovilfa 35

Camas 39

Camelina 46

Campanula 26, 60

Canis 90

Canvas back 69

Canyons 23

Capparidaceae '. 47

Capper family 47

Caprifoliaceae 60

Capsella 15, 46

Carex 30, 37

Carduus 24, 65, 68

Carophyllaceae 44

Carum 55

Carthartes 75

Castelleja 59

Castor 89

Catabrosa 31, 35

Catostonus 30

INDEX — Continued

119

Page

Catbird 86

Catnip 58

Cattail 31, 33

Catron, S 68

Cave Hills 11, 23, 25

Cedar 26, 27, 103, 33

Celastris 24, 52

Celtis 23

Centrocercus 73

Cerastium 26, 44

Cervus 87

Ceryle 77

Chaenactis 64

Chaetochloa 35

Chamaenerion 54

Chara 30

Chat 24, 86

Chelydra 93

Chenopodium . . 16, 27, 102, 43

Chenopods 16, 43

Cherry

Ground 29, 102, 58

Choke 102, 49

Sand 26, 102, 49

Chickadee 26, 87

Chicken, Prairie 72

Chipmunk 24, 27, 88

Chondestes 82

Chordeiles 77

Chrysopsis 16, 27, 61

Cicely, sweet

Cichorieae 66

Cicuta 30, 55

Cieindela 94

Cinquefoil 48

Circus 75

Cirsium 66

Citellus 88

Cladonia 66

Clam 30

Clay, Pierre 17

Cleavers 60

Clemantine 24, 45

Clematis 45

Cleome 29, 47

Climatic conditions

. 12, 18, 25, 27, 28

Cloudiness 15

Clover

White 51

Prairie 16, 51

Cockle 44

Cocklebur 64

Cocoyzus 77

Coelnonvnpha 94

Cogswellia 16, 55

Colaptes 77

Coleoptera 93

Page

Colias 94

Collomia 57

Colors of flowers 20

Colymbus 68

Comandra 41

Commelinaceae 39

Composites 60

Of steppe 16

Coneflower 16, 64

Convallariceae 40

Convolvulus 56

Convolvulaceae 56

Coot 70

Corispermum 43

Coreopsis 63

Corvus 79

' Cornaceae 55

Cornus 23, 55

Corydalis 46

Corynorhinus 27, 92

Cottontail 24, 90

Cottonwood 11, 12, 103, 23

Cowbird 80

Coyote ...15, 17, 20, 96, 99, 90

Crane 14, 70

Crataegus 23, 49

Crawfish 14

Creeper, Virginia 24,53

Grepis 66

Crook, Camp, S. D 17

Crossbill 24, 81

Crotalus 92

Crow 79, 93

Crucifers 16, 46

Crustacia _ 30

Crypanthe 57

Cucumber, wild 60

Cucurbitacea 60

Cuckoo 77

Currants 23, 102, 48

Cyanocephalus 80

Cymatophora 94

Cymapterus 19, 55

Cymareae 65

Cynomys 89

Cyperaceae 37

Cyperus 38

D

Dactylotum 93

Dafila 69

Dasiophora 48

Deer 24, 28, 87

Dendroica 85

Dicerca 94

Disonycha 94

Disporum 24, 40

Distichlis . 35

120

INDEX — Continued

Page

Dock 30

Dog, prairie 17, 20, 23, 97, 89

Dogbane 56

Dogwood 23

Dolichonyz . . . . 80

Dove 24, 75

Donisa 94

Draba 46

Drainage 11

Drosteria 94

Drought, results of 19

Drupaceae 49

Drymocallis 48

Dryopteris . ." 32

Ducks 14, 30, 69

Dumetella 86

E

Eagle 26

E>chinochloa 35

Echmocystis 60

Ecological formations 14

Elaeagnaceae 53

Eleocharis 30, 38

Elgruns 35

Elk 14, 87

Elm 23, 102, 41

Empidonax 79

Epilobium 30, 54

Eptesicus 24

Equisetaceae 33

Equisetum 33

Erethizon 24, 90

Ericaceae 55

Ericoma 36

Erigeron 16, 62

Eriogonuun .... 16, 26, 29, 41

Ermine 17

Erynnis 94

Erysimum 16, 46

Euconulus 95

Eupatorieae 60

Euphagus 80

Euphorbia .... 19, 29, 101, 52

Euphorbiaceae 52

Euptoieta .' . . 94

Eurotia 43

Eutamias 24, 27, 88

Palco 76

Falcon 26, 27

Felis 24, 91

Fern 24, 26, 32

Festuca 36

Fiber 89

Filix 24, 32

Fires, Prairie 19, 25

Page

Fish 14, 30, 31

Buffalo 30

Bullhead 30

Cat 30

Dace 30

Darter 31

Minnows 30

Sucker 30

Trout 31

Flats, grassy 14, 22, 23

Flax, Marsh 63

False, wild 16, 46, 52

Fleabone 102, 62

Flicker 24, 77

Flicker-tail 88

Flies 17, 30

Flower

Bunch 39

Cone 18, 64

Pasque 18, 45

Sun 64

Twin 24, 60

Wall 16, 46

Flycatcher 24, 78, 79

Four-o'clock 44

Fragaria 24, 48

Franseria 29, 63

Fraxinus 23, 56

Fritillaria 39

Frogs 30, 93

Fox 17, 90

Fulica 71

G

Galeracella 94

Galium 24, 60

Gallinage 71

Gammarus 31

Gaura 16, 19, 54

Gavia 69

Gayophytum 54

Geese 70

Gentiana 56

Gentianaece 56

Geum 24, 26, 47

Geothlypis 86

Gilia 26, 57

Glyceria 36

Glycyrrhiza 50

Golden-rod 16, 19, 24, 62

Gold-finch 24, 81

Gooseberry 23, 102, 48

Goosefoot 43

Gopher, pocket, 17, 20, 27, 98, 89

Stripped 17, 20, 98, 88

Grackle 81

Gramineae 34

INDEX — Continued

121

Page

Grape 53

Oregon 102

Gratiola 30, 59

Grass Family 34

Grass

Alkali 35

Arrow 30, 33

Blue 37

Blue stem 16, 34

Brome 24, 35

Buffalo 16, 18, 35

Bunch 26, 29, 35

Canary 31

Cord 20, 31

Dropseed 37

Foxtail 35

Grama 16, 18, 35

June 36

Marsh 37

Mat 31

Meadow 37

Needle 29, 37

Pepper 46

Reed 35

Redtop 24

Sand 29, 35

Squirreltail . 24, 36

Spear 37

Tickle 16, 34

Wheat 16, 18, 34

Wild rye 24, 36

Wire 16

Grasshoppers 1<, 98, 93

Grassy Flats 14, 22

Grebes 68, 69

Grindelia 16, 102, 62

Grinnell, G. B., 68

Grizzly 91

Grosbeak 24, 82

Gromwell 51

Grossulariaceae 48

Grouse, sharptailed 14,23,26, rt 3

Grus 70

Gull 69

Gutierrizia 18, 27, 62

Hackberry - 23

Halerpestes 30, 45

Haliaeetus 76

Haw, Black 23, 60

Hawks 96, 99, 75, 76

Marsh 17, 75

Redtailed 26, 76

Swainson 17, 76

Sparrow 24, 76

Hawthorne 23, 49

Hawkweed 66

Page

Heath family 55

Hedeoma 58

Helenieae 64

Heliantheae 63

Helianthus 16, 69

Heiodromas 71

Hemlock, water 30, 55

Hen, sage 73

Herb, willow 30, 54

Herons 30, 70

Heterodon 92

Heuchera -47

Hieraceum 66

Hills

Cave 11, 23, 25, 30

Short Pine 11, 25, 27, 28

Hoarhound 30, 58

Hop 24, 41

Hordeum 24, 36

Horsetail 33

Humidity 23

Humulus 24, 41

Hirundo 83

Hydrophyllaceae 57

Hylocichla 87

Hymenopappus 64

Hymenoptera 94

Hyssop 30, 58

Hisperis 94

Histera 94

I

Ictalarus 30

Icterus 80

Ictiobus 30

Indian-Pipe 55

Insects . . 13, 14, 29, 30, 31, 93

Inulcae, tribe 63

Iridaceae 40

Iris 40

Iva 64

Ivy, Poison 24, 101, 52

J

Jay 26, 98, 80

Juncaceae 39

Juncaginaceae 34

Junco 26, 82

Juncus 30, 39

Juniper 26, 33

Juniperus 26, 27, 33

K

Killdeer 17, 30, 71

Kingbird 24, 78

Kingfisher 30, i 1

Kinnkinick oo

Koeleria 36

Kuhnia 27, 61

122

INDEX— Continued

Page

Labiatae 58

Lacinaria 16, 18, 60

Lactuca 66

Lampsilis 95

Lanius 84

Lappula 57

Larus 69

Lark, Horned 17, 20, 79

Lasiurus 24, 92

Lasionyctaris 91

Lavauxia 54

Lead-plant 16, 50

Lebia 94

Legumes 16, 50

Legummosae 50

Lemna . , 38

Lemnaceae 38

Lepargyraea 23

Lepidoptera 94

Lepidium 46

Leptilon 102, 62

Leptinotarsa 98

Lepus 24, 90

Lesquerella 16, 47

Leucrinum 16, 19, 39

Liatris 16,60

Lichens 66

Light 15

Liliaceae 39

Lily, Prairie 16, 39

Gumbo 27, 54

Limmorchis 31, 40

Linaceae 52

Linnea 24, 60

Linum 16, 19, 52

Lithospermum 16, 57

Lizards 13, 14, 92

Loasaceae 53

Loco 16, 26, 100, 50

Locust 93

Longspur 17, 21, 81

,Loon 69

Lophodytes 69

Lotus 16, 51

Loxia 81

Lupine 16, 29, 51

Lupinus 16, 29, 51

Lutra 91

Lycaena 94

Lychnis 45

Lycopus 30, 58

Lycodesmia 16, 18, 66

Lymnaea 30, 95

Lyneda 94

Lynx 24, 90

M

Page

Machaeranthera 27, 62

Macrocalyx 57

Madia 64

Magpie 24, 98, 79

Mallard 69

Malvaceae 53

Mamillaria 53

Mammals 14, 17, 20, 31, 87

Mann, Wm. M., 93

Malvastrum 16, 19, 53

Maple family 52

Mareca 69

Marigold 31, 63

Marila 69

Marshes 29, 31

Marsileaceae 32

Marsilia 32

Meadowlark .... 17, 21, 23, 80

Melanophus 93

Melanthaceae 39

Melilotus 51

Melospiza 82

Mentha 30, 58

Mentzelia 27, 53

Mephitis 24, 91

Merganser 69

Mergus 69

Meridolix 16, 54

Mertensia 58

Mink 30, 91

Mice 14, 17, 24, 98, 89

Micropalama 71

Microtus 89

Milfort 64

Mint 30, 58

Horse 24, 58

Mimus 86

Minium 67

Missouri, Little 11, 23

Mocking-bird 86

Mollusca 95

Molothrus 80

Monarda 24, 58

Monocots 16

Monolepis 44

Monotropaceae 55

Morning glory 56

Bush 18, 57

Morse, L. P., 93

Mosses 67

Moth, Sage 23

Mountain, Table 25

Moraceae 41

Mosauitoes 31

Muhlenbergia 36

Mulberry 41

Mus 89

INDEX — Continued

123

Page

Musculium 95

Mustard 102, 46

Mycteris 92

Myiochones 78

Myotis 91

N

Naradaceae 33

Nastursian 47

Xavarretia D7

Nelson, Aven 32

Xeotoma 24, 27, 89

Nettion 69

Nettle 24, 41

Nimexia 24, 40

Xighthawk 17, 77

Xiggerhead 16, 63

Xocturus 93

Xothocalais 66

Xotropis 30

Nucipaga . . : 80

Xumenius 71

Nutcracker 80

Nuthatch 87

Nuttallornis 79

Xyctaginaceae ' 44

Nyctea 77

Xycticorax 70

O

Oak 12

Oenothera 54

Odocoileus 24, 87

Oleaceae 56

Oleaster family 53

Olive family 56

Omychomys 89

Onagra 16, o4

Onagraceae 54

Onion 16

Opeia .....' 93

Ophioglossaceae 32

Opuntia 53

Orchid 31, 40

Orchidaceae 40

Oreocarya 16,58

Oriole 80

Orobanche 29, 59

Orobanchaceae 59

Orthocarpus 16, 59

Orthoptera 93

Orthotrichium 67

Otocoris 79

Otter 30, 91

Ovenbird 85

Over, W. H., 13, 32, 86, 92, 95

Ovis 88

Owls 96, 76, 77

Page

Burrowing 17, 23, 76

Horned 26, 27, 76

Oxalis 16, 51

Oxyechus 71

Pachybrachus 94

Pachlophus 27, 54

Pandion 76

Panicum 36

Papaveraceae 46

Parmelia 67, 66

Paronychia 45

Parsnip family 55

Parthenocissus 24, 53

Passer 81

Passerculus 81

Passerina 83

Pea family 50

Pear, prickly 53

Pedeoccetes 73

Pellea 32

Peltigera 67

Penny royal 58

Penthestes 87

Pentstemon 16, 19, 59

Peromyocus 89

Petalostemon 16, 51

Petrochelidon 83

Pewee, wood 78

Phacelia 26, 57

Phalaenoptilus 77

Phalaris 31, 36

Philanthus 94

Philonotes 68

Phleum 36

Phlox 26, 57

Phoebe 26, 27, 78

Phoxinus 30

Phrynosoma 92

Phycoides 94

Physa 30, 95

Physalis 29, 102, 58

Physaria 47

Pica 79

Pierre clay 17

Pilsbry, H. A., 95

Pine 11, 12, 14, 23, 25, 102, 33

Pinedrops 55

Pineaceae 33

Pink Family 44

Pink, Prairie 16, 18

Pinus 23, 25, 102, 33

Pipilo 82

Pipit 86

Piranga 83

Pisidium 95

Pisobia 71

124

INDEX — Continued

Page

Pityophis 92

Planesticus 87

Planorbis 30, 95

Plants

Bee 29

Food 99

Gum 102, 62

Poisonous 100

Resurrection ^3

Plants of steppe 16

Plantago 16, 59, 60

Plantin 16, 30, 34, 59

Plectrophenax 81

Plover, Upland 17

Plovers 71, 72

Poa 24, 36

Plum 23, 102, 49

Podilymbus 69

Polanisia 29, 47

Polemoneaceae 57

Polygala 16, 52

Polygalaceae 52

Polygonaceae 41

Polygonum 30, 42

Polypodiaceae 32

Polytrichuum 68

Pomaceae 49

Ponds 29, 30

Porzana 70

Pooecetes 81

Poorwill 77

Poppy 46

Populus 11, 12, 23, 26, 40

Porcupine 24, 27, 90

Portulacaceae 44

Potentilla 26, 48

Potomageton 30, 33

Precipitation 11, 15

Primba 94

Primrose, evening 16, 54

Primrose, family 56

Primulaceae 56

Procyon 24, 91

Primus 23, 26, 49

Pseudoleskeela 68

Psoralia 16, 18, 19, 102, 51

Ptesospora 55

Puccinellia 37

Puccoon 16, 57

Puppy, mud 93

Pulsatilla 19, 45

Puma 14, 91

Purse, Shepards 16,46

Purslane 44

Putorius 91

Pyramidula 96

Pyramus 94

Page

.Pyrola 24, 55

Pyrolaceae .55

Querquedula 69

Quiscalus 81

B

Rabbit

Cotton tail ... 24, 98, 99, 90

Jack 17, 20, 98, 99, 90

Raccoon 24, 91

Rail 70

Rallus 70

Ramalina 67

Rana 93

Ranunculaceae 45

Ranunculus 30, 45

Rape, broome 29, 59

Rat

Musk 30, 31, 89

Pack 24, 27, 89

Ratbida 16, 19, 64

Raven 79

Ravines 14

Recurvirostra .- 71

Redpoll 81

Redroot 44

Redstart 86

Redwing 80

Reptiles 12, 20, 30, 92

Rera Gap 11, 12, 27

Rhus 24, 26

Rhynchophanes 81

Ribes 23, 48

Riparia 84

Rivers 11, 13, 29

Robin 26, 87

Roripa 30, 47

Rosa 16, 23, 29, 49

Rose ...16, 18, 23, 29, 48, 49

Rowley, B. B., 32, 94

Rubiaceae 60

Rubus 49

Rumex 30, 42

Rush 30

S

Sage . 16, 26, 65

White 43

Sagittaria 30, 34

Salicaceae . ' 40

Salix 40

Salpinctes 86

Salsola 18, 44

Salvelinus 31

Samcula 24, 55

Sandalwood 41

INDEX — Continued

125

Page

Sandhill formation 16, 28

Sandpipers 30, 71

Santalaceae 41

Saponaria 45

Saprinus 94

Satyris 94

Saunders, A. A., 68

Saxifagaceae 47

Sayornis 78

Scaphiopus 93

Scaups 70

Schedonnardus 37

Scirpus 30, 88

Sciurus 88

Scoliopteryx 94

Scrops 16, 59

Sedge 30, 37

Seed, tick 63

Seiurus 85

Selaginella 33

Selaginellaceae 33

Senicio 19, 27, 65

Setophaga 86

Shade, night 58

Shepherdia 27, 53

Short Pine Hills 11, 25

Shrew 91

Shoveller 69

Shrike 24, 84

Shrimp 31

Sialia 87

Sideranthus 16, 62

Sieversia 26, 49

Silene 45

Siskin 81

Sisyrinchium 40

Sitta 87

Skunk 17, 24, 96, 91

Skin Buttes 11

Smilaceae 40

Smilacina 24, 40

Smilax 24, 40

Snails 17, 30

Snake-root 24, 55

Snakes 14, 20, 96, 92

Bull 17, 20, 92

Garter 30, 92

Rattle 17, 20, 92

Soil 12

Solanoceae 58

Solanum 98, 58

Solidays 16, 19, 24, 62

Solomon-Seal, false 24

Sonchus 66

Sophia 16, .47

Sora 70

Sorex 91

Sorrel, wood . 51

Page

Sparogemon 93

Sparrow, Lark 24

Sparrows 81

W. Vesper 17, 81

Spartina 30, 37

Spatula 69

Speotyo 77

Sphaerium 95

Spiders 17

Spilogale 24, 91

Sphaerium 30

Spinas 81

Spizella 82

Sporobolus 37

Spurge 19, 29, b2

Squirrel, red 88

Star, Blazing 16, 18, 60

Steppe

Birds 21

Conditions 15

Insects 21

Mammals 20

Plants 16

Reptiles 21

Stereodon 68

Sticktight 57

Stipa 29, 37

Strife, loose 56

Stieronema 24,56

Strophostyles 51

Sturnella 80

Suaeda 44

Sucession, seasonal 19

Succinea 17, 95

Sunflower 16, 64

Sumac 52

Susan, Blackeyed 63

Swallows 27, 83

Swift, white throated 26, 28, 78

Swift, Prarie 17, 20, 90

Symphorocarpus 23, 60

Talinum 44

Tanager 26, 83

Tansey 102, 47

Teal 69

Temperature 15

Tern 69

Terraces 22

Terrapin 92

Tertiary 13

Thalictrum 46

Tharraos 94

Thermopsia 27, 51

Thistle 24, 65, 66

Thistle, Russian 18, 44

Thrasher 24, 86

126

INDEX— Concluded

Page

Thrush 87

Water 85

Tick, beggars 30, 63

Thindium 68

Thonmomys 27, 89

Toad 93

Toadflax 41

Tomato, wild 102, 58

Tongue, Beard 59

Topography . . 11, 12, 14

Tortula 68

Totanus 71

Towhee 24, 26, 82

Towndsendia 19

Toxostoma 86

Trahescantia 29, 39

Triglochisn 30, 33

Trirhabda 94

Troglodytes 86-

Troximon 66

Tryngites 71

Turnip, Indian 18, 102

Turtles 14, 92

Tympanuchus 72

Typha 31, 33

Tyrannus 78

U

Ulmaseae 41

Ulmus 23, 102, 41

Umbelleferae 55

Upland, Grass-covered, see Steppe

Ursus 91

Urtica 24, 41

Urticaceae 41

Usnea .... . 67

Valley, lily 40

Vallonia 95

Vegetation 12

Vebena 58

Veronica 59

Vervain 58

Vetch 16, 51

Viburnium 23, 60

Vicia 16, 51

Viola 19, 53

Violet 53

Vireo 85

Vireosylva 85

Vitacene 53

Vitis 53

Vole 17, 20, 89

Vlupes 90

Vulture 75

W

Warber, Auduboa 26, 85

Pago

Warbler, yellow 24, 85

Washingtonia 55

Wasps 17

Water, ground 22

Watercress 30

Waterleaf 57

Waxwing 26, 84

Weasel 17, 96, 91

Weather, unseasonable 19

Weeds 103

Chick 44

Clammy 29

Duck 38

Knot 42

Fire 54

Prairie 62

Hawk 66

Milk &6

Resin or gum 16, 18, 102, 62

Pond 30, 33

Smart 30

Tar 64

Tumble 18, 44

Williams, R. S 66

Willow 40

Wilsonia .' 86

Wind 15

Wintergreen 24, 55

Wire-grass formation 16

Wolf 17, 20, 90, 96

Woodpeckers 24, 26, 77

Woods 14, 23, 24, 25, 26, 102

Woodsia 26, 32

Worms 14

Wormwood 16, 29, 64

Wort 59

Milk 16

Spider 29, 39

Wren

House 26, 86

Rock 26, 27, 86

Xanthium 64

Xanthocephalus 80

Y

Yarrow 16, 26, 102, 64

Yellow-legs 71

Yellowthroat 8-6

Yucca 26, 39

Z

Zamelodia 82

Zapus 24, 90

Zenaidura 75

Zonitoides 96

Zonotrichia 82

Zygodemus 19, 39

ADVERTISEMENT.

Bulletins 1-3 (1894-1900) are entirely distributed.

Bulletin 4 (1908) can be obtained upon payment of 10 cents. The
chief articles are:

A Preliminary Report on the Geology of the Northwest-
Central Portion of South Dakota J. E. Todd

A Preliminary Report on the Geology of Gregory and

Tripp Counties Ellwood C. Perisho

(Reprints of this article are available.)

Notes on the Flora and Fauna of the old Rosebud Reser-
vation S. R. Jones, A. B. Reagan

Bulletin 5 (1912) will be supplied upon request to residents of
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letin deals in a preliminary way with Mellette, Washabaugh,
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The Geography of South-Central S. D S. S. Visher

The Geology of this Area

Ellwood C. Perisho and S. S. Visher

The Biology of this Area S-. S. Visher

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