LIBRARY

OF THE

UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA.

GIFT OF

Ctes

)<M-<-Milirr28, 1907.

U. S. DEPARTMENT OE AGRICULTURE,

BUREAU OF CHEMISTRY— BULLETIN No. 84, PART III.

H. W. \V1LKV, CHIKF OK I'.l'RKAr.

INFLUENCE OF FOOD PRESERVATIVES AND ARTIFICIAL
COLORS ON DIGESTION AND HEALTH.

III. -SULPHUROUS ACID AND SULPHITES.

BY H, W, WILEY, M, I),,

WITH THE COLLABORATION OF W. I). BIGELOW, P. G. WEBER. AND OTHERS.

WASHINGTON:

GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE.

1907.

ORGANIZATION OF THE BUREAU OF CHEMISTRY.

II. W. WILEY, Chemist and Chief of Bureau.
W. D. BIGELOW, Assistant Chief of Bureau.
F. L. DUXLAP. Associate Chemist.
F. B. LIXTOX; Chief Clerk.
Division of Foods:

W. D. BIGELOW, Chief.
WASHINGTOX FOOD INSPECTION LABORATORY —

L. M. TOLMAN, Chief.
Chief Food and Drug Inspector:

WALTER G. CAMPBELL.
Food and Drug Inspection Laboratories:

New York, R. E. DOOLITTLE, Chief.

Boston, B. II. SMITH, Chief.

Philadelphia, C. S. BRIXTOX, Chief.

Chicago, A. L. WIXTOX, Chief.

New Orleans, C. W. HARRISOX, Chief.

San Francisco, R. A. GOULD, Chief.

St. Paul, A. S. MITCHELL, Chief.

Detroit, II. L. SCHULTZ, Chief.

Savannah. [Not appointed.]

Seattle. [Not appointed.]

Buffalo, W. L. DUBOIS, Chief.

Kansas City. [Not appointed.]

Denver, A. E. LEACH, Chief.

Galveston. [Not appointed.]

Portland, Greg. [Not appointed.]

Cincinnati. [Not appointed.]
Sugar Laboratory:

C. A. BROWNE, Chief.
Dairy Laboratory:

G. E. PATRICK, Chief.
Miscellaneous Laboratory:

J. K. HAYWOOD, Chief.
Drug Laboratory:

L. F. KEBLER, Chief.
Contracts Laboratory:

P. II. WALKER, Chief.
Leather and Paper Laboratory:

F. P. VEITCH, Chief.
Micro chemical Laboratory:

B. J. HOWARD, Chief.
Special Investigations:

PHYSIOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY —

Animal physiology, F. C. WEBER, in charge.

Vegetable physiology, J. A. LE CLERC, in charge.
BACTERIOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY —

G. W. STILES, Jr., in charge, Washington.

M. E. PENNINGTON (fobcl research), in charge, Philadelphia.
ENOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY —

W. B. ALWOOD, in charge, CharlottesviUe, Va.
NITROGEN SECTION —

T. C. TRESCOT, in charge.

Issued December 23, 1907.

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE,

BUREAU OF CHEMISTRY— BULLETIN No. 84, PART III.
H. W. WILEY, CHIEF OF BUREAU.

INFLUENCE OF FOOD PRESERVATIVES AND ARTIFICIAL
COLORS ON DIGESTION AND HEALTH.

III. -SULPHUROUS ACID AND SULPHITES.

KY H, W. WILEY, M, 13,,

WITH THE COLLABORATION OF W. 1). BIGELOW, F. C. WEBER, AND OTHERS.

WASHINGTON:

GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE
1907,

LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL.

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE,

BUREAU OF CHEMISTRY,
Washington, D. C., August 15, 1907.

SIR: I have the honor to transmit for your approval the results
of the investigations which have been made in this Bureau to deter-
mine the effects of sulphurous acid and sulphites upon digestion and
health. The work is a continuation of that reported in Parts I and II
of Bulletin 84, dealing respectively with boric acid and borax, and
salicylic acid and salicylates, and I recommend that this investigation
be published as Part III of that bulletin.

The plan of the experiment .is practically the same as that followed
in the previous reports. The more elaborate study of sulphur metabo-
lism, which was of special importance in this investigation, was made
by Mr. F. C. Weber, who also conducted the hygienic table. Mr.
W. D. Bigelow had charge of the general analytical work on the foods
and feces. Mr. B. J. Howard made the microscopical examination
of the blood and urine. The Bureau of Statistics, as in the previous
investigations, rendered valuable aid in the compilation of the
analytical data, a work of great magnitude.
Respectfully,

H. W. WILEY,

Chief of Bureau.
Hon. JAMES WILSON,

Secretary of Agriculture.

HI

179202

CONTENTS

Page.

Introduction , 761

SERIES VII.

Administration of the preservative 766

Schedule of administration 766

Method of administration 768

Daily medical and clinical notes 769

Individual data * 769

Conclusions 786

Body weights 786

Variations in body weights 786

Ratio of food weight to body weight 788

Weight and water content of the feces 800

Individual data 801

Summaries 803

The urine 810

Volume, specific gravity, and total solids 810

Series VII 810

Individual data 810

Summaries 814

Series XIII 820

Individual data 820

Summaries 821

Presence of albumin and the reaction of the urine 824

Ratio of sulphur, sulphates, and phosphates to the nitrogen excreted

in the urine 826

Changes in the relative quantities of sulphur compounds excreted in the

urine 839

Individual data 839

Summaries 843

Microscopical examination of the urine 867

Microscopical examination of the blood' 877

Series VII 877

Individual data 1 877

Summaries 880

Series XIII 882

Individual data .• 882

Summaries 884

Metabolic processes 890

Nitrogen balance 890

Individual data 890

Summaries.... 893

VI CONTENTS.

Metabolic processes — Continued.

Phosphoric acid balance 913

Individual data r 913

Summaries 917

Sulphur balance 935

Individual data , . 935

Summaries 939

Fat balance '. 959

Individual data 959

Summaries 960

Calories balance 977

Individual data 977

Summaries 978

Solids balance 996

Individual data 996

Summaries 997

Summary of results 1015

SERIES XI.

The effect of sulphurous acid and sodium sulphite on the distribution of the

nitrogenous elements of the urine 1021

Introduction 1021

Schedule of administration of the preservative 1021

Presence of albumin and reaction of the urine 1022

Analytical results 1026

Individual data : 1026

Summaries 1028

General conclusions 1039

List of tables... 1041

LLUSTRATIONS.

FIG. 1. Daily and average body weights for Series VII, Nos. 1 to 6 and sum-
mary 775

2. Daily and average body weights for Series VII, Nos. 7 to 12 and sum-

mary, together with the general summary for the entire series 787

3. Individual and summarized data showing the effect of the preservative

on the red and white blood corpuscles, Series XIII 885

INFLUENCE OF FOOD PRESERVATIVES AND ARTI-
FICIAL COLORS ON DIGESTION AND HEALTH.

III.— SULPHUROUS ACID AND SULPHITES.

INTRODUCTION.

The relations of sulphurous acid to health are perhaps of greater
importance than those of the preservatives already studied — namely,
boron compounds and salicylic acid and its salts. The reason of this
is found in the fact that the use of sulphurous acid at the present time
is more general, and in certain classes of food products, according to
the statements of manufacturers, more nearly approaches a necessity
than is the case with boron or salicylic acid compounds.

Sulphurous acid in some form is extensively employed in many
technical operations in the preparation of foods. This is especially
true in the production of wine, in the preparation of evaporated or
desiccated fruits, and in the manufacture of molasses. The problem
presents itself under two aspects — namely, the use of sulphurous acid
or its compounds for technical purposes in the preparation of foods
and its application to the finished products as a preservative.

In the preparation of foods, sulphurous acid is chiefly employed in
the form of the fumes of burning sulphur, applied either to the food
products themselves in the course of manufacture or to the con-
tainers in which the food products are held. In the ripening of the
wines in cellars it is customary to fumigate the barrels with burning
sulphur each time the wines are racked. In this manner it often
happens that the wine before it is finally ready for sale on the market
may have been placed in five or more freshly sulphured containers.
By this treatment the wine absorbs a varying quantity of the sul-
phurous acid, depending to some extent upon the amount of sulphur
used in fumigating.

When sulphurous acid is used as a preservative for food products
after the manufacture has been completed it is usually employed in
the form of bisulphite of lime or some similar preparation. Sulphur-
ous acid has the property of uniting with certain organic radicals,
such as aldehydes and some sugars, to form compounds which are

761

762 INFLUENCE OF FOOD PRESERVATIVES ON HEALTH.

more or less stable, and in this form it is known as combined sulphur-
ous acid. When it exists in the form of an absorbed gas or in com-
bination with an ordinary metallic base, such as soda, potash, or lime,
it is said to be in a free state. Combined sulphurous acid is set free
from the organic combination by treatment with an acid with the aid
of heat, or with a dilute alkali in the cold.

In the accompanying report the effects of the combined sulphurous
acid are not to be considered, except in so far as the combination
takes place with the foods with which the sulphurous acid may be
mixed after entering the stomach. The purpose of the investigation
is, therefore, to determine practically the effect of free sulphurous
acid — that is, sulphurous acid in a gaseous state absorbed by water or
united with a base — rather than the effects of combined sulphurous
acid. In no case has any question been considered in these investi-
gations relating to the food value of the organic sulphur existing in
proteids and other foods.

It is true that probably in the process of digestion complete saponi-
fication of the combined sulphur compounds takes place, so that
finally they appear in the small intestines in a free state — that is, as
sulphurous acid or sulphites — and are then oxidized to sulphuric acid,
as is the free sulphurous acid, during the metabolic processes.

Practically, in the technical use of sulphurous acid in the manu-
facture of food products only the fumes of burning sulphur are
employed. Desiccated fruits, pared or unpared, are subjected, after
the removal of the pit or core, to the fumes of burning sulphur in
what is known as a " sulphur box." In the manufacture of wines
a piece of so-called " sulphur candle" — that is, a piece of cloth which
has been dipped in melted sulphur — is burned. This candle is
attached to a wire, ignited, placed in the barrel, the bung inserted,
and the candle allowed to burn until the whole of the sulphur is con-
sumed. Previous to the sulphuring it is the custom to thoroughly
wash the barrel so that the interior thereof at the time of sulphuring
is moist. The moist surface of the wood absorbs the sulphurous
acid more freely than does the dry wood. The ostensible object of
the sulphuring is to keep the barrels sweet; in other words, to destroy
any yeasts or other ferments which may adhere to the surface of the
wood or be present within it. The barrels are often sulphured some
days, or even weeks, before they are filled; at other times the filling
of the barrel with wine takes place immediately after the sulphuring.
In both cases notable quantities of sulphurous acid become diffused
throughout the wine itself. It is evident that some care must be
exercised in the use of sulphur in wine making for two very impor-
tant reasons. In the first place, if too much sulphur be used, red
wines would to a certain extent be bleached. In the second place,

SULPHUROUS ACID AND SULPHITES. Y63

if the wines become entirely saturated with sulphurous acid the sec-
ondary fermentations which produce the ripening of the wine would
not take place. In such cases the wines apparently appear to be
perfectly mature within one or two years, whereas the proper matura-
tion of a wine requires a much longer time. In the manufacture of
non-fortified sweet wines much larger amounts of sulphur are used
than in the manufacture of dry wines. This is an important fact,
since it shows that the large quantities of sulphur are not necessary
for the preservation of dry wines, because it is well known that red
wines, which are generally very dry, are quite as well preserved as
white, although containing much less sulphurous acid. It is claimed
that in the manufacture of sweet wines — that is, those in which the
natural sugars coming from the juice of the grape are not entirely
fermented — larger quantities of sulphur are necessary to prevent
fermentations after the wine is mature. If the sweet wine be made
from a suitable kind of grape — that is, one which is so rich in sugar
that it gives a certain maximum quantity of alcohol and still leaves
some unfermented sugar — it is evident that no excess of sulphurous
acid will be necessary. In such a case the wine would be preserved
by its natural alcoholic content. If, on the other hand, a sweet wine
be made from a must so poor in sugar that it is necessary to add an
additional quantity, the product can not be regarded as a natural
wine, and hence there seems to be no necessity for providing for
its manufacture.

In the. manufacture of sirups and molasses it is quite customary
to expose the freshly expressed juices of the canes to the fumes of
burning sulphur. The " sulphur box" used in this case is so con-
structed that the juice falling over shelves by gravity absorbs the
fumes of the burning sulphur rising from the box, which to this
extent serves as a chimney. The sulphur dioxid becomes incorpo-
rated with the components of the juice forming more or less stable
compounds which are not entirely broken up by subsequent boiling.
The sulphur in this form, as well as that which may still be present
in the free state (that is either as an absorbed gas or in combination
with metallic bases), passes into. the finished product. When sugar
is made there is a concentration of the sulphur compounds in the
molasses and this concentration becomes greater in proportion to
the number of crops of sugar crystals removed. In very low grade
molasses the sulphur naturally occurs in extraordinarily large quan-
tities.

In the preparation of evaporated apricots, peaches, pears, and
mandarins sulphuring is practiced for the following reasons:

(1) To produce as clear and intense a yellow color as possible.

(2) To conceal decayed portions of the fruit which have been overlooked in trimming.

(3) To prevent fermentation and decay during the drying of the fruit.

764 INFLUENCE OF FOOD PRESERVATIVES ON HEALTH.

(4) To protect the fruit during drying from flies and other insects, the larvse of which
would otherwise develop after the fruit was stored.

(5) To kill the cells of the fruit and thus make the texture more porous, which
expedites drying.

In the application of the fumes of burning sulphur in the prepara-
tion of evaporated apples the principal object appears to be the preser-
vation of the color of the finished product. Fruits which have been
sulphured before evaporation seem to have a lighter color than
those which are dried without sulphuring. At the same time it is
well known that highly sulphured fruits are preserved with a lower
degree of desiccation than those not sulphured, and for this reason
a greater weight of fruit is produced from a given weight of the raw
material when sulphur is used. It is not difficult to preserve a water
content of 30 per cent or over in the finished product when liberal
sulphuring is practiced. The use of sulphurous acid also makes it
easier to protect the finished product from mold and fungous growths
in general after manufacture. That excessive quantities of sulphur
are not necessary for the production of evaporated fruits of pleasing
appearance is well attested by analytical data obtained by the exam-
ination of fruits purchased in the open market having a light and
pleasing color, and at the same time containing only a small quantity
of sulphurous acid. On the other hand, it is quite easy by certain
forms of treatment during the process of manufacture to obtain a
product in which sulphurous acid is present in excessively large
quantities. The analytical data also show that a portion of the
sulphurous acid used in the preparation of such products becomes
oxidized into sulphuric acid after a certain time, thus artificially
increasing the small amount of sulphates naturally present in some
food products, which does not appear to be a desirable practice.

As sulphurous acid in some form is almost universally employed in
the manufacture of wines, molasses, and sirups, and in the prepara-
tion of desiccated fruits, it is evident that the prohibition of its use
would necessitate a radical change in methods of manufacture. This
fact, however, it might be stated, has nothing whatever to do with
the purposes of the present investigation. Assuming that in the
manufacturing processes certain added bodies are used which are
found on investigation to be injurious to health, the rational conclu-
sion of such an investigation would be, not to excuse or overlook the
use of such bodies, but to institute investigations looking to their sup-
pression. If, therefore, the results of the present study indicate that
sulphurous acid, even in small quantities, is a deleterious substance
when added to foods, it would be reasonable to expect that manufac-
turers, as well as investigators, would immediately take steps looking
to the early suppression of the injurious substance. While it is not
likely that such an event could be accomplished within a year or two,
it is reasonable to suppose that it could be eventually brought about

SULPHUROUS ACID AND SULPHITES. 765

without any disturbance to manufacture and without any diminution
in the output of the article.

In matters of this kind it is advisable to proceed when possible
with conservative steps and to avoid any attempt at sudden and
revolutionary changes in methods of manufacture. In all such cases,
however, it will be found not only possible and desirable to make the
food product in question without the use of the deleterious substance,
but there is evidence to show that the products thus manufactured
will be more palatable, more wholesome, and more valuable than
those made according to the methods commonly used at present.
Practical experiments have shown, for instance, the possibility of pro-
ducing a high-grade sirup from cane juice and other saccharine saps
without the use of the fumes of burning sulphur. Analytical data
show the presence on the market of considerable quantities of desic-
cated fruits of good appearance in which the quantity of sulphur is
so small as to be ascribed rather to the conversion of the natural sul-
phur content of the product than to the addition of the sulphur in
its manufacture. At the present time considerable quantities of wine
are made without the addition of sulphur of any description, and
these wines are of fine appearance, excellent flavor, and of noted
purity and wholesomeness.

In so far as the mere tint of the food product is concerned, it is
not a difficult matter to familiarize the public with a tint of a differ-
ent kind from that which would be produced by the use of sulphur.
The only arguments of any force favoring the use of sulphurous
acid in food products are those which relate either to the preserva-
tion of the food product or to its color. As the preservation of the
product can be easily secured, and a slight change in color rendered
familiar without working any hardship, these arguments seem to
have no force whatever in justifying the continuation of the use of
sulphurous acid in foods. It may be the part of wisdom in the
administration of food laws to tolerate existing methods of manu-
facture for a certain length of time looking to their amelioration or
change, but that is a question with which this investigation is not
concerned.

There is reason to believe, therefore, as a result of the present
studies, which have shown that the use of sulphurous acid in foods
is deleterious, that a rapid change will be made in the processes of
manufacture looking to the Complete and somewhat speedy suppres-
sion of its employment. The use of sulphurous acid and sulphites
never adds anything to the flavor or quality of a food, but renders
it both less palatable and less healthful. Every fact which has been
brought out, therefore, in the investigation tends to accentuate the
justness of the conclusion, namely, that the use of sulphurous acid
in foods should be suppressed. The data on which these conclusions
are based are given in detail in the following pages.

SERIES VII.

ADMINISTRATION OF THE PRESERVATIVE.
SCHEDULE OF ADMINISTRATION.

The fore period in Series VII began on February 1, 1904, and the
after period closed on Mar.cn 11. The fore period extended over a
period of ten days, the preservative period lasted twenty days, and the
after period ten days, a total of forty days under observation. The
divisions of the periods are shown in Table I.

TABLE I. — Dates of periods and subperiods, Series VII.

Periods and subperiods.

Date of
begin-
ning.

Date of
ending.

Fore period

1904.
Feb 1

1904.
Feb 10

First subperiod. . . .

...do

Feb. 5

Second subperiod

Feb. 6

Feb 10

Preservative period

Feb. 11

Mar. 1

First subperiod .

...do

Feb. 15

Second subperiod

Feb. 16

Feb. 20

Third subperiod

Feb. 21

Feb 25

Fourth, subperiod

Feb. 26

Mar. 1

After period .

Mar. 2

Mar. 11

First subperiod

....do...

Mar. 6

Second subperiod

Mar. 7

Mar 11

The period extending from December 7, 1903, which marked the
close of Series VI on salicylic acid, to February 1, 1904, when the
sulphurous acid series was begun, is termed the relaxation period.
Inasmuch as the same men served in the two experiments it was
deemed advisable to allow this length of time to elapse before entering
upon the second test.

In Table II is given a schedule showing the dates of the admin-
istration of the preservative and the amounts given. The salt
used for the administration of the sulphurous acid was sodiurq.
sulphite, and the quantity of SO2 contained therein was calculated.
About one-fourth of the weight of crystallized sulphite (Na2SO3 7 H2O)
is composed of sulphurous acid (SO2). From the table it is seen that
the quantity of sulphurous acid as sulphites administered during
the first preservative subperiod to each man is 1.115 grams and in the
form of sulphurous acid gas 0.856 gram. For the second preserva-
tive subperiod the quantity given to each man is 2.54 grams as
766

SULPHUROUS ACID AND SULPHITES.

767

sulphite and 2 grams as sulphurous acid gas, with the exception of
No. 7, who received only 1 .6 grams. During the third preservative sub-
period the total quantity of sulphurous acid as sulphites administered
was 3.81 grams for all except No. 5, who received 2.54 grams. The
quantity of sulphurous acid gas administered was 2 grams with the
exception of No. 7, who received 1.8 grams, and of No. 12, who received
1.6 grams. For the fourth preservative subperiod the total quantity
of sulphurous acid given as sodium sulphite was 3.81 grams for Nos.
1 and 2, 0.381 gram for No. 3, 5.1 grams for No. 4, and none at all
for Nos. 5 and 6, who had become so ill that they could not take any
more of the preservative. The quantity administered during the
fourth preservative subperiod as sulphurous acid gas was 2 grams,
except in the cases of Nos. 7 and 12, who by reason of illness took
none at all.

The total and average amounts of the preservative administered
and all individual variations in the quantities taken, may be found in
Table II.

TABLE II. — Schedule of administration of preservative, Series VII.

Period and date
(1904).

Sodium sulphite as SOz (capsules).

Sulphurous acid as SO2 (aqueous solu-
tion).

No. 1.

No. 2.

No. 3.

No. 4.

No. 5.

No. 6. No. 7.

No. 8.

No. 9.

No. 10.

No. 11.

No. 12

First subperiod:
Feb. 11

gms.
0.113
.240
.254
.254
.254

gms.
0.113
.240
.254
.254
.254

gms.
0.113
.240
.254
.254
.254

gms.
0.113
.240
.254
.254
.254

gms.
0.113
.240
.254
.254
.254

gms.
0.113
.240
.254
.254
.254

gms.
0.078
.178
.200
.200
.200

gms.
0.078
.178
.200
.200
.200

gms.
0.078
.178
.200
.200
.200

gms.
0.078
.178
.200
.200
.200

gms.
0.078
.178
.200
.200
.200

gms.
0.078
.178
.200
.200
.200

12

13

14

15

Total

1.115
.223

.508
.508
.508
.508
.508

1.115
.223

1.115
.223

.508
.508
.508
.508
.508

1.115
.223

1.115
.223

.508
.508
.508
.508
.508

1.115
.223

.508
.508
.508
.508
.508

.856
.171

.856
.171

.400
.400
.400
.400
.400

.856
.171

.856
.171

.856
.171

: :

.400
.400
.400
.400
.400

.856
.171

Average

Second subperiod:
Feb. 16

.508
.508
.508
.508
.508

.508
.508
.508
.508
.508

.400
.400
.400
0
.400

.400
.400
.400
.400
.400

.400
.400
.400
.400
.400

.400
.400
.400
.400
.400

17

18 ...

19

20

Total

2.540
.508

2.540
.508

2.540
.508

.762

.762
.762
.762
.762

2.540
.508

2.540

.508

.762
.762
.762
.254
.000

2.540
.508

1.600
.320

2.000
.400

2.000
.400

2.000
.400

2.000
.400

2.000
4.00

Average

Third subperiod:
Feb. 21

.762
.762
.762
.762
.762

.762
.762
.762
.762
.762

.762
.762
.762
.762
.762

.762
.762
.762
.762
.762

.400
.400
.400
.400
.200

.400
.400
.400
.400
.400

. 400
.400
.400
.400
.400

.400
.400
.400
.400
.400

.400
.400
.400
.400
.400

.400
.400
.400
.400
.000

22

23

24

25

Total

3,810
.762

.762
.762
.762
.762
.762

3.810
.762

3. 810
.762

.381*
0
0
0
0

3.810
.762

2-540

.508

0
0
0
0
0

3.810
.762

1.800
.360

0
0
0
0
0

2.000
.400

2.000
.400

.400
.400
.400
.400
.400

2.000
.400

2.000
.400

1.600
.320

Average

Fourth subperiod:
Feb. 26

.762
.762
.762
.762
.762

.020
.020
.020
.020
.020

0
0
0
0
0

.400
.400
.400
.400
.400

.400
.400
.400
.400
.400

.400

.400
.400
.400
.400

0
0
0
0
0

27

28

29

Mar. 1

Total..

3.810
.762

3.810
.762

-~— ^

11. 275
.564

.381
.076

1 -" '^_—

7.846
.392

5.100
1.020

12. 565
.628

0
0

0
0

7.465
.373

0
0

2.000
.400

6.856
.343

2.000
.400

2.000
.400

2.000
.400

0
0

Average

Entire preservative
period:
Total

11. 275
.564

6. 195
.310

4.256
.213

6.856
3.43

6.856
343

6.856
* .343

4.456
.223

Average .

768 INFLUENCE OF FOOD PRESERVATIVES ON HEALTH.

METHOD OF ADMINISTRATION.

The organization of the work in general was practically identical
with that of the previous investigations.0 A slight variation in the
administration of the preservative was introduced by the fact that it
was deemed important that the investigation should include sulphur-
ous acid in a gaseous state as well as in combination as sulphites.
The most convenient method for the administration of the gaseous
sulphurous acid was found to be by the preparation of an aqueous
solution of the acid of standard strength taken, after dilution with
water, as an ordinary drink. Water proved to be a more convenient
vehicle than milk or other beverages for this purpose.

In the form of sulphites the method of achninistration in capsules
was practiced. This method, as in the previous investigations, was
found not only to be the most convenient, but also, all things con-
sidered, the most desirable form in which to administer a substance
of this kind.

Attention has been called in the previous reports to the distaste
which the subject would acquire for a food product in which he knew
the preservative had been mixed, and therefore less disturbance of
the mental equilibrum was caused by the administration of the capsule,
the envelope of which is itself a food product and would be soon dis-
solved in the acid digestive juices of the stomach. Moreover, in the
solution of this capsule the whole of the preservative is not discharged
at once into the contents of the stomach, but the capsule dissolving
at different points presents gradually increasing surfaces at which solu-
tion of its contents may take place, and this, in connection with the
peristaltic action of the stomach, results in a complete incorporation
of the preservative with the food in the stomach in a reasonable
period of time. Thus, in substances which do not possess any active
escharotic action, no possible damage can be done to the walls of the
stomach by this method of administration. The objections which
have been made to this form of administration are undoubtedly of
a merely captions character, for the purpose, if possible, of prejudicing
the public against the conclusions reached. Inasmuch as the cap-
sule is a common method of administering solid remedies at the
present time the practice of the medical profession approves unani-
mously this method of exhibition.

It will be observed that in all the discussions which follow summa-
ries are prepared for Nos. 1 to 6 and 7 to 12, the individuals being
grouped in accordance with the nature of the preservative admin-
istered, i. e., Nos. 1 to 6 receiving sodium sulphite, and Nos. 7 to 12
sulphurous acid. Additional summaries are given for Nos. 1 to 4, 5
and 6, and 8 to 11, these subgroups being arranged according to
common -variations in administration of the preservative.

a Bui. 84, Part I, p. 11; Part II, p. 479.

SULPHUBOUS ACID AND SULPHITES. 769

DAILY MEDICAL AND CLINICAL NOTES.
INDIVIDUAL DATA.

As in the previous investigations, the young men were selected
from a number of volunteers and were required to subscribe to the
pledges described in Part I.a The members of the table were sub-
jected to careful examination throughout the course of the experi-
ments for the purpose of recording the medical data which are
presented in the following pages by periods and subperiods.

No. l.—C. W. N.

No. 1 of this series began the fore period with all functions in nor-
mal condition. His recorded temperature on the first day was
98.4°, pulse beats 78 per minute, and weight 68.5 kilograms. This
normal condition continued throughout the first subperiod, the tem-
perature ranging from 98.3° to 98.6°, and the pulse being constant
for the last four days at 66 beats per minute. His body weight on
the last day of this subperiod was 68.5 and the average weight for the
five days was 68.44 kilograms.

On the first day of the second subperiod No. 1's temperature and
pulse were normal, being 98.4° and 66 beats, respectively, and weight
68.5 kilograms. .On the second day a slight febrile condition existed,
his temperature registering 99° and pulse 84. This condition dis-
appeared, however, by the following day, and for the remainder of
the period his pulse and temperature were normal, but the weight
had decreased during the period, 68 kilograms being recorded for
the last day, while 68.25 kilograms represented the average weight
for the second subperiod of the fore period. The average weight for
the entire fore period is 68.34 kilograms.

The clinical examination of the urine during the fore period
showed the kidneys to be in normal condition, no albumin or casts
present. The general condition of the subject was good.

The same normal condition prevailed at the beginning of the first
preservative subperiod and continued till the last day of the sub-
period, when he complained of pain in the stomach and frequent
urinations; his temperature and pulse for this day, February 15,
were normal. The body weight had slightly increased, as com-
pared with that of the last day of the fore period, the average for
the subperiod being 68.31 kilograms.

In the second preservative subperiod the subject complained at
intervals of pains in the stomach, particularly after meals, his tem-
perature and pulse were still normal, and the body weight had
steadily increased, giving an average of 68.44 kilograms for the
subperiod.

a Page 12,

770 INFLUENCE OF FOOD PRESERVATIVES ON HEALTH.

The third preservative subperiod was characterized by pains in
the stomach throughout the period, and on the first day of the
period the subject complained of being weak and feeling chilly.
His temperature for this period ranged from 98.2° to 98.6°, and his
pulse was somewhat varied, ranging from 55 to 70 beats per minute.
The body weight, however, showed a slight gain, 68.10 kilograms
being recorded on the first day and 69.20 on the last day of the
period. The average weight for this subperiod was 68.64 kilograms.

During the first part of the fourth preservative subperiod No. 1
still complained of abdominal pains, but by the end of the period the
subject reported himself as feeling " normal" and with no " symp-
toms." The temperature and pulse were normal during this sub-
period, the average body weight being 68.94 kilograms. The average
weight for the entire preservative period was 68.58 kilograms.

During the preservative period No. 1 developed a very minute
trace of albumin in his urine; the microscopical examination, how-
ever, did not show any marked change.

The preservative period, as a whole, had quite a noticeable effect
on this subject, though he was loath to admit it. His general
appearance was below normal and he seemed much depressed, but
improved in the last preservative subperiod.

In the after period no symptoms are recorded; the temperature
remained normal, 98.4° throughout, pulse normal, and the whole
general appearance somewhat improved.

The average weight for the first after subperiod was 68.48 kilo-
grams, for the second after subperiod 68.76 kilograms, and for the
entire after period 68.62 kilograms.

No. 2.—W. P.

This subject began the fore period with a temperature of 98.1°,
pulse 69 beats per minute, and a body weight of 70.72 kilograms.
The only point of note during the fore period is the uniformly low
temperature and the fact that the pulse is somewhat lower during
the second fore subperiod, the average for the five days being 62.
No. 2 had had no previous sickness and was in good condition during
the fore period. The average body weight for the first subperiod
was 70.31 kilograms, for the second subperiod 70.04, and for the
entire fore period 70.18 kilograms. A clinical examination of the
urine of No. 2 showed a slight albuminuria.

No. 2 passed through the first preservative subperiod without
any apparent change, his temperature still remained subnormal,
pulsations were very constant, registering 59 and 60 throughout; his
average body weight was 69.94 kilograms. On the fourth day of
the second preservative subperiod he reported a feeling of dizziness
at times, which did not occur, however, on the succeeding day. His

SULPHUROUS ACID AND SULPHITES. 771

temperature and pulse remained practically the same as in the
previous subperiod. The average body weight for the second
preservative subperiod was 69.66 kilograms.

The first day of the third preservative subperiod No. 2 reported
himself as " feeling all right." On this day his temperature reg-
istered 98° and pulsations 65, body weight 69.37 kilograms. The
next day he complained of a slight pain in the stomach. No other
complaint or symptom is registered on the three following days of
the subperiod, his temperature remaining at 98° and pulse 60 beats
per minute. The average body weight for the third preservative
subperiod was 69.44 kilograms.

No symptoms or complaints of any nature are registered during
the fourth preservative subperiod. His temperature for the first
four days of this subperiod was considerably below normal, but not
sufficient to cause any suspicion, considering the uniform subnormal
temperature of this subject throughout; on the last day the tem-
perature registered 98.6° F., pulse 66, which is just a few beats higher
than in the previous period. His average body weight for this
subperiod was 69.41 kilograms. The average for the entire pre-
servative period was 69.61 kilograms.

The condition of the kidneys remained about the same, a slight
trace of albumin being shown throughout, with scarcely any change
in the microscopical examination.

On the first day of the after period No. 2 had ua little pain in the
stomach," which was of slight duration and did not recur again
during this period. His temperature and pulse remained practically
constant throughout at 98° and 60, respectively. The average body
weight for this period was 69.41 kilograms.

In the second after subperiod the subject reported a headache and
pain in the stomach on two successive days. His temperature
registered 98° F. throughout and pulsations averaged 64, with very
little variation. The average body weight for this subperiod was
69.13 kilograms, while the average for the entire after period was
69.27 kilograms.

The examinations of the urine in the after period again indicated
a slight albuminuria.

The administration of the preservative seemed to have compara-
tively little effect on this subject. He complained once of dizziness
and headache during the preservative period and on three days in
the after period of pain in the abdominal region and headache, but
for ,the greater part of the time was in good condition. He suffered
an average loss of weight ' during the entire observation amounting
to almost 1 kilogram, although his symptoms were not nearly so
pronounced as those of No. 1, who made a slight gain in weight.
11240— Bull: 84, pt 3— 07 2

772 INFLUENCE OF FOOD PRESERVATIVES ON HEALTH.

No. 3.— W. F. H. ,

This subject entered the fore period in good condition with all
bodily functions normal. He had reported no sickness previous to
entering on this work and had never been very ill. While in college
he belonged to the rowing crew and sometimes had palpitation of the
heart after severe training. Occasionally he had a touch of heartburn,
but no serious indigestion.

The first fore subperiod passed with the subject in good condition,
though his temperature was below normal, averaging 98° F., and
pulse quite high, being on an average 84 beats per minute. His
average body weight for this period was 63.54 kilograms.

There was no change in the subject's condition during the second
fore subperiod. His temperature remained about the same, 98°,
though on the first two days of the period it was normal. His pulse
was normal, averaging 74 beats per minute for the period. His aver-
age weight was 64.08 kilograms.

He reported nothing wrong during the first preservative subperiod,
and seemed, from outward appearances, to stand the preservative
well. His average temperature for this period was 98.5° and average
pulse beats 81. The body weight averaged 64.18 kilograms.

No. 3 began the second preservative subperiod with a temperature
decidedly subnormal, 97.7°, taken before dinner, and pulsations 76.
His temperature after dinner of the same day was 98.6° and the body
weight 64.25 kilograms. On the evening of this day No. 3 became
very much alarmed. He reported violent palpitation of the heart,
with occasional loss of a beat at 10.30 p. m. of this day, which was
directly brought about by a brisk walk for half a block to catch a
car. He also experienced a sensation of giddiness and blurred vision
and difficulty of breathing. These symptoms lasted during the
night, and at 9 a. m. the next day his pulse was beating 120 per
minute. In the afternoon he had an attack of indigestion, some
headache, and continued dizziness.

At 5.30 p. m. of this day his temperature was normal, 98.4°, and
pulse beats 76 per minute. The body weight was 64 kilograms.
During the remainder of this period the indigestion evidently con-
tinued, as he experienced eructations of gas and occasionally belched
a mouthful of food. He also had pain in the abdomen and over the
left side and sensations of dizziness. His temperature and pulse
were quite variable, registering 98.6° on February 19 and pulsations
80. On February 20, the last day of the second subperiod, his tem-
perature is reported as 97.9° and pulsations 68. The average body
weight for this subperiod is practically the same as for the previous
one, 64.19 kilograms.

The third preservative subperiod began February 21, and a tem-
perature, before dinner, of 98.9° F. and a pulse of 72 are recorded.

SULPHUROUS ACID AND SULPHITES. 773

The subject was all right with the exception of a slight feeling of
weakness. On the next day his temperature and pulse were exactly
the same as on February 21. He was feeling very tired, although
he had not taken any extra amount of exercise; lips were dry and
parched and he had a bad taste in his mouth. He did not experience
so much trouble from indigestion as on the preceding few days, but
was troubled with quite severe heartburn. On February 23 his
temperature and pulse were normal, 98.4° and 76, respectively. He
reported "abdominal pains" and expulsions of gas during the day.
He was feeling much better the next day, but on February 25 was
quite uneasy again; had a very restless sleep and a return of pains
in stomach, also dizziness. His temperature and pulse for this day
were 97.9° and 80, respectively. His average body weight for the
third preservative subperiod was 64.39 kilograms.

On the first day of the fourth preservative subperiod No. 3's tem-
perature was 99.4° F. before dinner and 100° F. after dinner; pulsa-
tions, 100; he had decreased considerably in weight from the previous
day and reported that he had had severe dizziness during the evening
and day and another attack of palpitation, became nauseated, and
had an attack of vomiting during the afternoon. The administration
of the preservative was discontinued from this time on, but for the
remainder of this period the same symptoms were noticeable, particu-
larly a feeling of dizziness and pains in abdomen.

The last day of the preservative period No. 3 reported himself as
" feeling good." His temperature was 98.90° F., pulse 72, and body
weight 64.32 kilograms. The average body weight for this subperiod
was 63.51 kilograms.

The average body weight for the entire preservative period was
64.07 kilograms, a little higher than the average for the fore period,
but a glance at the daily platted weights (fig. 1) shows a marked
falling off in weight corresponding to the large administration of pre-
servative and an increase in weight when the preservative was with-
drawn. The subject showed the effects of the preservative to a marked
degree. His general appearance at the end of the preservative period
was much below normal, his color was not good, and he was in a much
depressed condition. He was quite ill on February 26, and though
somewhat alarmed, the fact that he was a senior medical student
would permit of full credence being given to the symptoms as he
described them. The urine examination during the preservative
period showed a minute trace of albumin at end of period.

In the first part of the after period the symptoms of digestive dis-
turbance were still recorded by No. 3. The last part of the first
subperiod he reported himself as feeling well. His temperature and
pulse, which had been somewhat irregular, returned to normal, 98.6° F.

774 INFLUENCE OF FOOD PRESERVATIVES ON HEALTH.

and 74, respectively, at end of the subperiod. The average body
weight was 64.34 kilograms.

On the first day of the second after subperiod No. 3 reported a
slight feeling of malaise and that he easily became tired. His tem-
perature was 99.3° F. and pulsation 80. He felt all right the following
day, but had a headache in the morning of the third day of the period,
which passed away before evening. No symptoms are shown on the
last two days of the period, his temperature and pulse being normal.

The average body weight for this subperiod was 64.66 kilograms
and for the entire after period 64.50 kilograms. The small trace of
albumin in the urine still persisted during the after period.

No. 4.—F. E. B.

At the beginning of the fore period No. 4 was suffering with a severe
cold. He had some fever, his temperature on the first day of the period
registering 100.1° F. and pulsation 96. He weighed 63.31 kilograms
on this day. In the evening he took 4 grains of quinine and 15 grains
of phenacetin. The next day his temperature had fallen to 99.6°
and his pulse was 86 beats per minute. The cold was still quite severe,
but improving. It gradually wore off as the period advanced, till at
the end of the first fore subperiod the subject felt about normal,
though he still had a slight cold with an occasional headache. His
temperature on the last day of this period was 98.6° F., pulse 74, and
body weight 62.91 kilograms. The average weight for the period was
63.11 kilograms.

He still suffered slightly from the cold during the first part of the
second fore subperiod, but gradually improved, till at end of the
period he reported himself as entirely normal and feeling all right.
The average temperature for this subperiod was 98.4° and pulse 69,
with only slight variations from these averages. The average body
weight was 62.89, the average weight for the entire fore period being
62.97 kilograms.

No. 4 passed through the first preservative subperiod without any
feeling of discomfort, and in a normal condition. His temperature
was a little below normal, 98.2° F., and pulse averaged 67 beats per
minute. His average weight for this period was 63 kilograms. There
were no abnormal symptoms during the second preservative sub-
period, temperature and pulse being also normal and the average body
weight 62.82 kilograms.

The same statement also applies to the third preservative subperiod,
with the exception of the temperature, which is a little subnormal,
especially toward the end of the period, when only 98° is recorded.
The body weight for this period averaged 62.69 kilograms.

SULPHUROUS ACID AND SULPHITES. • 775

FEBRUARY MARCH

SUMMARY N°.s I-2-3-4-5-6 , RECEIVED Na2 S03

FORE PERIOD PRESERVATIVE PERIOD AFTER PERIOD

r*.
LEGEND}

FIG. i.- Daily and average body weights for Series VII, Nos. 1 to 6 and summary. (No. 5 is
included in the summary throughout the fore period . )

776 INFLUENCE OF FOOD PRESERVATIVES ON HEALTH.

During the fourth preservative subperiod No. 4 received 4 grams of
sodium sulphite per day (equivalent to 1.020 grams SO2). On the
first two days of the period he records that he felt normal in every
way. His temperature was subnormal on the first day, 98° F., but
normal, 98.6°, on the second day, and the pulse was normal. On the
third day he developed a slight headache and some fever; temperature
99.4°, pulsations 78. The headache and fever continued, though
slight, on the fourth day; temperature 99.5° F. and pulsations 78.
On the fifth day the headache still continued, though the temperature
had dropped back to normal, 98.6° F., pulsations 74. The average
body weight was 62.40 kilograms for the last subperiod and for the
entire preservative period it was 62.73 kilograms.

He reported himself as normal throughout the first after subperiod.
His temperature, however, was quite below normal, averaging 97.9°
F. for the period, pulse normal. The average weight was 61.91
kilograms.

The condition was normal throughout the second after subperiod,
temperature and pulse normal, average weight 61.85 kilograms.
The average for the entire after period was 61.89 kilograms.

No. 4 showed less effects from the preservative than any other
members of the class, though starting under rather unfavorable
conditions in the fore period. The symptoms developed in the fourth
preservative subperiod differ from those of others in absence of
pains in lower abdomen and intestines and sensations of dizziness;
a headache developed accompanied with a slight and quickly rising
fever, which disappeared as quickly as it appeared.

The urine was normal throughout the whole experiment as shown
by the clinical examination.

No. 5.—C. C. P.

This subject entered at the beginning of the second fore subperiod,
the original No. 5 having been excused. His medical history pre-
vious to entering this experiment was fairly good. He had been
No. 3 in Series VI on salicylic acid, and while he was not an ideal
subject for such experimental work as concerned his own observations,
his analytical data are correct. He was quite young and easily
influenced by surroundings. Further, he was negligent in caring for
his own bodily functions and in the previous experiment was very
constipated, which condition to some extent obtained during this
series.

During the relaxation period the subject had had a slight cold the
greater part of the time. An examination of his heart revealed a
very quick action.

In the fore period his temperature and pulse were high throughout,
averaging 99.1° F. and 93, respectively. He reported a headache

SULPHUROUS ACID AND SULPHITES. 777

on one or two occasions, but had no other symptoms to account for
the continued high temperature except the effects of the cold from
which he was just recovering. His average weight for this period
was 52.72 kilograms.

The high temperature and pulse continued throughout the first
preservative subperiod, the temperature ranging from 98.9° to 99.2° F.
and pulsations 91. On the third and fourth days of the period he
complained of pains in region of shoulder and left side. Otherwise
his condition was apparently the same as in the fore period. The
average body weight for this subperiod was 52.81 kilograms.

The same condition was manifest in the second preservative sub-
period, namely, high temperature and high pulse. The subject com-
plained of increasing pains in back and side, till on the fourth day of
the period, when he complained of headache; pains in left side, and
felt "all broken up." His temperature for this day was 99.8° F.
and pulsations 100. He took 8 grains of quinine in the evening.
The average weight for the period was 52.91 kilograms.

In the third preservative subperiod these complaints gradually
increased; high temperature and pulse also continued, till on the
third and fourth day of the period his temperature reached 100.2° F.
and pulsations 106. He appeared to be contracting a severe cold and
was quite ill; complained of headache, pains in stomach and chest,
and loss of appetite. No preservative was given after February 24,
the fourth day of this subperiod. The average wreight was 52.57
kilograms.

There was not much change in the subject's condition during the
fourth preservative subperiod, maximum temperature and pulse
being reached on the second day of period, 100.5° F. and 100, respec-
tively, the minimum, on last day of period, being 99.2° F. and 90,
respectively. His average body weight for the fourth subperiod was
51.69, and for the entire preservative period 52.49 kilograms.

In the after period the subject reported himself as feeling all right;
temperature, however, was still high, 99.1° F. and pulsations 90; he
did not regain his appetite and gradually lost weight throughout.
The average weight for the after period was 51 kilograms. The
urinary examination throughout the period of observation revealed
nothing abnormal.

This subject was quite unsatisfactory throughout. He began the
observation under adverse conditions, having had a cold throughout
the period of relaxation, bu! had improved considerably at the end of
the fore period. It is rather difficult to discriminate in this case
between the symptoms induced by the preservative and the effects of
the cold.

778 INFLUENCE OF FOOD PRESERVATIVES ON HEALTH.

No. 6.—L. M. S.

No. 6 was confined to his room eleven days during the relaxation
period with an attack of la grippe, his temperature at one time rising
to 103° F. He still felt weak at the beginning of the period of obser-
vation, but was regaining his strength and feeling normal with good
appetite. Aside from the facts above noted the subject passed
through the fore period in good condition. He gained weight
slightly, as might be expected, the average for the first fore subperiod
being 58.65, for the second fore subperiod 58.82, and for the entire
fore period 58.74 kilograms. Temperature and pulse were somewhat
irregular during the fore period, but not to such an extent as to be
abnormal.

The subject passed through the first preservative subperiod in good
condition; temperature and pulse were normal. The average body
weight for this subperiod was 58.77 kilograms.

In the second preservative subperiod No. 6 had an average tem-
perature of 98.5° F. and pulse constant at 78 beats per minute. He
had a slight attack of indigestion but was normal in all other respects.
The average body weight for this subperiod was 58.71 kilograms.

Temperature and pulse remained normal throughout the third pre-
servative subperiod. The subject complained of slight loss of appe-
tite on the first day, which he regained, however, on the two succeed-
ing days. He also complained of indigestion and an uncomfortable
feeling in the stomach and headache after meals. He was taken with
nausea after lunch on February 24, but retained food, and the nau-
seated feeling finally passed away. The average body weight was 58.66
kilograms for this subperiod.

No preservative was given during the fourth preservative period.
The first three days of this period No. 6 had a temperature of 98.2° F.,
pulsations 78. He had sensations of pain in the region of the stom-
ach, felt faint at times and dizzy; reported headache on one or two
occasions. On the last two days of this period his temperature and
pulse were normal, but he still had a touch of indigestion. His aver-
age body weight for this period was 58.50; for the entire preservative
period 58.66 kilograms.

This subject's general appearance during the preservative period
was decidedly below normal, and he showed the effects of the preserv-
ative to quite an extent.

In the first after subperiod there was shown a tendency to a subnor-
mal temperature, though on the first day the temperature and pulse
were normal. He complained on this day of a faint feeling in the
stomach, which was relieved after eating ; this same feeling manifested
itself on the following day, though in other respects he was feeling
well. On the last day of this subperiod his temperature was 98.2° F.,
pulsations 78, average body weight 58.65 kilograms.

SULPHUROUS ACID AND SULPHITES. 779

The second after subperiod opened with the subject's temperature
at 98.6° F. and pulsations 79 per minute. He reported a headache
during the entire day and a ubad feeling in the stomach." The head-
ache continued during the following two days, temperature for these
days being somewhat below normal, 98.1° F. and pulse 78 beats per
minute. The after period closed with the subject feeling well, tem-
perature and pulse normal. His average body weight for this sub-
period was 58.21, and for the entire after period 58.43 kilograms.

The examination of the urine showed a " small quantity" of albumin
throughout the entire observation; this is evidently pathological in
this case, as the same is reported in the previous series of which No. 6
was a member ; the microscopical examination is not so alarming, a
large number of mucous cylindroids and a few casts being found. As
a whole, the urinary examination would point to the existence of a
slight nephritis which had been of long standing.

No. 7.—J. N. B.

This subject was in excellent physical condition and had had no
illness of any nature during the period of relaxation. His heart
action and kidneys were normal; temperature somewhat subnor-
mal, but uniformly so. The normal condition continued throughout
the fore period, his average body weight for that time being 70.46
kilograms.

On the last day of the first preservative subperiod the subject
reported a slight headache during the afternoon; there was no change in
temperature or pulse and the body weight was practically the same as
in the last fore subperiod. The average weight for this preservative
subperiod was 70.02 kilograms.

No. 7 complained of a headache at the beginning of the second pre-
servative subperiod, but this symptom disappeared by the following
day. On the third day of the period he felt tired, especially in the
lumbar region, and on the following day had a recurrence of headache
accompanied by dizziness and feeling of weakness. His temperature
and pulse were somewhat higher on this day. His body weight
remained practically the same, averaging 70.06 kilograms for the
subperiod.

In the third preservative subperiod this subject complained of feel-
ing weak and tired, with a dull, depressed sensation; also of intense
pain in the region of the kidneys. His average weight for this sub-
period was 69.95 kilograms, a slight loss as compared with previous
records. The administration of the preservative was discontinued
at the beginning of the fourth subperiod, as the subject still com-
plained of pain in the region of the kidneys and some headache. In
fact, by the middle of the fourth preservative subperiod these feel-
ings of uneasiness, combined with a vivid imagination, resulted in

780 INFLUENCE OF FOOD PRESERVATIVES ON HEALTH.

his believing that he was going to be very ill, and after February 27
of this period the observation of this subject ceases, and the data are
therefore excluded from the general summaries. A careful examina-
tion of the urine during the time that this subject complained of
suffering so intensely with his kidneys revealed nothing abnormal.

Notwithstanding the exaggeration of his symptoms by this subject
it is safe to conclude that the preservative did, as in other cases, pro-
duce headache, a sensation of dizziness, some loss of appetite, and
slight indigestion, though the body weight remained fairly constant.

No. 8.—W. C. L.

This subject presents a very interesting case. He was very con-
scientious, regular in his habits, and gave the strictest attention to
every detail. His personal idiosyncrasies and their possible effect on
the metabolic processes must, however, be considered. He regu-
larly took a prescribed laxative throughout the observation and
drank a large quantity of water (a quart at a time was no unusual
amount) on rising and, at other times during the day, and in addi-
tion drank a cup of hot water at meal times.

He had suffered somewhat from a cold before beginning the fore
period. The heart action and other body functions were normal.
During the fore period No. 8 felt that he was taking cold, and took
10 grains of quinine on three different days; otherwise he passed
through the fore period in good condition and his temperature and
pulse were normal. The average weight for the fore period was 61 .68
kilograms. He passed through the first preservative subperiod feel-
ing uall right," and temperature and pulse remained normal, the
average weight being 61.63 kilograms.

On February 16, the first day of the second preservative subperiod,
No. 8 became dizzy and nauseated. This feeling came on while he
was smoking his usual cigar, and may have been due to that, though
he stated it was not a strong cigar. He felt all right, however, the
next day, and also on the 18th. On the 19th he had a slight head-
ache and a feeling of depression; his temperature and pulse, however,
were normal. He 'complained on the last day of this subperiod of
headache and eyes aching and a " grippe-like " feeling, which largely
disappeared after he had. completed his wheel ride before dinner.
The average weight for the period was 61.99 kilograms, a slight gain
over the preceding period.

During the third preservative subperiod No. 8 had a great variety
of symptoms, some of which seemed to be irrelevant. On the first day
he complained of a depressed and drowsy feeling, though he had
plenty of exercise; at other times during the period he complained
of headache, occasional loss of appetite, and drowsiness. On Feb-
ruary 25, the last day of the period, he reported that he had a slight

SULPHUROUS ACID AND SULPHITES. 7 81

feeling of nausea the night before and a mild pain in the stomach
during the night and day. The sensation of drowsiness continued.
His temperature throughout this subperiod shows a tendency to be
below normal; pulse normal. The average body weight for the sub-
period was 61.55 kilograms, a loss of 0.44 kilogram.

In the fourth preservative subperiod No. 8's symptoms were about
of the same nature as those of the previous period. He experienced
occasional headache and nausea, and the feeling of drowsiness still
continued, though he was getting his regular amount of sleep. His
temperature was occasionally subnormal; pulse remained normal and
very constant throughout. His average weight for the period was
61.74 kilograms, the average for the entire preservative period being
61 .73 kilograms.

In the first after subperiod No. 8's symptoms were as varied as
usual; he was still in a somewhat depressed condition, which gradually
wore off. His appetite toward the end of the period returned, but he
still complained of being drowsy and seemingly not able to get a suf-
ficient amount of sleep. The average weight for this subperiod was
61.78 kilograms.

No. 8 was practically normal in the second after subperiod; his
temperature was subnormal on one or two days; pulsations normal
throughout. His average weight for this subperiod was 61.88, and
for the entire after period 61.83 kilograms. While this subject was
the weakest man, physically, in the class^ he seemed to stand the
effects of the preservative better -than any of the other members.
The excessive quantity of water he drank allowed of a greater dilu-
tion of the preservative and a more rapid elimination, which undoubt-
edly is the explanation of his ability to withstand its action, though
he developed symptoms of headache, nausea, dizziness, and loss of
appetite during part or whole of the preservative period. He showed
a slight gain in weight throughout the entire period of observation.

No. 9.—G. W. L.

No. 9 was in excellent condition on entering the fore period. His
heart action and other conditions were normal. He passed through
the fore period very well, having no trouble of any description. His
temperature was normal, registering 98.5° F. most of the time; pulsa-
tions averaged 80 beats per minute for the period. The average
body weight for the entire /ore period was 62.23 kilograms.

No difficulty whatever was experienced in the first preservative
subperiod; temperature and pulse were normal. The average
weight for the period was 62.32 kilograms.

On the first day of the second preservative subperiod a slight rise
in temperature is noted, 99° F. being registered, and pulsations 81.

t82 INFLUENCE OF FOOD PRESERVATIVES ON HEALTH.

He had a burning sensation in the sesophagus and stomach and some
headache. This passed off, and he felt all right the next day and for
the remainder of the subperiod. Temperature and pulse were normal
after the first day. The body weight was 62.29 kilograms.

He was feeling well and temperature and pulse were normal on the
first day of the third preservative subperiod. The following day he
complained of a pain in the chest, and noted that he had passed a
much larger quantity of urine for the day, i. e. — 1,730 cc. He felt
all right on the third day, but on the following day complained of
being hungry and the ration not being large enough.

February 25, the last day of this subperiod, No. 9 still had a feeling
of hunger, and also complained of a slight urethral irritation, which,
however, was not of any importance, as it was not noticed after-
wards. The average body weight for this subperiod was 62.70 kilo-
grams.

In the fourth preservative subperiod he complained on one occasion
of a severe headache, but aside from that was feeling well. Tem-
perature and pulse were normal; average weight for the subperiod,
62.71 kilograms. The average weight for the entire preservative
period was 62.50 kilograms.

During the after period the subject reported that he felt well at all
times. His temperature and pulse showed a little more variation
than usual, but aside from this he was apparently in good condition.
The average weight for the entire after period was 62.37 kilograms.

This subject experienced very little effect, as far as could be noted,
from the preservative. His general appearance declined somewhat,
but judging from the symptoms recorded in the medical history, there
was very little change in the subject's condition.

JVb. 10.— R. D. D.

There was nothing abnormal in the case of No. 10 during the relaxa-
tion period. The heart action was all right, but with a very strong
first beat. He indulged in only normal exercise during the period of
relaxation and was in good physical condition at the beginning of the
observation.

His temperature and pulse averaged 98.2° F. and 70 beats per
minute, respectively, for the fore period, being normal throughout
this period in all respects. The average body weight was 57.09
kilograms.

No. 10 developed a slight cold in the head during the first part of
the second preservative subperiod and complained of cramps in the
stomach on the night of February 19, also of a slight headache on
February 26. The temperature and pulse remained normal through-
out the preservative period, except for a slight rise at the time the
cold was noted. His general appearance was normal, and he had

SULPHUBOUS ACID AND SULPHITES. 783

the least difficulty of any member of the class in passing .through the
observation.

The average weight for the entire preservative period was 57.17
kilograms, practically the same as in the fore period.

This subject complained once or twice of a sensation of hunger
during the first part of the after period, but had no other symptoms.
His temperature throughout the after period is somewhat subnormal,
pulsations normal. The average weight for the entire after period
was 57.42 kilograms, a slight gain over the preservative period.

No. 11.— A. M.

This subject was in good condition during the relaxation period.
Heart action was normal, and the urinary examination revealed
nothing wrong with the kidneys or other organs,. He entered the
fore periods in excellent condition, temperature on the first day
registering 98.4°, pulsations 75 beats per minute, and weight 66.6
kilograms. These figures remained remarkably constant throughout
the entire fore period. His average weight for the fore period was
66.46 kilograms.

The same conditions prevailed during the first preservative sub-
period, though a slight headache developed on the last day- of the
period, which passed away, however, before the following day. No
rise in temperature or increase of pulse was noted during this sub-
period, for which the weight was 66.52 kilograms.

The second preservative subperiod passed with no incidents worthy
of mention. Temperature and pulse for the period were 98.3° F.
and 66, respectively. The body weight was 66.55 kilograms, practi-
cally the same as in previous period.

On the first day of the third preservative subperiod No. 11 had a
slight headache. It disappeared by the following day, but returned
on the next day, on which there is recorded a slight increase of tem-
perature and pulse, but not sufficient to be called abnormal. The
body weight for this subperiod was 66.52 kilograms, being very con-
stant so far.

No. 11 was apparently normal at the beginning of the fourth pre-
servative subperiod, temperature 98.5° F. and pulse 72 beats per
minute. He had a headache accompanied with sensation of dizzi-
ness on the following day, and temperature registered 99° F., pulse
normal. He had no further trouble until the last day of the sub-
period, when he complained of having pains in the region of the
kidneys and symptoms of taking a slight cold. Temperature and
pulse on this day were 98.7° F. and 75, respectively. His average
weight for this subperiod was 66.75 kilograms, a slight gain. The
average weight for the entire preservative period was 66.59 kilograms.
A slight trace of albumin in the urine developed during the latter

784 INFLUENCE OF FOOD PRESERVATIVES ON HEALTH.

part of the preservative period, which continued during the after
period.

In the first after subperiod No. 11 reported normal condition with
the exception of one day when a slight cold was noted. Tempera-
ture and pulse were normal; the body weight 66.70 kilograms.

On the second day of the second after subperiod he complained of
of pains in the region of the kidneys all the afternoon. The tem-
perature registered 99° F., pulse normal. He reported himself as
normal on the third day, March 9, but on the fourth day of the period,
March 10, he became nauseated during the evening and night and
after breakfast of the last day vomited most of the meal. He felt
some better at dinner, but could not eat his allowance. His tempera-
ture and pulse, however, for these days were normal. This condition
lasted one or two days after the observation closed, when the sub-
ject returned to normal. The slight trace of albumin continued dur-
ing the after period.

The average weight for the entire after period was 66.66 kilograms,
showing a slight gain in body weight throughout the whole period

of observation.

No. 12.— F. B. R.

No. 12 had a slight cold during the relaxation period. There were
no noticeable bad effects from it, howrever, and his appetite continued
good. All observed functions were normal during the fore period,
the general physical condition of the subject being excellent. His
temperature, though slightly subnormal, was constant throughout,
and pulse was normal. The average weight for the fore period was
69.54 kilograms.

No. 12 to all appearances continued normal during the first pre-
servative subperiod. His average weight for this time was 69.77
kilograms. On the first day of the second preservative subperiod he
reported a "cold in the head" and a bad headache. On the follow-
ing day he still suffered with dull constant headache and cold; he
also reported that at 9.30 p. m. of this day, February 17, his pulse
rose to 104, but subsided later in the day. At 5.30 his temperature
and pulse were normal, 98.6° F. and 74, respectively. He also men-
tioned on this day that for the past two or three days his kidneys
seemed irritated, and noted that he had passed a larger amount of urine
than usual. A heavy, oppressed feeling in the stomach was experi-
enced. This feeling had evidently disappeared somewhat by the fol-
lowing day, as he reported that his appetite w^as good. February 19
he had a recurrence of stomach trouble, accompanied by headache,
and was much fatigued, this lasting all day. He felt very badly
during the night, with pains in stomach and head; also experienced
some discomfort in the intestines during the night and the following
day. He had very little appetite at breakfast, but felt better toward

SULPHUROUS ACID AND SULPHITES. 785

noon. The feeling of weariness and fatigue continued to such an ex-
tent that the subject had some difficulty in performing his work,
and headache continued during the day. Temperature and pulse
were normal throughout this subperiod. The body weight averaged
69.57 kilograms.

No. 12 had a headache throughout the third preservative sub-
period. He also complained and had noted on several occasions that
immediately after taking the preservative sharp pains would appear
in his head, which would last from one to four hours. The taking
of the preservative gradually became more and more irritating to the
throat, an observation made by several of the subjects. On the second
day of the subperiod he had a headache and felt tired, though he had
not exercised as much as usual. The tired and weak feeling con-
tinued on the next day, February 23, with pain in stomach and
head; complained on next day of pains in region of kidneys, heavy
sensation in stomach, and the usual headache. On February 25, the
last day of the period, he recorded that he had passed a very uncom-
fortable night; had pains in stomach and intestines; felt very weak
and exhausted and had a severe headache during the day. His
average weight for this period was 69.70 kilograms.

No preservative was given No. 12 during the fourth preservative
subperiod. The headache, pains in region of kidneys, and general
feeling of weakness continued. His general appearance was consid-
erably below normal; his temperature appeared to be slightly lower4
during this period; pulse normal. A slight trace of albumin was
detected in the urine in the fourth preservative subperiod, which con-
tinued during the after period. The average weight for this sub-
period was 69.63 and 69.67 kilograms for the entire preservative
period.

In the first after subperiod No. 12 on the first day felt weak, espe-
cially in the back in the region of the kidneys. He felt very well
the following two days, with appetite gradually improving; on the
last day, however, his appetite was not so keen. The body weight
for this subperiod was 69.70 kilograms.

During the second after subperiod his appetite gradually returned,
and he reported himself as feeling very well, but occasionally weak
and tired at night. On the first day of this subperiod it is noted that
for the week preceding he had suffered considerably with irritable
kidneys and bladder. At times he had no control over the bladder
and passed urine almost involuntarily. His general appearance was
considerably improved at the end of the after period, though he was
quite slow in getting back to a normal condition again. The average
body weight for this period was 69.62 kilograms, the same as in the
preservative period, and a slight gain over the fore period, the weight
being very constant

r THE

VERSITY

786 INFLUENCE OF FOOD PRESERVATIVES ON HEALTH.

CONCLUSIONS.

It may be argued that in a class of this size, composed of young men
who knew that they might have symptoms during the administration
of the preservative, the reports would represent the effect of the sub-
ject's imagination rather than the action of the preservative. As in
previous experiments, this point was kept in mind, and a careful
record was made daily of the mental condition of the men, a personal
acquaintance with them helping to a great extent to eliminate any
effects from imagination or mental attitude. Where such existed, due
credit is given in the medical history; this, as well as any other idi-
osyncrasy of the subject, being considered in connection with the daily
observations.

From a general review of Nos. 1 to 6, who received sodium sulphite,
it may be safe to conclude that the preservative in the majority of
cases caused headache and sensations of dizziness. In some cases
decided symptoms of indigestion and pains in the stomach and intes-
tines accompanied one or both of these symptoms. Nausea is re-
ported in one case.

With Nos. 7 to 12, who received sulphurous acid, headache was
quite common, dizziness not so pronounced; nausea and feeling of
exhaustion and weakness noted.

There is some tendency on the part of the preservative to produce
albumin in the urine and a marked tendency to increase the amount
of urine.

Taken as a whole, the most general symptom was that of headache,
which developed about the middle of the second preservative sub-
period. There were also some complaints of dizziness, pain in stomach
and intestines, and a weak and depressed condition generally.

BODY WEIGHTS.
VARIATIONS IN BODY WEIGHTS.

In order that a comparison of the variations in weight of the several
members of the table and the summaries may be more readily made,
the data have been reduced to graphic form, as shown in figs. 1 and 2.
These graphic charts show the daily determinations of weight for the
several members and the averages by periods reduced to a straight
line for purposes of comparison. All of the weight figures are in-
cluded in these expressions, irrespective of variations in other data,
and therefore they vary slightly from some of the averages as given
in Table III.

In the case of No. 1 the chart shows a slight increase of weight
during the preservative period and a very small additional increase in
weight during the after period. In the case of No. 2 there is a marked
loss of weight during the preservative period, and this is continued,

SULPHUKOUS ACID AND SULPHITES.

787

though in a less degree, during the after period. In the case of No. 3
there is a marked increase in weight, both in the preservative period
and in the after period. In the case of No. 4 there is a decrease in
weight in the preservative period, and this decrease is still more
marked in the after period. In the case of No. 5 there is a very slight

FEBRUARY

MARCH

63

SUMMARY N°.5 8-9-IO-ll-IZ RECEIVED HoSO3

SUMMARY ENTIRE SERIES-N9 7 OMITTED

FORE PERIOD

PRESERVATIVE. PERIOD

AFTER PERIOD

WE-/GHT

FIG. 2.— Daily and average body weights for Series VII, Nos. 7 to 12 and summary, together with
the general summary for the entire series.

loss of weight during the preservative period and a marked loss during
the after period. The average weights, as charted for Nos. 1 to 6,
inclusive, who received sulphurous acid in the form of sodium sul-
phite, show a slight loss of weight during the preservative period, and
this continues in a more marked degree during the after period,
11240— Bull. 84, pt 3—07 3

788 INFLUENCE OF FOOD PEESEEVATIVES ON HEALTH.

The charts for Nos. 7 to 12, who received sulphurous acid in an
uncombined form, show in the case of No. 7 a marked increase during
the preservative period. No data are given for the final period for
reasons already stated. In the case of No. 8 there is a very slight
increase in weight during the preservative period and a continued
increase during the after period. No. 9 shows a marked increase in
weight during the preservative period and a slight decrease therefrom
during the after period. In the case of No. 10 there is a very slight
increase in weight during the preservative period, and this is increased
to a perceptible amount during the after period. No. 11 made a
slight increase in weight during the preservative period and a slight
increase over this during the after period. In the case of No. 12 there
is a slight increase in weight during the preservative period, but the
weight remains the same in the after period as in the preceding
period.

There is next brought together in one graphic expression the
weights for Nos. 8, 9, 10, 11, and 12, who received uncombined
sulphurous acid. No. 7 is omitted from the average because the
weights were not ascertained during the fourth preservative sub-
period nor the after period. These data show a very slight increase
in weight during the preservative period and a similar slight increase
during the after period. Combining all the data for weight and
expressing the same in graphic form, omitting the weights of No. 7,
the general average shows that there is no change in weight in the
preservative period over the fore period and a slight loss in weight
during the after period.

These data indicate that the administration of sulphurous acid
combined as sulphites, in the quantity administered, tends to produce
a slight decrease in the weight of the body, a continued decrease
taking place in the after period, but its administration in the form of
uncombined sulphurous acid, in a smaller quantity, is accompanied
by a very slight increase in the weight of the body. The final average
effect upon weight for the 11 men shows no change in the pre-
servative period and a slight decrease in the after period.

RATIO OF FOOD WEIGHT TO BODY WEIGHT.

The ratio of food consumed to the body weight for each member of
the table is given in Table III. In the case of No. 1 the average body
weight during the fore period is 68.34 kilograms, during the preserv-
ative period 68.58, and during the after period 68.62 kilograms.
These data show a very slight change in the weight of the body during
the period of observation, a slight increase, amounting to 0.24 kilo-
gram, occurring during the preservative period.

The average weight of dry food consumed is slightly less in the
preservative period than in the fore and after periods. The weight of

SULPHUROUS ACID AND SULPHITES. 789

the dry food consumed is almost 1 per cent of the weight of the body,
being 0.98 per cent in the fore period, 0.99 in the after period, and
0.95 in the preservative period.

The average weight of No. 2 in the fore period is 70.18 kilograms, in
the preservative period 69.61, and in the after period 69.27. The
average weight of dry food consumed daily by No. 2 is 664 grams in
the fore period, during the preservative period 658 grams, and in the
after period 663 grams. The ratio of dry food consumed to the
weight of the body is practically constant for No. 2 during the entire
period of observation, being 0.95 per cent for the fore period, 0.95 for
the preservative period, and 0.96 for the after period.

The average weight of No. 3 for the fore period is 63.81 kilograms,
for the preservative period 64.07, and for the after period 64.50.
There is thus seen to be a slight gradual increase in weight during the
entire observation. The average weight of dry food consumed daily
by No. 3 is very constant, amounting to 660 grams during the fore
period, 662 grams during the preservative period, and 683 grams
during the after period, representing 1.03, 1.03, and 1.06 per cent,
respectively, of the body weight.

The average weight of No. 4 during the fore period is 62.97 kilo-
grams, during the preservative period 62.73, and during the after
period 61.88. In this case there is an opposite tendency shown to
that of No. 3, namely, a progressive decrease in weight during the
period of observation, and this has taken place in connection with a
small increase in the weight of dry food consumed daily, which, in
the fore period, is 608 grams, in the preservative period 621 grams,
and in the after period 631 grams, equivalent to 0.97, 0.99, and 1.02
per cent, respectively, of the weight of the body.

The observations for No. 5 in the fore period are confined to the
second subperiod. The data, although they are given in full in so far
as obtained, are not of much value, because of the febrile disturbance
in the case of No. 5, described in the medical history.

The data show the average weight for the fore period to be 52.72
kilograms, for the preservative period 52.49 kilograms, and for the
after period 51 kilograms. The average daily quantity of dry food
consumed in the fore period is 626 grams, in the preservative period
536 grams, and in the after period 502 grams, equivalent in the fore
period to 1.19 percent of the body weight, in the preservative period
to 1.02 per cent, and in the1 after period to 0.98 per cent.

The average weight of No. 6 during the fore period is 58.74 kilo-
grams, during the preservative period 58.66, and during the after
period 58.43, showing a slight tendency to a decrease in the weight
of the body. The average quantity of dry food consumed daily by
No. 6 is 598 grams during the fore period, 614 grams during the pre-
servative period, and 642 grams during the after period. Thus, the

790 INFLUENCE OF FOOD PRESERVATIVES ON HEALTH.

decrease in weight is associated with a very slight increase in the
quantity of food consumed, amounting to 16 grams a day in the pre-
servative period and 44 grams per day in the after period, as com-
pared with the fore period. The weight of the dry food consumed
in the fore period is 1.02 per cent of the weight of the body, in the
preservative period 1.05 per cent, and in the after period 1.10 per
cent.

The average weight of No. 7 during the fore period is 70.46 kilo-
grams, and the average weight of dry food consumed is 560 grams,
amounting to 0.79 per cent of the weight of the body. The data for
the remainder of the observation in the case of No. 7 are incomplete
for the reasons given in the medical history. In this case we undoubt-
edly find an illustration of the results of a vivid imagination in con-
nection with the symptoms produced by the preservative period, which
finally led the subject into a state of susceptibility which rendered it
inadvisable to continue the experimental work with him.

The average weight of No. 8 during the fore period is 61.68 kilo-
grams, during the preservative period 61.73, and during the after
period 61.83. The average quantity of dry food consumed by No. 8
during the fore period is 647 grams, during the preservative period
641 grams, and during the after period 661 grams. The percentage
of dry food consumed compared with body weight is 1.05 in the fore
period, 1.04 in the preservative period, and 1.07 in the after period.

These data show a very slight increase of weight during the pre-
servative period, although the quantity of food consumed is 6 grams
less per day. During the after period, when the quantity of food
consumed was 14 grams per day larger than in the fore period, the
average increase in weight amounted to 100 grams over the preserv-
ative period.

The average weight of No. 9 during the fore period is 62.23 kilo-
grams, during the preservative period 62.50, and during the after
period 62.37. The average quantity of dry food consumed daily is
550 grams in the fore period, 548 grams in the preservative period,
and 549 grams in the after period. These data show a very slight
increase in the weight of the body during the preservative period and
an almost constant quantity of dry food consumed. The percentage
of dry food consumed, based on the weight of the body, is 0.88 for each
of the three periods.

The average weight of No. 10 during the fore period is 57.09 kilo-
grams, during the preservative period 57.17, and during the after
period 57.42. The average quantity of dry food consumed daily by
No. 10 is 593 grams in the fore period, 600 grams in the preservative
period, and 589 grams in the after period. The percentage of body
weight consumed as dry food is 1.04 in the fore period, 1.05 in the
preservative period, and 1.03 in the after period. These data show a

SULPHUROUS ACID AND SULPHITES. 791

slight increase in weight during the preservative period and a slight
increase in the quantity of food consumed. They also show a marked
increase in weight during the after period, though the quantity of food
consumed is 4 grams less daily than in the fore period and 1 1 grams
less daily than in the preservative period.

The average weight of No. 11 during the fore period is 66.46 kilo-
grams, during the preservative period 66.59, and during the after
period 66.66 kilograms. The average daily quantity of food con-
sumed is 742 grams in the fore period, 754 grams in the preservative
period, and 739 grams in the after period. These data show a very
slight increase in weight during the preservative period, accompanied
by an increase of 12 grams daily in the quantity of food consumed.
There is also another very slight increase in weight in the after period,
though the quantity of food consumed is 3 grams less daily than in the
fore period. The dry food consumed constitutes 1.12 per cent of the
weight of the body in the fore period, 1.13 per cent in the preservative
period, and 1.11 per cent in the after period.

The average weight of No. 12 in the fore period is 69.54 kilograms,
in the preservative period 69.67, and in the after period 69.66. The
average quantity of dry food consumed during the fore period is 659
grams, during the preservative period 685 grams, and during the
after period 644 grams. These data show a slight increase in weight
during the preservative period, accompanied by an increase in the
quantity of food eaten. The increase in weight is almost maintained
in the after period, while the quantity of food consumed is 15 grams
per day less than in the fore period. The amount of dry food con-
sumed is 0.95 per cent of the weight of the body in the fore period,
0.98 per cent in the preservative period, and 0.92 per cent in the after
period.

Several summaries are submitted, drawn up according to common
variations in the data, but only those for Nos. 1 to 6 and 8 to 1 1 will
be discussed as representing most completely the two groups taking
sodium sulphite and sulphurous acid, respectively.

The average weight of Nos. 1 to 6 for the fore period is 63.71 kilo-
grams, for the three subperiods of the preservative period 62.78, and
for the after period 62.28 kilograms. The average quantity of dry
food consumed for the fore period is 639 grams, for the preservative
period 629 grams, and for the after period 634 grams. The dry food
consumed is practically 1 per cent of the body weight for all three
periods.

The summary for Nos. 8, 9, 10, and 11 shows an average weight in
the fore period of 61.87 kilograms, in the preservative period 62 kilo-
grams, and in the after period 62.07 kilograms. The average daily
quantity of food consumed in the fore period is 633 grams, in the pre-
servative period 636 grams, and in the after period 635 grams. A

792

INFLUENCE OF FOOD PRESERVATIVES ON HEALTH.

slight tendency is shown here to an increase in weight, while the quan-
tity of food consumed remains practically constant. The dry food
consumed, expressed as percentage of body weight, is 1.02 during the
fore period, during the preservative period 1.03, and during the after
period 1.02, showing a remarkable constancy in this particular. As
is seen under variations in body weight, no marked influence is shown
in the case of sulphurous acid, while for those receiving sodium sul-
phite there is a decrease in weight both in the preservative and after
periods.

TABLE III. — Amount of moist and dry food consumed, expressed as percentage of body

weight, Series VII.

[Averages are per day.]

Period.

No. 1.

No. 2.

Body
weight.

Weight of
food.

Average
daily ratio
of food
weight to
body weight.

Body
weight.

Weight of
food.

Average
daily ratio
of food
weight to
body weight.

Moist.

Dry.

Moist.

Dry.

Moist. Dry.

Moist.

Dry.

Fore period.

First subperiod:
Total

Kilos.
342. 20
68.44

341. 24
68.25

Grams.
14,168
2,834

12, 239

2,448

Grams.
3,484
697

3,229
646

Perd
4.14

Per ct.
1.02

Kilos.
351.53
70.31

350.22
70.04

Grams.
13,601
2,720

16, 628
3,326

Grams.
3,343
669

3,292
658

Perct

3.87

Per ct.
0.95

Average

Second subperiod:
Total .

3.59

.95

4.75

.94

Average

Entire fore period :
Total

683. 44
68.34

26,407
2,641

6,713
671

3.86

.98

701.75
70.18

30,229
3,023

6,635
664

4.31

4.67
4.54

.95

Average

Preservative period.

First subperiod:
Total

3.61

,92

341. 55
68.31

342.20

68.44

343. 20
68.64

344. 70
68.94

12,315
2,463

12, 152
2,430

11,925
2,385

12, 170
2,434

3,133
627

3,256
651

3,270
654

3,400
680

349. 70
69. 94

348. 28
69.66

347. 19
69.44

347. 07
69.41

16,322
3,264

15,816
3,163

16,638
3,328

16, 133
3,227

3,243
649

3,309

662

3,317

663

3,291
. 658

.93
.95

Average

Second subperiod:
Total

3.55

.95

Average

Third subp?riod:
Total...

3.47

.95

4.79

.96

Average

Fourth subperiod:
Total

3.53

.99

4.C5

.95

Average .

Entire preservative
period:
Total

1,371.65
68.58

48, 562
2,428

13,059
653

3.54

.95

1,392.24
69.61

64,909
3,245

13,160
658

4.66

.95

Average

After period.

First subperiod:
Total

342.40
68.48

343.80
68.76

12, 864
2,573

12,036
2,407

3,403
681

3,411
682

3.76

.99

347. 07
69.41

345. 64
69.13

692.71
69.27

16, 232
3,246

16,365
3,273

3,331
666

3,302
660

4.68

.96

Average .

Second subperiod:
Total

3.50

.99

4.73

.96

Average

Entire after period:
Total

686.20
68.62

24,900
2,490

6,814
681

3.63

.99

32, 597
3,260

6,633
663

4.71

.96

Average

SULPHUROUS ACID AND SULPHITES.

793

TABLE III. — Amount of moist and dry food consumed, expressed as percentage of body
weight, Series VII— Continued.

[Averages are per day.]

Period.

No. 3.

No. 4.

Body
weight.

Weight of
food.

Average
daily ratio
of food
weight to
body weight.

Body
weight.

Weight of
food.

Average
daily ratio
of food
weight to
body weight.

Moist.

Dry.

Moist.

Dry.

Moist.

Dry.

Moist.

Dry.

Fore period.

First subperiod:
Total

Kilos.
317.68
63.54

320.40
64.08

Grams.
14,045
2,809

16, 101
3.220

Grams.
3,231
646

3,372

674

Per a.
4.42

Per d.
1.02

Kilos.
315. 53
63.11

314. 19
62.84

Grams.
12, 469
2,494

12, 472
2,494

Grams.
3,076
615

3,002
600

Per ct.
3.95

Per d.
0.97

Average

Second subperiod:
Total

5.03

1.05

3.97

.96

Average . • .

Entire fore period:
Total

.97

638.08
63.81

" J ^_ '

320.92
64.18

320.95
64.19

321. 94
64. 39

317. 57
63.51

30, 146
3,015

-_•--_'-_ -

14,350
2,870

14,642
2,928

14,658
2,932

13, 497
2,699

6,603
660

• '_ " ~

3,271
654

3,403
681

3,373
675

3,195
639

4.72

• - —

4.47

1.03
1.02

629.72
62.97

315. 01
63.00

314. 11
62.82

313.43
62.69

312.00
62.40

24,941
2,494

12,245
2,449

12, 448
2,490

12,525
2,505

12,229
2,446

6,078
608

3,025
605

3,140
628

3,116
623

3,132
626

3.96

Average

Preservative period.

First subperiod:
Total

Average

3.89

.96

Second subperiod:
Total

4.56
4.55

1.06
1.05

3.96

1.00

Average '..
Third subperiod:
Total

4.00

.99

Average

Fourth subperiod:
Total

4.25

1.01

3.92

1.00

Average

Entire preservative
period:
Total

1

1,281.38 57,147
64.07 2,857

13,242
662

4.46

1.03

1,254.55
62.73

309.54
61.91

309.25
61.85

49, 447
2,472

12, 524
2,505

12, 418

2,484

12, 413
621

3,165
633

3,142
628

3.94

==

4.05

.99
1.02

Average

After period.

First subperiod:
Total

321. 69
64.34

323. 32
64.66

14,209
2,842

14,448
2,890

3,390
678

3,435
687

4.42

1.05

Average

Second subperiod:
Total

4.47

1.06

4.02

1.02

Average ....

Entire after period:
Total

645.01
64.50

28,657
2,866

6,825
683

4.44

1.06

618. 79
61.88

24, 942
2,494

6,307
631

4.03

1.02

Average

794

INFLUENCE OF FOOD PRESERVATIVES ON HEALTH.

TABLE III. — Amount of moist and dry food consumed, expressed as percentage of body
weight, Series VII— Continued.

[Averages are per day.]

Period.

No. 5.

No. 6.

Body
weight.

Weight of
food.

Average
daily ratio
of food
weight to
body weight.

Body

weight.

Weight of
food.

Average
daily ratio
of food
weight to
body weight.

Moist.

Dry.

Moist.

Dry.

Moist.

Dry.

Moist.

Dry.

Fore period.

First subperiod:
Total

Kilos.

Grams.

Grams.

Per ct.

Per ct.

Kilos.
293.26
58.65

294. 10

58.82

Grams.
14,179
2,836

13,625

2,725

Grams.
3,015
C03

2,963
593

Per cl.
4.83

4.63

Per ct.
1.03

Average

Second subperiod:
Total

Average

263. 59
52.72

13,745
2,749

3,129
626

5.21

1.19

1.01

Entire fore period:
Total

587. 36
58.74

293. 83
58.77

293.54

58.71

293.32

58. 66

292.50
58.50

27,804
2,780

13,100
2,620

13,635

2,727

13, 135

2,627

12,878
2,576

5,978
598

4.73

1.02

Preservative period.

First subperiod:
Total

264. 07
52.81

264. 54
52.91

262. 84
52.57

258. 44
51.69

4.96
4 79

1.14

13,094
2,619

12,659
2,532

12,235
2,447

10, 525
2,105

3,021
604

3,072

614

2,516'
503

2,120
424

3,121
624

3,031
606

3,015
G03

3,116
623

4.46

1.06

Average

Second subperiod:
Total

1.16

4.65

1.03

Third subperiod:
Total

4.65
4.07

.96

.82

4.48
4.40

1.03
1.07

Average

Fourth subperiod:
Total

Average

Entire preservative
period :
Total

1,049.89
52.49

48, 513
2,426

10.729
536

4.62
4.64

1.02
.95

1,173.19

58.66

52, 748
2,637

12,283
614

4.50

1.05

Average

After period.

First subperiod:
Total

255. 87
51.17

254. 14
50.83

11,870
2,374

11,836
2,367

2,434
487

2,587
517

293.26
58.65

291.03
58.21

12,943
2,589

12,553
2,511

3,313
663

3,104
621

4.41

1.13

Second subperiod:
Total

4.66

1.02

4.31

1.07

Average

Entire after period :
Total

510 01
51.00

23,706
2,371

5,021
502

4.65

.98

584. 29
58.43

25, 496
2,550

6,417
642

4.36

1.10

SULPHUKOUS ACID AND SULPHITES.

795

TABLE III. — Amount of moist and dry food consumed, expr<
weight, Series VII— Continued.

[ Averages are per day. ] '

as percentage of body

Period.

No. 7.

No. 8.

Body
weight.

Weight of
food.

Average
daily ratio
of food
weight to
body weight.

Body
weight.

Weight of
food.

Average
daily ratio
of food
weight to
body weight.

Moist.

Dry.

Moist.

Dry.

Moist.

Dry.

Moist.

Dry.

Fore period.

First subperiod:
Total

Kilos.
354. 19
70.84

350.39
70. 08

Grams.
12,067
2,413

11,021
2,204

Grams.
2,979
596

2,621
524

Per ct.

3.41

3.15

Per ct.
0.84

.75

Kilos.
308. 01
61.60

308.80
61.76

Grams.
15, 684
3,137

15,810
3,162

Grams.
3,277
655

3,192
638

Per ct.
5.09

Per ct.
1.06

Average

Second subperiod:
Total

5.12

1.03

Average

Entire fore period:
Total

3.28

704.58
70.40

350.10
70.02

350.32
70.06

349. 73
69.95

23,088
2,309

5,600
560

.79

616. 81
61.68

308. 17
61.63

309.93
61.99

307. 73
61.55

308.70
61.74

31,494
3,149

6,469
647

3,169
634

3,174
635

3,262
652

3,215
643

5.11

1.05

Average

Preservative period.

First subperiod:
Total

10,993
2,199

10,995
2,199

10,801
2,160

2,727
545

2,674
536

2,580
516

3.14

.78

16, 151
3,230

16, 178
3,236

17,608
3,522

15,496
3,099

5.24

1.03

Average

Second subperiod:
Total

3.14

.76

5.22
5.72
5.02

1.02
1.06
1.04

Average
Third subperiod:
Total

3.09

.74

Average

Fourth subperiod:
Total

Average

First, second, and
third subperiods:
Total..

1.050.15
70.01

32, 789
2,186

7,981
532

3.12

.76

Average

Entire preservative
period :
Total..

1,234.53
61.73

308. 90
61.78

309.41
61.88

65, 433

3,272

19,705
3,941

19,272
3,854

12,820
641

3,333
667

3,278
656

5.30

1.04

Average

After period.

First subperiod:
Total

6.38

1.08

Average

Second subperiod:
Total

6.23

1.06

Average

Entire after period:
Total

618. 31

38,977
3,898

6,611
661

6.30

1.07

Average

61.83

796

INFLUENCE OF FOOD PKESERVATIVES ON HEALTH.

TABLE III. — Amount of moist and dry food consumed, expressed as percentage of body
weight, Series VII — Continued.

[Averages are per day.]

Period.

No 9.

No. 10.

Body
weight.

Weight of
food.

Average
daily ratio
of food
weight to
body weight.

Body
weight.

Weight of
food.

Average
daily ratio
of food
weight to
body weight.

Moist.

Dry.

Moist.

Dry.

Moist.

Dry.

Moist.

Dry.

Per ct.
1.06

Fore period.

First subperiod:
Total

Kilos.
310.77
62.15

311.55
62.31

Grams.
11,856
2,371

10,898
2,180

Grams.
2,765
553

2,731
546

Per ct.
3.82

3.50

Per ct.
0.89

;;;:»

Kilos.
285.45
57.09

285.45
57.09

Grams.
11,913
2,383

12,022
2,404

Grams.
3,038
608

2,892
578

Per ct.
4.17

Average

Second subperiod:
Total

Average

4.21

1.01

Entire fore period :
Total

Average

622.32
62.23

22,754
2,275

5,496
550

3.66

.88

570.90
57.09

23, 935
2, 394

5.930
593

4.19

1.04

Preservative period.

First subperiod:
Total

311.58

62.32

311.45
62.29

313.50
62.70

313.54
62.71

11,181
2,236

11,401

2,280

11,050
2,210

11,905
2,381

2,709
542

2,760
552

2,757
551

2,731

546

3.59

.87

285.05
57.01

285.70
57.14

286.23
57.25

286.42
57.28

12,040
2,408

12, 081
2,416

12,004
2,401

11,778
2,356

2,922

584

3,104

621

2,989

2,979
596

4.22

1.03

Second subperiod:
Total

3.66
3.52

.89

.88

4.23
4.19

1.09
1.04

Average ,

Third subperiod:
Total
Average
Fourth subperiod:
Total

3.80

.87

4.11

1.04

Entire preservative
period :
Total

1,250.07
62.50

45,537

2,277

10,957
548

3.64

.88

1,143.40
57.17

47,903
2,395

11,994
600

4.19

1.05

Average

After period.

First subperiod:
Total

312.50
62.50

311.15
62.23

12, 557
2,511

12, 477
2,495

2,774
555

2,716
543

4.02

.89

286.75
57.35

287.40
57.48

12,287
2,457

11,700
2,340

2,962
592

2,S24
585

4.28

1.03

Second subperiod:
Total

4.01

.87

4.07 1.02

Average

Entire after period:
Total

623.65
62.37

25,034
2,503

5,490
549

4.01

.88

574.15
57.42

23, 987
2,399

5,886
589

4.18 1.03

Average

I

SULPHUROUS ACID AND SULPHITES.

797

TABLE III. — Amount of moist and dry food consumed, expressed as percentage of body
weight, Series VII— Continued.

[Averages are per day.]

Period.

No. 11.

No. 12.

Body
weight.

Weight of
food.

Average
daily ratio
of food
weight to
body weight.

Body
weight.

Weight of
food.

Average
daily ratio
of food
weight to
body weight.

Moist.

Dry.

Moist.

Dry.

Moist.

Dry.

Moist.

Dry.

Fore period.

First subperiod:
Total

Average

Kilos.
332.77
66.55

331.85
66.37

Grams.
17, 336
3,467

17, 674
3,535

Grams.
3,715
743

3,702
740

Per ct.
5.21

Per ct.
1.12

Kilos.
347.20
69.44

348.20
69.64

Grams.
12,853
2,571

13, 251
2,650

Grams.
3,289
658*

3,302
660

Per ct.
3.70

Perct.
0.95

Second -subperiod:
Total

5.33

1.12

3.81

.95

Average

Entire fore period:
Total

664.62
66.46

332.61
66.52

332.77
66.55

332.76
66.55.

333.73
66.75

35,010
3,501

16, 625
3,325

18,053
3,611

18, 371
3,674

17, 739
3, 548

7,417
742

3,727
745

3,817
763

3,778
756

3,762
752

5.27

1.12

695.40
69.54

26, 104
2,610

6,591
659

3.75

.95

Average

Preservative period.

First subperiod:
Total

5.00

.97

1.12

348.83
69.77

347.85
69.57

348.50
69.70

348.15
69.63

12,945
2,589

13,350
2,670

13, 148
2,630

13, 378
2,676

3,381
676

3,479
696

3,411

682

3,431
686

3.71

Average
Second subperiod:
Total

5.43
5.52

1.15
1.14

3.84

1.00

Average

Third subperiod:
Total

3.77

.98

Average

Fourth subperiod:
Total

5.32

1.13

3.84

.99

Average

Entire preservative
period :
Total

.98

1,331.87
66.59

70,788
3,539

15,084
754

5.31
5.27

1.13
1.11

1,393.33
- 69.67

348.50
69.70

348.10
69.62

52,821
2,641

12,606
2,521

11,720
2,344

13, 702
685

3,270
654

3,171

634

• 3.79

Average

After period.

First subperiod:
Total

3.62

333.52
66.70

333.05
66.61

17,581
3,516

17, 767
3,553

3,717
743

. 3, 677
735

.94

Average

Second subperiod:
Total... .

5.33

1.10*

3.37

.91

Average

Entire after period:
Total

666.57
66.66

35,348
3,535

7,394
739

5.30

1.11

696.60
69.66

24,326
2,433

6,441
644

3.49

.92

Average

798

INFLUENCE OP FOOD PRESERVATIVES ON HEALTH.

TABLE III. — Amount of moist and dry food consumed, expressed
weight, Series VII — Continued.

SUMMARIES.
[Averages are per man per day.]

percentage of body

Period.

Nos. 1 to 6.

Nos. 1 and 4.

Body
weight.

Weight of
rJood.

Average
daily ratio
of food
weight to
body weight.

Body
weight.

Weight of
food.

Average
daily ratio
of food
weight to
body weight.

Moist.

Dry.

Moist.

Dry.

Moist.

Dry.

Moist.

Dry.

Fore period.

First subperiod:
Total

Kilos.
al, 620.20
60.81

1,883.74
62.79

Grams.
68, 462
2,738

84,810

2,827

Grams.
16, 149
646

18,987
633

Per ct.
4.23

Per ct.
1 00

Kilos.
657. 73
65.77

655.43
65.54

Grams.
26,637
2,664

24, 711
2,471

Grams.
6,560
656

6,231
623

Per ct.
4.05

Per ct.
1.00

Average
Second subperiod:
Total

Average

4.50

1.01

3.77

.95

Entire fore period:
Total

3,503.94
63.71

1,885.08
62.84

1,883.62
62.79

1,881.92
62.73

153,272

2,787

81,426
2,714

81,352
2,712

81,116
2,704

35, 136
639

18,814
627

19,211
640

18,607
620

4.37

1.00

1,313.16
65.66

656.56
65.66

656.31
65.63

656 63
65.66

656.70
65.67

51,348
2,567

24,560
2,456

24,600
2,460

24,450
2,445

24,399
2,440

12, 791
640

3.91

.97

Average

Preservative period.

First subperiod:
Total

4.32

1.00

6,158
616

6,396
640

6,386
639

6,532
653

3.74

.93

Average

Second subperiod:
Total

4.32

1.02

3.75

.97

Average

Third subperiod:
Total

4.31

.99

3.72

.97

Average

Fourth subperiod:
Total

3.72

.99

Average

First, second, and
third subperiods:
Total

5, 050. 62
62.78

243,894
2,710

56,632
629

4.32

1.00

Average

Entire preservative
period :
Total...

2, 626. 20
65.66

651. 94
65.19

653. 05
65.31

98,009
2,450

25,472
637

3.73

.97

Average

After period.

First subperiod:
Total

1,869.83
62.33

1,867.18
62.24

80,642
2,680

79,656
2,655

~~»

19,036
634

18,981
631

4.31
4.26

V1.01
1.01

25,388
2,539

24, 454
2,445

6,568
657

6,553
655

3. 89 1. 01

Average

Second subperiod:
Total .

3.74

1.00

Average

Entire after period:
Total

3.82

1.01

3, 737. 01
62.28

160,298
2,672

38,017
634

4.28

1.01

1,304.99
65.25

49,842
2,492

13, 121
656

Average

"No. 5 absent.

SULPHUROUS ACID AND SULPHITES.

799

TABLE III. — Amount of moist and dry food consumed, expressed as percentage of body
weight, Series VII — Continued.

[Averages are per man per day.]

Period.

Nos. 5 and 6.

Nos. 7 to 12.

Body
weight.

Weight of
food.

Average
daily ratio
of food
weight to
body weight.

Body
weight.

Weight of
food.

Average
daily ratio
of food
weight to
body weight.

Moist.

Dry.

Moist.

Dry.

Moist.

Dry.

Moist.

Dry.

Fore -period.

First subperiod:
Total

Kilos.

Grams.

Grams.

Per ct.

Per ct.

Kilos.
1.938.39
64.61

Grams.
81,709
2,724

Grams.
19,063
635

18,440
615

Per ct.
4.22

Per ci.
0.98

Second subperiod:
Total

557.69
55.77

27,370
2,737

6,092
609

4.91

1.09

1,936.24
64.54

80,676
2,689

4. 17 . 95

Average

Entire fore period:
Total

3,874.63
64.58

1,936.34
64.54

1,938.02
64.60

1,938.45
64.62

162,385
2,706

79,935
2,665

82,058
2,735

82,982
2,766

37,503
625

18, 635
621

19,008
634

18, 777
626

4.19

.97

Average

;:::::

Preservative period.

First subperiod:
Total

557.90
55.79

558.08
55.81

556.16
55.62

.550.94
55.09

26, 194
2,619

26,294
2,629

25,370
2,537

23,403
2,340

6,142
614

6, 103
610

5,531
553

5,236
524

4.70

1.10

4.13

.96

Average

Second subperiod:
Total

4.71

1.09

4. 23 . 98

Average

Third subperiod:
Total

4.56
4.25

.99
.95

4.28 .97

Average

Fourth subperiod:
Total

i

Average
First, second, and
third subperiods:
Total

!

5,812.81
64.59

244,975
2,722

56,420
627

4.21

.S7

A verage ....

Entire preservative
period:
Total

2,223.08
55.58

549. 13
54.91

545. 17
54.52

101,261
2,532

23,012
575

4.55

1.04

Average
After period.

First subperiod:
Total

!

24,813
2,481

24,389
2,439

5,747
575

5,69l'
569

4.52

1.05

Average

Second subperiod:
Total

4.47

1.04

Average

Entire after period :
Total

4.50

1,094.30
54.72

49,202
2,460

11,438
572

1.05

Average

800

INFLUENCE OF FOOD PRESEKVATIVES ON HEALTH.

TABLE III. — Amount of moist and dry food consumed, expressed as percentage of body
weight, Series VII— Continued.

[Averages are per man per day.]

Period.

Nos. 8, 9, 10, and 11.

Nos. 7 and 12.

Body
weight.

Weight of
food.

Average
daily ratio
of food
weight to
body weight.

Body
weight. !

Weight of
food.

Average
daily ratio
of food
weight to
body weight.

Moist.

Dry.

Moist.

Dry.

Moist.

Dry.

Moist.

Dry.

Fore period.

First subperiod:
Total

Kilos.
1.237.00
61.85

1,237.65
61. 88

Grams.

56,789
2,839

56,404
2,820

Grams.
12, 795
640

12,517
626

Per ct.
4.59

Per ct.
1.03

Kilos.
701. 39
70.14

698. 59
69.86

Grams.
24,920
2,492

24,272
2,427

Grams.

6,268
627

5,923
592

Per ct.
3.55

3.47

Per ct.
0.89

.85

Second subperiod:
Total

4.56

1.01

\verage

Entire fore period:
Total

2, 474. 65

113,193
2,830

55,997
2,800

57,713

2,886

59,033
2,952

25,312
633

12,527
626

12,855
643

12,786
639

12,687
634

4.57

4.53
4.65

1.02

l.'Ol
1.04

1,399.98
70.00

49, 192
2, 460

12,191
610

3. 51 . 87

Average

61.87

1,237.41
61.87

1,239.85
61.99

1,240.22
62.01

Preservative period.

First subperiod:
Total

698. 93
69.89

698.17
69.82

698.23
69. 82

23,938
2,394

24,345
2,435

23,949
2,395

6,108
611

6,153
615

5,991
599

3.42

.87

Second subperiod:
Total

3.49

.88

Third subperiod:
Total

Average

4.76

1.03

3.43

.86

Fourth subperiod:
Total

1,242,39
62.12

56,918
2,846

4.58

1.02

Average
Second and third sub--
periods:
Total

!

2,095.33
69.84

72,232
2,408

18,252
608

3. 45 . 87

Entire preservative
period:
Total

4,959.87
62.00

229,661
2,871

50,855
636

4. 63

1.03

Average
After period.

First subperiod:
Total

1,241.67
62. 08

1,241.01
62.05

62, 130
3,107

61,216
3,061

12,786
639

12,595
630

5.00

1.03

j

|

Second subperiod:
Total

4.93

1.01

Average

Entire after period:
Total
Average

2, 482. 68
62. 07

123,346
3,084

25,381
635

4.97

1.02

WEIGHT AND WATER CONTENT OF THE FECES.

In Table IV are given the data relating to the moist and dry weight
and water content of the feces. In this connection attention should
be called to the fact that the feces were collected by periods and not
studied by separating the ingested materials of the various periods by
means of charcoal or other distinctive coloring matter. For this rea-
son some small discrepancy may enter into the computations by reason
of the irregular amount excreted from day to day. In the large num-
ber of persons under observation, however, there would be a marked
tendency to correct any appreciable error and to secure in the general
expression a fairly accurate average value for the fecal excretions.

SULPHUKOUS ACID AND SULPHITES. 801

INDIVIDUAL DATA.

The average weight of the moist feces for No. 1 for the fore period
is 66 grams, containing 69.68 per cent of water and 20 grams of dry
matter. For the preservative period the average weight of the feces
is 89 grams, containing 79.95 per cent of moisture and 18 grams of dry
substance. For the after period the average weight of the moist feces
is 37 grams, containing 65.14 per cent of water and 13 grams of dry
substance. These data show a very complete absorption of the ingested
material throughout and consequently a small excretion of feces. There
is a marked increase in the water content of the feces in the preserva-
tive period and a slight decrease in the quantity of dry matter
excreted. In the after period there is a decrease in the quantity of
water in the feces, as compared with the fore period, and a marked
decrease in the quantity of dry matter excreted.

The data for No. 2 show in the fore period that the average weight
of the feces is 87 grams, containing 68.74 per cent of water and 27
grains of dry matter. For the preservative period the mean quantity
of moist feces is 99 grams, containing 69.72 per cent of water and 30
grams of dry matter. For the after period the average quantity of
feces excreted is 100 grams, containing 73.03 per cent of water and
27 grams of dry matter. These data show little change in the fecal
excretion during the three periods of observation. There is a slight
increase in the percentage of water in the preservative period and a
still greater increase in the after period. The quantity of dry matter
in the feces during the preservative period is increased by 3 grams
per day, while the quantity of dry matter in the fore period and after
period is the same.

In the case of No. 3 there is found in the feces during the fore period
55 grams of moist feces daily, containing 64.62 per cent of water and
20 grams of dry matter. During the preservative period the average
daily excretion of moist feces is 78 grams, containing 65.49 per cent of
water and 27 grams of dry matter. In the after period the average
daily quantity of feces is 60 grams, containing 68.38 per cent of water
and 19 grams of dry matter. In this case the percentage of water in
the feces does not vary much during the period of observation, though
it is slightly increased in the preservative period and again increased
in the after period. The quantity of dry matter in the feces is very
markedly larger in the preservative period, the increase amounting
to 35 per cent, while the quantity of dry matter excreted during the
after period is almost exactly the same as in the fore period.

In the case of No. 4 the average quantity of moist feces excreted daily
is 96 grams in the fore period, 121 grams in the preservative period, and
110 grams in the after period. The quantities of water in the feces
for the three periods, respectively, are 73.54 per cent, 79.02 per cent,

802 INFLUENCE OF FOOD PRESERVATIVES ON HEALTH.

and 77.48 per cent. The quantity of dry matter in the feces remains
the same for the three periods. The variations in weight, therefore, of
the feces are due solely to the differences in the percentages of water,
the amount of water being smallest in the fore period and largest in
the preservative period.

The data for No. 5 are, as has before been explained, incomplete.
In so far as obtained they show an average daily excretion of 66
grams of moist feces in the fore period, 87 grams in the preservative
period, and 74 grams in the after period. The content of water in
the feces is 76.53 per cent, 77.88 per cent, and 77.43 per cent, respec-
tively, for the three periods. The quantity of dry matter excreted
is 16 grams, 19 grams, and 17 grams, respectively, for the three periods.
These data show a slight increase in the percentage of water in the
preservative period and a slight increase in the quantity of dry matter
excreted in the feces.

The observations made on No. 6 show an average daily excretion
of 113 grams of moist feces in the fore period, 128 grams in the pre-
servative period, and 131 grams in the after period. The quantities
of water contained therein are 78.85 per cent, 79.23 per cent, and 80.47
per cent, respectively, for the three periods. The weights of dry
matter excreted in the feces are 24 grams, 26 grams, and 26 grams,
respectively, for the three periods. These data show a slight
increase in the percentage of water in the feces in the preservative
period and another slight increase in the after period. The quantity
of dry matter excreted is slightly increased in the preservative and
after periods over the fore period.

For No. 7 the average amount of moist feces excreted in the fore
period is 94 grams, and for the first, second, and third subperiods of
the preservative period 77 grams; the percentage of water and amount
of dry matter are slightly decreased in the preservative period.
By reason of the incompleteness of these data a comparison of those
secured is not of much value.

No. 8 has an average daily excretion of moist feces in the fore
period of 107 grams, in the preservative period of 113 grams, and in
the after period of 144 grams. The percentages of water contained
in the feces are for the fore period 77.43, for the preservative period
78.08, and for the after period 83.37. The average daily quantities
of dry matter excreted are for the fore period 24 grams, for the pre-
servative period 25 grams, and Aor the after period 24 grams. The
percentage of water in the feces is slightly increased in the preserv-
ative period and largely increased in the after period. The quantity
of dry matter excreted in the feces is slightly increased in the preserva-
tive period and is the same in the fore and after periods.

No. 9 shows an average daily excretion of moist feces in the fore
period of 57 grams, in the preservative period of 59 grams, and in the

SULPHUKOUS ACID AND SULPHITES. 803

after period of 109 grams. The percentages of water contained in the
feces are 68.73 for the fore period, 67.51 for the preservative period,
and 73.87 for the after period. The quantities of dry matter excreted
in the feces are 18 grams for the fore period, 19 grams for the pre-
servative period, and 28 grams for the after period. These data
are apparently abnormal, as indicated by the large increase in the
feces excreted during the after period.

The average daily quantities of moist feces excreted by No. 10
are 71 grams for the fore period, 108 grams for the preservative
period, and 104 grams for the after period. The percentages of mois-
ture contained therein are 75.35 for the fore period, 79.38 for the
preservative period, and 74.86 for the after period. The quantities
of dry matter in the feces are 17 grams for the fore period, 22 grams
for the preservative period, and 26 grams for the after period. In
this case there is a marked increase in water content in the pre-
servative period, accompanied by a considerable increase in dry
matter, which continues in the after period, through the water content
markedly decreases.

The data for No. 11 show an average daily quantity of moist
feces in the fore period of 112 grams, in the preservative period of
126 grams, and in the after period of 105 grams. The percentages of
water contained therein are 75.53 for the fore period, 77.19 for the
preservative period, and 76.36 for the after period. The average
quantity of dry matter excreted in the feces during the fore period
is 28 grams, during the preservative period 29 grams, and during the
after period 25 grams. In this instance both the quantity of water
in the feces and the amount of dry matter excreted are largest in the
preservative period.

The data for No. 12 show a daily excretion of 84 grams of moist feces
for the fore period, 97 grams for the preservative period, and 75 grams
for the after period. The percentages of moisture contained therein
are 71.62 in the fore period, 74.34 in the preservative period, and 73.36
in the after period. The average daily quantities of dry matter
excreted are for the fore period 24 grams, for the preservative period
25 grams, and for the after period 20 grams. In this case also the
percentage of water in the feces and the amount of dry matter excreted
are greatest in the preservative period.

JSTJMM ABIES.

In the summary for Nos. 1 to 6, inclusive, who received sodium
sulphite, the following results are obtained : The average daily quan-
tity of moist feces excreted in the fore period is 82 grams, during the
first, second, and third subperiods of the preservative period 103
grams, and during the after period 85 grams. The average percentage
11240— Bull. 84, pt 3—07 4

804 INFLUENCE OF FOOD PRESERVATIVES ON HEALTH.

of moisture in the feces in the fore period is 72.50, during the preserva-
tive period 76.15, and during the after period 75.40. The average
daily quantity of dry matter excreted in the fore period is 23 grams, in
the preservative period 25 grams, and in the after period 21 grams.

This summary shows that there is a decided tendency on the part of
the sulphites administered to cause an increase in the percentage of
moisture in the feces, thus indicating a slight tendency toward cathar-
sis. It is also noted that there is a distinct tendency to increase the
dry matter excreted in the feces, this increase amounting to 2 grams
in the preservative period, or 8.7 per cent. On the withdrawal of the
preservative there is a marked decrease in the quantity of dry matter
excreted, amounting to 8.7 per cent in this case also, as compared with
the fore period.

It will be recalled that the average daily quantity of dry food
consumed for the fore period by these men is 639 grams and for the
preservative period 629 grams. Thus, while the quantity of food
consumed has been slightly diminished, the quantity of dry matter
excreted in the feces has been markedly increased. It would appear,
therefore, in the light of these data, that the preservative administered
has had an inhibiting effect upon the total quantity of material
digested and absorbed. This phenomenon may also have been
accompanied by an increased katabolism.

Next to be considered are the summaries of the men who received
sulphurous acid in an uncombined state. Only the most complete
summaries are discussed, although others are submitted for com-
parison.

The summary of Nos. 8 to 11, inclusive, shows an average daily
excretion of moist feces in the fore period of 87 grams, in the preserva-
tive period of 102 grams, and in the after period of 115 grams. The
percentages of water contained in the feces are for the fore period
74.97, for the preservative period 76.60, and for the after period 77.63,
respectively. The average daily excretion of dry matter in the feces
is 22 grams in the fore period, 24 grams in the preservative period, and
'26 grams in the after period.

These data show an increase both in the water content of the feces
and in the amount of dry matter excreted during the preservative
period, and the increases are continued in the after period.

Considering the data now as a whole it is evident that the adminis-
tration of sulphurous acid, both as sulphites and in the form of uncom-
bined acid, has a marked tendency to increase the percentage content
of moisture in the feces and the total quantity of dry matter excreted
during the preservative period. In the case of those receiving sodium
sulphite the opposite tendency is shown in the after period, while In
the summary for Nos. 8 to 11, receiving sulphurous acid, there is a
continued increase in dry matter excreted and in percentage of water.

SULPHUROUS ACID AND SULPHITES.

TABLE IV. — Weight and water content offeces by periods, Series VII.
[Averages are per day.]

805

No. 1.

No. 2.

No. 3.

Period.

Feces.

Water.

Dry

feces.

Feces.

Water.

Dry
feces.

Feces.

Water.

Dry
feces.

Fore period.

First subperiod:
Total

Grams.
451

Per ct.
70.07

Grams.
135

Grams.
356

Per ct.
69.66

Grams.
108

Grams.
223

Per ct.
66.40

Grams.
75

Average

90

27

71

22

45

15

Second subperiod:
Total

212

68.92

66

511

68.12

163

331

63.44

121

Average

42

13

102

33

66

24

Entire fore period:
Total

663

69.68

201

867

68.74

271

554

64.62

196

Average

66

20

87

27

55

20

Preservative period.

First subperiod:
Total

475

77 48

107

424

69 07

131

421

66.02

143

Average

95

21

85

26

84

29

Second subperiod:
Total

764

84.94

115

572

70.11

171

356

67.72

115

A ve rage

153

23

114

34

71

23

Third subperiod:
Total

298

80.21

59

464

70.25

138

449

64.40

160

Average

60

12

93

28

90

32

Fourth subperiod:
Total

234

68.37

74

525

69.34

161

327

63.93

118

Average

47

15

105

32

66

24

Entire preservative period:
Total

*1.771

79.95

355

1,985

69.72

601

1,553

65. 49

536

Average

89

18

99

30

78

27

After period.

First subperiod:
Total

un

64.09

65

533

73.34

142

263

65.40

91

Average

36

13

107

28

53

18

Second subperiod:
Total

189

66 05

64

468

72 63

128

341

70.69

100

Average

38

13

94

26

68

20

Entire after period:
Total

370

65. 14

129

1 001

73.03

270

604

68 38

191

Average

37

13

100

27

60

19

806

INFLUENCE OF FOOD PRESERVATIVES ON HEALTH.

TABLE IV. — Weight and water content offeces by periods, Series VII — Continued.

[Averages are per day.]

No. 4.

No. 5.

No. 6.

Period.

Feces.

Water.

Dry

feces.

Feces.

Water.

Dry

feces.

Feces.

**»• &.

Fore period.

First subperiod:
Total

Grams.
382

Per ct.
73.30

Grams.
102

Grams.

Per ct.

Grams.

Grams.
540

Per ct. Grams.
79 43 in

Average

76

20

108

22

Second subperiod:
Total

573

73.65

151

332

76.53

78

590

78.29 128

Average

115

30

66

16

118

26

Entire fore period:
Total

955

73.54

253

1,130

78 85 239

Average

96

25

113

24

Preservative period.

First subperiod:
Total

525

78.87

111

405

76.77

94

559

79.08 117

Average

105

22

81

19

112

23

Second subperiod:
Total.

801

80 53

156

442

75.54

108

828

78. 98 174

Average

160

31

88

22

166

35

Third subperiod:
Total

500

78.60

107

413

79.40

85

551

79.30 114

Average

100

21

83

17

110

23

Fourth subperiod:
Total

594

77.46

134

485

79.58

99

614

79.64 125

Average

119

27

97

20

123

1 25

Entire preservative period:
Total

2,420

79.02

508

1,745

77.88

386

2,552

79.23 530

Average

121

25

87

19

128

i 26

After period.

First subperiod'
Total

540

79 44

111

457

80 95

87

671

80 17 133

108

22

91

17

134

27

Second subperiod:
Total
Average

561
112

75 56

137
27

283
57

71 75

80
16

640

128

80. 77 123
25

Entire after period:
Total

1.101
110

77 48

248
25

740
74

77. 43

167
17

1,311
131

80. 47 256
26

SULPHUROUS ACID AND SULPHITES.

807

TABLE IV. — Weight and water content offcces by periods, Series VII — Continued.

[Averages are per day.]

No. 7.

No. 8.

No. 9.

Period.

Feces.

Water.

Dry

feces.

Feces.

Water.

Dry

feces.

Feces.

Water.

Dry

feces.

Fore period.

First subperiod:
Total

Grams.
393

Per ct.
80.13

Grams.

78

Grams.
525

Per ct.

78.85

Grams.
Ill

Grams.

298

Per (I.
70 14

Grams.
89

Average

79

16

105

22

60

18

Second subperiod:
Total

547

82 62

95

543

76.08

130

268

67 16

88

Average

109

19

109

26

54

18

Entire fore period:
Total . . .

940

81.60

173

1,068

77.43

241

566

68.73

177

Average

94

17

107

24

57

18

Preservative period.

First subperiod:
Total

498

76 92

115

322

74.22

83

343

67 94

110

Average

100

23

64

17

69

22

Second subperiod:
Total

373

80 71

72

452

79.42

93

359

70 47

106

Average

75

14

90

19

72

21

Third subperiod:
Total

277

82.68

48

780

80.14

155

288

64.88

101

Average

55

10

156

31

58

20

Fourth subperiod:
Total

713

76. 72

166

198

65. 20

69

Average

143

33

40

14

First, second, and third sub-
periods :
Total

1 148

79 53

235

Average

77

16

Entire preservative period:

2,267

78.08

497

1,188

67 51

386

Average

113

25

59

19

After period.

First subperiod:
Total

597

81 40

111

632

74 52

161

Average .

120

22

126

32

Second subperiod:
Total

846

84.76

129

455

72.98

123

Average.

169

26

91

25

Entire after period:
Total

1,443

83 37

240

1 087

73 87

284

Average

144

24

109

28

808

INFLUENCE OF FOOD PRESEKVATIVES ON HEALTH.

TABLE IV. — Weight and water content offeces by periods, Series VII— Continued.

[Averages are per day.]

No. 10.

No. 11.

No. 12.

Period.

Feces.

Water.

Dry

feces.

Feces.

Water.

Dry

feces.

Feces.

Water.

Dry

feces.

Fore period.

First subperiod:
Total

Grams.
441

Per ct.
76.17

Grams.
105

Grams.
596

Per ct.
76.01

Grams.
143

Grams.
471

Per ct.
70.68

Grams.
138

Average

88

21

119

29

94

28

Second subperiod:
Total

265

74.00

69

528

74.98

132

371

72.80

101

Average

53

14

106

26

74

20

Entire fore period:
Total

706

75.35

174

1,124

75.53

275

842

71.62

239

Average

71

17

112

28

84

24

Preservative period.

First subperiod:
Total

739

82 14

132

775

79 74

157

540

73 69

142

Average

148

26

155

31

108

28

Second subperiod:
Total

540

79.26

112

558

76.90

129

466

77.70

104

Average

108

22

112

26

93

21

Third subperiod :
Total ....

255

76.04

61

607

75.44

149

562

74.20

145

Average

51

12

121

30

112

29

Fourth subperiod:
Total

629

77.57

141

576

75.88

139

369

71.28

106

Average

126

28

115

28

74

21

Entire preservative period :
Total

2,163

79.38

446

2,516

77.19

574

1,937

74.34

497

Average

108

22

126

29

97

25

After period.

First subperiod:
Total

557

77.19

127

532

74.82

134

280

72.49

77

Average

111

25

106

27

56

15

Second subperiod:
Total

481

72.12

134

517

77.96

114

467

73.88

122

Average

96

27

103

23

93

24

Entire after period:
Total

Average

1,038
104

74.86

261
26

1,049
105

76.36

248
25

747
75

73.36

199
20

SULPHUROUS ACID AND SULPHITES.

809

TABLE IV. — Weight and water content of feces by periods, Series VII — Continued.

SUMMARIES.
[Averages are per man per day.]

Period.

Nos.l
Feces.

2, 3, 4, 5, and 6.

Nos. 1 and 4.

Nos. 5 and 6.

Water.

Dry
feces.

Feces.

Water.

Dry
feces.

Feces.

Water.

Dry

feces.

Fore period.

First subperiod:
Total

Grams.
« 1,952

78

2, 549

Per ct.
a 72. 80

Grams.
o531
21

707
24

Grams.
833
83

785
79

Per ct.
71.55

Grams.
237
24

217
22

Grams.
(«}

Per ct.

Grams.

Average.

Second subperiod:
Total..

72.27

72.36

922
92

77.66

206
21

Average.

85

Entire fore period:
Total

4,501
82

72.50

1,238"
23

1,618
81

71.94

454
23

Average

Preservative period.

First subperiod:
Total . ...

2,809
94

3,763
125

2,675
89

7497

703
23

839

28

663

22

1,000
100

1,565
157

798
80

828
83

7&20

218
22

271
27

166
17

208
21

964
96

1,270
127

964
96

1,099
110

78.11

211
21

282

28

199
20

224
22

Average

Second subperiod:
Total

77.70

82.68

77.80

Average...

Third subperiod:
Total

75.22

79.20

79.36

Average

Fourth subperiod:
Total

7488

79.62

Average

First, second.and third sub-
periods:
Total

9,247
103

76. 15

2,205
25

Average.

Entire preservative period:
Total

4,191
105

721
72

750
75

79.41

863
22

176

18

201
20

4,297
107

1,128
113

923
92

78.69

916
23

Average

After period.

First subperiod:
Total

75.59
73.20

80.50

2,645
88

2,482
83

76.22

629
21

632
21

220

22

203
20

Average

Second subperiod:
Total

7454

78.01

Average

Entire after period:
Total .

5,127

85

75.40

1,261
21

1,471

74

7437

377
19

2.051
103

79.38

423
21

Average. .

a No. 5 absent.

810

INFLUENCE OF FOOD PRESERVATIVES ON HEALTH.

TABLE IV. — Weight and water content of feces by periods, Series F/7— Continued.
[ Averages are per man per day.]

Period.

Nos. 7, 8, 9, 10, 11,

Nos. 8, 9, 10, and 11.

Nos. 7 and 12.

and 12.

Feces.

Water.

Dry
feces.

Feces.

Water.

Dry

feces.

Feces.

Water.

Dry

feces.

Fore period.

First subperiod:
Total

Grams.
2,724
91

2,522

84

Per ct.
75.62

Grams.
664

22

615
21

Grams.
1,860
£3

1,604
SO

Per ct.

75.91

73.88

Grams.

448
22

419
21

Grams.
864
86

918
92

Per ct.
75.00

Grains.
216
22

186
20

Average

Second subperiod:
Total

75.61

78.65

Average.

Entire fore period:
Total

5,24G

87

i

3,217
107

2,748
92

2,769
9°

75.62 1,279
21

3,464

87

74.97

867
22

1,782
89

76.88

412
21

Average

Preservative period.

First subperiod:
Total

77.03

739
25

616
20

659
' 22

2,179
109

1,909
95

1,930
97

2,116
106

77.88

482
24

440
22

466
23

515
26

1,038
104

839

84

839
84

2,716
91

75.24

257
26

176

18

193
19

626
21

Average '

Second subperiod:
Total

77.58

76.95
75.85
75.66

79. 02
77.00
76.95

Average

Third subperiod:
Total

70.20

Average.

Fourth subperiod:
Total..

Average.

First, second, and third
subperiods:
Total

8,734
97

76.94

2,014
22

Average.

Entire preservative period:
Total..

1

8,134
102

2,318
116

2,299
115

76. CO

1,903

24

Average.

After period.

First subperiod:
Total

77.01

78.25

533

27

500
25

Average

Second subperiod:
Total

Average '

Entire after period:
Total

4,617
115

77.63

1,033
26

Average

THE URINE."

VOLUME, SPECIFIC GRAVITY, AND TOTAL SOLIDS.
SERIES VII.

INDIVIDUAL DATA.

In Table V is found a detailed and summarized statement of the
data for the volume, specific gravity, and total solids of the urine of
the twelve men during the period of observation.

The volume of the urine excreted daily by No. 1 during the fore
period is 922 cc, for the preservative period 961 cc, and for the after
period 944 cc. The average specific gravities of the urine for the

a These studies, as in the previous experiments, were conducted by F. C. Weber.

SULPHUROUS ACID AND SULPHITES. 811

periods named are 1.0300 for the fore period, 1.0293 for the preserva-
tive period, and 1.0297 for the after period. The average total quan-
tity of dry solids excreted during the fore period is 67.7 grams, for the
preservative period 68.6 grams, and for the after period 68.7 grams.
In this case the volume of urine is considerably increased during the
preservative period and diminished somewhat during the after
period, but does not fall to the amount of the fore period. The
specific gravity is slightly diminished during the preservative period,
and in the after period is increased to almost the same figure as in the
fore period. The quantity of total solids excreted is increased by
nine-tenths of a gram daily in the preservative period and by 1
gram daily in the after period, as compared with the fore period.

The volume of urine excreted by No. 2 in the fore period is 1,577 cc,
1,565 cc during the preservative period, and 1,470 cc during the after
period. The specific gravity of the urine during the fore period is
1.0191, during the preservative period 1.0187, and in the after period
1.0195. The total weight of dry solids excreted daily during the fore
period is 73.7 grams, during the preservative period 71.7 grams, and
during the after period 70 grams. These data show a slight decrease
in the volume of liquid and also in the specific gravity in the preserv-
ative period, an additional decrease of almost 100 cc per day in the
after period, attended, however, by an increase of specific gravity.
The total quantity of solids eliminated is diminished by 2 grams daily
in the preservative period and by an additional 1.7 grams during the
after period.

In the case of No. 3 the average daily volume of urine during the
fore period is 1,231 cc, during the preservative period 1,290 cc, and
during the after period 1,251 cc. The specific gravities of the urine
for the three periods are 1.0212, 1.0221, and 1.0214, respectively.
The total weights of dry solids excreted daily during the three periods
are 63.5 grams, 69.3 grams, and 65.5 grams, respectively. In this
case there is a slight increase in the volume of the urine and also in
the specific gravity during the preservative period. The volume
excreted during the after period is less than during the preservative
period, but not so small as in the fore period. The specific gravity
also falls in the after period, but is slightly higher than in the fore
period. The weight of total solids excreted is greatest in the preserv-
ative period, falling in the after period, but not to quite so low a
number as in the fore period.

The average daily total volume of urine excreted by No. 4 during
the fore period is 973 cc, during the preservative period 1,041 cc, and
during the after period 997 cc. The specific gravities of the urine
during these periods are 1.0300, 1.0291, and 1.0296, respectively.
The average weights of dry solids excreted daily for the three periods
are 71.6 grams/ 74.2 grams, and 72.2 grams, respectively. There is an

812 INFLUENCE OF FOOD PRESERVATIVES ON HEALTH.

indication in this case that the administration of the preservative has
increased the volume of the urine 68 cc daily. This increase is partly
lost in the after period, but the average daily quantity excreted is
still greater than in the fore period. The specific gravity of the urine
falls slightly during the preservative period and rises during the after
period, but does not quite reach the average of the fore period. The
total quantity of solids excreted in the urine increases by 2.6 grams
daily during the preservative period, falling during the after period,
but not to the average amount excreted in the fore period.

The data for No. 5, as already explained, are incomplete. They
show an average daily excretion of urine during the single fore sub-
period of 936 cc, in the preservative period of 1,049 cc, and in the
after period 862 cc. The specific gravities of the urine for the three
periods are 1.0232, 1.0202, and 1.0200, respectively. The average
daily quantities of solids excreted in the urine are 53.2 grams, 52.3
grams, and 42. 1 grams, respectively. These data show a large increase
in the volume of the urine during the administration of the preserva-
tive, attended by a very marked decrease in specific gravity. There
is a very marked decrease in the volume of urine during the after
period, amounting to 187 cc per day, as~compared with the preserva-
tive period. There is also a decrease in the total solids excreted,
which are 0.9 gram less than during the fore period and 10.2 grams
less during the after period than in the preservative period.

In the case of No. 6 the data show the average daily excretion of
838 cc of urine during the fore period, 930 cc during the preservative
period, and 933 cc during the after period. The specific gravities of
the urine for the three periods are 1.0276, 1.0276, and 1.0275, respec-
tively, showing practically no change. The total solids excreted
daily in the urine amount to 56.7 grams in the fore period, 62.9 grams
in the preservative period, and 62.8 grams in the after period. These
data show a marked increase in the volume of the urine during the
preservative period, which is continued and even slightly increased
during the after period. There is a corresponding increase in the
quantity of total solids eliminated, and this increased rate of elimina-
tion continues through the after period.

In the case of No. 7 the volume of urine excreted in the fore period
is 930 cc and in the first, second, and third subperiods of the preserva-
tive period 1,038 cc. The specific gravity in the fore period is 1.0210
and in the preservative period 1.0202. The quantity of total solids
daily excreted is 47.7 grams in the fore period and 53.6 grams in the
preservative period. The data are not complete, but show an increase
in both the volume of the urine and the quantity of solids excreted.

The volume of urine excreted by No. 8 is 1,536 cc in the fore period,
1,959 cc in the preservative period, and 2,048 cc in the after period.

SULPHUROUS ACID AND SULPHITES. 813

These data show again an increase in the volume of urine under the
administration of the preservative. The specific gravities are low, as
would be expected where so large a volume is excreted. The numbers
expressing the specific gravities for the three periods are 1.0162,
1.0133, and 1.0124. These figures are very low, and the specific
gravity is diminished in the preservative period and again in the after
period. The average daily weight of solids excreted is for the fore
period 61.2 grams, for the preservative period 63.5 grams, and for the
after period 61.5 grams, showing an increase in the excretion of total
solids, amounting to 2.3 grams per day. This increase disappears
during the after period.

- The data for No. 9 show an average daily quantity of urine of 989 cc
for the fore period, 1,146 cc for the preservative period, and 1,075 cc
for the after period. The specific gravities for the three periods are
1.0251 for the fore period, 1.0237 for the preservative period, and
1.0251 for the after period. The average quantity of total solids
excreted is 60.7 grams for the fore period, 66.7 grams for the preserva-
tive period, and 66.2 grams for the after period. These data show a
marked increase in the volume of the urine during the preservative
period, attended with a slight decrease in specific gravity and an
increase of 6 grams daily of solid matter excreted. The increase in
solid matter continues during the after period, but with a tendency to
return to the conditions of the fore period.

In the case of No. 10 the average daily volume of urine is 937 cc in
the fore period, 1,142 cc in the preservative period, and 1,230 cc in the
after period. The specific gravities for the three periods are 1.0257
for the fore period, 1.0197 for the preservative period, and 1.0193 for
the after period. These data show a great increase in the volume of
urine during the preservative period, which is accentuated during the
after period. The specific gravity rapidly falls in the preservative
period and is not increased during the after period. The quantity of
total solids excreted decreases 4.8 grams during the preservative
period, a part of which is regained during the after period.

In No. 11 's case the volume of urine excreted during the fore
period is 1,321 cc, during the preservative period 1,361 cc, and during
the after period 1,307 cc. The specific gravities for the three periods
are 1.0221 for the fore period, 1.0205 for the preservative period,
and 1.0221 for the after period. The quantity of total solids dimin-
ished notably during the preservative period, the decrease amounting
to a daily average of 3.4 grams daily. This was partially recovered
during the after period.

In the case of No. 12 the average daily volume of urine excreted
during the fore period is 1,156 cc, during the preservative period 1,388
cc, and during the after period 1,123 cc. These data show a strong

814 INFLUENCE OF FOOD PRESERVATIVES ON HEALTH.

tendency to increase the volume of the urine during the preservative
period. During the after period the quantity of the urine excreted
diminished to even a smaller figure than in the fore period. The
specific gravity of the urine decreased during the preservative period
and was restored to a little higher than the normal during the after
period. The total quantity of solids excreted daily is 66.1 grams in
the fore period, 69.6 grams in the preservative period, and 64.7 grams
in the after period. These data show a notable increase of 3.5 grams
in the preservative period, while in the after period the quantity
excreted is 1.4 grams less than in the fore period. The diuretic effect
of the preservative is very marked in this case.

SUMMARIES.

The summaries for Nos. 1 to 6, inclusive, are complete, with the
exception of the fourth preservative subperiod. The average daily
volume of urine for the six men is 1,092 cc in the fore period, 1,139 cc
in the preservative period, and 1,076 cc in the after period. The
specific gravity is practically the same in the three periods. The
average daily quantity of solids excreted is 1.2 grams greater in the
preservative period and 1.9 grams less in the after period than in the
fore period. These data show a slight diuretic effect, the total
increase in the volume of the urine in the preservative period being
47 cc daily.

For Nos. 8, 9, 10, and 11 complete data are available for a sum-
mary. In these cases the average daily increase in the quantity of the
urine excreted under the influence of the preservative is extremely
great, amounting to 207 cc daily. This diuretic effect is continued
in the after period, though with diminished intensity toward its close.
The quantity of solids excreted daily in the preservative period
remains practically unchanged, and in the after period the quantity
is only 0.7 gram greater than in the fore period.

The general effect of the administration of sulphurous acid upon
the volume, specific gravity, and total solids in the urine is therefore
seen to be to increase the volume of the urine, to increase the total
quantity of solids eliminated, and to decrease the specific gravity. In
so far as the volume is concerned the diuretic effect is more marked
in the cases where the preservative is given as sulphurous acid (Nos.
8 to 11) than when it is given as sodium sulphite (Nos. 1 to 6). These
data indicate plainly a disturbance of the metabolic activities pro-
duced by the preservative, in both forms.

SULPHUROUS ACID AND SULPHITES.

815

TABLE V. — Urine determinations — Volume, specific gravity, and total solids, Series VII.

[Averages are per day.]

No. 1.

No. 2.

No. 3.

Period.

Vol-
ume.

Specific
gravity
at
25°/25°
C.

Total
solids
(factor
0.245).

Vol-
ume.

Specific
gravity
at
25°/25°
C.

Total
solids
(factor
0.245.)

Vol-
ume.

Specific
gravit/
at

25°/25°
C.

Total
solids
(factor
0.245.)

Fore period.

First subperiod:
Total

cc.

4,685

1.0300

Grams.
344.3

cc.

7,584

1.0200

Grams.
371.5

cc.

5,565

1.0225

Grams.
306.8

Average

937

68.8

1,517

74.3

1,113

61.4

Second subperiod:
Total

4,530

1.0300

332.9

8,190

1.0182

365.2

6,740

1.0199

328.6

906

66 6

1 638

73.0

1,348

65 7

Entire fore period:
Total

9,215

1.0300

677.2

15, 774

1.0191

736.7

12, 305

1. 0212

635.4

922

67 7

1,577

73.7

1,231

63 5

Preservative period.

First subperiod:
Total

4,940

1.0265

320.7

7,515

1.0175

322.2

5,460

1.0242

323.7

Average

988

64 1

1 503

64.4

1,092

64 7

Second subperiod:
Total

4,080

1 0312

311.9

8 210

] 0186

374.1

7,240

1.0206

365 4

Average

816

62.4

1,642

74.8

1,448

73.1

Third subperiod:
Total

4,640

1.0310

352.4

7,750

1.0200

379.7

6,645

1.0215

350.0

Average

928

70.5

1 550

75.9

1,329

70 0

Fourth subperiod:
Total

5,550

1 0284

386.2

Average

1,110

77.2

First, second, and third
sub periods:
Total

23, 475

1.0187

1,076.0

19, 345

1.0221

1,039 1

Average

1,565

71.7

1,290

69.3

Entire preservative period:
Total

19,210

1.0293

1,371.2

Average

961

68 6

After period.

First subperiod:
Total

4,970

1.0288

350.7

7,935

1.0186

361.6

6,494

1.0204

324,5

Average

994

70.1

1,587

72.3

1,299

64.9

Second subperiod:
Total

4,470

1.0307

336.2

6,770

1.0204

338.4

6,015

1.0224

330.1

Average

894

67 2

1 354

67 7

1 203

66 0

Entire after period:
Total

9,440

1.0297

686.9

14,705

1.0195

700.0

12,509

1.0214

654.6

Average

944

68.7

1,470

70.0

1,251

65.5

816

INFLUENCE OF FOOD PRESERVATIVES ON HEALTH.

TABLE V. — Urine determinations — Volume, specific gravity, and total solids, Series VII —

Continued.

[Averages are per day.]

No. 4.

No. 5.

No. 6.

Period.

Vol-
ume.

Specific
gravity
at

25°/25°
0.

Total
solids
(factor
0.245).

Vol-
ume.

Specific
gravity
at

25°/25°
C.

Total
solids
(factor
0.245).

Vol-
ume.

Specific
gravity
at
25°/25°
C.

Total

solids
(factor
0.245).

Fore period.

First subperiod:
Total

cc.
4,730

1.0307

Grams.
355.8

cc.

Grams.

cc.
4,140

1 0276

Grams.
279 9

946

71.2

828

56 0

Second subperiod:
Total

5,000

1.0294

361.0

4,680

1.0232

266.0

4,240

1 0976

286 7

Average

1,000

72.2

936

53.2

848

57.3

Entire fore period:
Total

9 730

1 0300

716 8

8,380

1 0276

566 6

Average

973

71.6

838

56.7

Preservative period.

First subperiod:
Total

5,220

1.0278

355. 5

5,880

1.0208

299.6

4,615

1.0268

303.0

Average

1,044

71.1

1,176

59.9

923

60.6

Second subperiod:
Total

5,410

1.0279

369. 8

5,420

1.0222

294.8

4,760

1.0277

323.0

Average

1,082

73.9

1,084

59.0

952

64.6

Third subperiod:
Total

5,020

1.0303

372.7

5,115

1.0200

250.6

4,595

1.0286

322.0

Average

1,004

74.5

1,023

50.1

919

64.4

Fourth subperiod:
Total

5 175

1 0304

385 4

4 560

1 0180

201 '1

4 640

1 0272

309 2

Average

1,035

77.1

912

40 2

928

61.8

Entire preservative period:
Total

20, 825

1 0291

1,483.4

20,975

1 0202

1,046.1

18, 610

1.0276

1,257.2

Average .

1 041

74.2

1,049

52 3

930

62.9

After period.

First subperiod:
Total

5,080

1.0296

368.4

4,600

1.0185

208.5

4,720

1.0275

318.0

Average

1,016

73.7

920

41 7

944

63.6

Second subperiod :
Total

4,890

1.0295

353. 4

4,020

1.0216

212.7

4,610

1.0274

309.5

Average

978

70.7

804

42.5

922

61.9

Entire after period:
Total

9 970

1.0296

721 8

8 620

1.0200

421.2

9,330

1.0275

627.5

Average

997

72 2

862

42 1

933

62.8

SULPHUROUS ACID AND SULPHITES.

817

TABLE V. — Urine determinations— Volume, specific gravity, and total solids, Series VII—

Continued.

[Averages are per day.]

No. 7.

No. 8.

No. 9.

Period.

Vol-
ume.

Specific
gravity
at
25°/25°
C.

Total
solids
(factor
0.245) .

Vol-
ume.

Specific
gravity
at
5°/25°
C.

Total
solids
(factor
0.245).

Vol-
ume.

Specific
gravity
at

25°/25°
C.

Total
solids
(factor
0.245).

Fore period.

First subperiod:
Total

Average

cc.
"4,325
865

1.0220

Grams.

a 233. 1
46.6

cc.

a 7, 025
1,525

1.0160

Grams,
a 298. 9
59.8

cc.

4,550
910

1.0258

Grams.
287.6
57.5

Second subperiod:
Total

4,970

1.0200

243.5

7,735

1.0165

312.7

5,335

1. 0244

318.9

Average

994

48.7

1,547

62.5

1,067

63.8

Entire fore period:
Total

9,295

1.0210

476. 6

15,360

1. 0162

611.6

9,885

1.0251

606.5

Average ... ...

930

47.7

1,536

61.2

989

60.7

Preservative period.

First subperiod:
Total

5 790

1 0187

265. 3

9,850

1.0131

318.5

5,580

1. 0238

325.4

Average

1 158

53 1

1 970

63.7

1,116

65.1

Second subperiod:
Total

3 925

1 0231

269. 4

9 155

1 0139

311.7

5,650

1.0237

328.1

Average

785

53.9

1,831

62.3

1,130

65.6

Third subperiod:
Total

« 5, 850

1.0187

(i 268. 8

10,470

1.0120

307.8

5,845

1.0221

316.5

Average .

1,170

53.8

2,094

61.6

1,169

63.3

Fourth subperiod:
Total

9,705

1.0140

332.9

5,840

1.0254

363.4

\verage

1,941

66.6

1,168

72.7

First, second, and third sub-
periods:
Total

15 565

1 0202

803 5

Average

1,038

53.6

Entire preservative period :
Total .

39,180

1 0133

1,270.9

22, 915

1.0237

1 333.4

Average

1,959

63.5

1, 146

66.7

After period.

First subperiod :
Total

11,320

1 0111

307 8

5 300

1 0257

333 7

Average

2,264

61.6

1,060

66.7

Second subperiod:
Total

9,160

1.0137

307.4

5,450

1. 0246

328.5

Average

1 832

61.5

1 090

65.7

Entire after period:
Total

20 480

1 0124

615 2

10 750

1 0251

662 2

Average

2, 048

61.5

1,075

66.2

a Average added to complete record.

818

INFLUENCE OF FOOD PRESERVATIVES ON HEALTH.

TABLE V. — Urine determinations — Volume, specific gravity, and total solids, Series VII—

Continued.

[Averages are per day.]

No. 10.

No. 11.

No. 12.

Period.

Vol-
ume.

Specific
gravity
at

25°/25°
C.

Total
solids
(factor
0.245) .

Vol-
ume.

Specific
gravity
at
25°/25°
C.

Total
solids
(factor
0.245) .

Vol-
ume.

Specific
gravity
at
25°/25°
C.

Total
solids
(factor
0.245).

Fore period.

First subperiod:
Total

cc.
4,555

1. 0257

Grams.

286.8

cc.
6, 565

1.0222

Grams.
357.1

cc.
5,850

1. 0230

Grams.
329.6

Average

911

57.4

1,313

71.4

1,170

65.9

Second subperiod:
Total

4,810

1. 0257

302.9

6,640

1.0221

359.5

5,710

1. 0237

331.5

902

60 6

1 328

71 9

1,142

66 3

Entire fore period:
Total .

9,365

1.0257

589.7

13, 205

1. 0221

716.6

11, 560

1.0233

G61. 1

A veragc

937

59.0

1.321

71.7

1,156

66.1

Preservative period.

First subperiod:
Total

4,540

1. 0247

274.7

6,385

1. 0226

353. 5

6, 750

1. 0208

344. 0

<X)8

54.9

1 277

70.7

1,350

68.8

Second subperiod:
Total .•

5,850

1. 0166

237.9

6, 520

1.0196

313.1

8,015

1.0185

363. 3

Average

1,170

47.6

1,304

62.0

1,603

72.7

Third subperiod:
Total

6,190

1.0180

273.0

6, 920

1. 0198

335.7

6,605

1.0222

359.2

Average

1,238

54.6

1,384

67.1

1,321

71.8

Fourth subperiod:
Total

6, 260

1. 0194

297.5

7, 405

1.0200

362.8

6,400

1.0207

324.6

Average

59.5

1,481

72.6

1,280

64.9

Entire preservative period :
Total

22. 840

1.0197

1,083.1

27, 230

1. 0205

1, 365. 1

27, 770

1. 0205

1.391.1

Average

1,142

54.2

1,361

68.3

1,388

69.6

After period.

First subperiod:
Total

7,140

1.0174

304.4

5, 720

1.0238

333. 5

5,500

1.0232

312.6

1 428

66 Q

1 144

66. 7

1 100

62.5

Second subperiod:
Total

5.160

1.0213

269. 3

a 7, 350

1.0205

a 369. 1

5, 730

1.0238

334. 1

Average

1,032

53.9

1, 470

73.8

1,146

66.8

Entire after period:
Total

12,300

1. 0193

573. 7

13, 070

1. 0221

702.6

11,230

1. 0235

646. 7

Average

1,230

57.4

1,307

70.3

1,123

64.7

SULPHUROUS ACID AND SULPHITES.

819

TABLE V. — Urine determinations — Volume, specific gravity, and total solids, Series VII-

Continued.

SUMMARIES.
[Averages are per man per day.]

Period.

. Nos. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6.

Nos. 1 and 4.

Nos. 5 and 6.

Vol-
ume.

Specific
gravity
at
25°/25°
C.

Total
solids
(factor
0.245).

Vol-
ume.

Specific
gravity
at
25°/25°
C.

Total
solids
(factor
0.245).

Vol-
ume.

Specific
gravity
at
25°/25°
C.

Total
solids
(factor
0.245).

Fore period.

First subperiod:
Total

cc.
«26, 704
1,068 j

al.0262

Grams.
al.658.3
66.3

1,940.4

64.7

cc.
9, 415
942

9,530
953

1.0304

Grams.
700.1
70.0

693.9
69.4

cc.

Grams.

Average

Second subperiod:
Total

33,380
1,113

1.0247

1.0297

8,920
892

1.0254

552.7
55.3

Average

Entire fore period:
Total

60,084
1,092

1.0254

3, 598. 7
65.4

18,945
947

1.0300

1,394.0
69.7

676.2
67.6

681.7
68.2

725.1
72.5

771.6

77 2

Average.

Preservative period.

First subperiod:
Total

10, 495
1,049

10,180
1,018

9,710
971

9,200
9°0

1.0238
1.0249
1.0243

602.6
60.3

617.8
61.8

572.6
57.3

510.3
51.0

33, 630
1,121

35, 120
1,171

1.0239

1,924.7
64 2

10,160
1 016

1.0272

Average.

Second subperiod:
Total

1.0247

2,039.0
68.0

2,027.4

67.6

9,490
949

9,660
966

10, 725
1,073

1.0295'

Average

Third subperiod:
Total

33,765
1,126

1.0252

1.0307
1.0294

Average

Fourth subperiod:
Total

1.0226

Average. .

First, second, and third sub-
periods:
Total

102, 515

1.0246

5,991.1
66.6

Average

1,139

Entire preservative period:
Total

40,035
1,001

1.0292

2,854.6
71.4

719.1
71.9

689.6
69.0

39, 585
990

9,320
932

8,630
863

1.0239
1.0230

2,303.3
57.6

Average

After period.

First subperiod:
Total

33,799
1,127

30, 775
1,026

1.0239

•••- — —•••

1,931.7
64.4

-" '

10,050
1,005

1.0292

526.5
52.7

522.2
52.2

Average

Second subperiod:
Total

1.0253

1,880.3
62.7

9,360
936

1.0301

1.0245

Average

Entire after period:
Total

64,574
1,076

1.0246

3,812.0
63.5

19, 410
971

1.0297

1,408.7
70.4

17,950
697

1.0237

1,048.7
52.4

Average

a No. 5 absent.

11240— Bull. 84, pt 3—07-

820

INFLUENCE OF FOOD PRESERVATIVES ON HEALTH.

TABLE V. — Urine determinations — Volume, specific gravity, and total solids, Series VII—

Continued.

[Averages are per man per day.]

Period.

Nos.7,8,9, 10, 11, and 12.

Noa. 8, 9, 10, and 11.

Nos. 7 and 12.

Vol-
ume.

Specific
gravity
at
25°/25°
C.

Total
solids
(factor
0.245) .

Vol-
ume.

Specific
gravity
at
25°/25°
C.

Total
solids
(factor
0.245) .

Vol-
ume.

Specific
gravity
at
25°/25°
C.

Total
solids
(factor
0.245) .

Fore period.

First subperiod:
Total

cc.
33, 470
1 116

1.0224

Grams.
1, 793. 1
59.8

1,869.0
62.3

cc.
23,295
1,165

24,520
1,226

1.0224
1.0222

Grams.
1,230.4
61.5

1,294.0
64.7

cc.
10, 175
1,017

10,680
1,068

1.0225
1.0218

Grams.
562.7
56.3

575.0
57.5

Average

Second subperiod:
Total

35,200
1,173

1.0221

Average. .

Entire fore period:
Total. .

68,670
1 145

1.0223

3, 662. 1
61.0

47,815
1,195

1.0223

2, 524. 4
63.1

20,855
1,043

1.0222

1, 137. 7
56.9

Average

Preservative period.

First subperiod:
Total . .

38, 895
1,296

1.0206

1,881.4
62.7

1,823.5
60.8

1,861.0
62.0

26,355
1,318

27, 175
1,359

29,425
1,471

29,210
1,460

1.0211

1,272.1
63.6

1,190.8
59 5

12,540
1,254

11,940
1 194

1.0198

609.3
60.9

632.7
63.3

628.0
62.8

Average

Second subperiod:
Total...

39, 115
1,-304

41,880
1,396

1.0192
1.0188

1.0184

1.0208

Average

Third subperiod:
Total....

1.0180

1,233.0

61 7

12,455
1 245

1.0204

Average

Fourth subperiod:
Total

1.0197

1,356.6
67 8

Average.

First, second, and third sub-
periods:
Total .

119,890
1,332

1.0195

5,565.9
61.8

36,935
1,231

1.0203

1,870.0
62.3

Average

Entire preservative period:
Total

112, 165
1,402

1.0193

5,052.5
63.2

Average

After period.

First subperiod:
Total. .

29,480
1 474

1.0195

1,279.4
64.0

1,274.3
63.7

Average

Second subperiod:
Total

27, 120
1,356

1.0200

Average

Entire after period:
Total. ..

56,600
1,415

1.0198

2,553.7
63.8

Average

SERIES XIII.

- INDIVIDUAL DATA.

In order to confirm or disprove the marked tendency shown by
the preservative in the original series to diminish the red blood cells,
a special study of six young men was inaugurated, beginning Decem-
ber 1, 1906, and extending to December 20, 1906. (See p. 882.) In
addition to the effects noted on the blood, data for the fore and pre-
servative periods were obtained in regard to the volume and acidity
of the urine. The data on acidity will be considered under the,
following caption.

SULPHUROUS ACID AND SULPHITES. $21

The data for No. 1 show an average excretion of 1,109 cc per day
in the fore period and 969 cc in the preservative period, indicating
a considerable diminution in the volume of urine. In the case of
No. 2 the average quantity of urine excreted in the fore period is 1,296
cc and in the preservative period 1,150 cc, showing again a decided
decrease in volume. In the case of No. 3 the average quantity of
urine excreted in the fore period is 1,053 cc and in the preservative
period 1,142 cc, showing a marked increase.

These three men received sulphurous acid in the form of sodium
sulphite. For Nos. 4, 5, and 6, who received sulphurous acid in the
form of a gas in solution, the following results were obtained:

In the case of No. 4 the average quantity of urine excreted in
the fore period is 687 cc and in the preservative period 1,028 cc,
showing a marked increase. In the case of No. 5 the average quan-
tity excreted in the fore period is 1,198 cc and in the preservative
period 1,170 cc — practically no change in volume. In the case of
No. 6 the average quantity of urine excreted in the fore period is
953 cc and in the after period 1,080 cc, showing a marked increase.

SUMMARIES.

The summary for Nos. 1, 2, and 3, receiving sodium sulphite, shows
the average quantity of urine excreted in the fore period to be 1,153
cc and in the preservative period 1,087 cc, a notable decrease in
volume. In the case of Nos. 4, 5, and 6 the average quantity of urine
excreted in the fore period is 945 cc and in the preservative period
1,093 cc, showing a notable increase.

The summary for the six subjects shows that the average quantity
of urine excreted in the fore period is 1,056 cc and in the preservative
period 1,090 cc, showing only a slight increase in volume.

The data in regard to the volume, while not showing as distinct a
diuretic effect as in the original series, still shows some relationship.
In the average for Nos. 1, 2, and 3, who received sodium sulphite,
there is seen some tendency to diminish the quantity of urine excreted
during the preservative period. On the other hand, in the original
series an increase in the volume is observed. The quantity of pre-
servative administered, it may be well to note, was considerably
smaller during the preservative period of this special study than
during Series VII — a fact which probably influenced the results con-
siderably. Nevertheless, ifi the case of those subjects receiving
sulphurous acid there is seen a slight increase in the volume during
the preservative period, which seems to bear out the conclusion indi-
cated in the original study, namely, that free sulphurous acid exerts
more of a diuretic effect than when administered as sodium sulphite.

822

INFLUENCE OF FOOD PRESERVATIVES ON HEALTH.

TABLE VI. — Urine determinations — Supplemental study of volume and acidity,

Series XIII.

Period.

No. 1.

No. 2.

No. 3.

Vol-
ume.

Acidity.

Vol-
ume.

Acidity.

Vol-
ume.

Acidity.

1

II

o
£

By lit-
mus.

1
g§

is

0

£

By lit-
mus.

1

§8
2§

0

!5

By lit-
mus.

Times acid.

1 Times am-
1 photeric.

Times acid.

Times am-
photeric.

73

1

03

e-i

Times am-
photeric.

1906.
Fore period:
Dec.l

cc.
j- 2,765

835
820
1,125

cc.

cc.
2,750

cc.

cc.
2,750

630
845
1,040

cc.

2

0

4

1,260
1.320

5

1,150

Total . . .

5,545

6,480
1,296

5,265
1,053

1,020

Average

First preservative
subperiod:
Dec. 6

1,109

790
950

| 2,000
810

30.9

0

4

26.6

3

1

26.9

i

3

880
1,150

2,650

7

1,300

8

2,640

685

9

10

960

Total
Average

4,550
910

1,040

~"~52.'3~

...„

""6"

5,640
1,128

~"4L8'

...„

""6"

5,645
1,129

840
1,230

27.7

3

1

Second preservative
subperiod :
Dec. 11

,370

12

990
1,020

,350
,200

13

1,310
1,530
1,010

14

900
1,015

,300
,075

15 . ...

Total

4,965

6,295

""5"

"~6"

5,920
1,184

1.010

~"28."7"

""4

i

Average

993

53.9

5

0

1,259

45.7

Third preservative
subperiod:
Dec. 16

1,015

1,075
940
1,250

17

920
1,060
1,100

880
1 550

18

19

|

1,100
950

1,315
810

20
Total

920

i

5,015

5,315
1,063

17,250
1,150

"~44."7'

5,565
1,113

17,130

Average

Entire preservative
period :
Total

1,003

51.9

5

0

• 5

—

32.2

4

i

14,530
969

Average

52.7 i 14

0

44.0

14

0

1,142

29.5

11

3

SULPHUROUS ACID AND SULPHITES,

823

TABLE VI.— Urine determinations — Supplemental study of volume and acidity,
Series XIII— Continued.

Period.

No. 4.

No. 5.

No. 6.

Amount of preservative.

Vol-
ume.

Acidity.

Vol-
ume.

Acidity.

Vol-
ume.

Acidity.

Nos. 1-3 re-
ceived sodi-
um sul-
phite.

Nos. 4-6
received
sulphurous
acid.

1

gs
2%

o
SB

By lit-
mus.

I
gg

o3o
fc§

s

!z

cc.

By lit-
mus.

1

it

!§

0

fc

By lit-
mus.

1
§

*l

11

.a ft

<j

Times am-
photeric.

1

j-3

N
ii

•a ft

O

1

•
•<

Om.

6

CQ '
<

1

03
<

O
CQ

03
^

1906.
Fore period:
Dec. 1

cc.
[l,G80

485
600

cc.

cc.
2,250

cc.

cc.

Mg.

Nos.

4&5
Mg.

No.
6
Mg.

3!

1,010

1,040

4

1,42C

900

5

Total
Average

First preserva-
tive subperiod:
Dec. 6.

670

3,435

687

480

1,310

920

2,860

5,990

36 7

2

2

1,198
1,120

24.5

4 0

953 28.8

3

0

96o'

1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0

508
508
508
508

508

300
300
300
300
300

7

8

740
•2,620
485

1,415

960

2,760

f 880
[ 800
1,210

9 ...
10

1,100

Total

—

—

—

4,325

6,395

4,810

5.0
1.0

2,540
508

1,500
300

Average

Second preserva-
tive subperiod :

Dec. 11

865

36.9

J

0

1,279

27.2

3

1

962

36.6

5

0

1,260

1,300

1,540

1.5

2.0
2.0
2.0
2.0

f «200
1 762
1,016
1,016
1,016
1,016

}• 400

400
400
400
400

300

300
300
300
300

12...

1,200

1,100

1,210

13

840

960

1,400 . .

14

1,100

1,060

920

15. . .

1,270

...

990

920

Total

5,670
1,134

1,270

5, 410

1

5,990

9.5
1.9

5,026
1,005

2,000
400

1,500
300

Average

Third preserva-
tive subperiod:
Dec. 16....

25.9

-5

0

1,082
1 280

36.6

J

0

1,198 30.3

5

0

3.0
3.0
3.0
3.0
3.0

1,524
1,524
1,524
1,524
1,524

500
500
500
500
500

400
400
400
400
400

17
18

1,160

990

1,020

19....

1,170

1,120

20.'.
Total

870

1.340

l

5,430

5,750

15.0
3.0

7,620
1,524

2,500
500

2,000
400

Average...

Entire preserva-
tive period:
Total
Average...

1,086

15,425
1,028

31.6
"3~i.~5

5

0

1,152 36.0

5

0

0

'i4""6

17,555
1,170

10,800

29.5
1.3

15,186
1,012

6.000
400

3,500
350

33.3

13

1

1,0.80

33.5

10 0

o As sulphurous acid at breakfast of this date.

824

INFLUENCE OF FOOD PRESEKVATIVES ON HEALTH.

TABLE VI. — Urine determinations — Supplemental study of volume and acidity,
Series XIII — Continued.

SUMMARIES.

Period.

Nos. 1 , 2, and 3 received
sodium suiphite.

.Nos. 4, 5, and 6 received
sulphurous acid.

Nos. 1 to 6.

Vol-
ume.

Acidity.

Vol-
ume.

Acidity.

Vol-
ume.

Acidity.

1

§s
*§

o

£

By lit-
mus.

1

is

*l

0

£

By lit-
mus.

1

lj

*§

0

jzf

Times acid. y

1 3<<

lit-

as.

i-g

o

JI

Times acid.

Times am-
photeric.

Times acid.

2 ^
«-jj

v%

!*

1906.
Fore period

1,153
1,056
1,145
1,060

1,087

cc.

28.1

40.6
42.8
42.9
42.1

Per
cent.
33

Per
cent.
67

cc.
945

1,035

1,138
ol,106
1,093

cc.
30.0

33.6
30.9
» 33. 7
3,7

Per

cent.
83

Per

cent.
17

cc.
1,056

1,046

cc.

29.1

37.1

Per

cent.
58

Per
cent.
42

First preservative
subperiod

Second preservative
subperiod

1,142
1,683

1,090

3fi. 9
38.3
37.4

Third preservative
subperiod
Entire preservative
period

98

2

96

4

93

7

a Average of first and second preservative periods added to complete record for No. 6.
PRESENCE OF ALBUMIN AND THE REACTION OF THE URINE.

During Series VII the presence of albumin was qualitatively deter-
mined only a limited number of times. The reaction of the urine
was not observed in this series, but was determined in connection with
additional data on albumin in the two special series, XI (see p. 1021)
and XIII, recorded in the preceding pages/

In the case of No. 1, during the fore period there was no positive
test for albumin obtained, and the same condition continued during
the first preservative subperiod and part of the second. During the
latter part of this subperiod, however, a very minute trace was
observed, which continued throughout the remainder of the experi-
ment with the one exception of an observation made in the fourth
preservative subperiod, when no albumin was found.

In the case of No. 2 there is a positive test for albumin throughout
the entire period of observation. Minute traces were observed during
the preservative period, while the two observations made during the
after period indicated the presence of a trace.

No positive reactions were obtained for No. 3 until the latter part
of the preservative period, when a minute trace was reported. During
the after period a very minute trace is recorded.

In the cases of Nos. 4 and 5 negative results were obtained through-
out the period of observation, while No. 6 shows a small quantity in
every instance without regard to the administration of the preserva-
tive.

There is only a broken record for No. 7, and all the observations
recorded are negative. In the case of No. 8 the tests for the presence

SULPHUROUS ACID AND SULPHITES. 825

of albumin are all negative with the exception of that for the third
preservative subperiod, when a very minute trace is reported. Nos.
9 and 10 are negative throughout. No. 11 is negative until the third
preservative subperiod is reached, when a very minute trace is
recorded, which continues throughout the remaining periods of
observation . with the exception of one negative result in the after
period. No. 12 is negative until the fourth preservative subperiod,
when a minute trace is reported, which continues throughout the
after period.

These limited data are not sufficiently decisive to establish any
general effect as produced by the preservative, and further studies
were made of this point in the special series, as before mentioned,
where the same contradictory evidence is furnished by the data
obtained for five men, which precludes the drawing of any positive
conclusion in regard to the production of albumin in the urine by this
preservative. In the cases of Nos. 1, 3, 11, and 12 of Series VII,
however, a slight tendency is shown on the part of the sulphurous
acid, whether combined as a sulphite or in a free state, to develop
albumin in the urine when it is not present.

In the special Series XIII before mentioned (see Table VI) the
question of the influence of the preservative on the acidity of the
urine is considered.

The acidity is expressed as cubic centimeters of tenth-normal
sodium hydroxid per 100 cc of urine, and the number of acid and
amphoteric reactions obtained with litmus paper is also given. With
the exception of No. 4, an increase in acidity is shown in every case
throughout the preservative period. Summarizing the average
figures according to the form of preservative administered, it is seen
that for those receiving sodium sulphite the acidity in the fore period
is expressed by 28.1 and for the preservative period by 42.1. There
is also a marked increase shown by the reactions obtained by testing
with litmus paper, 33 per cent of the tests being acid in the fore
period and 93 per cent in the preservative period.

In the case of Nos. 4, 5, and 6, who received sulphurous acid, a
slight increase is also shown, from 30 in the fore period to 32.7 during
the preservative period. The litmus-paper tests show an increase in
these cases also, from 83 to 98 per cent. Considering the set of sub-
jects together, it is seen that as an average 29.1 cc of tenth-normal
sodium hydroxid were required to neutralize 100 cc of urine during
the fore period and 37.4 cc during the preservative period. Lit-
mus paper gives an acid reaction in 58 per cent of the tests during
the fore period and in 96 per cent in the preservative period.

There is evidenced a strong tendency to render the urine acid, which
tendency is much more marked when sodium sulphite was adminis-
tered. This subject is further discussed under Series XI, page 1021.

826 INFLUENCE OF FOOD PRESERVATIVES ON HEALTH.

RATIO OF SULPHUR, SULPHATES, AND PHOSPHATES TO THE
NITROGEN EXCRETED IN THE URINE.

In Table VII a study is given of the relations of sulphur as total
sulphur and as sulphates, and phosphorus as phosphoric anhydrid
to the nitrogen. Inasmuch as in this case the quantity of sulphur
and sulphates is largely increased in the preservative period and
increased to a certain extent in the after period, theoretically the
ratio of these bodies to the nitrogen would be smaller in the pre-
servative period and in the after period than in the fore period. The
practical point, therefore, to be kept in view would be the influence
exerted by the sulphurous acid upon the relative -proportions of nitro-
gen to phosphoric acid in the urine. For this purpose the small
variations in the amounts of these two bodies ingested in the various
periods may be left out of consideration. In the case of No. 1 the
ratio of phosphoric acid to the nitrogen rises in the preservative
period from 1:6.1 to 1:6.4. This increase is maintained also in
the after period, where the ratio rises to 1 : 6.5.

In the case of No. 2 the phosphoric acid ratio in the preservative
period remains almost the same as in the fore period, and is the
same in the after period as in the preservative period, namely, 1 : 5.3.
In No. 3 the ratio of phosphoric acid to the nitrogen is increased,
rising from 1:6.8 to 1:7.1. This increase is practically maintained
in the after period, where it is 1:7.0.

The ratio of phosphoric acid to nitrogen in the case of No. 4 is
considerably decreased in the preservative period, falling from 1:6.0
to 1:5.2, and remaining practically the same in the after period,
namely, 1:5.3. In the case of No. 5 the data are incomplete for
the fore period, and a comparison is of little value. For No. 6 the
ratio of phosphoric acid to nitrogen is increased from 1:5.0 to 1:6.0
in the preservative period and maintained almost at the same point
in the after period, namely, 1:5.9, the phosphoric acid in this case
being greatly reduced.

In the case of No. 7 there is a marked increase in the magnitude
of the phosphoric acid ratio, which rises from 1:6.6 in the fore
period to 1:7.2 in the preservative period. There is a decrease in
the ratio of phosphoric acid to nitrogen in the case of No. 8, where
it falls from 1:6.2 in the fore period to 1:5.7 in the preservative
period, rising, however, in the after period to 1:6.6. The ratio of
phosphoric acid to nitrogen is decreased in the case of No. 9 in the
preservative period from 1:6. 5 to 1:6. 2. A slight increase is observed
in the after period, the magnitude of the ratio reaching 1:6.3. The
phosphoric acid ratio rises in the case of No. 10 from 1:5.9 in the
fore period to 1:6.0 in the preservative period, falling again in the
after period to the same magnitude as at first.

In the case of No. 11 there is again an increase in the magnitude
of the phosphoric acid ratio in the preservative period, rising from

SULPHUKOUS ACID AND SULPHITES. 827

1:5.9 in the fore period to 1:6.2 in the 'preservative period and
increasing to 1 : 6.3 in the after period.

In the case of No. 12 there is a gradual decline throughout the
observation in the ratio of phosphoric acid to nitrogen, falling from
1:6.2 in the fore period to 1:5.9 in the preservative period and to
1 : 5.3 in the after period.

Comparing the summaries of Nos. 1 to 6, inclusive, with those of
Nos. 8 to 11, inclusive, it is seen that the ratio of the phosphoric
acid to nitrogen for Nos. 1 to 6 in the fore period is 1:5.8, in the
preservative period 1:5.9, and in the after period 1:5.8.

This shows a slight tendency on the part of the preservative,
namely, sodium sulphite, either to increase the excretion of nitrogen
or to diminish the excretion of phosphorus in relation to each other.
In this case it is noticed that the quantities of nitrogen and of phos-
phorus excreted are both decreased somewhat. In the after period
the ratio is restored to the same magnitude as that in the fore period.

In the summaries for Nos. 8 to 11, inclusive, the ratio of the phos-
phoric acid to nitrogen is 1:6.1 in the fore period, 1:6.0 in the pre-
servative period, and 1:6.3 in the after period. In this case the
opposite condition obtains from that noted in the preceding instance.
The administration of the sulphurous acid in the form of a free acid
or gas has apparently increased the excretion of phosphoric acid in
relation to the nitrogen excreted, since the ratio is less.

The disturbances which have been caused by the administration of
the preservative between the relative excretion of nitrogen and
phosphoric acid are not of a sufficient magnitude to warrant any
certain conclusions. If the two summaries be considered together,
it is evident that there has been practically no disturbance of the
relation between the excretion of these two substances. Considering
the two summaries separately, it would appear that the administra-
tion of the sulphurous acid in the form of sulphites tends to decrease
the elimination of phosphoric acid in relation to nitrogen, while if
administered in the form of uncombined acid it tends to increase the
excretion of phosphoric acid in relation to nitrogen. This change,
however, is so minute that it may be said that very little influence is
exerted by the preservative upon the relative excretions of phosphoric
acid and nitrogen in the urine.

The problem may also be looked at from a different point of view,
as illustrated in Table Vllf. In this table the ratios are based on
the amounts of nitrogen, sulphur, and phosphoric acid excreted in
the urine, expressed as percentage of amounts ingested, instead of
making the comparison between the actual amounts of these sub-
stances excreted. In the preservative period the calculation for
sulphur excreted is made on the sulphur exhibited in the food plus
the sulphur administered as a preservative.

828 INFLUENCE OF FOOD PRESERVATIVES ON HEALTH.

In the case of No. 1 the ratio of the phosphoric acid in the preserva-
tive period remains unchanged, while it is slightly increased in the
after period. In the case of No. 2 there is no change whatever in the
ratio of the phosphoric acid to the percentage of nitrogen in the food
excreted in the urine. In the case of No. 3 the ratio is slightly
increased, and this increase is maintained in the after period. In the
case of No. 4 the nitrogen is diminished in the preservative period,
and this loss is partly regained in the after period. In the case of
No. 5 the ratio is considerably increased in the preservative period,
and decreases in the after period almost to the initial point. In the
case of No. 6 the ratio of the phosphoric acid is again increased, and
this increase is maintained in the after period. In the case of No. 7
the ratio in the preservative period is slightly increased. In the case
of No. 8 the ratio is slightly increased in the preservative period and
again" in the after period. In the case of No. 9 the ratio remains
unchanged throughout the three periods. In the case of No. 10
there is a slight increase in the preservative period, and this is main-
tained in the after period. The same remark is true of No. 11. In
the case of No. 12 there is a slight diminution in the preservative
period, and this diminution is maintained in the after period.

Summarizing the data for Nos. 1 to 6, inclusive, and Nos. 8 to 11,
inclusive, we find in the first instance that the ratio of the percentage
of phosphoric acid ingested that is excreted in the urine to the per-
centage of nitrogen excreted in the urine is 1 : 1.46 in the fore period,
1: 1.55 in the preservative period, and 1: 1.53 in the after period.
These figures indicate a tendency on the part of the preservative
administered in the form of sulphite to diminish the relative excretion
of phosphoric acid, as-compared with that of nitrogen. This tendency
is also noticed in the after period, but to a less extent. In the second
summary for Nos. 8 to 11, inclusive, having received sulphurous
acid in a free state, it is noticed that the ratio in the fore period is
1: 1.49, in the preservative period 1: 1.53, and in the after period
1: 1.58. In this series, as in the first one, there appears to be a
tendency on th'e part of the preservative to diminish the quantity of
phosphoric acid excreted in proportion to the quantity of nitrogen
excreted, and this tendency is even more marked in the after period.

The average results expressed in this manner are concordant for
both summaries, showing a slight tendency to diminish the relative
excretion of phosphoric acid, with the one exception that the results
as given in Table VII show a slight tendency on the part of free
sulphurous acid to increase the relative excretion of phosphoric acid.

Taken as a whole, and considering the slight variations of the
ratio from the normal, it is evident that the preservative does not
exert any great influence in changing the relative amounts of phos-
phoric acid and nitrogen excreted.

SULPHUROUS ACID AND SULPHITES.

829

CO <N

nitrogen, S

Q CO IN <N I

*1

IN iO (N

-^
f

-&

s £
^ *
^ %

I %
**$

•S

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t-^ co

co c4

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ocd

T— 1 GO »— t O5 i— i

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i—)Tt< ro^ •'fC^ ^— i

coco

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830 INFLUENCE OF FOOD PRESERVATIVES ON HEALTH.

ZQ

e

I

1

•*—

t

'a

i*

3,2

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>

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^ CO

O(M OO O--*1 OOO
CO C^ IOCO COCO OO CO

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Cor-! COrH t-r-! QOr-!

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15

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bO.O ' bfi Cu ' tiD-^ ' CiD O ' &0 OT &D "^1 S, &JQr^ | bO O I tiC

SULPHUROUS ACID AND SULPHITES.

831

fc

cc

«i

oo

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o

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00 00 n.1 . «» .

iri f. »rf to • o •

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to .6

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£

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fc

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57. 87

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coco i-4-«* ooro oico

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C^ OJ <N "5

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CO '

oo 10 .
•* tfi

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Ratio.

fc

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02

oo
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rH rH <N 00

C0\ «3 10 CO

f? :

CO CO

00
CO

fc»

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Tti

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CO rH O C«5

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6
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I§

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02

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O(M

OJT-H

<N e>4 CO<N c4 c^j i>rH

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OrH t^rH"

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03
3

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i
1

rr

O5 CO C-* CO O CO 00 O5
lO rH COrH 1C rH CO

10 *o
s ^

IT-CO ;j;r-

rH CO 00 t—

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t^- rH COrH CO rH ^J1

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1 : :

38 : :

I

Fore peric

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Total

a

&

i

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Total
Average

Entire fore period:
Total

iH

^

<

^ : '. -o i i . . T3

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1 aigili&a &£ &
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Entire preservative
Total
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^4/<er peril

First subperiod:
Total
^Average
Second subperiod:
Total
Average

Entire after period:
Total
Average

832

INFLUENCE OF FOOD PRESERVATIVES ON HEALTH.

TABLE VII. — Urine determinations — Ratio of sulphur, sulphates, and phosphates to nitrogen, Series VII— Continued.

[ Averages are per day.]

06

3

Ratio.

I

o •*

to

oo 10 • -^ • o

s

•* 05

to to

to
to

- r, r, r,

~

H -

'"

6

02

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to

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tO >0 "i "5

to
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to

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1-1

i-H i-H rH rH

1-1

. .

1-1

02

to »o

3

S d d d

05

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co ci

OS

"

. .

1-1

y

%

ill 11

gg

si 11 11 II

O Ci

§5 O CO 00

il

SOS. 0<N

O5rH

OSr-i 05rH 05rH irf CO

««

OS (N OS .

02

pa

1!

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|

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to P°c

Ii

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Sulphur.

S ^ * "*! x.
€

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^OrH U5r^ 10'rH "5 rH

sg

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<*' ' lOi-i

M O
05 '

I

Jsd %z

s

grf |S !;? g^

&3

O (N

K 11

^

3

Ratio.

1

to to
to to

to
to

05 0 0

<N

b- OO t-

(>.

. i-H

1-1

rH rH rH

^

55

I

05 t>-

to to

oo

to

(N •* 0
tO "5 10

2

1-H 1-H

^

...

1-1

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02

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0

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s d d

CO

gj

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^

i-H rH rH

1-1

>.

+3

<5

pa

si

t- rH

t^ i-H >O .' 00 .'

p

5

p !?

COr-J

O5 rH 00 .' O C4

000

Sulphur.

p: . . .

»o t>-

^0? 0^ 0005

ii

CO

co •

Nitrogen.

laid Id

Id

2S 2^ 8§

p

e

Period.

'

1

•I .1 . . *^ it • i

3 "g

•§ : : : : : : | : : : :

5 ?

3j

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i

+* FH ^ *^ P-

1
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After pen
First subperiod :
Total

>T3"c

•< §E-

1

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Entire after period
Total...

|

SULPHUROUS ACID AND SULPHITES.

833

co
fl <R

|s IS

S 0 <N 0 (

^

coio £300 -<fct5 oo co

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id I-H •n' id i-5 id i-5

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COCN ©<N

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li

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IN-* id

t-i-H O

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CO CO CD CO

»-H 1010 ^t*r>-
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t^tj. iot^ C0"0 COOS

$8 o?3 ^2 9^

id ^H co' I-H id ^ cd i-5

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t^^H Or-l CO .-1 t-r-H

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rag

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Entire pre
Total.
Avera

Entire
To
Av

834 INFLUENCE OF FOOD PRESERVATIVES ON HEALTH.

. 1 , 1 , ^ CO

°5 CO IM — i 00

g CO »O •W

Q M IN (NC<5

§1

o I _

•* ! CO

O co
co pi co pi co pi co oi

S% ££ 5J

•>* pi copi T-?C

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SI'

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11
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OOh- CiOO »OOi t--^O

pici oci (NM eooi

r-<c<'eoe

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SULPHUROUS ACID AND SULPHITES.

835

oo «
W 5

I— I H

la

Is
I

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oo . o

td iC O

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to • O
to

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0 tH OM

S (M ,-H CO to 10 (N tO

C<5 rH COT-? 1C T-H tdi-H

ic rj5 Tj! co »c ic»o

i-H Tjt-H IOT-I Ol-H

CJ 10 0

1C to

to c^ t-^ c<5 g co

1C CO

to uS

1C 1C
-*f 1C

iC to •*

3S SS

.C to

cori

« :

11240— Bull. 84, pt 3—07 6

-r

as, !

;a

836

INFLUENCE OF FOOD PRESERVATIVES ON HEALTH.

|

>
I.

> ,

(

•<

Ik

0

I

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3
f

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r

r

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0

oj

Quantity. |

1

^ 0 03 go

03g

iO C^

11 » g

193.960
2.155 .

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IABLE Vll. — urint utitrintnuiiviks — nuiiv uj sutjjiiu,! , suipiiuica, u/t« yyu
[ Averages are per man per day.

Nos. 5 and 6.

6

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0

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i

-

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r^

i— 1 | i— 1 r-< * T-

Quantity.

q

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looo

as.,-;

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Grams.

iO O

od -

§i ^S 18 ii

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1!

od • od '

00 K>

c

.

11

iCOO r^ ic O O3 COOS

rj ^< OJCO' C5CO t^»-H

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First subperiod:

Tntfll

: : i

• i 1

I i i I

•g i i i i i i

;| | : ; .]»„ :•§ : :^ :| |

t>rOo> p"o> ^ tno>I73"o>MO>^"o> ^.,2 C

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"a .fa g "c
W fe M W

SULPHUROUS ACID AND SULPHITES.

837

co

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INFLUENCE OF FOOD PRESERVATIVES ON HEALTH.

•anqdjng

'N-8

•anqding

•N:?0'd

•anqding

I

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•N:?0sd

'tr-9

•anqding

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Fore period
Preservative period
After period

Fore period
Preservativ
After perio

Fore period
Preservative pe
After period

SULPHUKOUS ACID AND SULPHITES.

839

TABLE VIII.— Urine determinations — Relative amounts of nitrogen, sulphur, and
phosphoric acid excreted, expressed as percentages of amounts ingested, Series VII—
Continued.

SUMMARIES.

Period.

Nos. 1 to 6.

Nos. 8 to 11.

Quantity.

Ratio.

Quantity.

Ratio.

Nitrogen.

P205.

P205:N.

Nitrogen.

P305.

P205:N.

Fore period

Per cent.
86.43
91.24

88.37

Per cent.
59.26
58.96
57.77

1: 1.46
1: 1.65
1: 1.53

Per cent.
80.50
79.55
81.51

Per cent.
54.09
52.00
51.73

1:1.49
1:1.53
1:1.58

Preservative period

After period

CHANGES IN THE RELATIVE QUANTITIES OF SULPHUR COM-
POUNDS EXCRETED IN THE URINE.

The fact that sulphur was administered both in the form of a pre-
servative and in the food presents a very interesting problem in
tracing its final elimination from the body. This point is also con-
sidered in the discussion of the sulphur balances. Since the kidneys
practically have the entire duty of eliminating the preservative, the
urine in this case is worthy of special study in regard to the sulphur
content. In Table XI are the data for the various sulphur, deter-
minations made on the urine, including total sulphur as S and as SO3,
and the following determinations as SO3: Total sulphates; neutral
sulphur (representing the sulphur which is held in organic combi-
nation and is not completely oxidized) which is the difference between
the total sulphur and total sulphates as SO3; ethereal sulphates;
inorganic sulphates (total minus the ethereal sulphates), and the
ratio of the ethereal to the inorganic sulphates. In addition, neutral
sulphur, and total ethereal and inorganic sulphates are expressed in
percentage of the total sulphur eliminated.

To determine whether any of the preservative was excreted as
sulphites or sulphurous acid the distillation method for the deter-
mination of sulphurous acid was used.a Volumetric determinations
of the iodin were useless, as small amounts were found on blank
determinations. The iodin was boiled off and the sulphates formed
precipitated by barium chlorid. By this method blank determina-
tions on normal urine gave 0.08 milligram of SO2 in 200 cc of urine.
Determinations during the various preservative periods on 200 cc of
the urine never gave over 1 milligram, the average being 0.07.

INDIVIDUAL DATA.

It is seen in the case of No. 1 that there is an average daily increase
of 300 milligrams of total sulphur eliminated in the preservative
period and an average increase of 36 milligrams in the after period

all. S. Dept. Agr., Bureau of Chemistry, Bui. 107, p. 187.

840 INFLUENCE OF FOOD PRESERVATIVES ON HEALTH.

over the fore period. Referring to the table of administration of
the preservative it is seen that 564 milligrams of SO2, equivalent to
282 milligrams of sulphur, were given in the form of sodium sulphite.
The feces, however, showed a marked decrease in sulphur during the
preservative and after periods (Table X), which might be thought to
account for the increase of sulphur excreted in the urine above the
amount exhibited in the preservative. The average data given in
Table X do not indicate, however, that such an influence was exerted.

One point worthy of notice is the increase of neutral sulphur dur-
ing the preservative and after periods. This increase during the
preservative period amounts to 203 milligrams of SO3, or 81 milli-
grams of sulphur. There is a little over half this increase in the after
period over the fore period. Considering the sulphates determined
as such it is seen that there is an increase of 549 milligrams of SO3,
which is equivalent to 219 milligrams of sulphur. There is a decrease
in the after period to a quantity less than in the fore period. Fur-
ther, it is seen that this increase is entirely in the quantity of inor-
ganic or preformed sulphates, the quantity of ethereal or organically
combined sulphuric acid remaining remarkably constant in the case
of this subject throughout the period of observation. If, as is said
to be the case, the ethereal sulphates are an indication of putrefactive
changes taking place in the intestines, there seems no evidence of
such a condition in this instance.

The average ratio of ethereal sulphates to inorganic sulphates is
commonly given as 1: 10. In the case of No. 1, this ratio in the
fore period is 1: 13.4, in the preservative period 1: 17.0, and in the
after period 1:13. Naturally the ratio would be greatly disturbed
when sulphur is exhibited in the preservative, but it is of interest
to note the magnitude of this disturbance in the individuals and that
it is due, in every case but two, to a large increase in the amount
of inorganic sulphates.

The results expressed in percentage of the total sulphur eliminated
show a large increase of neutral sulphur in the preservative period
which is slightly increased in the after period. The total sulphates
show a gradual falling off during the observation which is quite
marked in the preservative period. The ethereal sulphates fall from
6.2 per cent in the fore period to 4.8 per cent in the preservative
period, rising again to 6.1 per cent in the after period, while the inor-
ganic sulphates gradually decrease in percentage amount throughout,
notwithstanding their large increase in actual amount eliminated.

A point worthy of comment here is the increase in the actual and
percentage amount of neutral sulphur and the decrease in the per
cent of ethereal sulphates. Since the total sulphur is so largely
increased it does not follow that the decrease in the percentage
amounts of the other forms means a decrease in the actual amounts,

SULPHUROUS ACID AND SULPHITES. 841

and as is seen, such is not the case, but the increase of neutral sul-
phur shows an increase of unoxidized sulphur from some source.

The data for No. 2, as given in Table XI, agree very closely with
those discussed for No. 1. One notable exception is the decrease in
this case of the percentage amount of neutral sulphur during the
preservative period, though there is an increase in actual amount of
63 milligrams of neutral sulphur, as SO3. The ethereal sulphates in
this instance are again constant, ranging from 213 milligrams of sul-
phur as SO3 in the fore period to 216 milligrams during the preserva-
tive period and 205 milligrams during the after period. The ratio of
ethereal sulphates to the inorganic varies from 1:11.2 in the fore
period to 1:13.4 in the preservative period, and 1:11.3 in the after
period. As in the case of No. 1, the greatest increase of sulphur is in
the form of inorganic sulphates.

In the case of No. 3 there is an increase in total sulphur, sulphates,
and neutral sulphur, and also a notable increase in the ethereal sul-
phates during the preservative period. The percentage amount of
neutral sulphur and inorganic sulphates is slightly increased during
the preservative period, while "the total sulphates show a slight
decrease in percentage amount and the ethereal sulphates a consider-
able decrease during the preservative period. The ratio of the ethereal
sulphates to the inorganic varies from 1:11.7 in the fore period to
1:14.0 in the preservative period, and 1: 11.9 in the after period.

With one exception the data for No. 4 agree with those of No. 1 in
every respect. The percentage of inorganic sulphates of the total
sulphur excreted shows an increase of 0.8 per cent in the preservative
period, while there is a decrease in the case of No. 1. There is a con-
tinued decrease in the after period in both instances. The ratio of the
ethereal sulphates to the inorganic is 1 : 15 in the fore period, 1 : 19.5
in the preservative period, and 1 : 17.4 in the after period.

In the case of No. 5 there is an increase in all the sulphur con-
stituents during the preservative period, with a decrease in the after
period to a less amount than is shown in the fore period. The per-
centage amounts of these substances remain practically the same in
the preservative period as in the fore period. The neutral sulphur
and inorganic sulphates show a decrease in the after period over the
fore period, while the total ethereal sulphates show an increase. The
average ratio of the ethereal sulphates to the inorganic is 1 : 16.9,
1 : 17.2, and 1 : 12.7 for the three periods respectively.

No. 6 shows an increase of neutral sulphur throughout the obser-
vation, while in the case of the ethereal sulphates there is an increase
during the preservative period, returning, however, in the after
period to the same amount as in the fore period. The chief increase,
as in the previous subjects, was in the amount of inorganic sulphates.
The ratio of ethereal sulphates to the inorganic is 1 : 14.3 in the fore

842 INFLUENCE OF FOOD PRESERVATIVES ON HEALTH.

period, 1:17.8 in the preservative period, and 1:17.1 in the after
period.

The amounts of sulphur expressed in percentage of the total sulphur
excreted shows practically the same variations as those previously
mentioned. The data for No. 7, being incomplete, are not included
in the averages, but are inserted as a matter of record.

For No. 8 there is seen an increase in the amount of total sulphur,
neutral sulphur, and inorganic sulphates. The ethereal sulphates in
this case remain practically constant, there being a slight diminution
in the preservative and after periods as compared with the fore period.
The ratio of ethereal sulphates to inorganic sulphates is 1 : 9.2 in the
fore period, 1 : 12.1 in the preservative period, and 1 : 10.3 in the after
period. The percentage amounts of neutral sulphur for this subject
show a decrease in the preservative period from the fore period, with
a large increase in the after period, to an amount greater than in the
fore period. The total sulphates show an increase in the preservative
period and a decrease in the after period. The ethereal sulphates are
decreased in the preservative period, while the inorganic sulphates
show a corresponding increase.

In the case of No. 9 the data in a general way agree closely with
those for No. 8. A striking contrast, however, is the decrease during
the preservative period of the ratio of ethereal to inorganic sulphates,
falling from 1: 14.1 in the fore period to 1: 13.4 in the preservative
period, remaining constant, namely, 1 : 13.3 in the after period. This
decrease is due to the relatively larger increase of ethereal sulphates
over the inorganic during the preservative period. This is also seen
where the amounts are expressed in per cent of the total sulphur.
The ethereal sulphates are practically constant throughout.

The data for No. 10 agree in a general way very closely with those
of No. 8. The increase in the sulphur elimination is shown entirely
by the neutral and inorganic sulphates, the ethereal sulphates remain-
ing practically constant throughout.

No. 11 shows a noticeable increase in the ethereal sulphates and a
ratio of this form to the inorganic sulphates which is abnormally high
throughout. In the fore period it is 1 : 21.4, in the preservative period
1 : 20.3, and in the after period 1 : 21.4. This ratio is similar to that of
No. 9 in the fact that it is lower in the preservative period.

The neutral sulphur shows an increase throughout the period of
observation, while the inorganic sulphates are largely increased in the
preservative period, but fall to an amount less than in the fore period
during the after period.

In the case of No. 12 there is a notable increase in the actual amount
of ethereal sulphates which causes the ratio to inorganic sulphates to
be but slightly higher during the preservative period. The neutral

.

HUROUS ACID AND SULPHITES.

843

sulphur^rowsHr decided increase during "the preservative period,
which is maintained during the after period, but to a less extent. The
inorganic sulphates again bear the greater part of the increase. The
percentage elimination of neutral sulphur is increased during the
preservative period, while the other forms are decreased.

Reviewing the entire individual data, there is seen an increase in
every instance in the amount of neutral sulphur, while there is a
decrease in the percentage amount in the cases of Nos. 2 and 8 and a
noticeable increase in the actual amount of ethereal sulphates in the
cases of Nos. 3, 5, 6, 9, 1 1, and 12. The percentage amount of neutral
sulphur is largely increased in the cases of Nos. 6 and 8 in the after
period. Nos. 9 and 1 1 present a peculiar condition, namely, a decrease
in the preservative period in the ratio of the ethereal to inorganic
sulphates. This shows a relatively larger increase in the ethereal
sulphates for these subjects than in the inorganic sulphates.

The relative increase or decrease in the sulphur compounds which
are affected by the administration of the preservative are shown in
Table IX. In the case of those subjects receiving sodium sulphite
it is strikingly shown that when there is a decrease or but a slight
increase in the percentage amount of neutral sulphur eliminated there
is an increase in the inorganic sulphates. In the case of No. 1 the
converse is true, there being a large increase in neutral sulphur and a
corresponding decrease in inorganic sulphur.

The subjects receiving sulphurous acid show that when the per-
centage amounts of neutral sulphur are largely increased the inor-
ganic sulphates show a corresponding decrease. In this instance the
converse is true of No. 8, which shows a decrease in neutral sulphur
and an increase in inorganic sulphates.

TABLE IX.— Urine determinations — Daily increase or decrease of the percentage amounts
of neutral sulphur and inorganic sulphates eliminated during the preservative period,
Series VII.

Number.

Received sodium sul-
phite.

Number.

Received sulphurous
acid.

Neutral
sulphur.

Inorganic
sulphates.

Neutral
sulphur.

Inorganic
sulphates.

I...

+ 3.3
- .4

+ 7
+ .4
+ .1
+ .4

-2.0
+-1.4
+ .5

+ .8
±0.0

+ .7

A

7

+ 2.3
-1.1
+3.7
+ 1.6
+ 1.6
+ 2.6

-1.8
+ 2.8
-3.8
-1.4
-1.7
-2.2

2

9

3

4

10

5..

11

12

6

SUMMARIES.

In the summary for Nos. 1 to 6, inclusive, complete data are given
for the fore period, the first three subperiods of the preservative
period, and the after period. In this summary the increase in the
total sulphur excreted in the preservative period amounts to 270

844 INFLUENCE OF FOOD PRESERVATIVES ON HEALTH.

milligrams. The amount of sulphur in the after period is 4 milli-
grams less than that excreted in the fore period. There is an increase
of 107 milligrams as neutral sulphur over that found in the fore period
and an increase of 60 milligrams in the after period over the fore
period. The total sulphates show an increase of 567 milligrams in the
preservative period and in the after period a decrease from that of the
fore period of 70 milligrams. The amount of ethereal sulphates is
practically constant throughout the fore period and preservative
period, falling to 156 milligrams in the after period. Inorganic sul-
phates show an increase, namely, 565 milligrams. The ratio of the
ethereal to the inorganic sulphates for the fore period is 1:13.1, for
the preservative period 1 : 16.4, and for the after period 1 : 13.5. This
increase in magnitude in the preservative period is due wholly to the
increase in the inorganic sulphates, which points to the fact that the
sulphur ingested in the preservative has all been oxidized. It should
be noted in this table that the data for the after period fall to the
same amounts, or even less, than the amounts eliminated in the fore
period. In considering this, it should be explained that the fourth
preservative subperiod is omitted in the summary for these subjects,
as three of them, namely, Nos. 3, 5, and 6, did not receive the preserv-
ative during the fourth subperiod and No. 5 during only part of the
third subperiod. Since the actual after period in the case of these
subjects covered fifteen days, it is only natural that the data for the
after period as given have returned to normal, showing that all the
sulphur ingested was eliminated during this length of time. It is seen
that there is a slight increase in the percentage amount of neutral sul-
phur eliminated, which increase is shown also in the after period.
The percentage of total sulphates is fairly constant for the fore period
and the preservative period, but is reduced somewhat in the after
period. There is a decrease in the percentage of ethereal sulphates in
the preservative period and a slight increased percentage elimination
of the inorganic sulphates, which decreases in the after period to a
quantity less than in the fore period. In this summary it is seen that
the large increase of sulphur excreted is found as inorganic sulphates.
The average daily amount of sulphur ingested in the preservative for
these six men for the three subperiods is 484 milligrams, as SO2 or 242
milligrams of sulphur as S, and the total sulphur eliminated in the
preservative period is 270 milligrams above that of the fore period.
It is evident, therefore, that there has been an increase in the excre-
tion of metabolized sulphur during the preservative period over the
amount of sulphur given in the preservative, indicating an increased
katabolism. There is also an increase in the amount of neutral sul-
phur eliminated, which tends to show that some of the sulphur,
whether obtained directly from katabolism or from the sulphur

SULPHUROUS ACID AND SULPHITES. 845

ingested in the preservative or food, has been eliminated in an unox-
idized or organically combined form.

In the summary for Nos. 8 to 11, inclusive, the increase in sulphur
eliminated in the preservative period is 164 milligrams. In the after
period there is also an increase of 81 milligrams over that of the fore
period. Taking the fore period as the normal elimination of sulphur
for these men, it is seen that the total elimination of sulphur during
the preservative and after period is 245 milligrams (as S) above that of
the fore period. In tracing the course of the preservative, this man-
ner of calculation — namely, including the increased elimination in the
after period — may be considered permissible, as whatever disorder is
occasioned by the administration of the preservative may still influ-
ence the excretion during the after period. The amount of neutral
sulphur is here increased during the period of observation, there being
an increase of only 90 milligrams in the preservative period and 128
milligrams in the after period over that of the fore period. The total
sulphates show an increase of 321 milligrams over the fore period,
there being a slight increase also in the after period over the fore
period, amounting to 75 milligrams per day. There is also an increase
in this case of ethereal sulphates in the preservative period, returning
however, to practically the same magnitude in the after period as in
the fore period. The increase in the amount of inorganic sulphates,
therefore, is not the increase of the total sulphates, but, as is seen, is
306 milligrams, the ethereal sulphates increasing 15 milligrams, while
in the after period there is a strong tendency to return to normal,
only 73 milligrams of sulphur being excreted in excess of that in the
fore period. The ratio of ethereal sulphates to inorganic sulphates
is 1:13.9 in the fore period, 1:14.5 in the preservative period, and
1 : 14.2 in the after period.

As is seen, the relation between the ethereal sulphates and the
inorganic sulphates is not so strongly marked as in the case of Nos.
1 to 6, where the sulphur, in the form of sodium sulphite, and in a
large quantity, was ingested. In the summary for Nos. 8 to 11, who
received sulphurous acid, this relation was disturbed by the increase
in the ethereal sulphates.

The percentage elimination of the neutral sulphur in the fore period
is 11. 9, in the preservative period 13. 4, and in the after period 15. 9. The
total sulphates show a corresponding decrease throughout the period.
There is very little diffefence in the percentage excretion of ethereal
sulphates in this summary, while the percentage of inorganic sulphates
shows a gradual diminution for the three periods. The average
amount of sulphur in vthe cases of Nos. 8, 9, 10, and 11, ingested in the
form of sulphurous acid, is 343 milligrams of sulphur as SO2, equiva-
lent to 172 milligrams of sulphur as S. The increase in sulphur elimi-
nated in the preservative period alone is 164 milligrams per day. It

846 INFLUENCE OF FOOD PRESERVATIVES ON HEALTH.

is evident, therefore, after considering the preservative period alone,
that practically the entire amount of sulphur was eliminated in the
urine. The increase in the total sulphates, which is 321 milligrams
(as SO3, equivalent to 128 milligrams sulphur as S) accounts for the
greater amount of sulphur which is ingested in the preservative. In
addition to this there is an increase in the amount of neutral sulphur
of 36 milligrams (as S), which, if added to the increase in sulphates
during the preservative periods, amounts to 164 milligrams, 8 milli-
grams less than enough to account for the sulphur given in the form
of sulphurous acid. Taking into account the increase of sulphur in
the after period, it is again apparent that more sulphur has been elim-
inated than was ingested as preservative and in the food and that
the greater part (nearly 75 per cent) of the sulphur, which was given
in the form of sulphurous acid gas, is eliminated in a completely
oxidized form, namely, sulphates. One point of difference shown in
the comparison of these two summaries is a considerable increase in
the amount of ethereal sulphates eliminated in the preservative period
for Nos. 8 to 11. It may be well to mention in this connection the
opinion held by some authorities that the ethereal sulphates result
from free sulphurous acid formed in the intestines during digestion.

The data, as a whole, show the same tendency throughout, namely,
the elimination of practically all of the sulphur in an oxidized form.
In the case of the subjects Nos. 1 to 6, who received the preservative
as sodium sulphite, there is a greater excretion of neutral sulphur
during the preservative period than in the cases of Nos. 8 to 11, who
received sulphurous acid, while in the after period the converse is
true. In the case of sodium sulphite more sulphur is eliminated
during the preservative period than is ingested in the preservative.

In order to obtain the data in a more comprehensive form for
comparison, Table X is compiled from the sulphur balance sheets
(Table XVII), schedule of administration (Table II), and Table XI,
and shows the amount of increase or decrease of sulphur in the
food in the preservative and after periods over the fore period ; also
the amount of increase or decrease of sulphur in the feces, the average
amount of sulphur given in the preservative, and the increase of total
sulphur, of neutral sulphur, and of total sulphates in the urine.

For ready comparison with the amount of preservative adminis-
tered the numerical values of the increase or decrease of the sulphur
compounds are expressed in terms of the element S in Table X, though
the data in Table XI are expressed as SO3 and in the table of adminis-
tration in terms of SO2. This is done in order to compare more easily
the ingestion and excretion of the preservative, and the figures are
easily obtained from the other tables by taking one-half the value
expressed as SO2 and two-fifths of the value when expressed as SO3.

SULPHUROUS ACID AND SULPHITES.

847

TABLE X. — Urine determinations — Average daily increase or decrease of sulphur excreted
in the preservative and after periods over the fore period, as compared with the amounts
ingested, Series VII.

PRESERVATIVE PERIOD.

Individuals, totals, and averages.

Sulphur
ingested
as pre-
serva-
tive.

Increase or de-
crease of sulphur.

Average increase of sulphur
in the urine.

In food.

In feces.

As total
sulphur.

As total
sul-
phates.

As
neutral
sulphur.

No. 1

Grams.
0.282
.282
.186
.315
.155
.187
.106
.172
.172
.172
.172
.112

Grams.
-0.081
+ .026
+ .010
- .008
- .230
- .062
- .145
- .023
- .049
- .042
- .023
+ .003

Grams.
-0.020
+ .010
+ .043
+ .001
+ .014
+ .003
- .012
+ .005
± .000
+ .020
- .001
- .015

Grams.
0.300
.236
.319
.291
.165
.340
.132
.188
.316
.065
.090
.174

Grams.
0.219
.210
.274
.255
.139
.292
.095
.168
.244
.040
.061
.124

Grams.
0.081
.025
.044
.038
.025
.048
.036
.019
.071
.024
.029
.050

2

3

4

5

6

7

g

9

10

11

12

Total (12 men)

2.313
.193

- .624
- .052

+ .048
+ .004

2.616
.218

2.221
.185

.490
.041

Average

Total (Nos. 1-6)

1.407
.235

TG&T

.172

- .345
- .058

- .187

- .034

+ .051
+ .009

+ .024
+ .006

1.651
.275

1.389
.232

.261
.043

Average

Total (Nos. 8-11)

.659
.165

.513
.128

.143
.036

Average

AFTER PERIOD.

No. 1

0

+0.005

-0.057

0.036

-0.010

0.046

2

0

+ .051

— .011

- .014

- .029

.016

3

0

+ .078

- .010

.030

.004

.025

4

0

+ .042

- .007

.030

.003

.030

5

0

— .403

— .008

- .223

- .285

- .039

6

0

+ .001

- .005

.197

.134

.062

7

8 .

0

+ .028

- .009

.123

.051

.072

9

0

— .002

+ .046

.169

.114

.054

10

0

- .019

+ .030

.028

- .020

.047

11

0

-1- .003

- .032

.006

- .026

.032

12

o

— .089

— .051

.000

- .025

.025

Total (11 men)

— .305

— .114

.382

- .089

.370

Average

0

- .028

- .010

.035

- .008

.034

Total (Nos. 1-6)

- .226

- .098

.056

- .183

.140

Average

0

- .038

- .016

.009

- .031

.023

Total (Nos. 8-11)

- -

+ .010

+ .035

.326

.119

.205

Average

0

+ .002

+ .009

.081

.030

.051

The sulphur increase or decrease in the food and feces is added to
the table in order to show whether the apparently abnormal increase
in the elimination could be due to an increase in the amount ingested
in food or to a diminution in the amount eliminated in the feces.

An inspection of the table shows in all but three of the cases a
decrease in the amount of sulphur in the food during the preservative
period, the average for the 12 men showing 52 milligrams of sulphur
less than in the fore period. The sulphur in the feces shows some
variation, biit not enough in magnitude or regularity to warrant the
conclusion that any of the sulphur of the preservative was eliminated
through this channel, the average increase for the 12 men amounting

848 INFLUENCE OF FOOD PRESERVATIVES ON HEALTH.

to only 4 milligrams. The average daily amount of sulphur as pre-
servative given to each man throughout the entire preservative period
amounted to 193 milligrams. The total increased elimination of sul-
phur in the urine is 218 milligrams, and of this amount 185 milligrams
is in the form of sulphates and 41 milligrams in the form of neutral
sulphur.

The summary for Nos. 1 to 6, inclusive, who received sodium
sulphite, shows an average decrease of 58 milligrams of sulphur in the
food during the preservative period and an increase of 9 milligrams in
the feces, both of which would tend to decrease the amount of sulphur
in the urine, though this influence would be small.

There is an average ingestion of 235 milligrams of sulphur per man
per day in the preservative period from the administered preservative
and a total increased elimination of 275 milligrams, 232 milligrams of
which is in the form of sulphates and 43 milligrams as neutral sulphur.

Nos. 8 to 11 show practically no influence by the decrease of sulphur
in the food, which is but 34 milligrams less than in the fore period,
while the amount eliminated in the feces is only 6 milligrams greater
than in the fore period. The average daily ingestion of sulphur in the
form of sulphurous acid amounted to 172 milligrams per day. The
increase in total sulphur eliminated amounted to 165 milligrams; 128
milligrams of this was in the form of sulphates and 36 milligrams as
neutral sulphur.

A comparison of the averages of Nos. 1 to 6 and 8 to 11, who
received sodium sulphite and sulphurous acid, respectively, shows in
the case of Nos. 1 to 6 a considerably greater quantity of sulphur
eliminated than was given in the preservative, while the amount of
sulphur which was eliminated in an oxidized form is practically the
same as that administered in the preservative. In the case of Nos.
8 to 11, the increase of total sulphur eliminated in the preservative
period and the administered sulphur agree very closely. In the after
period the conditions seem to be reversed for these two summaries.
Nos. 1 to 6 show more of a tendency to return to normal, with an
average decrease in the excretion of sulphates as compared with the
fore period, while Nos. 8 to 11 still show an increase of sulphates
excreted in the after period. This difference may be partly due, as
is explained in the discussion of the summary, to the comparison of
only three preservative subperiods for Nos. 1 to 6 with the four pre-
servative subperiods for Nos. 8 to 11. The neutral sulphur in the
cases of Nos. 8 to 11 is seen to be increased, and this increase still
persists to a greater degree during the after period.

Prescha found a large increase of neutral sulphur after the inges-
tion of flowers of sulphur in experiments on men, and concluded that

aVirchow's Archiv, 1890, 119: 148.

SULPHUROUS ACID AND SULPHITES. 849

the elimination was in part in form of organic compounds, and indi-
cated that the organism synthetically made use of inorganic sulphur.
Whether sulphurous acid and sulphites would be used in this manner
is somewhat doubtful, and from the data it would be difficult to say
with any assurance that these two substances were used in the body
economy, even though the neutral sulphur is largely increased, par-
ticularly in case of sulphites where the total sulphur eliminated is
in excess of the sulphur ingested, and would indicate an increased
tissue katabolism. That the sulphurous acid is disposed of in a some-
what different manner is evident. In the preservative period 95.93
per cent of the preservative sulphur is immediately eliminated,
assuming that the total increase of sulphur is derived from the sul-
phur ingested in the preservative; 74.4 per cent of this being as sul-
phates and 21.5 per cent as neutral sulphur, while in the after period
the increased elimination of sulphur is still marked, particularly as
neutral sulphur. In the after period the variations of the quantities
in excess of the fore period are naturally not so marked and, in fact,
not much more marked than one would expect to find in the period
following any derangement of the metabolic processes. This without
doubt shows a very rapid elimination of the preservative from the
body, with- scarcely any accumulative action.

850

INFLUENCE OF FOOD PRESERVATIVES ON HEALTH.

TABLE XI. — Urine determinations — Ratio of preformed sulphates to ethereal sulphates
and neutral sulphur, Series VII.

[Averages are per day.]
No. 1.

Period.

Total sulphur as S.

Total sulphur as SO3.

tn
o3

3
J3
O<

~§i

I

1

oj

L

305
3

o

EH

Ethereal sulphates as
SO3.

Inprganic sulphates as
S03.

Ratio of ethereal to in-
organic sulphates.

Results expressed in
percent of total sul-
phur in terras of SO3.

1

f|

«
X

"3

* '%

31

oft
EH

Ethereal sul-
phates.

03

11
|ft

Fore period.

First subperiod:
Total

Grams.
5.645
1.129

5.681
1.136

Grams.
14.096
2.819

14. 185
2.837

Grams.
1.350
.270

1.740
.348

Grams.
12. 746
2.549

12. 445
2.489

Grams.
0.953
.191

.791
.158

Grams.
11. 793
2.359

11.654
2. 331

1:12.4

P.ct.
9.6

P.ct.
90.4

P.ct.

6.8

P.ct.
83.6

Average
Second subperiod:
Total

1:14.7

12.3

87.7

5.6

82.2

Average

Entire fore period :
Total

11.326
1.133

28.281
2.828

3.090
.309

25. 191
2.519

1.744
.174

23. 447
2. 345

1:13.4

11.0

89.0

6.2

82.9

Preservative period.

First subperiod:
Total

Average

1:15.9
1:16.0

13.6

86.4

5.1

81.3
82.8
80.5

6.054
1.211

6.487
1.297

7.909
1.582

8.217
1.643

15. 117
3.023

16. 198
3.240

19. 749
3.950

20. 518
4.104

2.057
.411

1.948
.390

3.049
.610

3.178
.636

13.060
2.612

14.250
2.850

16. 700
3.340

17.340
3.468

.772
.154

.839
.168

.797
.159

1.009
.202

12.288
2.458

13. 411
2.682

15. 903
3.181

16. 331
3.266

Second subperiod
Total

12.0

-88.0

5.2

\verage.

Third subperiod
Total

1:20.0

15.4

84.6

4.0

Fourth subperiod
Total

1:16.2

15.5

84.5

4.9

79.5

Entire preservative
period:
Total

28. 667
1.433

— — - ' —

6.113
1.223

5.581
1.116

71.582
3.579

15. 264
3.053

13. 936

2.787

10. 232
.512

- —

2.474
.495

1.776
.355

61.350
3.068

12. 790
2.558

12.160
2.432

3.417
.171

57. 933

2.897

1:17.0

14.3

85.7

4.8

80.9

Average
After period.

First subperiod:
Total

.903
.181

.878
.176

11.887
2.377

11.282
2.256

1:13.2
1:12.8

16.2
12. 7

83.8
87.3

5.9

77.9

Average

Second subperiod:
Total

6.3

81.0

Entire after period :
Total

11.694
1.169

29.200
2.920

4.250
.425

24. 950
2.495

1.781
.178

23. 169
2. 317

1:13.0

14.6

85.4

6.1

79.3

SULPHUROUS ACID AND SULPHITES.

851

TABLE XI. — Urine determinations — Ratio of preformed sulphates to ethereal sulphates
and neutral sulphur, Series VII— Continued.

[Averages are per day.]
IN"o. 2.

Period.

Total sulphur as S.

Total sulphur as SO3.

•

o3

!*

1

§

!
fe

!

Ethereal sulphates as
S03.

Inorganic sulphates as

so8F

Ratio of ethereal to in-
organic sulphates.

Results expressed in
per cent of total sul-
phur in terms of SO3.

I1

Total sul-
phates.

Ethereal sul-
phates.

"3

•

!!
«*

q

Fore period.

First subperiod:
Total

Grams,
a 6. 055
1.211

5.850
1.170

Grams.
15. 119
3.024

14.607
. 2.921

Grams.
1.919
.384

1.937
.387

Grams.
13.200
2.640

12. 670
2.534

Grams.
1.030
.206

1.095
.219

Grams.
12. 170
2.434

11. 575
2.315

1:11.8

P.ct.
12.7

P. ct.
87.3

P.ct.
6.8

P.ct.

80.5

Second subperiod:
Total

1:10.6

13.3

86.7

7.5

79.2

Average.

Entire fore period :
Total

11.905
1.191

5.893
1.179

7.025
1.405

8.483
1.697

29.726
2.973

- •

14. 715
2.943

17. 541
3.508

21. 182
4.236

3.856
.386

25. 870

2.587

2.125
.213

23. 745
2.375

1:11.2

13.0

87.0

7.2

79.9

Average

Preservative period.

First subperiod:
Total

81.8

1.635
.327

2.411
.482

2.692
.538

13.080
2.616

15.130
3.026

18.490
3.698

1.043
.209

1.134
.227

1.060
.212

12. 037
2.407

13.996
2.799

17. 430
3.486

1:11.5

11.1

88.9

7.1

Average
Second subperiod:
Total

1:12.3

13.7

86.3

6.5

79.8

Average

Third subperiod:
Total

1:16.4

12.7

87.3

5.0

82.3

Average

Subperiodsl,2and3:
Total

21.401
1.427

53.438
3.563

15. 214
3.043

14. 185

2.837

6.738
.449

2.474
.495

1.775
.355

46.700
3.113

3.237
.216

43.463
2.898

1:13.4

12.6

87.4

6.1

81.3

Average

After period.

First subperiod:
Total

1:11.0

16.3

83.7

76.7

6.093
1.219

5.681
1.136

12.740
2.548

12. 410

2.482

1.061
.212.

.989
.198

11. 679
2.336

11.421

2.284

7.0

Average

Second subperiod:
Total

1:11.5

12.5

87.5

7.0

80.5

Average. .

Entire after period:
Total

11. 774
1.177

29.399
2.940

4.249
.425

25.150
2.515

2.050
.205

23.100
2.310

1:11.3

14.5

85.5

7.0

78.6

Average

a Average added to complete record.
11240— Bull. 84, pt 3—07 7

852

INFLUENCE OF FOOD PRESERVATIVES ON HEALTH.

TABLE XI. — Urine determinations — Ratio of preformed sulphates to ethereal sulphates
and neutral sulphur, Series VII — Continued.

[Averages are per day.]
No. 3.

Period.

Total sulphur as S.

Total sulphur as SO8.

73

1

3

i
«

1

3
o>
ft

03

1
f5

3"
|

O

EH

Ethereal sulphates as
S03.

Inorganic sulphates as
SO3.

Ratio of ethereal to in-
organic sulphates.

Results expressed in
per cent of total sul-
phur in terms of SO3.

i

it

<a
%

i .

_s
' «a

^

EH

Ethereal sul-
phates.

1

.28

jt

P.ct.

83.7

Fore period.

First subperiod:
Total

Grams.
5.220
1.044

5.716
1.143

Grams.
13.034
2.607

14. 273
2.855

Grams.
1.204
.241

1.833
.367

Grams.
11.830
2.366

12.440

2.488

Grams.
0.923
.185

.994
.199

Grams.
10.907
2.181

11.446
2.289

1:11.8

P.ct.
9.2

P.ct.
90.8

P.ct.
7.1

Average

Second subperiod:
Total

1:11.5

12.8

87.2

7.0

80.2

Average

Entire fore period:
Total

10.936
1.094

6.129
1.226

7.064
1.413

7.995
1.599

27.307
2.731

3.037
.304

1.744
.349

1.789
.358

2.684
.537

6.217
.414

1.990
.398

1.683
.337

24. 270
2.427

13.560
2.712

15.850
3.170

17.280
3.456

1.917
.192

1.076
.215

1.060
.212

.975
.195

22.353
2.235

12.484
2.497

14.790
2.958

16.305
3.261

1:11.7

11.1

88.9

7.0

81.9

Average

Preservative period.

First subperiod:
Total

1:11.6

11.4

88.6

15.304
3.061

17.639
3.528

19.964
3.993

7.0

81.6

Average . .

Second subperiod:
Total . .

1:14.0

10.1

89.9

6.0

83.8

Average .

Third subperiod:
Total

1:16.7

13.4

86.6

4.9

81.7

Average

Subperiods 1, 2, and
Total.

5.9

82.4

21.188
1.413

a 5. 679
1.136

5.556
1.111

52.907
3.527

46.690
3.113

12.190
2.438

12.190
2.438

3.111
.207

.940
.188

.957
.191

43.579
2.905

11.250
2.250

11.233
2.247

1:14.0

11.8

88.2

Average

After period.

First subperiod:
Total

1:12.0

14.0

14.180
2.836

13. 873
2.775

86.0

6.6

79.3

Average

Second subperiod:
Total. ..

1:11.7

12.1

87.8

5.9

80.9

Average

Entire after period:
Total

80.1

11.235
1.124

28.053
2.805

3.673
.367

24.380
2.438

1.897
.190

22. 483
2.248

1:11.9

13.1

86.9

6.8

Average

a Average added to complete record.

SULPHUROUS ACID AND SULPHITES.

853

TABLE XI. — Urine determinations — Ratio of preformed sulphates to ethereal sulphates
and neutral sulphur, Series VII — Continued.

[Averages are per day.]
No. 4,

Period.

Total sulphur as S.

Total sulphur as SOa.

%

Is

1

B

8

3

1

%
'%

1

Iphates as

;real to in-
phates.

Results expressed in
per cent of total sul-
phur in terms of SO3.

,

,

i

i

P

1

%%

1
i

SI

w

Inorganic su
S0a

Ratio of eth(
organic sul

•

P

E
K

Total su
phates.

Ethereal su
phates.

•

IS

H

q

P.ct.

82.7

Fore period.

First subperiod:
Total

Grams.
5.619
1.124

5.728
1.146

Grams.
14. 031
2.806

14.303
2.861

Grams.
1.541
.308

1.423

.285

Grams.
12.490
2.498

12.880
2.576

25. 370
2.537

13.560
2.712

15. 050
3.010

16. 620
3.324

18.190
3.638

Grams.
0.884
.177

.705
.141

Grams.
11.606
2.321

12. 175
2.435

1:13.1

P.ct.
11.0

P.ct.
89.0

P.ct.
6.3

Average

Second subperiod:
Total

1:17.3

9.9

90.1

4.9

85.1

Average

Entire fore period:
Total

11.347
1.135

6.053
1.211

6.684
1.337

7.709
1.542

8.074
1.615

28.334
2.833

2.964
.296

1.589
.159

23. 781
2.378

1:15.0

10.5

89.5

5.6

83.9

Average

Preservative period.

First subperiod:
Total

10.3

84.8

15. 114
3.023

16.690
3.338

19. 250
3.850

20. 161
4.032

1.554
.311

1.640
.328

2.830
.526

1.971
.394

.746
.149

.831
.166

.750
.150

.761
.152

12. 814
2.563

14. 219
2.844

15. 870
3.174

17. 429
3.486

1:17.2

89.7

4.9

Average

Second subperiod:
Total

1:17.1

9.8

90.2

5.0

85.2

Average

Third subperiod:
Total

1:21.2

13.7

86.3

3.9

82.4

Average

Fourth subperiod:
Total

1 :22. 9

9.8

90.2

3.8

86.4

Average

Entire preservative
period:
Total .
Average

10.9

28. 520
1.426

71.215
3. 561

7.795
.390

1.965
.393

1.738
.348

63.420
3.171

12. 940

2.588

12. 450
2.490

3.088
.154

.639
.128

.738
.148

1.377
.138

60.332
3.017

12.301
2.460

11. 712
2.342

24. 013
2.401

1:19.5

89.1

4.3

84.7

After period.

First subperiod:
Total

1:19.3

5.969
1.194

5.682
1.136

14.905
2.981

14.188
2.838

13.2

86.8

4.3

82.5

Average .

Second subperiod:
Total
Average

Entire after period:
Total

1:15.9

12.2

87.8

5.2

82.5

1:17.4

11.651
1.165

29. 093
2.909

3.703
.370

25. 390
2.539

12.7

87.3

4.7

82.5

Average

854

INFLUENCE OF FOOD PRESERVATIVES ON HEALTH.

TABLE XI. — Urine determinations — Ratio of preformed sulphates to ethereal sulphates
and neutral sulphur, Series VII— Continued.

[Averages are per day.J
No. 5.

Period.

Total sulphur as S.

Total sulphur as SO3.

Neutral sulphur as
S03

3

1

lo*
lffi

"3
I

Ethereal sulphates as
S03

2 sulphates as
SO/

ethereal to in-
5 sulphates.

Results expressed in
percent of total sul-
phur in terms of SO3.

"3

CO

i .

Ethereal sul-
phates.

"3

w

« X

al
IP,

|

Ratio of
organic

«2

I

it

r<

Fore period.

First subperiod:
Total

Grams.

Grams.

Grams.

Grams.

Grams.

Grams.

P.ct.

P. Ct.

P.ct.

P.ct.

Average *

Second subperiod:
Total

4.467
.893

5.690
1.138

6.171
1.234

5.804
1.161

3.488
.698

11.154
2.231

1.644
.329

9.510
1.902

0.531
106

8.979
1. 796

1:16.9

14.7

85.3

4.8

80.5

Preservative period.

First subperiod:
Total

14.208

2.842

15.409
3.082

14. 493
2.899

8.710
1.742

1.848
.370

1.909
.382

2.463
.493

1.610
.322

12.360
2.472

13.500
2.700

12. 030
2.406

7.100
1.420

.572
.114

.853
.171

. 531
.106

.516
.103

11.788
2.358

12. 647
2.529

11.499
2.300

6.584
1.317

1:20.6
1:14.8

13.0
12.4

87.0

4.0

83.0

Average

Second subperiod:
Total

87.6

5. 5

82.1

Average

Third subperiod:
Total

1:21.7

17.0

83.0

3.7

79.3

Fourth subperiod:
Total

1:12.8

18.5

81.5

5.9

75. 6
80.5

Average

Entire preservative
period:
Total

21. 153
1.058

3.317
.663

3.384

.677

52.820
2.641

8.283
1.657

8.450
1.690

7.830
.392

44.990
2.250

2.472
.124

42. 518
2.126

1:17.2

14.8

85.2

4.7

After period.

First subperiod:
Total

83.7

G.2

77.5

1.353
.271

.970
.194

6.930
1.386

7.480
1.496

. 514
.103

.538
.108

6.416
1.283

6.942
1.388

1:12.5

16.3

Average
Second subperiod:
Total

1:12.9

11.5

88.5

6.4

82.1
79.8

Average

Entire after period:
Total

6.701
.670

16. 733
1. 673

2.323
.232

14. 410
1.441

1.052
.105

13. 358
1.336

1:12.7

13.9

86.1

6.3

SULPHUROUS ACID AND SULPHITES.

855

TABLE XI. — Urine determinations — Ratio of preformed sulphates to ethereal sulphates
and neutral sulphur, Series VII— Continued.

[Averages are per day.]
No. 6.

Period.

Total sulphur as S.

O

QQ

%
h

3
£3

3
"3

•

"3
I

3
3

•a

go

02

1

+•*

1

§

•
%

is

302

3

j3

1

Ethereal sulphates as
S03.

Inorganic sulphates as
SO3.

Ratio of ethereal to in-
organic sulphates.

Results expressed in
per cent of total sul-
phur in terms of SO3.

3

00

ll

s

fc

"3
™i

«1
oft
fr

Ethereal sul-
phates.

a

w

oft
a

P.ct.
83.7

Fore period.

First subperiod:
Total

Grams.
4.012
.802

4.190
.838

Grams.
10. 018
2.004

10. 462
2.092

Grams.
1.118
.224

1. 462
.292

Grams.
8.900
1.780

9.000
1.800

Grams.
0.515
.103

.656
.131

1.171
.117

Grams.
8.385
1.677

8.344
1.669

16.729
1.673

10.207
2.041

13.229
2.646

14. 736
2.947

9.544
1.909

1:16.3

P.ct.
11.2

P.ct.

88.8

P.ct.
5.1

Average

Second subperiod:
Total

1:12.7

14.0

86.0

6.3

79.8

Average

Entire fore period:
Total

1:14.3

5.7

8.202
.820

5.040
1.008

6.276
1. 255

7.044
1.409

4.843
.969

20.480
2.048

12.585
2.517

15. 671
3.134

17. 589
3.518

12.093
2.419

2.580
.258

17.900
1.790

10.880
2.176

13.970
2.794

15.300
3.060

10. 250
2.050

12.6

87.4

81.7

Average

Preservative period.

First subperiod:
Total

1.705
.341

1.701
.340

2.289
.458

1.843
.369

7.538
.377

2.230
.446

1.902
.380

.673
.135

.741
.148

.564
.113

.706
.141

1:15.2

13.5

86. 5

53

81.1

Average

Second subperiod:
Total

1:17.9

10.9

89.1

* 4.7

84.4

Average

Third subperiod:
Total

1:26.1

13.0

87.0

3.2

83.8

Average

Fourth subperiod:
Total

1:13.5

15.2

84.8

5.8

78.9

Average

Entire preservative
period:
Total
Average

23. 203
1.160

57. 938
2.897

50.400
2.520

10.500
2.100

10. 760
2.152

2.684
.134

.651
.130

.522
.104

47. 716
2. 386

9.849
1.970

10.238
2 048

1:17.8

13.0

87.0

4.6

82.4

After period.

First subperiod:
Total

5.098
1.020

5.071
1. 014

10. 169
1.017

12.730
2.546

12.662
2.532

1:15.1

17.5

82 5

5.1

77.4

Average

Second subperiod:
Total
Average

1:19.6

15.0 85 0

4 1

80 9

Entire after period:
Total

25. 392
2. 539

4 132
.413

21.260
2.126

1.173
.117

20.087
2.009

1:17.1

16 3

83.7

4.6

79.1

Average

856

INFLUENCE OF FOOD PRESERVATIVES ON HEALTH.

TABLE XI. — Urine determinations — Ratio of preformed sulphates to ethereal sulphates
and neutral sulphur, Series VII— Continued.

[Averages are per day.]
No. 7.

<z>

<z>

3

A

Results expressed in

O

CO

o °°

per cent of total sul-

QQ
en

3

3

1

ll

phur in terms of SOS.

Period.

a

b

3

a

Is

lo

"So

g .

ll

i

1

i

_l
3

3

9

CQ

D t/}

-,co

£M

£

^ §

O en

<n

•

jj

"

1

i

o 3

2.5

tfnn

•g

3

§

+i

&

0

"S 0

3

0

_

o ft

H

EH

H

w

a

*

EH

w

Fore period.

First subperiod:

Grams.

Grams.

Grams.

Grams.

Grams.

Grams.

lprt

P.r*.

p ft

P rt.

Total

03.663

9.147

0.997

8.150

0.420

7.730

1:1&4

10.9

89. 1

46

84 5

Average i . 733

1.829

.199

1.630

0.84

1.546

Second subperiod:
Total

3.884

9.698

1.258

8.440

.539

7.901

1:14.7

13.0

87.0

5.6

81.5

Average

.777

1.940

.252

1.688

.108

1.580

Entire fore period:
Total

82.9

7.547

18.845

2.255

16.590

.959

15.631

1:16.3

12.0

88.0

5.1

.755

1.885

.226

1.659

.096

1.563

Preservative period.

—

=

=

=

==

First subperiod:
Total

4454

11. 122

1.782

9.340

.563

8.777

1:15.6

16.0

840

5.1

78.9

.891

2.224

.356

1.868

.113

1.755

Second subperiod:
Total

3.984

9.948

1.258

8.690

.493

8.197

1:16.6

12.6

87.4

5.0

82.4

.797

1 990

.252

1.738

.099

1.639

Third subperiod:
Total

12. 158

1.718

10.440

.475

9 965

1:21.0

14. 1

85 9

3.9

82.0

974

2 432

344

2 088

095

1 993

Subperiodsl,2,and3:

Total

13.307

33.228

4.758

28. 470

1.531

26.939

1:17.6

143

85.7

46

81.1

.'887

2.215

.317

1.898

.102

1.796

o Average added to complete record.

SULPHUROUS ACID AND SULPHITES.

857

TABLE XI. — Urine determinations — Ratio of preformed sulphates to ethereal sulphates
and neutral sulphur, Series VII— -Continued.

[Averages are per day.]
ISTo. 8.

Period.

Total sulphur as S.

Total sulphur as SO8.

%

L
D

I,

H

i

3
•
fc

%

1

IJ

%™

1

Ethereal sulphates as
S03.

Inorganic sulphates as
S03.

Ratio of ethereal to in-
organic sulphates.

Results expressed in
per cent of total sul-
phur in terms of SO8.

Neutral sul-
phur.

a

<B .

•

It

H

Ethereal sul-
phates.

i

ii

ji

Fore period.

First subperiod:
Total

Grams,
a 4. 208

.842

4.483
.897

Grams.
10. 507
2.101

11. 194
2.239

Grams.
1.857
.371

1.754
.351

Grams.
8.650
1.730

9.440
1.888

Grams.
0.834
.167

.936

.187

Grams.
7.816
1.563

8.504
1.701

1:9.4

P.ct.

17.7

P.ct.
823

P.ct.
7.9

P.ct.
744

Average

Second subperiod:
Total
Average

Entire fore period:
Total

1:9.1

15.7

843

&4

76.0

8.691
.869

21. 701
2.170

3.611
.361

iao9o

1809

1.770
.177

.899
.180

.848
.170

.813
.163

.855
.171

16. 320
1.632

9.611
1.922

10. 762
2.152

10.207
2.041

10.585
2.117

1:9.2

16.6

83.4

8.2

75.2

Average

Preservative period.

First subperiod:
Total .

5.006
1.001

5.513
1.103

5.314
1.063

5.298
1.060

12. 500
2.500

13. 766
2. 753

13. 269
2.654

13.229
2.646

1.990
.398

2.156
.431

2.249
.450

1.789
.358

10. 510
2.102

11. 610
2.322

11.020
2.204

11,440

2.288

1:10.7

15.9

841

7.2

76.8

Average

Second subperiod:
Total

1:12. 7

15.7

843

&2

78.2

Average

Third subperiod:
Total...

1:12.6

16.9

83.1

6.1

77.0

Average.

Fourth subperiod:
Total

1:12.4

13.5

86.5

6.5

80.0

Average

Entire preservative
period:
Total

21. 131
1.057

52. 764
2.638

- - --*

12. 113
2.423

12. 660
2.532

8.184
.409

2.333
.467

3.070
.614

44.580
2.229

9.780
1.956

9.590
1.918

3.415
.171

41. 165
2.058

1:12.1

15.5

845

6.5

78.0

Average

After period.

First subperiod:
Total .

4851
.970

5.070
1.014

.803
.161

.917
.183

8.977
1.795

8.673
1.735

1:11.2

19.3

80.7

6.6

741

Average

Second subperiod:
total

1:9.5

24.2

75.8

7.2

6&5

Average

Entire after period:
Total

9.921
.992

24. 773
2.477

5.403
.540

19. 370
1.937

1.720
.172

17. 650
1.765

1:10.3

21.8

78.2

6.9

71.2

Average

« Average added to complete record.

858

INFLUENCE OF FOOD PRESERVATIVES ON HEALTH.

TABLE XI. — Urine determinations — Ratio of preformed sulphates to ethereal sulphates
and neutral sulphur, Series VII— Continued.

[Averages are per day.]
No. Q.

Period.

Total sulphur as S.

ro
O

CO

§

h

3
,C

a
i

6

CO

I:

1
E
%

§
J

L

gM

3
£

Ethereal sulphates as
S03.

Inorganic sulphates as
S03.

Ratio of ethereal to in-
organic sulphates.

Results expressed in
per cent of total sul-
phur in terms of SO8.

If-

D .
03 $

«!

o
H

Ethereal sul-
phates.

i .

.28

§1

r

P.ct.

89.5

Fore period.

First subperiod:
Total

Grams.
4.071
.814

4.542
.908

Orams.
10. 165
2.033

11. 341

2.268

Grams.
0.665
.133

1.221
.244

Grams.
9.500
1.900

10. 120
2.024

Grams.
0.404
.081

.896
.179

Grams.
9.096
1.819

9.224
1.845

1:22.5

P.ct.
6.5

P.ct.

93.5

P.ct.
4.0

Average

Second subperiod:
Total

1:10-3

10.8

89.2

7.9

81.3

Average

Entire fore period:
Total

8. 613
.861

5.437
1.087

6.085
1.217

5.523
1.105

6.496
1.299

21.506
2.151

13. 576
2.715

15. 194
3.039

13. 791
2.758

16. 221
3.244

1.886
.189

1.516
.303

1.724
.345

1.331
.266

2.761
.552

19. 620
1.962

12.060
2.412

13. 470
2.694

12. 460
2.492

13. 460
2.692

1.300
.130

18. 320
1.832

1:14.1

8.8

91.2

6.0

85.2

Average
Preservative period.

First subperiod:
Total

Average

.968
.194

.955
.191

.801
.160

.857
.171

11.092
2.218

12. 515
2.503

11.659
2. 332

12.603
2.521

1:11.5

11.2

88.8

7.1

81.7

Second subperiod:
Total

1:13.1

11.3

88.7

6.3

82.4
84.5

Average .

Third subperiod:
Total

1:14.6

9.7

90.3

5.8

Average

Fourth subperiod:
Total

1:14.7

17.0

83.0

5.3

77.7

Average

Entire preservative
perod:
Total

23. 541
1.177

58.782
2.939

12. 570
2.514

13. 147
2.629

7.332
.367

51.450
2.573

3.581
.179

47. 869
2. 393

10. 284
2.057

10. 624
2.125

1:13.4

12.5

87.5

6.1

81.4

Average .,

After period.

First subperiod:
Total

1:13.1

11.9

88.1

5.034
1.007

5.265
1.053

1.500
.300

1.737
.347

11. 070
2.214

11. 410

2.282

.786
.157

.786
.157

6.3

81.8

Average
Second subperiod:
Total

1:13.5 13.2

86.8

6.0

80.3

81.8

Average

Entire after period:
Total .'.

10. 299
1.030

25. 717
2.572

3.237
.324

22.480
2.248

1.572
.157

20.908
2.091

1:13.3

12.6

87.4

6.1

Average

SULPHUROUS ACID AND SULPHITES.

859

TABLE XI. — Urine determinations — Ratio of preformed sulphates to ethereal sulphates
and neutral sulphur, Series FIT— Continued.

Averages are per day.]
No. 10.

Period.

Total sulphur as S.

4

O

02

a

i

i

o3

I*

go

CQ

I

oj

1

So*

lm

1

Ethereal sulphates as
S03.

Iphates as

real to in-
phates.

Results expressed in
per cent of total sul-
phur in terms of SO3.

Inorganic su
S03

Ratio of ethe
organic su

•

ft

9

&

!i

&

e

Ethereal su]
phates.

% .

II

f

Fore period.

First subperiod:
Total

Grams.
4.545
.909

4.962
.992

Grams.
11. 349
2.270

12.390

2.478

Grams.
0.959
.192

1.690
.338

Grams.
10.390
2.078

10.700
2.140

Grams.
0.668
.134

.755
.151

Grams.
9.722
1.944

9.945
1.989

1:146

P.ct.
8.5

P.ct.
91.5

P.ct.
5.9

P.ct.

85.7

Average

Second subperiod:
Total
Average

1:13.2

13.6

86.4

6.1

80.3

Entire fore period :
Total

9.507
.951

23. 739
2.374

2.649
.265

1.645
.329

1.512
.302

1.664
.333

1.673
.335

21.090
2.109

11. 030
2.206

9.330
1.866

11. 730
2.346

12. 130
2.426

1.423
.142

.764
.153

.678
.136

.609
.122

.884
.177

19.667
1.967

10. 266
2.053

8.652
1.730

11. 121
2.224

11.246
2.249

1:13.8

11.2

88.8

6.0

82.8

Average

Preservative period.

First subperiod:
Total

5.076
1.015

4.342
.868

5.364
1.073

5.528
1.106

12. 675
2.535

10.842
2.168

13. 394
2.679

13.803
2.761

1:13.4

13.0

87.0

6.0

81.0

Average

Second subperiod:
Total

1:12.8

13.9

86.1

6.3

79.8

Average

Third subperiod:
Total

1:18.3

12.4

87.6

4.6

83.0

Average

Fourth subperiod:
Total
Average

1:12.7

12.1

87.9

6.4

81.5

Entire preservative
period:
Total

20.310
1.016

5.167
1.033

4.621
.924

50. 714
2.536

12.902
2.580

11.539
2.308

6.494
.325

44. 220
2.211

2.935
.147

41.285
2.064

1:14.1

12.8 1 87.2

5.8

81.4

Average

After period.

First subperiod:
Total

1.962
.392

1.869
.374

10. 940

2.188

9.670
1.934

.624
.125

.684
.137

10. 316
2.063

8.986
1.797

1:16.5

15.2

84.8

4.8

80.0

Average

Second subperiod:
Total

1:13.1

16,2

83.8

5.9

77.9

Average

Entire after period:
Total

9.788
.979

24. 441
2.444

3.831
.383

20. 610
2.061

1.308
.131

19. 302
1.930

1:14.8

15. 7 84. 3

5.3

79.0

Average..

860

INFLUENCE OF FOOD PRESERVATIVES ON HEALTH.

TABLE XI. — Urine determinations — Ratio of preformed sulphates to ethereal sulphates
and neutral sulphur, Series VII— Continued.

[Averages are per day.]
No. 11.

Period.

Total sulphur as S.

4
O
to

02

oS

|4
£3

I

1

"3
1

•

cS

3
,cj
Q<

*i

1

9

X

3

S

1 •

£o

3«2
1

Etheral sulphates as
S03.

Inorganic sulphates as
SO3.

Ratio of ethereal to in-
organic sulphates.

Results expressed in
per cent of total sul-
phur in terms of SO3.

•3

ll

r

Total sul-
phates.

Ethereal sul-
phates.

|

ll

f!

M

P.ct.

84.7

Fore period.

First subperiod:
Total

Grams.
5.618
1.124

5.436
1.087

Grams.
14. 028

2.806

13. 574
2.715

27.602
2.760

Grams.
1.578
.316

1.524
.305

Grams.
12. 450

2.490

12.050
2.410

Grams.
0.574
.115

.522
.104

Grams.
11.876
2.375

11.528
2.306

1:20.7

P.ct.
11.2

P.ct.

88.8

P.ct.

4.1

Average

Second subperiod:
Total

1:22.1

11.2

88.8

3.8

84.9

Average

Entire fore period:
Total

11. 054
1.105

3.102
.310

24.600
2 450

1.096
.110

.666
.133

.588
.118

.591
.118

.602
.120

23. 404
2.340

12.604
2.521

11.382
2.276

12.659
2.532

12. 938
2.588

1:21.4

11.2

88.8

4.0

84.8

Average .

Preservative period.

First subperiod:
Total

4.4

83.2

6.067
1.213

5.525
1.105

5.998
1.200

6.316
1.263

15. 149
3.030

13 796
2.759

14. 977
2.995

15. 771
3.154

1.879
.376

1.826
.365

1.727
.345

2. 231
.446

13. 270
2.654

11.970
2.394

13. 250
2 650

13. 540
2. 708

1:18.9

12.4

87.6

Average

Second subperiod:
Total

1:19.4

13.2

86.8

4.3

82.5

Average.

Third subperiod :
Total

1:21.4

11.5

88.5

3 9

84.5

Average

Fourth subperiod'
Total

1:21.5

14.1

85. 9

3.8

82.0

Average

Entire preservative
period:
Total

23.906
1.195

59 693
2. 985

13. 654
2.731

14.093
2 819

7.663
.383

1.754
.351

2.143
.429

52 030
2 602

2 447
.122

49:583
2.479

1:20.3

12 8

87.2

4.1

83.1

Average

After period.

First subperiod:
Total
Average
Second subperiod:
Total
Average

3 7

83.5

5.468
1 094

o 5. 644
1.129

11.112
1.111

11.900
2 380

11.950
2 390

.500
.100

.564
.113

11.400
2 280

11.386
2 277

1:22.8
1:20.2

12 8

87.2

15.2

84.8

4.0

80.8

Entire after period:
Total

27- 747
2-775

3. 897
.390

23 850
2 385

1 064
.106

22.786
2 279

1:21.4

14.0

860

3.8

82.1

Average

Average added to complete record.

SULPHUROUS ACID AND SULPHITES.

861

TABLE XI. — Urine determinations — Ratio of preformed sulphates to ethereal sulphates
and neutral sulphur, Series VII — Continued.

[Averages are per day.]
No. IS.

Period.

Total sulphur as S.

Total sulphur as SOs.

3
jh

L

OQ

|
1

K

00

03
on

3

15

3O2

P

1

Ethereal sulphates as
S03.

Inorganic sulphates as
SO3.

Ratio of ethereal to in-
organic sulphates.

Results expressed in
per cent of total sul-
phur in terms of SO3.

g ,

P

Ift

B
fc

!i

-.3

•*> A
o
EM

Ethereal sul-
phates.

3 .

IS
&3

1

Fore period.

First subperiod:
Total

Grams.
5.194
1.039

5.211
1.042

Grams.

12. 969
2.594

13. 012
2 602

Grams.
1.279
.256

1.582
.316

Grams.
11. 690
2.338

11. 430

2.286

Grams.
0.832
.166

.863
.173

Grams.
10.858
2.172

10.567
2.113

1:13.1

P. Ct.

9.9

P.ct.
90.1

P. ct.

6.4

P.ct.

83.7

Average
Second subperiod:
Total

1:12.2

12.2

87.8

6.6

81.2

Entire fore period :
Total

10. 405
1.041

5.781
1.156

6.644
1.329

6.450
1.290

5.423
1.085

25. 981
2.598

14. 435

2.887

16.590
3.318

16.106
3.221

13. 541
2.708

2.861
.286

1.755
.351

1.930
.386

2.346
.469

2.201
.440

23. 120
2.312

12.680
2.536

14.660
2.932

13.760
2.752

11.340
2.268

1.695
.170

.995
.199

.961
.192

.913
.183

.834
.167

21.425
2.143

11.685
2.337

13.699
2.740

12. 847
2.569

10.506
2.101

1:12.6

11.0

89.0

6.5

82.5

Average

Preservative period.

First subperiod:
Total

1:11.7

12.2

87.8

6.9

80.9

Second subperiod:
Total

1:14.3

11.6

88.4

5.8

82.6

Average

Third subperiod:
Total

1:14.1

14.6

85.4

5.7

79.8

Average

Fourth subperiod:
Total

1:12.6

16.3

83.7

6.2

77.6

Average

Entire preservative
period :
Total

24.298
1.215

60.672
3.034

8.232
.412

52.440
2.622

3.703
.185

48. 737
2.437

1:13.2

13.6

86.4

6.1

80.3

Average

After period.

First subperiod:
Total...

1:12.5

13.8

86.2

6.4

5.205
1.041

5.202
1 040

12.997
2.599

12 989
2.598

1.797
.359

1.689
.338

11.200
2.240

11.300
2.260

.829
.166

.956
.191

10. 371
2.074

10. 344
2.069

79.8

Average

Second subperiod:
Total

1:10.8

13.0

87.0

7.4

79.6

Average

Entire after period:
Total

10.407
1.041

25. 986
2.599

3.486
.349

22.500
2.250

1.785
.179

20.715
2.072

1:11.6

13.4

86.6

6.9

79.7

Average

862

INFLUENCE OF FOOD PRESERVATIVES ON HEALTH.

TABLE XI. — Urine determinations — Ratio of preformed sulphates to ethereal sulphatet
and neutral sulphur, Series V*II — Continued.

SUMMARIES.

[Averages are per man per day.]
CTos. 1 to 6.

Period.

Total sulphur as S

Total sulphur as SO3.

Neutral sulphur as
S03.

§

<u

fc

1

Ethereal sulphates as
SO3.

Inorganic sulphates as
SO3.

Rat io of ethereal to in-
organic sulphates.

Results expressed in
per cent of total sul-
phur in terms of SO3.

3

to

It

3

<B
ft

"3

W .

$
-I

0*

EH

Ethereal sul-
phates.

I

•a I

05 oS

F

Fore period.

First subperiod:
Total

Grams.
a26.551
1.062

31. 632
1.054

Grams.
66. 298
2.652

78. 985
2.633

145. 283
2.642

Grams.
7.132

.285

10. 040
335.

Grams.
59. 166
2.367

68.945
2.298

Grams.
4.305
.172

4.772
. 159

Grams.
54. 861
2.194

64. 173

2.139

1:12.7

P. Ct.

10.8

P.ct.

89.2

P.ct.

6.5

P.ct.

82.7

Second subperiod:
Total...

1:13.4

12.7

87.3

6.0

81.2

Entire fore period:
Total

58. 183
1.058

17. 172
.312

10. 543
.351

11.398
.380

15.805

.527

128. Ill
2. 329

9.077
.165

4.882
.163

5. 458
.182

4.677
.156

119. 034
2.164

71. 618
2.387

82.292
2.743

91.743
3. 058

1:13.1

11.8

88.2

6.2

81.9

Average

Preservative period.

First subperiod:
Total

34.859
1. 162

39. 707
1.324

44. 944
1.498

87. 043
2.901

99. 148
3.305

112. 225
3.741

76.500
2. 550

87. 750
2. 925

96. 420
3.214

1:14.7

12.1

87.9

5.6

82.3

Second subperiod:
Total

1:15.1

11.5

88.5

5.5

83.0

Third subperiod:
Total

1:19.6

14.1

85.9

4.2

81-7

Average

Subperiods 1, 2,
and 3:
Total

119.510
1.328

32. 269
1.076

30. 955
1.032

298. 416
3.316

80. 576
2.686

77. 295
2. 577

37. 746
.419

260. 670
2.896

68.090
2.270

67. 450
2.248

15.017
.167

245. 653
2.729

1:16.4

12.6

87.4

5.0

82.3

After period.

First subperiod:
Total

1:13.5
1:13.6

15.5
12.7

5.8

12.486
.416

9.845
.328

4.708
.157

4.622
.154

63.382
2.113

62. 828
2.094

84.5

78.7

Second subperiod:
Total

87.3

6.0

81.3

Average

Entire after period:
Total

63. 224
1.0.54

|

157.871 ! 22.331
2.631 i .372

135. 540
2.259

9.330

.156

126. 210
2.104

1:13.5

14.1

85.9

5.9

79.9

No. 5 absent.

SULPHUROUS ACID AND SULPHITES.

863

TABLE XI. — Urine determinations — Ratio of preformed sulphates to ethereal sulphates
and neutral sulphur, Series VII — Continued.

[ Averages are per man per day.]
, 8 to 11.

Period.

Total sulphur as S.

Total sulphur as SOs.

§

L

SO

s§

"3

I

OQ

cS

•

%

It

3 co

CO

"3

£

Ethereal sulphates as

SO,

Inorganic sulphates as
SO,

Ratio of ethereal to in-
organic sulphates.

Results expressed in
per cent of total sul-
phur in terms of SO3.

'_!,

3

ra

ii

0>

%

j,

"j

•1

^

EH

Ethereal sul-
phates.

1«

o ft
&

Fore period.

First subperiod:
Total

Grams.
18.442
.922

19. 423
.971

37.865
.947

Grams.
46. 050
2.303

48.499
2.425

94.549
2.364

Grams.
5.060
.253

6.189
.309

Grams.
40.990
2.050

42. 310
2.116

Grams-.
2.480
.124

3.109
.155

Grams.
38.510
1.926

39. 201
1.960

1:15.5

P.ct.
11.0

P.ct.
89.0

P.ct.
5.4

P.ct.

83.6

Average

Second subperiod:
Total . .

1:12.6

12.8

87.2

6.4

•80.8

Average

Entire fore period :
Total

11. 249
.281

83.300
2.083

5.589
.140

3.297
.165

3.069
.153

2.814
.141

3.198
.160

77. 711
1.943

43. 573
2.179

43. 311
2.166

45.646

2.282

47. 372
2.369

1:13.9

11.9

88.1

5.9

82.2

Average

Preservative period.

First subperiod:
Total

1:13.2

13.0

87.0

80.8

21.586
1.079

21. 465
1.073

22. 199
1.110

23. 638
1.182

88.888
1.111

20. 520
1.026

20.600
1.030

53.900
2.695

53. 598
2.680

55. 431

2.772

59. 024
2.951

7.030
.352

7.218
.361

6.971
.349

8.454
.423

46. 870
2.344

46.380
2. 319

48.460
2.423

50.570
2.529

6.1

Average

Second subperiod:
Total

1:14.1

13.5

86.5

5.7

80.8

Average .

Third subperiod:
Total

1:16.2

12.6

87.4

5.1

82.3

Average

Fourth subperiod:
Total.

1:14.8

14.3

85.7

5.4

80.3

Average

Entire preservative
period:
Total

221. 953

2.774

51.238
2.562

51. 438
2.572

29. 673
.371

192. 280
2.404

12. 378
.155

179. 902
2.249

1:14.5

13.4

86.6

5.6

81.1

Average

After period.

First subperiod:
Total

85.3

5.3

7.548
.377

8.818
.441

43.690
2.185

42. 620
2.131

2.713
.136

2.951

.148

40. 977
2.049

39.669
1.983

1:15.1

14.7

80.0

Average

Second subperiod:
Total

1:13.4

17.1

82.9

5.7

77.1

Average

Entire after period :
Total

41. 120
1.028

102. 676
2.567

16.366
.409

86. 310
2.158

5.664
.142

80.646
2.016

1:14.2

15.9

84.1

5.5

78.5

Average

864

INFLUENCE OF FOOD PRESERVATIVES ON HEALTH.

TABLE XI. — Urine determinations — Ratio of preformed sulphates to ethereal sulphate,
and neutral sulphur, Series VII — Continued.

[Averages are per man per day.]
!N~os. T and. 4.

Period.

Total sulphur as S.

Total sulphur as SO3.

1

k

1
a

o>

fe

§
1

& A

3o

W00

o
H

Ethereal sulphates as
S03.

Inorganic sulphates as
SO3.

ireal to in-
Iphates.

Results expressed in
per cent of total sul-
phur in terms of SO3-

, ,

, j,

Ratio of eth<
organic su

3

oa

it

o>

£

P. ct.
10.3

M to

H

H

Ethereal su
phates.

1

|P,

M

Fore period.

First subperiod:
Total

Grams.
11.264
1 126

11.409
1.141

Grams.
28. 126
2.813

28.488
2.849

Grams.
2.890
.289

3.163
.316

Grams.
25. 236
2 524

25. 325
2.533

Grams.
1.837
.184

1.496
.150

Grams.
23.399
2.340

23. 829
2.383

1:12.7

P. ct.

89.7

P. ct.
6.5

P.ct.
83.2

Average
Second subperiod;
Total

1:15.9

11.1

88.9

5.3

83.6

Average..

Entire fore period:
Total

22. 673
1.134

56. 614
2.831

6.053
.303

3.611
.361

3.588
.359

5.678
.568

5 149
.515

50. 561
2.528

26. 620
2.662

29 300
2.830

33 320
3 332

35.530
3553

3.333
.167

1.518
.152

1 670

.167

1.547
.155

1 770
.177

47. 228
2.361

25. 102
2.510

27. 630
2.763

31.773
3 177

33 760
3.376

1:14.2

10.7

89.3

5.9

83.4

Average

Preservative period.

First subperiod:
Total

1:16.5

11.9

88.1

5.0

12. 107
1.211

13.171
1.317

15. 618
1.562

16 291
1 629

30 231
3.023

32 888
3.289

38. 998
3 900

40. 679
4.068

83.0

Average

Second subperiod:
Total

1:16.5

10.9

89. "1

5.1

84.0

Average .

Third subperiod:
Total

1 :20. 5

14 6

85.4

4.0

81.5

Average
Fourth subperiod:
Total

1:19.1

12.7

87 3

4 4

83.0

Average

Entire preservative
period:
Total

82.8

57. 187
1.430

142 796
3 570

18 026
.451

4.439
.444

3514
.351

124. 770
3.119

25 730
2 573

24 610
2.461

6.505
.163

1 542
154

1.616
.162

118.265
2 957

24.188
2.419

22 994
2 299

1:18.2

12.6

87.4

4 6

Average

After period.

First subperiod:
Total. ...

12 082
1.208

11. 263
1.126

30 169
3-017

28. 124
2.812

1:15.7

14.7

85 3

87 5

5 1
57

80.2

81.8

Second subperiod:
Total

1-14.2

12.5

Entire after period:
Total

864

5.4

23.345
1.167

58.293
2.915

7.953
.398

50.340
2.517

3.158
.158

47. 182
2.359

1;14.9

13 6

80.9

SULPHUROUS ACID AND SULPHITES.

865

TABLE XI. — Urine determinations— Ratio of preformed sulphates to ethereal sulphates
and neutral sulphur, Series F/7— Continued.

[Averages are per man per day.]
ISTos. 5 and. 6.

Period.

Total sulphur as S.

Total sulphur as SO3.

%
I

H

a)

X

%
•
|

fe

J

Ethereal sulphates as
SO3.

Inorganic sulphates as
SO3.

Ratio of ethereal to in-
organic sulphates.

Results expressed in
per cent of total sul-
phur in terms of SOa.

If

g
£

J,

3

•S

11

Ethereal sul-
phates.

1 .
15

F

Fore period.

Second subperiod:
Total

Grams.
8.657
.866

10.730
1.073

12. 447
1.245

12.848
1.285

8.331
.833

Grams.
21. 617
2.162

26. 793
2.679

31.080
3.108

32. 081
3.208

20. 803
2.080

Grams.
3.107
,.311

Grams.
18. 510
1.851

Grams.
1.187
.119

1.245
.125

1.594
.159

1.095
.110

1.222
.122

Grams.
17. 323
1.732

21.995
2.200

25. 876
2.588

26.235
2.624

16. 128
1.613

1:14.6

P.ct.
14.4

P.ct.
85.6

P.ct.
5.5

P.ct.

80.1

Average
Preservative period.

First subperiod:
Total

1:17.7

13.3

3.553
.355

3.610
.361

4.751
.475

3.453
.345

23. 240
2.324

27. 470
2.747

27.330
2.733

17.350
1.735

86.7

4.6

82.1

Second subperiod:
Total

1:16.2

11.6

88.4

5.1

83.3

Third subperiod:
Total

1:24.0

14.8

85.2

3.4

81.8

Average
Fourth subperiod:
Total

1:13.2

16.6

83.4.

5.9

77.5

Entire preservative
period:
Total

81.5

44.356
1.109

8.415

.842

8.455
.846

110.757
2.769

15. 367

.384

95.390
2.385

5.156
.129

1.165
.117

1.060
.106

90.234
2.256

16.265
1.627

17.180
1.718

1:17.5

13.9

86.1

4.7

Average

After period.

First subperiod:
Total

21.012
2.101

21.112
2.111

3.582
.358

2.872
.287

17.430
1.743

18. 240
1.824

1:14.0

17.0

83.0

5.5

77.4

Average
Second subperiod:
Total

1:16.2

13.6

86.4

5.0

81.4

Entire after period:
Total

1:15.0

79.4

16. 870
.-844

42. 124
2.106

6.454
.323

35.670
1.784

2.225
.111

33.445
1.672

15.3

84.7

5.3

I

866

INFLUENCE OF FOOD PRESERVATIVES ON HEALTH.

TABLE XI. — Urine determinations — Ratio of preformed sulphates to ethereal sulphates
and neutral sulphur, Series VII — Continued.

[Averages are per man per day.]
. 71 and 13.

Period.

Total sulphur as S.

Total sulphur as SO3.

3
J3

1

a

50

1

1

4

!o

3CO
I

Ethereal sulphates as
S03.

Inorganic sulphates as
S03.

Ratio of ethereal to in-
organic sulphates.

Results expressed in
per cent of total sul-
phur in terms of SO3.

"3

CO

It

(O

o
H

Ethereal sul-
phates.

co .

°z

It

c

Fore period.

First subperiod:
Total

Grams.
8.857
.886

9.095.
.910

Grams
22. 116
2.212

22. 710
2.271

Grams.
2.276
.228

2.840

.284

Grams.
19. 840
1.984

19. 870
1.987

Grams.
1.252
.125

1.402
.140

Grams.
18.588
1.859

18.468
1.847

1:14.8

P.ct.
10.3

89.7

P.ct.
5.7

P.ct.
84.0

Average

Second subperiod:
Total

1:13.2

12.5

87.5

6.2

81.3

Average

Entire fore period:
Total

1:14.0

5.9

82.7

17. 952
.898

10. 235
1.024

10. 628
1.063

11.319
1.132

44.826
2.241

25.557
2.556

26. 538
2.654

28. 264
2. 826

5.116
.256

3.537
.354

3.188
.319

4.064
.406

39. 710
1.986

2.654
.133

37.056
1.853

20. 462
2.046

21.896
2.190

22. 812
2.281

11.4

88.6

Average
Preservative period.

First subperiod:
Total

22. 020
2.202

23.350
2.335

24.200
2.420

1.558
.156

1.454
.145

1.388
.139

1:13.1

13.8

86.2

6.1

80.1

Average
Second subperiod:
Total

1:15.1

12.0

88.0

5.5
4.9

82.5
80.8

Average
Third subperiod:
Total

1:16.4

14.3

85.7

Average

Subperiods l,2,and 3:
Total

32. 182
1.073

80.359
2.679

10. 789
.360

69. 570
2.319

4.400

.147

65.170
2.172

1:14.8

13.4

86.6

5.5

81.1

Average

ISTos. 7 to

Fore period.

First subperiod:
Total

27 299

68 166

7 336

60 830

3 732

57 098

1-15.3

10 8

89.2

5.5

83.8

Average. . .

.910

2.272

.245

2.028

.124

1.903

Second subperiod:
Total

28 518

71.209

9.029

62 180

4.511

57.669

1:12.8

12.7

87.3

6.3

si.o

Average

951

2 374

301

2 073

150

1 922

Entire fore period:
Total

55 817

139 375

16 365

123 010

8 243

114 767

1-13.9

11.7

88.2

5.9

82.3

Average

.930

2.323

.273

2.050

.137

1.913

Preservative period.

First subperiod:
Total.. ..

31.821

79. 457

10. 567

68 890

4.855

64 035

1:13.2

13.3

86.7

6.1

80.6

Average

1 061

2 649

352

2 296

.162

2 135

Second subperiod:
Total

32.093

80.136

10 406

69. 730

4.523

65. 207

1:14.4

13.0

87.0

5.6

81.4

1 070

2 671

347

2 324

151

2 174

Third subperiod:
Total

33. 518

83.694

11.034

72.660

4. 202

68.458

1:16.3

13.2

86.8

5.0

81.8

1 117

2 790

368

2 422

140

2 282

Subperiods l,2,and 3:
Total

97. 432

243. 287

32.007

211. 280

13. 580

197. 700

1:14.6

13.2

86.8

5.6

81.3

Average

1 083

2 703

356

2 348

151

2 197

SULPHUROUS ACID AND SULPHITES. 867

MICROSCOPICAL EXAMINATION OF THE URINE. «

This examination includes the bodies enumerated in Table XII.
The numbers are interpreted by the following key, namely, 0 = none.
1 = very few, 2 = few, 3 = fairly numerous, 4 = numerous, 5 = extremely
numerous. The method of procedure was that described in Part II,
page 574.

URIC ACID CRYSTALS.

No uric acid crystals are found in the case of No. 1 during the fore
period. They are numerous in the second part of the preservative
period, very few in the third part, and few in the after period. In
this case the formation of uric acid crystals was slightly greater in the
preservative period.

In the cases of Nos. 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 9, and 12 no uric acid crystals are
observed during any period of the experiment.

In the case of No. 7 there are a very few in the fore period and at
the second test in the preservative period.

For No. 8 there are very few found in the first test in the preserva-
tive period and at the close of the after period.

In the case of No. 10 there are very few found in the fore period
and in the first part of the preservative period, and a few at the second
test in the preservative period.

For No. 11 there are very few present in the second preservative
period only.

With the exception of No. 1, therefore, it may be said that there is
no tendency shown on the part of the sulphurous acid to affect the
formation of uric acid crystals.

The figures expressing the relative occurrence indicate a slight tend-
ency to increase the formation of uric acid crystals during the pre-
servative period, the figures for the three periods being 18.2, 31.4, and
22.7, respectively.

URATES.

•

No urates are found in any case during the whole period of obser-
vation.

CRYSTALS OF CALCIUM OXALATE.

In the case of No. 1 there are very few crystals found during the
first part of the preservative period, a few at the second test, a very
few during the last part of ^ie preservative period, a very few at the
first test in the after period, and a few at the close of the period. In
the case of No. 2 there are no crystals found except a very few in the
after period.

a These examinations were made by B. J. Howard, chief of the microchemical
laboratory.

11240— Bull. 84, pt 3—07 8

868 INFLUENCE OF FOOD PRESERVATIVES ON HEALTH.

In the case of No. 3 a very few crystals are found in the fore period,
the first test in the preservative period, and both observations of the
after period.

For No. 4 there are a very few crystals found in the latter part of
the preservative period and in the first part of the after period.

In the case of No. 5 there are no crystals observed except a very
few in the after period.

In the case of No. 6 there are no crystals observed except in the first
part of the preservative period.

No. 7 shows a very few crystals at the first and second tests in the
preservative periods.

For No. 8 no crystals are observed except a very few in the after
period.

In the case of No. 9 a very few are found in the last part of the pre-
servative period and also in the after period.

For No. 10 a very few crystals are reported in the fore period, a few
in the first part and a very few in the latter part of the preservative
period, and a very few in the latter part of the after period.

No. 1 1 shows a very few crystals in the fore period and at the second
and third tests in the preservative period and none in the after period.

For No. 12 a very few crystals are reported in the last part of the
preservative period. There is a slight indication of an increase in the
oxalate of lime crystals during the preservative and after periods,
which is about in proportion as expressed by the figures representing
the aggregate relative occurrence, namely, 27.3 for fore period, 45.7
for the preservative period, and 54.5 for the after period.

CRYSTALLINE PHOSPHATES.

No crystalline phosphates are observed in the urine of Nos. 2, 3, 4,
5, 6, 7, 8, 9, and 12.

A very few crystals are found in the case of No. 1 in the first part
of the preservative period.

A few are found in the case of No. 10, and a very few in the case of
No. 11, in the fore period.

AMORPHOUS PHOSPHATES.

No amorphous phosphates are found in any case with the exception
of No. 5 in the after period, and No. 10 in the fore period,' a few being
observed in both cases. Both forms of phosphates are seen to occur
infrequently in the urine ; a slight tendency is indicated, however, to
suppress these forms during the preservative period, as shown by the
figures for their relative occurrence.

SULPHUROUS ACID AND SULPHITES. 869

EPITHELIUM CELLS.

These forms are found in many instances during the whole period
of observation. In the case of No. 1 a few are found in the fore
period, the first part of the preservative period, and the after period,
and very few during the second and third parts of the preservative
period. In the case of No. 2 a few are found in the fore period, and
they are fairly numerous in the other periods. In the case of No. 3
a very few are found in the fore period, a few in the first and second
parts of the preservative period and in the after period, and very few
in the last part of the preservative period. In the case of No. 4 a
very few are found in the fore period, the first part of the preserva-
tive period, and the last part of the after period, and a few at all
other tests. In the. case of No. 5 a few are found in the first and
second parts of the preservative period and in the after period, and a
very few in the third part of the preservative period. In the case of
No. 6 a few are found at all observations. No. 7 shows a very few
in the fore period and a few in the first and second parts of the pre-
servative period. No. 8 exhibits a very few cells in the fore period,
in the last part of the preservative period, and in the after period.
No. 9 shows a few cells in the fore period, the first and second parts
of the preservative period, and a very few at all other observations.
No. 10 shows a very few cells in the fore period, a few during the
whole of the preservative period and in the first part of the after
period, and very few in the latter part of the after period. No. 11
shows a very few cells at all tests, except in the latter part of the after
period when a few are found. No. 12 exhibits a few cells in the fore
period and in the first part of the preservative period, and a very few
at the other observations.

The figures expressing the relative occurrence show a notable
increase during the period in which the preservative was adminis-
tered, and a slight decrease in the after period as compared with the
preservative period.

LEUCOCYTES.

These occur regularly through all the periods of observation. They
are especially evident in the case of No. 12. In the case of No. 1 a
very few are found in all the periods, except at the second test in
the preservative period, when they disappear. In the case of No. 2 a
few are found in the fore period and the second and third parts of
the preservative period, a very few in the first part of the preserva-
tive period and the last part of the after period, and none in the
first part. In the case of No. 3 a very few cells are found in all
the periods, and the same is true of Nos. 4, 8, 10, and 11. In the
case of No. 5 a very few cells are found in the first part of the pre-
servative period, a few in the second and third parts and in the last

870 INFLUENCE OF FOOD PKESERVATIVES ON HEALTH.

part of the after period, and a very few in the first part of the after
period. In the case of No. 6 a very few cells are found in- the fore
period and the first part of the preservative period, and a few at the
other observations. In the case of No. 7 none is found in the fore
period and a very few in the first and second parts of the preserva-
tive period. In the case of No. 9 a very few cells are found in the
fore period, in the first part of the preservative period, and in the
after period, and a few in the second and third parts of the preserv-
ative period. In the case of No. 12 a very few cells are found in
the fore period and the first part of the preservative period; they are
fairly numerous in the second part of the preservative period and in
the last of the after period, numerous in the third part of the preserv-
ative period, and extremely numerous in the first part of the after
period. Here also is shown by the relative occurrence figures a
tendency to increase these bodies during the preservative period,
which tendency in this case continues during the after period.

RED BLOOD CELLS.

In no instance during any of the periods of observation are any
red blood cells found.

HYALINE CASTS.

Hyaline casts are present during the most of the periods of obser-
vation. No. 1 exhibits a few of these casts in the fore period and the
first part of the after period, and a very few during the other periods
of observation.

In the case of No. 2 there are found a few of these casts in the fore
period, the last part of the preservative period, and the first part of
the after period. A very few are found in the other periods.

In the case of No. 3 are found a few casts in the fore period, none
in the first part of the preservative period, and a very few at the other
observations.

No. 4 shows a very few casts at all observations except the first one
in the preservative period.

In the case of No. 5 are found a very few at the first and third pre-
servative periods, and the first in the after period.

No. 6 exhibits a very few casts in the fore period, in the second part
of the preservative period and in the after period, and a few toward
the last of the preservative period.

No. 7 is only under observation a part of the time and shows a very
few casts 'at the first and second observations of the preservative
period.

The urine of No. 8 is almost free from hyaline casts, only a very
few being discovered during the last of the preservative period and
the first of the after period.

SULPHUROUS ACID AND SULPHITES.

871

In the case of No. 9 there seems to be quite an increase in the num-
ber of hyaline casts during the preservative period, none being found
in the fore period and a very few in the after period.

No. 10 shows a few casts in the first part of the preservative period,
very few at the second and third observations in the preservative
period and the first of the after period, and a few toward the end of
the after period.

No. 1 1 shows extremely few casts in all the periods except the first
part of the preservative period, where a few are found.

No. 12 shows a very few casts at all the observations except in the
first part of the after period. The numbers expressing relative occur-
rence are 90.9, 100.0, and 100.0, respectively, for the three periods,
which evidently indicate a slight increase of these casts during the
preservative period.

FINELY GRANULAR CASTS.

In the case of No. 1 these casts are observed only in very small
numbers in the first part of the after period.

In No. 2 a similar amount are observed at the first and last obser-
vations of the preservative period and in the first of the after period.

In the case of No. 3 a very few casts are observed in the fore period,
and in the case of No. 4 the same toward the end of the preservative
period.

No. 5 shows a very few casts at the second observation in the pre-
servative period, and a few at the third observation, and a very few
in the first of the after period.

No casts are found in the case of No. 6, except 'a very few in the last
part of the preservative period.

In the case of No. 7 are found a very few casts in the first part of
the preservative period.

No. 8 has a very few at only one examination, which is at the last
of the preservative period.

In the case of No. 9 there are no casts in the fore period and a very
few at each of the other observations.

No. 10 has no casts except a very few in the first and third parts of
the preservative period and the first part of the after period.

In No. 11 are found a very few casts in the fore period and the first
and third parts of the preservative period, and the same observation
is true of No. 12. The figures expressing the relative occurrence of
these bodies show that there is quite an increase during the preserva-
tive period, the greater part of which occurs in the latter part of the
period.

COARSELY GRANULAR CASTS.

These do not appear in very great quantities in any part of the
observation. A very few are found in the first of the after period of

872 INFLUENCE OF FOOD PRESERVATIVES ON HEALTH.

Nos. 1 and 2, in the first of the preservative period and last of the
after period of No. 3, in the last of the preservative period and first
of the after period of No. 4. In the case of No. 5 the casts are fairly
numerous in the last of the preservative period, but appear at no
other time. In the case of No. 6 a very few casts are found in the
fore period and none at any other time of the observation. In the
case of No. 7 these casts are found only in very small numbers in the
second part of the preservative period. Nos. 8, 10, and 12 have no
coarsely granular casts at any time of the observations. No. 9 shows
a very few in the second part of the preservative period and the first
part of the after period, and No. 1 1 a very few in the first and second
parts of the preservative period and the first part of the after period.
Here is also shown a tendency to increase the occurrence of these
forms of casts in the urine during the preservative period, and the
increase continues in the after period.

EPITHELIAL AND OTHER FORMS OF CASTS.

No epithelial or other forms of casts were observed in any of the
cases in any of the periods.

MUCOUS CYLINDROIDS.

In the case of No. 1 there are few mucous cylindroids found during
the fore period, the first part of the preservative period, and the last
of the after period; they are fairly numerous during the second part
of the preservative period and the first part of the after period, and
numerous during the last part of the preservative period.

Nos. 2 and 4 present the same record, namely, a very few of these
bodies present during all the periods of observation with the exception
of the first after period, when a few are found.

No. 3 shows a very few during the fore and preservative periods
and an increase to a few during the after period.

In the case of No. 5 a very few are reported during the first and
second part of the preservative period, and a few during the latter part
of the preservative period and the after period.

No. 6 showed the largest quantity of these bodies of any of the
subjects, being numerous in the fore period and the second part of
the preservative period, fairly numerous during the first part and
increasing until extremely numerous at the end of the preservative
period, which condition continues throughout the after period.

In the case of No. 7 there are very few of these bodies reported in
the fore period, they are fairly numerous in the first part of the
preservative period, and a few in the second part. This subject is
not under observation during the remainder of the experiment.

SULPHUROUS ACID AND SULPHITES. 873

No. 8 shows very few of these bodies during the fore period and the
after period; they are fairly numerous during the first part of the
preservative period, and there are a few during the latter part.

In the case of No. 9 a very few are recorded during the fore period
and the first part of the after period, and at the other observations
a few are found.

No. 10 shows a very few in the fore period and the second part of
the preservative period. At the other observations a few of these
bodies are observed.

In the case of No. 11 a very few are found in the fore period, a few
in the first and latter part of the preservative period and the latter
part of the after period. In the second part of the preservative period
they are numerous, and are fairly numerous in the first part of the
after period.

No. 12 shows a few of these bodies in all the periods with the excep-
tion of the latter part of the preservative period and the first part of
the after period, when a very few are found.

The figures for the relative occurrence of these bodies are 145.5, 200,
and 209.1 for the three periods respectively, which shows a consider-
able increase of these bodies during the preservative period, which
increase is maintained in the after period.

MUCOUS STRANDS.

Mucous strands were observed in all cases and in all periods. They
occur most abundantly in the cases of No. 1 and No. 6, being fairly
numerous in the fore period of No. 1, numerous in the preservative,
and extremely numerous in the after period.

In the case of No. 2 there were very few in the fore period and the
preservative period and a few in the after period.

No. 3 shows a very few casts in the fore period and the first part of
the preservative period, a few at the second and third observations of
the preservative period, a few in the first part of the after period, and
a very few in the second part of the after period.

No. 4 shows a few casts in the fore period, in the second part of the
preservative period and in the first part of the after period, and a very
few at the other observations.

No. 5 shows very few casts at the first and second observations of
the preservative period, as few in the last part of the preservative
period and in the after period.

In the case of No. 6, the mucous strands occur in the greatest
abundance, being numerous in the fore period and in the first and
second parts of the preservative period and last part of the after
period, and extremely numerous in the last part of the preservative
period and the first of the after period. . .

874 INFLUENCE OF FOOD PRESERVATIVES ON HEALTH.

No. 7 shows a few casts in the fore period; they are numerous in
the first part of the preservative period, and fairly numerous in the
second part of the preservative period. During the other periods
No. 7 is not under observation.

No. 8 has a few casts in the fore and after periods, and in the second
and third parts of the preservative periods, and they are fairly
numerous in the first part of the preservative period.

No. 9 has a few casts in the fore period, and the second part of the
preservative period and the latter part of the after period; they are
fairly numerous at the first and third observations in the preservative
period.

No. 10 shows a few casts in the fore period and the first part of the
preservative period, very few in the second observation of the preserv-
ative period, fairly numerous at the third observation, and very few
in the after period.

No. 11' exhibits a few casts in the fore period and the first and third
parts of the preservative period; numerous casts are recorded in the
second part of the preservative period, and they are fairly numerous
in the after period.

No. 12 shows a few casts in the fore period and the first and second
parts of the preservative period, and very few in the other periods.
Judging by the figures obtained to express the relative occurrence of
these bodies in the urine, there is a slight tendency to an increase
during the preservative period.

For purposes of comparison an expression is obtained, as explained
in Bulletin 84, Part II, page 575, showing the general summary of the
occurrence of these bodies in the aggregate in the urine for the entire
period of observation. In the fore period the number is 54.5 as
representing the relative occurrence of all the bodies; in the preserv-
ative period 66.7, and in the after period 65.5, showing a tendency
to increase the occurrence of these bodies, which is continued in the
after period.

SULPHUROUS ACID AND SULPHITES. 875

TABLE XII. — Microscopical examination of the urine, Series VII.
(None, 0; very few, 1; few, 2; fairly numerous, 3; numerous, 4; extremely numerous, 5.)

No.

Fore
period.

Preservative
period.

After
period.

No.

Fore
period.

Preservative
period.

After
period.

2

I.

C»5

T*

i

1
1

i
I

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IH

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£l

£

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J3

.Q

£

I

i

£

*

.a

£

i

4

3

c4

2

S3

&

URIC ACID CRYSTALS.

CRYSTALLINE PHOSPHATES.

1

0
0
0
0
(a)
0
1
0
0

1

0
0

0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
1
0
0

2

4
0

o

0
0
0

1
o

0
2

0
8
31.4

i

0
0
0
0
0
(a)
0
0
0
0
0

1

2 2
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
(a) (a)
0 1
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0

2 3
22.7

1

0
0
0
0
(a)
0
0
0
0
2
1
0

i

0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

0
0
0
0
0
0

(0)

0
0
0
0
0

0

0
0
0
0
0

(«)

0
0
0
0
0

0

0
0
0
0
0
0
(a)
0
0
0
0
0

2

2...

3

3

4

4

5

5

|

6

7

7

g

8

9

9

10

10

11

11

12

12

Total
Relative occur-
rence

Total

2
18.2

3
27.3

1

0
2.9

0

0
0

Relative occur-
rence

URATES.

AMORPHOUS PHOSPHATES.

1

0
0
0
0
(a)
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

0

o

0
0
0
0
(a)
0
0
0
0
0

0
0
0
0
0
0
(o)
0
0
0
0

or

0
0
0
0
0
0
(a)
0
0
0
0
0

1..

0
0
0
0
(a)
0
0
0
0
2
0
0

0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

0
0
0
0
0
0
(a)
0
0
0
0
0

0
0
0
0
0
0

(«)

0
0
0
0
0

0
0
0
0
2
0
(a)
0
0
0
0
0

2

2

3

3

4

4

5

5

6

6

7

7

8

8

9

9 ....

10

10

11

11

12

12

Total

Total
Relative occur-
rence

0
0

0

0
0

0

0

i

0

i .

2

18.2

0

0
0

0

0
9

2
1

Relative occur-
rence

CRYSTALS OF CALCIUM OXALATE. .

EPITHELIUM CELLS.

1

0
0

1

0
(a)
0
0
0
0

1
1

0

1

0

1

0
0
2

1

0
0
2
0
0

2
0
0
0
0
0
1
0

1

0

1

0

0
0
0

1

0
0

(«)

0

1
1
1

1

1
0

1
1
1

0
(a)
0
1
0
0
0

2
1
1
0
0
0

(°)
1
1
1

0 '
0 ;

7
.5

1

2
2
1
1

(«)

2
1
1
2
1
1
2

2
3
2
1
2
62
2
2
2
62
1
2

1

63
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
1
1

1

63
1
2
1
62
(a)
1
1
2
1
1

62
63
2
2
62
2

ff

1
2
1
1

4
63

62
1
2
2
(a)
1
1
1
2
1

2

2

3

3

4

4

5

6

5

6

7

7

8

8

9

9 ....

10

10

11...

11

12...

12

Total
Relative occur-
rence

Total
Relative occur-
rence

3
27.3

7

4

45.7

5

•

5

54

16
145.5

23

22
174.3

16

19 18
168.2

Not und^r observation.

6 Some in sheets.

876 INFLUENCE OF FOOD PRESERVATIVES ON HEALTH.

TABLE XII. — Microscopical examination of the urine, Se?ies VII — Continued.

No.

Fore
period

Preservative
period.

After
period.

No.

Fore
period

Preservative
period.

After
period.

i
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4

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1

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1

CO

1

O t^
« t <M

* &

.a #

(0 V

P<H f>H

»c
ck

ti

<N

3
1

LEUCOCYTES.

FINELY GRANULAR CASTS.

1

1
2
1
1
(a)
1
0
1
1
1
1
1

i
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
i

0
2
1
1
2
2
1
1
2
1
1
3

i

2
1
1
62
2
(a)
1
2
1
1
4

o

1
1
2
(a)
1
1
1
1
5

1
1

1
1
2
2
(a)
1
1
1
1
3

1

0
0
1
0
(a)
0
0
0
0
0

1
1

3
27.3

0

1

0
0

• o

0
1
0

1
1
1
1

6

0
0
0
0

1

0
0
0

1

0
0
0

2
51.4

0
1
0

1

2
1

(a)
1
1
1
1
1

10

1
1

0
0

1

0
(a)
0
1
1

0
0

5
K

0
0
0
0
0
0
(a)
0
1
0
0
0

2...

2

3 1 ... .

3

4

4

5

5

6

0

7

g

7

8

9

g

10

10

11..

11

12

12

Total
Relative occur-
rence

Total

11

100.0

12

17
134.3

18

15

13

15

6.4

1

'.3

Relative occur-
rence .

RED BLOOD CELLS.

COARSELY GRANULAR CASTS.

1

0
0
0
0
(a)
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

0
0
0
0
0
0
(a)
0
0
0
0
0

0

0
0
0
0
0
0
(a)
0
0
0
0
0

0

c

0
0
0
0
0
0
(a)
0
0
0
0
0

0

1

0
0

§

Wl
0
0
0
0
0
0

0
0

\

o
o
o

0
0
0
1
0

0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
1
0
1
0

0
0
0

1

3

0
(a)
0
0
0
0
0

1
1
0
1
0
0
(a)
0
1
0
1
0

0
0
1
0
0
0

(a)

I

°0

0
1
.3

2

2. ..

3

3

4

4

5

5

7""

6

7

8

8

9

9

10

10

11

11

12

12

Total
Relative occur-
rence

' Total
Relative occur-
rence

0
0

0

0
0

1

9.1

2

3

25.7

4

5
25

HYALINE CASTS.

EPITHELIAL CASTS.

I...

2
2
2
1
(a)
1
0
0
0
0

1

1

1
1

0
0

1

0

1

0

1

2
2
1

1
1
1

1
0

1
1

0
2
.1
1
1

1
2
1

1
1

2

(a)

2
1
1
1

2
2
1
1
1
1
(a)
1
1
1
1
0

1
1
1
1
0

1

(a)
0

1

2
1

10
).0

1

°0

0
0
(a)
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

oo oooooooooo 1 o

1

0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

0
0

0
0
0
0
0
0
(a)
0
0
0
0
0

0

0

0
0
0
0
0
(a)
0
0
0
0
0

0
C

0
0
0
0
0
0
(a)
0
0
0
0
0

2

2

3

3

4

4

5

5

6..-..

6

7

7

8

8

9

10

10

11

11

12

12

Total
Relative occur-
rence

Total
Relative occur-
rence

10
90.9

10

11
100.0

14

12

10(

0
0

0

Not under observation.

fe Some in shreds.

SULPHUROUS ACID AND SULPHITES. 877

TABLE XII. — Microscopical examination of the urine, Series VII — Continued.

No.

Fore
period

Preservative
period.

Aftei
period.

No.

Fore ' Preservative
period. period.

After
period.

rt?
C^

CO

s
i

1

i

<N

2

31

i

G

CO

1

i

8

i

4

h

£
*

.d
g

i

IH

c>$

3
1

,0
1

!

i

1

(H

03

9

i

OTHER FORMS OF CASTS.

MUCOUS CYLINDROIDS-Continued.

1

0
0
0
0
(a)
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

o

0000 0-2- 000000

0
0
0
0
0
0
(a)
0
0
0
0
0

0
0
0
0
0
0

(o>

0
0
0
0

0

)

11

i

2

2
2

4
2

2
1

3
1

2
2

2

12

3

Total
Relative occur-
rence

4

16

145.5

23

24
200.0

23

24
20S

22
.1

5

6

7

8
9

MUCOUS STRANDS.

10

12

1

3
1
1
2

(a)

2
2
2
2
2
2

4
1
1
1
1
4
4
3
3
2
2
2

4
1
2
2
1
4
3
2
2
1
4
2

4

2
1
2
5
(a)
2
3
3
2
1

5
2
2
2
2
5
(a)
2
1
1
3
1

26
22:

5
2
1
1
2
4
(«)
2
2
1
3
1

Total
Relative occur-
rence

0
0

0

0 0

0

0

(

2

3

4

5

g

MUCOUS CYLINDROIDS.

7

8

9 ...

10

1

2
1
1
1

(a)

1
1
1
1

2

1
1

- 1
1

3
3
3

2
2

3

1
1

1
4
2
2
2
1

4
1
1
1

2
5
(a)
2
2
2

3
2
2
2
2
5
(a)
1
1
2

2
1
2
1
2
5
(a)
1
2
2

11

12

2

Total
Relative occur-
rence

3

23 28
209.1 !

28
234.3

26

24
.3

4

5

6

General sum:
mary

7

90 350
54.5 66.7

216
65.5

g

16

Relative occur-
rence

a Not under observation.

MICROSCOPICAL EXAMINATION OF THE BLOOD.0

SERIES VII.
INDIVIDUAL DATA.

In Table XIII are given the numbers of red and white corpuscles
per cubic millimeter and the percentage of hemogloblin in the blood,
calculated according to the methods pursued in the previous experi-
ments. A column giving the color index has been added to the
table, which expresses the change in the relation between the red
blood cells and the hemoglobin.

In the case of No. 1 it is seen that the number of red corpuscles is
increased and the number of white corpuscles decreased during the
administration of the preservative. The hemoglobin is also decreased.

a These examinations were made by B. J. Howard, chief of the microchemical
laboratory.

878 INFLUENCE OF FOOD PEESERVATIVES ON HEALTH.

In the after period the numbers of red and white corpuscles and the
percentage of hemoglobin tend to return to the numbers for the fore
period. The color index for this subject during the three periods is
0.98, 0.88, and 1.01, showing a decrease in this index during the pre-
servative period.

In No. 2 there is noticed a decrease in the number of red and white
corpuscles and in the amount of coloring matter during the preserva-
tive period. The decrease in the red corpuscles is more than com-
pensated for in the increase in the after period, and tfee same is true
of the white corpuscles, while the hemoglobin is restored almost to
the initial point The color index, however, shows a sfight decrease
in the preservative period and a more marked decrease in the after
period.

In No. 3 there is a marked decrease in the number of red corpuscles
during the preservative period and a slight increase in the number of
white corpuscles. The intensity of the coloring matter is almost the
same, being slightly diminished. The number of red corpuscles con-
tinues to diminish during the after period, while the white show a
slight increase over the fore period, but are diminished from the pre-
servative period. The color index is increased during the preserva-
tive period.

In No. 4 there is a slight decrease in the number of red corpuscles
and a very striking decrease in the number of white corpuscles during
the preservative period. There is also a decrease in the percentage
of hemoglobin. In the after period the number of red corpuscles is
very largely increased and the number of white corpuscles is almost
the same as in the fore period, and the intensity of the coloring matter
exactly the same as in the fore period. The color index is decreased
during the preservative period and the decrease is more marked dur-
ing the after period.

In the case of No. 5 there is a marked decrease in the number both
of red and white corpuscles during the preservative period and a
slight decrease in the intensity of the coloring matter. There is an
increase in the number of white and red corpuscles in the after period
over the number in the preservative period. The color index again
is decreased in the preservative period and the decrease is more
marked in the after period.

No. 6 shows a decrease in the number of red and white corpuscles
and a slight decrease in the intensity of the coloring matter in the
preservative period. There is an increase in the number of red cor-
puscles in the after period and a very large increase in the number
of white corpuscles, and a marked decrease in the coloring matter.
The color index is very slightly increased during the preservative
period and decreases in the after period.

SULPHUROUS ACID AND SULPHITES. 879

In the case of No. 7 the data are fragmentary, but permit of a com-
parison between the fore and preservative periods. There is a de-
crease m the number of red corpuscles in the preservative period and
an increase in the number of white corpuscles, the percentage of color-
ing matter remaining the same. The color index shows an increase in
the pre ervative period and no data are available for the after period.

In the case of No. 8 there is a very marked decrease in the number
of red corpuscles during the preservative period and this decrease is
still further continued in the after period. There is a very large
decrease in the number of white corpuscles in the preservative period
which is only partially restored in the after period. There is a slight
decrease in the preservative period in the percentage of coloring mat-
ter and this is continued in a somewhat more marked way in the after
period. The color index is increased in the preservative period and
the increase is maintained to a greater extent in the after period.

In the case of No. 9 there is an increase in the number of red cor-
puscles and an enormous increase in the number of white corpuscles
during the preservative period. At the same time there is a slight
decrease in the percentage of coloring matter. In the after period
a tendency is manifested to restore the conditions which obtain in
the fore period. The color index is decreased during the preservative
period and rises again in the after period to practically the same fig-
ure as in the fore period.

The data in the case of No. 10 show a marked decrease in the num-
ber of red and white corpuscles during the preservative period and
a slight decrease in the percentage of coloring matter. In the after
period there is a restoration of the numbers of white and red cor-
puscles almost to the initial number in the fore period, but the per-
centage of coloring matter remains the same as in the preservative
period. The color index is increased during the preservative period,
returning to practically the same figure in the after period as in the
fore period.

In the case of No. 11 there is a small decrease in the number of
red corpuscles and a large increase in the number of white corpuscles
during the preservative period. The percentage of coloring matter
remains the same. There is a large increase in the number of red
corpuscles in the after period, but the number of white corpuscles
is smaller. The percentage of coloring matter remains almost the
same in the three periods. «The color index is increased during the
preservative period, falling in the after period to a figure below that
of the fore period.

In the case of No. 12 there is a slight decrease in the number of
red corpuscles and an increase in the number of white corpuscles
during the preservative period, the percentage of coloring matter

880 INFLUENCE OF FOOD PRESERVATIVES ON HEALTH.

remaining the same. There is a large increase in the number of
red corpuscles in the after period and a decrease in the number of
white corpuscles, falling below the number in the fore period. The
percentage of hemoglobin remains the same in all three periods. The
color index is very slightly increased in the preservative period, fall-
ing in the after period to a figure below that of the fore period.

SUMMARIES.

Summaries are given for Nos. 1 to 6, inclusive, who received sodium
sulphite, and for Nos. 8 to 11, who received sulphurous acid in the
free state and practically completed the full period of observation.

The mean number of corpuscles in the blood of Nos. 1 to 6 for the
fore period is very markedly greater than during the preservative
period and slightly greater than during the after period. This sum-
mary shows that the administration of sulphurous acid in the form
of sulphites exerts a marked tendency to decrease the number of
red blood corpuscles. The same tendency is shown in respect of
the number of white ^corpuscles, which are almost a thousand less in
the preservative period than in the fore period and almost 2,000 less
than in the after period. There is a tendency also on the part of
the preservative to diminish the hemoglobin, and the diminution is
maintained during the after period. The color index is very slightly
increased in the preservative period, but is decreased in the after
period below the figure for the fore period.

In the case of the men receiving sulphurous acid in a free state,
there is also shown a marked tendency on the part of the preserva-
tive to diminish the number of red corpuscles in the blood. In this
case the number of white corpuscles is slightly increased. There is
also manifested a very slight tendency to diminish the percentage
of hemoglobin, and this diminution continues in the after period.
The color index shows a slight increase during the preservative period
and a return to the figure of the fore period in the after period.

In respect of the number of white corpuscles mentioned above,
attention is called to one abnormal result in the number of white
corpuscles recorded in the case of No. 9. It is not possible at this
time to trace the cause of this abnormality, but it is of a magnitude
which seems to indicate an error, as the number is twice as great
as would be expected under the circumstances. For this reason it
is found advisable to omit No. 9 and make a new summary for Nos.
8, 10, and 11. This summary indicates a marked tendency on the
part of the preservative to diminish the number of red corpuscles,
which are almost 1,000,000 less in the preservative period than in
the fore period. In the after period this loss is in great part restored,
though not completely. There is also in this case a marked tendency

SULPHUROUS ACID AND SULPHITES.

881

to diminish the number of white corpuscles, which are more than a
thousand less than in the fore period. This loss is partially restored
in the after period. The color index is increased during the pre-
servative period, falling in the after period.

The data collected, therefore, are very striking in showing the
tendency of the sulphurous acid to diminish the number of corpus-
cles in the blood, both red and white, and also to diminish slightly
the intensity of the color of the blood. These results of the investi-
gation are worthy of especial consideration.

TABLE XIII.— Average, by periods, of corpuscles and hemoglobin in the blood, Series VII.

No. 1.

No. 2.

Period.

Date.

Red cor-
puscles
per cubic
milli-
meter.

White
cor-
puscles
per
cubic
milli-
meter.

Hem-
oglo-
bin.

Color
in-
dex.a

Red cor-
puscles
per cubic
milli-
meter.

White
cor-
puscles
per
cubic
milli-
meter.

Hem-
oglo-
bin.

Color
in
dex.

Fore period
Preservative period. . .
After period

1904.
Feb. 10-12
Feb. 26-Mar. 2
Mar. 10-12

4,855,000
5,125,000
4,775,000

4,598
4,377

4,875

95
90
93

0.98

.88
1.01

4,915,000
4,755,000
5,405,000

7,313
6,593

8,975

100
95

98

1.02
1.00
.91

Period.

Date.

No. 3.

No. 4.

Fore period

1904.
Feb. 10-12

6,075,000

5,097

97

0.80

4,970,000

9,433

95

0.96

Preservative period . . .
After period

Feb. 26-Mar. 2
Mar 10-12

4,770,000
4 545 000

5,817
5 318

96

1.01

4,877,000
5 605 000

4,764
8 421

90

95

.92

85

Period.

Date.

No. 5.

No. 6.

Fore period ....

1904.
Feb. 10-12 ....

6,130,000

8,593

98

0.95

5,260,000

•
7,811

97

0.92

Preservative period.. .
After period

Feb. 26-Mar. 2
Mar. 10-12....

5,560,000
6,020,000

8,088
9,086

95
95

.86
.79

5,125,000
5,565,000

7,756
11,191

96
90

.93

.81

Period.

Date.

No. 7.

No. 8.

Fore period
Preservative period . . .
After period

1904.
Feb. 10-12 ....
Feb. 26-Mar. 2
Mar 10-12

5,230,000
4,963,000

6,371

7,978

95
95

0 90

.96

6,050,000
4,770,000
4 295 000

9,900
5,485
5 762

98
97
95

0.81
1.02
1 110

Period.

Date.

No. 9.

No. 10

Fore period
Preservative period. . .
After period

1904.
Feb. 10-12
Feb. 26-Mar. 2
Mar. 10-12

4,470,000
5,610,000
4,905 000

6,925
13,240
7,424

99
97
98

1.11
.87
1.00

6,085,000
4,810,000
5,995 000

7,368
5,983
7 091

97
95
95

0.80
.99

79

Period.

Date.

No. 11

No. 12.

Fore period
Preservative period. . .
After period

1904.
Feb 10-12
Feb. 26-Mar. 2
Mar. 10-12

4,963,000
4,.715,000
5,745,000

4,820
6,703
6,260

98
93
97

0.99
1 04

.84

5,640,000
5,510,000
6,315,000

5,485
6,205
5,318

95
95
95

0.84
.86

.75

a Color index is the percentage of hemoglobin divided by the percentage of red blood corpuscles;
5,000,000 is taken as the normal number of red blood corpuscles.

882

INFLUENCE OF FOOD PRESERVATIVES ON HEALTH.

TABLE XIII. — Average, by periods, of corpuscles and homoglobin in the blood,
Series VII— Continued.

SUMMARIES.

Period.

Red cor-
puscles
per cubic
millimeter.

White
cor-
puscles
per cubic
milli-
meter.

Hem-
oglo-
bin.

Color
index.

Nos. 1 to 6.
Fore period:
Total

32, 205, 000

42, 845

582

Average

5,367,500

7,141

97

0.91

Preservative period:
Total '

30,212,000

37,395

562

Average . . . ...

5,035,333

6,233

94

.93

After period:
Total

31,915,000

47, 866

J5 men.

Average

5,319,167

7,978

\ 471
94

.89

Nos. 8 to 11.
Fore period:
Total

21,570,000

29, 013

392

Average . . .

5,392,500

7,253

98

.91

Preservative period:
Total

19,905,000

31,411

387

Average

4,976,250

7,853

97

.97

After period:
Total

20.940 000

26, 537

385

Average

5 235 000

6 634

96

91

Nos. 8,10, and 11.
Fore period :
Total

17,100,000

22,088

293

Average

5 700 000

7 363

98

86

Preservative period:
Total . .

14 295 000

18, 171

290

Average

4 765 000

6 057

97

1 02

After period:
Total . .

16,035,000

19, 113

287

Average . .

5,345 000

6,371

96

.90

SERIES XIII.
INDIVIDUAL DATA.

The effect of sulphurous acid in diminishing the number of cor-
puscles in the blood, as indicated in the preceding investigations,
appeared to deserve further study. It was deemed advisable, there-
fore, to repeat that feature of the investigation, and accordingly
a squad of six men was organized for the purpose of further determin-
ing this point, the special investigation being designated as Series
XIII. The fore period opened on December 1, 1906, and continued
for five days, followed by a preservative period of fifteen days and
an after period of four days, during which time a special study was
made of the percentage of hemoglobin, the number of red and white
corpuscles, and the color index. The data determined are recorded
in Table XIV, together with the schedule of administration of the
preservative.

In the case of No. 1 the percentage of hemoglobin is slightly in-
creased during the preservative period, remaining practically the
same in the after period. The red corpuscles are decreased during

SULPHUROUS ACID AND SULPHITES. 888

the preservative period but the number is restored in the after period
and even increased beyond the number in the fore period. There is
a very marked decrease in the number of white corpuscles, and this
decrease continues in the after period. The color index rises in the
preservative period, falling to a smaller figure in the after period than
in the fore period.

In the case of No. 2 there is a slight increase in the hemoglobin,
both in the preservative and in the after period. There is a decrease
in the number of red corpuscles in the blood in the preservative period
and an increase in the after period, though the number is not restored
to that of the fore period. The white corpuscles in this case increase
during the preservative period and still further increase in the after
period. The entire data of No. 2 show that the administration of
sulphurous acid in this case had no marked tendency to diminish
the number of blood corpuscles, having decreased only slightly the
number of red corpuscles and increased to a very marked extent the
number of white corpuscles. Perhaps a better form of expression in
this case is that the administration of the sulphurous acid was attended
with a slight decrease in the number of red corpuscles and a marked
increase in the number of white corpuscles. The color index increases
in the preservative period and remains practically the same in the
after period.

No. 3 shows a decrease in the number of red corpuscles during the
preservative period and a notable increase in the corpuscles in the
after period, the number rising to a higher figure than in the fore
period. There is a slight increase in the number of white corpuscles
during the preservative period and a marked increase during the after
period. The hemoglobin data for No. 3 show an increase in the pre-
servative period, which is maintained in the after period. The color
index increases during the preservative period, falling in the after
period to an amount less than in the fore period.

No. 4 shows a very marked decrease in the number of red corpuscles
during the preservative period and a still further decrease in the
after period. There is also a very marked decrease in the number of
white corpuscles in both periods. Here the data show that the admin-
istration of the sulphurous acid was attended by a marked decrease
of both the red and the white corpuscles.

The data for No. 5 show a very marked decrease in the number of
red corpuscles during the preservative period and a slight recovery,
that is, a slight increase in the number of red corpuscles in the after
period over the preservative period, but not a complete restoration to
the number present in the fore period. There is also a marked
diminution in the number of white corpuscles during the preservative
11240— Bull. 84, pt 3—07 9

884 INFLUENCE OF FOOD PRESERVATIVES ON HEALTH.

period, but this loss is entirely recovered and a slight increase noted in
the number of white corpuscles in the after period over the fore period.
The data for No. 6 are not so valuable for comparison because only
one observation was made of the number of corpuscles in the fore
period, the original No. 6, who was under observation for four days,
having been unavoidably removed from the table and a new man
substituted, for whom the count was made only once before the
administration of the preservative. In this case there is an increase
in the number of red corpuscles during the preservative period over
the one count of the fore period, and a diminution in the number of
white corpuscles. On account of the incompleteness of the data of
No. 6 they are not used in the general summary.

SUMMARIES.

Nos. 1 to 3, inclusive, of the members of the squad received the
sulphurous acid in the form of sodium sulphite, and Nos. 4 to 6,
inclusive, in the form of free sulphurous acid. No. 6 is excluded
from the summary, as the data are incomplete.

In the case of those who received sodium sulphite there was a
marked decrease in the number both of the red and the white corpus-
cles during the period of observation. The data for Nos. 4 and 5, who
completed the course with free sulphurous acid, show also a marked
diminution in both the number of red and white corpuscles. The
average percentage of decrease of the red corpuscles in the case of
Nos. 1 to 3, inclusive, is 2.5, and of the white corpuscles, 3.1. In the
case of free sulphurous acid the average percentage decrease of Nos.
4 and 5 in red corpuscles is 3.6 and in white corpuscles 14.6.

Figure 3 sets forth graphically, both for the individuals and for the
summaries, the extent of the diminution of the red and white blood
cells. Unmistakably the data for the special study bear out those
obtained in Series VII, and seem to establish the fact that the admin-
istration of sulphurous acid both in the free state and in the form of
sulphites tends to diminish the number of the red and white cor-
puscles in the blood.

SULPHUROUS ACID AND SULPHITES.

885

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FIG. 3.— Individual and summarized data showing the effect of the preservative on the red and white

blood corpuscles, Series XIII.

886

INFLUENCE OF FOOD PRESERVATIVES ON HEALTH.

re-
. 1-

Amount of
ervative N

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SULPHUROUS ACID AND SULPHITES.

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888

INFLUENCE OF FOOD PRESERVATIVES ON HEALTH.

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SULPHUROUS ACID AND SULPHITES.

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890 INFLUENCE OF FOOD PRESERVATIVES ON HEALTH.

METABOLIC PROCESSES.

The effect of the preservative upon the metabolic processes is
shown in the balance sheets made for the principal food elements,
namely, nitrogen, phosphoric acid, sulphur, fat, calories, and total
solids. The data include the amounts of food ingested, by periods and
subperiods; the absolute quantities and percentage amounts of the
respective elements excreted in the feces and the urine, and the
balance, together with a statement as to the amounts of preservative
administered.

NITROGEN BALANCE.
INDIVIDUAL DATA.

The average daily quantity of nitrogen consumed by No. 1 is 17.58
grams in the fore period, 16.97 grams in the preservative period, and
16.95 grams in the after period. Of this quantity, there appear in the
feces 1.26 grams, 1.14 grams, and 0.73 gram, respectively, for the
three periods; and in the urine 16.06 grams, 14.89 grams, and 15.37
grams, respectively. The total quantity of nitrogen recovered in the
feces and urine is 17.32 grams, 16.03 grams, and 16.10 grams, daily,
respectively, for the three periods. Calculated to percentage, it is
seen that of the total nitrogen in the food 7.19 per cent appears in the
feces in the fore period, 6.74 per cent in the preservative period, and
4.34 per cent in the after period; and in the urine, 91.38 per cent in
the fore period, 87.74 per cent in the preservative period, and in the
after period, 90.64 per cent. The nitrogen balance for all three
periods is positive and amounts to 0.26 gram in the fore period, 0.94
gram in the preservative period, and 0.85 gram in the after period. In
this case it is noticed that there is a smaller quantity of nitrogen
recovered in the excreta during the preservative period and therefore
a greater nitrogen balance. By reason of the abnormally low amount
of nitrogen recovered in the feces in the after period the balance for
that period is only slightly less than for the preservative period.

In the case of No. 2 the data for the preservative period is not
complete, including only the first, second, and third subperiods.
There is little variation in the amount of nitrogen ingested in this case,
it being slightly greater, however, in the preservative period. The
quantity recovered in the feces is almost exactly the same in the fore
and after periods and is slightly greater in the preservative period.
The quantity recovered in the urine is practically the same in the
preservative and after periods, being somewhat less than in the fore
period. Of the total amount of nitrogen recovered in the feces and
urine it is seen that a less quantity is recovered in the preservative
period than in the fore period and a slightly less quantity in the after
period than in the preservative period. The nitrogen balance is

SULPHUBOUS ACID AND SULPHITES. 891

negative in the fore period, but by an extremely small amount,
namely, 0.02 gram. The balance in the preservative period is posi-
tive and quite large, namely, 1.16 grams. In the after period the
balance is also positive and amounts to 1.03 grams. The data show
a decreased excretion of nitrogen during the preservative period,
which is due to the decrease in metabolized nitrogen, and this inhibi-
tion is continued, though not to the same extent, in the after period.

With No. 3 the average daily quantity of nitrogen ingested is some-
what greater in the preservative period and notably greater in the
after period than in the fore period. This, however, is riot sufficient
to account for the increase in the excretion of the nitrogen, both in the
feces and in the urine, during the preservative period. There is a
large positive nitrogen balance in the fore period, which is diminished
almost one-half in the preservative period and is doubled in the after
period, where the balance appears to be abnormally high. These
data indicate an increased excretion of nitrogen during the preserva-
tive period in a larger quantity than would be due to the increase in
the amount of nitrogen ingested. This is especially true of the
unmetabolized nitrogen.

The amount of nitrogen consumed by No. 4 is slightly larger in the
preservative period and after periods than in the fore period. The
quantity excreted in the feces is increased, both in the preservative
and after periods, over the fore period. The quantity excreted in the
urine is markedly diminished in the preservative period. The total
quantity excreted in the feces and urine is very considerably dimin-
ished in the preservative period and is almost the same in the fore
and after periods. The nitrogen balance in the fore and after periods
is large and negative; in the preservative period it is small and nega-
tive. In this case there is a marked decrease in elimination of nitro-
gen during the preservative period, though the quantity of nonmetab-
olized nitrogen excreted is increased.

The data for No. 5 are incomplete, for reasons already stated. No
comparison can be made between the fore period and the after period,
and the figures for the balance have no signification for comparative
purposes. The tendency shown in three of the preceding cases to
increase the excretion of non-metabolized nitrogen is again shown.

The quantity of nitrogen consumed by No. 6 is slightly less in the
preservative period than in the fore period and is slightly greater in
the after period than in th*e preservative period. The quantity of
nitrogen found in the feces is very materially increased in the pre-
servative period, although the amount of nitrogen in the food is
diminished. In the after period the quantity in the feces is almost
the same as in the fore period. The quantity of nitrogen in the urine
is also very considerably increased in the preservative period, being
1.67 grams per day greater than in the fore period. This increase is

892 INFLUENCE OF FQ.OD PRESERVATIVES ON HEALTH.

even more marked in the after period. The total quantity of nitro-
gen excreted during the preservative period is very considerably
increased over the fore period and is exactly the same as that excreted
during the after period. The nitrogen balance in the fore period is
abnormally large and positive. It is still large and positive in the
preservative period, though only about one-half the magnitude of the
fore period. Lrthe after period it is somewhat larger than in the pre-
servative period.

The data in the case of No. 7 for the nitrogen balance are incom-
plete, on account of the absence of any data for the after period, and
for the further reason that only three subperiods of the preservative
period are considered. These data therefore are of little or no value
for comparative purposes.

The quantity of nitrogen in the food in the case of No. 8 is quite
uniform in all the periods. The quantity excreted in the feces is
almost the same for the fore and preservative periods and slightly
less for the after period. The quantity of nitrogen excreted in the
urine is slightly greater in the preservative period and is^ncreased
agarin in about a like proportion in the after period. The quantity
in the feces and urine together is increased to a slight extent in the
preservative period and also in the after period. The balance in the
fore period is positive and amounts to 1.06 grams daily. It is also
positive in the preservative period and amounts to 0.88 gram. In
the after period the balance is again somewhat diminished and is 0.71
gram.

The quantity of nitrogen excreted in the feces of No. 9 in the fore
period is very low and the positive balance, therefore, is exceptionally
high. There is a notable increase in the nitrogen excreted during the
preservative period, being over 1 gram per day more than in the fore
period, and in the after period there is still an increase. The balance
in the preservative period is positive and more nearly normal than in
the fore period. There is a further diminution in the magnitude of
the balance in the after period. The decrease in the positive balance
in the preservative period appears to be due to a considerable increase
in nitrogen katabolism, and in the after period the decrease in the
balance is even more marked. This indication is further borne out
by the percentage figures for the preservative period, while in the
after period the greater elimination is in the feces.

The balances in the case oi No. 10 are all unusually large, amount-
ing to 2.55 grams daily in the fore period, 3.08 grams daily in the pre-
servative period, and 2.17 grams daily in the after period. A larger
quantity of nitrogen is excreted in the preservative period in the feces
than in the fore period, but the opposite is true of the nitrogen in the
urine, which is very largely decreased in the preservative period. The
data in this case indicate a tendency on the part of the preservative

SULPHUROUS ACID AND SULPHITES. 893

to inhibit the excretion of total nitrogen, but there is again an in-
crease in the quantity of nonmetabolized nitrogen excreted.

The quantity of nitrogen consumed by No. 11 is exceptionally
large, amounting to more than 20 grams per day. The quantity
excreted in the feces is slightly greater in the preservative period than
in the fore period, while in the after period it is less than in the fore
period. There is a diminution, however, in the amount of nitrogen
excreted in the urine, while its loss is partially restored in the after
period. The total quantity of nitrogen excreted in the feces and urine
is markedly less in the preservative period. The balances are large in
all the periods and especially so in the preservative and after periods.

The quantity of nitrogen consumed by No. 12 is slightly greater
in the preservative period and considerably less in the after period
than in the fore period. The amount excreted in the feces is decid-
edly less in the after period than in either of the other periods. The
quantity of nitrogen excreted in the urine is somewhat greater in
the preservative period than in the fore period and a greater quantity
is excreted in the feces and urine together than in the fore or after
periods. The nitrogen balance is positive in all cases, slightly less
in the preservative period and markedly less in the after period than
in the fore period.

SUMMARIES.

The summaries for the nitrogen balances, as for all of the principal
food elements, are submitted for Nos. 1 to 6, who received sodium.sul-
phite and are complete with the exception of the fourth preservative
subperiod. For Nos. 8 to 11, receiving sulphurous acid, the data
are complete for the entire observation. These two summaries are
discussed and compared, while the smaller summaries for Nos. 1 and
4, 5 and 6, and 7 and 12, and the partial summary for Nos. 7 to 12
are submitted without comment.

In the summary for Nos. 1 to 6 the average daily amount of nitro-
gen consumed is 17.77 grams in the fore period, 17.42 grams in the
preservative period, and 16.71 grams in the after period. The aver-
age daily quantity of nitrogen excreted in the feces is 1.33 grams for
the fore period, 1.49 grams for the preservative period, and 1.25
grams for the after period. The average daily quantity of nitrogen
excreted in the urine is 15.12 grams in the fore period, 15.19 grams
in the preservative period, and 14.74 grams in the after period. The
total quantity of nitrogen excreted in the feces and urine is 16.45
grams in the fore period, 16.67 grams in the preservative period,
and 15.99 grams in the after period. These data show a slight
increase in the quantity of nitrogen excreted in the preservative
period, although the amount in the food is slightly less. In the
after period there is a decrease in the quantity of nitrogen in the food

894 INFLUENCE OF FOOD PRESERVATIVES ON HEALTH.

and practically the same decrease in the amount excreted. The
balance is positive in all cases and has a magnitude of 1.32 grams
in the fore period, 0.75 gram in the preservative period, and 0.72
gram in the after period

Considering the percentage data it is seen that in the fore period
7.50 per cent of nitrogen appear in the feces and 85.10 per cent in
the urine, while in the preservative period 8.54 per cent appear in
the feces and 87.17 per cent in the urine, an increase of 1.04 per cent
of nonmetabolized nitrogen excreted and 2.07 per cent of metabolized
nitrogen. In other words, there is a total increased excretion of
nitrogen of 3.11 per cent, notwithstanding a daily decrease of nitro-
gen ingested amounting to 0.35 gram. In the after period there is
a marked decrease both in the absolute quantity and percentage
amount of nonmetabolized nitrogen excreted and a decrease in the
quantity of metabolized nitrogen, though the percentage amount is
again increased, amounting to 88.17 per cent, the reason for this
being that the average daily quantity of nitrogen consumed in the
after period is 0.71 gram less than in the preservative period. The
total quantity of nitrogen excreted is somewhat less in the after
period, though the percentage excretion is practically the same as in
the preservative period, reducing the balances in the preservative
and after periods to 0.75 and 0.72 gram, respectively, or about one-
half the balance of the fore period.

These data seem to show a marked change in nitrogen metabolism
from the conditions of the fore period and indicate a tendency on the
part of the preservative to diminish the assimilation of the proteid
constituents of the food; the data for weight and water content of
the feces also bear out this point, these figures increasing during the
preservative period. After the withdrawal of the preservative more
nitrogen is absorbed and metabolism is evidently more active.

Nos. 8 to 11 furnish summarized data for the entire period of
observation. The quantity of nitrogen in the food consumed by
these subjects is almost constant, being slightly less in the preserv-
ative period and in the after period than in the fore period. The
quantity excreted in the feces is 1.42 grams for the fore period, 1.53
grams for the preservative period, and 1.62 grams for the after
period, and in the urine 14.27 grams in the fore period, 13.81 grams
in the preservative period, and 14.24 grams in the after period.
The total quantity of nitrogen excreted in the feces and urine is
15.69 grams in the fore period, 15.35 grams in the preservative
period, and 15.86 grams in the after period. The balance is positive
and has a magnitude of 2.02 grams in the fore period, 2.11 grams in
the preservative period, and 1.69 grams in the after period. There
do not appear to be any notable effects produced upon the nitrogen
balance in this case by the administration of the preservative, though

SULPHUROUS ACID AND SULPHITES. 895

the balance is slightly increased in the preservative period, notwith-
standing the increase in the percentage elimination of nonmetabo-
lized nitrogen.

It is now possible to compare the summary for Nos. 1 to 6, inclu-
sive, who received sodium sulphite, and that for Nos. 8, 9, 10, and
11, who took free sulphurous acid. In respect of the influence of
the preservative upon the excretion of nitrogen in the feces, it is seen
that there is an increase of 0.16 gram daily in the amount excreted
in the preservative period in the case of Nos. 1 to 6. In the after
period, on the contrary, the amount excreted is 0.08 gram less than
in the fore period. This increase in the amount of nitrogen excreted
in the feces is the more pronounced in the preservative period when
it is noticed that the quantity of nitrogen in the food is greater *by
0.35 gram during the fore period than during the preservative period.
When we compare these data with the summary for Nos. 8, 9, 10, and
1 1 , we see a similar increase in the preservative period of the nitrogen
excreted in the feces, this increase amounting to 0.11 gram daily.
Unlike the summary for Nos. 1 to 6, however, there, is no diminution
of this amount in the after period. On the contrary, the increase is
greater, amounting to 0.20 gram per day. As is the case with the
summary for Nos. 1 to 6, this increase in the amount of nitrogen
excreted in the preservative period is attended with a decrease of
nitrogen in the food of 0.25 gram per day. It is therefore even more
significant than appears from its actual magnitude.

If the excretion of nitrogen in the urine be taken into consider-
ation, it is noticed that there is a slight increase in the preservative
period over the fore period for Nos. 1 to 6, amounting to 0.07 gram
per day, while there is a marked decrease in the after period, amount-
ing to 0.38 gram per day.

The same data in the summary for Nos. 8, 9, 10, and 11 show a
decrease in the amount of nitrogen excreted in the urine, amounting
to 0.46 gram per day in the preservative period, whereas in the after
period the amount excreted is restored almost to the original figure.
The agreement between the two summaries is found only in the case
of the feces. The conclusion, therefore, to be drawn is this: That
sulphurous acid, both in the form of sulphites and in the uncombined
state, tends to increase the excretion of the nitrogen in the feces.
The preservative in the form of sulphites has but little effect upon
the excretion of the nitrogem in the urine, though the tendency here
is also to increase the amount. On the contrary, when sulphurous
acid is administered there is a decrease in the amount of nitrogen
excreted in the urine, which is greater than could be accounted for
by the decrease of nitrogen in the food.

The general results of the study of the nitrogen balance lead to the
conclusion that there is a measurable disturbance of the process of

896

INFLUENCE OF FOOD PRESERVATIVES ON HEALTH.

metabolism of nitrogen, especially that part appearing in the feces
which is credited as nonmetabolized nitrogen. The preservative,
both in the form of sulphites and in a free state, gives concordant
results in this respect. There is little effect upon the metabolized
nitrogen in the urine, though the sulphites appear to slightly increase
the amount metabolized and the sulphurous acid to slightly diminish it.

TABLE XV. — Nitrogen balances for Series VII.

[Averages are per day.]

No. 1.

Period.

1
In food.

3

In
feces.

3

In
urine.

4

In feces
and
urine

(2+3).

5

In
feces

(2-5-1).

6

In
urine

(3H-1).

7

In
feces
and
urine

(4-i-l).

8

Bal-
ance
(1-4).

9

Sodium
sul-
phite
admin-
istered
(S02).

Fore period.

First subperiod:
Total

Grams.
89.57

Grams.

8.27

Grams.
80.75

Grams.
89.02

Per ct.
9.23

Per ct.
90.15

Per ct.
99.39

Grams.
+ 0.55

Grams.
0.0

Average

17.91

1.65

16.15

17.80

+ .11

.0

Second subperiod:
Total

8(5.18

4.37

79.85

84.22

5.07

92.65

97.72

4-1.96

.0

17 24

84

15 97

16 84

+ .40

.0

Entire fore period:
Total

175. 75

12.64

160.60

173. 24

7.19

91.38

98.57

+ 2.51

.0

Average

17.58

1.26

16.06

17.32

+ .26

.0

Preservative period.

First subperiod:
Total

84.44

6.86

75.62

82.48

8.12

89.55

97.68

+ 1.96

1.115

Average

16.89

1.37

15.12

16.50

+ .39

.223

Second subperiod:
Total

83.47

7.68

69.40

77.08

9.20

83.14

92.34

+ 6.39

2.540

Average

16.69

1.54

13,88

15.42

+ 1.27

.508

Third subperiod:
Total

86. 16

4. 16

74.89

79. 05

4.83

86.92

91.74

+ 7.11

3.810

Average

17.23

.83

14.98

15. 81

+ 1.42

.762

Fourth subperiod:
Total

85 35

4.18

77-. 89

82.07

4.90

91.26

96.16

+ 3.28

3.810

Average

17.07

.84

15.58

16 42

+ .65

.762

Entire preservative period:
Total

339. 42

22 88

297. 80

320.68

6 74

87.74

94 48

+ 18.74

11.275

Average

16.97

1.14

14.89

16. 03

+ .94

.564

After period.

First subperiod:
Total

83.12

3.76

77.01

80.77

4.52

92.65

97.17

+ 2.35

.0

16 62

75

15 40

16. J5

+ .47

.0

Second subperiod:
Total

86.41

3.60

76.66

80.26

4.17

88.72

92.88

+ 6.15

.0

Average

17.28

.72

15 33

16.05

+ 1.23

.0

Entire after period:
Total

169.53

7.36

153. 67

161.03

4.34

90.64

94.99

+ 8.50

.0

16 95

73

15. 37

16.10

+ .85

.0

SULPHUROUS ACID AND SULPHITES.

897

TABLE XV. — Nitrogen balances for Series VII — Continued.

[Averages are per day.]

No. 2.

Period.

In food.

:

feces.

3

In
urine.

4

In feces
and
urine
(2+3).

5

In
feces
(2-1).

6

In
urine
(3H-1).

7

In
feces
and
urine
(4-5-1).

Bal-
ance
(1-4).

9

Sodium
sul-
phite
admin-
istered
(SO,).

Fore period.

First subperiod:
Total

Grams.
96.76

Grams.
6.65

Grams.
90.25

Grams.
96.90

Perct.
6.87

Per ct.
93.27

Perct.
100.14

Grams.
- 0.14

Grams.
0.0

Average

19 35

1 33

18.05

19.38

- .03

.0

Second subperiod:
Total

98.79

10 66

88.28

98.94

10.79

89.36

100.15

- .15

.0

Average

19.76

2.13

17.66

19.79

- .03

.0

Entire fore period:
Total

Average

195. 55
19.56

17.31
1 73

178. 53
17.85

195. 84
19.58

8.85

91.30

100.15

- .29
- .02

.0
.0

Preservative period.

First subperiod:
Total

104. 93

8 44

80.36

88.80

8.04

76.58

84.62

+16. 13

1 115

Average

20.99

1.69

16.07

17.76

+ 3.23

.223

Second subperiod:
Total

96 12

11 39

81 48

92 87

11 85

84 77

96 62

+ 3 25

2 540

Average

19.22

2.28

16.30

18.57

+ .65

.508

Third subperiod:
Total

97 86

8T53

91 36

99 89

8 72

93 36

102 07

— 2 03

3 gio

Average

19.57

1 71

18.27

19.98

- .41

.762

Fourth subperiod:
Total

(3. 810)

Average

( 762)

First, second, and third sub-
periods:
Total

298 91

28 36

253 20

281 56

9 49

84 71

94 20

+17 35

Average

19.93

1.89

16.88

18.77

+ 1.16

Entire preservative period:
Total

11.275

Average

564

After period.

First subperiod:
Total . ...

98.52

8 89

85 31

94.20

•
9 02

86 59

95 62

+ 4 32

o

Average

19 70

1 78

17 06

18 84

+ 86

o

Second subperiod:
Total

98 26

8 51

83 80

92 31

8 66

85 28

93 94

+ 5 95

o

Average

19.65

1.70

16.76

18. 46

+ 1.19

.0

Entire after period:
Total

196. 78

17.40

169.11

186. 51

8.84

85.94

94.78

+10.27

o

Average

19.68

1.74

16.91

18.65

+ 1 03

o

898

INFLUENCE OF FOOD PRESERVATIVES ON HEALTH.

TABLE XV. — Nitrogen balances for Series VII — Continued.
[Averages are per day.]

Period.

1

In food.

2

In

feces.

3

In
urine.

4

In feces
and
urine

(2+3).

5

In
feces

(2-1).

6

In
urine
(3-1).

7

In
feces
and
urine
(4-1).

8

Bal-
ance
(1-4).

9

Sodium
sul-
phite
admin-
istered
(S02).

Fore period.

First subperiod:
Total

Grams.

85.84

Grams.
3.74

Grams.
76.22

Grams.
79 96

Perct.
4 36

Perct.

88 79

Perct.
93 15

Grams.
+ 5 88

Grams.
0 0

Average

17.17

.75

15 24

15 97

_)_ i 20

o

Second subperiod:
Total

93 82

5 62

83 50

89 12

r> 99

89 00

94 99

4- 4 70

Average

18 76

1 12

16 70

17 82

Q4

Q

Entire fore period:
Total

179. 66

9.36

159. 72

169 08

5 21

88 90

94 11

+ 10 58

Average

17.97

.94

15.97

16.91

+ 1.06

Preservative period.

First subperiod:
Total

90 44

6 97

80 62

87 59

7 71

89 14

96 85

+ 2 85

1 115

Average

18.09

1.39

16. 12

17 52

+ 57

•>23

Second subperiod:
Total

90 97

5 49

81 70

87 19

6 04

89 81

95 84

+ 3 78

2 540

Average

18.19

1.10

16.34

17. 44

+ 75

508

Third subperiod:
Total

92 89

7 83

81 70

89 53

8 43

87 95

96 38

+ 3 36

3 810

Average

18.58

1.57

16. 34

17.91

+ 67

762

Fourth subperiod:
Total

( 381)

Average

(.076)

First, second, and third
subperiods:
Total

274. 30

20. 29

244. 02

264. 31

7.40

88.96

96.36

+ 9.99

Average

18.29

1.35

16.27

17.62

+ .67

Entire preservative period:
Total

7.846

Average

« 392

After period.

First subperiod:
Total

• •
91.48

4.48

79. 16

80.67

4.90

83.29

88.18

+ 10.81

.0

Average

18.30

.90

15.24

16.14

+ 2.16

.0

Second subperiod:
Total

95.16

4.74

80.71

85.45

4.98

84.82

89.80

+ 9.71

.0

Average

19.03

.95

16.14

17.09

+ 1.94

.0

Entire after period:
Total

186.64

9.22

156.90

166. 12

4.94

84.07

89.01

+20.52

.0

Average

18.66

.92

15. 69

16.61

+ 2.05

.0

o Average for 20 days.

SULPHUROUS ACID AND SULPHITES.

TABLE XV. — Nitrogen balances for Series FZT— Continued.
[Averages are per day.]

899

Period.

1

In food.

2

In
feces.

3

In
urine.

4

In feces
and
urine
(2+3).

5

In
feces
(2*1).

6

In
urine
(3-1).

7

In
feces
and
urine
(4*1).

8

Bal-
ance
(1-4).

9

Sodium
sul-
phite
admin-
istered
(S02).

Fore period.

First subperiod:
Total

Grams.
83 49

Grams.

5.84

Grams.
82.76

Grams.
88.60

Per ct.
6.99

Per ct.
99.13

Per (t.
106.12

Grams.
— 5.11

Grams.
0.0

Average

16.70

1.17

16.55

17.72

- 1.02

.0

Second subperiod:
Total

86.01

7.43

86.94

94.37

8.64

101. 08

109.72

- 8.36

.0

Average ....

17.20

1.49

17.39

18.87

- 1.67

.0

Entire fore period:
Total

169 50

13 27

169 70

182 97

7 83

100 12

107 95

- 13. 47

o

Average .

16.95

1.33

16.97

18.30

- 1.35

.0

Preservative period.

First subperiod:
Total

89.60

6.51

83.52

90.03

7.27

93.21

100.48

— .43

1.115

Average

17 92

1.30

16.70

18 01

— .09

223

Second subperiod:
Total

82 63

9.51

75 32

84 83

11 51

91 15

102 66

— 2.20

2 540

Average

16.53

1.90

15.06

16.97

— .44

.508

Third subperiod:
Total

85 71

6 27

78 63

84 90

7 32

91 74

99 05

+ 81

3 810

Average

17.14

1.25

15.73

16.98

4- .16

.762

Fourth subperiod:
Total

84.19

7.74

77.57

85.31

9.19

92.14

101. 33

- 1.12

5.100

Average

16 84

1.55

15 51

17 06

- 22

1 020

Entire preservative period:
Total

342 13

30 03

315 04

345 07

8 78

92 08

100 86

2 94

12 565

Average

17.11

1.50

15.75

17.25

— .14

.628

After period.

First subperiod:
Total

84 49

6.64

84.27

90 91

7 86

99 74

107 60

— 6.42

.0

Average

16.90

1.33

16.85

18.18

-1.28

.0

Second subperiod:
Total

86 32

8 30

83 59

91 89

9 62

96 84

106 45

— 5 57

0

Average

17.26

1.66

16.72

18.38

— 1.12

.0

Entire after period:
Total

170. 81

14.94

167. 86

182.80

8 75

98 27

107 02

-11 99

.0

Average

17 08

1 49

16 79

18 28

- 1 20

0

11240— Bull. 84, pt 3—07 10

900

INFLUENCE OF FOOD PRESERVATIVES ON HEALTH.

TABLE XV. — Nitrogen balances for Series VII — Continued.

[Averages are per day.]

No. 5.

Period.

1

In food.

2

In
feces.

3

In
urine.

4

In feces
and
urine

(2+3).

5

In
feces
(-'-!)•

6

In
urine
(3-s-l).

7

In
feces
and
urine
(4-5-1).

8

Bal-
ance
d-4).

9

Sodium
sul-
phite
admin-
istered
(SO,).

Fore period.

Second subperiod:
Total

Grains.
84.34

Grams.
5.34

Grams.
64.63

Grams.
69.97

Per ct.
6.33

Per ct.
76.63

Per ct.

82 96

Grams.
+ 14 37

Grams.
0 0

Average ....

16.87

1.07

12.93

13.99

+ 2 88

o

Preservative period.

First subperiod:
Total

81 02

6 15

75 68

81 83

7 59

93 41

101 00

81

1 115

Average

16.20

1.23

15.14

16.37

- .17

223

Second subperiod :
Total

80 09

6 93

68 16

75 09

8 65

85 11

93 76

+ 5 00

2 540

Average

16.02

1.39

13.63

15.02

+ 1.00

.508

Third subperiod:
Total

67.06

5.33

62 27

67 60

7 95

92 86

100 81

— 54

2 540

Average

13 41

1 07

12 45

13 52

11

508

Fourth subperiod:
Total . .

38. 47

6.08

48.38

54. 46

15 80

125 76

141 56

-15 99

0

Average

7.69

1.22

9 68

10 89

- 3 20

o

Entire preservative period:
Total

226.64

24 49

•254 49

278 98

10 81

112 29

123 10

-52 34

6 195

Average

11.33

1.22

12.72

13.94

- 2.61

.310

After period.

First subperiod:
Total

52. 19

5.28

46.74

' 52. 02

10.12

89.56

99.67

+ . 17

0

Average

10. 44

1 06

9.35

10.40

+ 04

0

Second subperiod:
Total
Average

57.02
11.40

4.73
.95

51.00
10.20

55.73
11.15

8.30

89.44

97.74

+ 1.29
+ .25

.0
.0 '

Entire after period:
Total ....

109.21

10.01

97.74

107. 75

9.17

89 50

98.66

+ 1.46

0

Average

10.92

1 00

9 77

10 77

+ 15

.0

SULPHUBOUS ACID AND SULPHITES.

901

TABLE XV. — Nitrogen balances for Series VII — Continued.

[Averages are per day.]

No. 6.

Period.

1
In food.

2

In

feces.

3

In
urine.

4

In feces
and
urine
(2+3).

5

In
feces
(2-1).

6

In
urine
(3-1).

7

In
feces
and
urine
(4-1).

8

Bal-
ance
(1-4).

9

Sodium
sul-
phite
admin-
istered
(SO,).

Fore period.

First subperiod:
Total

Grams.
83.43

Grams.

6.77

Grams

57.87

Grams.
64.64

Per ct.
8.11

Per ct.
69.36

Per ct.

77.48

Grams.
+ 18.79

Grams.
0.0

Average

16 69

1.35

11.57

12.92

+ 3.77

o

Second subperiod:
Total

88 94

8.60

63.20

71.80

9.67

71.06

80 73

+17.14

o

Average

17.79

1.72

12.64

14.36

+ 3.43

.0

Entire fore period:
Total

172. 37

15.37

121. 07

136. 44

8.92

70.24

79.16

+35.93

o

Average

17 24

1 54

12 11

13 64

+ 3 60

o

Preservative period.

First subperiod:
Total

88.40

7.67

66.07

73.74

8.68

74.74

83.42

+14.66

1 115

Average

17 68

1 53

13 21

14 74

+ 2 94

223

Second subperiod:
Total

82 28

11 08

71 35

82 43

13 47

86 72

100 18

— 15

2 540

Average

16.46

2.22

1427

16.49

— .03

.508

Third subperiod:
Total

83.73

7.08

68.59

75.67

8.46

81.92

90.37

+ 8.06

3.810

Average

16.75

1.42

13.72

15 14

+ 1 61

762

Fourth subperiod:
Total ..

83 02

8 29

69 55

77 84

9 99

83 77

93 76

+ 5 18

o

Average

16.60

1.66

13.91

15.57

+ 1.03

.0

Entire preservative period:
Total

337.43

34.12

275.56

309.68

10 11

81 66

91.78

+27. 75

7 465

Average

16 87

1 71

13 78

15 49

+ 1 38

After period.

First subperiod:
Total

85.61

8.20

71.15

79 35

:

9.58

•^__' '•_ _— -

83.11

92.69

+ 6.26

.0

Average

17 12

1 64

14.23

15 87

+ 1 25

o

Second subperiod:
Total

84.29

7.74

67 81

75 55

9 18

80 45

89 63

+ 8 74

o

Average

16.86

1.55

13.56

15.11

+ 1.75

.0

Entire after period:
Total

169.90

15.94

138.96

154.90

9.38

81.79

91.17

+ 15 00

.0

Average

16 99

1.59

13 90

15 49

+ 1 50

o

902

INFLUENCE OF FOOD PRESERVATIVES ON HEALTH.

TABLE XV. — Nitrogen balances for Series F//— Continued.

[Averages are per day.]

N"o. "7.

1

3

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

Sul-

Period.

In food.

In
feces.

In
urine.

In feces
and
urine
(2+3).

In
feces
(2-s-l).

In
urine
(3-*-l).

In
feces
and
urine
(4-1).

Bal-
ance

(1-4).

phur-
ous
acid
admin-
istered

(SO,).

Fore period.

First subperiod:

Grams.

Grams.

Grams.

Grams.

Per ct.

Per ct.

Per ct.

Grams.

Grams.

Total .. ...

77.19

5.05

56.21

61.26

6.54

72.82

79.36

+ 15.93

0 0

Average

15.44

1.01

11.24

12.25

+ 3 19

0

Second subperiod:
Total

74.47

6.79

56.64

63.43

9.12

76.06

85.18

+ 11.04

.0

Average

14.89

1.36

11.33

12.69

+ 2.20

0

Entire fore period:
Total

151.66

11.84

112.85

124. 69

7.81

74.41

82.22

+ 26.97

.0

Average

15.17

1.18

11.29

12.47

+ 2 70

.0

Preservative period.

==

=

=

First subperiod:

Total

73.46

7.93

58.18

66.11

10 79

79.20

89 99

+ 7.35

.856

Average

14 69

1 59

11 64

13 22

+ 1 47

171

Second subperiod:

Total

66.51

5.05

47.15

52.20

7.59

70.89

78.48

+ 14.31

1.600

Average

13.30

1.01

9.43

10.44

-1- 2.86

.320

Third subperiod:

Total

65.29

3 29

57.96

61.25

5 04

88.77

93.81

+ 4.04

1.800

Average

13.06

.66

11.59

12.25

+ .81

.360

First, second, and third sub-

periods:

Total

206. 26

16.27

163.29

179.55

7.89

79.17

87.05

+26. 71

4.256

13 68

1 08

10 89

11 97

+ 1 71

a 213

a Average for 20 days.

SULPHUROUS ACID AND SULPHITES.

903

TABLE XV. — Nitrogen balances for Series VII— Continued.

[Averages are per day.]

USTo. 8.

Period.

1

In food.

2

In

feces.

3

In

urine.

4

In feces
and
urine

(2+3).

5

In

feces
(2-s-l).

6

In
urine

(3-Hl).

7

In

feces
and
urine

(4-Hl).

8

Bal-
ance
(1-4).

9

Sul-
phur-
ous
acid
admin-
istered
(S02).

Fore period.

First subperiod:
Total

Grams.
75.65

Grams.
8.73

Grams.
57.36

Grams.
66.09

Per ct.
11.54

Per ct.

75. 82

Per ct.

87. 36

Grams.
+ 9.56

Grams.
0.0

Average

15.13

1.75

11 47

13.22

+ 1.91

0

Second subperiod:
Total

76.66

10.51

65.14

75.65

13 71

84.97

98.68

+ 1.01

.0

Average

15. 33

2.10

13.03

15.13

+ .20

.0

Entire fore period:
Total

Average

152.31
15.23

19.24
1.92

122. 50
12.25

141. 74
14.17

12.63

80.43

93.06

+ 10.57
+ 1.06

.0
.0

Preservative period.

First subperiod:
Total

83.73

6.90

66.91

73.81

824

79.91

===
88.15

+ 9.92

.856

Average

16.75

1.38

13 38

14.76

+ 1.99

.171

Second subperiod:
Total

73.67

7.28

61.42

68.70

9.88

83 ^7

93.25

+ 4.97

2.000

Average

14.73

1.46

12.28

13.74

+ .99

.400

Third subperiod:
Total

76.36

11.90

62.16

74.06

15.58

81.40

96.99

+ 2.30

2.000

Average

15.27

2 38

12 43

14 81

+ 46

400

Fourth subperiod:
Total

74.13

13.12

60 48

73.60

17 70

81 59

99 29

+ 53

2 000

Average

14.83

2.62

12.10

14.72

+ .11

.400

Entire preservative period:
Total

307. 89

39.20

250. 97

290.17

12.73

81.51

94.24

+ 17.72

6. 856

Average

15.39

1.96

12.55

14.51

+ .88

.343

After period.

First subperiod:
Total

75 73

8 53

63 87

72 40

11 26

84 34

95 60

+ 3 33

o

Average

15.15

1.71

12.77

14.48

+ .67

.0

Second subperiod:
Total

77 04

9 02

64 28

73 30

11 71

83 44

95 15

+ 3 74

o

Average

15.41

1.80

12.86

14.66

+ 75

0

Entire after period:
Total

152. 77

17.55

128. 15

145. 70

11 49

83 88

95 37

+ 7 07

o

Average

15.28

1.76

12 82

14 57

+ 71

o

904

INFLUENCE OF FOOD PRESEKVATIVES ON HEALTH.

TABLE XV.— Nitrogen balances for Series VII— Continued,

[Averages are per day-]

USTo. 9.

Period.

1
In food.

2

In
feces.

3

In
urine.

4

In
feces
and
urine

(2+3).

5

In
feces
(2-1).

6

In
urine
(3-«-l).

7

In
feces
and
urine
(4+1).

8

Bal-
ance.
(1—4).

9

Sul-
phur-
ous
acid
admin-
istered
(SOi).

Fore period.

First subperiod:
Total

Grams.
83.62
16.72

84.95
16.99

Grams.

4.85
.97

4.68
.94

Grams.
65. 14
13.03

69.49
13.90

Grams.
69.99
14.00

74.17
14.83

Per ct.
5.80

Per ct.
77.90

Per ct.
83.70

Grams.
+ 13.63
+ 2.72

+ 10.78
+ 2.16

Grams.
0.0
.0

.0
.0

Average

Second subperiod:
Total

5.51

81.80

87.31

Average

Entire fore period :
Total

168.57
16.86

82.65
16.53

80.88
16.18

82.98
16.60

82.28
16.46

9.53
.95

134. 63
13.46

75.81
15.16

69.30
13.86

69.73
13.95

75.57
15.11

144. 16
14.42

5.65

79.87

85.52

+24. 41
+ 2.44

.0
.0

Average

Preservative period.

First subperiod:
Total.

98.52

5.62
1.12

5.50
1.10

5.51
1.10

3.57
.71

81.43
16.29

74.80
14.%

75.24
15.05

79.14
15.83

6.80

91.72

+ 1.22
+ .24

+ 6.08
+ 1.22

+ 7.74
+ 1.55

+ 3.14

+ .63

.856
.171

2.000
.400

2.000
.400

2.000
.400

Average

Second subperiod:
Total . .

6.80

85.68

92.48

Average

Third subperiod:
Total

6.64

84.03

90.67

Average .

Fourth subperiod:
Total

4 38

91.84

96.18

Average

Entire preservative period :
Total

328. 79
16.44

82.25
16.45

83.32
16.66

20.20
1.01

290.41
14.52

71.86
14.37

72.05
14.41

310. 61
15.53

80.81
16.16

78.79
15.76

6.T4

88.33

94.47

+ 18.18
+ .91

6.856
.343

Average .

After period.

First subperiod:
Total

10.88

87.37

8.95
1.79

6.74
1.35

98.25

94.56

+ 1.44
+ .29

+ 4.53
+ .90

.0
.0

.0
.0

Average

Second subperiod:
Total

8.09

86.47

Average

Entire after period:
Total

165. 57
16.56

15.69
1.57

143. 91
14.39

159.60
15.96

9.48

86.92

96.39

+ 5.97
+ .60

.0
.0

Average

SULPHUROUS ACID AND SULPHITES.

905

TABLE XV. — Nitrogen balances for Series VII — Continued.

[Averages are per day.]

IN"o. 1O.

Period.

1

In food.

2

In
feces.

3

In
urine.

4

In
feces
and
urine
(2+3).

5

In
feces
(2-*-!).

6

In
urine

(3H-1).

7

In
feces
and
urine
(4-1).

8

Bal-
ance
(1-4).

9

Sul-
phur-
ous
acid
admin-
istered
(S02).

Fore period.

First subperiod:
Total

Grams.
90 96

Grams.
6 34

Grams.
71 45

Grams.

77 79

Per ct.
6 97

Per ct.

78 55

Per ct.

85 52

Grams.
+ 13 17

Grams.
0 o

Average

18.19

1.27

14.29

15.56

+ 2 63

o

Second subperiod:
'Total

89.67

3.96

73.35

77.31

4.42

81.80

86 22

+ 12 36

o

Average

17.93

.79

14.67

15 46

+ 2 47

o

Entire fore period:
Total

180. 63

10.30

144 80

155 10

5 70

80 16

85 87

+25 53

o

Average

18.06

1.03

14.48

' 15.51

+ 2 55

o

Preservative period.

First subperiod:
Total

86.27

7.80

69.23

77.03

9.04

80.25

89.29

+ 9 24

856

Average

17.25

1.56

13.85

15 41

+ 1 84

171

Second subperiod:
Total

88.09

6.88

53.20

60 08

7.81

60 39

68 20

+28 01

2 000

Average

17.62

1.38

10. 64

12 02

+ 5 60

400

Third subperiod:
Total

88.10

3.76

71.41

75 17

4 27

81 06

85 32

+ 12 93

2 000

Average

17.62

.75

14 28

15 03

+ 2 59

400

Fourth subperiod:
Total.

87.45

8.19

68 00

76 19

9 37

77 76

87 12

+ 11 26

2 000

Average

17.49

1.64

13.60

15.24

+ 2 25

400

Entire preservative period :
Total

349. 91

26.63

261. 84

288 47

7 61

74 83

82 44

+61 44

6 856

Average

17.50

1.33

13.09

14 42

+ 3 08

343

After period.

First subperiod:
Total

87.40

7.44

72.75

80 19

8 51

83 24

91 75

+ 7 21

o

Average

17 48

1 49

14 55

16 04

+ 1 44

o

Second subperiod:
Total

87.61

8 12

65 03

73 15

9 27

74 73

83 50

+ 14 46

o

Average

17.52

1.62

13.01

14.63

+ 2 89

o

Entire after period :
Total

175. 01

15.56

137. 78

153 34

8 89

78 73

87 62

+21 67

o

Average

17.50

1 56

13 78

15 33

+ 2 17

o

906

INFLUENCE OF FOOD PRESERVATIVES ON HEALTH.

TABLE XV. — Nitrogen balances for Series VII — Continued.

[Averages are per day.]

No. 11.

Period.

1
In food.

2

In
feces.

3

In
urine.

4

In feces
and
urine

(2+3).

5

In
feces

(2-^-1).

6

In
urine

(3-^-1).

^

In
feces
and
urine

(4-^-1).

8

Bal-
ance
(1-4).

9

Sul-
phur-
ous
acid
admin-
istered
(S02).

Fore period.

First subperiod:
Total

Grams.
101 95

Grams.
9 11

Grams.
82 93

Grams.
92 04

Per ct.
8 94

Per ct.

81 34

Per ct.

90 28

Grams.

Grams.

Average

20.39

1.82

16.59

18.41

+ 1 98

o

Second subperiod:
Total

105 12

8 76

85 92

94 68

8 33

81 73

90 07

Average

21.02

1.75

17.18

18 94

+ 2 08

Q

Entire fore period:
Total

207. 07

17.87

168.85

186 72

8 63

81 54

90 17

+20 35

Q

Average

20.71

1.79

16.88

18 67

+ 2 04

Q

Preservative period.

First subperiod:
Total

102 01

10 13

81 73

91 86

9 93

80 I1?

90 05

+10 15

Average

20.40

2.03

16.35

18 37

+ 2 03

171

Second subperiod:
Total

102. 03

7.94

69.36

77.30

7.78

67 98

75 76

+24 73

2 000

Average

20.41

1.59

13.87

15.46

+ 4 95

400

Third subperiod:
Total

103. 79

9.47

74.98

84.45

9.13

72 24

81 37

+ 19 34

2 000

Average

20.76

1.89

15.00

16.89

+ 3 87

400

Fourth subperiod:
Total

102 48

9 14

75 66

84 80

"8 92

73 83

82 75

+ 17 68

9 goo

Average

20.50

1.83

15.13

16.96

+ 3! 54

400

Entire preservative period:
Total

410. 31

36.68

301. 73

338. 41

8 94

73 54

82 47

+71 90

6 856

Average

20.52

1.83

15.09

16 92

+ 3 60

343

After period.

First subperiod:
Total

104. 33

8.70

77.07

85.77

8.34

73.87

82.21

+ 18 56

o

Average

20.87

1.74

15.41

17.15

+ 3 72

o

Second subperiod:
Total

Average

104. 24
20.85

7.47
1.49

82.53
16, 51

90.00
18.00

7.17

79.17

86.34

+ 14.24

+ 2 85

.0

o

Entire after period:
Total

208. 57

16.17

159. 60

175. 77

7.76

76.52

84.28

+32 80

o

Average

• 20 86

1.62

15. 96

17 58

+ 3 28

o

SULPHUROUS ACID AND SULPHITES.

907

TABLE XV. — Nitrogen balances for Series VII— Continued.
[Averages are per day.] 9

No. 12.

Period.

1
In food.

2

In
feces.

3

In
urine.

4

In feces
and
urine

(2+3).

5

In
feces
(2+1).

6

In
urine

(3-5-1).

7

In
feces
and
urine

(4H-1).

8

Bal-
ance
(1-4).

9

Sul-
phur-
ous
acid
admin-
istered
(S02).

Fore period.

First subperiod:
' Total

Grams.
87 41

Grams.
6 85

Grams.
77 34

Grams.
84 19

Per ct.

7 84

Per ct.

88 48

Per ct.
% 32

Grams.
+ 3 22

Grams.
0 o

Average

17.48

1.37

15.47

16.84

+ .64

.0

Second subperiod:
Total

89.42

5.00

76.77

81.77

5.59

85.85

91.44

+ 7.65

.0

Average. . .

17.88

1.00

15.35

16.35

+ 1 53

0

Entire fore period:
Total

176 83

11 85

154 11

165 96

6 70

87 15

93 85

+ 10 87

o

Average

17.68

1.19

15.41

16.60

+ 1.08

.0

Preservative period.

First subperiod:
Total

89 96

6 57

79 58

86 15

7 30

88 46

95 76

+ 3 81

856

Average . .

17.99

1.31

15.92

17.23

+ 76

171

Second subperiod:
Total

89.80

5.35

81.89

87.24

5 96

91.19

97 15

+ 2 56

2 000

Average

17 96

1 07

16 31

17 45

+ 51

400

Third subperiod:
Total

90 61

7 10

81 94

89 04

7 84

90 43

98 37

+ 1 57

1 600

Average

18 12

1 42

16 39

17 81

+ 31

320

Fourth subperiod:
Total

92 34

5 18

75 81

80 99

5 61

82 10

87 71

+ 11 35

o

Average

18.47

1.04

15.16

16.20

+ 2 27

o

Entire preservative period:
Total

362 71

24 20

319 22

343 42

6 67

88 01

94 68

+ 19 29

4 456

Avecage

18 14

1 20

15 96

17 17

+ 97

223

After period.

First subperiod:
Total.

85 26

3 66

73 64

77 30

4 29

86 37

90 66

+ 7 96

o

Average

17.05

.73

14.93

15.46

+ 1.59

.0

Second subperiod:
Total

'78 07

5 48

74 47

79 95

7 02

95 39

102 41

+ 1 88

o

Average. .

15 61

1 10

14 89

15 99

+ 38

o

Entire after period:
Total

163 33

9 14

148 11

157 25

5 60

90 68

96 28

+ 6 08

o

Average

16.33

.91

14.81

15 72

+ 61

o

908

INFLUENCE OF FOOD PRESERVATIVES ON HEALTH.

TABLE XV. — Nitrogen balances for Series VII— Continued.

SUMMARIES.

[Averages are per man per day.]
USTos. 1 to 6.

Period.

1
In food.

3

In
feces.

3

In
urine.

In feces
and
urine

(2+3).

5

In
feces
(2-J-P.

6

In
urine
(S-i-1).

7

In
feces
and
urine
(4-s-l).

8

Bal-
ance
(1-4).

9

Sodium
sul-
phite
admin-
istered
(S02).

Fore period.

First subperiod:
Total . . .

Grams.
0439.09

Grams.
31.27

Grams.
387.85

Grams.
419. 12

Per ct.
7.12

Per ct.

88.33

Per ct.
95.45

Grams.
+ 19.97

Grams.
0.0

Average

17.56

1.25

15.51

16.76

+ .80

.0

Second subperiod:
Total

538.08

• 42.02

443. 75

485.77

7.81

82.47

90.28

+52.31

.0

Average

17.94

1.40

14.79

16.19

+ 1.75

.0

Entire fore period:
Total

977. 17

73.29

831.60

904.89

7.50

85.10

92.60

+ 72.28

.0

Average

17.77

1.33

15.12

16.45

+ 1.32

.0

Preservative period.

First subperiod:
Total .

538.83

42.60

461.87

504.47

7.91

85.72

93.62

+34.36

6.690

Average

17.96

1.42

15.40

16.82

+ 1.14

.223

Second subperiod:
Total

515. 56

52.08

447. 41

499.49

10.10

86.78

96.88

+ 16.07

15.240

Average

17.19

1.74

14.91

16.65

+ .54

.508

Third subperiod:
Total

513.41

39.20

457. 44

496.64

7.64

89.10

96.73

+ 16.77

21.590

Average

17.11

1.31

15.25

16.55

+ .56

.720

First, second, and third
subperiods:
Total

1, 567. 80

133.88

1, 366. 72

1,500.60

8.54

87.17

95.71

+67.20

43.520

Average

17.42

1.49

15.19

16.67

+ .75

.484

After period.

First subperiod:
Total

495. 41

37.25

440.67

477. 92

7.52

88.95

96.47

+ 17.49

.0

Average

16.51

1.24

14.69

15.93

+ .58

.0

Second subperiod:
Total

507.46

37.62

443. 57

481. 19

7.41

87.41

94.82

+26.27

.0

Average

1'6.92

1.25

14.79

16.04

+ .88

.0

Entire after period:
Total

1,002.87

74.87

884.24

959. 11

7.47

88.17

95.64

+ 43.76

16 71

1 25

14 74

15 99

+ .72

a No. 5 absent.

SULPHUROUS ACID AND SULPHITES.

909

TABLE XV. — Nitrogen balances for Series VII— Continued.

[Averages are per man per day.]

NOB. 8 to 11.

Period.

1
In food.

2

In
feces.

3

In
urine.

4

In feces
and
urine
(2+3).

5

In
feces
(2-1).

6

In
urine

(3-1).

7

In
feces
and
urine
(4-1).

8

Bal-
ance
(1-4).

9

Sul-
phur-
ous
acid
ad-
minis-
tered
(SO,).

Fore period.

First subperiod:
Total

Grams.
353.18

Grams.
29.03

Grams.

276.88

Grams.
305.91

Per ct.
8.24

Per ct.

78.62

Per ct.
86.86

Grams.

+ 46.27

Grams
0.0

Average

17.61

1.45

13.84

15.30

+ 2.31

.0

Second subperiod:
Total

356.40

27.91

293.90

321.81

7.83

82.46

90.29

+34.59

.0

Average

17.82

1.40

14.70

16.09

+ 1.73

.0

Entire fore period:
Total

708. 58

56.94

570. 78

627. 72

8.04

80.55

88.59

+80.86

Average

17.71

1.42

14.27

15.69

+ 2.02

"

Preservative period.

First subperiod:
Total

354.66

30.45

293.68

324. 13

8.59

82.80

91.39

+30.53

3.424

Average

17.73

1.52

14.68

16.21

+ 1.52

.171

Second subperiod:
Total

344. 67

27.60

253. 28

280.88

8.01

73.48

81.49

+63. 79

8.000

Average

17.23

1.38

12.66

14.04

+ 3.19

.400

Third subperiod:
Total

351.23

30.64

278. 28

308.92

8.72

79.23

87.95

+ 42.31

8.000

Average

17.56

1.53

13.91

15.45

+ 2.11

.400

Fourth subperiod:
Total

346.34

34.02

279. 71

313. 73

9.82

80.76

90.58

+32.61

8.000

Average

17.32

1.70

13.99

15.69

+ 1.63

.400

Entire preservative period:
Total

1 396.90

122. 71

1 104.95

1 227 66

8.78

79.10

87 88

+ 169.24

27 424

Average

17.46

1.53

13.81

15.35

+ 2.11

.343

After period.

First subperiod:
Total . .

349. 71

33.62

285.55

319. 17

9.61

81.65

91.27

+30.54

.0

Average

17 48

1 68

14 28

15 96

+ 1.52

0

Second subperiod:
Total

352 21

31.35

283 89

315. 24

8 90

80 60

89 50

+36 97

0

Average

17.61

1.57

14.19

15.76

+ 1.85

.0

Entire after period:
Total

701. 92

64.97

569.44

634. 41

9.26

81.13

90.38

+67.51

.0

Average

17.55

1 62

14 24

15 86

+ 1 69

o

910

INFLUENCE OF FOOD PRESERVATIVES ON HEALTH.

TABLE XV. — Nitrogen balances for Series VII — Continued.

[Averages are per man per day.]

IN~os. I and. <t.

Period.

1
In food.

2

In
feces.

3

In
urine.

4

In feces
and
urine

(2+3).

5

In
feces
(2-f-l).

6

In
urine

(3H-1).

7

In
feces
and
urine
(4-1).

8

Bal-
ance
(1-4).

9

Sodium
sul-
phite
admin-
istered
(S02).

Fore period.

First subperiod:
Total

Grams.
173.06

Grams.
14.11

Grams.
163. 51

Grams.
177. 62

Per ct.
8.15

Per ct.
94.48

Per ct.
102.63

Grams.
- 4.56

Grams.
0.0

Average.

17.31

1.41

16.35

17.76

- .45

0

Second subperiod:
Total

172 19

11.80

144 14

155 94

6 85'

83 71

90 56

+ 16 25

0

Average f

17.22

1.18

14.41

15.59

+ 1.63

.0

Entire fore period :
Total

345.25

25.91

307.65

333. 56

7.50

89.11

96.61

+ 11.69

.0

17 26

1 30

15 38

16 68

+ 58

o

Preservative period.

First subperiod:
Total

174.04

13.37

159. 14

172 51

7 68

91 44

99 12

+ 1 53

2 230

Average

17.40

1.34

15.91

17.25

+ .15

.223

Second subperiod:
Total

166. 10

17.19

144. 72

161. 91

10 35

87 13

97 48

+ 4 19

5 080

Average

16.61

1.72

14.47

16.19

+ .42

.508

Third subperiod:
Total

171.87

10.43

153. 52

163.95

6.07

89 32

95.39

+ 7.92

7.620

Average

17.19

1.04

15.35

16.40

+ .79

.762

Fourth subperiod:
Total

169.54

11.92

155. 46

167.38

7.03

91.70

98.73

+ 2.16'

8. 910

Average

16.95

1.19

15.55

16.74

+ 21

891

Entire preservative period:
Total

681.55

52.91

612.84

665.75

7.76

89.92

97.68

+ 15 80

23 840

Average

17 04

1.32

15. 32

16 64

+ 40

596

After period.

First subperiod:
Total

167. 61

10.40

161. 28

171.68

6.20

96.22

102. 43

— 4.07

.0

Average

16.76

1.04

16.13

17.17

- .41

.0

Second subperiod:
Total

172. 73

11.90

160.25

172. 15

6.89

92. 77

99.66

+ .58

.0

Average.

17.27

1.19

16.03

17.22

+ .05

.0

Entire after period:
Total

340.34

22.30

321.53

343.83

6.55

94.47

101. 03

- 3.49

.0

Average

17.02

1.12

16.08

17.19

— .17

.0

SULPHUROUS ACID AND SULPHITES.

911

TABLE XV. — Nitrogen balances for Series VII— Continued.

[Averages are per man per day.]

!N~os. 5 and. 6.

Period.

1

In food.

2

In
feces.

3

In
urine.

4

In feces
and
urine
(2+3).

5

In

feces.
(2-1).

6

In
urine
(3-r-l).

7

In
feces
and
urine
(4^1).

8

Bal-
ance
(1-4).

9

Sodium
sul-
phite
admin-
istered
(SO,).

Fore period.

Second subperiod:
Total

Grams.
173. 28

Grams.
13.94

Grams.
127.83

Grams.
141. 77

Per ct.
8.04

Per ct..
73.77

Per ct.

81.82

Grams.
+31.51

Grams.
0 0

Average

17.33

1.39

12.78

14. 18

+ 3.15

.0

Preservative period.

First subperiod:
Total . ...

169. 42

13.82

141. 75

155. 57

8.16

83.67

91.83

+ 13.85

2.230

Average

16.94

1.38

14.18

15.56

+ 1.38

.223

Second subperiod:
Total

162. 37

18.01

139. 51

157. 52

11.09

85.92

97.01

+ 4.85

5 080

Average

16.24

1.80

13.95

15.75

+ .49

.508

Third subperiod:
Total

150. 79

12.41

130.86

143. 27

8.23

86.78

95.01

+ 7.52

6.350

Average ...

15.08

1.24

13.09

14.33

+ .75

.635

Fourth subperiod:
Total

121. 49

14,37

117.93

132.30

11.83

97.07

108.90

— 10.81

.0

Average

12.15

1.44

11.79

13.23

— 1.08

o

Entire preservative period:
Total

604.07

58.61

530.05

588.66

9.70

87.75

97.45

+ 15.41

13.660

Average .

15.10

1.47

13.25

14.72

+ .38

.342

After period.

First subperiod:
Total

137.80

13.48

117 89

131 37

9 78

85 55

95 33

+ 6 43

o

Average

13.78

1.35

11.79

13.14

+ .64

.0

Second subperiod:
Total

141. 31

12.47

118. 81

131. 28

8.82

84.08

92.90

+ 10.03

.0

Average..

14.13

1.25

11.88

13.13

+ 1 00

.0

Entire after period:
Total

279. 11

25.95

236. 70

262.65

9.30

84 81

94 10

+ 16 46

o

Average

13 96

1 30

11 84

13 13

+ 83

o

912

INFLUENCE OF FOOD PRESERVATIVES ON HEALTH.

TABLE XV. — Nitrogen balances for Series VII— Continued.

[Averages are per man per day.]

CTos. 7 and. 13.

1

3

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

Sul-

Period.

In food.

In
feces.

In
urine.

In feces
and
urine

(2+3).

In
feces

(2-r-l).

In
In feces
urine and
(3-r-l). urine
(4-1).

Bal-
ance
d-4).

phur-
ous
acid
admin-
istered

(SO,).

Fore period.

First subperiod:

Grams.

Grams.

Grams.

Grams.

Per ct.

Per ct.

Per ct.

Grams.

Grams.

Total

164. 60

11.90

133.55 ! 145.45

7.23

81 14

88 37 +19.15

0 0

Average

16.46

1.19

13 36

14.54

i +1.92

0

Second subperiod:

Total

163. 89

11.79

133.41

145. 20

7.19

81.40

88.60 +18.69

.0

Average

16.39

1.18

13 34

14.52

i+ 1.87

0

i i

Entire fore period:

;

Total

328. 49

23.69

266 96

290.65

7.21 81.27 88.48 +37.84

o

Average.

16.42

1.18

13 35

14.53

1 + 1.89

o

Preservative period.

First subperiod:

Total

163 42

14 50

137 76

152 26

8 87 84 30

93 17

+ 11 16

1 712

Average

16.34

1.45

13.78

15.23

+ 1.11

.171

Second subperiod:

Total

156.31

10 40

129 04

139 44

6 65 82 55

8Q 91

+ 16 87

3 600

Average

15 63

1 04

12 90

13 94

+ 1 69

360

Third subperiod:

Total

155. 90

10.39

139 90

150 29

6 66 89 74

Qfi 40

+ 5.61

3 400

Average

15.59

1 04

13 99

15 03

+ 56

340

First, second, and third sub-

-

periods:

Total

475 63

35 29

406 70

441 99

7 42 85 51

92 93

+33 64

8 712

Average

15.85

1.18

13.56

14.73

+ 1.12

.290

:N~os. 7* to 13.

Fore period.

First subperiod:
Total

516 78

40 93

410 43

451 36

7 92

79 42

87 32

+ 65 42

0 0

Average.

17.22

1.36

13.68

15.05

+ 2.18

.0

Second subperiod:
Total

526 29

39 70

427 31

467. 01

7 63

82 13

89 76

+ 53.28

0

Average

17 34

1 32

14 24

15 57

+ 1 77

o

Entire fore period:
Total

1 037 07

80 63

837 74

918 37

7 77

80 79

88 56

+ 118 70

0

Average

17.28

1.34

13.96

15.31

+ 1.97

.0

Preservative period.

First subperiod:
Total

518. 08

44.95

431. 44

476. 39

8.68

83.28

91.96

+ 41.69

5.136

Average

17.27

1.50

14.38

15.88

+ 1.39

.171

Second subperiod:
Total

500.98

38.00

382. 32

420. 32

7.59

76.31

83.90

+ 80.66

11.600

Average

16.70

1.27

12.74

14.01

+ 2.69

.387

Third subperiod:
Total

507 13

41 03

418 18

459. 21

8 09

82 46

90 55

+ 47 92

11 400

Average

16.90

1.37

13.94

15.31

+ 1.59

.380

First, second, and third sub-
periods:
Total

1,526.19

123. 98

1,231.94

1,355.92

8.12

80.72

88.84

+170.27

28. 136

Average

16.96

1.38

13.69

15.07

+ 1.89

.313

SULPHUROUS ACID AND SULPHITES. 913

PHOSPHORIC ACID BALANCE.
INDIVIDUAL DATA.

The quantity of phosphoric acid consumed by No. 1 is slightly less
in the preservative period than in the fore period, and the quantity
in the after period is also smaller than in the fore period but larger
than in the preservative period. The quantity excreted in the feces
is markedly less in the preservative period, but the decrease is no
greater than could be accounted for by the decrease in the amount in
the food. This deficit also persists in the after period and to even a
greater extent. The quantity excreted in the urine is also diminished
to a greater extent than it should have been considering the amounts
in the food, but is increased slightly in the after period. Expressed in
percentages, it is seen that while 32.84 per cent of the phosphoric
acid in the food is excreted in the feces in the fore period, only 29.72
per cent is excreted in the preservative period and 24.67 per cent in
the after period. A like decrease in percentages occurs in the amount
excreted in the urine, but not to such an extent. Expressed as total
excretion, it is seen that 97.22 per cent of the phosphoric acid in the
food is excreted in the fore period, 91.00 per cent in the preservative
period, and 83.98 per cent in the after period. The balances there-
fore increase in proportion as the percentage of the ingested phos-
phoric acid excreted diminishes. In the fore period the balance is
positive, being 0.114 gram, rising to 0.341 gram in the preservative
period and 0.637 gram in the after period. There is an apparent tend-
ency indicated here to diminish the quantity of phosphoric acid
excreted, both in a metabolized and nonmetabolized form. In this
connection, however, it should not be forgotten that during the first
subperiod there was an abnormal excretion of phosphoric acid, the
elimination of which would not make the difference so great.

In the case of No. 2 the data for the preservative period are not
complete, but indicate an increase in the total quantity of phosphoric
acid excreted, due to an increase in the feces. In this case, however,
there is another abnormal period, namely, the second preservative
subperiod, in which a very large excess of phosphoric acid is excreted.
In all cases the balances are positive, amounting to 0.140 gram in the
fore period, 0.076 gram in the preservative period, and 0.457 gram
in the after period.

The case of No. 3 shows #n extreme condition of disturbance of the
balance during the preservative period. There is a very low excre-
tion of phosphoric acid both in the fore period and the after period, the
balance in the fore period being 0.727 daily and in the after period
0.997 gram. During the preservative period there was a uniform
abnormally high excretion of phosphoric acid in the feces, so that the
balance became a negative quantity, amounting to —0.224 gram.

914 INFLUENCE OF FOOD PRESERVATIVES ON HEALTH.

The data of the balance sheet show a marked effect on the metabolism
of phosphorus during the progress of the experiment. In the after
period there is a tendency to return to normal conditions, although
the decrease in the phosphorus eliminated in the urine continues.

For No. 4 the quantities of phosphoric acid ingested during the
different periods remain fairly constant, being almost identical in the
fore and preservative periods and slightly increased during the after
period. The quantities excreted in the feces are also almost the same,
being slightly less in the after period, when the amount in the food is
greater, which causes a considerable difference in the percentage of
elimination. The quantities of phosphoric acid excreted in the urine
are increased slightly, both in the preservative and after periods.

The total quantities excreted in the feces and urine gradually
increase with the three periods, rising from 4.108 grams daily in the
fore period to 4.356 grams daily in the after period. The percentages
of elimination remain fairly constant. The balance for the fore
period is 0.257 gram, for the preservative period 0.104 gram, and for
the after period 0.171 gram. The tendency is shown here in the pre-
servative period to increase the elimination of phosphoric acid, due
to an increased excretion in the urine, and thus to diminish the
magnitude of the positive balance.-

The data for No. 5 are rendered incomplete by reason of the short-
ness of the fore period, which extends over only one subperiod, and
there is also a considerable variation in the quantity of phosphoric
acid exhibited in the food. These two facts somewhat decrease the
value of the comparative study of the data of the balance sheet. In
spite of the fact that the phosphoric acid ingested in the preservative
period was very materially less than in the fore period, the nonme-
tabolized phosphoric acid excreted was markedly greater in the pre-
servative period. This fact, taken into consideration with the slight
change in the elimination in the urine, indicates a tendency on the
part of the preservative to decrease the absorption of phosphorus.

In the case of No. 6 the amount of phosphoric acid in the food
remains almost constant for the three periods. The excretion of phos-
phoric acid in the feces is considerably increased during the preserva-
tive period, rising from 1.180 grams daily to 1.400 grams daily. In the
after period a tendency is shown to return to the conditions of the
fore period in so far as the excretion of phosphoric acid in the feces is
concerned. The quantity of phosphoric acid excreted in the urine is
diminished during the preservative period, falling from 2.438 grams
daily to 2.282 grams. The quantity rises again in the after period,
being almost the same quantity as in the fore period. The sum of the
quantities excreted in the feces and urine is almost the same for the
three periods. The balance is positive and its magnitude in the fore
period is 0.583, in the preservative period 0.495, and in the after
period 0.689 gram.

SULPHUKOUS ACID AND SULPHITES. 915

The data for No. 6 show a somewhat increased elimination of phos-
phoric acid. This was due entirely to the increased amount in the
feces, for the amount eliminated in the urine was considerably less in
the preservative period than in the fore period. The influence of the
preservative appears, therefore, to have been to decrease the absorp-
tion of phosphoric acid. In the after period there is a tendency shown
to return to the conditions of the fore period.

The data for No. 7 are complete only for the fore and preservative
periods. The quantity of phosphoric acid excreted in the fore period
is considerably larger than in the preservative period. There appears
to be a tendency in this case to diminish not only the quantity, but the
percentage of phosphoric acid excreted and thus to increase the posi-
tive balance. It should be noted in this connection that a smaller
amount was ingested in the preservative period.

The data for No. 8 are complete for the three periods. The quan-
tity of phosphoric acid exhibited in the food is fairly constant. There
is an increased excre'tion of phosphoric acid in the feces during the
preservative period and a marked decrease in the after period. The
quantity of phosphoric acid appearing in the urine for the three
periods is almost identical.

Notwithstanding the fact that the total amount of phosphoric acid
excreted was increased during the preservative period, the amount
excreted in the urine was considerably decreased. The amount
excreted in the feces was largely increased. These conditions point
to a marked tendency on the part of the preservative to decrease the
absorption of the phosphorus. In the after period there is a marked
tendency to return to the conditions of the fore period. The balance
in the fore period is 0.124, in the preservative period 0, and in the after
period 0.432.

The quantity of phosphoric acid ingested in the food of No. 9 is
almost the same in all three of the periods. There is a slight increase
in the excretion of phosphoric acid in the feces during the preserva-
tive period, and this is still more marked in the after period. There
is also a marked increase in the excretion of phosphoric acid in the
urine in the preservative period, and this increase is maintained,
though not quite to the same degree in the after period. There is a
notable increase in the total amount of phosphoric acid excreted dur-
ing the preservative period, and a further increase during the after
period. The balance during the fore period is 0.683, during the pre-
servative period 0.305 gram, and during the after period 0.055 gram.
The effect of the preservative in this case appears very strongly
marked in increasing the metabolism of phosphorus, and this increased
activity is manifested in the highest degree during the fore part of the
after period. In marked contrast to the greater part of the data

11240— Bull. 84, pt 3—07 11

916 INFLUENCE OF FOOD PRESERVATIVES ON HEALTH.

already discussed is the increase in the excretion of metabolized phos-
phorus in the preservative period.

The quantity of phosphoric acid ingested in the food of No. 1-0 is
almost the same for all periods. The quantity of phosphoric acid
excreted in the feces is notably increased in the preservative period
and still more so in the after period. The quantity occurring in the
urine is diminished in the preservative period and restored, but not
quite to the original quantity, in the after period. The total quantity
of phosphoric acid excreted is slightly diminished in the preservative
period and considerably increased in the after period. The balance
is positive and quite large, amounting to 0.817 gram in the fore
period, 0.845 gram in the preservative period, and 0.548 gram in the
after period. The influence of the preservative appears to have been
to decrease decidedly the absorption of the phosphorus. The phos-
phoric acid eliminated in the urine was greatly decreased in the pre-
servative period over the amount eliminated in the fore period, while
the reverse is true of the phosphoric acid eliminated in the feces. In
the after period there is a tendency to return to the conditions of the
fore period with respect to the urine, but the amount excreted in the
feces was still further increased.

The quantity of phosphoric acid exhibited in the food in the case
of No. 11 is almost the same in the three periods. There is a notable
increase in the amount excreted in the feces during the preservative
period and a decrease in the after period to an amount less than in
the fore period. In respect of the urine, there is a marked decrease
in the quantity excreted during the preservative period and a slight
gain over this quantity in the after period. In regard to the total
phosphoric acid excreted, it is seen that it is slightly less in the pre-
servative period than in the fore period, and is still further dimin-
ished in the after period. The balance is very large in all cases,
amounting to 0.737 gram in the fore period, 0.887 gram in the pre-
servative period, and 1.272 grams in the after period.

No. 12 received about the same quantity of phosphoric acid in
all three periods. There is a slight increase in the amount excreted
in the feces in the preservative period and a very marked decrease
in the amount excreted in the after period. In the urine there is also
an increase in quantity in phosphoric acid excreted, and the amount
excreted in the after period is almost the same as that in the pre-
servative period. The balance in this case is positive and amounts
to 0.184 gram in the fore period, 0.116 gram in the preservative
period, and 0.144 gram in the after period. These data show a slight
tendency on the part of the preservative to increase the metabolism
of phosphoric acid.

SULPHUROUS ACID AND SULPHITES. 917

/

SUMMARIES.

The summary for Nos. 1 to 6 covers the entire experiment, with the
exception of the fourth subperiod of the preservative period. This
summary shows that the average quantity of phosphoric acid given
is almost identical in each period, amounting to 4.478 grams in the fore
period, 4.386 grams in the preservative period, and 4.394 grams in
the after period. The quantity of phosphoric acid excreted in the
feces is notably increased during the preservative period, rising from
1.340 grams in the fore period to 1.594 grams in the preservative
period, and decreasing in the after period to an amount slightly less
than that in the fore period, namely, 1.314 grams. In the urine
there is a slight decrease in the amount of phosphoric acid excreted,
falling from 2.688 grams daily in the fore period to 2.580 grams daily
in the preservative period, and 2.531 grams daily in the after period.
Taking the total excretion of phosphorus in the feces and the urine, we
find that the daily average quantity in the fore period is 4.029 grams,
in the preservative period 4.174 grams, and in the after period 3.845
grams. These data show a slight increase in phosphoric acid elimi-
nated in the feces, a slight decrease in the urine, and a slight increase
in the total elimination. The balance in the fore period is 0.449
gram, in the preservative period 0.212 gram, and in the after period
0.549 gram.

These figures show quite a distinct effect of the preservative to
increase the excretion of phosphoric acid, while the data for the feces
and urine indicate that this effect is produced by reason of the greater
excretion of nonmetabolized phosphoric acid.

The summaries for Nos. 8, 9, 10, and 11 are complete for all the
periods. The quantity of phosphoric acid in the food is almost con-
stant during the three periods. The quantity of phosphoric acid
excreted in the feces is notably greater, both in the preservative and
in the after period, than in the fore period. The quantity excreted
in the urine is slightly less both in the preservative period and in
the after period. The total quantity excreted is notably greater both
in the preservative and after periods. The balance for the fore
period is 0.591 gram, for the preservative period 0.435 gram, and
for the after period 0.549 gram. The general effect of the preserva-
tive, therefore, is to increase the excretion of total phosphoric acid,
notwithstanding the decrease in metabolized phosphorus eliminated,
and thus to diminish the positive balance.

In the summaries for Nos. 1 to 6 it is seen that the phosphoric
in the feces is markedly increased during the preservative period,
>eing 36.34 per cent of the amount ingested in the food as com-
>ared with 29.93 per cent, which is the percentage amount elimin-
ated in the feces in the fore period.

918 INFLUENCE OF FOOD PRESERVATIVES ON HEALTH.

* The average percentage amount of phosphoric acid eliminated in
the urine for these men in the preservative period is 58.82 per cent,
which is only 1.21 per cent less than in the fore period.

This same general condition is seen in the cases of Nos. 8, 9, 10,
and 11, but not to such a marked extent. There is an increase of
4.32 per cent of phosphoric acid in the feces in the preservative
period over the fore period as compared with 6.41 per cent for Nos.
1 to 6. In the urine there is a decrease in the preservative period
for Nos. 8, 9, 10, and 11 of only 0.81 per cent from the fore period.

In the after period the data do not agree quite so well, though
the same tendency is manifested in each case. In the cases of Nos.
1 to 6 the percentage amount eliminated in the feces is the same
as in the fore period, with a less amount eliminated in the urine
than in the preservative or fore periods. For Nos. 8, 9, 10, and 11
the excretion of phosphoric acid in the feces in the after period is
less by 0.47 per cent than in the preservative period, but exceeds
the amount in the fore period by 3.85 per cent. In the urine in
the after period there is less phosphoric acid excreted than in the
fore period and preservative period by 2.65 per cent and 1.84 per
cent, respectively.

Considering that the data in the fore period represent the normal
excretion of phosphoric acid, it is seen in each case that under the
influence of the preservative a large amount of phosphoric acid is
not absorbed, but is excreted in the feces, and therefore does not
take any part in the metabolic processes. This is much more marked
in the case of the subjects (Nos. 1 to 6) who received the preserva-
tive in the form of sulphites than in those subjects (8 to 11) who
received it in the form of sulphurous acid. This difference is no
more than would be expected when the larger amount of SO2,
which was administered as sulphites, is compared with the amount
of SO2 administered as sulphurous acid; that it occurs in both cases,
and to a less degree with the smaller amount administered, seems to
be conclusive evidence as to the effect produced by the preservative.

There is only a slight diminution in the amount of phosphoric acid
excreted in the urine, while the total amount excreted in the preserv-
ative period is larger than in the fore period, though the amount of
phosphoric acid in the food is less in each case.

In the after period this condition appears to have gradually
returned to normal in the cases of Nos. 1 to 6, showing at the same
time a retention" of phosphoric acid in the body. Nos. 8 to 11, on
the other hand, show the same tendency, but appear not to have
reached their normal condition at the conclusion of the experiment.

It is therefore evident, and the conclusion can safely be drawn,
that the administration of the preservative, both in the form of sul-
phites and as sulphurous acid, inhibits the absorption of phosphoric

SULPHUROUS ACID AND SULPHITES.

919

acid from the digestive tract; and under these conditions the kata-
bolic action with respect to the phosphoric acid is seemingly but
slightly retarded.

TABLE XVI. — Phosphoric-acid balances for Series VII.

[Averages are per day.]

No. 1.

Period.

1

In
food.

3

In
feces.

3

In
urine.

4

In
feces
and
urine

(2+3).

5

In
feces

(2H-1).

6

In
urine
(3-M).

7

In
feces
and
urine

(4-Hl).

8

Balance

(1-4).

%

9

Sodium
sul-
phite
admin-
istered
(S02).

Fore period.

First subperiod:
Total

Grams.
21. 272

Grams.
8.944

Grams.
14. 055

Grams.
22. 999

Per ct.
42.05

Per ct.
66.07

Per ct.
108. 12

Grams.
— 1.727

Grams.
0.0

Average

4.254

1.789

2.811

4.600

— .346

.0

Second subperiod:
Total .

19. 821

4.552

12. 401

16 953

22.97

62.56

85 53

+2.868

.0

Average

3. 964

.910

2.480

3.391

+ .573

.0

Entire fore period:
Total

41. 093

13. 496

26. 456

39. 952

32.84

64.38

97.22

+1.141

.0

Average

4 109

1 350

2 646

3 995

+ 114

0

Preservative period.

First subperiod:
Total

19. 072

6.577

11.718

18. 295

34.49

61.44

95.93

+ .777

'
1.115

Average

3.814

1.315

2.344

3.659

+ .155

223

Second subperiod:
Total

18. 364

6. 692

11. 235

17. 927

36.44

61.18

97.62

+ .437

2.540

Average

3 673

1 338

2 247

3 585

+ 088

508

Third subperiod:
Total

19 464

3 882

12 143

16 025

19 94

62 39

82 33

+3 439

3 810

Average

3. 893

.776

2.429

3.205

+ .688

.762

Fourth subperiod:
Total '

19.001

5.410

11.414

16. 824

28.47

60.07

' 88.' 54

+2. 177

3.810

Average .

3.800

1.082

2.283

3 365

+ .435

.762

Entire preservative period:
Total

75 901

22 561

46 510

69 071

29 72

61 28

91 00

+6 830

11 275

Average

3.795

1.128

2.326

3.454

+ .341

.564

After period.

First subperiod:
Total

19. 617

4.797

12 449

17 246

24.45

63.46

87.91

+2 371

.0

Average

3 923

959

2 400

3 449

+ 474

0

Second subperiod:
Total ..

20 078

4 995

11 095

16 090

24 88

55 26

80 14

+3 988

o

Average

4.016

.999

2.219

3.218

+ 798

.0

Entire after period:
Total

39. 695

9.792

23. 544

S3 336

24 67

59 31

83 98

+6 359

.0

Average

3 970

979

2 354

3 333

+ 637

0

920

INFLUENCE OF FOOD PRESERVATIVES ON HEALTH.

TABLE XVI. — Phosphoric-acid balances for Series VII— Continued.

[Averages are per day.]

N"o. 3.

Period.

1

In
food.

2

In
feces.

3

In
urine.

4

In
feces
and
urine
(2+3).

5

In
feces
(2-s-l).

6

In
urine

(3-Hl).

7

In
feces
and
urine
(4-1).

8

Balance

(1-4).

9

Sodium
sul-
phite
admin-
istered
(S02).

Fore period.

First subperiod:
Total

Grams.
25. 225

Grams.
6.350

Grams.
17. 380

Grams.
23. 730

Perct.
25.17

Per ct.

68.90

Per ct.
94.07

Grams.
+ 1.495

Grams.
0.0

Average

5.045

1.270

3.476

4.746

+ .299

.0

Second subperiod:
Total

-25. 717

9.080

16. 734

25. 814

35.31

65.07

100.38

- .097

.0

Average . .

5.143

1.816

3.347

5.163

- .020

.0

Entire fore period:
Total

Average

50.942
5.094

15. 430
1.543

34. 114
3.411

49. 544
4.954

30.29

66.97

97. 26

+ 1.398
+ .140

.0
0

Preservative period.

First subperiod:
Total

26.400

8.139

14.035

22. 174

30.83

53.16

83.99

+ 4.226

1.115

Average

5.280

1.628

2.807

4.435

+ .845

.223

Second subperiod:
Total

24. 843

11.290

17.011

28.301

45.45

68.47

113.92

-3. 458

2.540

Average

4.969

2.258

3.402

5.660

- .691

.508

Third subperiod:
Total

25.551

8.603

16. 587

25.190

33.67

64.92

98.59

+ .361

3. 810

5 110

1 721

3 317

5 038

+ 072

762

Fourth subperiod:
Total

(3. 810)

Average

First, second, and third sub-
periods:
Total

76. 794

28. 032

47. 633

75. 665

36.50

62.03

98.53

+1.129

(. 762)

Average

5.120

1. 869

3.176

5 044

+ .076

Entire preservative period:
Total

11 275

Average

.564

After period.

First subperiod:
Total

25. 815

8. 053

16.738

24. 791

31.20

64.84

96. 03

+ 1.024

.0

Average

5 163

1.611

3.348

4.958

+ .205

.0

Second subperiod:
Total

26. 010

7.412

15. 054

22. 466

28.50

57.88

86. 37

+3.544

.0

Average

5 202

1.482

3.011

4.493

+ .709

.0

Entire after period:
Total

51. 825

15. 465

31. 792

47. 257

29.84

61.34

91.19

+ 4.568

.0

Average

5 183

1 546

3 179

4 726

+ .457

.0

SULPHUROUS ACID AND SULPHITES.

921

TABLE XVI. — Phosphoric-acAd balances for Series VII — Continued.
[Averages are per day.]

:NO. 3.

Periqd.

1

In
food.

2.
feces.

3

In
urine.

4

In
feces
and
urine

(2+3).

5

In
feces
(2-^1).

6

In
urine
(3-«-l).

7

In
feces
and
urine
(4+1).

8

Balance
(1-4).

9

Sodium
sul-
phite
admin-
istered

Fore period.

First subperiod:
Total

Grams.
22.050
4.410

25.023
5.005

Grams.
5.305
1.061

11.019
2.204

Grams.
11.298
2.260

12.183
2.437

Grams.
16.603
3.321

23.202
4.640

Per ct.
24.06

Per ct.
51.23

Per ct.
75.29

Grams.
+5.447
+1.089

+1.821
+ .365

Grams.
0.0
.0

.0
.0

Average.

Second subperiod:
Total

44.04

48.68

92.72

Average

Entire fore period :
Total

47.073
4.707

24.242

4.848

23.827
4.765

24.601
4.920

16.324
1.632

23.481
2.348

39.805
3.980

24.787
4.957

24.712
4.942

26.532
5.306

34.68 49.88

84.56

+7. 268
+ .727

.0
.0

1.115
.223

2.540
.508

3.810
. .762

(.381)
(.076)

Average

Preservative -period.

First subperiod:
Total

60.80

14.738
2.948

11.683
2.337

15.028
3.006

10.049
2.010

13.029
2.606

11.504
2.301

41.45

102.25

- .545
- .109

- .885
- .177

-1.931
- .386

<

Average

Second subperiod:
Total . .

49.03 54.68

103.71

Average

Third subperiod:
Total

61.09 46.76

107.85

Average

Fourth subperiod:
Total

Average. . ;

First, second, and third sub-
periods:
Total

72.670
4.845

41.449 34.582
2.763 2.305

76.031
5.069

57.04 47.59

104.63

-3.361
- .224

Average

Entire preservative period :
Total

*

,

7.846
a. 392

Average.

After period.

First subperiod:
Total .

19.566
3.913

20.861
4.172

24.726
4.945

25.679
5.136

8.620
1.724

9.508
1.902

10.946
2.189

11.353
2.271

34.86

44.27

79.13

+5.160
+ 1.032

+4.818
+ .964

.0
.0

.0
.0

Average

Second subperiod:
Total

37.03

44.21

81.24

Average

Entire after period:
Total

50.405
5.040

18.128
1.813

22.299
2.230

40.427
4.043

35.96

44.24

80.20

+9.978
+ .997

.0
.0

Average

i

Average for one day in a period of twenty days.

922

INFLUENCE OF FOOD PRESERVATIVES ON HEALTH.

TABLE XVI. — Phosphoric-acid balances for Series VII— Continued.

[Averages are per day.]

No. 4.

Period.

1

In
food.

2

In
feces.

3

In
urine.

4

In

feces
and
urine.
(2+3)

5

In
feces
(2-s-l).

6

In
urine
(3-1).

7

In
feces
and
urine
(4-1).

8

Balance

"(1-4).

9

Sodium
sul-
phite
admin-
istered
(SOj).

Fore period.

First subperiod:
Total

Grams.
21.338
4.268

22.310
4.462

Grams.
4.911
.982

7.778
1.556

Grams.
12.080
2.416

16.309
3.262

Grams.
16.991
3.398

24.087
4.817

Per ct.
23.02

Per ct*
56.61

' Per ct.
79.63

Grams.
+4.347
+ .870

-1.777
- .355

Grams.
0.0
.0

.0
.0

Average.

Second subperiod:
Total

34.86

73.10

107.97

Average

Entire fore period:
Total

43.648
4.365

12.689
1.269

28.389
2.839

15.300
3 060

41.078
4.108

29.07

65.04

94.11

+2.570
+ .257

+1.646
+ .329

-2.347
- .469

+2.066
+ .413

+ .721
+ .144

.0
.0

1.115
.223

2.540

.508

3.810

.762

5.100
1.020

Average.

Preservative period.

First subperiod:
Total

22.635
4 527

5.689
1 138

20.989
4 198

25.13

67.59

92.73

Second subperiod:
Total

21.564
4.313

22.194
4 439

8.422
1.684

4.799
960

15.489
3.098

15.329
3 066

23.911

4.782

20.128
4 026

39.06

71.83

110.88

Average.

Third subperiod:
Total

21.62

69.07

90.69

Fourth subperiod:
Total

21.454
4.291

6.405
1.281

14.328
2.866

20.733
4.147

29.85

66.78

96.64

Average

Entire preservative period:
Total

87.847
4.392

'- - — -

22.419
4.484

22.854
4.571

25.315
1.266

60.446
3.022

17.079
3.416

14.350
2.870

85.761
4.288

28.82

68.81

97.63

+2.086
+ .104

12.565

.628

Average

After period.

First subperiod:
Total

5.134
1.027

6.993
1.399

22.213
4.443

21.343
4.269

22.90

76.18

99.08

+ .206
+ .041

+1.511
+ .302

.0
.0

.0
.0

Average

Second subperiod:
Total

30.60

62.79

93.39

Average

Entire after period:
Total

Average

45.273
4.527

12.127 31.429
1.213 3.143

43.556
4.356

26.79

69.42

96.21

+1.717 .0
+ .171 .0

SULPHUROUS ACID AND SULPHITES.

923

TABLE XVI.— Phosphoric-acid balances for Series VII— Continued.
[Averages are per day.]

:sro. 5.

Period.

1

In
food.

2

In
feces.

3

In
urine.

4

In
feces
and
urine.
(2+3).

5

In
feces
(2-1).

6

In
urine
(3-1).

7

In

feces
and
urine
(4-1).

8

Balance
(1-4).

9

Sodium
sul-
phite
admin-
istered
(S02).

Fore period.

Second subperiod:
Total

Grams.
21.550

Grams.
3.978

Orams.
11.034

Grams.
15. 012

Per ct.

18.46

Per ct.
51.20

Per ct.
69.66

Grams.
+6 538

Grams.
0 0

Average

4.310

.796

2.207

3.002

+ 1.308

.0

Preservative period.

First subperiod:
Total

20. 932

4.891

12. 263

17. 154

23.37

58.58

81.95

+3.778

1.115

Average

4.186

.978

2.453

3.431

+ .755

.223

Second subperiod:
Total

20. 459

7.020

11.599

18. 619

34.31

56.69

91.01

+ 1.840

2.540

Average

4.092

1.404

2.320

3.724

+ .368

.508

Third subperiod:
Total

17. 861

4.974

9.970

14. 944

27.85

55.82

83.67

+2.917

2.540

Average

3.572

.995

1.994

2.989

+ .583

.508

Fourth subperiod:
Total

12.588

6.199

8.837

15.036

49.25

70.20

119. 45

-2. 448

.0

Average

2.518

1.240

1.769

3.007

— .489

.0

Entire preservative period:
Total

71.840

23. 084

42. 669

65 753

32.13

59 39

91.53

+6.087

6.195

Average

3.592

1.154

2.133

3.288

+ .304

.310

After period.

First subperiod:
Total

16. 270

5.368

9.703

15. 071

32.99

59.64

92.63

+1.199

.0

Average

3.254

1.074

1.941

3.014

+ .240

.0

Second subperiod:
Total

16. 945

5.382

9.355

14. 737

31.76

55.21

86.97

+2. 208

.0

Average

3.389

1.076

1.871

2.947

+ .442

.0

Entire after period-
Total

33. 215

10.750

19. 058

-29.808

32.36

57.38

89.74

+3.407

.0

Average

3.322

1.075

1.906

2. 981

+ .341

.0

924

INFLUENCE OF FOOD PRESERVATIVES ON HEALTH.

TABLE XVI . — Phosphoric-acid balances for Series VII— Continued.

[Averages are per day.]

No. 6.

Period.

1

In
food.

2

In
feces.

3

In
urine.

4

In
feces
and
urine
(2+3).

5

In
feces
(2-1).

6

In
urine
(3-1).

7

In
feces
and
urine
(4-1).

8

Balance
(1-4)

9

Sodium
sul-
phite
admin-
istered
(S02).

Fore period.

First subperiod:
Total

Grams.
20. 275

Grams.
5.407

Grams.
13 554

Grams.
18 961

Per ct.

26 67

Per ct.

66 85

Per ct.
93 52

Grams.
+ 1 314

Grams.
0 0

Average

4.055

1.081

2.711

3.792

+ 263

0

Second subperiod:
Total . .

21. 736

6.391

10. 829

17 220

')Q 40

49 82

79 22

+ 4 516

o

Average

4 347

1 278

2 166

3 444

+ 903

o

Entire fore period :
Total

42. Oil

11. 798

24 383

36 181

28 08

58 04

86 12

+5 830

o

Average

4.201

1.180

2.438

3.618

+ .583

.0

Preservative period.

First subperiod:
Total

21. 529

5.550

11.323

16 873

25 78

52 59

78 37

+4 656

1 115

Average

4.300

1.110

2 265

3 375

_j_ 931

223

Second subperiod :
Total . ..

20.300

9.229

12. 329

21. 558

45 46

60 73

106 20

—1 258

2 540

Average

4.060

1.846

8 466

4 312

— 252

508

Third subperiod:
Total

20.906

6.241

11.274

17.515

29 85

53.93

83 78

+3 391

3 810

Average

4.181

1.248

2 255

3 503

+ 678

762

Fourth subperiod:
Total

20. 814

6.978

10. 705

17. 683

33 53

51 43

84 96

+3. 131

0

Average

4.163

1.396

2.141

3 537

+ 626

0

Entire preservative period:
Total

83. 549

27. 998

45. 641

73 639

33 51

54.63

88 14

+9 990

7 465

Average

4.117

1.400

2.282

3.682

+ .495

.373

After period.

First subperiod:
Total

21. 693

6.380

12. 072

18. 452

29.41

55.65

85.06

+3.241

.0

Average

4.339

1.276

2.414

3 690

+ .649

.0

Second subperiod:
Total

21. 551

6.215

11. 681

17.896

28.84

54.20

83.04

+3.655

.0

A verage

4.310

1.243

2.336

3.579

+ .731

.0

Entire after period :
Total

43. 244

12. 595

23. 753

36. 348

29.13

54.93

84.05

+6. 896

.0

Average

4 324

1 260

2 375

3 635

+ .689

.0

SULPHUROUS ACID AND SULPHITES.

925

TABLE XVI. — Phosphoric-acid balances for Series VII— Continued.

[Averages are per day.]

IN"o. 7.

1

fc

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

Sul-

In

In

phur-

Period.

In
food.

In
feces.

In
urine.

feces
and
urine

In
feces
(2-H).

In
urine
(3-s-l).

feces
and
urine

Balance

(1-4).

ous
acid
admin-

(2+3).

(4-1).

istered

(SOj).

Fore period.

First subperiod:

Grams.

Grams.

Grams.

Grams.

Per ct.

Per ft.

Per ct.

Grams.

Grams.

Total

15. 934

4.514

8.498

13.012

28.33

53.33

81.66

+2.922

0.0

Average ....

3.187

.903

1.700

2.602

+ .585

.0

Second subperiod:

Total

14.568

5.079

8.593

13.672

34.86

58.99

93.85

+ .896

.0

Average

2.914

1.016

1.719

2.734

+ .180

.0

Entire fore period:

Total

30. 502

9.593

17.091

26. 684

31.45

56.03

• 87. 48

+3.818

.0

Average ....

3.050

.959

1.709

2.668

+ .382

.0

Preservative period.

First subperiod:
Total

14. 176

5.165

7.342

12.507

36.43

51.79

88.23

+ 1.669

.856

Average

2.835

1.033

1.468

2.501

+ .334

.171

Second subperiod: -

Total

12. 937

3.341

5.886

9.227

25.83

45.50

71.32

+3.710

1.600

Average

2.587

.668

1.177

1.845

+ .742

.320

Third subperiod:

Total

12.815

2.292

8.295

10. 587

17.89

64.73

82.61

+2.228

1.800

Average

2.563

.458

1.659

2.117

+ .446

.360

First, second, and third

subperiods:

Total

39. 928

10. 798

21.523

32. 321

27.04

53.90

80.95

+ 7.607

4.256

Average...

2.662

.720

1.435

2.155

+ .507

a. 213

INTo. 8.

Fore period.

First subperiod:
Total

16. 355

5.908

15. 397

36.12

58.02

94 14

+0 958

0 0

Average

3.271

1.182

1.898

3.080

+ .191

.0

Second subperiod:
Total

17. 194

6.680

10. 232

16 912

38 85

59 51

98 36

+ 282

o

Average

3.439

1.336

2.046

3.382

+ .057

.0

Entire fore period:
Total

33.549

12. 588

19. 721

32. 309

37.52

58.78

96.30

+ 1 240

o

Average

3.355

1.259

1.972

3 231

+ 124

o

Preservative period.

First subperiod:
Total

17. 644

4.616

9.801

14.417

26.16

55 55

81 71

+3 227

856

Average

3 529

.923

1.960

2 883

+ 646

171

Second subperiod:
Total

16 102

5.037

9.485

14 522

31 28

58 91

90 19

+ 1 580

2 000

Average

3.220

1.007

1.897

2.904

+ .316

400

Third subperiod:
Total

16. 956

7.942

9.653

17. 595

46.84

56.93

103. 77

— .639

2.000

Average

3.391

1.588

1.931

3.519

— .128

400

Fourth subperiod:
Total

16. 624

11.701

9.084

20.785

70.39

54.64

125. 03

—4.161

2 000

Average

3.325

2.340

1.817

4.157

— 832

400

Entire preservative period:
Total . .

67 326

29.296

38. 023

67 319

43 51

56 48

99 99

+ 007

6 856

Average

3 366

1 465

1 901

3 366

o

343

After period.

First subperiod:
Total

17. 245

5.491

9.999

15.490

31.84

57 98

89 82

+ 1 755

o

Average

3 449

1.098

2 000

3 098

+ 351

o

Second subperiod:
Total

17.663

5.747

9 355

15. 102

32.54

52 96

85 50

+2 561

o

Average

3.533

1.149

1.871

3.020

+ .513

.0

Entire after period:
Total... .

34 908

11 238

19 354

30 592

32 19

55 44

87 64

+ 4 316

o

Average

3.491

1.124

1.935

3.059

+ .432

.0

a Average for 20 days.

926

INFLUENCE OF FOOD PRESERVATIVES ON HEALTH.

TABLE XVI. — Phosphoric-acid balances for Series VII — Continued.

[Averages are per day.]

N"o. 9.

Period.

1

In
food.

2

In
feces.

3

In
urine.

4

In
feces
and
urine

(2+3).

5

In
feces

(2H-1).

6

In
urine

(3-1).

7

In
feces
and
urine
(4-1).

8

Balance

(1-4).

9

bUl-

phur-
ous
acid
admin-
istered
(S0a).

Fore period.

First subperiod:
Total

Grams.
20. 610

Grams.
7.699

Grams.
9.535

Grams.
17. 234

Per ct.
37.36

Per ct.
46.26

Per ct.

83.62

Grams.
+ 3.376

Grams.
0.0

Average

4.122

1.540

1.907

3.447

•4- .675

0

Second subperiod:
Total

21. 481

6.708

11. 320

18. 028

31.23

52.70

83.93

+ 3.453

.0

Average

4.296

1.342

2.264

3.606

+ .690

.0

Entire fore period :
Total

42.091

14.407

20.855

35. 262

34.23

49.55

83.78

+ 6.829

.0

Average

4.209

1.441

2.086

3.526

+ .683

.0

Preservative period.

First subperiod:
Total

=====
20 875

—
8 917

12 170

21 087

42 72

58 30

101. 02

- .212

.856

Average

4.175

1.783

2.434

4.217

- .042

.171

Second subperiod:
Total

20 464

8 075

11. 554

19.629

39.46

56.46

95.92

+ .835

2.000

Average

4 093

1 615

2 311

3 926

+ .167

.400

Third subperiod:
Total

21 140

7.952

11.075

19. 027

37.62

52.39

90.00

+ 2.113

2.000

Average

4 228

1 590

2 215

3.805

+ . 423

.400

Fourth subperiod:
Total

20.778

5.473

11.934

17. 407

26.34

57.44

83.78

+ 3.371

2.000

Average

4 156

1.095

2.387

3.481

+ .675

.400

Entire preservative period :
Total

83.257

30. 417

46. 733

77.150

36.53

56.13

92.66

+ 6.107

6.856

Average

4 163

1 521

2 337

3 858

+ .305

.343

After period.

First subperiod:
Total.

21.350

11.746

11.389

23.135

55.02

53.34

108. 36

- 1.785

.0

Average

4.270

2.349

2.278

4.627

- .357

.0

Second subperiod-
Total

21. 376

8.799

11.344

20. 143

41.16

53.07

94.23

+ 1.233

.0

4 275

1 760

2 269

4 029

+ . 246

.0

Entire after period:
Total.

42.726

20.545

22. 733

43. 278

48.09

53.21

101.29

- .552

.0

4 273

2 055

2 273

4 328

- .055

.0

SULPHUROUS ACID AND SULPHITES.

TABLE XVI. — Phosphoric-acid balances for Series VII — Continued.
[Averages are per day.]

:sro. 10.

927

Period.

1

In
food.

2

In
feces.

3

In
urine.

4

In
feces
and
urine

(2+3).

5

v In
feces

(2H-1).

6

In
urine
(3-Hl).

7

In
feces
and
urine

(4-5-1).

8

Balance

(1-4).

9

Sul-
phur-
ous
acid
admin-
istered
(S02).

Fore period.

First subperiod:
Total

Grams.
21. 512

Grams.
6.140

Grams.
12.230

Grams.
18. 370

Per ct.
28.54

Per ct.

56.85

Per ct.
85.39

Grams.
+ 3.142

Grams.
0 0

4 302

1 228

2.446

3 674

+ 628

o

Second subperiod:
Total

21. 797

4.427

12. 347

16. 774

20.31

56.65

76.96

+ 5.023

.0

Average

4.359

.885

2.469

3.355

+ 1.004

.0

Entire fore period:
Total

43.309

10. 567

24. 577

35. 144

24.40

56.75

81.15

+ 8.165

0

Average

4 331

1.057

2.458

3.514

+ 817

o

Preservative period.

First subperiod :
Total

21.568

6.500

11.941

18. 441

30.14

55.36

85.50

+ 3.127

.856

Average

4.314

1.300

2.388

3.688

+ .626

.171

Second subperiod :
Total

21. 122

6.426

8.932

15. 358

30.42

42.29

72.71

+ 5.764

2.000

\verage

4.224

1.285

1.786

3.072

+ 1.152

400

Third subperiod:
Total

21.564

3.953

10.800

14.753

18.33

50.08

68.41

+ 6.811

2.000

Average

4.313

.791

2.160

2.951

+ 1.362

400

Fourth subperiod:
Total

21. 401

7.908

12. 297

20. 205

36.95

57.46

94.41

+ 1.196

2 000

Average

4 280

1 582

2.459

4 041

+ 23Q

400

Entire preservative period :
Total

85. 655

24. 787

43.970

68.757

28.94

51.33

80.27

+ 16.898

6.856

Average

4.283

1.239

2.198

3.438

+ .845

343

After period.

First subperiod :
Total

21. 845

7.033

13. 085

20.118

32.20

59.90

92.09

+ 1 727

o

Average *

4.369

1.407

2.617

4.024

+ .345

.0

Second subperiod :
Total

21. 892

7 802

10 340

18 142

35 64

47.23

82 87

+ 3 750

o

Average

4.378

1.560

2.068

3.628

+ .750

.0

Entire after period :
Total

43. 737

14.835

23. 425

38. 2(K)

33.92

53.56

87.48

+ 5.477

.0

Average . .

4.374

1.484

2.342

3.826

+ 548

0

928 INFLUENCE OF FOOD PRESERVATIVES ON HEALTH.

TABLE XVI. — Phosphoric-acid balances for. Series VII — Continued.
[Averages are per day.]

:N~O. 11.

Period.

1

In
food.

2

In
feces.

3

In
urine.

;,

feces
and
urine

(2+3).

5

In
feces

(2-1).

6

In
urine

(3-1).

7

In
feces
and
urine
(4-1).

8

Balance

(1-4).

9

Sul-
phur-
!ous
acid
admin-
istered
(SO,).

Fore period.

First subperiod:
Total

Grams.
27. 024
5.405

28. 448
5.690

Grams.
10.565
2.113

9.094
1.819

Grams.
14. 181
2.836

14. 263
2.853

Grams.
24. 746
4.949

23. 357
4.671

Ptrct.
39.09

Per ct.

52.48

Per ct.
91.57

Grams.

+ 2.278
+ .456

+ 5.091
+ 1.019

Grams.
0.0
.0

.0
.0

Average .

Second subperiod:
Total

31.97 50.14 ! 82.10

Average

Entire fore period:
Total

55. 472
5.547

19. 659 28. 444
1.966 i 2.844

48. 103
4.810

35.44

51.28 86.72

+ 7.369
+ .737

.0
.0

.856
.171

2.000
.400

2.000
.400

2.000
.400

6.856
.343

.0
.0

.0
.0

Average .

Preservative period.

First subperiod:
Total

27. 941

5.588

27. 395
5.479

28.292
5.658

27. 663
5.533

13. 103
2.621

10. 468
2.094

10. 928
2.186

10. 049
2.010

12.885
2.577

10. 399
2.080

12. 453
2.491

13. 277
2.655

25.988
5.198

20. 867
4.173

23. 381
4.676

23. 326
4.665

46.90

46. 12 93. 01

+ 1.953
+ .390

+ 6.528
+ 1.306

+ 4.911
+ 982

Average

Second subperiod:
Total

38.21

37.96 76.17

Average

Third subperiod:
Total

38.63

44.02 82.64

Average

Fourth subperiod:
Total

36.33 48.00 84.32

+ 4.337
+ .868

Average .

Entire preservative period:
Total

111.291 44.548
5.565 2.227

49.014-
2.451

93. 562
4.678

22. 415
4.483

21. 741
4.348

40.03

44.04

84.07

+17.729

+ .887

+ 5.855
+•1.171

+ 6.872
+ 1.375

Average

After period.

First subperiod:
Total .

34.74

28. 270 9. 822
5.654 1.964

28, 613 8. 913
5. 723 1. 783

12.593
2.519

12. 828
2.566

44.55

79.29

Average

Second subperiod:
Total

31.15

44.83

75.98

Average

Entire after period:
Total

56.883 18.735
5.688 1.874

25.421
2.542

44. 156
4.416

32.94

44. 69 77. 63

+12.727 .0
+ 1.272 .0

Average

SULPHUKOUS ACID AND SULPHITES.

929

TABLE XVI. — Phosphoric-acid balances for Series VII — Continued.
[Averages are per day.]

:N\>. is.

Period.

1

In
food.

3

In
feces.

3

In
urine.

4

In
feces
and
urine

(2+3).

5

In
feces

(2-1).

6

In
urine

(3H-1).

7

In
feces
and
urine
(4-s-l).

8

Balance

(1-4).

9

Sul-
phur-
ous
acid
admin-
istered
(SOi).

Fore period.

First subperiod:
Total .-.

Grams.
21. 493

Grams.
10.799

Grams.
12. 637

Grams.
23. 436

Per ct.
50.24

Per ct.

58.80

Per ct.
109.04

Grams.
+ 1.943

Grams.
0.0

4 299

2 160

2 527

4 687

+ 388

o

Second subperiod:
Total

23. 119

6.915

12.414

19. 329

29.91

53.70

83.61

+ 3.790

.0

Average

4.624

1 383

2 483

3 866

-H 758

o

Entire fore period:
Total

44.612

17.714

25.051

42. 765

39.71

56.15

95.86

+ 1.847

.0

Average

4.461

1 771

2.505

4 277

+ 184

o

Preservative period.

First subperiod:
Total

23 353

10 415

13 527

23 942

44 60

57 92

102 52

589

856

Average

4.671

2.083

2.705

4.788

117

171

Second subperiod:
Total

22. 868

7.772

13. 985

21. 757

33.99

61.16

95.15

-t- 1 111

2 000

Average

4.574

1 554

2 797

4 351

-l_ 223

400

Third subperiod:
Total

23. 249

10 590

13 777

24 367

45 55

59 26

104 81

1 118

1 600

Average

4.650

2.118

2.755

4.873

— 223

320

Fourth subperiod:
Total

23 861

7 869

13 078

20 947

32 98

54 81

87 79

+ 2 914

o

Average

4.772

1.574

2 616

4 189

•4- 583

o

Entire preservative period:
Total

93 331

36 646

54 367

91 013

39 26

58 25

97 52

+ 2 318

4 456

Average

4.667

1.832

2.718

4.551

+ .116

.223

After period.

First subperiod:
Total

22. 653

5 602

13 777

19 379

24 73

60 82

85 55

+ 3 274

o

Average

4 531

1 120

2 755

3 876

+ 655

0

Second subperiod:
Total ..

21 896

9 733

14 001

23 734

44 45

63 94

108 39

1 838

o

Average

4. 379

1.947

2 800

4 747

— 368

o

Entire after period:
Total

44. 549

15 335

27 778

43 113

34 42

62 35

96 78

+ 1 436

o

Average

4 455

1 534

2 778

4 3n

+ 144

o

930

INFLUENCE OF FOOD PRESERVATIVES ON HEALTH.

TABLE XVI. — Phosphoric-acid balances for Series VII— Continued.

SUMMARIES.

[Averages are per man per day.]
N"os. 1 to 6.

Period.

1

In
food.

3

In
feces.

3

In -
urine.

4

In
feces
and
urine

(2+3).

6

In
feces
(2-1).

6

In
urine
(3-1).

7

In
feces
and
urine
(4-1).

8

Balance

(1-4).

9

Sodium
sul-
phite
admin-
istered
(S02).

Fore period.

First subperiod:
Totalo

Grams.
110 160

Grams.
30 917

Grams.
68 367

Grams.
99 284

Per ct.
28 07

Per ct.
62 06

Per ct.
90 13

Grams.
+ 10 876

Grams.
0 0

Average

4.406

1.237

2.735

3.971

+ .435

.0

Second subperiod:
Total

136 157

42 798

79 490

122 288

31 43

58 38

89 81

4-13 8(39

o

Average

4.539

1.427

2.650

4.076

+ .463

.0

Entire fore period:
Total

246 317

73 715

147 857

221 572

29 93

60 03

89 95

+24 745

o

Average. . . . ...

4.478

1.340

2.688

4.029

+ .449

.0

Preservative period.

First subperiod:
Total

134. 810

45.584

74.688

120. 272

33.81

55.40

89.20

+ 14.538

6.690

Average.

4.494

1.519

2.490

4.009

+ .485

.223

Second subperiod:
Total

129 357

54 336

80 692

135 028

42 00

62 38

104 38

r- 5 621

15 240

Average

4.312

1.811

2.690

4.501

- .189

.508

Third subperiod:
Total

130. 577

43.527

76 807

120 334

33.33

58.82

92. 16

+ 10.243

21.590

Average

4.353

1.451

2.560

4.011

+ .342

.720

First, second, and third sub-
periods:
Total

394. 744

143. 447

232. 187

375. 634

36.34

58.82

95.16

+ 19.110

43.520

Average. . .

4.386

1.594

2.580

4.174

+ .212

.484

After period.

First subperiod:
Total

130. 540

38.352

78. 987

117. 339

29.38

60.51

89.89

+ 13.201

.0

Average

4 351

1 278

2 633

3 911

+ 440

0

Second subperiod:
Total

133. 117

40.505

72.888

113. 393

30.43

54. 75

85.18

+ 19.724

.0

Average ....

4.437

1.350

2.430

3.780

+ .657

.0

Entire after period:
Total

263. 657

78.857

151. 875

230. 732

29.91

57 60

87.51

+32.925

.0

Average... . .

4.394

1.314

2.531

3.845

+ .549

.0

No. 5 absent.

SULPHUROUS ACID AND SULPHITES.

931

TABLE XVI. — Phosphoric-acid balances for Series VII — Continued.

[Averages are per man per day.]

USTos. 8 to 11.

Period.

1

In
food.

ft

In
feces.

3

In
urine.

4

In
feces
and
urine
(2+3).

5

In
feces
(2-M).

6

In
urine

(3-Hl).

7

In
feces
and
urine
(4-1).

8

Balance
(1-4).

9

Sul-
phur-
ous
acid
admin-
istered
(SOt).

Fore period.

First subperiod:
Total

Grams.
85.501

Grams.
30. 312

Grams.
45. 435

Grams.

75. 747

Per ct.
35.45

Per ct.
53.14

Per ct.
88.59

Grams.
+ 9.754

Grams.
0.0

Average

4.275

1.516

2.272

3.787

+ -.488

.0

Second subperiod:
Total

88.920

26.909

48. 162

75. 071

30.26

54.16

84.42

+13.849

o

Average

4.446

1.345

2.408

3.754

+ .692

.0

Entire fore period:
Total

174. 421

57. 221

93. 597

150. 818

32.81

53.66

86.47

+23. 603

.0

Average

4361

1 431

2 340

3 770

+ 591

o

Preservative period.

First subperiod:
Total

88.028

33. 136

46. 797

79. 933

37.64

53.16

90.80

+ 8.095

3.424

Average.

4.401

1.657

2 340

3 997

+ .404

.171

Second subperiod:
Total. .

85. 083

30.006

40 370

70. 376

35.27

47.45

82.71

+14.707

8.000

Average

4.254

1 500

2 018

3 519

+ 735

400

Third subperiod:
Total

87 952

30 775

43 981

74 756

34 99

50 01

85 00

+ 13 196

8 000

Average. . . ...

4.398

1.539

2.199

3.738

+ .660

.400

Fourth subperiod:
Total

86. 466

35. 131

52.'532

87. 663

40.63

60.75

101. 38

— 1.197

8.000

Average

4 323

1.757

2 627

4 383

— 060

400

Entire preservative period:
Total

347. 529

129. 048

183. 680

312. 728

37.13

52.85

89.99

+34. 801

27.424

Average.

4.344

1.613

2 296

3 909

+ .435

.343

After period.

First subperiod:
Total

88 710

34 092

47 066

81 158

38 43

53 06

91 49

+ 7.552

o

Average

4.436

1.705

2.353

4.058

+ .378

.0

Second subperiod:
Total

89. 544

31. 261

43. 867

75. 128

34.91

48.99

83.90

+14. 416

.0

Average.

4.477

1 563

2 193

3 756

+ .721

.0

Entire after period:
Total

178. 254

65. 353

90.933

156. 286

36.66

51.01

87.68

+21.968

.0

Average. .

4.456

1.634

2 273

3 907

+ . 54£

.0

11240— Bull. 84, pt 3—07- — 12

932

INFLUENCE OF FOOD PRESERVATIVES ON HEALTH.

TABLE XVI. — Phosphoric-acid balances for Series VII — Continued.
[Averages are per man per day.]
. 1 and. 4.

Period.

1

In
food.

In
feces.

3

In
urine.

4

In
feces
and
urine
(2+3).

5

In
feces
(2-1).

6

In
urine
(3-1).

7

In
feces
and
urine
(4-1).

8

Balance

(1-4).

9

Sodium
sul-
phite
admin-
istered
(SOi).

Fore period.

First subperiod :
Total

Grams.
42.610

Grams.
13. 855

Grams.
26. 135

Grams.
39.990

Per ct.
32.52

Per ct.
61.34

Per ct.
93.85

Grams.
+ 2.620

Grams.
0.0

Average

4.261

1.386

2.614

3.999

+ .262

.0

Second subperiod :
Total

42.131

12. 330

28.710

41.040

29.27

68.14

97.41

-1- 1.091

.0

Average

4.213

1.233

2.871

4.104

+ .109

.0

Entire fore period:
Total

84.741

26.185

54.845

81.030

30.90

64.72

95.62

+ 3.711

.0

Average .....

4.237

1.309

2.742

4.051

+ .186

.0

Preservative period.

First subperiod:
Total

41.707

12.266

27.018

39.284

29.41

64.78

94.19

4- 2.423

2.230

Average '

4.171

1.227

2.702

3.929

+ .242

.223

Second subperiod:
Total

39.928

15.114

26. 724

41.838

37.85

66.93

104.78

— 1.910

5.080

Average

3.993

1.511

2.672

4 184

- .191

.508

Third subperiod:
Total

41.658

8.681

27. 472

36. 153

20.84

65.95

86.79

-t- 5.505

7.620

Average

4.166

.868

2.747

3.615

-f .551

.762

Fourth subperiod:
Total

40. 455

11.815

25.742

37.557

29.21

63.63

92.84

+ 2.898

8.910

Average

4.046

1.182

2.574

3.756

+ .290

.891

Entire preservative period:
Total

163. 748

47. 876

106.956

154. 832

29.24

65.32

94.56

+ 8.916

23.840

Average

4.094

1.197

2.674

3.871

+ .223

.596

After period.

First subperiod:
Total

42.036

9.931

29.528

39. 459

23.62

70.24

93.87

+ 2.577

.0

• Average

4.204

.993

2.953

3.946

+ .258

.0

Second subperiod:
Total

'42. 932

11.988

25. 445

37.433

27.92

59.27

87.19

+ 5.499

.0

Average

4.293

1.199

2.545

3.743

+ .550

.0

Entire after period:
Total

84.968

21.919

54. 973

76. 892

25.80

64.70

90.50

+ 8.076

.0

Average

4 248

1.096

2.749

3. 845

+ .403

.0

SULPHUROUS ACID AND SULPHITES.

933

TABLE XVI. — Phosphoric-acid balances for Series VII— Continued.

[Averages are per man per day.]
. 5 and. 6.

Period.

1

In
food.

2

In
feces.

3

In
urine.

4

In
feces
and
urine

(2+3).

5

In
feces

(2-Hl).

6

In
urine
(3+1).

7

In
feces
and
urine
(4+1).

8

Balance

(1-4).

9

Sodium
sul-
phite
admin-
istered
(SOi).

Fore period.

Second subperiod :
Total

Grams.
43.286

Grams.
10. 369

Grams.
21.863

Grams.
32.232

Per ct.
23.95

Per ct.
50.51

Per ct.
74.46

Grams.
+ 11.054

Grams.
0.0

Average

4.329

1.037

2.186

3.223

+ 1.106

.0

Preservative period.

First subperiod :
Total

42. 461

10.441

23.586

34.027

24.59

55.55

80.14

+ 8.434

2.230

Average

4.246

1.044

2.359

3.403

+ .843

.223

Second subperiod:
Total

40. 759

16.249

23.928

40. 177

39.86

58. 71

98.57

+ .582

5.080

Average

4.076

1.625

2.393

4.018

+ .058

.508

Third subperiod :
Total

38. 767

11.215

21.244

32. 459

28.93

54.80

83.73

+ 6.308

6.350

Average

3.877

1.122

2.124

3.246

+ .631

.635

Fourth subperiod:
Total

33.402

13. 177

19. 542

32. 719

39.45

58.51

97.96

+ .683

.0

Average

3.340

1.318

1.954

3.272

+ .068

.0

Entire preservative period:
Total

155.389

51.082

88. 300

139. 382

32.87

56.82

89.69

+ 16.007

13.660

Average

3.885

1.277

2.208

3.485

+ .400

.342

After period.

First subperiod:
Total

37. 963

11.748

21.775

33.523

30.94

57.36

88.30

+ 4.440

.0

Average

3.796

1.175

2.178

3.352

+ .444

.0

Second subperiod:
Total

38.496

11.597

21.036

32. 633

30.13

54.65

84.77

+ 5.863

.0

Average

•3.850

1.160

2.104

3.263

+ .587

.0

Entire after period:
Total

Average

76.459
3.823

23.345
1.167

42.811
2.141

66. 156
3.308

30.53

55.99

86.52

+ 10.303
+ .515

.0
.0

934

INFLUENCE OF FOOD PRESERVATIVES ON HEALTH.

TABLE XVI. — Phosphoric-acid balances for Series VII— Continued.

[Averages are per man per day.]

USTos. 7 and. 13.

1

3

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

Sul-

In

In

phur-

Period.

In
food.

In
feces.

In
urine.

feces
and
urine

In
feces
(2-s-l).

In
urine
(3-1).

feces
and
urine

Balance

(1-4).

ous
acid
admin-

(2+3).

(4*1).

istered

(S08).

Fore period.

First subperiod:

Grams.

Grams.

Grams.

Grams.

Per ct.

Per ct.

Per ct.

Grams.

Grams.

Total

37.427

15. 313

21. 135

36. 448

40.91

56.47

97.38

+ .979

0 0

3 743

1 531

2 114

3.645

+ 098

o

Second subperiod:

Total

37.687

11.994

21.007

33.001

31.83

55.74

87.57

+ 4.686

.0

Average

3 769

1.199

2 101

3.300

+ 469

0

Entire fore period:
Total

75 114

27 307

42 142

69. 449

36.35

56 10

92.46

+5 665

0

3 756

1 365

2 107

3 472

+ 284

o

Preservative period.

First subperiod:

Total

37.529

15.580

20 869

36. 449

41.51

55.61

97.12

+ 1 080

1 712

3 753

1 558

2 087

3 645

+ 108

171

Second subperiod:

Total

35 805

11.113

19 871

30. 984

31.04

55.50

86.54

+ 4.821

3.600

Average

3.580

1.111

1.987

3.098

+ .482

.360

Third subperiod:

Total

36.064

12,882

22. 072

34. 954

35.72

61.20

96.92

+ 1.110

3.400

3 606

1 288

2 207

3 495

+ 111

340

First, second, and third

subperiods:

Total

109. 398

39. 575

62. 812

102. 387

36.18

57.42

93.59

+7.011

8.712

Average

3.647

1.319

2.094

3.413

+ .234

.290

IN"os. 7 to 13.

Fore period.

First subperiod:
Total

122. 928

45. 625

66. 570

112. 195

37.12

54.15

91.27

+ 10.733

0.0

Average . . .

4.097

1.521

2.219

3.740

+ .357

.0

Second .subperiod:
Total

126. 607

38.903

69. 169

108. 072

30.73

54.63

85.36

+ 18.535

.0

Average

4.220

1.297

2.306

3.602

+ .618

.0

Entire fore period:
Total .

249. 535

84. 528

135. 739

220. 267

33.87

54.40

88.27

+ 29.268

.0

Average

4.159

1.409

2.262

3.671

+ .488

.0

Preservative period.

First subperiod:
Total

125. 557

48. 716

67.666

116. 382

38.80

53.89

92.69

+ 9.175

5.136

4 185

1 624

2 256

3 879

+ .306

.171

Second subperiod:
Total

120.888

41. 119

60.241

101. 360

34.01

49.83

83.85

+ 19.528

11.600

4 030

1 371

2 008

3 379

+ .651

.387

Third subperiod:
Total

124 016

43 657

66 053

109. 710

35.20

53.26

88.46

+ 14.306

11.400

4 134

1 455

2 202

3 657

+ . 477

.380

First, second, and third
subperiods :
Total

370. 461

133. 492

193.960

327. 452

36.03

52.36

88.39

+ 43.009

28. 136

4 116

1 483

2 155

3 638

+ .478

.313

SULPHUROUS ACID AND SULPHITES. 935

SULPHUR BALANCE.

A study of the metabolism of sulphur in this series is of special
interest because it treats not only of the organic and inorganic sul-
phur ingested in the foods, but also of sulphur in the form of sulphur-
ous acid and sulphites administered as the preservative. The changes
through which the sulphurous acid passes, and the final. form in which
the added sulphur is excreted are of importance. Assuming that the
sulphur added to the foods in the form of sulphurous acid and sul-
phites would all appear in the feces and urine, we expect to find a
strongly negative balance during the preservative period.

The sulphur balances are calculated in two ways. A balance is
made first, taking into consideration the sulphur in the food only, and
the second balance considers in addition the sulphur administered in
the form of sulphurous acid or sulphites. It is evident that the first
balance would be largely negative, its increase over the normal bal-
ance, assuming the metabolic functions to continue normal, being the
amount of sulphur ingested as the preservative. In the balance
which takes into consideration the sulphur of the preservative, the
presence of a minus balance indicates a tendency on the part of the
preservative to increase the elimination of sulphur.

INDIVIDUAL DATA.

The quantity of sulphur in the food administered to No. 1 in the fore
period is 1.303 grams daily, and it is almost exactly the same in the
after period. During the preservative period the average amount is
about 0.08 gram per day less. In the feces the quantity of sulphur
excreted in the fore period is 0. 1 35 gram, in the preservative period 0.115
gram, and in the after period 0.078 gram. It is evident from these
data that none of the sulphur added to the food as sulphurous acid
appears in the feces. On the contrary, there is a tendency to diminish
the sulphur in the feces, and this tendency is very marked in the after
period. The quantity of sulphur appearing in. the urine in the fore
period is 1.133 grams, in the preservative period 1.433 grams, and in
the after period 1.169 grams. In this case it is evident that the large
increase in the excretion of sulphur in the urine in the preservative
period and the small increase during the after period are due solely
to the sulphur added in the form of sulphites. The activity of the
kidneys in excreting the products of the added sulphurous acid and
sulphites is shown in a marked degree in the percentage of sulphur
excreted in the urine, which is 86.90 in the fore period, 117.26 in the
preservative period, and 89.41 in the after period. The balance in
the fore period is positive and its magnitude is 0.035 gram. In the
preservative period the first balance, considering the food sulphur only,
is negative, and its magnitude is 0.326 gram; the second balance,

936 INFLUENCE OF FOOD PRESERVATIVES ON HEALTH.

including the sulphur as preservative, is —0.044 gram, and in the
after period the balance is again positive, with a magnitude of 0.061
gram.

No. 2 shows similar conditions. The sulphur in the food remains
almost constant during the three periods. Likewise the amount
excreted in the feces is practically constant in the three periods. The
excretion in the urine is very largely increased in the preservative
period and diminished very slightly from the fore period in the after
period. Practically the whole of the added sulphur appears in the
urine. The balance in the fore period is positive and its magnitude
is 0.014 gram; in the preservative period the first balance is negative
and its magnitude is 0.206 gram; the second balance is positive,
amounting to 0.043. In the after period the balance is again positive
and its magnitude is 0.09 gram. Unlike the case of No. 1, there
appears to be a retention of sulphur in the preservative period.

In the case of No. 3 the quantity of sulphur administered in the
food is quite constant, being slightly greater in the after period. The
amount excreted in the feces is almost the same for the fore and after
periods, but is considerably increased in the preservative period,
showing in this instance an excretion in the feces of a part of the
sulphur added as sulphites, or a less complete absorption of the sul-
phur of the foods. A great increase of the excretion of sulphur in
the urine is found in the preservative period. The balance in the
fore period is positive and its magnitude is 0.109 gram; in the pre-
servative period the first balance is negative and its magnitude is
0.243 gram; the second balance is positive, amounting to 0.006. It is
again positive in the after period and its magnitude is 0.166 gram.
There appears to be no marked effect produced on the sulphur metabo-
lism in this case.

In the case of No. 4 the amount of sulphur in the food is practically
the same for the fore and preservative periods and slightly increased
in the after period. The amount of sulphur eliminated in the feces
is almost the same for the three periods. The elimination in the
urine is largely increased in the preservative period. The balance in
the fore period is an abnormal one — that is, it is negative, although its
magnitude is very small, amounting to 0.079 gram. The first balance
in the preservative period is strongly negative, its magnitude being
0.379 gram; the second balance is also negative, but amounts only to
0.064 gram, accounted for by the increased katabolism of sulphur.
The balance is also negative in the after period, its magnitude being
0.06 gram.

Comparison of the data of No. 5 is unsatisfactory because of the
ii regularity in the fore period. The data show again an increase in
the sulphur eliminated in the urine in the preservative period. There
is a positive balance in the fore period of 0.181 gram daily, a nega-

SULPHUROUS ACID AND SULPHITES. 937

tive balance in the preservative period of 0.228 gram considering the
food sulphur only, a negative balance of 0.073 gram considering also
the sulphur as preservative, and a positive balance in the after period
of 0.009 gram.

With No. 6 the quantity of sulphur administered in the food during
the preservative period is markedly less than during the fore and
after periods. The quantity excreted in the feces, however, is very
slightly increased in the preservative period. The chief increase in
the excretion of sulphur is, as in the other cases, found in the urine,
where the. amount excreted in the preservative period is 0.340 gram
greater than that of the fore period. It should be noted, however,
that the excretion in the urine in the fore period is abnormally low,
resulting in a large positive balance. The first balance in the preserv-
ative period is negative, having a magnitude of 0.135 gram; the
second balance is positive, amounting to 0.052 gram. The balance
is again positive in the after period, its magnitude being 0.079 gram.

In the case of No. 7 the incompleteness of the data render a com-
parison of the balances less valuable. The quantity of sulphur in
the food is also much less in the preservative period than in the fore
period. The balance in. the fore period is +0.252, becoming nega-
tive in the preservative period, in the case of the first balance, and
amounting to —0.014, while the second balance is +0.128. There
is no after period.

With No. 8 the quantity of sulphur in the food is not constant,
being largest in the after period and smallest in the preservative
period. The quantities excreted in the feces do not vary greatly
for the three periods; but inasmuch as the sulphur in the food is less
in the preservative period, a part of the sulphur excreted in the feces
in the preservative period may have come from the added preserva-
tive, or be the result of incomplete absorption. The balance in this
case is positive in the fore period and amounts to 0.089 gram; it is
negative in the preservative period in the case of the first balance
and amounts to 0.127 gram, while the second balance is positive and
amounts to 0.045. It is positive in the after period, although of a
very small magnitude, namely, 0.003 gram. Here, again, the bal-
ance obtained by taking into consideration the sulphur of the pre-
servative is materially smaller than is found in the fore period. This
fact may be taken as an indication of the accelerating effect of the
preservative on the elimination of sulphur, and, as has already been
shown in the special sulphur and sulphate studies of the urine (p. 850),
this takes place largely in the form of neutral sulphur and inorganic
sulphur.

The quantity of sulphur administered in the food of No. 9 is
almost exactly the same for the fore and after periods and slightly
less in the preservative period. The amount excreted in the feces is

938 INFLUENCE OF FOOD PRESERVATIVES ON HEALTH.

the same in the fore and preservative periods, and markedly greater
in the after period. The quantity of sulphur excreted in the urine
is markedly greater in the preservative period. The balance in the
fore period is positive and its magnitude is 0.239 gram. The balance
of the preservative period is negative when the sulphur of the food
only is taken into consideration. When the sulphur preservative is
considered, the balance is positive. At the same time, it is much
less positive than in the fore period, and this fact indicates a tend-
ency of the preservative to increase the excretion of sulphur. Since
the amount of sulphur eliminated in the feces in the preservative
period was the same as in the fore period, this increase is entirely due
to the sulphur eliminated -in the urine. The effect of the preservative
in this respect bears out the data as obtained for No. 8 and shows a
marked influence on the metabolism of sulphur. The balance is
positive in the after period, its magnitude being 0.022 gram.

The quantity of sulphur administered to No. 10 is almost the same
in the fore and after periods, but slightly less in the preservative
period. The quantity excreted in the feces is slightly greater in the
preservative and after periods, while the amount excreted in the
urine is less than in any of the previous instances; in fact, the excess
over the other periods is not very well marked. The balances are all
positive and of the following magnitudes for the three periods
respectively: 0.212 gram, 0.086 gram, and 0.135 gram.

The quantity of sulphur administered in the food in the case of
No. 1 1 is practically the same in all the periods. The elimination of
sulphur in the feces is almost the same in the fore and preservative
periods and slightly less in the after period. There is a slight increase
in the amount of sulphur eliminated in the urine in the preservative
period, which, when only the sulphur in the food is taken into con-
sideration, is not sufficient to produce a negative balance. This fact,
as in the preceding case, is peculiar, inasmuch as in the case of all
the other subjects negative balances .were obtained, as would be ex-
pected. It is possible that a part of the sulphurous acid gas adminis-
tered escaped before entering the digestive processes and becoming
oxidized. The positive balances in this case amount to 0.219 gram in
the fore period, 0.108 gram and 0.279 gram in the preservative period,
and 0.248 gram for the after period.

The quantity of sulphur in the food of No. 12 is practically the
same in the fore and preservative periods and slightly less in the after
period. The elimination in the feces is less in the preservative
period and markedly less in the after period than in the fore period.
The increase of the sulphur in the urine in the preservative period is
sufficient to produce a negative balance of 0.04 when only the food
sulphur is considered. Balance II is positive and amounts to 0.072
gram. The balance is positive in the after period and of a magni-
tude of 0.083 gram.

SULPHUROUS ACID AND SULPHITES. 989

SUMMARIES.

In the summary for Nos. 1 to 6, inclusive, the quantity of sulphur
ingested in the food is seen to be slightly greater in the fore period
than in the preservative and after periods. The amount of sulphur
excreted in the feces is slightly greater (0.007 gram) in the preserva-
tive period than in the fore period and less (0.02 gram) in the after
period than in the fore period. From this it would appear that a
very small part of the preservative sulphur was excreted in the
feces, or, there was a less complete absorption from the alimentary
canal during the preservative period. a The data in the phosphoric
acid and nitrogen balances, in which there was a similar increase in
elimination of these elements in the feces during the preservative
period, seem to justify the latter conclusion.

There is an average increase of 0.270 gram sulphur in the urine
during the preservative period, the quantity in the after period being
practically the same as in the fore period. This corresponds to a
percentage increase of 24.11, considering the first balance, that is the
sulphur in the food only, but even when the sulphur in the preservative
is considered (balance II) there is seen to be an increase of 6.75 per cent
over the amount excreted in the fore period. There is thus shown in
this general summary an increased excretion of sulphur during the
preservative period over that ingested as preservative. This is also
shown in the balances, there being a positive balance in the fore period
amounting to + 0.080 gram, while balance II, taking the sulphur of the
sodium sulphite into consideration, is positive, but amounts only to
0.008 gram. The first balance in the preservative period naturally is
negative, amounting to 0.234 gram, which is only 0.008 gram less than
the average quantity of preservative sulphur ingested. The balance
in the after period is positive, amounting to 0.057 gram.

From these data, considered in connection with those for nitrogen
and phosphoric acid, it can be safely concluded that under the influ-
ence of the preservative there is a decrease in the assimilation of these
constituents and that the sulphur balance shows a decided increase
in katabolic activities, two conditions diametrically opposed to normal
metabolism. Considering, however, the special studies made of sul-
phur and sulphates in the urine (p. 839) , it is seen that the increase in
sulphur eliminated, over the amount ingested in the preservative
period, is due to neutral siliphur, and there is some doubt whether
sulphur in this form is due to katabolism.

In the summary for Nos. 8 to 11, inclusive, the men who received
sulphurous acid gas, there is a fair agreement shown in the amount of
sulphur ingested in the food during the three periods, though there is
a slight deficiency in the preservative period. The quantity of

°See also discussion on p. 847, Table X.

940 INFLUENCE OF FOOD PRESERVATIVES ON HEALTH.

sulphur excreted in the feces is slightly greater in the preservative
period than in the fore period and there is still another slight increase
in the after period. Expressed in percentage amounts, considering
the first balance, this increase is 0.8 and 0.68 per cent, respectively,
for the preservative and after periods.

The average amount of sulphur excreted in the urine during the
preservative period is greater by 0.164 gram than during the fore
period, and in the after period there is an increase over the fore
period of 0.081 gram. There is a percentage increase during the
preservative period, considering balance I, of 15.27 per cent and for
balance II, including the preservative sulphur, of 4.43. For the
after period there is 6.22 per cent more sulphur excreted than in the
fore period. It should be borne in mind, too, that the sulphur in the
food is slightly less in the preservative period and practically the
same in the fore and after periods.

The balance in the fore period is positive and amounts to 0.190
gram. During the preservative period the first balance (food sul-
phur only) is only slightly negative, amounting to 0.015 gram, while
the second balance is positive, amounting to 0.157 gram. In the
after period the balance is +0.102.

The reduction in the positive balance for these subjects during
the preservative period corresponds almost exactly to the reduction
in the amount of sulphur ingested in the food. In the first balance,
the sulphur eliminated in excess of that from the ingested food — that
is, the sulphur in the preservative — is of sufficient amount to cause
a negative balance of 0.015 gram, which if added to the first balance
gives 0.172 gram, exactly the average daily amount ingested as pre-
servative, the urine alone showing an actual increase of 0.164 gram.
If we assume all of the sulphur here excreted to come from the admin-
istered preservative, a very rapid elimination of the sulphurous acid
by the kidneys is shown, but in the after period there is again an
increase over the fore period in the sulphur eliminated, both in
the feces and urine, which of course represents some of the sulphur of
the preservative that has been carried into the after period. Con-
sidered from this point of view there is still evidence of an increased
excretion of sulphur over that administered as preservative, and
there is also a slight decrease in the absorption of sulphur.

In comparing these two summaries it should be remembered that
the fourth preservative subperiod for Nos. 1 to 6 is lacking and there
is a lapse of five days before the after period began for three of these
subjects. There is also a difference in the quantity of SO2 adminis-
tered as sulphites and as sulphurous acid gas, which must be taken
into consideration. For Nos. 1 to 6 the average daily amount
expressed as sulphur is 0.242 gram, while for Nos. 8 to 11 it is 0.172
gram. There is thus a constant difference of 70 milligrams of sul-
phur ingested per day.

SULPHUROUS ACID AND SULPHITES.

941

During the preservative period for Nos. 1 to 6 the negative bal-
ance is 0.234 gram, while for Nos. 8 to 11 it is 0.015. There is, how-
ever, a much greater positive balance in the fore period in the case of
Nos. 8 to 11 than for Nos. 1 to 6. Also, the difference in the quantity
of preservative sulphur ingested as well as the diminished increase
in the amount of sulphur eliminated during the preservative period,
above that ingested in the .preservative, has caused this difference
in the magnitude of the negative balances.

Considering the percentage elimination of sulphur in the preserv-
ative period, the total increase — that is, in the feces and urine — over
the fore period, is 25.03 per cent for Nos. 1 to 6, while Nos. 8 to 11
show 16.07 per cent. The increase in the after period is 1.61 per
cent for Nos. 1 to 6, making a total increase of 26.64 per cent, while
for Nos. 8 to 11 this increase in the after period is 6.90 per cent, giv-
ing a total increase for these subjects of 22.97 per cent. It will be
remembered that Nos. 9 and 10 of this summary show a. relatively
small increase of sulphur eliminated during the preservative period,
which probably accounts for part of this difference of 3.67 per cent
increased elimination of Nos. 1 to 6 over Nos. 8 to 11. There is a
possibility that some of the sulphurous acid gas may have escaped
soon after its ingestion, but from the general similarity and agree-
ment of the two summaries, bearing in mind the variations and con-
ditions already noted, there is seen a marked influence on the metabo-
lism of sulphur, namely, a decrease in its assimilation and an increased
excretion over the quantity ingested in the preservative. This is
more marked in the case of the men receiving sodium sulphite.

942

INFLUENCE OF FOOD PRESEKVATIVES ON HEALTH.

TABLE X VII .— Sulphur balances for Series VII.

[Averages are per day.]

No. 1.

i

Period.

In
food.

3

In
feces.

3

In
urine.

4

In
feces
and
urine

(2+3).

5

In
feces
(2-s-l).

6

In
urine
(3-s-l).

7

In
feces
and
urine
(4-J-l).

8

Balance
(1-4).

9

Sodium
sul-
phite
admin-
istered
(S0«).o

Fore period.

First subperiod:
Total

Grams.
6.749

Grams.
0.873

Grams.
5.645

Grams.
6.518

Per ct.
12.94

Per ct.
83.64

Per ct.
96.58

Grams.
+0. 231

Grams.
0.0

Average

1.350

.175

1.129

1.304

+ .046

0

Second subperiod:
Total

6.285

.479

5.681

6.160

7.62

90.39

98.01

+ .125

.0

Average.

1.257

.096

1.136

1.232

+ .025

.0

Entire fore period:
Total

13. 034

1.352

11. 326

12. 678

10.37

'86.90

97.27

+ .356

.0

1 303

135

1 133

1 268

+ 035

o

Preservative period.

First subperiod:
Total

6.- 040

.722

6.054

6.776

11.95

100.23

112. 19

- .736

1.115

Average

1.208

.144

1.211

1.355

- .147

.223

Second subperiod:
Total

6.246

.754

6.487

7.241

12.07

103. 86

115. 93

- .995

2.540

Average

1.249

.151

1.297

1.448

- .199

.508

Third subperiod:
Total

Average

6.223
1.245

.386
.077

7.909
1.582

8.295
1.659

6.20

127. 09

133. 30

-2.072
- .414

3.810
762

Fourth subperiod:
Total

5.938

.433

8.217

8.650

7.29

138. 38

145. 67

-2.712

3.810

Average

1.188

.087

1.643

1.730

- .542

.762

Entire preservative period:
Total food sulphur, I . .
Average

24. 447
1. 222

2.295
.115

28. 667
1.433

30.962
1.548

9.39

117. 26

126.65

-6.515
- .326

11. 275
.564

Sulphur as sodium sul-
phite:
Total

5.643

Average

282

Total, including S as
Na2SO3 II

30 090

7.63

95.27

102.90

- .872

1 504

- .044

After period.

First subperiod:
Total

6.688

.412

6.113

6. 525

6.16

91.40

97.56

+ .163

.0'

Average

1.338

082

1 223

1.305

+ .033

.0

Second subperiod:
Total

6.391

.370

5.581

5.951

5.79

87.33

93.12

+ .440

.0

Average

1 278

.074

1.116

1.190

+ .088

.0

Entire after period:
Total

13. 079

.782

11. 694

12. 476

5.98

89.41

95.39

+ .603

.0

• Average

1 308

078

1 169

1.247

+ .061

.0

One-half the value of these figures rep resents the preservative administered as sulphur.

SULPHUROUS ACID AND SULPHITES.

943

TABLE XVII. — Sulphur balances for Series VII— Continued.

[Averages are per day.]

UNTO. 2.

Period.

1

In
food.

fc

In
feces.

3

In
urine.

4

In
feces
and
urine
(2+3).

5

In
feces
(2-1).

6

In
urine
(3-1).

7

In
feces
and
urine

(4H-1).

8

Balance

(1-4).

9

Sodium
sul-
phite
admin-
istered
(S02).

Fore period.

First subperiod:
Total

Grams.
6.865

Grams.
0.629

Grams.
6.055

Grams.
6.684

Per ct.
9.16

Per ct.

88.20

Per ct.
97.36

Grams.
+0. 181

Grams.
0.0

Average

1.373

.126

1 211

1 337

+ .036

.0

Second subperiod:
Total

6.880

1.061

5.850

6 911

15 42

85 03

100.45

— .031

.0

Average

1 376

212

1 170

1 382

006

o

Entire fore period:
Total

13. 745

1.690

11.905

13. 595

12.30

86.61

98. 91

+ .150

.0

Average

1.374

.169

1 191

1 360

+ 014

.0

Preservative period.

First subperiod:
Total

7.070

.816

5 893

6 709

11 54

83 35

94 89

+ 361

1 115

Average

1.414

.163

1.179

1.342

+ .072

.223

Second subperiod:
Total

7 003

1 066

7 025

8 091

15 22

100 31

115 53

1 088

2 540

Average

1.401

.213

1.405

1 618

- .217

.508

Third subperiod:
Total

6.923

.806

8.483

9.289

11 64

122. 53

134 18

-2.366

3.810

Average

1.385

.161

1 697

1 858

— 473

762

Fourth subperiod:
Total

(3 810)

Average

(. 762)

First, second, and third
subperiods:
Total food sulphur, I ...

20,996

2.688

21.401

24. 089

12.80

101. 93

114.73

-3.093

Average

1.400

.179

1.427

1.606

— .206

Sulphur as sodium sulphite:
Total

3.736

Average

.249

Total, including S as
Na2SO3, II

24 732

10 87

86 53

97 40

+ 643

(11 275)

Average

1.649

+ .043

(. 564)

After period.

First subperiod:
Total

7.260

.836

6 093

6 929

11 52

83 93

95 44

+ 331

0

Average

1 452

167

1 219

1 386

4- 066

o

Second subperiod:
Total..

6 989

744

5 681

6 425

10 64

81 28

91 93

+ 564

o

Average

1.400

.149

1.136

1.285

+ .115

.0

Entire after period:
Total

14. 249

1.580

11. 774

13 354

11 09

82 63

93 72

+ .895

.0

Average .

1 425

158

1 177

1 335

+ 090

o

944

INFLUENCE OF FOOD PRESERVATIVES ON HEALTH.

TABLE XVII. — Sulphur balances for Series FIT— Continued.

[Averages are per day.]

]STo. 3.

Period.

1

In
food.

2

In
feces.

3

In
urine.

4

In
feces
and
urine
(2+3).

5

In
feces
(2-1).

6

In
urine
(3+1).

7

In
feces
and
urine

(4H-1).

8

Balance
(1-4).

9

Sodium
sul-
phite
admin-
istered
(S02).

Fore period.

First subperiod:
Total

Grams.
6.448

Grams.
0 387

Grams.
5.220

Grams.
5 607

Per ct.
6 00

Per ct.

80 96

Per ct.

86 96

Grams.
+ 0 841

Grams.
0 0

Average

1 290

77

1 044

1 121

+ 169

o

Second subperiod:
Total

6.654

691

5.716

6 407

10 38

85 90

96 29

+ 247

o

Average . . .

1.331

138

1 143

1 281

+ 050

o

Entire fore period:
Total

13. 102

1 078

10. 936

12 014

8 23

83 47

91 70

+ 1 088

o

Average..

1 310

108

1 094

1 201

+ 109

o

Preservative period.

First subperiod:
Total

6 491

815

6 129

6 944

12 56

94 42

106 98

453

1 115

Average...

1.298

.163

1.226

1 389

- 091

223

Second subperiod:
Total

6 666

594

7 064

7 (558

8 91

105 97

114 88

992

2 540

Average ...

1.333

.119

1.413

1.532

- .199

.508

Third subperiod:
Total

6.639

.852

7.995

8.847

12.83

120. 42

133.26

-2.208

3.810

Average

1 328

170

1 599

1 769

441

762

Fourth subperiod:
Total

( 381)

Average

( 076)

First, second and third sub-
periods:
Total food sulphur, I.

19. 796

2.261

21.188

23. 449

11.42

107. 03

118. 45

—3.653

Average . .

1 320

151

1 413

1.563

- .243

Sulphur as sodium sulphite:
Total

3.736

Average

249

Total, including S as
Na2SO3. II.

23. 532

9.61

90.04

99.65

+ .083

(7. 846)

Average

1 569

+ .006

o(.392)

After period.

First subperiod:
Total

6 969

489

5 679

6 168

7 02

81 49

88.51

+ .801

.0

' Average . . .

1.394

.098

1.136

1.234

+ .160

.0

Second subperiod:
Total

6 906

496

5 556

6 052

7 18

80.45

87.63

+ .854

.0

Average

1.381

.099

1.111

1.210

-f- .171

.0

Entire after period :
Total

13. 875

.985

11. 235

12. 220

7.10

80.97

88.07

+ 1.655

.0

Average

1 388

098

1 124

1 222

+ .166

.0

a Average for 1 day in a period of 20 days.

SULPHUROUS ACID AND SULPHITES.

945

TABLE XVII. — Sulphur balances for Series F7I— Continued.

[ Averages are per day. ]

No. 4.

Period.

1

In
food.

2

In
feces.

3

In
urine.

4

In
feces
and
urine

(2+3).

5

In
feces
(2+1)

6

In
urine
(3-1).

7

In
feces
and
urine
(4+1).

8

Balance

(1-4).

9

Sodium
sul-
phite
admin-
istered
(SOi).

Fore period.

First subperiod:
Total

Grams.
6 115

Grams.
0 572

Grams.
5 619

Grams.
6 191

Per ct.
9 35

Per ct.
91 89

Per ct.
101 24

Grams.
0 076

Grams.
0 0

Average

1.223

.114

1.124

1.238

- .015

o

Second subperiod:
Total

6 020

1 013

5 728

6 741

16 83

95 15

111 98

721

o

Average

1.204

.203

1 146

1 348

- 144

o

Entire fore period:
Total

12 135

1.585

11 347

12 932

13 06

93 51

106 57

— 797

o

Average

1 214

158

1 135

1 293

079

o

Preservative period,

First subperiod:
Total

6 114

\

716

6 053

6 769

11 71

99 00

110 71

655

1 115

Average ...

1.223

.143

1.211

1 354

— .131

223

Second subperiod:
Total

6.126

.971

6.684

7 655

15.85

109.11

124. 96

-1 529

2 540

Average .

1.225

.194

1 337

1 531

306

508

Third subperiod:
Total

6.068

.665

7 709

8 374

10 96

127 04

138 00

-2 306

3 810

Average

1 214

133

1 542

1 675

461

769

Fourth subperiod:
Total

5.822

834

8 074

8 908

14 32

138 68

153 01

3 086

5 100

Average

1 164

167

1 615

1 782

618

1 020

Entire preservative period:
Total food sulphur, I
Average

24. 130
1 206

3.186
159

28. 520
1 426

31. 706
1 585

13.20

118. 19

131.40

-7.576
- 379

12.565
628

Sulphur as sodium sulphite:
Total

6.289

Average

315

Total, including S as
Na2SO3, 11

30. 419

10.47

93.76

104. 23

-1.287

Average . . .

1 521

- 064

After period.

First subperiod:
Total

6 363

.675

5 969

6 644

10 61

93 81

104 42

— 281

.0

Average

1 273

135

1 194

1 329

056

o

Second subperiod:
Total.. .

6 195

836

5 682

6 518

13 49

91 72

105 21

— 323

.0

Average

1 239

167

1 136

1 304

065

o

Entire after period :
Total

12.558

1.511

11 651

13 162

12 03

92 78

104 81

- 604

.0

Average

1.256

,151

1.165

1. 316

- .060

.0

946

INFLUENCE OF FOOD PRESERVATIVES ON HEALTH.

TABLE XVII. — Sulphur balances for Series VII— Continued.

[Averages are per day.]

IN-o. 5.

Period.

1

In
food.

2

In

feces.

3

In
urine.

4

In

feces
and
urine
(2+3).

5

In
feces
(.2 ---I).

6

In
urine
(3-1).

7

In
feces
and
urine
v4-s-l).

8

Balance
(1-4).

9

Sodium
sul-
phite
admin-
istered
(S02).

Fore period.

Second subperiod:
Total

Grams.
5. 893

Grams.
0.523

Grams.
4.467

Grams.
4 990

Perct.

8 87

Per ct.
75 80

Per ct.

84 68

Grams.
+0 903

Grams.
0 0

Average

1 179

105

893

998

+ 181

0.

Preservative -period.

First subperiod:
Total

5.714

.644

5.690

6 334

11 27

99 58

110 85

— .620

1 115

Average

1 143

129

1 138

1 267

— 124

223

Second subperiod :
Total

5.825

.660

6.171

6 831

11*33

105. 94

117 27

— 1 006

2 540

Average

1.165

.132

1 234

1 366

— 201

508

Third subperiod:
Total

-4.756

.551

5.804

6.355

11.59

122. 04

133. 62

— 1.599

2 540

Average

.951

110

1 161

1 271

— 320

508

Fourth subperiod:
Total

2.676

.531

3.488

4.019

19.84

130. 34

150.19

—1. 343

0

Average

.535

.106

.698

.804

- . 269

.0

Entire preservative period:
Total food sulphur, I ...
Average

18.971
.949

2.386
.119

21.153
1.058

23. 539

1.177

12.58

111.50

124.08

-4.568
- .228

6.195
.310

Sulphur as sodium sulphite:
Total

3 101

Average

.155

Total, including S as
Na2SO3 H

22 072

10 81"

95 84

106 65

—1. 467

Average ...

1. 104

— .073

After period.

First subperiod:
Total

3.803

.518

3.317

3.835

13.62

87.22

100.84

- .032

.0

Average
Second subperiod:
Total

.761
3.952

.104

.453

.663
3.384

.767
3.837

11,46

85. 63

97.09

- .006
+ .115

.0
.0

Average

.790

.091

.677

.768

+ ,023

.0

Entire after period:
Total

7.755

.971

6. 701

' 7.672

12.52

86.41

98.93

+ .083

.0

776

097

670

767

+ 009

.0

.

SULPHUROUS ACID AND SULPHITES.

947

TABLE XVII. — Sulphur balances for Series VII— Continued.

[Averages are per day.]

No. 6.

Period.

1

In
food.

2

In
feces.

3

In
urine.

4

In
feces
and
urine

(2+3).

5

In
feces
(2-i-l).

6

In
urine

(3H-1).

7

In
feces
and
urine
(4^1).

8

Balance
(1-4).

9

Sodium
sul-
phite
admin-
istered
(SO,).

Fore period.

First subperiod:
Total

Grams.
6 301

Grams.
0.753

Grams.
•4. 012

Grams.
4 765

Per ct.
11 95

Per ct.

63 67

Per ct.
75 62

Grams.
+ 1 536

Grams.
0 0

Average

1.260

.151

.802

.953

+ .307

0

Second subperiod:
Total

6.268

.916

4.190

5.106

14.61

66.85

81.46

+ 1.162

.0

Average

1.254

.183

.838

1 021

+ 233

o

Entire fore period:
Total

12 569

1.669

8 202

9 871

13 28

65 26

78 53

+2 698

o

Average

1.257

.167

.820

987

+ 270

o

Preservative period.

First subperiod:
Total

6 061

.767

5.040

5 807

12 65

83 15

95 81

+ 254

1 115

Average

1.212

.153

1.008

1.161

+ .051

.223

Second subperiod:
Total

6.105

1.088

6.276

7.364

17.82

102.80

120.62

—1.259

2.540

Average ...

1.021

.218

1.255

1 473

— 452

508

Third subperiod:
Total

5.976

.722

7.044

7.766

12 08

117 87

129 95

—1 790

3.810

Average

1 195

.144

1 409

1 553

— 368

762

Fourth subperiod:
Total

5 756

815

4 843

5 658

14. 16

84. 14

98 29

+ 098

o

Average

1. 151

.163

.969

1.132

+ .019

.0

Entire preservative period:
Total food sulphur, I ...
Average

23. 898
1. 195

3.392
.170

23. 203
1.160

26. 595
1 330

14.19

97.09

111. 28

-2. 697
— .135

7.465
.373

Sulphur as sodium sulphite:

3.736

Average

.187

Total, including S as
Na2SO3. II

27 634

12 27

83 97

96 24

+ 1 039

Average

1.382

+ .052

After period.

First subperiod:
Total

6 447

817

5 098

5 915

12 67

79 08

91 75

+ 532

o

Average

1 289

163

1 020

1 183

+ 106

0

Second subperiod:
Total.

6.137

.802

5 071

5 873

13 07

82 63

95 70

+ ,264

.0

Average

1 225

160

1 014

1 175

+ 050

o

Entire after period:
Total

12 584

1.619

10. 169

11 788

12.86

80 81

93 67

+ . 796

.0

Average .

1 258

. 162

1.017

1 179

+ .079

.0

11240— Bull. 84, pt 3—07 13

948

INFLUENCE OF FOOD PRESERVATIVES ON HEALTH.

TABLE XVII.— Sulphur balances for Series VII— Continued.
[Averages are per day.]

Period.

1

In
food.

2

In
feces.

3

In
urine.

In

feces
and
urine
(2+3).

5

In
feces
(2-i-l).

6

In
urine
(3-1-1).

7

In
feces
and .
urine
(4-s-l).

8

Balance

(1-4),

9

Sul-
phur-
ous
acid
admin-
istered
(SOi).

Fore period.

First subperiod:
Total

Grams.
6.014

Grams.
0.513

Grams.
3.663

Grams.
4.176

Per ct.
8.53

Per ct.
60.91

Per ct.
69.44

Grams.
+1.838

Grams.
0.0

Average

1.203

.103

.733

.835

+ .368

.0

Second subperiod:
Total

5.242

684

3 884

4 568

13 05

74 09

87 14

+ 674

o

Average

1.048

.137

.777

.914

+ .134

.0

Entire fore period:
Total

11.256

1.197

7.547

8.744

10.60

67.05

77.68

+2.512

.0

1 126

120

755

874

+ 252

o

Preservative period.

First subperiod:
Total

5.223

.836

4 454

5.290

16.01

85.28

101.28

— .067

.856

Average

1.045

.167

891

1.058

— .013

171

Second subperiod:
Total

4.880

.479

3.984

4.463

9.82

81.64

91.45

+ .417

1.600

Average

.976

.096

797

.893

+ .083

.320

Third subperiod:
Total

4.612

.304

4.869

5.173

6.59

105.57

112.16

— .561

1.800

Average

.922

.061

.974

1.035

— .113

.360

First, second, and third sub-
periods:
Total food sulphur, I

14.715

1.619

13 307

14.926

11.00

90.43

101 . 43

- .211

Average

981

108

887

995

.014

Sulphur as sulphurous acid:
Total

2.130

Average

142

Total, including S as
SO2 II

16 845

9.61

79.00

88.61

+1.919

4.256

1 123

+ .128

.213

•

SULPHUROUS ACID AND SULPHITES.

949

TABLE XVII.— Sulphur balances for Series VII— Continued.

[Averages are per day.]

Period.

1

In

food.

2

In
feces.

3

In
urine.

4

In
feces
and
urine
(2+3).

5

In
feces
(2+1).

6

In
urine
(3+1).

7

In
feces
and
urine
(4-1).

8

Balance
(1-4).

9

Sul-
phur-
ous
acid
admin-
istered
(SO,).

Fore period.

First subperiod:
Total

Grams.
5 778

Grams.
0 762

Grams.
4 208

Grams.
4.970

Per ct.
13 19

Per ct.
72.83

Per ct.
86.02

Grams.
+0.808

Grams.
0.0

1 156

152"

842

994

+ .162

.0

Second subperiod:
Total

5.509

.945

4.483

5.428

17.15

81.38

98.53

+ .081

.0

Average

1.102

.189

.897

1.086

+ .016

.0

Entire fore period:
Total

11 287

1.707

8 691

10.398

15 12

77.00

92.12

+ .889

.0

1 129

171

1 040

+ .089

.0

Preservative period.

First subperiod:
Total

Average

5.635
1.127

.647
.129

5.006
1 001

5.653
1.131

11.48

88.84

100.32

- .018
— .004

.856
.171

Second subperiod:
Total

5.623

.643

5.513

6.156

11.44

98.04

109.48

- .533

2.000

Average

1.125

.129

1 103

1.232

— .107

.400

Third subperiod:
Total

5.539

1.133

5 314

6 447

20 45

95 94

116 39

— .908

2.000

Average

1.108

.227

1.063

1.289

— .181

.400

Fourth subperiod:
Total

5 321

1 100

5 298

6 398

20 67

99 57

120 24

—1 077

2 000

Average

1.064

.220

1.060

1.280

— .216

.400

Entire preservative period:
Total food sulphur, I . . .
Average

22.118
1.106

3.523
176

21.131
1 057

24.654
1 233

15.93

95.54

111.47

-2.536
— 127

6.856
343

Sulphur as sulphurous acid:
Total . ...

3.431

Average

.172

Total, including S as
SO2, II

! 25.549

13 79

82 71

96 50

+ .895

Average

1.278

+ 045

After period.

First subperiod:
Total...

' 5.918

.830

4 851

5 681

14 03

81 97

96 00

+ 237

o

Average

1 184

167

970

1 136

+ 048

o

.u

Second subperiod :
Total

5.656

.792

5 070

5 862

14 00

89 64

103 64

206

o

Average

1.131

.158

1.014

1.172

— 041

o

Entire after period:
Total

11 574

1 622

9 921

11 543

14 01

85 72

99 73

+ 031

O

Average

1.157

.162

992

1 154

+ 003

o

950

INFLUENCE OF FOOD PRESERVATIVES ON HEALTH.

TABLE XVII. — Sulphur balances for Series VII— Continued.

[Averages are per day.]

N"o. 9.

Period.

1

In
food.

2

In
feces.

3

In
urine.

4

In
feces
and
urine

(2+3).

5

In
feces
(2-s-l).

6

In
urine
(3-i-l).

7

In
feces
and
urine
(4-5-1).

8

Balance
(1-4).

9

Sul-
phur-
ous
acid
admin-
istered
(S02).

Fore period.

First subperiod:
Total

Grams.
6.181

Grams.
0 508

Grams.
4.071

Grams.
4 579

Perct.
8 22

Per ct.
65 86

Per ct.
74 08

Grams.

+1 602

Grams.
0.0

Average

1.236

.102

1814

.916

+ .320

.0

Second -period:
Total

5.917

.588

4.542

5.130

9 94

76.76

86.70

+ .787

.0

Average

1.183

.118

.908

1.026

+ .157

.0

Entire fore period:
Total

12 098

1 096

8 613

9 709

9 06

71 19

80 25

+2 389

.0

Average

1.210

.110

.861

.971

+ .239

.0

Preservative period.

First subperiod:
Total

5 753

.668

5 437

—

6 105

11.61

94.51

106. 12

- .352

.856

• Average

1.151

.134

1.087

1.221

- .070

.171

Second subperiod:
Total

5.844

.586

6.085

6 671

10 03

104. 12

114. 15

- .827

2.000

Average

1 169

117

1 217

1 334

- 165

.400

Third subperiod:
Total

5.836

.550

5.523

6 073

9.42

94.64

104. 06

- .237

2.000

Average

1 167

110

1 105

1 215

- .048

.400

Fourth subperiod:
Total

5.784

.405

6.496

6 901

7.00

112.31

119. 31

-1.117

2.000

Average

1 157

081

1 299

1 380

- .223

.400

Entire preservative period:
Total food sulphur, I....
Average

23.217
1.161

2.209
.110

23. 541
1.177

25. 750

1.288

9.51

101.40

110.91

-2.533
- .127

6.856
.343

Sulphur as sulphurous acid:
Total

3 431

Average

172

Total, including S as
SOzJI

26 648

8 29

88 34

96.63

4- .898

Average

1 332

+ 045

After period.

First subperiod:
Total

6 130

.858

5 034

5 892

14.00

82.12

96.12

+ .238

.0

Average

1 226

172

1 007

1 178

-t- .048

.0

Second subperiod:
Total

5.946

.698

5.265

5.963

11.74

88.55

100.29

- .017

.0

Average

1 189

140

1 053

1 193

- .004

.0

Entire after period:
Total

12 076

1 556

10 299

11 855

12.89

85. 28

98.17

+ .221

.0

Average

1.208

.156

1.030

1.186

+ .022

.0

SULPHUROUS ACID AND SULPHITES.

951

TABLE XVII. — Sulphur balances for Series VII— Continued.

[Averages are per day.]

USTo. 1O.

Period.

1

In
food.

fc

In
feces.

3

In
urine.

4

In
feces
and
urine

(2+3).

5

In
feces

(2-1).

6

In
urine

(3-4-1).

7

In
feces
and
urine
(4-1).

8

Balance
d-4).

9

Sul-
phur-
ous
acid
admin-
istered
(S02).

Fore period.

First subperiod:
Total

Grams.
6 512

Grams.
0 601

Grams.
4 545

Grams.
5 146

Per ct.
9 23

Per ct.
69 79

Per ct.
79 02

Grams.
+ 1 366

Grams.
0 0

Average

1.302

.120

.909

1.029

-f .273

0

Second subperiod:
Total

6.197

.480

4.962

5.442

7.75

80.07

87.82

+ .755

.0

Average

1.239

.096

992

1.088

+ 151

o

Entire fore period:
Total

12 709

1 081

9 507

10 588

8 51

74.81

83 31

+2 121

o

Average

1.271

.108

.951

1.059

+ 212

o

Preservative period.

First subperiod:
Total

6.063

.772

5.076

5 848

12 73

83 72

96 45

+ 215

856

Average

1.213

.154

1.015

1.170

+ .043

.171

Second subperiod:
Total

6 246

689

4 342

5 031

11 03

69 52

80 55

+1 215

2 000

1.249

.138

.868

1.006

+ .243

400

Third subperiod:
Total

6.228

.392

5.364

5 756

6.29

86 13

92.42

+ .472

2 000

Average

1.246

.078

1 073

1 151

+ 094

400

Fourth subperiod:
Total

6 038

.706

5 528

6 234

11.69

91 55

103 25

— 196

2 000

Average

1 208

141

1 106

1 247

039

400

Entire preservative period:
Total,! ..„

24. 575

2.559

20. 310

22. 869

10.41

82 64

93.06

+1.706

6 856

Average

1.229

.128

1 016

1 143

+ .086

343

Sulphur as sulphurous acid:
Total

3.431

Average

172

Total, including S as
SO2,II

28.006

9.14

72.52

81.66

+5 137

Average .

1.400

+ 257

After period.

First subperiod:
Total

6 571

751

5 167

5 918

11 43

78 63

90 06

+ 653

.0

Average

1-314

.150

1.033

1.184

+ .130

.0

Second subperiod:
Total

5.946

.632

4.621

5. 253

10.63

77.72

88.35

+ .693

.0

Average

1.189

.126

.924

1.051

+ .138

.0

Entire after period:
Total

12 517

1 383

9 788

11 171

11 05

78.20

89 25

+ 1 346

o

Average

1.252

.138

.979

1 117

+ .135

.0

952

INFLUENCE OP POOD PRESERVATIVES ON HEALTH.

TABLE XVII.— Sulphur balances for Series VII— Continued.

[Averages are per day.]

No. 11.

Period.

1

In
food.

2

In
feces.

3

In
urine.

4

In
feces
and
urine
(2+3).

5

In
feces
(2-^-1).

6

In
urine
(3-Hl).

7

In
feces
and
urine
(4-1).

8

Balance
(1-4).

9

Sul-
phur-
ous
acid
admin-
istered
(S02).

Fore period.

First subperiod:
Total

Grams.
7.548

Grams.
0.874

Grams.
5.618

Grams.
6.492

Per ct.
11.58

Per ct.
74.43

Per ct.
86.01

Grams.

+ 1.056

Grams.
0.0

Average

1.510

.175

1.124

1.298

+ .212

.0

Second subperiod:
Total

7.464
1 493

.887
177

5. 436
1.087

6.323
1.265

11.88

72.83

84.71

+ 1.141

+ .228

.0
.0

Entire fore period:
Total

15. 012

1,761

11.054

12.815

11.73

73.63

85.37

+2. 197

.0

1 501

176

1.105

1.282

+ .219

.0

Preservative period.

First subperiod:
Total

7.304

.969

6.067

7.036

13.27

83.06

96.33

+ .268

.856

Average

1.461

.194

1.213

1.407

+ .054

.171

Second subperiod:
Total

7.580

.732

5.525

6.257

9.66

72.89

82.55

+ 1.323

2.000

Average

1.516

.146

1.105

1.251

+ .265

.400

Third subperiod:
Total

7.463

.888

5.998

6.886

11.90

80.37

92.27

+ .577

2.000

1 493

178

1.200

1 377

+ . 116

.400

Fourth subperiod:
Total

7.215

.911

6.316

7.227

12.63

87.54

100. 17

- .012

2.000

1 443

182

1.263

1.445

- .002

.400

Entire preservative period:
Total food sulphur, I. . .

29.562
1 478

3.500
175

23.906
1.195

27.406
1 370

11.84

80.87

92 71

+ 2.156
+ . 108

6.856
.343

Sulphur as sulphurous acid:
Total

3 431

172

Total, including S as
SO2 II

32 993

10.61

72.46

83 07

+5.587

Average

1.650

+ .279

After period.

First subperiod:
Total

7 647

.771

5.468

6.239

10 08

71 51'

81.59

+ 1 408

.0

Average

1 529

.154

1.094

1.248

+ .281

.0

Second subperiod:
Total

7.388

.674

5.644

6,318

9 12

76 39

85 52

+ 1 070

.0

1 478

135

1 129

1 264

+ .214

.0

Entire after period:
Total

15.035

1.445

11.112

12. 557

9 61

73.91

83.52

+2 478

.0

Average

1.504

.144

1.111

1 256

+ .248

,0

SULPHUROUS ACID AND SULPHITES.

953

TABLE XVII. — Sulphur balances for Series VII— Continued.
[Averages are per day.]

Period.

1

In
food.

2

In
feces.

3

In
urine.

4

In
feces
and
urine
(24-3).

5

In
feces
(2-1).

6

In
urine
(3-M).

7

In
feces
and
urine

(4-5-1).

8

Balance
(1-4).

9

Sul-
phur-
ous
acid
admin-
istered
(SO.).

Fore period.

First subperiod:
Total

Grams
6 545

Grams
0 759

Grams
5 194

Grams
5 953

Perct
11 60

Per ct.
79 36

Per ct.
90 95

Grams.
+0 592

Grams.
0 0

Average

1.309

.152

1.039

1.191

4- 118

o

Second subperiod:
Total

6.432

.602

5.211

5.813

9 38

81 02

90 38

4- 619

0

Average

1.286

.120

1.042

1.163

+ 123

o

Entire fore period:
Total

12 977

1 361

10 405

11 766

10 49

80 18

90 67

4-1 211

o

Average

1.298

.136

1.041

1.177

4- 121

o

Preservative period.

First subperiod:
Total

6.449

.740

5.781

6 521

11 47

89 64

101 12

072

856

Average

1.290

.148

1.156

1.304

— 014

171

Second subperiod:
Total

6.599

.552

6 644

7 196

8 36

100 68

109 05

597

2 000

Average

1.320

.110

1.329

1.439

119

400

Third subperiod:
Total '.

6 529

.701

6 450

7 151

10 74

98 79

109 53

622

1 600

Average

1.306

.140

1.290

1.430

124

320

Fourth subperiod:
Total

6 445

525

5 423

5 948

8 15

84 14

92 29

_l_ 497

o

Average

1.289

.105

1.085

1.190

4- 099

o

Entire preservative period:
Total food sulphur, I...
Average

26.022
1.301

2.518
121

24.298
1 215

26.816
1 341

9.68

93.37

103.05

- .794
040

4.456
223

Sulphur as sulphurous acid:
Total.... I..

2.230

Average

.112

Total, including S as
SO2, II

28.252

8 91

86.00

94 92

4-1 436

Average

1.413

+ .072

After period.

First subperiod:
Total

6.444

.361

5 205

5 566

5 60

80 77

86 37

4- 878

o

Average

1.289

.072

1.041

1.113

4- 176

o

Second subperiod:
Total

5 644

493

5 202

5 695

8 73

92 17

100 90

051

o

Average

1.129

.099

1.040

1.139

010

o

Entire after period:
Total

12 088

854

10 407

11 261

7 06

86 09

93 16

4- 827

o

Average

1.209

085

1 047

1 126

4- 083

o

954

INFLUENCE OF FOOD PRESEKVATIVES ON HEALTH*

TABLE XVII. — Sulphur balances for Series VII— Continued.

SUMMARIES.

[Averages are per man per day.]
USTos. 1 to 6.

Period.

1

In
food.

3

In
feces.

3

In
urine.

4

In
feces
and
urine
(2+3).

5

In
feces

(2-s-l).

6

In
urine
(3-s-l).

7

In
feces
and
urine
(4+1).

8

Balance

(1-4).

9

Sodium
sul-
phite
admin-
istered
(SO,).

Fore period.

First subperiod:
Total

Grams.
"32. 478

Grams.
3.214

Grams.
26. 551

Grams.
29.765

Per ct.
9.90

Per ct.
81.75

Per ct.
91.65

Grams.
+ 2.713

Grams.
0.0

Average . .

1.299

. 129

1.062

1. 191

-f . 108

.0

Second subperiod:
Total

38.000

4.683

31.632

36. 315

12.32

83.24

95.57

+ 1.685

.0

Average . .

1.267

.156

1.054

1.210

+ .057

.0

Entire fore period:
Total .

70. 478

7.897

58.183

66.080

11.20

82.55

93.76

+ 4. 398

.0

Average

1.281

. 144

1.058

1. 201

+ .080

.0

Preservative period*

First subperiod:
Total

37.490

4.480

34859

39. 339

11.95

92.98

104 93

- 1.849

6.690

Average

1.250

.149

1. 162

1.311

- .061

.223

Second subperiod:
Total

Average

37. 971
1.266

5.133
. 171

39. 707
1.324

44840
1. 495

13.52

10457

118.09

- 6.869
- .229

15.240
.508

Third subperiod:
Total

36.585

3.982

44944

48. 926

10.88

122.85

133. 73

- 12. 341

21. 590

Average

1.220

. 133

1.498

].631

- . 411

.720

First, second, and third sub-
periods:
Total food sulphur, I...

112. 046
1 245

U595
151

119. 510
1 328

133. 105
1 479

12.13

106.66

118.79

-21.059
- .234

43. 520

.484

Sulphur as sodium sulphite:
Total

21. 782

242

Total, including S as
NasSO3 II

133 826

10 16

89.30

99.46

+ .721

1 487

+ 008

After period.

First subperiod:
Total

37 530

3 747

32 269

36. 016

9.98

85.98

95.97

+ 1.514

.0

Average

1 251

125

1 076

1 201

+ .050

.0

Second subperiod:
Total

36. 570

3.701

30.955

34.656

10.12

8465

9477

+ 1.914

.0

1 219

123

1 032

1 155

+ .064

.0

Entire a.fter period:
Total

74.100

7.448

63. 224

70. 672

10.05

85.32

95.37

+ 3. 428

.0

1 235

124

1 054

1 178

+ . 057

.0

No. 5 absent.

SULPHUROUS ACID AND SULPHITES.

955

TABLE XVII. — Sulphur balances for Series FIT— Continued.

[Averages are per man per day.]

!N"os. 8 to 11.

•

Period.

1

In
food.

2

In
feces.

3

In
urine.

4

In
feces
and
urine

(2+3).

5

In
feces

(2-1).

6

In
urine
(3+1).

7

In
feces
and
urine
(4+1).

8

Balance

(1-4).

9

Sul-
phur-
ous
acid
admin-
istered
(S02).

Fore period,

First subperiod:
Total

Grams.
26. 019

Grams.
2.745

Grams.
18.442

Grams.
21. 187

Per ct.
10.55

Per ct.
70.88

Per ct.
81.43

Grams.

+ 4832

Grams.
0.0

Average

1.301

. 137

.922

1.059

+ 242

o

Second subperiod:
Total

25. 087

2.900

19. 423

22. 323

11.56

77.42

88.98

+ 2 764

o

Average

1 254

145

971

1 116

+ 138

o

Entire fore period:
Total

51. 106

5.645

37.865

43. 510

11.05

7409

85. 14

+ 7.596

.0

Average

1 278

141

.947

1 088

+ 190

o

Preservative period.

First subperiod:
Total

24 755

3 056

21 586

24 642

12 34

87 20

99 54

+ 113

3 424

Average

1.238

.153

1.079

1.232

+ .006

. 171

Second subperiod:
Total

25.293

2. 650

21. 465

24115

10. 48

84.87

95.34

+ 1. 178

8.000

Average

1.265

.132

1 073

1 206

+ 059

400

Third subperiod:
Total

25. 066

2.963

22. 199

25 162

11 82

88.56

100 38

- 096

8.000

A veragc

1 254

148

1 110

1 258

004

400

Fourth subperiod:
Total

24.358

3 122

23 638

26 760

12 82

97 04

109 86

2 402

8 000

Average

1.218

. 156

1. 182

1.338

- . 120

.400

Entire preservative period:
Total food sulphur, I...
Average

99.472
1.243

11. 791
. 147

88.888
1.111

100. 679
1.258

11.85

89.36

101. 21

- 1.207
— .015

27.424
.343

Sulphur as sulphurous acid:
Total

13 726

Average

.172

Total, including S as
S02 II .

113. 198

10 42

78.52

88.94

+12 519

Average

1 415

+ 157

After period.

First subperiod:
Total

26 266

3 210

20 520

23 730

12 22

78 12

90 34

+ 2 536

o

Average,

1.313

160

1 026

1 186

+ 127

o

Second subperiod:
Total

24936

2.796

20 600

23 396

11. 21

82.61

93.82

+ 1.540

.0

Average

1 247

140

1 030

1 170

+ 077

o

Entire after period:
Total

51 202

6 006

41 120

47 126

11 73

80 31

92 04

+ 4 076

o

Average. . .

1.280

.150

1.028

1 178

+ .102

.0

956

INFLUENCE OF FOOD PRESERVATIVES ON HEALTH.

TABLE XVII. — Sulphur balances for Series VII— Continued.

[Averages are per man per day.]

TsTos. 1 and 4.-.

Period.

1

In
food.

2

In
feces.

3

In
urine.

4

In
feces
and
urine
(2+3).

5

In
feces
(2-s-l).

6

In
urine
(3-1).

7

In
feces
and
urine

(4H-1).

8

Balance

(1-4).

9

Sodium
sul-
phite
admin-
istered
(S02).

Fore period.

First subperiod:
Total

Grams.
12. 864

Grams.
1.445

Grams.
11.264

Grams.
12.709

Per ct.
11.23

Per ct.

87.56

Per ct.
98.79

Grams.
+ 0.155

Grams.
0.0

1 286

.145

1.126

1.271

+ 015

0

Second- subperiod :
Total

12. 305

1.492

11.409

12.901

12.12

92.72

104. 84

- .596

.0

Average

1.230

.149

1.141

1.290

- .060

0

Entire fore period :
Total

25. 169

2.937

22. 673

25. 610

11.67

90.08

101. 75

- .441

.0

Average :

1.258

.147

1.134

1.280

- .022

.0

Preservative period.

First subperiod:
Total

12. 154

1.438

12. 107

13. 545

11.83

99.61

111.44

— 1.391

2.230

Average

1.215

.144

1.211

1.354

- .139

.223

Second subperiod:
Total

12. 372

1.725

13. 171

14. 896

13.94

106.46

120. 40

- 2.524

5. 080

Average

1.237

.173

1.317

1.489

- .252

.508

Third subperiod:
Total

12.291

1.051

15. 618

16. 669

8.55

127. 07

135. 62

- 4.378

7.620

Average

1.229

.105

1.562

1.667

- .438

.762

Fourth subperiod:
Total

11.760

1.267

16.291

17.558

10.77

138. 53

149. 30

- 5.798

8.910

Average

1.176

.127

1.629

1.756

- .580

.891

Entire preservative period:
Total food sulphur, I.. .
Average

48. 577
1.214

5.481
.137

57. 187
1.430

62. 668
1.567

11.28

117.72

129.00

-14.091
- .353

23. 840
.596

Sulphur as sodium sulphite:
Total

11 932

298

Total, including S as
Na2SCh II

60.509

9.06

94.51

103. 57

- 2.159

Average

1.513

- .054

After period.

First subperiod:
Total

13. 051

1.087

12. 082

13. 169

8.33

92.58

100.90

- .118

.0

1 305

109

1 208

1 317

- .012

.0

Second subperiod:
Total

12.586
1 259

1.206
121

11. 263
1 126

12. 469
1 247

9.58

89.49

99.07

- .117
- .012

.0
.0

Entire after period:
Total

25. 637

2.293

23. 345

25. 638

8.94

91.06

100.00

- .001

.0

1 282

115

1 167

1 282

- .000

.0

SULPHUROUS ACID AND SULPHITES.

957

TABLE XVII— Sulphur balances for Series VII— Continued.

[Averages are per man per day.]
NOB. 5 and 6.

Period.

1

In
food.

<j

In
feces.

3

•

In
urine.

4

In

feces
and
urine
(24-3).

5

In
feces
(2-1).

6

In
urine
(3-1).

7

In
feces
and
urine
(4-1).

8

Balance
(1-4).

9

Sodium
sul-
phite
admin-
istered
(SOi).

Fore period.

Second subperiod:
Total

Grams.
12 161

Grams.
1 439

Grams.

8 657

Grams.
10 096

Perct.
11.83

Per ct.
71 19

Per ct.
83 02

Grams.
+2 065

Grams.
0 0

Average

1.216

.144

.866

1.010

+ .206

.0

Preservative period.

First period:
Total .

11. 775

1.411

10. 730

12. 141

11.98

91.13

103. 11

— .366

2.230

Average

1 178

141

1 073

1 214

— 036

223

Second subperiod:
Total

11.930

1.748

12 447

14 195

14.65

104. 33

118.99

—2. 265

5.080

Average

1.193

.175

1.245

1.420

- .227

.508

Third subperiod:
Total

10 732

1 073

12 848

14 121

11.86

119. 72

131 58

-3 389

6 350

Average

1.073

.127

1.285

1.412

— .339

.635

Fourth subperiod:
Total

8.432

1.346

8.331

9.677

15.96

98.80

114.77

-1.245

.0

Average

.843

.135

833

.968

— .125

.0

Entire preservative period :
Total food sulphur, I...
Average

42.869
1.072

5.778
.144

44. 356
1.109

50.134
1,253

13.48

103. 47

116.95

-7. 265
— .181

13. 660
.342

Sulphur as sodium sulphite:
Total

6.837

Average

.171

"

Total, including S as
NasSO3 II

49.706

11.62

89.24

100 86

— .428

Average

1 243

— 010

After period.

First subperiod:
Total. . .

10.250

1.335

8 415

9.750

13.02

82.10

95.12

+ .500

.0

Average

1.025

.134

.842

.975

+ .050

.0

Second subperiod:
Total

10. 089

1.255

8. 455

9.710

12.44

83.80

96.24

+ .379

.0

Average

1 009

.126

.846

.971

+ .038

.0

Entire after period :
Total

20. 339

2.590

16. 870

19.460

12 73

82.94

95.68

+ .879

.0

Average

1.017

.130

.844

.973

+ .044

.0

958

INFLUENCE OF FOOD PRESERVATIVES ON HEALTH.

TABLE XVII. — Sulphur balances for Series VII — Continued.

[Averages are per man per day.]

USTos. 7 and. 13.

Period.

1

In
food.

2

In
feces.

3

In
urine.

4

In
feces
and
urine
(2+3).

5

In
feces

(2-5-1).

~6

In
urine

(3-1).

7

In
feces
and
urine
(4+1).

8

Balance

(1-4).

9

Sul-
phur-
ous
acid
admin-
istered
(SO,).

Fore period.

First subperiod:
Total

Grams.
12. 559

Grams.
1.272

Grams.

8.857

Grams.
10. 129

Per ct.
10.13

Per ct.
70.52

Per ct.
80.65

Grams.
+2.430

Grams.
0.0

Average

1.256

.127

.886

1.013

+ .243

o

Second subperiod:
Total .

11.674

1.286

9.095

10. 381

11.02

77.91

88.92

+ 1.293

.0

Average

1.167

.129

.910

1.038

+ .129

.0

Entire fore period:
Total

24. 233

2. 558

17. 952

20. 510

10.56

74. 08

84.64

+ 3.723

.0

Average

1.212

.128

.898

1.026

+ .186

o

Preservative period.

First subperiod:
Total

Average

11.672
1.167

1.576

.158

10.235
1.024

11.811
1.181

13.50

87.69

101.19

- .139
- .014

1.712
.171

Second subperiod:
Total

11.479

1.031

10. 628

11.659

8.98

92.59

101.57

- .180

3.600

Average

1.148

.103

1.063

1.166

- .018

.360

Third subperiod:
Total

11.141

1.005

11.319

12. 324

9.02

101.60

110.62

-1.183

3.400

Average

1.114

.100

1. 132

1.232

- .118

.340

First, second, and third sub-
periods:
Total food sulphur, I ...
Average

34.292
1.143

3.612
.120

32. 182
1.073

35. 794
1.193

10.53

93.85

104.38

-1.502
— .050

8.712
.290

Sulphur as sulphurous acid:
Total

4.360

Average

.145

Total, including S as
SO2, II

38.652

9.34

83.26

92.61

+ 2.858

Average

1 288

+ .095

. 7 to 13.

Fore period.

First subperiod:
Total . .

38. 578

4.017

27. 299

31.316

10.41

70.76

81.18

+ 7.262

0.0

Average ..

1.286

.134

.910

1.044

+ .242

.0

Second subperiod:
Total . .

36. 671

4.186

28. 518

32. 704

11.39

77.58

88.96

+ 4.057

.0

Average

1.225

.140

.951

1.090

+ . 135

.0

Entire fore period:
Total

75.339

8.203

55. 817

64. 020

10.89

74.09

84.98

+ 11.319

.0

Average

1.256

.137

.930

1.067

+ .189

.0

Preservative period.

First subperiod:
Total

36.427

4.632

31.821

36. 453

12.72

87.36

100.07

- .026

5. 136

Average

1.214

.154

1.061

1.215

- .001

.171

Second subperiod:
Total *

36. 772

3 681

32 093

35 774

10.01

87.28

97.29

+ .998

11.600

Average

1 226

123

1 070

1 192

+ .034

.387

Third subperiod:
Total

36. 207

3.968

33.518

37. 486

10.96

92.57

103.53

- 1.279

11.400

Average

1.207

.132

1 117

1.250

- .043

.380

First, second, and third sub-
periods:
Total food sulphur, I...
Average

109.406
1 216

12.281
.136

97.432
1.083

109. 713
1.219

11.22

89.05

100.28

- .307
- .003

28. 136
.313

Sulphur as sulphurous acid:
Total

13 654

Average

.152

Total, including S as
SO2, II . .

123. 060

9.98

79.17

89.15

+ 13.347

1 367

+ .148

SULPHUKOUS ACID AND SULPHITES. 959

FAT BALANCE.
INDIVIDUAL DATA.

The quantity of the fat ingested in the food which is converted into
heat and energy is determined by ascertaining the fat balances. The
amount of fat in the food of No. 1 varies but little in the three periods,
but is slightly less in both the preservative and after periods than in
the fore period. This accounts in part for the diminution of the fat in
the feces, which is seen to fall almost in the same quantity as the loss of
fat in the food. It appears, however, that a larger percentage of the
fat in the food appears in the feces in the fore period than in either
the preservative or the after period, and therefore the data indicate a
slightly increased absorption of fat. The balance is almost the same
in the fore period and preservative period, but is slightly less in the
after period.

The data for No. 2 show a slightly larger amount of fat in the food in
the preservative period than in either the fore or after periods. There is
an increase in the amount of fat in the feces in the preservative
period, but as shown by the increased balance this is not as great as
the increase in the amount in the food. There is a considerable
increase in the amount of fat in the feces in the after period.

The data for No. 3 show a slightly decreased digestion of the fat, as
judged by the larger amount occurring in the feces. The balance in
the preservative period, however, is largely increased, owing to the
unusual increase in the amount ingested.

In the case of No. 4 the fat appears to be more thoroughly utilized
in the preservative period and the after period than in the fore
period, showing an increased consumption for heat and energy in
those two periods.

The data for No. 5 are not complete and by reason of the large
variation in the quantity of fat consumed in the food in the three
periods are not comparable.

The data for No. 6 are complete and show almost no variation in
the quantity of fat consumed in the food in the three periods. There
appears to be a slight retardation of the- digestive process indicated by
the very slightly increased quantity of fat in the feces during the
preservative and after periods. The balances remain almost constant,
showing only the variations in harmony with the preceding statement.

On account of the incomp4eteness of the data for No. 7 the same are
of limited value. There appears to be very little change in respect of
the digestion of the fat in the fore and preservative periods. There
is a slightly larger amount of fat in the food of the fore period and a
corresponding increase in the quantity of fat in the feces as compared
with the same data in the preservative period.

960 . INFLUENCE OF FOOD PRESERVATIVES ON HEALTH.

In the case of No. 8 no tendency in the preservative period to
modify the metabolism of the fat is shown, the variation in the
amount ingested and the variation in the balance being practically
compensatory. The amount in the feces is only very slightly greater
in the fore period than in the preservative period, but in the after
period there is a notable increase in the quantity of the fat in the
feces, while the quantity of fat ingested has decreased. The tendency
in this case seems to be to produce practically no effect during the
administration of the preservative, but to inhibit the absorption of
the fat during the after period.

No. 9 is notable by reason of the large quantity of fat consumed.
In this case there is an increase in the quantity of fat in the feces
during the preservative period, and this increase is continued and
augmented in the after period. It is evident that there is a tendency
on the part of the preservative to inhibit the absorption and com-
bustion of the fat. This is shown also by the percentage data.

The same conditions which have just been described in the case of
No. 9 occur again in No. 10. In the after period the amount of fat
in the feces increases. These data, taken in conjunction with those
of the percentage elimination, show a slight tendency on the part of
the preservative to inhibit the combustion of fat and also show that
this tendency is continued in a very marked degree in the after period.

The data in the case of No. 11 also show a slight increase in the
percentage of fat in the feces during the preservative period, with a
recovery in the after period. These data, taken* in connection with
the considerable increase in the amount of fat in the food and the
slight increase in the balance, show a tendency to inhibit the absorp-
tion of fat.

Very little change is noticed in the metabolism of the fat in the
case of No. 12. There is a slight increase in the amount of fat in the
feces in the after period, and this is shown also in the magnitude of
the percentage eliminated and by the balances.

SUMMARIES.

A comparison of the summaries of Nos. 1 to 6 and Nos. 8 to 11,
inclusive, shows the general effect upon the fat metabolism of the
administration of sulphur. The total amount of fat in the food of
Nos. 1 to 6 daily is 102.27 grams in the fore period, 103.67 grams in
the preservative period, and 97.09 grams in the after period. There
remain in the feces in the fore period 3.83 grams, in the preservative
period 3.92 grams, and in the after period 3.52 grams. Apparently
there is a slight tendency on the part of the preservative to inhibit
the absorption of the fat from the alimentary canal, but this is too
slight to warrant any conclusion. There does not seem, therefore,
to be any notable effect produced upon the metabolism of the fat by
the administration of sulphites.

SULPHUROUS ACID AND SULPHITES.

961

In the case of Nos. 8 to 11, inclusive, there is an increase in the
amount of fat ingested during the preservative period and also an
increase in the amount in the feces. When the quantity of fat falls,
as it does in the after period, to the same magnitude as that in the
fore period, we find there is still an increase of fat in the feces, indi-
cating an inhibitory effect. This is an indication, though not of a
very marked character, that free sulphurous acid, even though
administered in smaller doses, tends more strongly than sulphurous
acid in the form of sulphites to interfere with the digestion of fat.
This interference, however, is too slight to warrant serious consider-
ation, especially in connection with the variations in condition
between the two groups which have already been noted.

TABLE XVIII.— Fat balances for Series VII.

[Averages are per day.]

INTo. 1.

Period.

1

In food.

2

In feces.

3

In feces
CSN-1).

4

Balance
(1-2).

5

Sodium
sulphite
adminis-
tered
(SOi).

Fore period.
First subperiod:
Total

Grams.
483 35

Grams.
30.58

Per cent.
6.33

Grams.

+ 452 77

Grams.
0.0

Average

96.67

6.12

+ 90. 55

.0

Second subperiod:
Total

435 38

11 89

2 73

+ 423 49

0

Average. . .

87.08

2.38

+ 84. 70

.0

Entire fore period:
Total... .

918. 73

42.47

4.62

+ 876 26

.0

Average

91 87

4 25

+ 87 62

o

Preservative period.

First subperiod:
Total

439 83

18 79

4 27

4- 421 04

1 115

Average

87.97

3.76

+ 84. 21

.223

Second subperiod:
Total

463 94

18 02

3 88

+ 445 92

2 540

Average. . .

92.79

3.60

+ 89. 19

.508

Third subperiod:
Total

468.17

11.20

2.39

+ 456. 97

3.810

Average.

93 63

2.24

+ 91. 39

.762

Fourth subperiod:
Total

438.38

13.62

3.11

+ 424. 76

3.810

Average.

87 68

2 72

-f 84 96

762

Entire preservative period:
Total

1,810 32

61 63

3 40

-f-1 748 69

11 275

Average

90 52

3 08

-F 87 44

564

After period.
First subperiod:
Total

459 19

12 72

277

+ 446 47

o

Average. . .^

91 84

2 54

+ 89 30

o

Second subperiod:
Total

423 67

12 16

2 87

+ 411 51

o

Average.

84 73

2 43

4. 82 30

o

Entire after period:
Total.

882 86

24 88

2 82

+ 857 98

o

Average

88 29

2 49

+ 85 80

o

962

INFLUENCE OF FOOD PRESERVATIVES ON HEALTH.

TABLE XVIII.— Fat balances for Series VII— Continued.

[Averages are per day.]

INo. S.

Period.

1

In food.

2

In feces.

3

In feces
(2+1).

4

Balance
(1-2).

5

Sodium
sulphite
adminis-
tered
(SO,).

'Fore period.
First subperiod:
Total

Grams.
543 'J9

Grams.
19 11

Per cent.
3 51

Grams.

+ 524 88

Grams.
0 0

Average

108 80

3 82

+ 104 98

o

Second subperiod:
Total

555. 96

26 28

4 73

+ 529 68

o

Average .

111 19

5 26

+ 105 93

0

Entire fore period:
Total

1 099.95

45 39

4 13

+1 054 56

o

Average

110 00

4 54

+ 105 46

o

Preservative period.

First subperiod:
Total

559.12

20.73

3.71

+ 538.39

1.115

Average. .

111.82

4.15

+ 107 67

223

Second subperiod:
Total

584.18

33.81

5.79

+ 550. 37

2.540

Average

116. 84

6.76

+ 110.08

.508

Third subperiod:
Total

594 24

24 28

4 09

+ 569 96

3 810

Average

118. 85

4.86

+ 113. 99

.762

Fourth subperiod:
Total

(3 810)

Average

(.762)

First, second, and third subperiods:
Total

1 737.54

78 82

4 54

+1 658 72

Average

115 84

5 25

-f 110 59

Entire preservative period:
Total

11. 275

Average

.564

After period.
First subperiod:
Total

580.61

30.93

5.33

+ 549. 68

.0

Average

116. 12

6.19

+ 109. 93

.0

Second subperiod:
Total

526. 35

24.06

4.57

+ 502.29

.0

Average. . ...

105. 27

4.81

+ 100. 46

.0

Entire after period:
Total

1, 106. 96

54.99

4.97

+1,051.97

.0

Average.

110. 70

5.50

+ 105. 20

.0

SULPHUKOUS ACID AND SULPHITES.

963

TABLE XVIII.— Fat balances for Series FIT— Continued.

[Averages are per day.]

No. 3.

Period.

1

In food.

2

In feces.

.3

In feces
(2-1).

4

Balance
(1-2).

5

Sodium
sulphite
adminis-
tered
(S02).

Fore period.
First subperiod:
Total

Grams.
559. 73

Grams.
16.45

Per cent.
2.94

Grams.

+ 543 28

Grains.
0 0

Average

111 95

3 29

+ 108 66

o

Second subperiod:
Total

603.32

19 45

3 22

+ 583 87

o

Average

120.66

3.89

+ 116. 77

0

Entire fore period:
Total

1, 163. 05

35.90

3.09

+ 1,127.15

o

Average

116.30

3 59

+ 112 71

o

Preservative period.

First subperiod:
Total

588 45

29 09

4 94

+ 559 36

1 115

Average

117. 69

5.82

+ 111.87

.223

Second subperiod:
Total

624 39

19 91

3 19

+ 604. 48

2 540

Average

124. 88

3.98

+ 120. 90

508

Third subperiod:
Total

623. 92

21 80

3.44

+ 602. 12

3.810

Average.

124. 78

4 36

+ 120. 42

762

Fourth subperiod:
Total

( 381)

Average

( 076)

First, second, and third subperiods:
Total

1,836 76

70 80

3.85

+ 1,765.96

Average

122 45

4 72

+ 117 73

Entire preservative period:
Total

7.846

Average

0.392

After period.
First subperiod:
Total .-

620.50

16.40

2.64

+ 604- 10

.0

Average. .

124 10

3-28

+ 120. 82

.0

Second subperiod:
Total

585. 37

21.33

3.64

-f 564-04

0

Average

117.07

4.27

+ 112.80

o

Entire after period:
Total

1,205 87

37-73

3.13

+ 1 168. 14

9

Average

120-59

3-77

+ 116.82

.0

a Average for 1 day in a period of 20 days.
11240— Bull. 84, pt 3—07 14

964

INFLUENCE OF FOOD PRESERVATIVES ON HEALTH.

TABLE XVIII. — Fat balances for Series VII— Continued.

[ Averages are per day.]

USTo. 4.

Period.

1

In food.

2

In feces.

3

In feces
(2-1-1).

4

Balance
(1-2).

5

Sodium
sulphite
adminis-
tered
(SO,).

Fore period.
First subperiod:
Total

Grams.
513.63

Grams.
18.62

Per cent.
3 63

Grams.
_j- 495 oi

Grams.
0 0

Average ^

102. 73

3.72

+ 99.01

.0

Second subperiod:
Total

504.44

24.53

4.86

+ 479. 91

.0

Average

100 89

4 91

+ 95 98

o

Entire fore period:
Total

1,018.07

43.15

4.24

+ 974. 92

.0

Average

101. 81

4.32

+ 97 49

.0

Preservative period.

First subperiod:
Total

507. 61

14. 70

2.90

+ 492. 9i

1.115

Average

101.52

2.94

+ 98. 58

.223

Second subperiod:
Total

535.10

25.75

4.81

+ 509 35

2. 540

Average

107. 02

5.15

+ 101. 87

.508

Third subperiod:
Total

545. 73

15.15

2.78

-f- 530 58

3.810

Average

109.15

3.03

+ 106. 12

.762

Fourth subperiod:
Total

499.89

19 69

3.94

+ 480. 20

5.100

Average

99.98

3.94

+ 96. 04

1.020

Entire preservative period:
Total

2,088.33

75.29

3.61

+ 2,013.04

12.565

Average

104 42

3.76

4- 100.66

.628

After period.
First subperiod:
Total

541.35

16.75

3.09

+ 524. 60

.0

Average

108. 27

3.35

+ 104. 92

.0

Second subperiod:
Total

489- 14

18.96

3 88

4- 470. 18

.0

Average

97.83

3.79

+ 94 04

.0

Entire after period:
Total ' .

1,030.49

35 71

3.47

+ 994. 78

.0

Average

103. 05

3.57

+ 99.48

.0

SULPHUROUS ACID AND SULPHITES.

965

TABLE XVIII.— Fat balances for Series VII— Continued.

[Averages are per day.]

USTo. 5.

Period.

1

In food.

2

In feces.

3

In feces

(2H-1).

4

Balance

(1-2).

5

Sodium
sulphite
adminis-
tered
(SO,).

Fore period.

Second subperiod:
Total

Orams.
442.76

Grams.
12.73

Per cent.
2 88

Grams.
+ 430 03

Grams.
0 0

Average

88.55

2 55

+ 86 00

o

Preservative period.

First subperiod:
Total

443 56

11 72

2 64

+ 431 84

1 115

Average

88.71

2.34

+ 86 37

223

Second subperiod:
Total

468-14

16.82

3.59

+ 451. 32

2.540

Average. ... .

93.63

3.36

4- 90 27

508

Third subperiod:
Total

395. 96

13.93

3.52

+ 382 03

2 540

Average

79.19

2 79

+ 76 40

508

Fourth subperiod:
Total

248.68

12 11

4 87

4- 236 57

o

Average

49 74

2 42

+ 47 32

o

Entire preservative period:
Total

1 , 556. 34

54.58

3.51

+1 501 76

6 195

Average . .

77.82

2 73

+ 75 09

310

After period.
First subperiod:
Total

341. 25

12.98

3.80

+ 128 27

o

Average

68 25

2 60

+ 65 65

o

Second subperiod:
Total

285. 92

10 65

3 72

+ 275 27

o

Average

57 18

2 13

+ 55 05

o

Entire after period:
Total

627. 17

23.63

3 77

-f- 603 54

o

Average

62.72

2 36

+ 60 36

o

966

INFLUENCE OF FOOD PRESERVATIVES ON HEALTH.

TABLE XVIII— Fat balances for Series VII— Continued.

[Averages are per day.]
No. 6.

Period.

1
In food.

2

In feces.

3

In feces
(2-1).

4

Balance
(1-2).

5

Sodium
sulphite
adminis-
tered
(S02).

Fore period.
First subperiod:
Total

Grams.
493.06

Grams.
14 11

Per cent.
2 86

Grams .
+ 478 95

Grams.
0 0

Average

98 61

2 82

4- 95 79

o

Second subperiod:
Total

489.29

16.81

3 44

+ 472. 48

o

Average. ...

97.86

3 36

+ 94 50

o

Entire fore period:
Total

982. 35

30 92

3 15

4- 951 43

0

Average

98 24

3 09

+ 95 15

o

Preservative period.

First subperiod:
Total

473 86

13 96

2 95

4- 459 90

1 115

Average

94 77

2 79

+ 91 98

223

Second subperiod:
Total

507 47

23 08

4 55

+ 484 39

2 540

Average

101. 49

4.62

+ 96. 87

.508

Third subperiod:
Total

506 62

19 94

3 94

+ 486 68

3 810

Average

101 32

3 99

+ 97 33

762

Fourth subperiod:
Total

488.70

22 78

4 66

+ 465. 92

o

Average

97 74

4 56

+ 93 18

o

Entire preservative period:
Total

1 976.65

79 76

4 04

+ 1 896 89

7 465

Average

98 83

3 99

+ 94 84

373

After period.
First subperiod:
Total

509.27

16.25

3.19

+ 493. 02

.0

Average

101.85

3.25

+ 98.60

.0

Second subperiod:
Total

463 05

17 94

3 87

+ 445 11

o

Average

92.61

3.59

+ 89.02

.0

Entire after period:
Total

972. 32

34.19

3.52

-1- 938.13

.0

Average

97.23

3.42

-f 93. 81

.0

SULPHUROUS ACID AND SULPHITES.

967

TABLE XVIII.— Fat balances for Series FIT— Continued.

[Averages are per day.]

No. 7.

Period.

1
In food.

2

In feces.

3

In feces

(2-s-l).

4

Balance
(1-2).

5

Sulphur-
ous acid
adminis-
tered
(SOj).

Fore period.
First subperiod:
Total

Grams.
515 14

Grams.
17 54

Per cent.
3 40

Grams.

+ 497 60

Grams.
0 0

Average.. . . .

103. 03

3.51

+ 99 52

0

Second subperiod:
Total

502. 94

15.40

3.06

+ 487. 54

0

Average

100.59

3.08

+ 97 51

o

Entire fore period:
Total

1,018 08

32.94

3 24

+ 985 14

o

Average

101 81

3 29

+ 98 52

o

Preservative period.

First subperiod:
Total

512 41

18 08

3 53

+ 499 33

856

Average

102.48

3.62

+ 98. 87

171

Second subperiod:
Total

488 25

13 63

2 79

+ 474 62

1 600

Average

97.65

2.73

+ 94 92

320

Third subperiod:
Total . . ;

464.90

9.81

2.11

+ 455.09

1 800

Average

92.98

1.96

+ 91 02

360'

First, second, and third subperiods:
Total

1. 465. 56

41.52

2.83

+ 1 424 04

Average

97.70

2.77

+ 94 93

Entire preservative period :
Total

4 256

Average

213

No. 8.

Fore period.
First subperiod:
Total

456 18

11 50

2 52

+ 444 68

0 0

Average

91.24

2 30

+ 88 94

o

Second subperiod:
Total

412 12

14 56

3 53

4. 397 5(j

0

Average

82.42

2 91

-1- 79 51

o

Entire fore period:
Total

868 30

26 06

3 00

+ 842 24

o

Average ,

86.83

2 61

+ 84.22

.0

Preservative period.

First subperiod:
Total

408 65

8 10

1 98

4 400 55

856

Average

81 73

1 62

4 80 16

171

Second subperiod:
Total

426 52

9 30

2 18

4 417 22

2 000

Average

85 30

1 86

_l_ 83 44

400

Third subperiod:
Total

437 41

15 88

3 63

4- 421 53

2 000

Average

87 48

3 18

+ 84 30

400

Fourth subperiod:
Total

397 83

14 77

3 71

4- 383 06

2 000

Average. c

79 57

2 95

4- 76 62

400

Entire preservative period:
Total.. .

1 670 41

48 05

2 88

4 1 692 36

6 856

Average

' 83 52

2 40

4- 81 1°

343

After period.
First subperiod :
Total.

428 71

16 29

3 80

4- 412 42

o

Average

85 74

3 26

4- 82 48

o

Second subperiod:
Total...

386 80

17 66

4 57

_l_ 309 14

o

Average

77 36

3 53

+ 73 83

o

Entire after period:
Total

815 51

33 95

4 16

4- 781 56

o

Average

81 55

3 40

+ 78 15

o

968

INFLUENCE OF FOOD PRESERVATIVES ON HEALTH.

TABLE XVIII.— Fat balances for Series VII— Continued.

[Averages are per day.]

Itto. 9.

Period.

1

In food.

2

In feces.

3

In feces

(2-5-1).

4

Balance
(1-2).

5

Sulphur-
ous acid
adminis-
tered
(SO.)

Fore period.
First subperiod:
Total

Grams.
608.55

Grams.
16.74

Per cent.
2.75

Grams.
+ 591. 81

Grams.
0.0

Average

121. 71

3.35

4- 118. 36

.0

Second subperiod:
Total

633 17

14 33

2 26

+ 618 84

o

Average

126.63

2.87

+ 123. 76

.0

Entire fore period:
Total

1,241.72

31.07

2.50

+ 1,210.65

.0

Average

124. 17

3.11

4- 121.06

.0

Preservative period. ,

First subperiod:
Total

633.38

22.90

3.62

4- 610. 48

.856

Average

126.68

4.58

+ 122. 10

.171

Second subperiod:
Total

658.40

29.05

4.41

+ 629. 35

2.000

Average

131.68

5.81

+ 125. 87

.400

Third subperiod:
Total

660 05

21 35

3.21

+ 644. 70

2.000

Average

133.21

4.27

+ 128. 94

.400

Fourth subperiod:
Total

631.90

12 65

2.00

4- 619. 25

2.000

126 38

2 53

4- 123.85

.400

Entire preservative period:
Total

2,589.73

85.95

3.32

4-2,503.78

6.856

Average

129.49

4.30

+ 125. 19

.343

After period.
First subperiod:
Total

661.36

43 07

6*51

4- 618 29

.0

132 27

8 61

+ 123.66

.0

Second subperiod:
Total

601 23

24.44

4.07

4- 576. 79

.0

120.25

4.89

4- 115. 36

.0

Entire after period:
Total .

1,262.59

67.51

5.35

1,195.08

.0

Average

126. 26

6 75

119.51

.0

SULPHUROUS ACID AND SULPHITES.

969

TABLE XVIII.— Fat balances for Series VII— Continued.

[Averages are per day.]
No. 1O.

Period.

1

In food.

2

In feces.

3

In feces
(2-1).

4

Balance
(1-2).

5

Sulphur-
ous acid
adminis-
tered
(SOj).

Fore period.
First subperiod :
Total

Grams.
496.66

Grams.
21.10

Per cent.
4 25

Grams.
+ 475. 56

Grams.
0.0

Average

99.33

4.22

-1- 95. 11

.0

Second subperiod:
Total

503.09

14.99

2.98

+ 488. 10

.0

Average .

101. 62

3.00

+ 97. 62

.0

Entire fore period:
Total

999.75

36.09

3.61

+ 963.66

.0

Average

99.98

3.61

+ 96.37

.0

Preservative period.

First subperiod:
Total

514.58

26.29

5.11

+ 488.29

.856

Average

102. 92

5.20

+ 97.66

.171

Second subperiod:
Total

533.73

25.70

4.82

+ 508. 03

2.000

106 75

5 14

+ 101. 61

.400

Third subperiod:
Total

540.51

13.96

2.58

+ 526. 55

2.000

Average

108. 10

2.79

+ 105. 31

.400

Fourth subperiod:
Total

507.60

30.94

6.10

+ 476. 66

2.000

Average

101. 52

6.19

+ 95.33

.400

Entire preservative period:
Total

2,096.42

96.89

4.62

+ 1,999.53

6.856

Average

104. 82

4.84

+ 99.98

.343

After period.
First subperiod :
Total

535.18

28.41

5.31

+ 506.77

.0

Average

107. 04

5.68

+ 101. 35

.0

Second subperiod :
Total

482.50

28.27

5.86

+ 454. 23

.0

Average

96.50

5.65

+ 90.85

.0

Entire after period:
Total

1,017.68

56.68

5.57

+ 961. 00

.0

Average

101. 77

5.67

+ 96. 10

.0

970

INFLUENCE OF FOOD PRESERVATIVES ON HEALTH.

TABLE XVIII.— Fat balances for Series VII— Continued.
[Averages are per day.]

isro. 11.

Period.

1
In food.

fc

In feces.

3

In feces
(2-f-l).

4

Balance
(1-2).

5

Sulphur-
ous acid
adminis-
tered
(80s).

Fore period.
First subperiod:
Total

Grams.
653.91

Grams.
19 16

Per cent.
2 93

Grams.

+ 634 75

Grams.
0 0

Average

130. 78

3.83

+ 126. 95

.0

Second subperiod:
Total

653. 05

15.39

2.36

+ 637. 66

0

Average

130. 61

3.08

+ 127 53

0

Entire fore period:
Total

1 , 306. 96

34.55

2.64

+ 1,272.41

.0

Average

130. 70

3.46

+ 127 24

0

Preservative period.

First subperiod:
Total

651 00

26 52

4 07

+ 624 48

856

Average

130. 20

5.30

+ 124. 90

.171

Second subperiod:
Total.. . .

682. 15

31.57

4 63

+ 650 58

2 000

Average

136 43

6 31

+ 130 12

400

Third subperiod:
Total

691.66

22.95

3.32

+ 668.71

2.000

Average .

138.33

4.59

+ 133 74

.400

Fourth subperiod:
Total

648. 02

17.90

2.76

+ 630. 12

2.000

Average

129.60

3.58

+ 126. 02

.400

Entire preservative period:
Total

2 672 83

98 94

3 70

+2 573 89

6 856

Average

133. 64

4.95

+ 128. 69

.343

After period.

First subperiod:
Total

686.52

17.56

2.56

+ 660.96

.0

Average. .

137. 30

3.51

+ 133. 79

.0

Second subperiod:
Total

632. 06

13.32

2.11

+ 618.74

.0

Average

126. 41

2.66

+ 123. 75

.0

Entire after period:
Total

1 318 58

30 88

2 34

+ 1 287 70

o

Average

131. 86

3.09

+ 128. 77

.0

SULPHUROUS ACID AND SULPHITES.

971

TABLE XVIII.— Fat balances for Series VII— Continued.

[Averages are per day.]

No. ~L2.

Period.

1
In food.

2

In feces.

3

In leces
(2-Hl).

4

Balance
(1-2).

5

Sulphur-
ous acid
adminis-
tered
(SO,).

Fore period.
First subperiod:
Total . ...

Grams.
570.09

Grams.
17.45

Per cent.
3.06

Grams.
+ 552. 64

Grams.
0.0

Average .

111.02

3.49

+ 107. 53

.0

Second subperiod:
Total

568.32

10.65

1.87

+ 557. 67

.0

Average

113.66

2.13

+ 111.53

o

Entire foreperiod:
Total

1 138 41

28.10

2 47

+ 1,110 31

o

Average

113. 84

2.81

+ 111.03

.0

Preservative period.

First subperiod:
Total

580. 25

14.42

2.49

+ 565. 83

.856

Average

116.05

2.88

+ 113. 17

.171

Second subperiod:
Total

612. 88

15.17

2.48

+ 597. 71

2.000

Average

122. 58

3.03

+ 119.55

.400

Third subperiod :
Total

611.50

14.40

2.35

-1- 597. 10

1.600

Average

122 30

2 88

+ 119 42

320

Fourth subperiod:
Total

592.25

11.55

1.95

+ 580. 70

.0

Average

118. 45

2.31

+ 116. 14

.0

Entire preservative period:
Total

2,396.88

55.54

2.31

+2,341.34

4.456

Average .

119.84

2.78

+ 117.06

.223

After fieriod.

First subperiod:
Total

578 36

14 02

2 42

+ 564 34

o

Average. .

115. 67

2.80

+ 112.87

.0

Second subperiod:
Total

521. 98

22.40

4.29

+ 499. 58

.0

Average. .

104. 40

4 48

+ 99.92

.0

Entire after period:
Total .

1 100 34

36 42

3 31

+1 063 92

.0

Average

110 03

3 64

+ 106 39

o

972

INFLUENCE OF FOOD PRESERVATIVES ON HEALTH.

TABLE XVIII.— Fat balances for Series VII— Continued.

SUMMARIES.

[Averages are per man per day.]
. 1 to 6.

Period.

1
In food.

2

In feces.

3

In feces
(2-^-1).

4

Balance

(1-2).

5

Sodium
sulphite
adminis-
tered
(S02).

Fore period.
First subperiod:
Total

Grams,
a 2, 593. 76

Grams.

98.87

Per cent.
3.81

Grams.
+2, 494. 89

Grams.
0 0

Average

103. 75

3.95

+ 99.80

o

Second subperiod:
Total

3 031 15

111 69

3 68

-f9 919 46

o

Average

101. 03

3.72

+ 97. 31

.0

Entire fore period:
Total

5 624 91

210 56

3 74

+5 414 35

o

Average

102. 27

3.83

+ 98. 44

.0

Preservative period.

First subperiod:
Total

3 012. 43

108 99

3 62

+2 903 44

6 690

Average

100 41

3 63

+ 96 78

223

Second subperiod:
Total

3 183.22

137. 39

4.32

+3 045. 83

15 240

Average

106 11

4 58

+ 101 53

508

Third subperiod:
Total. ..

3, 134. 64

106. 30

3.39

+3, 028. 34

21.590

Average

104. 49

3 54

+ 100 95

.720

First, second, and third subperiods:
Total

9 330.29

352.68

3.78

+8. 977. 61

43. 520

Average

103 67

3 92

4- 99.75

484

After period.

First subperiod:
Total

3, 052. 17

106. 03

•
3.47

+2,946.14

.0

Average

101. 74

3.53

+ 98. 21

.0

Second subperiod:
Total

2 773 50

105 10

3 79

+2 668 40

o

Average

92.45

3.50

4- 88.95

.0

Entire after period:
Total

5,825.67

211. 13

3.62

+5, 614. 54

.0

Average

97.09

3.52

+ 93. 57

.0

a No. 5 absent.

SULPHUROUS ACID AND SULPHITES.

973

TABLE XVIII. — Fat balances for Series VII— Continued.
[Averages are per man per day.]
ISTos. 8, 9, 1O, and. 11.

Period.

1
In food.

2

In feces.

3

In feces.
(2-5-1).

4

Balance

(1-2).

5

Sulphur-
ous acid
adminis-
tered
(SO,).

Fore period.
First subperiod:
Total

Grams.
2.215.30

Grams.
68.50

Per cent.
3.09

Grams.
+2, 146. 80

Grams.
0.0

110 76

3.42

+ 107 34

• .0

Second subperiod:
Total

2,201.43

59.27

2.69

+2,142.16

.0

Average. . .

110.07

2.96

+ 107. 11

.0

Entire fore period:
Total.

4,416.73

127. 77

2.89

+ 4,288.96

.0

Average

110.42

3.19

+ 107. 23

.0

Preservative period.

First subperiod:
Total

2, 207. 61

83.81

3.80

+2, 123. 80

3.424

Average

110 38

4.19

+ 106 19

.171

Second subperiod:
Total

2 300 80

95.62

4.16

+2 205. 18

8.000

Average

115. 04

4.78

+ 110. 26

.400

Third subperiod:
Total

2, 335. 63

74.14

3.18

+2,261.49

8.000

Average.

116.78

3.71

+ 113.07

.400

Fourth subperiod:
Total

2, 185. 35

76.26

3.49

+2, 109. 09

8.000

Average

109.27

3.81

+ 105. 46

.400

Entire preservative period:
Total

9, 029. 39

329.83

3.65

+8,699 56

27. 424

A verage

112. 87

4.12

+ 108. 75

.343

After period.
First subperiod:
Total

2,311.77

105. 33

4.56

+2,206 44

.0

Average

115 59

5 27

+ 110 32

o

Second subperiod:
Total

2, 102. 59

83.69

3.98

+2 018 90

0

Average

105 13

4 18

+ 100 95

o

Entire after period:
Total

4 414 36

189 02

4 28

+4 225 34

o

Average

110. 36

4.72

+ 105. 64

.0

974

INFLUENCE OF FOOD PRESERVATIVES ON HEALTH.

TABLE XVIII.— Fat balances for Series VII— Continued.

[Averages are per man per day.]

NOB. 1 and 4.

Period.

1

In food.

2
In feces.

3

In feces

(2-4-1).

4

Balance

(1-2).

5

Sodium
sulphite
adminis-
tered
(SO,).

Fore period.
First subperiod:
Total

Grams.
996.98

Grams.
49.20

Per cent.
4.93

Grams.
+ 947. 78

Grams.
0.0

Average

99.70

4.92

+ 94. 78

.0

Second subperiod:
Total

939. 82

36.42

3.88

+ 903. 40

.0

Average

93.98

3.64

+ 90.34

.0

Entire fore period:
Total

1,936.80

85.62

44,

+ 1,851.18

.0

Average

96.84

4.28

+ 92.56

.0

Preservative period.

First subperiod:
Total

947. 44

33.49

3.53

+ 913. 95

2.230

Average

94.74

3.35

+ 91. 39

.223

Second subperiod:
Total

999.04

43.77

4.38

+ 955. 27

5.080

Average

99.90

4.38

+ 95. 52

.508

Third subperiod:
Total

1,013.90

26.35

2.60

+ 987. 55

7.620

Average

101. 39

2.64

+ 98.75

.762

Fourth subperiod:
Total

938.27

33.31

3.55

+ 904.96

8.910

Average

93.83

3.33

+ 90.50

.891

Entire preservative period:
Total

3, 898. 65

136. 92

3.51

+3,761.73

23. 840

Average

97.47

3.43

+ 94. 04

.5%

After period.
First subperiod:
Total

1,000.54

29.47

2.95

+ 971. 07

.0

Average

100.05

2.95

+ 97. 10

.0

Second subperiod:
Total

912. 81

31.12

3.41

+ 881.69

.0

91 28

3 11

+ 88.17

.0

Entire after period:
Total

1,913.35

60.59

3.17

+ 1,852.76

.0

95 67

3 03

+ 92. 64

.0

SULPHUROUS ACID AND SULPHITES.

975

TABLE XVIII.— Fat balances for Series VII— Continued.
[Averages are per man per day.]
5 and. 6.

Period.

1

In food.

2
In feces.

3

In feces
(2-1).

4

Balance

(1-2).

5

Sodium
sulphite
adminis-
tered
(SOi).

Fore period.

Second subperiod:
Total

Grams.
932 05

Grams.
29 54

Per cent.
3 17

Grams.
+ 902 51

Grams.

o o

Average.

93.20

2.95

+ 90.25

.0

Preservative period.

First subperiod:
Total

917 42

25.68

2 80

+ 891. 74

2.230

Average

91.74

2.57

-f 89. 17

.223

Second subperiod:
Total

975. 61

39.90

4.09

+ 935. 71

5.080

Average.

97.56

- 3.99

+ 93. 57

.508

Third subperiod:
Total

902.58

33.87

3.75

+ 868. 71

6.350

Average

90 26

3 39

+ 86 87

635

Fourth subperiod:
Total

737 38

34.89

4 73

+ 702 49

o

Average

73.74

3.49

+ 70. 25

.0

Entire preservative period:
Total

3,532 99

134 34

3 80

+3,398 65

13 660

Average

88 32

3 36

+ 84 96

342

After period.
First subperiod:
Total.

850 52

29 23

3 44

+ 821 29

o

Average

85.05

2.92

+ 82. 13

.0

Second subperiod:
Total

748. 97

28.59

3.82

+ 720. 38

.0

Average .

74 90

2 86

+ 72 04

.0

Entire after period:
Total

1,599.49

57.82

3.61

+ 1,541.67

.0

Average

79.97

2.89

+ 77. 08

.0

976

INFLUENCE OF FOOD PRESERVATIVES ON HEALTH.

TABLE XVIII.— Fat balances for Series FIT— Continued.

[Averages are per man per day.]

Nos. 7 and. 1.2.

Period.

1
In food.

2
In feces.

3

In feces
(2-1).

4

Balance
(l-2j.

5

Sulphur-
ous acid
adminis-
tered
(SO,).

Fore period.
First subperiod:
Total

Grams.
1 085 23

Grams.
34 99

Per cent.
3 22

Grams.
+ 1 050 24

Grams.
0 0

Average

108. 52

3.50

+ 105. 02

.0

Second subperiod:
Total

1.071.26

26 05

2 43

+ 1 045 21

o

Average

107 13

2 60

+ 104 53

o

Entire fore period:
Total

2. 156. 49

61 04

2 83

+ 2 095 45

o

Average

107 82

3 05

+ 104 77

o

Preservative period.

First subperiod:
Total

1,092.66

32.50

2.97

+ 1,060.16

1.712

Average

109.27

3.25

+ 106. 02

.171

Second subperiod:
Total

1 101 13

28 80

2 62

+ 1 072 33

3 600

Average

110. 11

2.88

+ 107. 23

.360

Third subperiod:
Total

1,096.40

24.21

• 2.25

1,052 19

3 400

Average

107. 64

2.42

105 22

340

First, second, and third subperiods:
Total

3.270.19

85.51

2.61

+3 184 68

8.712

Average

109 01

2.85

+ 106 16

290

. 7 to IS.

Fore period.
Total .•

Average

3,300.53
110.02

103.49
3.45

3.14

+ 3,917.04
+ 106.' 57

0.0
.0

Second subperiod:
Total ,*• . . . .

3, 272. 69

85.32

2.61

+3,187.37

.0

Average

109.09

2.84

+ 106. 25

.0

Entire fore period:
Total . ... ....

6,573.22

188. 81

2.87

+6,384.41

.0

Average

109. 55

3.15

+ 106. 40

.0

Preservative period.

First subperiod:
Total

3,300.27

116.31

3.52

+3,183.96

5.136

Average

110 01

3 88

+ 106. 13

.171

Second subperiod:
Total .. .

3,401.93

124. 42

3.66

+3,277.51

11.600

Average

. 113.40

4.15

+ 109. 25

.387

Third subperiod:
Total

3,412.03

98.35

2.88

+3,313.68

11. 400

Average . .. ....

113.73

3.28

+ 110.45

.380

First, second, and third subperiods:
Total .-

10, 114. 23

339.08

3.35

+9,775.15

28. 136

Average ...

112.38

3.77

+ 108. 61

.313

SULPHUROUS ACID AND SULPHITES. 977

CALORIES BALANCE.
INDIVIDUAL DATA.

The extent of the combustion of the other elements of the food is
also of interest, and these data include not only the fat constituents,
but also all others in the foods capable of yielding heat on combus-
tion. These figures are also important from a dietetic point of view,
as they show the number of calories required by normal young men
when choosing a ration designed to keep them in a state of equilib-
rium. The number of calories in the food of No. 1 does not vary to
any extent in the three periods. There seems to be a tendency to
more complete combustion in the after period, when the calories in
the feces fall to 63, while at the same time they increase by a slight
amount in the urine. In both the feces and urine there are fewer
calories in the after period than in either of the other periods.

The calories ingested in the food in the case of No. 2 do not greatly
differ in the three periods. There appears to be little effect in this
case produced by the added preservative upon the utilization of
calories.

The number of calories in the food of No. 3 is not very constant,
being least in the fore period and greatest in the after period. There
is very little difference in the amount or percentage of calories uti-
lized and the balances remain practically the same.

No. 4 received about the same number of calories a day in the
preservative and after periods and slightly less in the fore period.
There is little difference in the utilization of the calories between the
three periods and therefore no very great difference in the balances.
There is but little disturbance produced in this case in the utilization
of the food heat by the administration of the preservative.

No. 5 will not be discussed, as the data are incomplete.

In, the case of No. 6 it is seen that the number of calories in the
food is slightly increased in both the preservative period and in the
after period. The amounts appearing in the feces and urine are
considerably increased in the preservative period. There is, how-
ever, very little corresponding effect noticed upon the balances, which
remain practically constant. This disturbance in the amount of the
calories in the feces and urine with scarcely any variation of the
balances is explained by the different quantities of calories consumed
in the food.

In the case of No. 7 the data are again incomplete and show no
notable changes such as could be ascribed to the use of the pre-
servative.

For No. 8 the number of calories in the food remains almost con-
stant during the three periods. There is also practically no variation

978 INFLUENCE OF FOOD PRESERVATIVES ON HEALTH.

in the total quantity of calories remaining in the feces and urine.
These data show practically no effect upon the utilization of calories
produced by the administration of the preservative.

The data for No. 9 show a slight increase in the calories in the feces
and urine in the preservative period, and this is still more marked in
the after period. In this case it is probable that the administration
of the preservative tends to increase the calories in the feces, and thus
to diminish the heat and energy which the heat units of the food
should have furnished.

The quantity of calories in the food of No. 10 are quite constant
throughout the whole period . of observation. The total quantity
appearing in the feces and urine is increased during the preservative
period and still further increased* in the after period. These data
indicate a slight disposition on the part of the added preservative to
decrease the utilization of the heat-forming elements of the food.

The food of No. 11 contained a large number of calories, which is
quite constant for the three periods. There is only a slight variation
in the number of calories excreted in the feces and urine. Apparently
in this case there is no influence produced by the administration of
the preservative in so far as the utilization of the calories is concerned.

In the case of No. 12 there is a notable decrease in the calories
administered during the after period. This doubtless accounts in a
satisfactory way for the decrease in the number of calories in the
feces and urine. It is fair to conclude, therefore, from these data that
there is no marked influence upon the utilization of the heat-producing
elements of the food due to the administration of the preservative.

SUMMARIES.

Comparing the summaries of Nos. 1 to 6 and Nos. 8 to 11, inclusive,
we find that the average number of calories in the food of Nos. 1 to 6
is 3,224 in the fore period, 3,195 in the preservative period, and 3,171
in the after period. The total number of calories appearing in the
feces and urine is 195 for the fore period, 203 for the preservative
period, and 185 for the after period. This, in connection with the
small decrease in the number of calories in the food in the preservative
period, indicates a slight tendency on the part of the preservative in
these six cases to diminish the absorption of the food, which is in
harmony with the conclusions drawn from the other balances. <

In the summary for Nos. 8 to 11, inclusive, the number of calories
in the fore period is 3,245, in the preservative period 3,259, and in the
after period 3,254, numbers which are, for all practical purposes, identi-
cal. The number of calories appearing in the feces and urine in the
fore period is 184, in the preservative period 194, and in the after
period 208. In this case there appears to be a very slight tendency

SULPHUROUS ACID AND SULPHITES.

979

on the part of the preservative to interfere with the absorption of the
heat-producing substances, resulting in an increased excretion of calo-
ries, and this tendency is somewhat increased in the after period. No
notable difference can be seen between the two summaries except the
diminution of the calories in the feces of Nos. 1 to 6 in the after period,
and their increase in the urine in the preservative period. In general
it may be said that no marked influence is exerted upon the utilization
of heat and energy of the food by reason of the administration of the
preservative. The tendency indicated, however, points to a decreased
absorption of food elements, as already stated.

TABLE XIX. — Calories balances for Series VII.
[Averages are per day.]

Period.

1

In
food.

2

In
feces.

3

In
urine.

4

In
feces
and
urine

(2+3).

5

In
feces
(2-s-l).

6

In
urine
(3-1).

7

In
feces
and
urine
(4-1).

8

Balance

(1-4).

9

Sodium
sul-
phite
admin-
istered
(SOi).

Fore period.

First subperiod:
Total

Calo-
ries.
17, 123

Calo-
ries.
694

Calo-
ries.
455

Calo-
ries.
1,149

Per ct.
4.05

Per ct.
2.66

Per ct.
6.71

Calo-
ries.
-4-15,974

Grams.
0.0

Average

3 425

139

91

230

+ 3 195

o

Second subperiod:
Total .

15 897

335

323

658

2 11

2 03

4. 14

+ 15, 239

.0

A verage

3 179

67

65

132

+ 3 195

o

Entfre fore period:
Total

33, 020

1,029

778

1,807

3.12

2.36

5.47

+31,213

.0

Average

3 302

103

78

181

+ 3 121

.0

Preservative period.

First subperiod:
Total

15 518

527

427

954

3 40

2 75

6 15

+ 14 564

1 115

Average

3,104

105

85

191

+ 2,913

.223

Second subperiod:
Total

16 129

553

391

944

3 43

2 42

5 85

+ 15 185

2 540

Average

3,226

111

78

189

+ 3,037

.508

Third subperiod:
Total

Average. .

16, 228
3,246

298
60

422
84

720
144

1 84

2.60

4.44

+ 15, 508
+ 3 102

3.810
.762

Fourth subperiod:
Total

16, 555

357

439

796

2 16

2 65

4.80

+ 15, 759

3 810

Average

3 311

71

88

159

+ 3 152

762

Entire preservative period :
Total

64 430

1 735

1 679

3 414

2 69

2 61

5 30

+ 61 016

11 275

Average

3,222

87

84

171

+ 3,051

.564

After period.

First subperiod:
Total

16 678

321

434

755

1 92

2 60

4 53

+ 15 923

o

Average...

3,336

64

87

151

+ 3 185

o

Second subperiod:
Total

16 559

:;!0

432

742

1 87

2 61

4 48

+ 15 817

o

Average. . .

3,312

62

86

148

+ 3? 164

o

Entire after period:
Total

33 237

631

866

1 497

1 90

2 61

4 50

+31 740

o

Average

3 324

63

87

150

+ 3 174

o

11240— Bull. 84, pt 3—07 15

980

INFLUENCE OF FOOD PRESERVATIVES ON HEALTH.

TABLE XIX. — Calories balances for Series VII — Continued.
[Averages are per day.]

Period.

1

In
food.

2

In

feces.

3

In
urine.

4

In
feces
and
urine

(2+3).

5

In
feces
(2-1).

6

In
urine
(3-1).

7

In
feces
and
urine
(4-1).

8

Balance
(1-4).

9

Sodium
sul-
phite
admin-
istered
(S02).

Fore period.

First subperiod:
Total

Calo-
ries.
16 915

Calo-
ries.
534

Calo-
ries.
510

Calo-
ries.
1 044

Perct.
3 16

Perct.
3 02

Perct.
6 18

Calories.
+ 15 871

Grams.
0 0

Average

3,383

107

102

209

+ 3,174

0

Second subperiod:
Total

16 756

809

498

1 307

4.83

2 97

7 80

+ 15 499

o

Average

3,351

162

100

261

+ 3,090

o

Entire fore period:
Total

33, 671

1,343

1,008

2,351

3.99

2.99

6.98

+31,320

o

Average

3,367

134

101

235

+ 3 132

o

Preservative period.

First subperiod:
Total „

16, 724

627

453

1.080

3.75

2.71

6.45

+ 15,644

1.115

Average

3,345

125

91

216

+ 3 129

223

Second subperiod:
Total

17, 024

856

460

1.316

5.03

2.70

7.73

+15.708

2.540

Average

3,405

171

92

263

+ 3 129

.508

Third subperiod:
Total

17,119

687

515

1,202

4.01

3.01

7.02

+15,917

3.810

Average

3,424

137

103

240

+ 3 184

762

Fourth subperiod:
Total

(3. 810)

Average

(. 762)

First, second, and third sub-
periods:
Total

50,867

2,170

1,428

3,598

4.27

2.81

7.07

+ 47,269

Average

3,391

145

95

240

.. . .

+ 3,151

Entire preservative period:
Total

11. 275

Average

.564

After period.

First subperiod:
Total

17, 114

732

481

1,213

4.28

2.81

7.09

+ 15,901

.0

Average

3 423

146

96

242

+ 3,181

.0

Second subperiod:
Total

16, 705

648

473

1,121

3.88

2.83

6.71

+ 15,584

.0

Average

3,341

130

95

224

+ 3,117

.0

Entire after period:
Total

33, 819

1,380

954

2,334

4.08

2.82

6.90

+31,485

.0

Average

3 382

138

95

233

+ 3,149

.0

SULPHUROUS ACID AND SULPHITES.

981

TABLE XIX. — Calories balances for Series VII— Continued.

[Averages are per day.]

USTo. 3.

Period.

1

In
food.

2

In
feces.

3

In
urine.

4

In
feces
and
urine
(2+3).

5

In

feces
(2-M).

6

In
urine
(3-1).

7

In
feces
and
urine
(4+1).

8

Balance
(1-4)

9

Sodium
sul-
phite
admin-
istered
(S0«).

Fore period.

First subperiod:
Total

Calo-
ries.
16 486

Calo-
ries.
371

Calo-
ries.
430

Calo-
ries.
801

Per ct.

2 25

Per ct.
2.61

Per ct.

4.86

Calories.
+ 15,685

Grams.
0 0

Average

3,297

74

86

160

+ 3,137

.0

Second subperiod:
Total

17, 372

535

471

1,006

3.08

2.71

5.79

+ 16,366

.0

Average

3,474

107

94

201

+ 3,273

.0

Entire fore period:
Total

33 858

906

901

1 807

2.68

2.66

5.34

+32,051

.0

Average

3 386

91

90

181

+ 3 205

0

Preservative period.

First subperiod:
Total

16, 855

656

455

1,111

3.89

2.69

6.59

+ 15,144

1. 115

Average

3,371

131

91

222

+ 3,149

.223

Second subperiod:
Total

17,584

511

461

972

2.91

2.62

5.53

+16,612

2.540

Average

3 517

102

92

194

+ 3,333

.508

Third subperiod:
Total

17, 478

693

461

1,154

3.96

2.64

6.60

+16.324

3.810

Average

3 496

139

92

231

+ 3 265

7 62

Fourth subperiod:
Total

(.381)

Average

(.076)

First, second, and third sub-
periods:
Total

51 917

1 860

1 377

3 237

3 58

2 65

6 23

+ 48,680

Average

3,461

124

92

216

+ 3,245

Entire preservative period:
Total

7. 846

Average

a. 392

After period.

First subperiod:
Total

17 508

413

430

843

2 36

2 46

4 81

+16,665

.0

Average

3 502

83

86

169

+ 3 333

.0

Second subperiod:
Total

17 534

468

455

923

2 67

2 59

5 26

+16 611

.0

Average

3,507

94

91

185

+ 3,322

.0

Entire after period:
Total

Average

35,042
3 504

881
88

885
88

1,766
177

2.51

2.53

5.04

+33,276
+ 3,327

.0
.0

Average for 1 day in a period of 20 days.

982

INFLUENCE OF FOOD PRESERVATIVES ON HEALTH.

TABLE XIX. — Calories balances for Series VII— Continued.

[Averages are per day.]

No. 4.

Period.

1

In
food.

In
feces.

3

In
urine.

4

In
feces
and
urine

(2+3).

5

In
feces
(2-«-l).

6

In
urine
(3-1).

7

In
feces
and
urine

(4-1).

8

Balance
(1-4).

9

Sodium
sul-
phite
admin-
istered
(SO,).

Fore period.

First subperiod:
Total

Calo-
ries.
15, 593

Calo-
ries.
505

Calo-
ries.
467

Calo-
ries.
972

Per ct.
3.24

Per ct.
2.99

Per ct.
6.23

Calories.
+ 14,621

Grams.
0 0

Average

3,119

101

93

194

+ 2,925

0

Second subperiod :
Total

15,310

709

490

1,199

4.63

3.20

7.83

+ 14,111

.0

Average

3,062

142

98

240

+ 2,822

.0

Entire fore period:
Total

30,903

1,214

957

2,171

3.93

3.10

7.03

+28,732

.0

Average

3,090

121

96

217

+ 2,873

.0

Preservative period.

First subperiod:
Total

15,458

513

471

984

3.32

3.05

6.37

+ 14,474

1.115

Average

3,092

103

94

197

+ 2,895

.223

Second subperiod:
Total

15,985

758

425

1.183

4.74

2.66

7.40

+ 14,802

2.540

3 197

152

85

237

+ 2,960

.508

Third subperiod:
Total

15,971

508

440

951

3.18

2.77,

5.95

+15,020

3.810

Average

3 194

102

89

190

+ 3,004

.762

Fourth subperiod:
Total

15,756

633

437

1,070

4.02

2.77

6.79

+ 14,686

5.100

Average

3,154

127

87

214

+ 2,937

1.020

Entire preservative period:
Total

63, 170

2,412

1,776

4,188

3.82

2.81

6.63

+ 58,982

12. 565

Average

3 158

121

89

209

+ 2,949

.628

After period.

First subperiod:
Total

16, 132

530

475

1,005

3.29

2.94

6.23

+ 15,127

.0

Average

3,226

106

95

201

+ 3,025

.0

Second subperiod:
Total

15,781
3 156

643
129

471
94

1,114
223

4.07

2.98

7.06

+ 14.667
+ 2,933

.0
.0

Entire after period:
Total

31,913
3 191

1,173
117

946
95

2,119
212

3.68

2.96

6.64

+29,794
+ 2,979

.0
.0

SULPHUROUS ACID AND SULPHITES.

983

TABLE XIX. — Calories balances for Series VII— Continued.

[Averages are per day.]

No. 5.

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

In

In

Sodium

Period.

In
food.

In
feces.

In
urine.

feces
and
urine

(2+3).

In
feces
(2-i-l).

In
urine
(3-«-l).

feces
and
urine

(4H-1).

Balance

d-4).

phite
admin-
istered
(S02).'

Fore period.

Calo-

Calo-

Calo-

Calo-

Second subperiod:

ries.

ries.

ries.

ries.

Per ci.

Perct.

Per ct.

Calories.

Grams.

Total

15,511

393

365

758

2.53

2.35

4.89

+14,753

0.0

Average

3,102

79

73

152

+ 2,950

.0

Preservative period.

First subperiod:

Total

15,045

447

427

874

2.97

2.84

5.81

+14,171

1.115

Average

3,009

89

85

175

+ 2,834

.223

Second subperiod:
Total

15,371

526

384

910

3.42

2.50

5.92

+14,461

2.540

Average

3,074

105

77

182

+ 2,892

.508

Third subperiod:

Total

12, 662

415

351

766

3.28

2.77

6.05

+11,896

2.540

Average

2 532

83

70

153

+ 2,379

.508

Fourth subperiod:

Total :

10,043

459

273

732

4.57

2.72

7.29

+ 9,311

.0

Average

2 009

92

55

146

+ 1,863

.0

Entire preservative period:
Total

53,121

1,847

1,435

3,282

3.48

2.70

6.18

+49,839

6.195

Average

2,656

92

72

164

+ 2,492

.310

After period.

First subperiod:

Total

11,899

410

264

674

3.45

2.22

5.66

+11,225

.0

Average

2 380

82

53

135

+ 2,245

.0

Second subperiod:

Total

12,273

372

288

660

3.03

2.35

5.38

+ 11,613

.0

Average

2 455

74

58

132

+ 2,323

.0

Entire after period:

Total

24,172

782

552

1,334

3.24

2.28

5.52

+22,838

.0

Average

2,417

78

55

133

+ 2,284

.0

984

INFLUENCE OF FOOD PRESERVATIVES ON HEALTH.

TABLE XIX. — Calories balances for Series VII — Continued.

[Averages are per day.]

No. 6.

Period.

1

In
food.

2

In
feces.

3

In
urine.

4

In
feces
and
urine
(2+3).

5

In
feces
(2-1).

6

In
urine
(3-4-1).

7

In
feces
and
urine
(4-1).

8

Balance
(1-4).

9

Sodium
sul-
phite
admin-
istered
(S02).

Fore period.

First subperiod:
Total

Calo-
ries.
15 248

Calo-
ries.
530

Calo-
ries.
326

Calo-
ries.
856

Per ct.

3 48

Per ct.
2 14

Per ct.
5 61

Calories.
+14 392

Grams.
0 0

Average

3,050

106

65

171

+ 2,879

.0

Second subperiod:
Total

15,112

620

356

976

4 10

2 36

6 46

+14 136

o

Average

3,022

124

71

195

+ 2,827

.0

Entire fore period:
Total

30,360

1,150

682

1,832

3.79

2.25

6.03

+28, 528

.0

Average

3,036

115

68

183

+ 2,853

.0

Preservative period.

First subperiod:
Total

15,654

555

373

928

3.55

2 38

5 93

+14,726

1.115

Average

3,131

111

75

186

+ 2,945

.223

Second subperiod:
' Total

15,408

826

402

1,228

5.36

2 61

7 97

+14,180

2.540

Average

3,082

165

80

246

+ 2,836

.508

Third subperiod:
Total

15,352

570

387

957

3.71

2.52

6.23

+14,395

3.810

Average

3,070

114

77

191

+ 2,879

.762

Fourth subperiod:
Total

15,635

628

392

1,020

4.02

2.51

6.52

+14,615

.0

Average

3,127

126

78

204

+ 2,923

.0

"

Entire preservative period:

62,049

2,579

1,554

4,133

4.16

2.50

6.66

+57,936

7.465

Average

3 102

129

78

207

+ 2,875

.373

After period.

First subperiod:
Total

16,566

629

401

1,030

3.80

2.42

6.22

+15,536

.0

Average

3,313

126

80

206

+ 3,107

.0

Second subperiod:
Total

15,485

597

382

979

3.86

2.46

6.32

+14,506

.0

Average

3,097

119

76

195

+ 3,004

.0

Entire after period:
Total

32,051

1,226

783

2,009

3.83

2.44

6.27

-t- 30, 042

.0

Average

3 205

123

781

201

+ 3,004

.0

SULPHUROUS ACID AND SULPHITES.

985

TABLE XIX. — Calories balances for Series VII— Continued.

[Averages are per day.] .

No. 7.

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

Period.

In
food.

In
feces.

In
urine.

In
feces
and
urine
(2+3).

In
feces
(2-5-1).

In
urine

(3-1)

In
feces
and
urine
(4-5-1).

Balance

(1-4).

Sul-
phur-
ous acid
admin-
istered
(S0«).

Fore period.

Calo-

Calo-

Calo-

Calo-

First subperiod:
Total

ries.
15,223

ries.
414

ries.
318

ries.
732

Per d.
2.72

Per ct.
2.09

Perct.
4.81

Calories.
-(-14,491

Grams.
0.0

A.verage

3,045

83

64

146

+ 2,899

.0

Second subperiod:

Total . . .

13,760

482

319

801

3.50

2.32

5.82

+12,959

.0

Average

2 752

96

64

160

+ 2,492

.0

Entire fore period :

Total

28,983

896

637

1,533

3.09

2.20

5.29

+27,450

.0

Average

2,898

90

64

153

+ 2,745

.0

Preservative period.

~

~

— •

~

•

'

~

First subperiod:
Total

14, 274

576

328

904

4.04

2.30

6.33

+ 13,370

.856

Average

2,855

115

66

181

+ 2,674

.171

Second subperiod:
Total ....

13,834

376

266

642

2.72

1.92

4.64

+ 13,192

1.600

Average

2 767

75

53

128

+ 2,639

.320

Third subperiod:

Total

13,321

253

328

581

1.90

2.46

4.36

+ 12,740

1.800

Average

2,664

51

66

116

+ 2,548

.360

First, second, and third sub-

periods:

Total

41,429

1.205

922

2.127

2.91

2.23

- 5.13

+39,302

4.256

Average

2 762

80

61

142

+ 2 620

o.213

o Average for 20 days.

986

INFLUENCE OF FOOD PRESERVATIVES ON HEALTH.

TABLE XIX. — Calories balances for Series VII — Continued.

[Averages are per day.]
No. 8.

Period.

1

In
food.

2

In
feces.

3

In
urine.

4

In
feces
and
urine
(2+3).

5

In
feces
(2-1).

6

In
urine
(3-1).

7

In

feces
and
urine

(4H-1).

8

Balance
(1-4).

9

Sul-
phur-
ousacid
admin-
istered
(S02).

Fore period.

First subperiod:
Total

Calo-
ries.
16,040

Calo-
ries.
548

Calo-
ries.
324

Calo-
ries.
872

Per ct.
3.42

Per ct.
2.02

Per ct.
5.44

Calories.
+ 15,168

Grams.
0.0

Average

3,208

110

65

174

+ 3,034

o

Second subperiod:
Total

15 517

648

367

1 015

4 18

2 37

6 54

+14 502

o

Average

3 103

130

73

203

+ 2 900

o

Entire fore period:
Total

31,557

1,196

691

1 887

3 79

2 19

5 98

-t-29 670

o

Average

3 156

120

69

189

+ 2 967

o

Preservative period.

First subperiod:
Total

15, 493

405

377

782

2.61

2.43

5 05

+14 711

856

Average.

3,099

81

75

156

+ 2 943

171

Second subperiod:
Total

15,500

452

346

798

2.92

2.23

5.15

+ 14,702

2.000

Average

3,100

90

160

+ 2,940

400

Third subperiod :
Total

15 928

751

351

1 102

4 71

2 20

6 92

+ 14 826

2 000

Average

3,186

150

70

220

+ 2,996

.400

Fourth subperiod:
Total

15, 492

802

341

1.143

5 18

2 20

7 38

+14 349

2 000

Average

3 098

WO

68

229

+ 2 869

400

Entire preservative period:
Total

62,413

2,410

1,415

3 825

3 86

2 27

6 13

+ 58 588

6 856

Average

3 121

120

71

191

+ 2 930

343

After period.

First subperiod:
Total

16, 155

564

360

924

3.49

2.23

5.72

+15,231

.0

Average.

3,231

113

72

185

+ 3,046

.0 «

Second subperiod:
Total

15 726

641

363

1 004

4 08

2 31

6 39

+ 14 722

o

Average

3,145

128

73

241

+ 2,904

.0

Entire after period:
Total

31,881

1,205

723

1,928

3.78

2.27

6.05

+29,953

,0

Average

3,188

120

72

193

+ 2,995

.0

SULPHUROUS ACID AND SULPHITES.

987

TABLE XIX. — Calories balances^for Series VII— Continued.

[Averages are per day.]
No. 9.

Period.

1

In
food.

2

In
feces.

3

In
urine.

4

In

feces
and
urine

(2+3).

5

In
feces
(2-=-!).

6

In
urine
(3-Hl).

7

In
feces
and
urine

(4-Hl).

8

Balance
(1-4).

9

Sul-
phur-
ous acid
admin-
istered
(S02).

Fore period.

First subperiod:
Total

Calo-
ries.
14, 870

Calo-
ries.
420

Calo-
ries.
367

Calo-
ries.

787

Per ct.

2.82

Per ct.
2.47

Per ct.
5.29

Calories.
+ 14, 083

Grams.
0.0

Average . . .

2,974

84

73

157

+ 2 817

o

Second subperiod:
Total

14,905

402

392

794

2 70

2 63

5 33

+ 14,111

o

Average

2,981

80

78

159

+ 2 822

o

Entire fore period:
Total

29 775

822

759

1 581

2 76

2 55

5 31

+ 28 194

o

2,978

82

76

158

+ 2,820

.0

Preservative period.

First subperiod:
Total

14,805

521

428

949

3 52

2 89

6 41

+ 13 856

856

• Average

2,961

104

86

190

+ 2,771

.171

Second subperiod:
Total

15 129

551

391

942

3 64

2 58

6 23

+ 14 187

2 000

Average

3,026

110

78

188

+ 2,838

.400

Third subperiod:
Total

15, 152

495

393

888

3.27

2 *iQ

5.86

+ 14,264

2 000

Average

3,030

99

79

178

+ 2 852

400

Fourth subperiod:
Total

14,859

320

426

746

2.15

2.87

5.02

+ 14 113

2 000

Average

2,972

64

85

149

+ 2 823

400

Entire preservative period:
Total

59 945

1 887

1 638

3 525

3 15

2 73

5 88

+ 56 420

6 856

Average

2,997

94

82

176

+ 2 821

343

After period.

First subperiod:
Total.

15, 203

840

405

1,245

5 53

2 66

8 19

+ 13 958

0

Average

3,041

168

81

249

+ 2,792

.0

Second subperiod:
Total

14,669

599

406

1 005

4 08

2 77

6 85

+ 13 664

o

Average

2,934

120

81

201

+ 2,733

.0

Entire after period:
Total

29 872

1 439

811

2 250

4 g2

2 71

7 53

+27 622

o

Average .

2 987

144

81

225

+ 2' 762

o

988

INFLUENCE OP FOOD PRESERVATIVES ON HEALTH.

TABLE XIX. — Calories balances for Series VII — Continued.

[Averages are per day.]

No. 1O.

Period.

1

In
food.

2

In
feces.

3

In
urine.

4

In
feces
and
urine

(2+3).

5

In
feces

(2-Hl).

6

In
urine
(3+1).

7

In
feces
and
urine
(4-5-1).

8

Balance
(1-4).

9

Sul-
phur-
ousacid
admin-
istered
(SOi).

Fore period.

First subperiod:
Total

Calo-
ries.
15, 471
3,094

14,942
2,988

30,413
3,041

15,085
3,017

15,047
3,009

15, 516
3,103

15, 274
3,055

Calo-
ries.
531
106

346
69

877
88

662
132

579
116

312
62

718
144

Calo-
ries.
403
81

414
83

817
82

390

78

300
60

403

81

384

77

Calo-
ries.
934

187

760
152

1,694
169

1,052
210

879
176

715
143

1,102
220

Per (t.
3.43

Per ct.

2.61

Per ct.
6.04

Calories.
+ 14,537
+ 2,907

+ 14,182
+ 2,836

+ 28,719
+ 2,872

+ 14,033
+ 2,807

+ 14,168
+ 2,833

+ 14,801
+ 2,960

+ 14,172
+ 2,835

Grams.
0.0
.0

.0
.0

.0
.0

Average

Second subperiod:
Total

2.32

2.77

5.09

Average

Entire fore period:
Total

2.88

2.69

5.57

Average

Preservative period.

First subperiod:
Total

4.39

2.58

6.97

.856
.171

2.000
.400

2.000
.400

2.000
.400

Average

Second subperiod: ,
Total

3.85

1.99

5.84

Average

Third subperiod:
Total

2.01

2.60

4.61

Average

Fourth subperiod:
Total

4.70

2.51

7.21

Average

Entire preservative period:
Total

60,922
3,046

2,271
114

1,477
74

3,748
187

1,065
213

1.047
209

3.73

4.26

2.42
2.67

6.15

+ 57,174
+ 2,859

6.856
.343

Average

After period.

First subperiod:
Total

15,369
3,074

14,940

2,988

30,309
3,031

655
131

680
136

410

82

367
73

6.93

+ 14,304
+ 2,861

+ 13, 893
+ 2,779

.0
- .0

.0
.0

Second subperiod:
Total

4.55

2.46

7.01

Average

Entire after period:
Total

1,335
130

777
78

2,112
211

4.41

2.56

6.97

+ 28,197
+ 2,820

.0
.0

SULPHUROUS ACID AND SULPHITES.

989

TABLE XIX. — Calories balances for Series VII— Continued.
[Averages are per day.] .

No. 11.

Period.

1

In -
food.

2

In
feces.

3

In
urine.

4

In

feces
and
urine
(2+3).

5

In
feces
(2-1).

6

In
urine
(3-;-l).

7

In
feces
and
urine
(4-*-!).

8

Balance
d-4).

9

Sul-
phur-
ousacid
admin-
istered
(S0«).

Fore perio^

First subperiod :
Total

Calo-
ries.
19,030

Calo-
ries.
655

Calo-
ries.
468

Calo-
ries.
1,123

Per ct.
3.41

Per ct.
2.46

Per ct.
5.90

Calories.
+ 17,907

Grams.
0.0

Average

3,806

131

94

225

+ 3,581

.0

Second subperiod:
Total

19,012

599

485

1,084

3.15

2.55

5.70

+ 17,928

.0

Average

3,802

120

97

217

+ 3,585

.0

x

Entire fore period:
Total

38,042

1,254

953

2,207

3.30

2.51

5.80

+35,835

.0

Average

3,804

125

95

221

+ 3,583

.0

Preservative period.

First subperiod:
Total

19,096

745

461

1,206

3.90

2.41

6.32

+ 17,890

.856

Average

3,819

149

92

241

+ 3,578

171

Second subperiod:
Total . ..

19,630

670

391

1 061

3 41

1 99

5 40

+ 18,569

2.000

Average

3 926

134

78

212

+ 3 714

.400

Third subperiod:
Total

19,536

702

423

1 125

3 59

2 17

5 76

+ 18 411

2.000

Average

3,907

140

85

225

+ 3,682

.400

Fourth subperiod:
Total

19 209

640

427

1 067

3 33

2 22

5 55

+ 18 142

2 000

Average

3,842

128

85

213

+ 3,629

.400

Entire preservative period:
Total

77,471

2, 757

1,702

4 459

3 56

2 20

5 76

+ 73 012

6 856

Average

3 874

138

85

223

+ 3 651

343

After period.

First subperiod :
Total..

19 274

619

435

1 054

3 21

2 26

5 47

+ 18 220

o

Average

3,855

124

87

211

+ 3,644

o

Second subperiod:
Total

18 825

a 517

465

982

2 75

2 47

5 22

+ 17 843

o

Average

3,765

103

93

1%

+ 3 569

o

Entire after period :
Total

38,099

1,136

900

2 036

2 98

2 36

5 34

+ 36 063

o

Average

3,810

114

90

204

-fc 3.606

.0

Very small portion lost by -vomiting.

990

INFLUENCE OF FOOD PRESEKVATIVES ON HEALTH.

TABLE XIX. — Calories balances for Series VII— Continued.

[Averages are per day.]

No. 13.

Period.

1

In
food.

2

In
feces.

3

In
urine.

4

In
feces
and
urine

(2+3).

5

In

feces '
(2-1).

6

In
urine
(3-t-l).

7

In
feces
and
urine.
(4-1).

8

Balance
d-4).

9

Sul-
phur-
ous acid
admin-
istered
(SO,).

Fore period.

First subperiod:
Total

Calo-
ries.
16,804

Calo-
ries.
605

Calo-
ries.
436

Calo-
ries.
1,041

Per ct.
3.60

Per ct.
2.59

Per ct.
6.19

Calories.
+ 15,763

Grams.
0 0

Average

3,361

121

87

208

+ 3,153

0

Second subperiod:
Total

16,887

428

433

861

2.53

2.56

5.10

+ 16,026

.0

Average

3,377

86

87

172

+ 3,205

0

Entire fore period:
Total

33,691

1,033

869

1,902

3.07

2.58

5.65

+31,789

.0

Average . .

3,369

103

87

190

+ 3,479

0

Preservative period.

First subperiod:
Total

17,262

583

449

1 032

3 38

2 60

5.98

+ 16, 230

856

Average

3,452

117

90

206

+ 3,246

.171

Second subperiod:
Total

17,829

466

462

928

? 61

2.59

5.21

+ 16,901

2 000

Average

3,566

93

92

186

+ 3,380

.400

Third subperiod:
Total

17 565

609

462

1,071

3.47

2.63

6.10

+ 16, 494

1 600

Average

3,515

122

92

214

+ 3,299

.320

Fourth subperiod:
Total

17 524

450

428

878

2.57

2.44

5.01

+ 16,646

0

Average

3,505

90

86

176

+ 3,329

.0

Entire preservative period.
Total

70,180

2,108

1,801

3,909

3.00

2.57

5.57

+66,271

4.456

Average

3,509

105

90

195

+ 3,314

.223

After period.

First subperiod:
Total

16, 7.57

359

415

774

2.14

2.48

4.62

+ 15,983

.0

Average

3,351

72

83

155

+ 3,196

.0

Second subperiod:
Total

15,990

555

420

975

3.47

2.63

6.10

+ 15,015

.0

Average

3 198

111

84

195

+ 3 003

.0

Entire after period:
Total

32, 747

914

835

1,749

2.79

2.55

5.34

+30,998

.0

Average

3 275

91

84

175

+ 3,100

.0

SULPHUROUS ACID AND SULPHITES.

991

TABLE XIX — Calories balances for Series VII — Continued.

SUMMARIES.

[Averages are per man per day.]
:N"o.s. 1 to 6.

Period.

1 .

In
food.

2

In
feces.

3

In
urine.

4

In
feces
and
urine
(2+3).

5

In
feces
(2-1).

6

In
urine
(3-1).

7

In
feces
and
urine
(4-1).

a

Balance

(1-4).

9

Sodium
sul-
phite
admin-
istered
(S02).

Fore period.

First subperiod:
Total

Calo-
ries.
«81,365

Calo-
ries.
2 634

Calo-
ries.
2,188

Calo-
ries.
4,822

Per ct.
3.24

Per ct.
2.69

Per ct.
5.93

Calories.
+ 76,543

Grams.
0.0

Average

3,255

105

88

193

+ 3,062

.0

Second subperiod:
Total

95,958

3 401

2,503

5,904

3 54

2 61

6 15

+ 90,054

o

Average

3,199

113

83

197

+ 3,002

.0

Entire fore period:
Total

177,323

6,035

4,691

10,726

3.40

2.65

6 05

+166,597

0

Average

3,224

110

85

195

+ 3, 029

.0

Preservative period.

First subperiod:
Total

Average

95,254
3 175

3,325
111

2,606

87

5,931
198

3.49

2.74

6.23

+ 89,323
+ 2,977

6.690
223

Second subperiod:
Total

97,501

4,030

2, 523

6,553

4.13

2.59

6.72

+ 90,948

15 240

Average

3 250

134

84

218

+ 3,032

508

Third subperiod:
Total

94 810

3,171

2,579

5,750

3 35

2 72

6 06

+ 89,060

21 590

Average

3,160

106

86

• 192

+ 2,968

.720

First, second, and third sub-
periods:
Total

287 565

10,526

7,708

18, 234

3 66

2 68

6 34

+269,331

43 520

Average

3,195

117

86

203

+ 2,992

.484

After period.

First subperiod:
Total

95,897

3,035

2,485

5,520

3.16

2.59

5.76

+ 90,377

.0

Average. .

3,197

101

83

184

+ 3,013

0

Second subperiod:
Total
Average

94,337
3, 145

3,038
101

2,501
83

5,539
185

3.22

2.65

5.87

+ 88,798
+ 2,960

.0
.0

Entire after period:
Total

190, 334

6,073

4,986

11,059

3. 19

2.62

5.81

+179,175

.0

Average

3,171

101

83

185

+ 2, 986

0

a No. 5 absent.

992

INFLUENCE OP FOOD PRESERVATIVES ON HEALTH.

TABLE XIX. — Calories balances for Series VII— Continued.
[Averages are per man per day.]
. 8 to 11.

Period.

1

In
food.

2

In
feces.

3

In
urine.

4

In
feces
and
urine

(2+3).

5

In
feces

(2-1).

6

In
urine
(3-s-l).

7

In
feces
and
urine

(4-1).

8

Balance
(1-4).

9

Sul-
phur-
ous
acid
admin-
istered
(SO,).

Fore period.

First subperiod:
Total

Calo-
ries.
65, 411

Calo-
ries.
2,154

Calo-
ries.
1 562

Calo-
ries.
3 716

Per ct.
3 29

Per a.
2 39

Per ct.
5 68

Calories.
+ 61,695

Grams,
0 0

Average
Second subperiod:
Total

3,271
64,376

108
1,995

78
1,658

186
3,653

3.10

2.58

5.67

+ 3,085
+ 60.723

.0

.0

Average

3,219

100

83

183

+ 3,036

.0

Entire fore period :
Total

Average.

129, 787
3,245

4,149
104

3,220
80

7,369
184

3.20

2.48

5.68

+122, 418
+ 3, 061

.0
.0

Preservative period.

First subperiod:
Total

64, 479

2,333

1,656

3,989

3.62

2.57

6.19

+ 60,490

3.424

Average

3,224

117

83

199

+ 3,025

.171

Second subperiod:
Total. .

65,306

2,252

1,428

3,680

3.45

2.19

5.64

+ 61,626

8.000

Average

3,265

113

71

184

+ 3,081

.400

Third subperiod:
Total

Average

66, 132
3,307

2,260
113

1,570

78

3,830
192

3.42

2.37

5.79

+ 62,302
+ 3,115

8.000
.400

Fburth subperiod:
Total

Average

64,834
3,242

2,480
124

1,578
79

4,058
203

3.83

2.43-

6.26

+ 60,776
+ 3,039

8.000
.400

Entire preservative period:
Total

260, 751

9,325

6,232

15, 557

3.58

2.39

5.97

+245, 194

27. 424

Average

3,259

117

78

194

+ 3,065

.343

After period.

First subperiod:
Total

66,001

2,678

1,610

4,288

4.06

2.44

6.50

+ 61,713

.0

Average

3,300

134

80

214

+ 3, 086

.0

Second subperiod:
Total

64,160

2,437

1,601

4,038

3.80

2.50

6.29

+ 60,122

.0

Average

3,208

122

80

202

+ 3,006

.0

Entire after period:
Total

130, 161

5/115

-3,211

8,326

3.93

2.47

6.40

+ 121,835

.0

Average

3,254

128

80

208

+ 3,046

.0

SULPHUROUS ACID AND SULPHITES.

993

TABLE XIX. — Calories balances for Series VII— Continued.

[Averages are per man per day.]

!N~os. 1 and. 4.

Period.

1

In
food.

2

In
feces.

3

In
urine.

4

In
feces
and
urine

(2+3).

f 5

In
feces
(2-8-1;.

6

In
urine
(3+1).

7

In
feces
and
urine
(4+1).

8

Balance
(1-4).

9

Sodium
sul-
phite
admin-
istered
(SOi).

Fore -period.

First sub period:
Total

Calo-
ries.
32,716

Calo-
ries.
1,199

Calo-
ries.
922

Calo-
ries.
2,121

Per ct.
3.66

Per ct.

2.82

Per ct.
6.48

Calories.
+ 30,595

Grams.
0.0

3,272

120

92

212

-1- 3,060

.0

Second subperiod:
Total

31,207

1,044

813

1,857

3.35

2.61

5.95

+ 29,350

.0

\verage

3 121

104

81

186

+ 2,935

.0

Entire fore period.
Total

63,923

2 243

1,735

3,978

3.51

2.71

6.22

4- 59,945

.0

3 196

112

87

199

4- 2,997

0

Preservative -period.

First subperiod:
Total

30,976

1,040

898

1,938

3.36

2.90

6.26

4- 29,038

2.230

Average

3,098

104

90

194

-f 2,904

.223

Second subperiod:
Total

32,114

1,311

816

2,127

4 08

2.54

6.62

4- 29,987

5.080

Average .

3,211

131

82

213

4- 2,998

.508

Third subperiod:
Total

32,199

806

865

1,671

2.50

2.69

5.19

4- 30,528

7.620

Average

3,220

81

87

167

+ 3,053

.762

Fourth subperiod:
Total

32,311

990

876

1,866

3.06

2.71

5.78

4- 30,445

8.910

Average

3,231

99

88

" 187

4- 3,044

.891

Entire preservative period:
Total

127,600

4,147

3,455

7,602

3.25

2.71

5.96

4-119,998

23.840

Average

3,190

104

86

190

4- 3,000

.596

After period.

First subperiod :
Total

32,810

851

909

1,760

2.59

2.77

5.36

4- 31,050

.0

Average

3,281

85

91

. 176

4- 3, 105

.0

Second subperiod:
Total

32,340

953

903

1,856

2.95

2.79

5 74

4- 30,484

.0

Average

3,234

95

90

186

4- 3,048

.0

Entire after period:
Total

65,150

1,804

1,812

3,616

2.77

2.78

5.55

4- 61,534

.0

Average

3 258

90

91

181

4- 3,077

.0

994

INFLUENCE OF FOOD PRESERVATIVES ON HEALTH.

TABLE XIX. — Calories balances for Series VII — Continued.

[Averages are per man per day.]

N"os. 5 and. 6.

Period.

1

In
food.

2

In
feces.

3

In
urine.

4

In
feces
and
urine

(2+3).

5

In
feces
(2-5-1).

6

In
urine

(3-5-1).

7

In
feces
and
urine
(4-1).

8

Balance

(1-4).

9

Sodium
sul-
phite
admin-
istered
(SOi).

Fore period.

Second subperiod:
Total

Calo-
ries.
30, 623

Calo-
ries.
1,013

Calo-
ries.
721

Calo-
ries. .
1,734

Per ct.
3 31

Per ct.
2 35

Per ct.
5 66

Calories:

+ 28,889

Grams.
0 0

Average

3,062

101

72

173

4- 2,889

.0

Preservative period.

First subperiod:
Total

30,699

1,002

-=z. :_. =

800

1,802

3 26

2 61

5 87

4- 28,897

2 230

Average

3,070

100

80

180

4- 2,890

.223

Second subperiod:
Total

30,779

1,352

786

2,138

4.39

2.55

6.95

+ 28,641

5.080

3,078

135

79

214

+ 2 864

508

Third subperiod:
Total

28,014

985

738

1,723

3.52

2.63

6.15

+ 26,291

6.350

2,801

98

74

172

+ 2,629

.635

Fourth subperiod:
Total

25, 678

1,087

665

1,752

4.23

2.58

6.82

4- 23,926

.0

2,568

109

66

175

+ 2, 393

.0

Entire preservative period:
Total

115, 170

4,426

2,989

7,415

3.84

2.60

6.44

-1-107,755

13.660

2 879

111

75

185

4- 2,694

.342

After period.

First subperiod:
Total

28,465

1,039

665

1,704

3.65

2.34

5.99

+ 26,761

.0

Average

2,846

104

66

170

4- 2, 676

.0

Second subperiod:
Total

27,758

969

670

1,639

3.49

2.41

5.90

+ 26,119

.0

Average

2,776

97

67

164

+ 2,612

.0

Entire after period :
Total

56,223

2,008

1,335

3,343

3.57

2.37

5.95

4- 52,880

.0

2,811

100

67

167

4- 2, 644

.0

SULPHUROUS ACID AND SULPHITES.

995

TABLE XIX. — Calories balances for Series VII— Continued.

[Averages are per man per day.]

ISTos. *7 and. 13.

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

Sul-

In

In

phur-

Period.

In
food.

In
feces.

In
urine.

feces
and
urine

In
feces

(2-Hl).

In
urine

(3+1).

feces
and
urine

Balance
(1-4).

ous
acid
admin-

(2+3).

(4-1).

istered

(S02).

Fore period.

Calo-

Calo-

Calo-

Calo-

First subperiod:

ries.

ries.

ries.

ries.

Per ct.

Per ct.

Per ct.

Calories.

Grams.

Total

32,027

1,019

750

1,773

3.18

2.35

5.54

+ 30,254

0.0

Average

3,203

102

75

177

+ 3,026

o

Second subperiod:

Total

30,647

910

752

],662

2 97

2 45

5.42

+ 28,985

0

Average

3,065

91

75

166

+ 2,899

0

Entire fore period:

Total

62, 674

1,929

1,506

3,435

3 08

2 40

5.48

+ 59 239

.0

Average

3,134

96

75

172

+ 2,962

.0

Preservative period.

"

First subperiod:

Total

31,536

1,159

111

1 936

3 68

2 46

6 14

+ 29 600

1 712

Average

3,154

116

78

194

+ 2,960

.171

Second subperiod:

Total

31 663

842

728

1 570

2 66

2 30

4 96

+ 30 093

3 600

Average

3,166

84

73

157

+ 3', 009

360

Third subperiod:

Total

30,886

862

790

1,652

2 79

2 56

5 35

4- 29 234

3 400

Average

3,089

86

79

165

+- 2 924

340

First, second, and third

subperiods:

Total

94,085

2,863

2,295

5 158

3 04

2 44

5 48

4- 88 997

8 712

Average

3,136

95

76

172

+ 2 964

290

ISTos. 7 to 13.

Fore period.

First subperiod:
Total

97 438

3 173

2 316

5 489

3 26

2 38

5 63

+ 91 949

0 0

Average

3,248

' 106

77

183

+ 3,065

0

Second subperiod:
Total

95, 023

2,905

2,410

5,315

3 06

2 54

5 59

+ 89,708

.0

Average

3,167

97

80

177

-H 2 990

o

Entire fore period:
Total

192 461

6 078

4 726

10 804

3 16

2 46

5 61

+ 181 657

o

Average

3,208

101

79

180

4- 3,028

.0

Preservative period.

First subperiod:
Total

96,015

3,492

2,433

5,925

3 64

2.53

6 17

+ 90,090

5.136

Average

3,200

116

81

198

+ 3,002

171

Second subperiod:
Total
Average

96,969
3,232

3,094
103

2,156

72

5,250
175

3.19

2 22

' 5 41

-1- 91,719
+ 3,057

11.600
387

Third subperiod:
Total

97,018

3, 122

2,360

5 482

3 22

2 43

5 65

+ 91,536

11.400

Average

3,234

•104

79

183

4- 3 051

380

•iui

First, second, and third
subperiods:
Total

290,002

9,708

6,949

16,657

3 35

2 40

5 74

+273,345

28. 136

Average

3,222

108

185

4- 3,037

.313

11240— Bull. 84, pt 3—07 16

996 INFLUENCE OF FOOD PRESERVATIVES ON HEALTH.

SOLIDS BALANCE.
INDIVIDUAL DATA.

The total solids of the food are considered and the balance deter-
mined. In the case of No. 1 the quantity of solid matter — that is,
dry matter — ingested is quite constant during the three periods of
observation. The amount of solid matter recovered in the feces is
practically the same for the fore period and the preservative period,
but decreases considerably during the after period, while the solids
in the food are slightly increased. The quantity excreted in the
urine is uniform for the three periods. Naturally the balances are
positive and of very large magnitude, as the greater part of the solid
bodies of the food are digested and absorbed.

The quantity of solids in the foods of No. 2 is also quite constant,
and the amounts recovered in the feces and urine suffer very little
variation during the three periods.

In the case of No. 3 the solids in the food are quite constant,
ranging from 660 grams per day in the fore period to 682 grams in
the after period. The solid matter excreted in the feces is slightly
increased during the preservative period. The amount excreted in
the urine is practically constant in the three periods, being slightly
increased in the preservative period. There is shown, therefore, a
slight increase of total solids eliminated during the preservative
period, although the quantity of solid material used by the body
remains practically the same, owing to the slight increase in the
amount ingested.

No. 4 shows a marked uniformity both in the amounts of total
solids ingested and eliminated during the three periods. It is evident
from these data that the preservative in this case does not exercise
any decided influence upon the metabolism of total solids.

For -reasons which have already been given, the data for No. 5 are
incomplete and do not afford any basis of comparison.

In the case of No. 6 the quantity of total solids in the foods is
considerably increased in the after period, but the amount excreted
is not proportionally increased. There is, however, a slight ten-
dency shown to ^retard the absorption of solids and to increase
elimination.

The data for No. 7 are incomplete and in so far as they are recorded
do not show any notable influence of the preservative, although there
is a slightly increased elimination in the urine. The balance is
reduced in the preservative period, but corresponds to the reduction
of the solids in the food.

SULPHUROUS ACID AND SULPHITES. 997

No. 8 has a fairly uniform quantity of total solids in the food
and a uniform excretion in the feces and urine, and no marked dis-
turbing influences are noticed as a result of the administration of
the preservative.

In the case of No. 9 there is a marked increase in the excretion of
total solids in the feces in the after period, while there is a notable
increase in the amount eliminated in the urine in the preservative
period. The preservative period in this instance evidently has a
slight tendency .to inhibit the absorption of the total solids and to
increase the katabolic activities.

With No. 10 there is' a considerable increase in the total solids
excreted in the feces both in the preservative period and in the after
period. The amount eliminated in the urine decreases in the pre-
servative period. There is a slight indication in this case of meta-
bolic derangement under influence of the preservative in respect of
total solids.

In the case of No. 11 the quantities or total solids in the food and
the quantities excreted in the feces and urine show no marked vari-
ations in the three periods, but the same general tendency is indi-
cated as in the case of No. 10.

In the case of No. 12 there is a slight increase in the quantity of
total solids in the feces in the preservative period and an increase in
the amount excreted in the urine. There is again a slight tendency
to inhibit assimilation and increase excretion.

SUMMARIES.

The summaries of Nos. 1 to 6 and Nos. 8 to 11, inclusive, are
interesting in showing the relations of the total solids in the food
and in the feces and urine, but do not throw any additional light
upon the subject of the effects produced by the administration of the
preservative upon the general metabolic activities as affecting the
total solids of the food. The variations between the periods as
shown in the summaries are very small, but indicate the tendency
noted for the majority of the individuals to inhibit assimilation and
increase elimination.

998

INFLUENCE OF FOOD PRESERVATIVES ON HEALTH.

TABLE XX. — Solids balances for /Series VII.

[Averages are per day.]

HSfo. 1.

Period.

1

In
food.

2

In
feces.

3

In
urine.

4

In
feces
and
urine
(2+3).

5

In
feces
(2-s-l).

6

In
urine
(3-5-1).

7

In
feces
and
urine
(4+1).

8

Balance
(1-4).

' 9

Sodium
sul-
phite
admin-
istered
(SO,).

Fore period.

First subperiod:
Total

Grams.
3, 484

Grams.
135

Grams.
344

Grams.
479

Per ct.
3. -87

Per ct.
9.87

Per ct.
13.75

Grams.
+ 3,005

Grams
0.0

Average

697

27

69

96

+ 601

0

Second subperiod:
Total

3,229

66

333

399

2.04

10.31

12.36

-1- 2,830

.0

Average

646

13

67

80

-1- 566

.0

Entire fore period:
Total

6,713

201

677

878

2.99

10.08

13.08

-1- 5,835

.0

Average

671

20

68

88

+ 583

.0

Preservative period.

First subperiod:
Total

3,133

107

321

428

3.42

10.25

13.66

-1- 2,705

1.115

Average

627

21

64

86

+ 541

.223

Second subperiod:
Total

3,256

115

312

427

3.53

9.58

13.11

+ 2,829

2.540

Average

651

23

62

85

+ 566

.508

Third subperiod:
Total

3,270

59

352

411

1.80

10.76

12 57

+ 2,859

3.810

Average

654

12

70

82

+ 572

.762

Fourth subperiod: .
Total

3,400

74

386

460

2.18

11.35

13.53

+ 2,940

3.810

Average

680

15

77

92

+ 588

.762

Entire preservative period:
Total

13,059

355

1,371

1,726

2.72

10.50

13.22

+11,333

11. 275

Average

653

18

69

86

+ 567

.564

After period.

First subperiod:
Total

3,403

65

351

416

1.91

10.31

12.22

+ 2,987

.0

Average

681

13

70

83

+ 598

.0

Second subperiod:
Total

Average

3,411

682

64
13

336

67

400
80

1.88

9.85

11.73

+ 3,011
+ 002

.0
.0

Entire after period:
Total

Average

6,814
681

129
13

687
69

•

816

82

1.89

10.08

11.98

-f 5,998
-t- 600

.0
.0

SULPHUROUS ACID AND SULPHITES.

999

TABLE XX. — Solids balances for Series VII — Continued.

[Averages are per day.]

!N"o. 2.

Period.

1

In
food.

2

In
feces.

3

In
urine.

4

In
feces
and
urine
(2+3).

5

In
feces
(2-1).

6

In
urine
(3-f-l).

7

In
feces
and
urine

(4-4-1).

8

Balance
(1-4).

9

Sodium
sul-
phite
admin-
istered
(SOi).

Fore period. •

First subperiod:
Total

Grams.
3,343

Grams.
108

Grams.
370

Grams.

478

Per ct.
3.23

Per ct.
11.07

Per ct.
14.30

Grams.
+ 2,865

Grams
0.0

Average

669

22

74

96

+ 573

.0

Second subperiod:
Total

3, 272

163

365

528

4.98

11.16

16.14

4- 2,744

.0

Average

654

33

73

106

+ 548

.0

Entire fore period:
Total .

6,615

271

735

• 1,006

4.10

11.11

15.21

+ 5,609

.0

Average

662

27

74

101

+ 561

.0

Preservative period.

First subperiod:
Total

3,243

131

322

453

4.04

9.93

13. 97

+ 2,790

1.115

Average

649

26

64

91

+ 558

.223

Second subperiod:
Total ;

3,309

171

374

545

5.17

11.30

16.47

+ 2,764

2.540

Average

662

34

75

109

+ 553

.508

Third subperiod:
Total

3,317

138

380

518

4.16

11.46

15.62

+ 2,799

3.810

Average

663

28

76

104

+ 559

.762

Fourth subperiod:
Total

(3. 810)

Average

(. 762)

First, second, and third sub-
periods:
Total

Average

9,869
658

440

29

1,076

72

1,516
101

4.46

10.90

15.36

+ 8,353

+ 557

Entire preservative period:
Total

11. 275

Average

.564

After period.

First subperiod:
Total

3,331

142

362

504

4.26

10.87

15.13

+ 2,827

.0

Average

666

.28

72

101

+ 565

.0

Second subperiod:
Total

3,302

128

338

466

3.88

10.24

14.11

+ 2,836

.0

Average

660

26

68

93

+ 567

.0

Entire after period:
Total

6,633

270

700

970

4 07

10 55

14 62

+ 5,663

.0

Average

663

27

70

97

+ 566

.0

1000

INFLUENCE OF FOOD PRESERVATIVES ON HEALTH.

TABLE XX. — Solids balances for Series VII — Continued.

[Averages are per day.]
3STo. 3.

Period.

1

In
food.

2

In
feces.

3

In-
urine

4

In
feces
and
urine
(2+3).

5

In
feces
(2-s-l).

6

In
urine

(3-5-1).

7

In
feces
and
urine

(4-1).

8

Balance

d-4).

9

Sodium
sul-
phite
admin-
istered
(SOi).

Fore period.

First subperiod:
Total

Orams.
3,231

Grams.
75

Grams.
307

Grams.
382

Perct.
2.32

Per ct.
9 50

Per ct.
11 82

Grams.

+ 2 849

Grams.
0 0

Average

646

15

61

76

4- 570

o

Second subperiod: '
Average

3,372
674

121
24

329
66

450
90

3.59

9.76

13.35

4- 2,922
4- 584

.0
0

Entire fore period:
Total

Average

6,603
660

196
20

636
• 64

832
83

2.97

9.63

12.60

4- 5,771
-1- 577

.0

o

Preservative period.

First subperiod:
Total

3,271

143

324

467

4.37

9.91

14.28

4- 2,804

1.115

Average . .

654

29

• 65

93

4- 561

.223

Second subperiod:
Total

3,403

115

365

480

3.38

10.73

14.11

-I- 2,923

2.540

Average

618

23

73

96

-I- 585

.508

Third subperiod:
Total

3,373

160

350

510

4.74

10.38

15.12

4- 2,863

3.810

Average

675

32

70

102

4- 573

.762

Fourth subperiod:
Total

(. 381)

Average

(. 076)

First, second, and third sub-
periods:
Total

Average

10, 047
670

418
28

1,039
69

1,457
97

4.16

10.34

14.50

+ 8,590
+ 573

Entire preservative period:
Total

7.846

Average

a. 392

After period.

First subperiod:
Total

3,390

91

325

416

2.68

9.59

12.27-

-1- 2,974

.0

Average

678

18

65

83

+ 595

.0

Second subperiod:
Total

3,435

100

330

* 430

2.91

9.61

12.52

+ 3,005

.0

Average

687

20

66

86

4- 601

.0

Entire after period:
Total

6,825

191

655

846

2.80

9.60

12.40

4- 5,979

-0

682

19

66'

85

4- 597

.0

• Average for 1 day in a period of 20 days.

SULPHUROUS ACID AND SULPHITES.

1001

TABLE XX. — Solids balances for Series VII— Continued.

[Averages are per day.]

No. 4.

Period.

1

In
food.

2

In
feces.

3

In
urine.

4

In
feces
and
urine

(2+3).

5

In
feces

(2-1).

6

In
urine

(3-1).

-

7

In
feces
and
urine
(4-s-l).

8

Balance
(1-4).

9

Sodium
sul-
phite
admin-
istered
(SO,).

Fore period.

First subperiod:
Total

Grams.
3,076
615

3,002
600

Grams'.
102
20

151
30

Grams.
356
71

360

72

Grams.
458
92

514
102

Per ct.
3.32

Per ct.
11.57

Per ct.
14.89

Grams.
+ 2,618
+ 523

+ 2,491

4- 498

Grams.
0.0
.0

.0
.0

Average

Second subperiod:
Total

5.03

11.99

17.02

Average

Entire fore period :
Total

6,078
608

253
25

111
22

156
31

107
21

134
27

716
72

969
97

4.16

11.78

15.94

+ 5,109
+ 511

.0
.0

Average

Preservative period.

First subperiod:
Total . .

3.67

3,025
605

3,140

628

3,116
623

3,132
626

356
71

370

74

373
75

385

77

467
93

526
105

480
96

519
104

11.77

15.44

+ 2,558
+ 512

+ 2,614

+ 523

+ 2,636
+ 527

+ 2,613
+ 522

1.115
.223

2.540
.508

3.810
.762

5.100
1.020

Average

Second subperiod:
Total

4.97

11.78

16.75

Average

Third subperiod:
Total

3.43 11.97

15.40

Average
Fourth subperiod:
Total

4. 28 12. 29

16.57

Average

Entire preservative period:
Total

|

12, 413
621

3,165
633

3,142

628

508
25

-

Ill

22

137

27

1,484
74

1,992
100

4.09

11.96

16.05

+ 10,421
+ 521

12. 565
.628

Average.

After period.

First subperiod:
Total

368
74

353
71

479
96

490
98

3 51

11.63

15.13

+ 2,686
+ 537

+ 2,652
+ 530

0
.0

.0
.0

Average

Second subperiod:
Total

4.36

11.23

15 60

Average

Entire after period:
Total

6,307
631

248
25

*
721
72

909
97

3. 93 11 43

15 36

+ 5,338
+ 534

0
0

Average.

1002 INFLUENCE OF FOOD PRESERVATIVES ON HEALTH.

TABLE XX. — Solids balances for Series VII— Continued.

[Averages are per day.]

No. 5.

Period.

1

In
food.

2

In
feces.

3

In
urine.

4

In
feces
and
urine

(2+3).

5

In
feces
2*1).

6

In
urine
(3-1).

7

In
feces
and
urine
(4-t-l).

8

Balance

d-4).

9

Sodium
sul-
phite
admin-
istered
(S0»).

Fore period.

Second subperiod:
Total

Grams.
3,129

Grams.
78

Grams.
266

Grams.
344

Perct.
2 49

Per ct.
8 50

Per ct.

10 99

Grams.

+ 2 785

Grams.

o

626

16

53

69

+ 557

.0

Preservative period.

First subperiod:
Total

3 021

94

300

394

3 11

9 93

13 04

_l_ 2 627

1 115

Average . .

604

19

60

79

4- '525

223

Second subperiod :
Total

3,072

108

295

403

3.52

9 60

13 12

+ 2 669

2 540

Average

614

22

59

81

4- 534

508

Third subperiod:
Total

2 516

85

251

336

3 38

9 i is

13 35

+ 2 180

2 540

Average

503

17

50

67

4- 436

508

Fourth subperiod:
Total

2,120

99

201

300

4.67

9.48

14 15

+ 1 820

o

Average

424

20

40

60

+ 364

o

Entire preservative period:
Total

Average

10,729
536

386
19

1,047
52

1,433

72

3.60

9.76

13. 36

+ 9,295

4- 464

6. 195
310

After period.

First subperiod:
Total

2,434

87

208

295

3.57

8.55

12 12

4- 2 139

0

Average

487

17

42

59

+ 428

o

Second period :
Total

2,587

80

213

293

3 09

8.23

11 33

4- 2 294

o

Average

517

16

43

59

4- 459

o

Entire after period.
Total

5 021

167

421

588

3 33

8 38

11 71

4- 4 433

o

Average

502

17

42

59

4- 443

o

SULPHUROUS ACID AND SULPHITES.

1003

TABLE XX. — Solids balances for Series VII. — Continued.
[Averages are per day.]

Period.

1

In
food.

2

In
feces.

3

In
urine.

4

In
feces
and
urine

(2+3).

5

In
feces
(2+1).

6

In
urine
(3-s-l).

7

In
feces
and
urine
(4-hl).

8

Balance

(1-4).

9

Sodium
sul-
phite
admin-
istered
(SO,).

Fore period.

First subperiod:
Total

Grams.
3 015

Grams.
Ill

Grams.
280

Grams.
391

Per ct.
3 68

Per ct.
9 29

Per (t.
12 97

Grams.
+ 2 624

Grams.
0 o

Average

603

22

78

+ '525

o

Second subperiod:
Total

2,963

128

287

415

4.32

9.69

14 01

+ 2 548

o

Average

593

26

57

83

+ 510

o

Entire fore period:
Total

5,978

239

567

806

4.00

9.48

13 48

+ 5 172

o

Average

598

24

57

81

+ 517

o

Preservative period.

First subperiod:
Total

3 121

117

303

420

3 75

9 71

13 46

-f- 2 701

1 115

Average

624

23

61

84

+ 540

223

Second subperiod:
Total

3,031

174

323

497

5.74

10.66

16 40

+ 2 534

2 540

Average

606

35

65

99

+ 507

508

Third subperiod:
Total

3 015

114

322

436

3 78

10 68

14 46

4- 2 579

3 810

Average

603

23

el

87

+ '516

762

Fourth subperiod:
Total

3 116

125

309

434

4 01

9 92

13 93

4- 2 682

o

Average

623

25

62

87

+ 536

o

Entire preservative period:
Total

12 283

530

1 257

1 787

4 31

10 23

14 55

+ 10 496

7 465

Average

614

26

63

89

+ 525

373

After period.

First subperiod:
Total

3,313

133

318

451

4 01

9 60

13 61

2 862

o

Average

663

27

64

90

573

o

Second subperiod:
Total

3 104

123

309

432

3 96

9 95

13 92

2 672

o

Average

621

25

62

86

535

0

Entire after period :
Total

6,417

256

627

883

3 99

9 77

13 76

5 534

o

Average

642

26

63

88

554

o

1004 INFLUENCE OF FOOD PRESERVATIVES ON HEALTH.

TABLE XX. — Solids balances for Series VII— Continued.
[Averages are per day.]

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

Sul-

•

In

In

phur-

Period.

In
food.

In
feces.

In
urine.

feces
and
urine

In
feces
(2+1).

In
urine
(3+1).

feces
and
urine

Balance

(1-4).

ous
acid
admin-

(2+3).

(4+1).

istered

(SO,).

Fore period.

First subperiod:

Grams.

Grams.

Grams.

Grams.

Per ct.

Per ct.

Per d.

Grams.

Grams.

Total

2 979

78

233

311

2 62

1 82

10 44

+ 2 668

0 0

Average

596

16

47

62

+ 534

o

Second subperiod:

Total

2 621

95

244

339

3 62

9 31

12 93

+ 2 282

o

Average

524

19

49

68

+ 456

o

Entire fore period:

Total

5 600

173

477

650

3 09

8 52

11 61

+ 4 950

o

Average

560

17

48

65

+ '495

.0

Preservative period.

First subperiod:

Total.. .

2 727

115

265

380

4 22

9 72

13 93

+ 2 347

856

Average

545

23

53

76

+ 469

171

Second subperiod:

Total

2 674

72

269

341

2 69

10 06

12 75

+ 2 333

1 600

Average

535

14

54

68

+ 467

320

Third subperiod:

Total

2 580

48

268

316

1.86

10.39

12 25

+ 2 264

1.800

Average

516

10

54

63

+ 453

360

First, second, and third

subperiods:

Total

7 981

235

802

1 037

2 94

10 05

12 99

+ 6 944

Average

532

16

53

69

+ 463

Entire preservative period:

-

Total

4 256

Average

.213

SULPHUKOUS ACID AND SULPHITES.

1005

TABLE XX. — Solids balances for Series VII — Continued.

[Averages are per day.]

No. 8.

Period.

1

In
food.

2

In
feces.

3

In
urine.

4

In
feces
and
urine
(2+3).

5

In
feces
(2-J-l).

6

In
urine
(3+1).

7

In
feces
and
urine
(4-1).

8

[Balance
(1-4).

9

Sul-
phur-
ous
acid
admin-
istered
(SOi).

Fore period.

First subperiod:
Total

Grams.
3,277

Grams.
Ill

Grams.
299

Grams.
410

Per ct.
3.39

Per ct.
9.12

Per ct.
12.51

Grams.

+ 2 867

Grams.
0 0

Average

655

22

60

82

+ 573

o

Second subperiod:
Total

3 192

130

313

443

4 07

9.81

13.88

+ 2 749

o

Average

638

26

63

89

+ 549

o

Entire fore period :
Total

6. 469

241

612

853

3.72

9.46

13.18

+ 5 616

0

Average

647

24

61

85

+ 562

o

Preservative period.

First subperiod:
Total

3 169

83

319

402

2 62

10 06

12 68

-4- 2 767

|
856

Average

634

17

64

80

+ 554

171

Second subperiod:
Total

3.174

93

312

405

2.93

9.83

12.76

+ 2,769

2.000

Average

635

19

62

81

+ 554

.400

Third subperiod:
Total

3,262

155

308

463

4.75

9.44

14.19

-+- 2 799

2.000

Average

652

31

62

93

-4- 559

.400

Fourth subperiod:
Total

3.215

166

333

499

5.16

10.36

15 52

+ 2 716

2.000

Average

643

33

67

100

+ 543

.400

Entire preservative period:
Total

12,820

497

1,272

1,769

3.88

9.92

. 13.80

+ 11,051

6.856

Average

641

25

64

88

+ 553

.343

After period.

First subperiod:
Total

3,333

111

308

419

3.33

9.25

12.58

+ 2.914

.0

Average .

667

22

62

84

+ 583

.0

Second subperiod:
Total

3,978

129

307

436

3 94

9 36

13 30

+ 2 842

.0

Average. .

656

26'

61

87

+ 569

.0

Entire after period :
Total

6 611

240

615

855

3.63

9.30

12.93

+ 5,756

.0

Average

661

24

62

86

+ 575

.0

1006

INFLUENCE OF FOOD PRESERVATIVES ON HEALTH.

TABLE XX. — Solids balances for Series VII — Continued.

[Averages are per day.]

No. 9.

Period.

1

In
food.

2

In
feces.

3

In
urine.

4

In
feces
and
urine
(2+3).

5

In
feces
(2-8-1).

6

In
urine
(3-1).

7

In
feces
and
urine
(4-1).

8

Balance

(1-4).

9

Sul-
phur-
ous
acid
admin-
istered
(S0«).

Fore period.

First subperiod:
Total.../.

Grams.
2,765

Grams.
89

Grams.
288

Grams.
377

Per ct.
3.22

Per ct.
10.42

Per ct.
13.63

Grams.
+ 2,388

Grams.
0.0

Average .

553

18

58

75

+ 478

.0

Second subperiod:
Total

2 731

88

319

407

3 22

11.68

14 90

+ 2,324

o

Average

546

18

64

81

+ 465

.0

Entire fore period:
Total

5,496

177

607

784

3.22

11.04

14.26

+ 4,712

.0

Average .

550

18

61

78

+ 472

.0

• Preservative period.

First subperiod:
Total

2 709

110

325

435

4 06

12.00

16.06

+ 2,274

.856

Average

542

22

65

87

+ 455

.171

Second subperiod :
Total

2,760

106

328

434

3.84

11.88

15.72

+ 2,326

2.000

Average

552

21

66

87

+ 465

.400

Third subperiod:
Total

2,757

101

316

417

3.66

11.46

15.13

+ 2,340

2.000

Average

555

20

63

83

+ 472

.400

Fourth subperiod:
Total

2,731

69

363

432

2.53

13.29

15.82

+ 2,299

2.000

Average

546

14

73

86

+ 460

.400

Entire preservative period:

10.957

386

1,332

1,718

3.52

12.16

15.68

9,239

6.856

Average

548

19

67

86

462

.343

After period.

First subperiod:
Total

2,774

161

334

495

5.80

12.04

17.84

+ 2,279

.0

Average

555

32

67

99

+ 456

.0

Second subperiod:
Total

2 716

123

328

451

4 53

12.08

16.61

•f 2,265

.0

Average

543

25

66

90

+ 453

.0

Entire after period:
Total

5,490

284

662

946

5.17

12.06

17.23

+ 4,544

.0

Average

549

28

66

95

+ 454

.0

SULPHUROUS ACID AND SULPHITES.

1007

TABLE XX. — Solids balances for Series VII — Continued.

[Averages are per day.]

No. 1O.

Period .

1

lu
food.

2

In
feces.

3

In
urine.

4

In

feces
and
urine

(2+3).

5

In
feces
(2-=-!).

6

In
urine
(3-1).

7

In
feces
and
urine
(4-^-1).

8

Balance
(1-4).

9

Sul-
phur-
ous
acid
admin-
istered
(S02).

Fore period.

First subperiod:
Total

Grams.
3,038

Grams.
105

Grams.

287

Grams.
392

Per ct.
3.46

Per ct.
9.45

Per ct.
12.90

Grams.
+ 2,646

Grams.
0.0

Average . .

608

21

57

78

+ 530

o

Second subperiod:
Total .

2,892

69

303

372

2.39

10.48

12.86

+ 2,520

o

Average

578

14

61

74

+ 504

o

Entire fore period:
Total

5,930

174

590

764

2.93

9.95

12.88

4- 5,166

.0

Average

593

17

59

76

+ 517

o

Preservative period.

First subperiod:
Total .

2,922

132

275

407

4.52

9.41

13.93

-f- 2,515

856

Average

584

26

55

81

+ 503

171

Second subperiod:
Total

3,104

112

238

350

3 61

7.67

11.28

f 2,754

2 000

Average

621

22

48

70

+ 551

.400

Third subperiod:
Total

2,989

61

273

334

2.04

9.13

11.17

+ 2,655

2.000

Average

598

12

55

67

+ 531

400

Fourth subperiod:
Total

2,979

141

298

439

4.73

10.00

14.74

-i- 2,540

2 000

Average

596

28

60

88

+ 508

400

Entire preservative period:
Total

11,994

446

1,084

1,530

3.72

9.04

12.76

+ 10,464

6.856

Average...

• 600

22

54

76

+ 524

343

After period.

First subperiod:
Total

2,962

127

304

431

4 29

10 26

14 55

+ 2,531

o

Average

592

25

61

86

+ 506

.0

Second subperiod:
Total

2 924

134

269

403

4 58

9 20

13 78

+ 2 521

O

Average

'585

27

54

81

+ 504

0

Entire after period:
Total

5 886

261

573

834

4 43

c> 73

14 17

+ 5,052

o

Average

589

26

57

83

+ 506

.0

1008

INFLUENCE OF FOOD PRESEBVATIVES ON HEALTH.

TABLE XX. — Solids balances for Series VII — Continued.

[Averages are per day.]

No. 11.

Period.

1

In
food.

2

In
feces.

3

In
urine.

4

In
feces
and
urine
(2+3).

5

In
feces
(2-8-1).

6

In
urine
(3-s-l).

7-

In
feces
and
urine
(4-s-l).

8

Balance
(1-4).

9

Sul-
, phur-
ous
acid
admin-
istered
(SO*).

Fore period.

First subperiod:
Total

Grams.
3,715

Grams.
143

Grams.
357

Grams.
500

Per ct.
3.85

Per ct.
9.61

Per ct.
13.46

Grams.
4- 3,215

Grams.
0 0

743

29

71

100

-t- 643

o

Second subperiod:
Total

3,702

132

360

492

3.57

9.72

13.29

4- 3,210

o

Average

740

26

72

98

+ 643

.0

Entire fore period:
Total

7,417

275

717

992

3.71

9.67

13.37

+• 6,425

.0

Average

742

28

72

99

+ 643

.0

Preservative period.

First subperiod:
Total

3,727

157

354

511

4.21

9.50

13.71

+ 3,216

.856

Average

745

31

71

102

+ 693

.171

Second subperiod:
Total

3,817

129

313

442

3.38

8.20

11.58

+ 3,375

2.000

Average

763

26

63

88

+- 675

.400

Third subperiod:
Total

3,778

149

336

485

3.94

8.89

12.84

+• 3,293

2.000

756

30

67

97

+ 659

.400

Fourth subperiod:
Total

3,762

139

m

502

3.69

9.65

13.34

+• 3,260

2.000

752

28

73

100

-f- 652

.400

Entire preservative period:
Total

15,084

574

1,366

1,940

3.81

9.06

12.86

+ 13, 144

6.856

Average

754

29

68

97

+• 657

.343

After period.

First subperiod:
Total

3,717

134

334

468

3.61

8.99

12.59

+ 3,249

.0

743

27

67

94

+ 649

.0

Second subperiod:
Total

3,677

114

369

483

3.10

10.04

13." 14

+• 3,194

.0

735

23

74

97

+• 638

.0

Entire alter period:
Total

7,394

248

703

951

3. 35

9.51

12.86

+ 6, 443

.0

Average

739

25

70

95

+ 644

.0

SULPHUROUS ACID AND SULPHITES.

1009

TABLE XX. — Solids balances for Series VII— Continued.

[Averages are per day.]

No. 12.

Perfod.

1

In
food.

2

In
feces.

'3

In
urine.

4

In
feces
and
urine
(24-3).

5

In
feces
(2-*-!).

6

In
urine
(3-5-1).

7

In
feces
and
urine
(4+1).

8

Balance

(1-4).

9

Sul-
phur-
ous
acid
admin-
istered
(SOi).

Fore period.

First subperiod:
Total

Grams.
3,289

Grams.
138

Grams.
330

Grams.
468

Per ct.
4.20

Perct.
10.03

Per ct.
14.23

Grams.
+ 2,821

Grams.
0.0

Average

658

28

66

94

+ 564

.0

Second subperiod:
Total

3,302

101

332

433

3.06

10.05

13.11

-1-2,869

.0

Average

060

20

66

87

+• 573

.0

Entire fore period:
Total

6,591

239

662

901

3.63

10.04

13.67

-f 5,690

.0

Average .'.

659

24

66

90

+ 569

.0

Preservative period.

First subperiod:
Total

3,381

142

344

486

4.20

10.17

14.37

+ 2,895

.856

Average

676

28

69

97

+ 579

171

Second subperiod:
Total

3,479

104

363'

467

2.99

10.43

13.42

+ 3,012

2 000

Average

696

21

73

93

+ 603

.400

Third subperiod:
Total

3,411

145

359

504

4.25

10.52

14.78

4- 2,907

1.600

Average

682

29

72

101

+ 581

320

Fourth subperiod:
Total

3,431

106

325

431

3 09

9 47

12 56

-)- 3 000

o

Average

686

21

65

86

+ 600

.0

Entire preservative period:
Total

13, 702

497

1 391

1 888

3 63

10 15

13 78

+ 11 814

4 456

Average

685

25

70

94

+ 591

.223

After period.

First subperiod:
Total

3, 270

77

313

390

2 35

9 57

11 93

-1-2,880

o

Average

654

15

63

78

+ 576

.0

Second subperiod:
Total

3,171

122

334

456

3.85

10.53

14.38

+ 2,715

.0

Average

634

24

67

91

4- 543

.0

Entire after period:
Total

6,441

199

647

846

3 09

10 05

13 13

4 5 595

o

Average

644

20

65

85

-f 559

o

1010

INFLUENCE OF FOOD PRESERVATIVES ON HEALTH.

TABLE XX. — Solids balances for Series VII— Continued.

SUMMARIES.

[Averages are per man per day.]
. 1 to 6.

Period.

1

In
food.

2

In
feces.

3

In
urine.

4

In
feces
and
urine.
(2+3).

5

In
feces
(2+1).

6

In
urine
(3-s-l).

7

In
feces
and
urine
(4-s-l).

8

Balance
(1-4).

9

Sodium
sul-
phite
admin-
istered
(SOj).

Fore period.

First subperiod:
Total

Grams.
olG, 149
646

18,967
632

Grams.
531
21

707
24

Grams.
1,657
66

1,940
65

Grams.

2,184
88

2,647
88

Per ct.
3.29

Per ct.
10.26

Per ct.
13.55

Grams.
+ 13,961
+ 558

+16,320
+ 544

Grams.
0.0
.0

.0
.0

Average

Second subperiod:
Total

3.73

10.23 1 13.96

Average

Entire fore period:
Total

35,116
638

18,814
627

19,211
640

18,607
620

1,238
23

703
23

839

28

663
' 22

3,597
65

1,926
64

2,039
68

2,028
68

4,835

88

2,629

88

2,878
96

2,691
90

3.53

10.24 13,77

+ 3,028
+ 550

.0
.0

Average

Preservative period.

First subperiod:
Total

10.24

3.74
4.37

13.97

+ 16,185
+ 539

+16,333
+ 544

+15,916
+ 530

6.690
.223

15.240
.508

21.590
.720

Average

Second subperiod:
Total

10. 61 14. 98

Average

Third subperiod:
Total

3.56

10.90

14.46

Average

First, second, and third
subperiods:
Total . ...

56,632
629

2,205
25

5,993
67

8,198
91

3.89

10.58

14.48

+48,434
+ 538

43.520
.484

Average

After period.

First subperiod:
Total

1

19,036
634

18,981
633

629
21

632
21

1,932
64

1,879
63

2,561
85

2,511
84

3,30

10.15

13.45

+ 16,475
+ 549

+16,470
+ 549

.0
.0

.0
.0

Average

Second subperiod:
Total

Average

3.33

9.90

13,23

Entire after period:
Total

38,017 1,261
634 21

3,811
64

5,072

85

3. 32 10. 02

13.34

+32,945
+ 549

.0
.0

Average

!

No. 5 absent.

SULPHUROUS ACID AND SULPHITES.

1011

TABLE XX. — Solids balances for Series VII— Continued.

[Averages are per man per day.]

USTos. 8 to 11.

' Period.

1

In
food.

3

In
feces.

3

In
urine.

4

In
feces
and
urine
(2+3).

5

In
feces
(2-5-1).

6

In
urine
(3-s-l).

7

In

feces
and
urine
(4-5-1).

8

Balance
(1-4).

9

Sul-
phur-
ous
acid
admin-
istered
(SOj).

Fore period.

First subperiod:
Total

Grams.
12, 795

Grams.
448

Grams.
1,231

Grams.
1,679

Per ct.
3.50

Per ct.
9.62

Per ct.
13.12

Grams.
+11,116

Grams.
0.0

Average

640

22

62

84

+ 556

o

Second subperiod:
Total

12 517

419

1 295

1 714

3 35

10 35

13 69

+10 803

o

Average

676

21

65

86

+ 540

.0

Entire fore period:
Total

25 312

867

2 526

3 393

3 43

9 98

13 40

+21,919

.0

Average

633

22

63

85

+ 548

.0

Preservative period.

First subperiod:
Total

12. 527

482

1,273

1 755

3 85

10.16

14.01

+10,772

3.424

Average

626

24

64

88

+ 538

171

Second subperiod:
Total

12 855

440

1 191

1 631

3 42

9 26

12 69

-hll 224

8 000

Average

643

22

60

82

+ 561

.400

Third subperiod:
Total

12, 786

466

1,233

1,699

3.64

9.64

13.29

-1-11,087

8.000

Average

639

23

62

85

+ 554

.400

Fourth subperiod:
Total

12.687

515

1 357

1 872

4 06

10 70

14.76

+10,815

8.000

Average

634

26

68

94

+ 540

.400

Entire preservative period:
Total

50.855

1.903

5,054

6 957

3 74

9.94

13.68

+ 43,898

27.424

Average

636

24

63

87

+ « 549

343

After period.

First subperiod:
Total

12, 786

533

1,280

1,813

4.17

10.01

14.18

+ 10,973

.0

Average

639

27

64

91

+ 548

.0

Second subperiod:
Total

12. 595

500

1 273

1 773

3 97

10 11

14 08

+10,822

.0

Average

630

25

64

89

+ 541

0

Entire after period:
Total

25,381

1,033

2,553

3,586

4 07

10 06

14.13

+21,795

.0

Average

635

26

64

90

+ 545

.0

11240— Bull. 84, pt 3—07 17

1012

INFLUENCE OF FOOD PRESERVATIVES ON HEALTH.

TABLE XX. — Solids balances for Series VII — Continued.

[Averages are per man per day.]

!N"os. ~L and. 4.

Period.

1

In
food.

3

In
feces.

3

In

urine.

4

* In

feces
and
urine
(2+3).

5

In
feces
(2-s-l).

6

In
urine
(3+1).

7

In
feces
and
urine

(4-Hl).

8

Balance

(1-4).

9

Sodium
sul-
phite
admin-
istered
(SO,).

Fore period.

First subperiod:
Total

Grams.
6,560

Grams.
237

Grams.
700

Grams.
937

Per ct.
3 61

Per ct.
10 67

Per ct.

14 28

Grams.
+ 5 620

Grams.

0 i )

Average

656

24

70

94

+ 562

o

Second subperiod:
Total

6,231

217

693

910

3 48

11 12

14.60

+ 5 321

o

Average

623

22

69

91

+ 532

o

Entire fore period:
Total

12 791

454

1 393

1 847

3 55

10 89

14 44

4-10 941

o

Average

640

23

70

93

4- 547

o

Preservative period.

First subperiod:
Total

6 158

218

677

895

3 54

10 99

14 53

4- 5 263

2 230

Average

616

22

68

90

+ 526

223

Second subperiod:
Total

6,396

271

682

953

4.24

10.66

14.90

+ 5,443

5.080

Average

639

27

68

95

+ 544

508

Third subperiod:
Total

6,386

166

725

891

2.60

11.35

13.95

+ 5,495

7.620

Average

639

17

72

89

+ 550

762

Fourth subperiod:
Total

• 6,532

208

771

979

3.18

11.80

14.99

4-5,553

8.910

Average

653

21

77

98

+ 555

.891

Entire preservative period:
Total.

25, 472

863

2,855

3,718

3.39

11.21

14.60

4-21,754

23. 840

Average

637

22

71

93

4- 544

596

After period.

First subperiod:
Total . ..

6,568

176

719

895

2.68

10.95

13.63

4- 5,673

.0

Average

657

18

72

90

4- 567

.0

Second subperiod:
Total

6,553

201

689

890

3.07

10.51

13.58

4- 5,663

.0

Average

655

20

69

89

4- 566

.0

Entire after period:
Total

13,121

377

1,408

1,785

2.*87

10.73

13.60

4-11,336

.0

Average ..

656

19

70

89

4- 567

.0

SULPHUROUS ACID AND SULPHITES.

1013

TABLE XX.— Solids balances for Series VII— Continued.
[Averages are per man per day.]
5 and. 6.

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

4

8

9

In

In

Sodium

Period.

In
Food.

In
feces.

In
urine.

feces
and
urine
(2+3).

In
feces
(2-*-!).

In
urine
(3-1).

feces
and
urine
(4+1).

Balance
(1-4).

sul-
phite
admin-
istered
(SOi).

Fore period.

Second subperiod:
Total ... .

Grams.
6.092

Grams.
206

Grams.
553

Grams.
759

Per ct.
3.38

Per ct.
9.08

Per ct.
12.46

Grams.
+ 5,333

Grams.
0.0

609

21

55

76

4- 533

o

Preservative period.

First subperiod:
Total

6,142

211

603

814

3.44

9.82

13.25

+ 5,328

2.230

Average . .

614

21

60

81

+ 533

.223

Second subperiod:

Total

6,103

282

618

900

4.62

10.13

14.75

+ 5,203

5 080

610

28

62

90

+ 520

.508

Third subperiod:

Total

5,531

199

573

772

3.60

10.36

13.96

4- 4,759

6.350

Average ...

553

20

57

77

4- 476

.635

Fourth subperiod:

Total

5,236

224

510

734

4.28

9.74

14.02

4- 4,502

.0

Average

524

22

51

73

4- 451

o

Entire preservative period:
Total

23,012

916

2,304

3,220

3.98

10.01

13.99

4- 19, 792

13.660

Average

575

23

58

80

4- 495

.342

After period.

First subperiod:
Total

5,747

220

526

746

3 83

9-15

12.98

+ 5,001

.0

Average

575

22

53

75

+ 500

.0

Second subperiod:

Total

5,691

203

522

725

3.57

9. 17

12.74

4- 4,966

.0

Average

569

20

52

72

4- 497

o

Entire after period :

Total

11,438

423

1,048

1,471

3 70

9 16

12 86

4 9,967

.0

Average

572

21

52

74

4- 498

.0

1014

INFLUENCE OF FOOD PEESERVATIVES ON HEALTH.

TABLE XX. — Solids balances for Series VII— Continued.

[Averages are per man per day.]

CTos. 7 and 13.

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

Sul-

In

In

phur-

Period.

In
food.

In

feces.

In
urine.

feces
and
urine

In
feces
(2+1).

In
urine
(3+1).

feces
and
urine

Balance

d-4).

ous
acid
admin-

(2+3).

(4+1).

istered

(SOi).

Fore period.

First subperiod:

Grams.

Grams.

Grams.

Grams.

Per ct.

Per ct.

Per ct.

Grams.

Grams.

Total

. 6 268

216

563

779

3 45

8 98

12 43

+ 5 489

0 0

Average

627

22

56

78

+ 549

o

Second subperiod:
Total

5,923

196

576

772

3.31

9.72

13.03

+ 5 151

o

Average

592

20

58

77

+ 515

o

Entire fore period:

Total

12, 191

412

1 139

1 551

3 38

9 34

12 72

+ 10 640

o

Average

610

21

57

78

+ 532

.0

Preservative period.

— .- ' •" —

===

—

First subperiod:

Total

6,108

257

609

866

4 21

9 97

14 18

+ 5 242

1 712

Average

611

26

61

87

+ 524

171

Second subperiod:
Total

6,153

176

632

808

2.86

10.27

13.13

+ 5 345

3 600

Average

615

18

63

81

+ 534

360

Third subperiod:

Total

5,991

193

627

820

3.22

10.47

13.69

+ 5 171

3,400

Average

CQQ

19

63

82

+ 517

340

First, second and third sub-

periods:

Total

18,252

626

1,868

2,494

3.43

10.23

13.66

+ 15,758

8 712

Average *

608

21

62

83

+ 525

290

. 7 to 13.

Fore period.

First subperiod:
Total

19,063

664

1,794

2,458

3.48

9.41

12.89

+ 16.605

0 0

Average .

635

22

60

82

+ 553

o

Second subperiod:
Total

18, 440

615

1,871

2,486

3.34

10.15

13.48

-t- 15. 954

o

Average

615

20

62

83

+ 532

o

Entire fore period:
Total

37 503

1,279

3,665

4,944

3.41

9.77

13.18

+32 559

o

Average

625

21

61

82

+ 543

.0

Preservative period.

First subperiod:
Total

18 635

739

1 882

2.621

3.97

10.10

14.06

+ 16 014

5 136

Average

621

25

63

87

+ 534

.171

Second subperiod:
Total

19 008

616

1 823

2 439

3.24

9.59

12.83

+ 16 569

11 600

Average

634

21

61

81

+ 553

.387

Third subperiod:
Total

18, 777

659

1,860

2,519

3.51

9.91

13.42

+ 16,258

11.400

Average

626

22

62

84

+ 542

.380

First, second, and third sub-
periods:
Total

56 420

2 014

5 565

7,579

3.57

9.86

13.43

+48,841

28.136

Average

627

22

62

84

+ 543

.313

SULPHUROUS ACID AND SULPHITES. 1015

SUMMARY OF EESULTg.

MEDICAL AND CLINICAL DATA.

These data clearly show that the administration of sulphites and of
sulphurous acid in a free state in the quantities employed produces
harmful effects. A tendency is manifested in practically every case
to produce headache and digestive disturbances. In some cases
these symptoms are not clearly marked, while in others they are
extremely well defined. In many cases uneasy sensations and even
pain were developed in the stomach and intestines, and there were
complaints of "heartburn." The occurrence of this class of symp-
toms during the administration of the preservative and their gradual
disappearance during the after period seem to be conclusive evidence
that they could have been due only to the effect of the preservative
itself. There were also in some cases attacks of dizziness and palpi-
tation of the heart. In a few cases nausea was developed to the
extent of vomiting.

It was recognized, as in previous experiments, that the mental
attitude of the subject might play some part in producing these
symptoms or at least might affect the description of them by the man
himself. That this, however, does not exercise a dominant influence
was more than established by the remarkable effects of the administra-
tion of salicylic acid, where, with the same opportunities for mental
effects of a depressing character, there was manifested, on the con-
trary, a persistent demand for more food, the salicylic acid apparently
serving as a stimulant. There is no doubt, therefore, of the fact that
the symptoms which are described in the medical history are those
actually experienced by the young men, any tendency to exaggera-
tion in the reporting of these symptoms having been carefully con-
sidered at the time.

In the case of the men who received sodium sulphite the conclusion
is inevitable that the administration of this preservative in the great
majority of cases causes headache, sensations of dizziness, vand occa-
sional nausea, indigestion, pains in the stomach, and other unfavor-
able symptoms. With the men who received sulphurous acid in an
uncombined state, headache was very common, there was a slight
tendency to dizziness, accompanied in some cases by nausea, and a
feeling of exhaustion and weakness.

In general it may be said that the most prominent symptom was
that of headache, which could hardly have been caused by the imagi-
nation. This symptom was very commonly and very persistently
experienced at some time during the preservative period.

1016 INFLUENCE OF FOOD PRESERVATIVES ON HEALTH.

BODY WEIGHT.

c»

The administration of the sodium sulphite was accompanied by a
slight average loss of weight during the preservative period, but the
full effect of the preservative in diminishing the weight of the body
was shown only toward the end of the preservative period, and there
was a continued loss in weight during the after period.

It appears, therefore, that the administration of sulphurous acid in
the form of sulphite tends to reduce the weight of the body slowly,
and that this tendency is continued for a considerable time after the
withdrawal of the preservative. There was a very slight increase in
the average weight of the body under the administration of the sul-
phurous acid in the uncombined form, which increase continued in
the after period. The comparison of the weights for individuals and
for the summaries is best made by consulting the graphic charts (figs.
1 and 2).

COMPOSITION OF THE FECES.

The administration of the preservative showed a marked tendency
to increase the amount of water in the feces. This was not of suffi-
cient magnitude to warrant classing the preservative as a purgative
or cathartic, as the stools were not of a watery consistency. Further,
there was no tendency manifested to lessen the secretion of the urine,
in fact in general a diuretic effect was shown. It is of interest to
note this tendency in connection with that of other salts classified
as purgatives, and the other disturbances caused by the preservative.

There was a larger quantity of dry matter excreted in the feces
under the administration of the preservative, showing a tendency to
decrease to this extent the absorption of the food from the intestinal
canal. There is thus manifested a tendency on the part of this pre-
servative to derange the metabolic process in so far as these changes in
the composition of the feces are concerned.

, THE URINE.

VOLUME AND ACIDITY.

A notable effect of the preservative upon the urine in Series VII
was in the increase in volume, thus showing a slight tendency to
produce a diuretic effect. This tendency to diuresis is more marked
in the cases where sulphurous acid is given in a free state than when
it is combined as sulphite. The total solids in the urine were also
slightly increased, and there was a marked tendency to increase the
acidity, especially in the case of the administration of sodium sulphite.
It is evident, therefore, that sulphurous acid has a disturbing effect
upon the excretion of the urine and this effect in general is confirmed
by the special Series XIII, in which the sodium sulphite produced a

SULPHUROUS ACID AND SULPHITES. 1017

very slight reduction in volume, while sulphurous acid again showed
a diuretic effect.

In the special Series XI no diuretic effect is shown; it must be
noted, however, that only three subjects took part in this experiment,
none of whom was in the original series, and the time of year also may
have influenced this result to the slight extent shown, inasmuch as
Series XI was conducted in the spring and Series VII in the winter.

PRESENCE OF ALBUMIN.

The data which have been recorded for Series VII and XI show
unmistakable evidence that the preservative in certain cases produced
albuminuria. In the cases in which traces of albumin are present
in the fore period, however, there is no proof that the condition was
accentuated by the preservative. A further study will be necessary
to definitely establish this point.

MICROSCOPIC BODIES.

In general, there is shown an increase in the various bodies indi-
cated in the routine examination, particularly in the case of mucous
strands and mucous cylindroids. There was no evidence shown which
would indicate any lesions produced, as would be evidenced by a
largely increased production of the various casts, but the data taken
as a whole indicate a strong tendency on the part of the preservative to
produce an increased renal activity as evidenced by the general
increase of the microscopic bodies.

DISTRIBUTION OF NITROGENOUS BODIES.

In the special study (Series XI) made to determine the effects of
the preservative on the distribution of the nitrogen-bearing bodies
in the urine, there is shown a decrease in the quantity of urea excreted
during the preservative period. There is also a decrease in the total
nitrogen excreted which is contrary to the tendency shown in Series
VII. For the reasons given under the discussion of the volume of
the urine the data for Series VII must be given greater weight.

The other bodies remain very constant. There is a tendency to
slightly decrease the amounts of uric acid and ammonia, under the
influence of the preservative, while kreatinin is slightly increased.
This disturbance, the decrease of urea and the increase of kreatinin,
shows an interesting relation in so far as the normal processes in
regard to the excretion o*f these bodies is concerned. Urea, which of
all the materials excreted contains the largest amount of nitrogen, is
believed by some to be an indication of the proteid metabolism.
Recently the excretion of kreatinin has received more attention and
is regarded by Folin and others as an index to katabolic changes, as
during normal metabolism it should remain constant.

1018 INFLUENCE OF FOOD PKESERVATIVES ON HEALTH.

The fact that here one is decreased, while the other is increased, is
quite significant, and, considered in connection with other disturbances
noted, shows that the preservative has exerted a marked influence in
deranging the metabolic functions.

SULPHUR.

Under the conditions of the experiment the sulphur studies present
especially interesting data.

As would be expected, the quantity of inorganic sulphates excreted
in the urine is very largely increased by the administration of sulphur-
ous acid and sulphite, this increase, whether sulphite or sulphurous
acid was ingested, accounting for the greater part of the preservative
sulphur eliminated.

In addition to the increase in inorganic sulphates, an important
fact brought out by the data is the increase in the organic combina-
tion of sulphur, known as neutral sulphur. This sulphur was uniformly
increased in every case, during the preservative period, and in some
instances, particularly in the subjects receiving sulphurous acid,
where there was no interval between the preservative and after
periods, this increase was carried into the after period.

A point worthy of notice here is the fact that the sum of the
increase in neutral and inorganic sulphur in the preservative period
alone more than accounts for the preservative sulphur ingested. '
This, when the after period is considered, may be derived from an
increase in katabolic activities. There does not appear to be any
marked effect on the excretion of ethereal sulphates. Half of the
subjects, however, show an increase in the excretion of this form of
sulphates, which, in the case of these individuals, may indicate a
slight increase in the putrefactive changes taking place in the intes-
tines, although, since this increase occurred in the case of the sub-
jects receiving sulphurous acid, it may be attributed to direct com-
bination in the intestines.

There is the same tendency shown throughout by the data, namely,
the rapid elimination of practically all of the preservative sulphur in
an oxidized form in the urine.

MICROSCOPIC EXAMINATION OF THE BLOOD.

One of the most important conclusions established by the experi-
mental data is that which relates to the comparative number of blood
corpuscles and the quantity of hemoglobin, as influenced by the action
of the sulphurous acid. The data here are of such a character as to
admit of no doubt whatever as to their interpretation. Under the
influence of the sulphurous acid both the number of red and of white
corpuscles in the blood is largely diminished. This is true whether
the sulphurous acid is exhibited in the form of sulphites or as free

SULPHUKOUS ACID AND SULPHITES. 1019

acid. In Series VII the number of red corpuscles in a cubic milli-
meter of the blood is about one million less in three individual cases,
and a uniform decrease is recorded for all but two individuals. In
the special study, Series XIII, this effect is confirmed. During the
after period the loss in the number of red corpuscles is partially
restored and doubtless would have been completely restored had the
after period .been continued longer. The relative decrease of the
white corpuscles is even greater than that of the red corpuscles, but
is not marked by the same uniformity. This loss is also partially
restored during the after period. The data, therefore, are very strik-
ing in showing the tendency of the sulphurous acid to diminish the
number of both red and white corpuscles, and also to diminish the
percentage of hemoglobin. The relation between the decrease in
hemoglobin and red corpuscles, as expressed by the color index, shows
that the relative decrease of hemoglobin in the blood is not so great
as that of the red cells.

NITROGEN METABOLISM.

The general effect of the preservative upon the assimilation and
excretion of nitrogen, as shown by the balance sheets, is not strongly
marked. It is evident, however, that there is some disturbance of
nitrogen metabolism, especially in inhibiting the absorption of nitro-
gen in the intestines, inasmuch as both summaries agree in showing
an increase of nonmetabolized nitrogen during the preservative
period. There was a much more marked disturbance in the case of
the subjects receiving sodium sulphite, those receiving sulphurous
acid (representing a smaller ingestion of SO2) showing but little vari-
ation from normal conditions.

PHOSPHORIC-ACID METABOLISM.

The summaries show that there is quite a marked tendency on the
part of the preservative to derange in a measurable degree the metab-
olism of phosphoric acid. Sulphur both as sulphite and as free
sulphurous acid tends to increase the quantity of phosphoric acid
excreted in the feces and to decrease the quantity excreted in the
urine. It may, therefore, be said to have a decidedly inhibiting effect
upon the phosphoric-acid metabolism.

SULPHUR METABOLISM.

The most important point brought 'out by an inspection of the
sulphur balance sheets is the increased elimination of sulphur over
that ingested as preservative. There is an increase in both the urine
and the feces, the increase in the urine during the preservative period
alone in the case of the subjects receiving sodium sulphite being

1020

INFLUENCE OF FOOD PRESERVATIVES ON HEALTH.

greater than the amount of preservative sulphur ingested, while in
the case of sulphurous acid the increase corresponds almost exactly
to the amount of preservative sulphur ingested.

The increase in the feces, considering the same tendency shown in
the nitrogen and phosphoric-acid balances, can hardly be attributed
to an elimination of preservative sulphur through this channel, but
rather, as is before mentioned, to a decrease in assimilation and
absorption from the ingested food. This fact, together with the
probable increase in katabolic activities shown as regards the sulphur,
indicates that the administration of the preservative produced decid-
edly unfavorable effects.

These tendencies are more marked in the case of sodium sulphite,
though the variations in the conditions of the experiment must be
considered in making this statement.

TABLE XXI. — Comparative summary of principal determinations made, Series VII.

Data.

•

Sodium sulphite (Nos. l-6).« Sulphurous acid (Nos. 8-11). &

Fore
period.

Preserv-
ative
period.

After
period.

Fore
period.

Preserv-
ative
period.

After
period.

Body weights (kilos)

63.71

82.00
72.50
23.00

1,092.00
5450
0

.312
2.164
.165
2.642

7.50

85.10

29.93
60.03

11.20

62.78

103.00
76.15
25.00

1,139.00
66.70
13

.419

2.729
.167
3.316

8.54

87.17

36.34

58.82

12.13
10.16

106. 66
89.30

62.28

85.00
75.40
21.00

1,076.00
65.50

7

.372

2.104
.156
2.631

7.47
88.17

29.91
57.60

10.05

61.87

87.00
74.97
22.00

1, 195. 00

62.00

102.00
76.60
24.00

1,402.00

62.07

115.00
77.63
26.00

1,415.00

Composition of feces:
Weight (grams)

Water content (per cent)

Dry matter (grams)..

Urine:
Volume (cc.)

Microscopic sediments (per cent of
relative occurrence) c

Albumin (arbitrary values for relative
occurrence)^

Sulphur (as SO3) :
Neutral

.281
1.943
.140
2.364

a 04

80.55

32.81
53.66

11.05

.371
2.249
.155
2.774

8.78
79.10

37.13

52.85

11.85
10.42

89.36
78.52

.409
2.016
.142
2.567

9.26
81.13

36.66
51.01

11.73

Inorganic

Ethereal

Total

Metabolism (percentage results) :
Nitrogen—
Nonmetabolized (feces)

Metabolized (urine)

Phosphoric acid:
Nonmetabolized (feces)

Metabolized (urine)

Sulphur:
Nonmetabolized (feces) —
Food sulphur only

Including S in preservative

Metabolized (urine) —
Food sulphur only

82.55

85.32

'74. 09

80.31

Including S in preservative

a Received an average of 0.472 gram per day of SOs.

b Received an average of 0.343 gram per day of SO2.

c Nos. 1 to 12.

d Calculated only for subjects who showed no albumin in fore period; including Nos. 1 to 12.

SERIES XI.

THE EFFECT OF SULPHUROUS ACID AND SODIUM SULPHITE ON
THE DISTRIBUTION OF THE NITROGENOUS ELEMENTS OF THE
URINE.

INTRODUCTION.

This special study was undertaken in the spring of 1905 to supple-
ment the work already done in Series VII in regard to the effects of the
preservative on the distribution of the nitrogenous bodies in the urine.
The same methods of analysis were employed as in the special study
made in regard to salicylic acid and salicylates, the experiment having
been conducted at the same time.a

SCHEDULE OF ADMINISTRATION OF THE PRESERVATIVE.

In Table I are given the dates of the periods and subperiods for the
special study and the amounts of preservative administered:

TABLE I. — Schedule of administration of preservative, Series XL

Period.

Sulphur-
ous acid
asSO2
(Nos. 3
and 4).

Sodium
sulphite
asS02
(No. 10).

Period.

Sulphur-
ous acid
asS02
(Nos. 3
and 4).

Sodium
sulphite
as SOa
(No. 10).

Fore period.

First subperiod: Apr. 17-21...
Second subperiod: Apr. 22-26..

Grams.
0.0
.0

Grams.
0.0
.0

Preservative period — Cont'd.

Third subperiod — Continued.
May8

Grams.
0.3

Grams.
0.9

9.

.3

.9

Preservative period.

10

3

9

11

.3

.9

Apr. 27

0 1

0 3

Total

1 5

4 5

28

1

3

29

.1

.3

Fourth subperiod'

30

1

3

May 12

1 2

May 1

3

13

1 2

14

1 2

Total

5

1 5

15

1 2

16

1 2

May 2...

.2

• .6

Total... . .

2.0

6.0

3

2

g

4

2

6

Entire preservative period

5 0

15 0

5

2

g

6

.2

.6

After period

Total

i.a

3 0

First subperiod- May 17-21

0

0

Third subperiod:

May?.

.3*

9

See Bulletin 84, Pt. II, p. 722.

1021

1022 INFLUENCE OF FOOD PRESERVATIVES ON HEALTH.

PRESENCE OF ALBUMIN AND REACTION OF THE URINE.

A special comparison of the reaction of the urine and the presence
of albumin is made in this supplemental study, the results being
given in Table II. The acidity is expressed in quantities of tenth-
normal sodium hydroxid required to neutralize the acid of 100 cc of
urine. Nos. 3, 4, and 10, in this supplemental series are not the
same individuals as those so designated in Series VII.

In the case of No. 3, it is noticed that the urine is decidedly more
acid in the preservative period than in the fore period and less acid
in the after period than in either of the other periods, as measured
by sodium hydroxid. The urine reacted acid four times and was
amphoteric four times in the fore period, as determined by litmus
paper. It reacted acid twelve times and was amphoteric twice in
the preservative period, determined in the same way. In the after
period the reaction with litmus paper is acid in every case. In
regard to the tests for albumin, three tests out of five are negative
in the fore period. In the preservative period reactions for albumin
are positive three times and negative four times. In the after period
the reaction for albumin is positive once and three times the tests
are negative. There is a slightly greater relative occurrence, there-
fore, of albumin in the preservative period than in either of the others.

In the case of No. 4 the acidity of the urine as measured by sodium
hydroxid is greater in the preservative period than in the fore period.
The number of amphoteric reactions of the urine in the fore period
is greater than that of the acid reactions, and in the preservative
period the number is the same, while in the after period 7 tests give
an acid reaction, while only 1 gives an amphoteric reaction. Traces
of albumin are found at all observations in the urine of No. 4.

In the case of No. 10 the acidity is greater in the fore period than
in either the preservative or after period. The reaction is acid in all
cases except two and uniformly acid during the preservative period.
Albumin is found at every test during all periods of the observation.
The summary for Nos. 3,4, and 10 show the average acidity meas-
ured by sodium hydroxid to be 42.9 in the fore period, 44.3 in the
preservative period, and 34.6 in the after period. The average num-
ber of acid reactions in the fore period is. 12, in the preservative
period 34, and in the after period 21, while the number of amphoteric
reactions is 10 in the fore period, 9 in the preservative period, and 2
in the after period. Albumin occurs in 10 tests out of 13 in the
fore period, in 16 out of 20 in the preservative period, and in 11 out
of 14 in the after period. These data indicate a very slight tendency
on the part of the preservative to increase the number of albumin
reactions in the urine.

SULPHUROUS ACID AND SULPHITES.

1023

TABLE II. — Reaction of the urine and presence of albumin, Series XL

No. 3.

Period and subperiod.

Reaction
expressed

Reaction deter-
mined by litmus
paper.

Albumin.

mcc10

NaOH
per 100 cc.

Times
acid.

Times
ampho-
teric.

Times
negative.

Times
positive.

Fore period,
First subperiod : Total

3
1

2
2

2
1

1

1

Second subperiod:
Total

Average

46.5

Entire fore period: Total

4

4

3

2

Preservative period.

First subperiod:
Total

2

1

1

1

Average

55.5

Second subperiod:
Total

3

1

2

0

Average

51.5

Third subperiod:
Total

3

0

1

0

Average

52.8

Fourth subperiod:
Total

4

0

0

2

Average

59.2

Entire preservative period:
Total

12

2

4

3

Average

54.8

After period.
First subperiod:
Total

3

0

1

1

Average

41.7

Second subperiod:
Total

5

0

2

0

Average .

44.1

Entire after period:
Total

8

0

3

1

Average

42.9,

1024

INFLUENCE OF FOOD PRESERVATIVES ON HEALTH.

TABLE II.— Reaction of the urine and presence of albumin, Series X/— Continued.

3STo. 4.

Period and subperiod.

Reaction
expressed

Reaction deter-
mined by litmus
paper.

Albumin.

in cc 1Q

NaOH
per 100 cc.

Times
acid.

Times
ampho-
teric;

Times
negative.

Times
positive.

Fore period.
First subperiod : Total .

3
0

2
3

0
0

3

2

Second subperiod:
Total

Average .'

36.6

Entire fore period: Total

|

3

5

0

5

Preservative period.

First subperiod:
Total ...

0

3

.

1

Average

42.5

Second subperiod:
Total

2

2

0

2

Average

33.7

Third subperiod :
Total

1

2

„ ,

Average

33.3

Fourth subperiod:
Total

4

0

0

2

Average

52.0

Entire preservative period:
Total

7

7

o

6

Average

40.4

After period.
First subperidd:
Total

2

1

0

2

30.9

Second subperiod:
Total

5

0

0

2

33.6

Entire after period:
Total . ......

7

1

0

4

Average

32.3

SULPHUROUS ACID AND SULPHITES.

1025

TABLE II. — Reaction of the urine and presence of albumin, Series XI — Continued.

No. 1O.

Period and subperiod.

Reaction
expressed

*-s

NaOH
per 100 cc.

Reaction deter-
mined by litmus
paper.

Albumin.

Times
acid.

Times
ampho-
teric.

Times
negative.

Times
positive.

Fore period.
First subperiod: Total

1
4

1
0

0
0

1
2

Second subperiod:
Total .

Average

Entire fore period: Total

45.5

5

1

0

3

Preservative period.

First subperiod:
Total

3

0

0

1

Average

42.4

Second subperiod:
Total

3

0

0

1

Average

47.1

Third subperiod:
Total

4

0

0

3

Average

35.2

Fourth subperiod:
Total

5

0

0

2

Average

25.9

Entire preservative period:
• Total

15

0

0

7

Average

37.7

After period.
First subperiod:
' Total

2

1

0

2

Average

25.2

Second subperiod:
Total

4

0

0

4

Average

31-9

Entire after period:
Total

6

1

0

6-

Average

28.6

1026

INFLUENCE OF FOOD PRESEKVATIVES ON HEALTH.

TABLE III. — Reaction of the urine and presence of albumin, Series XI — Continued.
Snm.rn.ary (IN~os. 3, 4, and. 1O).

Period and subperiod.

Reaction
expressed

inc4
NaOH
per 100 cc.

Reaction deter-
mined by litmus Albumin,
paper.

Times
acid.

Times
ampho-
teric.

Times
negative.

Times
positive.

Fore period.
First subperiod: Total

7
5

5
5

2
1

5

5

Second subperiod:
Total

Average

Entire fore period : Total

42.9

12

10

3

10

Preservative period.

First subperiod:
Total

5

4

1

3

Average

46.8

Second subperiod:
Total

8

3

2

3

Average

44.1

Third subperiod:
Total

8

2

1

4

Average

40.4

Fourth subperiod:
Total

13

0

0

6

Average . . . ...

45.7

Entire preservative period:
Total . . ...

34

9

4

16

Average

44.3

After period.
First subperiod:
Total

7

2

1

5

32.6

Second subperiod:
Total

14

0

2

6

36.5

Entire after period:
Total

21

2

3

11

34.6

ANALYTICAL RESULTS.

INDIVIDUAL DATA.

In this supplementary investigation an attempt was made to supply
a constant quantity of nitrogen in the food. This was done by using
only one kind of meat, namely, beefsteak, and varying the other foods
in such a way as not to disturb the quantity of nitrogen ingested,
which calculation was based upon the average analyses of the foods of
the preceding year. It is evident that there are certain variations in
the composition of beef and other foods which render it improbable
that the quantity of nitrogen ingested is exactly that -given, but it is
fair to assume that the quantity of nitrogen consumed daily varies
but slightly from the constant figure used to express it.

Table XXIV shows the total volume of urine, the specific gravity,
the weight of total solids, the total nitrogen ingested, the total nitro-
gen excreted in the urine, and the distribution of that nitrogen among
the various nitrogenous constituents. The total quantities of these
constituents and the percentage of these bodies in terms of total
nitrogen eliminated are also given.

SULPHUROUS ACID AND SULPHITES. 1027

In the case of No. 3 the volume is diminished during the preservative
1 period and slightly increased in the after period. There is a gradual
increase in solids excreted throughout the periods of observation.
There is also shown a tendency on the part of the preservative to
diminish the total quantity- of nitrogen appearing in the urine. The
quantity of urea is also less in the preservative period than in the fore
period. The total nitrogen in the urine and the nitrogen as urea are
increased during the after period. The uric acid is slightly decreased
during the preservative period, and there is also a slight decrease of
xanthin, while kreatinin is increased in the preservative period. The
ammonia diminishes and the undetermined nitrogen increases. The
percentage of nitrogen excreted, based on the total ingested, also
diminishes in the preservative period, and likewise the percentage of
nitrogen excreted as urea and as uric acid.

In the case of No. 4 there is an indication, as in the case of No. 3, of
a diminution in the average volume of urine excreted. The total
solids excreted during the preservative period is greater than in the
fore period or in the after period. The total nitrogen excreted in the
urine is less in the preservative period than in the.fore period, and the
total urea is likewise less. The uric acid excreted in the preservative
period is almost the same as in the fore and after periods. There is
little change in the distribution of the other nitrogenous bodies of the
urine, kreatinin again being slightly increased. The percentage of nitro-
gen excreted in the urine, based on the total nitrogen ingested, decreases
during the preservative period and again in the fore period. The per-
centage of nitrogen excreted as urea increases in the preservative
period and again slightly in the after period ; the percentage excretion
of uric acid remains almost the same. The percentage of kreatinin-
nitrogen is slightly increased in the preservative period. The per-
centage of nitrogen excreted as ammonia is the same in the fore and
preservative periods, and is slightly decreased in the after period.
_ In the case of No. 10 the volume of the urine is slightly increased
during the preservative period and to a much greater extent in the
after period. The weight of total solids excreted is slightly diminished
during the preservative period, but very markedly increased in the
after period. The total nitrogen excreted in the urine is somewhat
less in the preservative period than in the^fore period. The nitrogen
excreted as urea is also less in the preservative period than in the fore
period. The quantity of nitrogen excreted as ammonia slightly
increases in the preservative period over the fore period. The per-
centage of nitrogen excreted in the urine of total ingested nitrogen is
very markedly decreased in the preservative period, while it rises to
some extent in the after period. The percentage of nitrogen excreted
as urea is slightly less in the preservative period and is increased in the
after period over the percentage of the fore period. The percentage
of nitrogen as uric acid is slightly increased during the preservative
11240— Bull. 84, pt 3—07 18

1028 INFLUENCE OF FOOD PRESERVATIVES ON HEALTH.

period and also the percentage of nitrogen excreted as ammonia.
The nitrogen excreted as kreatinin is slightly less in the preservative
period than in either the fore or after periods.

SUMMARIES.

Summaries are given for Nos. 3 and 4, and for 3, 4, and 10, but
only the latter is discussed, as the two show the same general ten-
dencies throughout.

The volume of the urine is slightly less in the preservative period
than in the fore period, while it is considerably increased over the
fore period in the after period, due to the large increase in the case
of No. 10. There is no indication in this case, therefore, of any
diuretic property of the preservative. The total solids in the urine
are slightly increased during the preservative period, and this increase
is repeated in the after period. The total nitrogen in the urine is
slightly decreased in the preservative period, but there is a tendency
shown in the after period to restore the amount to that of the fore
period. The quantity of urea excreted during the preservative
period is less than during the fore period, and there is a tendency
shown during the after period to increase the quantity to that of the
fore period. The excretion of uric acid does not seem to be appre-
ciably affected by the exhibition of the preservative. There appears
to be no notable effect produced upon the excretion of xanthin under
the influence of the preservative. In respect of kreatinin there is a
slight increase in the quantity excreted in the preservative period.
The excretion of ammonia is not greatly affected by the exhibition
of the preservative, but there is a tendency shown to a diminished
excretion.

The percentage of nitrogen excreted in the urine of the total
ingested nitrogen is considerably diminished during the preservative
period and is not fully restored in the after period. The percentage
of nitrogen excreted as urea is slightly diminished in the preservative
period, but is increased in the after period to a larger percentage
than in the fore period. The percentage of nitrogen excreted as
uric acid is practically the same in the preservative and after periods.
The percentage of nitrogen excreted as xanthin is less in the pre-
servative period and is decidedly less in the after period. The per-
centage of nitrogen excreted as kreatinin is notably increased in the
preservative period, while it is almost the same in the after period
as in the fore period. The percentage of nitrogen excreted as am-
monia is decreased in the preservative period and increased in the
after period to a slightly greater amount than in the fore period.

A summary of the data shows quite unmistakably a tendency on
the part of the added preservative to diminish the percentage of urea
nitrogen excreted. This diminution is shown to a less extent in all
of the nitrogenous constituents of the urine except kreatinin, which
slightly increases.

SULPHUROUS ACID AND SULPHITES.

1029

Unde
termin

33

S pj

MS

.i-H <6-H

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i • « '

13*^

SS? S^

ci IN IN IN

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lijt

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! Cj <r* *•• C^ <f*

ll

1030

INFLUENCE OF FOOD PRESERVATIVES ON HEALTH.

o •

Per cent.
0.29

Per cent.
90.21

« <N CO

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w

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SULPHUROUS ACID AND SULPHITES

OO ^ Oi GO CN £-

1031

<b ~

I1!

S2 ojo £.<

W-P

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80

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1032

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INFLUENCE OF FOOD PRESEKVATIVES ON HEALTH.

^.. , 8 S S £ 3

4*1

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s

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5^rH

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SULPHUROUS ACID AND SULPHITES.

1033

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fcS 83

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!<i><i>|a> 5 ! fi^<

a s tis 11 ii bf ^i Pi

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1034

INFLUENCE OF FOOD PRESERVATIVES ON HEALTH.

2 ®

a 1

.3 S

^5 53

* §

S H

i o
I b

si

cent.
0.28

Per cent.
90.85

3-

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a

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t

•3 , ,0 « -0

rig-oe 2

glpl

ff T»< O)
>r-< *<*<&

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period

-0 IS C w^
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•££H<! g^i-
fe 02

<DO> o>

iEH«< +?

SULPHUROUS ACID AND SULPHITES.

1035

• S?? 8S

gCO ' (N *

^ • c4 '

(N ' T-5

ss

'*

oi '

|88

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t^OO COiO ^QO M «O

t~i-( ICi-H OOi-( «Oi-H

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^"S 2

3^ 01

<*> 0>

ntire fore perio
Total
Aver

1036 INFLUENCE OF FOOD PEESERVATIVES ON HEALTH.

I &
^ CD

H

IH

88 S8 §858

OO^H COi-l "* i-H <Mi-H

COCO OCO
COC^J COIN

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liiii! li if ill ill

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SULPHUROUS ACID AND SULPHITES.

1037

f

143

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• S8 88

gco ' co •

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ss sa

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1038

INFLUENCE OF FOOD PRESERVATIVES ON HEALTH.

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cent.
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S" £E

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ot
ve

GENERAL CONCLUSIONS.

From a careful consideration of the data in the individual cases
and the summaries of the results, it appears that the administration
of sulphurous acid in the food, either in the form of sulphurous acid
gas in solution or in the form of sulphites, is objectionable and pro-
duces serious disturbances of the metabolic functions and injury to
health and digestion. This injury manifests itself in a number of dif-
ferent ways, both in the production of clinical symptoms which indi-
cate serious disturbances, malaise, or positive suffering, and also by
inducing certain changes in the metabolic processes which are not
manifested in the way of ordinary clinical symptoms, and are only
detected by careful chemical and microscopical study of the excretory
products. It can be safely said from the evidence adduced that the
administration of sodium sulphite and sulphurous acid as above indi-
cated produces a marked influence of an unfavorable character on
metabolism. As a result of this action an assimilation of food mate-
rials containing organic phosphorus is retarded, while there is evidence
of increased sulphur katabolism. The sulphur balance sheets show
what an immense burden has been added to the already overworked
kidneys, which are called upon in this case to remove nearly all, if not
quite all, of the added sulphur from the body, previously converted,
in great part, to sulphuric acid. It is not possible that placing upon
the kidneys this increased work of excreting sulphur can result in
anything but injury. The fact that the microscopic crystalline and
amorphous bodies in the urine are increased in number under the
influence of the added sulphur, is another indication of the extraordi-
nary demands made upon the kidneys in such circumstances.

This increase is interesting in respect of the effect which the con-
tinued exhibition of sulphurous acid must eventually have upon the
structure of the kidney. It is reasonable to suppose that the con-
tinued use of a body which* produces such results would cause lesions
of a histological character that eventually would develop conditions
which would give serious apprehension. In the nature of these exper-
iments it was not possible to examine the organs of the body histologi-
cally and hence the above conclusion is only based upon experience of
a similar character where the organs in question have been subject to
such examinations. While there might be no distinguishable lesion

1039

1040 INFLUENCE OF FOOD PRESERVATIVES ON HEALTH.

of the kidneys produced during a period of twenty or thirty days, or
even longer, it is plain that sooner or later lesions of a very serious
character producing organic diseases, possibly of an incurable type,
would be induced. The further observation that there is a marked
tendency to the production of albuminuria, although of an incipient
character, is an indication of the unfavorable results of the adminis-
tration of the sulphurous acid. It is, therefore, evident that by
increasing the burden upon the excretory organs, the administration
of sulphur in the form mentioned is highly detrimental to health.

All of these tendencies can not be interpreted as being other than
of a decidedly harmful nature. Another effect which the administra-
tion of the sulphur produced, and one of a more serious character still,
is found in the impoverishment of the blood in respect of the number
of red and white corpuscles therein. The administration of a sub-
stance which diminishes by a notable , percentage these important
component particles of the blood must be regarded in every sense as
highly prejudicial to health. Some of the most important functions
of the blood, as has been well established by careful physiological
studies, are intimately connected with the number and activity of
both the red and white corpuscles. The bleaching effect of the sul-
phurous acid upon the color of the blood is a matter of less consequence
and no great effect is produced upon the hemoglobins, but the dimi-
nution of the number of red and white corpuscles is a matter of serious
concern.

The variations of the metabolic processes from the normal, as indi-
cated in this series of experiments, were never of a character favora-
ble to a more healthy condition of the system, but, on the other hand,
all these variations, in so far as the effect of the changes could be dis-
tinguished, are of a prejudicial character. There is no evidence what-
ever that the sulphur added to the foods in the form of sulphurous
acid, or sulphites, takes any part in the nutrition of the tissues of the
body containing sulphur, namely, the proteids; hence, no claim of
food value can be established for these bodies. The evidence all points
to the fact that they are purely drugs, devoid of food value, having no
favorable effects upon the metabolic processes, but, on the other hand,
exerting deleterious and harmful effects. The conclusion, therefore,
is inevitable that, as a whole, the changes produced in metabolic activ-
ity by the administration of sulphur in the forms noted above in the
comparatively short time covered by the experiments are decidedly
injurious.

The verdict which must be pronounced in this case is decidedly
unfavorable to the use of this preservative in any quantity or for
any period of time, and shows the desirability of avoiding the addi-
tion of any form of sulphurous acid to products intended for human
food.

LIST OF TABLES.

SERIES VII.

Page.

TABLE I. Dates of periods and subperiods in Series VII 766

II. Schedule of administration of preservative, Series VII 767

III. Amount of moist and dry food consumed, expressed in percentage

of body weight, Series VII 792

IV. Weight and water content of f eces by periods, Series VII 805

V. Urine determinations — Volume, specific gravity, and total solids,

Series VII ; 815

VI. Urine determinations — Supplemental study of volume and acidity

of the urine, Series XIII 822

VII. Urine determinations — Ratio of sulphur, sulphates, and phosphates

to nitrogen, Series VII 829

VIII. Urine determinations — Relative amounts of nitrogen, sulphur, and
phosphoric acid excreted, expressed as percentages of amounts

ingested, Series VII 838

IX. Urine determinations — Daily increase or decrease of the percentage
amounts of neutral sulphur and inorganic sulphates eliminated

during the preservative period, Series VII 843

X. Urine determinations — Average daily increase or decrease of sulphur
excreted in the preservative and after periods over the fore period,

as compared with the amounts ingested, Series VII 847

XI. Urine determinations — Ratio of preformed sulphates to ethereal

sulphates and neutral sulphur, Series VII 850

XII. Microscopical examination of the urine, Series VII 875

XIII. Average, by periods, of corpuscles and hemoglobin in the blood,

Series VII 881

XIV. Supplementary study of the corpuscles and hemoglobin in the blood,

Series XIII 886

XV. Nitrogen balances 896

XVI. Phosphoric-acid balances 919

XVII. Sulphur balances 942

XVIII. Fat balances . 961

XIX. Calories balances 979

XX. Solids balances 998

XXI. Comparative summary of principal determinations made, Series VII. 1020

' SERIES XI.

TABLE I. Schedule of administration of preservative 1021

II. Reaction of the urine and presence of albumin 1023

III. Nitrogenous constituents of the urine '. 1029

1041

UNIVERSITY OF rt ' ] ' "'

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