LaLGr
C3l96p.l

PRIMARY LATIN BOOK

CONTAINING

INTRODUCTORY LESSONS AND EXERCISES
IN LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION,

BASED ON CESAR'S COMMENTARIES ON THE GALLIC WAR;

WITH

A COMPLETE SYNOPSIS OF ACCIDENCE AND SYNTAX.

BY
ADAM CARRUTHERS, B.A.,

Classical Master, Jameson Avenue Collegiate Institute, Toronto; m o

AND

J. C. ROBERTSON, B.A.,

Head Master, Toronto Junction High School.

TORONT

-

WILLIAM BRIGGS.

1892.

Entered, according to the Act of the Parliament of Canada, in the year one thousand
eight hundred and ninety-two, by WILLIAM BRIGGS, Toronto, in the Office of the
Minister of Agriculture, at Ottawa.

PREKACE.

THIS BOOK, it is hoped, will satisfy in a measure the widespread
demand in Ontario for a more suitable text-book in Latin than
those which have hitherto been used in our schools, and will fur-
nish the pupil with a better means of acquiring early a reading
power in that language, as a necessary foundation for all sub-
sequent scholarship.

In any instance where some departure has been made from the
usual methods, the one motive has been to make the work a more
practical instrument of training in the hands of the teacher.

The scope of the book is more extended than is usual in Latin
text-books, but there are many advantages in having a work which
shall contain all that will be required in the ordinary High School
course, with the exception of the authors prescribed from year to
year.

The order of the lessons has been carefully considered, and the
exercises have been so graded that a continuous progress is pos-
sible with no sudden increase of difficulty at any one part.
Scarcely any words or phrases are employed which are not
found in Csesar, so that the vocabulary the pupil acquires in
these lessons is of the same nature as that which he meets in
the prose author he reads first in his course.

In the method atlopted in Part I., a working compromise be-
tween the older system and the so-called inductive method has
been followed, avoiding, on the one hand, the monotonous memory

IV PREFACE.

work and almost total absence of inference drawing of the former,
and, on the other hand, the very great indefiniteness and the con-
tinually and unexpectedly recurring difficulties of the latter ; but
the arrangement is such that the teacher is left to do all the real
teaching himself, and is free to adopt his own method of reaching
the desirsd goal.

Under the heading Observation, all the various points are
referred to which are required for the intelligent translation of
the exercise which follows, and sufficient help and illustration are
given to enable the pupil, under the teacher's guidance, to learn
by observation and inference the new usages, etc., which are
treated of in the exercise. For instance, in Lesson XXV.
examples are given of the ablative and the accusative of time
from such examples the pupil can readily, under the direction
of the teacher, gain for himself the knowledge required to use
these constructions in the accompanying exercise. But if any
teacher prefers simply to tell his pupils the rule, and set them
to work to memorize and then apply it, he may do so as readily
with this work as with any other. It need not be said, however,
that the book is intended to suggest and make possible a better
way than this.

Many more sentences are given in each exercise than may be
found advisable for a single lesson. There will thus be abundance
of material for review, for additional practice at difficult points,
and for a change in the routine of exercises from year to year.
By such a change new work is secured for the teacher, and fresh
practice for pupils who are not promoted, while the exercise can
be readily suited to the capacity of the students.

The supplementary exercises beginning on page 106 will, it is
believed, lend additional interest to the study of the language,
and, if introduced at the points suggested, will materially aid in
the progress of the pupil in reading connected sentences.

PREFACE. V

Jn Part II., which is intended to accompany the reading of
<.. 1 ;csar, the most important idioms in Latin are dealt with as far as
possible in what is thought to be the order of their importance,
this order being varied at times through due regard to the diffi-
culties of the points to be discussed. In the illustrative examples,
the English sentence is given first, as the student in Latin prose is
not chiefly observing Latin usage, but endeavoring to find some
equivalent for the English which he is given to translate ; and
moreover, by having his attention rest first on the English, he is
more likely to catch the exact meaning of the sentence in that
tongue, the ignorance of which meaning is often a great draw-
back to the pupil's progress in writing correct Latin. The lessons
dealing with special usages are supplemented by a few exercises
in the writing of continuous prose Latin. As these exercises also
have for their basis the style and vocabulary of Caesar, the pupil
has the same model constantly before him throughout the book,
and is more likely to have developed a correct style of writing
narrative Latin after the manner of this model than if tho
vocabulary and sentences had been taken at random from dif
ferent authors.

Part III. is for reference mainly. The grouping of all the
paradigms in one place will be found a great convenience, and
the arrangement of the conjugation of the regular verb is specially
adapted for the purpose of comparison.

In the paradigms of the verb, no translations of the various
forms have been given. These should be learned in the intro-
ductory lessons of Part I., and for use as a book of reference the
names of the tenses and moods should be sufficient. This will
discourage the pernicious habit many students have of being
blindly guided, in their translations from or into Latin, by the
translation, often necessarily inadequate, given side by side with
the conjugation in most Latin grahimars and introductory books.

VI PREFACE.

The ordinary translations given for the subjunctire (e.g., amem,
[ may <r can love, anu'trcm, I might, could or would love) and
for the participles are much more misleading than helpful.

The synopsis of accidence and compendium of syntax are suffi-
ciently complete to cover the forms and usages met with in the
authors (in both prose and poetry) ordinarily read in High Schools
and Collegiate Institutes. Throughout Parts II. and III., the
more essential matter is as a rule distinguished from the less
essential by the use of different types.

In the exercises, examples and vocabularies, the quantity of all
vowels long by nature has been marked. This will be found
especially convenient in using the Roman method of pronunci-
ation.

In order to make the book a complete manual of reference
for High School work in Latin, a few sections have been added
on the metre of Virgil.

Thanks are due for valuable hints and suggestions which have
been received from Mr. L, E. Embree, M.A., Principal of Jame-
son Avenue Collegiate Institute, Toronto, and from Mr. I. M.
Levan, B.A., Principal of Owen Sound Collegiate Institute.

J. C. ROBERTSON.
TORONTO, 1892. A. CARRUTHERS.

CONTENTS.

PAGE

PART I. Introductory Lessons and Exercises ... 1

PART II. Rules of Syntax and Exercises in Prose Composi-
tion ......... 115

PART III. Accidence, Compendium of Syntax and Vocabu-
laries . .218

PART I.

INTRODUCTORY LESSONS AND EXERCISES.

LESSON

Introductory. Pronunciation, Syllabication, Accent. . , 1
I. Present Indicative Active of Conjugations I. and II. . 3

II. Nominative Singular and Plural of Declensions I. and

II 5

III. Accusative Singular and Plural of Declensions I. and

II. ... . .6

IV. Genitive Singular and Plural of Declensions I. and II. 7

V. Dative Singular and Plural of Declensions I. and II.

Ad with Accusative ...... 8

VI. Imperfect Indicative Active of Conjugations I. and II 10

VII. Ablative Singular and Plural of Declensions I. and II.

Cum, in, a, ab, with Ablative . . . .11

VIII. Vocative Singular and Plural of Declensions I. and II.

Nouns in er and ir of Declension II. Use of -que. 13

IX. Nouns in um of Declension II. Gender . . .15
X. Adjectives of Declensions I. and II. . . . .16

viii CONTENTS.

LESSON PAGE

XT. Futmv [ndioative Active of Conjugations I. and II. 18

\ I I . Masculine and Feminine Nouns of Declension III. 19

XIII. I'd feet Indicative Active of all Conjugations . 20

XIV. Neuter Nouns of Declension III. . . .22
XV. Pluperfect Indicative Active of all Conjugations . 24

XVI. Prepositions, d, ab, ad, cum, de, < .'.;, in, inter, per,

post, jn't >/>t>' i', .W/tf, t I'd its. . . . . .25

XVII. Future Perfect Indicative Active of all Conjuga-
tions 26

XVIII. Adjectives of Declension III 28

XIX. Complementary Infinitive (Active Voice) . . 29
XX. Nouns of Declension IV. . . . . .30

XXI. Perfect Indicative Passive of all Conjugations . 32
XXII. Ablative of Agent with a, ab . . . .34

XXIII. Pluperfect and Future Perfect Indicative Passive

of all Conjugations . . . . . .36

XXIV. Nouns of Declension V. Ordinal Numerals . 38

XXV. Ablative of Point of Time. Accusative of Dura-
tion of Time 39

XXVI. Nouns of Declension III. with I-stems . . 40

XXVII. Present, Imperfect and Future Indicative Passive

of Conjugations I. and II. . . .42

XXVIII. Regular Comparison of Adjectives . . .43

XXIX. Indicative and Present Infinitive of sum. Predi-
cate Adjectives ...... 44

XXX. Dative with Adjectives . . . . .45
XXXI. Irregular Comparison of Adjectives . . .46

XXXII. Present Indicative Active and Passive of Conju-
gations III. and IV .48

XXXIII. Adjectives with Genitive in -lus . . . .49

XXXIV. Imperfect and Future Indicative Active and Pas-

sive of Conjugations III. and IV. . . .50

XXXV. Cardinal Numerals ...... 51

XXXVI. Active Periphrastic Conjugation . . . .52

CONTENTS. IX

LESSON PAGE

XXXVII. Use of Millc. Accusative of Extent of Space . 53

XXXVIII. Dative with Special Intransitive Verbs . . 55

XXXIX. Relative Pronoun 56

XL. Passive Periphrastic Conjugation . . . .58

XLI. Conjunctions quod, dum, ubi, postquam, sirnv.l

<.(t<i_i\ id, with the Indicative . . . .59

XLII. Personal Pronouns, eyu, tfi, is . . . .61
XLIII. Dative of Agent with Gerundives . .62

XLIV. Reflexive Pronoun, mu. Possessive Pronouns . 63

XLV. Perfect Participle Passive 65

XL VI. Verbs in -id of Conjugation III 67

XL VII. Demonstrative Pronouns, Tile, ille, is . . .68

XL VIII. Present Participle Active. Present Infinitive Pas-
sive . ' . . . 69

XLIX. Demonstrative Pronouns, //w, ld>:tn . . .71
L. Ablative Absolute . . . . . .72

LI. Interrogative Pronouns . . . . .74

LII. Adverbs ; Formation and Comparison. Quamwith

Superlative ....... 76

LIII. Deponent Verbs 78

LIV. Ablative of Specification. Quam with Comparative 79

LV. Accusative and Infinitive . . . . .81

LVI. Genitive and Ablative of Characteristic . . 84

LVII. Present and Perfect Infinitive Passive. Infinitives

of Deponents. Dative of Purpose . . 85

LVIII. Ablative of Manner and Accompanying Circum-
stances ........ 87

LIX. Present and Imperfect Subjunctive Active. Sub-
junctive of Result . . . . . .88

LX. Pluperfect Subjunctive Active. Subjunctive of

* itni. Cum with Subjunctive . . . .89

LXT. Possum ........ 91

LXII. Perfect Subjunctive Active. Subjunctive Passive.

Subjunctive of Indirect Question . . .92

X CONTENTS.

LESSON PAGE

I A" I 1 1. To/,,, n#0, mdlo 94

LXIV. Subordinate Clauses in Indirect Narration . ' 95

LXV. Fero 97

LXVI. Subjunctive of Purpose 98

LXVIL Ed, fid 100

LXVIII. Gerund 101

LXIX. Gerundive Construction . 102

LXX. Indefinite Pronouns. . . . . . 104

Supplementary Exercises ....... 106

Review Exercises in Accidence. . 110

PART II.

RULES OF SYNTAX AND EXERCISES IN PROSE COMPOSITION.
EXERCISE

I. Order of words ; concords ; accusative and infinitive ;

verbs of promising, etc. ; verbs of saying and thinking
used personally in the passive ; phrases such as
certior fieri, spem habere, etc. ; complementary infini-
tive ; coepl, void, jubeo, etc. ..... 115

II. Final clauses with ut (utT), ne, qul, quo ; verbs of urging,

exhorting, persuading, etc. ; sequence of tenses ; that
nobody, that nothing, etc. ; connectives with negative
final clauses ; verbs with two constructions . . 123

III. Consecutive clauses with ut (uti) and ut non ; rela-

tive clauses of characteristic ; clauses of characteristic
after dignus, etc. ; clauses with quln ; sequence of
tenses . . . . . . . . .126

IV. Questions direct and indirect or dependent ; how

introduced ; uses of nonne, num and -ne ; indirect
question found with verbs meaning learn, tell, see,
etc.; use of the tenses in dependent questions;
English abstract nouns frequently expressed in Latin
by dependent clauses ...... 129

CONTENTS. XI

EXERCISE I'At.K

V. Ablative absolute and its commonest equivalents :

how best translated; ablative absolute with ni*i;
when ablative absolute not used ; position of the
ablative absolute ; clauses with cum, <l>/ut. i><>xf-<:jnnin.
and uU ... . . .131

VI. Verbs with the dative; pCuviJ, iinj.n.'ri), etc.; dative

with compounds ; impersonal use of such verbs when
used in the passive ; different uses of un^i-0, funsulo,
etc. ; dative does not represent to after a verb of
motion ......... 135

VII. Verbs with the genitive ; misereor, memini, obllviscor,

etc.; interest and refert; recordor and merninl with
the accusative ; verbs with the ablative ; fdor,
ft'iior, etc. ; verbs of plenty and want ; potior, eged,
raeo .138

VIII. Verbs with two cases ; accusative and genitive ;

accusative and dative ; two accusatives ; accusative
and ablative ; two datives ; two datives in connection
with accusative ; utor, interfiled .... 140

IX. Conditional clauses ; distinction of conditions into

(1) present or past, (2) future; present conditions
contrary to the fact and otherwise ; past conditions
contrary to the fact and otherwise ; future conditions
in the more vivid, and in the less vivid form ;
English present represents future or future perfect
in Latin ; irregularities with regard to mood and
tense ; possum, debed, etc. ; alternative conditions ;
conditional sentences in indirect narration . . 143

X. Clauses of concession; etsl, etiamsl, tametsl, quamquam ;

quamvis, cum, licet, ut ; quamvis and nisi joined
with single words 147

XI. Uses of the accusative ; object of verb or preposition ;

subject of infinitive ; duration of time and extent
of space ; limit of motion ; in expressing place to
which, several phrases taken closely with the verb ;
accusative with verbs of the senses and feelings ;
intransitive verbs compounded with prepositions ;
cognate accusative ; accusative of reference ; accu-
sative in exclamations ; verbs with two accusatives. 148

XII. Uses of the dative ; indirect object ; dative of interest ;

dative of service or purpose ; dative of interest with
adjectives ; dative of possession ; attraction of dative

xii CONTENTS.

EXERCISE PAGE

with nomen est ; dative with compounds of sum;
dative of apparent agent ; dative of reference ;
ethical dative ; dative with verbs .... 151

XIII. Uses of the genitive ; possessive genitive ; subjective

genitive; objective genitive; partitive genitive; when
partitive genitive not used ; genitive of character-
istic ; genitive of definition ; objective genitive with
adjectives ; genitive of respect ; predicate genitive ;
omission of governing word ; extensive use of object-
ive genitive ; verbs with genitive .... 154

XIV. Uses of the ablative; (Mat ice proper; source, separa-

tion and cause ; place from which ; ablative with
comparatives; use of plus, minus, etc.; instrumental
ablative j means, manner, accompaniment and char-
acteristic ; difference between the genitive and the
ablative of characteristic ; price and value ; degree
of difference ; ablative of specification ; locative abla-
tive; place in which; pregnant construction; time
when ; ablative absolute ; ablative with dignus, etc.,
and with adjectives of plenty and want ; verbs with
the ablative ; agency, how expressed ; in expressing
place from which, several phrases taken closely with
the verb 158

XV. Verbal nouns ; infinitive ; historical infinitive ; verb

peculiarities of infinitive ; gerund, how used ; with
pronouns, sometimes used as a pure substantive ;
supine in -urn, how used ; supine in -zZ, how used . 163

XVI. Verbal adjectives; the gerundive ; general distinc-

tion as regards use between gerund and gerundive ;
gerundive of deponents ; passive periphrastic conju-
gation ; intransitive verbs used impersonally ; pre-
dicative use of gerundive with do, trddo, etc. ;
participles; present; perfect; future; chief uses of
participles ........ 1G6

XVII. Expressions of command ; imperative and substi-

tutes ; prohibition, how expressed ; independent
uses of the subjunctive ; hortative or jussive sub-
junctive; potential subjunctive; subjunctive in dubi-
tative and rhetorical questions ; ne the proper nega-
tive ; neve or neu the usual connective ; indicative
in certain expressions . . . . . .170

XVIII. Verbs of fearing, hindering, doubting, objecting ;

construction with verbs of fearing ; when ut (lie non)
used, when ne ; vereor as a modal verb ; construction

CONTENTS. Xlll

EXERCISE PAGE

with verbs of hindering, etc.; common expressions
with quin ; with qudmiuus ; verbs with different con-
structions 172

XIX. Duty, necessity, possibility, permission ; three ways

of expressing duty or obligation ; necessity expressed
by gerundive or by necesse est ; permission expressed
by licet ; different values of should .... 174

XX. Uses of quod, quoniam and cum ; quod with indica-

tive ; quod with subjunctive; quoniam; cum, causal
or concessive ; cum (when, whenever) with primary
tenses ; cum (when), with historical tenses ; cases in
which cum (when) takes the indicative of historical
tenses; cum . . . turn . . . . . . 176

XXI. Uses of dum, donee, quoad, antequam, priusqnam ;

dum in conditional clause ; dum, donee and quoad
meaning as long as ; meaning until ; antequam and
priusquam denoting mere priority of time ; denoting
purpose or a result prevented ..... 180

XXII. Pronouns and pronominal adjectives; personal

pronouns, when expressed ; hie ; iste ; ille ; is ; ipse ;
alter; alivs; ceteri; reliqui; different words for some,
aliquis, surd qui, nonnulli, nescio quis; different words
for any, quisquam (ullus), quis, quivis, quilibet ;
quldam ; quisqne and uterque ; quis and uter ; idiom-
atic expressions ....... 182

XXIII. The relative or conjunctive pronoun; used in
final and consecutive clauses ; used instead of demon-
strative ; used to introduce clauses of condition, con-
cession and cause ; antecedent omitted ; clause forms
antecedent ; antecedent repeated ; antecedent incor-
porated into relative clause ; attraction of relative ;
as, translated by qui or dc ; use of relative in case of
two successive clauses modifying same antecedent ;
superlative placed in relative clause ; relative always
expressed in Latin ....... 187

XXIV. Tenses of the indicative ; uses of the present ; of
the imperfect ; of the future ; of the perfect ; habed
with perfect participle passive ; memini, ndvi, con-
suew, etc. ; uses of the pluperfect ; imperfect and
pluperfect in letters ; uses of the future perfect . 190

XXV. Different forms of the noun clause ; definition of

noun clause ; accusative and infinitive, subject,
object, appositive ; clauses with ut, ne, quin, quo-
minus; clauses involving notion of purpose, sub-

XIV CONTENTS.

EXERCISE PAGE

ject, object, appositive ; of result, subject, object,
appositive ; quod clauses, subject, object, appositive ;
dependent questions, subject, object, appositive ;
verbs with more than one construction . . . 194

XXVI. Indirect narration oratio o"bllqua ; difference
between direct and indirect discourse ; rules for
changing direct into indirect narration ; verbs ; pro-
nouns ; adverbs ; exceptions to these rules ; informal
indirect narration ; indirect statement ; indirect com-
mand ; indirect question : examples illustrating rules ;
subjunctive due to attraction ..... 199

XXVII. Roman mode of reckoning time ; Calends ; Ides ;
Nones ; contracted forms ; leap year ; dates in the
Christian era . . . . ' . . . .207

XXVIII. Exercises for continuous translation ; figurative
language ; examples illustrating different modes of
expression ; ^uosi-idioms ; different modes of viewing
the action ; in Latin the verb the significant word, in
English the noun, examples illustrating this ; use of
abstract nouns not so common in Latin as in English ;
a clause often used instead ; precise meaning of the
English word should be noted ; periodic construction
in Latin ; connection of clauses and sentences in
Latin ; Exercises 28, 29, 30, 31, 32 and 33 . . 210

PART III.

ACCIDENCE, COMPENDIUM OF SYNTAX, AND VOCABULARIES

I. PARADIGMS OF INFLECTION.

SECTION PAGE

1- 9. The Noun 218

10-16. The Adjective (Declension, Comparison, Numerals) . 223

17. The Adverb. 229

18-26. The Pronoun ... .... 229

27-40. The Verb (Regular Conjugation) 234

41-46. The Verb (Irregular Conjugation) . . . .246

CONTENTS. XV

II. SYNOPSIS OF ACCIDENCE.

SECTION PAGE

47-54. Nouns 252

55-58. Adjectives ......... 258

59. Adverbs 261

60-63. Pronouns 262

64-72. Verbs .265

73. Prepositions .272

74. Conjunctions 272

75-76. Derivatives and Compounds ... . 273

III. COMPENDIUM OF SYNTAX.

77. Apposition 276

78. Attributive Words 276

79. The Predicate .... ... 276

80-86. The use of the Cases 277

87. The use of the Prepositions 286

88. The use of Adjectives 288

89-95. The use of the Pronouns 288

96. The Active and Passive Voices 292

97-99. The Indicative and Subjunctive 293

100. The Imperative 297

101. The Infinitive 298

102. The Participle ' 299

103. The Gerund 300

104. The Gerundive 300

105. The Supine . . _ 301

106. General Rules of Oratio Obllqua 301

107. Sequence of Tenses 302

108. Adverbs 303

109. Conjunctions 303

110. Order of Words 304

111-119. Metre. Dactylic Hexameter . . . .305

Latin-English Vocabulary 313

English-Latin Vocabulary ....... 324

Index . 344

PRIMARY LATIN BOOK.

PART I.

INTRODUCTORY LESSONS AND EXERCISES.

PRONUNCIATION OF LATIN.
I. SOUNDS OF THE LETTERS. 1

Vowels. 2

a is sounded like the first a in aha, papa.

a it M second a in aha, papa.

en lie in met.

e n it e in tJiey.

I n ii i in sit.

I it n i in machine.

6 ii H o in obey, or the first o in olio.

6 n M o in holy, or the second o in olio.

ti n n u in put, or oo in foot.

u n n oo in boot.

1. The method of pronouncing Latin given above is called the Roman method.
The English method is as follows :

The vowels are sounded as in English (long u having the sound of you), but long
vowels are often sounded as short, especially in final syllables, and before two conson-
ants (e.g., mcns'i* as ?/<</<*<>); and short vowels are often sounded as long, especially
before another vowel (or h), and before a single consonant, either in the first syllable
of dissyllabic words, or in the unaccented syllables of other words (e.g., nlhil as nlhU,
sine as sine, popidun as populus).

The diphthongs are sounded as follows: ae and oe as ee; auas aw; eu as you; ei
and ui as eye.

The consonants are sounded as in English : c and g as s and j before e and i sounds,
otherwise as k and g hard ; like z at the end of a word, and occasional!}' in other
cases through the influence of English (e.g., causa) ; t and c before t (unless preceded
by s, t or x), as sh.

2. Vowels before ns, n/, <jn and j, are regularly long.

2 PRIMARY LATIN BOOK.

Diphthongs.

In diphthongs both vowels should be sounded in their
proper order.

ae is sounded much like the ai in pain. 1
au ii ii M on in our, house.

oe M ii H ?<** in wade. 1

ei ii it ii ei in vein.

eu M n H ew in blew.

ui M ii ii we in weep.

Consonants.

Consonants are for the most part pronounced as in English,
with the following exceptions :

c is always sounded as in come, never as in cent.

g M M in game, n n gem.

s ii M in this, n n his.

t M n in native, n M nation.

x n n in axe, n n exact.

j 'i " y in yet.

v M n w in want.

n before c, </, gu, ae, is sounded as ng, or as n in ankle.

II. SYLLABICATION.

In the following list the words in parentheses are English
words to be contrasted with the Latin ; in other cases the
Latin and the English words to be contrasted have the same
spelling, the quantity of the Latin words being marked. 2

Die, salve, miles, pares, mane, care, honor t comes, consumes,
palma (palm), alwnus (alien), resisto (resist), possessio (possess, pos-
session), condemno (condemn}, legionis (legion), festlno (hasten),
nuptidlis (nuptial), auctio (auction), desertor (deserter), scena (scene),
regnum (reigning).

1. It is held by some that ae is sounded like ai in aisle, and oe like oi in coin.

re indicat
as short.

2. Throughout this book, all long vowels are indicated, except in footnotes;
vowels not marked are accordingly to be regarded as si

PART I. INTRODUCTORY LESSONS. 3

Observation. What can be learned from the foregoing exam-
ples, (a) of silent letters in Latin, (6) of the number of syllables
in each Latin word, (r) of the number of sounds represented by
each letter in Latin. 1

III. ACCENT.

(a) mo'-ves rl'-pa te'-16 va'da
an'-nus i'-ter ser'-vo con'-sul

Observation. How are'words of two syllables accented ?

(b) spe-ra'-mus sa-lu'-tem ge'-ne-ra el'-vi-tas
vec-tl-ga'-ll re-dux'-it hi'-e-mes i-do'-ne-us
con-sen'-sus po-ten'-tes con-sen'-se-ras re'-li-qul

Observation. How are words of more than two syllables ac-
cented, () when the vowel of the second last syllable is long or
precedes two consonants ; (b) when the vowel of the second last
syllable is short and does not precede two consonants ? -

LESSON I.

() Oppugnamus, we attack. Jubemus, ice order.

Vulneramus, we wound. Removemus, we rcmore.

Convocamus, we call together. Obtiiiemus, we occupy,
(b) Oppugnant, they attack. Jubent, tJiey order.

Vulnerant, they wound. Removent, they remove.

(c 1 ) Vulnerat, he, she or it, Obtinet, he, sJie or it, occupies.

wounds.

Convocas, you call together. Removes, you remove.
(When speaking to one person.)

1. Every letter in a Latin word should be sounded, and ^iven always Die SINK:
sound, except in the case of the vowels, which have each t\\o sounds, a long and
a short.

In dividing Latin words into syllables, place at the beginning of each syllable all
the consonants which, with the following vowel or diphthong, could be pronounced at
the beginning of a word; e.g., a-sper, ni-r-i-n, m it -to. In compounds, however, the
several parts are kept distinct; e.g., ab-est, not a-best.

2. Two exceptions should be noted : (i.) When the two consonants consist of r
(or I) preceded by a different consonant, the word is accented as though there were
but one consonant; e.g., ar'bitror, multiplex, but impuFsvs, ri'si/'/inn, fnlrrrtn,
iiicur'ro, according to the general rule, (ii.) x is treated as a double consonant ; e.g.,
contex'-o.

(The second last syllable is called the penult, the third last the antepenult.)

4 PRIMARY LATIN BOOK.

Convocatis, you call together. Removetis, you remove.

(When speaking to more than one person.)
(d) Vulnero, I wound. Jubeo, I order.

Oppugiid, I attack. Obtineo, I o'.rupii.

Observation. How does Latin express the persons we, // '</,
he, she, it, you and I, as subjects of the verb'/ What two classes
of verb are represented? What irregularity is there in joining
the personal endings to the first part ? x

EXERCISE I.

Vocabulary.

(are and ere arc used to indicate -a and -e 2 verbs respectively.)

Adequito, are, ride up, Oppuguo, are, attack.

Coiivoco, are, summon, call Pareo, ere, be obedient.

together. Paro, are, prepare, procure.

Habeo, ere, hare. Permoveo, ere, alarm.

Impero, are, (jive orders. Propero, are, hasten.

Jubeo, ere, order. Removed, ere, remove.

Niivigo, are, sail. Teneo, ere, fiold.

Obtineo, ere, occupy. Vulnero, are, wound.

I. 1. Permoves. 2. Tenemus. 3. Convocant. 4. Paratis. 5.
Imperamus. 6. Jubet. 7. Paremus. 8. Vulnerant. 9. Habeo.
10. Jubetis. 11. Tenet. 12. Adequitant. 13. Bemovet. 14.
Propero. 15. Oppugnatis. 16. Obtines.

II. 1. They hasten. 2. He sails. 3. I hold. 4. You (singu-
lar) order. 5. You (plural) have. 6. We prepare. 7. She has.
8. I occupy. 9. He wounds. 10. It alarms. 11. They remove.
12. She is obedient. 13. We give orders. 14. You (plmaL)
alarm. 15. They attack. 16. You (singular) ride up.

1. CAUTION. It must not be supposed that the ending is -amus or -ant, -cmu$
or -ent. Instead, the same endings, -inns, -nt, etc., are added to forms (representing
verbal ideas) which differ in that in some cases the final letter is a, in others e. (It
will be seen later that other final letters are found in the first part.) The only
difference between these a and c verbs is that, before the personal ending o, a final
a is dropped, while a final e is retained.

2. These -a, and -c verbs are generally called verbs of the first and second conjuga-
tions respectively. There are in all four conjugations, or divisions of verbs according
to form.

PART I. INTRODUCTORY LESSONS.

LESSON II.

(a) Vulneraimis, ire, i round or we are
Tnbent, tin' 1 if order or tlu'ij are

Oppugnat, /" <ittrl;x or Ar /.s aUarl:!n</.

Observation. The twofold translation of each form, and the
point of time referred to.

(/>) Romamis, ft- Roman. Roman!, fhe Romans.

IV.-iutu, //' MI if <>r. Nautae, tlir .svf /7o/-.s.

Lesatus eonvooat, a licnti-iimit mil*

IiesfJitl jnbcnt, //V liriiti'iiinitx

Victoria pormovct, //"' ricfoi'ij alaj'

Victoriae pcrinovont, ?;///<//>* l<tnn.

Observation. How is the plural of nouns ending in -?/-s and a
formed? How are r/, and ^//e exj^rcssud in Latin? Tlie personal
endings, -t and ->/:, retained even when a noun is tin; subject, and
when English does not use he or they.

EXERCISE II.

Vocabulary.
Barbarns, I, m., Itarltnrinn. Gallus, I, m., Cnntl (a nativi> of

ao, m., tt'.-lij'mn. (one of the country called Gaul).

a tribe in Gaul). T.esratus, I, in., lu'iitcndni.

Copia, ae, f. (in singular), sup- Naiita, ae, m., sailor.

/>//, abund&nce, j>Icnli/; (ill Nuntio, are, <innoiin<-<-.

plural), /*>/vv.s, troops. Romanus, I, m., Jfouiau.

Kxspeeto, Tire, airait. Soeins, I, in., affy.

Fusra, ae, f., flight. Turina, ae, f. squadron.

Cieriiiaiius, I, in., German. Victoria, ae, f., riclonj.

I. 1. Lugatus adequitat. 2. Fuga permovet. 3. IxomanT ex-
spcilant. 4. Nautae pro])erant. 5. Nuntifimus. (>. SociT oliti-
nent. 7. Bafbari adequitant. H. Germanus vulncral . 1*. Turmae
oppugnant. 10. Bclgae ol.tinciit. 11. Expectatis. 1'J. .Iiiltf-s.
13. German! habent. 14. Copiae o}pugnant. 15. Victoriae }>er-
movent. K>. Nauta habct.

PRIMARY LATIN BOOK.

II. 1. We are awaiting. 2. They are removing. 3. He is
holding. 4. The squadrons ride up. 5. The victory alarms. 0.
The allies summon. 7. The lieutenant is sailing. 8. The sailor
removes. 1). You are preparing. 10. The Belgians have. 11.
The forces occupy. 12. The Roman is ordering. 13. We are
obedient. 14. The lieutenant is giving orders. 15. The Gauls
occupy. 10. The barbarians ;ire attacking.

LESSON III.

Victoria Tirtiiifiiios permovct, tin'- riflonj l<mnx 11ie Rom fins.
Li'ffatus virtoriam nuntiat, flic l.icuh'iid nl <innon>n-c* //
C'opiae It'Sffttum cxsprctant, ///c /o/rcx <//r a irnif in<i th<' I irtiirn<nit.
Itomanl c-opias exspeetant, flu 1 l!i>iitnnm<r<' <nni!fin<i UK' forces.

Observation. What different forms have nouns in us and a, in
tin; singular and the plural, when they are used as the subject, and
when they are used as the object of the verb ? l How does the
order of the Latin sentences differ from that of the English ?-

EXERCISE III.

Vocabulary.
Animus, I, m., spirit, mind, Nuntins, i, m., messenger, mes-

Captlvus, I, m., cnj>lir<\ Pcrturbo, firo, throir into c<>n-
Coniporto, arcs l>rin</ 'iii. fusion, dixhirh.

Confirmo, are, rwvmmf/f, cstab- Praccla, ac, f., plunder.

lidi; (iron*'. Provincia, ac, f., province.

Kquus, I, m., horse. Piigno, are, fiyht.

TCt, anil. Servus, I, m., slave.

Labienus, I, m., Labienus (a Supero, are, conquer, prevail.

Roman's name). Tribunus, I, m., trinune (a
Locus, I, m., place, position, military officer among the

<j round. Romans).

1. The form used as the subject is called the Nominatin'. Caxc, that used as the
object the A, -cu. ratine Case.

2. It must not be supposed that this order is invariable in Latin, but it should be
retained by the beginner until he has learned something of the causes (or at least,
some of the cases) of variation from the general rule. This applies to all other general
rules of order, to which attention may be directed.

PART I. INTRODUCTORY LESSONS. 7

I. 1. Copias superat^ 2. Praedam comportamus. 3. Roman!
locum obtinent. 4. Labienus equos removet. 5. Legatos et
tribunes coiivocas. 6. Yictoriae animos conformant. 7. Servi
piignant. 8. Nuntium exspectat. 9. Captivos habetis. 10. Belgae
GallSs superant. 11. Barbarl Romanes et socios perturbant. 12.
Belgas permovet. 13. Copiam habeo. 14. Turnia copias pertur-
bat. 15. Victoriam nuiitias. 16. Nautae legatum exspectant.

IT. 1. The slaves are wounding the messenger. 2. The forces
occupy the province. 3. The Germans conquer the Gauls. 4.
The lieutenant conquers the Germans" and the Belgians. 5. The
tribunes await the allies. 6. You attack the place. 7. It arouses
the spirit. 8. The flight alarms the barbarians. 9. The sailor
announces the flight. 10. I am summoning the lieutenants. 11.
The forces are awaiting the squadrons. 12. They have plenty.
13. It disturbs the hearts. 14. You (plural) are fighting. 15.
The sailors prevail. 16. The captive is obedient.

LESSON IV.

Equos legatorum removet, he removes the horses of the lieu-
tenants.

Socios Belgarnm exspectat, he awaits the allies of the Belgians.
Fuff.a turmae aiiimum legatl tlie flight of the squadron alarms

permovet, the mind of the lieutenant.

Equnm lejsratl removet, he removes the lieutenant's horse.

Observation. How is of expressed in Latin? What is the
position of the word translated by means of of, or by the English

EXERCISE IV.

Vocabulary.
Aedtma, I, m., an Aeduan ; in Contineo, ere, hem in, restrain.

plural, the Aedui (a tribe in Cotta, ae, in., Gotta (a Roman's

Gaul). name).

Cibus, I, m., food. Do, are, give, grant.

Concilio, are, ivin over. Filing, I, in., .so//.

1. This form is known as the (tenit-'nie Case,

8 PRIMARY LATIN BOOK.

Galba, ae, m., Galba (a Ro- Occupo, are, seize.

man's name). Porta, ae, f., gate.

Inopia, ae, f., want, scarcity. Probo, are, /aror.

Natura, ae, f., nature. Sententia, ae, f., opinion.

Obsideo, ere, blockade, beset. Via, ae, f., road.

I. 1. Roman! copias Germanorum superant. 2. Sententiam
Cottae probamus. 3. Sententia Labieni superat. 4. Inopia cib!
Belgas perturbat. 5. Equum Galbae yulnerat. 6. Socii Belga-
rum locum oppugnant. 7. Natura loci Aeduos continet. 8. Aedui
portas occupant. 9. Victoriae copiarum animos sociomm cfmnr-
mant. 10. Barbari copias parant. 11. Copiae Belgarum locum
obsident. 12. Labienus copiam captivorum habet. 13. Fuga
turmarum Belgas permovet. 14. Equos legatorum removet. 15.
Victoriam legatl nuntiat.

II. 1. We are removing the horse of the lieutenant. 2. The
allies of the Aedui give food. 3. Galba's sons procure horses. 4.
The victory of Galba arouses the Belgians' spirit. 5. The forces
of the allies beset the roads. 6. The tribune's son has plenty of
horses. 7. You are wounding the sons of Cotta and Labienus. 8.
The lieutenant wins over the Belgians. 9. The Belgians are
awaiting the forces of the Gauls. 10. A squadron rides up. 11.
They favor the place. 12. The tribunes and the lieutenants
restrain the forces. 13. We favor the opinions of the lieutenants
and the tribunes. 14. Galba procures forces.

LESSON V.

(a) Legato victoriam nuntiat, he announces the victory to the

lieutenant.

Provinciae imperat, he gives orders to the province.

Copils imperat, he gives orders to the forces.

Socils praedam don at , he presents the plunder to the allies.

Observation. How is to before a noun expressed in Latin?
What is the position of the word translated by means of to ? l

1. The indirect object (i.e., the word translated hy means of to) is more frequently
placed before than after the direct object of the verb. In most of the sentences which
follow, either order may be followed. This form is known as the Dative Case.

PART I. INTRODUCTORY LESSONS. 9

(6) Ad provinciam properat, he hastens to the province.
Ad copias adequitat, he rides up to the forces.

Ad legates adequitat, he rides tip to the lieutenants.

Ad locum legates convocat, he summons the lieutenants to the

place.

Observation. How is to before a noun expressed in Latin,
when it is used in a phrase implying motion towards a place or
person ?

EXERCISE V.

Vocabulary.

Agricultura, ae, f., agriculture, Pertineo, ere, extend.

farming. Praesto, arc, be superior.

Dono, are, present. Pugna, ae, f., battle, fielding.

Evoco, arc, challenge. Responded, ere, reply.

Fllia, ae, f., daughter. Rhenus, I, m., the Rhine.

Italia, ae, f., Italy. Rlpa, ae, f., bank.

Legatus, I, m., ambassador. Silva, ae, f., wood, forest.

Materia, ae, f., timber, mate- Stndeo, ere, pay attention.

rials. Venia, ae, f., pardon.

Murus, I, m., wall. Ventito, are, come often.

I. 1. Materiam ad locum comportant. 2. Aedui ad provinciam
ventitant. 3. Aeduis vemam dat. 4. Copils praedam donat. 5.
Galli Romanos ad pugnam evocant. 6. German! Belgls praestant.
7. Legatus ad copias adequitat. 8. Socil Romanorum agriculturae
student. 9. Aeduis imperat. 10. Ad Belgas adequitamus. 11.
Silva ad locum pertinet. 12. Belgae Labien5 respondent. 13.
Ad Italiam ventitas. 14. Filiam legato dat. 15. Legatus Belgils
Romanis conciliat.

II. 1. Labienus hastens to the forces. 2. You are superior to
the forces of the Belgians. 3. We come often to the provinces. 4.
They grant pardon to the captives. 5. The ambassadors win over
the allies of the Germans to the Ronmns. 0. They come often to
the walls. 7. The woods extend to the Rhine. 8. I give orders
to the province. 9. He announces the victory of the allies to the
ambassador. 10. You are obedient to Labienus' son. 11. The
squadrons ride up to the barbarians. 12. Labienus replies to the

10 PRIMARY LATIN BOOK.

ambassadors. 13. He challenges the Gaul to battle. 14. The
forces of the Germans ride up to the banks of the Rhine. 15. He
summons the lieutenants to the province.

LESSON VI.

(a) Oppiiffiiabnt, lie irns attti<'l:iit<i, or If i/W t<>

Jnbebainiis, ire ire re <<!' j-in<j, or ire used to order.

Convocabiint, they ire-re Sitmmoninff, or tliei/ nsrd to summon.

Permovebati.s, you (plur.) ir^re <il(irniin>i, or -u<>u iixed t<> <d<irn).

Vuliierabas, t/ou(sing,) iff re irniinilimj, or /</ /.W /<> wound.

(/) flnbobam, I ir<tx or<I<'r!n<i, or 7 /.s<v/

f'onvooabaiii, 7 ?/v/.s sirinnn>'n ///;/, or /

Observation. The new element in the Latin verbs. What
idea does this new element express ? What new personal ending
is used ? What point of time is referred to ? x

EXERCISE VI.

Vocabulary.

Compleo, ero.jill up, fill. Hiemo, are, pass the irintcr,
Fin no* arc, strengthen. winter.

Fossa, ae, f., trcni'li, moot. Impetro, are, obtoin one's- rc-
Fiimla, ac, f., slhxj. quest.

Gallia, ao, f., Gaul (the country Provoco, are, call out, challenge.

now called France). Remaneo, ere, remain.

Glaclius, I, m., sicord. Revoco, are, recall.

I. 1. Exspectabamus. 2. Oppugnabant. 3. Complebat. 4.
Habetis. 5. Studebam. 6. Perturbant. 7. Removebat. 8.
Hiemabant. 9. Fossas complebant. 10. Gladimn nautac da-
batis. 11. Ad Galliam ventitabatis. 12. Remanemus. 13. Ro-
manos ad pfignam evocabant. 14. Impetratis. 15. Fundam
habeo. 16. Locum firmabant.

1. Notice that where was or were are used to translate these forms, containing the
letters -ha, the English verb will end in -ing. (The translation hy the simple past
tense of English should not even be referred to until the student is much further
advanced.)

2. Put his, hrr, thdr, ??/, our, your, in place of one's, as the context suggests.

PART I. INTRODUCTORY LESSONS. 11

II. 1. They were recalling. 2. He used to pass the winter.
3. She was awaiting. 4. I was obedient. 5. We used to have.
6. We are filling up the trench. 7. You (plur.) were ordering.
8. You (.sw/7.) are superior. 9. They were attacking the wall.
10. I was hastening to Italy. 11. He was occupying. 12. He
used to favor. 13. They used to have. 14. I remain. 15. She
obtains her request. 10. They were strengthening the walls.

LESSON VII.

() Legatnm fnmla vuliierat, he wounds the lieutenant iritli a

ding.

Cum in rm a properat, he hastens with a squadron.

LiC'Ratum gladio vulnerat, lie ^rounds tlie lieutenant with a

sword.

C 11111 K'sfjito aclcquitat, lie, rides up with the lieutenant.

Cnin copils hicmat, he ivinters with the forces.

Locum murls et fossls ftrmat, he strengthens the place with walls

and trenches.
Cum Gallls pugnant, they jiyht ivith the Gauls.

Observation. In what two ways is w-ith expressed in Latin? 1
What corresponding difference is there in the meaning of with in
English ? 2

(I) In Gallia liicmat, he winters in Gaul.

In loco remanent, they remain in the place.

Copias a pugna revocat, he recalls the forces from battle.

Ab Italia propcrat, he hastens from Italy.

Ab legato et Rdmanls im- he obtains his request from the
petrat, lieutenant and the Romans.

Observation. How are in and from expressed in Latin ? When
is <ib used in place of a? 3

1. These forms are known as the Ablative Case.

2. In the last example, notice that cum, like the English with, is usol of one's
opponents, rather than of one's allies, with verbs of //<///////</. <"<iiiti-n<lin>i, n-ai/in/t
war, etc. Here also cum means toyether with, in company unth. ("It takes two to
make a quarrel.")

3. A is never used before vowels.

12 PRIMARY LATIN BOOK.

EXERCISE VII.

Vocabulary.

rircuimlo, arc, surround. Pecunia, ae, f., money.

Oolloco, arc, station, place. Permaneo, ere, perxi.4.

f'omparo, arc, )vr/.s, collect. Proliibeo, ere, restrain.

C'oiitinco, ere, keep, hem in. Raimis, I, in., l>ran<-h.

Iiijiiria, ac, f., wr^ny-doing, in- Sagitta, ac, f., arrow.

.;'"///, ?r/v//H/. Sollicito, arc, />>/ to influence.

IiiKidiae, arum, f. (used in plu- Submoveo, ere, drive off.

ral only), ambush.

I. 1. Legatus Acduos ah injfiria prohibebat. 2. Cum c5pils in
Italia hiemabamus. 3. Galll miiros copiis complebant. 4. Belgae
locum miiro et fossa firmant. 5. Silva ah Aeduls ad Belgas perti-
net. 6. Labienus copias in msidils collocahat. 7. Barbari fossas
riimls complent. 8. Cum turma ad locum properabam. 9. Tribu-
num sagitta, vulneras. 10. Captivi in sententia permanent. 11.
Copias a pugna revocabamus. .12. Sagittis et fundis Aedu5s a
mfiro submovebant. 13. Cum filio legati ad Italiam navigabjltis.
14. Barbari in loco remanebant. 15. Legati Aeduorum a sociis
Germanorum impetrant. 16. German! cum Belgis pugnabant.
17. Animos copiarum pecunia sollicitatis.

II. 1. Forests used to extend from Gaul to Italy. 2. The
tribunes were keeping the forces in the woods. 3. He was re-
straining the allies from battle. 4. The barbarians used to fight
with slings. 5. They remain with the lieutenant. 6. The allies
were raising forces in Gaul. 7. We were surrounding the place
with trenches. 8. Labienus used to winter with the allies. 9.
We were sailing from Italy to the province with the lieutenant.
10. The barbarians used to station ambushes in the woods. 11.
You were wounding the tribune's son with a sling. 12. She
obtains her request from Labienus. 13. You are driving off the
Gauls from the place. 14. I was passing the winter with the
lieutenant and tribunes in the province. 15. They were trying to
influence the allies with money. 16. The slave was lighting with
the sailor.

PART I. INTRODUCTORY LESSONS. 13

LESSON VIII.

(a) In seutentia, Labiene, per- you persist in (your) opinion, La-

manes, bienus.

Copias, legatl, comparamus, ice are raising forces, lieutenants.
Jfuntios, Belgae, exspec- ice ((re aicaitiny messengers, Bel-

taimis, gians.

Sententiam, fllia, collaudo, (my) daughter, I commend (your)

opinion.

Observation. What forms of the nouns ending in us and a are
used in speaking to a person ? In what position are these forms i l
Omission of Latin words meaning your, my, etc. 2

(b) The student should now turn to Part III., sections 1 and 2,
where examples are given of nouns ending in a and us, in the
order in which the cases are usually arranged. To give all the
forms of a noun in this order is called declining a noun, and the
different series of endings are called Declensions.

(c) On the same page, section 3, are declined the words puer,
ager and vir.

Observation. How do the endings of these nouns differ from
those of nouns ending in us I What is the difference between the
declension of puer and that of ager ? Notice how the vocabulary,
by always giving the genitive case of a noun, 3 indicates whether a
noun ending in er is declined like puer or like ager.
(d) RoiuanI et socil, or RomanI the, Romans and (their) allies.

socilque,
Legates et tribunes, or le- tfic lieutenants and the tribunes.

gatos tribunosque,
Murum et fossani, or niuruiii a wall and trench.

fossamque,
Observation. The use and position of -quo. 4

1. These forms are in the Vocative Case.

2. Latin possesses words meaning ni>i, our, i/our, //<'*, her, //.sand their, but dues
not use them when it can be readily gathered from the context to whom the thing (or
person) spoken of belongs. So in translating from Latin these words have often to
be inserted in the English, and until Exercise XLIV. are to be regularly omitted in
translating into Latin. For several exercises to come these words are put in paren-
theses, to indicate their omission.

3. In all vocabularies the genitive of each noun is given, and as no .two of the five
declensions have the same genitive, this serves to indicate to what declension the
noun belongs.

4. When -que is added to a word, the accent is shifted to the syllable before -que ;
e.g., f on' sum, but

14 PRIMARY LATIN 13OOK.

EXERCISE VIII.

Vocabulary.

Agrer, ngrl, m., land, field, tern- Need, are, kill.

ton/. Non, not.

Amlcitia, ae, f., friendship. Occulto, are, conceal.

Ainlcus, I, m., friend. Puer, erl, m., boij.

Arbiter, trl, m., arbitrator. Socer, erl, m., father-in-law.

Faber, brl, m., workman. Vaco, are, be unoccupied, lie
Gener, erl, m., son-in-law. waste.

LIberl, drum, m. (in plural Vasto, are, lay waste.

only), children. Vlcus, I, m., village.

Marcus, I, m., Marcus (a man's Vir, virl, m., man.

name).

I. 1. Agros vicosque, Aedui, habetis. 2. Labienus fabros
nautasque ad Galliam convocat. 3. Cum liberls ad Rhenum pro-
perant. 4. Gallis, socii, arbitros dant. 5. A legato, Belgae, non
impetramus. 6. German! agros Belgarum vastabant. 7. Cum
Aeduis, Labiene, amicitiam confirmas. 8. In agrls Aeduorum
hiemabamus. 9. Pueros in silvis occultant. 10. Socerum legati
liberosque necant. 11. Virum gladio vulnerant. 12. Cum generis
ad copias adequitat.

II. 1. He grants lands to the son-in-law of the tribune. 2.
He grants pardon to the boys. 3. The workmen used to come
often to the wall. 4. You used to have friends, Marcus. 5. The
lands of the Belgians are unoccupied. 6. The Gauls were estab-
lishing friendship with the Belgians. 7. The forces were fighting
in the land of the Belgians. 8. The father-in-law of the lieutenant
was giving money to the children of (his) friend. 9. They are
giving lands to the Germans, lieutenant. 10. The men were fight-
ing with swords, the boys with slings and arrows. 11. The forces
of the Belgians are laying waste the land of the Gauls. 12. They
were concealing an ambush.

PART I. INTRODUCTORY LESSONS. 15

LESSON IX.

(a) In part III., section 3, is given the declension of tcmplnm.

Observation. How does the declension of nouns ending in um
differ from that of nouns ending in us ?

(6) The student should look over the vocabularies of this and
the preceding lessons, to see what is the gender of the nouns that
have been used.

Observation. Of what gender are all the Latin nouns that
refer to males ? to females ? to what is neither male nor female ?
What is the gender of the nouns ending in us ? in er ? in ir ? in
um ? in a ?- Explain the apparent exceptions to the general rule
in the vocabulary of Exercises II. and IV.

EXERCISE IX.

Vocabulary.

Bellum, I, n., war. Imperlum, I, n., command.

Tcistra, orum, n. (plural form Man 06, ere, remain, continue.

with singular meaning), camp. Moveo, ere, move.

Exemplum, I, n., example. Officium, I, n., duty, allegiance.

Expugno, are, take by storm. Oppidum, I, n., town.

Frumentum, I, n., grain, corn. Postulo, are, demand.

Helvetius, I, m., Helvetian (one Praemium, I, n., reward.

of a tribe in Gaul). Praesidium, I, n. , garrison.

HIberna, orum, n. (plural form Proelium, I, n., battle.

with singular meaning), win- Renovo, are, renew.

ter quarters.

I. 1. Frumentum comportabant. 2. Legatus copia-s in hiber-
nis collocat. 3. Animos copiarum praemils sollicitab.amus. 4.
Imperium belli postulant. 5. Ab hlbernis ad provinciam prope-
rabat. 6. Romanes a proelio revocat. 7. Murum oppidl virls
compleiit. 8. Ad oppidum ventitabatis. 9. Roman! castra mo-
vent. 10. Germanos in officio continebat. 11. Praesidio locum
tenemus. 12. Bellum cum Romanis renovabant. 13. Exempla
habetis. 14. Labienus copias a proelio continet. 15. Copiam
frfimentl habemus. 16. In castris Helvetiorum manent.

16 PKIMAEY LATIN BOOK.

II. 1. They are stationing garrisons in the towns. 2. We
were bringing in plenty of corn. 3. The forces of the Belgians
were renewing war with Labienus. 4. The Germans continue in
(their) allegiance. 5. The allies of the Romans kill the garrisons
of the towns. 6. He was arousing the spirit of the boy with
examples and rewards. 7. The children have an example. 8.
The Helvetians were laying waste the lands of the Aedui, and
taking by storm (their) towns and villages. 9. The forces were
renewing the battle. 10. They are attacking the camp. 11.
He was stationing a garrison in the town. 12. They used to
come often with the barbarians to the winter quarters of the forces.
13. You were surrounding the camp with a trench. 14. He gives
orders to the garrison. 15. The Gauls attack the camp and fill up
the trench.

LESSON X.

(a) 1. Legatus darns, a famous lieutenant.

2. Victoria dura, a famous victory.

3. Exemplum clarum, a famous example.

4. Legatl clarl, of a famous lieutenant.

5. Victoriae clarae, famous victories.

(b) 6. Vir darns, a famous man.

7. Belgae clarl, the famous Belgians.

8. Ager publicns, public land.

9. Locus asper, a rough place.

10. Nauta perltus, a skilful sailor.

11. Nautarum perltorum, of skilful sailors.

(c) 12. Multa exempla, many examples.

13. Cum paucls Belgls, with a few Belgians.

14. ReliquI Belgae, the remaining Belgians.

15. Magnae copiae, large forces.

Observation. (a) Does the Latin adjective remain unchanged,
like the English ? Is there a change in the gender, the number,
or the case of the nouns accompanying the adjectives, comparing
(i.) 1, 2 and 3 ; (ii.) 2 and 5 ; (iii.) 1 and 4 ?

(6) Are the endings of nouns and adjectives always alike ? How
does the form of the noun affect the form of the adjective ?

PART I. INTRODUCTORY LESSONS. 17

((.) What is the position of the adjective in 1 to 11 ? in 12 to 15 ?

When is the adjective placed before its noun? 1

In Part III., section 10, is given the declension of adjectives
whose masculine nominative singular ends in us or er.

Observation. Is there any difference between the declension
of these adjectives (bonus, liber and aeger) and the declension
of the nouns given in sections 1, 2 and 3 ? How does the vocabu-
lary indicate whether an adjective ending in er is declined like
liber or like aeger ?

EXERCISE X.

Vocabulary.

Ad versus, a, um, unsuccessfid. Latus, a, um, broad, wide.

Altus, a, um, high, deep. Liber, era, erum, free.

Asper, era, erum, rugged, rough. Magnus, a, um, great, large.

Commoveo, ere, disturb, alarm, Maritimus, a, um, maritime, of

agitate. or on the sea.

Creber, bra, brum, numerous, Numerus, I, m., number.

frequent. Ora, ae, f., shore, coast; ora
Excito, are, stimulate. maritima, the sea coast.

Fliiitimus, a, um, neighboring, PaucI, ae, a (plural), few.

adjacent. Populus, I, m., nation, people.

Helvetius, a, um, Helvetian, of Reliquus, a, um, remaining?

the Helvetians. Saxum, I, n., stone.

Idonens, a, um, suitable. Sollicito, are, tempt, bribe, try
Incite, are, arouse, stir up. to win over.

I. 1. Locum fossa lata et muro alto firmant. 2. Oram mari-
timam vastabatis. 3. Fossam crebris ramis complemus. 4. Magna
saxa in 3 muris collocabant. 5. Proelium adversum animos pau-
corum Belgarum commovet. 6. In loco aspero msidias collocant.

7. Magnum numerum servorum et reliquam praedam copiis donat.

8. Liberos Galliae populos superabas. 9. Paucos tribunos ad

1. As a rule, adjectives follow the noun with which they agree, but precede it in
the following cases : (a) when emphatic ; (b) when expressing number or quantity ;
(c) when the noun is modified by both an adjective and a genitive, the order then
being regularly, adjective, genitive, noun. See footnote 2, page 6.

2. The best way generally of translating reliqimis is by "the rest of" ; e.g., reliqui
Uelyac, the rcnniinin;/ Jji-l<j!a/us, /.<., fh- rrst nj tl- Bclyians.

3. Here, as often, Latin in is to be translated by English on.

2

16 PRIMARY LATIN BOOK.

II. 1. They are stationing garrisons in the towns. 2. We
were bringing in plenty of corn. 3. The forces of the Belgians
were renewing war with Labienus. 4. The Germans continue in
(their) allegiance. 5. The allies of the Romans kill the garrisons
of the towns. 6. He was arousing the spirit of the boy with
examples and rewards. 7. The children have an example. 8.
The Helvetians were laying waste the lands of the Aedui, and
taking by storm (their) towns and villages. 9. The forces were
renewing the battle. 10. They are attacking the camp. 11.
He was stationing a garrison in the town. 12. They used to
come often with the barbarians to the winter quarters of the forces.
13. You were surrounding the camp with a trench. 14. He gives
orders to the garrison. 15. The Gauls attack the camp and fill up
the trench.

LESSON X.

(a) I. Legatus clarus, a famous lieutenant.

2. Victoria clara, a famous victory.

3. Exemplum claruin, a famous example.

4. Legatl clarl, of a famous lieutenant.

5. Victoriae clarae, famous victories.

(b) 0. Vir clarus, a famous man.

7. Belgae clarl, the famous Belgians.

8. Ager publicus, public land.

9. Locus asper, a rough place.

10. Nauta perltus, a skilful sailor.

11. Nautarum perltorum, of skilful sailors.

(c) 12. Malta exempla, many examples.

13. Cum paucls Belgls, with a few Belgians.

14. ReliquI Belgae, the remaining Belgians.

15. Magnae copiae, large forces.

Observation. (a) Does the Latin adjective remain unchanged,
like the English ? Is there a change in the gender, the number,
or the case of the nouns accompanying the adjectives, comparing
(i.) 1, 2 and 3 ; (ii.) 2 and 5 ; (iii.) 1 and 4 ?

(&) Are the endings of nouns and adjectives always alike ? How
does the form of the noun affect the form of the adjective ?

PART I. INTRODUCTORY LESSONS. 1?

(<) What is the position of the adjective in 1 to 11 ? in 12 to 15 ?
When is the adjective placed before its noun? 1

In Part III., section 10, is given the declension of adjectives
whose masculine nominative singular ends in us or er.

Observation. Is there any difference between the declension
of these adjectives (bonus, liber and aeger) and the declension
of the nouns given in sections 1, 2 and 3 ? How does the vocabu-
lary indicate whether an adjective ending in er is declined like
liber or like aeger ?

EXERCISE X.

Vocabulary.

Adversus, a, urn, unsuccessful. Latus, a, um, broad, wide.

Altus, a, um, high, deep. Liber, era, erum, free.

Asper, era, erum, rugged, rough. Magnus, a, um, great, large.

Commoveo, ere, disturb, alarm, Marltlmus, a, um, maritime, of

agitate. or on the sea.

Creber, bra, brum, numerous, Numerus, I, m., number.

frequent. Ora, ae, f., shore, coast; ora
Excito, are, stimulate. maritima, the sea coast.

Flnitimus, a, um, neighboring, PaucI, ae, a (plural), few.

adjacent. Populus, I, m., nation, people.

Helvetius, a, um, Helvetian, of Reliquus, a, um, remaining*

the Helvetians. Saxum, I, n., stone.

Idoneus, a, um, suitable. Sollicito, are, tempt, bribe, try
Incite, are, arouse, stir up. to win over.

I. 1. Locum fossa lata et muro alto firmant. 2. Oram mari-
timam vastabatis. 3. Fossam crebrls ramis complemus. 4. Magna
saxa in 3 muris collocabant. 5. Proelium adversum animos pau-
corum Belgarum commovet. 6. In loco aspero msidias collocant.

7. Magnum numerum servorum et reliquam praedam copils donat.

8. Liberos Galliae populos superabas. 9. Paucos tribunos ad

1. As a rule, adjectives follow the noun with which they agree, but precede it in
the following cases: (cr) when emphatic; (b) when expressing number or quantity;
(c) when the noun is modified by both an adjective and a genitive, the order then
being regularly, adjective, genitive, noun. See footnote 2, page 6.

2. The best way generally of translating ri'llijimx is by "the rest of" ; e.g., reliqui
fiely&e, the remaining Belffiant, i.e., the, rest of tin' ndyianx.

3. Here, as often, Latin in is to be translated by English on.

'20 PRIMARY LATIN BOOK.

EXERCISE XII.

Vocabulary.

Caes-nr, -aris, in., Cat'&ll'. Miles, mil it is, ill.,

Ceiituri-6, -oiiis, ill., centurion. Multitu-dd, -diiiis, f., multitude,
CIvi-tas, -tatis, f., state. great nnnil /.

Co-liors, -hortis, f., cohort, coin- Obses, obsidis, m., hostage.

IKIH.IJ (one-tenth of a legion). Or-do, -dinis, in., rani,:.

Eqacs, equitis, m., horse soldier, Pax, pads, f., peace.

(in plural) cavalry. Pedcs, peditis, m., foot soldier,
L.egi-6, -onis, f., legion. (in plural) infantry.

Merca-tor, -toris, m., trader. Servo, are, keep.

I. 1. Obsides Caesari dabimus. 2. Mercatores ad legionem
ventitabant. 3. Pacem et amicitiam cum Caesare confirmabit. 4.
Mllites ordines non servabant. 1 5. PaucI pedites niagiiani nmlti-
tudinem equitum superant. 6. Cum reliquLs legionibus in Gallia
hiemabo. 7. Caesar magnum obsidum numerum 2 imperat. 8.
Tribunes militum et centuriones convocabat. 9. Mllites reli-
quarum legionum civitatem in officio continebunt. 10. Paucas
cohortes in Insidils collocat.

II. 1. He rides up to Caesar. 2. Cresar will hasten with the
rest of the legion to the town. 3. You will grant pardon to the
centurion. 4. The rest of the cohorts will lay waste the neighbor-
ing territory. 5. We were restraining the legions from battle. 6.
The opinion of the centurion will prevail. 7. He fills the camp
with a multitude of soldiers. 8. Cresar establishes peace with the
neighboring states. 9. He will winter in Gaul with the rest of the
legion and the cavalry. 10. They try to win over the rest of the
states. 11. With a few soldiers we shall hasten to the camp.

LESSON XIII.

(a) Expugnavl, I have taken by storm, or I took by storm.

ExpugnavistI, yon (sing.) liave taken by storm, or yon took
by storm.

J. See footnote 2, page 19, 2. See footnote 1, page 17

PART I. INTRODUCTORY LESSONS.

21

Expugnavit, he IMS taken by storm, or he took by storm.

Expugnavimns, ire have taken by storm, or ive took by storm.
Expugnavistis, you (plural) have taken by storm, or you took

by storm.
Expugnaverunt, they have taken by storm, or they took by storm.

Observation. What changes occur in the verb forms, compar-
ing one with another I 1 Resemblance to regular personal endings.
Twofold translation.

(ft) Turn to the perfect tense of all four conjugations, as given
in Part III., section 27.

Observation. Are the endings found in expugnavl, etc.,
found in all these verbs ?

(<) FIRST

CONJUGATION.

SECOND

CONJUGATION.

Present Tense.

Perfect Tense.

Present Tense.

Perfect Tense.

aim*

amavl

moneo

MI on ul

do

dedl

video

vldl

sto

stetl

jubed

jussl

aclj uvo

udjuvl

remaned

remansi

THIRD

CONJUGATION.

FOURTH

CONJUGATION.

Present Tense.

Perfect Tense.

Present Tense.

Perfect Tense.

rego

rexl

audio

audlvl

lego

legl

venio

venl

sumo

sumpsl

vincio

vinxl

mitto

mlsl

sentio

sensl

parco

pepercl

comperio

comperl

Observation. Is the change from the present to the perfect
made in the same way always in each conjugation ? In what one
respect only do all the forms of the perfect given in this list agree ?
Notice that, in the vocabularies that follow, the perfect tense is
always clearly indicated. 2

1. The division recommended in classes for beginners is into the unchanging part
of the perfect stem and the changing endings ; expugnav+i, etc. The relation
between the present and perfect stems should be reserved for a much later stage, and
even the fact that most verbs of conjugations I., II. and IV. have in the perfect of
each conjugation a similar formation, should not be presented for a few lessons, unt il
the pupil has learned to form his perfect, not by the rule of three, but on the
authority of the Vocabulary.

2. For the perfect tense of verbs occurring in the preceding vocabularies, the
student is referred to the general vocabulary, at the end of the book.

22 PRIMARY LATIN BOOK.

EXERCISE XIII.

Vocabulary.

Accipio, accepl, recf//v. Munio, munlvl, fortify, protect.

Anna, armorum, 11. (in plural Per-maneo, ere, -mansI,rema//(.

only), arms. Peto, petlvl, ask, srck.

Do, dare, dcdl, give. Pono, posul, place, pitch (camp),

Facio, fed, do, make. lay down.

Facul-tas, -tatis, f., opportunity. Tra-do, -didl, give up.
Gero, sressl, carry on, ivage. Vallum, I, n., uvdl, rampart (<f

Jnvo, are. juvl, aid, assist. camp).

Movco, ere, movl, move. Venio, venl, come.

I. 1. Gessimus. 2. Acceperunt. 3. Tradidit. 4. Caesar
castra movife. 5. Helvetii pacem a Caesare petlverunt. 6. Facul-
fcatem fugae captivis dedisti. 7. Magna praesidia in oppidis posul.
8. Reliquae cohortes castra vallo fossaque miimverunt. 9. Caesar
magnam injuriam fecit. 10. Socii legiones frtlmeiito juverunt.
11. Caesar legioiiibus veniam dedit. 12. In officio permansimus.
13. Cum multis equitibus ad castra venit. 14. Arma posuistis et
obsides dedistis. 15. Agros habemus.

II. 1. He has aided. 2. We gave. 3. She has sought. 4.
You have moved. 5. We came. 6. We received the hostages.
7. The Gauls waged war with Caesar. 8. They gave up (their)
arms, captives (and) hostages to Caesar. 9. You fortified the cam])
with high walls. 10. -Caesar has made peace with the neighboring
states. 11. The Gauls gave lands to the Germans. 12. I have
received many injuries from the Romans. 13. He placed a garri-
son in the camp. 14. You gave the legion to the lieutenant. 15.
They came with a few horsemen to Caesar. 16. The rest of the
legion pitched the camp. 17. The soldiers move the camp. 18.
You received great injury from Caesar. 19. They have villages.

LESSON XIV.

The student should turn to the nouns of the third declension,
given in Part III., section 5.

Observation. Compare the endings of the nouns in section 5

PART I. INTRODUCTORY LESSONS. 23

with those of the nouns in section 4. What differences are there
in the endings ? What is the gender of the nouns in section 5 ?
in section 4 ? In what respect do neuter nouns of the second and
third declensions agree ?

EXERCISE XIV.

Vocabulary.

Asr-men, -minis, n., line of inarch, Imped-io, -IvI, obstruct.

nnny (on the march). Iter, itineris 11., march, road.

Amitto, amis!, lose. Lat-us, -eris, n., side, flank.

Avert-6, -I, turn aside. Op-us, -eris, n., work, fortifica-
Contend-6, -I, hasten. Hon.

Dis-ce<16, -cessl, depart, unth- Per-ficio, -feel, finish.

draw. 1 SIgnum, I, n., standard, signal. 2

Flu-men, -minis, n., river. Vuln-us, -eris, n., wound.

I. 1. Iter a flumine avertimus. 2. Milites opus perfeeerunt.
3. Pauci equites vulnera acceperunt. 4. Moguls itineribus Caesar
ad flumen contendit. 5. Signum proelil cohortibus dedit. 6.
Multi pedites ab agmine discesserunt. 7. Milites ab opere revo-
cjlvit. 8. Silva pertinet a flumine ad castra. 9. LegatI ad Caesa-
rem in 3 itiiiere venerunt. 10. Cohortes signa amiserunt. 11.
Iter agminis impediverunt. 12. Helvetii iter fecerunt. 4

II. 1. You have received a wound. 2. Caesar recalled the
soldiers from work. 3. Broad rivers hem in the Helvetii. 4. We
have finished the fortification of the camp. 5. They have marched
(literally, made a march) from the province. 6. By a forced
(literally, great) march I came to the camp. 7. Caesar has turned
aside (his) march from the Helvetii. 8. We have lost a standard.

9. A few soldiers have left (literally, departed from) the standards.

10. The river has protected the sides of the camp. 11. We came
to the river with the rest of the cohorts. 12. We received a few
wounds.

1. Discedo ab I leave, literally, I depart , /'////.

2. A genitive depending on signum (signal) should be translated by for.

3. In is in this phrase to he translated on.

4. Iter f ado I inarch, literally, / make a march.

24 PRIMARY LATIN BOOK.

LESSON XV.

Dederam, I had given. Veneramus, we had come.

MIseras, you (sing.) had sent. Jusseratis, you (plural) had
Jusserat, he had ordered. ordered.

Dederant, they had given.

Observation. Personal endings. What letters are found in
each Latin word ? What word occurs in the translation of each of
these Latin words ? Referring to Lesson XIII. (c), are these
forms obtained from the present or the perfect tense ?

EXEHCISE XV.

Vocabulary.

Cognosce, cognovl, leam, find Mitto, mlsl, send.

out. Ob-tine6, ere, -tinul, hold, pos-

Con-fugio, -fugl, flee. sess.

Con-sldo, -sedl, encamp. Occup-6, are, -avl, seize.

Con-venid, -venl, come together, Re-duco, -duxl, lead back,
assemble. Regnum, I, n., royal power.

Erupti-6, -onis, f., sally. Rhenus, I, m., Rhine.

Explora-tor, -toris, in., scout. Tim-eo, ere, -ul, fear, be afraid.

Impedimenta, orum, 11. (in plu- Trans-duco, -duxl, lead across.
ral), baggage, baggage-ani-
mals.

I. 1. Copias reduxeras. 2. Ad Rhenum contenderat. 3.
Legates misimus. 4. Exploratores iter cognoverant. 5. Barbaros

timent. 6. Eruptionem fecerant. 7. Copiae consederant. 8.

Regnum obtinuerat. 9. Acceperamus. 10. Discesserant. 11.

Gesserunt. 12. Feceram. 13. Vulnerant. 14. Dedimus. 15.

Juvistis. 16. Posueratis. 17. Petivimus. 18. Discessit. 19.
Confugeramus. 20. Properat. 21. Imperaverat.

II. 1. He had led the soldiers across. 2. They came together
to Caesar. 3. I shall seize the royal power. 4. We had sent
scouts. 5. They had fled to the baggage. 6. Caesar encamped
with the rest of the forces. 7. Ambassadors had come to the
camp. 8. We led a large number of baggage-animals across. 9.

PART I. INTRODUCTORY LESSONS.

25

The forces had encamped. 10. They received a few wounds. 11.
He has sought peace. 12. We had given. 13. You had led back
the legion. 14. I had finished. 15. We encamped. 16. She had
sent. 17. We were hastening. 18. You sent. 19. They will
wound. 20. I received.

LESSON XVI.

Ab Italia pertinet,
Ad Caesarem venerunt.
Cum Gallls pacem fecit,
De pace legates uilsernnt,

Ex agrls frumentum coinpor-

tant,

In provincia hiemat,
Copias in Galliam nilsit,
Inter flumen et silvas iter

fecit,
Inter Belgas valet,

Per provinciam iter fecerunt,
Per Helvetios cognovit,

Litterls cognovit,
Post pugnam cognovit,
Propter mnltitudinem Ger-

maiiorum timent,
Sine causa timent,
Trans Rhenum consederunt,

it extends from Italy.

tliey came to Casnr.

he made peace with the Ganh.

they sent ambassadors concerning
(or about) peace.

they bring in corn out of (or from)
the fields.

he winters in the province.

he sent the forces into (or o) Gaid.

he marched between the river and
the woods.

he is influenticd among the Bel-
gians.

they marched through the province.

he found out through (or by means
of) the Helvetians.

he found out by means of letters.

he found out after the battle.

they are afraid on account of tlie
great number of Germans.

they fear unthout cause.

they encamped across the Rhine.

Observation. The meaning of the prepositions used, and the
case which follows each of them. The difference between in with
accusative and in with ablative ; ab and ex ; ad and in with
accusative ; the ablative of means and per with accusative.

26 PRIMARY LATIN BOOK.

EXERCISE XVI.

Vocabulary.

Auctori-tas, -tatis, f., influence. Mors, mortis, ., death.
Dediti-6, -onis, f., surrender. Pater, patris, m., ///.
Iiicol-6, -ul, dwell, inhabit. Tim-or, -oris, m., fear.

Inopia, ae, f., want, scarcity. Val-e6, ere, -ul, be influential.
Judic-6, are, -avl, decide. Vir-tus, -tutis, f., valor, brave i /.

I. 1. Sine injuria per provinciam iter fecimus. 2. Frumentum
ex agrls in castra comportabant. 3. Post proelium legati ad
Caesar de deditioiie venerunt. 4. Trans Rhenurn in loco idoneo
consC-derat. 5. Magnam inter Belgas auctoritatem propter vir-
tuteni habebat. 6. Milites ex hibernis et a Caesare convenerant.
7. Ex captivis cognoverat. 8. In certum locum conveneramus.
9. Arbitros inter civitates dedit. 10. Germanos sine causa timent.
11. Cum reliquls legionibus in Galliam contendit. 12. Ex castris
discessistis. 13. Iter in provinciam averterant. 14. Arma ex
oppido tradiderunt. 15. Sine causa bellum gesseratis.

II. 1. He had sent the forces across the river into Gaul. 2.
He found out through scouts. 3. After the death of (his) father
he had held the royal power. 4. They had made numerous sallies
out of the woods. 5. The rest of the Belgians had sent ambassa-
dors concerning peace. 6. He used to be influential among the
Gauls. 7. They remain in the camp not without great danger, on
account of the scarcity of corn. 8. They had placed the baggage
between the river and the cavalry. 9. He led back the forces into
winter quarters. 10. We shall not decide about the road. 11.
They had dwelt across the Rhine. 12. On account of (their) fear
they had fled into the woods. 13: Caesar had led across the forces
without baggage. 14. We used to have lands across the Rhine in
the province. 15. Out of a large number few received wounds.

LESSON XVII.

() Dcderis, you (sing.) ivill have Venerlmus, we shall hare come.

given. Jusserltis, you (plur.) will lutrc
MIscrit, he will have sent. ordered.

Jusserit, lie will have ordered. Dederint, tJtfij u-ill. Jittrr (jiven.

PART I. INTRODUCTORY LESSONS. 27

Observation. Personal endings. What letters are found in
each Latin word in the translation of which are found the words
shall han' or n-IU have ? Are these forms obtained from the present-
er the perfect tense ?

(6) Dedero, I shall have given. Mlserd, / shall have sent.

Observation. What variation occurs in that part of the Latin
verb which expresses shall have ?

(c) In Part III., section 27, may be found the names by which
the tenses of the Latin verb are known.

EXERCISE XVII.

Vocabulary.

De-lijsro. -legl, choose. Jubeo, ere, jussl, order.

De-pono, -posnl, lay aside. Memoria, ae, f., memory.

De-terreo, ere, -terrul, deter. Per-duco, -duxl, carry, bring.

Dubit-6, are, -avl, hesitate, have Regi-6, -onis, f., region, f//.s/ //'</.

doubts. Re-tineo, ere, -tinul, preserve.

Fug-6, are, -avl, rout, put to Vet-6, are, -ul, forbid,

flight. Video, ere, vldl, see.

I. 1. Fabros ex legione delegerat. 2. Murum perduxerimus.

3. Anna deposuerint. 4. Regionem vastaverunt. 5. Legio mon-
tem non tenebit. 6. Videtis. 7. Reriovabam. 8. Discessit. 9.
Judicavero. 10. Dubitabamus. 11. Deterret. 12. Vetuisti.
13. Gesseramus. 14. Discesserit. 15. Complebunt. 16. Expiig-
naverunt. 17. Occupaveras. 18. Videritis. 19. Muniverunt.
20. Consederat. 21. Veneram.

II. 1. He has not laid aside the memory. 2. You had remem-
bered (literally, preserved the memory). 3. They will have routed.

4. I shall have learned. 5. We had hesitated. 6. They chose.
7. I shall order. 8. We have come. 9. We were holding. 10.
It used to deter. 11. You were hesitating. 12. She used to be
influential. 13. They will have fled. 14. We shall have sent.
15. I forbade. 16. They order. 17. You are deciding. 18. You
were deterring.

28 PRIMARY LATIN BOOK.

LESSON XVIII.

Turn to the adjectives of the third declension, as given in Part
III., section 11.

Observation. How far do the endings of the adjective agree
with those of the noun, as given in sections 4 and 5 (comparing
forms of the same gender always)? Is there always a separate
form for the feminine nominative? for the neuter nominative?
Examine the vocabulary, to see how the genitive case and the
different genders of adjectives of the third declension are marked. 1

EXERCISE XVIII.
Vocabulary.

Decllvis, e, sloping. Levis, e, slight, trifling.

Duplex, duplicis, double. Omnis, e, all.
Eques-ter, -tris, -tre, of cavalry, Pot-ens, -entis, powerful,

cavalry- (adjective). Prae-ceps, -cipitis, steep.

Fertilis, e, fertile. Bee-ens, -entis, recent, unex-
Fortis, e, brave. hausted.

Hnmills, e, low, lowly. Silvestris, e, wooded.

Incend-6, -I, burn. Vel-ox, -ocis, swift, active.

I. 1. Praesidia in omnibus oppidls collocabit. 2. Proelium
equestre fecimus. 2 3. Filiam legato, viro forti et potent!, dedit.
4. In loco silvestrl consederant. 5. Copiae recentes et integrae
proelium renovabant. 6. Animos omnium sociorum confirmat.
7. Pedites veloces et fortes delegeram. 8. Duplicem fossam a
castris ad flumen perduxit. 9. Omnia anna tradiderunt. 10.
Levia equestria proelia fecerant. 2 11. Per regionem fertilem iter
fecerant. 12. Ex humili loco ad magnam auctoritatem Marcum
perduxerat.

1. All adjectives not ending in us (or er), a, urn, are of the third declension.
Adjectives of this declension end generally in (a) masculine and feminine, -is, neuter,
-e, the genitive of each being the same as the masculine nominative ; (b) masculine,
-er, feminine, -ris, neuter, -re, the genitive of each being the same as the feminine
nominative ; (c) masculine, feminine and neuter, -ns, the genitive having -ntis in place
of -ns; (d) masculine, feminine and neuter, -x, the genitive having -cis in place of -x
(but -ids in place of -ex).

2. Proelium facio= I fight a battle, literally, Intake a battle.

PART I. INTRODUCTORY LESSONS. 29

II. 1. They had fortified the camp with a double wall. 2.
Csesar removed the horses of all the lieutenants. 3. They were
laying waste all the lands. 4. The Helvetians had burned all the
towns, all the rest of the villages, (and) all the corn. 5. He had
not laid aside the memory of the recent wrongs. 6. He has
granted pardon to all the captives. 7. You have pitched the camp
in a sloping and steep place. 8. He will have sent fresh and
unexhausted cavalry. 9. I hastened with all the cavalry to the
river. 10. We marched through fertile lands. 11. We shall
deter the Gauls l>y (our) recent victory. 12. He summons the
centurions of all ranks.

LESSON XIX.

l-ll HIM renovare clubitant, they hesitate to renew the -irr.

Copias in proviiicia j ussit he ordered the forces to winter in

liiemare, the province.

Lablenum locum tenere jus- he had ordered Labicnus to Jiold

s- rat, the place.

Legates discedere vetult, he forbade the lieutenants to de-
part.

Labienum jubet castra mu- he orders Labienus to fortify the

nlre, camp.

Venire dubitat, he hesitates to come.

Observation. In each sentence notice how one verb completes
the meaning of the other. Formation of the infinitive in each
conjugation. What is generally the position of the infinitive ?
Notice that in the vocabularies that follow, the infinitive is always
given, as a means of indicating the conjugation to which a verb
belongs. 1

EXERCISE XIX.

Vocabulary.

Audeo, ere, venture. Cogo, ere, coegl, collect, compel.

CoepI (used in the perfect tenses C6nstitu-6, ere, -I, determine.
only) began. Desil-16, Ire, -ul, leap doini.

1. In preceding vocabularies, the infinitive has not been given for all verbs. In
such cases the student should refer to the general vocabulary, at the end of the book.

30 PRIMARY LATIN BOOK.

I. 1. Belluin cum Germams gcrere constituit. 2. Milites
vctuit ab sigiiis discedere. 3. Ex^fliiitimls regionibus milites
jubet convemre. 4. Oppidum oppugnfire et portas inceiidere
coeperunt. 5. Legati nd castra venire dubitaverant. 6. Magna
praesidia in omnibus oppidis constituit collocare, et cum reliquis
copiis in vico Aeduorum hiemare. 7. Copias in hiberiia rediicere
coiistituerat. 8. Omnes legates coegit e(juos removere. 9. Multis
cum lacrimls Caesarem obsecrare coepimus. 10. Proelium renovare
noii audC-buiit. 11. Omiiia oppida incendere constitueramus. 12.
Labieiium cum omnibus equitibus locum tenere jussit. 13. Pa-
trem imperium duponere coegit.

II. 1. Ciusar had ordered all the Acdtii to give up (their) arms.
2. They determined to send ambassadors to Caesar concerning
peace. 3. They had begun to lay waste the lands of the allies.
4. Cresar forbade the legions to leave (their) work. 5. They have
begun to collect forces. 6. He ordered all the soldiers to leap
down. 7. They began to fill up the trenches with branches. 8.
He had ordered the soldiers to fortify the camp with a double
trench. 9. We determined to collect forces and wage war with
Ctesar. 10. They do not venture to send ambassadors. 11. He
had compelled the Aedui to give hostages. 12. They hesitate to
winter in Gaul. 13. The Gauls began to assemble out of all the
towns.

LESSON XX.

Turn to the nouns of the fourth declension given in Part III.,
section 7.

Observation. The case-endings of the declension. The gender
of the nouns in us and in u. 1 How does the vocabulary indicate
that a noun is of the fourth declension ?

EXERCISE XX.

Vocabulary.

Adventus, us, m., arrival. Com-mitto, ere, -mlsl, eutri.ist;

Commeatus, us, m., supplies. 11 (with proelium) join, bojin.

J ? See Part III., section r.o, b. 2. See footnote 1, page 31.

PART I. INTRODUCTORY LESSONS. 31

Conspectus, us, m., .s/V/A/, i:ica\ Lacus, us, in., lake.

Coriiu, us, n., //<;/ (of an army). Magistratus, us, in., magistrate,

Dexter, tra, truni, t'Hjltt. office.

Discessus, us, m., departure. Peditatus, us, m., infantry. 1

Equitatus, us, m., cavalry. 1 Sal-us, -utis, f., sttfety.

Exercitus, us, in., army. Sus-tiiieo, ere, -tinul, with-

II 01116. liomiiiis, in., man, (in stand, endure.

plural) people. Usus, us, m., experience.
Impetus, us, m., attacl;, f'ti'i/.

I. 1. Post adventuin Caesaris obsides dare constituerant. 2.
Galli impetum in 2 equitatuin feet-runt. 3. Cum equitatu Helveti-
orum proelium coinmlserunt. 4. Helvetii agros Aeduorum in con-
s}>ectu exereitus Romam vastabant. 5. A lacu ad flumen mui'um
duplicem perdfixeramus. 0. Magistratum obtinebat. 7. Salutem
magistratuum equitatui commisit. 8. In 3 dextro cornu omnem
equitatum collocavit. 9. Oppidum magno impetu oppugnare
coeperunt. 10. Equitatus in 4 conspectum veneram. 11. Magi-
striitus multitudiiiem hominum ex agris coegerant. 12. Reliquum
exercitum Labieno dare constituit. 13. Exercitum sine magno
commeatu cogere non audebunt. 14. Legates ab omnibus exer-
citibus con venire jussit.

II. 1. They will not withstand the attacks of the cavalry. 2.
He ordered the lieutenant to remove out of sight the horses of all
the soldiers. 3. He determined to winter in the province with all
the cavalry. 4. After the departure of the Belgians they had
begun to renew the war. 5. The plunder he orders the lieutenant
to present to the cavalry. 6. He hastened to the lake. 7. We
have determined to await Labienus' arrival. 8. He orders all the
magistrates to assemble. 9. He had forbidden the soldiers to seek
supplies. 10. They were surrounding the forces with cavalry.
11. He ordered Labienus with the rest of the cavalry to hasten to
the right wing. 12. They have experience in camps. 13. He
found out through scouts about the departure of the allies. 14.
He hesitates to entrust all the plunder to the magistrates.

1. These words are to be used in Latin in the singular, not in the plural, in spite of
their meaning.

2. With impetum facto, in with the accusative is to be translated on.

3. See footnote 3, page 17. 4, Translate in here by in, not into.

32

PK1MAKY LATIN BOOK.

LESSON XXI.

() 31 issus sum, I liave been sent, or I was sent.

Su pe rut us es, i/cm (sing.) Jiave been conquered, or you ivere

conquered.

Audit us est, he lias been heard, or he was Jieard.

Revocati sum us, we Jiave been recalled, or we were recalled.
Jussi estis, you (plural) have been ordered, or you were

ordered.
CoactI sunt, they have been compelled, or they ivere compelled.

Observation. Twofold translation. Voice. Number of words
in each Latin phrase. Which indicates the person ? What does
the change of ending in the other indicate ?

(b) Jussa est, she was ordered,

it has been heard,
the place was fortified,
the camp was fortified.

the legions have been sent,
the soldiers have been ordered.

Audltum est,
Locus munltus est,
Castra munlta sunt,
Legioiies missae sunt,
Mllites jussi sunt,

Observation. What new endings are found in these verbs ?
What do the different endings indicate 1

w

FIRST CONJUGATION.

Present.

Perfect Active.

Perfect Passive.

amu

amavl

aniatus sum

do

dedl

datus sum

veto

vetul

vetitus sum

SECOND CONJUGATION.

inoneo

monul

monitus sum

j ubeo

jussi

jussus sum

coinmoveo

commovl

commotus sum

compleo

coinplevl

completus sum

THIRD CONJUGATION.

rego

rexl

rectus sum

cogo

coegl

coactus sum

cognosco

cognovl

cognitus sum

mitto

mlsl

missus sum

PART I. INTRODUCTORY LESSONS. 33

FOURTH CONJUGATION.

Present. Perfect Active. Perfect Passive.

audio audlvl audltus sum

sentio sensl sensus sum

vincio vinxl vinctus sum

Observation. Is the relation between the forms of the perfect
passive and those of the present or perfect active always the same ''.
Is it the same in any conjugation ? In what respect do all the
perfect passive forms agree ?

Notice how in the vocabularies that follow a form is given with
each verb, from which the perfect passive may easily be obtained, 1

EXERCISE XXI.
Vocabulary.

Ac-cipio, ere, -cepl, -ceptum, Mun-io, Ire, -IvI, -Itum, fortify.

reccir< . Per-ficio, ere, -fed, -fectum,

C oiloc-6, are, -avl, -atum, station. finish.

Com-mitto, ere, -mlsl, -niissum, Proliib-eo, ere, -ul, -ituiii, re-
entrust, begin. strain.

Com-moveo, ere, -uiovl, -1116- Re-duco, ere, -duxl, -ductum,
turn, alarm. lead bad;.

Convoc-6, are, -avl, -atum, call Renov-6, are, -avl, -atum, re-
together, new.

De-ligo, ere, -legl, -lectum, Tra-do, ere, -didl, -dituiu, f/U'e
cf loose. up.

Expugn-6, are, -avl, -atum, Trans-duco, ere, -duxl, -duc-
take by storm. tum, lead across.

Facio, ere, feel, faetum, do, Vast-o, are, -avl, -atum, l<nj
make. waste.

lu-cendo, ere, -cendl, -censum, Vulner-6, are, -avl, -atum,
burn. wound.

1. For each regular Latin verb the vocabulary gives four forms, ending- in -<i, -re, /
and -nin, called the Principal Parts of the verb. With the exception of the first t\vo,
these have no constant relation one to another in form, although in the first conjuga-
tion a majority of verbs always change -6 to -avl, -Cituin ; in the second conjugation,
-eo to -ul, -Hum; and in the fourth conjugation, -to to -lm, -Itum.

For the perfect passive of verbs occurring in the preceding vocabularies the
student is referred to the general vocabulary, at the end of the book.

3

34 PRIMARY LATIN BOOK.

I. 1. Agii vastatl sunt. 2. Copiae eoactae sunt. 3. Delect!
sumus. 4. Cdgnitum est. 5. Oppida incensa sunt. 6. Equitatus
missus est. 7. Jussus sum. 8. Yctita es. 9. Locus est 1 munitus.
10. Opus perfectum est. 11. Equi remoti sunt. 12. Fossa com-
pleta est. 13. Reducti sumus. 14. Convocati sunt. 15. Pro-
hibita est. l(i. Prohibitive sunt. 17. Vuliius acceptum est. 18.
Proelium factum est. 19. Exercitus trausductus est. 20. Caesar
commotus est.

II. 1. The soldiers were ordered. 2. A large number of men
has been collected. 3. Wounds were received. 4. We have been
sent. 5. She has been wounded. 6. The camp was fortified. 7.
I was ordered. 8. The war was renewed. 9. The arms have been
given up. 10. The forces were led back. 11. The cavalry has
been led across. 12. Garrisons were stationed. 13. A legion was
stationed. 14. Hostages have been given. 15. We have been
alarmed. 1C. You have been ordered. 17. The signal was given.
18. The battle has been begun. 19. The camp was taken by
storm. 20. The magistrates were called together.

LESSON XXII.

Fuiida vulneratus est, he was wounded by a slui<j.

A-grl a. copils vastatl sunt, tJie fields have been laid waste by

the fwces.
Locus vallo fossaque munitus the place ivas fortified by a wall

est, and trench.

Equi a Caesare remoti sunt, tin- /o/-.sr.s irere removed by <

Observation. Two ways of translating by. Which is used in
connection with the passive voice to denote the person by whom
something is done ? 2

1. Est munitus has the same meaning as munitus est. Not only may the order be
changed in these perfect passive forms, but the two parts are sometimes separated by
other words.

2. With the active voice a and ab will mean from ; with the passive, from or by,
whichever the rest of the sentence requires.

PART I. INTRODUCTORY LESSONS.

EXERCISE XXII.

Vocabulary.

Onus, onoris, ll., Imrili.'ii. Perturb-6, arc, -avl, -atuiu,

Op-primo, ere, -pressl, -pres- throw into confusion.

sum, Overwhelm. Prae-mitto, ere, -mlsl, -missum,

send in advance.

I. 1. Obsides ab Helvetiis Caesari dat! sunt. 2. Legati ab
omnibus regionibus verierant. 3. Sagittis et fundls barbari a
muro submutl sunt. 4. Legati et omnes cunturiouos a Caesare eon-
vocatl sunt. 5. A magistratu multitude homiuum ex agrLs coacta
est. 6. Castra a militibus duplici fossa circumdata sunt. 7.
Copiae oppressae sunt timore. 8. EquI omnium ex conspectu
remoti sunt. 9. Jussi sumus obsides dare et frumeiitum in
hiberna comportare. 10. Fossa ramis completa est. 11. Labienus
cum omul equitatu ad provinciam praeinissus est. 12. A Caesare
ex captivis cognitum est. 13. Frumento commeatfKjue a sociis
jiitl estis. 14. Impetus a barbaris in 1 oquitatum factus est. 15.
Human! adverse proelio et fuga Gallorum commoti sunt.

II. 1. Ambassadors were sent in advance by Cresar into Gaul.
2. The forces were thrown into confusion by the attack of the
barbarians. 3. The camp has been fortified by a rampart and
trench. 4. You have been recalled from work. 5. The wall was
filled with men. 6. They were ordered by the lieutenant to
remove the horses. 7. Ambassadors were ordered to assemble
from every town. 8. Large forces have been collected by the
Belgians. 9. A large number of the Belgians was slain. 10. The
soldiers were overwhelmed by the great weight of (their) arms.
11. All the towns were burned by the Helvetians. 12. We were
alarmed by the arrival of Cajsar. 13. The land of the Aedui has
been laid waste by the Germans. 14. She was wounded by an
arrow. 15. Arms were given up by all the Belgians. 16. The
forces were alarmed by the scarcity of com. 17. A sally was
made out of the woods by the Gauls. 18. The army was led back
into camp.

1. See footnote 2, page 31.

36 PRIMARY LATIN BOOK.

LESSON XXIII.

(a) Missus eraui, I had been sent. RovocatI eramus, we had been

recalled.

Commutus eras, you (sing.) Jussi eratis, you (plural) had
had been alarmed, been ordered.

Audit us erat, he had been CoactI erant, they had been corn-
heard, petted.

Audltum erat, it liad been Castra muiilta eraiit, th-e eain/>
heard. ha<l been fortified.

J ussa erat, she had been or- Copiae missae eraiit, the forces
dered. had been sent.

Observation. Compare these phrases with those given in Les-
son XXI. () and (b). What differences in form and meaning do
you find ?

(6) Missus ero, I shall have been RevocatI erimus, we shall )mce

sent. been recalled.

CoiiiiuutuN eris, yon (sing.) Jussi eritis, you (plural) will

unll hare been alarmed. have been ordered.

Audit inn erit, it will have Castra m unit a eruiit, the camp

been heard. irill hare been fortified.

Jussa erit, she will have been Copiae missae erunt, the forces

ordered. will have been sent.

Observation. Compare these phrases with those in (). What
differences in form and meaning do you find ?

(r) MIseram, I Jiad sent. Jusseratis, you (plural) had or-

dered.

Audlverat, he had heard. Coe^erant, they had coin^elicd.

MIsero, I shall have sent. Mumveriiit, they witt have for-

tified.

Observation. Compare these forms with the phrases in (a) and
(6). What is the difference between the corresponding active and
passive forms in Latin ?

PART I. INTRODUCTORY LESSONS. 37

EXERCISE XXIII.

Vocabulary.

Ad-tliico, ere, -cliixl, -dncttim, In-struo, ere, -striixl, -strnc-

injIiK ,i<-< . tuni, draw up.

Compar-6, are, -avl, -attuii, Tollo, ere, sustull, snblatuiii,

make ready, procure. tnl:c awnj.

I. 1. Copiae mstriictae crant. 2. Adducti eramus. 3. Fril-
incntum comparatum erit. 4. Jilssus ero. 5. Convocatl crant.
6. Collocati sinit. 7. Coegeramus. 8. Incenderunt. 9. Oppida
inceiisa erunt. 10. Collocabit. 11. Vastavit. 12. Commovet.
13. Removit. 14. Mumveratis. 15. Sustulimus. 16. Addilx-
eram. 17. Instruct! suiit. 18. Fossa erat completa. 19. Vulnera
accepta erant. 20. Transducti erimus. 21. Proelium coinmTsc-
rant. 22. Proelium coramissum erat. 23. Jubebat. 24. Com-
movebit. 25. Sustinueramus. 26. Delegeras. 27. Delectus eras.
28. Cognitum erit. 29. Sublatum erat. 30. Vulneratis.

II. 1. The war had been renewed. 2. We had renewed. 3.
We were not influenced. 4. The legion had been drawn up.
5. They had been made ready. 6. The battle was begun. 7.
They will have been overwhelmed. 8. The camp had been taken
by storm. 9. They sent in advance. 10. It had been finished.
11. They used to favor. 12. We were calling together. 13.
They will have found out. 14. It was found out. 15. They had
been compelled. 16. The legion was led back. 17. The legions
had been led across. 18. You were sent in advance. 19. He
procures. 20. They are making ready. 21. I shall have taken
away. 22. The camp had been fortified. 23. They will take the
camp by storm. 24. I shall remove. 25. They had wounded.
26. She had been wounded. 27. They wound. 28. It had been
given. 29. I gave. 30. I was giving.

38 PRIMARY LATIN BOOK.

LESSON XXIV.

(a) Turn to the nouns of the fifth declension, given in Part III.,
section 8.

Observation. The case-endings of the declension. How docs
the vocabulary indicate that a noun is of the fifth declension ? Of
what gender are most nouns of this declension 2 1

(?>) Turn to the list of ordinal numerals, given in Part III.,
section 15.

Observation. Forms and translation. Notice the way in which
thirteenth, fourteenth, twenty-first, etc. , are expressed.

In the general Vocabulary all ordinal numerals are given as
follows: primus, a, um, first ; secumlns, a, um, second; deci-
mus, a, um, tenth. Whatsis indicated by the letters a, um ?

EXERCISE XXIV.

Vocabulary.

Acies, el, f., line of battle, line. Occasns, us, m., setting.

Dies, el, m., day. Pars, partis, f., part.

Egregius, a, um, remarkable. Res, rel, f., thing, matter, affair.

Fides, el, f., honor, word, fidelity. Scientia, ae, f., knowledge.

Hora, ae, f., hour. Sol, soils, m., sun.

Militaris, e, military. Spes, el, f., hope.

I. 1. Spem fugae sustulerat. 2. Milites in acie mstriicti sunt.
3. Cum tertia legione in provincia hiemare constituit. 4. Fidem
servavit de numero dierum. 5. Scientiam rel 2 militaris hahet.
6. Ab hora septima ad occasum solis pugnaverant. 7. Multis
rebus adducti erant. 8. Egregiam fidem legati cognoverat. 9.
Tertia pars exercitus interfecta est. 10. Omnes centuriones
quartae cohortis interfecti erant. 11. De fide Gallorum dubita-
verant. 12. Propter inopiam omnium rerum milites nonae legionis
in provinciam reducere constituent. 13. Omnem spem salutis in
virtute posueramus.

1. See Part III., section 51, b.

2. Res militaris (the singular) = military affairs, the art of warfare.

PART I. INTRODUCTORY LESSONS. 39

II. 1. An attack had been made by the soldiers of the fifth
legion on 1 the first line. 2. They had been influenced by the
hope of plunder. 3. The forces had been led back to the camp
after the fourth day. 4. All things will have been made ready.
5. The second line had been surrounded by the barbarians. 6. He
had had great experience in military affairs. 2 7. He drew up the
line of battle. 8. They had inhabited a third part of Gaul. 9.
They will not withstand the first attack of the forces. 10. The
forces had been influenced by the want of everything (literally, all
things). 11. The matter had been found out through scouts. 12.
They had come into Gaul not without great hope of plunder. 13.
He had stationed the tenth legion in ambush.

LESSON XXV.

Tertio die ad Caesarem ve- on the third day they came to

nerunt, Ccesar.

Hora septima proelium com- he joined battle at the seventh

mlsit, hour.

Occasu solis in castra reducti they were led back into camp at

sunt, sunset (literally, at the set-

ting of the sun).

Mnltos dies iter fecerant, they ha.d marched many days.

Magnam parteiu diel pugna- tJiey Jiad fought a large part of

verant, the day.

Paucas horas impetus snsti- for a few hours they withstood the

nuerunt, attacks.

Observation. The two ideas connected with time found in
these sentences. The mode of expressing each in Latin. Is each
idea always expressed in the same way in English ?

EXERCISE XXV.

(jFor this, and all subsequent exercises, no special vocabulary will
be f/'it'cn. TJie student must depend entirely on the general vocabu-
laries, at the, end of the book.)

1. See footnote 2, pajre 31. 2. See footnote 2, pajje 38.

40 fcKIMARY LATIN BOOli.

I. 1. Postero die castra Labienl oppugnare decreverant. &
Complures horas piignaverunt. 3. Nocte ad Rhenum contendit.
4. Soils occasu copiae in castra reductae sunt. 5. Multds annos
regmmi obtinuerat. 6. Hora circiter decima die! nfnitium ad
Labieiium misimus. 7. Permultos dies iter per provinciam fece-
rant. 8. Coiitinuds complures dies Caesar aciem instriixit. 9.
Prima liice res ab exploratoribus confirmata est. 10. Certo anni
tenipore magistrates a Caesare convenire jiissi erant. 11. Tertiam
partem Galliae paucos annos incolueramus. 12. Adventu Caesaris
barbari constiterunt.

IT. 1. The Helvetians moved their camp the next day at day-
break. 2. In the third watch they made a sally out of the town
with all their forces. 3. For several hours they withstood the
attacks of the cavalry. 4. On the first arrival of the army numer-
ous sallies had been made by the Gauls. 5. He decided to attack
the town on the seventh day. 6. They had for many days laid
waste the lands of the Aedui. 7. On the following day an attack
was made by the Gauls on the cavalry. 8. The camp was moved
in the fourth watch with 1 great noise and confusion. 9. After his
father's death he had possessed the royal power for several years.
10. At daybreak on the remaining days a double line of battle had
been drawn up by Cnesar. 11. They had waged war with the
Romans for many years. 12. We reached the camp the third hour
of the day.

LESSON XXVI.

Turn to the nouns of the third declension, given in Part III.,
section 6.

Observation. How do the case-endings differ from those given
in sections 4 and 5 (comparing always nouns of the same gender) ?
Do the same differences occur in all the words ? 2 Compare the
adjectives of the third declension given in Part III., section 11.

Notice also the irregular declension of the nouns given in Part
III., section 9.

1. Use cum.

2. Most nouns having these endings will be found to belong to one of the following
classes :

PART I. INTRODUCTORY LESSONS. 41

EXERCISE XXVI.

I. 1. Equites impetum hostium sustinent. 2. Fines Aeduorum
multds menses ferrd et ignl vastati suiit. 3. Nilvium figilrii et
remdrum rndtu barbari permdtl erant. 4. Cuhnina Alpinm ab
hostibua occupata craiit. 5. Aiiimalia atque magnum numerum
servdrum ct clientium Galli igni cremabant. 6. Posterd die
Labienum cum omul equitatfi montem tcnere jussit. 7. In fines
hostium incursidnem fecorant. 8. Hicnio naves constitiiit aedifi-
cilre. 9. E fmibus hostium Helvetidrum in fines Acdudrum iter
per vim fecerunt. 10. In fmibus hostium hiemaverat. 11. Prop-
tor altitudinem montium castra in valle posita sunt. 12. Naves
ex fmitimis regionibus jubet convenire.

II. 1. They had built a large number of ships in the third year
of the war. 2. He demanded a large number of hostages. 3. An
attack was made at daybreak by the enemy on the line of battle.
4. All the towns of the enemy were burned. 5. They had marched
through the province by (literally, thruiiyli) force. 6. They were
alarmed by the violence of the rivers. 7. For many years he used
to have a large number of retainers. 8. A forest used to extend
from the mountain to the territories of the Aedui, and restrain 1
the enemy's cavalry from inroads. 8. On account of the depth of
the sea, the soldiers hesitated to leap down out of the ship. 10.
The forces of the enemy had been dismayed by the size of the
ships of war. 11. For a large part of the day they had laid waste
the fields with fire and sword. 12. For several years he had
leased all the rest of the revenues of the Aedui.

(1) Nouns ending in is or cs, and having two syllables in both nominative and
genitive singular.

(2) Monosyllables ending in s or x immediately preceded by a consonant.

(3) Nouns ending in n# or rs.

(4) Neuter nouns ending in <?, al or ar.

These have ium in genitive plural ; very few have i in the ablative singular, the
following being the commonest in Caesar : ignis, fire; navift, a ship; continent, the
continent or mainland.

1. i.e., used to restrain. All similar ellipses are to be supplied in translating from
English to Latin, where the words to be understood are expressed in l^itin 1>\ p.m ^i
a word, not a separate word.

42 PRIMARY LATIN BOOK.

LESSON XXVII.

Turn to the present, imperfect and future indicative (active and
passive) of the first and second conjugations, as given in Part III.,
sections 27 and 28.

Observation. From which of the principal parts are these
tenses formed in the active voice ? in the passive voice ? How is
the difference between the voices indicated in Latin 7 1

EXERCISE XXVII.

I. 1. Helvetii loci natura continentur. 2. Magnae copiae ab
hostibus comparabantur. 3. Tertia pars Galliae a Belgis obtine-
tur. 4. A Gallis sollicitabamur. 5. Mons a Labieno tenebitur.
6. Fuga Gallorum commovemim. 7. Magnam inter Belgas aucto-
ritatem habere videris. 8. Vicus montibus continebatur. 9.
Equites peditum virtute servantur. 10. In servitute teneberis.
11. Numerus hostium augetur. 12. Naves tempestatibus detine-
buntur. 13. Hostes a pugna tempestatibus continebantur. 14.
Adventu Caesaris commovebar. 15. Copiae hostium e castrls
videntur. 16. Iter a flumine avertere videbimur. 17. Provincia
ab hostibus incursionibus vastabatur. 18. Multitudine hominum
castra complebuntur.

II. 1. The forces of the enemy are being increased. 2. Stones
were being placed on the wall. 3. The battle will be renewed.
4. You will be awaited by the consul. 5. The Helvetians are
inclosed by the river Rhine, the Jura mountains, 2 and the river
Rhone. 6. We shall not be alarmed by the departure of the
allies. 7. The arrival of the forces was being awaited by the
citizens. 8. For several successive days the enemy's forces are
kept in camp by storms. 9. The lands of the Aedui used to be
laid waste by the Germans. 10. It is announced to Caesar. 11. I
shall be held in subjection. 12. They seem to fear without cause.

1. Xotioe also that there is no change whatever in the part that precedes the
personal ending, except that I before s is changed to e before ris (er having almost
the same sound as ir, but being- easier to pronounce).

2. Use the singular of mom, which has the meaning of a mountain chain, as well
as of a single tn<m iitaiii or hill.

FART i. INTRODUCTORY LESSONS. 43

13. They were removed. 14. We were removing. 15. They were

being removed. 10. He will recall. 17. You will be recalled.

18. They will be recalled. 19. I used to restrain. 20. I used to
be restrained.

LESSON XXVIII.

() Latus, broad ; latior, broader ; latissimus, broadest or very

broad.
Fortis, brave; fortior, braver; fortissiinus,bravestoTvcry

brave.
Velox, sivift ; velocior, sivifter ; velocissiiims, simftest or

very siuift.

Potens, powerful; potentior, more potentissimus, most or very
powerful. power/id.

Observation. Endings indicating the different degrees of com-
parison. Formation of comparative and superlative from the
positive. 1 Twofold translation of the superlative.

(6) Virl fortioris,
Flumen latius,
Fossae latiores,
Mllitis fortissinil,
Flumeii latissiinum.
Fossae latissiiuac-,

of a braver man.
a broader river.
broader trenches,
of a very brave soldier,
a rcry broad river.
very broad trenches.

Observation. Declension and agreement of comparative and
superlative adjectives.

(c) Turn to the declension of comparative adjectives, as given in
Part III., section 12.

Observation. How do the case-endings of the comparative
differ from those of adjectives of the positive degree belonging to
the same declension ? (See section 11.)

1. Notice that the genitive of the positive decree of these adjectives is respectively
lati, fortis, winds, potentis.

44 PRIMARY LATIN BOOK.

EXERCISE XXVIII.

I. 1. Helvetii flumine latissimo et altissimo continentur. 2.
Oaesarem de adventu Labiem certiorem fecerunt. 3. Urbs in
monte altissimo posita erat. 4. Pedites velocissimi et fortissimi
delect! sunt. 5. Humiliorcs a pote&tidribus expulsi erant. 6.
Legidnes longidre itinere circumduxit. 7. In densissimas silvas
cpnffigemiit. 8. Castra latidribus fossls munita sunt. 9. Ad
fluincn latins veneraiit. 10. Res opportfmissima accidit. 11.
CrebriorC's cxpldratorcs in fines hostium misit. 12. In novissi-
inum agin en impetum fecerunt.

II. 1. The Helvetians had been informed of (litcrall]^ l>ont)
the enemy's departure. 2. The enemy sought denser forests. 3.
He gives his daughter to the centurion, a very brave and powerful 1
man. 4. He came at a most opportune time. 5. They had sent
the noblest (men) of the state. 6. They are alarmed by the
appearance of the wider vessels. 7. He ordered Labienus to make
the vessels lower and wider. 8. They used to possess most fertile
lands. 9. The rear was being thrown into confusion. 10. They
encamped in a very fertile region. 11. They used to be hemmed
in by higher mountains and a broader river. 12. A deeper river
hems in the Helvetians. 13. Cajsar had been~informed by more
frequent messages. 14. He had entrusted the safety of the
hostages to the bravest soldiers.

LESSON XXIX.

(") Missus ost, he iras (or l\s Rdmanns ost, he is a Rcmwn.

been) *<///.

JussI sunt, ihcy were, ordered. Fortes sunt. they arc l>rrc.
Cognitum erat, it had been Potens erat, he mix puircrful.

found out.

ReductI erunt, theywitt have LIberl erunt, they will be fro'.
been led bar I;.

Observation. What difference in translation occurs when est,
sunt, etc., are joined with a noun or adjective, not with the part

1. i.e., ?vn/ jmiwrfnl. See footnote 1, pac^e 41.

PART I. INTRODUCTORY LESSONS. 4.')

of the verb used in forming the perfect tenses ? In what case is
the noun or adjective in the predicate with the verb sum '?

(6) Turn to the inflection of the verb sum, given in Part III.,
section 41.

Observation. Formation and translation of the six tenses in
the indicative, and of the present infinitive.

EXERCISE XXIX.

I. 1. Omnium Gallorum fortissimi sunt Belgae. 2. Exercitus
erat 1 in conspectu. 3. Periculosum est. 4. In armis sumiis. 5.
Tertia nocte "Ifma erat plena. 6. Locus erat idoneus. 7. Onmes
res comparatae erant. 8. Noctes breviores sunt. 9. Castra angu-
stiora erant. 10. Spes est sublata. 11. Rex fuerat. 12. Miserior
et gravior esse fortuna Sequanorum videtur. 13. Mons altissimus
est inter Sequanos et Helvetios. 14. In itinere eratis. 15. Prop-
ter frigora frumenta in agris matura 11011 erant. 16. Milites 111011-
tem tenebant. 17. Adventus hostium cognitus erat. 18. Reliquae
naves erunt iiiutiles. 19. Non audebunt esse iiiimici. 20. Vir
fortissimus et nobilissimus fuit. 21. Reducti sunt. 22. Fossa
erat ante oppidum. 23. Homo sum.

II. 1. All the rest of the Belgians are in arms. 2. The road
through the province will be longer. 3. Ambassadors were sent.
4. The adjacent regions are very fertile. 5. They are aided. 6.
The Belgians seem to be very hostile. 7. There- is scarcity of all
things. 8. They were awaiting. 9. The night was very short.
10. The vessels are low and wide. 11. The forces were sent in
advance. 12. The allies used to be free. 13. They began to be
hostile. 14. There 2 had been great danger. 15. Nothing is
easier. 16. We shall be thrown into confusion. 17. You are
useful friends. 18. They have been in Ctesar's army. 19. He
has been influenced. 20. They are making ready all things. 21.
It is uncertain.

1. In this, as in many of the succeeding sentences, the English word there may be
used in translation. This word has no equivalent in Latin, which would express
" tht-TK are tea ntc/t ///< .-n'lit " and " ten men are present" by the same words.

2. There (the introductory adverb) has no equivalent in Latin. See footnote 1.

4U PRIMARY LATIN LOOK.

LESSON XXX.

Populo lloinaiio pcrlculosuiii it icus <lan<jci'out> to tJie Human

erat, people.

Hclvetils erat inimlcus, Ac was hostile to the ll<lr> tin us.

Fliiitiml suiit Galliae, tliaj are adjacent to Gaul.

Observation. 1 Nature of the adjectives. Addition of a noun
deiming their application. Case of the noun indicating the person
concerned or the thing to which the quality is directed. Does the
dative in these sentences generally precede or follow the adjective
it refers to <-

EXERCISE XXX.

I. 1. Amicus fuerat Helvetiis. 2. Caesaii es tidelis. 3. In-
cursioiies hostium provinciae simt peiiculosae. 4. Fugae similis
erat discessus. 5. Turpissimum est refpublicae. 0. Nihil est
grfitius dLs immortalibus. 7. Omnibus equitibus incognitum erat.
8. Galli fmitimi Belgis erant. 9. Caesari erat ininiicus. 10.
Carl fuerunt dis ininiortalibus. 11. Vulnera iniliti perlculosa suiit.
12. Call! non pares eraiit Belgis. Itf. Multls clvibus erit gratum.

II. 1. We are not equal to the enemy's cavalry. 2. The
Aedui are adjacent to the provinces. 3. Nothing was more dis-
graceful to the Germans. 4. The road is dangerous to the army.
5. She is dear to all. 6. We used to be friendly to the Romans.
7. They are useful friends to the hostages. 8. We had been
faithful to the Roman people. 9. The punishments are more
pleasing to the immortal gods. 10. He used to seem to be hostile
to the Roman people. 11. The war will be dangerous to the state.
12. The harbors were unknown to the Gauls. 13. It is similar to
the Gallic war.

LESSON XXXI.

Turn to the list of irregularities in the comparison of adjectives,
given in Part III., section 13 (parts ii., iii. and iv.).

1. For beginners it may be sufficient to call attention to the use of datives (trans-
lated in the ordinary way) depending on adjectives as well as on verbs.

2. See footnote 2, page 6.

PART I. INTRODUCTORY LESSONS. 47

Observation. The difference between the comparison of these
adjectives and the regular comparison, given in Lesson XXVIII.

EXERCISE XXXI.

I. 1. Priina luce inajorcm multitudinem equitum ab ulteriore
portu misit. 2. Belgae proxinil sunt Germaiiis. 3. Ascensus est
facillimus. 4. Superiore anno minore cum periculo belluin gesse-
raiit. 5. Creberrima aedilicia in Gallia sunt. 6. Proxima nocte
suinnia erat difficulties. 7. Ocelum est citerioris provinciae oppi-
dum extremum. 8. Spem celerriuiae victoriae habent. 9. Maximis
itineribus in Galliam citeriorem contendit. 10. Iter per provin-
ciam erat facilliiuuin. 11. Summam scieiitiam rei militaris habet.
12. Superiora loca oceupaverant. 13. In citeriore Gallia legioiies
consciipserat. 14. Superiore anno cum proximis civitatibus paceni
et aniicitiam confirmaverunt. 15. Propter suniiiiain virtutem
clelectl sunt. 1C. Superioribus diebus majoreni motuni exspecta-
bamus. 17. Superiorem partem collis densissimis castris com-
pleverant.

II. 1. They had collected very many ships in the preceding
summer. 2. The road will be very difficult. 3. They had been
stationed in the upper line. 4. He had sent very frequent mes-
sengers into farther Gaul. 5. At the most troublesome (literally,
difficult) time of the year more states were conspiring. 6. For the
larger part of the summer they had waged war in hither Gaul. 7.
They made an attack from (literally, o-ut of) the higher ground. 8.
They were attacking the outer fortifications. 9. He had come on
the preceding day to the smaller camp with a larger number of
foot-soldiers. 10. The depth of the river is very great. 11.
Geneva is the farthest town of the Allobroges, and the nearest to
the territories of the Helvetians. 12. Nothing is better. 13.
They fled to the nearest woods. 14. They burned the finest city
of Gaul. 15. It is best to hasten to the lower part of the island.
It). They had collected very large forces.

48 PH1MARY LATIN BOOK.

LESSON XXXII.

(a) Turn to the present indicative active of the third conjuga-
tion, given in Part III., section 27.

Observation. Personal endings. Manner of joining personal
endings to the common part reg-. 1

(6) In the same way examine the present indicative active of the
fourth conjugation, in the same section.

(c) Turn to the present indicative passive of the third and fourth
conjugations, given in section 28.

Observation. Is the difference between the active and the
passive, in the present tense, the same as in the first and second
conjugations? 2

EXERCISE XXXII.

I. 1. A Caesare in Galliam praemittitur. 2. Hostes in silvas
repelluritur. 3. LegatI ab omnibus civitatibus veniuiit. 4. Ter-
tiain partem Galliae incolitis. 5. Ad castra venit : ad castra venit.
6. Ex castris discedunt. 7. Ad Caesarem convemmus. 8. Castra
vallo altissimo mumuntur. 9. Vincmiim : vmcimiiii. 10. Pontem
rescindunt. 11. Rhodanus provinciam ab Helvetiis dividit. 12.
Vicus flumine dividitur. 13. A populo Romano impedimur. 14.
Exercitum in ulteriorem Galliam ducis. 15. Aciem circumveniunt.
16. Viiicimus. 17. Castra in loco idoneo ponimus. 18. Oppida
omnia inceiidimt. 19. In fluctus desilit. 20. Cum equitatu Hel-
vetiorum proelium committunt.

II. 1. They leap down out of the ship. 2. The line of battle
is drawn up. 3. You are enrolling a legion. 4. A few foot-
soldiers fall. 5. We are being surrounded by the Gauls. 6. We
are waging war with the Romans. 7. They assemble on the
seventh day. 8. They send ambassadors to Ctesar about peace.
9. The legion is led back into winter quarters. 10. You are
binding. 11. We are conquering. 12. The bridge is broken down.

1. With beginners it is sufficient for all practical purposes to consider the present
stem as ending in the consonant preceding o, e.g., reg-, pon-, ger-. To introduce the
so-called thematic vowel -e will only cause confusion.

2. See footnote 1, page 42.

PART I. 1NTKODUCT011Y LESSONS. 49

13. They fortify the camp with a wall and trench. 14. A message
is sent to Ciesar. 15. They are assembling from all the camps.
1(5. The camp is pitched in a valley. 17. Labieiius is sent in
advance with the scouts. 18. I am hindered by the violence of
the river. 19. I am cut off from the army. 20. It is announced.

LESSON XXXIII.

Turn to the adjectives whose declension is given in Part III.,
section 14.

Observation. Declension to which these adjectives in the main
belong. Irregularities in declension.

The most peculiar of the common uses of the adjectives given in
the list may be observed in the following sentences :

Alia loca fossls, alia vallls, Some places lie, was fortifyiiuj with
alia turribus muniebat. trenches, others with walls,

others with towers.

Altera legio in Gallia hiemat. One legion is wintering in Gaul,
altera in Italia. the other in Italy.

EXERCISE XXXIII.

I. 1. Alterum iter facilius erat. 2. Legati totms Galliae ad
Caesarem veniunt. 3. Cum sola, decima legione proelium com-
mittit. 4. Aliud iter habemus nullum. 1 5. Relinquitur 2 una per
Sequanos via. 6. In utram partem flumen fluit ? 3 7. NullI acci-
derat. 8. Neuter proelium committere audebit. 9. Uiio tempore
du adventti equitatus et de Labiem victoria certior factus est. 10.
Alteram partem vici GallLs concedit, alteram cohortibus. 11. Ab
aliis audiunt. 12. Alia in parte legiones collocavit. 13. Factio-
nuin alterius prmcipatum tenent Aedul, alterius Sequanl. 14.
. Sine fillo periculo castra muniunt. 15. Ager Sequanus optimus
est totlus Galliae.

1. Nullum agrees with iter, and is placed where it is for emphasis' sake.

2. By means of this sentence the use of the introductory there in English, where
no corresponding word is found in Latin, may be shown. See footnote 1, page 45.

3. See footnote 2, page 19.

4

50 PRIMARY LATIN BOOK.

II. 1. He gives orders to the whole province. 2. An attack
was made from all directions at one time. 3. Some fill the
trenches, others attack the walls. '4. It is pleasing to neither. 5.
They had marched through the province without (doing) any
mischief. 6. The Sequani alone do 1 not venture to ask aid. 7.
He puts the baggage of the whole army in a suitable place. 8.
They assembled in (literally, to) one place. 9. They made a sally
from another part of the town. 10. On the other bank of the
river a legion is left. 11. Neither line begins the battle. 12. He
hastened to the other camp. 13. Some he ordered to give up
their arms, others to give hostages. 14. We shall aid neither.
15. He will not be deterred by the influence of any state.

LESSON XXXIV.

(a) Turn to the imperfect and future indicative active of the
third and fourth conjugations, given in Part III., section 27.

Observation. Compare these with the corresponding forms in
the first and second conjugations. Are they formed from the
same principal part ? Have they the same letters indicating was,
were or used to ? shall or will ?' 2

(6) The corresponding forms of the passive voice are given in
Part III., section 28.

Observation. Are the changes from the active to the passive
made in the same way as in the first and second conjugations '*.*

EXERCISE XXXIV.

I. 1. Bellum gerebant. 2. Acies mstruebatur. 3. Desiliemus.
4. Commoventur. 5. Legionem conscribebat. 0. Castra mfinie-
bamus. 7. Mittemur. 8. Conveniebatis. 9. Intercludemim.
10. Bellum gerunt. 11. Veniebat. 12. Oppida inceiidebantur.
13. Praemittuntur. 14. Castra muniebantur. 15. Vinciar. 16.
Deligentur. 17. Prohibetis. 18. Impedlris. 19. Vinceris. 20.
Tradetur.

1. See footnote 2, page 19. 2. See footnote 1, page 48. 3. See 'footnote 1, page 4

PART I. INTRODUCTORY LESSONS. 51

II. 1. They were assembling. 2. We shall depart. 3. He
was leading back. 4. I shall be led back. 5. He was leaping
down. 6. The camp is being fortified. 7. He will encamp. 8.
They will move the camp. 9. I shall be restrained. 10. It used
to divide. 11. It was being fortified. 12. We were waging war.
13. A legion will be enrolled. 14. You will be bound. 15. You
will be conquered. 16. You, will have conquered. 17. Arms were
being got ready. 18. You shall be hindered. 19. I used to come.
20. We shall not begin battle.

LESSON XXXV.

Turn to the list of cardinal numerals given in Part III., sec-
tion 15.

Observation. Notice the similarity in form of the cardinal and
ordinal numerals ; the formation of the words from eleven to
twenty ; the manner of expressing twenty-one and similar num-
bers ; the various expressions for eighteen and similar numbers.
For the declension of the cardinal numerals, see Part III., sec-
tion 10. l

EXERCISE XXXV.

I. 1. Duas legiones in citcriore Gallia consciibebat, et tres ex
hlberms eduxerat. 2. Quingentis equitibus magnam multitudinem
hostium propulerant. 3. Dies circiter quliidecim iter feceramus.
4. Ad Caesarem cum ducentis obsidibus veiiiebat. 5. Naves
octodecim ex superiore portu solvent. 6. Signa militaria quattuor
et septiuiginta ad Caesarem retulerunt. 7. Centum vlginti quln-
que pagos habent. 8. Equites circiter tiigiiita transports, verat.
9. Quattuordecim annos bellum gesserant. 10. Cum sescentis
equitibus eruptionem fecerunt. 11. Dies decem et octo trans
Rhenum consumemus. 12. Naves octoginta coactae eraiit. 13.
Legionem (^uartam decimam in provinciam reducet. 14. Quadrfi-
ginta coliortes coactae sunt. 15. Dies continuos (iuln<{iie copias
in acie Iiistruxit.

1. The declension and use of mitte are taken up in Lesson XX XVII

52 PRIMARY LATIN BOOK.

II. 1. Ho drew up a triple line of four legions. 2. Ho was
demanding five hundred hostages. 3. In. one summer two very
great wars had been finished. 4. They had taken forty-three
towns and about two hundred villages. 5. An attack was made by
four hundred cavalry. 6. He ordered Labienus with two legions
and one hundred and' fifty cavalry to ascend the mountain. 7.
They were collecting twenty-eight ships. 8. Thirty-five soldiers
will be chosen from the whole army. 9. Twenty-three forts were
made. 10. The village is divided into two parts by a river. 11.
There were two parties 1 in Gaul. 12. About four hundred villages
will be burned. 13. He left two legions in the camp, and with
the remaining six marched for nine days through the territories of
the Belgians. 14. Two legions, the eleventh and the sixteenth,
will be left 011 the other bank. 15. On the twenty-fifth day two
hundred and fifty horsemen had been collected. 16. They will
give up the two sons of Galba, and three hundred and fifty
hostages. 17. They have three months' corn.

LESSON XXXVI.

Missurus est, he is going to send, lie. is abont to send,

he intends to send.

Vast atari sum us, . we are going to lay waste, we are on fin

point of laying waste.

Copiac muiilturae eraiit, the forces were on the point of fortify-
ing, were about to fortify.

.) fissi'i i-iis cram, I was going to order.

Logic 11611 veiitura erit, the legion will not be likely to come.

Observation. Formation of Latin verbal phrases. Changes
in ending us, I, ae, a. From which of the principal parts are
miss ur us, jussurus, etc., obtained? Various translations pos-
sible for each form. To which voice do the verbs belong ? Differ-
ence in meaning and formation between missus est and missurus
est, etc.

1. Literally, two parties icere. See footnote 1, page 45.

PART I. INTRODUCTORY LESSONS. 53

EXERCISE XXXVI.

I. 1. Duodecim cohortes coacturl sumus. 2. Omnia aedificia
incensuri erant et iter per provinciam per vim temptaturi. 3.
Sine equitatu non est venturus. 4. Belluin cum Romanis gestiiri
erant. 5. Nullo cum periculo copiae ad proxima castra perventurae
sunt. 6. Neque obsides repetituri, neque auxilium a populo
Romano impldraturi erant. 7. Centuridnes et tribunes militum
convocaturus sum. 8. Proxima nocte quarta vigilia castra mdta
erant. 9. De itinere brevi tempore judicaturi estis. 10. Omnes
colles et loca superidra occupatiirl eramus. 11. Impedimenta
relicturi et eruptionem facturl sumus. 12. Injiirias Aeduorum
non neglectiirus erit. 13. Aeduis obsides non redditurus sum.
14. Amicitiam popull Roman! recusaturus est. 15. Cur ab officio
discessiirus es ?

II. 1. The enemy are going to send ambassadors and give
hostages. 2. Reinforcements are likely to come from the nearest
winter quarters. 3. The forces are going to winter in hither Gaul.
4. The flight of the Gauls is likely to alarm the Romans. 5. We
are intending to aid the other army. 6. They were about to lead
across three-fourths (literally, three parts) of their forces. 7. She
is not likely to gain her request. 8. They had been on the point
of giving up their arms. 9. He was about to make an attack with
three hundred cavalry. 10. The army was led out of the camp the
next day. 11. We are likely to finish the war without any danger.

12. They are not likely to refrain from wrong-doing and mischief.

13. I intend to say nothing about Labienus' opinion. 14. Neither
will be likely to begin battle. 15. We shall spend three days in
the province.

LESSON XXXVII.

(a) Mille equltes mittentur, a thousand horsemen will be sent.

Adventus mille eqnitnm, tlie arrival of 'a thousand horsemen.

Cum mille equitilms con- he hastened with a thousand Iwrse-
tendit, men.

54 PRIMARY LATIN BOOK.

Tria millia equitum init- three thousand horsemen ivill be

tentur, sent.

Cum duobus millibns equl- he hastened imth two thousand

turn contendit, horsemen.

Observation. Difference between singular and plural of mille
in declension, and in relation to other parts of the sentence. For
declension, see Part III., section 16.

(/>) Mille passus pertinet, it extends a thousand paces, or a

mile.

Tria millia passuum abest, 1 he is three thousand paces, or three

miles, distant.

Observation. By what case does Latin indicate distance or the
extent of space ?

EXERCISE XXXVII.

I. 1. Hostes sub nionte consederant millia passuum octo a
castris Romanorum. 2. Millia hominum octoginta delecta sunt.
3. Summa omnium erat millia trecenta sexaginta octo. 4. Locus
sescentos passus abest. 5. A lacu Lemanno ad flumen Rhodanum
millia passuum decem novem murum perducit. 6. Niillam partem
noctis iter intermlserunt. 7. Millia sex convenerunt. 8. Ex
millibus triginta, tertia pars interfecta erat. 9. A Germanls iter
paucorum dierum aberant. 10. Milites aggerem latum pedes tre-
centos trlginta, altum-pedes octoginta exstruxerunt. 11. Spatium
trium millium 2 patet. 12. Ex proelio millia hominum trigintca
tria superfuerunt. 3 13. Multa millia passuum agri vacant. 14.
Silva novem dierum iter patet. 15. Sex millia peditum rellquit.

II. 1. They are six miles distant. 2. He restored about twenty
thousand captives to the Aedui. 3. The camp was pitched three
miles from Cesar's camp. 4. Out of a number of fifty-two thou-
sand scarcely a fourth part is left. 5. At day-break he was a mile
and a half from the enemy's camp. 6. The rest of the legions arc

1 . A best is from the verb absum, I am distant, I am away. A Iwm is a compoimd
of the preposition nb and the various forms of the verb sum, which is similarly
Compounded with many other prepositions, as de, ad, prae, sniper.

2. Passuum is generally omitted when the genitive of millia is used.

3. From supcnnim ; see footnote 1.

PART 1. INTRODUCTORY LESSONS. 55

a great distance away. 7. The Boii with fifteen thousand men
were bringing up the line of march. 8. We were about a mile
away from the river. 9. Twenty-three thousand Gauls had come
to Csesar. 10. The territories of the Helvetians used to extend
two hundred and forty miles. 11. He selected a suitable place
about six hundred paces from the Germans. 12. The Gauls will
send twenty-five thousand, the Belgians ten, the Germans three.
13. We shall advance a journey of ten miles. 14. Four thousand
men had been slain. 15. A town of the Belgians was eight miles
from the camp.

LESSON XXXVIII.

Caesarl parent, they obey (or are obedient to) Ccesar.

EquitatuI Romano praestant, they surpass (or are superior to)

the Roman cavalry.

Lcffionl subvcniunt, they aid (or give aid to) the legion.

Provinciae imperat, he commands (or gives orders to)

the province.
MllitI persuadet, he persuades (literally, makes it

agreeable to) the soldier.

Observation. What case is used with these Latin verbs to
express the object of the English verbs ? Notice that in all the
examples the word expressed by this case represents the person
indirectly affected (to, or for, or in connection with whom some-
thing is done).

Notice how the general vocabulary indicates when a verb (e.g.,
resisto) belongs to the same class as those given above.

EXERCISE XXXVIII.

I. 1. Alii eruptionibus resistunt, alii equitibus subveniunt. 2.
Dumnorigl magnis praemiis persuadet. 3. Ex magno equitum
numero nonnulli Gallicis rebus favebant. 4. Aeduorum civitati
Caesar indulserat. 5. Caesar Dumnorigl Tgnovit. 6. Maritimis
regionibus quattuor reges praeerant. 1 7. Nulla in re communi

1. For praesum, see footnote 1, pa^e 54.

56 PRIMARY LATIN BOOK.

saluti deerat. 1 8. Omnibus Gallis pracstant. 9. Necessario torn-
pore civitati subvenerat. 10. Legion! succurrunt et equitum
impetus sustinent. 11. Neque ad concilia veniunt neque imperio
Caesaris parent. 12. Omnia navibus deerant. 1 13. Reliquae
legiones Caesarl satisf ecerant.

II. 1. They will aid the allies. 2. He was injuring Csesar and
the government. 3. They decided to give hostages and obey the
rule of the Roman people. 4. Dumnorix had command of the
cavalry. 5. Dumnorix favors the Helvetians on account of the
relationship. 6. Ctesar had indulged the tenth legion, and used
to trust (it) on account of (its) valor. 7. In another direction two
legions were resisting the enemy. 8. They spared neither women
nor infants. 9. The Germans used to surpass the Belgians. 10.
They had given satisfaction to the Aedui about the injuries. 11.
One thing 2 was lacking to Csesar. 12. He favors Labienus
opinion. 13. The infantry was aiding the cavalry.

LESSON XXXIX.

Legatns qul missus erat, the ambassador who had been sent.

Legio, qnae missa erat, tlie legion which had been sent.

Oppidum quod erat expugna- the town which had been taken by

turn, storm.

Legatus quern mlserant, the ambassador whom they had

sent.

Adventus legatorum quos ml- the arrival of the ambassadors

stir a nt. whom they had sent.

Ab oppido quod erat expug- from the ttnvn u'hich had been

natum, taken by storm.

Germanl quibuscum bellum the Germans with whom they had

gesserant, waged icar.

Observation.-^Change of form in the relative pronoun. (The
declension of qul is given in Part III., section 24.) What deter-

1. For desum, see footnote 1, page 54.

2. Instead of using res, the word thing, with an adjective (or pronoun) in agree-
ment, may be expressed by using in Latin the neuter of the adjective (or pronoun).
This should be done only in the nominative and accusative cases.

PART I. INTRODUCTORY LESSONS. 57

mines the number, the gender, the case, of the pronoun? Cum
with the relative. The position of the clause introduced by the
relative pronoun. 1

EXERCISE XXXIX.

I. 1. Ex altera parte vlcl, quam Gallls concesserat, omnes
discedere coeperunt. 2. Reliquuni exercitum in 2 Morinds, ab
quibus legati non venerant, diixit. 3. Cum sola decima legidne,
de qua non dubitabat et cui indulserat, discessurus erat. 4. Caesar
posterd die legatum, cum legidnibus, quas ex Britannia rediixerat,
in 2 Morinos, qui rebellidnem fecerant, mlsit. 5. Cum legatls
Commium, ctijus virtiitem et cdnsilium probabat, mittit. 6. In
fines Aedudrum, qui proximl Sequams erant, exercitum duxit. 7.
Ab omnibus natidnibus, quae trans Rhenum incolunt, legati ad
Caesarem missi sunt. 8. Naves habent phirimas, quibus in Bri-
tanniam navigant. 9. Ad oppidum, quod circiter mille passus
aberat, cdnfugerunt. 10. Omnibus druidibus praeest unus, qui
summam habet auctdritatem.

II. 1. The Belgians are nearest to the Germans, who dwell
across the Rhine, with whom they are continually waging war. 2.
He ordered Labienus with two legions which had wintered in the
province to hasten to the river, which was ten miles distant. 3.
They did what they had been ordered. 4. He is likely to per-
suade Casticus, whose father has possessed royal power among the
Sequani for many years. 5. He will collect all his retainers, of
whom he has a great number. 6. He sends the cavalry in advance
through the forest (of) Ardennes, 3 which is the largest in (literally,
of) all Gaul. 7. Twenty-four thousand Germans came to Ario-
vistus, who had settled in the country of the Sequani. 8. Two
legions, which he had enrolled in hither Gaul, brought up the
whole line o