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THE LIBRARY
OF
THE UNIVERSITY
OF CALIFORNIA
LOS ANGELES
IN MEMORY OF
Louis Knott Koontz
A PRIMER OF CIVICS
Designed for the Guidance of the Immigrant
Written by J. J. Zmrhal
issued by
The Colonial Dames of Illinois
1912
Copyrighted
by Eliza L. Potwin
1912
THB WALUVCE PRESS CHICAGO
PRVNI CITANKA OBCANSKA
ERRATA
1. Page 11, 20th line. Maryland was founded in 1634 and named in honor ot H enrietta Maria, the wife of Charles the First.
Baltimore was founded in 1729 and was named after Lord Baltimore.
2. Page 45 (Bohemian) 19th line. The word "DEMOCRATIC" should be in ordinary type.
835901
PART I
SALIENT POINTS IN AMERICAN HISTORY.
HLAVNI BODY DEJIN AMERICKYCH.
SALIENT POINTS IN AMERICAN fflSTORY
CONTENTS.
Chapter I. The Colonies.
Chapter II. The Revolution.
Chapter III. The Struggle For The Union.
Chapter IV. The Making Of the States Into A Nation.
Chapter V. Conclusion And Summary.
OBSAH:
Kapitola I. Yznik americkych kolonii.
Kapitola II. Valka za neodvislost.
Kapitola III. Valka obcanska.
Kapitola IV. Utvofeni se ameriekeho na- roda.
Kapitola V. Zaverek.
CHAPTER I. The Foundatiop of the Colonies.
There was a time when this great country, which we call The United States, was nothing but an immense wilderness in- habited by a redskinned race — the Indians. Instead of cities, there were small villages of wigwams little huts made of bark and grass ; instead of roads there were but paths through the forests and the endless prairies.
But the Indian desired nothing more. He did not care for anything but hunting, fish- ing, and fighting; and these things were abundantly furnished him in this great American wilderness. Thousands upon thousands of buffaloes were grazing on the prairies ; the forests were alive with deer, elk and other wild animals; the rivers were filled with pickerel, salmon, and bass; and there were many tribes of Indians to fight with each other. "With his bow and arrow, the Indian killed animals for his food and clothing; with his stone ax, he made his
KAPITOLA I.
Vznik americkych kolonii.
Byl cas, kdy tato velika zeme, jiz nazy- vame Spojenymi Staty, nebyla nicim jinym nez velikou pustinou, obyvanou rudym ple- menem — Indiany. Misto mest byly zde ma- le vesnice z "wigwamu", malycli to chysi, sdelanych z kury a travin, misto silnic byly zde pouze stezky skrze huste lesy a neko- necne prerie vedouci.
Avsak Indian nepfal si vice. Nedbal o nic nez o lov, rybafeni a valceni, a toko se mu hojne dostavalo v teto nesmirne americke pustine. Tisice tisicu buvolu paslo se na pre- riieh ; lesy byly oziveny srnci, jeleny a jiny- mi divokymi zvifaty; feky byly pine stik, lososu a okounu ; a bylo mnoho kmenu Indi- anskych, s nimiz bylo Ize vesti valku. Lukem a sipem zabijel Indian zvef pro svoji potra- vu a odev, kamennou sekerou zrobil si naci-
A Primer of Civics
tools and built his wigwam and fought his enemies. He eared little for digging the gold hidden in the mountains, he knew nothing of iron or coal and their uses; the only cereal he raised was the maize; and thus the immeasurable riches in the soil and under the ground remained untouched by him. It was not until the white man came that the country began to develop — slowly at first, but later with wonderful rapidity. The first people who tried to settle in the territory that we now call The United States were the English and the Dutch. The English claimed all of North America from Nova Scotia to northern Florida, and "from sea to sea". No one knew anything of the real extent of the country which was unex- plored except the narrow strip lying along the coast. To settle this new country was a difficult task. From 1579 to 1609 several attempts were made to found a colony in what is now Virginia and Carolina by Kaleigh, Gilbert, and White — each at a dif- ferent time. But the people who were brought over the sea found the undertaking
Prvni citanka obcanska
ni, postavil si svuj wigwam a bo j oval se svy- mi nepfately. Velice male dbal o dobyvani zlata skryteho v horach, nevedel niceho o zeleze neb uhli a uzivani jich. Jedina plodi- na, jiz pestoval byla kukui'ice, a tak nesmir- ne poklady skryte v zemi i pod zemi zustaly jim netknuty. Teprve kdyz pfisel beloch, zacala se zeme zvelebovati, z pocatku volne, pozdeji vsak s podivuhodnou rychlosti.
Prvni narodove, jiz pokusili se osaditi zemi, jiz nazyvame nyni Spojenymi Staty, byli Anglicane a Holland 'ane. Anglicane ci- nili si naroky na eelou Severni Ameriku od Noveho Skotska az k severni Floride "od more k mofi". (Nikdo tehdy nevedel oprav- dovy rozsah nasi zeme, jez byla neprozkou- mana krome uzky pruh podel bfehu.) Osa- diti novon tuto zemi bylo tezkym ukolem. Od roku 1579 do r. 1609 bylo ucineno neko- lik poknsii zaloziti kolonii v zemi, jez dnes je znama co Virzinie a Karolina, Raleighem, Gilbertem a AVhitem, kazdym v jiny cas. Avsak lide, jiz byli pfevezeni tam pfes more, uznali pfedsevzeti sve za pfilis
8 A Primer of Civics
too difficult; they became discouraged, homesick, and were unable to endure the life in the wilderness. Some returned to England, and many perished. The colony founded by White at Roanoke Island disaptpeared, no one knows how ; possibly the settlers were killed by the Spaniards or by the Indians, It was not until 1607 that a successful settlement was made under the leadership of Captain John Smith, and even this success cost the people great sacrifices. The story of the hardships, the troubles, and the suf- ferings of this colony would fill a book. In- dians, who at first were friendly, fought the colonists, killing hundreds of them and burn- ing their houses. Many of the colonists had come to this country to become rich and preferred searching for gold to plowing the fields until they were dying of hunger and diseases. Had it not been for the good sense and energy of John Smith, they would all have died. The first town they built was called Jamestown, and it was the first English to^vn on the soil of the present United States.
Prvni citanka obcanska 8
tezke k provedeni; zmalomyslneli, onemoc- neli touhou po domovu a nebyli s to snesti zivot V pustine. Nektefi vratili se do Evro- py, a mnozi zahynuli. Kolonie zalozena "Whitem v Roanoke Island zmizela aniz by kdo vedel jak; mozno dost, ze byli osadnici pobiti Spanely neb Indiany.
Teprve v roce 1607 podafilo se zaloziti osadu pod vedenim kapitana Smitha, avsak i tento zdar stal lid mnoho obeti. Dejiny tezkosti, svizelu a utrpeni teto kolonie na- plnily by celou knihu. Indiani, kteri z po- catku byli pratelskymi, stale znepokojovali osadniky, ubijejice jich sta a domy jejich zapalujice. Mnozi z techto kolonistu byli pfi- sli do teto zeme zbohatnouti a davali pred- nost hledani zlata pfed oranim poll. Nebyti dobre rozvahy Jana Smitha byvali by vsi- chni umf eli hladem. Prvni mesto, jez posta- vili bylo Jamestown, jez bylo prvnim Angli- ekym mestem na pevnine nynejsicli Spoje- nych Statu.
A Primer of Civics
The next colony worthy of notice was founded in 1620, in Massachusetts, by the Pilgrims. These people left England to be free to worship God in the manner which they believed to be right. They were positive in their views, severe in their morals, simpl(3 in their way of life. They were hardy, strong, determined men and women. They came to the shores of Massachusetts in December, 1620, in their ship The Mayflower. There was not even an Indian hut in sight when they came ; no shelter, of any kind, wel- comed them as they disembarked. They made camp in the snow-covered woods, passed the night sleeping on the frozen ground, and when the dawn of their first Sunday in the new world woke them to wor- ship they had the primeval forest for their temple. An ordinary band of men would have returned straightway, but these Pil- grims, as they were called, stayed, resolved to realize their ideal, even at the cost of their lives. "Without delay they felled trees, and shaped them into logs of which they built their simple cabins. They pursued their
Prvni citanka obcanska
Nasledujici kolonie, jez stoji za povsim- nuti, byla zalozena r. 1620 v Massachussetts Puritany. Lide tito opustili Anglii, aby meli svobodu ctiti Boha zpusobem, jejz oni za spravny uznavali. Byli pevnymi ve svych nazorech, pfisnymi ve svych zpusobech, jed- noduchymi ve svem zpusobu zivota. Byli to otuzili, silni a odhodlani muzove a zeny. Pfi- stali k bfehum Massachussetts v prosinci r. 1620 lodi Mayflower.
Kdyz pfijeli, nebylo ani indianske cha- ty nikde videti; zadne pfistresi jakehokoliv druhu nevitalo je, kdyz vystupovali z lodi. Rozbili tabor v posnezenych lesich, stravili HOC spice na tvrde, zmrzle zemi, a kdyz u- svit prvni jejich nedele v Novem Svete vzbu- dil je k bohosluzbam, meli prales za svuj chram. Obycejny hloucek lidi byl by se vra- til bez vahani zpet, avsak tito "Poutnici, jak se nazyvali, zustali, rozhodnuti uskutecnitit svuj ideal, byt' i za cenu sveho zivota. Bez meskani kaceli stromy a tesali z nich klady, z nichz budovali si svoje proste kabiny. Ko-
10 A Primer of Civics
I II. I ■ I ■ . I I-.. M«
difficult work without warm beds at night and with scanty food to satisfy their hunger. Many died that winter, thus consecrating the soil for those that remained, who, after this experience, never once thought of re- turning and deserting the land where were the graves of their beloved dead. Thus Ply- mouth was founded upon the sacrifices of those who loved the good of others as well as their own. Their hardships did not end with the winter; sickness, hunger, and struggles with the Indians harassed them, and it was only their wonderful courage that enabled them to survive.
Fortunately, in these dark days, there were those who could care for the sick, de- fend the settlement from attacks by Indians, and encourage the weary and disheartened. Among them Myles Standish was leader, and to him belongs much of the credit for the preservation of the colony. In the Spring, they planted corn and other vege- tables when the Indians had taught them how to do it, and waited for their first crop. The suffering from hunger had been great
Prvni citanka obcanska 10
nali tuto tezkou praci bez teplyeh posteli, V nichz by v noci si odpocinuli a s nedostatec- nou potravou, s niz by hlad svuj zahnali. Mnoho jich zemfelo te zimy, cinice pudu tu posvatnou pro ty, jiz pozustali, kteriz potom ani jednou jiz nepomyslili na navrat a opu- steni te zeme, kde byly hroby jejich milyeh. Timto zpusobem zalozen byl Plymouth — na obetech tech, kteri milovali dobro jinych ja- ko svoje vlastni. Tezkosti jejich nepominuly se zimou; nemoce, hlad, a potycky s India- ny trapily je, a byla to pouze jejich obdivu- hodna zmuzilost, jez je zachranila.
Na stesti v techto temnych dnech byli ta- kovi, jez starali se o nemocne, hajili osadu pfed utoky Indianu a povzbuzovali unave- nych a zmlatnelych. Vudcem mezi vsemi byl Myles Standish a jemu nalezi nejvetsi zaslu- hy 0 zachraneni teto kolonie,
Na jafe nasazeli kukufici a jine zeliny, jak se byH od Indianu naucili, a cekali na prvni svoji urodu. Utrpeni bylo velike a neni tedy divu, ze radost byla vseobecna, kdyz
11 A Primer of Civics
and it is no wonder that there was much re- joicing everywhere when the first crops were gathered in. It was not only joy, but thankfulness also that swayed their hearts. They set the last Thursday in November, 1621, for giving thanks — a Thanksgiving Day — and since that time the people of the United States observe that day which since then has become a legal holiday.
In the 17th century England, as well as most of the countries of Europe, was a very intolerant country; only those of the Estab- lished Church being allowed to worship freely. Everybody else — the Puritans, Cath- olics, and others, being persecuted and mal- treated. We know how the Puritans left England for America that they might prac- tice their religion in their own way; and what the Puritans did others hastened to do. The Catholics founded Baltimore in 1634 and named the settlement after the founder, Lord Baltimore, in the colony which they called Maryland, in honor of the Virgin Mary. The Quakers founded the city of Philadelphia in 1681, naming their colony
Prvni citanka obcanski 11
prvni uroda byla sklizena. Nebyla to pouze radost, avsak tez i vdecnost, jez ovladala je- jich srdce. Posledni ctvrtek v listopadu roku 1621 byl urcen pro dikucineni a od te doby slaven byl kazdorocne az stal se zakonitym svatkem.
Tez i jine kolonie zalozeny byly vyste- hovalci pro sve nabozenske nazory pronasle- dovanymi ; ve stoleti 17tem byla Anglie zrov- na jako i vetsina jinych zemi, velice nesna- senlivou, dovolujic pouze Cirkvi Uznane sta- tem uceni sve vyznavati svobodne, pronasle- du'jic a trestajie vseehny ostatnl. My vi- me, kterak Puritan! opustili Anglii, aby mo- hli svoje nabozenstvi svym zpusobem prova- deti a co Puritan! ucinili, jini tez spechali u- ciniti. Katoliei zalozili Baltimore v roce 1634, za pomoci Lorda Baltimore-a, po nemz mesto sve nazvali, v kolonii, jiz nazvali Maryland na pocest panny Marie. Quaker! zalozili me- sto Filadelfii roku 1681 a nazvali svoji kolo- nii Pennsylvanii na pocest Vilema Penna, je-
33 A Primer of Civics
Pennsylvania in honor of William Penn, the founder. These two colonies grew very fast, since both Lord Baltimore and "William Penn were tolerant of other creeds and beliefs and ruled their people with love and justice. Other colonies sprung up rapidly, one after another, North Carolina in 1663, Georgia in 1733 — founded by the benevolent Lord Ogle- thorpe, whose kind heart moved hi'm to give a new start in life to many of his poor and unfortunate but otherwise worthy country- men, who according to the law of those days were imprisoned for not paying their debts. When we thus go through the history of colonization of our country, we see that there were two main reasons that brought people to our shores : the first, a great desire for freedom, religious and political ; and the second, a desire to better their material con- dition. It is true, beyond any doubt, that the desire for Freedom was in the heart of every immigrant in a much greater degree than it is now, and it was this that gave the founders of the United States the strength to stay in spite of the tremendous hardships
Prvni citanka obcanska 12
M ■ I .1.- I ■ I — I- ■ ■ .1 ..I I,. I I. . ■ B^^^.— ^^B^l^M^^^^M ^
jiho zakladatele. Tyto posledni dve kolonie rostly velmi rychle, jelikoz Lord Baltimore i Vilem Penn byli snasenlivi k ostatnim na- bozenskym vyznanim a vladli svemu lidu la- skou a spravedbiosti. Jine kolonie vznikly rychle za sebou, Severni Karolina v roce 1663 Georgia v roce 1733, zalozena lidiimilnyni Lordem Oglethorpem, jehoz dobre srdce ve- dlo ho k tomu, aby dal novou pfilezitost za- citi novy zivot svym nest 'astnym, avsak ji- nak hodnym krajanum, ktefi pro nezaplaee- ni dluhu die tehdejsiho zakona byli vez- neni.
Probirame-li dejiny osazovani nasi ze- me, vidime, ze byly dve hlavni pfieiny, jez vedly lidi k nasim bfehum: prvni byla tou- ha po uplne svobode, nabozenske i politieke, a druha touha po zlepseni hmotnych pome- ru. Jest to nepochybne pravda, ze tenkrate touha po svobode byla cinitelem v srdei kaz- deho pfistehovalee v mire daleko vetsi nez nyni, a ona to byla, jez dala zakladatelum Spojenych Statu tu silu zustati vzdor vsem tern obrovskym tezkostem, jez je obklopova-
13 A Primer of Civics
that beset them. It is easy to see that com- munities founded by such people as were the early colonists could not but grow, and de- velop rapidly and prosper.
Prvni citanka obcanska 13
ly. Jest na snade, ze osady zalozene takovy- mi lidmi jako byli prvni pfistehovalei vzru- staly a vyvijely se rychle a zdarne prospi- valy.
CHAPTER II.
The Revolutionary War.
The colonies belonged at first to Great Britain, with the English King as their ruler, but later the colonies rose against the British Government, declared themselves independ- ent states, and ever since then have elected their own rulers — the Congress and the Pres- ident. It is the purpose of this chapter to tell you the reason for this change and to record the most important events of the Rev- olution.
England, like the other European na- tion in the 18th century, fought many wars for power and territory. One of these wars was the war with France known in Europe as the Seven Years' War. This war was to decide forever whether the English or the French were to be the masters of the conti- nent of North America. The English Colo- nies fought for England, while the Cana- dians (French) and the Indians fought for
KAPITOLA II.
Valka za neodvislost,
Kolonie zprvu nalezely Velke Britanii, takze anglicky kral byl jejich panovnikem, avsak pozdeji povstali kolonie proti briti- cke vlade, prolilasily se za neodvisle staty a od te doby volily si sve vlastni vladce, kon- gress a presidenty. Ueelem teto kapitoly jest povedeti pficiny, jez vedly k teto zmene a zaznamenati hlavni udalosti amerieke revo- luce.
Anglie, zrovna jako jini narodove e- vropsti, vedla mnoho valek o moc a uzemi. Jedna z teclito valek byla valka s Franeii, znama v Evrope co valka sedmileta a zde V Ameriee co valka indiansko-francouzska. Tato valka mela navzdy rozhodnouti, zdali Anglicane nebo Francouzi maji byti pany Severn! Ameriky. Anglicke kolonie bojovaly pro Anglii, ktezto Kanad'ane (Francouzi) a
15 A Primer of Civics
— ■ ' ■■ ■- ■ — I ■■■ ^
France. One of the ablest American officers in this war — and for us the most interesting character — ^was George Washington, who later, in the Revolutionary War, became the Commander-in-Chief of the American army, and after the Revolution, the first President of the United States.
At first the French were victorious, be- cause the English were not used to the In- dian way of warfare and would not listen to the advice of the colonists; but at last de- feat followed defeat (1758 in Ohio; 1759 in Canada; etc.) until, finally, the French pow- er in North America was completely de- stroyed and the English remained — ^her su- preme ruler (1763).
This war, however, more than exhausted the English Treasury, and how to get money to pay England's big debts was the next and the most pressing care of her statesmen. Besides, it was thought necessary to keep part of the regular army in America to pro- tect the colonists, for which purpose more money was needed, and the King and his advisers thought that the colonies should
Prvni citanka obcanska 15
Indian! pro Franeii. Jednim z nejschopoej- sich americkych dustojniku v teto valce byl Jifi "Washington, jenz pozdeji, ve valce za neodvislost stal se hlavnim velitelem ameri- cke armady, a po revoluci prvnim presiden- tem Spojenych Statu.
Zprvu vitezili Francouzi, ponevadz An- glicane nebyli obeznameni s indianskym zpu- sobem valcenl a rad kolonistu neehteli po- slouehati; ale ku konci porazka nasledovala porazku (1758 v Ohio, 1759 v Kanade, atd.) az konecne moc francouzska v Severni Ame- rice byla uplne zlomena a Anglicane zustali zde neobmezenymi pany. (1763.)
Tato valka vsak vice nez vycerpala po- kladnu angliekou a jak sehnati penize k za- plaeeni dluhu stalo se nejblizsi a nejpilnejsi starosti statniku angliekych. Mimo to, by- lo to povazovano za nutne poneehati cast pravidelne armady v Americe k ochrane ko- lonistu, k cemuz opet vice penez bylo potre- bi a kral a jeho radcove myslili, ze penize ty sehnati meli by koloniste. Az do tohoto casu, kdykoliv kral potfeboval penize od kolonistu
16 A Primer of Civics
raise it. Up to this time, whenever the King wanted money from the colonies for any reason, he would ask them for it through his governors, and the colonies raised the money if they thought it right, and refused to raise it if they did not like the purpose for which it was asked. But now, without asking them whether they were willing or not to pay, the Parliament passed a taxing measure, the Stamp Act (1765), providing that all legal documents must be stamped, and the stamp paid foj-. This the Americans would not accept. They rightly believed that only they themselves or their representatives had ipower to levy tax upon them. They de- clared that taxation without representation was tyranny. They were willing to pay their share of taxes, but they would not give up their rights to levy them.
In all the colonies this act of the Par- liament was denounced, people rioted wher- ever the stamped paper was being offered for sale, English goods were boycotted, and the people marched through the streets shouting, ''Liberty, Property, and No
Prvni citanka obcanska 16
pro jakykoliv ucel, pozadal o ne prostfedni- ctvim guverneru a kolonie pak sebrali peni- ze ty, uznali-li pozadavek kraluv za spravny a odmitli sebrati je, nezamlouval-li se jim ucel, pro nejz byly pozadovany. Nyni vsak, aniz by tazal se jicli, jsou-li ochotni platiti neb ne, anglicky parlament pfijal zakon da- no vy, "Stamp Act" (kolkovy zakon), die nehoz vsecliny zakonite listiny (povoleni k siiatku, svatebni smlouvy, smlouvy kupni, zavazky platebni, atd.) musi byti kolkovany, a penize za kolky vlade anglicke odvedeny. Toto Amerieane necliteli prijmouti. Spravne poukazovali na to, ze pouze oni sami neb je- jich zastiipci maji pravo dane na ne uvaliti. Prohlasili, ze uvalovani dani bez zastoupeni je"tyi"aiiie. Byli ochotni zaplatiti svuj dil da- ni, avsak necliteli vzdati se prav dane ty sami uvalovati.
Ve vsecli koloniich byl tento cin parla- mentu odsuzovan, lid se boui-il kdekoliv se kolkovany papir nabizel ku prodeji, angli- cke zbozi bylo bojkotovano a lide pochodo- vali ulicemi, volajice, "Svoboda, Majetek a zadne kolky!" Toto delo se vice mene ve
17 A Primer of Civics
Stamps!" This happened more or less in all the thirteen colonies, and what is still more important, the colonies began to act together as a unit. Nine of the colonies met at New York in October, 1765, to declare their rights and plan how to stand against the wrongs of British Government. And they did not fight in vain. English mer- chants and manufacturers were also against the act of Parliament, because they were losing their trade in America from the re- fusal of Americans to buy English goods until this act was repealed. The true friends of liberty in the English Parliament, like Pitt, Burke, and others, were also against it, because they saw that the movement had stirred the colonists altogether too much. So, in the year 1766, in spite of the King, the Stamp Act was done away with, to the great joy of the Americans.
But though the Stamp Act was repealed, England did not give up the idea of taxing the colonies. On the advice of Charles Townshend, Chancellor of the Exchequer, Parliament passed a set of laws called
Prvni citanka obcanska 17
vsech tfinacti koloniich, a co jest jeste du- lezitejsi, kolonie zacaly postupovati spolec- ne CO celek. Devet kolonii seslo se v New Yorku V fijnu 1765, aby prohlasily sva prava a zosnovaly plany, jak vystupovati proti bri- tickym bezpravim. Nebojovali nadarmo. Anglicti obchodmci postavili se tez proti jednani parlamentu, protoze ztraceli obchod
V Ameriee, nebot' Americane zavazali se ne- kupovati zadne anglicke zbozi, pokud by za- kon kolkovnl nebyl odvolan. Pravi pfatele svobody v anglickem parlamente jako byl Pitt, Burke a jini, byli tez proti onomu za- konu, obzvlaste kdyz vedeli, ze zakon ten pf ilis rozcilil mysle kolonistu. A tak konecne
V roce 1766, proti vuli kralove, zakon kol- kovni byl odvolan k velike radosti vsech Americanu.
Avsak ackoliv zakon kolkovni byl odvo- lan, Anglie nevzdala se myslenky uvaliti dan na kolonie. Na radu Karla Townsbenda, kan- clefe pokladny, parlament pfijal nekolik za-
18 A Primer of Civics
Townshend Acts, by which a tax was put on tea and some other articles, with a pro- vision that soldiers be sent to enforce these laws. Of course this only embittered the colonists the more, so that they gathered to- gether in quiet numbers to resist this unjust treatment of their mother country. They signed non-importation agreements by which they bound themselves not to buy goods from England until the taxes were removed, and many people would not eat, wear, or use any article whatsoever that had been brought from England. The royal governors, some of them at least, treated the colonists with contempt and gave wrong advice to the King of England and his ministers. One wrote, "Send over an army and fleet to re- duce the dogs to reason," and many others shared these feelings. In Boston, the soldiers quarreled with the citizens, so that the feel- ing between the two parties became so bitter that, on March 5th, 1770, when a crowd gathered attracted by a quarrel between guards and citizens, the soldiers, in the ex- citement, fired into the crowd, killing five
Prvni citanka obcanska 18
konu zvanych "Townshend Acts", jimiz uva- leua byla dau na caj, a nekolik jinych pred- metu, s dodatkem, aby vojsko bylo poslano k vymahani techto zakonu. Ovsem, ze jed- nani toto poboufilo kolonisty jeste vice, takze se sliromazd'ovali u velikem poctu, aby vzdo- rovali nespravedlivemu jednani sve matef- ske zeme. Podepisovali smlouvy, jimiz zava- zali se nekupovati zadne zbozi z Anglie, po- kud by nebyly dane odstraneny, a mnozi lide neehteli jisti, nositi, neb uzivati zadneho pfedmetu, pfivezeneho z Anglie. Kralovsti guvernefi, alespon nekteri z nicb, zachazeli s kolonisty opovrzlive, davajice spatne rady krali anglickemu a jeho ministrum. Jeden z nich napsal: "Poslete sem armadu a lode, abychom pinvedli ty psy k rozumu," a mnoho jinych sdilelo tyto nahledy. V Bostonu ne- snadnilo se vojsko s obcanstvem, takze ne- vrazivost mezi temito dvema stranami stala s ak prudkou, ze dne pateho brezna 1770, kdyz zastup lidl shromazdil se pfivaben had- kou mezi strazemi a obcany, vojsko v rozci- leni vj'stf elilo do zastupu, pf i cemz zabilo pet
19 A Primer of Civics
and wounding a number of other bystanders. This is known as the Boston Massacre. Its effect upon the people was so strong that the governor of Massachusetts finally found it necessary to withdraw the troops. In other colonies, too, the excitement was great so that the English Parliament decided to repeal the Townshend Acts, leaving tax only on tea. But the people did not fight for lower taxation, they did not fight against taxes; but for the right to tax themselves. It was for the rights of citizenship, for the rights of a freeman that they fought. "While they were taxed at all without their consent, they felt that their rights were not re- spected; and they would not be satisfied without the acknowledgement of those rights. Therefore the repeal of the Tovni- shend Acts had no quieting effect upon the colonists for the tax on tea remained. The storm did not cease. Tea was called "a per- nicious weed," people bound themselves not to use it at all, and wherever they could they stopped the unloading and the sale of it. In Boston the people asked the governor to
Prvni citanka obcanska 19
a porauilo nekolik jinych kolem stojieich. Tento cin znam jest co "Boston Massacre". Jeho ucinek na lid byl tak mocny, ze guver- ner Massachussettsky uznal konecne za nut- ne vojsko odvolati. Tez i v jinych koloniich bylo vfeni tak povazlive, ze parlament roz- hodl se odvolati zakony Townshendovy, po- nechavaje pouze dau na caji. Avsak lid ne- bojoval 0 snizeni dani, ani proti danim, ny- brz o pravo, aby sam dane uvaloval na sebe, a na parlament, v nemz lid nebyl zastoupen. Bylo to za prava obcanska, za pravo cloveka svobodneho, zac bojoval. Pokud byla vubec jaka dan na ne uvalena bez jejich soublasu, citili, ze jejich prav neni setfeno, a oni ne- mohli byti spokojeni pokud prava jim draha byla zneuznavana.Proto take odvolani Town- shendovych zakonu nemelo zadneho utisuji- ciho vlivu na kolonisty, nebot' dan na caj uvalena zustala. Boufe tedy neustavala. Caj nazyvan byl "nebezpecnym bylim", lide se zapfisahali, ze ho nebudou uzivati vubec, a kdekoliv mohli, pf ekazili jeho vylodeni a pro- dej. V Bostonu zadal lid guvernera, aby ode- slal pryc lode, cajem nalozene, a kdyz tento
2-0 A Primer of Civics
send the ships loaded with tea away, and when he refused, they assembled in great numbers in the Old South Meeting-House where a plan was adopted to throw the tea into the sea. A band of young men, dressed to look like Mohawk Indians, boarded the ships, broke open the chests, and poured the tea into the water. In other colonies, the ships were either sent back without being permitted to unload, or if unloaded, the tea was left to rot, as no one would buy it or permit anyone else to either sell or buy it. The British Government could not be indif- ferent to this, and to put a stop to it, pun- ished Massachusetts severely by placing a military governor over her, by prohibiting all public meetings without the governor's consent, by quartering troops in any place where the governor saw fit, by taking away from her the ''Quebec Province," and — severest blow of all — by closing her harbor. The people of Boston would have starved had it not been for help from the other colonies. Even the farmers and trap- pers toiling in the wilderness on the frontier
Prvni citanka obcanskai 20
odepfel, shromazdil se ve velikem poctu v Old South Meeting House-u, kdez prijat byl pak plan nahazeti caj z lodi do more. Hloucek mladiku pfistrojenych za Mohawk Indiany vnikl na lode a vysypal vsechen caj do vody. V jinycli koloniich byly lode bud' poslany zpet, aniz by jim bylo dovoleno naklad vylo- diti, aneb kdyz byl vyloden, shnil v skladi- stich, jezto nikdo nechtel jej kupovati, aniz dovolil, aby jiny jej kupoval neb prodaval. Britska vlada nemohla byt Ihostejnou k tem- to veeem, a aby konec tomu ucinila, potresta- la Massachusetts krute tim, ze prohlasila nad ni stanne pravo, ze zapovedela vsechny ve- fejne schuze, bez svoleni guvernera, ze gu- verner mohl ubytovati vojsko, kdekoli se mu zalibilo, ze uzmula velikou cast jejiho u- zemi zvanou "Quebec Province", a co bylo nejhorSiho : ze zavf ela Bostonsky pf istav.
Obyvatelstvo Bostonu byvalo by hladem zmiralo, kdyby nebylo pomoci, jez poskytly irni drulie kolonie. I farmaf i a lovci v pusti- nach na pomezi tezce se ziviei, poslali sve pri-
21 A Primer of Civics
sent their contributions. The effect of all this was that the colonies were drawn closer together until, at last, they elected delegates and called the first Continental Congress at Philadelphia, where the common action of Colonies was to be decided upon. They met September 5th, 1774.
It was Patrick Henry, the eloquent Vir- ginian, who spoke the significant words — ''British oppression has effaced the bound- aries of the several colonies ; the distinctions between Virginians, Pennsylvanians, New Yorkers, and New Englanders are no more. I am not a Virginian but an Ameri- can!" An address to the King of England was sent and the Declaration of Rights was made. The Declaration of Rights was a doc- ument setting forth such rights as we now fully enjoy in this country, such as trial by jury, freedom of speech, etc. Also, steps were taken to prepare for war, if the Rights should be denied by the British Government. Ammunition was stored in Concord and men were enlisted into military service, who v/ere to be ready any minute. For this reason
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spevky. Vysledek toho vseho byl, ze se kolo- nie vice a vice sblizovaly, az konecne zvolily si delegaty a svolaly prvni Kontinentabii Kongress do Filadelfie, kdez melo o spolec- nem vystupovani kolonii byti pojednano. Tarn sesly se pateho zaf i 1774.
Byl to Patrick Henry, vymluvny Virzi- nan, jenz promluvil ta vyznamna slova: "Bri- ticke utiskovani smazalo hranice nekolika tech kolonii nasich ; rozlisovani mezi Virzi- nany, Pennsylvanany, New Yorcany a No-
vo-Anglicany neni vice. Nejsem Virzi-
nan, nybrz American!" Krali anglickemu byla poslana adressa a sestaveno Prohlasen Prav, jez Anglicke vlade bylo zaslano. Pro- hlaseni Prav byla listina, v niz oznacena byla prava, jichz nyni v teto zemi pine uzi- vame, ku pi'ikladu, porotni soudy, pravo za- stoupeni, svoboda slova a j. p. Byly tez uci- neny kroky, aby vse pfipraveno bylo k val- ce, kdyby anglicka vlada odepfela prav ko- lonisty vyhrazenych setfiti. Za tim ucelem svezeno bylo sti^'elivo v meste Korkordu a muzove odvadeni k vojsku, ktefi meli byti pohotove kazde minuty, procez nazyvani "minutovi muzi".
22 A Primer of Civics
they were called "Minute Men." The first hattle took place at Lexington and Concord, where the British soldiers were sent to de- stroy the military stores of the Colonists. The British were driven back with great losses. Another famous battle was fought on Bunker Hill near Boston, in which many of the American patriots gave their lives for freedom. Thus was begun the war that was to make the Colonies independent. Peaceful settlement became impossible and the Colo- nies declared themselves independent July 4, 1776. The first important event of the war was the appointment of George "Wash- ington as General-in-Chief of the American army. It is plain to us now that without him the final victory would not have been won, and that the United States would not be an independent Republic, but would still be a group of colonies belonging to England.
Washington was a great and able sol- dier, but his military greatness alone would
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Prvni bitva strhla se blize Lexingtonu a Konbordu, kamz anglicke vojsko slo zni- citi vojenske zasoby kolonistu, avsak bylo zahnano zpet s velikymi ztratami. Druha slavna bitva bylo bojovana na Bunker Hillu blize Bostonu, v niz ninoho americkycli vla- stencu dalo zivoty sve za svobodu. Tak za- hajena byla valka, jez mela uciniti z kolonii neodvisle staty. Nebot' smir s Anglii stal se veci nemoznoii a kolonie konecne po ope- tovanyeh bezpravicli se strany anglicke na sjezdu ve Filad/elfii prohlasily neodvislost dne 4. cervence 1776, od kterezto doby etvrby cervenec kazdorocne se okazale slavi a jest nejvesim svatkem americkym.
Prvni dulezita udalost ve valee za ne- odvislost bylo jmenovani Jifiho Washing- tona hlavnim velitelem amerieke armady. Jest nam nyni jasno, ze bez neho konecne vitezstvi byvalo by bylo nemozno, a ze Spo- jene Staty nebyly by neodvislo republikou, nybrz byly by dosud skupinou kolonii Anglii podfizenyeh.
Washington byl veliky a scbopny vojin, avsak jeho vojenska velikost sama o sobe
23 A Primer of Civics
not have enabled him to be victorious, had he not been great as a man — -unselfish, pa- tient, persistent, always hopeful, always de- voted to the cause of liberty. At first he could hardly do more than train the volun- teer army made up of men who knew noth- ing of military tactics. And yet he had to fight at the same time, keeping the enemy at bay, retreating skillfully and with as small loss as possible, and looking for opportunity for a victorious battle. Because he had un- trained soldiers, that fled as soon as they smelt powder, opportunity for victory was slow in coming, and Washington had to keep retreating. This depressed the Americans and roused bitter feeling against "Washing- ton. There were jealous officers who wanted "Washington's positions, who plotted against him, and blamed him for the failure of the Americans. Almost any other man in his place, would have resigned, embittered at the injustice of those for whom he was fight- ing and risking his life ; but "Washington loved his country too much to indulge his personal feelings and to seek his own ad-
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nebyla by mu k vitezstvi (iopomohla, kdyby byval nebyl tez velikym muzem, nesobe- ckym, trpelivym, neunavnym, vzdy doufaji- cim, vzdy oddanym svobode. Zprvu sotva mohl vice uciniti nez cviciti armadu sesta- vajici z dobrovolniku, ktefi nevedeli pranic 0 vojenskem vycviku. A pfece musil pri torn bojovati, drzeti nepritele v sac'hu, ustiipo- vati dovedne se ztratami co mozno nejmen- scimi a hled/ati pfilezitost k vitezne bitve. Ponevadz vsak mel vojsko necvicene, jez utikalo sotva ze ucitilo stfelny prach, pfi- lezitost k dobyti vitezstvi dlouho nepficha- zela a Washington musil stale ustupovati. To sklieilo Americany a vzboiifilo hofkost proti Washingtonovi. Byli tez i fevnivi dustojniei, ktefi touzili po miste Washingtonove, ktefi kuli pikle proti nemu a jemu kladli vinu kazdeho neuspecbu americkych zbrani. Temef kazdy jiny muz na jeho miste byl by se vselio dalsiho pusobeni vzdal, rozliorcen nad nespravedlivosti tech, pro nez bojoval a svuj zivot V nebezpecenstvi daval; avsak Washington miloval svou vlast pfilis, nez aby povolil osobnim citum a Medal \'yhodi
24 A Primer of Civics
vantage. He suffered, but he did not dwell upon any suffering but that of his country. There were traitors in his army who de- nounced him to the Continental Congress in charge of this war, and urged the appoint- ment of another man to be at the head of the army; men who disobeyed him and re- joiced when the British defeated him. But this wonderful man would not be discour- aged, would not give up and steadfastly be- lieved in the final triumph of liberty. Not even in Valley Forge, when his soldiers were without food or clothes, when the frozen snow was stained with the blood from their bare feet, when all seemed lost, — not even then, in the depths of this despair, did his faith leave him. It is impossible to describe what he was to his soldiers in these dark days. Like gold he was tried in the fire, bnt his manhood, his noble, devoted character, stood the test and triumphed in the end.
With such a leader against them, it is not surprising that the English were at last conquered and the British flag was lowered before him, and that the arms of Lord Corn-
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pro sebe. Trpel, ale utrpeni jeho vlasti bylo mu pfednejsi. I zradcove byli v jeho vojsku, ktefi osocovali ho kontinentalnimu kongre- sn, jenz valku a veskere zalezitosti spoje- nych kolonii fidil, a nalehali na ustanoveni jineho velitele na jeho misto ; byli tam muzove, ktefi jej neposlouchali a radovali se, kdyz Anglicane nad nim zvitezili. Avsak tento obdivuhoduy muz nezmalomyslnel, ne- vzdal se a muzne vefil v konecne vitezstvi Svobody. Ani v udoli Valley Forge zvanem, kde jeho vojaei nemeli ani satstva ani po- travy^ kdiy zmrzly snih kolem zbrocen byl krvi bosych nohou, ani tehdy v hlubinach' zoufalstvi, ho vira jeho neopustila. Jest nemozno popsati cim byl svym vojakum;
V tech temnyeh dnech. Jako zlato, zkusen byl
V ohni, avsak jeho muznost, jeho slechetny, oddany charakter obstal v te zkousce a na konec zvitezil.
S takovym vudcem proti sobe, neni divii, ze Anglicane byli konecne premozeni a anglieky prapor skloniti se musil pred nim, a ze zbrane lorda Cornwallise, hlavniho veli-
25 A Primer of Civics
wallis, chief general of the British, were given up to him, in sign of surrender. The news that the British were finally con- quered, that the Colonies were free, that the terrible war was over, caused the greatest possible rejoicing all over the country, and Washington was hailed as the great deliverer — the great Savior of His Country.
But Washington's work was not over with the ending of the war; the work of putting the young, inexperienced Republic on its feet fell largely to him. Poverty, weakness, dissatisfaction, disorder — all these things followed in the train of the victory over England, and sobered the joy of the thirteen newly-formed United States of America. There was no one government for these states, but thirteen different govern- ments having no standing before the coun- tries of Europe. The soldiers who had served in the war and who had not been fully paid, were rebellious ; each State was jealous of the others; State money was worthless, everything was in a state of confusion and unrest.
Prvni citanka obcanska; 25
tele angliekycli vojsk, byly mu vydany, na znameni uplnelio vzdani se. Zprava, ze Anglicane byli konecne premozeni, ze ko- lonie jsou svobodne, ze hrozna valka je u konee, zpusobily tu nejvetsi radost po cele vlasti a Washington byl vitan co veliky vy- svoboditel, veliky vykupitel sve vlasti.
Avsak s koneem valky cinnost Wash- ingtonova nebyla u konce; prace postaveni mlade, nezkusene republiky na nohy vlo- zena byla na jeho bedra. Cliudoba, slabost, nespokojenost, neporadek — vseehny tyto smutne ukazy nasledovaly ihned po dobytem vitezstvi nad Anglii, a vystfizlively radosti zpite, nove utvofene Spojene Staty Ame- ricke. Nebylo tu zadne jednotne vlady, nybrz tfinacte ruznych vlad, jez nemely zadneho respektu u vlad evropskyeh. Vojaci, kteri sloiizili ve valce, a jimz nebylo doplaceno, se boufili; jeden stat zarlil na driihy, penize ruznymi staty vydane, byly bezcenne a vse tonulo ve zmatku a nepokoji.
26 A Primer of Civics
Some of the army thought it would be wise to make Washington the King, thus ending the intolerable confusion and suffer- ing. But Washington rebuked them severely, reminding them that the war had been fought to establish a free Republic in which the Citizens were to elect their ruler. After a great deal of labor and thought, with the cooperation of some famous men like Thomas Jefferson, Alexander Hamilton, John Adams, the States united into one whole, drafted the Constitution — a masterpiece of statemanship — in which the rights and duties of the citi- zens, of the States, of the President, Con- gress, and the Courts of Law were estab- lished, and which is to-day the foundation of all our laws.
The first president of this new Union was George Washington, rightly called ' ' The Father of His Country."
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Cast armady myslila, ze by bylo nej- moudfejsi udelati Washingtona kralem a tak ukonciti nesnesitelny zraatek a trapeni
V zemi. Avsak Wasliingtou ostre je pokaral, pfipommaje jim, ze valka vedena byla, aby zalozena byti mobla svobodna republika,
V niz jeji obcane sami vladce sveho by si zvolili.Pa velike praci a pf emyslenl, za spolu- pusobeni muzu znamenitych jako byl Tomas Jefferson, Alexander Hamilton, Jan Ad/ams a jini, tfinacte prvotnich statu spojilo se
V celek, napsali ustavu, jez jest mistrovskym dilem statnickym, v nemz prava a povinno- sti obcanii, statu, presidenta, kongresu a soudcu jsou jasne vyznaceny, a jez jest dosud zakladem vsech nasich zakonu.
Prvnim presidentem teto nove IJnie byl Jifi Wasliington, jenz vsim pravem nazyvan jest "Otcem vlasti".
CHAPTER in.
The Civil War.
George "Washington was twice elected President of the United States and might have been elected for the third term also; but he was true to his principles and re- fused to serve after the second term, believ- ing, as he did, that it was not right in a republic for a man to be the ruler longer than two terms, so that no one could thus make himself King. When he gave his rea- sons for this refusal, he urged the people to do all in their power to make the Union strong, to make the government of the Union poAverful, and to thus ensure the freedom and the enduring life of the United States. These words were needed, for from the very beginning, some of the states held that they were free to choose whether or not they would obey the Union — ^the Federal Government as it was called — that it de- pended whether such obedience was for their advantage. Besides there was in the south-
KAPITOLA III.
Valka obcanska.
Jiri Washington byl dvakrate zvolen presidentem Spojenych Statu a mohl byti zvolen i po tfeti, avsak jsa veren svym za- sadam odepfel sloiiziti treti Ihutn, protoze veril, ze neni to spravnym v republice, aby jeden muz byl vladcem dele dvou Ihut, aby pak nemohl kralem se stati. Kdyz podaval pficiny svebo rozhodnuti, vybizel lid, aby ucinil vse, co muze, aby Unie byla sesilena, aby vlada Unie byla ucinena mocnou, a tak zajistiti svobodu a trvani Spojenych Statu. Toto napomenuti bylo potfebno, nebot' hnedi od prvopocatku nektere staty hajily stanovisko, ze maji svobodu poslechnouti neb neposlechnouti vladu Unie, cili vladu spolkovou (federativni) die toho, co je pro ten neb onen stat vyhodnym. Krome toho v jiznich statech bylo cerne otroctvi, kterez
28 A Primer of Civics
ern states slavery of the negroes which many of the northern states denounced as wrong. Whenever a new state was added to the Union, the Southerners wanted to have it a slave state — that is, a state in which slavery would be allowed; while the Northerners opposed any extension of slav- ery. There arose many quarrels and fights over this matter, until at last the southern states declared themselves indepedent of the United States, formed their own Union, which they called "The Confederacy", elected their own President — Jefferson Da- vis— and made Richmond, Virginia, their Capital, in the year 1861, little over sixty years after "Washington's death.
As the result, a great war broke out between the North and the South that cost many lives and untold suffering. The most interesting and the most powerful man of those terrible days was Abraham Lincoln, who was the President of the United States during that war. When North and South were growing more and more bitter over the Slavery question, Lincoln did all he could
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mnohe staty severni zatracovaly co nesprav- ne. Kdykoli pfidan byl novy stat k TInii, Jihane chteli jej miti statem, kdg otroctvi by bylo dovoleno, kdezto Severane vzpirali se kazd/emu rozsireni otroctvi. Tak povstaly mnohe hadky a ruzniee pro tyto veci, az konecne napjeti stalo se tak ostrym, ze .jizni staty prohlasily se neodvislymi od Sp'ojcnych Statu, utvofili svoji vlastni Unii ci Federaci jiz nazvali konfederaci, zvolili sveho vlast- niho presidenta Jeffersona Davise a ucinili Richmond ve Virginii svym hlavnim me- stem. To stalo se r. 1861 neco pfes sedesat let po smrti Washingtonove.
Nasledek toho byla velika valka mezi Severem a Jihem, jez stala mnoho zivotu a nevypravitelne utrpeni. Nejzajimavejsi a nejmocnejsim muzem v tech hroznych dnech byl Abraham Lincoln, jenz byl presidentem Spojenyeh Statu za valky te. Kdyz Sever a Jih stavaly se naproti sobe eim dale tim vice nepratelskymi pro otazku otroctvi, Lincoln cinil co mohl, aby mirnil zlou krcY
29 A Primer of Civics
to overcome the hard feeling and to pre- vent war. When the war came, he proved to be a prudent and kind Commander-in- Chief and a source of inspiration to the army, especially to the private soldiers. Al- though he hated Slavery, he did not free the slaves until the right time came — which was after the war had broken out — for he wanted to have peace, to prevent war, and to preserve The Union.
Abraham Lincoln was born in a little log house in Kentucky. It is a wonderful thing that a boy who grew up in the woods, with a slight opportunity for education, should rise to the highest office in the coun- try. This fact is of great importance to you, for it shows you that the United States is a country of great opportunity, that every- one can make the best use of his talents and go as high as he is able. In our country no one will ask you what your birth is, what your relations are, but everything hangs on what you are yourself. Use the opportuni- ties, and go as high as you are able.
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a prediesel valce. Kdyz vsak valka pfisla pfece, ukazal se byti moudrym a laskavym velitelem a zdrojem nadseni sve armady, obzvlaste prostych vojinu. Ackoliv otroctvi nenavidel, neucinil niceho k osvohozeni otroku, dokud nepfisel pravy cas, totiz az kdyz valka jiz zufila, nebot' on na prvnim miste snazil sa zachovati mir, pfedejiti valce a zachovati celistvost Spojenych Statu.
Abraham Lincoln narodil s'e v male z klad sroubene chate ve state Kentucky. Jest to podivuhodnym, ze chlapec, jenz vy- rostl v lesich, s malou pfilezitosti ku vzdie- lani vysinul se az na nejvyssi ufad v zemi. Toto jest veliee dulezite pro vas, jelikoz ukazuje to, ze Spojene Staty jsou zemi veli- kych pfilezitosti, ze kazdy uplatniti zde muze sve schopnosti a vysinouti se tak vysoko, jak jen schopnosti jeho mu dovoli. V nasi zemi nikdo nebude se tazati vas, jakeho jste rodu, jake jest vase pfibuzen- stvo, nybrz vse bude zalezeti na torn, eo jste vy sami. Vyuzitkujte tedy techto prilezito- sti a jdete tak vysoko, jak vam mozno.
30 A Primer of Civics
Lincoln, a poor boy at first, became not only President of the United States, but also one of the greatest presidents we have ever bad. Under his leadership, slavery was abolished and the Union preserved. He saved the Union, he freed the slaves, he led his country through hard and trying times until peace and order were again restored, but he himself was taken away by a cruel death. A lunatic named Booth shot him and plunged the whole country — the South as well as the North — into indescribable grief. The South lost in him its best friend among the victors. Much of the humiliation — much of the confusion, would have been prevented in the South, and the North might have ad- vanced considerably more, had Lincoln lived.
Prvni citanka obcanska 30
Lincoln, cliudy zprvu chlapec, stal se nejen presiclentem Spojenych Statu, nybrz jednim z nejvetsieh presidents, jez jsme kdy meli. Za jeho vedeni zriiseno bylo otroetvi a Jednota (Unie) zachovana. On zaehranil jednotu, osvobodil otroky, provedl svoji vlast tezkymi, hriiznymi dobami az mir a po- radek opet zavladdy, avsak on sam sklacen byl krutou smrti. Silenec jmenem Booth zastfelil jej a ponofil celou zemi jak Sever tak i Jih v nepopsatelny zal. Jih ztratil V nem sveho nejlepsiho pfitele mezi vitezi.
Jiste, ze mnoho toho pokofem, mnoho zmatku byvalo by bylo Jihu usetreno a Sever byl by daleko vice g^okrocil, kdyby byl Lincoln na zivu zustal.
CHAPTER IV.
The Making- of the States into a Nation.
For a long time after the Revolutionary War, each State thought first of itself and then of the Union. A Virginian boasted of Virginia, wanted measures adopted for Vir- ginia; a New Yorker was proud of New York State, wanted to have the good of New York to be considered before the good of the whole United States. There was no American nation for a long time. In the Civil War, the slave states were brought to- gether and formed something which might be called a nation, and the same was true of the northern states. After the war, the south and north still continued to be two nations each by itself, and that state of af- fairs was long in disappearing. To-day there is no bitter feeling between the north and the south: "Dixie", the southern war- song, is sung and played (in the northern states), just as "America" and "Columbia the Gem of the Ocean" are played and sung
KAPITOLA IV.
Utvofeni se americkeho naroda.
Po dlouhy cas po valce za neodvislost kazdy stat myslil na prvnim miste na sebe a pak teprve na celek na Unii. Virziiian se chlubil Virzinii, chtel miti zakony hlavne pro Virzinii delane, New Yorcan hrd byl na svuj Stat New York, chtel, aby dobro New Yorku bylo na prvnim miste a pak teprve dobro celych Spojenych Statu. Americkeho na- roda nebylo po dlouhy cas. V obcanske valce staty otrokarske semkly se a utvorily neco, coz mozno zvati narodiem, a to same delo se i na severu. Po valce jih i sever zustavaly dvema ruznymi narody, kazdy pro sebe, a tr- valo to dlouho, nez tato ruznost eiteni zmize- la. Dnes neni vice hofkosti mezi severem a jihem. "Dixie", valecny to zpev Jihanu, jest zpivan i hran na severu zrovna jako "Amerika" a "Columbia" jsou zpivany na Jihu: dnes citme, ze jsme jednim narodem,
32 A Primer of Civics
in the south : to-day, we feel that we are one nation, with ''Liberty and Union, now and forever, one and inseparable."
What made us into a nation? Living together, mingling together, and fighting together for the common good. Much is due to the new states in the AVest, to which peo- ple from both north and south moved in great numbers, and in forming one new state together, forgot north and south, for- got old differences, and felt that they were members of a larger whole — the glorious Union, in which Liberty and Justice for all must be made supreme.
Prvni citanka obcanska 32
se Svobodou a Jednotou nyni i vzdycky spo- jeni a nerozlucni.
Co ucinilo nas narodem? Spolecne by- dleni, promiseni a boj spolecny o vseobecnel dobro, Mnoho zasluh o to ma Zapad*, kama lid ze severu i jihu u velikem poctu se ste- hoval a utvoriv nove staty v zapadnich pu- stinaeh, zapomnel na sever i jih na stare rozdily a pocitil, ze je casti velikeho a slav- neho celku, Unie, kdez Svoboda a Sprave- dlnost pro vsechny musi ucinena byti eilem svrehovanym.
CHAPTER V.
Conclusion and Summary.
These few chapters contain but the merest outline of what has happened in this country; many interesting events were nec- essarily omitted. But this short account may lead you to deeper and more extensive read- ing of our American history, especially to reading of the lives of our great Americans who were Builders of the Nation, and who are our inspiration to-day.
But still more fervently it is hoped that you will be led to join in helping to make the history of to-day and to-morrow. The history of the past is valuable because it helps us to make the history of the future and to avoid the errors and mistakes of the past. Our government, good as it is, can be still better, and it is the duty of every one who comes to this country to live to try to make it better.
KAPITOLA V. Zaverek.
Tehto nekolik kapitol obsahuje ovsem jen pouhy nastin toho, co delo se v teto zemi. Mnohe zajimava udalosti musily byti vy- nechany. Avsak ackoliv kratky, muze vesti vas vytah tento k hlubsinm a sirsimu cteni americkych dejin obzvlaste zivotopisu nasichl americkych velikanu, ktefiz byli staviteli naroda a kteri jsou zdrojem nadseni pro nas dflies.
Avsak jeste vroucneji doufame, ze po- vedou vas fadky tyto k tomu, abyste i vy pomahali delati dejiny budoucna. Dejiny miniilosti jsou cenne, ponevadz pomahaji nam delati dejiny pfistieh dnu a vystrihati se omylu a ehyb minulosti. Nase vlada, ao dobra, muze byti lepsi, a povinnosti kazdeho, kdo do teto zeme pfijde, jest, aby hledel k tomu leipsi ji ueiniti.
34 A Primer of Civics
It is very possible to make things worse — by neglect, selfishness, and indifference. Do you want to make things worse? No, you certainly do not. You want to help to make things better. How can you do this?
(1) Learn your duties as a good citizen before you get your citizenship papers:
(2) When you become a citizen, do your duties always, no matter what happens. Do not be discouraged; do not give up. You will win, and the good will win, if you will only fight for it, and will not give up.
Truth and Good do triumph; but they need your help in order to triumph.
What your duties are and how to per- form them is told in the second part of this little book.
Prvni citanka obcanska 34
Jest tez mozno stav veci uciniti horsim nedbalosti, sobectvim a netecnosti. Chcete snad vy veci horsimi uciniti? Zajiste ze ne. Zajiste ze clicete pomoci, aby vse bylo lepsi. Tazete se, jak to mozno uciniti?
1, Nauete se znati povinnosti sve co obcana nezli obdrzite sviij obcansky list.
2. Kdyz obcany se stanete, cinte vzdy svou povinnost, at' deje se cokoliv. Nezmalo- myslnete, nenechte se odstrasiti. Jiste zvi- tezite a dobro zvitezi s vami, budete-li jen bojovati 0 ne a nevzdate se.
Pravda a Dobro iiste vitezi. avaak po- tf ebuji vasi pomoci, aby brzy zviteziti mohly.
Povinnosti obcana a jak konany byti maji, povedeno jest kratce v druhe casti teto knizky.
A PRIMER OF CIVICS PART II.
THE RIGHTS AND DUTIES OP A CITI- ZEN AS PROVIDED FOR IN NATIONAL AND STATE CONSTITU- TIONS AND THE CITY CHARTER.
PRVNi CiTANKA OBCANSKA CAST DRUHA.
Prava a povinnosti obcana vyobrazena
V spolkove a statni ustave
a vysadach mesta.
THE VALUE OF CITIZENSHIP.
The great men of this country, George "Washington, Abraham Lincoln, and many others, lived and died for the rights of men. They have placed the destiny of this nation and the destiny of the individual in the hands of the people. Are you enjoying these rights? If you are not, you may do so, for you can become a Citizen of the United States in due time.
Remember, however, that you are taking upon yourself great responsibilities as vrell as receiving rights for which many heroes have given their property, their blood, even their lives. To accept this priceless gift and to do nothing in return for it, is not worthy of any good and honest man. As you will see later, your happiness, your safety, even your daily bread, depends upon your doing your citizen's duties in the right way. If it were not for good citizens who know how to perform their duties, we should not be safe in our homes, we should be abused and op-
CENA OBCANSTVL
Velici muzove teto zeme, Jin Washing- ton, Abraham Lincoln a mnoho jinych zili a umirali za prava lidiu, Oni polozili osud tohoto naroda i osudy jednotliveu do rukou lidu. Uzivate techto prav? Ne-li, muzefrej jich uzivati, nebot' muzete se stati obcany Spojenyeh Statu v stanovene dobe.
Pamatujte vsak, ze befete na sebe veli- kou zodpovednost krome dosazeni prav, za nez mnozi hrdinove teto zeme dali sve ma- jetky, svou krev, ba i zivoty sve. Pfijmouti tento neocenitelny dar a neuciniti nic V odplatu za nej, neni hodmo zadneho dobre- ho a poctiveho muze. Jak pozdeji uzfite vase stesti, vase bezpecnost, ba i vezdejsi chleb vas zavisi na konani vasich obcanskycb po- vinnosti spravnym zpusobem. Kdyby ne- bylo dobrych obcanu, ktenz vi, jak povin- nosti sve konati, nebyli bychom bezpecni ve svych domovech, byli bychom tyrani a utla-
37 A Primer of Civics
pressed by people stronger than ourselves, just as people were abused and oppressed in the Middle Ages, our children would not be educated, and we should be unable to make our living.
It is the business of every government, in every country, to see that its people are protected, as far as possible, from abuse, oppression, theft, and the dangers of acci- dent and disease. The better the govern- ment, the better a citizen is protected, the happier and more prosperous he becomes. In every country where there is a poor gov- ernment, the great body of the people suffer. In our country, the men who take charge of the government are chosen by the people; therefore, the abler, the people are to choose, the better government they will have and the happier they will be.
Is it not important, then, for you to be- come a good citizen — one who knows what is right and is willing to do it?
Prvni citanka obcanska> 37
covani lidmi silnejsimi, nezli jsme sami, zrovna jako byli tyrani a utlacovani lide v© stfedoveku, nase ditky nebyly by vzdelava- ny a my bychom nebyli s to ani zivobyti si vydelati.
Jestit' to ukolem kazde vlad»y, v kazde zemi bledeti k tomu, aby jeji obcane byli chraneni, pokud mozno, od utisku, utlaco- vani, okradani a nebezpeci urazu a nemoci. Cim lepsi vlada, tim lepe chranen jest obcan, tim st'astnejsim a zamoznejsiin se stava. V kazde zemi, kde je spatna vlada, to velibe teleso lidi trpi. V nasi zemi muzi, ktefi ujimaji se vlady, voleni jsou lidem, cim tedy je lid* schopnejsi voliti, tim lepsi vladu bud© mit a tim tez bude st'astnejsi.
Neni to tedy dulezite, abyste se stal dobrym obcanem, takovym, kteryz vi, co je spravne a je hotov to ciniti?
38 A Primer of Civics
HOW TO BECOME A NATURALIZED CITIZEN.
All persons who are not citizens of the United States by birth, or "By Act of Con- gress", may become citizens by naturali- zation.
The act of naturalization is divided into two general parts : 1. The Declaration of Intention or "Mrst Papers". 2. The Final Papers.
These Papers are issued by certain Courts of the Law: Circuit Court, Superior Court, and the United States Circuit and District Courts.
I. The "First Papers" are obtained by filing in one of these above-named Courts a paper, under oath or affirmation, stating your intention to become a citizen of the United States and to renounce allegiance to any and all foreign rulers, states, or sov- ereignties; also giving your name, age, oc- cupation, personal description, place of birth, last foreign residence and allegiance, date of arrival, name of vessel, if any, in which you came to the United States, and
Prvni citanka obcanska 38
Jak se stati obcanem.
Vsichni, kdoz nejsou rodilymi obcany Spojenyeh Statu, neb nestali se jimi "aktem kongressu", mohou se stati obcany natura- lizaci. Naturalizaee deli se na dve casti. 1. Prohlaseni umyslu stati se obcany cili vy- zvednuti "Prvniho listu". 2. Vyzvednuti "Druheho listu".
(Listy tyto vydalvany jsou u jistycb soudu, a sice, Obvodniho soudu, Vyssiho soudu a Spolkovych obvodnieh a distrikt- nich soudu.)
I. "Prvni list" Ize obdrzeti bned po pfi- jeti odevzdanim listiny u jednoho z vyse jmenovanycb soudu, v niz pfisezne vyjadfen jest vas umysl stati se obcanem Spojenyeh Statu a vzdjati se pfislusenstvi kteremukoliv a vsem vladcum, statum a vladarstvim ; tam- tez udano byti musi vase jmeno, stafi, za- mestnani, popis vasi osoby, misto narozeni, posledni bydliste a pfislusenstvi ve vlasti vasi, den pfijezdu, jmeno lode, s niz prijeli jste do Spojenyeh Statu a vase nynejsi bydliste. Musite byti nejmene 18 let stafi a
39 A Primer of Civics
your present place of residence. You must be at least 18 years old and must reside within the jurisdiction of the Court in which these papers are filed.
II. Final Papers. After you have lived at least five (5) years in the United States and at least one (1) year in a particular State; and, if not less than two (2) years nor more than seven (7) years have elapsed since you filed your ''First Papers", you can obtain your Final Papers by filing a petition in one of the law courts named above. This petition must be signed in your own handwriting; this petition shall con- tain the information required by law as to you, your arrival in this country, and your family. You must also ask at least two men whom you know and who are already citi- zens of the United States, to testify that they have known you to be a resident of the United States for at least five (5) years con- tinuously, and of the State for at least one (1) year immediately preceding, and that you are of good moral character and quali- fied to be admitted as a citizen.
Prvni citanka obcanska 39
bydliti v okrsku soudu, u nehoz listinu tuto odevzdjavate.*)
II. Druhy list miizete obdrzeti, kdyz jste bydlili nejinene pet (5) let ve Spojenycli Statech a alespon jeden (1) rok ve state, V nemz se o obeansky list hlasite, drzite-li prvni list nejmene dva roky, a ne vice nez sedm (7) let (je-li vas prvni list starsi sedmi let, nemuzete druheho dosahnouti), a ucini- te-li pfihlasku svou zakonem pfedepsanou u nektereho svrehu jmenovaneho soudu.**)
Tato pfihlaska musi byti vami vlastno- rucne podepsana a obsabovati podrobnosti zakonem vyzadovane, tykajiei se vas, vasebo pfijezdu a vasi rodiny. Musite tez pozadati dva muze zname, kteri jiz jsou obcany Spo- jenycli Statu, aby dosvedtcili, ze vas znali aspofi po pet let vasebo pobytu ve Spojenych
*) Nejsnadnejsi zpusob jest poraditi se s nekterym vasim znamym, kdo jiz jest obcanera. S vyzvednutim prvnieb listin nem tezkosti — jest to pouze nutna formalita, ktera vsak jest velice dulezita,
**) Jest to listina tistena, jiz nutno vy- plniti. Otazky ty same, jako v listu prvnim.
40 A Primer of Civics
This testimony of these witnesses is at- tached to your petition; and if you arrived in this country after June 29, 1906, there shall also be attached a certificate from the Department of Commerce and Labor, giving date, etc., of arrival and taking out of "First Papers".
Prvni citanka obcanska 40
Statech nepfetrzite, ze jste bydlili ve statu, V nemz o obcanstvi se hlasite, aspon po jeden cely rok pfed tim, ze jste zachovaleho eha- rakteni a zpusobily byti pfipusten eo obcan.
Svedetvi techto dvou svedku jest pfi- pojeno k vasi pfihlasce ; pfijel-li jste do teto zeme po 26. cervnu 1906, pfipojena bude tez i listina vladniho oddeleni pro obchod a praci, vykazujici den atd. pfijezdu a vy- zvednuti "Prvniho listu".
41 A Primer of Civics
QUALIFICATION REQUIRED.
In order to receive your Pinal Papers as a citizen, you —
1. Must have resided in the United States continuously for at least 5 years immediately preceding.
2. Must have resided in the State for at least 1 year immediately preced- ing ; and be of good moral character and attached to the principles of the Constitution.
3. Must intend to become a citizen of the United States and to reside per- manently therein and to renounce all allegiance to any foreign ruler, state, or sovereignty.
4. Must not be an anarchist.
5. Must not be a polygamist.
6. Must not have been denied admis- sion as a citizen, or, if denied, the cause therefor must no longer exist.
7. Must speak the English language, unless physically unable.
8. Must know the principles of United States government and Constitution.
Prvni citanka obcan%ka 41
Zpusobilost vyzadovana
abyste mohl dosahnouti obcanstvi,
1. Musite bydliti ve Spojenych Statecb nepretrzite alespoil 5 let bezprostfedne pred dobou, kdy se o obcanstvi hlasite.
2. Musite bydliti aspoii jeden rok ve state, V nemz se o obcanstvi hlasite.
3. Musite rozhodne chtiti se stati obca- nem Spoj. Statu^ usaditi se tu trvale a odfici se prislusenstvi jakemnkoliv cizemu vladici, statu neb moenosti.
4. Nesmite byti anarchistou,
5. Nesmite byti mnohozencem.
6. Nesmite byti muzem (zenou), jemuz bylo pfijeti za obcana odepf eno, aneb bylo-li, nesmi pficina odmrsteni dele platiti.
7. Musite mluviti anglickym jazykem, nejste-li telesne nesehopni mluviti vubec.
8. Musite znati hlavni zasady vlady a ustavy Spojenych Statu.
42 A Primer of Civics
NOTE.
AFTER YOU HAVE APPLIED FOR YOUR FINAL— SECOND— PAPERS, YOU WILL HAVE TO AVAIT NINETY (90) DAYS TO GET THEM.
Many people have been disappointed because they did not know this. In some cases, people wanted their papers in time to take part in the Presidential or other elections, but had applied too late to receive them in time. No papers are given out with- in thirty (30) days before an election.
To avoid all disappointments, and to
enable yourself to enter upon your rights
and privileges as a citizen at the earliest
possible moment, do these three things:
I. Get your "first papers" as soon as
you come to this Country; n. Ask for your final papers just as soon as your five years in the Country are up ; HI. Begin to study the English lang- uage at once, just as soon as you can after landing. English is taught free in the Public Evening Schools ;
Prvni citanka obcanskat 42
Poznamka.
Po pfihlasce o "Druhy list" musite ce- kati devadesat (90) dni, nez jej dostanete.
Mnozi byli sklamani, protoze toto ne- vedeli. V nekterych pfipadech chteli lide svuj obeansky list v cas, aby zucastniti Be mohli voleb presidentskych neb jinycb, avsak pfihlasili se pfilis pozde, nez aby jej obdr- zeli V cas. Zadne listy nejsou vydavany na tficet (30) dni pfed volbami.
Abyste se vyvarovali vsech sklamani a aby vam bylo mozno nastoupiti prava a pf ed- nosti obcana eo nejdfive, ucinte, jak nasle- duje:
I. Vyzvednete si "Prvni list" bned, jak- mile do teto zeme pfijedete.
II. ITlaste se o "Druhy list", jakmile vasieh pet let v teto zemi uplynulo.
III. Zacnete se uciti anglieky hnedi, CO nejdfive mozno po pfijezdu. Anglicine vy- ucuje se zdarma ve vefejnych vecernimh. skolach.
43 A Primer of Civics
IV. Learn all you can about citizen's duties, and the principles of Amer- ican Government.
As a naturalized citizen, you have all the rights and duties of a native-born citi- zen; except that you cannot become Presi- dent or Vice-President of the United States. The rights of such a citizen are :
1. He has a right to participate in nominating candidates for state and municipal (city) offices; such as the Groverner, the Mayor of the city, the Aldermen, etc., at the Primary Elections.
2. He has a right to vote at the election for the candidates so nominated.
3. He has a right to become candidate for any office except that of the President or Vice-President.
4. He has a right to the protection of the United States Government, when in a foreign country.
5. He has a right to government lands, which are given only to citizens, and government positions.
Prvni citanka obcansk^ 43
rV. Naucte se co muzete o povinnostech. a zaldadech americke vlady.
Co "naturalizovany" obean mate ta sama prava a povinnosti jako obcan zde rozeny, krome to, ze nemiizete se stati pre- sidentem neb mistopresidentem Spojenyeh Statu.
Prava ta jsou:
1. Pravo zucastniti se jmenovani kandi- datu statnich a mestskych uradu jako : ^- vernera, mayora mesta, radnfch atd., pfi pfed<volbach.
2. Pravo hlasovati rpfi volbaeh pro ty neb ony kandidaty pri predvolbach jmeno- vane.
3. Pravo stati se kandidatem ktereho- koliv ufadu, mimo presidenta neb misto- presidenta,
4. Pravo na ochranu vlady SpojenycK Statu, kdyz naleza se v zemich jinyeh.
5. Naroky na vladni pozemky, jez vlada rozdava pouze obcanum, a na sluzbu vladmi mestskou, je-li jinak zpusobily. (Neobcan, byt' sebe zpusobilejsi, nemuze vladnich, mestskych atd. mist dosalinouti, at' jsou jakakoliv.)
44 A Primer of Civics
The question whether a naturalized citi- zen can visit his former home without fear of molestation of any kind need trouble no one. A naturalized citizen is as safe as any other American citizen in any country. There have been cases where naturalized citizens were molested by foreign officials, but such cases are rare, and in each of these cases the citizens could have appealed to the American Consul and obtained help.
Only a citizen of this country can get employment from the Government, the State, the City. American citizenship is therefore, of great value to you, and you should qualify for it at once.
VOTING.
After you have obtained the right to vote, you will have to learn how to vote in- telligently. First, read in the newspapers what the candidates are doing; this means reading the news items rather than the edi- torials ; but read both, if you have the time.
Prvni citanka obcanska 44
Otazka, muze-li naturalizovany obcan navstiviti svuj drivejsi domov beze strachm pfed pronasledovanim, nemusi nikomu ne- snazi pusobiti. Naturalizovanv americky obcan jest zrovna tak bezpecen v kterekoliv zemi, jako obcan rozeny. (Ochrana obcanu americky ch je znacna a uplna.) Byly sice pripady, kdy natnralizovani obcane byli znepokojovani cizimi ufedniky, avsak pfi- pady takove jsou fidke, a v kaid^m z pri- padu tech mohl obcan odvolati se na ame- rickeho konsula a obdrzeti pomoc.
Pouze obcan teto zeme muze dostati za-
mestnanl od vlady, statu, mesta atd. Ame-
ricke obcanstvi ma tedy velikou cenu pro
vas, a proto mel byste stati se zpusobilym
pro ne ilined.
VOLBY.
Po nabyti prava volebnibo nutno bud© vam nauciti se voliti spravne a rozumne, Za prve, ctete v novinach, co kandid/ati eini: toto znamena cteni zprav spise nez uvah re- dakcnich, avsak ctete oboji, mate-li cas. Cte- te vice listu; ucinte si svuj vlastni nazor, kdyz se pfesvedcili o faktech. (skutecno-
45 A Primer of Civics
Read more than one paper; form your own opinion after you have obtained the facts; for this reason read for the facts in the first place, not for opinions of others. Be inde- pendent. Do you say that this is hard? Yes, it is : but it was still harder to give up lives for the good of the country; and that is what many noble Americans have done.
On Election Day, do not allow yourself to be influenced by any one ; go into the booth to mark the ballot just as you think it ought to be marked. If you vote the whole party ticket, make a cross in the party cir- cle ; if there is just one candidate for whom you would like to vote on the ticket of the other party, make a cross in your own party circle and a cross in the square of the man for whom you wish to vote in the other par- ty. For example, suppose you wish to vote for the candidates on the Democratic ticket, but you prefer the Republican candidate for States Atorney; then make a cross in the circle above the word "Democratic" and and another in the square opposite the Republican candidate for States Attorney,
Prvni citanka obcanskai 45
stech), proto na prvnim miste hledejte fak- ta, ne nazory jinych. Bud'te neodvislymi. Jest to tezke? Ano, jest, avsak bylo to jeste tezsi dati zivoty pro dobro vlasti, a toto nmozi uslechtili Americane ucinili.
V den voleb, necht' nikdo vas vlivem svym nevladne : jdete dto boudy volebni a o- znacte Masovaci listek jak myslite, ze ozna- cen byti ma. Volite-li cely listek strany ne- ktere, ucinte kfizek v krouzku strany te; cheete-li hlasovati pro .iednobo kandidata strany jine, ucitne kfizek v krouzku strany, jiz volite a kfizek ve ctverecku pfed jme- nem, jez volite ze strany jine. Ku pfikladu, kdyz pfejete si voliti vsecbny demokraticke kandidaty, ale davate pfednost republikan- skemu kandadatu statnibo navladnictvi (je- hoz pfejete si voliti) ucinte kfizek v krouz- ku nad slovem "DEMOCRATIC" a ve ctve- recku pfed jmenem republikanskebo kan- didata statnibo navladnictvi.
Volite-li kandidaty z ruznycb stran, U'- cinte kfizek pfed kazdym jmenem kandida- ta jez volite, ale necinte kfizku v zadnem krouzku strany.
46 A Primer of Civics
THE NATIONAL GOVERNMENT.
In place of a King or Emperors, we have Presidents in this country. The Pres- ident is the Executive Head of the nation. His office is the most influential one in the country. He has the power to fill some one hundred thousand Federal offices, many of which are extremely important, such as the following : —
1. Secretary of State.
2. Secretary of the Treasury.
3. Secretary of War.
4. Secretary of the Navy.
5. Secretary of the Interior.
6. Postmaster General.
7. Attorney General.
8. 'Secretary of Agriculture.
9. Secretary of Commerce and Labor.
10. Chief Justice and Judges of the
Supreme Court.
11. Ambassadors and Consuls to for-
eign countries.
12. Military and Naval Officers, etc.,
ect. The President has also great influence on making laws: he can suggest or recom- mend what laws are needed for the good of
Prvni citanka obcanska 46
Narodni (Spolkova) Vlada.
President je hlavnym vyko-nnym ufed- nikem naroda. Jeho ufad je ten nejvlivupl- nejsim v zemi. On ma moc jmenovati ti- fedniky do ruznych ufadu, jiehz jest eelkem asi sto tisic, mnohe z niehz jsou velice dule- lite pro vseobecne dobro, ku pr. nasledu- Jici:
1. Tajemnik Spoj. Statu.
2. Tajemnik Financni.
3. Tajemnik valky.
4. Tajemnik lod'stva.
5. Tajemnik vnitra.
6. Nejvyssi postmistr.
7. Nejvyssi statni na via dni.
8. Tajemnik zemedielstvi,
9. Tajemnik obchodu a prace.
10. Nejvyssi soudce a pfisediei soudeove nejvyssiho sondu.
11. Vyslanei a konsulove do cizieh zemi.
12. Ufedniei vojensti a namofni atd. atd. Krome toho ma president tez veliky
vliv na delani zakonu: ont' muze navrhnouti aneb odporuciti zakony potfebne pro dobro
47 A Primer of Civics
the country in his Annual Message to Cong- gress. This Message is usually a written or printed docuonent in which the President gives his opinion on from one to fifty or more public questions. In this way, if he wishes, he can touch upon all the needs of the country. Also, he may send a Special Message to Congress, when he feels this to be necessary, and, in it, urge the passing of a law which he believes good for the coun- try. The strongest weapon in the hand of a President is the Veto Power. If the Presi- dent believes that any measure that Con- gress has passed is bad, he can stop its be- coming a law by "vetoing" it — "veto" means "I forbid". When a bill is vetoed, it cannot become a law unless it is passed again by a two-thirds vote of Congress. This hardly ever happens — as a matter of fact, it has happened only once in the history of the United States, when Andrew Johnson was President. Finally, the President, through his Attorney General, can prosecute all vio- lators of the United States Law, such as trusts, smugglers, etc.
Prvni citanka obcanska 47
vlasti ve svem vyrocnim poselstvi. Toto po- selstvi jest obyeejne psany neb tisteny list (nekdjy mnoho stranek obsahujici), v neraz president podava svoje nahledy o otazkach citajicich od jedne az do padesati i vice. Timto zpusobem, pfeje-li si, muze se dotk- nouti temef vsech potfeb zeme. Tez i zvlast- ni poselstvi muze poslati Kongressu, kdyko- liv za nutne uznava, a v nem pficinovati se o prosazeni zakona, jejz pro dobro zeme za do- bry uznava. Ne'jmocnejsi zbrani v ruce pre- sidenta je tak zvana moe veta. Uznava-li totiz president nekterou pfed/lohu Kongres- sem pfijatou za spatnou, muze zameziti svj'm vetem, aby se stala zakonem, (Veto je slovo latinske znamenajiei "Ja zakazuji.") Je-li pfedloha vetovana, nemuze se stati zako- nem, neni-li znovu dvou tretinovou vetsi- nou Kongressem prijata. Toto se malo kdy stava, ve skutecnosti stalo se tak pouze jednou v dejinach Spojenych Statu, kdy^ Andrew Johnson byl presidentem. Konecne president muze skrze sveho nejvyssiho na- vladniho stihati vsechny, jiz rusi zakony Spo- jenych Statu, jako trusty, pasery a p.
48 A Primer of Civics
Only a native-born citizen can become President of the United States. The Presi- dential Election takes place every four years, on the Tuesday following the first Monday in November. Presidential election years are as follows :— 1912, 1916, 1920, etc.
THE CONGRESS.
Congress is the body that makes laws for the United States. It has the power to levy and collect taxes, duties, imposts, and excises. Its chief duty is to care for the gen- eral welfare of the United States. It has also power to —
1. Borrow money on credit of the United States.
2. Regulate commerce.
3. Pass naturalization and immigration laws.
4. Coin money.
5. Declare war.
6. Eaise and support the Army, the Navy, etc., etc. In general, it has the power and duty to pass laws for the good of the country.
Prvni citanka obcanska 48
Pouze zde rozeny obcan muze se stati presidentem Spojenych Statu. Presidentske volby pak json kazde ctyry roky, v to utery, po prvnim pondelku v listopadu. Pfisti pre- sidentske volby budou v roce 1912, pak 1916, 1920, 1924 atd.
Kongress.
Kongress jest teleso, jez dela zakony pro eele Spojene Staty; ma moc ukladati a vybirati dane, clo, poplatky a platy. Hlav- ni jebo povinnost jest starati se o vseobecne dobro Spojenych Statu. Ma tez moc :
1. Vypujcovati penize na uver Spoj. Statu.
2. Eegulovati obehod.
3. Delati zakony o pfistehovalcich a jich
za obeany prijimati.
4. Raziti penize.
5. Vypovedeti valku.
6. Sbirati vojsko, lod'stvo atd a vydrzo- Yati je.
Vseobecne feceno ma moc a povinnost delati zakony pro dobro zeme.
49 A Primer of Civics
Congress is composed of Two Houses — the House of Repesentatives and the Senate. Any bill to become a law, must pas^ both Houses, and then be signed by the President of the United States. In ease the President vetoes the bill, it is sent back to Congress. If two-thirds of the Congress vote to pass the bill over the President's veto, it can be- come a law in spite of the opposition of the President.
The House of Representatives has three hundred and ninety-one (391) members, who are elected by the people every two years. It is possible for you to get acquainted per- sonally with your candidate for Congress, and you ought to do so. The duties of a Congressman are to be present at all the sessions (meetings) of the Congress, to in- troduce, support, and vote for bills which are intended to do good to the whole nation. The Congressmen (Representatives) elect their presiding officer, who is called ** Speaker of the House". This Speaker holds an important office; he appoints committees, and decides who has the "right to the
Prvni citanka obcanska 49
Kongress pozustava ze dvou t. zv. "do- mu" (dvou skupin) a to domu zastupcu a Senatu. Kazda predloha, aby se stati mo- hla zakonem musi projiti obema domy a byti podepsana presidentem Spoj. Statu. V pfl- pade, ze by president vetoval nekterou pfed- lohu jest tato poslana zpet kongressu. Je-li pak dvou tfetinovou vetsinou znovu pfija- ta vzdoT presidentove vetu, muze se stati zakonem i proti presidentove vuli.
Dum zastupcu ma 391 clenu, jiz voleni jsou lidem kazde dva roky. Jest to zcela moz- ne, abyste se osobne seznamili s kandidatem do Kongressu ve svem distriktu, a meli by- ste to vzdiy uciniti. Povinnosti kongressnika jsou, aby byl vzdy pritomen v sezenich kon- gressu, pfedkladatij podporovati a hlasovati pro predlohy, jez smeruji k dobru celeho naroda. Kongressniei (zastupci) voli sveho pfedsedajiciho m'ednika, jenz r^azyva se "mluvcim domu zastupcu", Tento "mluv- ci" zastava dulezity ufad<; out' ustanovuje vybory, a rozhoduje kdo ma pravo mluviti, udeluje slovo zastupcum on se hlasicim; pri
50 A Primer of Civics
floor" — the right to speak; and he can cast the deciding vote in case of a tie.
The Senate has ninety-two (92) mem- bers, two from each state, elected by the State Legislatures for terms of six (6) years. The Vice President pf the United States pre- sides in the Senate. The duties of a Senator are about the same as those of a Congress- man; the Senators, being elected by the State Legislatures, are not directly responsible to the people, since the people cannot vote them out of office directly, but only through their representatives in State Legislatures. This makes the Senators feel very independent of the people, and they have sometimes voted down bills intended for the good of the peo- ple, because these bills did not please the political supporters and friends of the Sen- ators. For this reason, there is growing a strong feeling that Senators should be elected directly by the people, and be di- rectly responsible to the people for their actions.
Since Congress is such a powerful body, and has such a great influence upon the wel-
Prvni citanka obcanska 60
hlasovani rozhoduje svym hlasem, je-li pocet hlasu pro i proti pfedloze rovny,
Senat ma 92 clenu, dva z kazdeho statu, jiz voleni jsou statnimi zakonodarnami statu na dol3u sesti let. Mistop'resident Spoje- nych Statu jest pf edsedou senatu. Povinnosti senaotru jsou ty same jako kongressniku v dome zastupeu. Senatofi jsouee voleni stat- nimi zakonodarnami nejsou zodpovedni pfi- mo lidu, jezto lid nemuze je pfimo voliti, ny- 'brz skrze zastupce v statni zakonodarne. Tim citi se senatofi neodvislymi od lidu, takze casto se jiz stalo, ze senat odmrstil neb nechal propadaiouti zakony k dobru lidu smerujiei, protoze nebyly vbod jejich poli- tiekym pratelum. Proto vzmaha se cim dale tim vice mineni, ze senatofi meli by byti vo- leni pfimo lidem, a byti pfimo zodpovednymi lidu za sve ciny.
Jezto Kongress jest telesem tak mo-e- nym, maje takovy obrovsky vliv na blabobyt
51 A Primer of Civics
fare of the nation, it is needless to say that every citizen ought to do his best to elect such men to Congress as will support good laws and work unselfishly for the Nation.
THE STATE GOVERNMENT.
The Executive Head of the State Gov- ernment is the Governor. He is chosen by the direct vote of the people. The Governor appoints all the important military officers connected with the State, members of State Boards of Charity, Trustees of the State Asy- lums, and of other State institutions, mem- bers of the State Board of Education, etc., etc. He has also the power of veto and, hence, much influence upon the making of the State Laws. The votes of two-thirds of the State Legislature are needed to pass a law over the Governor's veto. The Governor is Commander-in-Chief of the State Militia, and can send soldiers to any part of the State where they are needed : this he does in cases of riots, insurrections, or any mob- gatherings for any unlawful purpose, to pre- serve order and insure safety to peaceful citizens.
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naroda, bylo by zbytecnym pfipominati, ze kazdy obcan mel by co nejviee se snaziti vo- liti takove miize do Kongressu, jiz by podpo- rovali dobre zakony a starali se nesobecky o dobro narodia.
Statni vlada.
Vykonnym hlavnim ufednikem statu je guverner, jenz volen jest tez primym hlaso- vanim lidu. Giivemer ustanovnje dulezite dustojniky statniho vojenskeho sboru (mili- ee), dale cleny dobrocinnebo odboru, duver- niky statnich ustavu (utulen, blazineu, chu- dobincu atd.), cleny statni skolni rady atd. Ma tez moc vetovati zakony statni zakono- damou pf ijate a tim tez veliky vliv na delani zakonu pro stat. Jest potrebi dvoutretinove vetsiny statni zakonodarny k pfijmuti zako- na, jenz byl gn'vernerem vetovan. Guver- ner je tez nejvyssim velitelem statni milice, a ma tudiz moc poslati vojsko kamkoliv ve state, kdez by ho bylo potrebi, jako v pripa- dech boufek, povstani, shluknuti davu za u- cely protizakonnimi, kdy nutno jest zacho- vati poradek a zajistiti bezpecnost pokoj- nym obcanum.
52 A Primer of Civics
THE GENERAL ASSEMBLY.
The General Assembly — or State Legis- lature— is the body that makes laws for the State. Its organization is similar to that of the Congress of the United States. It con- sists of two Houses — the House of Represen- tatives and the Senate. The Governor can influence the making of laws by the State Legislature in the same way in which the President influences law-making in Con- gress, for laws are passed in the State Legis- latu're just as laws are passed in the United States Congress. The House of Representa- tives in the State elects its presiding officer, who is called "Speaker of the House". He appoints committees to examine the bills pre- sented to the Legislature and to report them to the House for adoption just as bills are presented to Congress. The State Legislature can pass any law for the general welfare of the State, but these laws must be in harmony with the Constitution of the United States. Each State passes its own laws, and hence there are many differences in the laws of the states which make the United States.
Prvni citanka obcanska 52
Statni zakonodarna.
Statni zakonodarna cili, jak nekdy je zvana — "vseobecny sbor", jest zakonodar- ne teleso statni, jez jest sestaveno podobne jako KoTigress Spojenych Statu. Pozustava tez z dvon casti cili domu — Domu Zastup- cu a Senatu. Podobne jako president v Kon- gressu, ma guverner vliv na prosazovani zakonu v statni zakonodarne, nebot' zakony delaji se v statni zakonodarne tim samym zpusobem jako v Kongressu. Dum zastup- cu voli si tez sveho mluvciho, jenz domu za- stupcu pfedseda, ustanovuje vybory k pro- zkoumani pfedloh a vraeeni jich zpet domu zastupcu ku pfijeti, prave jako se to deje v kongressu.
Statni zakonodarna muze pi'ijraouti jaky- koliv zakon pro dobro statu, ktery by byl V souladu s ustavou Spojenych Statu. Kaz- dy stat tvori si sve vlastni zakony a proto nalezneme mnohe rozdily v zakonech mezi staty, z nichz Spojene Staty pozustavaji.
Zastupei statni zakonodarny voleni jsou na dobu dvou rokii, statni senatori na ctyry roky.
53 A Primer of Civics
State Representatives are elected for terms of two years. State Senators are elected for four-year terms.
CITY GOVERNMENT.
The Executive Head of the City is the Mayor; the law-making body is the City Council. Mayor's power lies in his veto, but still more in his appointive power.
Following are some of the important appointments of officials made by the Mayor in the City of Chicago : —
The Board of Education.
The Chief of Police.
The Chief of the Fire Department.
Commissioner of Public Works.
Commissioner of Health.
Superintendent of the Water Bureau.
City Engineer.
City Sealer, etc., etc.
Since 1907, the Mayor of Chicago is elected for four-year terms; at the regular city elections, the Tuesday after the first Monday in April,
From the foregoing it is clear that the education of your children, your safety and
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Mestska sprava.
Nejvygsim vykonnlym ufedmikein mesta je major. Telesem zakonodarnym je mest- ska rada. Moc majorova zalezi castecne v Jeho vetu, avsak jeste vice v tom, ze jmenu- je mnoho vykonnych mestskych ufedniku, jiz vlivu jeho podlehaji, a na nichz blaho mesta zavisi.
Nasledujiei jsou nektere ufady do nichz tifadniky dosazuje major:
Skolni rada.
Nacelnik policie.
Nacelnik hasicstva.
Komisar vefejnych praei.
Komisaf zdravotaiiho odboru.
Superintendent kancelafe vodmi.
(jenz ma na starosti mestske vo-
dojemy, cerpadla a stara se o do-
statecnou zasobu vody pro me-
sto.)
Mestsky inzinyr.
Mestsky cechmistr atd, atd.
Od roku 1907 mayor Chicaga je vo- len na dobu ctyf roku o pravidelnych mest- skych volbach, jez pfipadaji na uterek po prvnim pondelku v dubnu.
54 A Primer of Civics
that of your family, the cleanliness of the city, and public decency, all depend directly upon the kind of Mayor you elect. If a Mayor is elected who, personally, does not care for decency and order, you may be sure that he will quite probably appoint a Chief of Police who will be careless about enforc- ing the law, and the indecent elements will have free play. It is important to note, therefore, what the candidate for Mayor is — not only what he says he is, and what he promises to do. Also, it is not enough to look what his personal convictions are, but also whether he is strong" enough, energetic enough, and fearless enough, to carry out these convictions. If a Mayor is a good man, but at the same time weak — Alas for the city! It is worse than having a strong man who may have a few personal faults. A man of good character and unquestionable strength to carry out his beliefs should be the ideal.
Prvni citanka obcanska 54
Z pfedesleho jest jasno, ze vzdelani va- sich ditek (skolni rada), vase a vasi rodi- ny bezpeenost (nacelnik policie), cistota, dobry stav mesta . (komisaf mestskyeh pra- ci) a vefejna slusnost zavisi pfimo a z ve- like casti na torn, jakeho mayora si zvolite. Je-li zvolen mayorem clovek, jenz sam osob- ne nedba o slusnost a pofadek, muzete byti jisti, ze nepochybne iistanovi za nacelnika policie cloveka, jnz tez o vymahani zakonu dbati nebiide, a nefestne, nizke zivly nabu- dou uplne volnosti nekale sve dilo konati.
Proto jest diilezite divati se na to, ja- kym muzem kandidat mayorstvi jest, ne pouze na to, co on sam o sobe pravi a co slibuje. Ani to neni dostatecno, hledeti na jeho osobni dobre zasady, nybrz je-li vskutku dosti pevneho charakteru, dosti sil- ne vule a neohrozenosti, provesti tyto zasa- dy. Je-li mayor clovekem dobrym, ale pfi torn slabochem — beda mestu ! Jest to lior- si, nezli mayor, jenz sice ma nektere osobni chyby, ale je jinak silnym a rozumnym. Muz dobreho charakteru a nepopiratelne si- ly provesti dobre sve umysly, jest zadou- cim kandidatem pro ufad mayora.
55 A Primer of Civics
THE CITY COUNCIL.
The City Council is the body that makes the laws governing the City. A law passed by a City Council is called an Ordinance. Ordinances must not conflict with the Con- stitution of the United States, with the Con- stitution of the State, or with the City Charter. The organization of the City Coun- cil differs from that of Congress and that of the State Legislature in that it has but one House — or deliberative body — where the other bodies have each two Houses. Presid- ing officer of the Council is the Mayor.
Passing an Ordinance is, then, a simpler matter than passing a Bill in Congress or in the State Legislature, mainly because of there being but the one House. If the Mayor vetoes an Ordinance, votes of two-thirds of the Council are necessary to pass it over his veto.
WHAT A CITY COUNCIL CAN DO.
A City Council can give Franchises — that is, the right to do business — to public utility corporation*!; such as gas companies,
Prvni citanka obcanska 55
MESTSKA RADA.
Mestska rada jest telesem, jez dela za- kony pro mesto. Zakon takovy nazyva se ordinance. Ordinance nesmi byti v odporu s ustavou Spojenych Statu, s ustavou statni, aneb s vysadami (charterem) mesta. Mest- ska rada lisi se ve svem zfizeni od kon- gressu a statni zakonodarny hlavne tim, ze pozustava pouze z jednoho domu ci zako- nodarneho sboru, kdezto kongress i statni zakonodarna pozustavji ze sboru dvou.
Pfedsedou mestske rady je mayor.
Prosazeni ordinance jest tudiz daleko jednodussi, nezli prosazeni zakona v kon- gressu aneb ve statni zakonodarne, hlavne protoze mestska rada pozustava pouze z jed- noho zakonodarneho sboru. Je-li ordinance vetovana mayorem, nemuze se stati zako- nem, az kdyz je znovu mestskou radou pfi- jata dvoutfetinovou vetsinou hlasu.
Prace mestske rady.
Mestska rada udili vysady spolecnostem
ruz;ne vefejne potfeby mesta dodavajicim,
jako jsou spolecnost plynarnicka, elektriku
vyrabejici, telefonni, spolecnost poulicnich
56 A Primer of Civics
electric light companies, street-car compa- nies, telephone companies, etc., for such com- panies have no right to "operate" — that is, do business — without first getting permis- sion from the City Council. Such permission to operate is called a Franchise. If the City- Council is made up of able and honest men, it will not give a franchise to a company without assurance that the company will give good service at reasonable rates to the people. For example, in Chicago, the Council compelled the Gas Company to reduce the rate from $1.00 to $.85 per thousand cubic feet of gas; in Detroit, the Council succeeded in getting a three-cent fare on some of the street-car lines.
Frequently, the companies try to control the Council : they contribute money to the election campaign fund of this or that Alder- man; there have been cases, even, where Aldermen have been offered special favors and even bribes, by certain companies, for their votes on franchises. This is the way in which the people may be robbed of good service and reasonable rates if they are not
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drah. atd., nebot' spolecnosti takove nema- ji prava v meste cinnost svou provadeti bez zvlastniho dovoleni mestske rady. Takova povoleni nazyvaji se "vysadami"(aiiglicky : ''franchise"). Pozustava-li mestska rada ze schopnych a poctivych muzu, neda vysa- dy zadne spolecnosti bez zajisteni dobre sluzby za mirnych podminek. Ku pfikladu V Chicagu pfinutila mestska rada plynar- nickou spolecnost sniziti cenu plynu z $1.00 na 85 centu; v Detroit podafilo se mestske rade dosahnouti tficentoveho jizdneho na nekterych liniich poulicnicb drah.
Caste se stava, ze spolecnosti takove meskou radu ovladajl tim, ze pfispivaji kon- didatum na volebni vylohy. Byly tu i pfi- pady, ze radnim nabidnuty byly zvlastni vyhody, ba i uplatky jistymi spolecnostmi za jejich hlasy pfi vydavani vysad. Tako- vymto zpusobem okradan je lid, neni-li bde-
57 A Primer of Civics
watchful. If the people will not vote, or if they are careless about choosing their can- didate, they cannot expect good things for themselves, and deserve the bad treatment that is sure to come from their carelessness and laziness in performing their duties as citizens. The thing to do is to be active and to let no opportunity go by without making a good fight for one's own rights and for the public good.
ELECTION OF ALDERMEN.
The City of Chicago is divided into thirty-five (35) Wards; as each Ward elects two (2) Aldermen to the Council, one each year, there are seventy (70) Aldermen. Elec- tions of Aldermen are held on the regular city election day, the first Tuesday after the first Monday in April.
A candidate for alderman must be a citizen with full right to vote ; he must reside in the Ward in which he is a candidate, and must have been a resident of the city during the year just before the election. Each alder- man is elected for two (2) years. Aldermen
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lym. Vyhybaji-li se obcane volbam, jsou-li nedbalymi ve volbe kandidatu, nesmeji oce- kavati, ze jejich zajmy budou hajeny a za- sluhuji pine sizeni a okradani, jehoz se jim pbiou merou dostane nasledkein jejich ne- dbalosti a lenosti ve vykonavani obcanskych povinnosti. Jest tedy nutno byti cinnym a neopomenouti ani jedine prilezitosti, bojo- vati za sva prava a vefejne dobro.
Volba radnich.
Mesto Chicago rozdeleno jest na 35 ea- sti, zvanych wardy; jelikoz kazda warda voli dva radni, kazdy rok jednoho, jest cel- kem 70 radnich v mestske rade. Volby rad- nich odbyvaji se o pravidelnych volbach mestskych, prvni uterek po prvnim pondel- ku V mesici dubnu. Kandidat pro ufad rad- niho musi byti obcanem, s uplnym pravem hlasovacim, musi bydliti ve warde, v niz jest kandidatem a musi bydliti ve meste cely rok pfed volbou. Eadni jest vzdy volen na do- bu dvou let. V Chicagu a v jinych me- stech, kde statni zakonodarna pfijala zakon
58 A Primer of Civics
are nominated by the people, in Chicago, and in other cities where the Primary Law has been adopted by the State.
THE ALDERMAN AND THE WARD.
Each "Ward in our city has two alder- men whose business it is to take care of the interests of the Ward they represent. What does the Ward exrpect from its aldermen? What should each Ward expect? What should a private citizen expect? These are questions that every citizen ought to be able to answer. Good citizenship begins with the Ward — indeed, it begins farther back, it be- gins in the Precinct, the smaller division of the Ward. It is impossible for you to do great things in State or National govern- ment, if you can not, or will not, take any interest in the affairs of your own Precinct — in the government of your own Ward. Let us try, then, to answer these questions.
What does the Ward expect from the Aledrmen elected to represent its interests?
It is self evident that the aldermen are expected to vote for laws that are to benefit
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o pfedvolbach, jmenovan jest radui pfimo lidem o pfedvolbach.
Radni a jeho warda.
Kazda warda ma dva radni, jiehz po- vinnosti jest starati se o zajmy wardy, jiz zastupuji. Co ocekava warda od sveho rad- niho? Co by mela kazda warda ocekavati? Co mel by kazdy obcan ocekavati? Tyto otazky mel by si kazdy obcan zodpovediti. Dobre obcanstvi pocina ve warde, ba jeste blize — V precinktu., mensim to oddeleni wardy. Jest nemozno, abyste vykonali ve- like veci ve state neb narode, nemuzete-li neb nechcete-li zajimati se o svuj vlastni precinkt, o spravu a dobro sve vlastni wardy.
Co ocekava warda od radnich, jez zvo- lila, by ji zastupovali?
Je samozfejmo, ze pfedne od nich oce- kava, ze budou hlasovati ve prospecli ordi- nanci ,jez smefuji k dobru celeho mesta, ne- bot' ordinance ty pomohou i kazde warde, jez jest pfece casti mesta, avsak krome to-
59 A Primer of Civics
the whole city, for these laws will help the Ward also; but there are special things in each Ward to be looked after, and it is the duty of the aldermen to do this work. Such things are :
1. The Cleanliness of the Ward: The City pays money for cleaning the
streets and alleys, and for the removal of garbage. Each Ward is entitled to a certain amount of attention; if in any Ward, this cleaning is poorly done, if the number of teams removing garbage is not sufficient, if garbage is dumped in the Ward in places where it will injure the health of the people, the Aldermen can do much to make things better. If they do not do this, the citizens should ask them to do so, either individually, or, still better, as a body.
2. Light :
The same can be said about street-light- ing; many crimes and accidents would be prevented, if all the streets were well-lighted. But in some places this matter is badly neg- lected. The aldermen can — and ought to take it upon themselves to see that good lighting
Prvni citanka obcanska 59
ho jsoii zvlastni veci v kazde warde, o nez nutno se starati a k tomu jsou radni, aby starost a zodpovednost tu na se vzali. Veci ty jsou:
1. Cistota wardy.
Mesto plati za cistern ulic a ulicek a za odvazeni odpadku. Kazda warda ma naro- ky na jistou miru pozornosti. Je-li cisteni V nektere warde delano spatne, je-li pocet povozu, odpadky odvazejicich, nedostatee- ny, jsou-li odpadky skladany ve warde na mistech, kde jsou nebezpecny lidskemu zdravi, tu jest potfebi zakrocem radnich, aby nepofadku podobnemu byl ueinen ko- nec. Nezakroei-li sami, maji obcane je o to pozadati bud' jednotlive aneb, coz jest lep- si, CO celek.
2. Svetlo.
To same muze se fici o osvetleni ulic. Mnobym zlocimim a nestestim by se ipfe- deslo, kdyby vsechny ulice byly fadne osve- tleny. Avsak v nekterycli castech mesta jest osvetleni hrozne zanedbano. Radni mo- hou a meli by to na se vziti, aby o dosta- tecne svetleni vsude se postarali. Na dru-
60 A Primer of Civics
is provided everywhere. On the other hand, citizens should see to it that street lamps are not vrantonly broken by children and mischievous youths. It is shocking to learn that, in one year, $50,000 had to be paid for glass needed to replace the broken panes in the street lamps.
3. Safety :
The alderman can prevent the laying of tracks and the stretching of dangerous wires in places where they would endanger the free passing of people, or where they would encroach upon public property. Ag- gressive, forceful intervention of the alder- men will surely prevent any of these things. If the aldermen will not do their duty on their own initiative, the citizens ought to appeal to them ; such appeal, if supported by a strong body of voters, will, as a rule, bring results.
4. Car Service and Telephone Service: Even here, the aldermen's assistance is
valuable. Are the cars dirty? or poorly heated? Is the ear service poor? Your alder- men can make changes for the better in these
Prvni citanka obcanska 60
he strane obcane meli by hledeti k tomu, aby poulicni svitilny nebyly bezohledne roz- bijeny detmi a rozpustilymi mladiky. Jest to hrozne, dovidame-li se, ze v jednom roee musilo byti zaplaeeno mestem $30,000 za sklo potfebne k nahrazeni rozbiteho skla V poulicnich svitilnaeh.
3. Bezpecnost.
Eadni mohoii pfedejiti tomu, aby kla-
deny byly trate neb natahovany nebezpec-
ne draty v mistech, kde by ohrozovaly svo-
bodny bezpecny pruchod lidi aneb kde by
zabiraly vefejny majetek. Razne, muzne
zakroceni radnich jest obycejne dostatecne,
aby vecem takovym se pfedeslo. Necini-li
radni svoji povinnost ze sveho vlastniho po-
pudu, maji obcane odvolati se k nim. Ta-
kove odvolani, je-li podporovano silnym. te-
lesem obcanu, obycejne pfinese vysledky.
4. Poulicni doprava a sluzba telefonni.
I zde pomoc radniho jest velice cenna.
J Jsou vozy poulicni drahy spinave neb ne-
' dostatecne vytopene? Jest doprava spatna?
,! Vasi radni mohou zjednati napravu v tecbto
61 A Primer of Civics
things, if you will stand back of him and give him proper support.
All the foregoing things you have a right to expect and to demand as a citizen and a voter. There are some things however, that citizens should not ask and should not expect. These things are the numerous little personal favors that conflict with the ordi- nances and the city regulations. Many of these have to do with the fire ordinances and with the health ordinances. Do not ask your alderman to help you get a building permit that you have not been able to get by yourself because your plan conflicts with the building law : do not feel bitter towards him if he will not get it for you — you ought not to have it. Do not ask him to help you to evade the requirements of the health de- partment in regard to proper water closets, prevention of disease, in regard to domestic animals (cattle), all of which are calculated for the best interests of yourself and your neighbors. Do not ask your alderman to save you from putting down a new sidewalk in place of the dangerous old one in front
Prvni citanka obcanska 61
veeech, budete-li stati pfi nich a budete-li jim dostatecnou oporou.
Vsechny tyto pfedesle veci mate pravo zadat a ocekavat co obcane s pravem hlaso- vaeim. Avsak jsou mnohe male vyhody o- sobni, jez jsou v odporu s ordinancemi a mestskymi nafizenimi. Mnohe maji co ci- niti s ordinancemi, tykajicimi se ohne a mnohe s ordinancemi zdravotnimi.
Nezadejte na svych radnich, aby vam pomohli dosahnouti povoleni k stavbe, jez vam bylo odepfeno, protoze Vas plan byl v odporu se stavebnim zakonem; nechovejte zadnou hofkost proti nim, nevymohou-li vam jej — nebot' k nespravnemu povoleni nejste opravneni, Nezadejte na nem, aby vam po- mohl vyhnouti se nafizenim zdravotm rady tykajiei se cistoty, pi'-edejiti nemocem, cho- vani domacieh zvifat (dobytka) atd., jez vsechny smefuji k dobru vasemu a vasich sousedu, Nezadejte na svych radnich, aby vas vysvobodili od polozeni noveho chodni- ku na miste stareho a nebezpecneho pfed vasim domem; nezadejte jej, aby se pficinil
62 A Primer of Civics
of your house ; do not ask him to delay pav- ing your street : remember that every cent paid for these improvements will come back to you in the increased value of your prop- erty; that is, the property with good side- walks and well-paved streets is worth more than that which has no sidewalks and where the street is unpaved. And do not forget that, in time, all the streets will be paved, and that you will only be delaying a good and absolutely necessary work. Be a pro- gressive citizen, and share in the expense of carrying on the good work of the Govern- ment gladly and willingly.
HEALTH DEPARTMENT. Without health there is no happiness. As it is the business of the Government to do all so that people can be happy, the City Government has a Department devoted to Public Health. It is foolish to fight with the medical inspectors and school authorities, or to refuse to follow advice of those who are in charge of your public health. Putting a red card on your door, when your child is sick with diphtheria or other contagious dis-
Prvni citanka obcanska! 62
o to, aby dlazdeni vasi uliee bylo odlozeno: pamatujte, ze kazdy cent zaplaeeny za tako- veto zlepseni pfijde vam zpet ve zvysene ce- ne vaseho majetku, nebot' vas majetek bude miti muohem vetsi cenu, bude-li mit dobre cbodniky a uliei dobfe dlazdenou, nez-li na ulici ned/lazden6.
A nezapominejte, ze konecne vsechny ulice budoii dlazdeny, a ze pouze zdrzujete dobroii a naprosto nutnou praci, zadate-li o stale odkladani dlazdeni a podobnyeh zlep- seni. Bud'te obcany pokrokovymi a befte ochotne a dobrovolne iicastenstvi ve vylo- haeh spojenych s konanim d/obre prace mest- ske, statni i narodni spravy.
Zdravotni odbor. Bez zdravi neni mozno stesti. Jelikoz jest to povinnosti vlady nciniti vse mozne, aby lid byl st'asten, proto ma mestska spra- va i odbor zdravotni. Jest velice nemoudre hadati se se zdravotnimi inspektory, skol- nimi autoritami aneb odpirati radam tech, jez na starosti maji zdiravi mesta. Cervena tabulka na vasich dvefich, kdyz vase ditko je nemocno zaskrtem aneb jinou nakazlivou nemoci, jest k tomu, aby nemoc ta dale se
63 A Primer of Civics
ease, is done to prevent the spreading of the disease ; excluding from school those chil- dren whose brothers and sisters are ill is for the same reason. Since you know what it is to suffer from such a disease, are you not willing that others should be saved from this suffering? Or would you be so inhuman as to wish that your neighbors should suffer as you have suffered? By protecting others you are really protecting yourself and your family, for, if everybody would follow the advice of the authorities, soon there would be no diseases — or at least they will be so greatly diminished that there will be much less danger from them.
A good citizen will do all he can to- wards prevention of diesases, and will take pains to inform himself as to how that can best be done. He will do nothing that will make the work of the Health Department fail in its aim. Remember, it is hard to cure disease, but easy to prevent it; "prevention is far better than cure." All the advice given to you by the City Authorities is for your ov/n good.
Prvni citanka obcanska 63
nesirila; pro tu samou pricinu poslany jsou ze skoly domu ditky, jicliz bratfi neb sestry jsou nemocni. Jelikoz vite, eo to je trpeti takovou nemoci, nepfejete si, aby jini byli zachraneni od takoveho iitrpeni? Anebo byli byste tak nelidskymi, ze byste si pfali, aby vasi sousede zkouseli jako vy jste zkou- seli? Tim, ze chranite driihe, ehranite tez i sebe a sve rodiny. nebot' kdyby kazdy cinil die rad zdravotniho odboru, brzo nebylo by nemoei, aneb byly by alespoii tak obmezeny, ze by zadneho nebezpeci z nieh nehrozilo. Dobry obcan ucini vse, co v jeho moei jest, aby pfedesel nemoeem, a vezme si vse- moznou praci, aby se dozvedel, jak a co by mel ciniti. Jiste, ze nebude ciniti niceho, eo by znemoznilo dobrou praci zdravotniho odjboru. Pamatu.jte, ze jest velice tezke ne- moc vyleciti, avsak velice snadno ji pfede- pjiti. Pfedejiti nemoci jest lepsi nez uzdra- veni.
64 A Primer of Civics
The Health Department inspects milk, other food stuffs, bakeries, butcher-shops, fish-stores, groceries, restaurants, etc, — in order to prevent the sale of unwholesome or contaminated food which would lead to sick- ness. The same is done with the drinking water; people are advised how to avoid sick- ness by boiling the water whenever it is found that the water is dangerous to health. If you are not sure whether tne milk and food you are getting is clean and safe, you may have it examined — free — by the chemist of the Health Department. You can get free advice upon any subjest relating to health by applying to the Health authorities.
Prvni citanka obcanska 64
Zdravotni komise prohlizi mleko, potra- viny, pekarny, obcliody rybami, hokynaf- stvi, restauranty atd., aby zkazena a neci- sta potrava, jez by nemoc zpusobila se ne- prodavala. To same cini zdravotni komi- se i s vodoii: lidem dana jest rada, jak vy- strihati se nemoce vafenim vody, kdykoliv tato jest zdravi nebezpecna. Nejste-li jisti, ze mleko a potraviny, jez kupujete jsou z ciste a bezpecne, miizete je miti zdarma pro- hlednuty chemikem zdravotniho odboru. Muzete tez obdrzeti radu zdarma o kterem- koliv pfedjmetu tykajiciho se zdravi, kdyz obratite se na zdravotni komisi.
65 A Primer of Civics
CONCLUSION.
It is encouraging that, as a rule, good men have been nominated and elected Pres- idents; and that honest and able men have, in general, been raised to the highest posi- tions of trust and honor in the country. This is due to an intelligent interest of the voters. Each political party wants to succeed and tries to nominate men who will be pleasing to most of the voters. It is not just, there- fore, to say that there is no hope for the people and that there is no use in striving for good government. The influential men in each party are watching anxiously for any change of public opinion, for they are trying to satisfy the majority of the people. If so, what help is there in that? The hope is that each individual, each citizen, will try to make the majority of voters g-ood, so that good will be made the deciding element. This individual effort is necessary to the welfare of this country: without it, we would be slaves even under this Flag of Liberty.
Prvui citanka obcanska 65
DOSLOV.
Jest to povzbuzujici, ze vetsinou dobfi miizove byli jmenovani a zvoleni presidenty Spojenycli Statii, a ze poetivi a sehopni mu- zove byli, vseobecne feceno. povyseni k nej- vyssim ufadum cti a duvery v teto zemi. Jest to zasluhou rozumnelio zajmu obcanu, Kazda politicka strana chce miti uspech a snazi se jmenovati muze, jez by se co nej- vice zamlouvali vetsine volieu. Neni to te- d'y spravedlive, fikati, ze neni zadne nadeje pro lid a ze je to marne usilovati o dobrou vladn. Vlivnplni miizove v kazd/e strane pozoruji iizkostlive zmeny ve verejnem mi- neni, nebot' se snazi uspokojiti vetsinu lidu, protoze jen tak muze jejicli strana zviteziti. Je-li tomu tak, jaka je v torn nadeje pro nas? Ta, aby kazdy jednotlivec, kazdy obcan snazil se uciniti vetsinu obcanu dobrymi, cimz dobro stane se rozhodnym cinitelem. Snazeni kazdelio jednotlivee jest nutno pro dobro teto zeme, bez neho byli bychom o- troky i pod Vlajkou Svobodry.
66 A Primer of Civics
You, as much as any one else, are to be active to help the good. Those who only complain about the evil in the world and never lift a finger to help the good along, are despicable characters who are themselves the cause of the bad condition they de- nounce. It is hoped that you will have the courage and energy to perform this sacred duty of a citizen, watching zealously your rights and the good of the country.
Prvni citanka obcanska 66
Vy, jako kdo jiny, meli byste stati se cinnymi v <poinahani dobru. Ti, ktefi pouze nafikaji na zlo ve STete a nikdy nehnou prstem, aby pomohli dobru, jsou opovrzeni hodnymi charaktery, ktere jsou samy prici- nou spatnvch pomeru, jez odsuzuji. Dou- fame, ze vy budete miti dosti odhodlanosti a sily konati svatou svoji povinnost co ob- cane, stfezice zarlive sva prava a dobro sve* iiove vlasti!
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