HHDB BB m ^HHH PROCEEDINGS OF THE D OFFSET NATURAL HISTORY AND ANTIQUARIAN FIELD LLUB, PlUNTED AT THE " JOURNAL " OFFICES, SOUTH S'lKEET. XT MAY 2 8 IS 9846G9 V. CO NT E NT S . Page List of Members ... ... ... ... ... ... V.-XII. Notes of Meetings in 1884, by Rev. O. P. Cambridge ... XII. -XVII. On New and Rare British Spiders, by Rev. O. P. Cambridge ... ... i A Study on the Invasion of the South-west of Britain by Vespasian, by Rev. W. Barnes. B D. ... ... ... ... ... ... 18 On the Occurrence of the Dotterel in Dorset, by Professor T. Buckman. F.L.S., &c 29 A Study on the Belgse in South Britain, by Rev. W. Barnes, B.D. ... 33 A Letter to the Rev. W. Barnes, -B D., on his paper entitled l< A Study on the Bockley or Bockerley Dyke, and others in Dorset" (in the Proceed- ings of the Dorset Field Club, Vol. V. ), by Dr. Wake Smart ... 41 On Sphoerella Taxi, by Professor James Buckman, F.L.S., F.G.S., &c. ... 52 Megalithic Remains at Poxwell, Dorset, the Druid's Temple, or Druidical Circle, by the Rev. O. P. Cambridee. M A., &c., &c. ... ... 55 Geological Notes on the Isle of Portland, by J. C. Mansel-Pleydell. Esq., F.G.S. 58 A Fossil Chelonian Reptile, from the Middle Purbecks, by J. C Mansel- Pleydell, Fsq , F.L S., F.G S 66 On Hypena obsitalis (Hiibner) ; a Deltoid Moth, new to Britain, by the Rev. O. P. Cambridge, MA., &c. ... ... ... ... 70 Lavatera sylvestris (Brot.). by J. C. Mansel-Pleydell, F.L.S.. F.G.S. 74 The Land and Freshwater Mollusca of Dorsetshire, by J. C. Mansel-Pley- dell, F.L.S.. F.G.S. 76 Lepidoptera of the Isle of Purbeck, by E. R. Bankes, Esq., assisted by the Rev. C. R. Digby ... ... ... ... ... ... 128 Index to the Land and Freshwater Mollusca of Dorsetshire by J. C. Man- sel-Fleydell, F.L.S., F.G.S 178 PLATES AND ENGEAVINGS. Plates : I. New and Rare British Spiders... ... ... ... ... i II. * Fossil Chelonian Reptile ... ... ... ... 66 III. Hypena obsitalis (Hiibner) ... ... ... ... ... 70 IV. Lavatera sylvestris (Brot.) ... ... ... ... 74 V, — X. Land and Freshwater Mollusca of Dorsetshire ... ... ... 184 XI. Lepidoptera of the Isle of Purbeck ... ... ... 128 Un-numbered Plate.— Druids' Temple, F'oxwell ... ... ... 55 Wood Cuts : Sphoerella Taxi, from a Yew Tree at Bradford Abbas ... 53 * Erroneously numbered III. Dorset $atural gistory & (Antiquarian ^ield y public subscription and presented to the County Museum. The desirability of this was readily assented to, and Mr. Rieknian undertook to use endeavours to carry it out. The following were elected Members of the Club • — Bankes, Eustace Ralph, Esq. Corfe Castle Rectory, Wareham. Brook, Miss . . . . Dorchester. Child, Dr. C. . . . . 2, Royal Terrace, Weymouth. Coif ox, Miss Mary . . Bridport. Burden, Rev. H. . . . . Dorchester. Farquharson, H. R., Esq.. . Tarrant Gunville. •Grove, Walter, Esq. . . Feme House, Salisbury. Hogg, B. A., Esq. . . . . Dorchester. Leonard, Rev. A. . . . . Fordington, Dorchester. Mansell-Pleydell, Capt. . . Whatcombe. Murray, Rev. Richard P. . Shapwick Vicarage, Blandford. Randall, Rev. W. . . . . East Lulworth, Vicarage. Ward, Rev. J. II. . . . . Gtissage St. Michael Cranborne. SECOND MEETING, JUNE ISTii, 1884. Met at Christchurch ; present the President, Secretary, Trea- surer, and about 50 other members and friends. The Priory Church was visited and examined, explanations being given XYI. by Professor Paley. A visit was also paid to the " Norman House," upon which remarks and explanations were made by Professor Paley and others. Mr. Edward Hart's fine collection ot British Birds was also visited and deservedly admired. From Christchurch the party went to Bournemouth to luncheon by invitation of the Rev. J. H. West, at Ascham House, after which a very interesting address was given by Mr. West, on the Geology of the Bournemouth Coast, assisted by some excellent diagrams and a fine collection of iossL's. Mr. W. Penney (of Poole), differed from Mr. West's explanation of the silting up of the entrance to Poole Harbour. Thanks were proposed by the Secretary and unanimously accorded to Mr. West for his address and hospitality to the members of the Club on this occasion. A Paper on new and rare British Spiders, with remarks on the formation of. new species, illustrated by drawings, was then read by the Eev. 0. P. Cambridge ; and a " Note on the occurence of the Dotterel" ( Char&driuu morinettus) at Bradford Abbas, was read by Professor Buckman who supposed this to be its first record in Dorsetshire, but Mr. Mansel-Pleydell mentioned at least two or three other occurrences in the County within his own knowledge, though (excepting one) many years ago. Other papers mentioned in the day's programme were deferred from want of time, and a very enjoyable day's work closed. The following were elected members of the Club : — Cambridge, Col. Jocelyn Pickard . . . . . Blox worth, Wareham. Clark-Kennedy, Capt. A. W. Henbury, Wimborne. Curme, Decimus Esq. . . Childe Okeford. Elwes. Capt. . . . . Bournemouth. 1-: list ace-Cecil, The Eight Hon. Lord . . . . Lytchett Heath, Poole. Hart, Mr. Edward . . . . Chri.stch.urch. Madan, Col. . . . . Turn worth, Blandford. Mansel-Pleydell, Major . . Whatcombe. Mat,-, Mr. William . Poole. XVII. THIRD MEETING, AUGUST 19iH, 1834. The President and Secretary with about 12 other members met at Wey mouth, at Cook's Restaurant, the short attendance being due to a most tempestuous morning. Mr. T. B. Grove's paper on the Chesil Beach was postponed in the absence of the Author at the British Association Meeting, at Montreal, Canada. The President therefore read a paper on the Phenomena of Port- land and its neighbourhood — including the leading features of the District. The weather clearing up the party then proceeded to inspect a Barrow newly opened by Mr. Cunnington, at Upwey, on the property of Mr. Goodden ; three or four skeletons and two urns of great interest being brought to light. A paper was read here by Mr. Cunnington on his excavations at Maiden Castle, illustrated by drawings executed by Miss Cunnington. Among the objects then recorded was a Bronze of a Knight, curiously ornamented. On the return to "Weymouth, a paper by Dr.Yv. Smart, on the " Bockley or Bokerly D}-ke,"was accepted for publication in the Club's Proceedings ; as also was another by the Rev. 0. P. Cambridge, on " Megalithic Remains at Poxwell, Dorset," illustrated by a water-colour sketch by Mr. F. 0. P. Cambridge. The Secretary" then read a paper on '• Sphcerella Taxi," a new fungus attacking Yew Trees, and this brought the day's proceedings to a close. An Obituary notice, and portrait of our lamented Secretary, PROFESSOR BUCKMAN (whose unexpected decease we have to deplore in the midst of his editorial work on the present volume) will appear in vol. vii.— O.P.C. Proc Dorm* NH&A F Chub. Vol VL.ni. X Carter "Bros. Tttro. & 1£ remarks on the formation of New Specie PLATE I. By tho Rev. O. P. CAMBRIDGE, M.A. INGE my last communication, now just two years ago (Proc. Dors. N.H. & A.F. Club, vol iv., p. 147), but few additions have been made either to our Dorset or to the British List of Spiders. This is partly owing to my own leisure for field work having been since then much shortened, and my district having become pretty thoroughly worked out ; but chiefly, I think, it is due to the study and collecting of the Arancidca being still at a comparatively low ebb among our British Naturalists. I have, however, now to record and describe two species, which I believe to be new to science. These belong to the genus Neriene, Bl. ; one was found by myself at Bloxworth, the other by my nephew (F. 0. P. Cambridge) at Mawnan, in Cornwall. I have also to record the occurrence, for the first time as British, of a Salticid Spider, Dendryphantes hastatus, Clk. This fine addition to the British fauna was kindly sent to me from the neighbourhood of Norwich by Mr. James Edwards, in 1882. It was found by him on a fir tree, and as this situation appears to be that in which it is usually found in Germany (where it is an abundant spider), I should confidently expect to find it in the district in which we are now jnet, where waste ground and the Scotch fir are so abundant. 2 ON NEW AND KAR15 BiUTISH SPIDERS. Neriene decora. Cambr., and Lrepanodun obzcurus, Mcngo, are now also recorded for the first time as British, though whether the latter is really distinct from Neriene albipunctata, Cambr., is at present somewhat doubtful. In the list which follows will also bo found a record of the occurrence, for the most part in my own immediate neighbourhood, of various other rare, little known, or remarkable spiders, and it is with reference to two of these, Neriene atrat Bl., and Neriene errans, Bl., that I have ventured to make some remarks on the forma- tion, or more properly the evolution, of new species (vide postea, p. 4. and p. 9.). OEDEE AEANEIDEA. FAM. DRASSID^E. GENUS, PROSTHESIMA, L. Koch. PROSTHESIMA PEDESTRIS, C. L. Koch (Cambr. Spid. Dorset, p. 15.) On the 13th of June, 1883, I found an adult male of this dis- tinctly coloured species on the pathway between Berewood and Woodbury Hill. This is its first occurrence in this district. PROSTIIESIMA LATREILLII, C.L.Koch (Cambr. Spid. Dors. p. 421). An adult male of this rare species occurred under an old piece of turf on Bloxworth Heath on the 2nd June, 1884. GENUS, DRASSUS Walck. DRASSUS SILVESTRIS, BL, (Cambr. Spid. Dors. p. 460). „ nuswtus, Westr., (Ccmbr. Spid. Dors., p. 423). Among some spiders received from Mr. BlackwalFs collec- tion, since his decease, is the typo-specimen of Drassus silves- tris, which on comparison proves beyond a doubt its identity with D. infuscatus, Westr. This latter name therefore becomes a synonym. ON NEW AND RAKE BRITISH SPIDERS. DRASSUS BRACCATUS, L. Koch. ,, bulbifer, Cambr. Spiel. Dors., p. 18, and 570). An immature female of this distinctly marked species was sent to mo in 1883 by Dr. llorncr, of Toubridge, by whom it was found at Eastbourne, Sussex. GENUS, CLUBIONA Lair. CLUBIONA COSRULESCENS, L. Koch, Cambr., Spid. Dors., p. 29, and Proc., Dors. N.H. and A.F. Club, iv., p. 151. On the 26th May, 188-1, I found an adult male of this rare and remarkable spider among moss in Borowood : those before found were in the adult state in September. FAM. AGELENID^E. GENUS, CRYPIIOECA, Thorett. CRYPHOECA MOERENS, (Cambr., Spid. Dors., p. 59 arid 571). PI. 1, fig. 1. An immature female (the third specimen only as yet known), occurred among moss in Berewood on the 17th of April, 1883. As no figure as ever yet been published of this Spider, I have included it in the plate which accompanies the present record of its occurrence. GENUS, DREPANODUS Menge. (NERIENE, BL, — Cambr., ad partem.) DREPANODUS OBSCURUS, Menge 9 Adult females of what I believe to be this species were found by F. 0. P. Cambridge under stones and among seaweed on the shore at Polperro, Cornwall, in June, 1883. Its main diiferonco from D. (Nerienc) albipunctatus, Cambr. (Spid. Dors., p. 122), consists in the absence of white spots or markings on the upper side of the abdomen. 4 ON NEW AND BARE BRITISH SPIDERS. GENUS NERIENE, SI. NERIENE PROMISCUA, Cambr. (Spid. Dors., p. 482.) Two males wcro found by F. 0. P. Cambridge, among soa- weod on the shore at kighwater mark, at Polperro, Cornwall, in June, 1883. NERIENE ATRA, BL (Cambr., Spid. Dors., p. 106.) In the summer of 1883, Mr. F. M. Campbell pent to me from Hoddesdon an adult male spider, well developed and fully coloured, evidently nearly allied to Neriene atra, Bl., but differing from it in wanting the full characteristic development of the armature of the cephalothbrax and falces, as well as in the length and proportion of tho joints and apophyses of the palpi. I subsequently met with two other examples in the neighbour- hood of Bloxworth, showing a similar departure from these typical characters. Under ordinary circumstances tho differences above noted would have boon legitimately considered sufficient for the characteriza- tion of these examples as a new species, but having submitted one of them to Mons. Eugene Simon (one of the most experienced of living araneologists), ho agrees with me that it is only an abnormal, or not fully developed (though completely developed so far as its own individuality is considered), form of Neriene atra, Bl. I would now suggest that in very abundant species (like Neriene atra} the occasional occurrence of undeveloped individu- als pojnts to the probability of a now species in process of for- mation. Whatever the cause or causes may be of the present production, here and there, of such undeveloped examples, those causes may bo well supposed to continue, and very possibly to become intensfied ; the law of inheritance would then come in and operate in the same direction, and thus a more constant succession of such forms would be produced. For tho students therefore of tho future we may anticipate that there would bo a ON NEW AND RARE BRITISH SPlbERS. 5 group of individuals sufficiently dfstinct to tbo characterised ' by stated limits of form, structure, and probably colour, and thus readily separable from that type of which at present we consider the examples under consideration to be simply abnormal forms ; in other words a new species would have been produced, and its discoverer would be justified in so characterizing and describing it. The formation of now species is a subject of great interest as well as importance to Zoologists and Botanists. If the origin of species by evolution, whether practically carried out by natural selection or any other process (or as is most probable by that and other methods) be a true position, species are undoubt- edly still in course of formation. The groups of individuals in which we should expect to find the process going on are those called dominant ones; i. e. those which exceed others in the abun- dance, in the wide distribution and in the liability to variation, of their individual members, as also in their adaptability to very varied circumstances and surroundings. Hence, in dealing with such groups it is of great importance to obtain the longest possi- ble series of individuals of both sexes from evorj»kind of locality; to form, in fact, a collection on exactly the opposite principle to that on which some collectors of insects (notably, L"pidoptera,} used to form their collections, that is by discarding every speci- men of an acknowledged species which presented the least variation from the normal type, on the score that such specimens made the goodly rows in the cabinet look uneven and unsightly. Among spiders one of these dominant groups is certainly that which comprises Neriene atra, BL, N.longipalpis, Sund., and some others, more or less closely allied, forming in fact the restricted genus, Erigone (Sav.). Mr. J. H. Emerton, an American Arachnologist, sent to me some years ago from North America a largo number of spiders of this group indiscriminately col- >• •(! > . - . lected and all mixed together. After carefully examining every individual I came to the conclusion that there were among them several distinct forms, which I shortly afterwards described and v1 <^ characterised as distinct species ; but still a number of examples 6 ON NEW AND RARE BRITISH 8HIDERS. remained which I was quito unable to refer satisfactorily to either of these species, nor yet could I conscientiously characterise another species among them. More recently, Mr. Emerton, after careful examination of a much more extensive series of this group from the sa-uo locality, has come to the conclusion that it is impossible to separate them into satisfactory species, owing to the innumerable orrados of variation in form and structure existing atnon^ theui. H ) h-is consequently included the \vhole lot under one specific name, referring them all to Nerieue longi- palpis, Sund. (Vide "New England Tiieridiidce." by J. H. Emerton, Trans Conn : Acad. vi., p. 59,1882.) Evidently the formation of, probably, several species is actively going on in this group in North America. I believe the same result is in preparation in this group here in Europe, and indeed in Eng- land, though perhaps not so rapidly. What the eventual forms may be, which will at length become tolerably stable, it is impos- sible to conjecture. Another instance of this p/ocoss being at work is I conceive furnished in the cases of Linypliia errans, Bl., L.oblonga, Cambr., and L.lnccrtt id. NERIENE AFFINIS, BL (Cambr,, Spid. Dors., p. 114). Adfllts of both sexes of this rare and distinct spider have been lately found in a marshy spot near Hoddesdon, in spring and summer, by Mr. F. M. Campbell. NERIEXE CORNIGERA, Bl. (Cambr., Spid. Dors., p. 430). An adult male was found by my son, Arthur Wallace, among grabs near the iron fence of the lawn at Bloxworth Rectory, on the 12th of March, 1883. This capture is interesting as being in a locality so different from that in which the only other known (British) examples (four in number) have occurred. One of these, the type specimen, was found on a mountain in North Wales j the other three in a swamp near Bloxworth. ON NEW AND RAKE BRITISH SPIDERS. 7 NERIEXE REPROBA, (Cambr. Spid. Dors., p. 431). PI. 1 fig. 5. This spidor has again boon found (both sexes) under seaweed washed up on the seashore, near Whitenose, Dorsetshire, at the end of July, and in September. The female has not before been recorded. la general characters it differs but little from the male, but the eyes of ths hinder row appear to be equally separ- ated instead of the central pair being nearest to each other. The form of the genital aperture is characteristic, but requires au accurate magnifiel figure t't explain the difference from its near ally Neriene incrram, sp. n., described below. NBUIENB CLARIUI Cambr. (Spid. Dors., p. 119). Three adult males were swept off heather and rushes in a swampy situation near Bloxworth, on the 28th of May, 1884. Although a widely dispersed species it seems as yet to be of rare occui-rence. I have not yet detected the female. NERIEXE INERRAXS, sp. n. PI. 1, fig. 3. For a description of this very distinct species,., which is allied to the preceding (N. reproba, Cambr.} vide postea. p. 1 1. NERIENE DECORA, Cambr. (Spid. Dors. p. 492). PI. 1. fig. 4. An adult male of this spider (which is now recorded for the first iu Dorsetshire), occurred among herbage at Bloxworth in. the summer of 1883. NERIENE . SUBTILIS, Cambr. (Spid. Dors., p. 131). „ anomala, , Cajnbr (Spid. Dors. p. 133). I had long suspected that Neriene .anomala (Cambr.), a female spidor remarkable for the unusual tumidity of the digital joints of the palpi, was probably the female of N. subtilin, Cambr., but it was only during the season of 1882 that I obtained good evidence of the identity of the two. NERIENE FESTINANS, sp. nv PI. 1. fig. 2. For a description of this spider, which is nearly allied to the foregoing (N. stilt tit's, Cambr. J, vide postea. p. 13. 8 ON NEW AND RARE BRITISH SPIDERS. NERIENE NIGRICEBS, Camlr. (Spiel. Dors., p. 128). An example of this species was found at Bloxworth among heather, on June 1st, 1883, and another in June, 1884. Three have thus been found up to the present time. The last two examples were even more brightly and distinctly marked than the type. The caputand falces are sooty black; the sternum very bright orange-red, the palpi are browner than the legs ; the radial joints of the palpi are rather clavate, increasing in stout- ness from the posterior to the anterior extremity. Abdomen dull drab yellow-brownish ; height of the clypeus equal to half that of the facial space. The thoracic indentations are indicated by traces of black converging lines. : VVALOKEXAE:IA, BI. WALCKESAERA NEJIDRA.LIS, Bl. (Cam^r. Spid. Dors., p. 167). This very minute but distinct and remarkable little spider was rather abundant on iron railings, posts, and other situations at Bloxworth Rectory, in the Spring and early Summer of 1883. Up to that time it had always been a rare spider in this district. WALCKEXAERA LUDICRA, Camlr. ( Spid. Dors., p. 168). ,, penultima, Camlr. Ann and Mag. N. H January, 1882, p 7. PF. 1. fig. 4. After careful examination of the type specimen of W. penultima, Carnbr., Mons. Simon considers it to be an unde- veloped example of W. I'tdicra, Canibr., Agreeing withM. Simon that this is probably the case, I givo it here as a synonym of that species. WALCKENAERA SCADROSA, Camlr. (Spid. Dors., p. 143). An adult male of this, which is one of our rarest species, was swept off grass and other herbage at Bloxworth, on the 27th of May, 1884. I have also received it from Iloddesdon, from Mr. IT, M. Campbell, 6tf NEW AND RARE BRITISH SPIDERS. 0 WALCKEXAERASUBITANEA, (7<««Jr.(Spid. Dors., p. p 144 and 445.) This minute spider has occurred again twice since my last notice of it, each time in a fuel house, in May and October, 1882. GENUS : LTNYPHIA, La.tr . LIJTYPIIIA PRUDEXS, Catribr. (Spid. Dors., p. 45G). An adult male of this species (the second example only as yet met with in this district.) was found among moss in a wood at liloxworth, in the autumn of 1882. LINYPIIIA ERRANS, BL (Cambr., Spid. Dors., p. 204). „ ollonga, (Cambr., p. 204). ,, incerta, (Cambr., p. 205). Tt seems difficult to come to any other conclusion than that the three spiders above name I aro varieties of the first noted (L. errans, BL). Mr. F. M. Campbell has found at Hoddesdon, in Hertfordshire, numerous v examples, both males and females, in which the distinctive characters of the two latter species are so interchanged with those of L. errans that it is impossible to assign the individual in question with certainty to either of the three species. It is curious that as in regard to the species just now spoken of (Ncriene atra, 151), so here again the varying characters are not simply those accounted in most natural groups to be of specific value (such as colours and markings, in which much variability is often found and considered to be quite consistent with specific identity), but structural variations, such as in many groups would rank as of generic value. Here, however, in the case of Linyphia errans and the other two species mentioned, the varia- tion is found not in the palpi, nor in any thoracic armature, but in the size and position (both abso^te and relative) of the eyes. It appears to me that as noticed above in reference to some abnor- O Oft NEW AND RAKE BRITISH SHDEttS. mal forms of Neriene air a, Bl., herb1 we may probably have several species in process of formation. (For Mr. Campbell's notes on these spidors, see Trans. Hertfordshire Nat. His. Society, p. p. 263, 264.) Lynyphia errans was described by Mr. Blackball as a and was subsequently removed to the genus Linyphia by myself in consequence of its legs being armed with distinct, though slender, spines. There is, however, no doubt but that it should bo 'included, with many others, in the genus Microneta Menge In accordance with the evidence furnished by the series of examples found by Mr. Campbell the specific names of oblonga, a-nl inwrta become synonyms of Linyphia errans, Blackw. FAM. EPEIRID^E. GENUS SINQA, C. L. Koch. SINOA ALBOVITTATA Weftr. (Ccwibr., Spid. Dors., p. 252.) An adult male was found on heather, Bloxworth, on the 2nd of June, 1882, and another on the 10th of May, 1884. This pretty spider is not uncommon in the immature state in early autumn, but I have rarely found it adult. FAM. THOMISID^E. GENUS OXYPIILA, Sim. OXYPTILA BLACKWALLTI, Sim. (Cambr. Spid. Dors., p. 318). Adult females of this remarkable spider were found under stones at Polperro, Cornwall, by F. 0. P. Cambridge, in June, 1883. It may easily be l;nown by the stout clavato form of the hairs with which the cephalothorax and abdomen are furnished. OXYPTILA 8ANCTUA1UY, Ctimbr. (Spid. Dors., p. 319). Two ndult malos wore sent to me in 1883 by Dr. Homer, of Tonbridje, by whom tlvy were found at Eastbourne, Sussex. ON KJi\V ANJ) RARE BRITISH SflDEUS. 11 OXYPTILA SIMPLEX, Ccimlr. (Spid. Dors., p. 324). After an iutorval of several years, dining which I have not soon a single specimen, I have to-day (June 13, 1881) found an exceedingly well marked adult male on my lawn, at present the only known British locality for it. FAM. SALTICID^E. GENUS SALTICUS, Latr. (ad partem). SALTICUS FORMICARIUS, Walclc. (Cambr. Spid. Dors., p. 568). Dr. Ilornor, of Tonbridge, kindly sont to mo in a living state an adult female of this very rare spider, found by himself in September, 1882, secreted in a hollow bramble stem, at East- bourne, Sussex. DENDRYP u ANTES, C. L. Koch. DENDHYPIIANTES HASTATUS, C, Z. Koch. ,, Araneus hastatus Clerck, Sv. Spindl. p. 115.pl. 5. Tab. 11. An adult male of this species was forwarded to me among many other spiders from the neighbourhood of Norwich, by Mr. James Edwards, by whom it was found on a fir tree. This is its first record as a British spider. DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW SPECIES. FAM. THERIDIID^. GENUS NERIENE, Bl. NERIEVE INERRANS, sp. n, PI. 1. fig. M. Adult male, length 1 line. The cepludo-thorax is of thoorlinary oval form ; the profile from the anterior eyes to the hinder margin forms a nearly even curve, the occiput being slightly gibbous ; an 1 the height of the clypeus (which is nearly vertical to the plane of the cephalo- thorax) is equal to half that of the facial space. The normal indentations aie not very strongly marked, beiug chiefly iudi- 12 ON NEW AND RARE BRITISH SPIDERS. catod by blackish converging stripes, the ground colour being dark yellowish brown. The lateral marginal indentations tit the caput are very slight. The eyes are of moderate sizo, in two transverse curved rows, curved away from each other, i.e., the curve of the anterior row is directed forward, while that of the posterior row is directed backwards ; those of the posterior row are separated from each other by equal intervals of an eye's diameter ; the anterior row is shortest, and its two central eyes (the smallest and darkest of the eight) are nearly, if not quite, contiguous to each other. The four central ej'os form a square, whose anterior side is shortest, and those of each lateral pair are contiguous to each other, and placed obliquely on a black tubercle. The legs are rather slender, moderately long, 4, 1, 2, 3, of a reddish brown colour, the genual joints paler, furnished with hairs, bristles, one or two of which, on the femora and tibia? of the 3rd and 4th pairs, may be call cd slender spines. The falces are moderate in length and strength, nearly vertical, slightly divergent at their extremity, towards which, on the upper side at the inner margin, is a distinct but not very strong tooth. The maxilke are short and strong, obliquely terminated at the extremity on the outer side, and converging towards the labium, which is small and of a semicircular form. Sternnm large and heart-shaped. The colour of the falces, maxillfo, labium and sternum is dark yellow-brown tinged slightly with reddish, the sternum being darkest. The palpi are short, particularly the cubital joint ; the radial joint is much stronger than the cubital, of a rounded and spreading form, being, in fact somewhat bell-shaped, slightly and obtusely pointed in front at the middle of the anterior extremity. The digital joint is oval, of fair size, and a little prominent "aT the base on the outer side. The palpal organs are well developed, complex, one or two rather prominent processes (oue large and ON NEW AND RAIIE BRITISH SPIDERS. 13 curved), project underneath at their extremity; and at their base oil the outer side is a curved obtuse and tolerably con- spicuous one ; a corresponding process is found in numerous species of Neriene and Linypkia and I have always considered it to be attached to tho digital joint in connection, more or less close, with the palpal organs, but Mr. Emerton considers it to bo attached beneath the radial joint ; its form is always specific, and often affords one of the best distinguishing specific characters — nothing but a very accurate magnified drawing could satisfactor- ily explain the characteristic distinctions in the form of this pro- cess in different species. The palpi are similar to the legs in colour, excepting the radial and digital joints, which are strongly tinged with black-brown. The abdomen is oval, black, glossy, thinly clothed with fine hairs, and (in the male) projects scarcely at all over the base of the cephalo-thorax. Tho female only differs from the male in being slightly larger and the legs shorter; the impress, however, of the thoracic indentation appears stronger, so that there is a somewhat more notch-like impression when looked at in profile ; the form of the genital aperture is characteristic, but needs' the figure to explain it. The falces are straight and want the tooth in front. T hree males and two females were found by F. 0. P. Cam- bridge, under stones and seaweed at Mawnan, near Falmouth, in Cornwall. This spider appears to be nearly allied to Neriene reproba, Cambr. ; but the male differs in the structure of the palpi, and the female in that of the genital aperture. NERIENE FESTINANS, sp. n. PI. 1. fig. 2. Adult male, length one-tenth of an inch. The cephalo-thorax, lookedat directly from above,is very nearly round, but the clypeus projects at the lower margin in a blunt pointed form ; looked at in profile the caput is not raised above the thoracic level, but the profile line shews a distinct shallow notch or depression between the caput and thorax. It is of a dark yellow-brownish hue with a margin, converging lines and 14 OX NEW AND HAKE BRITISH SPIDERS. a patch at tho junction of tho caput and thorax of deep black- brown. The height of the clypeus considerably exceeds half that of the facial space. Ejes of moderate size and almost equal, placed on a rather compact trunsvorse-oval area ; those of tho posterior row are equally separated from each other, the intervals being very small, no more than half an eye's diameter. Legs moderately long, but not greatly different in length, slen- der, of a bright orange-rod colour, furnished with h lirs and a very few slender erect bristles; relative length, 4, 1, 2, 3. Palpi rather short, cubital an'l radial joints about equal in length, tho latter is strongest, the former being a little gibbous in front, where there is a prominent, slender, sinuous black bristle ; their colour is dark, especially the digital joint, which is nearly black; this joint has its posterior extremity prolonged into an obtusely-conical for.n flattened or rather concave on the outer side; looked at from tho outer side rather in front, this pro. longation has a longish slightly curved hornlike appearance- The palpal organs are comnlox and well developed, but tolerably compact. Falces short, perpendicular, weak, and similar in colour to the cephalo-thorax. Maxillae strong and straight, strongly inclined to the labium, and paler in colour, than the falces. Labium small, short and in tho form of a segment of a circle Abdomen short-oval considerably convex above, glossy black sparingly clothed with short hair^, an. I scarcely projesting over tho base of the cephalothorax. Sternum heart-shaped, shining, very convex above and similar in colour to tho cophalo-thorax. Tho fomale is a little larger than tho male and slightly less deep in colouring ; tho genital process is large and projects nearly perpendicularly from the surface of the abdomen — the palpi are black and the digital joint is a little incrassated. ON NEW AND HARE BRITISH SPIDERS. 15 This spider is allied to Neriene suit ills Cainbr., N, innotabilis id, and N. conigera id.froin all these however it differs in several well marked characters. From N. subtilu it may be distinguished by its much richer colouring, the far greater development of the conical process at the base of the digital joint of the palpus, and (in the female) by the much less incrassated digital joint, and the different form of the genit-il process and aperture. From N. innotabilis the equally separated eyes of the posterior row will at once distinguish it, as will also its much richer colouring. The less developed digital process of the male, and the less round form of the cephalo- thorax of N. innotabilis are also good dis- tinguishing characters, as well as the slenderer digital joint of the female palpus. From N. conigera, to which it is closely allied, it may be easily distinguished by its much larger size, brighter colouring, aul (in tb.3 fein.il •)) by a dlffaront form of the genital process; in all thesa species, however, this process is large, prom- inent, and very similar in general appearance. In the form of the palpi N. festinans bears very close resemblance to .2V. conigera Two males and a female were found among the decayed debris of a faggot rick at Bloxworth Rectory, on the 16th of June, 1883. LIST OF SPECIES ABOVE-NOTED AND DESCRIBED. FAM. DRASSIOZE. Prottthesima pedestris, C. L. Koch (p. 2). ,, Latreillii, L. Koch (p. 2). Drassus silvestris, Bl. (p. 2). ,. braccatus, L. Koch (p. 3). Clubiona coeridescem, L. Koch (p. 3). FAM. AGELENIDJ3. Cryphoeca moerens, Cambr. (p. 3. pi. 1, fig. 1). 10 OX NEW AND RARE BRITISH SPIDERS. FAM. TIIERIDIIDJE. Drepanodua olacurua. Menge (p. 3). Ncriene promiscua, Cambr. (p. 3). „ atra, Bl. (p. 4). „ affinis, Bl. (p. 6). „ eornigera. Bl. (p. 6). „ reproba, Cainbr. (p. 7, pi. 1, fig. 0). „ Clarkii, Cambr. (p. 7). ,, inerrans, sp. n. (p. 7 and 11, pi. 1, fig. 3). „ decora, Cambr. (p. 7, pi. 1, fig. 4). „ srtbtilis, Carabr. (p. 7). „ fcstinans, sp. n. (p. 7, and 13. pi. 1, fig. 2). „ nigriceps, Cambr. (p. 8). Walckenacra nemoralis, Bl. (p. 8). ,, ludicra, Cambr. (p. 8). ,, scalrosa, Cambr. (p. 8). ,, subitanea, Cambr. (p. 9). LinypJiia prudcns, Cumbr. (p. 9). „ errans, Bl. (p. 9). . FAM. EPEIRIDJE. Singa allot itlata, Westr. (p. 10). FAM. TIIOMISID^E. Oxyptila Blackwallii, Sim. (p. 10). ,, sanctuaria, Cambr. (p. 10). „ simplex, Cambr. (p. 11). PAM. SALTICIDJE. Salticus formicarius, \Valck. (p. 11). Dendryphantes hastatus, Clcrck. (p. 11). ON NEW AND BABE BEITISH SPIDEBS. 17 DESCKIPTION OF PLATE I. FIG. 1 . CrypJweca moerens, Cambr. ; a, adult female, magnified ; b, profile without legs ; c, eyes from above and behind ; d, maxillae and labium ; e, genital aperture j g, natural length of spider. 2. Neriene festinans, Cambr., sp. n. ; a, adult male, magni- fied ; b, profile without legs ; c, profile of abdomen (female) ; e, right palpus of male, from inner side, above and behind ; /, portion of left palpus from above above and behind ; d, natural length of male ; g, geni- tal aperture (female). 3. Neriene inerrans, Cambr., sp. n. ; a, adult male, magni- fied ; I, profile without legs ; c, caput from in front, showing the eyes ; d, right palpus from inner side ; e, genital aperture (female) ; /, natural length of spider. 4. Neriene decora, Cambr. ; a, adult male, magnified ; b, profile without legs ; c, eyes, and outline of lower part of clypeus, from above and behind ; d, 'left palpus, looking on the inner side sideways ; e, natural length of spider. 5. Neriene rcproba, Cambr. ; a, genital aperture (female) ; b, ditto viewed more horizontally. ERRATA AND COEEIGE1SDA. PAGE 2. — line 2 from top, insert after recorded, a comma, and the words " the latter." Line 3 „ for " the latter", read " it." Line 6 from bottom, for "nuscatus," read " infuscatus." PAGE 10. — Line 5 from top, for Lynyphia, read Linyphia, PAGE 56. — Line 1 1 from bottom, for forward, read formed. PAGE 71. — Line 3 from top, for newly, read nearly. PAGE 73. Line 4 from bottom, for wookwork, read woodwork. Line 14 from top, for Ugliest read lightest. 16 OX NEW AND IIAIIE BRITISH SPIDERS. FAM. TIIERIDIIDJE. Drepanodus obscurus, Menge (p. 3). Neriene promiscua, Cumbr. (p. 3). „ atra, Bl. (p. 4). „ affinis, Bl. (p. 6). „ cornigera, Bl. (p. 6). „ reproba, Cainbr. (p. 7, pi. 1, fig. 5). „ Clarkii, Cambr. (p. 7). ,, inerrans, sp. n. (p. 7 and 11, pi. 1, fig. 3). „ decora, Cambr. (p. 7, pi. 1, fig. 4). „ subtilis, Cambr. (p. 7). „ fcstinans, sp. n. (p. 7, and 13. pi. 1, fig. 2). „ nigriceps, Cambr. (p. 8). Walckenacra nemoralis, Bl. (p. 8), ,, ludicra, Cambr. (p. 8). ,, scabrosa, Cambr. (p. 8). ,, subitanea, Cambr. (p. 9). Linyplia prudcns, Cambr. (p. 9). ,, errans, Bl. (p. 9). FAM. EPEIRID.E. Sivga albovitlata, Westr. (p. 10). ON NEW AND BARE BRITISH SPIDERS. H DESCEIPTION OF PLATE I. FIG. 1 . Cryphoeca moerens, Cambr. ; a, adult female, magnified ; b, profile without legs ; c, eyes from above and behind ; d, maxillse and labium ; e, genital aperture ; g, natural length of spider. 2. Neriene festinans, Cambr., sp. n. ; a, adult male, magni- fied ; b, profile without legs ; c, profile of abdomen (female) ; e, right palpus of male, from inner side, above and behind ; /, portion of left palpus from above above and behind ; d, natural length of male ; g, geni- tal aperture (female). 3. Neriene inerrans, Cambr., sp. n. ; a, adult male, magni- fied ; b, profile without legs ; c, caput from in front, showing the eyes ; d, right palpus from inner side ; e, genital aperture (female) ; /, natural length of spider. 4. Neriene decora, Cambr. ; a, adult male, magnified ; b, profile without legs ; c, eyes, and outline of lower part of clypeus, from above and behind ; d, 'left palpus, looking on the inner side sideways ; e, natural length of spider. 5. Neriene reprola, Cambr. ; a, genital aperture (female) ; b} ditto viewed more horizontally. on fJ?e §nx>asion of oufJ?=12$esf of Britain WithLightfrom the British Chronicle, the Brut y Breninoedd. By W. BARNES, B.D. I HE Chronicle of the Kings is that on -which Geoffrey of Monmouth grounded his British History, which he has eked out with much fine writing that does not go to confirm the British Brut, and he has made a sad hash of the British names. Vespasian's inroad on the south-west shore of Britain, the land of the later kingdom of the West Saxons, cannot but be interesting to us, whose homes are now on the same ground. The Roman writers have left a very short history of it, while it is BO markworthy that we may wish to know more of it. Suetonius, A.D. 92. 15 (Vesp. 4), says : — «' Claudio Principe Narcissi gratid legatus legionis in Germaniam missus est (Yespasianus) made in Britanniam translatus, tricies cum hoste conflixit duas validissimas gentes, super que vigint oppida, et insulam Vectem Britannise proximam in ditionem redegit, partim Auli Plautii, legati consularis, partim Claudii ipsius ductu." Suetonius (A.D. 120): — "Under the Emperor Claudius, by the favour of Narcissus, Vespasian was sent as legate of a legion into Germany, and thence was transferred to Britain. He fought thirty times with the foe, and brought two very strong tribes, besides twenty strongholds and the Isle of Wight, very near to Britain, into homage (to the Roman power) A STUDY ON THE INVASION OF BRITAIN, &C. 19 partly by the leading of Aulus Plautius and partly by that of Claudius himself." Tacitus V. H. (A.D. 95) :— " Divus Claudius auctor operis, transvectis legionibus auxilis que et adsumpto npartem rerum Vespasiano, quod initium venturse mox fortunse fuit. Domitse gentes, captireges, monstratus satis Vespasianus.'' "Claudius was the author of the undertaking, legions' "and auxiliaries being brought over, and Vespasian being taken into a share of the work, which was the beginning of a soon coming good fortune. Tribes were overcome, Kings were taken, and Vespasian was clearly enough shown forth as a general. Eutropius (A.D. 360): — "Vespasianus huic (Vitellio) successit, privata vita illustris, ut qui Claudio in Germaniam, demde in Britanniam missus, tricies et bis, cum hoste conflixit, duas validissirnas gentes, viginti oppida, insulam Vectem Britanniee proximam Imperio Romano adjecerit." " Vespasian followed this man (Vitellius), illustrious in his private life, as one who, being sent by Claudius into Germany and then into Britain, fought thirty-two times with the foe, and add,ed two very strong tribes. 20 strongholds, and the Isle of Wight, very near to Britain, to the Roman Empire." Richard of Cirencester gives by name %e very strong tribes, whom, as we are told by the Latin writers, Vespasian overcame, the Belgse and Damnonii (R. of Cirenc., Bk, 2, ci., xiv.), and we can find reasons for the truth of this part of his history. Now. Roman history does not tell us where Ves- pasian landed or first fought with the Britains, or where was the first stronghold that he took, or who were the Kings whom he brought into homage to the Roman power ; put it may be worth while to see what light may be cast on these points by British history, as in the " Brut y Brenninoedd " — Chronicle of the Kings. Some classical scholars may be ready to believe that where British history tells of things of which Roman writers have also spoken, and does not wholly confirm them, the Roman history is the true one and that the British must be untrue, wherever it does not match the Latin truth so taken, but in war- fare, as in other matters, all tribes of men are wont to make before the world the best of their doings and misdoings. If 20 A STUDY ON THE INVASION OF THE on-comers against a stronghold were to find its fire too hot to withstand, and to betake themselves back out of its reach, they might say they had withdrawn for strategical purposes, and the defenders might say they had repulsed them with loss. Csesar says that in his lighting with the Britons on his march against Cassibelaunus, a great nnmber of them being slain (magno numero eorunvinterfecto) they fled, but he does not say that he lost a man, or that one Roman was pricked even through the skin with a British spear. On either side it is not uncom- monly said that their own loss is slight, but that of the other very severe, rather than that their own loss was heavy, what- ever that of the other might have been, or that the loss of the foe was small. To get the truth we should hear both sides, and it seems that where British chronicles would be reasonable with- out any Roman or Saxon history against them, it would not be unwise to give them a fair allowance for some share of the differ- ence. In the Chronicle of the Kings (Brut y Breninydd) we are told that at the time of the invasion of Britain by Ves- pasian, the Head King of 'Britain (Unben Prydain) was Gweyrydd, from whom, to understand the case more clearly, we should go back to the time of Caswallawn, the Cassibelaunus of Caesar's Commentaries. Csesar (Comm. Lib., v. 21) says that Mandubratius, a young man, son of Imanuentius, Prince of the Trinobantes (Londoners), who had been slain by Cas- wallawn, had fled to Csesar in Gaul to seek help against hin , and that he (Csesar), upon receiving of some hostages sent to the Trinobantes a force of men with their young Prince, and this will stand good with Csesar' s commentary that Caswallawn had built his stronghold for home wars. It would seem, how- ever, that although Csesar had forbidden Caswallawn to make war on Mandubratius, he must, after Csesar had left Britain, have driven him out, and put up in his stead his own nephew Avarwy, who is given by the Brut to the Prince of the Trino- bantes, and he was at some timo at the court of Caswallawn with his nephew Cahelm, where was also Hirlas, nephew of the king. Hirlas tilted with Cyhelin and happened to kill him. SOUTH-WEST OF BRITAIN BY VESPASIAN. 21 Then there was wrangling with Caswallawn and Avarwy on the point of jurisdiction for the trying of Hirlas for man- slaughter, if not nmrder, whether he should be tried in the jurisdiction of Avarwy (the Trinobantes) or that of Caswallawn (the Cassii), and it was followed by a deadly feud and even war, as Caswallawn beset London, and unhappily Avarwy sent over to Gaul to ask Csesar for help. Hence Avarwy is called in a historial triad one of the three traitors of the Island of Britain , Gwrteyrn (our Vortigern), who called in the Angles, being another. The Brut says when Caesar came again to Britain, Caswallawn was besetting London, and went to meet him in a woody glen near Canterbury, which may mean that he went to his stronghold at St. Albans, an " oppiduin," as Csesar says, " sylvis et paludibus munitum" (Comm. v., 11). Though some may not call St. Albans near to Canterbury, but two or three days' march may not have been thought very far by the writer of the chronicle, or he might not have known how far London and St. Albans were asunder. When peace had been made between Csesar and Caswallawn, Avarwy withdrew to Home, and not unwisely so, as he could hardly be free of peril from the true-hearted Britons, who had marked him by the name Bradwr (traitor), for having called the Romans into Britain. Avarwy having left Britain was followed in the kingship by Teneuvan, son of Ludd, Prince of Cornwall. He seems to have been a king of Romanish mind, and his son Cynvelyn (the Cunobelinus of Latin writers) is said to have been bred up at Rome by Ceesar, and to have paid willingly the Eoman tribute. Gwydir and Gweirydd were sons of Cynvelyn (Cunobelinus). Gwydir, after the death of his father, took the headship, and withheld the Eoman tribute, and Claudius Caesar was sent against him, and beset Caer Peris (the British stronghold at Porchester), and Gwydir withstood the Romans, but was slain. His brother Gweyrydd fought on a while, but was overcome by the Romans, and they took the caor, and he withdrew to Winchester, whither Claudius followedhim, and after a while peace was made between them, and it is clear from what followed afterwards that he 22 A STUDY ON TUB INVASION OF THE became tributary to Eome, and Claudius went home. The Brut says that when Claudius made peace with Gweyrydd he promised to give him a daughter of his to wife, and afterwards fulfilled his promise. It does not seem beyond belief that he might have given him a daughter born to him in the time of his earlier and lower rank of life. He was fifty years old when he took the purple (Eutropius), and was not a very good or high-minded man, and his Imperial wife Agrippiua poisoned him. We learn from Suetonius that Claudius had children by three wives. By Urgulanilla, Drusus and Claudius, by Pelina Antonia, by Messalina Octavia, and a son whom he at first called Germanicus} and then Britannicus. Now the copy of the Brut called the " Brut Tyssilio " does not give the name of the daughter whom Claudius gave to Gweyrydd, but I find from a note by the editor of an English version of it that a Welsh copy (in the Welsh Archaeology and called the Brut Grussudd Arthur, calls her Genuylles. But Lo Genuylles, in which the u has taken the stead of an n, is clearly a British common noun, now written Gennilles, which means simply a young nymph, young lady or maiden, and was only an epithet for her, and could not have been her Eoman name, which might have been Claudia or Antonia, or Octavia, though she might have been like many other brides and Gen- nilles, a young nymph, or young lady. Geoffrey, of Monmouth, wrote from a source with another form of the name, which he gives as Genuissa. Nor is it very wonderful that he should thus win a friend to the Romans in Gweirydd. It seems to me to be a fair step for a further footing of the Romans in the land thus to win a son-in-law who was prince of the south-west of Britain and emperor of the whole island. Of the wedlock of a Roman nobleman (Pudens) with a British lady, most likely a princess of the king of Caractacus, Gwladys Rhyffydd, called by the Romans Claudia Ruffina, we have a witness in Martial, who wrote two epigrams on their union. By the Brut we are told that after Claudius had given his daughter to Gweyrydd he built a city (a Roman castra) on the Severn, which from his name was called Claudia castra, in British Caer Gloew (Glouces- SOUTH-WEST OF BRITAIN BY VESPASIAN. 23 ter), on the boundary between England and Wales. Why in the world, you may say, did Claudius build a Roman temple for Grweyrydd, a Briton of the Druidic faith ? Well, I suppose he built it for his daughter, the wife of Gweyrydd, that she might enjoy Romish worship here in Britain. Then some while after Claudius had left Britain Q-weyrydd withheld the Roman tribute, which very likely he could not readily get from his Britons, who did not feel at all the happier for his homage to Claudius, and therefore Claudius sent Vespasian against his Princedom. The Brut says that Vespasian tried to land at Rutupia (Richborough), and nothing can be more likely than that he would try to put in there. He came from Germany, and to wage war against Britons, and surely with a fleet of galleys, with a legion of about three or four thousand Romans, and about as many auxiliaries, he must have wished, ere he could launch into war- fare, to fit his ships and to ship stores for his host of men, and where could he look for his new outfit better than at the Roman keyhaven to Britain ? as was Csesarea to Judea — Rutupia or Richborough. Then it is said that he was kept from landing by a strong force led on by Q-weyrydd, then the Unben (head- king) of Britain, and so, therefore, he made for Totness, where he landed and immediately fell on Caer Penhuylcoet. It does not say that Vespasian landed his men and that they fought at Rutupia, and whether or not they withdrew from fear of the Britons may be tried by the knowledge that comers and keepers, as we have already said, make the best of their case, and the Britons might have too readily believed that the Romans went down the Channel from fear of them, though I do not believe that Vespasian meant to bring war against the Britons of Kent, with whom Claudius had no feud. Albeit Q-weyrdd was head among the princes of Britain, " Primus inter pares," he had, like each of the others, a princedom of his own, and while he withheld the tribute for his own land, we may believe that he left others, as the Kentish princes, to pay it as freely as they would ; and if we can find where was his princedom, we can see where Vespasian would go to strike his stroke of war. Now, as 24 A STUDY ON THE INVASION OF THE we have already shown, Gweyrydd was the son of Cynvelyn (Cunobelinus), who was sou of Teneuvan, Prince of Cornwall, and so it is clear enough that Gweyrydd was Prince of Cornwall ; but the dukedom of Cornwall so called was very broad ; taking in the shire of Cornwall (Cernew), and Devon (Dyvnamt), and Dorset, with some share of Somerset, the immense arm of Britain, as Richard of Cirencester calls it, that reaches from Dorset to Land's End. So in the lolo MS. in a list of territories or possessions, Devon (Dyvnamt) and Cornwall (Cernew) are put as one territory, reaching from Artlechwedd Galedm, and along the mid-seas to the British Channel (Mor Udd, main sea), and therefore Vespasian came away from the Roman Rutupia to strike Gweyrydd in the side on the shore of South-west Britain. As Vespasian might or would have known of the wrecking of some of the ships of Julius Ceesar on an open shore in Kent, so he might well have chosen the shores of Totness, where the broad estuary of the Dart might hold his empty galleys on smooth water, while his men would be on shore in warfare. Geoffrey of Monmouth says that the Saxons who had come down to the south from the north of Britain, and whom King Arthur had overcome at Bath, had landed at Totness. The Brut says that peace was made between Vespasian and Gweyrydd by the intercession of the Queen, which matches with the history of the Brut already quoted, that his Queen was a daughter of Claudius, a Eoman lady, and she therefore, like one of the Sabine wives in the early days of Rome, made peace between her own kin and that of her husband. Nor is it wonderful that such a Roman lady should so far play the office of a Sabine bride as to try to make peace between her British husband and her own people through Vespasian, a Roman ? By the Brut again, as soon as Gweyrydd was told of this onslaught of Vespasian at Totness he made his way for Penhwylcott, and reached it on the seventh day, and began a bloody but bootless battle, in which he was overpowered by the number of the Romans. Now, some may believe that Gweyrydd was at Ruputia (Richborough), when he was told of Vespasian's landing on the shore of Totness, and SOUTH-WEST OF BBITAIN BY VESPASIAN. 25 therefore lie could not have marched to him in seven days, bu there is no need of our believing that he was there, as there were other places, at one of which he might have been, but there was only one whence he could march to Totness in seven days. In the lolo Manuscripts (p. 63) among some laws of kinship is one (I know not whether it is of the early time of Gweyrydd) that the main kingly residences of the head-king (Unben) of Britain, were the cities of London, Caerlion on Usk, and York, in each of which places he had a right to a national palace, just as the President of the United States has a right to the White- house. All these places, however, are too far away for such a march to Totness. Where was he, then, you may ask ? I answer at home — at Caer Gloew (Gloucester), which I believe is about 120 miles from Dartmouth, and a march of seven days at about 17 miles a day would bring him to the shore of Totness as the Brut says it did. After the peace, says the Brut, .Gwey- rydd and Vespasian went together to London. Why to London ? Because we have seen it was one, and tho main one, of the triad of the head-king's abodes, where he might veil wish to lay matters before a national convention. When winter came on Vespasian went back to Italy, having already sworn Gweyrydd to stedfast fealty to Rome. Gweyrydd would surely have a home in his own dominion in the west, and we have many very clear marks which, together, becomes proof that it was Caer Gloew (Gloucester) where he was buried, and where Claudius is said to have built a temple, which might well have been the Roman temple in which he was buried, and this matches with the his- tory that he wedded a daughter of Claudius, who might have built it for his daughter's use in Roman worship, and that he was there buried with his w ife. The form and later history of Gloucester would match very well with the British history that it was founded by Claudius, since it was a Roman castra with a vallum of four sides and a gate in each, and became a Roman colony, and, i may be one, of the earliest in Britain ; and what is more likely than that a Roma^ colony should be settled at Gloucester, so that 26 A STUDY ON THE IXVASIOX OF THE the Roman Queen of Gweyrydd shall have a Roman population roun d her, or that her husband should give the land for it. Geoffrey says that Vespasian landed on the shore or beach of Totness, and I am kindly told by a gentleman of Totness ? Edward Wyndeatt, Esq., that Totness shore does not necessarily refer to the town of Totness. Totness shore included the whole district, stretching from Barryhead to the Boll, and it seems probable that as Prawle point, once thought the most southern point of England, lies in these boundaries, that the origina Totness is to be found in this headland, and thus the whole coast was named from it. In the course of time the name was. confined to its chief town. This is very likely, but Totnes, English, could not have been the old British name of the town, for Totnes must have been a ness, a headland, as Sheerness, and tot is the short form of the S omerset toot, Dorset tout, a spy or watch or outlook hill, and, therefore, could not have been given at first to the ground of Totnes town, but must have been taken from a true Totness or outlook headland. The Brut does net say that Yespasian marched to Caerpenhwylcoit, but that on landing he immediately beset it, as if it was close at hand. The copies of the Brut differ in the name of the hill where the Romans first fought with the Britons. In one it is " Pensaulcoit," and in another "Penhwylcoit," and neither "sawl " nor "hwyl" can be the true word, as neither of them is of any good meaning for the spot. Geoffrey calls it Caerpenhuelgoit (now Exeter). He is right as to goit for coit in the compound word, but wrong as to Totness, which was not Exeter, " Caeresc." I believe that hill, the Pen to have been the true Totness or watch or outlook promontory down on the seashore, and that its true name was " Penwylcoit," " wyl," the soft form of "gwyl," meaning a watch, and grammatically it is the soft form which ought to come in its place in the compound word "penwyl" after " pen," and so penwylcoit would mean the "watch hill wood," and "penwyl" would have the meaning of the Saxon " Totness," " Toutness," the watch hill or promontory, and I believe it was the Totness (Toutness), and that a later copier had SOUTH-WEST OF BKITAIN BY VESPASIAN. 27 slipped in the then well known Saxon name for the British one although he called the stronghold by the old British name. The word"gwyl" (wyl), and its verb "gwylio" are commonly used in the "Welsh Testament for a " watch" and " To watch." In the 16th Iter of Antonine the Roman Station in the stead of the town which is now called Totness is called Durius (Dwr.), the water, meaning the broad estuary of the Dart to which the Latin writer put on the words Amnis, a river, to show that the water was not the open sea. Some Antiquaries, a,e they may have gone over the Downs of Dorset, and have come upon one of its many earthworks of sundry kinds, may have thought that they had found one ortwoof Vespasian' scamps, and itmaybe well to bear in mind in what points such a camp should match a Eoman castra of Vespasian's time. (1.) A camp of Vespasian should and would have been roomy enough for his men ; one legion and the body of Auxiliaries ; and a legion (as would be found in a dictionary of Eoman antiquities) would have been three or four thousand men, who would have a helping force of about as many men with some cavalry. (2.) The earthwork should be of the then common shape — a parallelogram with four gates, one on each side. (3.) It should bear the tokens of Eoman handiwork in finish and straightness of line. (4.) It should be near to water. A body of eight thousand men would hardly cast up a high mound (castra) a mile or two from any water, or stream, or spring. An Indian officer once told me that a man who went ahead of a force to mark out their camp for the night forgot water, and the weary any thirsty men, on reaching their so thought place of rest and refreshment, had, to their sorrow, to march on again over the Beaban (waterless land). And it would hardly be wise to overlook the question whether Vespa- sian, in his seemingly fast marh, cast up strong earthworks for a night's halt. As he took one after another of the British earthworks he had]each of them that he took for his own use. " What is in a name ?" has been asked. Well, sometimes much weight, of which the name Gwydir has some with me. Gwyder means water-ground or water-land, and there is a place 28 'A STUDY ON THE INVASION OF BRITAIN, _&C. so called in Wales, but it seems that the earlier name of Glas- tonbury was Gwydir ; now the Britons often took their names from those of the places of their birth, or home, or of lands belong- ing to their kindred, as now are wont to do the Welsh Bards and the name Gwydir seems to me to be a token that Glastonbury as Gwydir gave name to the King Gwydir, and that it betokens that he was of the kindred of a Prince of the West of Britain- Glastonbury was in early times an island of waterland. ""Youss-Wydir," and it is likely that the early Italian mission- aries who settled there brought with them some choice apple trees, whence it was afterwards called "Ynys Avallon," the Island of Apples. " Hirlas," again, the name of the nephew of Casibelamus, although it may seem a queer one for a man, was taken from that of thehighly rated " Hirlas-horn." It means "Long blue," and the Hirlas Mead-horn was so called as it was made of the horn of the buffalo, chosen for its size and the blueness of its hue. Such names as these, of true British shape and meaning, are tokens of truth in the chronicle. It is not easy to see the true "British names under the Latin forms in which Geoffrey of Monmouth has put them. He calls Hirlas Hirelglas (las is the soft-horn of glas), but whence he got el, or what meaning it can ha?e in the name, I cannot see. Cyhelyn, the nephew of Avarwy, he calls Evelinus, and in his seemingly too free paraphrase of the chronicle, on the tilting match, he names dvarwy as Androgeus ; a name that can hardly oust Avarwy from the triad of the three traitors of Britain. I cannot make anything of Androgeus as Welsh, unless the an is the old Celtic definite article an ; which lingered in the British of Cornwall, as it lingei's in Irish, so that the name might be a nickname," Andrwg," The " Bad (man,) '' as the Britons thought him to be. He makes Gweyrydd to have been the Ac-vicagus of Csesar, which has been an open question, wanting more attention. ff>e Recurrence of t$e in By Professor J. BUCKMAN, F.L.S., F.G.S. N the 16th of May of the present year (1884) Mr. Masters, my Bailiff, brought me a pair of birds which he had shot on my farm, thinking that they were the young of the Peewit. I soon however determined that they were specimens of the Dotterel Charadrius. morinellus and know- ing their rarity and that they would not stop in the neighbour- hood, I directed that a sharp look out should be kept for any more, in consequence of which three additional specimens were brought to me in the afternoon. As this is only about the second time that this bird has been taken in Dorset, I am anxious to correct an error which some have fallen into namely, that of confounding this bird with the Charadrius hiaticula the ringed plover: Dottrell (sic) of Gould. The following is a description by Mr. Heynsham of a young female ; Forehead, throat, sides of face, cream-yellow, covered with small spots and fine streaks of greyish-brown, crown of the head, occiput and also the feathers on the back, dark brown, all more or less broadly edged with buff orange. Scapulars and wing-coverts olive green, deeply edged with red- dish white ; tail the same, finely margined with white, the centre feathers broadly tipped with reddish white, and the three lateral ones on each side ending in a large irregular whitish spot. Sides of the neck, flanks, and a broad band above each eye, buff orange, the former finely streaked with greyish brown, breast cinereous, slightly tinged with reddish white, and marked on each side with large spots of olive green. Belly, white, 30 ON THE OCCURRENCE OF THE DOTTEREL IN DORSET. finely spotted here and there with greyish brown. Bill, black, Irides dark brown. Legs, pale olive green, soles, bright yellow." We extract the following from the same volume, as it appears to us to be the best description we have seen of this rare and interesting bird. * " The Dotterel is a summer visitor only to this country. Making its appearance in the South-eastern Counties of Eng- land towards the end of April, and does not seem to go in any numbers for the westward. Mr. Thompson says it is a rare visitant to Ireland, it has not been seen more than once or twice in Cornwall, and only occasionally in Devonshire and Dorset- shire. In Wiltshire, Berkshire, Hertfordshire, Cambridgeshire, Suffolk and Norfolk, small flocks, or trips as they are called, of Dotterel are seen in the spring on Iheir way to their breeding ground, which, in many instances, is very far north, and those, or others, are again seen in the autumn on their return, their numbers then reinforced by the addition of the young birds of the year. On the chalk hills about Eoyston on the borders of Hertfordshire and Cambridgeshire, these birds have been observed for many years to rnaks their first appearance in each season by the 20th of April'; they are seen for about ten days some probably moving on to the northward, and their places being supplied for a time by other arrivals from the south. They are found generally on the fallows, or newly ploughed lands near the edge of the downs, or sheep walks, where they appear to feed on worms, slugs, insects, and their larvse. From these counties the birds pass on to more northern localities, and are seen in Lincolnshire, Derbyshire, Yorkshire, Lancashire, West- moreland, Cumberland, Northumberland, and various parts of Scotland, always inhabiting high ground. They are generally seen in these northern districts in May. Dr. Beck, of Copenhagen, told me that the Dotterel pass the islands at the mouth of Baltic about the first of June, and dis- perse over Scandinavia. Professor Wilson mentions their * Yarrell's British Birds, TO!, ii., p. 400. ON THE OCCURRENCE OF THE DOTTEREL IIT DORSET. 31 annual visit to Sweden. Mr. Hewitson saw some on the ploughed fields of Norway. Linnaeus says they are frequent in Dalecarlia and the Lapland Alps, and they are known to go as high as the sixty-seventh degree of north latitude. They are said to breed also in Russia, Siberia, and Northern Asia. The best accounts of the habits of this species at its breeding ground, h as been supplied by T. C. Hey sham, Esq., of Carlisle, from which the following is an extracts — "I will] now narrate, says this gentleman, as succinctly as possible what has fallen under my own observation relative to the habits and economy of this bird. In the neighbourhood of Carlisle, Dotterels seldom make their appearance before the middle of May, about which time they are occasionally seen in different localities, in flocks which vary in number from five to fifteen, and almost invariably resort to heaths, barren pastures, fallow grounds, &c., in open and exposed situations, where they continue if unmolested, from ten days to a fortnight , and then return to the mountains in the vicinity of the lakes to breed. The most favourite breeding haunts of these birds are always near to or on the summits of the of the highest mountains particularly those that are densely covered with the woolly fringe-moss, Irichostomum lanuginosum, Hedw., which indeed grows more or less profusely, on nearly all the most elevated parts of the alpine districts. In the lonely places they constantly reside the whole of the breeding-season, a considerable part of the time enveloped in clouds, and almost daily drenched with rain or wetting mists, so extremely pre- valent in these dreary regions, and there can be little doubt that it is owing to this peculiar feature in their economy that they have remained so long in obscurity during the period of incuba- tion. The Dotterel is by no means a solitary bird at this time, as a few pairs usually associate together, and live to all appear- ance in the greatest harmony. These birds do not make any nests, but deposit their eggs, which seldom exceed three in number, in a small cavity on dry ground covered with vegetation* and generally near a moderate size stone, or fragment of rock. In early seasons old females will occasionally be^in to lay their 32 ON THE OCCURRENCE OF THE DOTTEREL IN DORSET. eggs about the 26th of May, but the greater part seldom com- mence before the first or second week in June. It would appear, however, from the following facts, that they vary exceedingly in this respect. On the 19th July, 1833, a perfect egg was taken out of a female, which had been recently killed on Kobinson, and on the 26th of May, 1834, I received four Dotterels from Kes- wick, which had been shot on Great Gravel the day before. In the ovary of one of these I found an egg almost quite ready for exclusion, being a difference of nearly eight weeks. So great a discrepancy in all probability is of rare occurrence, yet it will subsequently appear that eggs recently laid, and a young bird a few days old, were found on the same day, at no great distance from each other. The males assist the females in the incubation of their eggs. How long incubation continues I have not yet been able to ascertain, but I am inclined to think that it rarely lasts much longer than eighteen or twenty days. A week or two previous to their departure, they congregate in flocks, and con- tinue together until they finally leave this country, which takes place sometimes during the latter part of August, at others not before the beginning ' of September. A few birds no doubt are occasionally seen after this period, but they are either late broods, or birds that are returning from more northern latitudes. This autumn I visited several breeding-stations on the 25th of August and again on the 2nd of September, but in neither instance could I observe a single individual." * * Ibid., vol. ii., pp. 392-5. By Rev. W. BARNES, B.D. E can hardly take up the early history of British Dorset, without finding that we bring under our niinds the neighbours of the Durotriges, the Belgse. of whom we should wish to know something. Caesar says that the inland part of Britain was inhabited by a home-born and home-sprung race, and the seaboard by those who for the sake of booty and warfare had come over from the Belgse. CAESAR, Comm., L.V., c. 12. Britanniae pars interior ab iis incolitur quos natos in Insula ipsa memoria prodittum dicunt ; maritima pars ab iis qui prae- dse ac belli inferendi causa ex Belgis transierant, qui omnes fere iis nominibus civitatum appeileantur quibus orti ex civitatibus eo pervenerunt, et bello inlato ibi remanserunt, atque agros colere coeperunt. Caesar writes also that the Belgse from whom Belgse came into Britain, held one of the three shares of Gaul, and were sun- dered from the true Gauls by the rivers Matrona (Marne) and Sequana (Seine). They were a hardy people as being farther from the Roman Province of Gaul, and had less commerce with chapmen of Roman luxuries, and wore near the (Teutonic) Ger- mans beyond the Rhine, with whom they were wont to war. Now Ptolemy puts the Belgse in Britain below the '• Atre- bates"and " Cantii " of Kent, but above the Durotriges of Dorset, and, gives as their main towns, Ischalis, Bath, and 4 A STUDY ON THE BELG.E IN SOUTH BEIT ATS. Winchester, and thence we may infer that they would have first taken the shore of Hampshire. Richard of Cirencester gives "Ischalis" with Glastonbury, and seemingly Bath to the Hedui so that they must have been of the Belgic kin. Now were these Belgae who won a footing in Britain of Cel- tic or Teutonic blood ? I hold they were Celtic, or so far so, that the Teutonic kin was soon lost in the Celtic. Richard of Cirencester says that they had sprang from the "Belgae" and "Celts" (Gauls) of Belgium, and so to Ms mind there were two races in Belgium, and by Belgse he must mean the Teutonic, not Celtic Belgae, as I believe they were. But what means the name of Belgse ? Men of Belgium it may be said, but I hold that the name Belgae gave the name Belgium to the land, and was not taken from it. The land known to the Romans as Belgium, was, as it has been in later times, one in which the two races, Celtic and Teutonic met in a very rough unfriendly edge; the line of the onpus?hing of the Teutonic . Belgae into the Celts. When Csesar wrote that the Belgee differed from the Celtfe (Gauls) in speech, customs, and laws, he most likely had in his mind, the Teutonic kin, who were indeed the first and true Belgte ; for the name Belga seems clearly to be a Celtic one which he had heard among the Gauls. Belg, in Welch is an outbreaking, or ravaging, or raid ; and Belgiad. or Belgwys, means outbreakers or ravagers, or plun- derers ; a name by which the Celtae would hardly call themselves if it had been true for them, but one by which they would very likely call the Teutons, who were wont to worry them by raids. But it does not seem that the British Belgee,o.s Csesar calls them, since they had come over to Britain from the Belgae as a share of Gaul, were the Belgse so called by the Gauls, that is to say Teutons, but they were, I believe, of the Celtic stock of the two- kinned Belgium. A French writer* says that the truest distinction that one can * "Histoire de Belgigue," Tour n a. A STUDY ON THE BELG;TI IN SOtTTH BRITAIN. 35 make of the ancient Belgium, is that of the north, the German (Teuton) kin, and the south the Gaulish kin. The Teutons, the true Belgee of Csesar's Belgium might have become in Caesar's time the stronger folk, and might have spread the name of Belgium over some of the Gallic lands, into which they had made way. Of 3 Historical Triads of inroads of tribes into Britain TRIAD i. is '• The 3 Friendly Tribes of the Isle of Britain. 1. The Cymry. 2. The Lloegrwys who came from Gwasgwyn (Gascony.) 3. The Brython or Britons so called in French and Inglish who came from the land of Armorica or Britanny." They were all three of one kin and speech, and came in paace and good will. Their offspring were the main bady of the Britanni of the Horn an writers. The " Lloegrwys" ara understool to have settle! in our Bag- land, which the Welsh call " Lloegr ; " and to have been " Ligurians" from " Liguria" and men of the Celtiberians or Celts of the Basin of the Iberus or Ebros. Tacitus believed that the face hue, and curly hair of theSiluresin Wales betokened that they had sprung from the Iberians or Celtibarins of Spun, bat this d>33 not st.ial with the opinion that they were " Lloegr \vys " who settled in Lloegr (England). TRIAD n. The 3 Tribes that came into Britain, and afterward went again hence. 1. The men of Lychlyn. 2. The hosts of Ganvel, the Irishman, who were here 29 years. „ ( The Crosariad \ or Romans TRIAD in. The 3 tribes who came to Britain and stayed on, and never 36 A STUDY ON THE BELGyH IN SOUTH BRITAIN. went hence again. 1. The Coraniaid. 2. The Irish Picts. 3. The Saxons. Now since we clearly understand that the Belgae were a tribe who settled in Britain, and never went hence again, we must see that they ought to have come into the Triad III., but they are not in that Triad by the name of Belgje, nor are there at all unless they were the Coraniaid, and I do not think it unlikely, but believe, that they were so, and were Gaulish Celts, and of the stock of the Walloons of our days. But why did not the Britons call them " Belgoe?" Because either they did not know the name which was given to them by the Gauls, or else they were not of the race so called by the Gauls ; the Teutonic race. Why did the Britons call them " Coraniaid?" I am told by a lady who lived for some years among the Walloons, that they are very dwarfish folks, but no less clever. Strabo (L. iiii.) says of the Britons that they were taller than the Gauls, and that he had himself seen at Eome very tall young men (Britains) half a foot higher than the home born Romans. So that the Britons might have been very ready to call Walloons, unwelcome as they felt them in Britain, the Dwarfish, set, Y Coraniaid." In Celtic Welsh " Cor " means a Dwarf, and "Goran," Dwarfish, and "Coraniaid" would mean the Dwarfish folks, or set. The Walloon speech is clearly, as is the French, a tongue shapen by the grafting of Latin, on a Celtic stock of speech, and not a Teutonic one, and there is nothing in the writings of the Hornans to show that they found in the south of Britain in Hants or Wilts or elsewhere a people whom they must have marked as Teutonic Belgians, or such as they could not take for Britains of the common Celtic stamp. The leaders A STUDY ON THE BELQ^I IN SOUTH BKITAIN. 37 with whom they fought and the strongholds which they won are named by the words which are clearly, in body, words of Celtic speech, and the anomymous geographer of Ravenna gives a long list of towns in Britain, and some of them in Belgic Britain, under Latin forms of British ones, but none of them of Teu- tonic ones ; and it is not said anywhere in the chronicles, or other writings of the Saxons, that, in their fightings with Islanders, in Wessex, they met with a folk other than Celtic Britons, or with men of a speech akin to their own. Whether they fought in Hants, Wilts, or Somerset, or elsewhere, they fought with the Weallas, as they called the Britons, so that we have no ground for believing that there were any Teutonic Belgae above Dorset. Our word Welsh for the Cymry is a Teutonic one meaning foreign. S. Welisc ] Waelisc j Ger Welsch \ Walsh ) The Germans call French or Italian, Welsh, and, in Dorset, walnut is welshnut. Caesar V. 12 says that the Belgee who settled in Britain began to till the ground. These landtilling Belgso could hardly be the Teutonic ones, who by Csesar (Com. L. 1.) and other authorities, were very rough and warlike, and the least civilized of the tribes of Gaul, and so cannot seem to have given themselves to tillage. Strabo sets the Belgse between the Rhone and the Loire, and says with Caesar that they were brave, and wore a rough little cloak or mantle. " Laene," Lien, Welsh. The Lat. Laena. These Belgse were surely Celtic as is thus shown by the Celtic name of their mantle, y Lien, as the Welsh might now call it ; and it is markworthy that the Gaul who is carved as before his hut on the Antonine column at Rome is given, as clad in a tunic with such a little cloke or mantle, a Lien ? hanging over his shoulder. It was therefore a Gaulish robe, and so a strong token that those Belgaj were Gauls and not Teutons. 38 A STUDY OX THE BELGJE IN SOUTH BB1TAIX. Some have quoted a Welsh tradition that Coraniaid came to Britain from "Pwyll," which others have thought to mean "Poland," a most wild opinion. I have not the Welsh words, but it they are " Odd bwyll," the grammatical soft form of " Odd pywll," they would seemingly mean "From force" rather than from Poland, for a meaning of Pwyll is a driving force, such as might be called that of the Teutonic race on the Gauls, and the Celtic Belgae might have fled to Britain from the oppression of the German Belgse who pushed them from the north, and in Britain they themselves brought on the Britons the oppression which is called in a Triad the oppression of the Coraniaid. A his- torical triad, speaks of three oppressions. That of 1 , the Coraniaid ; 2, the Romans ; 3, the Saxons. Some Belgians fled to Britain from political vengeance in the time of Csesar. Csesar, B. G. II., 14. A triad tells of three outfarings of British forces for warfare, the first of which weakened the Britons so much as to give a chance to the Coraniaid for their inroad and oppression. Caesar, B. G.,IV., says that he hastened to go on into Britain because he understood that in almost all the Gallic wars, forces were afforded thence to the Gauls, a proof that Britons of that time bore their weapons out of Britain. The Coranians are said in the magic tales for children The Mabinogion (vol. HI., 3 00) to have been one of three plagues of Britain, and the tale adds that their knowledge was such that there was no talk in Britain so low, but that if the wind took it to them did not become known to them. This betokens only a tradition that they were keen witted and clever. It is said in the Greal (not the San Greal) that their coin was, Arian Cor, Dwarf's money, whatever that may mean, unless it means the Coianians' money. Ceesar (B. V., 12) says that nearly all of the Belgic settlers in Britain were called by the tribe-names " Nominibuscivitatum," of the tribes from which they had sprung in Gaul. This should be re- ceived warily, as there were cases of two tribes, one in Britain and the other in Gaul, of the same name from other causes than that of kindred. Geoffrey calls the Belgse in Britain Allobroges, and Ceesar calls a tribe on the continent AUobroges, what then ? 4 STUDY ON THE BELONG IN SOUTH BRITAIN. 39 Allobroges is a Latin form of a Celtic \vord meaning simply foreigners : All-bro-og, of another land, whether of another race or not, foreigners to some Celtic folk who called them so. The Allobroges (Belgse) were foreigners to the Britons, and the Swiss Allobroges were foreigners to the Gauls. There were Atrebates, so-called in Britain, and in Artois in Gaul, but not in Belgium ; but the A-trebates were so-called as it is pretty clear from the Celtic for villages. In Welsh "y Trevydd." The villages of a thick population in rich open land and no-few- folked wood or marsh. Treviri is a name of much the like meaning ; Trevwyr, the village men. The Dnvotriges of Dorset were sometimes called Mouni, and there were Morini so called in Gaul, and if they were Belgse, yet the Durotriges were not, and Morini betokens that they were so called as dwelling Ar y Morin, By the Little sea at Ware- ham in Britain. The names of the sundry tribes of the Belgre of Gaul do not show themselves in those of the Belgic tribes in Britain. The Hedui or Haedui of Somerset seem to have been a Belgic tribe, but theHaeduior Iledui of Gaul were not so, and if they had been their name is clearly Celtic, and they might have dwelt on a Heddwy, a Smooth or gliding water. The main cities of the Belgse in Britain were Caerwent (1), (Yenta Belgarum ; (2), Win. Chester (2) Ischalis and (3), Caer Baddon, or y. Baddon, Bath, but if the Belgse, founded and first so named those places, they must have been so far Celtic as the Cymry of Wales, who had, as they still have, a Caerwent (Venta Siluruni) in Wales. Ischalis sounds very strongly of Esc., the West British for a stream or water,or " Escol,"Waterly, but not of Teutonic speech, and "Caer Baddon," the stronghold of the Baths, and "Nant badden," the Dell of the Baths, for the dell of the Avon from Bath towards Bristol, is pure British. If the Belgae found Winchester or any other place with a Celtic name, "Caerwent," as that of Caer- went in Wales, or Caer Odor yn nant Baddon, for Clifton, meaning the stronghold of the split in the dell 40 A STUDY ON THE BELG^E IN SOUTH BRITAIN. of the Bathe, so they kept it ; though it seems (from the Cornoak or British of the West of Britain) the tongue of Lloegr under the force of inbrought speech, albeit it was Celtic, was worn off somewhat from the Cym- ric of Wales, if we may take that as the purer form of the Cel- tic of Britain. One may see that there were Morini in Gallic Belgium and that the British Durotriges, or those of their mother-town, were Morini, and believe the Durotriges were Belgae. But they were not. The Belgae did not hold Dorset. If you look through the list of place names, in that of the Anonymous Geographer of Ravenna, you find that, whether they are the names of places belonging to the dominion of the Belgae or elsewhere, they are Latin forms of Celtic British and not Teutonic words. Some Welsh traditions give down that some Coraniaid settled on the North-eastern shore of Britain. The upshot then to which I bring myself is that the Belgae of Britain were, like the Britons themselves, a Celtic and not a Teutonic race, Walloons, and that after a while they so far min- gled with the Britons that the Saxons never marked them from the other Britons of the South. .A. LIETTIEIR, To the Rev. W. BARNES, B.D., On his Paper Entitled totirn 0rt the ladvlen 0r §0theiien 65 O ^*—^ *^ ^— ^ ^ n //? £/?e Proceedings of the Field Club, Vol. 5. By Dr. WAKE SMART. DEAR SIR, • AVING given in time past a good deal of con- sideration to this subject, and more recently having read your paper with great and renewed interest, I feel constrained to offer you a few remarks thereon, with special reference to those points on which we agree, as well as those which we differ; but, in the first place, I beg to assure you that any statement which falls from your pen I receive with unfeigned respect ; and, knowing that the elucidation of facts, without which no theory, however specious, can be of any real value, is equally your desire as it is my own, I am sure you will at once give me credit for the motive that induces me to address you. BOOKLET, or BOCKERLEY DYKE is a great work, differing in no essential respect from other earthworks of similar construction, attributed usually, and justly so, to the great Keltic race. In its course of some three miles across the open Down, it is seen to make three or four wide angles, the reason 42 A STUDY ON BOOKLET DYKE, AND OTHERS IN DORSET. for which is not very obvious or intelligible ; but I have no doubt may be explained by the fact, that it is easier to raise a vallum of considerable height, by scarping the sloping sides of hills, than by digging a deep trench and thro wing up the soil along the level line of its course. Stukeley makes this observation in repect to Wansdyke '• it makes several right angles to humour the edges of the other hills . . the vallum is always on the South side." * I am quite of your opinion that Bockley dyke was never intended to be a defensive work, in the military sense, for it would have been next to an impossibility to defend such an extended frontier ; but, on the other hand, that it was a territorial bound- ary, raised for the purpose of keeping flocks and herds within bounds ; and at the same time presenting a formidable obstacle to any marauding parties who might be urged with predatory designs on them. Last Autumn I made a visit to the Dyke with the express purpose of examining more particularly that remarkable spur which you mention as being connected with it. This spur consists, as you know, of a vallum and ditch extending at right angles to the main work a length of 57 yards, across a strip of the Down-land, and ending in what was formerly a cop- pice, within my own remembrance, but now is cultivated land. There is a sharp declivity into it, which is, no doubt the "dingle" you allude to. I measured and examined this earthwork very particularly, and have no hesitation in saying, that it differs in nothing, save that of being two or three feet lower, from the main work from which it takes its rise : and I believe it to have been made by the same people, at the same time, and for the same purpose, viz., to afford security to their cattle. Indeed it is manifest that they would not be secure without it ; therefore there is no mystery, as it appears to me in respect to its origin and use. The ditch is here on the West side, to protect the pasture on the East. Fanciful Etymology has been busy with the names BOCKLEY *Iter Curiosum. Iter vi., p. 142. A STUDY ON BOCKLEY DYKE, AND OTHERS IN DORSET. 43 or BOCKEKLEY. Mature reflection convinces me that we shall find the true etymon in Anglo-Saxon, and not elsewhere. The Saxon words buc, bucca, the male deer, and in the plural number, would in the speech of the Ceorl soon drift into bok, boker, which is the pronunciation now heard in the Teutonic speech of Germany and Holland : and I think we have proof of the same in the Saxon speech of England. For instance ; the Manor of Buckingham in Sussex was in documents 4 Hen. IV., written Bokingham ; * and the family of Buckenham of Norfolk were in those days Bokenham or Bockenhain. Bokley or Bockerley, compounded of Bok and hag, points clearly to the fact that tuis Keltic earth- work was thrown across a tract of land, which, in early times became a favourite resort and feeding ground of the Fallow- deer, that harboured in the adjoining coverts, and were pre- served by the King or Nobility for their recreation. The Saxons did not construct the Dyke, or any part of it, but found it there and named it Bockley dyke, the dyke of the deer pasture. I do not think it was of any special protection to those animals, for the deer would roam at large at their will on both sides of the dyke, through the gaps in it, and find their own favourite feeding ground. I should say that when the dyke was origin- ally made, fallow-deer were probably unknown in these woods, although some remains of antlers have been, perhaps, found in the Keltic tuinali ; but, the short-horned native ox, and the breed of sheep which survives even to this day, with its Portland and Heath varieties, were those denizens of the soil which called for this protection by the Keltic tribes. I may further remark, that Bockley has its synonym in Buck- ley, a well-known surname, that follows the analogy of other surnames of like import, as, " Cow-ley " ; "Ox-ley" " Uors-ley " ; " Ship (Sheep) ley " ; in which we get the name of the animal with its pasture-ground conjoined. The etymology of " Vindoyladta " seems to be still a moot point. I felt quite satisfied with your former suggestion tha * Notes and Queries 6th, S. vi,, 318. 44 A STUDY ON BOCKLEY DYKE, AND OTHERS IN DORSET. the Latinized word " Oladia " represents the Keltic " Gledd,^ an open pasture, or greensward. It seemed to answer all the requirements of the Etymologist. It applies to the whole as well as part of that open pasture which extends from Badbury to Bock- ley and beyond it. I felt persuaded that I could recognise in that Keltic word our English " glade " ; for this tract of pas- ture land, bounded on the West by extensive woodland, and on the East by other woods, and the stream, which having its head- springs in the very heart of the pasture, flews on to its confluence with the Stour, some ten or twelve miles distant, may with a little exaggeration he called a " glade " on a large scale. The Prefix '* Vindo " illustrates the way in which the Romans treated Keltic words, when it suited their purpose, the original word being unquestionably " Gwyn" or " Wyn" " Fw," " bright," " clear,1' which might be applied to the stream as well as to the pasture. But there can be no doubt that " Gwyn" or " Wyn" was the name originally given to Drayton's "cleere Allin," and there- fore '' Vindogladia " may be reasonably interpreted as meaning " The Pasture-land by the river Wyn." Allow me to say. I do not think you get a better footing for the Etymology by changing your stand-point to " Ventageladia." I must remind you that this word is not to be found in the genuine text of Antonine's Itinerary ; but you get it in that corrupt version which has been falsely ascribed to " Richard of Cirencester." It is simply one of the forger's many clever inventions which have deceived Sir R. Colt Hoare, and many others before and after him, to the great detriment of Archaeological Science. The old- est and best codices of Antoninus, in The Vatican library and elsewhere, have been subjected to critical examination aud colla- tion, with this result, that " Vindogladia is the correct reading of this Station in his 15th Iter. Allow me to say, I do not think you get a step nearer to the true site of the Roman Station by placing it any where near Bockley Dyke. Before I close my letter I wish to offer a few remarks on the A STUDY ON BOCKLEY DYKE, AND OTHERS IN DORSET. 45 tribes who inhabited this district, and constructed this earthwork* In so doing I may be rather tedious, as it is necessary to go back to primeval times, and to refer to the very alphabet of our science. It is admitted that, at a very remote and 'unknown date, our shores were thickly peopled by tribes who, having migrated hither from Gaul, in time overspread the whole country. They are regarded as the Brythonic branch of the great Keltic race > to whom are attributed our round Barrows, and the entrench- ments which crown some of our hills. In the second Century of our sera, Ptolemy wrote of them and called some of them Dourotriges distinguishing them clearly from the Dun- monii, on the one hand and the Belgae, on the other. No doubt they were very nearly allied to the latter people, without being identical with them. These, according to Caesar, had passed over from Gaul and settled on our South Eastern shores, whence in time they extended, it is said, over Hants, Wilts, and a part of Somerset. They were, perhaps, a later immigration than the Keltse, though still of a very early date. Both Belgse and Kel- tse were people of the Bronze Age. By a calculation I have made from 160 tumuli in Mr. Warne's " Celtic Tumuli of Dor- set" 9 per cent, of these were found to contain Bronze dagger- blades ; whilst from Barrows opened by Sir R. C. Hoare around Stonehenge, a much higher percentage of Bronze blades has been calculated ; indeed it is said, "no other tumuli in England have been so productive of bronze dagger.blades, as those of Wilt- shire." * From these facts we infer that the Belgse of Wilts, being of later date, were more advanced in culture and in the knowledge of the use of Bronze than the Keltse, the Durotri- ges, of the South West, in pre-Eomau times. This inference receives also further proof from a comparison of the Tumuli ; many of which in Dorset are very primitive ; the pottery found in them being of the coarsest and most friable texture, and the incinerated bones often deposited in a mere hole scooped out in * Mr. E. Stevens, Jottings, p. 136. 46 A STtfDY Off BOOKLET DYKE, A*f±> OTHERS IJT DORSET. .the ground, and accompanied with very rudely fashioned imple- ments and weapons of flint. This may mark, I think, a higher grade of antiquity. But many of the barrows in Wilts and Dor- set are perfectly alike in their construction and in their contents, Cremation of the body is the rule in them all ; * inhumation being subordinate, though both methods of disposing of the dead were contemporaneous, being often found together. In 500 interments from the 160 Barrows alluded to in Mr. Warne's bock, I have calculated that 63 per cent, were with cremation ; 36 per cent, with simple inhumation. Both Keltse and Belgse were conquered by Vespasian, f But these Brythonic or Keltic tribes, when they arrived on our shores did not find an uninhabited country; it was already peopled by another, if not two other races of much higher antiquity than themselves. These were the Long-bar- row folk, and the builders of the Stone monuments, monoliths, circles, and cromlechs, who, taken together may he classified as the people of our Stone Age, the Aborigines of our Island, whose origin and advent are involved in profound obscurity. Neither of these peoples, or races, seems to have existed on our shores in large numbers, for our Long-barrows are but few in the districts bordering the coast ; and the remains of half a dozen Cromlechs, and as many stone circles and mono- liths are all that bear testimony in our day to the existence of the latter people. We must go into the Wilds cf Dartmoor, to Cornwall, Wales and Brittany to know what these stone-builders were ; not forgetting, however, those grand circles at Avebury in Wiltshire, presumably Druidical temples, and the cromlechs and monoliths found there, where the land yields the requisite material without necessitating the labour of quarrying. These Stone-builders are usually denominated the Goidelic or Gaelic *This rule does not apply to the Long-barrows, in which evidence of cre- mation is rare ; inhumation i« the rule in them. t " Duas Validifsimas gentep. . in ditionem redeeit " Suet :— Who were they if not thoee mentioned in the text ? A SftfDY Otf BOOKLET DYtfE, AND OTHERS Itf DORSET. 44 branch of the Keltic stock, — the elder branch. But I venture t contend that we are not in a position to define their racial affinity which can be done only by the scientific examination of their osseous remains. To shew our ignorance in this matter, I may mention that the late Dr. Thurnam informed me, he had seen only three skulls, which were sent to him by their discoverer the late Eev. W. C. Lukis, from cromlechs in & uernsey and Herm, and these were so fragmentary that accurate measurement was impossible, but they appeared to be " dolichocephalous " (the elongate type of skull). The Eev. W. C. Lukis, F.S.A., who is well known for his acquaintance with the dolmens of Brittany, has also informed me, that the data necessary for determining the skull-form are not to be found in the Museums there. The determination of this point makes an earnest appeal to Anthro- pological research. But as regards the Long-barrow folk and the Brythonic Kelt80) their osteology has been submitted to anatomical examination with striking results. The former, who are denominated Ileri, conjecturally an Iberian race, are of the most remote antiquity and unknown origin, totally distinct from the round-barrow race in their osteological characters, and whose grave-mounds have never produced a trace of metal, and very little of any other kind of artistic fabrication. Their skeletons are of low stature, small, boned, and skulls of elongate type with well-formed features > whilst those of the Keltic are tall, big-boned, with skulls of short or broad type fbrachycephalic] and coarse features with negro-like projecting facial angle. They are manifestly two dis- tinct races. I imagine that their habits and customs corresponded with the differences of their respective organization, and that the former may have been a quiet, peaceful, pastoral people, whilst the latter were barbarous, fierce, and warlike — " gens aspera, audax, bellicosa "* I think I see this in the fact, that the Long- barrows are always found in or near the borders of pasture-land, and never, to my knowledge, in the Heath and Moorland, where Justin, 1 24. 48 A STUDY ON BOOKLET DYKE, AXD OTHERS IN DORSET. pasturage is scanty and difficult. On the other hand, we see the round barrows plentiful there as every where besides, denoting a people for whom the savage and predatory life of the hunter had more charms than that of the herdsman and shep- herd. The Durotrigas, i.e., Keltse, were an aggressive race. We may take it for granted that as their numbers increased and spread abroad they would gradually dispossess the Aborigines of their native lands. These being a comparatively weak race, of pastoral habits, would soon yield in the contest with a fierce and warlike people. The conquest no doubt was easy, and the Keltic thus gradually expelled the Aboriginal tribes from the Southern districts further and still further Northwards, con- structing boundary lines and barriers against them as these con- quests advanced. The first note-worthy earthwork indicative of this conquest is to be seen on the Down between Whitchurch and Blandford, called Coombs Ditch. My friend the late Mr. Shipp informed me that " it may be first noticed on the Downs North of Clenstone, and it proceeds in a S.E. direction tc Great Colwood, bounding it on the West side ; and thence descends into the Winterborne valley, disappearing a little East of Win- terborne Thompson. On the S. of Colwood it is intersected by the Via Iceniana, and appears lowered to the level of the Boman road. It consists of a single bank and ditch, the latter being on the N. and N.E. sides. It is very perfect in many parts; averages about 6 feet in height, and 12 to 24 feet broad. It has no pretension to the strength of Bockley, and could never have been intended as a defensive work alone. Its length is about six miles, and pointing in the direction, may justify the statement made by Master Feld to old Leland, "that a very long ditch run- neth to Lytchett Matravers." Its construction is similar to that of Bockley, and if of inferior dimensions, it is evident that so much strength was not needed to secure the territory thus acquired by easy conquest from the Aboriginal tribes. It is certain that they did not people the district between the coast A STUDY ON BOCKLEY DYKE, AND OTHERS IN DORSET. 49 and the river Stour in large numbers, for there are but few Long- barrows to be seen within it. The Durotriges raised this pro- tective boundary line, and to give still greater security to their conquest they raised the strong Camps of Hod Hill and Hameldon, and Badbury, to command the principal fords of the Stour, whilst their progress was still Northwards. On the N. of the Stour, beyond Blandford, many fine examples of the Long Barrow are to be seen on the Downs, at Pimperne, Chettle, Gus- sage, Handley, Woodyates, indicating that those parts were numerously peopled by the Aborigines. Here the process of expulsion or extermination became, in consequence, a more diffi- cult task ; but, when at length accomplished, Bockley dyke was dug, to be a protective boundary to these territorial acquisitions' and a barrier against the predatory incursions of hostile" neighbours. We cross this boundary, and are now in "Wiltshire. Soon after passing the village of Martin we enter on a tract of land, now partially cultivated, where we again see several Long-barrows, not of great size like the former, but with them tell- ingthe old story of Aboriginal occupation. These are seen in a tri" angular space, which is here three or four miles in breadth- bounded on theW. by Grhnsditch, and on the E. by an earthworl like it, both consisting of two low banks with an intervening ditch. The latter earthwork Sir E. Colt. Hoare was pleased to consider a branch of the Dyke.* ; it certainly abuts on the Dyke on the top of Blagdon Hill, but I fail to perceive the grounds for his opinion, or any feature in common between them. Its course may be traced to the strong Keltic fortress at Whitsbury, and thence to the Avon. Both this and Grimsditch appear to me to be lines of British trackway, or roads, leading from the extent sive hunting grounds, and pasture lands on this side, as well as from the important Keltic settlement on Gussage Cow Down, to the fords on the Avon at Charford and Britford, which are undor the protection of the Camp on Clearbury Hill above Downtoia. *4ncient Wilts. Sir R. C. 50 A STUDY ON BOCKLEY DYKE, AND OTHERS IN DOUSET. These earthworks are most probably of later date than Bockley dyke. Having now crossed the Avon and passed the strong oppidum of Old Sarum, which originally commanded the ancient fords of the river below, we soon enter on that magnificent Plain, or Pasture land, which extends thirty miles in almost unbroken continuity to the North of Wiltshire ; an expanse of country dear to every true Archaeological student. Here wo find again the Long-barrow ; in fact is said, " in no county of England are Long-barrows so numerous as in Wiltshire : * and here are also innumerable round-barrows of the Bronze Age; and here too are earthworks ; notably that one extending between Groveley Wood and Woodsford, which Stukeley reckoned in the same category with Coombs Ditch, Bockley, and Wansdyke.f I fully accept the worthy doctor's systematic arrangement, but not the theory by which he attempts to explain it. Nevertheless I believe that the same expulsive process directed against the Aborigines, was carried on here by the Belgae, as by the Duro- triges on the other side of Bockley, forcing the Aborigines fur- ther and further towards the North, where the Belgse raised against them that great boundary line and barrier, the Wans_ dyke, which runs from the border of Wilts and Berks to the Severn, and is so similar to Bockley Dyke that one might imagine the latter to have been taken for its model ! We cross it; and four miles beyond its border we find ourselves in the presence of the great Circles of Avebury, with attendant Crom- lechs, Monoliths, Long and Chambered Tumuli crowding around, indicative of a long period of repose and unmolested occupancy ; and bearing testimony at this distant day to the high and mysterious antiquity of these Aboriginal races! — This is the territory of the Dobuni. I might enlarge on this interesting subject, but refrain ; the object I have in view being simply to suggest a theoretical * Mr. Stevens. Jottings, p. 106. t Iter Curiosum. Iter VI. and vii. A STUDY ON BQCKLEY DYKE, AND OTHERS IN DORSET. 51 explanation, perhaps a novel one, of the circumstances which led to the construction of Bockley Dyke, and other allied earthworks ; with some notice of the ancient people by whom they were planned and executed. I beg to remain, Dear Sir, Very truly yours T. W. W. SMART. Cranborne, June, By Professor J. BUCKMAN, F.L.S-, F.G.S., &c. J TIRING my residence at Bradford I have for some years observed that a certain yew tree was attacked by a minute fungus, by which the mature leaves become brown and withered, with the result that the trees look shabby, and it certainly retards their growth, and threatens great mischief to a tree always considered wonderfully free from Doth fungus and insect attacks. In reference to this epiphyte, I found it was first pointed out by the Hon. and Rev. E. T. Boscawen, and it is described as follows : SPHCERBLLA TAXI, Cooke. Gard. Chronicle. " Epiphyllous, perethecia gregarious, occupying the whole surface of the leaves, black, slightly prominent, asci cylindrical ; sporidia elliptical, apparently uniseptate when mature."— On Leaves of Taxus, Cornwall, Hon. and Rev. E. T. Boscmven* This seems to have been the result of a communication to Grevillea in 1878, which was perhaps the year in which Mr. Boscawen first noticed this epiphyte in Cornwall. I have noticed it for tho last four or five years in Dorset, and more recently in Somerset, so that the affection is spreading, and it is probable that it will not be long before it spreads over the country. It will be a pity if it should spread to any large extent, as it * Grevillea, vol. vi., pp. 128-1878, ON SPHCERELLA TAXI. 53 will make a tree dissightly. wliich was formerly remarkable for freedom from attacks of this kind. As yet no remedy has been proposed for this attack, but we feel sure that raking the trees with a very fine tooth rake to gef off the dead leaves, then sweeping them up carefully, will tend to mitigate the pest ; this should be done as early as April before the new buds appear. We append the following drawing with details by Mr. Cocte which has been obligingly lent to us by the editor of he Gardener's Chronicle. X-IO X-400 X-IOOO SPHCERELLA TAXI, FROM A YEW TREE AT BRADFORD ABBAS. Details. — A branch of the infected tree natural size. A portion of leaf magnified ten times. 64 ON SPH(ERELLA TAXf. Perithecia or blackened putale, magnified 100 times. Sporidia, magnified 400 times. Spores, magnified 1,000 times. i n at THE DRUID'S TEMPLE, OR DRUIDIGAL CIRCLE. By the Rev. O. P. CAMBRIDGE, M.A., &c, &c. m SSESSING little or no antiquarian knowledge, I feel that some apology is due from me to the members of our Club for bringing before them the subject of these ancient remains at Poxwell, I trust, however, that my presumption will be excused when I explain that my object is simply to ask you to accept, for insertion in some future volume of our Proceedings, a very accurate sketch made of them last summer by my nephew. Frederick 0. P. Cambridge, on a visit made to the spot in com- pany with myself. To this sketch I have also added a few notes as to the present state of the '• Druids Temple " or " Circle," and a reference to what has already been published upon it. I am not aware that any pictorial sketch has ever been published on these remains, though there is an accurate ground plan in " Some Account of the Megalithic remains in South Dorset." by Mr. E. H. W. Dunkin (Eeliquary Quarterly Archaeological Journal and Review, January 1871) where they are described and their probable origin also fully discussed. The spot on which the " Druids Temple " is seated is a very picturesque one commanding a fine view of part of Portland, Weymouth Bay, West Bay, and the Chesil Bank; and it 56 MEGALITttIC REMAINS AT POXWELL, DORSET. secmcu to me that a sketch of what remains of it, in situ, would make a note on its present condition of greater interest to those of our members who may never have had an opportunity of visiting the place. It is now just 110 years ago since Hutchins in his History of Dorset, vol. L, p. 151 (1774) wrote his des- cription of the Poxwell "Circle," which has always been known in my own family (who have been the owners of the property for many generations past) as the " Druid's Temple." Mr. Dunkin, however, is of opinion that this name (or rather the kindred one) " Druidical Circle" is inappropriate, and that it is the remains of " a Sepulchral Memorial." Of course I am unable to offer any opinion on this. Hutchins says nothing on the point ; nor does he, indeed, give it any name. His descrip- tion is, however, very accurate, and the whole is, for the most part, in the same state as when he wrote the History of Dorset, though the surrounding " ditch," of which he speaks, has almost disappeared, and I could not satisfactorily make out the '• four pretty large stones about 200 yards distance on the N.E. and E," which he surmises may " have formed another larger circle, or an avenue to the former.'' It is very likely, however, that these four stones have been displaced since Hutchins' days, as there are at present several stones, partly imbedded in the turf, but still more or less visible above ground, in the same direction, though no more than from 26 to 60 yards distant from the complete circle, and not, apparently, now so situated as to give the least idea of having forward either part of a larger circle or the remains of an avenue. Mr. Dunkin only notices one (the largest) of these stones, which meas ares now five feet in length. I ought to mention that about half a mile or so N.E. of the "Circle," quite on the other side of the ridge, are four other large stones, from three to four feet in height (or length) lying now in confusion, having been evidently sub- jected to more or less recent disturbance. Neither Hutchins nor Mr. Dunkin appears to have noticed these, which possibly may have once formed part of a Cromlech. I have not attempted any detailed description of the "Druids Temple." as HEGALITHIC HEMAIXS AT POXWELL, DORSET. 57 that of Hutcliins, which is subjoined in a note* is exceedingly accurate, and will apply to its present condition, excepting with regard to the " four stones at 200 yards distance " above noted, and the almost complete disappearance of the "ditch." With reference to the question whether the Poxwell circle is sepulchral or sacrificial it is probable that a slight excavation of the centre, carefully made, would settle the point. Mr. Dunkin suggests this in the paper above quoted. It is believed that no such excavation has ever been made, and as it could be effected without in any way destroying the external appearance of the circle it is hoped that the owner's consent may be obtained some day to carry out this interesting and, from an antiquarian point of view, important work. *A quarter of a mile S.E. of Poxwell House, near to the great road to Weymouth. are 15 stones ranged in a circular form ; one or two seem ini.-s- ing on the N.W. where, perhaps, was the entrance. Some of them are quite level with, and some but little above the surface of the ground ; two of them, on the S.W. above two feet, and broad, some scarce a feot high. They are all extremely old, rough, and ii regular, and full of holes worn by the weather. They stand on a lump, round which are the remains of a small ditch, and are four yards and a half in diameter. Eight or nine paces from this circle are three or four erect stones, which seem the remains of another circle. About 200 yards distance on the N.E. and E. are four pretty large stones which perhaps formed another larger circle, or an avenue to the former." on fJ?e of By J. 0. MANSEL PLEYDELL, Esq., P.G.S. El !•] physical features of the Isle of Portland and neighbourhood have long attracted attention* Delabeche, Buckland, Prestwich, Cooke, Godwin- Austen, Bristow, Whittaker, Osmond Fisher, Damon, and others have laboriously worked to elucidate the phenomena of the Chesil Bank, the raised beach and drifts of the neighbourhood. In 1853 Mr. Coode, now Sir John Coode, read a paper before the Institution of Civil Engineers, in which he describes the Chesil Bank as a vast mound shingle, in the form uf a narrow isthmus, lying upon the •west sea-board of Dorsetshire between Abbotsbury and Port- land, its general bearing or direction being south-east, and its length lOf miles — commencing at Abbotsbury Castle (to the westward of which the shingle slopes down from the low cliffs, as in the case of an ordinary beach), the Bank skirts along the margin of the meadows for half a mile, when it meets the Fleet or Backwater, a shallow estuary varying from half to a quarter of a mile in width ; it then runs parallel to the general line of the main land as far as Wyke, a distance of eight miles ; from this point the Bank takes a more southerly direction until it joins the peninsula, or what is more commonly called the Isle of Portland, when it assumes the character of an ordinary beach. The width of its base at the level of low water GEOLOGICAL NOTES ON THE ISLE OF PORTLAND. 59 of ordinary spring tides at the Portland end, was ascertained by Sir John Coode to be 200 yards, and its height 42 feet 9 inches, and at the Abbotsbury end 170 yards wide and 22 feet 9 inches high. It extends to a depth of 48 feet below high water at Portland, and only 30 feet at Abbotsbury, where the beach joins the shore ; at Burton-Bradstock cliff its depth below the sea- level decreases to 21 feet, and to 9 feet at Bridport Harbour. Sir John Coode describes the Bank as composed chiefly of chalk- flints, with a small proportion of pebbles from the Eed Sand- stone, some are of a dull red colour others brown or dark yellow, with occasional red marks resembling blood spots ; a peculiar kind of jasper pebbles, with flesh-coloured red predominating, are not very uncommon. These have been sometimes mistaken for Devonian limestone, but they do not contain any calcareous matter, as there is no effervescency on the application of muriatic acid. There are also occasionally, pebbles which are decidedly porphyritic, both green and red ; these are compara- tively rare, but found in sufficient numbers to prove that thtir presence is due to something more than accidental causes. These materials are not derived from the beds of the neighbourhood ; for the rocks between Portland and Lyme Eegis are Jurassic ; beyond Lyme and as far as Sidmouth, beds of chalk with schists cap the new Eed Sandstone cliffs, which extend westward past Budleigh Salterton, where the beach is almost entirely com- posed of pebbles of precisely the same kind as those of the Chesil Bank. The jaspar pebbles are traced to Aylesbere, six miles inland ; the pebbles of porphyry are referred to the Heavi- tree Conglomerates, which are either Permian or Trias, or to similar beds which crop out on the coast between Beer and Torbay. The size of the pebbles increases from Abbotsbury to Portland, where they are flat, ovoid in shape, and from three to four inches across. Sir John Coode suggests that the reason why the large shingle is always found to leeward " Is that as a rule, the large pebbles move more rapidly than the small, because more exposed to the action of the waves." Sir Charles 60 GEOLOGICAL NOTES OX THE ISLE OF PORTLAND. Lyell attributes it to the strong currents or movements of the sea during storms, when a gale from the south-west co-operates with the tide, and acts more powerfully in the open channel or the part furthest from the head of the bay, within which the land affords more shelter from the wind and waves ; in other words the force of the sea increases southward, and as the direction of the Bank is from north-west to south-east, the size of the pebbles coming form the westward and thrown ashore, must always be largest where the motion of the waves and currents are most violent. In November, 1853, during a gale, the south- west wind threw in upon the Bank during one night and part of the following day, a mass of shingle amounting to no less than three and a half million of tons. Mr. Godwin Austen agrees with Sir John Ooode as to the direction of the moving power being from west to east. Mr. Gr. H. Kinahan accounts for the arrangements and sorting of the pebbles to the flow-tide currents, and the powerful prevailing winds acting together in the same direction. As Lyme Bay is open and unobstructed, the Bank is exposed to the full force, not only of the tidal current, but also of the most prevailing and effective winds; the current also increases in velocity as it passes on east- ward, carrying with it large fragments which are driven ashore and accumulated on the Bank. The inshore currents branching away from the main stream, increase in velocity from west to east, each carrying different sized pebbles, which, when thrown ashore, cause their peculiar arrangements and sorting. Professor Prestwich on the other hand considers the materials of the Bank to be derived from an ancient beach, of which the raised beach at Portland Bill is a remnant, which contains besides chalk-flint with the Devonshire pebbles, Greensand chert- pebbles, and others of Portland- stone flint, together with a few pebbles of the harder limestones and oolites of Portland. Although he does not doubt that originally, many of the pebbles are derived from Devonshire rocks, he does not consider their transport to Portland due to GEOLOGICAL NOTES ON THE ISLE OF PORTLAND. 61 existing agencies, < but to causes in operation at the end of the Glacial Period, and before the land had assumed its pres- ent position and shape ; when the south coast of England was fringed by a beach, remnants of which are seen in many places from the Bristol Channel to Brighton. At the present day, long: lines of beach are carried away into deep waters, leaving the rock bare of sand or shingle ; but the destruction of the coast- line in those days was due to causes more violent and destruct- ive, of which I shall speak further on. Between Abbotsbury and Wyke Regis, the Bank is separated from the mainland by a narrow sea, varying in breadth from half to a quarter of a mile. Messrs. Bristow and Whittaker account for this, under the sup- position that the land has been worn away by the action of streams and rivulets, flowing from north to south, leaving this narrow channel between the mainland and the Bank. Mr. Osmond Fisher, on the other hand, views " the Fleet " as the eastern half of a submerged valley, its former western eide having been encroached upon and destroyed by the waves of the West Bay, previous to the accumulation of the Bank. On riewing the Bank from end to end one remarkable feature is, its regularity and form ; it is a continuous grand curve from Burton Cliff to Portland, and is independent of the minor con- figurations of the intervening coastline. Whatever may be the cause of the previous arrangement of the pebbles of the Bank with regard to their size, both Sir John Coode and Professor Prestwich think that the Bay had been scooped out to a great depth, and the debris which could not escape from the Bay because of the direction of the prevailing winds, had formed the Bank. I will now direot your attention to the raised beach at Port- land Bill, to which I have already referred, and which has been treated exhaustively by Professor Prestwich in an important and able paper entitled ' ' the Phenomena of the Quater- nary period in the Isle of Portland and around Weymouth." I had the good fortune to accompany the Professor during his 62 GEOLOGICAL NOTES ON THE ISLE OF PORTLAND. examination of the several localities of which his paper is the subject. The Beach is described by our fellow member, Mr. Damon, in his handbook of geology of Weymouth and the Island of Portland (1884), as "a consolidated beach or breccia con- sisting of pebbles, broken stones, gravel, comminuted shells and sand, united into one common mass by a strong calcareous cement." In 1869 Mr. Whittaker read a paper before the Geological Society on the occurence of a deposit of shingle upon the cliffs of the south-east part of the Isle of Portland. The late Sir Charles Lyall took a part in the discussion on the paper and with intuitive perception recognised the relationship of the raised beach with the Bank, and insisted that the existence of the Bank, proving an elevation of the land must be taken into consideration in any theory as to the origin of the Bank. In 1871 Mr. Pengelly read a paper before the Devonshire Associa- tion for the Advancement of Science upon the modern and ancient beaches of Portland, in which he considered that the direction of transportation of the " raised-beach," was from west to east. Professor Prestwich's paper was read before the Geological Society in 1874. He describes the beach as resting upon a cliff of Portland rock — waterworn on the surface — three and a half feet high and surmounted by a layer of sand, one and a half feet thick; of the 28 species of shells it contains, all, with one exception are of species now living in the British Channel and are of a northern type, there being a marked absence of more southern forms. At that period the coastline was in all probability more direct from Torbay to the south end of Portland, the sea having since made great encroachments, removing the land, and with it the beaches. The old cliff and raised beach are partially covered by a land-wash consisting of loam and an angular debris, owing to a temporary submergence of land to a depth exceeding the height of Port- land, and on reemergence the broken-up beds, with remains of land animals, and land and freshwater shells, protected by the GEOLOGICAL NOTES ON THE ISLE OF PORTLAND. 63 loam, became suddenly entombed and carried down to the lowest levels. Among the debris are fragments of the middle Pur- becks which do not now exist in situ in the island. It is angular or sub-angular, and intercalated with seams of loam show- ing traces of rough stratification. Professor Prestwich met with another mass of rubble and loam above Chesilton. It forms a low cliff 60 feet in height and composed of angular debris of the Purbeck beds and Po rtland Stone, interstratified with irregular beds of loam. The mass contained a few land and freshwater shells, also two Ostracode Crustaceans, Crypris and Candona. The angular debris extends to a height of almost 200 feet and is distinct from the talus occasioned by the tear and wear of the existing Cliff above.* I now come to another deposit of an age long anterior to the above ; occupying a very restricted area, a little to the south of the Verne, and about 400 feet above the sea-level. It is a drift-bed of great antiquity, consisting of a red-clay or loam passing into a coarse loess and in some places full of angular local debris of the Purbeck beds and Portland stone, with a considerable number of small blocks of Sarsen stone of the Lower Tertiaries, much worn and stained, underlain here and there by a singular layer of pebbles, waterworn and per- fectly rounded, in a mixture of sand and red-loam with a large proportion of peroxide of manganese ; the pebbles were clean and bright, as if they had been artificially polished. The material was derived from the Tertiary, Chalk, Upper Green sand> and Portland beds, and possibly from some old Gravels. In tha lowest part of the deposit were the foil owing mammalian remains, a molar of Elephas antiquus, fragments apparently of a large molar of Elephas primigenius ? Equus fossilis E. spdiceus ? Bos and Cerviis. When the deposit was first discovered it con- tained a large number of teeth of elephants, but only a few of these were preserved by tha Go vernor of the Prison, Captain * " Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society, 1875," 64 GEOLOGICAL NOTES ON T1IE ISLE OF PORTLAND. Clifton, and a few seat to the Geological Society. The red loaoi can be traced nearly a mile to the Old Quarry near the New Prison Church. This deposit may be referred to the High-level Platform Drifts, which of ten occur upon hill plateaux at consider- able heights above the level of the Higher Yalley Gravels and do so here and there on the opposite, range between Hardy's monument and Swanage. This drift contains some pebbles of Chert from the Upper Greensand, and of iron stone and Sarsen-stone with chalk flints from the hills between Upwey and Dorchester, which are separated from Portland by a low plain of Jurassic beds and although at a greater distance from the Tertiaries are more freely furnished with these relics than are the more recent drifts of the intervening space. Professor Prestwich argues that during the deposition of the Drift, there was a gradual sloping plain from the Greensand and Tertiary area to the Bill of Portland, and that at that period Port- land vas joined to the main land and the materials conveyed by a stream which flowed from north to south, bringing down the Greensand and Tertiary relics with which it was charged. Sub- sequently an anticlinal running east and west bringing up the underlying beds, as low down as the Forest Marble, between Broadway and Bucklaud Eipers, raised the south end of Portland as it now appears, and with it the corresponding beds at Eidg- way. The great fault in this locality however is of an older date. A simultaneous denudation of the Weymouth district took place when it was temporarily submerged and during a period of grad- ual emergence, with intervals of short oscillations of varied form and strength, brought down the soil charged with land shells and light materials alternating with the coarser ones. The final emergence must have been attended with some violence, proba- bly volcanic, denuding the island of the Middle Purbeck beds, sweeping them into the sea. At Cliesilton the debris was nat carried out saa-warl bat spread out beyond the foot of the escarpment, as may be GEOLOGICAL NOTES ON THE ISLE OF PORTLAND. 65 seen at the present time. In his summary Professor Prestwich says : Carrying our view back to the latter part of the Glacial period, before the present valley system, or even some of the plains were elaborated, a broad tract of Chalk, bounded in places by Greensand and capped by Tertiary beds and other gravels ran inland, and with them the Purbeck and Portland beds were brought into level juxtaposition by and along the great line of fault run- ning east and west, nearly midway between. The presence of Elephas antiquus in the Portland mammaliferous drift brings us back to a period long anterior to the Neolithic age, which did not commence immediately at the close of the Palaeolithic ; but a great gap intervened between them. We find Palaeolithic man feeding upon the reindeer which pastured upon the reindeer moss, the Alpine birch and willow of Central France during the cold of the second Ice age. Neolithic man did not appear until after the Mammoth had dis- appeared, and the cave lion and hysena no longer wandered in our forests, and not until the Germanic flora had succeeded the Arctic, which was driven from the lowlands of Europe to the mountainous districts. I must leave this interesting subject and the consideration of the High and Low Land Valley Drifts to some future occasion when next we meet here or in the neigh- bourhood. PLATE II. By J. 0 MANSEL-PLEFDELL. F.L-S, F.G-S. PLEUKOSTERNON OYATUM, ME first trace of a Chelonian is supposed to occur in some footprints on the ripple-marked surface of the Bunker-Sands, accompanied by the furrows of its draggling shell ; but undoubted actual remains have been found in the Lias, and right through the Jurassic series, and are abund- ant in the estuarine deposits of the Purbecks. There is evi- dence of the existence of numerous forms of Chelonians during the Cretaceous period ; their remains are frequent in the Tertiaries, especially in the London clays. The Land Tortoises seem to have made their first appearance in the Miocene age ; the most remarkable of which is the gigantic Colossochelys Atlas, which measured about twenty feet in length, and is supposed to have stood upwards of seven feet high ; it comes from the Upper Miocene deposits of the Siwalik Hills of India. The largest living Tortoises are found in the Galapagos Islands ; several gigantic species of Testudo formerly inhabited PljaJbe, HI. PLEUROSTERNON OVATUM , Owen/. Mintero. Bros . litH. A FOSSIL CHEL03HAN REPTILE, FROM THE MIDDLE PURBECKS. 6? the islands of Mauritius and Eodriguez, but are now extinct. The Chelonian family (Tortoise and Turtle), in common with the Reptilian Order, are cold-blooded and air breathers. Like the Avian Order, the skull is articulated with the vertebral column, by a single condyle ; a peculiar bone, called the quadrate lone, unites the lower jaw with the skull ; it is fixed, and forms the greater portion of the tympanic cavity. The jaws are unarmed with teeth, their office being fulfilled by a horny cutting sheath, similar to the bill of a bird. The shell of a Tortoise is formed by an osseous structure, covered over with an epidermal coating ; the bones participating in the formation of the shell are the vertebrae, the sternum, and the ribs, the latter being so dilated that their edges form sutures with the next in succession ; the humeral and pelvic bones are included within the shell. The vertebral column is free only, and moveable at its caudal and cerebral portion?. The dorsal and lumbar vertebrae being useless as a support to the body, or as an attachment to the muscles, are only of a secondary importance, owing to the development of the carapace, and are much reduced, the limbs too are considerably modified. The scapular arch is three-branched, so as to admit the attachment of powerful muscles, which afford additional strength to the fore- limbs, -nrhich its habits of life required. The plastron or breast- shield is composed of four pairs of bones, and a single one, the precise nature of which is uncertain; in their relation to the architype they probably represent the sternum in part, the rest being integumentary ossifications. The carapace or upper shell consists of a series of vertebral plates, with a series of costal plates on either side, also a marginal series, which has LO correspondence with the bones of the endoskeleton. The Chelonian Order is divided into four groups : — 1. Land Tortoises. Testudinulae. 2. Freshwater Tortoises. Eu.d'dpc. 3. Freshwater Turtles. Tryoni 'd e. 4. Sea Turtles. Cheloi:ida>. 68 A FOSSIL CHELONIAN REPTILE, FROM THE MIDDLE PTOBECKS. Pleurosternon belongs to the second group, and is distin- guished from the rest of the family by having an additional number of inferior rib elements, comprising the under-shell or plastron, also by the union of the carapace and plastron by marginal plates. The carapace is less oval than that of the marine Chelonians, approximating to the Order Testudinidso or Land Tortoises in this respect, but differing in its slighter convexity, and being nearly flat. The individual under consideration is seventeen inches long, and fifteen inches broad. There are five marginal plates, mS, m(J, wlO. mil, m!2, and the pygal plate on the right side, portions of two mS and ml 2, as well as the impressions of two more on the left side. Four of the eight costal plates, pi. 1, pi. 2, pi. 3, and pi. 4, are scarcely mutilated. The fortunate removal of the marginal plates on the anterior end exhibits the beautiful symmetry of the carapace. The first neural plate, which is entire in ordinary Chelonians, is divided into two, by a transverse suture, the second neural plate, «2, is pentagonal, the third, fourth, and fifth, s3, «4, s5, are attached to the costal plates, pi. 2, pi. 3, and pi. 4 ; the fifth and tenth neural plates, so, slO, are fragment- ary ; the remainder, the sixth, seventh, eighth and ninth, «6, s7, s8 aud «9, are wholly lost. The pygal plate is entire, and articu- lated to the tenth neural plate. The surface of the costal plates which are uninjured, shew the markings of the boundary lines of the epidermoid scutes, which are coincident neither with the costal nor vertebral plates ; for instance the first costal plate, pi. 1 , is impressed by the boundary lines of the second marginal scute, of the first and second vertebral scutes, and of the first costal scute, uniting with the nuchal plate h (which is absent), and the first and second marginal plates, ml and m2. The removal of the osseous covering of the carapace, by which nearly the whole of the left side of the endoskeleton is exposed, affords a favour- able view of the vertebral column and the flattened series of ribs. The vertebrse are flattened and attenuated, and would be unsuited for the support of so massive a body, if they had not A FOSSIL CHELONIAN REPTILE, FROM THE MIDDLE PURBECKS. 69 been incorporated in the whole structure of the shell. The eight broad flattened ribs, which retain their breadth throughout, from their proximal to their distal ends, are united by longitu- dinal sutures, and independent of the marginal plates; this sutured union is well shewn in the specimen. The exterior sur- face of the carapace is granulated, and on approaching the bor- der the granulations are substituted by a series of very fine lines at right angles to the border, and are marked strongly where the marginal plates overlap. There are no concentric impressions indicative of growth of the scutes. This specimen is from the Middle Purbecks, of Swan age, and at present is in my possession. g)u a 5>effoi& neu> fo PLATE III. By the Rev. O. P. CAMBRIDGE, M.A., &c. JNE of the most interesting, and at the same time most unaccountable, experiences in entomology is the sudden or unexpected occurrence of species. Years mil pass by and insects which have been long unseen, all at once without any assignable cause, put in an appearance, sometimes in great abundance, and then for many years again almost, or altogether disappear. Nearly akin to this, and quite as interesting and unaccountable, is the occurrence for the first time of a species within any well-defined geographical area. Many instances Of this might be mentioned as having occurred within the memory of living Entomologists, but perhaps the most recent is that which is the subject of the present notice. Yarious reasons might be, and often are, suggested why the particular species may have long existed in the new locality, and have been over- looked. The locality may not have been worked by anyone jikely to have noticed it ; or the species may have been passed over as identical with some other one nearly allied ; or the par- ticular specimens met with may have been blown over in some abnormal gale of wind ; or the eggs, or pupao or even the perfect insect may have been accidentally or designedly introduced. All these and similar suggestions must of course be tested according to the evidence or probability in each instance ; and each is of course quite possible ; but after careful consideration of the cir_ Proc Dorset N.H.kAF Ckd Vol. W.Pl.IIL ^•^ ^p Tit. 2. *if E.Carter sc. Hypena obatalis. OX A DELTOID MOTH NEW TO BRITAIN. 7l circumstances in regard to the present occurrence of Hypena obsitalis it seems to me that the probability is that it has been overlooked in mistake for the newly allied H. rostralis, Linn. To this latter insect II. obsitalis bears a rather close general resemblance both in size and colouring. A. notice of its occurrence appeared in the " Entomologist" for December, 1884, accompanied by a wood- cut figure ; this figure is not a very characteristic one, and is made from a continental example; the species has not otherwise been before figured in any English work, it seemed, therefore, worth while accompanying the present notice with coloured figures from the British example now recorded, as well as from two other varieties from North Italy ; these last have been kindly sent to my nephew, Frederick 0. P. Cambridge, for this purpose by a Swiss Entomologist (Dr. Huegenin). Before describing the British specimen it will be well perhaps to note the works in which the species has been described or figured by Continental Authors. Its first notice appears to have been by Hiibner (Cir. 1805) in his " LEPIDOPTEKA vi.; Pyralides I ; Tab. 25, fig. 164, 165." These figures represent a pale variety of each sex, while in Tab. 28, fig. 179, we have another strongly marked variety in which the colors are more vivid and better contrasted. No descriptions appear to have accompanied these plates. Follow- ing Hiibner, Treitschke in 1829 seems to have been the first to describe the species (Die Schmetterlinge Yon Europa — Sieben- terBand, p. 32) ia the folio wing terms : '' Alis anticis fusco, griseo, flavoque nebulosis atomis albis nigrisque, macula ad apicem dilu- tiore,adjacentibus punctis ocellaribus." More recently it has been described and figured by M. E. Berce (Faune Entomologique Frangaise, Lepidopteres.vol. vi., p. 11, PI. I., fig. 11. — 1878. This author says that it ' 'varies much, some specimens have the upper wings almost entirely brown, and with no other markings than the clear apical patch and the white points on the side ; according to M. Delamain, the caterpillar resembles that of H. prolosci- dalis, Linn., except that the size is smaller,and it lives on the nettle. M. Milliere finds it on la Parietaria \_Parietaria offivinalis] of which it joins the leaves together, and where it remains during the 72 OK A DELTOID MOTH NEW TO BRITAIN. day. The perfect insect is tolerably common in the south of France, but rarer in the middle, in summer and autumn, often even in December and January : (Delamain), in damp and shady places, beneath bridges, and even more frequently settled on the ceiling in the lower parts of houses." J. H. Kaltenbach (in Die Pflanzer-Feinde aus der Classe der Insekten 11 Abtheil, p. 531, Stuttgardt, 1872) observes (under the heading oiParietaria ojficinalis) that "the Caterpillar of this Moth lives on the above plant on walls in shady places, retiring to the roots in sunshine. It is full grown at the end of May, and undergoes its transformation in a compact white web ; the Moth appearing in from twelve to fifteen days." DESCRIPTION OF Hypena olsitalis FROM THE BRITISH EXAMPLE. Width 14 lines. Upper icings rather pointed at the anterior extremity, and their outer margin slightly sinuously curved. They are of a dusky blackish brown hue, varied with black, grey, and dull clay- colour. The black markings consist of more or less distinct and irregular transverse lines, of which the main line crosses near the middle of the wing, and has a strong, angular, nose-like point directed outwards a little above the middle of the line. Near the apex of the wing (which is of a pale clay colour) are several black spots or markings, the lower ones forming one or two rather distinct longitudinal dashes. Above the nose-like point is a lar- gish pale clay-coloured suffused patch, continued slightly down- wards as a faint line, and forming a sort to margin of the main black line. The posterior angle of the wing is also somewhat suffused with clay colour. On the inner side of the "nose " is a black spot, with which are associated some pale raised scales forming a kind of ocellus ; other similar raised scales are also found, in fine specimens, on other parts of the wing ; but these are mostly wanting in the British specimen. Near the base of the upper wings is another rather indistinct transverse black angulated line, best marked towards the lower margin. The space between this line $nd that near the middle of the wing is ON A DELTOID MOTH NEW TO BRITAIN. 73 somewhat darker in its ground colour than the rest, and gives an idea of a slightly-defined broad transverse band or fasciae. The outer margin is bounded by a broken black line, or lines, and the cilee are faintly marked with alternate brown and dull pale spots. The posterior wings are very slightly sinuous on their outer margin, and of a uniform smoky, black-brown hue. The palpi are long and rather upturned. The antennae are moder- ately long and very slender. These parts, with the body, are of a dull, brownish-black peppered appearance. The main varieties of this moth are formed by the greater or less distinctness of the pale, grey, and clay-coloured markings. The three figures in the Plate (fig. 1, 2, 3) represent three vari- eties passing gradually from the darkest, and least strongly marked to the lighest or most distinct that I have myself seen. The intermediate, though not the least distinctly marked (fig. 2), is from the British example. The other figures are from the Italian specimens. I still more distinctly marked variety is represented by Hiibner (I.e., fig. 179). This species though thus very variable may by readily distinguished from its nearest (at present known) British ally (Hypena rostralisjnok only by its more pointed upper wings, but, especially, by the strongly angu- lated black transverse line near the middle of each ; the nose-like point (above referred to) being a strong and characteristic feature. Entomologists should look out for the caterpillar on Parietaria officinalis (Pellitory of the Wall) on old walls, stony banks, and rocks, near buildings, as well as for the moth, which would probably be found in dark corners, on shady walls, in verandahs and unused rooms. I have little doubt but that it will be again found in this county if carefully looked out for, and very likely in other parts of the south of England also. The example above described was found by myself towards the end of September, 1884, at rest on the wookwork of a doorway in a shaded place in the flower-garden at Bloxworth Rectory. The plate accompanying this paper has been kindly drawn for me by my nephew, Frederick 0, P, Cambridge. PLATE IV. By J. 0. MANSEL-PLEYDELL, P.L.S., F.G.S. HE order Malvaceae, to which this plant belongs, is mainly restricted to the temperate zone, being as unsuited to high as to low latitudes ; Hum- boldt gives the proportion of 1.50 for the torrid, 1.200 for the temperature, and .00 for the glacial. The genus Lavatera is still more restricted, being confined to Europe and Western Asia, and there only in the neighbourhood of the sea. One species, Lavatera dborea, reaches as far north as Great Britain. Ray found it in the Isle of Portland as long ago as the latter end of the seventeenth cen- tury, It is now cultivated in the gardens adjoining our coast- line, probably from parent stocks which at one time clothed the cliffs before its conspicuous flowers had excited the cupidity of man , thereby resulting in its extinction in a wild state. Nyinan'snewedition of his "Conspectus Floras Europse" makes no addition to the list of European Lavaterse, but unites L. pall- escens with triloba, L. hispida with olbia, and L. ambigua with thuringiaca, thus reducing the species of the first edition from nineteen to sixteen. * Journal of Botany, New Ser., vol. vi., 1877- LAVATEKA SYLVESTRIS. Lavatera Sylvestris is an herbaceous plant, stems ascending, lower leaves reniform, cordate, with five to seven lobes, which are blunt and serrate, attaining the dimensions of four inches in length, and three in breadth, stem leaves smaller, on shorter petioles, often truncate at the base, with three to four acute lobes, unequally dentate, and pubescent on both sides. The flowers, which are smaller than those of Malva sylvestris, are rose- coloured, streaked with violet, and arise from the axils of the leaves on peduncles of unequal length, and in clusters of from four to six. The five lobed hairy calyx is longer than the three lobed epicalyx, the segments of which are ovate ; petals bifid ; carpels smooth and pubescent, about f of an inch in diameter, rounded at the back, and partly covered by the calyx segments. Besides the generic differences it may be dis- tinguished from Malva sylvestris, which it much resembles, in its being Annual or Biennial, paler green, and with stellate hairs, the stipules, too, are more acute, and the flowers smaller. Lavatera sylvestris was first observed by Mr. Curnew, of Pen- zance, at St. Mary, one of the Scilly Islands, in the year 1873 ; three years after that date it was found growing abundantly in St. Agnes and Tresco Island, at a considerable distance inland ; a few plants were met with on the Cornish coast about the same period. In the autumn of 1883 I found it growing in the neighbourhood of "VVareham, since then it has distributed itself considerably. Several plants of it were growing in two adjoin- ing fields last September. Lavatera selvestris was first fully described in 1827 in Bro- tero's Phytographia Lusitanica (vol. ii., p. 225), where it is figured. A full description will also be found in Lowe's Manual of the Flora of Madeira. It is a common plant throughout Por- tugal, is abundant in Madeira, it grows in Spain, the South- West of France, the Azores, and Magador. I am indebted to James Britten, Esq., F.L.S., editor of the Journal of Botany, for kindly permitting me the use of the accompanying plate. cm& of By J. 0. MANSEL-PLEYDELL, P.L.S , F.G.S. PREFACE. HE origin of the distribution of Marine mollusca can be accounted for far more easily than that of land and freshwater, as their young, both of univalves and bivalves have swimming powers, and after being drifted about by the tides and currents, can settle down, far away from their original homes ; thus the byssus-spinning mussel and pinna, the quasi-sedentary cockle or scollop, and the slow-creeping gas- teropod can be conveyed in their juvenile state to distant localities, favourable to adult life. The distribution of freshwater mollusca cannot be thus accounted for, since migration is debarred them as soon as the margin of the pond or lake is reached or the stream in which they sport has joined the sea, wading birds whose flights are long and distant can, with ease, transport from one place to another a mollusc, either in its egg or mature state, which has adhered to their feet or legs THE LAND AND FRESHWATER MOLLUSCA OF DORSETSHIRE.. 7? when rambling among the water plants. Mr. Wallace speaks of a small shell (Ancylus) having been found attached to a water-beetle. Land shells may possibly be carried down by floods to the sea, and safely deposited on the neighbouring shore. Mr. Darwin shews they have a remarkable retention of life, and can survive after many days immersion by the formation of a membraneous diaphragm at the mouth of the shell. He cites a case, in which out of one hundred shells immersed for a fortnight in the sea, twenty-seven survived ; drift-wood, too, will preserve the little animals in its chinks and rugosities. Young Unios and Anodons will occasionally affix themselves to the lips and fins of fish. The food of the bivalves consists principally of Infusoria, Desmidiae, Diatomacese, &c., conveyed to them by the currents which are formed by the marginal ciliary apparatus of the mantle ; Sphserium is some- times found embedded in the waterlogged flesh of drowned animals. Land gasteropods are for the most part herbivorous, but some will become flesh-feeders under special circumstances. During the winter months the freshwater mollusca will bury themselves in the mud of ponds and rivers ; the land mollusca, in the ground, or beneath moss or dead leaves ; some will secrete a covering to the peristome, and form a false operculum, like the Helix pomatia ; others will seal the aperture of their shells with a thin filament, as does the Helix aspersa. The land and freshwater shells of Great Britain are identical with those of the Continent ; the Channel seperating these two portions of the same zoological province. Of the entire list of British Land and Freshwater Shells, only one is exclusively British (Zonites excavatus), and this Mr. Gwyn Jeffreys believes to be identical with the Helix vitrina of Ferussac, under its varietal form, vitrina (or viridula, of Menke), in which case every one of our British Land and Freshwater Shells are represented on the other side of the Channel. In the arrangement, and nomenclature of the list I have followed Mr. Gwyn Jeffreys, whose valuable work, "British 78 THE LAND AND FRESHWATER MOLLU80A OF DORSETSHIRE. Conchology," stands pre-eminent for its fulness and elaborate detail ; I have also availed myself of M. Moquin-Tandon's work " Historic Naturelle dee Mollusques Terrestres et Fluviatiles de France," of Forbes and Hanley's " History of British. Mollusca and their Shells ; " I have also consulted Draparnaud's "Mollusques Terrestres et Fluviatiles de la France," Dupuy's " Mollusques Terrestres et d'eau douce qui vivent en France," and for local references, Montagu's "Tes- tacea Britannica," "Descriptive Catalogue of the British Testacea," by Maton and Eackett (being part of the eighth volume of the Transactions of the Linnean Society), and lastly Doctor Pulteney's "Catalogue of the Shells of Dorsetshire," published in 1799, a revised edition of which was brought out alter his death, in 1813, by the Eev./ Thomas Eackett, Eector of Spettisbury. I cannot, without injustice to the memory of Doctor Pulteney, omit some reference to that distinguished naturalist. Although not a native of Dorsetshire, he adopted it for his home. He was born at Loughborough, Leicestershire, in the year 1730, and received his medical diploma in 1764. Soon after that date he settled down at Blandford, where, a favourable opening for his professional career offering itself, he soon succeeded to a good practice. In the year 1762, he was elected a Fellow of the Eoyal Society, and of the Linnean Society soon after its commencement. Although Doctor Pulteney was so eminent a botanist, his talents were not confined to this branch of Natural History only. He assisted Da Costa in the com- pilation of his British Conchology, and supplied him with shells from the Dorsetshire coast. He describes 35 land and freshwater shells in his • ' Catalogue of Shells found on the Dorsetshire coast ;" this number is increased to 62 in the revised edition by the Eev. T. Eackett. The present list swells the number to 101, leaving only 24 British land and fresh- water species unrepresented in the County of Dorset. THE LAND AND FKESHWATEB MOLLUSCA OF DORSETSHIRE. 79 AQUATIC. CLASS I.— CONCHIFEBA, OB BIVALVES. OEDEB LAMELUBKANCHIATA. FAMILY i. — spn^Rnaas. •, i Genus I.—SPH^ERIUM, Scopoli. 1. — SPH.ERIUM CORNEUM, Linn., pl« 5. CYCLAS OOENBA, F. $ ff., ii., p. 113, pi. xxxvii., 3, 4, 5, 6. OAEDirni: COENEUM, Pult. eat., p, 31 ; Back, ed., p. 32, pi. 7, f. 2. Shell subglobular, nearly equilateral, thin, slightly transparent, especially towards the umbones, yellowish horn-colour, surface marked with indistinct longitudinal lines of growth, met by very fine transverse striae, giving it a reticulated appearance ; the inferior border has often a yellow band ; ligament scarcely visible on the outside, as are the muscular and pallial scars inside. L.0.35. B.0.45. Hab. Rivers, ponds, and ditches. Generally distributed. 2. — s. RIVICOLA, Leach, pi. 5. CYCLAS EIVIOOLA, F. 8f IT., ii., p. 111., pi. xxxvii., f. 1, 2. AJCNIOUM, Pult. cat., p. 31 ; Rack, ed., p. 32. Shell much inflated, suboval, nearly equilateral, solid, glossy, yellowish horn-colour, with a few deeply -ridged dark zones, marking the lines of growth ; anterior end rounded ; posterior end somewhat produced and truncated; ligament short and conspicuous; muscular and pallial scars fairly defined; nacrous white inside. L0.7. B.0.9. Hab. Slow rivers and canals. Pulteney describes this shell as not being uncommon in the Stour. Rackett considered it "f a variety of Sphaerium corneum, and not to be confounded with Tellina amnica." 3. — s. LACUSTRE, Muller, pi. 5. CYCLAS CALICDLATA, F. 8f H., vol. ii., p. 115, pi. xxxvii., f. 7 (as C. lacustris). Shell nearly globular, much inflated, compressed towards the mar- gin, equilateral, thin, glossy and transparent ; greyish ash-colour^ 80 TSfi LAJfD ASD fKfi6HWAT4& AOLLtfeCA Of DOB6ET8EIBE. sometimes with some darker zones, and often with a whitish, or yel- lowish band, more or less marginal ; anterior and posterior sides rounded, the latter rather more produced ; beaks prominent ; liga- ment short, scarcely visible from the outside j muscular and palliat scars weakly marked. L.0.3. B.0.4. Hab. Ponds and standing water. Between lAilworth Castle gate and Arish MU1 (Daniel) : Holwell (H. H Wood) ; Sto- borough Meadows, Wareham (J.C.M.P.J, Genus IL—PISIDIUM, C. Pfei/er. Closely related to the preceding genus, having its syphons short and united throughout, whereas those of Sphserium are/ long and separate ; the shell, too, is inequilateral 1 . — PisroiuM AMNICUM, Mutter, pL 5. TELLINA AMNICA, Pult. cat., Hack. ed.. p. 31, pi. vii., f. 2a. The largest of the Pisidia; shell subtriangular, extremely inequilateral, opaque, glossy, horn-colour or yellowish-grey, with concentric prominent grooves, often with a pale yellow band towards the border ; furrows concentric, some deeply cut ; beaks prominent, glossy ; ligament short, visible; inside nacrous white or bluish. L.0.3. B.0.375. Hab. Slow rivers and ponds. In the watercourses of the meadows near "Wareham (BrownJ, Brit. Moll., vol. ii., p. 135 ; River Stour (Rackett) ; River, Chamber] ayne's, Bere Regis •, watercourses, West Bexington, Abbotsbury (J.C.M.P.). 2. — P. FONTINALE, Draparnaud^ pi. 5. Shell roundish, subtriangular, ventricose, striae concentric, well denned, fine and regular, greyish-white, anterior side abruptly trun- cate, posterior side rounded and sloping towards the lower margins, which almost form a rectangle at their meeting ; beaks prominent and rather acute ; ligament scarcely visible ; muscular and pallial scars well marked as in P. amnicum. L.0.16. B.0.175. Var. 1. — Henslowana. Each valve with a plate-like appendage near the beaks. P. Henslowianum, F. and H. ii,, p. 131., pi. xxxvii., f. 11. Var. 2. — pulchetta. Shell more glossy, strongly and regularly grooved ; beaks less acute. P. pule he Hum F. and H. ii., p. 128,, pi. xxxvii., f. 12, 13. Var. 3. — cinerea. Shell more broadly ovate and compressed, with fainter striae. F. and H. ii., p, 125., pi. xxxvi., f. 2. THE LAND AND FRESHWATER MOLLUSCA OF DORSETSHIRE. 81 Hab. Slow streams and standing water ; it is a British Ter- tiary fossil. Var. I. Hoi well (Rev. H. H. Wood). Var 2. Weymouth (Damon). Var. 3. River Stour, Spettisbury (J.C.M.P.). 3. — P. PUSILLUM, Gmelin, pi. 5. Shell oval, rather ventricose, nearly equilateral, thin, with finely marked, unequal concentric striae, yellowish white or ash-colour; anterior and posterior sides rounded, the latter being slightly more produced than the other ; inferior border arched ; umbones inflated ; beaks blunt ; ligament not visible from the outside ; muscular and pallial scars well marked. L.0.175. B.0.2. Hab. Ponds and ditches. Ditches, Stoborough meadows, near Wareham ; ditches adjoining the beach, between Abbots, bury and East Bexington ; watercourses, Sturminster Marshall (J.C.M.P.). 4. — P. NITIDUM, Jenyns, pi. 5. Eobinson's Me of Pur beck, p. 178. Shell suborbicular, ventricose, nearly equilateral, with fairly denned transverse, concentric striae, becoming deeply grooved towards the umbonal region ; thin, very glossy and iridescent, horn- colour varying in shades ; anterior side rounded, posterior side slightly produced sloping downwards and rounded. L.U.15. B.0.15. Hab. Lakes, ponds, and standing water. Wilkeswood quarry, Langton Matravers, and in several small ponds in the neighbourhood of Swanage (R. H. Soden Smith) ; Chapman's Pool, near Encombe ( J.C.M.P.). 5. — ROSEUM, Scholtz, pi. 5. Damon's Geology of Weymouth, p. 233. Shell oblong ventricose, thin, very glossy, with deep, regular, concentric striae, yellowish horn-colour ; anterior end truncate, slop- ing abruptly below ; posterior end elongated and rounded, lower margin nearly straight ; beaks prominent, obtuse and placed con- siderably on one side ; ligament inconspicuous. L.O.I. B.0.15. Hab. Marshes, ponds, ditches, and stagnant waters. FAMILY II. — UNIONID^. Genus I. — UNIO, Philippswn. Closely allied to the marine Mussels, but differing in the struc- ture of the foot, which is greatly developed in dimensions. All comprising this genus inhabit freshwater. 82 THE LAND AND FRESHWATER MOLLTJSCA OF DORSETSHIRE. UNIO PICTORUM, Linn., pi. 5. MYA OVALIS, Mont. Test. Brit., p. 34. Pult. cat., p. 27. ItacL ed., p. 28, pi. 12, f. 4. Shell elonerated, oval, moderately thick, greenish-yellow, with transverse, unequal, rugose, furrowed, brown-coloured zones ; anterior end short and rounded ; posterior end produced, and slightly truncate, upper margin nearly in a straight line ; ligament long and straight; beaks incurved, placed about a quarter distance from the anterior end ; muscular scars well denned ; pallial scars less so ; inside ot shell nacrous. L.1.33. B.3. Hab. Ponds and rivers. River Stour (H. Seymer, and Pulteney). Genus II.—ANODONTA, Lamarck. The habits of Anodonta are the same as those of the Unionidas ; but differ, according to Moquin Tandon in being ovoviviparous. 1. — ANODONTA CYGNEA, lAnn., pi. 5. MYTILUS CYGXEUS, Pult. cat., p. 38 ; Hack, ed., p. 40, pi. 12, f. 2. Brit. Conch., vol. i., p. 43. Shell oblong, thin, transversely and irregularly grooved, some times deeply so, at others the grooves are scarcely visible ; beaks straight, placed about one-fourth distance from the anterior extrem- ity, umbonal region compressed ; superior border almost horizontal ; anterior side rounded, sloping downwards more abruptly than the posterior side, which is compressed above. 0.2.75. B.5.35. Var. rostrata. — Shell oblong oval, somewhat resembling in shape Modiola vulgaris; upper margin forming a dorsal crest, which is elightly raised and curved ; \anterior side rounded ; posterior side attenuated, and ending in a long, curved, wedge-like point; lower margin nearly straight. Hab. Slow rivers and ponds. Generally distributed. Var. Corfe river (J. Gwyn Jeffreys). 2. — A. ANATINA, Linn., pi. 5. MYTTLTTS ANATINTTS, Pult. cat., p. 38. Sack, ed., p. 40, pi. 13. f. 6. Shell smaller than the preceding, oval and compressed with trans- verse, well defined, irregular bands, olive-green or brown, slighily glossy; beaks straight, nearer the anterior end, which is rounded and gaping below; posterior side forming an abruptly sloping, truncate point: hinge-line straight or parallel to the lower margin ; ligament short and prominent ; muscular impressions deep. L.2.1. B.3.5. Hab. Same as the preceeding. Generally distributed. THE LAND AND FRESHWATER MOLLTJSCA OF DORSETSHIRE. 83 CLASS II.-GASTEROPODA, OR UNIVALVES. ORDER 1 .— PECTINIBEANCHIATA. FAMILY I. — J Although this family is widely dispersed, it is represented in Great Britain by one genus, and only one species of that genus. It is herbivorous. NERITINA, Lamarck. NERITINA FLUVIATILIS, Linn., pi. 6. NERITA FLUVIATILIS, Pult. cat., p. 50, Rack, ed., p. 57, pi. 16, f. 17, 18. Body yellowish-grey, speckled with black above, white below. Shell orbicular above, the under side rather concave, solid, glossy, compressed towards the spire; brown yellow with whitish zigzag streaks; whorls three, body whorl occupying more than two-thirds of the shell ; mouth semi-lunar ; outer lip sharp ; tuner lip flat, broad, and polished; operculum semi-lunar, glossy, yellow or orange colour. L.0.35. B.0.25. Hab. Slow rivers, and lakes which are supplied with running water, or having a gravelly bed. This species ranges from Finmark to Algeria and Sicily. Generally distributed. FAMILY II. — Genus I. — PALUDINA, Lamarck. 1- — PALUDINA CONTECTA, Millet^ pi. 6. P. LISTERI, F. and IT. iii., p. 1, pi. Ixxi., f. 16. HELIX vrviPARA, Pult. cat., p. 48, Rack, ed., p. 54, pi. 17, f. 2. Body dark-grey or brown, with yellow specks. Shell conical, globulose, thin, moderately solid, glossy, semi- transparent, brown-olive colour, with three brown bands on the last whorl, which are not very distinct : also two on the two preced- ing whorls, there are also very fine and closely set longitudinal striae; whorls seven, very convex, the last occupying about one-half of the shell ; spire pointed ; mouth oval, or almost circular and slightly angular above, the outer and inner lips form a complete peristome, which is purplish inside; operculum thin, with several unequal concentric striae, the centre being nearest the inner lip. L.1.5. B.1.S25. Hab. Slow rivers, canals and lakes. Pulteney gives no locality, but says it is common on ponds and rivers on the Potamogeton and other plants, especially in a clayey soil. 84 THE LAND AND FRESHWATER MOLLUSCA OP DORSETSHIRE. 2. — F. VIVIPAEA, Linn.) pi. 6. HELIX VIVIPARA, F. and H. iii., p. 11, pi. Ixxi., f. 14, 15. HELIX COMPACTILIS, Pult. cat,, p. 48. Penn. Brit. Zool. ed. iv., pi. 85, top fig. Shell oval, rather ventricose, not so glossy as the last, yellowish- green, with similar bands and striae ; whorls six and a half, convex, the last occupying more than half of the shell ; the summit of the spire not so sharply pointed as the other species ; suture rather deep ; mouth oval; outer and inner lips form a complete peristome ; umbilicus very narrow, merely a chink; operculum slightly concave, rather thick, glossy, marked with distinct concentric striae; the centre nearest Ithe inner lip. L.1.5. B.I. 2. Hab. Similar to that of the last species. This is Pulteney's H. compactilis, which he identifies by Pennant's figure, and is unquestionably P. vivipara ; it is denominated by Pulteney as the Round Three-banded Snail. Rackett leaves it out in his edition of Pulteney's Catalogue. Genus IL— BYTHINIA (BITHINIAJ, Gray. Differs from the preceding genus in being oviparous instead of ovoviviparous and the operculum testaceous instead of being horny ; umbilicus small or hidden. 1. BYTHINIA TENTACULATA, IAnn.> pi. 6. HELIX TENTACULATA, Pult. cat., p. 49, Rack, ed., p. 56, pi. 21, f. 12. Body dark brown, or almost black above. Shell sub-conical or oval, rather slender, glossy, smooth, brown amber-colour, with fine, unequal longitudinal striae ; whorls six, the last comprising nearly two-thirds of the whole shell, ventricose ; a rib, which is sometimes white, strengthens the interior of the outer lip which forms a continuous peristome with the inner Up; umbilicus merely a chink ; operculum obliquely oval, angular above, and slightly concave. L.0.5. B.0.25. Hab. Ditches, brooks, canals, and rivers ; usually attached to aquatic plants. Quaternary tufaceous deposit at Blashen\vell, Kingston; Purbeck (J.C.M.P.j. THE LAND AND FRESHWATER MOLLTJSCA OF DORSETSHIRE. 85 2. — B. LEACHII, Sheppard, pi. 6. Body greyish-white with black and yellow specks. Shell conical, ventricose towards the base, with indistinct longi- tudinal striae, thin, glossy, sub-transparent, yellowish horn-colour ; whorls five, very convex, the last occupying about one-half of the shell; suture deep ; spire bluntly pointed ; ttmbilicus scarcely more than a slit ; mouth nearly round, slightly angular above ; outer and inner lips uninterrupted ; operculum with distinct concentric striae, the exterior of a darker hue, edges raised. L.0.25. B.0.2. Hab. Slow rivers, ponds and watercourses. Holwell (Rev. H. H. Wood). Genus III.—HYDROBIA, Hartmann. Forms an intermediate link between Bythinia and Rissoa (marine). 1. — HYDROBIA VENTROSA, Montagu, pi. 6. TURBO VENTROSUS, Pult. cat., Rack. ed. p. 49, pi. 18, f. 12a. Body dark grey, almost black in front. Shell smooth, glossy, and thin, yellowish horn colour, six to seven ventricose whorls ; apex pointed ; outer lip slightly reflected ; operculum oval, thin, and flat, resemoling that of the marine genus Littorina. L.0.2. B.0.125. Usually lives in ponds, and ditches into which the sea only flows at high water or spring tides. Weymouth, adhering to Ulva lactuca, T. Rackett ; River Frome, Wareham, below Redcliff(J.C.M.P.). 2.*— SIMILIS, Lraparnaud, pi. 6. EISSOA ANATINA, F. and H. ii., p. 134, pi. Ixxxvii., f. 3, 4. Body dark grey, with a yellow or brown tint and white flakey specks. Shell oval, ventricose, rather thin, pale horn-colour, sometimes whitish, with fine longitudinal striae ; whorls convex, from four to five, the last occupying more than two-thirds of the shell ; spire rather pointed ; umbilicus a mere narrow chink; outer lip thin, reflected, continuous with the inner lip • operculum thin, flat, marked with irregular, flexuous lines of growth. L.0.15. B.O.I. Hab. Muddy ditches, which are occasionally, but seldom overflowed by the sea. Watercourses adjoining the Chesil- Bank at Abbotsbury and at Bexington (J.C.M.P.). 86 THE LAtfl) AtfD FRESHWATER ItOLLUSCA OF DORSETSHIRE. FAMILY HI. — VALVATID.&. VALVATA, Miiller. 1. — VALVATA PTSCINALIS, Midler, pi. 6. TURBO FONTINALIS, Pult. cat., p. 45, Rack, ed., p. 50, pi. 18, f. 3,4. Body yellowish grey, with small and indistinct milk-white specks. Shell globular, conical above, solid, and opaque, brownish yellow, the surface ridged with longitudinal striae, spire a reddish" hue, whorls five, the last forming about half of the shell, divided by a deep suture ; mouth circular and expanded. The inner lip forms with the outer Up a complete peristome ; umbilicus very deep, exposing the interior of the spire ; operculum somewhat depressed, the outer edges slightly overlap one another. L.0.25. B.0.275. Hab. Canals, ponds, ditches, and slow rivers. River Frome, Wareham ; river, Chamberlayne's, Bere Regis -, watercourses, Sturminster Marshall ; abundant. It occurs in the Quaternary tufaceous deposit at Blashenwell, Kingston, Purbeck (J.C.M.P.). 2. — v. CRISTATA, Muller, pi. 6. Body dark grey or brown, slate-colour underneath. Shell depressed, resembling Planorbis; flattened above, very con- cave below, surface with well marked longitudinal striae, fragile, horn-colour, slightly transparent; whorls from three to four, the last reaching the plane of the summit; mouth large, circular; suture deep ; umbilicus large and open, showing the interior of the spire ; operculum circular, concave ; the edges of each whorl, of which there are about twelve, form slight ridges. L.0.025. B.0.125. Hab. Similar to that of V. p'ncitialis. River Frome, Red- clifT, near Wareham ; Stour Spettisbury ; The Lidden, near Sturminster Newton -, Chamberlayne's, Bere Regis. Quaternary tufaceous deposit at Blashenwell, Kingston, Purbeck (J.C.M.P.). THE LAND AND FRESHWATER MOLLTJSCA OF DORSETSHIRE. 87 ORDER II.— PUXMONOBKANCHIATA. FAMILY LIMN^ID^E. Genus T.—PLANORBIS, Guettard. 1. — PLANORBIS NITIDUS, Midler, pi. 6. HELIX FONTANA, Mont. Test. Brit., vol. ii., p. 462, pi. 6, f. 6, Pult. cat., Rack, ed., p. 53, pi. 19, fig. 19. Shell slightly convex above, very thin, glossy and prismatic, pale yellowish horn-colour or whitish ; whorls four to five, broadly over- lapping one another, the last forming the greater part of the shell ; periphery rather sharply keeled ; umbilicus small, not deep. L.0.06. B.0.225. Hab. Ponds, marshes, and stagnant water. Ditches about Wareham (Montagu) ; Chamberlayne's meadows, Bere Regis (J.C.M.P.). 2. — p. NAUTILEUS, Linn., pi. 6. TURBO NAUTILEUS, Pult. cat., Hack, ed., p. 50, pi. 19, fig. 16- Robinson's Isle ofPurbeck, p. 178. Shell flat, very slightly concave above, convex below, thin, nearly smooth, light brown or white; periphery slightly and bluntly keeled ; whorls three, the last broad and dilated, larger tlian the rest of the shell, with ridges often spined; outer lip thin, often form- ing a perfect peristorae with the inner lip; umbilicus deep and wide. L.0.035. B.O.I. Hab. Lakes, ponds and ditches ; it is a British Tertiary fossil. Ditches, Stoborough meadows, Wareham ; water courses, Sturminster Marshall (J.C.M.P.) ; pools, Chapman's Pool, near Encom.be ; Newton Manor. Swanage . (Smith) ; Lulworth, between Castle Gate and Arish Mill (Daniel). 3. — P. ALBUS, Milller, pi. 6. HELIX ALBA, Pult. cat., Rack, ed., p. 53, pi. 19, f. 18. Shell flat above, with a shallow umbilical depression, thin whitish- grey, with very fine closely-set longitudinal striae, which are distinct in young specimens, and scarcely perceptible in adults ; epidermis thick, often clothed with fine bristles ; periphery slightly compressed, having a faint trace of a keel ; whorls five, slightly overlapping each other, and increasing rapidly, the last being the largest; inner lip continuous with the outer iip, which is slightly reflected. JL.0.08. B.0.275. Hab. On aquatic plants in marshes, ponds and ditches. Generally distributed. 88 THE LAND AND FRESHWATER MOLLUSCA OF DORSETSHIRE. 4. — P. SPIRORBIS, Miiller, pi. 6. HELIX SPIRORBIS, Pult. cat., Rack, ed., p. 53, pi. 20, f. 17. Shell rather concave above, flat below, fine and irregular longitu- dinal striae, very thin, smooth and glossy ; brown horn-colour ; periphery angular, slightly keeled below ; whorls five to six. the last the largest, which is slightly dilated on approaching the open- ing; month somewhat rounded, often strengthened inside by a rib ; inner lip continuous with the outer lip ; umbilicus large and shallow. L.0.04. B.0.25. Hab. On plants and grass in shallow water. Generally dis- tributed. 5. — p. VORTEX, Linn, pi. 6. HELIX VORTEX, Pult. cat., p. 47, Rack, ed., p. 52, pi. 20, f. 12- Shell compressed, concave above, flat below, thin, glossy, yellow- ish or greyish horn-colour, thin, fragile, slightly glossy and trans- parent, with closely set, unequal, flexuous lines of growth ; whorls si's to eight, slightly convex above, each succeeding one scarcely exceeding the other in dimensions : suture well marked above; keel well denned ; mouth small, angular above, an 1 like the preceding, the inside is sometimes thickened by a slight rib; umbilicus large and shallow. L.0.05. B.03. Hab. Similar to that of P. spirorbis. River Stour, Spettis- bury ; river, Chamberlayne's, Bere Regis (J.C.M.P.). 6. — P. CARINATUS, Miiller, pi. 6. HELIX PLANATA, Pult. cat., Rack, ed,, p. 52, pi. 20, f. 18. Brit' Conch., vol. i., p. 90. Shell concave above, slightly so below, striae rather indistinct, very fine and arched, thin, glabrous and rather glossy, very trans- parent, yellowish horn-colour; whorls five to six, the last much the largest and dilated towards the mouth, which is oval; periphery sharply keeled in the centre, from which it gradually slopes both above and below ; suture deep; mouth obliquely oval, rounded above and below, angulated laterally, the inside not furnished with a rib ; outer lip continuous with the inner lip. L.O.I. B.0.5. Hab. Marshes and stagnant water. River Frome, between Wareham and Stoke ; Woolbridge -, Chamberlayne's, Bere Regis (J.C.M-P.;. THE LAND AND FRESHWATER MOLLUSCA OF DORSETSHIRE. 89 7. — P. COMPLANATUS, Linn., pi. 6. P. MARQINATUS, F. and H. iv., p. 155, pi. cxxvii., f. 1 — 3. HELIX PLANORBIS, Pult. cat., p. 46, Rack, ed-, p. 52, pi, 14, f. 8, and pi. 20, f . 1 0. Shell rather concave above, and slightly convex below, smooth, slightly glossy, not so transparent as the last, yellowish horn-colour with sometimes a tinge of brown ; whorls six, deeply divided, rounded on the upper part, convex on the lower; periphery with a carinated rim, which rises barely above the basal level : breadth of body whorl at>out a quarter of th.» shell; mouth rounded-oval, angu- lated laterally by the keel, the inside sometimes furnished with a rib; umbilicus broad and very slvtllow. L. 0.1^5. B. 0.6. The shell of P. comj>lanatns differs from that of P. carinatus by the whorls being more rounded, the keel placed on the lower side instead of the middle of the periphery. Hab. Marshes, canals, ponds, and standing water. River Stour, Bryanston ; Chamberlayne's meadows, Bere Regis ; Sto- borough meadows, Warehajn (J.C.M.P.). 8. — P. COKNEUS, Linn-.* pi. 6. HELIX COKNEA, Pult. cat., p. 47, Rack, ed., p. 52, pi. 20, f. 13. Mont. rest. Brit., p. 448. Shell very concave above, nearly fl it bolow, with well defined longitudinal, irregular flexuous striae, which are met at right angles by others equally fine on the surface of the first whorls, smooth, glossv, whitish horn-colour with a reddish brown tinjre; whorls five to six. the last dilated towards the mouth, diameter of the last whorl rather less than one-third of the whole shell ; suture deep ; mouth very large, the upper border rather projecting ; umbilicus shallow. L. 0.35. B. 1. Hab. Slow streams, ponds and ditches. It is the largest of the other European species afPlanjrKt. When irritated it sends forth a quantity of red-coloured liquid. " Plentiful in some parts, though we have not found it further westward than Dor- setshire ; about Wareham it is abundant'' (Montagu). 9. — P. CONTORTUS, Linn., pi. 6. HELIX CONTORTA,PW^. cat., Rack, ed., p. 53. pi. 20, f. 11. flhell slightly depressed above, concave towards the centre as well as below, dark or brown horn-colour, opaque ; whorls from six 90 THE LAND AND FRESHWATER MOLLT78CA OF DORSETSHIRE. to eight, very compact, visible in the umbilicus, which is deep; inner lip thin, not continuous with the outer lip, which is not reflected, the border onlv slightly projecting beyond the lower. L. 0.075. B. 0.175. Hab. On water-plants in lakes, ponds, and ditches. Watercourses, Chamberlayne's, Bere Regis ; Stoborough Meadows, Wareham ; Sturminster Marshall (J.C.M.P.). Gems IL—PHYSA, Lamarck. Physa forms a small and natural group with Planorlis and Limncea, to which it is a connecting link, resembling Planorbit, by its long tentacles, and the position of the orifices on the left side, and Limncea, by the form of the shell ; but differing from both in the spire being sinistral. 1. — PHYSA HYPNORUM, Linn., pi. 6. BITLLA HYPNORUM, Pult. cat., Rack, ed., p. 43, pi. 18, f. 20. Robinson's Isle of Purleck, p. 178. Shell spindle-shaped, bluntly pointed at||the apex, thin, semi- transparent, glossy and polished, yellowish or reddish horn-colour, with very fine longitudinal striae, which are scarcely perceptible even with a magnifying glass ; whorls six to seven, slightly convex, the last surpassing the rest by half the total hoight of the whole shell ; suture well marked and moderately deep ; umbilicus covered ; outer lip thin ; inner lip spread upon the columella. L. 0.5. B. 0.2. Hab. Ponds, ditches, upon aquatic plants and grass, in splashy places which are dried up in summer. Newton meadows, near Swanage ; quarry, Wilkeswood farm (Smith); meadows Chamberlayne's, Bere Regis ; banks of river Frome, Dorchester (J.C.M.P ). 2. — P. FONTINALIS, Linn., pi. 6. BULLA FOKTINALIS, Pult. cat., p. 40., Rack, cat., p. 43, pi. 21, f. 6. Mont. Test. Brit., vol. 1, p. 226. Shell oval, inflated, glossy, transparent, with longitudinal striae, which are scarcely visible even with the aid of a magnifying glass, extremely thin and fragile, greyish horn-colour; whorls four or five, swollen, the last forming three-quarters of the length of the whole shell ; spire very short, blunt ; suture moderately deep ; outer lip very thin ; inner lip widely spread over the base of the penultimate whorl. L. 0.35. B. 0.25. THE LAND AND FRESHWATER MOLLUSCA OF DORSETSHIRE. 91 Hab. On aquatic plants in running brooks, as well as in slow rivers and ditches. River, Chamberlayne's, Bere Regis ; Fordington meadows ; Stour, Sturminster Marshall ( J.C.M.P.). Physa f ontinalis, in common with some other water molluscs, such as Limnaa glutinosa, L. stag nulls, Bythinia tentaculata, have the power of thread-spinning for suspension. Montagu, at the beginning of this century noticed this habit in Phyta fontinalis. He says : " B alia f ontinalis has a very considerable locomotive power, and transports itself, by adhering to the surface of the water with the shell downwards, against which it crawls with as much apparent ease as on a solid body ; and will sometimes let itself down gradually by a thread affixed to the surface of the water." In the Quarterly Journal of Concholoyy for November, 1878, on "Molluscan Threads," by Mr. Sheriff Tye, speaking of Physa hypnorum, he says: "In one case I saw three Physce and a Limncea glabra upon the thread of a former at one time. Often when two Phi/see meet on the same thread they fight as only molluscs of this genus can, and the manoeuvres they go through upon their fairy ladders outdo the cleverest human gymnast that ever performed. I once saw one ascending, and when it was overtaken by another, then came the tug of war. Each tried to shake the other off by repeated blows and jerks of its shell, at 1 the same time creeping over each other's shell and body in a most excited manner. Neither being able to gain the mastery, one began to descend, followed by the other, which overtook it, reaching the bottom first." Genus III.—LINNMA (LYMNEAJ, Bruguiere. 1. — LIMN.EA GLUTINOSA, Midler, pi. 7. Body black OP greenish grey with a yellow tinge. Shell oval-globose, inflated, extremely thin and fragile, almost membraneous, very glo.-sy and transparent, pale horn-colour, with rather distinct, finely-marked striae ; -whorls three or four, the last 92 THE LAND AND FRESHWATER MOLLUSCA OF DORSETSHIRE. enormously large, forming of itself almost the whole shell; suture well marked ; mouth oval,rather suddenly contrated above, extending almost the whole length of the shell ; no umbilical slit ; pillar lip arched. L.0.45. B.0.45. The animal is furnished with mantle lobes, with which when in the water it covers the shell, the mantle is yellowish speckled, with sulphury spots, and very slimy. Hab. Ponds, lakes, and watercourses. Chamberlayne's, Bere Regis (J.C.M.P.). 2. — L. PEREGRA, Muller, pi. 7. HELIX PUTRIS Pult. cat.. Rack, ed., p. 56, pi. 19, f. 30, and pi. 21, f. 13. Body yellowish-grey, with a greenish or brown tinge, mottled with black and white specks. Shell ovate, oblong, moderately ventricose with fine indistinct and irregular longitudinal striae, thin, slightly glossy, yellowish horn- colour ; whorls five, moderately convex, the last forming about five-sixths of the whole shell; spire pointed; suture well defined; mouth large, oval, slightly contracted above ; outer lip reflected slightly; inner lip reflected land forming a slight umbilical cleft. L.0.75. B.0.425. Var 1. — Succineaformis. Shell shaped like a Succinca and very thin ; whorls four ; spires small and oblique. Var. 2. — With a remarkably thickened white outer lip. Hab. This species, so infinite in its variety of shape, is most abundantly distributed throughout the County. Var I. Chamberlayne's, Bere Regis (J.C.M.P.). Var 2. Pond between Whitchurch and Milborne (T. RackettsJ. 3. L. AURICULARIA, lAlin., pi. 7. HELIX AURICULARIA, Pult.cat., p. 49, Racfc.ed., p. 56, pi. 21, f. 17. Body greenish brown, darker above than beneath, with bright yellow or milk-white and black specks. Shell obliquely oval-globose, very swollen, with closely arranged unequal longitudinal striae; thin glossy, semi-transparent, yellowish horn-colour ; whorls four to five, convex, the last very large.fornring nearly the whole of the shell ; suture well marked ; spire short, with a sharp point ; mouth very large, roundish oval, usually surpassing five-sixths of the shell's entire length ; outer lip reflected ; inner lip forming with the columlla a slight umbilical cleft. L 1.125 B.0.825. THE LAND AXD FRESHWATER MOLLUSCA OF DORSETSHIRE. 93 Var. — acuta. Body of a greyish colour and closely covered with black spots. Shell smaller than the typical form, more oblong, and having the last whorl and mouth proportionably narrow, Limnceus acutus, Jeffr. in Linn. Iran., xvi., p. 373. Limnaus auricularius, var. F. and H, iv., p. 171, pi. cxxiii., f . 2. Hab. Marshes, slow rivers, deep ditches and large ponds. Var. — Weymouth (Damon). Not so common as the last, but generally distributed. Mr. Gwyn Jeffreys says : " It is apt to be infested, as well as its congeners, by an. annelid allied to the Nais vermicularis of Miiller, which usually takes up its abode between the neck and mantle, aud over the tentacles of the mollusc, incessantly vibrating, and apparently not parasitic but feeding on animalcules." Britt Conch., vol. 1, p. 109. 4. — L. STAGNALIS, Linn., pi. 7. HELIX STAONALIS, Pult. cat., p. 48., Rack, ed., p. 55, pi. 21, f. 11. Body greenish or yellowish-grey, with brown and milky-white specks. Shell oval-oblong, ventricose, with well marked close, irregular, flexuous, longitudinal striae; thin, solid, glossy, semi-transparent, yellowish horn-colour or greyish- white; whorls seven or eight; spire convex, swollen in the middle, the last forming about three- fourths of the whole shell, with well marked sutures; spire produced and tapering ; mouth large and oval, equal to half o! the shell ; outer lip expanded, slightly sinuous, depressed in the middle; inner lip spread out on the columella ; umbilicus covered. L.2. B.I. Hab. Slow rivers, ponds and marshes. Holwell (H. H. Wood) ; pond, Aimer; watercourses, Chamber layne's, Bere Regis ; river Stour, Bryanston (J.C.M.P.). 5. — L. PALUSTRIS, Miiller, pi. 7. HELIX PALUSTRIS, Pult, cat., p. 48, Hack, ed., p. 55, pi. 18., f. 18. (not good). Brit. Conch., vol. i., p. 113. Body dark grey with a tinge of violet,finely punctuated with black and yellowish-white specks. Shell oblong, or oblong-conic, with well defined, irregular, flexuous striae, not transparent nor glossy,transverse elevations very appa ent, more so than in L. stagnalis; brownish horn-colour ; whorl six to seven, moderately convex, the last occupying about two-thirds of 94 THE LAND Axto FRESHWATER MOLLUSCA OF DORSETSHIRE. the shell ; sutures well defined ; spire tapering ; mouth obliquely oval, forming only about one-third of the length of the shell ; outer lip slightly expanded; inner lip spread on the columella. L.I. B.0.4. Var. — tincta. Shell shorter and broader, light brown with a purplish mouth. Hab. Marshes, ditches and ponds. Hoi well (H. H. Wood.) Wilkes Wood, Langton Matravers -, Stoborough meadows, Wareham (J.C.M.PJ. Var. — Dorsetshire (J. Gwyn Jeffreys)-, Chamberlayne's, Bere Regis (J.C.M.P.). 6.— L. TRUNCATULA, Midler, pi. 7. HELIX FOSSARIA, Pult. Cat., Rack, ed., p. 56, pi. 18, f. 17. Body brownish-black, lighter beneath, covered with fine black specks. Shell conic, slightly ventricose, striae similarly arranged as the former, thin, glossy, solid, semi-transparent, pale horn-colour; whorls five to six, the last large, slightly swollen, forming aoont two-thirds of the entire shell ; spire short and pointed ; mouth occupying one half of the length of the shell; suture extremely deep; outer lip arcuated and projecting; inner lip continuous, reflecte . on the columella. L.0.4. B.O.^. Var. — minor. Shell much smaller, thinner, and semi-trans- parent, dark horn-colour, marked with stronger and closer longitu- dinal striae. L.U.^85. B.0.166. Hab. Banks of slow and muddy rivers, marshes, ditches and moist places ; often coats its shell with mud, it is nearly amphibious, being frequently met with out of the water. Dried river course, Whatcombe Park ; marshy places, Chapman's Pool, near Encombe -, ditches, Abbotsbury ; Chamberlayne's, Bere Regis ; river-bank, Bryanston Park (J.C.M.P.). Var.— Wilkes Wood, Swanage. To this mollusc is attacked the unenviable character of being the chief, if not the only agent, or nurse of the Liver-fluke, Fasciola hepatica, an Entozoa, belonging to a group of the animal kingdom whose mode of propagation is by, what is termed the alternation of generations, that is to say that each individual is unlike its own immediate parents and offspring, but resembles THE LAND AND FRESHWATER HOLLUSCA OF DORSETSHIRE. 95 its grandparents and grandchildren. Although its habits are aquatic, Limncea truncatula can live out of the water as long as the ground is moist, and even becomes dormant in a drought, which if not of too long continuance the first storm of rain will allow it to revive. This it will be seen is a feature of some importance in the distribution of this Entozoon, which in its earlier stages can survive a prolonged immersion. Were it other- wise, and their nurses were water snails, or land snails exclu- sively, the disease might be more easily stamped out. The adult fluke in the sheep's liver, or that of another mammal, produces about 100,000 eggs, which pass with the bile through the intestines, and with the excrement are deposited among the grass and herbs. When hatched they enter into the mullusc, probably by boring ; the embryo then undergoes certain changes and produces the germs of the next generation, which instead of becoming a cercaria, the form in which it had entered the sheep, an asexual embryo appears, which feeds on the tissue of the snail and in the course of a couple of months a cercaria is produced from the redia, which escaping from the snail, encysts itself on the roots of the grass, and after being taken up by the sheep in this state become developed in the adult form in the liver. 7. — GLABRA, Muller pi. 7. HELIX OOTANFRACTA, Pult. cat., Rack, ed., p. 55, pi. 18, f. 11, Brit. Conch., vol. i., p. 118. Body dusky-grey, with a tinge of slate colour, and minute black specks. Shell elongated, thin,glossy, sculptured as in the preceding species, greyish horn-colour, or brownish ; epidermis very thin ; whorls seven to eight, slightly convex, or moderately rounded in the middle, and of slow increase, the last moderately large, forming one half of the shell ; spire bluntly pointed ; mouth small, acute, oblong, angular above, about a third of the height of the shell, furnished with a white rib inside, a little distance from the border; inner lip expands towards the anterior extremity ; outer lip slightly reflected. L.0.6. B.0.2. Hab. Ditches and ponds. In a pond or gravel-pit between Lytchett and Lower Lytchett (T. Rackett). Stour, Spettisbury (J.C.M.P.). 96 THE LAND AXD FRESHWATER MOLLUSCA OF DORSETSHIRE. Genus IY.—ANCTLUS, Geoffrey. This genus was for some time considered as a Patella in minia- ture, and that it was branch) t'erous instead of pulmoniferous, as it is now ascertained to be. In 1828 Mr. Gwyn Jeffreys relegated it to the Litnnaeidae, and Moquin Tandon proved it to be amphibious. The point ot the spire turns to the rinht or left, according to the species, it is rudimentary, indicating the direction of the volutions. There are three European species, two of which are found in Britain, the other seems to be confined to Corsica. 1. ANCYLUS FLUVIATILIS, MulUr, pi. 7. PATELLA LACUSTRIS, Pult. cat., p. 51. Rack, ed., p. 58, pi. 22, f. 8. Brit. Conch., vol. 1, p. 120. Body slate colour or dark grey with green-black specks. Shell semi-oval, formed in the shape of an ancient helmet, with fine, regular, radiating, longitudinal striae, which are often met trans- versely by others equally fine,ratherthin, fragile, not glossy, yellow- ish grey or horn-colour; anterior margin rather the narrowest; spire acutely peaked and hooked, the slope forward being much arcuated ; spire rather blunt and turned a little to the right ; mouth oval. L.0.2, B.0.233. Var. 1 — Capuloides. Shell larger and higher, with the beak not placed so near the posterior margin. L.0.415. B.0.3, Var %—gibbosus. Shell smaller, more swollen, with the beak reaching: or overhanging the posterior margin. A. gibbosus, Bour- guiernat in Journ. de Conch, iii. (1853;, p. 186. Var. 3. — albidus. Shell milk-white and more finely striated. Hab. On stones and rocks in shallow rivers and streams. River Stour, Spettisbury ; river, Chamberlayne's, Bere Regis -, Godlingston, near Swanage (J.C.M.P). Var. I. — River, Corfe, very rare (Gwyn Jeffreys). Var. 2. — Osmington Mills, near Ringstead (Gwyn Jeffreys). Var 3. — Arish Mill, near Lul worth (Gwyn Jeffreys). 2. — A. LACUSTRIS Linn. pi. 7. ANCYLUS OBLONGUS, F. and H., p. 188, pi. cxxii., f. 5. PATELLA OBLOXGA, Pult. cat., p. 51, Rack, ed., p. 58, pi. 18, f. 20, and pi. 22, f. 8 a. PATELLA LACUSTRIS, Mont, (not Linn.). Test. JBrit., vol. ii., p. 484. Shell oblong, more or less depressed, obliquely twisted to the left, smooth and thin, with very fine undulating longitudinal striae which are met by other transverse ones equally indistinct or more THE LAND AND FRESHWATER MOLLT7SCA OF DORSETSHIRE. 97 so, not ridged as in A.fluviatilis, greyish horn-colour; spi*-e near the posterior margin, pointed and turned towards the left ; mouth oblong. L.0.25. B.O.I. Hab. In slow rivers, marshes and ponds, on the underside of the leaves of the water lily, and other aquatic plants, and on fallen leaves of trees. On plants in the river Stour (T. Rackett^) ; river Stour, Spettisbury ; Chamberlayne's, Bere Regis (J.C.M.P.). TERBESTKIAL. This section of the Pulmonobranckiate order differs from the previous one (whose aquatic habits require a branchial system of respiration) in having a pulmonary system, analagous to that of the vertebrates, also in the tentacles being retractile instead of contractile and furnished with eyes on their summits. FAMILY I. — LIMACIDJE. Genus I. — ARION, Ferussac. Shell rudimentary, a calcareous plate, not spiral, concealed under the mantle, and covering the respiratory cavity. Head prominent and retractile, four retractile tentacles, the two upper ones furnished with eyes. They are nocturnal in their habits, and are chiefly herbivorous. They inhabit woods, gardens, and pastures. Some of the Limaces occasionally climb trees and bushes, and suspend them- selves by a glutinous thread. 1. — ARION ATER, Linn. Body contracted, asd rounded in front, pointed behind, varying in colour, from black, brown, red, yellow, to almost white ; shield finely shagreened, of a lighter colour than the rest of the body ; tentacles nearly opaque, greyish-black, swollen at the tips, more so on the lowes ones ; eyes on the summits of the upper tentacles ; Joot with a yellow border, and black cross lines ; respiratory organs situated towards the anterior margin of the shield, and on the right side. L.4. B.0.5. Hab. Woods, hedges, fields, and damp places. Generally distributed. 98 THE LAXD AND FRESHWATER 3IOLLUSOA OF DORSETSHIRE. 2. — A. HORTENSIS, Ferussctc. This little slug is very much smaller than the common Arion, it is nearly the same breadth throughout, and, when at rest, does not contract its body so much; the head is small, dusky blue colour, as well as the tentacles, which are short, the lower ones are of a lead-blue; the shield is oblong, rounded behind, granulated, usually with a dark stripe down the centre and along the margins -r the rest of the back is similarly marked ; foot grey or yellow, margin paler; tail lanceolate and obtusely pointed. Shell of an irregular shape, composed of grains, cemented together by a calcareous matrix. Hab. Gardens and fields. Generally distributed. Genus IIL—LIMAX, Linn. 1. — LIMAX GAGATES, Dmpaniaud. F. and H. iv., p. 24, pi. D.D.D., fig. 3. Body elongate-lanceolate, tapering towards the tail, glossy, dark- red or even blackabove, and yellowish-grey below; head rather large, bluish grey, with darker tentacles ; shield oblong, obtuse, subtrun- cate at both extremities, granulated on the surface, often darker than the body, it is finely shagreened or granulated ; respiratory orifice near the centre of the margin ; tentacles very short, and thick, not much swollen at their tips; back sharply keeled its whole length, bordered -with white or a paler colour than the rest of the body ; slime nearly colourless. L.2.5. B.0.35. Shell small in proportion to the bulk of the shield, oval, irregularly convex. Hab. Hedges, at the roots of grass, and the foot of old walls. Under a stone at the foot of a thorn hedge, Portland, September, 1857 (Mr. Darbyshire). 2. L. MARGINATUS, MulUr. L. SOWERBII, F. and H., iv., p. 22, pi. E.E.E., f. 3. Body nearly cylindrical, and slightly enlarged in front, terminating gradually to a point behind, reddish-brown, speckled -with black, rugose, on the back and tail ; shield large, elongate oval, reaching downwards to the sides, which a furnished with a dark band, and occasionally one on the back, which has a prominennt keel, extending from the hinder edge of the shield to the tail ; tentacles distant, thick. L.2.5. B.0.35. THE LAND AND FRESHWATER MOLLTJSCA OF DORSETSHIRE. 99 Shell oval, with conspicuous lines of growth; nucleus near one end, prominent. L.0.2 J3.0.125. Hab. Under stones, among dead leaves, and at the foot of old walls. Generally distributed. 3. — L. FLAVUS, Linn. Body slightly contracted in front, rather broad in the middle, tapering gradually to a point behind, colour of the back ash-grey, with numerous pale-yellow spots; ^/W6'/t the largest, dilated towards the mouth, which is round, except where it is interrupted by the penultimate whorl ; umbilicus very deep and broad, exposing the interior. L.0.15. B.0.33. Hab. In woods, under stones, among dead leaves and moss ; Wilkes Wood, near Swanage (J.C.M.P.). THE LAND AND FRESHWATER MOLLUSCA OF DORSETSHIRE. 105 4. — z. PUEUS, Alder, pi, 7. Body yellowish-grey or whitish, very finely punctuated with black spots. Shell compressed, rather more convex above than below, very thin and fragile, transparent, not glossy, light horn-colour or reddish, tendingsometimes to greenish, exquisitely sculptured trans- versely by numerous curved striae above, and spirally by still finer ones ; whorls four, the last occupying scarcely one-half of the shell ; umbilicus deep, exposing the interior. L.0.075. B.0.15. Hab. Among dead leaves and moss in woods. Houghton Wood ; Morden Park (J.C.M.P.). Creech Grange Woods. 5. — z. KADIATULUS, Alder, pi. 7. Brit. Conch., vol. i., p. 166 ; Bobinson's Purbeck, p. 177. Body dark, tentacles nearly black. Shell compressed, convex on both sides, very thin, fragile and glossy, semi-transparent, dark horn-colour, paler underneath, upper part beautifully marked with delicate, close-set, longitudinal striae, which reach the suture ; whorls four-and-a-half, the last occupying rather less than one-half of the shell; suture moderately deep; umbilicus narrow and deep, exposing the interior ol the spire. L.0.075. B.0.15. Hab. Under stones and among moss in woods. Dorset (Gwyn Jeffreys) -, in a lane near Godlingston, Swanage (Smith) ; under moss, Whatcombe Park (J.C.M.P.). 6. — z. NITIDUS, Muller, pi. 7. Body very small, strongly truncate in front, covered with large round flat tubercles ; black or bluish-black. Shell depressed, semi-globular, convex above, flat and concave towards the centre beneath ; thin, fragile, slightly transparent, smooth, shining ; whorls five, the last occupying about one-half of the shell ; suture well marked ; spire somewhat prominent and blunt ; ttwfo'/zVz/.y large, showing the interior. L.O.I. B.0.275. Hab. Under stones, roots of grass, on mud in moist places. Water-carriers in meadows adjoining the river Bredy, Puncknoll ; watercourses Chamberlayne's, Bere Regis (J.C.M.P). 106 THE LAND AND FBESHWATER MOLLUSCA OF DOKSETSHIBE. 7. — z. EXCAVATUS, Sean, pi. 7. Body slender, greyish-white, with three or four raised lines along the neck. Shell small, rather depressed, more convex on the upper than the lower side, thin, transparent, light-brown or tawny, strongly and deeplv striate in the line of growth; whorls five and a half; umbilicus broad and deep, exposing all the internal spire. L.0.085. B.0.225. Hab. Under fallen trees, and among dead leaves and moss in shady woods ; East Lulworth (Kendall). Var. vitrina. Shell greenish-white, transparent. Although, it has not been noticed out of Britain, Mr. Grwyn Jeffreys believes " that the greenish- white variety is the Helix vitrina of Ferussac, as well as the H. viridula of Menke, H. petronella of Charpentier, and probably also the H. clara of Held." 8. — z. CRYSTALLINUS, Midler, pi. 7. Body greyish-white ; tentacles short. Shell depressed, very slisrhtly convex above, almost flat beneath, thin, fragile, pellucid white, someiimes with a erreenish tinge, with fine and equal longitudinal strise, which are almost impercep- tible even with the aid of a magnifying glass ; whorls four and a half to five, slightly convex gradually enlarging, the last more so than the others ; spire scarcely raised ; suture very slight ; umbili- cus small and narrow, scarcely exposing the interior. L.O.OG5. B.0.125. Hab. Under stones, and among moss, in woods and damp places. Houghton Wood (J.C.M.P.). Stoborough -, Creech Grange. 9. — z. FULVUS, Midler, pi. 7. KOBINSON'S Purleck, p. 178. Body, greyish-black, or slate-colour with very fine black specks. Shell pyramidal, nearly flat beneath, horn-colour, or tawny, thin, slierlitlv transparent, smooth, glossy, witb very fine irregular strife •whorls five-and-a-half, enlarging gradually, the last obtusely keeled:; suture well marked; spire very obtuse; mouth compressed and THE LAATD AND FRESHWATER MOLLUSCA OF DORSETSHIRE. 107 narrow; outer Up curved and reflected on the pillar; umbilictis indistinct. L.O.I. B.O.I. Hab. Among moss, under stones and decayed timber in woods and shady places ; Wilkeswood Farm, Langton Matravers (Smith) ; among moss, Whatcombe Park ; Houghton Wood (J.C.M.P.). Genus IV.— HELIX, Linn. Body rather long, capable of being contained within the shell ; mantle thick, slightly bilobed on the under side; tentacles four, cylindrical, enlarged at their summits ; foot elliptical. Shell globular, or subcom pressed, rarely flat; spire generally short, the last whorl more or less the largest ; mouth forming an oblique segment of a circle, rarely round or triangular; outer lip thin or thick, sometimes strengthened by a rib, or reflected ; umbili- cus usually distinct and more or less open, but in a lew species quite closed or wanting, except in the young state. I. — HELIX ACULEATA, Linn., pi. 8. HELIX SPINULOSA, Pult. cat., Rack, ed., p. 54, pi. 19, fig. 23. Robinson's Purbeck, p. 178. Body thick and short, narrowing at both extremities, more rounded in front, where it has a brownish tint, the rest of the body greyish slate-colour. Shell globose-pyramidal, slightly convex beneath, with oblique projecting plaits, which rise in the middle of each whorl, termin- ating in a compressed hooked point, thin, not glossy, transparent, horn-colour ; whorls lour to four-and a-half, convex, gradually increasing ; spite obtuse ; suture deep ; mouth forming a deep arch ; outer lip slightly thickened, with a white rib and reflected in adult specimens; inner lip slightly reflected over th ; umbilicus, which is narrow and small. L.O.I. B.O.I. Hab . Among dead leaves and moss in woods ; Spettisbury, Rev. T. Rackett ; Marble Quarry, Wilkeswood Farm, Leeson Wood, Langton Matravers (Smith) ; East Lulworth (Kendall). 2. — H. POMATIA, Linn., pi. 7., pi. 9. Pultcat.,^. 47., Rack, ed., p. 54. pi. 20, f. 14, Cochlea poma- tia, Da Costa, Brit. Conch., p. 67, pi. 4, fig. 14. Body obtusely rounded in front, terminating behind in rather a sharp point, yellowish-grey, sometimes with a greenish tinge, covered with large contiguous, prominent tubercles, principally in the region of the neck. 108 THE LAND AND 1'KESUWATEH MOLLUSCA OF DOHSEXSUIRE. Shell crlobular, thick, solid, opaque, reddish, or dirty yellow, with four or five brown spiral, rather indistinct bands on the body whorl, and two or three on the penult whorl. There are also very tine, irregular longitudinal strue; whorls four-and-a-half or five, very convex, the last occupying about three-fourths of the shell ; spire short, bluntly- pointed ; suture not deep ; mouth nearly round, angu- lated above ; outer lip reflected over the umbilicus, which it partly covers ; inner lip spread over the columella ; peristome reddish* white inside. L.1.75. B.1.75. Hab. Woods, hedge banks and uncultivated places. In Chedworth Parish, and about Frog Mill in Dorsetshire, &c., &c. (Da Costa). On the authority of da Costa, this shell is attributed to Dorset- shire ; Pulteney says ' ' I never found it iu Dorsetshire, but am credibly informed it has been seen in this county." 3. — H. ASPERSA, Midler, pi. .8 HELIX LUCOKUM, Pult. cat., p. 48. HELIX HOBTENSIS, Rack, ed., p. 55, pi. 20, fig. 1. Body oblong, contracted and rounded in front, very gradually decreasing, and pointed behind, dark-brown above, dirty-grey beneath. Shell globular, solid, not glossy, opaque, yellowish or greenish- yellow, with brownish bands, streaked with zigzag stripes of white on the two last whorls ; striae very fine and indistinct, which are often obliterated by transverse striae, giving it the appearance of being reticulated ; whorls four and a half, convex, the last the larerest, which occupies about two-thirds of the &hell ; suture well marked, spire raided; mouth obliquely oval, obtusely angulated above, outer lip white inside, reflected ; inner lip spread upon the columella. L.1.4. B.1.4. Hab. Woods and gardens (especially the latter). Generally distributed. 4. — H. NEMORALIS, Linn., pi. 8. Pult. cat., p. 48, Rack, ed., p. 54, pi. 21, fig. 1,2,3,4. Body dark brown, with a yellow tinge. Shell globular, very convex above, depressed below, thin, solid, smooth, nearly opaque, yellow, brown, pink, or white in a variety of shades, with one to five dark spiral brown or purple bands, rarely white or blue ; almost always continuous,but sometimes interrupted, finely and irregularly striated, striae undulatory ; whorls five-and-a THE LAND AND FRESHWATER MOT,LUSCA OF DORSETSHIRE. 10$ half, convex, the last occupying about three-fifths of the shell ; spire slightly raised, blunt; suture well marked, not deep; mouth crescent-shaped, oblique ; outer lip thick, reflected, with a rib inside, inflected above; colour of the lip, rib, and columella reddish-brown ; inner lip of the same hue but paler ; umbilicus in the adults com- pletely closed. L.0.65. B.0.9. Var. 1.— hortensis. Shell smaller and more globular; mouth white- lipped, and rib of the same colour; inner lip excessively thin and coloured, or banded like the rest of the shell ; often without bands. Var. 2. — hybrida. Shell of the same size as the first variety, but not so globular ; mouth and rib of a pink or liver-colour. Var. 3. — major, Ferussac. Shell much larger and rather more depressed than usual. Var. 4. — minor. Shell dwarfed, of the same shape and colour as the first variety. Hab. Woods, hedges and gardens. Generally distributed. Var. i. — Worth Matravers ; Smedmore ; Houghton Wood (J.C.M.P.). Var 2. — Rodwell, near Weymouth (Damon). Var. 3 —East Lulworth (Kendall) ; Gadcliff, Tyneham (J.C.M.P.). Quaternary tutaceous deposit, Blashenwell. 5, — ii. AKBUSTORUM, Linn., pi. 8. Pali, cat., p. 47, Rack, ed., p. 54, pi. 2, fig. 6. Body black, or dark-grey above, lighter grey beneath, shining, rounded in front. Shell globular, convex above, and like the last depressed below, solid, nearly opaque, glossy, mottled with yellow and brown, gener- ally with one longitudinal brown band round the middle of each whorl, with faint unequal spiral lines, intersected by other finer ones ; whorls five to six, convex, the last occupying about three- fifths of the shell ; suture deep ; spire depressed usually, and obtuse ; umbilicus very narrow and oblique; mouth oval crescent-shaped; outer lip white, thick, and reflected ; inner lip very thin and trans- parent, filmlike. L.0.5. B.0.8. Hab. In moist and shady woods and hedges, East Lul- worth (Kendall) -, Swyre Hill, Encombe ; Stoke Wake Hill ; Houghton Wood (shell smaller, with three brown bands round the last whorl). Woods, Creech Grange (J.C.M.P.). 110 THE LAtfD AND FRESHWATER JkfOLLtSCA OF DORSETSHIRE. 6. — H. CANTIANA, MotlfaffU, pi. 8. Putt, cat., Hack, ed., p. 53, pi., 19, fig. 21. Body yellowish, or rosy, becoming darker in front, covered with rounded tubercles. Shell subglobnlar, compressed above and below, rather thin, solid, semitransparent, slightly glossy, yellowish-white, or pallid flesh- colour above, more rufous beneath and near the outer lip ; fre- quently with a white but undistinetband in the middle of the whorl ; •whorls six to seven, convex, occupying more than one-half of the shell ; spire blunt, slightly raised; suture rather deep; mouth oblique, forming a segment of about three-fifths of a circle, reddish, with a •white rib, placed at a little distance from the edge ; outer lip a little reflected and slightly dilated upon the columella; umbilicus rather deep exposing the whole of the spiro. L.0.4. B.0.7. Hab. Hedges, wooded banks, and walls. Spettisbury (Rackett) -, Puncknoll, near Bridport. It occurs in the Quaternary tufaceous deposit at Blashenwell, Kingston, Isle of Purbeck. (J.C.M.P.). 7. — H. RUFESCEXS, Pennant^ pi. 8. Pult. eat., p. 47, Rack, p. 53, pi, 20, f. 6. Body ash-colour, of various shades, with a dark band along the head and neck. Shell depressed above, subanprulated below, thin, solid, not glossy, nearly transparent, reddish horn-colour, disposed in alternate lighter and darker shades, with an indistinct hand round the last whorl, which is keeled obtusely ; whorls six to seven, depressed above, convex below, the last occupying more than half the shell; spire depressed ; umbilicus rather deep ; mouth oblique, nearly crescent- shaped; a broad white rib at a little distance from the opening, which is usually dark liver-colour. L.0.3. B.0.5. Hab. Hedges, gardens, under stones and decayed timber. Generally distributed. 8. — H. CONCINXA, Jeffreys, pi. 9. Body reddish-brown ; foot narrow. Shell subconic, convex above and below, semitransparent, light ash-grey, with occasionally faint streaks of reddish-brown, and like H. rufesccns has a white spiral band on the last whorl, which is TEfE LAND AXi) FRESHWATER MOLLT7SCA OF BOESETSIirRF. Ill obtusely keolod ; epidermis rather thick, sparse!}' covered wilh short Whitehall's; whorls six to seven, the last scarcely occupying one- half of the shell ; spire short and blunt ; suture deep ; mouth obliquely semilunar. considerably higher than broad, furnished with a sharp white rib inside; umbilicus broad and deep. L.0.2. B.0.4. Hab. Under s tones, at the roots of grass. Chapman's Pool, Encombe (J.C.M.P.). 9.— H. HISPIDA, Linn., pi. 9. Pult. cat., p. 47. Rack. ed. p. 54, pi. 21, f. 10. Body blackish-brown or slate-colour above, greyish brown beneath. Shell sub-conic, convex, more so above than below, thin, solid, covered with curved stiff hairs, not glossy, semi-transparent, dark yellowish-brown ; whorls six to seven, the last occupying about one- third of the shell ; spire slightly raised, obtuse ; suture deep ; month crescent-shaped, broader than high, with a reddish or whitish rib inside ; inner lip slightly arched, reflected towards the umbilicus, which is small and narrow. L.0.185. B.0.3. Hab. Under stones and logs of timber, among moss and herbage in woods, gardens, and hedges. Generally distributed. 10. — H. SERICEA. Mullet', pi. 9. British Conch., vol. 1, p. 201. Body brownish or yellowish-grey. Shell subglobose, thin, fragile, greyish- white, with transverse streaks ot reddish-brown ; whorls six, very convex, the last occupy- ing nearly one-half of the shell ; suture moderately deep ; spire much raised ; peristome similar to H. hispida, excepting the outer lip, which is slightly reflected ; umbilicus very small and deep. L.0.2. B.0.3. Var. cornea. — Shell horn-colour, very thin, glossy and transparert, the labial rib perceptible on the outside. Hab. Mossy banks, damp meadows, under leaves and stones, Langton Matravers ; meadows, Chamberlayne's, Bere Regis (J.C.M.PJ. The variety was found at Lulworth (Gwyn Jeffreys). 11.— H. FUSCA, Montagu, pi. 9. Body long, yellowish-grey, with a violet tinge, especially the head. 1 1 2 THE LA.JTD AXD FRESHWATER MOLLTfSCA 0? DORSETSHIRE. Shell sub-conical, slightly convex above and below, thin, fragile, very glossy, yellowish-brown, marked with strong, irregular trans- verse wrinklos: whorls four to five, the last slightly keeled, occupy- ing rather more than one-half of the shell; spire a little raised, obtuse ; suture not deep ; mouth rather large, crescent shaped, con- siderably broader than high ; no rib ; outer lip reflected over the umbilicus and sharply inflected above ; umbilicus small and reduced to a little more than a perforation. L.0.225. B.0.35. Hab. Woods, on young trees, brambles, osier-beds, East J.ulworth (Kendall) -, Langton Matravers, on the left-hand side of the lower road to Corfe Castle ( J.C.M.P.). 12. — H. PISANA, Midler, pi. 8. HELIX CIXGEXDA, Pult. cat., p. 53, pi. 18, fig. 5. Mont. Test. Brit., p. 418, pi. 24, f. 4. Body yellow-grey above, reddish towards the head. Shell globular, not so convex above as below, thin, solid, moder- ately glossy, yellowish-white, with brown spiral bands, sometimes interrupted, or speckled; whorls five and a half, compressed towards the suture, marked with indistinct fine, irregular, longitu- dinal striae, which intersect the transverse ones, giving a reticu- lated appearance to the surface, the last whorl occupies more than one-half of the shell; spire slightly raised, but obtuse, summit purplish-brown; suture shallow; mouth pinkish within, broadly lunate, thickened internally, nearly as high as it is broad, with a rib more or less rose-coloured ; outer lip reflected towards the umbilicus, •which is extremely small and narrow. L.0.5. B.0.75. Hab. Sandbanks, between Lul worth and Weymouth (Pulteney). 13. — H. VIRGATA, Da Costa, pi. 8. Pult. cat., p. 47. Rack. ed. p. 53, pi. 20, fig. 7. Brit. Conch., vol. i, p. 211, 213 ; Geology of Weyinouth, p. 234. Body yellowif h-white. Shell conical, raised more or less above, convex below, somewhat opaque and solid, slightly glossy, white or cream-colour, with one broad brown or chesnut band just above the periphery, other bands more or less innumber above and below, entire or interrupted, and reduced to spots or specks, longitudinal stria only : whorls six, very convex, the last occupying more than one-half of the shell, not keeled; spire purplish-brown at the point; mouth semi-lunar, •THE LAtfD AtfD tfRtiSHWATER MOLLtfSCA Of DORSETSHIRE. H3 inside purplish-brown, with a thick rib of the same colour ; outer lip reflected over the umbilicus, which is narrow and deep, exposing most of the interior of the shell. L.0.4. B.0.55. Var. carinata. — Shell yellowish-white, compressed above ; periphery strongly keeled. Hab. Downs, limestone pastures, and heaths, abundant on and near the sea coast. Var. — Winfrith, near Wareham (Daniel) ; Weymouth (Damonj. Mr. Gwyn Jeffreys says " The largest specimens of H. virgata that I have ever seen were collected by Mr. William Thompson, near Weymouth ; they were four-fifths of an inch in breadth." 14. — H. CAPERATA, Montagu, pi. 9. Pull, cat., Rick, ed., p. 53, pi. 19, fig. 20. Geology of Weymouth, p. 234. Body yellowish-grey, with a blackish band on each side. Shell depressed above, slightly convex below, solid, not glossy, opaque, greyish or reddish-white above, with several brown bands more or less interrupted below, giving it a mottled appearance, striae deeply marked, riblike; whorls six, the last occupying about two-fifths of the shell, and slightly dilated towards the mouth, which is oblique, with a strong rib inside, which is sometimes double : spire slightly raised, brown at the summit; outer lip reflected towards the umbilicus, which exposes the interior of the spire. L.0.225. B.0.375. Var. subscalaris. — Shell conical ; whorls more convex. Hab. Under stones, on the stalks of grass, and shrubs. Generally distributed. Covers the downs and grassy lands of Portland Damon). Var. — Smedmore (J.C.M.P.). 15. — ii. EUICETORUM, Mailer, pi. 8. Pult. cat., p. 47. Rack, ed., p. 53, pi. 20, fig. 8. Body greyish-white, yellowish, or reddish-brown. Shell circular, much depressed above, slightly convex below, thin, solid, slightly glossy, whitish, or cream-colour, usually with a broad chesnut band a little above the periphery, and from two to six narrow bands of the same colour oelo*- it, very fine, indistinct, 114 THE LAXI) AND FRESHWATER MOLLttSCA Ofr DORSETSHIRE. and irregular strias; whorls six, the last occupying about three- fifths of the shell: spire almost flat; suture deep; mouth very oblique, round with a slight inside rib, white or reddish; umbilicus large and open. L.0.25 B.O.G75. Var. alba. Charpentier.—'ShvM milk-white. Hab. Dry heaths, downs, on shrubs and plant?. Gener- ally distributed. Var. — Pastures, Kimmeridge Hill (J.C.M.P.). 16 H. ROTUND ATA, MulUr, pi. 9- HELIX KADIATA, Pult. cat., p. 47., Rack, ed., p. 54, pi. 20, f. 15, 16. Body rounded in front, obtusely pointed behind, greyslate-colour or brown, svith a tin^e of blue, marked with black specks on the sides and tail. Shell depressed, especially beneath, rather thin, not very glossy, yellowish-brown or horn-colour, with transverse streaks of reddish brown; extremely fine, slightly raised ribs above and below, except- ing the first whorl, which is destitute of ribs ; whorls six to seven, the last occupying about one-third of the shell, keeled ; spire slightly raised ; suture deep ; mouth obliquely quadrangular, with a flesh- coloured or white rib inside ; umbilicus very large and deep. L.O.I. B.0.275. Hab. Under stones, logs of wood, and bark of old trees, moss, &c. Generally distributed. Quaternary deposit, Blasher- well. 17. — H. RUPESTRIS, Studer, pi. 9. HELIX UMBILICATA, F. and IT., vol. iv.. p. 81, 6,7, 8; Pult. cat., Rack, ed., p. 54. pi. 19, f. 24 ; Mont. Test. Brit., p. 434, pi. 13, fig. 2. Body round in front, narrowing towards the tail, dark slate-colour, or reddish, covered with small, scarcely raised tubercles. Shell subconical, more convex above than below, thin, fragile, slightly glossy, dark-brown or horn-colour, marked longitudinally with extremely tine, irregular, nearly defaced striae ; whorls five, the last only keeled when young; spire raised, summit glossy ; suture deep ; nioutJi oblique, rounded, horse-shoe shaped ; umbilicus large, often exposing the interior of the spire. L.0.075. B.O.llo. Hab. On rocks, walls, and stones. Under loose stones in Portland, and on the top of Corfe Castle, Montagu. Very abundant in Purbeck, there is not a stone wall throughout the district, which is not the resort of this little mollusc ; Puncknoll (J.CM-P.). THE 1A3T1) ANfc fRESlTtfATEfc JfOLLtfSCJA OF DORSETSHIRE, 115 18. — PYGM^A, Draparnaud, pi. 9. Robinson's Purbeck, p. 178. Body dusky-black, or greyish slate-colour, speckled with black. Shell depressed above and below, thin, fragile, rather glossy, palish red, or brown, marked longitudinally with extremely fine, irregular striae ; whorls four, convex, increasing gradually ; spire flattish ; suture deep ; umbilicus exposing the exterior of the spire ; mouth oblique, horse-shoe shaped, with no internal rib. L.0.03. B.0.06. Hab. Woods and moist places, under stones and among dead leaves in moist places ; often overlooked on account of its minuteness. In a lane near Godlingston (Smith). East Lul worth (Kendall). Under stones, Round Down, Swanage (J.C.M.P.). St o borough. 19. — H. PULCHELLA, M'tiller, pi. 9. HELIX PALUDOSA, Pult. cat., Rack, ed., p. 53, pi. 19, fig. 25; Maton and Racket, Trans. Linn., Soc., vol. viii., pi. 193, pi. 5, fig 5. Eobinson's Purbeck, p. 177. Body exceedingly truncate before, bluntly pointed behind, white, with a yellowish tinge, darker below, slightly shagreened on the back and sides. Shell depressed, very flat above, convex below, thin, very solid, semi-transparent, glossy, grey or white with numerous fine longitudinal striae, nofc very distinctly marked ; periphery not keeled, except in the young, and then bluntly so ; whorls three-and- a-half, the last exceeding the rest of the shell in size ; spire very little raised ; suture deep; mouth circular, with a broad expanded and reflexed edge ; umbilicus large, exposing most of the whorls and all the internal spire. L.0.04. B.0.09. Var. costaU. Sh^ll much less glossy, and marked transversely with curved membranaceous ridges. Hab. Under stones and logs of timber, in moss and among grass. Spettisbury, (T. Rackett) ; among moss, Whatcombe Park : Houghton and Clenston Woods ; under stones in pas- tures, Puncknoll ; Durleston Bay, abundant between Swanage and Dancing Ledge, at the roots of grass (J.C.M.P.) Var- Neighbourhood of Swanage, (Smith) ; Weymouth (Damon). Holme -, Creech Grange. 116 THE LAtfD AtfD FRESHWATER AtOLLtfSCA Of DORSETSHIRE. 20. — H. LAPICIDA, Linn., pi. 8. Pult. cat., p. 46. Rack, ed., p. 52, pi. 20, fig. 9. Body yellowish-brown above, slightly reddish in front,grey behind and beneath. Shell depressed, thin, very solid, shagreened, almost opaque, red- dish horn-colour, irregularly streaked across the whorls with darker tints of the same colour ; periphery sharply ke«led ; whorls five, the last exceeding the rest of the shell in size, dilated towards the mouth, which is obliquely oval, angular above and below ; outer lip white, thickened and reflected ; umbilicus rather large. L.0.25. B.0.65. Hab. Rocks, walls, woods. Generally distributed. Quater- nary tufaceous deposit, BlashenweH. Genus T.—BULIMTTS, Scopoli. This genus differs very slightly from Helix, the tentacles are shorter, and the shell more prolonged at the spire ; there is a difference too in the structure of the lower jaw, which is desti- tute of teeth, and in the arrangement of the generative organs. Their habits are similar to those of Helix, hiding themselves under stones, grass, moss, dead leaves, &c. 1. — BULTMUS ACUTUS, Miiller 9 pi. 9. F. and H., vol. iv., p. 86, pi. cxxviii., f. 5. HELIX BIFASCIATA, Pult. cat., p. 49. Rack, ed., p. 55, pi. 18, fig. 8, 10. Maton and Rackett, Trans. Linn. Soc., vol. viii., p. 210. Body short and thick, narrow and truncate in front, slender and pointed behind; yellowish-grey, with darker tints towards the neck and beneath. Shell turreted, with large and rather roughly grooved longitu- dinal striae, almost opaque, whitish or greyish, with one or two brown bands, continuous or interrupted, sometimes extending: to the upper whorls ; periphery round, not keeled ; whorls eight to nine, convex, gradually increasing in size, the last occupying about one-third of the shell; spire tapering and blunt; mouth oval; umbilicus narrow, partly concealed by the pillar lip. L.UO. B.O.i'. Hab. Downs and sandhills near the sea, Lulworth Cove (Maton and Rack.) ; abundant on the waste lands of Dorset- shire (on Chalk, Purbeck and Portland stone) (Forbes and AXJJ I'HESHWATEK, MOLLUSOA o*- DOKSETSUIUE. 117 Hanley) ; on the sandbanks between Ferry Bridge and Port- land (Damon) ; Worbarrow Bay ; Nothe, Weymouth; top of cliffs, west side of Lulworth Cove ; Bindon Mills ( J.C.M.P.J. 2. — B. MOXTAXUS, Draparnaud, pi. 9. B. LACKHAMEXsis, F. and H., iv. p. 89, pi. cxxviii, fig. 6. Body rather large, thick, rounded in front, gradually decreasing behind, dark-red or greyish-brown. Shell elonsjate-concoid, rather tumid, glossy, semi-transparent, yellowish-brown, surface striated with extremely fine scarcely perceptible lines, and intersected by transverse ones, giving the surface a shagreened appearance ; whorls seven and a half, increas- ing rapidly from the apex, the last occupies about half of the shell ; suture well marked but shallow ; umbilicus nearly covered by the reflection of the pillar lip ; spire tapering, blunt. L.0.65. B.0.225. Hab. On trunks of trees, chiefly of beech, ash and horn- beam, East Lulworth (Kendall). 3. — B. OBSCUKUS, Nuller, pi. 9. B. OBSCURUS, British Conch., vol. i., p. 237. HELIX OBSCURA, Pult. cat., Rack. ed. p. 55, pi. 19, fig. 17. Mont. Test. JBrit., p. 391, pi. 22, f. 5. Body short and thick, truncate in front, and pointed behind, brown or reddish above, of a darker hue below. Shell oval-oblong, semi-transparent, slightly glossy, dark reddish- brown, oblique, very line, unequal longitudinal striae; whorls six and a half ; suture well marked ; mouth slightly oblique, oval, interrupted by the antipenult whorl ; outer lip reflected, thickened, white in the inside ; inner lip reflected upon the umbilicus, which is much contracted. L.0.35. B.0.15. Var. alba.— Shell white or colourless. Hab. — On trunks of trees and among dead leaves in woods, on walls, rocky places. Upon the highest top of Portland Island, under stones (Montagu) -, cliffs about Secombe, Worth Matravers -, Houghton ; Chapman's Pool, near Encombe (J.C.M.P.). Var. --Lulworth (Gwyn Jeffreys,). 118 THE LAXD AXD FRESHWATER ilOLLUSCA OF DORSETSHIRE. Genus VI. — PUPA, Lamarck. Mouth in the greater number of species furnished with transverse plaits or teeth within ; peristome usually reflexed or thickened. 1- — PUPA SECALE, Draparnaud) pi. 9. TURBO JUNIPERI, Pult. cat., Rack, ed., p. 51, pi. 19, f. 11*. Maton and Rack., Trans. Linn. Soc., vol. viii., p. 182. Body very small, blackish. Shell oval oblong, attenuated, blunt at the summit, solid, slightly glossy, light-brown, or horn-colour, marked longitudinally with flex- noos, well-defined, regular strto; whorls eight to nine, gradually increasing in size ; suture oblique and rather deep ; mouth round, with two or three teeth or plaits on the pillar, two on \\\s pillar-lip, one sometimes absent, four inside the outer-lip, which extend far within ; outer lip, reflected ; umbilicus very small and oblique. L.0.3. E0.126. Var. alba. Shell white or colourless. Hab. Rocks, cliffs, woods and hill-sides-, hills near St. Catherine's Chapel, Abbotsbury (Bryer) •, East Lulworth (Ken- dall) ; abundant on the cliffs, Durleston Bay ; Gadcliff near Kimmeridge (J.C.M.P.). Var. — Lulworth, rare (Gwyn Jeffreys.) 2. — r. UMBILICATA, Lrapamaud, pi. 9. TURBO MUSCORUM, Pult. cat., p. 46 (in part). Rack, ed., p. 51, pi. 21, f. 16 (probably). Body strongly truncate in front, blunt behind, greyish-brown with a black tinge towards the neck, lighter on the edges, much more so towards the tail. Shell subcylindrical, slightly attenuated towards the spire, which is abruptly blunt, yellowish. brown or horn-colour, thin, solid, glossy, with indistinct irregular striae in the line of growth ; whorls six to seven, the two first much smaller in proportion to the rest ; mouth obliquely oval, rounded at the base, one plait "or tooth on the pillar and a short one on \x\& pillar-lip ; peristome white, reflected, inner lip spread on the pillar; umbilicus very small, surrounded by the lower portion of the last whorl. L..0.15. B.0.075. Hab. On walls and rocks, under stones, among dead leaves, and under the bark ot trees. Generally distributed. Very abundant in the Isle ofPurbeck (J.C.M.P.). 3. — P. MARGTNATA, Drapamaud, pi. 9. PUPA iruscoRUM, F. Sf IT. iv., p. 97, pi. cxxix., fig. 8,9. Body oblong, slightly rounded in front, black or slightly brownish, shining, puuctuated with very fine black specks underneath. THE LAND AXD FKESHWATKIl MOLLU8CA OP DOUSET3HIBE. 119 Shell subclyindrical, slightly glossy. pale yellowish-brown, or horn- colour, irregularly marked, indistinct, extremely. fine and closely set longitudinal striae in the line of growth ; iLhorls*\x. to seven, convex, suture rather deep ; spire short and blunt ; mouth furnished with a tooth on the pillar near the middle, inside tinged with reddish- brown ; outer lip not reflected, with a white exterior rib near the margin ; umbilicus slightly oblique, moderately open, partly sur- rounded by the lower portion of the last whorl. L.0.133. B.0.0. Var. 1. bigranata. Shell rather smaller and thicker, and having a tubercular tooth or denticle considerably within the outer lip as well as that on the coluniella. Var. 2. albina, Menke. Shell white. Hab. Under stones, at the roots of grass and amongst dead leaves. Generally distributed, but not so common as the previous species. Var. I, — Lul worth (Gwyn Jeffreys^). Var. 2. — Ulwell, near Swanage Q.C.M.P.). Genus VII.— VERTIGO, Mutter. Tentacles two only, scarcely inflated at the summit. Miiller was the first to observe that these little animals had two tentacles instead of the usual four, and on this peculiarity he founded this present genus. I. — VERTIGO ANTIVERTIGO, Lraparnaud, pi. 10. Body short, thick, nearly cylindrical, greyish-black, tinged with slate colour. Shell ovate-oblong, thin, glossy, transparent, reddish or yellowish- brown, with very faintly marked, clos'ely set, longitudinal striae; whorls four and a half, ventricose, the last occupying about halt of the shell : suture deep ; spire obtuse ; mouth obliquely oval, con- tracted in the middle of the outer edire, with about seven reddish, deeply-seated teeth, three on the pillar, of which one is usually a small tubercle, one on the pillar lip and three inside the outer lip, which are sublamellar ; outer lip which is whitish, is strengthened by an exterior rib ; outer and inner lip* uninterrupted, forming a complete peristome-, umbilicus open, half encircled by a prominent riuge, by which it is slightly contracted. L.0.065. B.0.04. Hab. Under stones and felled timber, on water plants and in marshy places. Wool, near the railway (Kendall). 2. — v. PYGM.EA, Draparnaud, pi. 10. British Conch., vol. i., p. 257. Body expanded and rounded in front, narrowing insensibly and pointed behind, dark slate-colour. 120 THE LAND AND FBESHWATEtt MOLLUSCA OF DORSETSlIiKE. Shell subcylindrieal or oval ; thin, glossy, transparent, reddish- brown, or yellowish, with very fine, close-set, unequal, indistinct longitudinal striae ; whorls four-and-a-half, convex, the last nearly as large as the rest of the shell ; spire obtusely pointed ; teeth four or five, one sharp and prominent on the middle of the pillar, one strong and thick on the pillar-lip, and two or three plait-like teeth inside the outer lip, which is rather thin and slightly reflected ; umbilicus small and deep. L.0.065. B.0.04. Var. pallida. — Shell thinner and of a lighter colour. Hab. Under stones and logs of wood, at the roots of grass. East Lul worth (Kendall) ; Ulwell, near Swanage ; Houghton Wood (J.C.M.P.) Var.— Wool (Daniel). 3. — v. EDENTULA, Drapamaud, pi. 10. Bobinson's Purbeck, p. 178. Body slender, ash-grey, darker above, paler behind, on the sides, and beneath. Shell oblong, cylindrical, thin, transparent, glossy, light yellowish horn-colour, smewhat inclined to be angular: whorls five-and-a-half to six-and-a-half ; spire blunt; sutme deep; mouth destitute of teeth; outer //^interrupted, without an outside rib, scarcely reflected except towards the umbilicus, which is narrow and deep, half sur- rounded by the base of the last whorl. B.O.I. B.0.05. Hab. Woods, among dead leaves, at the roots of grass and on the trunks of trees. Chapman's Pool, near Encombe (Smith) ; East Lulworth (Kendall) ; on the walls of Ulwell, near Swanage (J.C.M.P.). 4. — v. MINUTISSIMA, Hartmann, pi. 10. Brit. Conch., vol. i., p. 270. Body narrow, and rounded in front, gradually attenuated and slightly blunt behind, slate-grey ; dotted with black. Shell oblong, nearly cylindrical, semi-transparent }»nd glossy, yel- lowish or horn-colour, periphery rounded, with a tendency to angu- larity : whorls five-and-a-half, moderately convex, the body whorl occupying about two-fifths of the shell ; spire blunt at the point ; mouth (in British specimens) destitute of teeth ; outer lip thin, white and reflected ; umbilicus small. L.0.07. B.0.0y5. Hab. Under stones. Lulworth (Gwyn Jeffreys) ; Houghton Wood (J.C.M.P.) THE LAND AND FRESHWATER MOLLUSCA OF DORSETSHIRE. 121 Genus VIII. — BALI A (Bulea) Prideaux. Shell sinistral, turriculate, elongated, many-whorled. resembling a young Clausilia, for which it m$y easily be mistaken ; itapproaches the genus Vertigo in its tooth on the pillar ; umbilicus narrow and oblique. BALIA PERVERSA, Linn., pi. 10. TURBO PERVERSUS, Pult. cat., Rack, ed., p. 51, pi. 19, f. 11. Body comparatively large, slender and tapering behind, dark brown passing into a slaty-grey, coverel with small white tubercles and specks. Shell spindle-shaped, very thin, fragile, and glossy, yellowish-brown, with indistinct, fine, closelv-set longitudinal striae, and a few transverse ones ; -whorls seven to eitrht, convex, the last inflated ; spire bluntly pointed; suture deep; mouth oval, one whitish tubercular tooth often on theciilumella; outer lip interrupted, thin, slightly reflexed, white ; umbilicus oblique and narrow. L.0.275. B.O.I. Hab. On the trunks of trees, ash, sycamore, &c., between the rugosities of the bark, lichen, rocks and walls covered with vegetation. On walls, East Lulworth (Kendall), Smedmore -, Clenston Wood (J.C.M.P. ). Genus IX. — CLAUSILIA, Draparnaud. Shell sinistral, spindle-shaped ; spire long; mouth small with a deep sinus at the upper part, which makes it more or less pyriform, it is also furnished with two spiral plates placed either near the margin, or farther in, where there is also an elastic plate, and moveable, taking the place of an opetcalum; outer lip uninterrupted; umbilicus merely a slit. 1. — CLAUSILIA RUGOSA, Dmpamaud, pi. 10. TURBO PERVERSUS, Pult. cat., p. 46 (in part). TURBO NIGRICANS, Pult. cat., Rack, ed., p. 51, pi. 19, f. 10. CLAUSILIA NIGRICANS, F. and H. iv., p. 121, pi. cxxix., f. 1,2. Body small compared with the size of the shell, dark-grey or slate- colour, paler on the sides and underneath. Shell club-shaped, solid and not transparent, rather glossy, dark horn-colour, with a few unequal longitudinal whitish streaks, inter- rupted by the sutures; -whorls twelve to thirteen, compressed- suture shillosv ; spire 'liminishmg to a blunt p >int ; mouth oval-pear- shaped, compressed on the outer side; the upp^r tooth or fold proiiinent, and oblique ; thu louver one also ooUque, smaller and 122 THE LANb AND F*ESiiWATER MOLLUSCA OF DORSETSHIRE. sometimes bifurcate far witliin the neck of the shell, where there is another strong tooth on the pillar lip, and one still farther in, occasionally one or two teeth within the outer-lip, which is thick, white, and reflected; umbilicus a slight cleft: clattsilium oval-oblong, obtuse below, slightly dilated above, thin, thickened at the margin which is entire. L.U.o. 13.0.1. Hab. On walls and rocks, under stones and trunks of trees. Generally distributed. 2.— c. LAMINATA, Montagu, pi. 10. TURBO PERVERSUS, Pult. cat., p. 46 (in part). TURBO LAMIXATUS, Rack, ed., p. 51, pi. 19, f. 9, Mont. Test. Brit., p. 359, pi. 11, f. 4. Body slisrhtly attenuated and truncate in front, slightly pointed behind, reddish-black or greyish-brown above, light-grey on the sides and underneath. Shell fusiform, slightly ventricose towards the centre, solid, glossy, semi-transparent, dark-yellowish horn-colour, with a reddish tinge, longitudinal stride very delicately fine, invisible to the naked eye, a few coarse wrinkles n.ear the month ; iihorls twelve, compressed, the first two or three similar in diameter and breadth ; spire tapering obtuse at the point ; mouth rounded, ililared below, not anguldted above a.s is thy case with C. ru&osa ; upper tooth projecting, long and nearly straight; lower one slightly separated from the upper, very thin, no interhiminary plaits; there aie three or four palatal folds, which are visible from the outside, o^ing lothe transparency of the shell ; outer lip white and expanded ; umbilicus very small ; clau- silium quadrate-oblong, obliquely and deeply notched towards the base, white. L.0.7. B.0.15. Hab. On the trunks and roots or trees, especially on the beach and ash, woods and bushy clilFs ; on an ash tree, Grange Wood ; bushy places on the summit or Old Harry, Studland (J.C.M.P.;. SPURIOUS. CLAUSILIA BIDENS, Linn. TURBO BIDENS, Pult. cat., p. 46, Maton. Rack., Tram. Linn., vol. viii., p. 176, pi. 5, f. 3. Figured in the Linnean transactions as a Dorset species, but doubtless erroneous. " We have given a figure from a specimen in Doctor Pulteney's Museum, now in the possession of the LANfi AND FRESHWATER HOLLUSCA OF DORSETSHIRE. 123 Society. He notes it as a. Dorsetshire shell, but there is reason to believe he was deceived, and that this species was not of British growth, since, notwithstanding a more diligent search we have been unable to procure it." (Maton and Eackett). Genus X.— COCHLICOPA, Ferussac. 1. — COCHLICOPA TRIDENS, Pulteiiey^ pi. 10. TURBO TRIDENS, Pult.cat., p. 46, Rack, ed., p. 51, pi. 19, f. 12. Maton and Rackett, Trans. Linn., Soc. vol. viii., p. 181. AZECA TRIDENS, F. and H. iv-, p. 128, pi. cxxv., f. 9. A. — Mouth furnished with teeth, outer lip sinuous or notched. Body greyish slate-colour with a tinge of yellow, closely covered with small black specks, wrinkled. Shell elongated, subcylindriral, thin, solid, very glossy, sub- transparent, light yellowish-brown, with a red tinge, faintly marked, extremely fine, unequal longitudinal striae, invisible to the naked eye; periphery rounded, keeled in young specimens; whorls seven, fhe lust much larger in proportion; spite rounded at the summit; suture superficial, with a transversely wrinkled border ; mouth narrow, diminishing upwards, angulated below, contracted still further by a tooth, or plate-like fold on the pillar, extending into the interior, there is also a small tooth between it and the outer lip ; a strong fold winds round the pillar lip, aad a tubercle on the middle of the outer lip on its in-ide edge, there are also occasionally two diminutive denticles placed below it; peristome nearly uninterrupted, furnished with a marginal rib in the inside, which is olten reddish-brown or flesh-colour. L.0.25. B.O.I. Hab. Among herbage, and damp moss in woods, rare On water plants, by the river Stour (Tulteney.). In his notice of this shell, Montagu says " The species here described we received from Dr. Pulteney ; who has given it in his " Catalogue of Dorsetshire Shells," and says it is found on water plants, by the river Stour in Dorsetshire." '' It appears that Dr. Pulteney furnished Montagu with a Dorsetshire specimen of this rare shell ; also that Mr. Boys, as well as Dr. Pulteney, had found it." (Maton and Rackett.) 124 THE LAND AND FRESHWATER MOLLUSCA OF DORSETSHIRE. 2. — c. LUBRICA, Muller, pi. 10. HELIX LUBRICA, Pult. cat.. Rack ed., p 55, pi. 21, f. 18. ZUA LUBRICA, ^! awrf H., p. 125, pi. cxxv., f. 8. B. — Mouth destitute of teeth or folds; outer lip entire. Body broad and rounded in front, gradually narrowing and very pointed behind. Shell subcylindrical, slightly ventricose, thin, transparent, very glossy, light vellowish-brown, with oblique, fine, longitudinal strise, scarcely visible even to the naked eye ; whorls five or five-and-a-half, gradually increasing in size, the last occupying about one-half ot the shell; spire conical, roundel at the point; suture well marked, with a transversely wrinkled border; mouth oblique ; outer lip interrupted, with a broad inside rib, which is usually reddish-brown, or flesh- colour. L.0.25. B.0.85. Hab. Woods, under stones and logs of wood, among moss, and dead leaves. Generally distributed. Moss, Bryanston ; Clenston wood ; Smedmore ; Quaternary tufaceous deposit, Blashenwell (J.C.M.P.). Genus XI.—ACHATINA, Lamarck. Shell long and slender, cylindrical, thin, glossy, smooth ; spire long ; mouth without teeth or folds, notched and nearly truncate at the base ; umbilicus wanting. ACHATINA ACICULA, Mutter, pi. 10. Robinson's Pur beck, p. 178. Body transparent, white. Shell spindle-shaped, slightly attenuated below, and gradually tapering towards the apex, thin, shining and polished, ivory-white, showing under the microscope beautiful delicate striae; -whorls fi< e- and-a half, scarcely convex, increasing rapidly, the last occupying about one-half of the shell ; spire blunt ; suture rather deep, oblique, often appearing marsjinated on the under side, on account of the transparency of the shell ; mouth oblique, pear-shaped, angu- lated above,wi(ier and rounded below,contracted by the penultimate whorl; pillar-lip reflected, with a deep notch at its base : outer-lip thin and flexuous. L.O.I 75. B.0.04. Hab. Under stones and at the roots of trees, bushes, and grass, usually some inches below the surface. At the base of Nine-Barrow Down, where the chalk unites with the green- sand (Smith^ ; Punfield Cliff, Swanage -, Quaternary tufaceous deposit at Blashenwell, near Kingston, Purbeck (J.C.M.P.). THE LAND AXD FRESHWATER MOLSUSCA OF DORSETSHIRE. 125 FAMILY IV. — CARYCHIID^. Shell spiral, oval-oblong ; spire moderately produced; mouth somewhat ear-shaped, oblique, narrowed above, with columellar folds and a tooth-like tubercle on the outer lip ; umbilicus narrow and indistinct. Genus L— CAKYCHIUM, Mutter. CARYCHIUM MINIMUM, Muller, pi. 10. TURBO CARYCHIUM, Pult. cat.. Rack, ed., p. 52, pi. 19, f. 13. Body white, with eyes at the base of the short blunt tentacles ; bilobed in front and rounded behind. Shell subfusiform, glossy, shining, transparent, whitish, with closely-set delicately fine longitudinal striae, which by their inter- section with the transverse aitriae, resemble the shells of Limnaea, giving it a reticulated, decussated appearance ; periphery rounded ; •whorls five-and-a-half, convex, the lasi occupying nearly one-half of the shell; spire moderately pointed ; suture deep ; mouth obliquely oval, contracted below, furnished with a spiral told in the middle of the pillar, one on the pillar-lip and another reaching to the edge of the outer lip, which is thick and reflected, uninterrupted ; umbilicus consisting of an oblique olit. L.0.07. B.0.035. Hab. Under stones and logs of wood, at the roots of grass, among moss and dead leaves, often overlooked, probably on account of its minute size. Amongst moss, Bryanston ; Houghton and Clenston woods, Whatcombe Park (J.C.M.P.). Genus IL—MELAMPUS, De Mont fort. Shell oval conoidal, solid ; spire short ; mouth elongated, narrow ; inner lip with dentiform plications ; outer lip sharp, toothed or fluted ; no umbilicus or operculum. MELAMPUS MYOSOTIS, Draparnaud, pi. 10. VOLUTA DENTICULATA, Pulf. cat.,Rli, S. V. Systcmatisches VerzeiclmifH der Weiner Gusrend, Srlili/. Schlager, Si, Sircotn, Sk. Schrank, S*. Stephens, ^tn. Stainfcon, Tengs. Tenjrstrom, Thnb. Thunberp, Ti. Tischer, Tr. Treitsche, V. Viewear, Va. Vausjhan, Vill. de Villers, Wk. "Wocke, Wlk. Wilkinson, Z. Zeller, Zk. Ziuchen, Ztt. Zetterstedt. LEPIDOPTERA OF THE ISLE OF PUEBECK. 131 DIUENI, PIEBID.E. LEUCOPHASIA, Ss. LEUCOPHASIA SINAPIS, L., taken by Mr. Parmiter at Creech Grange. PIERIS, Sk, PIERIS BRASSIC.E, L., abundant. „ RAP^E, L., abundant. „ NAPI, L., abundant. ANTHOCHARIS, B. ANTHOCHARIS CARDAMINES, L., generally distributed. KHODOCEKID^. GONOPTERYX, L. GONOPTERYX RHAMNI, L., generally common. COLIAS, F. COLIAS EDUSA, F., plentiful in some seasons ; scarce, or entirely absent, in others. ,, HYALE, L., two specimens taken on the Kimmeridge coast by Mr. Parmiter; one seen at Corfe. VANESSID^E. ARGYNNIS, F. ARGIYXNIS PAPHIA, L., one taken at Corfe. ,, AGLAIA, L., occurs locally on the chalk range. ,, LATONA, L., the capture of two specimens at Swanage in the summer of 1852 is recorded in Newman's " British Butterflies " on the authority of Mr. Henry Reeks. ,, EUPHROSYXE, L., West White way. MELITJBA, F. MELIT^EA ARTEMIS, S.V., West White way ; scarce. 132 LEPIDOPTERA OF THE ISLE OF PURBECK. VANESSA, F. VANESSA TTRTIOE, L., generally common. ,, POLYCHLOROS, L., Studland, Corfe, Kimmeridge ; not common. ,, 10, L., common. ,, ATALANTA, L., common. ,, CARDUI, L., common in most seasons. ARGE, B. ARGE GALATEA, L., abundant on the chalk range. SATYRUS, F. SATYRUS JEGERIA, L., generally distributed. ,, MEG^ERA, L., abundant. ,, SEMELE, L., common. ,, JANIRA, L., very abundant. ,, TITHONUS, O., abundant. „ HYPERANTHUS. L., Encombe ; one specimen at Studland. CCENONYMPHA, H.S. CO3NONYMPHA PAMPHILUS, L., COmmOU. THECLA, F. THECLA RUBI, L., generally distributed and not uncommon. POLYOMMATUS, Lt. POLYOMMATUS PHLCEAS, L., generally common. LYOENA, F. LYCJENA JEGON, S.V., common on the heaths. ,, AGESTIS, S.V., common on the downs. ,, ALEXIS, S.V., abundant. „ ADONIS, S.V., plentiful on the chalk range near Corfe. „ CORYDON, 8., widely distributed and locally common. ,, ALSUS, 8 V., Swanage coast. ,, ARGIOLUS. L., widely distributed but never very common. SYUICTHUS, B. SYRICTHUS ALVEOLUS, H., Swanage coast, West Whiteway. LEPIDOPTERA OF THE ISLE OF PtTRBECK. 133 THANAOS, B. THAITAOS TAGES, L., common on tlie downs. HESPERIA, B. HESPERIA SYLVANTTS, E., abundant. ,, LINE A, S.V., common. ,, ACTJEON, E., on the chalk range and Kimmeridge coast ; locally common. NOCTURNI SPHINGID^E. SMERINTHUS, 0. SMERINTHUS OCELLATUS, L., Studland, Corfe. ,, POPULI, L., larva common on sallows. ACHERONTIA, 0. ACHEROXTIA ATROPOS, L., widely distributed. SPHINX, 0. SPHIXX COKVOLVTTLI, L., two specimens have occurred at Studland. ,, LIGUSTRI, L., not uncommon in the larva state. CIL&ROCAMPA, D. CH^ROCAMPA CELERIO, L., one specimen taken at Encombe by Mr. Bryan Farrer. MACROGLOSSA, 0. MACROGLOSSA STELLATARUM, L., common in most years. ,, FTJCIFORMIS, L., Studland. SESID.E. SESIA, F. SESIA ICHXEUMOXIFORMIS, F., Swanage coast; amongst Lotus corniculatus ,, TIPULIFORMIS, L., Studland. ,, BEMBECIFORMIS, H., Corfe ; the larva in trunks of poplars. 134 LEPIDOPTERA OP THE ISLE OF PURBECK. cossus, F. Cossus LIGXIPERDA, F., common. HEPIALUS, F. HEPIALUS HECTUS, L., common. ,, LUPULINUS, L., common. ,, 8YLVINUS, L., Studland. ,, HUMULI, L., abundant. ZYG^ENID^E. ZYGJSNA, F. ZYO.EXA TRIFOLII, E., Studland, Swanage coast. ,, FIUPEXDUL*:, L., abundant. NOLID^E. NOLA, Lch. NOLA CUCULLATELLA, L., Studland, Corie. ,. COXFUSALIS, H.S., Studland, Corfe ; occurs occasionally. LITHOSID2E. NUDA1UA, Ss. NUDARIA SEXEX, H., Studland, in boggy places. ,, MUXDAXA, L., generally distributed and rather common. CALLIGENIA, D. CALLIOEXIA MIXIATA, Forst., widely distributed and not uncommon. LITHC1SIA, F. LITHOSIA MESOMELLA, L., Studland ; on the heath. ,, AUREOLA, H.. Studland ; scarce. „ LTJRIDEOLA, Tr., not unc ouimon. ,, GRISEOLA, H., Corfe ; plentiful. ,, STRAMIXEOLA, Db., Corfe, Kimineridge ; very local, but common where it occurs. „ QUADRA, L., widely distributed but always scarce. ,, RUBRICOLLIS, L., JStudlaud. EULETIA, C. EULEPIA CRIBRUAI, L., Studlaud heath ; rare. LEPlJbOPTERA OP THE ISLE OF PURBECK. 135 EUCHELIDJE. DEIOPEIA, Ss. DEIOPEIA PULCHELLA, L., one specimen taken near Corfe by Mr. W. Brinkley in 1874 or 1875. ,, JACOBE^E, L., common everywhere amongst ragwort. CHELONID^E. EUTHEMONIA, S. EUTHEMONIA RTJSSULA, L., Corfe, Studland, West White way ; occurs on the heaths. °!HELONIA, Lt. CHELONTA CAJA, L., common. ,, VILLICA, L., common. ARCTIA, B. AKCTIA I-TJLIGIXOSA, L., Rempstone. ,, MENDICA, L., taken at Kimmeridge by Mr. Parmiter. ,, LTJBRICIPEDA, L., abundant at light. ,, MENTHASTRI, S.V., abundant at light. ,, ARTICLE, E., one specimen caught at Kimmeridge by Mr. Parmiter. L.IPAEIDJE. LIPAKIS, 0. LIPARIS AURIFLUA, F., common. ,, SALICIS, L., Studland ; occasionally met with. ,, MO:XTACHA, L., Studland ; scarce. ORGYIA, 0. ORGYIA PUDIBUNDA, L., Studland, Corfe ; common in the larva state. ,, FASCELIXA, L., Studland ; occurs on the heath. ,, ANTIQUA, L., common. BOMBYCID^E. PCECILOCAMPA, Ss. PCECILOCAMPA POPULi, L., Studlaud ; the larva on sallows. 136 LEPIDOPTERA OF THE ISLE OF PTJRBECIt. BOMBYX, L. BOMBYX NEusTRiA, L., common. ,, RUBI, L., common on the heaths; the larva is very abundant in the autumn. ,. QUEBCUS, L., common. „ TRIFOLII, S.V., Studland heath. ODONESTIS, Gm. ODONESTIS POTATORIA, L., common. SATURNIA, Sfc. SATUBXIA CARPINI, S.V., occurs on the heaths. GEOMETRY. UKAPTEEID2E. OURAPTERYX, Lck- OCRAPTERYX SAMBTTCATA, L., generally distributed and common. ENNOMID^E. EPIONE, D. EPIOXE APICIAI;IA, S.V., not uncommon. RUMIA. I). RTTMIA CRAT^GATA, L., abundant. METROCAMPA, Li. METROCAMPA MABGARITATA, L., generally distributed. ELLOPTA, 8s. ELLOPIA FASCIARIA, L., Studland, Corfe ; in fir plantations. EURYMENE, D. EURYMEXE DOLOBRARIA, L., Corfe ; scarce. PERICALLIA, Ss. PERICALLIA SYRINGARIA, L., Stud'and, Kiiumeridge. LEPIDOPTERA OF THE ISLE OF PURBECK. 137 SELEXIA, //. SELEXIA ILLTTXARIA, H., common. ,, ILLUSTRARIA, H., one specimen taken at Studland. ODONTOPERA, Ss. ODOXTOPEHA BIJDENTATA, L., Corfe, Studland ; at light. CEOCALLIS, T. CROCALLIS ELIXGUARIA, L., common. ENKOMOS, T. EXXOMOS TILIARIA, Bk., Corfe. ,, EROSARIA, S.V., one specimen taken at Kimmeridge by Mr. Parmiter. ,, AXGULARIA, S.V., generally distributed. HIMERA, D. HIJIERA PEXXARIA, L., common at liglit. AMPHIDASYDJE. BISTON, Lch. BISTOX HIRTARIA, L., Studland. BOAEMID^. HEMEROPHILA, Ss. HEMEROPHILA ABRUPTARIA, Thnb., Corfe. not uncommon ; Kim- meridge. CLEORA, C. CLEORA LICHEXARIA, Hf ., generally distributed and common. BOARMIA, Tr. BOARMIA REPAXDATA, L., abundant. ,, var. COXVERSARIA, Hb., occurs at Studland and Corfe. ,, RHOMBOIDARIA, S.Y., Kimmeridge, Studland. TEPHROSIA, B. TEPHROSIA COXSOXARIA, H., one specimen caught at West Whiteway by Mr. Parmiter. ,, CREPUSCULARI A, S.V., West Whiteway ; taken com- monly by Mr. Parmiter, 138 LEPIDOPTERA OF THE ISLE OF PUBBECK. GNOPHOS, T. GNOPHOS OBSCUBATA, S.V., common on the heaths and downs. GEOMETKID^E. PSEUDOTERPNA, U.S. P8EUDOTEKP>TA CYTI8ABIA, S.V., COniUlOn. IODIS, H. IODIS VEBXABIA, L., not uncommon amongst Clematis vitalba. „ LACTEABIA, L., abundant. HEMITHEA, D. HEMITHEA THYMIABIA, L., Common. EPHYEID^. EPHYRA, D. EPHYBA POBATA, F., Corfe, Kimmeridge. ,, PUNCTABIA, L., one taken at Kimmeridge by Mr. Par- miter. „ OMICBONABIA, S.V., common at Kimmeridge. ,, OBBICULABIA, H., Studland; occurs occasionally among sallows. ACIDALID^E. ASTHENA, H. ^.STHENA LUTEATA, S.V., Swanage. „ CANDIDATA, S.V., abundant at Kimmeridge. ACIDALIA, T. ACIDALIA SCUTTJLATA, S.V., common. ,, BISETATA, Ht'., abundant. ,, TBiGEMiNATA, Hw., common on the Kimmeridge coast. ,, coimouABiA, H., a specimen of an Acidalia taken by Mr. Parmiter near Kimmeridge was submitted to Mr. Edward Newman, who pronounced it to be this species. ,, INCANABIA, H., Corfe; occurs occasionally. ,, PBOMUTATA, G"., generally distributed, but nowhere common. „ STBAMINATA, T., not scarce on parts of the heaths LEPIDOPTEBA OF THE ISLE OF PUBBECK. 1C9 ACIDALIA SUBSERICEATA, Hw., Corfe, Studland ; it is found on the heaths. ,, REMUTATA, H., Corfe, Kimmeridge ; common. ,, IMITABIA, H., common. ,, EMUTABIA, H., Studland ; not uncommon in some of the bogs. „ AVEBSATA, L., abundant. TIMANDRA, B. TIMAXDBA AMATABIA, L., Corfe, Studland ; not common. CABEKID^E . CABERA, Tr. CABEBA PUSABIA, L., Corfe, Kimmeridge, Studland ; plentiful. „ EXAXTHEMABIA, S., abundant. MACAEID^E . MACARIA, C. MACABIA ALTEEXATA, S.V., Studland; at light. Kimmeridge. ., NOTATA, L., Corfe: one specimen. Kimmeridge; taken not unfrequently by Mr. Parmiter. ,, LITUBATA, L., rare ; occurring in nr woods round Stud- land. HALIA, 1). HALIA VAUABIA, L., common. FIDONID^E. PAX AGRA, G. PAXAGRA PETRARIA, H., abundant amongst bracken. SCODIONA, H '. SCODIOXA BELGIARIA, H., on heaths ; most frequently found in the larva state in March. SELIDOSEMA, H. SELIDOSEMA PLUMARIA, S.Y., the male occurs not uncommonly on the heaths. FIDONIA, Tr. FIDOXIA ATOUARIA, L.. abundant on heaths and downs. ,, PIXIABIA, L., common among Scotch firs ; often conies to light. 140 LEPtibOPTERA OF THE IStE OP PTJRBECK. ASPILATES, Tr. ASPILATES CITRARIA, H., common on the cliffs and sands of the coast; also taken inland at Corfe. ZEKENIP^E. ABRAXAS, Lch. ABRAXAS GROSSTJLARIATA, L., abundant. LIGDIA, G. LIGDIA ADU3TATA, S.V., Swunage coast, West Whitoway. LOMASPILIS, //. LOMASPILIS MAROIXATA, L., abundant. LIGIID^E. PACHYCNEMIA, Ss. PACHYCXEMIA HIPPOCASTAXARIA, H., Ptudland, on the heath ; also at light. H YBEENIID^E. HYBERNIA, Lt. HYBERXIA RUPICAPRARIA, S.V.. Studland ; at light ; Kimmeridge. ,, LETJCOPH^ARIA, S.V., Studland; at light. ,, PROGEMMARIA, H., abundant. „ DEFOLIARIA, L., common. AXISOPTERYX, Ss. AXISOPTERYX ^SCULARIA, S.V., common. LARENTIIDyE. CHEIMATOBIA, Ss. CHEIMATOBIA BRTTMATA, L., abundant. OPORABIA, Ss. OPOIIABIA DILTJTATA, S.V., common. lEPIDOPTERA OF THE IStE OF PttRBECtf. 1-i LARENTIA, Tr. LAREXTIA DIDYXATA, L., common. ., MTJLTISTRIGAEIA, Hw., common at Kiinmeridge. Studland; only taken at light. ,, PECTIXITARIA, Fu., abundant. EMMELESTA, Ss. EMMELESIA AFFIXITATA, Ss., generally distributed and not uncommon. ,, ALCHEMILLATA, L., Studland, Corfe ; not uncommon. ,, ALBTTLATA, S.V., West Whiteway ; very local, but abundant where it occurs. „ DECOLORATA, H., common. EUPITHECIA, C. EUPITHECTA VEXOSATA, F., one specimen taken at Studland. ,, PULCHELLATA, .Ss., the larva is common in places on the downs. ,, CEXTATJREATA, S.V., Studland. „ SUBFULVATA, Hw., widely distributed, but now- where common. ,, ISOGRAMMATA, Tr., common amongst clematis. ,, CASTIGATA, H., abundant at Studland, Kiuimeridge coast, and Corfe. „ ALBIPUXCTATA, Hw., Swanage coast. Corfe. ,, IXDIGATA, H., Studland. „ COXSTRICTATA, Gr., Corfe, Swanage coast ; plentifid. ,, XAXATA, H., common on the heaths. „ SUBXOTATA, H., Studland ; at flower of ragwort, also at light. Kiinmeridge. „ VULGATA, Hw., abundant. ,, ^IIXUTATA, G., Corfe. „ TENUIATA, H., Corfe ; may be bred from sallow cat- kins. ,, ABBREVIATA, Ss., Studland ; at light, Corfe, Kimmer- idge. ,, EXIGUATA, H., Corfe, Studland. ,, PUMILATA, H., abundant in furze bushes. „ COROXATA, H., Corfe, Studland ; always scarce. „ RECTAXGTTLATA, L., abundant among fruit trees. LOBOPHORA, C. LOBOPHORA SEXALATA, H., Corfe, Studland ; not uncommon. ,, VIRETATA, H., Corfe, Studland ; rare. ,, LOBULATA, H., Corfe ; not uncommon; may be taken Hying round sallow bushes at night. 142 LEPIDOPTERA OF THE ISLE OF PURBECK. THERA, Ss. THERA VARIATA, S.V., common in fir plantations. YPSIPETES, Ss. YPSiPETES RUBERATA, Frr., Studland, Corfe, Kimmeridge ; occa- sionally met with. ,, IMPLUVIATA, S.V., common at Kimmeridge. Studland; at light. ,, ELTJTATA, H., abundant. MELANTHIA, D. MELAXTHIA RUBIGIXATA, S.V., Studland, Corfe, occurs occasion- ally. ,, OCELLATA, L., common. MELANIPPE, D. MELAXIPPE PROCELLATA, S.V., common amongst Clematis vitalla. ,, UXAXGULATA, Hw., not uncommon ; Studland, West Whiteway. RIVATA. H., generally distributed and abundant. SOCIATA, Bk., generally distributed and abundant. MOXTAXATA. S.V., coinmon. GALIATA, S.V., common on the chalk. FLUCTUATA, L., abundant. AXTICLEA, Ss. AXTICLEA RUBIDATA, S.V., generally distributed. Corfe, Kim- meridge, Studland. ,, BADIATA, S.V., common. ,, DERIVATA, S.Y., generally distributed but not very common. COREMIA, G. COREMIA PROPUGXATA, S.V., Corfe, Studland. ,, FERRUGATA, L., abundant. ,, UXIDEXTARIA, Hw., common. CAMPTOGRAMMA, Ss. CAMPTOGRAMMA BILTXEATA, L., very abundant. ,, FLUVIATA, H., Studland ; one specimen at li^ht ; also 0110 taken at Kimmeridge by Mr. 1'uruuter. LEPLDOPTERA OF THE ISLE OF PURBECK. 143 PHIBALAPTERYX, Ss. PHIBALAPTERYX TERSATA, S.V., common amongst Clematis vitalba. ,, LIGNATA, H., Studland ; several captured at light. „ VITALBATA, S.V., Kimmeridge ; a few taken by Mr. Parmiter. SCOTOSIA, Ss. SCOTOSIA DUBITATA, L., generally distributed. „ TJXDTJLATA, L., Studland ; at light. CIDARIA, Tr- CIDARIA PSITTACATA, S.V., Studland, Corfe ; not rare. ,, MIATA, L., Studland, Corfe, Kimmeridge ; it occurs occasionally. ,, CORYLATA, Thnb.. Studland, Kimmeridge. ,, RUSSATA, .SV., common. ,, IMMANATA, Hw., Tyneham. ,, SITFFUMATA, 8.V., Studland. ,, PRUXATA, L., taken on the Swanage coast by Mr. C. W. Dale. ,, TESTATA, L., common on the heaths. ,, POPTTLATA, S.Y., common. „ FULVATA, Fors., abundant amongst Rosa spinosissima. ,, PYRALIATA, S.V., generally distributed and common. ,, DOTATA, L., common. PELURGA, H. PELURGA COMITATA, L., Studland. EUBOLID^E. EUBOLIA, D. EUBOLIA CERVINARIA, S.V., Studland, Corfe ; scarce. ,, MEXSURARIA, S.V., abundant. ,, PALTTMBARIA, S.V., common on the heaths and downs. ,, BIPUNCTARIA, S.V., abundant on the chalk. „ LIXEOLATA, S.V., Tyneham ; one captured by Mr. Parmiter. ANAITIS, B. PLAGIATA, L., widely distributed and not uncommon. 144 LEPIDOPTERA OF THE ISLE OF PURBECK, TANAGRA, D. TAXAGRA CILEROPHYLLATA, L., Kimmeridge. DKEPANULID2E. PLATYPTERYX, Ls. PLATYPTERYX FALCULA, S.V., one larva found at Studland. CILIX, Lch. CILIX SPIXFLA, S.V., common at light. PSEUDO-BOMBYCES. DICEANUKIMl. DICRANURA, Lt. DICRAXURA FURCULA, L., Studland ; the larva occurs on sallows. ,, BIFIUA, H., Studland ; an empty pupa case found on poplar. ,, VINULA, L., not uncommon. STAUROPUS, Gin. STAUROPUS FAGI, L., one specimen captured at Kimmeridge by Mr. Parmiter. PETASIA, S. V. PETASIA CASSIXEA, F., Studland ; at light. PYG.ERA, 0. PYGJERA BUCEPHALA, L., rather common. CLOSTERA, Ss. CLOSTERA RECLTISA, S.V., generally found in the larva state on dwarf sallow ; not uncommon, LEPIDOPTERA OF THE ISLE OF PURBECK. 145 NOTODONTID^E. NOTODONTA, 0. NOTODONTA CAMELINA, L., Corfe, West White way. „ DICT.EA. L., Studland; the larva found on poplar. ,. DiCTjEoiDES, E., Studland ; one larva on birch. ,, ZIGZAG, L., Corfe, Kimineridge, Studland ; the larva on poplar and oallow. NOCTILE. TRTFID.E. BOMBYCIFOEMES. NOCTUO-BOMBYCID^J. THYATIRA, 0. THYATIRA DERASA, L., occasionally met with. ,, BATIS, L., Corfe, West White way ; not uncommon. CYMATOPHOEA, Tr. CYMATOPHORA DUPLARIS, L, Kimmeridge, Studland, West Whiteway. „ FLAVICORNIS, L., Studland. BEYOPHILIDJE. BRYOPHILA, Tr. BRYOPHILA GLANDIFERA, S.V., Kimmeridge, Swanage ; seldom met with. „ PERLA, S.V., generally distributed and common. BOMBYCOnXE. ACRONYCTA, Ir. ACRONYCTA psi, L., rather common. ,, ACERIS, L., two specimens taken at Kimmeridge by Mr. Parmiter. ,, MEGAOEPHALA, S.V., Corfe, Kimmeridge, Studland. ,, LIGUSTRI, S.V., one specimen at Corfe, B.UMICI8, L., not uncommon, 146 LEPIDOPTERA OF THE ISLE OF PUEBECK. GENUINE. LEUCANID^E. LEUCANIA, Tr. LEUCAITIA CONIGERA, S.Y., not uncommon. ,, LITHARGYRIA, E., common. ,, LITTORALIS, C., Studland ; on the sandhills. „ PUDORINA, S.Y., Studland. ,, COMMA, L., generally distributed. ,, IMPURA, H., common. ,, FALLENS, L., abundant. NONAGRIA, 0 NONAGRIA DESPECTA, Tr., Studland; plentiful in bogs on the heath. APAMID JE. GORTYNA, 0. GORTYNA FLATAGO, S.V., Corfe. HYDR2ECIA, G. HYDR.ECIA NICTITANS, L., generally distributed. AXYLIA, 77. AXILIA PTTTRIS, L., common. XYLOPHASIA, Ss« XYLOPHASIA LITHOXYLEA. S.V., Corfe, Studland. ,, SUBLUSTRIS, E., Corfe; common at sugar. ,, POLYODON, L., abundant. ,, HEPATICA, Clk., Corfe ; common; Kimmeridge. DIPTERYG1A, Ss. DIPTERYGIA PINASTRI, L., Studland ; at light and sugar. LAPHYGMA, G. LAPHYGMA EXIGTTA, H., one specimen taken at Studland by Mr. C. W, Dale. LEPIDOPTERA OF THE ISLE OF PURBECK. 147 HELIOPHOBUS, B. HELIOPHOBTJS POPTTLARIS, F., common at light. ,, HISPIDTJS, H., taken at Swanage by Sir Christo- pher Lighten about the year 1845. CHAR^AS, Ss. CHAR^EAS GRAMINIS, L., two specimens were taken at West Whiteway by Mr. Parmiter. CEUIGO, Ss. CERIGO CYTHEREA, F., not uncommon at sugar and light. LUPER1NA, B. LUPERINA TESTACEA, S.Y., common at light. „ CESPITIS, fS.Y., taken at Swanage about the year 1845 by Sir Christopher Lighton. MAMESTKA, 0. MAMESTRA AXCEPS, H., Studland, AYest Whiteway. ,, BRASSIOE, L., common. APAMEA, 0. APAMEA BASILIKEA, S.V., common. „ GEMINA, H., common at West Whiteway. „ OCULEA, F., common: the larva occurs in flower stems of Iris Jceetidiaaima MIANA, Ss. MIAXA STRIGILIS, L., abundant. ., FAseiuxcrLA, Hw., common. ,, LixEKOSA, Hw., Corfe, fctudland ; the larva in flower stems of Iris fceetidissima. CAEADEINID^E. GRAMMESIA, Ss. GRAMMESIA TRILINEA, S.V., abundant at light and sugar. „ var BILINEA, Hb., occurs at Corfe and Studland. CARADRINA, Tr. CARADRIXA MORPHEUS, Hf., abundant at light. ,, BLANDA, 8.V., Studland, Corfe; at light. ,. cuBicuLARis, 1S.Y., common. 148 LEPIDOPTERA OF THE ISLE OF PtTRBECK. NOCTTJID^E. KUSINA, Ss. RUSINA TENEBROSA, H., common at light and sugar. AGROTIS, 0. AGROTIS VALLIGERA, S.V., one specimen at Studland on flower of ragwort. ,, PTJTA, H., Swanage coast; Corfe, at sugar; scarce. „ SUFFUSA, S.V., common at sugar. ,, SATJCIA, H., abundant at sugar in some seasons. ,, SEGETTJM, S.V., common. „ LUNIGERA, Ss., Studland, Swanage coast ; rare. ,, EXCLAMATIONIS, L., abundant. ,, CORTICEA, S.V., Studland. ,, CTNEREA, S.Y., Studland ; one specimen at light. ,, KIP^E, H., one specimen captured at Studland. ,, NIGRICANS, L., Studland. ,, TRITICI, L., Studland, Corfe, Kimrneridge. ,, AGATHINA, D., taken on the heath between Wareham and Corfe by Mr. C. W. Dale. ,, PORPHYREA, S.Y., common on ths heaths. ,, PR^ECOX, L., Studland, Swanage coast ; rare. ,, PYROPHILA, S.V., one specimen captured at Studland. „ LUCERNEA, L., taken at Swanage about the year 1845 by Sir Frederick Lighton. TRIPILENA, 0. TRIPHJENA IANTHINA, S.V., generally distributed and not scarce. ,, INTERJECTA, H., generally distributed and occasionally met with. „ SUBSEQUA, 8.V., one specimen taken at Studland ; and another at Kimmeridge by Mr. Parmiter. ,, ORBONA, Hf., common. ,, PROXITBA, L., abundant. NOCTUA, L. i NOCTUA GLAREOSA, E., one specimen captured at Kimmeridge by Mr. 1 'armiter ; also taken at Swanage about the year 1845 by Sir Frederick Lighton. ,, PLECTA, L., common. A freshly emerged specimen was taken at sallow bloom at Corfe on April 16, 1881. LEPIDOPTERA OF THE ISLE OF PURBECK 149 NOCTUA CNIGRTJM, L., not uncommon. ,, BRTTNNEA, S.V., occasionally met with, at Kimmeridge. ,, FESTIVA, S.V., not uncommon. ,, RUBI, V., common at ivy, light, and sugar. ,, NEGLECTA, H., one captured at West Whiteway by Mr. Parmiter. „ XANTHOGRAPHA, S.V., common. ORTHOSID^E. TRACHEA. H. TRACHEA PIXIPERDA, P., common in fir plantations. T-ENIOCAMPA, G. T^ENIOCAMPA GOTHICA, L., abundant at light and sallow bloom. ,, RTJBRICOSA, S.V , generally distributed ; at light and saJlow bloom. ., INSTABILIS, S.V., generally distributed ; at light and sallow bloom. ,, STABILIS, 8.V., abundant at light and sallow bloom. ,, GRACILIS, S.V., Corfe, Kimmeridge ; at sallow bloom. ,, MIXIOSA, S.V., one taken at Kimmeridge by Mr. Parmiter. „ MUNDA, S.V., moderately common at Kimmeridge. ,, CRUDA, S.V., common at light and sallow bloom. ORTHOSIA, Tr. ORTHOSIA LOTA, L., abundant at sugar. „ MACTLENTA, H., occurs at ivy bloom and sugar. ANCHOCELIS, G. ANCHOCELIS RUFINA, L,, Corfe. „ PisTACtXA, S-V., very abundant at sugar ; also at light. ,, LUNOSA, Hw., Corfe ; at sugar. CERASTIS, 0. CERASTIS VACCINII, L., abundant at ivy, light, and sugar. ,, SPADICEA, G., abundant at ivy, light, and sugar. SCOPELOSOMA, C. SCOPELOSOMA SATELLITIA, ~L. commcm at ivy, light, and sugar. 150 LEPIDOPTERA OF THE ISLE OF PtJRBECfc. DASYCAMPA, G. DASYCAMPA RUBIGINEA, S.Y., one specimen taken at ivy bloom at Corfe ; and another at sallow bloom at Kimmeridge by Mr. Parmiter. XANTHIA, 0, XANTHIA CERAGO, S.V., Corfe ; bred plentifully from sallow catkins. „ SILAGO, H., Corfe ; bred plentifully from sallow cat- kins. ,, FERRUGINEA, S.Y., common at Kimmeridge and Corfe. C OSMIDJE. COSMIA, 0. COSMIA TRAPEZINA, L., common. ,, AFFINIS, L., Studland, Corfe ; not common. H ADENID2E . DIANTH^CIA, U. DiANTHyECiA CARPopiiAGA, Bk., one specimen captured at West AVhiteway. ,, CAPSIXCOLA, S-V., Studlaud. EPUNDA, D. EPUNDA NIGRA.' Hw., Corfe; taken annually at sugar. ,, VIMINAXIS, F., Studland. MISP:LIA, £s. MISELIA OXYACAKTHJE, L., coiumon at light and sugar. AGRIOPIS, B. AGRIOPIS APRILIXA, L., occasionally found at sugar and ivy bloom. PHLOGOPHOKA, 0. PHLOGOPHOHA METICULOSA, L.. abundant. KUPLKXFA, Ss. EUPLEXIA LUCIPARA, L., gt utTtilly diblubuted. LEPIDOPTERA OF THE ISLE OF PURBECK. 151 APLECTA, G. APLECTA HEBBIDA, S.V., Corfe ; one specimen at light. ,, NEBULOSA, Hf., Corfe; at sugar, HADEXA, 0. HADEXA DENTINA, S.Y.. abundant. „ CHENOPODII, S.V., Corfe. ,, OLERACEA, L., common. ,, PISI, L., Studland. ,, THALASSIXA, Bk., generally distributed. „ CONTIGUA, S."V., one captured at Studland. XYLINID2E. XYLOCAMPA, G. XYLOCAMPA LITHORIZA, Bk., common. CALOCAMPA, Ss. CALOCAMPA VETUSTA, H., widely distributed, occurring occa- sionally at sugar. ,, EXOLETA, L., widely distributed, occurring occa- sionally at sugar. XYLINA, Tr. XYLINA RHIZOLITHA, S.V., common. ,, SEMIBRUNNEA, Hw., a few have been taken at Kimmer- idge. ,, PETRIFICATA, S.Y., Coiie, Kimmeridge ; plentiful in some j'ears. CUCULLIA, SJc. CTTCTILLIA VERBASCI, L., common in the larva state. HELIOTHID^E. HELIOTHIS, 0. HELIOTHIS MARGINATA, F., not rare in the larva state on rest- harrow. ,, PELTIGERA, S.V., one specimen bred from a larva found on the Swanage coast, 152 LEPIDOPTERA OF THE ISLE OF PURBECK. AN ART A, Tr. AXARTA MYRTILLI, L., occurs on the heaths. FELIODES, G. HELIODES ARBUTI, F., Corfe. ANTHOPHILIDJE. HYDRELIA, G- HYDRELIA UNCA, S.V., Studland ; common in some of the bogs. MICRA, G. MICRA OSTRINA, H., one beautiful specimen taken on the Swanage coast on August 21st, 1880. ABUOSTOLA, 0. ABROSTOLA URTIC^:, H., widely distributed, but not common. ,, TRIPLASTA, L., widely distributed, but not common. PLUSIA, Tr. PLUSIA CHRYSITIS, L., generally distributed, ,, IOTA, L., Studland, Kimmeridge. „ V. AITRETJM, GL, Studland. ,, GAMMA, L., abundant. GONOPTEBIDJE. GONOPTERA, Lt. GONOPTERA LIBATRIX, L., common. INTRUST. AMPHIPYRA, Tr. AMPHIPYRA PYRAMIDEA, L., one taken at Tyneham by Mr. Par- miter. „ TRAGOPOQONIS, L., common. MANIA, Tr, MAUIIA, L., common, LEPIDOPTERA OF THE ISLE OF PURBECK. 153 TOXOC AMPID^E. TOXOCAMPA, G. TOXOCAMPA PASTIXUM, Tr., taken at Swanage by Mr. A. F. Griffith in 1880. STILBID^E. STILBIA, Ss. STILBIA ANOMALA, Hw., taken on the heath between Wareham and Corfe by Mr. C. W. Dale. L I M B A T JE . CATUCALA, 0. CATOCALA XUPTA, L., two specimens taken at Corfe, and one at Kiinmeridge. SEKPENTIN^E. EUCLIDIA, Tr. EUCLIDIA MI, L., fairly common. ,, GLYPHICA, L., common at West White way. PHYTOMETKA, Hw. PHYTOMETRA ^EXEA, S.Y., common on heaths and downs. DELTOIDES. HYPENID^E. HYPENA, Tr. HYPEXA PROBOSCIDALIS, L.. generally distributed and common. ,, ROSTRALIS, L., Studland Rectory, Corfe. HYPEN1DES, G. HYPENIDES COST.ESTRIGALIS, Ss., Studland ; heaths and bogs ; fre- quent at light., SCHRANKIA, H.S. SCHRAXKIA TURFOSALTS, Wk., Studland ; common in the bogs. HERMINID^E. RIVULA, G. EIVULA SERICEALIS, S., Studland and Corfe. 154 LEPIDOPTEEA OF THE ISLE OF PURBECK. IIERMINIA, Tr. HERMIXIA BARBALIS, L., Studland ; one specimen at light. „ TARSIPEXXALIS, Tr., generally distributed. ,, GRISEALIS, S.V., generally distributed A V E N T I M . AVENTID^E. AVENTIA, I). AVENTIA FLEXULA, P., Studland and Corfe ; not common ; most frequent at light. PYBALIDES. SQUAMOS.E. ODONTIA, I). ODONTIA DEXTALIS, S.V., Kimineridge coast ; among Viper's bugloss. PYEALID^E. PYKALIS. L. PYRALIS FIMBRIALIS, S.V., Corfe ; at light. „ FARI^TALIS, L., Studland, Kimmeridge, Corfe. AGLOSSA, Lt. AQLOSSA PIXGUIXALIS, L., common. CLEDEOBID^E. CLEDEOBIA, Ss. CLEDEOBIA ANGUSTALIS, S.V., frequent on downs and heaths. LUEID^E. PYRAUSTA, S&. PYRAUSTA PUNICEALIS, S.V-, common on the downs. ,, PTTRPURALIS, L., common on downs and boggy heaths. ,, OSTRIXALIS, H., on the downs. HERBULA, G. HERBULA CESPITALIS, S.Y., common on downs and heaths. lEPIDOPTERA OF THE ISLE OF PTJRBECK. 155 ENNYCHIA, Tr. EXXYCHIA CIXGULALIS, L., frequent on the downs. ASOPID^E. EXDOTRICHA, Z. ENDOTBICHA FLAMMEALIS, S.V., abundant on the heaths. S T E N I A D JE . STENIA, 6r. STEXIA PTJXCTALIS, S.V.. Swanage coast, Studland ; the larva feeding under stones on grass and moss. HYDROCAMPID/E. PARA PON YX, Ss. PARAPOXYX STRATIOTALIS, L., Corfe. HYDROCAMPA, Lt. HYDROCAMPA XYMPILTSALIS, L., common. ,, STAGXALIS, Don., Corfe. EOT YD^E. BOTYS, Lt. BOTYS FLAVALIS, S.V., Swanage coast, Ulwell ; very local. ,, VERTICALIS, S.V., common. ,, FUSCALIS, S.V., Studland. ,, ASIXALIS, H., Swanage coast, Studland ; among madder. „ nu'icALis, L., common. EBULKA, G. EBULEA CROCEALIS, H., commor. ,, VERBASCALIS, S.V., Studland, Swanage coast ; among Teucrinm scorodonia. ,, SAMBUCALIS, S.V., common. ,, * STACIIYDALIS, Zk., Studland, Corfe ; among Sfachys sylcatica ; frequent at light. PIOXEA, G. PlOXEA FORFICALTS, L., CO1H1HO71. * Recorded in the L.ututnulojiibt'i' Alnut'-Iy il.igMzine, vol. xii., p. 15 !. Io6 LEPIDOPTERA OF THE ISLE OF PtTRBEClC. SPILODES, G. SPILODES CINCTALIS, Tr., one specimen near Swanage. scoruLA, Sk. SCOPULA OLIVALIS, S.V., common. ,, PRUNALIS, S.V., common. ,, FERRUGALIS, H., common. SCOPAEIID^B. STENOPTERYX, G. STENOPTERYX HYBRIDALIS, H., abundant. SCOPARIA, Hw. SCOPARIA AMBIGUAXIS, Tr., common. „ DTJBITALIS, H., common. ,, MURANA, C., Studland ; one specimen at light. ,, LINEOLA, C., Swanage coast ; on old sloe bushes : Corfe ; on ash trunks. „ MERCURELLA, L., common. ,, CRAT^EGELLA, H., Studland, Swanage coast. ,, RESINEA, Hw., Studland, Corfe ; on ash tiunks, and at light ; frequent. ,, COARCTALIS, Z., Studland, Corfe; common at light. „ PALLIDA, Ss., Studland ; locally common in the bogs. CRAMBITES. CKAMBID^E. PLATYTES, G. PLATYTES CERUSSELLUS, S.V., frequent on the Swanage coast. CRAMBUS, I. CRAMBUS FALSELLTJS, S.V., Studland ; not rare at light. „ PRATELLUS, Clk., common. ,, ADIPELLTJS, Zk., Studland ; common in the bogs in some seasons. „ PASCITELLUS, L., common. ,, TJLIGIXOSELLUS, Z., Studland, Swanage coast; locally common. „ PIXETELLUS, L., Studland. ,, LATISTRIUS, Hw., Studland. ,, PERLELLUS, S., common. ,, WARRINGTONELLLTS, Z., Studland ; locally common. „ TRISTELLUS, S.V., common. ,, IXQTJIXATELLUS, S.V., common. ,, GEXICTJLELLUS, Hw., common. ,, CULMELLUS, L., common. HORTUELLUS, H., common. LEPIbOPTERA OF THE IStE OF PtTKBECK, 157 CHILID^E. SCHCENOBIUS, D- SCHCEXOBIUS FORFICELLUS, Thnb., Studland. PHYCID^E. ANERASTIA, //. AXERASTIA LOTELLA, Z., Studland shore. ILITHYA, Lt. ILITHYA CARXELLA, L., Kimmeridge coast ; common. MYELOPHILA, Tr. MYELOPIIILA CRIBRELLA, EL, noted as common on the Kimmer- idge coast by Mr. Parmiter. HOMCEOSOMA, G. HOMCEOSOMA SINUELLA, F., Swanage coast ; among plantain. ,, NIMBELLA, Z., Studland, Kimmeridge. ,, BIN^EVELLA, H., Studland. Swanage coast; among thistles. EPHESTIA, G. EPHESTIA ELUTELLA, H., common. CRYPTOBLABES, Z. CRYPTOBLABES BISTRIGELLA, Hw., one specimen at Corfe. NEPHOPTERYX, Z. * NEPHOPTERYX GENISTELLA, D., Studland, Swanage coast; rare ; beaten from furze. * The Rev. O. P. Cambridge informs us that a very fine and well-marked specimen of this species was captured by the Rev. Gr. C. Green (Rector of Modbury, Devon), on the Poole sandbanks so long ago as 18.59, but several authorities to whom the insect was then sent failed to identify it. A notice of this capture appeared in the " Zoologist" for 1859, p. 6791, under the name of Pkycls Contubcmclla Hubner. The species is described under the name of P. Davlsellus, in the "Entomologist," vol. v., p. 449. We have also just learnt from Mr. C. W. Dale, that he has in his cabinet a specimen of this insect, which his father, the late Mr. J. C. Dale, took on Parley heath on July 14th, 1835. 158 LEPIDOPTERA OF THE ISLE OF PURiiECK. iMivcis, F. PHYCIS CARBONARIELLA, F."R., Studland ; at times common among burnt furze. ,, SUBORXATELLA. Z., common on all downs. „ ABIETELLA, S.V., Swanago coast ; one perfect specimen beaten from a furze bush many miles from any firs. PEMPELIA, Z. PEMFELIA FALTJMBELLA, S.V., common on all heaths. RHODOPHJEA, G. RHODOPH^KA COXSOCIELLA, H., Rempstone. n MARMOREA, H\v., Swauage coast ; rare. Corfe. SUAVELLA, Zk., SAvanage coast ; rare. Corfe. MELIA, St>. MELIA SOCIELLA, L., common. GALLERIA, Lt. GALLERIA CERELLA, G., one specimen recorded from Kimraer- idge by Mr. Parmiter. MELIPHOKA, G. MELIPHORA ALVEARIELLA, G., Studland; at light. TOE TRICES. C Y M B I D IE . MALI AS, Tr. HALIAS CXORANA, L., Studland. TORTKICID^E. SAROTHRIPA, C. SAROTHRIPA REVAYAXA, S.Y., Studland, Corfe. TORTRIX L. TORTRIX I'ODAXA, S., common. ,, XYLOSTEAXA, Fl., Corfe, Rempstone ; common. ,, lios.vxA. L., common. ,, HET-.uivxA. S.Y., Studland,. ,, KIBKAXA, H., common. LEPIDOPTERA OF THE ISLE OF PURBECK. 159 ,, CORYLAXA, H., Studland, Corfe. ,, UXIFASCIAXA, D., Studland and Swanage coast. ,, COSTAXA, S.V., Stoborough, by the river side. „ VIBURXAXA, S.V., common among bog myrtle. ,, VIRIDAXA, L., common among trees. ,, MIXISTRAXA, L., common. „ FOSTERAXA, F., Studlaud, Corfe ; common amongst ivy. (EXECTRA, Gr. (ExECTRA PILLERIAXA, S.V., Studland ; one specimen on the open heath. LEPTOGRAMMA, C. LKPTOGRAMMA LITERAXA, L., Corfe. ,, SCABRAXA, F., Studland. „ var. BOSCAXA F., Studland; lare. PEROXEA, C. PEROXEA JIIXTAXA, H., abundant on. all the heaths. ,, SCHALLERIAXA, L., Studland. „ COMPARAXA^H., >tudland ; on heaths and among sallows. ,, CALEDOXIAXA, Ben., Studland; among Myrica gale and dwarf sallows. ,, VAriEGAXA, S.V., common. ,, CRISTAXA, S.V., one specimen in the garden at Studland Rectory. „ HASTIAXA, L., common among dwarf sallows. ,, TRISTAXA, H., common among Viburnum lantana. ,, ASPERSAXA, H., heaths and downs. TERAS, Tr. TEHAS CAUDAXA, F., Corfe, Studland ; common among sallows. ,, COXTAMIXANA, H., common. DICTYOPTERYX, Ss. DICTYOPTERYX i/EFLixGiAXA, L., common among oaks. ,, HOLMIAXA, L., common. ,, BERGMAXXIAXA, L., abundant. ,, FORSKALEAXA, L., common among maple. ARGYROTOXA, Ss. ARGYROTOXA COXWAYAXA, F., comir.on. 160 LEFIDOPTEKA OF THE ISLE OF PURBECK. PTYCHOLOMA, Ss. PTYCHOLOMA LECHEAXA, L., Studland, Corfe. PENTHINID^E. DITULA, Ss. DITULA SEMIFASCIAXA, Hw., Studland ; among sallows. I'ENTHINA, Tr. PEXTHIXA SOROKCULAXA, Ztt., Studland. ,, ruuxiAXA, H., common. „ OCHROLEITCAXA, II., Studland. ,, CYXOSBAXA. L., Studlaud. „ GENTIAXAXA, H., Swanage and Kimmeridge coast, Corfe ; common. ,, SELLAXA, H., Swanage coast, onthedovrns; local. ,, MARGIXANA, Hw., Corfe ; very local. ANT1THESIA, G. AXTITHESIA SALICAXA, G., Studland. SPILONOTID^E. SPILONOTA, C. SPILOXOTA OCELLAXA, S.V., common. ., DEALBAXA, Frol., common. ,, XEGLECTAXA, D., Studland ; among sallows. „ SUFPUSAXA, Kol., common. ,, ROS^ECOLAXA, Db., common. ,, IIOBORAXA, S.V., common. PARDIA, Gr. PARDIA THIPTJXCTAXA, S.V., common. SEEICOEID^. ASPIS, Tr. ASMS I'DMAXxiAXA, L., common. SEUICORIS, Tr. SERICORIS LITTORAXA, C., Swanage coast ; among seapink. „ CESPITAXA, H., Swanage coast. ,, LACUXANA, S.V., common. ,, URTICAXA, H., common. LEPIDOPTERA OF THE ISLE OF PURBECK. 161 EUCHROMIA, Ss. EUCHROMIA PURPURANA, Hw., Corfe, Swanage coast. ORTHOT^NIA, Ss. ORTHOT^ENIA ANTIQTIANA, H., Corfe, Studland ; rare. ,, STRIANA, S.V., common on the downs. ,, ERICETANA, Ben., Studland; rare and local. SCIAPHILIDJE. PHTHEOCHROA, Ss. PHTHEOCHROA RUGOSANA, H., Corfe. CNEPHASIA, C. CNEPHASIA POLITANA, Hw., Studland ; common among Myrica gale, „ MusctTLANA, H., common. SCIAPHILA, Tr. SCIAPHILA STJBJECTANA, G., common. ,, VIRGAUREANA, Tr., common. ,, PASIVANA, H., Swanage coast. SPHALEROPTERA, S. SPHALEROPTERA ICTERIOANA, Hw., Studland, Swanage coast. CLEPSIS, S. CLEPSIS RUSTICANA, Tr., Studland ; in rushy fields. QKAPHOLITHIDJE. BACTRA, Ss. BACTRA LANCEOLANA, H., abundant. PHOIOPTERYX, G. PHOXOPTERYX UNOANA, H., Studland ; among sallows. ,, BIARCUANA, Ss., Studland. ,, INORN AT AN A, H.S., Studland; on heaths among Salix fusca. ,, COMPTANA, Fro., common on the downs. ., LTTNDANA, F., Qodlingstone. ,, PIMINUTANA, Hw., Studland, Corfe; among sal- lows ; not common. 162 LEPIDOPTERA OF THE ISLE OF PTJRBECK. GRAPHOLITHA, TV. Q-RAPHOLITHA RAMANA, L., Studland ; common. ,, NISANA, L., Studland, Corfe ; among sallows and furze. ,, NIGROMACULANA, Hw., Studland ; at light. „ CAMPOLILIANA, S.Y., common. ,, TRIMACTJLANA, Don., common among elm. ,, PENKLERIANA, S-V., Studland. ,, N^EVANA, H., common among hollies. PHLCEODES, S. PHLCEODES TETRAQUETRANA, Hw., Studland. HYPERMECIA. S. HYPERMECTA CRTJCIANA, L., Studiaud ; common among sallows. BATODES, S. BATODES ANQTJSTIORANA, Hw., common. P^DISCA, Tr. P^EDISCA BILTJNANA, Hw., Studland ; among birch. ,, CORTICANA, S.V., Corfe, Studland. ,, PROFTTNDANA, S.V., Studland. ,, SOLANDRIANA, L., Eempstone, Corfe. ,, SEMIFTJSCANA, Hw., Studland. EPHIPPIPHOEA, 8. EPHIPPIPHORA PFLTJGIANA, Hw., common. ,, BRUXNICHIAXA, jS.V., Swanage coast, Corfe, Kimmeridge coast. ,, NIGRICOSTANA, Hw., Studland ; rare. „ POPULANA, F., Studland ; not rare among sallows. SEMASIA, S. SEMASIA SPINTANA, F.E., Corfe. ,, RUFILLANA, Z., Studland, Swanage coast ; amongst wild carrot. COCCYX, Tr. COCCYX ARQYRANA, H.. not uncommon. ,, HERCYNIANA, Uslar., Kingston. ,, VACCINIANA, F.R., Studland; among bilberry ; rare. LEPIDOPTERA OF THE ISLE OF PVRBECK. 168 RETINIA, S. KEXIXIA PIXICOLAXA, Db., Studland. CAKPOCAPSA, T)\ CARPOCAPSA GROSSAXA, H\v., Corfe. „ POMOXAXA, L., the larva frequent in apples. ENDOPISA, S. EXDOPISA NiGRiCAXA, F., one specimen on the Swanage coast flying in the sunshine. STIGMONOTA, S. SIIGMOXOTA LEPLASTRIAXA, C., Swanage and Kimmeridge coasts ; the larva ia young shoots? and stems of wild, cabbage. ,, COMPOS AX A, F., Studlaud. UICROKAMPHA, S. DICRORAMPHA poLiTAXA, S.V., Studland ; rare. ,, PETIVERAXA, L., abundant. ,, PLUiiBAXA, S., Kiinmeridge coast. ,, PLUMBAQANA, Tr., Swanage and Kimmeridge coasts. ,, ACTJMINATAXA, Z., StU(Uan(l. PYRODES PYRODES RIIEDIAXA, L., Studland. CATOPTRIA, 8. CATOPTRIA ULICETAXA, liw., abundant. ,, HYPERICANA, H., Corfe. ,, FULVAXA, iSs., fSwauage coast, Corfe, Studland. ,, HOHEXWARTHIAXA, S.V., COlllUlOll. P Y E A L 0 I D M . CHOREUTES. Tr. CHOREUTES SCINTILULAXA, H., Studland; common. XYLOPODA, Lt. XYLOPODA FABRICIANA, L., abundant. 164 LEPIDOPTERA OF THE ISLE OF PURBECK. CONCH YLID^E. EUPCECILIA, Ss. EUPOECILIA ATRICAPITANA,SS ,Studland,Kimmeridge and Swanage coasts; scarce, but widely dis- tributed. „ MACITLOSANA, Hw., Studland ; common amongst wild hyacinth. „ AMBIGUANA, H., Eempstone; the curious bottle- shaped cases of the pupae are found attached to the stems of Rhamnm frangula; rare. „ ANGTJSTANA, H., common on the heaths. „ TJDANA, Q-., Corfe ; one specimen at light. „ RTTPICOLANA, C., Studland, Swanage coast ; locally common amongst hemp agrimony. „ ROSEANA, Hw., Kimmeridge coast ; common. Corfe ; abundant. „ CILIANA, H., Swanage coast, Studland ; rare. XANTHOSETIA, Ss. XANTHOSETIA ZOEGANA, L., widely distributed. ,, var. Ferrugana, Hw., Studland, Corfe ; rare. „ HAMANA, L., abundant among thistles. CHROSIS, G. CHROSIS TESSERAKA, S.V., abundant on the downs. ARGYROLEPIA, Ss. ABQYROLEPIA STTBBAUMANNIANA, Wlk., Swanage coast ; rare. „ ZEPHYRANA, Tr., Swanage coast ; larva in the roots of wild carrot. „ BADIANA, H., Swanage coast, Corfe, Studland ; among burdock. ,, CNTCANA, Db., Studland, Corfe ; among thistles in damp places. CONCHYLIS, Tr. CONCHYLIS FRANCILLONANA, F., Swanage coast ; not rare. „ STRAMINEANA, Hw., Swanage coast ; very local. „ INOPIANA, Hw., Studland, Corfe. APHELID^. APHELIA, C. APHEUA OSSEANA, S., Corfe; sometimes abundant on the downs. LEPIfcOPTERA Of THE ISLE OF PURBECK 165 TOKTRICODES, G. TORTRICODES HTEMANA, H., Rempstone, Corfe. TINE^E. EPIGAPHIID^E. LEMNATOPHILA, Tr. LEMNATOPHILA PHRYGANELLA, H., Godlingstone. „ SALICELLA, H., IStudland. DIURNEA, Hw. DIURNEA FAQELLA, S.V., common. PSYCHIM1. TAL^PORIA, Z. TALSPORIA PSEUDO-BOMBYCBLLA, 0., Corfe, Studland. PSYCHE, Br. PSYCHE VILLOSELLA, 0., Studland ; the cases not rare on the heaths. „ ROBORICOLELLA, Br., Studland ; common. PSYCHOIDES, Br- PSYCHOIDES VERHTTELLELLA, Hey., Corfe, Swanage ; bred from seed-fronds of Asplenium ruta- muraria. TINEID^B. XYSMATODOMA, Z. XYSMATODOMA ARQENTIMACULELLA, Stn., Studland. Swanage coast ; the galleries of the larvae frequent on rocks and old turf banks. SCARDIA, Tr. SCARDIA QRANELLA, L., Studland. ,, CLOACELLA, Hw., common. ,, ARCELLA, F., in old hedg.es; not uncommon. 166 LEPEDOPTERA OF THE ISLE OF PURBECK, TINEA, Stn. TINEA FERRUQIXELLA, H., Studland, Corfe. ,, RUSTICELLA, H., common. •„ TAPETZELLA, L., common. ,, PELLIONELLA, L., common. ,, FUSCIPUNCTELLA, Hw., COniTUOn. ,, GANOMELLA, Tr., Studland. ,, BISELIBLLA, Hml., Studlaud, Corfe. ,, NIGRIPUNCTELLA, Hw., Corfe. Studland ; rare. „ SEMIFULVELLA, Hw., Studland, Corfe ; not uncommon. LAMPRONIA, Z. LAMPRONIA RUBIELLA, Bjer., Studland, Corfe. INCURVARIA, INCURVARIA MASOULELLA, S.V., common. ,, ZINCKENELLA, Z., Eempstone ; among birch. MICHOFTERYX, Z. MlCROPTERYX CALTHELLA. L., common. ,, SEPPELLA, F., common. ,, PURPUREI/LA, Ss., Eempstone. ,, UNIMACULELLA, Ztt., Kempstone. ,, SUBPURPURELLA, Hw., Corfe. NEMOPFOBA, H. NEMOPHORA SWAMMERDAMELLA, L., Studlaud. ,, SCKWARZIELLA, Z., Common. YPONOMEUTID^E. SWAMMERDAMIA, Stn. SWAMMKRDAMIA COMPTELLA, H., Studland. ,, C^ESIELLA, H. (Oxyacanthella, Dup.), common. ,, GRISEOCAPITELLA, Stu., Studlaud and Kempstouo. „ PYRELLA, Vill., Studland. Yl'OXOMEUTA, Lt. YPONOMETJTA PLUMBELLA, S.V., Studlaud. „ PADELLA, L., Corfe. PEPILLA, G. PEPILLA CURTISELLA, Don., common. var. RUSTICA, Hw., Studlaud, Corfe. LEPIDOPTERA OF THE ISLE OF PURBECK. 167 PLUTELLID^E. PLUTELLA, S&. PLUTELLA XYLOSTELLA, L., abundant. ,, PORRECTELLA, L., Studlaiid ; in gardens. HYPOLEPIA, G. HYPOLEPIA VITTELLA, L., Studland. ,, RADIATELLA, Don., common. ,, COSTELLA, F., Studland. HARPIPTERYX, Tr. HARPIPTERYX SCABRELLA, L., Studland ; at light. ,, NEMORELLA, L., Studland. ,, HARPELLA, S.V., generally distributed. GKELECHID^E. PHIBALOCERA, Ss. PHIBALOCERA QUERCELLA, F., common. DEPRESSARIA, DEPRESSARIA COSTOSELLA, Hw., common among furze. ,, LITURELLA, S.V., Studland. ,, PALLORELLA, Z.. Studland ; at light. ,, TTMBELLELLA, Ss., common among furze. „ NANATELLA, Stn., common on the Swanage coast. ,, AREXELLA, S.V., common ; the larva very frequent on burdock. ,, PROPINQUEI/LA, Tr., Studland, Corf e ; rare. ,, SUBPROPINQUELLA, Stn., Studland, Corfe. ,, ANGELICELLA, H., Corfe, Godlingstone ; common in the larva state. „ OCELLELLA, F., Studland, Corfe. ,, YEATESIELLA, F., Studland, Corfe; the larva on wild carrot. ,, RHODOCHRELLA, H.S., Studland, Eempstone ; the larva on knapweed. ,, APPLANELLA, F., abundant. ,, ROTUNDELLA, Dg., Swanage coast, Kimmeridge coast; the larva on wild car; ut. ,, ALBIPUXCTELLA, H., Studland ; rare. Corfe. ,, cn^EROPHYLLivoRELLA, Db., Studlaad, Swanage ; not rare, 168 LEPIDOPTERA OF THE ISLE OF PTTRBECK. „ icERVOSELLA, Hw., common. „ BADIELLA, H., Swanage coast, Studland, Corfe. the larva on the radical leaves of Hypochceris radicata. ,, HERACLEELLA, De Greer, Corfe, Worth, Studland. GELECHIA, Stn. GELECHIA CINERELLA, L., Swanage coast ; rare. ,, RTTFESCENTELLA, Hw., generally distributed. „ GERRONELLA, Z., Studland ; beaten from furze bushes. „ POPTTLELLA, L., occurs among sallows. ,, ERICETELLA, H., common on all heaths. „ MULINELLA, Ti., common among furze. „ SORORCULELLA, H., Studland ; among sallows. „ DIFFINELLA, Hw., Kimmeridge coast, Studland, and Swanage coast. ,, TERRELLA, S.V., common. „ DESERTELLA, Ed., common on sandy heaths. „ ACUMINATELLA, Si., Studland, and Swanage coast ; among thistles. „ SENECTELLA, Z., Studland, Swanage coast ; among thistles. „ MUNDELLA, Dg., Studland sandhills. „ DOMESTICELLA, Hw., Studland, Corfe. ,, PROXIMELLA, H., Studland ; on birch trunks. „ NOTATELLA, H., Studland ; among sallows. ,, VTTLOELLA, H., Studland. ,, FUOITIVELLA, Z., Studland. ,, COSTBLLA, Ss., frequent among Solanum dulcamara ; three broods have been observed. „ TRICOLORELLA, Hw., larva common on Stellar ia holostea. „ MARMORELLA, Hw., Studland sandhills. „ OBSOLETELLA, Fisch., Swanage coast ; the larva in stems of Atriplex. ,, FLANTAOINELLA, Stn., Swanage coast ; common among Plantago coronopus. ., ATRIPLICELLA, Fisch., Rempstone. ,, SEQUACELLA, Hw , Swanage coast; among Hflianthe- mum vulgare. ,, NAXELLA, H., Studland ; three specimens at light, one on an old pear tree, and one on the Manor house lawn. ,, MOTJFFETELLA, S.V., Studland ; among honeysuckle. „ DOPECELLA, L,, Studland ; among Scotch fir, LEPIDOPTERA OF THE ISLE OF PURBECK. 169 G-ELECHIA TENEBRELLA, H., not rare ; the larva mining the roots of Rumex acetosella growing on banks. ,, T.EXIOLELLA, Tr., widely distributed. ,, ANTHYLLIDELLA, H., very common amongst Anthyllis. ,, ATRELLA, Hw., Studland; amongst Hypericwn. ,, BIFRACTELLA, Mann., Swanage coast ; on Conyza sguarrosa. Corfe ; com- mon amongst Inula dysen- teric a. ,, OBLITELLA, Db., eight specimens were taken in a wet field near Studland, crawling up the stems of grasses at sunset, in July, 1884. ,, N^EVIFERELLA. Z.,Studland. ,, ERICINELLA, Z., on heaths. ,, INOPELLA, Z., frequent amongst Inula di/senterica. ,, PAUPELLA, Z., Corfe, Kimmeridge coast, Swauage coast ; amongst Inula dysenterica. ,, SUBOCELLELLA, Ss., Godlingstone ; among Mentha aquatica. Kimmeridge ; amongst Origanum vul- gare. ,, TJMBROSELLA, Z., Studland sandhills. PARASIA, lJ. PARASIA CARLINELLA, Dg., common on the downs. CLEODORA, Stn. CLEODORA CYTISELLA, C., Studland ; among bracken. ANARSIA, Z. ANARSIA SPARTIELLA, Schlg., among furze. PLEUROTA, Stn. PLEUROTA BICOSTELLA, L., frequent on the heaths. HARPELLA, HARPELLA GEOFFROYELLA, L., Godlingstone. DASYCERA, Stn. DASYCERA SULPHURELLA, F., common, 170 LEPIDOPTEBA OF THE ISLE OF PUBBECK. (ECOPHORA, Stn. CEcopHORA MINUTELLA, L., Studland. „ LAMBDELLA, Don., amongst old furzo bushes and old brambles ; widely distributed. ,, FUSCO-AUBELLA, Hw., Studlaud. ,, FUSCESCENTELLA, Hw., common. „ PSEUDOSPBETELLA, Stn., very common in houses. CECOGENIA, G. (EcoGENiA KINDEBMANNIELLA, Z., Studland ; in houses. ENDROSTS, Stn. ENDBOSIS FENESTBELLA, S., common everywhere. BUTALIS, Tr. BUTALIS GBANDIPENNELLA, Hw., on heaths ; most common among Ulex nan a, „ FUSCO-ENEELLA, Hw., Swanage coast ; bred from larva on Lotus corniculatus. ,, SENESCENTELLA, Stn., Swanage coast, Corfe ; not rare. „ VABIELLA, Ss., Studland ; the larva on Erica cinerea in long silken galleries below the sand in April. „ INCONGBUELLA, Stn., Studland heath, Norden heath. GLYPHIPTEEYGIDJE. ACROLEP1A, C. ACBOLEPIA GBANITELLA, Tr., common amongst Imila dysenterica. GLYPHIPTERYX, Ss. GLYPHIPTEBYX FTTSCOVIBIDELLA, Hw., co nmon. ,, THBASONELLA, S., common. ,, HAWOBTHELLA, Ss., Studland; among cotton grass. ,, FISCHEBIELLA, Z., abundant. PERITTIA, Stll. PEBITTIA OBSOUBEPUNCTELLA, Stn., Corfe. LEPIDOPTEEA OF THE ISLE OF PTTEBECK- 171 AEGYEESTHIID^E. ARGYRESTHIA, Stn. AEGYKESTHIA NITIDELLA, F., common among hawthorn. ,, SEMITE STACELL A, C., not rare. ,, ALBISTBIELLA, Hw., ^tudland ; among sloe. Corfe. ,, EETINELLA, Z., common among sallows. ,, cmRVELLA, L., Corfe ; common. ,, PYGM^EELLA, H., common among sallows. ,, GCEDAETELLA, L., among birch. „ BEOCHELLA, H., Studland ; among birch. CEDESTIS, Stn. CEDESTIS FAEINATELLA, Stn., Studland. OCNEROSTOMA, Z. OCNEEOSTOMA PiNAEiELLA, Z., Corfe ; beaten out of Scotch fir. ZELLERIA, Stn. ZELLEEIA HEPAEIELLA, M., Corfe ; rare. GEACILLAEIID^E. GRACILLARIA, Z. GEACILLAEIA ALCHIMIELLA, S. , Studland, Corfe. ,, STIGMATELLA, F., common among sallows and poplars. ,, SEMIFASCIELLA, Hw., Eempstone. „ ELOXGELLA, L., bred from birch ; Studland. ,, ITIIXGIPENNELLA, Z., common. ,, SYEINGELLA, F., common. ,, PHASIAXIPENNELLA, H., Studland ; larva on Rumex acetosella. „ AT7EOGUTTELLA, Ss., Studland, and Swanage coast. CORISCIUM, Z. COEISCIITM CTJCULIPENITELLA, H., Kimmeridge coast; common but local ; the larva is found in cones on privet. ., CITEINELLA, Fisch., Studland. OBNIX. Z. OENIX AVELLAXELLA, Stn., common among nut. ,, ANGLICELLA, Stn., common among hawthorn. ., BETUL^EVOEELLA. Dbl., Eempstone ; bred from birch. ,, TOEQriLELLA, Stn.. am on g sloe. ,, GTTTTELLA, II\V., Studlaud. 172 LEPIDOPTERA OF THE ISLE OF COLEOPHOETD^E. COLEOPHORA, Z. COLEOPHOEA FABEICIELLA, Vill., Studland ; at light. Corfe. ,, *AHENELLA, Hein., Bempstone ; larva on Rhamnus frangula, hybernating on the stems. ,, POTEXTILUE, nov. spec., Studland, Eempstone ; larvae living in families on Potentilla and bramble in autumn. ,, OCHEEELLA, Hw., Swanage coast ; very local. ,, LIXELLA, Z., Corfe ; common on the downs. ,, PYEEHULIPEXXELLA, Ti., on heaths ; not common. ,, ALBICOSTA, Hw., common among furze. „ ANATIPEJKNELLA, H., Studland ; on plum; Godling- stone. ,, DISCOEDELLA, Z., common on Lotus corniculatus and major. „ TEOGLODYTELLA, Stn., Swanage coast ; common. ,, MTJEINIPEXXELLA, Fisch., Studland ; common in meadows. ,, CTESPITITIELLA, Z., abundant. ,, ANNULATELLA. Tengs., Eempstone. ,, AEOENTULELLA, Z., the larva common on yarrow. ,, fcoNYZ^E, Z., Swanage coast ; larva on Conyza sguarrosa. ,, JUXCICOLELLA, Stn.. Studland ; the larva on Calluna vulgaris. ,, LABICELLA, H., Studland. ,, OBTUSEIXA, Moncreiff, Studland; larva on Juncus marittmus. ,, ALBITAESELLA, Z., Kimmeridge coast; larva on Origanum vulgare. ,, NIGEICELLA, Ss., Studland ; not common. ,, FUSCEDINELLA, Z., common. ,, GEYPHIPENXELLA, Bon., Studland ; not rare. ,, VIMIKETELLA, Z., Studland ; the larva on sallow, but most common on Myrica gale. ., LTJTIPEXNELLA, Z., Eempstone, Corfe. ,, LIMOSIPENXELLA, Fisch., Studland ; larva on birch. * Recorded in the Entomologists Monthly Magazine, vol. xvi., p. 165. t Recorded in the Entomologists Monthly Magazine, vol. xii., p. 164. Note. — A large Colcophora, nearly alied to C.Vibicella, came to light in July, 1878, hut owinir t<> itg somewhat imperfect condition it has not been identified. C.R.D. LEPIDOPTERA OF THE ISLE OF PtJRBECK, 173 ELACHISTIDJE. BATRACHEDRA, Stn. BATRACHEDRA PR^EANGTJSTELLA, Hw., Studland ; on sallow trunks. CHAULIODUS, Tr. CHAULIODTJS CH^EROPHYLLELLA, Go., Studland ; not common. ,, DAUCELLA, Pey., Swanage coast; the larva occurs on wild carrot. LAVERNA, C. LAVERNA MISCELLA, S.V., Swan age coast; common amongst Helianthemum vulgare. ,, EPILOBIELLA, Schlg., Godlingstone. ,, OCHRACEELLA, C., Swanage coast ; rare. „ ATRA, Hw., Studland. CHRYSOCLISTA, Stn. CHRYSOCLISTA FLAVICAPITELLA, Hw., Studland ; rare. CHRYSOCORYS, C. CHRYSOCORYS FESTALIELLA, H., common. ELACHISTA, Stn. ELACHISTA ATRICOMELLA, Stn., Corfe. ,, LUTICOMELLA, Z., Studland; bred from Dactylii glomerata. „ STABILELLA, Stn., Swanage coast; common. ,, BEDELLELLA, Si., Swanage coast ; common. ,, STTBOBSCURELLA, Db., Studland ; in meadows. ,, MEGERLELLA, Z., not rare. ,, RHYXCOSPORELLA, Stn., common on boggy heaths. ,, BIATOMELLA, Stn., Swanage coast. ., SERRICORNELLA, Lo., two specimens at Studland on a boggy heath. ,, POLLINARIELLA, Z., common on the downs. ,, RUFOCINERELLA, Hw., common. ,, SITBOCHREEI.LA, Db., Eempstone and Studland. ,, CYGNIPENNELLA, H., abundant. TISCHERIA, Z. TISCHERIA EMYELLA, D., common. 174 LEPIDOPTERA OF THE ISLE OF PTTRBECK. LITHOCOLLETID^E. LITHOCOLLETIS, Z. LITHOCOLLETIS LANTANELLA, Schlg., the larva common on Vibur- num lantana. ,, QUiNQUEGUTTELLA, Stn., Studland ; the larva on dwarf sallows. „ POMIFOLIELLA, Z., Studland. ,, CORYLELLA, Ni., Godlingstone. „ SPINICOLELLA, Z., Studland. „ FAGINELLA, M., Studland. ,, SALICICOLELLA, Si., Studland. ,, TJLMIFOLIELLA, H., Studland and Rempstone ; on birch. ,, QTJERCIFOLIELLA, Z., Studland ; on Ulex. „ ULICOLELLA, Va., Studland ; common among furze. ,, CRAMERELLA, F., Studland. ,, EMBERIZ^PENNELLA, Bou., common among honey- suckle. ,, NICELMELLA, Z., Godlingstone ; on nut. ,, SCHREBERELLA, F., Studland ; on elm bushes. ,, TRIFASCIELLA, Hw., Studland ; on honeysuckle. LYONETIIDJE. LYONETIA, H. LYONETIA CLERCKELLA, L., Studland; the larva on apple. PHYLLOCNISTIS, Z. PHYLLOCNISTIS SUFFUSELLA, Z., Studland; the larva on poplar. CEMIOSTOMA, Z. CEMIOSTOMA LABURNELLA, Hey., common. ,, SCITELLA, Z., Studland ; amongst apple. ,, WAILESELLA, Stn., Godlingstone ; the larva on Gcn- itta tinctoria. ,, LOTELLA, Stn., Studland; the larva in Lotus major in bogs. OPOSTEGA, Z. OPOSTEGA SALACIELLA, Tr., widely distributed but rare. LEPIDOPTEBA OF THE ISLE OF PUBBECK. 175 BUCCULATRIX, Z. BUCCULATBIX tTLMELLA, M., Rempstone ; the larva on oak. „ MAEITIMELLA, Stn., Swanage coast. ,, BOYEKELLA, D., Studland ; the larva common on elm. „ FEANGTJLELiiA, Go., Rempstone ; among Rhamnus frungula. NEPTICULIM3. NEPTICULA, Z. NEPTIOULA ANOMALELLA, Go., Studland. „ SEPTEMBRELLA, Stn., Studland, and Swanage coast. „ CBYPTELLA, Frr., Swanage coast ; among Lotus corniculatus ; rare. A variety with pale opposite spots on the fore wing has occurred. ,, SUBBIMACULELLA, Hw., Eempstone. FLOSLACTELLA, Hw., Studland. SALICIVOBELLA, Db., Studland. MICROTHEEIELLA, Wing., Studland and Godlingstone. ABGENTIPEDELLA, Z., Eempstone and Studland. PLAGICOLELLA, Stn., Studland. TITYRELLA, Dg., Studland. MAEGINECOLELLA, Stn., Studland. JENEOFASCIELLA, H.S., widely distributed. TILMIVORELLA, Frr., Studland. AUBELLA, F., common. PTEKOPHOEI. PTEROPHORIDJE. PTEROPHORUS, Lt. PTEBOPHOETTS TEIGONODACTYLTJS, Hw., Studland, Corfe, Swanage coast. The young larva were observed mining the rootstocks of Tussi- lago farfara. „ ACANTHODACTYLUS, H., common. „ ptiNCTLDACTYLUS, Ss., Studland, Corfe; the larva on the flower spikes of Stachys sylvatica. „ PABVIDACTYLUS, Hw., Swanage coast ; not common. 176 LEPIDOPTERA OF THE ISLE OF PURBECK. PTEROPHOBUS L^ETUS, Z., Studland; one specimen taken in a wet meadow was pronounced by Mr. H. T. Stainton to be a pale individual of this species. The specimen is now in the cabinet of Mr. J. B. Hodg- kinson, of Preston. ,, TEUCRII, Greening, Studland, and Swanage coast ; among Teucrium Scorodonia. „ PH^SODACTYLTJS, H., ISwanage coast ; rare. „ SEROTINUS, Z., common. „ PLAGIODACTYLUS, Fisch., Studland; local and rare. ,, ZOPHODACTYLUS, D., Studland ; the larva in the seed heads of Erythrcea Centaur- lum. „ LITHODACTYLUS, Tr., not rare amongst Tnula dysenterica. ,, PTERODACTYLUS, L., common. „ MICRODACTYLUS, H., not rare amongst Eupatorium cannabinum. ,, BALIODACTYLTJS, Z., Kimmeridge coast ; amongst Origanum vulgare. ,, TETRAD ACT YLUS, Z., Corfe ; amongst thyme. ,, PENTADACTYLUS, L., common. ,, MONODACTYLUS, L., common. ALUCITID^B. ALUCITA, L. ALUCITA POLYDACTYLA, H., abundant. .A. 3D ID IE ItT 3D J± . The following additional insects, with the exception of P. Globularise, have been taken since the list was in type : PKOCKID^E. PROCRIS, F. PROCRIS GLOBULARISE, H., one specimen, now in the cabinet of Mr. C. W. Dale, was taken at Langton Matravers by Mr. Dalton Serrell, in 1853. LEPIDOPTERA OF THE ISLE OF PITRBECK. 177 DIASEMIA, Ss. DIASEMIA LITERALIS, S., two beautiful specimens were taken on the Swanage coast, on June 3rd, 1885. TINEA, Stn. TINEA ALBIPUNCTELLA, Hw., Corfe. MICKOPTERYX, Z. MICROPTERYX THUNBERQELLA, F., Kimmeridge coast. The following table may serve to show the number of species hitherto observed in Purbeck, as compared with the total number of species included in the British list : PURBECK. BRITISH ISLES. DIUENI . . . . ~ 40 . . . . . . 66 NOCTUENI .. .. 54 .. .. ..113 GEOMETER .. .. 144 .. .. ..289 DEEPANUL^B .. .. 2 6 PSEUDO-BOMBYCES .. 11 26 NOCTTLffi .. . . 145 .. ..322 DELTOIDES .. .. 8 .. .. ..14 AYENTIJE .. .. 1 .. .. .. 1 PYEALIDES .. ..40 76 CEAMBITES .. . . 35 . . .. ..83 TOETEICES .. .. 136 .. ..342 TINEINA .. .. 245 .. .. ..718 PTEEOPHOEINA 18 35 TOTAL 879 2,091 to 0f antr By J. 0. MANSEL-PLEYDELL, F.L-S-, F.G-S. PEEFACE . . ACHATINA acicula . . ANCYLUS Capuloides fluviatilis gibbosus . lacustris oblongus ANODONTA anatina rostrata AEION ater hortensis AZECA tridens BALE A fragilis BALIA perversa 76-78 124 124 96 96 96 96 96 96 82 82 82 82 97 97 98 123 121 121 121 179 BULIMTJS .. .. .. .. 116 acutus . . . . . . ..116 Lackhamensis . . . . . . 117 montanus . . . . . . ..117 obscurus . . . . . . 117 BULL A fontinalis .. .. .. ..90 hypnorum ... . . . . 90 BYTHINIA .. .. .. ..84 tentaculata . . . . . . 84 Leachii . . t . . . 85 CARDIUM amnicum , . . . . . 79 cornewn . . . . . . 79 CAEYCHIUM .. .. .. ..125 minimum . . . . . . 125 CLAUSILIA 121 lidem . . . . . . 122 laminata .. .. .. ..122 nigricans . . . . . . 121 rugosa ., .. .. .. 121 COCHLEA pomatia : . .. .. 107 COCHLICOPA .. .. .. ..123 lubrica . . . . . . . , 124 tridens . . . . . . 123 CONO VTTL US denticulatus .. .. 125 CTCLAS caliculata . . . . . . 79 cornea . . . . . . . f 79 lacustris , . . . . . 79 rivicola . . , . . . 79 CYCLOSTOMA .. .. .. 126 elegans ... . . . . . . 126 HELIX .. .. .. .. 107 aculeata .. .. .. ..107 alia . . . . . . . . 87 arbustorum ... . . ..109 aspersa . . . . . . . . 108 auricularia . . . . . . 92 bifasciata . . . . . . 116 Cantiana . . . . . . 110 caperata . . . . . . 113 cinyenda . . . . . . 1 12 180 darn .. .. .. . . 106 compactilis . . . . . . . . 84 cincinna . . . . . . 1 1 0 contorta . . . . . . . . 89 cornea . . . . eriretorum . * . . . . ..113 fontana . . . . . . . . 87 fossaria . . . . . . fuka .. .. .- .. 106 fusca . . . . . . ..Ill hiepida . . . . . . . . 1 1 1 hortensis . . . . . . ..109 hortensis . . . . . • 108 Jiylrida .. .. .. ..109 lapicida . . . . . . 116 lubrica . . . . . . . . 124 lucida . . . . . . . , 104 lucorum . . . . . . ..108 nemoralis . . . . . . 108 nitens . . . . . . . . 104 obscura . . . . . . 117 octanfracta . . . . . . . . 95 paludosa . . . . . . 115 palustris . . . . . . 93 Pisana .. .. .. 112 planata . . . . . . 88 planorbis . . . . . . 89 pomatia . . . . . . 107 pulchella . . . . . . 115 putris . . . . . . 92 putrii .. .. •• .. 103 pygmsea . . . . . . ..115 radiata . . . . . 114 rotundata .. .. .. ..114 rufescens .. .. .. 110 rupestris .. .. .. ..114 sericea . . . . . . Ill gpinulosa . . . . . . 107 spirorbis. . . . . . . . 88 stagnalis . . . . . . 93 tentaculata . , . . . . 84 vmbilicata .. .. .. ..114 virgata .. .. .. .. 112 vitrina . . . . . . 106 viridula . . . . . . 106 vivipara . . . . . . . , 83 vortex . . . . . . 88 181 HYDKOBIA 85 siinilis . . . . . . 85 ventrosa . . , . . . . . 85 LIMACID^E .. .. .. .. 97 LIMAX .. .. ,. ..98 agrestis . . . . . . 99 arborum . . . . . . 99 brunneus . . . . . . 100 flavus . . . . . . 99 gagates . . . . . . 98 marginatus . . . . . . 98 maximus • . . . . . 100 Sowerbii . . . . . . . . 98 LIMN^EA .. .. .. .. 91 acid a . . . . . . 93 auricularia . . . . . . 92 glabra . . . . . . . . 95 glutinosa . . . . . . 91 palustris . . . . . . . 93 peregra . . . . . . 92 stagnalis . . . . . . . . 93 truncatula . . . . . . 94 LYMNEA 91 MELAMPUS 125 myositis . . . . . . . . 125 MY A ovalis .. .. .. .. 82 MTTILUS anatinm . . . . . . 82 cygneus . . . . . . 82 NERITA fluviatilis . . . . . . . . 83 NEEITINA .. .. .. 83 fluviatilis . . . . . . 83 PALUDINA .. .. .. 83 contecca . . . . . . 83 Listeri . . . . . . . . 83 vivipara . . . . . 84 PATELLA .. lacustris . . . . . . 96 lacustris . . . . . . 96 oblonga . . . . . . 96 182 PHYSA 90 f ontinalis . . . . . . 90 hypnoium . . . . . . 90 PISIDIUM ..80 amnicum . . . . . . 80 cinereum . . . . . . 80 fontinale . . . . . . 80 Hemlowlianum . . . . . . 80 nitidum . . . . . . 81 pusillum . . . . . . 81 roseum . . . . . . 81 PLANOEBIS .. .. .. ..87 albus .. .. .. .. 87 carinatus . . . . . . 88 complanatus . . . . . . 89 contortus . . . . . . . . 89 corneus marginatus . . . . . . 89 Nautileus . . . . . . 87 nitidus . . . . . . 87 spirorbis vortex . . . . . . 88 PUPA 118 edentula . . . . . . . . 120 marginata . . . . . . 118 tnuscorum . . .. .. ..118 pygmcea . . . . . . 119 secale . . . . . . ..118 umbilicata . . . . . . 118 RISSOA anatina. . . . . . . 85 SPH^ERIUH .. .. .. . . 79 corneum . . . . . . 79 lacustre . . . . . . 97 rivicola . . . . . . . . 97 SUCCINEA .. .. .. ..103 elegans . . . . . . . . 103 putris . . . . . . 103 TELLINA amnica . . . . . . 80 TESTACELLA .. .. .. 100 haliotidea . . . . . . 101 Maugei .. .. .. 102 183 TURBO lidens fontinalis . . juniperi laminatus muscorum Nautilem nigricans perversus . . perversw tridem ventrosus .UNIO pictorum VALYATA cristata piscinalis . . VEETIGO antivertigo edentula minutissima pygmsea YITEINA pellucida VOL UTA denticulata ZONITES alliarius cellarius crystallinus excavatus fulvus . . nitidulus nitidus . . puma radiatulus ZTJA lubrica 122 86 118 122 118 87 121 121 122 123 85 81 82 86 86 86 119 119 120 120 119 103 125 104 104 104 106 106 106 104 105 105 105 124 IE .A- T1 PAGE LINE 141 34 .. FOR Studland ; at light, Corfe, 143 16 .. 147 21 .. 149 1 152 14 .. RUSSATA, -SV-, foeetidissima CNTGRUM TRIPLASTA •• READ. Studland ; at light ; Corfe, RUSSATA, S.V., fcetidissima C. — NIG RUM TRIPLASIA 182 PHYSA 90 fontinalis . . . . . . . . 90 hypnoium . . . . . . 90 PISIDIUM .. .. .. ..80 amnicum . . . . . . 80 cinereum . . . . . . 80 fontinale . . . . . . 80 Henslowlianum . . . . . . 80 nitidum . . . . . . 81 pusillum . . . . . . 81 roseum . . . . . . 81 PLANORBIS 87 albus . . . . . . . . 87 carinatus . . . . . . 88 complanatus . . . . . . 89 contortus . . . . . . . . 89 corneus . . . . . . 89 marginattts . . . . . . . . 89 Nautileus . . . . . . 87 nitidus . . . . . . . . 87 spirorbis . . . . . . 88 vortex . . . . . . 88 PUPA 118 edentula . . .. .. ..120 marginata . . . . . . 118 muscorum . . . . . . ..118 pygmcea . . . . . . 119 secale . . . . . . ..118 umbilicata . . . . . . 118 RISSOA anatina. , . . . . . 85 SPHJEEIUM .. .. .. ..79 corneum . . . . . . 79 lacustre . . . . . . 97 rivicola . . . . . . . . 97 SUCCINEA ..103 183 TURBO lidens . . . . . . 122 fontinalis . . . . . . 86 juniper i . . . . . . 118 laminatus . . . . . . . . 122 muscorum . . . . . . 118 Nautilem . . . . . . 87 nigricans .. .. .. 121 pervftrsus . . . . . . . . 121 perversus . . . . . . 122 tridens . . . . . . . . 123 ventrosus . . . , . . 85 .UNIO .. .. .. ..81 pictorum . . . . . . 82 VALYATA .. .. .. ..86 cristata . . . . . . 86 piscinalis . . . . . . 86 VEETIGO 119 antivertigo . . . . ..119 edentula . . . . . . 120 minutissima .. .. ..120 pygmsea . . . . . . 119 VITEINA pellucida .. . ..103 VOLUTA denticulata .. .. 125 ZONITES .. .. ... ..104 alliarius . . . . . . 104 cellarius . . . . . . . . 104 crystallinus . . . . . . 106 excavatus . . . . . . 106 fulvus .. .. .. .. 106 nitidulus . . . . . . 104 nitidus . . . . . . . . 105 purus .. .. .. ..105 radiatulus . . . . . . 105 ZUA lulrica 124 PLATE V. 1. Sphserium corneum. 2. ,, rivicola. 3. ,, lacustre. 4. Pfsidium amnicum. o. ,, fontinale. 6. ,, pusillum. 7. „ nitidum. 8. ,, roseum. 9. Unio pictorum. 10. Anodonta cygnea. 1 1 . anat iiia. PI. V. PLATE VI. 1. Neritina fluviatilis. 2. Paludina contecta. 3. ,, vivipara. 4. Bytbinia tentaculata. 5. ,, Leachii. 6. Hydrobia similis. 7. „ ventrosa. 8. Valvata piscinalis. 9. ,, cristata. 10. Planorbis nitidus. 11. ,, Nautileus. 12. ,, albus. 13. ,, spirorbis. 14. ,, vortex. 15. ,, c.arinatus. 16. ,, comp'aratus. 17. ,, corneus. 18. ,, contortus. 19. Physa hvpnorum. 20. fontinalis. pi .vi 20. Mintcrn Bros . lith. PLATE VII. 1. Limneoa glutinosa. 2. ,, peregra. 2a. ,, var. acuta. 3. ,, auricularia. 4. ,, stagnalis. 5. ,, palustris. 6. „ truncatula. 7. ,. glabra. 8. Ancylus fluviatilis. 9. ,, lacustris. 10. Succinea putris. 11 ,, elegans. 12. Vitrina pellucida. 13. Zonites cellarius. 14. ,, alliarius. 15. ,, nitidulus. 16. ,, purus. 17. ,, radiatulus. 18. „ nitidus. 19. ,, excavatus. 20. ,, crystallinus. 21. fulvus. PL. VII. J4 18 H- 2C 11. 20. Mintern Bros .HtK. PLATE VIII. 1. Helix nemoralis. 2. ,, var hortensis. 3. ,, arbustorum. 4. „ aspersa. 5. ,, ericetorum. fi. ,, lapicida. 7. ,, cantiana. 8. „ Pisana. 9. ,, virgata. 10. ,, rufescens. PI. VIII. 10. Mmtem Bros . litii . PLATE IX. 1. Helix concinna. 2. ,, hispida. 3. ,, sericea. 4. ,, fusca. 5. ,, caperata. 6. ,, rotundata. 7. ,, rupestris. 8. „ pygmsea. 9. ,, pulchella. 10. ,, aculeata. 11. ,, pomatia. 12. Bulimus acutus. 13. ,, montanus. 14. ,, obscurus. 15. Pupa secalo. 16. ,. acuta. 17. ,, iiiarginata. PL. IX. P. r 9. 13. 6 15 77. Mintern- Bros PLATE X. 1 . Vertigo an ti vertigo. 2. ,, edentula. 3. „ pygmsea. 4. ,, nrinutissiina. 5. Balia perversa. 6. Clausilia laininata. 7. ,, rugosa. 8. Cochlicopa tridens. 9. ., lubrica. 10. Achatina acicula. 11. Carychium minimum. 12. Cyclostoma elegans. 13. Melampus myosotis. PL.X. 3 m /•, Mir.tK-r_ Bras . lilii DA 670 D69D6 v.6 Dorset Natural History and Archaeological Society Proceedings PLEASE DO NOT REMOVE CARDS OR SLIPS FROM THIS POCKET UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO LIBRARY