i OF THE DORSET HISTORY FIELD 6MB, EDITED BY MORTON G. STUART, Vice-President. VOLUME XIII. Dorcbeeter : PRINTED AT THE "DORSET COUNTY CHRONICLE" OFFICE, J892 884719 670 CONTENTS. PAGE Index to Plates and Engravings iv. Notice v. List of Officers and Hon. Members vi. List of Members viii. In Memoriam : The late Mr. Henry Burden, of Blandford ... xvii. The Proceedings of the Borset Natural History and Antiquarian Field Club during the Season 1891-2, by M. G. Stuart, M.A., F.G.S xxi. Statement of Keceipts and Expenditure from May 25th, 1891, to May llth, 1892 xlii. General Statement, 1891-2 xliii. New Members elected since the publication of Vol. xii xliv. Anniversary Address of the President ... ... ... ... 1 Address of the President at the Annual Meeting of the County Museum, Jan. 20th, 1892 30 V/ Witchcraft in Dorset, by J. S. Udal, F.R. Hist. Soc 35 The Biary of William Whiteway, ot Borchester, Co. Borset, from November, 1618, to March, 1634, by Rev. W. Miles Barnes... 57 V War eh am : Its Invasions and Battles, by Mr. George J. Bennett 82 Roman Wareham and the Claudian Invasion, by John Bellows 115 Mycetozoa, by A. Lister, Esq 130 Lulworth Castle, by Mr. Weld Blundell 140 Captain Thomas Coram and the Foundling Hospital, by Morton G. Stuart, Esq • 144 Notes on the Manor of Fordington, by H. J. Moule, M.A. ... 152 On the Occurrence of Lamprothamnus alopecuroides, Braun, in Borsetshire, by the President ... ... 163 Notes on Borset Lepidoptera in 1891, by Nelson M. Richardson, B.A., F.E.S 168 Kimmeridge Coal-Money and other Manufactured Articles from the Kimmeridge Shale, by J. C. Mansel-Pleydell, Esq., J.P., F.G.S.,F.L.S 178 On some Monstrosities of Littorina Rudis, Maton, by E. Ruthven Sykes, B.A 191 & On the British Species of False-Scorpions, by Rev. 0. Pickard- Canibridge, M.A., F.R.S., &c 199 iv. PAGE An Ancient Interment on the Verne, Poitland, by J. C. Mansel- Pleydell, Esq., F.G.S., F.L.S 232 Report on the Returns of Rainfall and Observations on the Flowering of Plants and Appearances of Birds and Insects in Dorset during 1891, by M. G. Stuart, Esq 239 PLATES AND ENGRAVINGS. Frontispiece ... THE LATE MR. HENRY BURDEN, OF BLANDFORD. FACING INSCRIBED STONES IN ST. MARY'S CHURCH, WAREHAM... xli. ROMAN WAREHAM AND THE CLAUDIAN INVASION— I. Ground Plan of Wareham "j II. Ground Plan of Gloucester I 115 III. Castra Preetoriana, Rome « ... J MYCETOZOA ... 130 LAMPROTHAMNUS ALOPECUROIDES— 1. Lamprothamnus alopecuroides, Braun (nat. size) 2. Branch (twice nat. size) 3. Whorl (magnified) 4. A nucule DORSET LEPIDOPTERA IN 1891— £upo3cilia Geyeriana. Larva and food plant Pedicularis Palustris 168 KlMMERIDGE COAL-MONEY AND OTHER MANUFACTURED ARTICLES FROM THE KIMMERIDGE SHALE — I. Objects of Kimmeridge Shale, from the collection of the late Mr. Durden — Carved Figure of a Lion, Armlets, Ring, and several Discs (coal money) ... 178 II. Objects of Kimmeridge Shale. Dorset County Museum. 1, 2, Feet of a Stool (?), (South Street, Dorchester). 3, Fragment, use unknown (Dorchester). Hogg Loan Collection. 4. Armlet (Fordington), presented by the late Rev. H. Moule. 5. Spindle- whorl (Bagber Pottery- site). Presented by J. C. Mansel-Pleydell, Esq. ... 178 MONSTROSITIES OF LITTORINA RUDIS — Varieties of Littorina Rudis, Maton, magnified 191 BRITISH SPECIES OF FALSE-SCORPIONS— (Plates A, B, C) .231 ANCIENT INTERMENT ON THE VERNE, PORTLAND— Plan and Section , .. 232 & 234 NOTICE. Members are reminded that payment of the current year's subscription (10s.) entitles them to the immediate receipt of the Vol. of " Proceedings " or other publications for the year ; also that payment of arrears entitles to previous volumes, issued in those years for which the arrears are due. All volumes are issued, and subscriptions received, by the Treasurer, Rev. 0. P. Cambridge, Bloxworth Rectory, Wareham. Surplus Copies of former " Proceedings " (Vols. i. — xii.) at an average rate of 7s. 63. a volume, " Spiders of Dorset " (2 vols., 25s.), and copies of " Monograph of the British Phalangidea or Harvest Men " at 5s. each, are in the Treasurer's hands for disposal for the benefit of the Club's funds. Any Member joining the Club and paying his subscription in a year for which no volume may be issued is entitled to a copy of the last previously issued. Members are requested to give notice to the Treasurer of any change in their address. Members desiring to withdraw from the Club are requested to give notice to the Treasurer, in order to avoid the trouble and expense incurred in sending them Notices of Meetings, &c. ; but until such notice is given they are liable to pay the Annual Subscription, due to the Club on and after January 1st each year. A Mti ld INAUGURATED MARCH 26th, 1875. J. C. MANSEL-PLEYDELL, Esq., J.P., F.G.S., F.L.S. REV. SIR TALBOT BAKEK, BART. GENERAL PITT RIVERS, F.R.S. MORTON G. STUART, ESQ. NELSON M. RICHARDSON, ESQ. (Hon. Secretary). REV. 0. P. CAMBRIDGE, M.A., F.R.S., C.M.Z.S., &c. (Treasurer). Vll. DonorarE Members : W. CARRUTHERS, Esq., F.R.S., F.G.S., F.L.S., British Museum, S. Kensington. R. ETHERIDGE, Esq., F.R.S., F.G.S., British Museum, S. Kensington. ALFRED NEWTON, Esq., M.A., F.R.S., Professor of Zoology and Com- parative Anatomy, Magdalen College, Cambridge J. PRESTWICH, Esq., F.R.S., F.G.S., Shoreham, Seven Oaks, Kent. J. O. WEST WOOD, Esq., M.A., Hope Professor of Zoology, Oxford. G. R. WOLLASTON, Esq., Chiselhurst. Rev. OSMOND FISHER, M.A., F.G.S., &c., Harlton Rectory, Cambridge. Mr. A. M. WALLIS, Portland. LJST OF MEMBERS ^atttral pslorp anb Antiquarian Jfidb €Itib. The Right Reverend the Lord Bishop of Salisbury The Right Honble. the Earl of Portarlington The Right Hon. the Lord Eustace Cecil The Right Hon. Lord Digby The Right Hon. Viscount Poitman The Lord Stalbridge Acton, Rev. J. Acton, Rev. Edward Adams, A. T., Esq. Aldridge, Reginald, Esq. Allen, George, Esq. Allman, G. J., Esq., LL.D., F.R.S., &c., &c. Allhusen, Wilton, Esq. Andrews, T. C. W., Esq. Askew, Rev. R. H. Atkinson, T. R., Esq. Baker, Dr., M.D. Baker, Rev. Sir Talbot, Bart. ( Vice- President) Baker, E. Whitley, Esq. Bankes, Albert, Esq. Bankes, Rev. Eldon S. Bankes, Eustace Ralph, Esq. Bankes, W. Ralph, Esq. The Palace, Salisbury Portland Lodge, Bournemouth Lytchett Heath, Poole Minterne, Dorchester Bryanston, Blandford 12, Upper Brook Street, London Iwerne Minster, Blandford Hinton St. Mary Vicarage, Blandford Bellair, Charmouth Poole Strangways, Marnhull, Blandford Ardmore, Parkstone Came House, Dorchester 1, Buxton Villas, Rodwell, Weymouth Winterborne Zelstone, Blandford Bainton House, Sherborne 13, Cornwall Road, Dorchester Ranston House, Blandford Glencairn, Wimborne Wolfeton House, Dorchester Corfe Castle Rectory, Wareham Corfe Castle Rectory, Wareham Kingston Lacey, Wimborne IX. Barnes, Kev. W. M. Barnsdale, Kev. J. G. Barrett, W. Bowles, Esq., F.L.S. Baskett, C. H., Esq. Baskett, Kev. C. R. Batten, John, Esq. Batten, Mount, Colonel Batten, Mount, Miss Batten, H. B., Esq. Bate, — Esq. Beckford, F. J., Esq. Bell, E. W., Esq. Bennett, H. R., Esq. Bennett, Chas. W., Esq. Bishop, Rev. H. E. Blanchard, E. W., Esq. Bond, N., Esq. Bond, T., Esq. Bowen, J. H., Esq. Bower, H. Syndercombe, Esq. Brennand, W. E., Esq. Bright, Percy M., Esq. Brown, Rev. W. C. Browning, Ben j amin, M. D. , Esq. Browne, Jukes, Esq. Budden, Alfred, Esq. Budden, F., Esq. Burdekin, Norman, Esq. Burt, George, Esq. Burt, F. A., Esq. Cambridge, Rev. O. P. (Vice- President and Treasurer) Cambridge, Colonel, J.P. Carre, Rev. Arthur Carter, William, Esq. Monkton Rectory, Dorchester 3, York Terrace, Weymouth Weymouth Evershot Birstwith Vicarage, Ripley, Leeds Aldon, Yeovil Upcerne, Dorchester Upcerne, Dorchester Aldon, Yeovil Wilts and Dorset Bank, Bland- ford Witley, Parkstone Gillingham Markham House, Wyke Regis 33, Gladstone Road, Bournemouth Hampreston Rectory, Wimborne Fernside, Parkstone Creech Grange, Wareham Tyneham, Wareham Bank Buildings, Weymouth Fontmell Parva, Shillingstone, Blandford Blandford Bournemouth Ditton Marsh, Westbury, Wilts Weymouth Geological Survey Office, 28, Jermyn Street, London Wimborne St. Cuthberga, Wimborne Road, Bournemouth Castle Rise, Parkstone Swanage Swanage Bloxworth Rectory, Wareham Bloxworth House, Wareham 14, St. John's Terrace, Weymouth The Heritage, Parkstone X. Cattle, Rev. William Cazenove, Rev. Canon Chaffey, R. C., Esq. Chaffey, Robert S. C., Esq. Charlton, Rev. Underbill Childs, Dr. C. Cbudleigb, Rev. Augustine Climenson, Rev. John Clinton, E. Fynes, Esq. Colfox, T. A., Esq. Colfox, Miss A. L. Colfox, Miss Margareo Colfox, W., Esq. Colfox, Mrs. Thos. Cope, Rev. J. Staines Cother, Rev. P. S. Cotton, Lieut. -Colonel Crespi, Dr. Crickmay, G. R., Esq. Cross, Rev. J. Cull, James, Esq. Curme, Decimus, Esq. Dale, C. W., Esq. Damon, Robert, Esq. Dasbwood, Miss Digby, J. K. D. W., Esq., M.P. Drucker, Adolfe, Esq. Dugmore, H. Radcliffe, Esq. Eaton, H. S., Esq. Elwes, Captain Embleton, D. C., Esq., F. R. Met. Soc. Evans, W. H., Esq. Everett, Mrs. Falkner, C. G., Esq. Fane, Frederick, Esq. Farley, Rev. H. Farqubarson, H. R., Esq., M.P. Charlton, Blandford Manor House, Cranborne Stoke-under-Hambden, Somerset Stoke-under-Hambden, Somerset Came Rectory, Dorchester Weymouth West Parley Rectory, Wimborne Shiplake Vicarage, Henley-on-Thames Wimborne Coneygar, Bridport Westmeacl, Bridport Westmead, Bridport Westmead, Bridport Rax House, Bridport Chaldon Vicarage, Dorchester Turn worth Rectory, Blandford Fifield, Grosvenor Road, Weymouth Wimborne Weymouth Baillie House, Sturminster Marshall, Wimborne 6, Pembroke Gardens, Kensington, London, W. Child Okeford Glanvilles Wootton, Sherborne Weymouth Hill House, Templecombe, Bath Sherborne Castle Milton Abbey The Mount, Parkstone, Poole Shepton Montague, Castle Gary Bossington, Bournemouth St. Wilfrid's, St. Michael's Road, Bournemouth Forde Abbey, Chard Dorchester The College, Weymouth Moyles Court, Fordingbridge Lytchett Minster, Poole Tarrant Gunville, Blandford XI. Farrer, Rev. W. Farrer, Oliver, Esq. Fetherston, Rev. Sir George Ralph, Bart. Fetherstonhaugh-Frampton, R., Esq. Ffooks, T., Esq. Ffytche, Lewis, Esq. Filliter, Freeland, Esq. Filliter, George, Esq. Fletcher, W. H. B., Esq. Fletcher, W. J., Esq. Floyer, G., Esq. Forbes, Major L. Foster, J. J., Esq. Freame, R., Esq. Freeman, Rev. H. P. Williams Furlonge, Rev. A. M. Fyler, J. W., Esq. Galpin, G., Esq. Garland, Henry, Esq. Glyn, SirR., Bart. Glyn, Carr Stuart, Esq. Goddard, Rev. Cecil Vincent Goodden, J. R. P., Esq. Goodridge, John, Esq. Gorringe, Rev. T. R. Gravener, Captain Gregory, G. J. G., Esq. Greves, Hayla, Esq., M.D. Griffin, F. C. G., Esq., M.D. Grove, Walter, Esq. Groves, T. B., Esq. Groves, W. E., Esq. Guest, M. J., Esq. Hadow, Rev, J. L. G. Hall, Captain Marshall, J.P. Hansford, Charles, Esq. Hardcastle, J. A., Esq. Hardwick, Stewart, Esq. Hardy, T., Esq. Vicarage, Bere Regis Binnegar Hall, Wareham Pydeltrenthide, Dorchester Moreton, Dorchester Totnel, Sherborne Freshwater, Isle of Wight Wareham Wareharn Worthing, Sussex Wimborne Stafford, Dorchester Shillingstone, Blandford [Tooting Offa House, St. Michael's Terrace, Upper Gillingham Affpuddle Vicarage, Dorchester St. Andrew's Villa, Bridport Hethfelton, Wareham Tarrant Keynstone, Blandford Worgret, Wareham Gaunts House, Wimborne Woodlands, Wiraborne Chideock Vicarage, Bridport Compton House, Sherborne 102, Kent Road, Southampton Manston Rectory, Blandford South Walks, Dorchester Dorchester Rodney House, Bournemouth Royal Terrace, Weymouth Fern House, Salisbury St. Mary Street, Weymouth Dorchester Bere Regis, Wareham 18, Royal Terrace, Weymouth Easterton, Parkstone, R.S.O. Dorchester Beaminster 21, Commercial Road, Bournemouth Max Gate, Dorchester Harrison, Kev. F. T. Harrison, G., Esq. Hart, Edward, Esq., F.Z.S. Head, J. Merrick, Esq. Henning, Lieut. -General, C.B. Highton, Rev. E. Hill, Rev. C. R. Hine, W. C., Esq., M.D. Hinxman, Rev. Charles Hogg, B. A., Esq. Hooper, Pelly, Esq. House, Edward, Esq. House, Harry Hammond, Esq. Howard, Sir R. N. Howell, Rev. F. B. Huntley, H. E., Esq. Jackson, C. W., Esq. Kelly, Alex., Esq. Lamb, Captain Stephen E. Langford, Rev. J. F. Lawton, H. A., Esq., M.D. Leach, J. Comyns, Esq., M.D. Leonard, Rev. A. Lister, Arthur, Esq. Lister, Miss Guilelma Lock, B. F., Esq. Long, Rev. D. Ludlow, Rev. Edward Luff, J. W., Esq. Luff, Montague, Esq. Macdonald, P. W., Esq., M.D. Malan, E. C., Esq. Manger, A. T., Esq. Mansel-Pleydell, J. C., Esq. (President) Mansel-Pleydell, Colonel Mansel-Pleydell, Rev. John Mansel, Colonel Mansel, Rev. Owen L. Marriott, Sir W. Smith, Bart. Milton Abbas School, Blandford 20, Lander Terrace, Wood Green, London Christchurch Pennsylvania Castle, Portland Frome, Dorchester Tarrant Keynstone Rectory, Blandford West Fordington Vicarage, Dorchester Parkstone Harrdown, Charmouth Dorchester Weymouth Tomson, Blandford Malvern College, Malvern Weymouth Upwey Rectory, Dorchester Charlton Park, Blandford Grammar School, Dorchester Mayfield, Parkstone 1st Dorset Regt., Dorchester Nice High Street, Poole The Lindens, Sturminster Newton, Blandford Vicarage, Beaminster High Cliffe, Lyme Regis High Cliffe, Lyme Regis Lincoln's Inn, London Broadwey Rectory, Weymouth Martinstown Rectory, Dorchester Inwood, Henstridge, Blandford Blandford Forston, Dorchester Blackdown House, Crewkeme Stock Hill, Gillingham Whatcombe, Blandford Longthorns, Blandford Bengeo Rectory, Hertfordshire Smedmore, Wareham Church Knowle, Wareham Down House, Blandford Xlll, Marshall, Rev. Chas. J. Mason, Rev. H. J. Mason, Philip B., Esq. Mate, William, Esq. Maunsell, Rev. F. W. Mayo, George, Esq. Mayo, Rev. C. H. Medlycott, Sir Edwd. B., Bart. Middleton, H. B., Esq. Middleton, H. N., Esq. Milledge, Zillwood, Esq. Miller, Rev. J. A., B.D. Milne, Rev. Percy Mitchell, F., Esq. Moorhead, Dr. J. Morford, Rev. A. Moule, H. J., Esq. Murray, Rev. R. P. Nantes, Charles, Esq. Okeden, Colonel Patey, Russell, Esq. Patey, Miss Payne, Miss Pearce Edgcumbe, Robert, Esq. Penney, W., Esq., A.L.S. Penny, Rev. J. Phillips, James Henry, Esq. Philpot, J. E. D., Esq. Philpots, John R., Esq., M.D., L.R.C.P. andS., Ed., J.P. Pike, T. M., Esq. Pinder, Reginald, Esq. Pinney, G. F., Esq. Pope, A., Esq. Pope, Rev. E. J. Portman, Hon. Miss Pye, William, Esq. Radclyffe, Eustace, Esq. Randall, Colonel Ravenhill, Rev. Canon Shillingstone Rectory, Blandford Wigston Magna Vicarage, Leicester Horningham Street, Burton-on-Trent 62, Commercial Road, Bournemouth Symondsbury Rectory, Bridport Rocklands, Rodwell, Weymouth Longburton Rectory, Sherborne Ven, Milborne Port, Sherborne Bradford Peverell, Dorchester Bradford Peverell, Dorchester Weymouth The College, Weymouth Evershot Rectory, Dorchester Chard 1, Royal Terrace, Weymouth Poole The County Museum, Dorchester Shapwick Rectory, Blandford Bridport Turnworth Farrs, Wimborne Farrs, Wimborne 2, Westerhall Villas, Weymouth Dorchester Poole Tarrant Rushton Rectory, Blandford Poole Lyme Regis Moorcroft, Parkstone Haven Hotel, Parkstone Heronhurst, Bournemouth Woodlands, Wareham Dorchester Bradford Peverell, Dorchester Littleton House, Blandford Eaton Cottage, Rodwell, Weymouth Hyde, Wareham Melbury Lodge, Wimborne Buckland Newton Vicarage, Dor- chester XIV. Reynolds, R., Esq. Reynolds, Mrs. Arthur Richardson, N. M., Esq. (Secretary) Ricketts, Geo. H. M., Esq. Ridley, Rev. 0. M. Ridley, Rev. Stewart Rivers, General Pitt (Vice- President) Robinson, Sir Charles, F.S.A. Rodd, Edward Stanhope, Esq. Ruegg, L. H., Esq. Russell, Colonel Russell-Wright, Rev. T. Sanctuary, Rev. C. Lloyd Saunders, Miss Augusta Schuster, Rev. W. P. Scoror, A. P., Esq. Searle, Allan, Esq. Serrell, D. H., Esq. Sherren, J. A., Esq. Smart, T. W. Wake, Esq. , M. D. Smart, Rev. D. C. Smith, Edmund Hanson, Esq. Solly, Rev. H. S. Sparks, W., Esq. Stephens, Mrs. J. T. Stephens, R. Darell, Esq. F.G.S., F.L.S., F.Z.S. Stephens, J. Thompson, Esq. Stilwell, Mrs. Stilwell, H., Esq. Stone, Walter Boswell, Esq. Stroud, Rev. J. Stuart, Morton G., Esq. (Vice- President) Stuart, Colonel Hazelbury, Crewkerne Bridport Montevideo, Chickerell, Weymouth Nash Court, Marnhull, Sturminster Newton East Hill, Charminster Wareham Rushmore, Salisbury Newton Manor, Swanage Chardstock House, Chard Sherborne Weymouth Purbeck College, Swanage Powerstock, Dorchester Corscombe, near Cattistock Vicarage, West Lulworth, Wareham Canford, Wimborne Wilts and Dorset Banking Company, Southampton Haddon Lodge, Stourton Caundle, Blandford Weymouth Cranborne Milborne St. Andrew, Blandford Charlton, Blandford Bridport Crewkerne Wandenvell House, Bridport Trewornan, Wadebridge Wandenvell House, Bridport Leeson, W^areham Leeson, Wareham Shute Haze, Walditch, Bridport South Perrott, Crewkerne New University Club, St. James Street, London Manor House, St. Mary's, Blandford XV. Styling, F., Esq. Suttill, J. T., Esq. Sykes, R. Ernest, Esq. Symes, G. P., Esq. Symonds, Henry, Esq. Sydenham, David, Esq. Templer, Rev. J. L. Tennant, Colonel Thomas, Rev. S. Vosper Thompson, Roberts, Esq., M D. Thompson, Rev. G. Todd, Colonel Turner, W., Esq. Tweed, Rev. Canon H. E. Udal, J. S., The Hon. Usherwood, Rev. Canon T. E. Vaudry, Rev. J. T. Vinon, Rev. F. A. H., F.S.A. Walker, Rev. S. A. Wallace, Alfred Russel, Esq., LL.D.,F.L.S., &c. Ward, Rev. J. H. Warne, C. H., Esq. Warre, Rev. F. Watkins, Rev. H. G. Watkins, Mrs. Watts, Rev. R. R., R.D. Watts, Colonel Weld-Blundell, H., Esq. Werninck, Rev. Wynn West, Rev. G. H., D.D. White, Dr. Giegory Whitehead, C. S., Esq. W7 hitting, Rev. W. Williams, Rev. C. Williams, Rev. J. L., R.D. Williams, Robert, Esq. WTilliams, Mrs. Williams, E. W., Esq. Wilton,Dr.JohnPleydell,M.D. Yarrell's House, Poole Bridport 9, Belvedere, Wey mouth Cornwall House, Dorchester Oakdale, Farquhar Road, Edgbaston Bournemouth Burton Bradstock 8, Belvedere, Weymouth Moxley, Wednesbury, Staffordshire Monkchester, Bournemouth Highbury, Bournemouth Keynstone Lodge, Blandford High Street, Poole St. John's Villas, Weymouth c/o Lovell, Son, and Pitfield, 3, Gray's Inn Square, London Rossmore, Parkstone Osmington Vicarage, Weymouth Christ's Church, Battersea Spetisbury Rectory, Blandford Corfe View, Parkstone Gussage St. Michael Rectory, Salisbury 45, Brunswick Road, Brighton Bemerton, Wilts Parkstone Parkstone Stourpaine Rectory, Blandford 34A, South Audley Street, London Lulworth Castle, Wareham Walditch Vicarage, Bridport Ascham House, Bournemouth West Knoll, Bournemouth Sherborne Stour Provost, Dorset Grove Lodge, Dorchester Canford Vicarage, Wimborne Bridehead, Dorchester Bridehead, Dorchester Herringston, Dorchester Pulteney Buildings, Weymouth XVI. Wix, Rev. J. Augustus Wright, H. E., Esq. Wynne, Rev. G. H. Yeatman, The Right Rev. Huyshe, Bishop of South- wark Ibberton Rectory, Blandford Dorchester Whitchurch Vicarage, Blandford Dartmouth House, London, S.E, Blackheath Hill, The above list includes the New Members elected in 1892, up to date of publication. In Jftenroriam. THE LATE ME. HENRY BURDEN, OF BLANDFORD. As a member of the Field Club I may be pardoned for recalling to the notice of the members the death of this gentleman, who was one of our body, though perhaps not very generally known, as the latter period of his life was passed in comparative privacy, partly from infirmity but chiefly perhaps in accordance with his natural disposition and his acquired habits. But Mr. Durden was in reality different from what he appeared to be to a common acquaint- ance. His love of antiquity and research into the early history of this country led him to bestow from early years some portion of his leisure hours on the study of these subjects, and on the collection of objects of primitive art, to illustrate their various departments. I have known Mr. Durden personally for sixty years and more, and remember very well the time when he began, as a youth, to collect the treasures which have made his name famous, and which by degrees grew into the splendid and valuable museum which he has died possessed of. Some years before that event occurred, I know that the late Charles Roach Smith, F.S.A., a name well known to archaeologists, entreated his friend Durden to publish an illustrated catalogue of his collection ; this suggestion was not acceded to, but not disregarded, and was deferred until the last year of his life, when the work was carried out by his friend Mr. George Payne, F.S.A., with the assistance of his own M.S. notes of his discoveries, and of the relics in his collection, made Xviii. IN MEMORIAM. with scrupulous accuracy and carefully kept in his possession. It is indeed encouraging to see what one man, with little time at command, but with the love of the subject at heart, and with energy and perseverance, is able to achieve for the benefit of science. We are thankful for this index of his treasures, as a most valuable record of discoveries which might otherwise have been lost for the use of the topographical historian, as well as the archaeologist of a wider field. This unique collection is rich in Celtic and Roman antiquities, many of them of surpassing excellence and rarity, and the majority of them, be it especially noted, the produce of our own beloved county, which alone greatly enhances their value in the estimation of all Durotrigian antiquaries. Alas ! the lamented death of Mr. Burden will place this collection in other hands ; nor can I do otherwise than endorse the feeling expressed by the Chairman at a recent Museum meeting at Dorchester, that it would be a very great pity if the county allowed that valuable collection to be taken away. He hoped that something could be done to keep such a highly interesting and costly collection iD the county. It is now known that it will be offered in its entirety for purchase to the authorities of our National Museum ; and that in case of failure, the offer will be renewed to the trustees of our County Museum ; and that in the event of failure here, this grand collec- tion will be dispersed by public auction. This would be indeed a deplorable issue, which we trust may be yet averted.* In concluding this imperfect memento of an old and respected friend, I may be excused perhaps if I briefly allude to the different aspect which archaeology now presents in this county to that which it bore within my remembrance at an earlier period. After the completion of the second edition of Hutchins' Dorset in 1814, and the catastrophe attending its publication, archaeology for some years remained in this county at a low ebb. In 1824 a reflux to some extent took place, subsequent to the excavation of the Deverel Barrow, and the remarkable discoveries therein made by * Since this has been in type the collection has been purchased by the Trustees of the British Museum. W. S. IN MEMORIAM. XIX. Mr. William Augustus Miles, a friend of Sir Richard Colt Hoare, of Stourhead. I knew this gentleman intimately well and confess that it was impossible to be long in his company without being fascinated by his discourse, and in some measure infected by his enthusiasm, if not fully convinced by his specious theories. About this time a group of mutual friends, stimulated in a similar manner, consisting of Messrs. Charles Hall, of Ansty, Charles Warne, of Milborne St. Andrew, John Sydenham, of Poole, William Shipp, Edward Oke Spooner, and Henry Durden, of Blandford, and myself, met together occasionally to converse on antiquarian subjects, to compare notes, read essays, and exhibit our last acquisitions of curious relics which any of us had met with. These friendly meetings were often productive of animated discussion, and no doubt induced a habit of thought and reflection. I am the last survivor of that small fraternity, and now look back through the long vista of past years to those pleasant meetings with the mixed feelings of pleasure and great regret for the loss of so many dear friends. But I have still the extreme satisfaction of living to see the day when archaeology flourishes in our borders under high and intelligent patronage, having out-lived the age when it received scant notice in society ; and when the study of antiquities itself is pursued on sounder principles, so as to be entitled to take rank as a science ; and thus has archaeology become the true handmaid of history. It is no part of my wish to enter upon a history of its progress in this county from that period until the present, but this I will say the example and teaching of such men as the late Charles Roach Smith, F.S.A., and of Albert Way, F.S.A., did much to instruct us in the true principles of archaeological science ; and the two great societies founded in 1844, by their annual congresses and periodical literature did much to extend the knowledge of antiquarian lore. Nor is it without a feeling of pride that I am able to point to such volumes, as Warne' s Ancient Dorset, and his Celtic Tumuli of Dorset, and to Shipp and Hodson's third edition of Hutchins, as the outcome of those private meetings at Blandford XX. IN MEMORIAM. to which I have alluded ; these works are the memorials of the friends who have passed away. Nor will I forget that it was our colleague, John Sydenham, who first broached the true theory of the Kimmeridge coal money, at the Archaeological Congress at Canterbury in September, 1844, which up to that time had remained enveloped in the garb of mystery with which Miles had invested it, but which then and there was torn away for aye. Nor can I forget the intense interest which his clever essay on the Cerne Giant, read at one of our private meetings, excited in the audience.* Here I pause and conclude these remarks by adverting to the principal object I had in view — viz., to record this poor but sincere tribute to the memory of an old friend and worthy member of the Dorset Natural History and Antiquarian Field Club. T. W. W. S. April, 1892. * Baal. Durotrigensis— a dissertation on the ancient colossal figure of Cerne, Dorsetshire, &c.— By John Sydenham, author of the history of the town and county of Poole, &c. London : Pickering, 1842. Jtetaral fjistorg mib Jfieib Ctab DURING THE SEASON 1891—2. ( With plate of inscribed stones in St. Mary's Church, Wareham. ) By M. G. STUART, M.A., F.G.S. The work of the Club during the season of 1891-2 has comprised the annual business meeting at Dorchester on Wednesday, May 27th; a meeting at Wareham on Thursday, June 18th ; a two days' meeting at Lyme Regis on Tuesday and Wednesday, July 21st and 22nd ; a meeting at Lulworth on Wednesday, August 19th ; one at the County Museum, Dorchester, on Wednesday, December 9th ; and another at the same place on Wednesday, February 10th. Volume XII. of the " Proceedings" was issued in December, 1891. THE ANNUAL BUSINESS MEETING AT DORCHESTER on May 27th, 1891, was attended by some 25—30 members. The news that the President was seriously ill at Grenoble was received with general regret. The Treasurer, the Rev. O. P. Cambridge, was also indisposed and unable to be present. The chair was occupied by the Rev. Sir Talbot Baker. THE TREASURER'S REPORT FOR 1890-91.— This, in the absence of the Rev. O. P. Cambridge, was read by the Secretary. Mr. Cambridge said he considered the financial position of the Club continued to be satisfactory, although the Volume of " Proceedings," XL, that had been published during the year was the largest and most costly of the series. Still he hoped that their income would be sufficient to meet the expendi- ture of the year, and to enable them to publish another Volume of average size. The report subsequently referred to the large amount of subscriptions in arrear, not less than £28 being due from 13 members- The sale of the publications of the Club during the past twelve months was alluded to with satisfaction ; £21 2s. having been derived from this source. This valuable asset, the Treasurer said, he feared would not XX11. keep up to anything like that figure just mentioned, since the earlier Volumes of the "Proceedings" are becoming very scarce, and when these failed it would prevent the supply to members of complete sets of the "Proceedings" as hitherto. The report was adopted on the motion of Mr. Milledge. ELECTION OF NEW MEMBERS. — Five new members were elected. ELECTION OF OFFICERS. — The President, on the proposal of Mr. E. Bankes, seconded by Mr. Richardson, was re-elected for the ensuing year. On the proposal of Canon Ravenhill, seconded by Mr. Milledge, the Treasurer and Secretary were also re-elected. REPORT OF THE CURATOR OF THE MUSEUM.— Mr. H. J. Moule read his report on the additions made to the County Museum collections during the past year. He said that the Library was a department to which it was just impossible for him to attend owing to his duties in the Museum proper. However, Mr. Albert Bankes had given great assistance in this department, and had examined and catalogued the whole collec- tion of books. The Library had been enriched by several gifts of books during the year. The collections in the Museum had been enlarged by some interesting additions of birds, and of eggs the gift of Mr. Wallis. The additions in the collections representative of Dorsetshire antiquities had not been numerous ; they were, however, indebted to the President for a very interesting group of antiquities from Portland, and to Mr. Cunnington for a fine Celtic urn from Iwerne. In conclusion Mr. Moule expressed a regret that so few things had found their way during the year to the County Museum. THE PROGRAMME FOR THE YEAR.— After a considerable discussion it was decided that meetings should be held at Wareham in June, Lyme Regis in July (two days), Lulworth in August, and Sturminster Newrton in September. The Rev. F. A. H. Vinon exhibited a coloured drawing of a portion of a Roman pavement of very interesting design and character which had been opened out by himself and Mr. Cunnington in the neighbourhood of Charminster on May 4th. Two papers were then read— one on " Our Ancient British Urns" by Dr. Wake Smart, which deals chiefly with the history of some of the finer specimens of urns now preserved in the County Museum. Tiiis paper is printed at page 180 of Vol. XII. "Proceedings." The other paper, " Witchcraft in Dorset " from the pen of Mr. J. S. Udal, now resident in Fiji, was read by Mr. Moule. It is printed at page 35 of this volume. On the conclusion of the paper Mr. Moule referred to the incidents mentioned in two of the works of Mr. Thomas Hardy— "The XX111. Withered Hand" and " The Woodlanders"— where the belief was stated that human life is sometimes so bound up with the life of an individual tree that if injury or death were inflicted on the latter it would certainly overtake the man. Cases were cited of springs or wells at Bridport and at Cerne Abbas, which were still believed to have miraculous powers. Cases were also cited of individuals who were still regarded as witches, or as possessed with some miraculous powers. A unanimous vote of thanks was passed to the author of the paper, after which the meeting closed. THE MEETING AT WAREHAM was held on Thursday, June 18th, upwards of 80 members and friends being piesent. The programme for the day included a visit during the morning to the principal churches of the town under the guidance of the Rector, the Rev. Selwyn Blackett, whilst the explanation of the old town walls was reserved for the afternoon. In the ruined archway of old St. Martin's Church, the Rector said the church had passed quite out of the life of the town, although it still had its churchwardens, who held vestries, and nourished the dream that some day it might be restored. St. Martin's was probably built by Aldhelm, who died in 705, but since then it had undergone much altera- tionT~It bore close resemblance to the church of Bradford-on-Avon, and had almost similar proportions. The church had been lengthened westward, whilst the north aisle was of later date than the nave. The east window was a modern insertion, but the north window dated back to Saxon times. Altars evidently stood under the south w indow of the nave and the east window of the aisle, and the chancel gates were probably under the aisle. The chancel would thus be a lady chapel. The south window by the chancel arch had been enlarged to form a pulpit, whilst the tower at the west end of the porch was a later addition. In 1762 the greater part of Wareham was burnt down, and the church was turned into a refuge for the homeless, and close by the spot where they were standing were the remains of a brick fireplace erected on tha^. occasion. He, the Rector, had opened the floor of the chancel with a view to ascertaining whether it was, as reported to be, the burial place of King Bertric. A brick vault was discovered containing a nearly perfect human skeleton and various other remains, but amongst them there was nothing pointing to royalty. An opening was then made elsewhere, but here so many human bones were found that he closed it up. Doubtless the whole interior of the church was one great burial place. Though there was no evidence for it, it was quite possible that X XIV. King Bertric had been buried in this church, which had been built by his relative Aldhelm. Under the guidance of Mr. Hardy, of Swanage^ many of the party inspected the outside of the building, where much was found to corroborate what Mr. Blackett had said. The church of Saint Mary was next visited, which is one of the largest and oldest churches in the county of Dorset. The oldest portion of the structure is the chapel of King Edward the Martyr, which was probably the chapel of the priory believed to have been founded by Aldhelm. Having pointed out the principal architectural features of the building the party were directed to the east end of the north aisle, where two inscribed stones, with another in the porch of the aisle on the south side of the tower, have been built into the wall for purposes of preserva- tion. The deciphering of these stones has caused archseologists much trouble. Mr. Blackett said the inscription on the large stone in the north aisle was believed to be " Cattug C, (Fi) lius Gideo" with the mark of contraction over the "e," expressing the genitive case Gideonis. This mark of contraction touches the second " t " in Cattug, and has by some antiquarians been taken for part of that letter which they had therefore read as " G." But only the previous day Mr. John Rhys, Professor of Celtic at Oxford, examined the stone, and he asserted it to be a not unusual mark of contraction of the genitive case. The stone was discovered built into a wall of the church at the restoration in 1842, and when it was placed in its present position for preservation it was unfortunately put in upside down. Much of the inscription was gone, and it was extremely difficult to form any decided opinion about it. Mr. A. Owen thinks it affords most important evidence of the existence of a British Christian church on this spot early in the fifth century. Cattug was the name of many religious persons in British history, and the principal person of that name who occurred in history was Cattug or Catocus, an Armorican Breton, who formed one of the deputation sent by the Gaulish bishops about 430 to revisit the churches in this country in order to oppose the Pelagian heresy then prevalent among them. He appears to have remained in England, and may have built a church or founded a school in Wareham. Mr. G. E. Robinson had described the stone in Arch. Cam., 1874, and identified Cattug with a Welsh saint. The other stone in the north aisle was alluded to by Mr. Blackett, who remarked nothing could be made of the inscription on this fragment but the name "Gongorie." In the Beckett Chapel at the south-east corner of the sacrarium was a fragment of stone with characters of the same date, and in the porch at the west end of the south aisle an inscribed stone there had the words " Filius VT.," also in XXV. King Edward's Chapel a fragment of, apparently, a pillar bore some indistinct lettering of the same character. * In the Dorset County Chronicle, October, 1841, there is a letter from the Rev. W. Barnes in reference to this inscription. He refers to an article in The Foreign Quarterly Review of that date, in which examples are given of Roman writing in the cursive character in inscriptions found on waxen tablets in a gold mine at Abrudhanya, in Transylvania, which are unique, and are described by Dr. Massman, of Leipsic. Mr. Barnes says he was " pleased to recognise in this writing the characters of the Wareham inscription." Passing to the chancel the Rector pointed out that this part of the church was formerly much longer, but had been shortened in 1842 by about 10 feet to give greater length to the nave, which was then newly built. The destruction of the Norman nave which then took place caused great regret to Professor Freeman. A wooden screen removed in 1720 separated the choir from the chancel ; a vaulted roof used to rest upon carved corbels, and was at a later date strengthened by the addition of another row of corbels of plain stone. A doorway of Norman chevron work led from the priests' room over King Edward's chapel into the chancel. The Rector drew attention to the large east window, the filling in of which with stained glass was only completed in 1890 ; the window itself was presented by the county to Hutchins, the Historian of Dorset and formerly incumbent of the parish. The organ was erected as a memorial to the late Mr. Miles Rodgett by his widow. The party then visited the little cell or chapel at the south-east corner of the sacrarium. This chapel with the groined roof and curious stones in the wall is highly * The following notes on these inscriptions have been lately received by the Rev. O. P. Cambridge from Prof. Rhys : — Referring first to the larger stone (fig. 1) Prof. Rhys says : " The whole will read 'Cattug. C . . . . (Ji.)lius Gideonis.' The next (fig. 2) I read thus : ' Gongorie,' the genitive feminine (Gongorise) of a name Gongorie, which I am sorry to say I have never heard of anywhere else. De Comson's Cortulaire de Redon has, p. 395, an ' Ecclesia Sancti Guengari, in Brittany.' This would make the Wareham name look like a sort of Latin feminine of Guengar. The reading of the next inscription (fig. 3) (what there is of it) I take to be " ____ eniel . f(ilius) " . . . . ruprit .1 ..... " I imagine the first name to have been Deniel, an old Welsh form of Daniel. I read the next inscription (fig. 4) thus : "filius VI. " The meaning is not evident of the first line above the step. Then there was one more stone (fig. 5) with lettering, which I read somewhat as follows : — > " judn .... " fil . . . tiu — " I cannot make anything of this. With the above readings, when correctly given, begins a question of another order : How came those Welsh names there, and when '!" XXVI. interesting. In a will, dated 1404, reference is made to a chapel of Thomas a Beckett at Wareham, but it is difficult to say whether it alluded to this chapel or not. Notice was taken of the double piscina and credence, sedilia, and brass alms dish of Tudor date, after which the chapel dedicated to Edward the Martyr was visited. The building in the opinion of Mr. Blackett existed before St. Mary's, and was either the priory chapel or lady chapel of a church now destroyed. It was possibly the burial place of at least two kings— Britteiic or Bertric, King of the West Saxons, who was buried either here or at St. Martin's, and Edward the Martyr, who was stabbed at Corfe Castle in 978, and accord- ing to Hutchins was buried there, and was then removed to Shaftesbury. Attention was called to the piscina near by in which was now kept the curious stone carving of the Crucifixion formerly over the centre doorway of the north aisle. Sir William d'Estoke was buried in 1247 on the south side, and the effigy on the north might probably be his. The family of Estoke owned East Stoke, Stowborough, and Bestwall ("by the east wall "), and in the present day Bestwall still pays tithe to East Stoke. St. Mary's Church was stated to be rich in having two double piscina. Hutchins, the Historian of Dorset, was buried in King Edward's chapel. From the church of Lady St. Mary the members were conducted to a structure of a totally different character— the church of Holy Trinity — an historic building whose venerable walls are now coloured blue, and devoted to the useful purpose of a mission chapel. This, Mr. Blackett said, was at one time the mother church of Wareham, and one of the very earliest. It was then called St. Andrew's, but after its destruction by the Danes it was re-built, and, though bearing its original name for some time, it appeared in the ancient documents as Holy Trinity. In a Papal Bull, dated 1145, it was called St. Andrew's of Wareham. It fell into ruin, and was used for some years as the National Schools, but it eventually became unsafe, and new schools were generously built by the Misses Rodgett. It was now used as a meeting place for religious or secular purposes. It was once the chapelry of St. Nicholas at Arne. Besides the three churches already visited there were formerly St. John's, on the site now occupied by the police station ; St. Peter's, where now stood the Town Hall ; St. Nicholas, in North-street at the corner of Cow-lane, and now turned into a stable ; All Saints, now called Globe House the residence of Mr. Daniell ; and St. Michael's, in West-street. Tradition said Wareham had 15 or 16 churches, but, as many of them had different names, they might have been counted twice over. The old registers of St. Mary's began in 1594, and another beginning in 1700 was XXV11. consumed in the great fire in 1762. In 1735, the register stated, Dr. Seeker, Bishop of Bristol, confirmed a vast number, there having been no confirmation there in the memory of man. In 1749 Dr. Butler confirmed 1,100 and above 300 more of whom no account was taken ; in 1752 Dr. Conybear confirmed 260, and in 1770 Dr. Newton administered the rite to 1215. The register of St. Martin's began in 1762, the old register beginning 1540 and another having been consumed in the great fire. Shortly after that time, St. Martin's having been converted into a receptacle for poor people, all marriages and public baptisms were ordered to be solemnised at St. Mary's, by direction of Dr. Newton, then Lord Bishop of Bristol. That, Mr. Blackett remarked, was the disappearance of St. Martin's, which henceforth had no separate parish church of its own, though it still had church property and churchwardens. Leaving the church of Holy Trinity the Town Hall was next visited, where through the kindness of Mr. Freeland Filliter and Mr. A. S. Drew an exhibition of objects connected with Wareham had been arranged expressly for the meeting. Amongst these an ancient silver chalice and paten were particularly noteworthy bearing the inscription : — " Lady St. Mary, Wareham." These had been discovered by Mr. Montague Guest in the possession of a dealer in Kent, who purchased them and presented them to the town. Mr. Drew's collection, which was arranged by itself in a separate room, comprised various objects of Roman manufacture, which had been discovered in Wareham or the immediate vicinity during excavations for building purposes ; of these some of the vases were quite complete and in excellent preservation ; there were many ornaments and silver coins, tools for making pottery and Kimmeridge coal money. An adjournment was now made to the King's Arms for luncheon, at which some 60 members and friends were present ; the chair was occupied by the Rev. Sir Talbot Baker, Bart. After luncheon the Chairman referred to the serious illness of Mr. Mansel Pleydell, the president ; he expressed the thanks of the society to the Rev. S. Blackett for his excellent address in the morning and to Mr. Drew for exhibiting his collection at the Town Hall. Three new members were then elected. The Secretary briefly indicated a provisional programme for the next meeting at Lyme Regis, which had been arranged for July 21st and 22nd. The Chairman then requested the Secretary to read a paper, which had been announced on the programme, — " Wareham : Its Invasions and Battles." This is printed at pp. 82 — 114 of this volume. Mr. John Bellows, of Gloucester, subsequently gave a most excellent address on "The Roman Origin of Wareham," which he illustrated by XXV111. ground plans of Wareham, Gloucester, and the Pretorian Camp at Rome, of which several copies were circulated amongst the members. The Rev. W. Densham read a short paper on "The Special Botany of Wareham." He said that one of their ancient names was the " thorny district," and certainly the prickly gorse and bramble abounded ; still on the heath and along the water courses were a number of wild flowers which are not found in the richer and drier regions of the country. On the heaths the bog asphodel, sundews, the fragrant bog myrtle, the marsh gentian, and the cotton grass were to be found. The erica ciliaris, the largest and most beautiful of the British heaths, grows plentifully on Stoborough Common towards Arne. These heath -covered wastes are beautiful twice a year, in the spring when covered with the showy gorse and broom, and later on when covered with the not less beautiful but more modest heaths. Along the river Frome grew the water avens, the marsh cinquefoil, the yellow meadow weed, the great yellow loose trife, and the tree marigold ; on the estuaries the sea starwort and the sea lavender ; on the meadows and marshes near the harbour the sea milkwort, the small marsh valerian, and the buckbean perhaps, the choicest product of the meadow and the marsh ; in the ditches the arrow head, the great water plantain and the flowering rush were to be found. The wild celery grew profusely around the mouths of the two rivers where they enter the harbour. The osmunda regalis was widely distributed over the surrounding district. Leaving the hotel the members made the circuit of the old Town Wall8 under the guidance of the Rev. W. Densham. Attention was directed to the spot known as the " Cockpit," which Mr. Bellows considered must have formed a portion of a Roman Amphitheatre. On the conclusion of this walk the Rev. O. P. Cambridge proposed a vote of thanks to the Rev. W. Densham for his efficient guidance. The party then broke up at about 5 p.m., finding hospitality provided for them at the residences of Mr. Freeland Filliter, the Rev. Selwyn Blackett, the Rev. Stewart Ridley, and the Rev. W. Densham. THE LYME REGIS MEETING. — One of the most successful meetings of the Field Club was held on Tuesday and Wednesday, July 21st and 22nd, at Lyme Regis. The programme, prepared for the occasion with the assistance of A. Lister, Esq., and Dr. Bangay, of Lyme, included an excursion in Devonshire with luncheon at Sir Henry Peek's on Tuesday, followed by an evening meeting at the Town Hall, whilst on Wednesday the chief points of interest in Lyme Regis itself were to be visited, followed by a luncheon at Mr. Lister's house and an addiess on his special subject of study, the Mycetozoa. XXIX. Tuesday morning opened dull and misty with every appearance of a bad day to follow. The majority of the party reached Axminster (the station for Lyme) by the 10.35 train from Templecombe and Yeovil. Here many brakes and carriages were in waiting, and in a few minutes a start was made for Ashe. The party now numbered about 60, and on reaching Ashe House they dismounted to inspect what remains of this once historic Tudor mansion, which is now occupied as a farm house. In the open ground in front of the house the Secretary briefly described the features of the country through which they were driving and the plan of excursion which the programme contained. He said their route that day lay along the valley of the Axe, which rises in Dorsetshire at Cheddington Copse, about two miles north-east of Beaminster, much of its course lies in Somersetshire ; from Axminster it flows in a south- westerly direction to Axmouth, where it enters the sea. The name Axe is of British or even Phenician origin, signifying "water," and is there- fore allied with such names as Ouse, Usk, Esk, and Isis. For the district which they were about to visit Pulman's " Book of the Axe " is the best authority ; Hutchins' " History of Dorset" does not treat of the valley towards the sea. The " History of Lyrne Regis," written by George Roberts in 1823, contained much interesting information about the town and vicinity, especially duiing the troubled days of the Commonwealth and of Monmouth's rebellion. An allusion to the valley would be found in that curious poem of Michael Drayton, published in 1612, entitled " Polyolbion. " With regard to Ashe House, Pulman says : " Delightfully situated on the eastern side of the valley of the Axe is what remains of the once famous residence with which is associated the name of one of the greatest military heroes of England — one who moreover played a conspicuous part in the political affairs of the eventful period in which he lived — " The man to distant ages known, Who shook the Gallic, fixed the Austrian throne." " Years and years have passed since the splendour of the old manorial state was rife at the ancient and gentile seat of Ashe. The past is verily but as a dream, and men now gaze upon the quiet homestead and ask incredulously : ' Is this the birthplace of the Duke of Marlborough f "Its first owners, as far as can be discovered, were the family of De Esse or De Ashe, to whom it was given by John Lord Courtenay — Lord of ihe Manor of Musbury. Thence by marriage it passed to the families of Stretch or Street, and Hampton. Alice, daughter of Warren Hampton, carried it by marriage to John Billett, whose heiress, Christiana, in the reign of Henry V. (1412-22) married first John Duke of Exmouth. Their XXX. descendants in 1588 died and with his wife were buried in Musbury Church. They had six children, of whom one, afterwards Sir Barnard Drake, was ranked second amongst the famous sea captains of his time." From Pulman's " Book of the Axe " we further learn that on September 14th, 1625, the Duke of Buckingham, Earl of Holland, Earl of Derby, and divers other gentlemen lay at Ashe and passed through Colyton. The King lay at Pauletts, at Hinton St. George, Somerset. They were then on their way to review the army and the fleet about to embark on some attempt against the dominion of Spain. The family genealogy is further traced to the marriage of Elizabeth with Sir Winstone Churchill, of Minthorne, Dorset, who, for his adherence to the cause of Charles I., was much harassed by the Commonwealth and remained for some time at Ashe, -where on June, 24th, 1650, the lady gave birth to a child, who became the famous Duke o7UTaiiborough. The house at Ashe was burnt in the civil wars, but rebuilt by Sir John Drake in 1669. On the 24th September, 1787, a fire broke out which consumed the offices and stables with 13 coach horses and hunters. The property subsequently passed to Mr. G. Tucker, Axminster, thence to Mr. Marwood Woolcott, of Seal- combe, and now belongs to Captain Still. Only a fragment of the old mansion house of the Drakes remains, with the ancient chapel, which is very small and in the Perpendicular style of architecture, used now as an outhouse. After walking round the orchard, formerly occupied by the fish ponds and ornamental ponds of the family residence, and examining a carved oak mantelpiece and remains of old woodwork within the dwellinghouse, the drive was resumed to Musbury Church, distant a little over a mile. The oldest part of the building appears to belong to the 13th century, but it has undergone so much repair and alteration that little of the original fabric remains. Its chief interest lies in the fine series of monuments which it contains, erected to members of the Drake family. These are in the best style of the Elizabethan period, and offer examples of mural monuments of that age such as are seldom seen in a country church. They consist of kneeling figures in three pairs — male and female — the males in full armour, the females in the costume of the period in which they lived. The inscriptions underneath record the death of — John Drake, Oct. 4, 1558. His wife, Annie, Feb. 18, 1577. John Drake, buried April 11, 1628. Dorothy, his wife, Dec. 13, 1631. Sir John Drake, Aug. 26, 1626. Dame Mary Roswell, wife of Sir Roger Roswell, Nov. 4, 1643. And of Sir Barnard Drake and his wife. The following inscription referred to the latter : — "Here is the monument of Sir Barnard Drake, Kt., who had to wife Dame Garthod, the daughter of Bartholomew Fortescue, of Filly, Esqre., by whom he had three sons and three daughters, where of whear five living at his death — namely, John, Hugh, Marie, Margaret, and Helen. He died 10th April, 1586, aud Dame Garthod, his wife, was here buried 12th February, 1601, unto the memorie of whom John Drake, Esqre., his son, hath set this monument. Anno. 1611." The church contains another memento of the Drake family in its Communion plate, which is very handsome, consisting of a flagon, a chalice, and two salvers, all of silver and weighing 4lbs. and loz. An inscription records its presenta- tion in 1730 by Sir William Drake. The parish registers are veiy interesting, commencing from the year 1653. They contain a memorandum of an older register, bearing date from April 28th, 1562, which has, however, entirely disappeared. Above the village, Musbury Castle occupies a commanding position on the summit of the hill. It forms one of a chain of earthworks extending from Axmouth on the coast a long distance inland, which it is believed were constructed by the Durotriges or Morini of Dorset as a defence against the incursions of the hostile Danmonii of Devonshire. The day had now become delightful, and the Devonshire country was looking its best. After leaving Musbury a drive of half- an-hour through narrow lanes brought the party to Coombpyne. At first sight there was nothing specially attractive in the appearance of this little village. The parish anciently belonged to the family of Coffin and was then called Coombe Coffin j subsequently in the time of Henry III, it passed to the family of Pyne, the owners of Shute, and was then called Coombpyne. The principal farmhouse, adjoining the church, was in the time of Edward I. a convent, and traces of the ancient buildings and nuns' walk are still visible. The church is interesting, belonging to the 13th century of Early English and Decorated styles of architecture, consisting of a nave, chancel, tower, and porch, with triple lancet window over the Com- munion Table. But the chief attraction lay in the set of Communion plate which is the possession of Coombpyne. This dates to the latter part of the 15th century, and therefore is one of the few remaining examples of pre-Reformation Communion plate in this country. In his work on " Old English Plate " Mr. Cripps figures and describes the plate of Nettlecombe, Corpus Christi, and Trinity College (Oxford), and says that "these with other found at Leominster, Chewton Mendip, Coomb Pyne, and Wyllie are all that have come to the knowledge of the writer. ' XXX11. The bowl of the chalice is plain and the base hexagonal, whilst in the middle of the paten is engraved a representation of the Saviour's head, surrounded by a nimbus. Coombpyne possesses an additional interest in its connection through his mother's family with Doctor Buckland, " one of the fathers of English Geology." He was born at Axminster in 1784 and acquired his taste for geology in the Lias quarries of that neighbourhood. Speaking of his early life he wrote " that the love of observing natural objects, which is common to most children, was early exhibited by my finding birds' nests and collecting their eggs. I also made observations on the habits of fishes in the Axe, particularly flounders, minnows, roaches, eels, and miller's thumbs." He was an early friend of Miss Anning, the celebrated Lyme geologist, and his association with the late Rev. W. D. Conybeare, for some years vicar of Axminster, was of many years' duration. After leaving Coombpyne a short drive through the green lanes of Devonshire had to be accomplished, and Rousdon, the residence of Sir Henry Peek, was reached at two o'clock, where the party was received with great hospitality. Luncheon was served in the hall shortly after the arrival of the party, which now numbered about 80. The chair was taken by Sir Talbot Baker. After luncheon the health of the Queen was proposed. The Chairman said he was glad to be able to announce the recovery to health of their President, Mr. Mansel-Pleydell. He referred with sympathy to the recent death of Sir Frederick Weld, who just two years previously had entertained the Field Club at his house at Chideock during the Bridport meeting. Five new members were then duly proposed and elected. The Secretary read a brief description of the famous landslip, which occurred on Christmas Day, 1839, and extends from the immediate vicinity of Rousdon on the sea coast towards Axmouth, a full account of which is given at page 883 of Pulman's " Book of the Axe." From this it appears that a fortnight prior to the catastrophe the inhabitants of some cottages on the Dowlands under cliff noticed a slight settlement, and on December 23rd William Critchard, one of the cottagers, noticed that his front door opened and shut with difficulty, and that cracks were appearing on the walls. Christmas Eve was celebrated in old fashioned style at Bindon Farm with the burning of an ashen faggot and merry- making, in which the labourers participated. Critchard and his wife locked up their cottage and spent the evening at the farm, from which they returned about one o'clock in the morning, when they noticed the path down one side of the cliff had sunk a foot. They went to bed, but XXX111. were alarmed during the night by the sinking of the walls. Getting up at five o'clock in the morning great force was required to open the door, while large fissures had appeared in the garden. The inhabitants of the neighbouring cottages were alarmed, and they proceeded to remove their furniture from their dwellings as fast as possible. All Christmas Day strange movements of the ground proceeded. A rabbit shooting party escaped with difficulty from being swallowed up in the numerous fissures, which continually opened in their path. The final catastrophe occurred on Christmas night, when the whole side of the cliff sank into an immense cavern, pushing into the sea the land lying immediately in front of it. The Coastguard on duty stated that a noise like the rending of cloth accompanied the movements of the ground, and noticed a reef gradually rising above the water at some distance from the shore. This newly formed land remained for some time, but disappeared after one of the gales from the westwards. A memoir was drawn up shortly afterwards on the phenomena which took place at this time by Dr. Buckland and the Rev. W. D. Conybeare, in which occurs the following sentence in summing up the evidence : — " Although the convulsion can only be ascribed to the less dignified agency of land springs constantly undermining the substrata, yet in the grandeur of the disturbances it has occasioned it far exceeds the ravages of the earthquakes of Calabria and almost the vast volcanic fissures of the Val de Bove on the flanks of Etna." With the view of celebrating this famous landslip a festival was held on the site on the 25th of August the following year, 1840, when " the corn was reaped by a party of young ladies acting as Nymphs of Ceres. Thousands of people were present, booths were erected, and the affair was made as much a matter of jubilation as if in honour of some great national or local achievement." The geological features of this landslip are described in Woodward's " Geology of England and Wales." The writer states that "some of the most striking landslips occur along the south coast of Devon and the coast of Dorset between Sidmouth and Lyme Regis. There the chalk and greensand stretch over the denuded edges of the Lower Lias, Rhaetic Beds, and Red Marl, which are of clayey nature. The cretaceous beds in places dip slightly towards the sea, and numerous springs are given out at the junction of the greensand with the impervious strata ; portions of the lower sandy beds of the greensand moreover would be actually removed by springs. Therefore we should have every condition favourable for landslips A landslip occurred at Bere Head in 1790. The great landslip of Dowlands and Bindon took place at XXXIV. Christmas, 1839. The length of the chasm caused by this founder was 1,000 yards, breadth 300 yards, and depth from 130-210 feet, whilst 22 acres of land were sunk in the chasm. Landslips have occurred at Portland in 1665, 1734, 1750, 1792, and also at St. Alban's Head." After luncheon the party separated ; some under the guidance of Doctor Bangay were conducted over the private observatory of Sir Henry Peek ; the fine collection of British birds was described by Mr. Arthur Lister ; Mr. Grover, the curator, introduced a third party to the Museum contained in the house ; whilst others visited^the church in company with the Rector, the Rev. J. Curgenven. At four o'clock a party set out to walk by way of the landslip to Axmouth, a distance of about three miles, by which they were able to see some of the finest scenery on the southern coast. At Axmouth carriages were waiting to carry them back to Lyme Regis. At 7.30 the members dined together at the Golden Lion Hotel by the invitation of the Mayor of Lyme, Mr. T. E. D. Philpott, and at 8.30 an evening meeting was held in the Town Hall, where several of the municipal documents of this ancient borough were exposed to view, and proved of great interest. Many other objects were exhibited in the rooms ; for instance, drawings and engravings of the old Cobb, or breakwater, the landslip, and of various buildings in the town, books, and specimens of the local industry of cushion lace. For the care and trouble taken in arranging this exhibition the party was greatly indebted to Dr. Bangay, of Lyme Regis. Two papers were read at the meeting, one by Mr. Z. Edwards, descriptive of the municipal documents of Lyme Regis and the history of the town, the other by the Secretary, on Captain Thomas Coram, born at Lyme in 1668, the founder of the Foundling Hospital. This paper will be found at pp. 144 — 151 of this volume. WEDNESDAY, JULY 22ND, proved bright and fine with the exception of two heavy showers. The official programme commenced at ten o'clock, when the members met outside the Red Lion, and, under the guidance of Mr. Edwards, ex-Mayor, proceeded to visit various spots of interest in the town— Lord Chatham's house, Sherborne Lane, the old Town Mills, the Church, the Lynch, and the Cobb. This tour of inspection, hindered as it was by the weather, occupied the party until about 12.30, when most of them assembled in Mr. Lister's garden at Highcliffto listen to an exposition on the geology of Lyme Regis by the Rev. H. S. Solly. He said Lyme Regis was classic ground for the geologists. It was associated with the names of " Captain Carey," who 100 years ago sold Ammonites as curiosities to passengers on the coaches, his real name being Lock j of XXXV. Marry Aiming, who in 1811 discovered the fossil bones of the Ichthyosaurus, and afterwards of the Plesiosaurus, and who in 1825 discovered, for the first time in England, the remains of the Pterodactyl. Then there were the names of Thomas Hawkins, who wrote the book of the Great Sea Dragons, and of some of the founders of the true science of geology, Buckland, Conybeare, and De la Beche, who resided in his youth both at Charmouth and at Lyme, and whose first maps of the Geological Survey, now sheets 21 and 22, embraced the country near Lyme Regis. The hills above and on either side of the town are outtiers of chalk and greensand, spurs of the Blackdown ridge in Devonshire. Concretions of greensand, harder than the strata generally, form the " cowstones " like the grey weathers of Wiltshire. The Cobb is chiefly built of these with a facing of Portland roach. The Rhaetic beds form the highest division of the Trias immediately underlying Lyme Regis. At Pinney Bay, some two miles to the west of Lyme, is an exposed section of White Lias, which is now reckoned as one of the Rhaetic beds— i.e., Trias and not Lias. Fossils are not plentiful here, but may be obtained from quarries at Uplyine. Above the White Lias comes the Blue Lias, 105 feet in thickness, consisting of four zones, distinguished by the characteristic Ammonite of each, the PlanorUs zone, Amm, Angulatus, Bucklandi, Turneri. The Blue Lias descends below the sea at Lyme Regis itself, but rises again in the church cliffs east of the town. Among the fossils easily found in it are Bhyneonella variabilis, Gryphaca arcuata, Nautilus striata, and Lima gigantea. The Blue Lias is extensively worked along the cliffs for hydraulic cement, stucco, &c., and this has a good deal to do with the wasting of the cliff, especially to the east of the town. Between 18Q3 and 1834 ninety feet in breadth of the Church Cliffs were lost, and the old road to Charmouth has for the most part slipped into the sea. Above the Blue Lias about 190 feet of dark slabs succeed, giving the name of Black Ven, and divided into the zones of Ammonites oUusus, Avoxynotes, and A. raricostatus. They contain bands of limestone, and here the first Saurian remains were found. In the President's paper on the Fossil Reptiles of Dorset ("Proceedings" D.N.H. and A.F.C., Vol. IX.) he enumerates 7 species of Ichthyosauri, 6 Plesiosauri, 1 Pterodactylus having been found at Lyme and Charmouth, whilst H. B. Woodward mentions an additional species of each of the above, and 1 Deinosaur. In these beds were also found the " Coprolites" described by Buckland. Remains of fish are abundant ; Crustaceans and Echinoderms are also found, and fine examples of Extracrinus briareus. Belemnites are plenti- ful, and as early as 1826 Buckland had obtained specimens exhibiting XXXVI. fossil ink, from which Sir Francis Chantrey had some sepia drawings prepared, pronouncing the ink of excellent quality. Prof. Huxley speaks of these Belemnites and their ink bags in his monograph for the Geological Survey in 1864. Iron pyrites is abundant in these beds, and used to be collected for the manufacture of sulphuric acid. Its decomposition in the beds after a fall of rain is accompanied with heat and smoke, and in one instance, 1751, the cliffs near Charmouth were seen to burst into flame, the result of this spontaneous combustion. Above the dark clay of Black Ven comes a bed of dull Grey Marl 80—90 feet thick known as Belemnite bed, that being the only fossil abundant. It is capped by a thin bed of pale Grey Limestone— the Belemnite limestone, very fossiliferous. This is best seen at the base of Golden Cap at low tide. Above this stone come bluish Grey Clays, which in Stonebarrow Cliff are 100 feet thick, called the green Ammonite beds, from the green tint of the calc spar which fills the cavities of the characteristic Ammonite, A. lataecosta. This bed is the highest of the lowest Lias strata. Much of it and all above it has disappeared from Black Ven, the summit of which, like most of the neighbouring hills, is Greensand of the Cretaceous series. The most interesting feature of this is a small bed of Gault, 20—25 feet thick, furnishing several characteristic fossils. Above this comes some 80 feet of yellow and grey sand containing bands of sandstone concretions known as Cowstones. Highest of all are some 20 feet of broken chalk and gravel beds. This concludes a notice of the geology of Lyme Regis, but from the Cobb a view of the cliffs extending to the east may be obtained, displaying a continuous succession of all the beds of the Middle and Upper Lias, followed by the important strata of the Oolitic series, as well as by outliers from the Jurassic and Cretaceous periods. The party were then most hospitably entertained at luncheon by Mr. and Mrs. Lister at Highcliff, following which Mr. Lister delivered a highly interesting address on the group of Mycetozoa, on the study of •which he has been engaged for many years. Illustrations of the principal and typical forms, drawn by means of the camera lucida, were hung around the room. After the address was concluded the party were con- ducted to another room, where under several microscopes some o± the chief features in the life history of this group of organisms were exhibited. From Highcliff the party were conducted to Belmont, the residence of Doctor and Mrs. Bangay, who had taken a very active part in the successful arrangements of the meeting. Here tea was served in the garden, and one object amongst others excited much interest— a fine specimen of a fossilized Calamus, which had been discovered on the sea beach near Lyme. It measured 30 feet in length, and was taken up in XXXV11. seven sections and fixed against the garden wall. The party then took leave of their kind hosts, and started for the Axminster Railway Station. This brought another thoroughly successful meeting to a conclusion. THE LULWORTH MEETING was held on Wednesday, August 19tlr From the lendezvous at Wool station the party proceeded to Lul worth Cove, where they were joined by many others residing in the neigh- bourhood. Here the business of the day was attacked. The President returned thanks to the Club for once more electing him, and for the kindly expressions of sympathy which he had received from time to time during his late illness. He then delivered an address on the geological features of the Cove, which were clearly visible from where they were standing, of which only a digest can be given here. He said he did not know a more interesting geological district than that now presented to them. The whole series of the Wealden and Purbeck is compressed within the limits of the Cove. The Purbeck beds range from the Paludina bed at the top to the dirt bed at the base, where the old land surface is exposed, on which grew extensive forests, the stumps and roots of which may now be seen in the cliff. One of the Cycads (Mantellia nidiformis) is described and figured in the second volume of the " Proceedings" of the Club. The Cycads belong to the family now growing only in the tropical and temperate regions of America and Asia. The conifers belong to the family Araucaria. The deposition of the dirt bed must have occupied a long period to allow for the growth of extensive forests, which extended as far as the Vale of Wardour. The lower Pur- beck beds rest unconformably on the Portland beds, and must have been submerged when the area on which the forests grew formed the estuary of the Purbeck river, as well as that of the Hastings river, which vied in extent with the estuaries of the great rivers of America and Asia — with the Mississippi and the Indus. The whole district was submerged more than once, and entirely dominated by the sea, but there is no evidence of any sudden or violent disturbance. As the inclination of the beds is similar to that of the superincumbent chalk and greensand, the whole mass was probably raised during great disturbances and denuda- tions subsequent to the Eocene period, affecting the Isle of Wight, Purbeck, and the Weymouth areas, and are perhaps synchronous with the great Ridgeway Fault. The calcareous slabs which' cap the dirt bed are broken up, and recemented by a stalactitic deposit. Above these follows a series of marly limestones alternating with thin clays abounding in Cyprideae, freshwater shales, fish scales, and an Isopod Crustacean Archaeoniscus. The middle beds differ from the upper and lower in XXXV111. containing intercolated marine bands ; of which one, locally known from its dark colour as the cinder bed, is almost entirely composed of small oyster shells. A thin band which divides the cinder bed into two parts contains Hemicidaris Purbeckensis, Forbes, the only Echinoderm which has yet been discovered in the Purbeck beds. The interesting remains of turtles which grace the shelves of our National Museum are here found, but the most interesting of all are the mammalian remains, consisting of Marsupials, which Sir Kichard Owen found to belong to no less than 25 species. This mammiliferous bed contains also two species of dwarf crocodiles. The remains of fish are widely dispersed, consisting chiefly of scales, teeth, and palates of Aspidorhyncus fisheri, Lepidotus Histionotus angularus, and Pholidophorus ornatus may be seen in the County Museum. The Wealden beds at Lulworth occupy a nearly vertical position, and are represented by alternations of red and purple coloured clays, white and yellow sands, and occasional beds of quartzose sandstone or grit, with lignite at the base. The quartz ose sandstone is probably derived from the waste of the Palaeozoic rocks of Devonshire. At the top of the Wealden there are beds of a fluvio marine character showing similar conditions to the Purbecks — alternations of freshwater } brackish water, and marine, indicating a return to marine conditions. To these the name of Punfield beds has been given by Mr. Judd from Punfield Cove in Swanage Bay, where they are well developed. The remarkable degrees of inclination which the chalk strata presents on thig coast deserve notice. They vary from horizontal to vertical, and are in some instances curiously contorted. At Swanage and Warbarrow Bays the curved strata and the vertical meet at a line of fault. In Mewps Bay, which the members will see on their way to Arish Mill, are exhibited along the shore the Upper Chalk, the Lower Chalk, Chalk Marl, and Upper Greensand. These beds are not so well seen at Lulworth Cove owing to the fallen state of the cliff. Subsequently the party crossed the Cove in boats and proceeded along the edge of the cliff to view the Fossil Forest. From this point they crossed some fields and then began the ascent by the narrow coastguard path of Bindon-hill, from the summit of which a magnificent view of the coast line was obtained. Arriving at Arrish Mill Gap a halt of about half-an-hour was made for luncheon, and three new members were elected. From this point Lulworth Castle was reached shortly before three p.m. Here they were welcomed by Mr. H. Weld Blundell, the Misses Weld, and Mr. and Mrs. Walmesley. Here Mr. Weld Blundell read a paper on the history of Lulworth Castle and some of the objects of interest which it contains, (This paper will be found at pp. 140-143. ) XXXIX. The following objects were displayed for examination : — The Louterell Psalter.— A folio Psalter made by order of Geoffrey, Lord Louterell, 1st Baion of that family, who died 25th Edward I. A Manuscript Bible — " Interpretations St. Hieronimi." A missal of 13th century or thereabouts. Two Prayer Books of somewhat later date. The seal of William Weld, High-Sheriff of London 1352, who built Aldgate. After the conclusion of Mr. Weld Blundell's paper the party, now numbering upwards of 80, were most hospitably entertained at tea. The grounds surrounding the house were then explored, and the members then left for the Wool station to catch their respective brains. Thus ended another highly enjoyable day and with it the summer programme for 1891, the meeting agreed upon (on the 27th of May) at Sturminster Newton having through unavoidable circumstances fallen through. THE FIRST WINTER MEETING was held in the County Museum, Dorchester, on Wednesday, December 9th, the President in the chair. Five new members were elected. Amongst the objects of interest brought to the meeting the Earl of Portarlington exhibited a small but Beautifully shaped figure of Apollo in bronze, and a glass vase, both of great age. The President showed some photographs of the excavations lately made in the Dewlish Pliocene " Elephant Bed." The programme of the day included the Presidential Address for 1891 (printed in full at p. 1-29). At the conclusion Mr. T. B. Groves referred to the influence of the extreme cold of the preceding winter on bird life, whicn had been touched upon by the President. He said that owing to the violent gales which they had lately experienced a great number of birds not often found in that neighbourhood had been driven on their coasts. For instance, the gannet had been yery abundant. He also mentioned that that very morning a man had brought him a live adder, found coiled up on a bank as if it were Midsummer. Mr. N. M. Richardson endorsed Mr. Groves' remarks on the effects of the cold winter. On one day during a country walk he counted between 70-80 dead birds, of which one-half appeared to have fallen a prey to hawks. Doubtless the hawks found the small birds an easy prey when they were weakened by the cold. Adders had been very common that year. He had made, for instance,, three expeditions to a certain wood during the summer and had killed an adder on each occasion. Mr. Mansel-Pleydell stated that during the previous week his keeper had seen two or three swallows flying about, which was an unusually late date for them. xl. Mr. H. J. Moule read a paper entitled " Notes on the Manor of Fordington " (printed at pp. 152—162). The President read a paper on "An Interment on the Verne, Portland " (printed at pp. 222—238.) The Kev. W. Miles Barnes read a paper entitled " The Diary of William Whitway, of Dorchester, Co. Dorset, from JNov., 1611, to Nov., 1634," from a MS. in the British Museum. The writer was one of the leading burgesses of the Dorchester of his day and owned an estate in the parish of Martinstown— see pp. 57—81. This brought the meeting to a close. THE SECOND WINTER MEETING.— This was held at the County Museum at Dorchester on Wednesday, Feb. 10th, 1892. The chair was taken by Mr. Mansel-Pleydell, the President, at noon. Three new members were elected. The Treasurer laid on the table the reports of the National Footpaths Preservation Society, 'to which the club is a subscriber. Some discussion took place on the schedules issued by the Field Club for recording observations on biids, plants, and insects, to which Mr. H. S. Eaton, who had taken a leading part in drawing out the schedules for a similar purpose now in use by the Royal Meteorological Society, contributed the benefit of his experience. The feeling of the meeting was opposed to reducing the list of species to be observed, which was suited to the varied features of the county of Dorset. The migration of the nightingale then formed the subject of some discussion. Mr. Pearce Edgcumbe said that the town of Dorchester seemed to be situated on the extreme western limit of the nightingale country. Some years ago two nightingales visited Dorchester and took up their abode in the Cemeteiy. They were identified by their eggs found in the nest. Mr. Eaton said he heard a nightingale during the previous spring at Lyme Kegis, and he learnt that nightingales were occasionally heard there. This, of course, was considerably west of the county town. The Rev. O. P. Cambridge said he had heard them frequently many years ago in Yellowham Wood. Mr. Moule said they were still to be heard there. Mr. Thomas Hardy had told him that in his youthful walks between Dorchester and his home at Higher Bockhampton he often heard the nightingales all the way. The Chairman said he thought Yellowham Wood was about the western limit of the tract of country frequented by the nightingales. Why they neglec ted the western part of England for the eastern part he could not understand, unless it was on account of the prevailing winds. The President read the first paper on the programme of the day — "Kirnmeridge Coal-Money and other Manufactured Articles from the Pr-oc.Dor.yet JV.H.&, A.F. Gbntt.Vol. XIII. 1832. 1. T"/" . z. Oil 5. " Mirttern. Bros . INSCRIBED STONES IN ST MARY'S CHURCH INSCRIBED STONES IN ST. MARY'S CHURCH, WAREHAM. EXPLANATION OF PLATE. Figs. 1 and 2. Stones built into the wall at east end of north aisle. Fig. 3. Fragment of stone in Beckett Chapel. Fig. 4. Stone built into wall of porch at west end of south aisle. Fig. 5. Fragment of stone (apparently portion of a pillar) in King Edward's ChapeL For descriptions of the above see p. xxiv. xii. Shale "—which will be found at pp. 178—190 of this volume. The next paper on " Notes on Dorset Lepidoptera during 1891 " was read by Mr. N. M. Richardson and will be found at pp. 168—177. The President read a paper on "The Occurrence of Lamprothamnus Alopecuroides in Dorsetshire," which was illustrated by some excellent drawings. This paper is printed at pp. 163—167. A paper on " Some Monstrosities of Littorina rudis " (by Mr. E. Sykes) was read by Mr. Richardson, and is given at pp. 191—198. The Rev. 0. P. Cambridge read a paper on "British Pseudo-Scorpiones "—printed at pp. 199—231. The Rev. W. Miles Barnes read the last paper of the day on " The Fire of Dorchester in 1613," from a curious tract which he ;had met with in the British Museum, entitled " Fire from Heaven." This brought the meeting to a close, and with it ended the work of the year 1891-2. * CO O <±> O CO »O >O CM CO i-i © U* £?J Is ffs wj P=H .2 &c «l l§ -e t»o B i -4-=> O2 fn w S ^ OS Museum, arra tings on May 27 ^ s 1 lift r/^ c K» 02 S2.S * ps, rc ce S oo P ^ ' — I C3 r 02 »0 ! 1° rs * Z LU UJ < h- co cc UJ Z UJ O GO ^ 00 (N * S « Ci3 t"* Oi A o o o o 1— 1 0 0 0 00 so. || 02 o -2" (2 I 1 1 1 <1 ^ c« Q Jftemher* (Ekcteb 0ina th* publication of ioL xii DORCHESTER, DECEMBER OTH, 1891. Browne, Jukes, Esq. Geological Survey Office, 28, Jermyn Street, London. Nantes, Charles, Esq. Bridport. Allhusen, Wilton, Esq. Came House, Dorchester. Sykes, Ernest K., Esq. Weymouth. Damon, Robert, Esq. Weymouth. DORCHESTER, FEBRUARY IOTH, 1892. Cope, Rev. J. Staines Chaldon Herring Vicarage, Dorchester. Howell, Rev. F. B. Upwey Rectory, Weymouth. Stone, Walter Boswell, Esq. Shute Haze, Walditch, Bridport. DORCHESTER, MAY HTH, 1892. Groves, W. E., Esq. Icen Road, Dorchester. Drucker, Adolfe, Esq. Milton Abbey, Dorchester. Highton, Rev. Edward Tarrant Keynston Rectory, Blandford. Jackson, C. W., Esq. Grammar School, Dorchester. DORCHESTER, JUNE 9TH, 1892. Hardwick, Stewart, Esq. Bournemouth. Hadow, Rev. J. L. G. Melcombe Regis Rectory, 18, Royal Terrace, Weymouth. * NEW FOREST, JULY 20rn, 1892. Symonds, Henry, Esq. Oakdale, Farquhar Road, Edgbaston, near Birmingham. Acton, Rev. Edwin Hinton St. Mary Rectory, Blandford. SHERBORNE, AUGUST 3RD, 1892. Medlycott, Sir Edward B. Ven, Milborne Port, Sherborne. Marshall, Rev. Charles J. Shillingstone Rectory, Blandford. Ricketts, George H.M., Esq. Nash Court, Marnhull, Sturminster Newton. Chaffey, Robert S. C., Esq. East Stoke, Stoke-under-Hambdon, Somerset. SWANAGE, SEPTEMBER TTH, 1892. Bowen, J. H., Esq. Bank Buildings, Weymouth. Bud den, F., Esq. St. Cuthberga, Wimborne Road, Bourne- mouth. Baker, E. Whitley, Esq. Glencaim, Wimbome. Long, Rev. D. Broadwey Rectory, Weymouth. Yeatman, Right Rev. H., Dartmouth House, Blackheath Hill, Bishop of Southwark London, S.E. Bate, — Esq. Wilts and Dorset Bank, Blandford. Lock, B. F., Esq. Lincoln's Inn, London, W.C. Burt, F. A., Esq. Swanage. Watts, Colonel 34A, South Audley Street, London, W. Hall, Captain Marshall, J.P. Easterton, Parkstone, R.S.O., Dorset. * At this meeting Morton Stuart, Esq., was elected a Vice-President of the Club. of the (READ BEFORE THE MEMBERS OP THE FIELD CLUB DECEMBER 9TH, 1891 ) first duty is a melancholy one — namely, to notice the death of Colonel Hambro, which occurred so suddenly in March last, causing deep and heart-felt sorrow throughout the county. He was born in Copenhagen in 1835. He was educated at Trinity College, Cambridge, and was called to the Bar in 1860 at the Inner Temple. He represented Wey- mouth in Parliament from 1868 to 1874, and the Southern Division of the County from 1886 until the time of his death. In 1877 he succeeded to the Milton Estates, which had been purchased of the late Lord Portarlington by his father. He was an active Magistrate, and proved himself an efficient Chairman of the Committees over which he was appointed. He was elected a County Councillor for the Weymouth Division under the Local Government Act of 1888, the duties of which office he efficiently fulfilled with the same zeal and ability as when acting under the old regime. Mr. Henry Groves, although not a member, was a Dorset- shire man and an eminent botanist, and I cannot refrain from. 2 PRESIDENT'S ADDRESS. noticing in regretful terms his removal. His father was Mr. Richard Groves, pharmacist, and his elder brother, Mr. T. B. Groves. He was born at Wey mouth in the year 1835. At an early age he showed a taste for scientific studies, and obtained in 1856 a certificate for Botany and Materia Medica at the School of the Pharmaceutical Society. Two years after, when only twenty-three years of age, he contributed a paper in the Phytologist — " The Flora of Portland." After studying pharmacy five years in London and Brussels, he went in 1863 to Florence, where he married, and spent the rest of his life. Much of his spare time was occupied in travelling far and wide throughout the Peninsula studying its botanical features and collecting. Among his many explorations, the most notable were those of Monte Argentaro, the Maremma, the Abruzzi (including Monte Marrone, Monte Majella, &c.), the Appian Alps, Monte Gioja, the Appenines, Otranto, and Gallipoli, in Southern Italy, and Sicily. Many of these ex- peditions subjected Mr. Groves to considerable dangers and privations, from bandits, and from scarcity of food, which was difficult to obtain. At the time of his death Mr. Groves had in his possession a magnificent heibarium, comprising about 50,000 plants, the majority of his own collecting, and this treasure he demised to the Central Botanical Society of Tuscany. Through his industry several new plants have been added to the Flora of the Italian peninsula. He constantly contributed to the pages of Italian and English botanical serials. One of the last, probably, was that of the "Flora Delia Costa Meridionale della Terra D'Otranto" published in the Nuovd Giornale Botanico Italiano, vol. xix., pp. 210, 1887, an epitome of which was published in the twenty-first volume of the Linnsean Society's Journal of Botany. Mr. Groves added from the littoral of Otranto a plant new to science, Anthemis liydruntina, and four varieties of other known plants, Centaurea deusta, Ten, var. tenacissima, Centaurea deusta, Ten, var. nobilis, Statice cancellata, Bernh., var. Japi/gica, and Ornithogalum refractum, W.K., var; Adalgisce. Mr. Groves was a genial companion and a kind friend. I am glad of this oppor- PRESIDENT'S ADDRESS. 3 tunity of gratefully acknowledging the many valuable additions my Herbarium has received through his munificent liberality, which many other botanists have equally shared with me. An attack of paralysis, of which he had a premonitory warning about two years before, terminated his valuable life on the 1st day of March last. Little is known of nations whose very names are lost in the oblivion of the past, and which have left no history, and passed through the stages of conquest and decay. The histories of some, however, crop up occasionally from unexpected sources, showing their extent and importance in very remote times. Of these the Minsean kingdom is one. A Minsean language has been long known in connection with the ritual of the Sabean worship, but of a Minsean kingdom there had been no record before the discovery of some rock inscriptions in Arabia, which tell us of a country supposed to be little more than a desert of sand and rock, which, now inhabited by wandering nomads, and without a history up to the time of Mahomet, had been a centre of civilisation in remote ages, a land of trade and commerce, and which once exercised an important influence in the civilised parts of the ancient East, possessing an alphabetical system of writing, earlier, perhaps, than that which is known as the Phoenician alphabet. The Minsean kingdom reached from the south of Nubia to the frontiers of Egypt and Palestine. It preceded the kingdom of Sheba, which geographically covered the same area, and was flourishing when Tiglath-pileser ruled in Assyria in the eight century B.C. The Queen of Sheba's visit to Solomon carries it back to a still earlier date. The Sabaean kingdom superseded the Minsean kingdom ten centuries before the Christian era. We are new acquainted with the names of 33 Minsean kings, three of whom have been found by Professor Max Miiller on inscriptions in the neighbourhood of Terma, the " Tema" of the Old Testament, in North Arabia. An interesting inscription has been found engraved on a rock in Southern Arabia in connection with a Avar between the rulers of the South and the rulers of the land of Madai and Egypt in the north. The authors of the inscription state that they were under the Minsean kingdom, and 4 PRESIDENT'S ADDRESS. that they were governors of Tsar and Ashur and the further banks of the river. In Ashur we have the Ashurim of the Bible, who are called the sons of Asshurim, Gen. xxv. 3, whilst Tsar was a fortress mentioned in the Egyptian monuments as guarding the approach to Egypt, what would be now the Arabian side of the Suez Canal. Mahdi is identified by Dr. Glazer to be Mizzah, the grandson of Esau (Gen. xxxvi. 17). The reference proves that the power of the Mineean kingdom was acknowledged as far as the borders of Egypt at an age supposed by Professor Hommel to be the age of the Hyksos, or Shepherd kings. Its authority was also recognised in Edom, as is shown by an inscription in which mention is made of Gaza. If these records reach back to the age now claimed for them they must be far the oldest known inscriptions in Phoenician letters, and instead of seeking in Phoenicia for the primitive home of Alphabets we shall have to look for it in Arabia. The labours of a few men in recent years have drawn out much light from the records of Egypt and Assyria, and we find the nineteenth century before Christ yielding up its secrets to the nineteenth century of our era. From these records the Hittites are recognised among the existing nations. They were a powerful and warlike nation, whose centre lay in the north of Syria, between the Orontes and the Euphrates, but whose outposts, about 1200 B.C., extended as far west as the ^Egean Sea. In the Egyptian inscriptions they are called the Khita, or Kheta ; in the Assyrian, the Khatti ; in the Hebrew Scriptures, the Khittim. Under the name of Khatti we meet with the Hittites in the astronomical work in seventy tablets drawn up by Sargon of Agane about 1700 B.C., in which the Hittites are already spoken of as formidable rivals of the Babylonians, between whom hostilities were continually arising. We shall see as we go on that the Khita played an important part in the history of Egypt, and that the age of Hittite supremacy belongs to a date earlier than the monarchy of Israel. There were Hittites round Hebron, to whom the origin of Jerusalem was partly due. The Hittites in Palestine were confined to a small district in the mountains, of Judah, but were stronger in the north. No one suspected before that a great empire had once existed in Western Asia, and upon equal terms with Assyria and Egypt ; much less was it supposed that this enterprising nation extended its art and its religion far west, and that the early civilisation of Greece and Europe was as much indebted to them as it was to the Phoenicians. Dr. Schliemann's excavations at Mycene brought to light the fact that the early culture of Greece was influenced by that which originated from Asia Minor. A continuous chain of monuments from Lydia in the west to Cappadocia in the east have been found, of which the best known are the rock sculptures of Boghaj, Keul, and Eyuk on the western side of the Halys, and two figures in relief in the pass of Karabel, near Sardes, which Herodotus had seen, and supposed to be memorials of the Egpytian conqueror Sesostris. Pro- fessor Sayce examined the Karabel figures and inscription, and came to the conclusion that the characters were Hittite, and corresponded with those found at Hamah, the site of the ancient Hamath. "We have been led by slow degrees to a clearer view of the Hittite Empire, and the important part once played by the Hittites in the history of the civilised world. Egyptian inscriptions show that long before the days of the Exodus the Egyptian kings had been in conflict with this powerful and aggressive nation. Their chief seats were at Kadesh on the Orontes, and Carchemish on the Euphrates. The Egyptian and Chaldee monuments are about 200 years anterior to the oldest known Hittite record, which belongs to the ninth century B.C. The discovery of these records has stimulated the study of hiero- glyphic, cuneiform, and rock inscriptions ; the results of which have been most important in furtherance of the knowledge of the history of this people, and their relations with the rest of the civilised world. For instance, the rock records of Hamath, north of Kadesh and south of Aleppo, which had been seen by Buckhardt in 1812, were only rediscovered in 1870 by the Rev. S. Jessop of the Armenian Syrian Mission and by Consul General Johnson of the United States, and subsequently by the late Mr. Tyrrwhitt, 6 PRESIDENT'S ADDRESS. who was sent expressly to Hamath by the Palestine Exploration Society to obtain genuine copies of the inscriptions. Mr. Eylands, Secretary of the Society of Biblical Archaeology, compiled from the labours of these pioneers a full account of the Hamath inscription, which was published in 1882. The Rev. Dr. "Wright, Captain Condor, and Mr. Campbell, Professor in the Presbyterian College, Montreal, have published everything connected with the inscriptions, and fragments, some of which were found among the ruins of ancient Carchemish, now called Jerabis; the originals are now in the British Museum, others have been found in Asia Minor, Syria, and the valley of the Euphrates, Lycaonia, Lystra, and Derbe, cities mentioned in the Acts of the Apostles. The most recent discovery is at Merah, on the east side of Cappadocia and Cilicia, where two stone lions flank the gateway, the front, and one side of each, are covered with hieroglyphics, in a good state of preservation. It is the oldest Hittite document yet discovered. Its preservation from the destroying hands of the Assyrian conquerors might have been due to the fact that it does not contain any statement derogatory to them, and that it recognises their Sovereignty, as do the monuments of Hamath and Carchemish. The " I^azir Lord of Assyria " is the Assyrian Assurnazirpal, the father of Shalmanezer II. The author of the inscription was one Kapini, who was apparently King of Has, the Rosh of the Bible. Some years ago a convex silver plate, probably the top of a staff or dagger, was offered for sale to the British Museum ; in the centre was the effigy of a standing warrior, surrounded by an inner circle of hieroglyphics, with an outer circle round the rim of the boss, engraved with a cuneiform inscription. From the posture and form of the human figures are seen evidences of recently discovered Hittite art. Professor Sayce has translated this bilingual inscription by the aid of the cuneiform legend. It reads thus " Tarrik-Timme, king of the country of Erme." The forms of the characters seem to refer to the age of the Sargon, not of Agane, who lived about 1,700 to 1,730, B.C. It was in Sargon's time (about 720, B.C.) the deportation of the ten tribes of PRESIDENT'S ADDRESS. 7 Israel happened, and he it was who overthrew the Hittite empire at Carchemish, and scattered its warlike tribes, many taking refuge in Asia Minor, carrying with them the latest forms of their writing. The last record I shall mention will be that of the stone bowl from Babylon ; the inscription on which reads, " Tarako, king of the Moschi, dwelling in the city Sarara, brings to Essarhaddon, the successor of the mighty king of Assyria Sennacherib, the stone bowl, containing just manehs of really pure silver, to hold Sennacherib in memory." With the exception of the boss " Tarrik-timme" this stone bowl is the most recent record of the Hittites. It is in hieroglyphic character (about 680, B.C.) In a memoir on the Astronomy and Astrology of the Babylonians, Professor Sayce translates a document belonging to the time of Sargon of Agane (about 1,700 to 1,730, B.C.), in which the following passage appears:— "On the twentieth day an eclipse happens, the king of the Hittites (Khati) lives, and on the throne seizes." Now Sargon was a Hittite on his father's side, but as a deposed prince. He made his way to the throne without parental aid, and even disowned the ancestral name and language. A broken fragment of the annals of Nebuchadnezzar has shed some light on the identification of Phut. We there read that the Babylonian king, in the 37th year of his reign, inarched against Egypt, and defeated the army of Amasis, the Egyptian monarch, as well as the soldiers of the city of Phut-Yavan or Phut of the lonians. It is known that Amasis had granted special privileges to the Greeks, had surrounded himself with a Greek body-guard, and had removed the camp of the Greek mercenaries from the neighbourhood of Pelusium to that of Memphis. In the city of Phut-Yavan we must see some city to which the Greek mercenaries were considered in a special manner to belong. Phut, therefore, can no longer be said to remain without a record except in the Hebrew scriptures, and we can understand why Phut is associated with Lud by the prophets, when they threaten Egypt with its coming overthrow (Jeremiah xlvi, 9). Like the Lydians the men of Phut offered their 8 PRESIDENT'S ADDRESS. services to others besides the Egyptians, and we find them with the Lydians serving in the ranks of the armies of Tyre (Ezekiel xxvii., 10). The principal races, whose genealogical history is set forth in the first book of Chronicles, from the second to the eighth chapter, omitting the third and the sixth, are three, the Horites, the Jerahmeelites, and the Hittites. The Horites were a sub- Semitic people of Canaan, allied to, and probably including the Phoenicians. The Jerahmeelites were an Aryan or Japhetic race. The Hittites were in point of numbers, at least, the greatest nation of antiquity, and the pioneers of culture. In some cases the genealogies are continuous, in others they have been broken up. The work of re-uniting them is sometimes easy, as when the mention of Mareshah in chap, iv., v. 21 refers us to chap, ii., v. 42, where his descendants arc given. The family of Shobal, the Horite, also is traced in chap, i., v. 40, chap, ii., v. 50, and chap, iv., v. 2. But the Hittite line, which begins in chap, iv., v. 5, has its continuity broken by the mention at verse 8 of the Ammonite line of Coz, for the purpose of introducing Jabez, whose mother Zobebah was of Ammonite descent, while his here unnamed father was a Hittite. As Jabez was the glory of the Hittite tribes, this pre-eminence in the genealogy was doubtless the work of the Kenite scribe. It cannot be said that in every case this chapter gives a correct transcript of Hittite names, for Belh Zur,* Beth Rapha, Ben Hannan,* and Ben Zobeth,* are at least in their first elements Hebrew translations. It contains, however, the most ancient, and the most truthworthy (bald as it is), history of the Hittite people which the world is likely ever to possess. Without this document the Hittite inscriptions would not now have been deciphered, and the history of the Hittites would be an impossi- bility. As early as the time of the Patriarch Jacob, the Hittites were in possession of the kingdom of Chaldsea and of Edom. Although the monuments of Chaldsea and Egypt are the oldest and best sources * Descended from Jephunneh, father of Caleb. PRESIDENT'S ADDRESS. 9 of information concerning the Hittite people, we do not as yet possess the key by which they can be read in consecutive order, for the inscriptions are on scattered tablets, which cannot always be placed together. Sometimes the date can be settled ; for instance, when the names of Shalmenezer, Tiglath-pileser, and Sargon appear, the Bible decides their epochs and succession. With the exception of Chedorlaomer, the Bible makes no reference to the earlier Egyptian and Assyrian monarchs. The soil of Canaan, however, had seen the Babylonian armies passing through it. Haran was well known to the Chaldaean kings, and Sargon I. of Accad, who had carved his name on the rocks of the Mediterranean coast and crossed over to the island of Cyprus, had made expedi- tions in the far west. The campaign, therefore, of Chedorlaomer and his allies mentioned in the fourteenth chapter of Genesis was no new thing. The fragments of Manetho's Egyptian history, preserved by Eusebius and other writers of the third century B.C., and of Berosus of the fourth century, are not of much value. The Lion inscription of king Kapini belongs to the ninth century B.C., but the information concerning the Hittite people, given by the Assyrian inscriptions, dates about two centuries before. Besides Kapini's inscription there are others in Asia Minor belonging to the latter part of the eighth century B.C. ; those of Etruria and Spain are probably not older than the third century, A.D. There is an historico-genealogical record, not of Hittite history alone, but of the whole ruling population of the East, made by Hittite scribes in the eighteenth century B.C., and inserted by the Editor of the Chronicles in the early chapters of the first book, and brought by him or by a subsequent hand into relation with the tribes of Israel. There are many passages in the record where incon- sistency with an Israelite connection is so apparent that they would not be allowed in the sacred text had there been the least suspicion of deception or untruthf ulness. There is no evidence that the Jews ever made use of this Kenite record for genealogical purposes. It contains many names which are not Israelite ; some of them are purely Egyptian, others are Kenite names, such as Otlmiel, Caleb, 10 PRESIDENT'S ADDRESS. and Jephunneh. In I. Chronicles iv., 22, dominion in Moab is expressly assigned to some bearing Kenite names. The last verse of the second chapter incidentally gives the authors of the Hittite record. It says "The families of the scribes which dwelt at Jabez ; the Tirathites, the Shimeathites, and Suchathites. These are the Kenites that came of Hamath, the father of the House of Eechab." In the seventeenth and eighteenth verses of the fourth chapter, it is stated that Mered married Eitbiah, a daughter of Pharaoh (Cheops), Ziph of the Bible, and a contemporary of Jacob and Esau. He was a Hittite, and had established himself apparently at Memphis, and compelled his enslaved Mizraite subjects to build the Great Pyramid at the neighbouring Gizeh, also the stone causeway to ib, which Herodotus regarded as an equally wonderful achievement. His entrance into Egypt makes the beginning of Hittite sovereignty in that land. The names Jether and Heber, which are associated with Ziph and his son-in-law Mered, whom the Egyptian inscriptions knew as Prince Merhet in the record, appears afterwards among the later Kenites, as well as Jethro, the father-in-law of Moses, and Heber, the husband of Jael. The city with which the Book of Chronicles associates the scribes of the genealogical record is Jabez, the Hebrew form of which is Yabetz ; there is no such name in Palestine, but the Egyptian name for Thebes is Apit, which becomes Thebes by the feminine affix of t, or ta ; the Egyptian alphabet does not possess the letter 2, for which t is substituted. We have it in the name of the great Hycsos, or Shepherd King Aahpeti (Jabez), who transferred the University from Memphis to Thebes, where the Tirathites, the Shimeathites, and the Suchathites of Memphis continued to be the masters of inscriptions and historiography. They would be acquainted with the records of the great Hittite Empire, with which the adjoining populations had such close relations. These records began prior to the reign of Cheops, and continued within a hundred years or less of the Exodus. The history of the rebellion of the Hittite tribes against Chedorlaomer after twelve years' subjection, their defeat in the slime pits of the PRESIDENT'S ADDRESS. 11 Yale of Siddim, and their rescue by Abraham, with his three hundred armed servants, prove him to have been a king, at least such as kings went in those days, and perhaps he was not inferior to his confederates Mamre, Eshcoll, and Amer. Years after, and when in the interval Sodom and Gomorrah had sunk beneath the Dead Sea, Abraham solicited of Ephron, ancestor of Caleb, the purchase of a piece of land for the sepulchre of his wife, Sarah. The Empire was then very old, and the monarch on the throne was a Hycsos. The most important invasion of the Hittites into Egypt was that of Jahdai, the son of Gazez (I. Chronicles ii, 46, 47), and which proved of great importance to the future history of the country. The petty sovereigns submitted to his rule with the exception of one, who was a woman, Zobebah, the daughter of the Ammonite Coz, and sister of Anub (I. Chronicles iv, 8) ; Jahdai sought her in marriage, she refused to accept him unless the child born of her should inherit the throne, to this Jahdai agreed, and disinherited the six sons born to him by his other wives. Jahdai died before the child was born. The brief Kenite record states, " That she called his name Jabez, saying because I bare him with sorrow " (I. Chronicles iv., 9). Jabez becomes Aahpeti in the Egyptain language, which cannot more accurately express the word recorded by the Kenite scribe. In Manetho's sixth dynasty he is called Pheops, he must also be the Sesostris of Manetho's twelfth dynasty. His true place is among the Hycsos kings. The unanimous testimony of ancient writers is, that Israel entered Egypt in the seventeenth year of this Pharaoh, and that he had been eight years on the throne when Joseph interpreted to him his dream. The most important event in the life of Aahpati was his adoption of the faith of Joseph, as, yet uncorrupted by the superstitions of his age, he perceived that Joseph's God could give wisdom far surpassing that of the priests of Amun, Ra, &c. The Kenite record says : " Jabez was more honourable than his brethren, and he called upon the God of Israel, saying, Oh that Thou wouldest bless me indeed, and enlarge my coast, and that thou wouldest keep me from evil, that it may not grieve me ! And 12 PRESIDENT'S ADDRESS. God granted him that which he requested " (I. Chronicles iv., 10). The following extract from the first Sallier Papyrus, which is a mutilated fragment, tells the same story from a foreign inimical standpoint, " It came to pass that the land of Egypt was held by the Aadtous. Then king Sekenen Ra was a ruler in the southern region, the Aadtous in the district of Amu, their chief king Apapi in the city of Avaris. The whole land did homage to him, paying tribute. King Apapi took to himself Suttech for lord, refusing to serve any other god in the whole land. King Apapi appointed festivals, days for making sacrifice to Sutech, with all rites that are performed in the temple of Ra Harmachis. He built for him a temple of goodly and en- during workmanship." The remainder of the fragment relates to message sent by Apapi to Seken-en-Ra in the south and of the dismay of that king and all his court when they heard it. The import of the message is doubtful. It is evident, however, that Jabez overthrew idolatry and established throughout his dominion the worship of one God ; this God he called Sutech, which is not a Hittite word, but a form of Shaddai, the Almighty, the name by which God revealed Himself to Abraham, and to Jacob, and in whose name Jacob was blessed by his father Isaac. Manetho gives Amenemes III. a reign of only eight years, which is significant as it was in the eighth year of his reign, Jabez renounced the worship of idols, and called Shaddai the God of Israel. It was Aahpeti, no doubt, who removed the scribes from Memphis to his new capital, Thebes, where they continued to be masters of inscriptions, writers of papyrian despatches, and historiographers royal, and would be in possession of all the archives of an empire which stood in intimate relation with the neighbouring people and nations. They must have had a perfect knowledge of at least two languages, the Egyptian and the Hittite. In Egypt the Kenites adopted the Hebrew faith. It is to them, therefore, and not to any Israelitish writer, that we have the remarkable statement that Jabez called upon the God of Israel and the prayer which accompanies it. This faith they still PRESIDENT'S ADDRESS. 13 possessed when dwelling in Arabia Petrsea, for Jethro, the priest of Midian, was recognised by Moses as a worshipper of the true God. The Kenite record gives the names of all the Egyptian kings down to the time of Exodus. By a comparison of other documents with the Hittite, Mezahab, the great grandson of Jabez or Aahpeti was the last of the Shepherd or Hycsos line, and from the day of his deaMi began the reign of the Pharaohs who knew not Joseph. The Kenite record places the history of Egypt in harmony with that of the Bible by bringing the favourable Shepherd line down to within two generations of the Exodus of Israel. These foreign invaders had held the Egyptians in bondage 511 years. Mezahab reigned on the throne of Thebes as Amenemes IV. He was an idolater, and in order to conciliate the native Egyptians he added to his name that of the ancestral god Horus, and called himself Hormanub; but this did not satisfy the three ruling petty sovereigns of Nubia, Syene, and Abydos, who had resolved to take Thebes from the descendant of Jabez. Mezahab was successful over his three rivals, but was unable to retain the integrity of the Empire. Thothmes II., the Sovereign of Nubia (Amenemes IV. of Thebes) made peace with Mezahab and married his daughter Matred, who became the mother of Beriah (Rameses II.), I. Chron. vii. 23, and of a daughter Mehetabel. Hadrai, an Hittite, the son of Saulof Abydos, married Mehetabel, who was considerably older than her brother Beriah. Hadrai (who styled himself Thothmes IV.) and his royal consort Mehetabel took Thebes and strengthened his brother-in-law's power. Here they erected two obelisks in memory of her father Thothmes, one of which still stands amid the ruins of Karnak ; she and her brother Beriah, who was crowned as Rameses II. and as Thothmes III., representative and heir of the ancient Egyptian line. The name Rameses, although not a personal name, and thus valueless in the comparative study of tradition, is useful in indicating the point at which the old line of Ra regained Egyptian sovereignty, and confirms the Bible story of Egyptian rule, and of Israelite oppression. The name is not mentioned in 14 PRESIDENT'S ADDRESS. the Kenitc list. Mehetabel kept the Empire 15 years for her brother, pushing the Egyptian border in the regions overrun by the Hittites. In the north her husband Hadrai left his name on the Sphynx, the Hittite monument at Gizeh. He was the hero of the eighteenth dynasty, and fought his battles from the Euphrates in the north, to Ethiopia in the south, while his wife Mehetabel, as regent for Barneses II., sat upon the Memphite throne. Barneses did not like his sister's tutelage, and would have cast it off had he not feared his brother-in-law, Hadrai, who was the stronger of the two. At the birth of Moses he seems to have had full authority, for from him originated the edict that the infant sons of the Hebrews were to be put to death. Prior to this the captive dwellers of Goshen were condemned to hard labour as builders of the treasure cities of Pithom and Rameses. They are represented at this task on the monuments of Thothmes II., father of Rameses II. His son-in-law Hadrai was then in the height of his career, and his daughter Mehetabel regent, when the infant Moses was consigned to the waters of the Nile in the ark of bulrushes. Her motherly heart revolted against the cruel edict, and she not only saved but adopted the infant at the time her husband and her son Shimon were then at the wars. It is for this reason probably her name is the only one given of a consort to kings who reigned in Edom (Gen. xxxv i., 39) ; no other in Egypt except Mehetabel could have dared to save the child. At the death of Hadrai his son Shimon, under the name of Amonoph III., succeeded to the lower kingdom of Ethiopia. He must have been the protector of Moses. The monuments show that Mehetabel's regency did not extend to the twentieth year of her brother's reign, so that she must have bequeathed her adopted son to the care of Shimon. There is no proof that he shared the faith of Moses, who made a princely convert of the royal line of the Sekenens, the Kenezite Jephunneh, the father of Caleb, who became incorporated with the tribe of Judah in the Kenite record. Rabbinical writers represent Moses as a dweller in Ethiopia. The language of St. Stephen is conformable to this tradition, for it says that " He was mighty in PRESIDENT'S ADDRESS. 15 words and deeds, and when he was full forty years old it came into his heart to visit his brethren the children of Israel " (Acts vii., 22, 23). He must have accompanied Shimon to the court of his wife, the Elephantine Queen, Taia, and followed him to many fields of conquest. Previous to Shimon's death Moses must have refused to be called any longer the son of Pharaoh's daughter, and passing from the safety of Upper Egypt to the Memphis region, over which at that time Rameses II. reigned, he visited his enslaved brethren. It might have been his intention to lead them forth from slavery, but their objection to his interference showed to him the fruitlessness of his object. Passing then over to Arabia Petrsea, where Shimon's subjects dwelt, he was safe from the pursuit of Pharaoh, and at freedom from the irksomeness of Court life at Thebes. At Tel-el-mankula, near Tel-el-keber, the scene of the late Egyptian war, are some mounds with inscriptions on them, which show they not only represent an ancient city, whose religious name was Pithom, and its civil name Succoth, but that also the founder of the city was Rameses II. In Greek times the city was called Hieropolis, or Ero. from the Egyptian word ara, a stone- house, thus reminding us that Pithom. and Rameses, which the Israelites built for the Pharoahs, were " treasure-cities " (Exod. i., 14). Their treasure chambers have been discovered, and show how very strongly they were constructed, divided by brick partitions from eight to ten feet thick, the bricks sun-baked, some made with, and some without, straw. " I will not give you straw " was Pharaoh's message to the Children of Israel. The most interesting record which has come down to us is an incident in the reign of Rameses II. ; it gives the account of the travels of a Mohar, or military officer, of his travels through Palestine, written by himself at a time when the country was nominally tributary to Egypt. The Mohar made his tour during the latter part of the reign of Rameses II., so that the account he has given of Canaan shows what it was like before the conquest by Joshua. He journied as far as Aleppo in a chariot, which is more than a traveller in Palestine 16 PRESIDENT'S ADDRESS. can now do. He describes how his clothes were stolen one night, and how his groom or mulateer joined the robbers. Among the places he visited were the Phoenician cities of Gabal (famous for the shrine of Ashteroth), Beyrout, Sarepta, Sidon, and Tyre, which city he says was built on an island in the sea, drinking-water being conveyed to it in boats. He visited also the Hittite cities Hamath, Tunnah, Hazor, and Tabor; he not only mentions the ford of Jordan, near the Beth Shean, but also a passage in front of the city. Joppa was then surrounded with gardens of date-palms, which have been now supplanted by orange groves. In one place the Mohar had to drive along the edge of a precipice, at a height of 2,000 cubits, full of rocks and boulders, " while at another time his groom broke the chariot by driving over a slippery path, which necessitated its repair by the iron workers at the next smithy." Rameses II. encountered the Hittites at Megiddo, in Palestine. Details of the march and battles are given. The king brought his army out of Egypt to meet the confederacy, under a command of the king of the Hittites. In a speech he made at Iham, where he held a council of war, which is preserved in the temple of Karnach, he is reported to have said " That Hittite, king of Kadesh (king of the Hittites), has arrived. He has entered into Megiddo. He has assembled with him the kings of the tribes over against the waters of Egypt as far as the land of Nannaim (Mesopotamia)." In his subsequent campaigns, Rameses II. encountered the Hittites again at Kadesh on the Orontes, between the river Euphrates and the Great Sea, and followed them up to the centre of their power. This might be the proper place to mention that Mr. R. S. Poole, in his Horse. Egypticse, was the first to indicate that most of the early dynasties of Manetho are not successive, but contemporaneous, so that sometimes no fewer than five sovereigns were on petty thrones at the same time. Professor Rawlinson shows that when the Shepherd kings occupied Egypt there were four other dynasties in the land, and some under different names are identified to be the same person. ~No record speaks of Thebes as being in the PRESIDENT'S ADDRESS. 17 hands of native Pharaohs in the time of Jabez, who was lord of the whole land. Thothmes II., who married his great grand- daughter Hatred, assumed the title of Rameses. Seti was the successor of Rameses II., the only Pharaoh of that name ; he was the husband of Rameses' daughter, Sera or Tzira. He styled himself Rameses Hekan ; he was a Hittite, and one of the greatest and most warlike of Egyptian monarchs, and brought all Egypt for the second time in history under one sceptre. He carried out that great engineering feat which has been lately reachieved in the construction of the Suez Canal. No monument of this Pharaoh has been met with later than the twelfth year of his reign. About this period Moses stood before him and demanded the freedom of the Israelites. He perished with the Egyptian army in the Red Sea. Soon after leaving Egypt, Moses sent spies into Canaan whose report is very briefly given in the Book of Numbers. In the south they found the Amalekites separated from the rest of their Hittite brethren. In Hebron they found Hittites in the three sons of Anak. During their wanderings in the wilderness the Canaanites whom the spies saw dwelling by the sea, and by the coast of Jordan, were Sidonians ; in the mountains were the Hittites, and the Jebusites and the Amorites. The spies appear to have begun at the north with Sidon and the Phoenicians, next to whom came the Hittites, extending from Rehob to the mountains of Bethel, the Jebusites in Jerusalem and Bezek, and, finally, the Amorites in the south country. In their wanderings in the wilderness Israel's only enemies were the Amalekites of the desert, and a body of Canaanites, whose king was Arad. When the Israelites came to the Amorite border no attempt seems to have been made to combine the forces of the trans- Jordanic tribes against them, which is probably an indication that they were mutually hostile to each other. Joshua conquered them in detail, first reducing the Amorite kingdom of Sihon, which lay between Moab and Bashan, and by military strategy he hindered combinations from that quarter. Og, the king of Bashan, was then defeated. Joshua's first conquest on 18 PRESIDENT'S ADDRESS. the west side of Jordan was Jericho and Ai. Gibeon falling away from the Amorite confederacy greatly weakened the forces, and the five kings, of whom Adoni-zedek was the leader, were totally routed by Joshua, who came unexpectedly by a famous night march. Nevertheless the Hittites declared war under Jabin, the king of Hazor. " Hazor beforetime was the head of those kingdoms" (Josh, xi., 10). The stand against the intrusion of Israel was not confined to the Hittites, but all the tribes of Canaan were called upon to help. Many a time the Hittites had assembled to protect their homes against the Egyptians, Amorites, and hostile tribes of their own race, and had successfully rolled back the tide of war ; but they had never yet encountered an army strong in the faith of an over-ruling Providence, and imbued with religious enthusiasm, such as that which they then experienced. Canaan was then a polluted land, every corner of which had echoed with the cries of the victims whom on its thousands altars were slain and offered with revolting cruelty to the spirits of those who had once been the vilest of men. Those who accuse Israel of murder are ignorant of the records of the times immediately preceding Joshua's march from Beersheba to Dan. Jabin was overthrown, and the confederate kings slain. The Hittite host fled into the north country ; and were pursued by Israel and overwhelmed beyond Sidon. Henceforth the Hittites as a people have no Palestinian record. The Amorites had doubtless filled up the measure of their iniquity long before, and now it was the Hittites' turn. From the time of Jabin's defeat the Hittites commenced a new life in Syria, and made Hamath their religious centre instead of Hazor. A century after Jabin's defeat by Joshua, a second Jabin reigned in the new Hazor, and was, like his. predecessor, the head of the Hittite confederacy of the day. Jabin's force was formidable -on account of his nine hundred iron-chariots, but Jabin was out- manoeuvred by Barak, and drawn into the valley between Taanach and Megiddo, and on Barak's onslaught the chariots became en- tangled, resulting in the destruction of the Hittite army. This was PRESIDENT'S ADDRESS. 19 the commencement of a war which resulted in the Hittite yoke being broken by Israel and the supremacy of Jabin brought to an end. After this, and during the predominancy of the Assyrian and the Lydian powers in Asia Minor, many of the Hittites passed into Europe, and as fugitives became the pioneers of the race, their love of liberty leading them to seek new and unfrequented regions. This western dispersion has been traced by Mr. Campbell, who thinks that the population of Liguria, apart from Genoa, to be almost entirely Hittite. After the capture of Samaria by Sargon, Hamath shared the same fate, as well as Carchemish ; the inhabitants of both he transported to Assyria. The fate of Commagene followed soon after. In the year 716 the Hittite confederacy came to an end ; but the Hittites were still strong in Armenia and Asia Minor. Nebu- chadnezzar having gained an alliance of the Hittites of the north with those of the south who acknowledged his sway aided him success- fully in crushing Assyria 660 B.C. During the time of Cyrus many Hittite tribes migrated eastward to escape from Persian exactions. Some of them got as far as the upper waters of the Ganges, others passed into Europe when Asia Minor was divided between the Assyrians and the Lydians ; these Hittite fugitives everywhere became the world's pioneers, their love of liberty leading them to seek new and unfrequented regions. The Parthians were the most numerous and warlike of the Hittite tribes of Persia. Hittite kings sat upon the Parthian throne, and ruled from Asia Minor to India. In Spain a few small inscriptions called Celt-Iberian have been found belonging to the period of the Roman occupation under Scipio, and a large number of coins inscribed with Celt- Iberian characters. Many similar have been found in the south of France. The Celt-Iberian characters differ little from the Etruscan, and are very like those on Parthian coins ; their age cannot be determined with any degree of certainty, but some of them appear to be previous to the Christian era. Of European Hittites retaining their ancient language the Basques form one division, and the Ugrians the other, the purely Hittite inscriptions 20 PRESIDENT'S ADDRESS. are most easily rendered through the Basque. All other European Hittites have been linguistically submerged. The Hittite, or, as it may be termed, Etruscan, speech long survived in Italy. Many Hittite states were established in Southern Gaul, from the Maritime Alps to the Atlantic coast. In Spain there were several confederations of Hittite and Celto-Hittite cities, for the conquest of which the Carthaginians and Romans contended from the year 235 B.C. The name given to the Spanish Hittites is Iberians, and in other parts of Europe they were known as Rigantes. The British Islands have been largely occu- pied by Hittites ; that the Picts were Iberians has long been suspected, and the same origin has been assigned to the Silures of South Wales. Of the European Hittites who retained their ancient speech the Basque form one division, and the Ugrians the other. The Basque language has aided materially the interpretation of Hittite inscriptions. Although most of the Hittites have been linguistically submerged, the Basque language is fairly preserved in the Caucasus. Far back in the time of the old Median Empire circumstances occurred which led to Hittite migrations from the Persian Empire into India, although Cushite and Shemite migrations took place there long before ; but an historic kingdom only began when the Hittites and their Japhetic companions made it their home. Monuments inscribed with strange characters exist showing a relationship to those of Parthia, Asia Minor, and Etruria. The work of deciphering these inscriptions has only just begun. The kings who have left their inscriptions in India frequently called themselves kings of the Kita. The oldest inscription which has been deciphered is 403 B.C. It simply states that Kita chose Nebutaki for their king ; twenty years later, Tsumaki of the Sakis proclaims his accession to the throne; twenty years after that, Kabutaku declares that in his person a rival line was superseded by that of the Sakis. The inscriptions suffice to indicate that Hittite rule began in India in the seventh century B.C., and down to the Christian era. When the monarchy was still Hittite, PRESIDENT'S ADDRESS. 21 Alexander the Great, who did not extend his conquests beyond the Punjaub, heard of powerful monarchs, one of whom ruled over a great kingdom on the Ganges, and could send into the field two thousand war chariots, and four thousand armed elephants. That the lazy Brahmins were in India, in the time of Alexander and Seleucus is noticed by Megasthenes ; he tells us that they exercised priestly functions and walked about in nude dignity, free from all obligations and living on the fat of the land. There are six other Hittite kingdoms mentioned in the inscriptions. A Hittite tribe, Rabakita, were driven out of India about 63 B.C., taking refuge in Thibet and Tartary. In the beginning of the fifth century they reached Siberia, at the head waters of the Yenesei, where a miserable remnant of the race still dwell. The region about the Yenesei is one of mounds like European Scythia. The Khitan dead were buried there, and from their tombs objects of art attest an ancient and peculiar civilisation. On the rocks by the riverside are inscriptions, the authors of which were the Raba Kita. The Northern Hittites migrated to America at the beginning of the sixth century ; there seems to be evidence that the southern or Oceanic Hittites came to Guatamala and Yucatan at an earlier period. The passage from Kamtschatka to America was by the Aleutian chain, ending at Alaska. The great cause of emigration was the presence of hostile tribes, which began with the expulsion of anti-Buddhist tribes from India before the Christian era, but of which the tide did not reach the northern coasts until the beginning of the sixth century. Stories of revolt occur frequently in the ancient annals of Japan, and are generally accompanied by stories of expatriation, which could only take place by sea. The wearied Hittite would seek a far-off home where he might dwell at liberty and in peace. At a recent meeting of the Academy of Sciences, Paris, M. Emile Blanchard read a paper on the existence of a terrestrial connection between Europe and America during the present geological age. He pointed out that a line from the north of Scotland through the Orkneys, the Faroe Islands, Iceland, Greenland, and Labrador by way of Davis Straits, 22 PRESIDENT'S ADDRESS. passes from one island to another across comparatively shallow seas. Several plants and animals are common to both hemispheres. The probability of a belt of land connecting Europe with Labrador opens up an interesting question of the migration of man from Europe into America, and that of the Hittites might have been one of them. We see from what has been said that the Hittites appeared as a very powerful people in very early times, and that they were a real power, and at one time had contested the empire of Western Asia with the Egyptians. The age of Hittite supremacy belongs to an earlier date than the conquest of Canaan by the Children of Israel. Before that period the Hittites are mentioned who lived in the extreme south of Palestine. Abraham bought the cave of Macpelah at Hebron, and Esau married Judith, daughter of Beeri, a Hittite, and a daughter also of Elon, a Hittite. In later times Uriah the Hittite was one of the chief officers of David. The inscriptions of Egypt and Assyria show that they once played a leading and im- portant part in the history of the civilized East. On the Egyptian monuments they are called Kheta, on those of Assyria Khatta, both words being equivalents of the Hebrew Kheth and Khitti. A discovery has recently been made which throws a light upon the history of the East in the century before the Exodus. A large collection of clay-tablets has been found on the eastern bank of the Nile similar to those from the mounds of Nineveh and Babylonia. We learn from them that the Hittites were already pressing south- ward and causing alarm to the Egyptians. One of the tablets is a dispatch from Northern Syria praying the Egyptian king to send assistance as soon as possible. The Egyptian generals found them- selves no match for the Hittite armies. Rameses I. was compelled to conclude a treaty with the Hittite king, and thus to recognise that the Hittite power was on an equality with that of Egypt. It will, I think, be conceded from what has been already said that the accuracy of the Bible has been remarkably corroborated by independent, and in some cases inimical, testimony such as that of Egyptian, Assyrian, and Hittite. I agree with Mr. Gladstone that PRESIDENT'S ADDRESS. 23 of "religion and of science we may boldly say as of man and wife, what God hath joined together, let no man put asunder ;" and it is not claiming more than the facts warrant us to say, that in respect of every science touched upon in Scriptures whether astronomy, geology, botany, ethnology, archaeology, or philology, the latest researches and discoveries have in every instance, instead of invalidating the Scriptures, gone to confirm them, and often in a most remarkable manner. They corroborate the names of nations and peoples recorded on the inscriptions, and if to be trusted in this respect, we may claim equal trust in all others. While Professor Sayce, Mr. Wright, Mr. Campbell, and others are mastering the history of ancient nations from papyrus, clay, and rock-inscribed records, unknown in many cases, except from the pages of the Bible, General Pitt Rivers is unravelling the un- written history of the former inhabitants of this and neighbouring counties by a series of scientific and carefully arranged excavations. He has privately published in three thick illustrated volumes as well as in various memoirs the results of his work. The account of his examination of Bokerly Dyke and of Woodyates, which occupies the greater part of the third volume, incontestibly shows that here is the site of Vindogladia, a subject of contention among antiquarians. Its stated distance from Old Sarum in the Iter of Antoninus exactly corresponds with the measured distance of Bokerly from that place, and being on the Roman road, and in the same direction, Vindogladia and Bokerly must be one and the same place. The approximate dates of the alterations and renovations of Bokerly (for there have been more than one) are ascertained to have been both previous and subsequent to the Roman period. General Pitt Rivers has also had Wansdyke under examination ; the results of which are also described in the third volume. The late Mr. Charles Warne discovered a Roman kiln at Bagber, in the parish of Milton Abbas, in which pottery of various textures and colours abundant, chiefly of a close-grained brown hue, which from its resemblance to the pottery found at Woodcuts and Rotherly, General Pitt Rivers concluded that the Bagber kiln 24 supplied these Dorset villages with their domestic ware, and asked me to ascertain the site of the kiln, and to go on with the un- finished work of Mr. Warne. This I have done, and have been able to make some interesting discoveries ; General Pitt Rivers considers the pottery to be identical, both in character and in the form and patterns of the vessels and utensils, some of which have eyelet-holes for suspension, similar to those now in use by the labourers. Some are furnished with a rim, intended probably to receive a cover. I have completed the examination of the Dewlish Elephant Bed, and have traced it from end to end. It extends over the brow of the escarpment which flanks the eastern side of the valley, filling in a deep fissure in the chalk, over which the Pliocene stream flowed, and of which no other trace remains. The deposit shows great alternations in the force and strength of the stream, being sometimes powerful enough to carry down the carcasses of huge elephants and at other times gentle enough to convey the lightest materials. It is permeated throughout by impalpable quartz-sand, originating probably from extensive sand-dunes. The animal remains lay at the upper part of the deposit, together with large and small flints, some of which are highly polished. Although the deposit yielded only the larger bones of elephants and none of the smaller, nor indeed those of any other animal, it must not be inferred that these only were borne into the fissure. The access of rain- water to the bones, all of which lay near the surface, at the top of the deposit, would dissolve the less massive bones, and obliterate all traces of them ; this, as well as the absence of plants, is much to be regretted. The discovery of the Pliocene Dewlish bed has attracted the notice of British geologists. Professor Prestwich, in a recent paper read before the Geological Society on the " Westleton Beds " and Mr. Clement Reid on the " Pliocene Deposits of Great Britain," 1890, bring it prominently forward. The elephas meridionalis has been found in the Pliocene Cromer Forest Bed, in the Upper Pliocene of the Val d'Arno, and of St. Prest, near Chartres. The mammalian remains of the Val d'Arno, like those of the Forest Bed, contain rhinoceros etruscus, and hippopotamus PRESIDENT'S ADDRESS. 25 major ; two species of deer and a horse have been found in both. Other species, such as the tapir and mastodon point to a probably earlier date or to a warmer climate. The difference of latitude may account for its more southern character, as well as for the presence of two species of apes, which do not occur in the Forest Bed. As a number of free-roaming animals are common to England and France, the freshwater Pliocene period was probably a con- tinental one. I had the pleasure of visiting several Pliocene beds on the Riviera last spring, belonging to its middle and lower divisions, all of which are marine. The Pliocene Italian beds ex- pand into a wide thick sheet, between the Apennines and the sea, east of Leghorn. Several isolated patches occur westward on the coast-line as far west as from Nice to Ventimiglia, the Italian and French frontier ; they are accompanied with thick beds of con- glomerates, which form a marked feature on the coast. Hitherto the conflict between man and the ice has ended in the defeat of the former, but another effort is now contemplated by means of a systematic and well-organised expedition under the direction of Dr. Nansen, of whose success in crossing Greenland with a small party of six I gave an account in my last anniversary address. The failure of the Jeanette expedition (1879-1880), accompanied by the loss of the vessel, seemed to be an extinguisher of all attempts to reach the North Pole by Behring Straits. The results, however, have turned out to be much more favourable than could have been expected, when it is taken into consideration that the surviving crew did not reach Siberia across the ice without great difficulty and danger. Three years after the wreck of the vessel several articles which had belonged to her were found on the shore of Julianshaab, in Greenland, whither they had been iceborne from the opposite side of the Polar Sea. Curiosity was aroused as to how the journey across the Arctic Sea from Behring Straits had been accomplished, and what unknown current had con- veyed them. They could not have passed through Smith Sound, as the only current which reaches Julianshaab comes eastward by Cape Farewell. It seems highly probable that a comparatively short and direct route exists across the Arctic Sea by the way of the North Pole. Increased significance to the discovery of the Jeanette relics in 1884 is afforded by the identification of some bows on the coast of Greenland similar to those used by the Esquimaux in the vicinity of Behring Straits, Norton Sound, and the mouth of the Yucon River. Professor Nansen will take this route for his proposed expedition. The winter of 1890-91 in the South of England has been unequalled in severity since the year 1814, when the great fair was held on the Thames. The cold was then more equally distributed, all parts of the United Kingdom suffering much alike in proportion to their latitude ; but the contrasts of temperature from Scotland to the' Channel during the past winter are altogether unprecedented. In Shetland and the Orkneys the mean temperature of December was only about half a degree above the mean of the month for the last 35 years ; in Caithness it was nearly the average ; but going southward the cold differed considerably from that of former years. The maximum intensity was unquestionably at Oxford, where the mean of the month showed a difference of 2°. As is usual with all low winter temperatures, the intensity of the cold is greatest inland and farthest removed from the sea. The weather maps issued from the Meteorological Office show the cause of these singular differences ; during the whole of that period atmospheric pressure was unusually high to the east and north-east of the British Islands, and especially over Russia and Scandinavia ; thus stopping, so to speak, the usual easterly course of the cyclones over the Atlantic in North-Western Europe. In the extreme north of the British Islands the pressure was lowered below that which prevailed in the south, and consequently the preponderance of the south-westerly winds was greater. On the other hand barometers were almost constantly higher farther south. Cyclones were continually present over the Mediterranean, which either originated, or were brought in ready-made from the Atlantic, resulting in the prevalence of polar winds throughout the whole of Western Europe and a degree of PRESIDENT'S ADDRESS. 27 cold which will be remembered for a long time. The winter of 1890-91 was most disastrous to bird life generally, but the migratory birds appear to have suffered more than the residents, such as fieldfares, redwings, &c., hundreds of which were picked up dead or in such a weak condition as to be unable to fly. A perching bird was scarcely seen, and the few which escaped were robust enough to seek more genial regions. Fatal as the last winter was to the passeres, our usual winter visitants appeared in great ^ numbers. Lord Ilch ester wrote me word at the time that the wild- bird shooting at Abbotsbury was unusually good, and that he bagged in one week 160 woodcocks, a hooper (weighing 21 pounds), four white-fronted geese, two bean geese, two bitterns, and a quail. There was also an unusual number of wild fowl on the Decoy, including mallards, widgeon, teal, pochards, golden-eyes, tufted ducks, pintails, and a shoveller, but no scaups or sheldrakes. On October 13th and 14th there was a very remarkable sea-level pressure, of which the lowest was at Cawdor Castle, where it was 27*96 at 1.15 a.m. From the records furnished by Mr. G. J. Symonds the pressure was less in Middlesex and Norfolk. The rate of fall was rapid both at Lissan and Glasgow, being nearly 0-20 inches per hour ; but the rise at Fort William was the most remarkable, being at the rate of 6*284 inches per hour. Mr. Symonds gives a diagram representing about ten stations and the variations of pressure below 29 inches. The curves show how steep were the gradients, and the consequent heavy gales, which prevailed, resulting in serious disasters to life and property. As late as the month of August the rainfall in Dorset- shire, and indeed throughout England, was far below the average, only 13*17 inches had fallen. In February only 0*4 fell at What- combe ; but 24*06 inches fell during the four following months, of which 7*01 inches fell in August. This large figure was exceeded in several parts of England. The rehabilitation of Krakatoa with vegetation is a sub- ject of much botanical interest.* It will be in the recollection "Proceedings," vol. 7, p. 12. 2S PRESIDENT'S ADDRESS. of the members that the island was visited in 1883 with one of the most devastating volcanic eruptions which had occurred for some time, and by which the northern part of the island entirely disappeared. Before the catastrophe the area of the island was about 35 square miles, of which eleven only remain. Dr. Treub found in June, 1886, a littoral flora grown from ocean-carried seeds, consisting of nine species, which, with the exception of the Javan grass, belong to the list of plants which stock the new coral islands within the tropics. The surface of the island was covered with a thin layer of confervoid algse belonging to six species, two mosses, and eleven species of ferns. The island was covered from the top to below sea-level with a layer of ashes, varying from 300 to 200 feet in thickness, so that all vegetation was destroyed. As the island is uninhabited and unin- habitable, man could have had nothing to do with planting this new vegetation. Mr. Carruthers, keeper of the Botanical Department of the British Museum, considers that the plants, with perhaps a single exception, were grown from small seeds, or spores, carried by the wind. In the case of new islands, whether of coral or volcanic origin, the first vegetation is generally born to them by water and air currents. Birds, too, are occasionally introducers of new plants. The American plant, Eriocaulon septangulare, With., for instance, is found on the western coasts of Scotland and Ireland, and nowhere else in Europe ; Mr. Carruthers thinks its introduction to be due to the agency of an American bird. The occasional occurrence of American birds on our shores, is a well-known fact. I began this address in terms of sorrow and regret ; I must now close it in a similar strain, affecting my relations with the club as their President. That "Every dog has its day" is an adage of some truth, and the day has unfortunately arrived when I am reluctantly obliged to place my resignation in your hands. It is now 15 years since I was elected your President, an honour you have conferred upon me annually until the present moment. I should have been unable to fulfil the duties of the office had I not PRESIDENT'S ADDRESS. 29 received the generous assistance of the officers and of every member of the club. I cannot forget that I am the only officer left of the original number, for both Professor Buckman and the Rev. H. H. Wood have been called away. The choice of their successors has in no wise marred the progress and popularity of the club, the increasing number of their members testifying to the efficiency of their administration. The selection last year of our Vice- President and Treasurer (Mr. 0. Pickard-Cambridge) by the Fellows of the Royal Society, to be one of their number, has added lustre to the Club. The Secretary's (Mr. Morton Stuart) ability as an administrator, and the efficient editor of the " Proceedings " of the Club, as well as the author of several memoirs and papers, has also contributed towards our popularity. I hope I may be forgiven for taking this opportunity of congra- tulating Mr. 0. Pickard-Cambridge on the success of his two sons, Arthur and Owen, at Oxford, where they have distinguished them- selves by getting respectively the Baliol and Brackenbury Scholar- ships. A similar success on the part of two brothers at the same time must be a rare occurrence in the records of the University. The many hints I have been lately receiving forcibly tell me that human strength of mind and body has its limits, and painfully remind me that both must yield to the progress of time. I tender to you now, with much sorrow, my resignation; at the same time I offer you my heartfelt thanks for the unvaried kindness and consideration which I have invariably received from the first day of my Presidentship until the present moment I need not assure you that my interest in the prosperity of the club will remain undiminished to the last. Farewell ! of the fJte*ib