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PROCEEDINGS
Division
a Ot Moe:
OF THE F
Moston Society of Flatural Pistory.
VOIX VT.
is74-1875.
BOSTON:
PRINTED FOR THE SOCIETY.
1875.
PUBLISHING COMMITTEE.
T. T. Bouve. ; Tuomas M. BREWER.
SAMUEL L. ABBOT. A. S. PACKARD, JR.
Epw. BuRGEss.
PRESS OF A. A. KINGMAN.
MUSEUM OF BOSTON SOCIETY OF NATURAL HISTORY,
BERKELEY STREET.
CON TEN TSine”
Peowen.) Livan > Custodian’s) Report:.: . 6c. 6 8 ee ws 1
PeeLIoCwmPRING. | Treasurer's Report... . . . «e828 if ec ee. 12
OFFICERS OF THE SocieTyY, Listof. . .. . ey ert LO
JEFFRIES WYMAN, M.D. Cannibalism of the Florida Tad oWGResieets sigh 1h
A. Hyatt. Genetic Relations of the Angulatide . .. . 15
J. A. ALLEN. Nofes on the Natural History of portions of Dakots ana
Montana. . . seer oe Be
S. H. ScuppER. Report on Butterflies ani Taare anid Montana Seite rt 286
J. G. Hunt, M.D. Contents of Mastodon’s Stomach . Sa eee CE ah ONL
S. W. Garman. New Species of North American Serpent . . .. . 92
Prof. A. Hyatt. Note on Aptenodytes patagonica Forst.. . . . 94
T. T. Bouvé. Remarks in relation to the death of the late President of
the Society, Prof. Jeffries Wyman... we oer, OD
AsA GRAY, M.D. Memorial of the late Prof. Jeffries Wyskan Babette is 596
F. W. Putnam. Resolutions respecting the death of Prof. Wyman. . . 125
Prof. W. B. Rocrrs. Letter relating to the late Prof. Wyman . . . . 125
C. StoppER. Note on the Locality of Bermuda Tripoli. . . . . . . 126
C. Jonnston, M.D. On the Locality of the Bermuda Tripoli . . . . 127
H. K. Morrison. New Noctuide . .. . BOO Lou ee mleHl
Dr. J. D. DANA. Metamorphism and Besadehorshie Bab Sree) ce boy Myo LOM:
S. W. GARMAN. Skates of the Eastern Coast of United States . . . . 170
S. L. BurBANK. Minerals from Athol, Mass. . . . . £81
C. StoppER. Examination of Mud from Oyster Beds, @harlestory S. C.. 182
C. WHITTLESEY. Coal Seam No. 6, Ohio Geology . . 183
Prof. R. H. RicHarps. Newly discovered Lead Vein, Newburyport Mase. 200
Prof. A. Hyatt. Hollow-fibred Horny Sponges . . sat deentaas 204
T. M. Brewer, M.D. Relations of Ardea rufa and A. Peaks Bg ig fa 740
S. H. ScuppER. Remarks on the Old Genus Callidryas . ... . . 206
ie ke MORRISON. ‘Texan Noctuide 6 2 06°20 e0. cee ee ewe «6209
Baw. Purnam. Mammoth Cave Fishes . 0: 20. se et ww ww we BET
Prof. A. Hyatt. Two New Genera of Ammonites ... ee ue om -VAa)
Prof. A. Hyatt. Biological Relations of Jurassic iA maniohiteew yaaa Lena:
RICHARD RATHBUN. Cretaceous Lamellibranchs from near Pernambuco,
ESTP Al a een oh ea eri eee on ene, lel at eaered Glee Ween Ss Sat
1V
S. H. Scupprr. Orthoptera from Northern Peru .
P. R. Unuer. List of Hemiptera and ite aailectod by Prof. Or
ton in Northern Peru . : 5) cane ae -
Cuas. V. Ritey. Description of a new Apestis
Prof. N. S. SHALER. Notes on some of the Phenomena of ‘Wleyanion aul
Subsidence of the Continents .
J.A. ALLEN. Remarks on the Sharp-tailed Finch (Anuanattronan ctbdersttnte
S. H. ScuppER. Description of some Labradorian Butterflies
F. W. Putnam. Archeological researches in Kentucky :
Prof. N. S. SHALER. Considerations of the possibilities of a Warm Clim-
ate within the Arctic Circle
E. W. NEtson. Notes on the Ornithology of Utah ‘Nevada aad California.
Prof. A. Hyatt. Jurassic and Cretaceous Ammonites from South America
P. S. SPRAGUE and E. P. Austin. The Species of Coleoptera described
ys Lie Whe Beene sou serie ie ah He Be
R. Buiss, Jk. Remarks on the Fin-spines « “of the Silur ide anid Dorsdatils
H. A. HaGen, M. D. | History of the Development of Museums of Natural
History os 0S ASAD | uh hn eee ee a
‘W. W. Dope. Notes on the Geology of Eastern Massachusetts
CoMMITTEE. Memorial to the oe arene to the proposed Resur-
vey of the State . .
J. SULLIVANT. Letter concerning the discovery of Berman Tripoli :
Miss ELLEN H. SwWALLow. Analysis of Samarskite .
Miss Etuen H. Swatiow. Occurrence of Boracic Acid in Mine Water
J. A. ALLEN. Synopsis of American Leporidze
T. M. Brewer, M.D. List of the Birds of New ngtnatehed
S. H. ScuppER. A Century of Orthoptera.
Decade II. SANs Uae eh
Decade III.
Decade IV. :
Miss Etten H. SWALLOW. Ghinaidal Composition of some eo ‘i eae
cies accompanying the Lead Ore of Newburyport .
Prof. N. S. SHALER. Notes on some points connected with Tidal Bioston
S. H. ScuppER. On Spharagemon, a Genus of (Edipodidee
S. H. ScuppEerR. Revision of two American Genera of (dipodidz
Dr. T. Strerry Hunt. On the Boston Artesian Well and its Waters .
Prof. N. S. SHALER. Geological Relations of Boston and Narragansett
Bays . :
T. THORELL. Spiders! foo Eaten : :
J. H. EMERTON. Structure of the Palpus of ails Sniders,
Prof. W. H. Nites. Physical Features of Massachusetts .
Dr. T. StERRyY Hunt. Remarks on Prof. Niles’ Communication
257
282
286
288
292
294
314
332
338
365
373
386
387
388
419
422
424
428
430
436
454
472
510
462
465
467
478
486
488
490
505
507
508
PROCEEDINGS
OF THE
BOSTON SOCIETY OF NATURAL HISTORY.
TAKEN FROM THE SOCIETY’S RECORDS.
- Annual Meeting, May 6, 1874.
Vice-President R. C. Greenleaf, Esq., in the chair. Forty-
nine persons present.
Prof. Hyatt, Custodian, presented the following Report
on the condition and operations of the Society for the year.
The most important, as well as the saddest event of the
past year, was the decease of Prof. Agassiz.
The great influence which he had exerted, and the deep
feelings which he had aroused by his life, were apparent in
the respect and sorrow manifested by the entire community.
The unusual tribute of a Memorial Meeting was accorded
to him by the Society, the proceedings being appropriately
conducted by those among our members who had been inti-
PROCEEDINGS B. 8, N. H. — VOL. XVII. 1 SEPTEMBER, 1874.
Annual Report.] 2 [May 6,
mate with him in the early days immediately after his arrival
in this country.
When Prof. Agassiz came to New England he found a
small but enthusiastic body of men, mostly members of this
Society, who were devoted to the study of Natural History.
These gentlemen were striving to awaken the minds of the
community to the importance of the study of the Sciences,
not only as the best means for developing the natural re-
sources .of the country, but for the attainment of a more
advanced stage of culture than had yet been reached. This
building, with its Library and Museum, and the present
prosperous condition and importance of the Society, are
witnessess of the untiring energy. and success of their
efforts.
The first work of these pioneers in the study of Natural
History was to reduce to rule and order the fauna and flora
of this comparatively unexplored territory. How success-
fully this was undertaken, and how completely it was carried
out, may be judged by the works of Binney and Gould,
‘Storer, Emerson, Harris, Hitchcock and others whose names -
adorn the Annals of this Society and the Survey of the State.
Prof. Agassiz had, however, learned by actual experience,
that the exploration of a new fauna, when carried beyond
the strict limit of the discovery and description of the more
obvious forms, was liable to lead to the pernicious habit of
species hunting. He had witnessed the last days of the wild
scramble for new species, which had followed upon the in-
troduction of the Linnean nomenclature in Europe, and its
injurious effects upon the minds of his fellow students. He
had also taken part in the reaction inaugurated by Oken,
Goethe and Von Baer, in Germany, and Geoffrey St. Hilaire,
Lamarck and,Cuvier in France, and felt that in this country
the same battle must be fought over again. With the
strength and enthusiasm, which we know so well, he endeay-
ored to open the eyes of naturalists to the impending danger,
and tried by all the means in his power to turn the tide of
1874.] 3 {Annual Report.
future researches in a more fruitful direction. How much we
owe to his labors in this field may be judged by the almost
universal tendency of our naturalists toward embryological
and anatomical studies. We have’ seen this in the pro-
duction of such works as Prof. H. J. Clark’s “Spongiz Cili-
ate,” Mr. J. A. Allen’s “ Laws of Geographical Distribution
among Birds,” Dr. A. 8. Packard’s “ Embryology of Limulus”
and “Guide to the Study of Insects,” Prof. E. 8. Morse’s
“Hmbryology of Brachiopods,” and Alexander Agassiz’s
“ Researches upon Echinoderms.”
How widely his labors have extended, and how deeply
they have affected the whole country in this respect cannot
be estimated; it would take up the entire space allotted to
this Report, if presented in detail. It suffices to say, how-
ever, that his students, bearing with them more or less of his
desire for the philosophical study of Natural History, have
spread over the whole country. They have founded Muse-
ums in Chicago, Rochester, New York and Salem, and have
established a Natural History periodical, “The American
Naturalist,” and a State Survey, that of Kentucky, to which
I hope we may soon be able to add Massachusetts.
The constant efforts which Prof. Agassiz put forth in order
to place the pursuit of Natural History in a favorable light
before the people, entitle him to the heartfelt thanks of all
lovers of that branch of science. The almost universal deri-
sion with which the pursuit of Natural History was viewed
in former times, has been changed to respect, principally
through his efforts. His great social influence and persua-
sive eloquence was constantly employed in this work. He
consistently taught his students that the future progress
of science in this country must largely depend upon the
good will of: the people; and he created by his own efforts
that popular respect for Natural History which we now find
throughout the whole country.
Even with such a brief statement of facts it is possible.to
see that Prof. Agassiz’s biographer can claim for him the
Annual Report.] 4 [May 6,
honor of having been the author of two revolutions, one sci-
entific and one popular—one in the mode of studying
Zoology, and one in habits of thought of the people at large.
Doubtless these remarks will seem sadly deficient to those
who would naturally expect a more extended notice of his
social and scientific character.. This has, however, received
attention from the President; Mr. Geo. B. Emerson and Rev.
R. C.. Waterston, and I should only repeat what these gentle.
men have already so well expressed, and will therefore turn
to the usual record of the year’s work.
My visit to Europe in ‘pursuit of my own studies afforded
an opportunity to fill out the Paleontological collection. A
fair representation of the strata of Western Europe was
needed in orderthat we should: be able to compare the con-
tained fossils in a general way with their synchronous rep-
resentatives in North America. This met with the earnest
approval of Mr. John Cummings, who generously furnished
the necessary credit, and has given the collection to the
Society.
By a lucky accident I was enabled to secure the collection
‘of Oberfinanzrath Eser of Stuttgart, the ga catalogue of
which lies upon the table.
This, next to the collection of. Count Mandelsloh, was con-
sidered the best in Wurtemburg, with respect to the fossils
of the tertiary and secondary periods, including also the tri-.
assic formations. It also possessed a fair representation of
the fossils of :the Carboniferous, and a small collection of
Devonian and Silurian types. All of these fossils had been
selected with great care, and Herr Eser had expended the
leisure hours of nearly forty years of his life in accumulating
them, during which time: he made frequent and prolonged °
excursions to the most celebrated localities. . He was in cor-
respondence with the most eminent German Palzontologists,
and. the collections contain many originals and types de-
scribed: by such men. as Hermann von Mayer, Oppel, Escher
1874.) 5 [Annual Report..
von der Linth, Heer and others. Besides suites of specimens
with localities and names vouched for by these great author-
ities, the bulk of the collection possesses no. little value de-
rived from the careful determinations of Herr Eser himself,
generally with the assistance of the authorities living near
him, Prof. Quenstedt, Fraas and others.
The uniques which it contains, as might be anticipated
from what I have said, are both remarkable and numerous.
The locality of Unter and Oberer Kirchberg, which was first
opened by Herr Hser, afforded many of these, named by Von
Mayer and Heer. A collection from the eocene and creta-
ceous beds of Appenzell, Switzerland, is very fine. The
Portland stone from the neighborhood of Ulm, contains
many unique specimens described by Oppel, all the fossils
found during the building of the extensive fortifications hav-
ing been sent by the chief architect to Herr Eser. The
most valuable single series in the collection consists of
the two head pieces and detached bones of Belodon Camp-
belli, described and figured by Von Mayer, the only remains
of this remarkable animal ever found. I would also call
attention to the specimens of tertiary plants, which are of
such delicacy that they are mounted like botanical specimens
on paper. Herr Eser assured me that it took him six months
to clean and mount them, and they have been identified by:
Heer, the great fossil botanist.
This purchase left me at liberty to enter into negotiations
for a collection of fossils to fill out the Silurian portion,
which was poorly represented in Herr Eser’s collection, and
this I hope may still be sent to us. It was also essential that
some larger specimens should be added to the collection, and
this the generosity of Mr. Cummings enabled me also to ac-
complish by the purchase of several Icthyosauri and Teleo-
sauri, and a magnificent plate of the expanded crown of
Pentacrinus Briareus. Besides these collections, the Palzeon-
tological Department has also been richly increased by the
acquisition of the splendid suite of Devonian fossils collected
Annual Report.] 6 [May 6,
near Ithaca, N. Y., by the late Prof. Wm. C. Cleveland, one
of the most accomplished observers it has been my good
fortune to know. These fossils unfortunately were still un-
named, but this has been in a great measure remedied by the
kindness of Mr. Richard Rathbun, who has named for us a
large proportion of them, and about all our Chemung speci-
mens from other localities. The Society owes this collection
partly to the donations of Mr. Bouvé and Mr. Cummings,
and partly to purchase.
A considerable proportion of the year has been taken up
with the alterations now going on in the building. By these
alterations it is proposed to obtain the desirable results of
arranging the collections according to their natural order.
A visitor when entering the building, will be directed by a
guide-book to find the different departments. Usually speci-
mens are put in, like the plastering, to suit the inside of the
building, and their natural affinities sacrificed more or less to
every corner or inconvenient angle. We shall, undoubtedly,
experience some difficulty in the arrangement of details in
the separate collections, but we can rest assured, that the nat-
ural sequence of forms, whether Mineralogical, Geological,
or Zoological, will be as fully and better illustrated than it
ever has been in any printed work embracing similar grounds,
an achievement heretofore considered unattainable in Muse-
ums of the size of ours. I by no means desire to assume for
myself the whole credit of this really extraordinary success ;
the peculiar construction of this building alone made it pos-
sible to adopt such a plan of arrangement, and reflects great
credit upon the judgment and capacity of the gentlemen
who superintended its erection. The President not only
urged the adoption of the Plan of Organization which was
announced in the Report of 1870-1871, but has ever since
given it his most energetic support, and to his efforts the
Society owes the great progress made at the present time.
The expense of these alterations necessarily came upon us
all at one time, but it must be remembered that they will
1874.] 76 [Annual Report.
save the Society the expense of ultimately erecting a new
building. The erection of an addition, which was contem-
plated, would necessarily involve not only a great outlay
of capital in bricks and mortar, but a corresponding annual
increase in our expenses for heating, lighting, and wages to
employees, besides the accumulation of larger and costlier
collections. These expenses would have at once disabled
all attempts to render the Museum really useful and instruc-
tive to the public, and have obliged the officers and working
members to give their whole time simply to the preservation
of the constantly increasing collections.
The cooperation with the Institute of Technology, besides
the usual use of specimens, has extended during this year to
the delivery of a course of lectures by Prof. W. H. Niles, in
this hall. The duplicate fossils have been worked over by
Mr. Crosby, and prepared for use as a study collection, to
be placed in the southwest room in the basement, which has
been floored, and will be fitted partly with the cases of the
Rogers collection, and partly with duplicate cases from our
own building. The collections of Prof. Wm. B. Rogers and
Henry D. Rogers, now in the Institute of Technology, will
be placed in this room until such a time as they can be
worked up, and a complete suite selected for deposit in the
show-cases. Fortunately Prof. Rogers will be able to give
us his assistance in this work, and we hope to be able with
his aid to restore the labels which have been lost or dam-
aged. Mr. Crosby has prepared numerous microscopical
sections and preparations of sponges, and the work in this
department is progressing favorably.
The unfortunate illness of Mr. Sprague has interrupted
the progress of the work in the Entomological department,
though he was at work fer a month at the commencement
of the year, and has frequently inspected the collections since,
as has also Mr. Emerton, who reports them free of insects.
Work upon the Mollusca, though interrupted, is now
being continued by Dr. Carpenter. He, with his assistant,
Annual Report.) 8 : ; [May 6,
visited Boston last summer, and, aided by Mr. Emerton,
packed and unpacked specimens, arranging and cataloguing
a large number of them. During the winter Dr. Carpenter
has worked up ninety sets of duplicate bivalves and large
shells, his assistant being now engaged upon the last tray.
The whole of the land shells and fresh water univalves are
yet to be arranged. é
Dr. Thomas Dwight, chairman of the Committee on Com-
parative Anatomy, reports that the cases have been improved
by the introduction of glass partitions, and the locks changed,
but that considerable alteration in the cases is still necessary.
A prepared skeleton of a horse mackerel has been added
to the collection, and some valuable exchanges have been
negotiated.
Work upon the fishes has been begun by Mr. Puiaats,
Chairman of the Ichthyological Committee, and he is now
engaged in arranging and classifying the Lake Erie collec-
tion.
The Reptiles remain in the same condition as in 2
years.
The Ornithological collection has been frequently in-
spected during the year by Mr. Emerton, and is entirely
free from insects. The collection of Mammalia is represented
by a few wretched looking skins, and it would be better for
the reputation of the Society to close the room in which they
are, if they cannot be added to or improved.
Considerable work has been done in the Botanical Depart-
ment by Miss Carter, a young lady employed by Mr. Cum-
mings to inspect and arrange the duplicates. Mr. Brigham,
chairman of the Botanical Committee, has removed the col-
lections in great part to the new work room designed for this
department, and reports that they are all in excellent condi-
tion.
Work has also been done upon the-Mineralogical collec-
tions by Mr. Bouvé, chairman of the Mineralogical Commit-
1874.] g {Annual Report.
tee, in preparing them for removal and display in the new
cases now making.
The Geological collections have been removed and stored
in trays preparatory to a similar removal by the chairman of
the Geological Committee.
I am happy in being able to state that work has been be-
gun by a competent Microscopist, Dr. Henry Coleman, upon
the revision and arrangement of our valuable Microscopical
collection, and that there is some hope of his being able to
continue his efforts until the collection is put in a safe and
accessible condition.
During the last year five Corresponding and thirty-one
Resident Members have been elected. Seventeen general
meetings of the Society, eight of the Section of Entomology
and seven of the Section of Microscopy have been held.
The plan of notifying each member by a postal card, of
the general meetings, and of the papers to be read at each,
was adopted during the autumn, and has been attended with
great success, as has been shown by the greatly increased
interest and fuller attendance at the meetings. The latter
has averaged, since October 15, sixty-four ; whereas the aver-
age during the last year was twenty-five. The greatest num-
ber of persons present at any one meeting was one hundred
and twenty-four, the largest Society meeting ever held in
this hall.
From various unavoidable causes, only one course of
Lowell lectures has been given during the past season, a
course of four in number by Dr. Thomas Dwight, Jr., on liv-
ing animal tissues.
The disastrous effects of the great fire, together with other
difficulties, prevented the continuance of. the lectures to
teachers, which had been so generously maintained by Mr.
Cummings, but it is hoped that these may be resumed at no
distant time.
Annual Report.] 10 [May 6,
PUBLICATIONS.
The Society has published since last May four Articles in
the Memoirs: on the Fossil Myriapods from Nova Scotia, by
Mr. 8. H. Scudder; on Earthquakes in New England, by M.
Albert Lancaster ; on Embryology of Terebratulina, by Prot.
K. 8. Morse, and a list of the Birds of Western Mexico, by
Mr. Geo. N. Lawrence.
Of the Proceedings two parts, concluding the fifteenth
volume, and two parts of the sixteenth have been issued.
LIBRARY.
In the two last Annual Reports the need of the addition of
a gallery to the back library has been urged; this want was
supplied last June, and the Library is now arranged so as to
preclude the necessity of extended changes for many years,
although it is probable that a necessity for more shelf room
will arise before the close of the present decade. The work.
of correcting the alcove catalogues has been accomplished ;
that on the card catalogue is still in progress.
The additions during the year number 1353, and may be
classified as follows :— ;
8vo 4to Fol Total
Volumes’ 20°" (S286 “* 8 095 8S So. re
Parts) £0..%)2) 7.652. 0. Ose Re eee
Pamphlets: 2). 424. hy) < 6), Di) oy a
Mapsiand Charis. =) 9.) oe ae ae
Totals ops te eee 1353
Two additions of great value deserve especial mention, viz. :
two collections of original paintings of Georgian Insects,
by John Abbot. One of these collections, painted for Dr.
Oemler of South Carolina, consists of nearly two hundred
plates, illustrating Lepidoptera in different stages, and was
purchased for the Society by the liberality of several mem-
bers. The second collection, the gift of Dr. Asa Gray, is of
1874.] bf [Annual Report.
about the same. size, and represents, in the main, species
different from those illustrated in the first collection, while
both contain but very few of the insects figured in the great
work of Smith and Abbot on the Lepidopterous Insects of
Georgia.
Seventy-one volumes have been bound during the year ; as
usual, however, the amount of this work remaining to be
done has increased.
We have received exchanges for the first time from seven
Societies, viz. : —
Gesellschaft fiir Erdkunde : : : . : . Berlin.
Botanisch Verein der Provinz Braworbure ° se
Physikalisch-medicinische Societat . - : . - . Erlangen.
Sociedad Mexicana de Geografia y Estadistica Sette - Mexico.
Société d’Emulation du Département de l’Allier . - Moulins.
Deutsche Gesellschaft fiir Natur und Volkerkunde Ostasiens . Yokohama.
Imperial Botanical Garden : Sak - hig te . St. Petersburg.
For extensive series of earlier publications, we have to
thank especially the
Academia real das Sciencias .. . Bk hole pmmacand itl sae
Literary and Philosophical Society . : : : : . Liverpool.
Kongliga Svenska Vetenskaps Akademien . Seles - Stockholm.
During the year six hundred and seventy-four books have
been taken from the Library by eighty-nine persons.
Annual Report.) . 12 [May 6,
The Treasurer presented the following report.
Report of E. Pickering, Treasurer, on the Financial Affairs of the
Society, for the year ending April 30th, 1874.
Receipts.
Dividends and Interest . 2 , ‘5 $6,944.39
Courtis Fund Income ‘ F 4 : ¢ 4 : 709.91
Pratt Fund Income. Fi : ‘ : : 850.00
H. F. Wolcott Fund Income ; 5 : ‘ 2 464.00
Walker Fund Income .. Bak ae 2 & 2,466.30
66 Prize Fund Income . 5 5 ‘ 0 240.0
66 Grand Prize Fund Income : 6 5 5 F94.00
6 “ & Saleof Stock“. . 728.00
Watomelopieal Fund Income . ke 75.
Bulfinch Street Estate Fund Income 5 2,124.00
Admission Fees A ° A ; 5 5 5 100.00
Annual Assessments . A 4 : 1,385.00
Lowell Institute Subsidy for Lectures SP cml : 138.76
Donations . 6 4 : 5 ; 580.00
Total . F BE 3 A . ° A $16,899.36
Expenditures.
Museum and Furniture . : : c ‘ ‘: $3,423.81
Re abs of Museum . : 5 ; 5 : . 864.0:
Cabin ¢ : 3 P 1,332.28
Cleveland Collection’ of Fossils 3 A y 5 ‘ 800.00
Library 5 - 3 ; A 527.76
Abbot's Drawings of ‘Lepidoptera : Gi By. stam dates ; 500.00
Memoirs and Seeman ue : A 6 - $1,696.28
Less receipts . . : 6 4 - 662.87
—_— 1,138.41
Lectures A : 3 : 141.11
Gas 5 ‘ 5 4 3 5 : 5 5 5 i 209.25
Fuel . : i 4 . ; : s : ; : 614.75
Insurance . 5 3 P 0 ; 5 : ; f 1,754.22
Salaries . 5 : 5,760.66
A.S. Packard, J Pup Walker Prize : i Q ; f 60.00
A. Agassiz, Walker Grand Prize . . 5 : 1,000.00
General Expenses . ; Z . : ‘ . ; 1,152.21) $18,778.48
Excess of Expenditures over Receipts Sanat te $1,874.12
E. PickERING, Treasurer,
Boston Society of Natural History.
Boston, May 1, 1874.
The Society then proceeded to the election of officers for
the ensuing year.
Messrs. Mann and Brewer were requested to collect. and
count the ballots, and they announced that forty-four ballots
had been cast, all for the nominees of the Nominating Com-
mittee reported at the previous meeting. The following
gentlemen were therefore declared officers for 1874-75.
1874.] 13 [ Officers.
PRESIDENT,
. THOMAS T. BOUVE.
VICE-PRESIDENTS,
SAMUEL H. SCUDDER, JOHN CUMMINGS.
CORRESPONDING SECRETARY,
SAMUEL L. ABBOT, M.D.
RECORDING SECRETARY,
EDWARD BURGESS.
TREASURER,
EDWARD PICKERING.
LIBRARIAN,
EDWARD BURGESS.
CUSTODIAN,
ALPHEUS HYATT.
COMMITTEES ON DEPARTMENTS.
Minerals. Radiates, Crustaceans and Worms.
Tuomas T. Bouvk, A. S. PACKARD, JR., M.D.,
L. S. BURBANK, A. E. VERRILL,
R. H. RICHARDS. ALEX. E. AGASSIZ.
Geology. Mollusks.
Wo. H. NILzs, EDWARD S. MoRskE,
T. STERRY Honrt, J. HENRY BLAKE, :
L. S. BURBANK. LEVI L. THAXTER.
Paleontology. Insects.
Tuos. T. Bouvs#, ° S. H. Scupp:r,
N.S. SHALER, EDWARD BURGESS,
W. H. NILEs. A. S. PACKARD, JR., M.D.
_ Botany. Fishes and Reptiles.
JOHN CUMMINGS,
CHARLES J. SPRAGUE,
J. AMORY LOWELL.
: Microscopy.
-EDWIN BICKNELL,
R. C. GREENLEAF,
B. Joy JEFFRIES, M.D,
Comparative Anatomy.
THOMAS DWIGQHT, JR., M.D.,
_ JEFFRIES WYMAN, M.D.,
J.C. WHITE, M.D.
F, W. PuTnam,
S. KNEELAND, M.D.,
RICHARD BLIss, JR.
Birds.
THomMAas M. BREWER, M.D.,
SAMUEL CaBoT, M.D.,
J. A. ALLEN.
MERTON,
. B. S. Jackson, M.D.
Cy ey Sy
Ei b>
&
Wyman.] 14 [May 20,
The thanks of the Society were unanimously voted to the
retiring Vice-President, Mr. Greenleaf, who had declined re-
election.
The following Resolution, offered by Mr. G. Washington
Warren, was unanimously adopted : —
‘¢ That this Society desires to place upon its records its high appre-
ciation of the eminent services rendered by Dr. Charles T. Jackson,
one of its Vice-Presidents, and of the high honor conferred upon the
Society by his long association with it; and it would respectfully
tender to his afflicted family its sincere condolence for the malady
which has overtaken him, and has so abruptly terminated —for a
season only it is greatly to be hoped — his scientific researches which
have been of inestimable value to the public.”
May 20, 1874.
The President in the Chair. Sixty persons present.
Prof. Jeffries Wyman read an account of the discovery of
human remains in the fresh water shell-heaps of Florida, un-
der circumstances which indicate that cannibalism was prac-
ticed by the early inhabitants living on the shores of the St.
Johns River.
These remains were found scattered among the shells, and were
broken up in the same manner as the bones of edible animals. In
several instances considerable portions of the skeleton of a single
individual were found, but spread out over a large surface and in a
disorderly manner, showing that the bones could not have been de-
posited as in an ordinary burial. As there were no marks of teeth
these bones could not be supposed to have been broken up, while lying
on the surface, by wild animals, as bears and wolves, and subsequently
covered over by the accumulation of rubbish. ‘They were, besides,
in the different instances broken up in a somewhat similar manner,
the upper arm and thigh bones being fractured just below the heads
and in the middle. The bones of the fore arm and leg were gener-
1874.) ‘ 15 [Hyatt.
ally broken through the middle, and the ribs were broken into smaller
pieces of nearly uniform length. |
Prof. Wyman also gave an account of cannibalism as it existed in
the two Americas at the time of the discovery of the country, as well
as in later years, and gave the documentary evidence for his state-
ments, the most complete and conclusive of which is derived from
the relations of the Jesuits.
Mr. F. W. Putnam observed that in a few cases portions
of human skeletons had been found in New England shell-
heaps, and asked if Prof. Wyman believed that these were
evidences of cannibalism in New England as well as Florida.
Prof. Wyman thought there was no sufficient evidence for
such a belief, and he also stated that he had never known a
case of burial in a shell-heap ; but at Doctor’s Island, Fla., he
had found a portion of a skeleton apparently buried under a
heap, as Mr. Putnam stated was the case with the skeleton
found under the heap near Forest River at Marblehead.
The following paper was read : —
GENETIC RELATIONS OF THE ANGULATIDH. By A. Hyatt.
According to Oppel, all three of the lower species of this group,
and perhaps four, are identical. I have not, however, been able to
satisfy myself that even Amm. Moreanus of D’Orbigny is not a sep-
arate species. The characteristics in which the forms differ from
each other are precisely similar to those which distinguish Agoceras
Boucaultianum from its nearest ally, and this is considered worthy of
a distinct name by Oppel.
Another difficulty in the way of joining all these species under one
name is that they form a group precisely equivalent to the Discocera-
tide, or to the whole of the Falcifiri, so far as their involution and
the general parallelism of their characteristics is concerned. They
are simply a very highly accelerated series, in which there are as
great differences between the extreme forms, as there is between the
extreme forms of the Discoceratide or of many other groups, com-
posed of more numerous forms with less abrupt modifications.
According to D’Orbigny his Amm. catenatus, of which we have a .
specimen from the neighborhood of Semur, occurs locally below
Hyatt.] 16 (May 20,
TUBERCULATUS-
BED.
e *
. &goceras
Boucaultianum
a
al:
>|
| om |
el
pe
Fi} BUCKLANDIBED iL hee
E 4Egce. Leigneletii
|
same
=e
ZEgoc. Charmassei, ‘
thin variety
ANGULATUSBED. Zigoc. Charmassei,
stout variety
Aigoc. angulatum
PLANORBISBED. - 4igoe. catenatum
TRIAS. 4£goceras incultum Psiloceras
TRIAS.
1874.] 1% [Hyatt.
Aigoceras Charmasser and Leigneletii, and according to Oppel, all
these forms are in the “Angulatusbett,” succeeded in the “ Tubercu-
latusbett,” by digoceras Boucaultianum. If there is really any such
recularity of succession, and from the collection at Semur it ‘would
seem to be even more regular than Oppel supposed, it would accord
admirably with what has been observed in other groups.
Not only does the involution greatly increase-in each succeeding
species, but the septa become more complicated in outline, and the
adult characteristics of the pile ! and form are repeated at earlier and
earlier stages in each species. This may be seen by the following
descriptions. The same law governs also the inheritance of the old
age characteristics of the individual. Thus Boucaultianus has the
old age characteristics sooner developed in its growth than any other
form, and occurs latest in time, thus showing that the acceleration, or
- quicker reproduction of the characteristics, extends to the whole life,
affecting even the period at which old age begins. The size increases
in each successive form to Leigneletii, and then decreases considerably
in Boucaultianus.
One specimen from Semur is labelled Ammonites Boucaultianus, but
evidently belongs to Leigneletii. ‘This shows that in extreme old age
the abdomen becomes perfectly sharp and smooth; the pile are
obsolescing, not reaching quite to the edge of the abdomen.
In Prof. Fraas’ collection, associated with P. planorbis in the
Planorbisbed, is a specimen of dgoceras angulatum var. catenatum,
and as. this is the first appearance of digoceras angulatum, it is in-
teresting to notice that it is less involute, more discoidal, and the
whorl is more involute in aspect, or more like P. planorbis in itg
proportions than the members of the same group, which follow in the
Angulatusbed.
It seems to me, therefore, that both by its geological position and
characteristics it deserves to retain the separate appellation of LLgo-
ceras catenatum. The developmental histories of both catenatus and
angulatus, seem at first sight to contradict the supposition that they
ean be traced to P. planorbis, since the resemblances of the adults
disappear and the differences become more and more prominent as
the shells are traced backward to their younger stages of erowth.
In the collection at Semur thefe are three specimens in the Planor-
bisbed under the name of catenatus. They are not large, but one
exhibits obsolescing ribs and a smooth abdomen at the diameter of
1 Pile is used as synonymous with ribs.
PROCEEDINGS B. S. N. H.— VOL. XVII. 2 OCTOBER, 1874,
Hyatt] 18 [May 20,
52 mm. D’Orbigny’s types agree with this identification. One
specimen from the lower part of the same zone with Lzassicus is
named moreanus, and may be said to agree with D’Orbigny’s figure.}
This is simply a variety identical with colubratus Zeit., growing to a
larger size than catenatus. .
At the diameter of 168 mm. in this specimen, the pilz crossed the
abdomen, showing that old age had set in. ‘That this is sometimes an
embryonic feature retained throughout life is shown by another speci-
men, which at the diameter of 21 mm. has the ribs continued over
the abdomen. The typical angulatus form occurs as in Germany, in
the true Angulatusbed, above the catenatus and moreanus varieties.
The stout form of Charmassei occurs at Semur in the same bed, but
the more compressed and more involute form which passes into Leig-
neletit occurs in the Scipionianus zone, and also in the Bucklandi
zone. In the latter it is associated with a very thin form which
seems to be a transition to Boucaultianus, and is identical with Char-
massei D’Orbigny figured in Pl. 92, figs. 1,2. One of these, 375 mm.
in diameter, had the pile quite prominent on the abdomen.
The true Boucaulttanus occurs above the Bucklandibed, associated
with Birchi.
Amm. subangularis Oppel, in the Munich Museum, from Kaltenthal,
has young like planorbis, but the pile in one specimen cross the abdo-
men. Another from Filder has smooth abdomen until it is an inch
in diameter, then the pile cross the abdomen. One from Hammerk-
har seems to pass through this stage, and finally becomes channelled,
as.in angulatus. In old age the abdomen continues smooth, and the
shell resembles the old stage of Caloceras Johnstoni. ‘This is hardly
an intermediate form, and does not confirm the evidence brought for-
ward by Prof. Quenstedt, which is founded upon the occurrence of
similar abnormal forms, though the conclusions of that sagacious
author are in the main correct. It seems to me, indeed, to be merely
a reversionary form of planorbis or Johnstoni.
Waagen’s name Augoceras is retained for this group on account of
the resemblance of the extreme young of angulatus to the figure
which he gives of the type of his genus, 4goceras Buonarotti-of the
Muschelchalk. He and Mojsisovics concur in describing the extreme
young of Amm. incultum as similar to‘planorbis. If this is really so, and
Palmai and planorbis, etc., are as nearly related as they appear to be by
1 The original in the Jardin des Plantes‘is a fragment. It is like the figure, but
shows that the interior.whorls have been almost wholly restored.
1874.] 19 (Hyatt.
descriptions and figures, we have the means of tracing both Hgoceras
and Psiloceras to a common stock. Therefore Quenstedt after all is
in the main correct, though the point of separation for the two
stocks, one the parent of the Arietide, and the other of the Angula-
tide, must be sought in the Trias and not in the Lias. The resem-
blances between the form and characteristics of the full-crown Amm.
incultum and the young of Zgoceras angulatum during the stage in
which the pile stretch across the abdomen, and the channel is still
undeveloped, are numerous and convincing in this respect. |
#Zigoceras angulatum Waacen.
Amm. angulatus Sch., Die Petref., p. 70. ’
Amm. catenatus Sow., De la Beche Traite de Geol., p. 407, f. 67.
¢é «© =) D’Orb., Ter. Jurass., Ceph., pl. 94.
Amm. colubratus Ziet., tab. 3, fig. 1.
Amm. angulatus depressus Quen., Die Ceph., p. 75, pl. 4, fig. 2.
Nothwithstanding Oppel’s reunion of this species with Charmassei
and Leigneletii of D’Orbigny, I cannot regard them as anything more
than closely allied species, since they differ in the young, as well as in
the adult and oldage. The young appear to be smooth for about one
and a half whorls, then lateral tubercles appear. These spread upon
the sides into folds, which on the early part of the fourth, or last of the
third whorl, rapidly become true depressed pile, and then begin to be
continued across the abdomen with a very decided forward bend in
the genicule, and an acute angle on the abdomen. The furrowing
or lineal depression which obliterates the angle of intersection of the
pile on the abdomen, is developed on the last half of the fourth
whorl.
On the early part of the fourth whorl the shell has already the
abdominal lobe somewhat deeper than the superior laterals, and
these again very much deeper than the inferior laterals. The cells
broad and rather shallow, the superior laterals being a trifle shallower
than the inferior laterals, as in the Arietide.
On the first quarter of the fifth volution the bases of the superior
and inferior lateral cells and the tops of the superior lateral lobes,
have become trifid, or unequally divided, whilst those of the inferior
-lateral lobes and auxiliary cells are equally divided. The abdominal
lobes are shorter than the superior laterals, though the cells maintain
their old proportions.
In the full adult condition the characteristics of the septa differ
considerably from the Arietide, but approximate to those of Psilo-
ceras.
Hyatt.] 20 _ [May 20,
The minor lobes are more numerous, deeper, and pointed than in »
the Arietidz, the minor cells being quite leaf-like, the abdominal lobe
considerably shallower than the superior laterals, the inferior laterals
very short, and the auxiliary lobes quite numerous and bending poste-
riorly at a considerable angle. The seventh whorl increases in size
with great rapidity, the abdomen becoming narrower, the channel
shallower, the pile more depressed, losing their prominent, somewhat
abrupt, genicular bend, and on the abdomen becoming depressed to
a level with the siphonal line.
The involution of this whorl is about othe and that of the
ninth a trifle over one-half. The peculiar-flattening of the sides and
form of the adult whorl, and the amount of involution, are close
approximations to the adult characteristics of Amm. Charmasset, but
the septa are different and the young more robust; the pile are de-
veloped carlier and more rapidly, and the abdominal channel also
In some specimens, however, these last are not noticeable until quite
a late period, the pila being continuous across the abdomen, as in
D. planicostum, even on the sixth volution.
In the collections at the Stuttgart Museum are several very fine
specimens of the old age of this species, and it is easy to distinguish
it from Charmassei, by the narrowness of the whorls, and its more
open umbilicus and discoidal aspect. One of the largest angulatus
measures 495 mm., the last whorl 17 mm.; another measures 515 mm.,
and last whorl 18.5 mm.
In the Museum at Stuttgart, in the centre of a crushed specimen
of the true angulatus from Kirchheim, the young was very clearly
exposed. This had very smooth and round,; though rather stout
whorls. The pile appeared on the sides as faint folds, which are
straight at first, then curve, reach the abdomen, and finally cross
it with a forward inflection. ‘These become very prominent and de-
cided before the channel is formed, which finally cuts through the
pile. This variety, however, ‘is considerable, since in the adult of
this specimen the channel is only partially developed, the pile being
only about half cut through, though the specimen is about two and
one-fourth inches in diameter. There is here a close likeness to some
of the trias forms, but not to the true Planorbis which the young
does not resemble at all.
In young specimens in Prof. Quenstedt’s colleesans and the Mu-
seum of Comparative Zoology, the same was observed. It often occurs
also that after the character is developed, and the shell quite large,
1874.] 21 [Hyatt.
the pils again join, but this is not so frequent as has been supposed.
They more often remain separated until old age.
The early occurrence of this form in the Planorbisbed is estab-
lished by repeated observations on the part of Profs. Quenstedt and
Fraas in Wurtemburg. The separation of the pile is not uncommon
in other groups, especially in Perisphinctes. The original of Amm.
angulatus Sow., which I saw in the British Museum, is only a mal-
formed communis. ';
fagoceras Charmassei Hyatt.
Amm. Charmassei D’Orb., Terr. Jurass., Ceph., p. 296, pl. 91, 92.
Besides the characteristics mentioned in the description of dgoce-
ras angulatus the following may be added.» On the sixth volution,
the extremely gibbous form of the young begins to change. The
whorl increases more rapidly, the abdomen is narrower, and the
pilz as in preceding species, with this exception. On this volution,
or perhaps on the fifth, they become bifurcated, or else have inter-
mediate short pile interspersed between the longer ones. The septa
have remarkably large abdominal lobes, shallower than the superior
laterals, but with a much more ragged outline. The siphonal
cell is extraordinary in this respect. It is very large, and marked
with several lateral minor lobes and cells. The remaining lobes and
cells are much more complicated than in angulatus.
On the sixth volution the form of the whorl changes exactly as in
angulatus. ‘The envelopment of this whorl equals one-half of the side
of the sixth, whereas in angulatus the envelopment does not equal
this until it reaches the ninth volution. The envelopment at the
same age in this species, that is on the ninth whorl, covers full two-
thirds of the side of the eighth whorl. There is a form in Prof.
Fraas’ collection from Mohringen answering to the young of Char-
massei, as figured by D’Orbigny, pl. 91, and another from Filder,
which is precisely intermediate in its characteristics between this and
the smoother, flatter variety figured on pl. 92. The oldest specimens
in the possession of the Museum of Stuttgart measured 53 mm., and
the last whorl 23 mm. A. angulatum parts with its pile and grows
smooth much earlier apparently than 4. Charmassei. Probably this
occurs at about the same age, but the superior size of Charmasset
makes it seem older when the old age characteristics begin to appear.
Hyatt.) ~ 2», [May 20,
fagoceras Leigneletii Hyatt.
Amm. Leigneletti D’Orb., Terr. Jurass., Ceph., p. 298, plug?
Amm. angulatus compressus Quen., Die Ceph., p. 75.
The same class off acts divides this species from Charmassei that we
used to show the differences between the latter and angulatus
— namely that the young differ as well as the old in some specimens.
The differences are very great between the fifth whorl (about) of
Leigneleti, and the same age in Charmassei. ‘The tubercles are more
prominent on the edge of the abdomen, the pile more depressed on
the sides, and their terminations tubercular on the edge of the abdo-
men, which instead of being a broad, rounded space, is a flattened
zone. ‘The reduction of the abdomen of course occurs in all species
of this group, but in other, species, except Boucaultianus, it is found
only during the senile stage.
A specimen of Boucault’s Collection, labelled Amm. Charmassei, is
probably the young of this species. If so, the young shell differs
from Charmassei in having laterally compressed whorls, like those of
its own adult, much finer pile, not so prominent and near the abdo-
men, bifurcating very regularly. The smooth lateral zones found on
the fifth volution are not indicated on the fourth whorl in this speci-
men, and it resembles at this time in the form of the whorl, the pile
and the abdominal channel, a much older stage of growth which
occurs in Charmassei.
Amm. angulatus compressus of Quenstedt may also in part belong
to Charmassei, but the two specimens from Museum Stuttgart are
apparently of this species only. ‘The development in one of these
specimens covers about two-thirds of the sides of the eighth whorl,
and about the same age the pile again cross the narrow abdomen,
obliterating the siphonal depression or bare tract, and introducing a
series of crenulations instead. ‘This is a return to the young condi-
tion, and indicates the first degradational or old age period. Of
course it is not intended by this to deny that there are no young which
closely approximate to the young of Charmassei. On the contrary
some specimens are apparently identical in all respects, except the
greater flatness and the earlier period at which the involution ap-
pears to be shown. In fact the species are connected by numerous
transitional forms with Charmasset.
1874.] Ay) (Hyatt.
Aigoceras Boucaultianum Hyatt.
Amm. Boucaultianus D’Orb., Terr. Jurass., Ceph., p. 294, pl. 90.
This remarkable species differs from Letgneleti in about the same ~
manner that that species differs from Mgoceras Charmasset, in other
words, it is more involute than Leigneletii at the same age; on about
the seventh or eighth whorl, at least three-fourths of the sides are
hidden. The pile are not so coarse ds in that species, and the ab-
dominal channel is obliterated at an earlier age, and succeeded by
the crenulations caused by the pile. The septa differ considerably
The specimen examined was one of D’Orbigny’s types. The same
transitional forms which lead into Leigneletw also lead into other
more compressed and more involute forms which are transitional to
the true Boucaultianus. They differ from Leigneleti only in the
suppression of the tuberculated pile, and a general tendency toward
obsolescence of the pila on the sides.
APPENDIX TO COMMUNICATIONS ON REVERSIONS AMONG
AMMONITES.
Proc., Vol. XIv, 1870, p. 22.
Microderoceras Birchii.
This occurs in the form named Amm. rotundaries py Fraas (MSS.)
in the Arietenbank or Bucklandibed.
Microderoceras Hebertii.
This is not the Hebertii of Oppel, but a form intermediate between
that figured by D’Orbigny under the name of Amm. brevispina and
the typical Birchu. It is not found in the Middle, but in the Lower
Lias Birchiibed at Semur. The confusion arises out of a false iden-
tification by Oppel from the supposed types in D’Orbigny’s collection.
The type is really a very rare form of Birchi, found only, so far as I
know, in the Museums at Semur and Cambridge. ‘The specimens in
D’Orbigny’s:collection are forms of the single-spined group allied to
armatus. They differ from the type described by D’Orbigny, and
also from Hebert of Oppel, which is identified in Germany, and
appears in the Munich collection as a species allied to Valdani, with
a keel, and all the characteristics of its group.
' Microceras biferum,
The young of this species in some varieties is very similar to the
young of Birchi, and confirms: the views previously taken of their
affinities.
Hyatt.] 9A. [May 20,
%
MARGARITATUS-
eEED ; And. Bechei
‘ DAVOEIBED.
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a
iS
=~
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a IBEXBED. And. Bechei
Q
=
= gs
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= S “poe = hybrida Opp. Henleyi
JAMESONIBED. ss fet peal .
ra Bsn eee Tes
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a [as
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——$>-
TUBERCULATUS- Birchii M. Birchii var. (species)
BED. brevispina D’Orb. ;
cd
BUCKLANDIBED. M. Birchii var. (species)
rotundaries Fraas
Hyatt.] 25 [May 20,
Amm. polymorphus miztus Quenst. is not a synonym of this species»
and my remarks are erroneous in this respect. In Quenstedt’s col-
lection there are several specimens with the Turrilete deformity, sup-
posed to be identical with Turr. Valdani and Coynarti. They are,
‘however, members of this species, and not equivalent to Turr. Coy-
narti, though perhaps equivalent to Turr. Valdani.
Turr. Coynarti is evidently a deformed specimen of planicosta and
Turrilites Boblayei, a deformed specimen of carusense, according to
D’Orbigny’s collection. I have found also similar deformities in sev-
eral other species, so that it is an unquestionable deformity to which
species of the Lower Lias are more or less susceptible, as previously
‘noticed by Quenstedt.
Microceras latzecostum.
Besides the varieties sinwosum and maculatum, this should also
include crescens. It cannot readily be separated, either by its form
or any of its characteristics. The original of Sowerby has only one
row of spines until quite large, when it acquires two.
Microceras arcigerens.
This is the English representative of Microceras biferum, and in
some specimens is not separable from that species, while in others it.
if not separable from latecosta.
The young of all, and the adult stages of some specimens, are like
the young and adult stagesof biferum, while the adult of other speci-
mens have the peculiar form and pile of latecosta.
Deroceras Dudressieri.
In Quenstedt’s collection are several remarkable forms of this
species. One begins to show old age, or rather in that case a prema-
ture decay of parts begins to take place when the shell is only two
inches in diameter. The tubercles and folds begin to show signs of
decay in a perfectly normal way, even at this early age. Another
specimen from Dewangen (Der Jura, p. 125) has young, with enor-
mously large, truncated spinous casts, as in armatum. There are
other young of this species which are identified as planicosta Sow.!
Deroceras ziphius.
Amm. armatus sparsinodus Quenstedt. .
Quenstedt’s magnificent series confirms the views previously
printed.
1 See also Der Jura, p. 97, Capricornus nudus.
Hyatt.) 26 [May 20,
Deroceras ziphoides,
Amm. ziphoides Quenst., Der Jura, p. 130, pl. 15, fig. 11.
This is really only a form of ziphius in the Lias, which has an
accelerated mode of development, and has partly skipped the plani-
costan character of the abdomen. The pile still cross the abdomen,
but have lost their broad planicostan aspect.
Deroceras planicostum,
Sowerby’s specimens are mixed with ae and Dudressiert.
These hardly afford the means of determining whether planicosta
deserves a separate name-from Dudressieri, but after a careful exam-
ination I doubt whether the form of planicosta can be separated from
the young of Dudressiert. It will be observed that planicosta is a
small species, and in many undoubtedly planicostan varieties the
characteristic spines of Dudressierit are assumed after the specimen
attains an unusually large size, so that it becomes impossible to sep-
arate them from the young of Dudressiert. Several of Sowerby’s
specimens are unquestionably forms of this species.
There are, however, some extreme forms of planicosta laterally
very flat and very narrow on the abdomen, for which it may be
found convenient to reserve a separate appellation.
My remarks with regard to the affinity of this species with specigs
of the Arietide2 should be more definite. They can apply only to
certain parallel or reversionary characteristics which are common to
both Arietide and Microceras, and not attributable to any direct
genetic connection.
Deroceras confusum.
This should be Ammonites Lohbergensis Emerson. Deroceras confu-
sum Quenst. is very distinct. The figures of Quenst. are not ex-
actly correct. Fig. 8. pl. 72 of “Der Jura” has a hardly perceptible
keel connecting some of the abdominal ridges of the original speci-
men, but absent between others. The whorl is quite round in the
young, then acquires the form given in Fig. 8, and then that delin-
eated in Fig. 10. There are, however, still very faint signs of a keel
-which is entirely lost between the oldest ridges.
_Amm. subplanicosta Oppel.
This remarkable form, as seen in the Munich Collection, has young like biferum,
and in other respects resembles that species, but begins to acquire the planicostan
or latzcostan pile at a very early age, and in some specimens probably remains
similar to latecosta throughout life. There can be but little doubt that it is a late-
costan-like variety of J. biferum.
1874.] Ov (Hyatt.
Deroceras desinodum.
This species is not a member of this series at all, but genetically
allied with the armatus series.
Androgynoceras hybridum.
This species is very commonly confused with the other forms of
Androgynoceras and Liparoceras by all German authors. It is,
however, quite readily distinguished by the large size which it attains
before acquiring the peculiar tuberculated lateral and divided ab-
dominal pilze of the group to which it belongs. Sowerby’s collection
shows that his Henleyi was identical with this species, and not
with the species which now universally goes by that name.
Androgynoceras appressum.
This is quite a distinct form, but is equal to Amm. striatus evolutus
Quenst., and to a part of Amm. hybrida Oppel, and appears to lead
into a peculiar keeled form, also part ef Amm. hybrida Oppel.
This form becomes almost smooth in the young, and thus resembles
Amm. polymorphus lineatus, which both Quenstedt and Oppel con-
sider connected with it. I think the resemblance is caused merely
by a mode of development which has the same relation to the mode
of development in And. appressum that the mode of development in
Bechii has to Henlyi. ‘That is, the young are smooth for a long time
in both, and both skip the latecostan stage, but the adults differ in
the subsequently developed characteristics of the adult abdomen.
Liparoceras indecisum.
This form has two varieties, one in the collection of the Museum of
Comparative Zoology, which in the young approximates quite closely
to the young of And. hybrida, and one form in the Munich collection,
which is intermediate between the normal forms and the true Hen-
leyi; that is, the young have the latzcostan abdomen for a much
more limited time.
Liparoceras Henleyi.
This is undoubtedly, as Oppel states, only a form of Bechet, but if
we join this and Bechei under one name, we must also, according to
the same rule, join all the forms from Microceras latecosta to Bechit
inclusive under one specific name, with numerous varieties.
Liparoceras Bechei.
This occurs in Lias 7 with Henleyi and appressum, but the extreme
forms are mostly found in Lias a. Sowerby’s original is the form
usually identified as Bechei, with smooth young.
°
28
mM :
< D. Brauniamum
g C. mucronatum Per.
D. annulatum acanthopse
f | Postpono- C. crassum
e MYNBED. D. Holandrei _ Peronoceras
Ay C. Desplacei subarmatum
=) Dactylioceras commune
YO
SPINATUS-
BED.
MARGARITA-
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7)
_
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=) same
<2
A DAVGIBED.
D. Davei
E
C. Hgeor
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C. Actzor
(a
game D. Venarense C.Mauger i?
IBEXBED. C. bipunctatr
a
C. natrix
, D. submuticum
J AMESSON- C. ceutaurum P. brevispinum
IBED. | D. nodogi
Ceeloceras pettos oe een
: SSS .
AM ARUS BEP-Deroceras armatum
t
RARICOSTA- i ;
TEER D. densinodum Arnioc _
mniserabile
w
tn.
201. Calochortus Nuttalli T. & G. Grassy hillsides, near
the Crossing of the Little Missouri, July 11th. Not common, and
seen at only a few localities.
202. Allium reticulatum Nutt. Fort Rice, June 13th.
Very abundant throughout the prairies east of the Little Missouri;
perhaps with other species.
203. Zygadenus glaucus Nutt. Near Fort Rice, June 20th.
204. Yucca angustifolia Nutt. Common, especially between
the Missouri and Little Missouri Rivers.
TRIDACER.
205. Sisyrinchium Burmudiana Linn. Common in the
moist prairies east of the Yellowstone.
COMMELYNACEZ.
206. Tradescantia Virginica L. Common in the moist _
prairies east of the Little Missouri. |
1874.] 85 [Allen.
SMILACEA.
207. Smilax herbacea Linn. Fort Rice, June 15th.
207a. Smilax herbacea Linn., var. pulvurulenta Michx.
Near the Great Bend of Heart River, June 24th.
CYPERACEZ.
208. Scirpus validus Vahl. Crossing of the Big Muddy, »
June 30th.
209. Carex longirostris Torr. Fort Rice, June 15th. .
GRAMINACEA.
210. Calamagrostis longifolius Hook. Valley of the Mus-
selshell, August 21st.
211. Stipa viridula Trin. Near Great Bend of Heart River,
June 23d.
212. Stipa spartea Trin. Near Great Bend of Heart River,
June 23d.
(213. Spartina cyanosuroides Wild. Valley of the Yel-
lowstone, near the mouth of the Big Horn, August 12th.
214. Bouteloua curtipendula eee Bad Route Creek,
July 28th.
215. Bouteloua oligostachya Torr. Bad Route Creek,
July 28th.
216. Keeleria cristata Pers.
217. Poa seratina Ehbrhart. Fort Rice, June 15th.
218. Poa tenuifolia Nutt. Fort Rice, June 15th.
219. Triticum repens Linn. Valley of the Musselshell,
August 21st.
220. Hordeum jubatum Linn.
221. HKlymus condensatus Presl. Valley of the Mussel-
shell, August 21st.
EQUISETACE.
222. Equisetum arvense Linn. Fort Rice, June 15th.
FILICES.
223. -Woodsia Oregona D.C. Eaton. Near crossing of the
Little Missouri, July 11th. Very rare; met with but a few times.
~‘
Scudder.} 86 (June 3,
MUSCI.
224. Hypnum filicinum Linn. Near Shell Point, Yellow-
stone River.
’ VII. Report ON THE BUTTERFLIES COLLECTED BY Mr. J. A.
ALLEN ON THE YELLOWSTONE EXPEDITION OF 1873. By
SAMUEL H. SCUDDER.
The twenty-eight butterflies mentioned below were brought home
by the Yellowstone Expedition, sent out under the charge of Gen. D. |
S. Stanley, by the Secretary of War. They were collected by Mr.
J. A. Allen, zoologist and botanist of the expedition, and were taken
at four different localities, from Heart River (about 1800 feet above
the sea) to the mouth of Cedar Creek on the Yellowstone (about
2200 feet above the sea), between June 26 and July 20. The local-
ities were the following : — |
_ 1. Heart River Crossing, Dakotah Terr., about fifty miles west of |
the Missouri River, June 26. The collections were almost wholly |
made in the valley of the river, near or among timber. More than
half of the specimens brought home, and nearly three-fourths of the
species: were taken at this place. The butterflies not found here _
were: —Min. silvestris, Arg. nevadensis, Char. Ismeria, Chrys. Sirius, :
Chrys. Helloides, Amar. Zolicaon, the two -species of Erynnis and
Atryt. Logan. There was a large proportion of Nymphales and
Urbicole, three-fourths of the butterflies belonging to these two fami- |
lies. ;
2. “Camp No. 8,” at the crossing of Big Muddy Creek, about
twenty miles northwest of the Heart River Crossing. There was |
very little timber here, and most, if not all, of the butterflies were
taken in the open country, and represent, says Mr. Allen, the usual
species of the prairie. The butterflies taken there were :— Cen.
Galactina, Arg. nevadensis, Lyc. Anna, Chrys. Helloides, Hesp. tes-
sellata and Ocytes Uncas.
8. Near the head of Heart River, about one hundred miles west
of the two previous localities, July 8. The butterflies were also
taken on the prairie, and consisted of Bas. Dissippe, Van. cardui,
Arg. nevadensis, and Chrys. Helloides.
4. Shell Point, Yellowstone River, at the mouth of Cedar Creek,
ten miles above the mouth of Glendive Creek, —landmarks which
will doubtless be given on the next good map of this region. The
>
1874.] 87 ie ee [Scudder.
butterflies were obtained July 18 and 20, among the sage brush of
the river valley, and consisted of Min. silvestris, Bas. Weidemeyeri,
Char. Ismeria, Lyc. Anna; Col. Philodice, Amar. Zolicaon, the two
species of Erynnis, and Atryt. Logan.
NYMPHALES.
1. Satyrus Ridingsii Edw. A single male, rubbed, but not
torn, was taken in the river valley, at Heart River Crossing, June 26.
2. Minois silvestris (Edw.). Sixteen specimens (11d, 5?)
were taken on the banks of the Yellowstone River, in the sage brush,
July 18 and 20. About half the males were in fair condition;
the other half were rather rubbed and frayed; most of the females
were pretty fresh, but two of them were a good deal torn. Probably
the butterfly appears early in July.
38. Ccenonympha Galactina (Boisd.) Mons This species
was taken at Heart River Crossing, in the river valley, June 26, and
on the open prairie, at the crossing of the Big Muddy, June 28. The
males (six) were fresh or very nearly fresh; and the females (four-
teen) were all fresh, though some were a little torn, perhaps in cap-
ture. ‘The butterfly probably appears toward the end of the month.
4. Basilarchia Disippe (God.) Scudd. This butterfly was
only taken on Heart River; a male, fresh and very dark, like Flor-
idan specimens, was taken at the crossing in the river valley, June
26; and a female, very badly rubbed, and of the ordinary color of
northern specimens, near the head of the river, on the prairie, July 8.
5. Basilarchia Weidemeyeri (Edw.) Grote. Three speci-
mens of this beautiful insect were taken; two males, one of them per-
fect, the other pretty fresh, were found near timber at Heart River
Crossing, in the river valley, June 26; the third, a female-and ragged,
was taken in the sage brush of the river valley, near the encamp-
ments on the Yellowstone, July 18. Its periods resemble, therefore,
those of B. Arthemis.
6. Vanessa cardui (Linn.) Ochs. Two males were taken,
one fresh, the other very badly frayed; the former on the banks of
the Yellowstone, July 18; the latter at Heart River Crossing, June
26; the latter had probably hibernated, and the former was an early
individual of the first brood.
7. Argynnis nevadensis Edw. Two males and a female of
this butterfly, fresh, were taken on the open prairie at the crossing of
Seudder.] 88 [June 8,
the Big Muddy, June 28, On July 8, at the head of Heart River,
also-on the prairie, thirteen males were taken, most of them in a tol-
erably fresh condition.
8. Argynnis Edwardsii Reak. Four males of this species,
either fresh or very nearly fresh, were taken June 26, at Heart River
_ Crossing, near the timber in the valley of the river. The seasons of
these two species are therefore nearly identical. \
9. Phyciodes Tharos (Drury) Kirb. About thirty speci-
mens of this butterfly were taken at Heart River Crossing, June 26,
the two sexes in nearly equal numbers; fresh, passable and badly
bruised individuals were divided about equally among males and
females. : |
10. Charidryas Ismeria (Boisd.-LeC.) Seudd. Only taken
on the Yellowstone, among the sage brush in the valley, July 18; six
males and two females were captured; a single male in pretty good
condition, the others, as well as the females, dull, rubbed and frayed.
Probably,.therefore, it appears in June.
RURALES.
ll. Lycsides Anna (Edw.). This butterfly was found in
considerable abundance, and in nearly all the localities in which col-
lections were made, viz.: at Heart River Crossing, the banks of the
Yellowstone, and at the crossing of the Big Muddy, from June 26 to
July 18. At the earliest date, twenty-one males were taken, of
which six were fresh and bright, twelve tolerably fresh, and three
badly rubbed; while of the six females taken at the same time, four
were perfectly, and two tolerably, fresh. Two days later, one fresh
and one rubbed male and two rather fresh females were taken; while
the single female captured July 18 was badly rubbed and torn. The
butterfly probably made its appearance this year at or shortly after
the middle of June.
12. Agriades Minnehaha nov.sp. Upper surface of male
dark violet; the outer margin dark brown, extending more broadly
on the front than on the hind wings; upper surface of male rather
dark brown, the basal half dusted, not very conspicuously, with blue
scales; both sexes have a small black bar crossing the cell of all the
wings, larger in the female than in the male; outer margin edged
with black, followed interiorly on the hind wings by a line of white
scales, upon which are seated small, blackish, interspaceal spots, sur-
1874.] 89 . [Scudder.
mounted, in the female, by small, dull orange, triangular spots. Un-
der surface ashy gray, slightly darker in the male than in the female,
the outer border edged with black. Fore wings with a rather large,
black discal bar, edged narrowly with white, and midway between
this and the outer border a row of sntall black spots, the upper ones
round, the lower oval, all narrowly encircled with white, and ar-
ranged in a curve which bends most strongly in the interspaces be-
yond the cell; there are also two faint rows of transverse, dusky
submarginal spots, the inner midway between the: border and the
outermost portion of the row of black spots. On the hind wings the
discal spot is scarcely, if at all, darker than the ground, and distin-
guishable only by being narrowly.encircled with whitish; in the mid-
dle of the cell is a small blackish spot, and above it another, both
encircled with whitish; beyond is a sinuate series of spots encircled
with white, the upper and lower spots black or blackish, the others
seldom darker than the ground, and thus indistinct; there is one in
each interspace, transverse oval in shape, those in the interspaces
beyond the cell lying half way ketween the discal spot and the bor-
der. There is a marginal series of small, round, dark brown spots,
often dotted, especially away from the centre, with metallic spots,
surrounded with yellowish brown, which above, and especially in the
female, deepens into dull orange; these spots are again surmounted
by very slight, dark brown lunules, bearing pretty large triangular
spots of grayish white, pointing’ toward, and almost reaching, the
extra-mesial row of spots. Expanse ¢ 26 mm.; ? 24-26 mm. ©
This butterfly does not seem to have been described, but it accords
best with the description of Lyc. Maricopa Reak., from California.
One pretty fresh male, another rubbed male, one fresh and one
rubbed, dull female were taken at Heart River Crossing, June 26.
13. Chrysophanus Helloides (Boisd.) Edw. One pretty
fresh female was taken at the crossing of the Big Muddy, on the open
prairie, June 28.
14. Chrysophanus Sirius Edw. A single male, badly torn
and rubbed, was taken on the Yellowstone River, among the sage
brush in the valley, July 20.
PAPILIONIDES.
15. Colias Philodice God. At Heart River Crossing, near
timber in the river bottom, June 26, ten males were taken, mostly in
good condition, though two of them were poor. Later, July 18.and
Scudder.] 90 [June 3,
20, a large number of males and a single female were taken on the
banks of the Yellowstone River, among the sage brush; of these,
most of the specimens taken on the 18th were pretty fresh; but some
males were somewhat or considerably rubbed ; of those taken on the
20th, only one specimen was fair, the others being very badly rubbed}
some of these were very small, one measuring but thirty-seven milli
metres in alar expanse.
16. Colias Eurytheme Boisd. This species was taken only
at Heart River Crossing, near timber in the’ river bottom, June 26.
Three pretty good males and two good females were captured, be-
sides three females, rather badly worn.
17. Synehloe Protodice (Boisd.-LeC.) Scudd. Two fe-
males only were taken, both fresh ; one at Heart River Crossing, June
26; the other on the Yellowstone, July 18:
18. Amaryssus Polyxenes (Fabr.) Scudd. A single fe-
male, badly torn and worn, was taken at Heart River Crossing,
June 26.
19. Amaryssus Zolicaon (Boisd.). A single male, fresh in |
color, but a little torn, was taken on the Yellowstone, July 18.
URBICOLZ.
20. Epargyreus Tityrus (Fabr.) Scudd. A single female,
torn (perhaps in capture) but pretty fresh, was taken at Heart River
Crossing, June 26.
21. Thorybes Pylades Scudd. A single fresh male was taken
at Heart River Crossing, June 26.
22. Hrynnis Persius Scudd. A single, rather rubbed male,
apparently belonging to this species, though differmg somewhat from
eastern examples in the abdominal appendages, was taken on the
Yellowstone, July 18.
23. Erynnis Lucilius (Lintn.) Scudd. A single male, not
very fresh, was taken with the preceding species. It does not =
from the eastern type, even in the abdominal appendages.
24. Hesperia tessellata Scudd. ‘Three fresh males were
taken at Heart River Crossing, June 26; but three worn specimens,
amale and two females, their fringes all gone, were taken at the
crossing of the Big Muddy, only two days later.
25. Oarisma Hylax (Edw.). Three pretty fresh males were
taken at Heart River Crossing, June 26. —
1874.] 91 [Stodder.
26. Asingle male butterfly was taken at Heart River Crossing,
June 26, which resembles very closely Amblyscirtes vialis in the form
and neuration of the wings, in the structure of the legs and antenne,
and even in the coloration and markings of the wings, so far as these
could be made out from a somewhat ‘rubbed individual; but there is
a perfectly distinct indication of a discal dash of raised scales, the
sexual mark of the fore wings in so many Astyci, which is altogether
wanting in Amblyscirtes. I await the reception of further material
before deseribing this interesting form.
27. Ocytes Uncas (Edw.). One pair, both fresh, were taken
at Heart River Crossing, near timber in the valley of the river, June
26. At the crossing of the Big Muddy, on the open prairie, two fe-
males, one of them fresh, the other somewhat less so, were taken
June 28.
28. Atrytone Logan (Edw.) Scudd. Bai (Nelson.
TROGLODYTIDZ.
11. Thryothorus Bewickii var. spilurus Baird. Common
during August and September; gradually going lower down the foot
hills in October. Not common in November. Frequents bushy hill-
sides, rarely coming around the houses. I heard one singing in
October with a very powerful voice for such a small bird.
12. Troglodytes sedon var. Parkmanni Coues. Park-
mann’s Wren. Not common; shot one specimen in an orchard in
October. | |
13. Helminthophaga ruficapilla Baird. Nashville War-
‘bler. Shot a male the last of September.
14. Dendreeca estiva Baird. Yellow Warbler. Abundant
about gardens and orchards, habits the same as in the East.
15. Dendreeea nigrescens Baird. Black-throated Gray
Warbler. Common during September and October. Migrated the
first of November. Frequents oak woods, where it was a characteris-
_ tic species and seemed to prefer the lower to the higher branches.
16. Dendroeca Auduboni Baird. Audubon’s Warbler. Not
seen until the first of October; after this it became very abundant,
frequenting large oaks. Its habits resemble those of the Yellow-
rumped Warbler (D. coronata Gray). :
17. Geothlypis philadelphia var. Macgillivrayi All.
Macgillivray’s Warbler. Not common. Obtained two specimens in
September.
18. Myiodioctes pusillus Bonap. Green Black-capped Fly-
catcher. One specimen obtained in pine woods the last of Septem-
ber. |
TANAGRIDA.
19. Pyranga ludoviciana Bonap. Louisiana Tanager. Rare.
One specimen shot in October from a pine tree.
HIRUNDINIDZ.
20. Hirundo horreorum Barton. Barn Swallow. Common
during August and September. I scarcely ever noticed them until
late in the afternoon, when they could be seen skimming along the
ground in pursuit of insects.
Nelson.] 358 [January 20,
FRINGILLIDZ.
21. Carpodacus purpureus Gray. Purple Finch. Common
during the first two weeks of October, after which time I did not ob-
serve them. They frequented a newly ploughed field, running about
among the furrows after seeds of the weeds which were sticking out
of the dirt. They were generally in small flocks of five toeight. I
have carefully compared the specimens I shot there with some shot at
Evanston, IIl., and can see no material difference, although the birds
from this locality probably represent the C. californicus Baird.
22. Chrysomitris pinus Bonap. Pine Finch. od “3
Se Sse 28
Os ee ee
~~ SS ss
~e ov =
3S SSs GS
S58) cee alee
SS | See | Ss
iS RA
The metallic acids of the Tantalic
Group. : 5 : 5 : : 54.96 54.81 56.36
Oxide of Tin. = : : : : SnO, 16
Oxide of Uranitim: iN) eee oe UO 9.91 | UO3;17.03 | 16.63
Oxide of Iron ee ae ee FeO 14.02 14.07 8.87
Oxide of Manganese Pia hl Atal lh MnO 91 1.20
Oxide of Cerium (has DD) thc CeO 5.17 3.95 2.85
Yttria = 5 . 5 YO 12.84 ital al 13.29
Magnesia . MgO 52 50
Insoluble residue from the oxalate of
Cerium . 4 ; : Bene 1.25
Loss on ignition . ‘ : C 6 c .66 1 24 30
100.40 101.21 | 100.03
The quantity at hand was too small to warrant an attempt at
separating the metallic acids of the tantalic group. It is to be hoped
that enough may be found to enable some one this side the Atlantic
to undertake the investigation. Hermann yet maintains the existence
of Ilmenium in Samarskite, Aeschynite and the Columbite from
Haddam, Conn. (See Journal fiir Prakt. Chemie. 1870).
The final analysis was made by the method detailed below, which
is essentially that of Hermann, with the omission of the tests which
gave negative results in the preliminary examination and with addi-
tion of such precautions and modifications as could be gathered from
the methods of separation given under the different elements in Gra-
ham-Otto’s Chemie, and Rose’s Analyse Quantitative, and the ex-
perience of the preceding tests. The weighed portion was fused with
an excess of bisulphate of potash, treated with 400 c.c. distilled water
and allowed to remain forty-eight hours, as the fused mass is very
slowly decomposed. The solution (and residue) was then heated to
about 90° C. and after half an hour the columbic acid was allowed to
settle out and was filtered off and well washed with warm water. It
was treated on the filter with warm sulphide of ammonium to dissolve
the tin. The solution so obtained was evaporated and ignited in a
platinum crucible, again ignited with chloride of ammonium and the
tin calculated from the loss.
The columbic acid was slightly blackened by the sulphide of
ammonium and was consequently digested with very dilute chlor-
1 Determined on another sample.
1875.] 427 [Swallow.
hydric acid, filtered, and the filtrate added to the first filtrate. The
columbic acid was then ignited and weighed. It was light yellow
while hot, and white when cold.
The filtrate was evaporated scmewhat, boiled with nitric acid and
precipitated by ammonia. The filtrate so obtained was evaporated
to dryness, ignited, dissclved in the least possible quantity of chlor-
hydrie acid, and the manganese was then precipitated by ammonia.
The magnesia was precipitated as phosphate in the filtrate; it was
free from manganese.
The precipitate by ammonia was dissolved in dilute chlorhydric
acid, reprecipitated, and the third time dissolved in slight excess
of acid, and oxalate of ammonia added in quantity just sufficient to
precipitate. It was allowed to stand twelve hours. The white floc-
culent precipitate had then settled to a fine powder and was filtered,
washed, dried, ignited, dissolved in chlorhydric acid, and reprecip-
itated; this was repeated three times and the filtrates evaporated and
tested each time. The weight of the oxides of cerium and yttrium
was taken as acheck upon the subsequent separation. The chlor-
hydric acid solution of the two oxides was treated with a hot sat-
urated solution of sulphate of potash and a crystal put in to ensure
complete saturation. The whole bulk of the liquid was about 10 c.c.
After twelve hours the double salt of cerium and potash was
filtered off, washed with cold sulphate of potash and. dissolved in
water; in the duplicate analysis it was precipitated in the very dilute
solution by oxalate of ammonia, and this showed a loss of oxide of
cerium ; in the analysis given, the dilute solution was first precipita-
ted by ammonia, and this precipitate, well washed, dissolved in chlor-
hydric acid, and reprecipitated by oxalate of ammonia, gives the
correct per cent. as shown by the check weight.
There was a small residue insoluble in water and in chlorhydric
acid, which in fusing with bisulphate decomposed into a soluble por-
tion, which gave all the reaction of cerium, and a white powder,
which may have been titanic acid but which gave reaction of columbic
acid. This residue was too small to obtain satisfactory results;
it was about 1 per cent. of the mineral. The solution of yttria in
sulphate of potash was diluted, precipitated by oxalate of ammonia,
ignited and weighed. The filtrate from the precipitated oxalates of
cerium and yttrium was just neutralized with ammonia, boiled, and
carbonate of ammonia added. After twelve hours the solution of
uranium was filtered off, evaporated to a small bulk and precip-
_ Swallow.) 428 [February 17, |
itated by ammonia, dissolved, neutralized, and treated with car-
bonate of ammonia. This was repeated three times, as also in the
same manner the iron precipitate, and thus the separation of the
uranium was nearly or quite complete.
Mr. Bouvé also presented a paper by Miss Swallow upon
the occurrence of Boracic Acid in mineral waters, with the
results of numerous analyses made by her of waters not
before analyzed. This, too, will be found by chemists and
geologists to be a very valuable contribution to our knowl-
edge of mineral waters.
ON THE OCCURRENCE OF Boracic Actp IN MINERAL WATERS.
By ELuen H. Swartow.
In May, 1872, a small bottle of water from Bitlis, Turkey, was
given me to analyze. In making the qualitative tests I found boracic
acid in considerable quantity. I do not remember what led me to
test for it; probably it was a suggestion of Prof. Ordway. The pres-
ence of boracic acid in this water caused me to make special test for
it in all the mineral waters that I had occasion to analyze.
It occurred in the hot spring of Idaho, Colorado, in Chicken Soup
Spring and Bath Spring, both hot waters of Elko, Nevada, and in
a cold water from Laramie Plains, Wyoming. These all beiong to
the class of alkaline waters. It was also found in a chalybeate spring
in Albany, Maine, which is in the tourmaline region, and probably
that fact may account for its presence in the Albany spring as well
as in a spring of very pure water on Pike’s Hill, Norway, Maine.
It was observed in one of the Spa Springs, Wilmot, Nova Scotia,
which belongs to the class of calcic waters, and it occurred in consid-
erable quantity in the mud of another of the Spas. It will be remem-
bered that ulexite and other borates are frequent in the gypsum of
Nova Scotia.
The query is at once suggested what are the properties of boracic
acid and what are its effects upon the system when taken internally.
There seems to be little known as regards its effect in mineral waters,
but by comparing the medicinal properties as given in medical trea-
tises with the reputed effects of noted springs which are known to
contain boracic acid, we may hope to get a hint of the value of this
constituent. Externally applied, borax is very effective in allaying
| 429 (Swallow.
irritation and healing skin diseases. Taken internally it acts espec-
ially on the mucous membranes of the respiratory and digestive
organs, consequently it is very beneficial in internal catarrhs and
hemorrhoids. It is especially adapted to sensitive temperaments
and nervous constitutions, hence is potent in fimale diseases. It is
very highly extolled in nephritic and calculus complaints.
If we now consider the waters which are known to contain either
borax or borate of magnesia in respect to the diseases which they
are celebrated for curing, we shall find a noteworthy coincidence, to
say the least.
The following statements concerning foreign waters are taken from
“ Balneotherapie,” edited by Dr. Valentiner, and those referring to
American Springs from Walton’s ‘‘ Mineral Springs of the United
States and Canada. ”
Hilsen, among the sulphur waters, is beneficial in catarrh, and the
mud baths are still more noted as curative agents and are said to be
somewhat different in their action from the Nenndorf baths, without
any apparent cause. St. Sguveur, used for bathing, has “a very
marked sedative effect on the skin, and is the most noted bath for
women in France.” Kaux Bonnes, “ the only drinking water among
the several springs, has a very marked effect, even on the first day.
. . this action is not to be expected according to the chemical
analysis. Its great fame lies in the cure of bronchitis, catarrh, and
tuberculose phthisis.” Among the alkaline waters, Fachingen, Nas-
sau, is very effective in all bronchial diseases, blennorrhea, and
eatarrh, of the urinary organs with gravel and stones; it contains of
borax 0.03 part in 100,000, according to Fresenius. Giessiibel, a mile
from Carlsbad, is much used for the same diseases. The famous Vichy
and Carlsbad waters contain traces of boracic acid, as also nine out
of the fifteen springs at Saratoga, and the Balston Spa. Others less
known are St. Leon Springs, Canada, the Tuscan Springs, Shasta
Co., California, and the Gettysburg Springs which contain 0.032 grain
of borate of magnesia in a gallon. The latter water has great reput-
ation in gravel, calculus, and catarrh of the bladder and stomach.
Now as it is acknowledged by the best authorities in all schools of
medicine that it is often the substances present in small quantity in
mineral waters that are the most efficacious, and as many springs are
curative in their action without any apparent reason, it may be possi-
ble that the remedial virtue lies in the presence of the neglected con-
stituents like that one under consideration.
Alien. ] 430 [February 17,
A table of the analyses of the mineral waters of which there is no
known previous analysis, is appended. ‘The results are expressed in
parts per 100,000.
- S oD
Ss a i Q etc SS 3 «
S S aS oS 5 eS =
ES c> Qs 58 S eas =
< LS 35 <3 = RS §
3 aS $9 S© =
© aS QR ne = mie &
= > Ss we S 28 a
| 8 | $8) | 38) 05g
S S SR RQ x we 5
~ Q = BS > as)
S
SiO, . g 0 6.15 3.00 9.80 6.40 1.85
Fe,O, + Al,Os . 38 trace .90 56 6.70
CaO. 5 5 2.24 40.00 6.71 8.29 5D 44 32.50
MgO . 5 22.20 10.00 traces 6.50
Na,O - : cl 45.93 32.00 16.50 11.50 undet. | undet. | 22.60
FOUCR PIA he 5.69 1.30 1.68 13.50 as &e 13.08
SO, .- 0 5 20.20 80.00 4.29 6.68 oe DG 18.27
B,O3 . 0 9 2.66 undet. | undet. | undet. ag consid. 6.50
CO, . : . 2.40 22.00 5.23 21.34 es 115.60
Cl ° 0 5 4.97 4.00 2.40 2.00 ES 11.82
P.O; . : traces .
18 Potie Pep Ie! Soe 1.93
The following paper was also presented : —
SyNOPSIS OF THE AMERICAN LEPORIDEH. By J. A. ALLEN.
The following synopsis of the species and varieties of American
Leporide is based mainly on the specimens of this group contained in
the museum of the Smithsonian Institution at Washington, but those
in, the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Cambridge have also
been used, as well as all accessible material from other sources. The
present paper is an abstract of a monograph, in which the synonomy
will be given in full, with extended tables of measurements and
detailed descriptions.
Analysis of the Species and Varieties.
J. Skull much arched above; breadth one half the length; post-
orbital processes distinct, not soldered with the skull; nasals
of medium length, their length equal to about four-fifths of
the width of the skull.
A. Hind feet longer than the head. Size large. Postorbital
processes divergent, not in contact with the skull poste-
riorly. Pelage white in winter. |
1 B,0, found in the Tufa.
2 B,0; found in the Tufa,
3 Much iron was deposited and filtered from the water on which the determin-
ations were made.
1875.) : 431 [Allen.
a. Size large. Nasals about as wide in front as behind.
1. Ears rather shorter than the head. Pelage dusky yellowish
gray in summer, pure white to the roots in winter. Tail
short, black above in summer. Size very large.
tumidus var. arcticus.
2. Ears much longer than the head. Pelage pale yellowish
gray in summer, in winter white at the surface and base,
and reddish in the middle. Tail long, white on both sur-
BaAees yy eAZe SMMAILeT 7... 6c fe a ue) oy, COMPESIRIS.
b. Size medium. Nasals considerably narrower in front than —
behind.
3. Ears about equal to the length of the head. . americanus.
3a. Pelage in summer pale cinnamon brown; in winter
white at the surface and plumbeous at base, with
a narrow middle band of reddish brown.
var. americanus.
3b. Pelage in summer cinnamon brown; in winter white
at the surface and plumbeous at base, with a
broad middle band of reddish brown, which shows
through the white of the surface, the white being
often a mere surface wash. Fully as large, or
rather larger than var. americanus.
var. virginianus.
3c. Pelage redder in summer and whiter in winter than
in the last, and size smaller.
var. Washingtoni.
3d. Size of the last, with the pelage more dusky in
summer, and in winter nearly or wholly pure white
to the base, the middle reddish band being more or
less"Gbsoletews -n1s0 2. ysl Weta ve wans Barra.
B. Hind feet not longer than the head. Size small. Postorbital
processes convergent, frequently Gn old specimens) in con-
tact with the skull posteriorly, but only rarely anchylosed
with it. Pelage never white.
4, Gray above, varied with black, and more or less tinged with
light yellowish brown; under parts white . . sylvaticus.
4a. Above yellowish brown, with a tinge of reddish.
var, sylvaticus.
Allen.] 432 [February 17,
4b. Paler, rather smaller, with slightly larger ears, and
rather stouter lanes jaw. fs os ey Wee,
4c. Color nearly as in var. sylvaticus; rather longer ears,
more distinctly black-tipped . . var. Auduboni.
5. Smaller than sylvaticus, with the postorbital process scarcely
touching the skull posteriorly. Colors generally more
finely blended, and darker. ‘Tail very SEree almost ru-
dimentary = 2. : . . Lrowbridgei.
6. Above gray, varied an pine eae A yellow. Size of
Trowbridgei, with the colors and sparsely clothed feet of
palustris. ail very short. ... . . « - brasiliensis.
II. Skull less convex above; breadth considerably less than half
the length; length of nasals more than four-fifths the width of
the skull. Ears and hind feet longer than the head. Post-
orbital processes convergent, touching the cranium behind.
Pelage never white. Tail long, black above, this color ex-
tending forward on the rump.
A. Lower jaw large, massive.
7. Above pale yellowish gray, varied with black; below white,
more or less tinged with fulvous. . . . . . callotis.
B. Lower jaw disproportionably small, relatively smaller than
that of any other American species of Lepus.
8. Somewhat smaller than callotis, and more rufous above.
californicus.
IiJ. Postorbital process anchylosed with the skull. Hind feet short.
Pelage never white.
A. Width of the skull half of the length.
9, size medium. . Tail lone . |... . . palustris.
B. Width of the skull considerably te than half the length.
10. Size large. . Vail short. 5)... -. 5 goku eee
1. Lepus timidus var. articus.
Lepus variabilis Pallas, Schreber, Gmelin and other early writers.
Lepus timidus Fabricius, Faun. Greenl., 25, 1780.
Lepus articus Leach, Ross’s’ Voyage, II. » App. J 151, 1819.
Lepus glacialis Weach, Ibid., 170.
Lepus glacialis Sabine, Richardson, Baird, and subsequent writers
generally.
Habitat. Arctic America, southward on the Atlantic coast to Lab-
rador and Newfoundland; in the interior southward to Fort Churchill,
the northern shore of Great Slave Lake and the upper Youkon Valley.
}
|
1875.] 4233 [Allen.
2. Lepus campestris.
Lepus variabilis Lewis, Bartram’s Med. and Phys. Journ., IT, 159,
1806.
Lepus virginianus, var.? Harlan, Faun. Amer., 310, 1825.
Lepus virginianus Richardson, Faun. Bor. Am., I, 224, 1829.
Lepus campestris Bachman, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., VII,
349, 1837. — Baird, Mam. N. Am., 585, 1857.
Lepus Townsend: Bachman, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., VIII, 90,
1839.
Habitat. Plains of the Saskatchewan southward to middle Kansas,
and from Fort Riley westward to the Coast Range.
8. Lepus americanus.
@. var. americanus.
Lepus americanus Erxleben, Syst. Reg. Anim., 330, 1777. (Based
wholly on Hudson’s Bay specimens.)
Lepus americanus Baird and most modern authors. (In part only,,
this name also generally including var. virginianus.),
Lepus hudsonius Pallas, Nov. Sp. Glires, 30, 1778.
Lepus nanus Schreber, Siugt., II, 881, 1792. (In part only.)
Lepus campestris Baird, Ms. (Labels and Record Books, Sm.
Inst.) — Hayden, Am. Nat., III, 1145, 1869.
Lepus variabilis var. Godman, Am. Nat. Hist., H, 169, 1826. (in
part only.)
Lepus borealis Schintz, Synopsis, II, 286, 1845.
Habitat. From the Arctic Barren Grounds southward to Nova
Scotia, Lake Superior, and Northern Canada, and in the interior
throughout the wooded parts of the Hudson’s Bay Ferritories, and
Alaska. Replaced west of the Rocky Mountains by var. Washingtont.
b. var. Virginianus.
Lepus virginianus Harlan, Faun. Am., 196, 1825. (Based wholly
on Virginia specimens.)
Lepus americanus Bachman, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., VII, 403,
1837. (In part only). — Baird, Mam. N. Amer., 579, 1857. (In part
only.)
Habitat. Nova Scotia to Connecticut on the coast, the Canadas
and the northern parts of the northern tier of States westward to
Minnesota, and southward in the Alleghanies to Virginia, or through-
out the Alleghanian and Canadian Faune.
PROCEEDINGS B. S. N. H. — VOL. XVII. 28 JULY, 1875.
Allen.] 434 [February 17,
c. var. Washingtoni.
Lepus Washingtoni Baird, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., VII, 333,
1855. — Ibid., Mam. N. Am., 583, 1857.
Habitat. West of the Rocky Mountains, (mainly west of the Cas-
cade Range?) from the mouth of the Columbia northward into
British Columbia.
d. var. Bairdii.
Lepus Bairdii Hayden, Am. Nat., III, 115, 1869.
Habitat. The higher parts of the Rocky Mountains, southward to
New Mexico, northward into British America.
4. Lepus sylvaticus.
a. var. Sylvaticus.
Lepus nanus Schreber, .Sdugt., [V, 881, 1792. (In part only.)
Sylvilagus nanus \Gray, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., 3d Ser., XX,
221, 1867. :
Lepus americanus Desmarest, Mammalogie, II, 354, 1822. — Bach-
man, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., VII, 326, 1837.
Lepus sylvaticus Bachman, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., VI, 403,
1837. — Ibid., VIII, 78, 1839.— Baird, Mam. N. Am., 579, 1857.
Habitat. United States east of the 97th meridian, excluding those
portions embraced in the Canadian Fauna, (Northern New England
and the more elevated parts of Appalachian Highlands).
6. var. Nuttalli.
Lepus Nuttalli Bachman, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., VII, 345,
1837. (Based on an immature specimen.)
Lepus Bachmani Waterhouse, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., VI, 103,
1838. —Ibid., Nat. Hist. Mam., II, 124, 1848.— Baird, Mam. N.
Am., 606, 1857.
Lepus artemisia Bachman, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., VIII, 94,
1839. — Baird, Mam. N. Am., 602, 1857.
Habitat. United States west of the 97th meridian, excluding a
narrow belt along the Pacific coast, and possibly southwestern Ari-
zona and southern California.
c. var. Auduboni.
Lepus Auduboni Baird, Mam. N. Am., 608, 1857.
Habitat. Southwestern Arizona, southern and Lower California.
5. Lepus Trowbridgei.
Lepus trowbridget Baird, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., VII, 333,
1855.—Ibid., Mam. N. Am., 610, 1857.
Habitat. West of the Sierra Nevada Range, from northern Cali-
fornia to Cape St. Lucas.
1875.] 435 [Allen.
6. Lepus brasiliensis.
Lepus brasiliensis Linneeus, Syst. Nat., 12th ed., I., 78, 1766.—Also —
of subsequent authors generally.
Lepus tapeti Pallas, Nov. Sp. Glires, 30, 1778.
Tapeti brasliensis Gray, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., 3d Ser., XX,
22, 1867.
Habitat. Throughout the greater part of South America.
7. Lepus callotis.
Lepus callotis Wagler, Nat. Syst. Amph., 35, 1830.—Baird, Mam.
N. Am., 590, 1857.
Lepus nigricaudatus Bennett, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., I, 41, 1833.
? “ Lepus mexicanus Licht.” Richardson, Sixth Rep. British Ass.,
(1836), 150, 158, 1837.
Lepus [callotis var.] flavigularis Wagner, Suppl. Schreber’s
Saught., IV, 107, 1844.
Lepus texianus Waterhouse, Nat. Hist. Mam., II, 136, 1848.— Aud.
and Bach., Quad. N. Amer., III, 156, pl. 133, 1853.— Baird, Mam. N.
Am., 617, 1857.
Habitat. United States between the 97th meridian and the Steen
Nevada Mountains, and from Northern Kansas and the Great Salt
Lake Basin southward into Mexico.
8. Lepus californicus.
Lepus californicus Gray, Charlesworth’s Mag. Nat. Hist., I, 586,
1837.—Baird, Mam. N. Am., 594, 1857.
Lepus Richardsont Bachman, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., VII,
88, 1839.
Lepus Bennetti Gray, Zool. Voy. Sulphur, 35, pl. 14, 1844.
Habitat. California, west of the Sierra Nevada Range, south to
Cape St. Lucas, Lower Cal.
9. Lepus palustris.
Lepus palustris Bachman, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., VII, 194,
336, pl. 15, 16, 1837. — Baird, Mam. N. Am., 615, 1827.
Lepus Douglassi, var. 2 Gray, Charlesworth’s Mag. Nat. Hist., I,
586, 1837.
Hydrolagus palustris Gray, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., 3d Ser., XX,
291, 1867.
Habitat. South Atlantic and Gulf States.
10. Lepus aquaticus.
Lepus aquaticus Bachman, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., VII, 319,
pl. 22, fig. 2, 1837. — Baird, Mam. N. Am., 612, 1857.
Brewer. ] 43 6 (March 3,
Lepus Douglassi, var. 1 Gray, Charlesworth’s Mag. Nat. Hist., I,
586, 1887.
Hydrolagus aquaticus Gray, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., 3d Ser.,
XX, 221, 1867.
Habitat. Gulf States, south through the lowlands of Mexico to
Central America, (Orizaba, Mex., Sumichrast, Botteri ; Tehuantepec,
Mex., Sumichrast; Merida, Yucatan, Schott). :
March 3, 1879:
The President in the chair. Twenty-five persons present.
The following paper was read : —
CATALOGUE OF THE Brrps oF NEw ENGLAND, WITH BRIEF
NOTES INDICATING THE MANNER AND CHARACTER OF THEIR
PRESENCE; WITH A LIST OF SPECIES INCLUDED IN PRE-
VIOUS CATALOGUES BELIEVED TO HAVE BEEN WRONGLY
CLASSED AS Brrps or New Enaianp. By T. M. BREWER.
It may seem almost presumptuous, in view of the carefully pre-
pared lists, both general and local, that have been published in re-
gard to New England birds, for me to appear to deem it worth the
while to prepare another, and thus. seem to regard myself able to add
sufficient novelty to what has already appeared, to justify the at-
tempt. When Prof. Verrill and Mr. Boardman have done so much
to illustrate the ornithology of eastern and western Maine, when Mr.
Putnam has so thoroughly gone over the birds of Essex County, and
more especially, when our good friend Mr. Allen, whose carefulness
no one questions, whose accuracy no one gainsays, and whose thor-
oughness of observation no one can hope to surpass, has done so
much to perfect the catalogue of the birds of Massachusetts, it would
almost appear as if there could be nothing more to be added.
The most recent list covering the whole field of New England is
that of Dr. Elliot Coues, published seven years since. It is remark-
able for the laborious research and investigation it displays, and is
by far the most complete catalogue we have. But even this fails to
contain a few names, the undoubted presence of which in New Eng-
land had previously been established, and since its publication sev-
eral remarkable captures have added other names.
1875.] 437 [Allen.
My principal, indeed my only important, criticism of this list is that
it retains quite a number of species, which, in my judgment, have no
claim to be classed as New England birds, whose appearance here is
both improbable in itself and rests upon no reliable testimony. I
have, besides the list of birds known to have been taken in New Eng-
land, given a supplementary list of about thirty species which have
been given as New England birds, but which, so far as I know, have
no claim to be retained. It has been my sole aim to furnish a list that
shall be reliable so far as it goes. I may have omitted some that are
entitled to a place. Beit so; I had rather omit ten that may be
found, than retain one that never has been, for the one mistake is
easily rectified, the other is most difficult.
Some of these corrections I am the more anxious to make because
I have been made, to appear as if responsible for the mistake in
the beginning. For instance, somewhere about 1838 I wrote to
Mr. Audubon that Dr. Cabot had procured specimens of the Nash-
ville Warbler, then regarded a rare bird, and that Dr. James Tru-
deau had found Swainson’s Warbler breeding in Louisiana. Probably
writing without having carefully re-examined my letter, Mr. Audubon
cites me as authority for the capture of Swainson’s Warbler in Massa-
chusetts; and although I have, time after time, sought to set this
matter right, every list published during the past thirty-five years
persistently repeats this mistake, and cites Dr. Brewer as authority.
it is high time this error is set right. Four or five birds stand thus
wrongfully credited to New England, and Iam made their voucher.
How far I am really responsible for this diffusion of error it is now
Impossible to say, but I wish at least to do my best to correct what I
deem to be erroneous.
There is also another class of oceanic birds, whose presence in
New England seems to have been always taken for granted, and
their names have been given in every list without a particle of
recorded evidence. Among these are the Fulmar Petrel, the Least
Petrel, the Manx Shearwater, etc. — all European forms and, so far
as I know, unknown to our shores. I challenge their right toe be
counted as New England birds until that claim can be confirmed
by something more than guess-work.
Accidental visitants, birds very local in their distribution in N. E.
and these only known to have occurred, each in single instances are
marked with an asterisk prefixed to their number.
Allen.] 438 [March 3
1. Turdus mustelinus Gm. A summer resident in southern
New England.
2. Turdus fuscescens Stephens. Summer resident.
3. Turdus Alicie Baird. Migratory in spring and fall.
4, Turdus Swainsoni Cabanis. Migratory in Southern New
England, summer resident in Northern New England.
5. Turdus Pallasi! Cabanis. Migratory spring and fall (S.
N. E.); summer resident (N. N. E.).
*6. Turdus nanus Audubon. Of rare occurrence. (Wenham
Lake, Mass., Dr. Charles Pickering, see Audubon, Birds Am., III, p.
132.)
7. Turdus migratorius Linn. Summer resident.
*8. Turdus naevius Gm. Of rare occurrence (Mass.,
Maynard). ;
9. Harporhynchus rufus Linn. Summer resident (S. N.
10. Mimus polyglottus Boie. Rare summer resident (Conn.,
R. I., and Mass.).
11. Galeoscoptes carolinensis Linn. Summer resident,
except N. E. Maine.
12. Sialia sialis Baird. Summer resident, except in N. E.
Maine.
13. Regulus satrapa Licht. Summer resident (N. N. E.).
migratory, spring and fall (S. N. E.).
14. Regulus calendula Licht. Summer resident (N. N. E.).
migratory, spring and fall (S. N. E.).
15. Parus atricapillus Linn. Resident. ,
16. Parus hudsonicus Forster. Resident (N. N. E.); of
rare occurrence (Mass.).
17. Sitta carolinensis Lath. Summer resident, partially
resident.
18. Sitta canadensis Linn. Migratory (S. N. E.); summer
resident (N. N. E.).
1As I prefer to treat Turdus nanus and T. pallasi as distinct species I have re-
tained these names unchanged. If, however, they are not species, but with T.
Auduboni are but “ forms” or “‘ varieties’? of one species, as Mr. Allen, Dr. Coues,
' and Mr. Ridgway regard them, the nomenclature by which they are usually given
is not in accordance with the law of priority. Twrdus nanus was given to one of
these so-called “ forms ”’ in 1839, 7. pallasi was not given until 1847, and 7. Audu-
boni in 1864. The species should, therefore, be not 7. pallasi var. nanus and var
Auduboni, but Turdus nanus, variety pallasi, T. nanus, var. nanus, and T. nanus
var. Auduboni.
1875. ] 43 9 [Brewer.
19. Certhia americana Bonap. Resident.
20. Troglodytes aedon Vieill. Summer resident.
21. Troglodytes hyemalis Vieill. Resident (N. N. E.);
winter visitant (S. N. E.).
22. Cistothorus stellaris Cabanis. Summer resident.
23. Cistothorus palustris Wilson. Summer resident (S. N.
E.).
24. Anthus ludovicianus Licht. Winter visitant.
25. Mniotilta varia Vieill. Summer resident.
* 26. Protonotaria citrea Baird. Of accidental occurrence
(Eastern Maine, and New Brunswick, Boardman).
*27. Helmitherus vermivorus Bonap. Rare summer resi-
dent (Saybrook, Conn.).
28. Helminthophaga chrysoptera Cabanis. Rare summer
resident (S. N. E.).
*29. Helminthophaga leucobronchialis Brewster. Rare
summer visitant (Mass, Brewster).
*30. Helminthophaga pinus Baird. Rare summer resident
(Saybrook, Conn.).
31. Helminthophaga ruficapilla Bd. Summer resident.
*32. Helminthophaga celata Baird. Rare (Western Mass.,
Allen; Lynn, Jan. Ist., 1875).
33. Helminthophaga peregrina Cab. Migratory (S. N.
E.); summer resident (N. N. E.).
34. Parula americana Bonap. Summer resident.
%35. Perissoglossa tigrina Bd. Rare summer resident (N.
N. E.) migratory in spring and fall (S. N. E.).
36. Dendroica estiva Baird. Summer resident.
37. Dendroica coronata Gray. Summer resident (N. N.
E.) ; migratory, spring and fall (S. N. E.).
38. Dendroica maculosa Baird. Summer resident (N. N.
E.); migratory, spring and fall (S. N. E.).
39. Dendroica pennsylvanica Baird. Summer resident..
40. Dendroica striata Baird. Summer resident (N. N. E.);
migratory in spring and fall (S. N. E.).
41. Dendroica castanea Baird. Summer resident (N. N.
EK.) ; migratory (S. N. E).
42. Dendroica czrulescens Baird. Summer resident (N..
_ N.E.); migratory (S. N. E.).
43. Dendroica virens Baird. Summer resident.
Brewer.] ; 440 [March 8,
44. Dendroica pinus Baird. Summer resident (S. N. E.).
45. Dendroica palmarum Baird. Summer resident (N. N.
E.); migratory (S. N. E.).
46. Dendroica discolor Baird. Summer resident (Mass., R.
J., and Conn.).
47. Seiurus aurocapillus Swainson. Summer resident.
48. Seiurus noveboracensis Nutt. Summer resident (N,
N. E.) ; a rare summer resident chiefly migratory (S. N. E.).
*49. Seiurus ludovicianus Bonap. Rare, occasional ( Mass.) ;
summer resident (Conn.).
50. Oporornis agilis Baird. Migratory, possibly a summer
resident in (N. N. E.).
51. Geothlypis trichas Cabanis. Summer resident.
52. Geothlypis philadelphia Baird. Rare. Migratory
(S. N. E.); rare summer resident (N. N. E.).
53. Icteria virens Bonap. Rare summer resident (Mass. and
Conn.).
*54. Myiodioctes mitratus Aud. Rare summer resident
(Saybrook, Conn.).
*55. Myiodioctes minutus Baird. (Wenham, Mass.)
56. Myiodioctes pusillus Bonap. Rare. Migratory (S. N.
E.); summer resident (Me.).
57. Myiodioctes canadensis Aud. Summer resident.
58. Setophaga ruticilla Swain. Summer resident.
59. Progne subis Baird. Summer resident.
60. Petrochelidon lunifrons Baird. Summer resident. |
61. Hirundo horreorum Barton. Summer resident.
62. Hirundo bicolor Vieill. Summer resident.
63. Cotyle riparia Boie. Summer resident.
64. Vireosylvia olivaceus Bonap. Summer resident.
65. Vireosylvia philadelphicus Cassin. Summer resident
(Northern Maine).
66. Vireosylvia gilvus Cassin. Summer resident.
67. lLanivireo solitarius Baird. Summer resident
68. Lanivireo flavifrons Vieill. Summer resident.
69. Vireo noveboracensis Bonap. Summer resident.
70. Ampelis garrulus Linn. Winter visitant.
71. Ampelis cedrorum Scl. Summer resident. Nomadic.
72. Collurio borealis Baird. Winter visitant (S. N. E.);
resident (N. N. E.).
1875.] 44] [Brewer.
* 73. Collurio ludovicianus Linn. Accidental, (Mass.).
74. Pyranga rubra Vieill. Summer resident.
*75. Pyranga estiva Vieill. Accidental (Mass.).
76. Pinicola enucleator Cabanis. Winter visitant (S. N.
E.); resident (N. N. E.).
77. Carpodacus purpureus Gray. Summer resident.
78. Chrysomitris tristis Bonap. Summer resident. Noma-
dic in winter.
79. Chrysomitris pinus Bonap. Migratory (S. N. E.);
summer resident (N. N. E.).
80. Loxia americana Wilson. Resident (N. N. E.); win-
ter visitant (S. N. E.).
81. Loxia leucoptera Gmelin. Resident (N. N. E.); win-
ter visitant (S. N. E.).
82. A®giothus linarius Cabanis. Winter visitant.
*83. MAsgiothus canescens Cab. Winter visitant (Kastern
Maine).
*84. Aigiothus Brewsteri Ridgway. Accidental, Mass.
85. Plectrophanes nivalis Meyer. Winter visitant.
86. Plectrophanes lapponicus. Rare. Winter visitant.
87. Pyrgita domestica Cab. Resident. Introduced.
88. Passerculus savanna Bonap. Summer resident.
*89. Passerculus princeps Maynard. Migratory, rare
(Mass. ).
90. Pooecetes gramineus Gmelin. Summer resident.
91. Coturniculus Henslowi Bonap. Summer resident, rare
(Mass.).
92. Coturniculus passerinus Bonap. Summer resident,
rare (S. N. E.).
93. Ammodramus caudacutus Swainson. Summer resident
(S. N. E.).
94. Ammodramus maritimus Swainson. Summer resident
Go. N.h:).
*95. Chondestes grammaca Bonap. Accidental (Mass.).
96. Zonotrichia leucophrys Swainson. Migratory, rare.
97. Zonotrichia albicollis Bonap. Migratory (S. N. E.);
summer resident (N. N. E.).
98. Junco hyemalis Sclater. Winter visitant (S. N. E.);
resident (N. N. E.).
99. Spizella monticola Baird. Winter visitant.
Brewer. | 449 [March 8,
100, Spizella pusilla Bonap. Summer resident.
101. Spizella socialis Bonap. Snmmer resident.
*102. Spizella Breweri Cassin. Accidental (Watertown,
Mass. Brewster).
103. Melospiza melodia Wilson. Resident (S. N. E.);
summer resident.
104. Melospiza Lincolni Aud. Rare; Migratory (S. N.
E.); summer resident (N. N. E.).
105. Melospiza palustris Wilson. Summer resident.
106. Passerella iliaca Swainson. Migratory.
107. HKuspiza americana Bonap. Summer resident, rare
(S. N. E.).
108. Hedymeles ludovicianus Swainson. Summer resi-
dent.
*109. Guiraca cerulea Swainson. Accidental (Calais, Me.).
110. Cyanospiza cyanea Linn. Summer resident.
*111. Cardinalis virginianus Bonap. Rare summer resident
(Mass.).
112. Pipilo erythropthalmus Vieillot. Summer resident
(S. N. E.).
113. Hremophila alpestris Boie. Winter visitant.
114. Dolichonyx oryzivorus Swainson. Summer resident.
115. Molothrus pecoris Swainson. Summer visitant.
116. Agelaius phceniceus Vieillot. Summer resident.
117. Xanthocephalus icterocephalus Baird. Accidental
(Mass.).
118. Sturnella magna Swainson. Summer resident.
119. Icterus spurius Bonap. Summer resident (S. N. E.).
120. Icterus Baltimore Daudin. Summer resident.
121. Scolecophagus ferrugineus Swainson. Migratory
(S. N. E.); summer resident (N. N. E.).
122. Quiscalus purpureus Bartram. Summer resident, (S.
N. E.).
123. Quiscalus eneus Ridgway. Migratory (S. N. E.) ;
summer resident (N. N. E.).
124. Corvus carnivorus Bartram. Resident (N. N. E.).
125. Corvus americanus Aud. Summer resident; a few
winter.
126. Cyanura cristata Swainson. Resident.
127. Perisoreus canadensis Bonap. Resident (N. N. E.);
occasional visitant (S. N. E.).
1875.] 443 [Brewer.
128. Tyrannus carolinensis Baird. Summer resident.
*129. Tyrannus dominicensis Brisson. Accidental (Mass.).
*130. Tyrannus verticalis Say. Accidental (Pembroke,
Me.).
131. Myiarchus crinitus Cabanis. Rare summer resident.
132. Sayornis fuscus Baird. Summer resident.
133. Contopus borealis Swainson. Rare summer resident.
134. Contopus virens Cabanis. Summer resident.
“135. Empidonax Traillii Aud. Summer resident (N. N. E.
and Western Mass.).
136. HEmpidonax minimus Baird. Summer resident..
137. Empidonax flaviventris Baird. Migratory (S. N.E.);
summer resident (Maine. )
138. Ceryle aleyon Boie. Summer resident, occasional in
winter.
139. Chordeiles popetue Vieillot. Summer resident.
140. Antrostomus vociferus Bonap. Summer resident.
141. Chaetura pelagica Linn. Summer resident.
142. Trochilus colubris Linn. Summer resident.
*143. Thaumatias Linnei Bonap. Accidental (Mass.).
144. Coccygus americanus Bonap. Summer resident.
145. Coccygus erythrophthalmus Bonap. Summer resi-
dent.
146. Picus villosus Linn. Summer resident.
147. Picus pubescens Linn. Resident.
148. Picoides arcticus Gray. Winter visitant.
149. Picoides americanus Brehm. Winter visitant.
150. Sphyropicus varius Linn. Summer resident (N. N.
*151. Sphyropicus nuchalis Baird. Accidental (Mass. and
152. Hylotomus pileatus Linn. Resident.
153. Centurus carolinus Bonap. Rare (S. W. N. E.)
154. Melanerpes erythrocephalus Swainson. Summer
resident (S. W. N. E.).
155. Colaptes auratus Swainson. Summer resident, rare in
winter.
1 Proceedings of Boston Nat. Hist. Soc., 1865, p. 96, where it is printed Plympton,
Me. Asthere is no such town in that State and Dr. Bryant made collections in
Pembroke, there is little doubt it should so read.
Brewer.] 444 | [March 3,
*156. Strix pratincola Bonap. Accidental (Mass. and
Conn.)."",
157. Otus wilsonianus Less. Summer resident.
158. Brachyotus Cassini Brewer. Summer resident (N.
N. E.).
159. Syrnium cinereum Audubon. Winter visitant.
160. Syrnium nebulosum Gray. Resident.
161. Nyctale Richardsoni Bonap. Rare winter visitant. |
162. Nyctale acadica Bonap. Summer resident.
163. Scops asio Bonap. Resident.
164. Bubo virginianus Bonap. Resident.
165. Nyctea arctica Gray. Winter visitant.
166. Surnia hudsonica Gmelin. Winter visitant.
*167. Spheotyto hypogzea! Bonap. (Mass., May 4th, 1875,
Ruthven Deane.)
168. Hierofalco islandicus Sabine. Winter visitant (N.
INS E2)).
*169. Hierofalco labradora Audubon. Rare resident (Dum-
merston, Vt.).
170. Falco anatum Bonap. Resident. |
171. Adésalon columbarius Linn. Migratory visitant (S.
N. E.) ; summer resident (N. N. E.).
172. Tinnunculus sparverius Linn. Summer resident.
*173. Nauclerus furcatus. Accidental (Western Mass.,
Allen).
174. Pandion carolinensis Gmelin. Summer resident.
175. Circus hudsonius Linn. Summer resident.
176. Nisus fuscus Gmelin. Summer resident.
177. Nisus Cooperi Bonap. Summer resident.
178. Astur atricapillus Wilson. Migratory (S. N. E.);
summer resident (N. N. E.).
179. Buteo pennsylvanicus Wilson. Summer resident.
*180. Buteo Swainsoni var. insignatus Cassin. Accidental
(Salem, Mass.).
181. Buteo lineatus Gmelin. Resident.
182. Buteo borealis Gmelin. Resident.
1This addition to the New England fauna has been made known since the list
was read. The specimen was taken in the marshes near Newburyport by
Messrs. H. Joyee and I. K. Clifford. It is the only one known to have been taken
in New England.
1875.] 445 [Brewer.
183. Archibuteo lagopus Linn. Winter visitant.
184. Archibuteo lagopus var. Sancti Johannis. Resi-
dent, rare (Maine).
185. Aquila canadensis Linn. Resident, rare.
186. Halietus leucocephalus Linn. Resident.
*187. Rhinogryphus aura Linn. Accidental (Me., Conn.).
*188. Catharista atrata Bartram. Accidental (Mass., Me.).
189. Ectopistes migratoria Swainson. Irregular summer
visitant.
190. Zenaidura carolinensis Bonap. Summer resident;
rare.
191. Meleagris gallopavo Linn. Resident, probably extinct.
192. Canace canadensis. Resident (N. N. E.).
193. Cupidonia cupido Linn. Resident (Mass.).
194. Bonasa umbellus Stephens. Resident.
*195. Lagopus albus. Rare, accidental winter visitant (N.
NE). !
196. Ortyx virginianus Bonap. Resident.
197. Aigialitis vociferus. Summer resident.
198. Asigialitis semipalmatus. Mboeratory.
199. Asgialitis melodus Cab. Summer resident.
200. Charadrius virginicus Borck. Migratory.
201. Squatarola helvetica Cuvier. Migratory.
*202. Heematopus palliatus Temn. Rare (coast, Mass.
and Me.).
203. Strepsilas interpres Illig. Migratory.
204. Himantopus nigricollis Vieill. Occasional. Rare,
(Mass., Me.).
205. Phalaropus Wilsoni Bon. Mieratory. Rare (Mass.);
206. Phalaropus hyperboreus Cuv. Migratory, usually
along the coast.
207. Phalaropus fulicarius Bon. Migratory. Rare on the
land, more common at sea. Summer resident, Me. (Boardman).
208. Philohela minor Gray. Summer resident.
209. Gallinago Wilsoni Bon. Summer resident (N. N. E.)
migratory (S. N. E.).
210. Macrorhamphus griseus Leach. Summer resident
(N. N. E.); migratory (S. N. E.).
211. Macrorhamphus scolopaceus Lawrence. Rare, mi-
gratory, not in company with 210, (coast of Mass.) Brewster.
Brewer.] 446 [March 3,
212. Micropalama himantopus Baird. Migratory (Mass.).
2138. EHreunetes petrificatus Ill. Migratory.
214. Tringa canutus Linn. Migratory; abundant, May 20th,
1875, Barnstable Co. Mass.
215. Calidris arenaria Ill. Migratory.
216. Arquatella maritima Bd. Winter visitant.
* 217. Ancylocheilus subarquatus Kaup. This is an Euro-
pean species, of rare and accidental occurrence in America. Up to
the present time no authenticated instance was on record of a
single specimen having been taken any in part of New England. It
had been given on the strength of three individuals taken at_St. An-
drews, N. B., on the St. Croix, and within a few miles of the Maine
line. A single individual has been recently taken at Ipswich, Mass.,
and the same is now in the collection of Raymond Newcomb, Esq., of
Salem.
218. Pelidna americana Baird. Migratory.
219. Actodromas maculata Cassin. Migratory.
* 220. Actodromas Bairdii Coues. Migratory, rare (Mass.).
221. Actodromas minutilla Coues. Migratory.
222. Actodromas Bonapartei Cass. Migratory.
223. Symphemia semipalmata Hart. Summer resident.
224. Gambetta melanoleuca Bon. Migratory.
225. Gambetta flavipes Bon. Migratory.
226. Rhyacophilus solitarius Baird. Mieratory (S. N.
E.); summer resident (N. N. E.).
227. Tringoides macularius Gray. Summer resident.
*228. Machetes pugnax Gray. Rarely occasional (Mass.).
229. Actiturus Bartramius Bon. Summer resident (S. N.
230. Tryngites rufescens Cab. Mieratory.
231. Limosa fedoa Ord. Migratory, rare (Mass., Me.
coast).
232. Limosa hudsonica Swainson. Migratory.
233. Numenius longirostris Wilson. Visitor in mid-sum-
mer, coast.
234. Numenius hudsonicus Latham. Migratory, coast.
235. Numenius borealis Lath. Migratory, of irregular
appearance.
236. Ibis Ordii. Occasional (Mass.).
237. Ardea herodias Linn. Summer resident.
\
1875.] 447 [Brewer.
238. Herodias egretta Gray: Summer visitant.
239. Florida cerulea Baird. Rare straggler (Mass., coast).
240. Garzetta candidissima Bon. Summer visitant, rare.
241. Ardetta exilis Gray. Summer resident, rare (S.N. E.).
242. Botaurus lentiginosus Steph. Summer resident.
243. Butorides virescens Bon. Summer resident.
244. WNyctiardea Gardeni Baird. Summer resident.
*245. Nyctherodius violaceus Bd. Accidental (Lynn,
Mass.).
*246. Rallus elegans Aud. Accidental (West Haven, Conn.,
Batty).
*247. Rallus crepitans Aud. Breeds in S. W. Conn., in salt
marshes on shore of L. I. Sound. Not found in any other portion of
New England; quoted as of Massachusetts, on authority of Dr
Cabot, but the individual referred to came from Long Island, N. Y.
248. Rallus virginianus Linn. Summer resident.
249. Porzana carolina Vieill. Summer resident.
*250. Oreciscus jamaicensis Gm. Rare summer resident
(Hazenville, Conn., Batty).
251. Coturnicops noveboracensis Cass. Rare summer vis-
jtant (Mass., Conn. Prof. G. B. Goode).
*252. Porphyrio martinica Latham. Accidental (Mass., Me.).
253. Gallinula galeata Bon. Rare summer resident (Mass.,
accidental Me.).
254. Fulica americana Gm. Summer resident.
255. Cygnus americanus Sharpless. Rare, migratory
(Mass.).
256. Anser hyperboreus Pallas. |Migratory, rare.
257. Amnser gambelli Hartlaub. Rare, migratory.
258. Bernicla canadensis Boie. Migratory.
259. Bernicla Hutchinsii Aud. Migratory.
260. Bernicla brenta Steph. Migratory.
*261. Bernicla nigricans Lawrence. Accidental (Mass.,
Henshaw).
262. Anas boschas Linn. Migratory.
263. Anas obscura Gm. Resident.,
264. Dafila acuta Jen. Migratory.
265. Nettion carolinensis Baird. Migratory.
266. Querquedula discors Steph. Migratory.
267. Spatula clypeata Boie. Migratory, rare.
Brewer. | 448 [March 3,
268. Chaulelasmus streperus Gray. Mieratory, rare.
269. Mareca americana Steph. Migratory.
270. Aix sponsa Swainson. Summer resident.
271. Fulix marila Baird. Mieratory.
272. Fulix affinis. Rare, migratory.
273. Fulix collaris. Summer resident, rare (Maine). Migra-
tory.
274. Aythya americana Bon. Migratory, summer resident,
rare (Me). ;
275. Aythya vallisneria Bon. Micratory, rare.
276. Bucephala americana Bd. Winter visitant (S. Ni:
E.); resident (Me.).
277. Bucephala islandica Bd. Migratory (S. N. E); sum-
mer resident, rare (Me.).
278. Bucephala albeola Bd. Migratory (S. N. E.); summer
resident (Me.).
279. Histrionicus torquatus Bon. Winter visitant.
280. Harelda glacialis Leach. Winter visitant.
281. Camptolemus labradorius Gray. Winter visitant.
282. Melanetta velvetina Bd. Migratory.
283. Pelionetta perspicillata Kaup. Migratory.
284. Oidemia americana Swainson. Migratory.
285. Somateria mollissima Leach. Winter visitant.
286. Somateria spectabilis Leach. Winter visitant.
287. Erismatura rubida Bon. Migratory.
*288. Erismatura dominica. Accidental (Vermont).
289. Mergus americanus Cass. Summer resident (N. N.
E.); migratory (8. N. E.).
290. Mergus serrator Linn. Summer resident (N. N. E.).
291. Lophodytes cucullatus Reich. Migratory (S. N. E.);
summer resident (N. N. E.).
*292. Pelecanus erythrorhynchus' Gmel. Accidental
(Mass.).
*298. Pelecanus fuscus Linn. Accidental, (Mass.).
294. Sula bassana Brisson. Winter visitant.
295. Graculus carbo Gray. Rare summer resident (Maine) ;
migratory.
296. Graculus dilophus Gray. Winter visitant.
297. Larus glaucus Brisson. Coast in winter.
298. Larus leucopterus Fabr. Coast in winter.
1875.] 449 [Brewer.
299. Larus marinus Linn. Coast in winter.
300. Larus Smithsonianus Coues. Summer resident (Me.);
coast in winter.
301. Larus delawarensis Ord. Coast in winter.
302. Rissa tridactyla Bon. Coast in winter.
3808. Chroicocephalus atricilla Lawrence. Summer res-
ident.
804. Chroicocephalus philadelphia Lawrence. Summer
resident, Me. Migratory.
305. Stercorarius pomarinus Temn. Off the coast in
winter.
306. Stercorarius parasiticus Gray. Off the coast in
winter.
307. Stercorarius Buffoni Baird. Coast of Maine, winter.
* 308. Xema Sabini Leach. This species is new to our fauna,
and is entitled to a place on the strength of a single specimen in im-
mature plumage taken in Boston Harbor, Sept. 27th, 1864, by Mr.
H. W. Diamond. It is now in the collection of Mr. Wm. Brewster,
Cambridge.
309. Gelochelidon aranea Wilson. Although mentioned as
of occasional occurrence by Emmons, Putnam, Samuels and Allen, I
can find no special confirmation of its actual presence except a single
specimen recently taken at Ipswich by Mr. Maynard and now in
Mr. Brewster’s possession.
* 310. Thalasseus acuflavidus Cabot. Dr. Coues names this
bird as of undoubted occurrence on our coast. At the time of the
publication of his list, there was, so far as I can find, no data for that
belief. It had not even then been traced so far north as Long Island,
or New York, and only a single specimen had been traced so far
north as Grassy Bay, in Southern New Jersey. The capture of two
specimens by Mr. Vickary at Chatham, Cape Cod, has now given it,
I believe for the first time, a right to take its place among the rare
and accidental birds that visit our coast.
*311. Thalasseus caspius. Occasional, Mass., Brewster;
(Me. ?)
*312. Thalasseus regius. Rare summer visitant, Brewster
and Maynard, Mass., 1874.
313. Sterna Forsteri Nuttall. Occasional in fall (Mass.).
314. Sterna hirundo Linn. Summer resident.
315, Sterna macroura Naum. Summer resident.
PROCEEDINGS B. S. N. H.— VOL. XVII. 29 JULY, 1875.
Brewer.] 0) | [March 3,
316. Sterna paradisea Briinn. Summer resident (S. N. E.).
317. Sterna antillarum Summer resident (S. N. E.).
*318. Sterna portlandica Ridgway. Of rare appearance
(Me., Mass.).
319. Hydrochelidon fissipes Gray. Occasional in fall
(Mass.).
820. Cymochorea leucorrhoa Coues. Summer resident
(coast of Me.).
321. Oceanites oceanica Coues. Summer visitant in Au-
gust, on the coast.
322. Puffinus fuliginosus Strick. Ocenetamal on coast in
summer. .
323. Puffinus major Fabr. Coast (Me., Boardman;
Granby, Conn., Goode).
324, Polmbes torquatus Briinnich. Summer resident (N.
N. E.)
325. Colymbus septentrionalis Linn. Migratory on coast.
326. Podiceps cornutus Gm. Summer resident (N. N. E.);
migratory on coast.
327. Podiceps griseigena Bodd. Summer resident (N. N.
E.); migratory on coast. .
828. Podilymbus podiceps Linn. Rare summer resident
(Me.); migratory.
329. Alca impennis Linn. Extinct species, formerly resident
.on the coast.
330. Alca torda Linn. Summer siete (Me.); off coast in
winter.
331. Fratercula arctica Linn. Summer resident (Me.) ; off
coast in winter.
332. Mergulus alle Linn. Winter visitant.
333. Uria grylle Linn. Summer resident (Me.); off coast in
winter.
334. Lomvia troile Linn. Summer resident (Me.); off coast
in winter.
335. Lomvia ringvia Brinnich. Off coast in winter.
836. Lomvia.arra Pallas. Off coast in winter.
The following species, which have been enumerated in various lists
as of occurrence in New England, I have purposely withdrawn, and
challenge their right to be regarded as in any sense New England
birds. It is quite possible that a few of them may hereafter be met
1875.] 451 (Brewer.
with within our limits. At present I can find no evidence that will
warrant me in retaining them.
Saxicola cenanthe Bechst. This species, included by Dr.
Coues, has never to my knowledge, been taken in New England, and
should not be retained. ‘The specimen referred to by Mr. Cassin as
from Nova Scotia, was given him by me, and had been taken at
Cape Harrison, Labrador.
Polioptila czerulea Sclat. I can find no authority for retain-
ing this among the birds of New England. It is of very rare
occurrence near New York city, two instances only being on record,
and is, so far as I am aware, wholly unknown in any New England
State. : ‘
Oporornis formosus Baird. This species is given by Dr.
Coues, but apparently on conjecture. In my judgment it should be
excluded.
Helmitherus Swainsoni Bonap. This bird, rare everywhere,
and unknown in New England, has been included in nearly every
list of New England and Massachusetts, and my name is given as
authority. This is a mistake, originating in the first place with Mr.
Audubon. It isnot a New England bird.
Dendroica cerulea Wils. This species has been included by
Mr. Putnam in his list of the birds of New England by a misunder-
standing on the part of his informant. I ascertained by careful
inquiry that the species meant was D. cerulescens. I can find no
evidence that this bird has ever crossed our borders.
Lophophanes bicolor Linn. I think this bird has no claim to
be included in the avi-fauna of New England.
Collurio excubitoroides Sw. This species, given originally
by Emmons and by Peabody, appears to have no claim to be retained.
It is given by Dr. Coues as of very doubtful occurrence, and should
be excluded until its claim is established by positive ‘proof.
Hesperiphona vespertina Bonap. Dr. Coues includes this
species hypothetically. Sofar there is no positive evidence to cor-
roborate this claim, yet its presence as a straggler may be looked
for as possible in Vermont or New Hampshire. The nearest ap-
proach to our borders that has come to my knowledge is Elizabeth-
town, Essex Co., New York, where Rev. Dr. Cutting of Brooklyn,
saw one in the winter of 1875.
Quiscalus major Vieill. This is a southern species; is not
known to occur, and should be excluded.
Brewer.] 452 [March 3,
Corvus ossifragus Wils. This is included by Dr. Coues, but
its claim rests on no reliable data. Mr. Lawrence has never known
of an individual taken north of Sqiam Beach, New Jersey.
Empidonax acadicus Gm. Mr. Allen informs me that the spe-
cies found in western Massachusetts, and included by him in the list
as the Acadian Flycatcher, is really Emp. Traillii. This leaves us
without any evidence of the occurrence of this species, and I have
therefore taken it from the list. |
Aigialitis Wilsonius Cass. I am in doubt in regard to this
species. It is not of Massachusetts, although my name is usually
quoted as authority therefor. Its occurrence on the coast of Con-
necticut is quite probable, but as I have no data therefor, I take it
from among the birds of New England, at least for the present. |
Recurvirostra americana Gm. This has been placed among
the birds of New England by Prof. Verrill and by Dr. Coues, on the
strength of a single specimen said to have been taken by Mr. G. A.
Boardman, near Calais. As this specimen was not taken near Calais,
but at Point Lepreaux, New Brunswick, we are without any evidence
that this bird belongs to our fauna, and therefore I take it out.
Scolopax rusticola Linn. The European Woodcock has been
placed in our list by Dr. Coues inferentially only. We have no facts
that warrant our following his conclusion, and I have to omit it.
Anser ceerulescens Cassin. Dr. Coues says that if this bird
be really a valid species it should take its place in the list of New
England birds. But I can find no data for this conclusion. I believe
it to be a good species, but one exclusively western, and I have no
evidence that a single individual has ever been taken within our
limits. Mr. Boardman, who has been quoted as authority, writes me
that he has never met with it.
Bernicla leucopsis Linn. I omit this from among the birds
of New England, because I am confident that all the instances of its
supposed capture have been birds that had escaped from confine-
ment. It is a bird, at best, only accidental in America in a wild state,
is not uncommon in private collections of water fowl, and occasion-
ally escapes. Hight birds escaped from the grounds of a gentleman
in Halifax,in the fall of 1871 or 1872, many of which were afterwards
shot at various points along the coast. The specimen taken in North
Carolina and referred to by Mr. Lawrence was probably one of these
escaped birds.
1875]. 453 [Brewer.
Nettion crecca Kaup. The English Teal has been repeatedly
taken in various parts of North America. It is, of course, liable to
occur in New England; it never has been, so far as I can learn, and
therefore comes within my rule of exclusion, as not proven.
Mareca penelope Bon. The same remark applies to the
European Widgeon. |
Sula fiber Linn. This is given by Mr. Putnam and by Mr.
Linsley, and retained by Dr. Coues. As its occurrence would be,
as the latter gentleman well remarks, “entirely exceptional,” and as
the evidence is incomplete, I prefer to place it on probation and
await further proof.
Fulmarus glacialis Leach. This is a European North Atlan-
tic species, found off Greenland and Labrador, and generally sup-
posed to be found off our own coast. I am disposed to challenge
this as a too readily conceded supposition. It is wholly unsupported
by facts. Mr. George A. Boardman, after many years’ search, and
the offer of large rewards, has been unable to procure a specimen,
and doubts its occurrence on our coast.
Puffinus anglorum Temm. Although Dr. Coues gives this as
“of not uncommon occurrence off the coast in winter,’ I can find
nothing to encourage this belief. No specimen has been taken, that
I can ascertain; Mr. Boardman has never been able to procure one
and has no other reason to suppose it is found on our coast than that
the fishermen speak of a smaller kind of Hagden, an authority alto-
gether too vague. Nor is there any evidence that it is even a North
American bird.
Procellaria pelagica Linn. I omit this for the same reason.
Its presence on the shores of North America is unsupported by any
facts.
Stercorarius skua Briinn. This, it is now generally conceded,
has no claim to be placed in the avi-fauna of New England. Except
as accidental in Greenland, it is not even North American.
Larus Hutchinsii Richardson. This is probably identical with
L. glaucus. If not, it is entitled to a place.
Sterna fuliginosa Wael. This is a southern species, unknown
on our coast, or that of New Jersey. .
Rhynchops nigra Linn. This bird evidently has no claim to a
place in our avi-fauna. It is of rare occurrence, even on the south-
ern coast of Long Island.
Scudder.] 454 [March 17,
Colymbus arcticus Linn. I can find no authority for includ-
ing this species among the birds of New England, though its pres-
ence is far from being improbable. The nearest approach that I can
ascertain is one taken near Point Lapreaux, New Brunswick.
Podiceps cristatus Lath. Although this species has been
given as a New England bird, and Mr. Boardman named as author-
ity, this is a misapprehension. Mr. Boardman informs me that he
has never met with it. It must therefore be taken from the list. Its
right to be regarded even as North American is also questioned.
Mormon cirrhata Pallas. The references to Mr. Boardman as
authority for the presence of this Pacific species on our coast, are
founded in error. He has never met with it. It rests its claim only
on an example, given to Mr. Audubon, and said to have been take
off the mouth of the Kennebec River. This, though not impossible,
is so improbable that I prefer to plaee it among the apochryphal
yirds of New England, until its claim can be supported by stronger
evidence.
Dr. J. B. 8. Jackson exhibited a curiously malformed ster-
num of a turkey, containing a large cavity through which
the intestine passed.
March 17, 1875.
Vice President S. H. Scudder in the chair. Forty-five
persons present.
The following papers were read: —
A CENTURY OF ORTHOPTERA. DECADE II.— LOCUSTARIA.
By SAMuEL H. ScuppDER.
Stalia nov. gen.
Head of excessive size, very tumid, smooth, with no prominence
excepting the rather irregular raised edges of the antennal sockets, in
the region of which the head is slightly depressed; labrum very large,
circular; last joint of maxillary palpi very slender, obconical, nearly
as long as the two preceding joints combined; first joint of antennz
cylindrical, searcely depressed, nearly twice as long as broad ; second
1875.] 455 [Scudder.
scarcely longer than broad, conical, tapering rapidly; remaining joints
filiform, the antenne being niuch longer than the body. Pronotum
selliform, exceedingly contracted in the middle; the anterior and pos-
terior extremities greatly elevated, covering the head and base of the
tegmina, furnished along the lateral carine with half a dozen long,
acuminate, curving spines; prosternum with a pair of straight acicu-
lar spines. Fore femora longer than the middle pair, both provided
at the apex, the former anteriorly and a little interiorly, the latter
posteriorly and a little exteriorly, with an extensive spinous and
deeply serrate, laminate expansion nearly three times as broad as the
femora; bases of the fore and middle tibiee compressed into similar
foliate expansions, but not so greatly nor so unequally as the femora;
otherwise these limbs are quadrate, sulcate superiorly, enlarged a little
at the apex; hind femora exceedingly long and slender, cylindrical,
scarcely larger at the base than at the apex, provided apically on
either side with a stout divergent spine, and along the entire under
surface with a double row of obliquely divergent spines; hind tibiz
conspicuously longer than the femora, slightly sulcate above, the api-
cal spines no larger than the others; first and second tarsal joints
bluntly carinate above, the second and third with lateral lobes, those
of the third joint larger, bluntly acuminate apically, partially embrac-
ing the cylindrical base of the last joint. Tegmina large, exceedingly
broad, not so long as the abdomen, erect, the edges broadly eroded,
especially below near the apex, the principal vein very prominent,
the whole bearing a striking resemblance to a dead leaf; the dorsal
and lateral fields are sharply separated by a prominent ridge; wings
longer than the tegmina, the exposed portion resembling them. Ab-
domen very stout, with a single mediodorsal series of small, back-
ward directed spines at the apices of the joints; ovipositor exceed-
ingly broad, compressed, turned abruptly upward in the middle and
then rapidly tapering to a point.
This genus, which belongs to the Phyllophoride, is very distinct
from any other known to me, but is evidently allied, not very dis-
tantly, to Hetrodes. It is even more hideous in its appearance, and
the close resemblance of its tegmina to a dead leaf with the foliate
expansion of the two anterior pairs of legs renders it a most striking
object. A similar insect, from Silhet, is figured (Pl. VI, fig. 2) in
Wood’s “ Insects abroad ” and called there Sanaa imperialis; but it
differs entirely from the Acanthodes imperialis of White.
Scudder.]
1875.] 457 [Scudder.
11. Stalia foliata. (Figs 3-5.) Obscure yellowish-brown, the
antenne beyond the base blackish, the foliations of the legs, the teg-
mina and portions of the wings exposed when at rest, of the colour of
a dried leaf; lower edge of the pronotum and sides of the meso- and
metathorax yellowish; all the femora, excepting the expansions
alluded to, brownish-yellow dotted with brown; the middle smaller
portion of the fore and middle tibie paler than the rest of the joint;
tarsi dusky; all the spines black-tipped; under surface and proster-
nal thorns yellowish ; wings surpassing the tegmina by four millime-
tres, the parts not exposed deep black. Abdomen blackish; ovipos-
itor not half the length of the abdomen, profusely rugulose, dark
yellowish-brown.
Length of body, 55.5 mm.; of tegmina, 35.5 mm.; of hind femora,
44.5 mm.; of hind tibie, 53.5 mm.; of ovipositor, 14.5 mm.; greatest
breadth of ovipositor, 5.75 mm.; of fore femoral foliation, 8.5 mm.;
of fore tibial foliation, 5.5 mm. 1 ?, Old Calabar; received from
“Andrew Murray, Esq.
Lirometopum (Atpds, pétwroy) Nov. gen.
Body exceedingly stout and heavy. Head large and very short, the
entire front completely appressed, declivant, forming less than a right
angle with the sides and summit of the head, the trituberculate vertex,
the basal antennal joints, eyes and tubercles below them all forming
a part of the separating ridge; vertex with a pair of blunt lateral
basal tubercles larger than itself, each much larger than and sur-
passing the basal antennal joint, the minute bidentate apex of the
vertex lying between and not surpassing them; the globose prominent
eyes are thus separated by a space equal to half the entire breadth of
the expanded front, which is itself broader than the pronotum; an-
tenne slender, longer than the body; mandibles compressed in front
with sharp lateral edges. Prosternum unarmed; pronotum well
arched transversely without lateral carine, the front edge broadly
convex, the angle of the posterior humeral sinus large, the posterior
border of the upper surface almost straight; legs short, stout, thick ;
all the femora spined beneath, the fore and middle femora of about
equal length; the third tarsal joint prominently bilobed, each lobe
produced apically to a sharp angle; tegmina longer than the body,
ovate lanceolate, compact; wings not surpassing the tegmina. Ovi-
positor stout, moderately broad, long and straight.
Scudder.] 458 : [March 17,
This most remarkable genus belongs to the Conocephalide, but is
not closely allied to any of the known genera; its laterally tubercu-
lated and apically bidentate vertical spine allies it to Vestria Stal,
but the extreme breadth and shortness of this spine, and the extraor-
dinary flatness of the front of the head, distinguishes it at a glance
from every other genus.
12. Lirometopum coronatum. (Figs 1-2.) Uniform tes-
taceous (but doubtless green in life), the prominences of the head,
front of mandibles, labrum and the parts above it, as far as a line
uniting the bases of the mandibles, piceous; the apices of the princi-
pal cross veins on the posterior border of the tegmina, the spines of
femora and tibie and the ovipositor marked with ferrugino-testa-
ceous; tips of the claws blackish. The lateral carine of the head
below the eyes rendered conspicuous by about half a dozen slightly
appressed, short, blunt, conical tubercles of about the size of the api-
cal portion of the vertex; front with a few broad, slight, vescicular
elevations in the central portions and some scattered rugosities be-
tween them and the coronate edges of the face. Pronotum with an
exceedingly slight impressed line. Ovipositor longer than the body,
equal, excepting close to the tip, where it tapers by the excision of
the lower side, terminating in a blunt point.
Length of body, 38 mm.; of (broken) antenne, 60 mm.; of tegmina,
35 mm.; of hind femora, 19 mm.; of ovipositor, 26 mm.; height of face,
16.5 mm.; breadth of face, 12.75 mm. 1 &, Greytown, New Gra-
nada; received from Mr. P. R. Uhler.
Belocephalus (B¢ioc, zegady) nov. gen.
Allied to Conocephalus. Body stout. Head of the general form
of that of Conocephalus, the vertex greatly produced as a stout sub-
cylindrical thorn, tapering apically, bearing an inferior basal tooth,
but no lateral teeth; eyes small, not very prominent. Prosternum
bispinous; fore coxz armed with a slender pointed thorn; pronotum
equal, arched, the front and hind border equally rounded, the latter
not produced and with a scarcely perceptible humeral excision, the
lower anterior angle of the lateral lobes distinct, the lower edge
nearly horizontal, slightly and roundly excised in the middle; fore
and middle femora of about equal length; hind femora slender,
tapering very gradually throughout, the lower terminal lobes with a
1875.] ' 459 [Scudder.
slight acute spine ; tegmina and wings excessively small in the only
species known. Ovipositor stout at base but not broad, tapering
throughout, very slightly upcurved on the apical half, not very sharply
pointed.
13. Belocephalus subapterus. Brownish-yellow, perhaps
green in life. Mandibles and lower edge of front black; labrum and
palpi yellow; the upper surface of the head and pronotum slightly
darker and bounded on either side by a faint slender yellowish line,
which runs from the upper edge of the sides of the vertical spine to
the back of the head, diverging regularly from the opposite line,
and continued parallel to it along the pronotum to the inner edge
of the tegmina; it is bordered interiorly on the vertex and the pro-
notum with blackish, which marks above the outer edges of the verti-
cal spine. This is about as long as the head, its basal half, as viewed
from above, equal, beyond tapering to a point which is slightly
hooked downward and black; the depending tooth is rather stout,
triquetral, black. Tegmina minute, padlike; wings obsolescent.
Abdomen with a scarcely perceptible, interrupted, mediodorsal ca-
rina; ovipositor about as long as the abdomen, deepening in color at
the tip.
Length of body, 38.5 mm.; of vertical spine, 3.5 mm.; of tegmina,
4mm.; of hind femora, 20,5 mm.; of ovipositor 19.5 mm. 22. One
from N. E. Florida, the other from Florida (Wurdeman).
This is figured by Mr. Glover in his unpublished plates (Orth. pl.
XVI, fig. 17). It is also described by Mr. Thomas (Bull. U.S. Geol.
Surv., II, 71) as Acanthacara acuta Scudd., but it is very different
from that species, besides being four times as large.
14. Orchelimum nigripes. Green, with the usual markings
of the genus upon the upper surface of the head and pronotum; but
readily distinguishable from all other species by the legs, all the
tibiee and tarsi of which, as well as the apical fourth of the hind
femora are blackish, though the spines of the hind tibize are pale at
the base. The wings when closed extend slightly beyond the teg-
mina, and are a little clouded about the tip; the tegmina surpass a
little the hind femora. The ovipositor of the ? is rather larger than
in allied species, somewhat more curved, broadest in the middle and
tapering to a delicate point.
Length of body, 18 mm.; of antenne, 80 mm.; of tegmina,
¢ 21 mm.; ? 25 mm.; of hind femora, 3, 16.5 mm.; 9, 19 mm.; of
ovipositor, 10.5 mm.; 1 3,1 ¢, Dallas, Texas, J. Boll.
Scudder.] 460 [March 17,
15. Xiphidium strictum. Sides of head and body,
together with all the femora and tibie, green. Summit of the head
with a rather broad reddish-brown longitudinal band, extending from
the front extremity of the fastigium to the back of the head, edged
narrowly with white, distinctly on the fastigium, indistinctly behind
it, and traversed by a faint pale mediodorsal line. Pronotum with a
narrow lateral stripe of reddish-brown on either side, bordered exte-
riorly and to a slight extent interiorly with whitish, the two stripes
parallel, separated from each other by a sufficient space to include
the cephalic stripe between ‘them, united by a slender cross line of
reddish-brown next the front edge; tegmina exceedingly short,
padlike, greenish next the hind edge, the rest striped longitudinally J
in brown and sordid white; wings reaching when at rest the tip of J
the tegmina; tarsi more or less infuscated, spines of tibize blackish. |
Abdomen dull reddish-brown above with a pale lateral stripe edged
beneath more or less distinctly with dark reddish-brown or blackish ;
ovipositor excessively long, being longer than the whole body, pale
testaceous, tinged near the base with green.
Length of body, 18 mm.; of tegmina, 4.5 mm.; of hind femora,
16.5 mm.; of ovipositor,25 mm. 2 , taken July 18, and October 5,
by J. Boll i in Dallas, Texas. 5
16. Xiphidium antipodum. ener with a broad medio-
dorsal very dark reddish-brown stripe on the head and pronotum,
sometimes intense only at its outer borders and generally indicated
on the abdomen by a lateral blackish stripe. Tegmina testaceous;
hind femora tipped at the extreme apex with fuscous, all the tibiz
tinged with testaceous, the tarsi dusky. Vertex moderately broad,
much constricted at the front edge of the eyes, greatly narrowing on
the face to meet the slender frontal costa. Pronotum with a faint
mediodorsal impressed line; tegmina more (<¢) or less (2) than
half as long as the abdomen, broadly rounded at the tip, the veins
rather prominent, the tympanum of the male unusually large and
coarse; legs rather long. Ovipositor rather slender, fully as long as
the abdomen, scarcely upcurved on the tapering pte fourth, deli-
cately pointed.
Length of body, %, 17.5 mm.; °,16 mm.; of tegmina, 7, 8 mm;
?,5mm.,; of hind femora ¢, 14 mm.; of ovipositor 9, 12 mm.; 1 d,
1 ?, and several immature. N. Zealand, H. Edwards.
17. Xiphidium meridionale. Green, with the whole
1875.] 461 | Scudder.
upper surface rather dark reddish-brown, faintly bordered with yel-
; lowish; hind femora tipped with fuscous at the extreme apex, the hind
tibie rather dull green, the tarsi infuscated. Vertex moderately
| broad, somewhat pinched at the front edge of the eyes, narrowing but
little to meet the frontal costa. Tegmina much abbreviated, less
_than half as long as the abdomen, tapering, sub-triangular, bluntly
_pointed, the veins moderately prominent; legs rather short, the hind
femora with a row of very distant black spines, five in number, along
its inferior carina beyond the swollen base. Ovipositor much longer
‘than the abdomen, very nearly straight, rather slender, tapering on
the apical fourth, delicately pointed.
Length of body, 14 mm.; of tegmina, 5.5 mm.; of hind femora,
13 mm.; of ovipositor, 13 mm. 1 , Brazil; purchased of Mr.
Janson.
18. Xiphidium ictum. Green, with a brownish abdomen;
the usual dorsal markings of the head and thorax are intense in
color, forming a broad dark reddish-brown, almost blackish stripe,
extending from the tip of the vertex to the extremity of the prono-
tum, widening posteriorly, but growing faint at its extreme posterior
extremity; it is bordered narrowly with citron-yellow; the tegmina
are wood-brown, the tarsi and tips of hind femora a little dusky, the
hind tibiz scarcely infuscated. The fastigium of the vertex is mod-
erately broad, scarcely pinched at the front edge of the eyes, narrow-
ing but little on the face to meet the frontal costa. Tegmina as long
(¢) or half as long (?) as the abdomen, rounded at the tip, the cross
veins rather prominent. Ovipositor a little longer than the abdomen,
perfectly straight, moderately broad and tapering only at tip. ~
Length of body, 7, 12 mm, ¢, 14 mm, of tegmina, 3, 8 mms; @,
5.75 mm.; of hind femora, ¢,10 mm.; 2, 12 mm.; of ovipositor, ?,
10.5mm. 9 ¢,14 2, Mexico, April, Sumichrast; Guatemala, Van
Patten.
19. Xiphidium gossypii. Green, with the whole upper sur-
face not very dark reddish-brown bordered externally with faint, dull
citron-yellow, the antennz and tegmina testaceous; fore and middle
femora a little infuscated above, the hind tibize slightly tinged with
testaceous and all the tarsi a little infuscated. Vertex moderately
broad, somewhat pinched at the front edge of the eyes, narrowing
somewhat to meet the frontal costa. ‘Tegmina about half as long as
the abdomen, sub-acuminate, the veins moderately prominent. Ovi-
Swallow.] 462 [March 17,
positor dark testaceous, longer than the abdomen, perfectly straight,
tapering only on apical fourth, finely pointed.
Length of body, ?, 16.5 mm.; of antenne, 2, 50 mm.; of tegmina,
?, 8.75 mm.; of hind femora, 2, 16 mm.; of ovipositor, 2, 13.5 mm.;
2. Texas, Belfrage; Mississippi. This is the insect referred to in
the Proceedings of the Boston Society of Natural History, XI, 434-5,
as laying its eggs in the stems of the cotton plant. Dr. Hagen’s spec-
imens were from Chicot Co., Arkansas. ‘‘ The eggs were pale yellow,
one-fifth of an inch long, cylindrical, bluntly pointed and a little
tapering at the end from which the larva emerges; the other extrem-
ity was rounded.” '
20. Xiphidium nemorale. Greenish-brown; the usual dor-
sal markings more or less distinct. Fastigium of vertex broad, but
little pinched at the front edge of the eyes, as viewed from above, |
rapidly narrowing in front to meet the frontal costa. Tegmina cov-
ering about two-thirds of the abdomen, the veins and cross veins
unusually prominent, giving the tegmina a coarse and scabrous look ;
they are broadly rounded at tip, and the tympanum of the males is
stout and elevated; tip of hind femora and all the tarsi dusky. Ovi-
positor as long as the abdomen, a little ensiform, rather delicately
tapering in the apical half, finely pointed.
Length of body, ¢, 13 mm.; ?, 14 mm.; of tegmina, ¢, 6 mm.; 2,
6.25 mm.; of hind femora, ¢,11mm.; ¢, 13 mm.; of ovipositor, &,
8.25mm. 14 d, 24 %,“taken only in groves”? by Mr. J. A. Allen, |
- Sept. 1-3,-in Dallas Co., Iowa.
Notes ON THE CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF SOME OF THE MIN-
ERAL SPECIES ACCOMPANYING THE LEAD ORE oF NEWBURY-
port. By Miss ELLEN H. SwALLow.
The country rock is apparently a fine grained gneiss. The strike
of the vein is about East North East.
The rock of the south wall is of unknown thickness. The distance
between the vein as now opened and the gneiss may be fifty feet or
more. This rock iscompact amorphous, pale yellowish green in color
with the lustre of serpentine. Quartz grains are evenly distributed
through it as seen under the microscope, and as confirmed by exam-
ining the powder with polarized light. It also contains small erys-
tals of pentagonal pyrite. Sp. Gr. 2.766, Hardness 2.5, fusible only
on thin edges, very little attacked by acids.
1875.] 463 [Swallow.
The analysis gave: —
Silica SiO, : : : 66.53
Alumina Al,O, . : : «1 25,09
Peroxide of Fe,O, . : : trace
Potash K,O - : : - 4.67
Soda Na,O : : : 39
Water H,O : : 5 «. 2364
MgO, CaO : : : . traces
99.32
These percentages taken in connection with the physical characters
point to the Pinite group. Taking the alumina as a basis of calcula-
tion the results are: —
SiO, e e e © e 56.93
A On : , 5 “ . 33
mead Gal Vi te The lt ie
Ea tyes TE SO Fas
100.00
which would leave 22.56 per cent. of silica as quartz.
The calculated percentages most nearly agree with Agalmatolite
from China as given in Dana’s Mineralogy.
The north wall is a rather fine grained, very compact, dark gray-
ish green rock, containing numerous small crystals of pyrite. Sp. Gr.
2.71. Fusible on the edges toa black slag which is magnetic. Equally
attacked by hydrochloric, nitric and sulphuric acids. Effervesces
with cold dilute acid, which dissolves a portion of the iron as well as
lime. When powdered and examined under the microscope it seemed
to be composed of three minerals; one a pale yellowish green resem-
bling the south wall, an olive green transparent mineral sometimes
bladed or showing cleavage in one direction, and very small opaque
fragments appearing black. After treatment with acids the green
mineral was wanting.
Analysis gave: —
Al,O, e ° e e ° 22.32
Ne OY ai a2. ablata Benes
Insoluble . : B 3 ‘ 42.59
Swallow.] 464 (March 17,
The insoluble portion was fused with carbonate of soda and found —
to be a silicate of somewhat similar composition as the south wall.
Soluble portion. Insoluble portion.
ae lee 25 SiO, (.s4 spo
CO, 0 ee A es Al,O; ¢) 1? 4.2) ee es
HO. o:° “eek eae CaO” 1.) 4
Na,O, K,Ov=a=%-. 1-50 MgO . : : . traces
SiO, . e e 26.25 Na,O, K,O e se .80
ALLO.) 220 » 6a #eBOMOR
C204 : oer Bt
99.90
The composition of the soluble portion does not agree with any
described species and may be owing to a mixture of two or more,
although the microscopical examination seemed to indicate a definite
mineral. Siderite is perhaps present here.
Siderite is quite abundant in the vein rock, especially in connection
with the blende. Among the specimens are Ist, a black variety con-
taining traces of lime and magnesia with some manganese and slight
traces of lead and copper. 2d. A yellowish gray of nearly the same
composition minus the lead and copper. 3d. A nearly pure white
variety traversing quartz. This was subjected to examination. Lus-
tre like feldspar. The analysis gave: —
Quartz as impurity . ; . 72
FeCO, 4s ute sabhcsa wat eee
MnCO, . : : : ° 6.49
MeCO, : . ‘ oN Sas
CaOZa Fees 0 8 eae
iH.Oiie: ° . . ‘ . undet.
98.20
The per cent. of magnesia and lime is unusually high. Monheim’s
analysis of the Altenberg mineral which approaches this more nearly
in composition than any other given by Dana, is as follows: —
Feco, 0. eee
MaCO;'°. 2) CY) thee tel see
COO. fits tly ie ieee
1875.) 465 (Shaler.
A very pure piece of the Tetrahedrite from the vein gave : —
Ss : ‘ : ; . 5 27.60
Sb ° : . i : a Dane e
YASS “ 4 : é : traces
Cu ; ; ‘ é is SVE Dee
Res: 3 ‘ : ; : 2.66
Zn : : x ; f a, Dk
Jeti AE ‘ ‘ . = ‘ 2.30
99.40
NoTE ON SOME POINTS CONNECTED WITH TIDAL EROSION.
By N. S. SHALER.
Owing to the fact that tidal waves heap themselves up in every
indentation on the coasts against which they sweep, we have in them
a continued diversifying agent, the geological effects of which it is
important to consider. Taking, for instance, the most striking exam-
ple of tidal wear on this coast, that which is going on in the Bay of
Fundy, it is quite easy to see that the erosion there is dependent on
the closure of the bay on the north, or, in other words, the preserva-
tion of the wedge-like arrangement of the shores. As soon as the
eating action has opened a pass into the Gulf of St. Lawrence,‘ the
tides will cease to act with the same vigor, and whenever the current
has swept out the opening to considerable width, the extraordinary
rise of tide may be almost entirely effaced.
When we look at the shore lines of the world we find that they are
generally much indented and strewn with islands in those regions
where tide runs are pretty strong. It happens that in many places,
especially in the North Atlantic, the indentations due to the glacial
period and to tides are mingled together. In the British Isles we
have a remarkable mingling of the two types of erosion, giving us,
in many cases, substantially the same results. I am inclined to think
that the coast line of Scotland owes little to tides, while southern
England probably owes very much to their action. In the formation
of the Bristol Channel tidal action has had a very great part, and I
am inclined to think that the English Channel is in good part due to
this form of erosion. If we could close the Straits of Calais by an
isthmus, we would at once cause the tides on both sides to rise very
much above their present level, and thereby immensely increase their
erosive power. At present the slight value of tidal wear is no fair
measure of its value while its work was incomplete.
PROCEEDINGS B. 8. N. H. — VOL. XVII. 30 JULY, 1875.
Shaler. | 466 {March 17,
These considerations could be used to explain the erosion phe-
nomena of many parts of the earth’s surface, but in the limits of
this note I only desire to present the following propositions, which
embody what seem to me to be the essential points in a considera-
tion of tidal erosion.
1. The intensity of the forces of tidal erosion is proportional to
the height to which the wave rises.
2. Given any slight irregularities of a shore, tides tend to deepen
the indentations until one of two results is obtained: (A) that a
channel is broken open into another great water basin, or (B) the
bay or indentation becomes so narrow that friction arrests the further
rising of the wave.
3. Operating in this way tidal currents tend to form islands by
breaking them away from the continents, or other islands; when the
sundering is effected the intensity of the eroding agent is at once
lost.
4. This sort of erosion may, in its results, closely simulate the
forms of shore given by glacial action; in many cases glacial action
may have simply developed and given the details to bays that were
really of tidal origin.
5. By familiarizing ourselves with the type of topography formed
by tidal action, we may be able to determine the fact that the run of
tidal currents has been considerably changed on particular shore
lines. For instance, it is quite likely that a close study of the topo-
graphy of the north coast of the Mediterranean will show, what seems
to me probable on a preliminary inspection, that this coast has been
formed during geographical conditions, which allowed strong tidal
currents to work upon it.
6. That in general we must look to this cause as the natural
diversifying agent of all shore lines. The elevatory forces merely
give the great outlines of the coast. The detail must be worked in
by the action of the sea, and this is to a great extent effected by
tides.
7. Tides act most where the waves act least. Were it not for
them the action of the sea would be mainly limited to the parts
which could get the full surge of the ocean. This latter action tends
rather to straighten than to complicate shores.
The thanks of the Society were voted to Capt. Charles
Bendire, U.S. A., for the donation of ten. bird-skins to the
Museum.
1875.) 467 [Scudder.
Section of Entomology. March 24, 1875.
Mr. J. H. Emerton in the chair.
The following paper was read : —
SPHARAGEMON, — A GENUS OF CEDIPODIDH; WITH A REVISION
OF THE SpEcIES. By Samurt H. ScuppER.
Spharagemon (cgapayfopar) nov. gen.
Body compressed. Head rather tumid above, the vertex as decli-
vant as the back of the head, broad, tapering rapidly, scarcely
sulcate, the eyes separated by more than double the width of the
basal antennal joint. Front vertical, scarcely convex on a side view,
the costa moderately broad, nearly equal, slightly contracted above
the antenne, more or less sulcate throughout, excepting at the ex-
treme upper end, its lateral ridges continuous with those of the
vertex, the lateral foveole rather small, scarcely sulcate but more or
less distinct, triangular, close to the eyes. Eyes rather small, trans-
versely short obovate. Antenne about as long as the hind femora
in both sexes, a little flattened, especially near the base, some of the
apical joints very short. Disc of pronotum moderately flat, the
median carina cristate or subcristate, strongly compressed almost
from its very base, divided obscurely but to the very base by the
principal transverse furrow into two parts, the front portion a little
the longer, the edge of the ridge straight or nearly straight on the
front lobe, and arched more abruptly in front than behind on the
hind lobe; lateral carinz nearly obsolete, excepting behind; the front
lobe equal, its front margin very slightly angulated; hind lobe ex-
panding posteriorly, its hind margin generally more acute than a
right angle. Tegmina extending beyond the tip of the abdomen,
nearly equal, slightly sinuous, obliquely excised apically, traversed
by three bands of more or less distinctly agglomerated dark flecks.
Wings subtriangular, yellowish at the base, crossed beyond the mid-
dle by a continuous broad dark belt. Hind femora rather stout and
short, scarcely, if at all, surpassing the tip of the abdomen. Type:
Gryllus equalis Say.
Scudder. ] 468 (March 24,
Synopsis of the species.
1. Median incision of the pronotal crest distinctly oblique . 2.
1. Median incision of the pronotal crest vertical ... . . . 4.
2. Median carina very high, the height of the front por-
tion of the posterior lobe eae the height of
Lhe (ey even ue . 2») eristatum.
2. Median carina AGdetately ret ane heii of the front
portion of the posterior lobe nearly equalling the depth
of the eye). /e i 66 oe SYS al 2 rr
3. Tegmina with the usual transversely trifasciate arrangement
of fuscous dots e: : .) P EE” aeelinmes
3. Teomina “with a broad stiri of fuse dots and eal:
spots along the middle field, from the base to the apex”
CUhomas)"2 i ee 8 ee 8) 5) ee OMMEaTEnEA T=
4. Tip of wings innlacned oe 6 a ee
4, Tip of wings pellucid, excepting the dark veins. balteatum.
5. Hind tibie red, with a distinct pale basal annulus, more or less,
generally very broadly and distinctly bordered on both
sides with black . . .°. . Tig is es WERNER
5. Hind tibiz wholly red, or at most with Bee a faint pale basal
amnulus oo. eg
1. Spharagemon equale.
Gryllus equalis Say, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sc. vi Iv, 307; Ib., Ent.
N. Amer., ed, LeC., 11, 237.
pee equalis Harr., Hitche. Report, 583; Ib., ib. 2d ed., 576;
Ib., Catal., 56; Ib., Ins. Inj. Veg., Ist ed. 144; 2d ed., 165; 3d ed.,
17S:
Cidipoda equalis Erichs., Archiv f. nat., rx, ii, 230; Uhl., in Harr.
Ins. Inj. Veg., 8d ed., 178; Scudd., Can. Nat., vir, 287; Ib., Bost.
Journ. Nat. Hist., vir, 470; ?Thom., Proc. Acad. Nat. Se. Phil.,
1870, 80; Walk., Cat. Derm. Brit. Mus., rv, 731.
Trimerotropis ceequalis Scudd., Geol. N. Hampsh., 3, 377.
This species has been confounded by Ubler and Smith with Trime-
rotropis verruculata (Kirb.) Scudd., from which it is generically dis-
tinct. I have taken it in Vermont, about Boston, on Cape Cod
and at Nantucket, Mass., in Minnesota and the Red River of the
North. It has been taken in Maine by Dr. Packard and Mr. Smith,
tT have never seen this species.
1875.] 469 [Scudder.
and by other persons in Maryland, Iowa, Dakota and N. Illinois.
Walker refers specimens from Florida to this species, and Mr. Boll
took a single specimen last year on July 7, in northern Texas.
Thomas refers specimens from Colorado and Wyoming doubtfully to
this species.
2. Spharagemon Bolli nov. sp.
Brownish fuscous, the face with a greyish cinereous (3) or yellow-
ish cinereous (2) tinge, distinctly punctate, the pits dusky or black-
ish; antennez brownish yellow on the basal half, infuscated beyond,
the whole more or less annulate with dusky yellow and blackish in
the male. Tegmina flecked throughout with minute blackish spots,
and transversely trifasciate with rather broad blackish clouds, mueh
more distinct in the male than in the female. Wings light greenish
yellow at the base, with a broad median arcuate band, blackish or
almost piceous in color, sending a broad, short shoot toward the base,
next the upper border. Beyond, the wing is at first hyaline, with
broadly blackish fuliginous veins, while the extreme tip is black as
the median band. Hind femora dull brownish, quadrifasciate trans-
versely with dark brown, more distinctly in male than in female, the
basal two-fifths of the hind tibiz blackish, with a broad whitish
annulus, beyond coral red. Crest of pronotum very high, that of
the posterior lobe independently arched, much more elevated in front
than behind.
Length of body, d, 28.5 mm., 2, 36.5 mm.; of antennz, 7, 16 mm.,
?, 18 mm.; of tegmina, 7, 32 mm., 2, 34.5 mm.; of hind femora, ¢,
18 mm., 2, 20.5 mm. Described from 4 3,4 2. The males taken
Sept. 10, the females ‘July 18 and August 18, 21, 23, at Dallas,
Texas, by J. Boll.
This species has been confounded with S. equale, from which it may
be readily distinguished by the hind tibiew; the tip of the wings is
generally darker, and the median band does not approach the anal
angle so closely; the tegmina are more distinctly trifasciate, the front
half of the median crest of pronotum is less pinched posteriorly,
and the hinder half less arched.
I have specimens also from Vermont, Massachusetts, Maryland
and Iowa. ‘They are smaller than those from Texas.
8. Spharagemon balteatum nov. sp. _
Grayish fuscous, the face generally pale cinereous, dotted ob-
securely with fuscous; antenne dusky, paler next the base; tegmina
dull testaceous, the usual transverse fascie present but obscure,
Scudder.] 470 (March 24 -
sometimes very inconspicuous. Wings pale greenish yellow at the —
base, with a very broad, median, arcuate, blackish fuscous band, emit-
ting near the costal margin a broad short shoot toward the base; the
costal margin at the limit of the band, and for an equal space beyond
it blackish fuscous, generally a little darker than the band; beyond
the median band the wing is hyaline, with brownish fuliginous ner-
vures and cross nervures, and in the male a very slight infuscation at
the extreme tip. Hind femora brownish cinereous, transversely fas-
ciate with brown, more or less deep in tint; hind tibize coral red,
unusually sinuous at the base, broadly banded at this point with dull
white, bordered broadly, and generally very distinctly, with blackish.
Crest of pronotum moderately high, the front lobe usually, the hind
lobe always, slightly arched, the two lobes having a slight angle to
each other.
Length of body, ¢,19 mm., 2,34 mm.; of antennz, J, 12.25 mm.,
?, 15.5 mm.; of tegmina, 7, 25 mm., 2, 35.5 mm.; of hind femora,
3,13 mm., ?, 20 mm.
Described from 1 o, N. Jersey; 9 $, Norway, Me. (S. I. Smith) ;
Brandon, Vt., on upland; Maryland, Aug. 10, 13, and Sept. 15, 19
(P. R. Uhler); Dallas, Texas, Aug. 13 (J. Boll).
4. Spharagemon wyomingianum.
Gdipoda wyomingiana 'Thom., Geol. Surv. Terr., 1871, 462; Ib.,
Syn. Acrid. N. Amer., 113; Glover, Ill. Orth., pl. 14, fig. 1, pl. 15,
fig. 2 (ined.).
Considered by Thomas as possibly a variety of the next species.
Eastern Wyoming.
5. Spharagemon collare.
(Edipoda collaris Scudd., Geol. Surv. Nebr., 250; Thom., Geol.
Surv. Terr., 1871, 459; Ib., Syn. Acrid. N. Amer., 113; Glov., Il.
Orth., pl. 13, fig. 8 :
This species, first described from the borders of the Platte, in
Nebraska, has been taken by Mr, Dodge in Glencoe, Dodge Co., of
that State; by Mr. Thomas in Colorado, east of the mountains; in
northern Illinois and the Red River of the North by the late Mr.
Kennicott ; by Mr. J. A. Allen in Jefferson, Iowa, between July 20
_and 24, and in Dallas Co., Iowa, Aug. 20-23.
6. Spharagemon cristatum nov. sp.
Dark yellowish brown, profusely mottled and flecked with eee,
cinereous, the dark color generally predominating, and sometimes
becoming blackish upon the summit of the head, the sides of the
1875.] AT1 [Scudder.
pronotal crest, and in a couple of short longitudinal stripes along the
anterior half of the lateral lobes of the pronotum; the hinder edge
of the pronotum is usually alternately pale and dark; antennz dusky,
yellowish brown at the base, and annulate with yellowish brown for
some distance beyond it; tezmina mottled with dark cinereous and
blackish brown, the latter most conspicuous in an agglomeration of
these spots just before the middle, half way between that and the
base, and at an equal distance beyond the middle band; the apical
fourth of the wing is obscurely subhyaline, occasionally with a slight
concentration of dark spots at the tip; the lighter colors predominate
along the costal margin on either side of the median dark patch.
Wings light. greenish yellow at the base, sometimes tinged to the
least possible degree with saffron (more noticeable in the closed
wing), with a moderately broad, blackish fuscous, arcuate mesial
band, at the costal border (but omitting the costal edge) extending
abruptly a short way toward the base of the wing; beyond this band
the wing is hyaline, with blackish fuscous nervures, some of the cells
near the tip partially or wholly fuligino-fuscous, forming a more or
less marked infuscation. Hind tibie coral red, the extreme base
black, followed by a more or less distinct pale annulation. Crest of
pronotum exceedingly high, arched pretty regularly, the hinder ex-
tremity of the anterior lobe sometimes overlapping the front of the
posterior lobe; the posterior border of pronotum very acutely angled.
Length of body, ¢, 26.5 mm., ?, 36.5 mm.; of antenne, d, 13.5
mm., 2, 14.6 mm.; of teomina, 7, 30.25 mm., °, 36 mm.; of hind
femora, 7, 16 mm., ?, 20 mm.
Described from 11 3, 7 , taken in Dallas June 3, 23, Aug. 21, 23,
by J. Boll, and one specimen in Waco, as late as Oct. 16, by G. W.
Belfrage.
April 7, 1875.
Vice-President, Mr. 8. H. Scudder, in the chair. Fifty-two
persons present.
_ Dr. W. J. Hoffman, of Reading, Pa., was elected a Cor-
responding Member; Mr. Stephen P. Sharples, Lieut. E. L.
Zalinski, Messrs. Warren B. Potter, W. K. Brooks, Prof. John
Scudder.] 47 2 [April 7,
McCrady, Messrs. J. Frank Brown, B. E. Brewster, Andrew
G. Weeks, Prof. George L. Goodale, Rev. Walter R. Brooks, ©
Messrs. Edward B. Crane, and Alfred P. Gage were elected
Resident Members.
The following papers were read : —
A CENTURY OF ORTHOPTERA. DeEcADE III.— Acrypit (PEzO-
TETTIX, CALOPTENUS). By Samuet H. ScuppDER.
21. Pezotettix olivacea. Bright olivaceous green. Summit
of the head with a dark green median stripe, broadening posteriorly ;
sides of head, and sometimes the front, tinged with yellow; the pro-
notum covered rather profusely with short longitudinal dashes of
lemon yellow, rather irregularly distributed, but distinctly marking
the median carina, excepting at its posterior extremity, and also the
two extremities of the lateral carine; antenne green at base, beyond
orange, infuscated at the extreme tip. Tegmina half the length of
the abdomen, green; legs stout, green, the fore and middle femora
more or less tinged with dull orange; the outside of the hind femora
slightly infuscated, the tibial spines black-tipped. Terminal segment
of the male abdomen acuminate at the tip, but with an apical tuber-
cle; cerci slender, the basal half tapering, the apical half as broad,
equal, the tip rounded, but a little produced, the outer surface
slightly furrowed on the apical half.
Length of body, ¢, 21 mm., 2. 29 mm.; of antenne, ¢, 10.5 mm.,
?, 10.5 mm.; of tegmina, ¢, 8.5 mm., 2, 13.5 mm.; of hind femora,
J, 13.5mm., 2,17. mm. 2,1 ¢%, taken Sept. 9, at Dallas, Texas,
by J. Boll.
22. Pezotettix acutipennis. Blackish fuscous, with a dull
olivaceous tinge; excepting the abdomen pilose throughout. Head
mottled irregularly with darker and lighter shades, a dark triangular
spot in the middle of the posterior part of the summit, and generally
an obscure dark band passing backward from the hinder edge of the
eyes and crossing a portion of the sides of the pronotum; antennz
pale yellowish, infuscated at extreme tip. Pronotum delicately rugu-
lose, the median carina distinct, the dorsum sloping more in the
female than in the male; wings less than half as long as the body,
tapering to a blunt point, dark brown, the veins and cross veins
generally paler and olivaceous; legs dusky, the middle femora black-
ish externally; the hind femora more or less indistinctly trifasciate
1875.] 473 [Scudder.
with blackish; hind tibiz livid, mottled minutely and profusely with
brown; the apical half of the spines black. Extreme tip of abdomen
in the male acuminate, but tubercled; cerci slender, tapering, more
rapidly in the basal than the distal half, to a dull point.
Length of body, 3, 20.5 mm., ?, 24.5 mm.; of antenne, 3, 10.5
mm.; of tezmina, 7, 8 mm., ?, 8 mm.; of hind femora, 3, 13 mm.,
2.15 mm. 2 ¢,1 &, Dallas, Texas, J. Boll. In woods on plants
and bushes, September — October, Bosque Co., Texas, G. W. Belfrage.
23. Caloptenus ponderosus. Brownish testaceous. Front
of head and sides of pronotum a little paler, tinged with yellow, the
head obscurely flecked with brown; antenne yellow,. infuscated
toward the tip. Slight black markings follow the anterior portion of
the lateral carine of the pronotum and the transverse incisures of its
lateral lobes; tegmina as long as the body, light brownish fuscous,
rather obscurely mottled with faint dusky quadrate spots in the
median area, mostly confined to the basal half of the field; legs
stout, a little darker than the under surface of the body, the middle
femora infuscated, the hind femora obscurely, transversely bifasciate
with black, broken by the paler incisures; hind tibiz and tarsi yel-
low, the former with a slender black basal annulus, the spines black.
Vertex between the eyes much broader than (¢) or twice as broad (¢)
as the basal antennal joint, the foveola broad, broadening in front,
scarcely depressed, the lateral edges sharp; frontal ridge broad,
broadening below, broadly and shallowly sulcate excepting above.
Pronotum broadening a little on the rugulose posterior lobe, the
median carina slight, broken by every transverse furrow; lateral
carinz rather distinct, but slight. Terminal segment of abdomen of
male produced but rounded; cerci very stout, subspatulate, com-
pressed, largest at tip, the basal two-fifths being equal and straight,
the remainder expanding ‘into an obliquely transverse, obovate,
rounded lobe, directed upward and more produced above than below,
making the tip fully half as broad again as the base.
‘Length of body, %, 30 mm., 2,33 mm.; of antenne J,12 mm., @,
12.5 mm.; of teginina, ¢, 21.5 mm., ?, 23 mm.; of hind femora, ¢,
17.5 mm., 2,19 mm. 1,1 ?,taken October 10, at Dallas, Texas,
by J. Boll.
24. Caloptenus robustus. Brownish fuscous with more or
less of a cinereous tint. Front of head livid, very heavily mottled
with dark brown; mouth parts pale, the tip of last palpal joint black;
antenne pale at base, beyond dull reddish more or less tinged with
Scudder. } 474 [April 7,
yellow, toward the tip infuscated. A slender blackish stripe passes
from behind the eyes to the hind lobe of pronotum, sometimes in-
terrupted, sometimes accompanied by an infuscation beneath, broad-
ening the band; upper surface more or less flecked with dark brown,
sometimes collected into a \/ -shaped patch opening forward, the
apex at the middle of the posterior lobe; hind border dotted with
blackish; posterior lobe profusely, rest of upper surface sparsely, all
shallowly, punctate; sides of metathorax with an pale oblique stripe
narrowing upward to a point; tegmina blackish or brownish fus-
cous, flecked rather distantly with brownish spots, relieved by
similar pale ones along the middle; legs of the color of the under-
surface, the fore and middle femora a little deeper or duskier; hind
femora broadly bifasciate with blackish, the apex black at the sides;
hind tibiz and tarsi yellow, occasionally tinged with red, paler next
the base with a black annulus; spines black. Vertex broader (¢) or
much broader (?) than the first antennal joint, the fastigium with a
scarcely perceptible depression (?) or slightly suleate (¢), broaden-
ing in front; frontal ridge broad, nearly equal, a little suleate below
the ocellus. Median carina of pronotum slight, distinet only on the
posterior and anterior lobe, cut by all the transverse furrows; lateral
carine rather distinct, rounded. Last abdominal segment of the male
a little produced, rounded; cerci very large and stout, compressed,
broadening apically, well rounded, very similar to those of C. ponde-
rosus, but not so broad at the tip.
Length of body, d, 29.5 mm.; ?, 34.5 mm.; of tegmina, 3, 21 mm.;
?, 24 mm.; of antenneg, 7, 13.5 mm.; ?, 15 mm.; of hind femora, d,
17.5mm.; 2, 21 mm. 3 3,4 %, Dallas, Texas, J. Boll.
25. Caloptenus devorator. Yellow, tinged more or less
with brown. Head and prothorax yellowish-brown above, bright yel-
low on the sides and front, with a distinct, well defined, black band,
passing from the hinder edge of the eyes to the division between the
middle and hind lobes of the pronotum, narrowly interrupted at the
front edge of the pronotum and sending a shoot downward around
the lower edge of the eye; sides of the thorax with a broad oblique
blackish stripe enclosing the spiracle; abdomen yellow obscured with
fuscous; antenne yellow at base, dusky beyond; legs yellow, the
two front pair of femora tinged with dirty orange above, the upper
half of the hind femora blotched with reddish fuscous, the hind tibize
and tarsi and the inferior carinia of hind ‘femora bright orange-red;
spines black tipped; tegmina yellowish-brown with a few minute
1875.] 475 [Scudder.
dusky dots scattered through the middle area, especially in the basal
half of the wing where it narrows. Vertex of the head very narrow
between the eyes, scarcely broader than the first joint of the antenne,
the foveola rather deeply sulcate, broadening a little below with high
but rounded edges; frontal ridge nearly equal throughout, rather shal-
lowly sulcate at and below the ocellus. Pronotum scarcely enlarged
posteriorly ; median carina very slight, equal, cut only by the poste-
rior transverse furrow ; lateral carine obsolescent, posterior lobe of
pronotum punctulate. Terminal segment of abdomen of male
squarely docked at tip; cerci rather broad at base, tapering on basal
half to about half their width, then equal, and slightly incurved, the
lower outer angle rounded off and the outer surface slightly ridged.
Length of body, 21.75 mm.; of antenne, 9.5 mm.; of tegmina
18 mm.; of hind femora,13 mm. 2 ¢, taken 15 July, at Dallas,
Texas, by J. Boll.
26. Caloptenus deletor. Brownish fuscous, darkest above,
Front of head and sides of pronotum dull, livid brown, with an indis-
tinct maculate dusky band between the eyes and the hind lobe of the
pronotum, sometimes reduced to a mere line below the lateral carine;
antenne pale reddish, infuscated apically. Tegmina as lone as the
body, brownish fuscous, with a median line of alternate pale and fus-
cous spots; fore and middle legs pale dull brownish, the middle femora
blackish above, all the tarsi marked with blackish; hind femora with
the upper outer half blackish, sometimes broken into very oblique
dashes by a median and postbasal yellowish streak; hind tibiae and
tarsi red with a narrow black basal annulus, the tarsal joints tipped
with blackish fuscous. Head not elevated, well arched; vertex a
little broader than the first antennal joint, the foveola shallow with
slight but rather sharp lateral edges, greatly expanding anteriorly;
frontal ridge broad, expanding a little next the ocellus and a little
sulcate in the same part. Pronotum faintly constricted in the middle,
the median carina distinct but slight, nearly equal, cut only by the
posterior transverse furrow; lateral carina indistinct excepting on
the posterior lobe, the latter obscurely punctate. Terminal segment
of abdomen in the male broadly rounded at the tip; cerci long and
slender, compressed, a little incurved, broadest at the base, uniformly
and very slightly tapering on the basal half; beyond equal, bent a
little forward, broadly and roundly docked at tip, and emitting from
the posterior angle a slender, compressed, scareely tapering shoot
Scudder.] 476 [April 7,
rounded at the tip, running in the direction of the upper edge of the
basal half of the cerci in the same general plane.
Length of body, %, 23.5 mm., 2, 30.6 mm.; of antenne, d, 11.5
mm., ¢,12mm.; of tegmina, J, 21 mm., ?,22 mm.; of hind femora,
$,14.5mm., ?,16mm. 14,1 &, Dallas, Texas, J. Boll.
27. Caloptenus helluo. Dark yellowish-brown. Head with
a superior, median, maculate, black stripe broadening posteriorly, ex-
tending from the foveola of the vertex, just behind which it is
interrupted, to the hind edge of the head; foveola of vertex and
frontal ridge maculate with black; antenne dusky. A broad irregu-
larly maculate black band passes from behind the eyes to the last
transverse furrow of the pronotum; tegmina dusky olivaceous with
small, quadrate, nearly equal, dusky spots scattered throughout ; legs
brownish-yellow flecked with black, the hind femora transversely and
rather indistinctly fasciate with blackish; hind tibia dull reddish,
indistinetly livid along the outer edge and next the base, flecked next
the base with dusky specks, pilose throughout ; spines black. Head
much elevated, rounded; vertex narrow, equalling between the eyes
the width of the first antennal joint; foveola more than usually decli-
vant, broadening in front, rather deeply and uniformly sulcate, the
lateral edges pretty high and sharp; frontal ridge moderately broad,
equal, shallowly sulcate below the ocellus. Pronotum with the pos-
terior lobe expanding; the median carina distinct but cut by all the
transverse furrows, distinctly angulated, on a side view, in front of the
posterior lobe; the latter rather heavily punctate; lateral carinz
obsolete, excepting in the posterior lobe; whole head and pronotum
sparsely pilose.
Length of body, 27 mm.; of antennz, 12 mm.; of tegmina, 23
mm.; of hind femora, 14.5 mm. 2 9, Dallas, Texas, J. Boll.
28. Caloptenus glaucipes. Wood brown. Head and pro-
notum livid brown, flecked heavily with blackish, more heavily and
minutely above, giving it a wood-brown appearance; a broad black
band extends from behind the eyes to the posterior edge of the pro-
notum, broadening on the hinder lobe of the latter; antenne orange
red, paler at base. Tegmina as long as the body, brown, with a few
dusky flecks along the central field; legs darker or lighter brownish
yellow, flecked with dusky, the hind femora bifasciate above with
blackish, besides a blackish base and apex; hind tibiee and tarsi glau-
cous, with a pale annulus at the base, interrupted in the middle by a
blackish glaucous ring. Vertex moderately narrow between the
1875.] ATT (Scudder.
eyes, scarcely wider than the first antennal joint; foveola of vertex
narrow, with sides broadening a little in front, pretty sharply de-
fined, enclosing a moderately deep sulcus, deepest posteriorly ; frontal
ridge rather broad, the sides nearly parallel, fading out below with a
sulcus scarcely perceptible, excepting about the ocellus. Pronotum
equal, the median carina very slight, most distinct on posterior lobe,
cut by every transverse incision; lateral carine obsolete. Terminal
seement of abdomen in male roundly acuminate; cerci broad at
base, scarcely twice as long as broad, subreniform, well rounded, but
little smaller on the apical half. Allied to C. flavolineatus.
Length of body, 3, 22.6 mm., 2, 28 mm.; of antenne, J, 9.5 mm.,
?, 9.5 mm.; of tegmina, S$, 16 mm., ?, 18.75 mm.; of hind femora,
g,12mm.,?,15.5mm. 2,1 ?, taken Aug. 18, at Dallas, Texas,
by J. Boll.
29. Caloptenus fasciatus. Brownish yellow. A broad dark
brown, or blackish median band extends from the vertex between the
eyes to the posterior extremity of the pronotum, broadest on the
latter, and occupying about one-third of it; besides this another
band runs from behind the eye to the posterior transverse sulcus of
the lateral lobes of the pronotum ; this is comparatively narrow, but
often sends off streaks of blackish fuscous down the incisures; an-
tennez yellow, somewhat infuscated apically. Tegmina brownish
fuscous, with a row of dusky quadrate spots down the middle of the
basal half; legs yellow, tinged with dull orange, the hind femora
faintly bifasciate above internally, and with the upper exterior carina
black ; hind tibize glaucous, paler and dull at the apex. Vertex
quite as broad between the eyes as the first abdominal joint; the fas-
tigium slender, with parallel sides, and rather deeply sulcate; frontal
ridge rather broad, equal, scarcely sulcate below the ocellus. Pos-
terior lobe of pronotum expanding a little, the median carina scarcely
perceptible, excepting on this part of the pronotum, the transverse
furrows distinct. Terminal segment of abdomen of male entire,
rounded, but a little produced ; cerci rather small, quadrate, squarely
docked at tip, nearly equal throughout, but smallest in the middle,
strongly compressed, bent inward.
Length of body, 3, 28.5 mm., 2, 26 mm.; of antenne, J, 12.5 mm.,
2, 10.5 mm.; of tegmina, ¢, 24.5 mm., 2, 23 mm.; of hind femora,
3,16mm.,?,15 mm. 2 ¢, taken July 16, at Dallas, Texas, by
J. Boll. 1 2, taken at Glencoe, Nebraska, by C. R. Dodge.
It is closely allied to C. bivittatus (Say), but lacks the humeral vitta
of the tegmina, and has very different cerci.
Sendaery 478 [April 7,
30. Caloptenus minor. Dark brownish fuscous. Head and
sides of pronotum very dark livid brown, mottled obscurely with
blackish; summit of the head with a median blackish stripe; and
another similar piceous stripe behind the eye, extending over the
lateral lobes of the pronotum, where it is broader and distinct, as far
as the posterior transverse furrow ; antenne dusky yellow. Tegmina
wholly similar in appearance to those of C. femur-rubrum; legs yel-
lowish, the femora dusky outside, the hind femora blackish along the
middle, the apex black above, dull orange beneath; the hind tibiz
plumbeous, paler toward the tip. Vertex between the eyes about as
wide as the first antennal joint, the foveola narrow, equal, deeply
sulcate, the sides pretty high and sharp; frontal ridge moderately
broad, broadening below, shallowly suleate below the ocellus. Pro-
notum broadening very slightly on the posterior lobe, the median
carina slight, equal, cut only by the posterior sulcation; lateral carine
obsolete. Last segment of the male abdomen slightly tuberculate at
tip; cerci with the basal portion stout, quadrate, not very strongly
compressed, nearly twice as long as broad; the apical portion of the
saine shape, but broadly rounded at the tip, nearly as long as the
basal part, but narrower, bent from it upward at half a right angle,
bent also inward, much compressed and calle sine with an
inferior bounding ridge.
Length of body 17.5 mm.; of antenne, 7 mm.; of tegmina, 12.5
mm.; of hind femora 9.75 mm. 2 ¢, Nebraska, G. M. Dodge.
REVISION OF TWO AMERICAN GENERA OF (CEpIPODID2. By
SAMUEL H. ScuppDER.
Encoptolophus (2yzéztw, Ad gos) nov. gen.
Allied to Tragocephala Harr. Head but little tumid above; front
vertical above, roundly declivant below the costa, nearly equal, but
broadening and fading on approaching the labrum, a little constricted
above the antenne; vertex moderately broad, the eyes being sepa-
rated by about their own width, the summit of the head minutely
and bluntly carinate as far forward as the middle of the fastigium;
the latter somewhat declivant, tapering anteriorly, distinctly though
not very deeply hollowed; lateral fastigia triangular, slightly trans-
verse, scarcely sulcate; eyes moderately large, shaped as in Tragoce-
phala; antenne as long as (¢) or much longer than (¢) the combined
head and pronotum, the joints flattened, on the apical half punctate.
1875.] 479 [Scudder.
Dise of pronotum nearly flat, the median carina abrupt but not
greatly elevated, cut into two equal halves by a distinct though slight
notch; lateral carine distinct but broken, very slightly arcuate; pos-
terior margin of the pronotum forming a rather sharply marked right
angle; tegmina rather broad and short, but little surpassing the tip
of the abdomen, the basal half of the costal margin sinuate, the apex
broadly rounded, scarcely obliquely docked; wings short and broad,
pellucid or nearly pellucid, with a post-median costal stigma and more
or less duskiness near the outer border, the principal veins of the
front area broader than long. Type: G2dipoda sordida Burm.
The flatter disc of the pronotum, with its slight but abrupt me-
dian carina and almost equally distinct lateral carine distinguish
this at once from Tragocephala, with which Dr. Stal unites it. As he
has pointed out, the intercalary vein of the tegmina approaches the
ulnar vein, instead of lying midway between it and the radial vein,
as in Tragocephala.
Synopsis of the species.
1. Wings most deeply fuliginous at the apex. . . . sordidus.
1. Wings most deeply fuliginous next the middle of the outer
RGN erties ar ae AR Sh PASAT i SU cg” WA Sow, SAD,
2. Summit of head with a faint median carina. . . . costalis.
2. Summit of head with a distinct, but slight, median carina. parvus.
1. Encoptolophus sordidus.
Gidipoda sordida Burm., Handb. d. Ent., 11, 648; Scudd., Bost.
Journ. Nat. Hist., vir, 473; Walk., Cat. Derm. Brit. Mus., rv, 732;
Thom., Syn. Acrid. N. Amer., 116; Glov., Ill. Orth., pl. 10, fig. 11.
Acridium (Aidipoda) sordidum De Haan, Bijdr. Kenn. Orth., 143.
Tragocephala sordida Stal, Recens. Orth., 1,119; Scudd., Geol. N.
Hampsh., 1, 373.
Locusta periscelidis Say. Ms.; Harr., Cat. Ins. Mass., 56.
Locusta nebulosa Harr., Ins., Inj. Veg., 1st ed., 1465 2d ed., 157;
3d ed., 181; Emm., Acric. N. York, v, 146, pl. 9, fig. 7.
(Edipoda nebulosa Erichs., Arch. f. Nat., 11, 230; Uhl., in Harr. Ins.
Inj. Veg., 3d ed., 181.
This insect is found from middle N. England to Maryland and
Tennessee and, more rarely, to N. Florida; and westward to Ne-
braska, Iowa and Minnesota.
Scudder.] 480 [April 7,
2. Encoptolophus costalis.
Gidipoda costalis Scudd., Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist., vir, 473; Walk.,
Cat. Derm. Brit. Mus., rv, 732; Thom., Syn. Acrid. N. Amer., 112.
Tragocephala costalis Stal, Recens. Orth., 1, 119.
Known only from Texas.
3. Encoptolophus parvus nov. sp. This insect is closely al-
lied to E. costalis, from which it differs in its smaller size, compara-
tively shorter tegmina and wings and in the following other points:
the head is less tumid, the fastigium of the vertex much more sulcate
and less oblique, the median ridge from the back of the head to the
middle of the fastigium much more prominent, the frontal costa deeply
suleate throughout and separated abruptly from the fastigium of the
vertex by a not very broad transverse ridge. The disc of the pronotum
is not marked by X-shaped pale markings on a dark ground as in £.
costalis, but is darker in parallel lines along the lateral carine, deepest
and broadest posteriorly; the brevity of the tegmina is entirely con-
fined to the apical portion containing the parallel veins; the trans-
verse pale stripe at their base is much narrower than in E. cos-
talis, and followed apically by a uniform fuscous cloud, instead of a
cluster of fuscous flecks; the inner transverse stripe is also. much
narrower ; the wing is less heavily clouded.
Length of body, 16 mm.; of antennz,7 mm.; of tegmina, 15 mm.;
of hind legs, 11 mm. 2 ¢, Dallas, Texas, taken Mar. 12 and 24, J.
Boll. These two specimens are the only ones I have received and
the species appears to be much rarer in Texas than E. costalis.
Tragocephala Harris.
Synopsis of the species.
1. Lower apical half of the wings as and more or less
distinctly fuliginous . . - «+ = «eurdifjascata.
1. Lower half of the outer Hendet no darker than, or not so
dark. as, the upper half) -i)93) 4. Tih an oD eae ee
2. Tegmina He wings shorter than the sbdamnes . _ brevipennis.
2. Tegmina and wings surpassing the abdomen. . . . . .3.
3. Disc of pronotum delicately scabrous; no distinct median
carina on the summit of the head. . . . .:. . . . cubensis.
3. Dise of pronotum coarsely scabrous; a distinct and sharp
median carina on the summit of the head. . . . . . . pacijica.
Tragocephala obiona Thom. does not belong to this genus.
a
Fe
1875.] 481 [Scudder.
1. T. viridifasciata Harr., Ins. inj. Veg., 1st ed., 147.
(VIRGINIANA Fabr.)
Acridium viridifasciatum De Geer, Mém., 111, 498, pl. 42, fig. 6; Ib.,
Goeze, Gesch., 111, 325, pl. 42, fig. 6; Retz., Gen. et. Spec. Ins., 98.
Gryllus (Locusta) viridifasciatus Goeze, Beytr., m, 115.
Locusta viridifasciata Harr., Catal., 5
Locusta (Tragocephala) viridifasciata Harr., Ins., inj. Veg., Ist. ed.,
147; 2d ed., 158; 3d ed., 182, pl. 3, fig. 2
Gomphocerus viridifasciatus Uhl., in Harr., Ins. inj. Veg., 3d ed.,
131.
Tragocephala viridifasciata Scudd., Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist., vu,
461; Thom., Syn. Acrid. N. Am., 108, pl., fig. 3; Glov., Ill. Orth. N.
Amer., pl. 5, fic. 9; Stal, Rec., Orth., 1, 119.
Gryllus virginianus Fabr., Syst. Ent., 291; Ib., Spec. Ins., 1, 368;
Iie Put. Syst.,11, 57; Turt., Linn. Syst. Nat., 11, 562.
Gryllus (Locusta) virginianus Goeze, Ent. Beytr., 11, 106 Gmel.,
Linn. Syst. Nat., 1, iv, 2078.
Acridium virginianum Oliv., Encycl. méth., v1, 224.
Acridium (Gidipoda) virginianum De Haan, Bijdr. Kenn. Orth., 143.
Gidipoda virginiana Burm., Handb. Ent., 11, 645.
Gryllus (Locusta) Chrysomelas Gmel., Linn. Syst. Nat., 1, iv, 2086;
Turt., Linn. Syst. Nat., 11, 569.
Acridium marginatum Oliv., Encycl. méth., v1, 229.
Acridium hemipterum Pal. de Beauv., Ins., 145, pl. 4, fig. 3
(INFUSCATA Harr.)
Locusta (Tragocephala) infuscata Harr., Ins. inj. Veg., 1st ed., 147;
2d ed., 158, 3d ed., 181.
Gomphocerus infuscatus Uhl., in Harr., Ins. inj. Veg., 3d ed., 181;
Tragocephala infuscata Scudd., Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist., vir, 461.
Whom, Syne Acrid. IN-Am.;, 102; pl., fic. 7; Glov., Iil., Orth., pl. 10,
fic. 10; Seudd., Geol. N. Hampsh., 1, 373.
Locusta radiata Harr., Cat. 56.
Locusta (Tragocephala) radiata Harr., Ins. inj. Veg., Ist ed., 148 ;
2d ed., 159; 3d ed., 183.
Gomphocerus radiatus Uhl., in Harr., Ins. inj. Veg., 3d ed., 181.
This species is not only exceedingly variable, but presents us with
an interesting case of dimorphism, which also appears to be re-
peated in 7. cubensis. The two forms, for which the names virgin-
iana and infuscaia are retained, differ from each other in the pres-
ence (in the former), or absence (in the latter) of bright green colors ;
PROCEEDINGS B. S. N. H.— VOL. XVII. 31 JULY, 1875.
Scudder.] 482 [April 7,
these colours in virginiana replace the griseous of infuscata on the
whole of the head, pronotum, thoracic pleuree and hind femora and on
the greater portion of the costo-basal half of the tegmina, besides
forming spots at and beyond the middle of their front border, which
are pale in infuscata; these differences are mainly, but by no means
exclusively sexual; for out of about one hundred and fifty specimens
in my collection, 84 per cent. of the males are infuscata, and 77 per
cent. of the females are virginiana; males of virginiana are there-
fore perhaps rarer than females of infuscata. ‘These proportions
are nearly the same in all districts, judging from a comparison of
considerable material from New England, Florida and Texas.
Specimens from these three regions, however, differ strikingly from
each other, so that I was at first inclined to consider them as distinct
species. As, however, a perfectly parallel dimorphism runs through
them all, and certain parts of the organization of these insects present
some degree of variability within each district, one is forced to the
conclusion that they must be identical. The great disparity in the
length of the antenne between New England and Texan specimens
is most remarkable, but as individuals from such northern localities as
Norway, Me.,.and the White Mts., N. H., show an exaggerated ab-
breviation, we.can hardly doubt that a southern habitat is favorable
to length of antenne.
The differences between specimens from these several regions will
best be presented in a tabular form : —
New England. Texas. Florida.
Antenne about three- about seven- about three-
fourths the length | eighthsthe length | fourths thelength
of the hind tibie. | of the hind tibiz.| of the hind tibiz.
© from one half to scarcely two-| 9 three-fifths the
fastigium of the
vertex
Pale spots in_ teg-
mina of male
nearly three-fifths
the length of the
hind tibiz.
distinctly longer
than broad, with
elevated bound-
ing ridges, nar-
rower at the ex-
tremity than in
southern speci-
mens.
obscure, sometimes
obsolete.
Cloudiness of wings | faint, and confined
to the distal half
of the wing.
thirds the length
of the hind tibiz.
distinctly longer
than broad, with
rather slightly el-
evated bounding
ridges.
distinct.
rather intense, and
confined to the
distal half of the
wing, and also to
the lower half,
the upper portion
being unusually
clear.
length of the hind
tible.
of equal length
and breadth, with
rather slightly el-
evated bounding
ridges.
distinct.
moderately intense
and diffused, of-
ten infringing
considerably on
the basal half of
the wing.
1875.] 483 [Scudder.
The median carina of the pronotum is also slightly less elevated in
specimens from New England than in individuals from the extreme
south. Guatemala specimens (probably from the elevated country)
resemble mostly the New England type ; specimens from the Mid-
dle States (Maryland, etc.), also accord best with the New Eng-
land form, although some of them show a tendency to vary toward
the Floridan peculiarities. Specimens from Illinois and Ohio again
agree in most points with New England individuals, while a specimen
from Missouri has most of the Texan characteristics, although the
upper distal half of the wing is somewhat infuscated.
As compared then with New England types, specimens from the
south show a tendency toward lengthening of the antenna, softening
of the sculpturing of the head, elevation of the pronotal crest, and
intensity (with stronger contrasts) of coloration; toward the south-
west the coloration is more sharply defined; toward the southeast
more diffuse. These facts are entirely in accordance with the laws
laid down by Mr. Allen for the variation of birds, which, according
to him and other authors, show toward the south an enlargement of
peripheral parts and a greater intensity and extent of the dark colors.
This species occurs from the White Mountains of N. Hampshire to
Key West, Florida, Texas and Guatemala, and northwestward, to
St. Louis, Mo., and Ogle Co., Illinois.
2. T. brevipennis nov. sp. Resembling 7. viridifasciata in
form, but wholly green or greenish yellow, with abbreviated teg-
mina, and wings and antennez like those of northern specimens of
T. viridifasciata. Sculpturing of the head similar to that of 7’. viri-
difasciata, but with a more sulcate fastigium of the vertex, and with
a slight though distinct median carina on the summit; the frontal
costa is narrowly sulcate throughout; antennz not so long as the
head and thorax together. Prothorax and its dorsal carina as in 7’.
vuidifasciata; tegmina shorter than the abdomen; wings still shorter,
pellucid, the veins of the upper half blackish, but with no trace of
any fuliginous clouds; hind tibize more or less dusky, with a very in-
distinct paler band near the base.
Length of body, 22 mm.; of antenne, 6 mm.; of tegmina, 12.25 mm.;
of wings 9.5 mm.; of hind femora, 12.75. 3 ¢, California, Henry
Edwards, Esq.
3. T. cubensis nov. sp. Body green (¢), or griseo-cinereous
(3,¢), in the latter case with the disc of the pronotum often marked
with a paler X-shaped spot. ‘Tegmina griseo-cinereous, blotched
Scudder.] 484 [April 7,
with darker and paler markings, similar to those seen in T. viridifas-
ciata, with a broad longitudinal green stripe down the middle of the
basal half of the wing, in green female specimens; wings sordid
hyaline, with a greenish tinge near the base, a diffused black stigma
on the costal margin, and very faint and diffused infuscation along
the outer border; hind femora of the color of the body, marked
above with blackish at the base and tip, and in two spots near the
middle; hind tibiz glaucous, the extreme base blackish, followed by a
pale annulation. Summit of head well arched, the vertex somewhat
declivant, scarcely sulcate, as broad as long, even in the male rather
broad at the extremity; frontal costa broadening distinctly between
the antenne, rather deeply suleate throughout, separated from the
fastigium of the vertex, at least in the male, by a slender transverse
ridge; antennz longer than the head and pronotum together. Prono-
tum rather delicately scabrous, the median carina low, equal, rather
distinctly cut in the middle by the transverse furrow, the dise but
little tectiform, the lateral carine rather distinct, subparallel on the
front lobe, divergent behind; front margin of pronotum scarcely
angulated; hind margin right-angled, the angle rounded.
Length of body, ¢, 17.15 mm., 2, 24 mm.; of antenne, ¢, 7 mm.,
?, 7.25 mm.; of tegmina, Jd, 17.5 mm., ?, 23 mm.; of hind femora,
J, 11 mm., 2, 13.3 mm. 10 ¢, 7 9, Cuba, Drd Suan Gomdieer
(No. £8), Mr. P. R. Uhler (collected at La Firmina, near Bemba, by
Charles Wright), Dr. A. S. Packard.
4. T. pacifica Thom.
Tragocephala pacifica Thom., Syn. Acrid. N. Am., 101; Glov., Ill.
Orth., pl. 16, fig. 9, (ined.).
I have received specimens from California from Mr. Henry Ed-
wards, named for me by Mr. Thomas, and others obtained at San
Diego, Cal., by Mr. Crotch.
In the Synopsis of the Acridide of North America, p. 103, Mr.
Thomas says of 7. infuscata (which, in the explanation of his plate,
he places as a variety of T.. viridifasciata): ‘ This is very closely allied
to T. pacifica, and if it were not for the widely separated localities in
which they are found, they might be considered as varieties of one
species.” There is, indeed, between the males such a general resem-
blance as one might expect between species of the same genus, but
the females of T'.. pacifica, which Mr. Thomas appears not to have
seen, differ extraordinarily from those of T. viridifasciata; even the
males are so different that Mr. Thomas’s remark seems very strange;
1875.]
485
[Allen.
this will best appear from a tabular statement of some of the prom-
inent differences; others might readily be added.
Summit of head .
Fastigium of vertex
Frontal costa .
Its upper extremity .
Pronotal crest .
' Hind border of Deonotnisl
Intercalary vein of tegmina
Wings.
T. pacifica.
with a distinct median
carina.
very deeply sulcate.
very deeply sulcate.
strongly compressed.
moderately high.
right angled.
not touching the radial at
its tip.
very narrowly clouded
along the outer margin,
T. viridifasciata, var. in-
Juscata.
without a distinct median
carina.
moderately sulcate.
shallowly sulcate.
but little compressed.
high.
acute angled.
uniting with the radial at
its tip.
very broadly clouded near
the outer margin, below.
especially above.
Average length from front
of head to tip of closed
tegmina . ab
20 mm. 25 mm.
Dr. G. B. Wilder exhibited feetal specimens of the Dugong
and Manatee, giving a detailed description of the anatomy
of the former, and remarked on the affinities of the Sirenia
to the other mammalian orders.
Mr. J. A. Allen exhibited a black red-headed woodpecker,
in which the usual area of red was preserved, while the rest
of the plumage was wholly an intense black, and referred
to the variety of melanism among birds.
Mr. Allen also spoke of the migration of birds with spec-
ial reference to the observations of the Signal Service Bureau
published in the Monthly Weather Review. He stated that
he had corresponded with the officers of the Bureau respect-
ing an extension of these observations in the interest of biol-
ogy, reading a letter from Gen. Albert J. Meyer, Chief Signal
Officer, expressing not only his interest in the matter but
willingness to extend such observations as far as his limited
means would allow. Mr. Allen suggested the desirability of
some expression on the part of the Society regarding the
importance of the matter; the suggestion was warmly in-
dorsed by Prof. Hyatt and others, and, on motion of Dr. Jef
fries, referred to the Council for due action.
Hunt.) 486 [April 21,
The donation of the original specimen of Leucosticte atri-
rosea Ridg., by Mr. C. E. Aiken was announced, and the
thanks of the Society were voted for the gift.
April 21, 1875.
The President in the chair. Sixty-two persons present.
The following papers were read : —
On THE BosTON ARTESIAN WELL AND ITS WATERS. By T.
STERRY Hunt.
It is known to many that a well has within the last few years been
sunk at the works of the Gas Light Company in Causeway Street in
Boston. This boring was carried to a depth of 1750 feet, and though
I have not been able to obtain an exact record of it, it is said to have
been almost wholly in argillite or clay slate, though at the bottom a
crystalline rock was reached. This argillite, which appears in vari-
ous outcrops in this vicinity, both on the mainland and in the islands
of the harbor, is supposed to belong to the horizon of the similar
argillites of Braintree, Mass., which, as is well known, contain the
remains of a Lower Cambrian (Menevian) fauna.
The water from the boring rises into a well of about fifty feet in
depth, sunk in the superficial soil. This is not far from the shore of
the bay and but a few feet above tide-level. The water, which is
raised by pumping from this upper well, and is in daily use for
quenching the coke drawn from the gas-retorts, differs widely in
composition from sea-water, and contains, according to Prof. J. M.
Merrick, besides bromids a sensible quantity of iodids and a large
proportion of chlorid of calcium, besides some carbonates of lime and
of iron, in all of which respects it is unlike modern sea-water, and
closely resembles the waters from the lower paleozoic strata of the
St. Lawrence basin, in which, as I have shown by numerous analyses,
the united chlorids of calcium and magnesium sometimes exceed the
chlorid of sodium in amount, while iodine is present in notable
quantity, and the proportion of potash salts is less than in modern
sea-water. Iam indebted to Prof. Merrick for a quantitative analy-
1875.] AST (Hunt.
sis of the water, of which I calculated the chief ingredients for 1000
parts, for the purpose of comparison. I. is the water of the Boston
Artesian Well; IJ. from a well at St. Catherine, Ontario, bored to a
depth of 500 feet and ending in the shales of the Hudson [iver
group; III. and IV. from wells sunk respectively at Kingston and at
Hallowell, Ontario, in the Trenton limestone; these three analyses
are by myself, while V.is an analysis by Schweitzer of the sea-water
of the British channel.
1g ive FEE: Ve Wie
Chlorid of Sodium 8.617 29.808 W227 38.731 27.059
Chlorid of Potassium 133 355 undet. undet. -766
Chliorid of Calcium 5.093 14.854 2.102 15.923
Chlorid of Magnesium 3.030 3.397 1.763 12.906 3.666
Sulphate of Lime 1.914 2.192 2.388 1.406
Sulphate of Magnesia 2.296
Carbonate of Lime undet. .400 .033
In 1000 parts 18.787 50.601 13.880 67.560 35.2 26
It will be noticed that the waters II. and IV. contain amounts of
saline matters much greater than sea-water, from which I have con-
cluded that they are from bitterns enclosed in the lower, strata of
the paleozoic series, and derived from the evaporation of ancient sea-
waters. These must have been distinguished from those of modern
seas by the predominance of salts of magnesium and calcium. The
amount of the latter element in the modern ocean is insufficient to
form gypsum with the sulphate present, so that modern bitterns from
which the calcium has thus been separated still contain a large pro-
portion of sulphate of magnesia. The gradual elimination of the
lime from the ocean’s waters in the form of carbonate by the action
of carbonate of soda derived from decaying crystalline rocks, and the
consequent production of chlorid of sodium are important processes
in the chemical history of the globe, which I have discussed at length
elsewhere. (See my Chemical and Geological Essays, passim.)
After communicating the above note, I received from Mr. 8S. B.
Sharples the results of some analyses of waters from different parts
of the city of Boston, which have recently been sunk through the
superficial clay and gravel to the underlying rock. It had long
been known that the waters got from certain deep wells in the city
and its vicinity are bitter, salt and unfit for use, and these analyses
show that they owe these qualities to an admixture of the same saline
elements as abound in the waters of the Artesian Well. I subjoin
Shaler.] 488 [April 21)
two analyses by Mr. Sharples, calculated for 1000 parts of the water.
I. is from a well eighty or ninety feet deep at the corner of Brookline
Street and Harrison Avenue, and II. from a well 170 feet deep at
No. 791 Tremont Street.
1b If.
Chlorid of Sodium 1.184 -530
Chlorid of Calcium 060 023
Chlorid of Magnesium 161 -100
Sulphate of Lime 122 105
1.527 -758
NoTE ON THE GEOLOGICAL RELATIONS OF BOSTON AND
NARRAGANSETT Bays.! By N. S. SHALER.
The indentation of Boston bay and harbor presents some striking
points of contrast with most of the fjords of our New England
coast. All other indentations of our shore have a general north and
south trend, varying but little therefrom, and when varying turning a
little to the east of north, and south of west. ‘This break in the
shores extends, however, in what seems at first to be a general east
and west direction. On closer inspection we see, however, that the
principal trends about the harbor and the neighboring bay are north-
east and southwest in their direction. J] am therefore inclined to
think that this opening does not violate the general law of the, trends
along the coast, but that it only opens towards the north rather than
towards the south, as most of these fjords do.
Looking more closely to the structure of this region, I have become
convinced that there is here a set of irregularly parallel faults run-
ning in a general northeast and southwest direction, the whole form-
ing something like a rude synclinal furrow, which may be compared
to those of the ordinary Alleghanian type. The subsidence of the
synclinal is accompanied by very great faulting, both in the direction
of the fold and transverse to it. On either side of this depression we
had anticlinals which are now obscurely marked on account of the
extreme degradation to which the region has been subjected. The
1JIn a forthcoming volume of the Coast Pilot, published by the U. S. Coast Sur-
vey, I shall discuss the geology of the shore between Boston and New York in a
general manner, under the general permission of the superintendent of the Sur-
vey, and give a part of the substance of that report in advance of the rest, as it
seems to me to have a somewhat important bearing on the studies of the coast.
geology of New England.
1875.] 489 [Shaler.
floor of this synclinal gradually rises as we go to the southwest, until
near the Rhode Island line the depression ceases.
In Narragansett Bay we probably have a precisely similar furrow
coming in echelon order a little to the east of that in which Boston
bay lies; its northernmost point lies a little to the north of the most
southerly part of the Boston trough. This arrangement will be rec-
ognized by those familiar with the Appalachian Chain as quite in
the order of its structure. The great downthrow on these faulted
folds results in imprisoning within the lower -crystaline rocks a
great thickness of Paleozoic strata. To this protection we owe the
preservation of a great thickness of the rocks between Cambrian
and the Upper Carboniferous, which have been lost over the surface
where they were exposed to the intense erosion of the successive
glacial periods that swept this shore. The Artesian well bored by
the Boston Gas Company, penetrated for seventeen hundred and
fifty feet through the Cambridge slates without finding the bottom.
It is evident, therefore, that if I am right in regarding these de-
pressions as great faulted down-folds, they had a magnitude of
dislocation quite commeasurable with the greatest of Appalachian
folds.
That there should be an eastern outlier of the Appalachian sys-
tem of the age of its Pennsylvania section might seem, on general
principles, pretty doubtful. There is no doubt, however, that the
dislocation lines of our coast correspond generally with the direction
of that chain. There is also good evidence of the occurrence of sub-
marine ridges essentially parallel with this system. So it does not
seem to me unreasonable to interpret the facts as I have done.
The question will arise, and I propose to discuss it at some extent
hereafter, how these ridges of the height of thousands of feet have
lost their relief since the Carboniferous period, while the similar
ridges of the Alleghanies have not been anything like as much
eroded. This is easily answered by supposing that this region has
been repeatedly subjected to glacial wearing, giving an erosion rate
many times greater than in the Allechanies, where the glacial ero-
sion has not been so severe. The whole form of the Boston fjord
shows profound glacial wear working in the relatively soft rocks of the
Paleozoic series, and the evidence of glacial erosion in Narragansett
Bay is almost as great. Taking an erosion rate of one foot in ten
thousand years (probably within the limit in this region), it requires
but thirty million years to take away three thousand feet from this
Thorell.] 490 [April 21,
region. If glacial wear has done the most of this there would be no
reason for surprise at the planing down of the original mountain
ridges.
NotTicE OF SOME SPIDERS FROM LABRADOR. By T. THORELL.
The subject of the following lines is a small collection of spiders,
captured in Labrador in the summer of 1864 by Dr. A. 8. Packard, Jr.,
and kindly placed by him in my hands for determination and de-
scription. The species contained in this collection are but few,
about fifteen; and owing to many of the specimens not being fully
developed or not being in a sufficiently good state of preservation,
they could not all be with certainty identified. ‘The number of spe-
cies here named is only ten; but they are of no small interest, as
nothing appears hitherto to be known of the spider-fauna of Labra-
dor. Of these ten species two belong to the genus Epeira, one to
Tetragnatha, one to Linyphia, one to Clubiona, one to Gnaphosa and
four to Lycosa. Among the specimens which could not be with cer-
tainty determined, are one Erigone, one Thanatus (closely allied to,
if not identical with Th. arcticus Thor. from Greenland), and one
Trochosa. ‘Two of the Labrador species, Epeira patagiata (Clerck)
and Tetragnatha extensa (Linn.), are also found in Europe; one,
Lycosa grenlandica Thor., is common in southern and western
Greenland. The species in question are as follows : — é
1. EHpeira patagiata (Clerck).
Araneus patagiatus Clerck, Sv. Spindl., p. 38, Pt. 1, Tab. 10.
(1757.)
Epeira patagiata C. Koch, Die Arachn., XI, p. 115, Tab. cccLv1,
fic, 916-919. (1845.)
Epeira patagiata Thor., Penedeey on Synonomy, p. 16. (1871.)
A female specimen belonging to the “forma principalis” of this
species was captured by Dr. Packard at Strawberry Harbor, July
28th. A fine variety of ¢ ad., with two large, transverse, oval, yel-
lowish-white spots on the anterior part of the back of the abdomen
was found in Square Island, July 2d.1
2. Epeira Packardii n- cephalothorace fusco, albo-piloso,
pedibus testaceo-fuscis, nigricanti-annulatis, femoribus apice tantum
1 Of the closely allied EZ. sc/opetaria (Clerck), I have seen an example from New-
foundland.
1875.] 491 [Thorell.
infuscatis; abdomine supra sub-olivaceo -fusco, vitta longitudinali
albicanti primum ex /\ angustiore, tum /\ latiore, denique ex vitta
ancusta geminata, que ex linealis parvis sub-parallelis formatur, com-
posita; ventre macula media oblonga flavescenti notata; procursu in
latere exteriore bulbi genitalis apice compresso, rotundato, denticulato.
—¢ ad. Long. corp. 5 mm.
Male.— Cephalothorax as long as the tibia and patella of the fourth
pair of legs, its breadth greater than the length of tibia of the same
pair; very strongly rounded in the sides of the anterior part of the
pars thoracica, less strongly rounded and gradually narrowed back-
wards, very suddenly and strongly narrowed anteriorly, with the
pars cephalica narrow, not one-third as broad as the pars thoracica;
yellowish brown, covered with longish white hair. The tubercle bear-
ing the four central eyes very prominent, sloping. Sternum blackish.
The line formed by the posterior eyes rather strongly curved back-
wards; the area occupied by the four central eyes broader in front,
the fore central eyes separated by an interval at least double as
oreat as their diameter, the interval between the hind central eyes,
which are somewhat larger, rather greater than their diameter ;
the interval between the central and the lateral eyes about double
as great as that between the centrals of the same row. Mandibles
straight, brownish, about as thick as the tibie of the first pair.
Maxille brownish, with the interior side of the apex paler. Labium
brownish, pale at the apex. Palpi brownish, with the greater part
of the genital bulb brownish black. The clava is at least double as
broad as the anterior thighs; the femoral part, when raised, reaches
a little higher than the tubercle of the lateral eyes; the patellar joint
is nearly as long as broad, with two long bristles above, at the apex;
the tibial joint is about as long as the patellar, gradually broader
towards the apex: its outer side is produced into a broad lamellar
process gradually dilated towards the broadly truncated extremity,
the posterior angle of the extremity being right, the anterior pro-
duced and sub-acute; the inner side of the apex of the tibial joint
forms a rather prominent angle. The tarsal joint or lamina bulbi
turns its convex side inwards, and bears at the base, on the outer
side, a blackish brown process curved forwards, which is thick at the
base, narrowed towards the apex, which is again somewhat thick-
ened, rounded and knob-like. When the palpus is seen from above,
the genital bulb exhibits on the outer side a long process, which is at
first almost straight and linear, and at the apex compressed into a
Thorell.] 499 [April 21,
lamella, equally dilated on both sides; the edge of this lamella is
rounded, and denticulated anteriorly with about six small teeth, of
which the three anterior are larger than the others, which are very
small. Somewhat below and in front of this process are two other
lamellar processes with obtuse apices, close to each other, of which
the superior is very broad at its base, narrowing towards the apex;
the inferior, which appears to be longer, is almost straight and linear.
In front, above and at the outer side, issues a strong, forward di-
rected, arched, brown lamellar process, tapering towards the obtuse
apex. The legs are yellowish brown; the thighs more or less dis-
tinctly darker at the apex, the patellz also somewhat darker at the
apex; the tibize and metatarsi have each three dark rings; the tarsi
are blackish at the apex. The tibie of the second pair of legs are
very slightly curved outwards, evidently thickened on the inner side,
towards the apex, and here armed with some spines, which are
stronger than the other spines of the tibia; two of these spines are
placed on very low tubercles. The coxe of the first pair are, on the
under side, armed with a slightly curved obtuse spine. Abdomen
ovate, olive brown, with long whitish hairs; it has along the back a
whitish marking, which consists of two short slightly diverging lines
near the anterior margin, forming almost a narrow /\, two such lines,
more strongly diverging, forming a broader A, immediately behind
them, and followed by a narrower whitish, geminated band tapering
towards the anus, and composed of two or three pairs of small, almost
parallel, whitish lines. The belly has a large, oblong, yellowish spot
in the middle, and probably also smaller yellowish spots towards the
sides, especially behind.
Length of the body, 5 millim.; length of cephalothorax, 2.5 millim.,
its breadth, 2 millim.; length of legs: first pair, 10.5 millim.; second,
8.5 millim.; third, 5.5 millim.; fourth, 8 millim.; length of patella
and tibia of the fourth pair, 2.5 millim.; of tibia, 1.75 millim.
A single adult male specimen of this spider was captured on
Square Island, Labrador, in July. The specimen is in a very bad
state of preservation, and its color could not therefore be so accu-
rately described as I should have wished. It may, however, readily be
distinguished from the very closely allied European species Epzira
ceropegia Walck. and LE. Victoria Thor., not only by its smaller size,
but also by some differences in the organs of copulation. The process
on the outer side of the bulbus genitalis, for instance, has the denticu-
lated apex emarginate in E. ceropegia ¢, truncate in E. Victoria d,
1875.] 493 [Thorell.
and strongly rounded in E. Packardii g. This last named species is
perhaps still more closely allied to E. carbonaria L. Kech,? the male
of which is unknown to me: it is said to have the denticulated edge
of the above mentioned process rounded, as it is in LZ. Packardi, but
the anterior thighs of E.carbonaria ¢ are, according to L. Koch,
blackish above, and the posterior thighs have two black lines on the
sides; the breadth of its cephalothcrax equals the length of tibia of
the fourth pair; it appears also to be larger than the species from
Labrador.
3. Tetragnatha extensa (Linn.), forma principalis.
Aranea extensa Linn., Syst. Nat., ed. 10, J, p. 621. (1758.)
Tetragnatha Nawichi L. Kech, Beitr. z. Kenntn. d. Arachn.-fauna
Galize pp. 13,15. (1870.)
Tetragnatha exiensa forma T. extensa vera Thor., Rem. on Syn., p.
459. (1873.)
An adult male Teltragnaiha (in which however the abdomen is
wanting) does not appear to me to differ from the true 7’. extensa
(Linn.) or 7. Nawickii L. Koch, by anything more than its smaller
size and by the yellowish triangular spot on the dark sternum being
less distinct. The cephalothorax, mandibles, maxille, palpi and legs
are brownish-yellow, only the extreme apex of the tarsi blackish.
The distance between the lateral eyes is somewhat less than that
between the anterior and posterior centrals. The mandibles are
somewhat shorter than the cephalothorax; they have no tubercle or
spine near the apex above besides the ordinary great spine, which
is slightly curved at the extremity; the extreme apex of this spine is
slightly emarginate, with the anterior (exterior) lobe longer than the
other. - The armature of the claw-furrow is as follows: the anterior
margin has first a rather small tooth directed somewhat backwards,
which is placed opposite to the fifth tooth of the posterior margin;
then follows a very long and strong, almost straight, tooth (not
weaker, and but little shorter than the great bilobed spine); behind
this, at a somewhat greater distance, are three pointed, gradually
smaller teeth. The posterior margin has near the basis of the claw
one very small and one rather long tooth (longer than the next fol-
lowing); then, after an interval double as great as that between the
next following teeth, comes a row of six teeth gradually diminishing
in size. The long lobe, or apophysis of the tibial joint of the palpi,
1 Beitrige z. Kennt d. Arachn.-fauna Tircls, in Zeitschrift d. Ferdinandeums,
1869, pp. 168, 206.
Thorell.} 494 [April 21,
shows no tubercle. The patella, tibia, metatarsus and tarsus of the
fourth pair is longer than metatarsus and tarsus of the first pair.
There appear to have been perpendicular hairs on the under side of
the anterior tibie and metatarsi.
Length of cephalothorax somewhat more than 2 millim.; breadth
nearly 1.5 millim. Legs of the first pair, 14.5 millim.; second, 10.5
millim. ; third, 5 millim.; fourth, 10 millim.; patella and tibia of fourth
pair, 3.33 millim.; mandibles, 1.75 millim. In a couple of young
females captured together with this male.a yellowish spot is distinctly
visible on the sternum, and the perpendicular hairs on the underside
of the anterior tibiz and metatarsus are very numerous.
The male here described was captured on Square Island, in the
month of July ; two not fully developed females and a few very
young specimens, no doubt belonging to the same species, were found
in the same locality.
4. Linyphia Emertonii n. cephalathorace pallide rufescenti-
fusco, pedibus fusco-testaceis, aculeis trinis in femoribus primi paris,
singulo in secundi et tertii paris, nullo in quarti: metatarsis primi
paris aculeis saltem 4, quarti paris saltem 2 armatis; abdomine supra
albicanti, vitta lata ovato-lanceolata fusca; in lateribus sub-undulata,
intus pallidiore, sub-cinerea, secundam dorsum extensa; ventre nigro,
vulva fere » formi.— ¢ ad. Long. corp. 2.75 millim.
Female.—Cephalothorax of the ordinary form, pale reddish brown,
with the extreme edge blackish; forehead rounded and about half as
broad as the pars thoracica; cephalic furrows strongly marked. Ster-
num large, convex, blackish. The anterior row of eyes almost straight,
the posterior row (seen from above) slightly curved backwards; the
area of the four central eyes much broader behind than in front,
slichtly shorter than broad behind; the fore central eyes, which are
somewhat smaller than the others, are separated from each other by
an interval not fully as large as their diameter, and from the anterior
laterals by an interval double as great; the interval between the pos-
terior central eyes is somewhat larger than that between them and
the posterior laterals, and much greater than (nearly double as great
as) their diameter. The height of the clypeus is nearly half as great
again as the length of the area of the central eyes. The length
of the mandibles is double the height of the clypeus; they are of
a pale reddish brown color, almost cylindrical, but slightly taper-
ing towards the apex, as thick as the anterior thighs, twice as
long as broad at the base. The maxille are brownish, the labium
blackish. Palpi brownish yellow, with the apex of the tarsal joint
1875.] 495 [Thorell.
blackish. The legs are slender, the first pair the longest ; they are of
a brownish yellow color, with black spines; the thighs of the first
pair have three spines, those of the two following pairs one spine
each; the thighs of the fourth pair are without spines. The metatarsi
of the first pair have at least four spines, three towards the base and
one towards the apex, those of the fourth pair at least two spines.
The abdomen is high, ovate, whitish above, with a large ovate-lanceo-
late or leaf-like band along the whole back; this band, which is at
least as broad as the cephalothorax, is at the sides formed of large
brownish black spots more or less united with each other; inwardly,
between these two series of spots, the band becomes paler, grayish,
with a fine blackish, somewhat branched, longitudinal middle line.
Inferierly the sides of the abdomen are blackish with a series of two
or three whitish spots (or a longitudinal broken band) limiting the
black belly. The vulva consists of a transversal area more than
double as broad as long, strongly rounded in the sides; in front and
on the sides this area is bordered by a high, narrow margin; from the
middle of the anterior part. of this margin proceeds backward a
rather broad, black process, by which the area is divided into two
large, deep, rounded fovez. ‘The vulva thus has some resemblance
toanao. The mamille are dark brown.
Length of the body, 2.75 millims.; length of cephalathorax, some-
what more than 1 millim., breadth rather more than .75 millim.
Length of first pair of legs, 5.5 millim.; second pair, 5 millim.; third,
3.5 millim.; fourth, 4.5 millim.; patella and tibia of the fourth pair,
1.5 millim.
Two male specimens, which probably belong to this species, are dis-
tinguished by their longer and narrower, black abdomen, and by their
clypeus, the height of which is nearly double the length of the
area of the central eyes. The length of the mandibles is not fully
half as great again as the height of the clypeus. The blackish brown
tarsal joint of the palpi towards the middle of the superior (exte-
rior) margin is elevated into a blunt tubercle; its very base, on the
other side, is drawn out into a long, very fine, pale, spine-like process
curved forwards; the bulbus genitalis has on the under side, behind,
a very large reddish lamellar appendage, which inwards ends almost
in the form of a crescent; outwards it is cleft into two parts by a deep,
broad fissure, the anterior part being narrower than the other, di-
lated, emarginate and somewhat denticulated at the apex, the poste-
rior part still more dilated at the apex, which shows a few fine teeth
at the exterior angle; towards the apex, near the inferior (interior)
Thorell.] 496 (April 21,
margin of the pars tarsalis, the bulbus emits a strong, forward directed
curved spine or claw.
A female specimen of this fine species was captured near Dumplin
Harbor (or perhaps Sloop Harbor), in the middle of July; the males
above mentioned on Square Island.
5. Clubiona frigidula n. cephalothorace tibiam cum patella
-quarti paris longitudine «quanti, testaceo-fusca, oculis anterioribus
spatiis equalibus disjunctis, mediis posticis longius inter se quam a
lateralibus posticis remotis; palpis pedibusque testaceis, primi et
secundi parium pedibus sub-zqualibus, quarti paris pedibus multo
(metatarso suo) longioribus quam primi; metatarsis quarti paris pene
duplo longioribus quam primi, tibiis tertii paris subter 20 aculeis
instructis; abdomine supra unicolore, obscuro, area vulve foveis dua-
bus sat magnis, spatio lato disjunctis impressa. —¢ ad. Long. corp.
5.5 millim. .
Female.— Cephalothorax as long as tibia and patella of the fourth
pair, yellowish brown, with the extreme margin blackish, covered
with fine yellowish or whitish hair, and also provided with long
sparse black hairs; it is but slightly rounded on the sides, and much
narrowed in front, the breadth of clypeus being about three-fourths
of the breadth of pars thoracica; central furrow rather long. Ster-
num reddish brown, with a tubercle near the insertion of each of the
six anterior coxe. Maxille and labium of a darker brown. The
eyes of the front row equidistant from each other; the hind central
eyes more distant from each other than from the hind laterals.
Mandibles as long as metatarsi of the first pair, rather thicker than
the fore thighs, strongly convex above, towards the base, more than
double as long as broad at the base, smooth and shining, of a dark
rusty brown color. Palpi and legs brownish yellow; first and second
pair of legs nearly of the same length (the second perhaps a little
longer than the first) ; fourth pair (with the length of its metatarsus)
much exceeding the first pair in length. The tibia of the third
pair has two spines on the under side. The metatarsi of the
fourth pair are nearly twice as long as those of the first pair. The
abdomen is of a dark blackish brown, and appears to have been
covered with fine pale hair; the belly is paler than the back; the
area of the vulva is blackish, and is on each side elevated into a low,
broad, inwardly curved costa, which limits the outer side of a rather:
large fovea; the space between the two fovee is broad, truncated
behind, of a paler color, and shows a fine longitudinal middle furrow.
The mamille are long, yellowish.
1875.] AQT [Thorell.
Length of the body, 5.5 millim.; length of cephalothorax, 2.5 mil-
lim., breadth, 1.67 millim.; mandibles little more than 1 millim.
long. First and second pair of legs nearly 5.5 millim.; third, 5 millim. ;
fourth, 7.25 millim. ; patella and tibia of fourth pair, 2.5 millim.; meta-
tarsi of the first pair nearly 1 millim., those of the fourth pair some-
what more than 1.75 millim.
A female example was captured on Square Island, in the month of
July. The species is closely allied to the European C. frutetorum
L. Koch, but differs by an entirely different form of the vulva.
6. Gnaphosa brumalis n. cephalothorace breviore quam
tibia cum patella quarti paris, obscure ferrugineo-fusco, limbo sat lato
nigro circumdato, pube sub-lutescenti tecto; oculis lateralibus serici
antice majoribus quam mediis, a margine clypei spatio diametro suo
dimidio majore remotis, area oculorum mediorum rectangula; pedi-
bus obscure luteo-fuscis, secundi paris parum longioribus quam tertil,
tibiis primi paris aculeo sineulo in apice subter, secundi paris subter
duobis in apice et singulo parvo versus medium armatis; abdomine
nioro, pube densa appressa nigra et sub-lutescenti tecto; vulva et
fovea magna sub-ovata constanti, que secundum medium costam
latam, depianatam, antice pro receptione procursus crassi retro directi
excavatam ostendit.— ad. Long. corp. 9 millim.
Female.— Cephalothorax longer than patella and tibia of the
fourth pair, equably and rather strongly rounded in the sides; breadth
of clypeus equal half the breadth of pars thoracica; central furrow
rather short. As to the color, the cephalothorax is of a dark and
rusty brown, bordered with a very distinct, rather broad black
“hem,” and having a blackish \f bordering the pars cephalica be-
hind, as also a few faint blackish radii on both sides; it is rather
densely covered with fine, short, appressed, grayish yellow hair, and,
moreover, strewed with longer, more erect black hairs. The sternum,
maxille and labium are dark brown. The anterior eye-series is
rather strongly curved forwards; the posterior is curved backwards ;
the fore lateral eyes are larger than the fore centrals, which are sep-
arated from each other by an interval as large as their diameter, the
interval between them and the laterals being but half as large; the
area of the four centrals is rectangular, longer than broad, the inter-
val between the posterior centrals being much smaller than their
diameter, and the interval between them and the posterior laterals
evidently greater than their diameter. The distance from the margin
PROCEEDINGS B. S. N. H.— VOL. XVII. 32 AUGUST, 1875.
Thorell.] 498 [April 21,
of the clypeus to the anterior lateral eyes is about half as great again
as their diameter. Mandibles rather narrower than the anterior thighs,
as long as the anterior patelle, straight, only convex at the very base,
dark rusty brown. Palpi dull yellowish brown, with the tibial joint
rusty brown, the tarsal joint blackish brown. Legs of a dark and dull
yellowish, or rusty brown; the first pair evidently (with the length of
its tarsus) longer than the second, which is but little longer than the
third; the length of the fourth pair is about the length of the first
and the tarsus of the fourth pair. .The tibie of the first pair have
only one spine, at the apex of the under side; the tibiz of the second
pair have two spines at the apex, and besides, one small spine more
towards the middle, all on the under side. The tibiee of the third
pair have one spine above and two before and behind (besides three
pairs of spines beneath) ; the tibize of the fourth pair have no spine
above. ‘The abdomen is blackish, densely covered with fine ap-
pressed hair, which appears to be partly black, partly of a rusty
yellow, the abdomen thus showing a less distinct rusty yellow mark-
ing, consisting of a middle band along the anterior part of the back,
and a few transverse oblique bands on either side, behind. The belly
is blackish, covered with short appressed hair of a rusty brown color.
The vulva consists of a large, broad, almost egg-shaped fovea, which
is more depressed or excavated on the sides, thus showing in tlie
middle a broad, corneous, elevated, flat band or ridge tapering back-
wards towards the obtuse apex ; this ridge has a transverse depres-
sion near the apex; the anterior margin of the fovea is produced into
a backward directed, thick, transversely striated process, which lies
in an oblong excavation of the said ridge. Mamille of a dusky
yellowish brown.
Length of the animal, 9 millim.; length of cephalothorax, 4.33
millim.; breadth of cephalothorax, 3 millim.; first pair of legs, 10.5
millim.; second pair, 9.5 millim ; third pair, 9.25 millim.; fourth
pair, 12.5 millim.; patella and tibia of fourth pair, 3.75 millim.
Of this species I have seen but one adult specimen, a female,
which was captured at Strawberry Harbor, July 28.
7. Lycosa groenlandica Thor.
Aranea saccata O. Fabr., Fauna Greenl., p. 228. (1780.)
Lycosa grenlandica Thor., Rem. on Syn., p. 300. (1872.)
« ‘“ id., Om. nigra Arachn. fr. Gronl; in Ofvers.
af Vet. Akad. Forhandl., xxix (1872), p.157. (1872.)
An adult female of this species was captured at Strawberry Har-
bor, July 28th.
1875.] 499 [Thorell.
8. lLycosa furcifera n. cephalothorace in fundo nigro-fusco,
vittis tribus pallidis albicanti-pilosis, lateralibus continuis, inzequali-
bus, media antice in ramos duos valde divaricantes, incurvos pro-
ducta; pedibus obscure fusco-testaceis, femoribus supra nigro-macu-
latis et-lineatis; abdomine sub-olivaceo-fusco, vitta media angusta
albicanti antice; vulva ex fovea antice angusta, tum fortiter dilatata
constanti, septo persecta angusto, ad longitudinem sulcato, in medio
leviter dilatato, apice fortius in laminam transversam, in lateralibus
rotundatam dilatato; partibus patellari et tibiali palporum maris
albicanti et nigro, tarsali nigro-pilosa, bulbo genitali ad latus ex-
terius dente nigro armato, basi in tuberculum magnum incrassato,
quod antice e fovea dentera sub-porrectum emittit, hoc dente basi
dente minore armato. — ¢ ¢, ad. Long., 3 corp. 7, 2, corp. 8 millim.
Male.— Cephalothorax shorter than patella and tibia of the fourth
pair, its back, from the eyes to the hind declivity, straight, not de-
pressed behind the eyes; blackish brown, with the area between the
four posterior eyes darker, and covered with grayish white hairs;
adorned with three longitudinal pale bands, covered with whitish
hair. The median band is about as large in the middle as the ante-
rior tibize, and here geminated by the fine, black, ordinary central
furrow; behind it gradually tapers to a point; in front it also at first
slightly tapers, then, on the hind part of the pars cephalica, divides
itself into two branches which diverge very strongly, and are curved
towards each other. The lateral bands of the cephalothorax are
situated somewhat above its margin; they are narrow, continuous
and uneven, at least in their upper or interior margin. In one speci-
men, also, the very edge of the cephalothorax is pale, and covered with
whitish hair, and in this case the lateral bands are broad, and gemi-
nated by a blackish line. Sternum black ; labrum blackish, with the
truncated apex paler. Mandibles as long as patelle of the first pair,
dark yellowish brown. The anterior eye-series is straight, its eyes of
the same size, and equidistant from each other. The palpi are of a
dark yellowish brown, with exception of the tarsal joint, which is
somewhat darker; the femoral joint is spotted with black; the apex
of the patellar joint and the tibial joint are covered with shorter
whitish hair, both joints also with longer, rarer, black hairs; the tar-
sal joint is densely clothed with fine black hair. The patellar and
tibial joints are cylindrical, of the same thickness, the patellar some-
what longer than the tibial, which is slightly longer than it is broad
the tarsal joint is as long as the patellar and tibial joints, narrowly
Thorell.] 500 [April 21,
egg-shaped, pointed. The genital bulb is at its base much inflated;
seen from the side this posterior high part is obliquely truncate in
front; it has on the anterior side a large, not very profound fovea,
situated somewhat more inwards, from which proceeds a rather
strong obtuse tooth directed forwards and outwards, and bearing at
its base a smaller tooth directed outwards, and not rising out of the
fovea. Immediately in front of this elevated hinder part of the
bulb, and lying close to it, is a fine and long spine-like costa, which
issues from the anterior margin of the bulb, and is directed trans-
versely inwards and slightly curved upwards; near the outer margin
the bulb shows a black, pointed, downward and forward. directed
tooth, and behind it a stronger obtuse tooth, or short process, of a
paler color. The anterior part of the bulb, outwards, has the form
of a low, broad lobe, rounded at the apex. The legs are of a dark
yellowish brown ; the thighs have on their upper side black spots and
lines, including two very long pale spots, divided by a fine, black,
longitudinal line; also the tibize present slight traces of dark spots
or rings. The anterior tibiz, seen from the under side, show four
pairs of spines, of which the third pair, however, belong to the sides
of the jot. The abdomen is of blackish or olive brown, with a
rather narrow, pale, white-haired median band reaching from the
anterior margin to the middle of the back, or shorter; the belly is
pale; the mamillez black.
The female is of the same color, and about of the same size as the
male, with the legs somewhat shorter; the palpi are dark yellowish
brown, the femoral joint with black spots. The interval between the
central eyes of the first row is greater than that between them and
the laterals. The vulva consists of a large oblong fovea, which in its
anterior third part is narrow and of equal breadth, then strongly
dilated, with the sides rounded; it is divided longitudinally by a nar-
row septum, which is gradually and slightly dilated from the fore end
to the middle, then again slightly narrowing, and at last dilated
anew into a somewhat broader transverse lamina, rounded in the
sides, and closing the fovea behind; this lamina appears to have a
large shallow impression on either side; in front of it the septum
shows a longitudinal furrow, broader in the middle.
¢. Length of the body, 7 millim.; of cephalothorax, 4 millim.;
breadth of cephalothorax, 3 millim.; first pair of legs, 12 millim.;
second, 11.5 millim.; third, 11.25 millim.; fourth, 15.5 millim.; pa-
1875.] 501 [Thorell.
tella and tibia of the fourth pair, 4.5 millim.; tibia somewhat more than
3.33 millim.
?. Length, 8 millim. ; cephalothorax, 4 millim. in length, nearly 3
millim. in breadth; legs of the first pair, 11.5 millim., of the second
and third pairs, 11.25 millim.; fourth pair, 16.5 millim.; patella and
tibia of fourth pair, 5 millim.; tibia somewhat more than 3 millim.
The above described male and female were found in Square Island
(July), another male néar Dumplin Harbor (or Sloop Harbor).
The species may, I think, be without difficulty distinguished from
the next following, and other nearly related species, by the form of
the middle band of the cephalothorax, and the structure of the sex-
ual organs.
9. Lycosa fuscula n. cephalothorace nigro-fusco vittis tribus
longitudinalibus satis angustis pallidis, lateralibus sub-continuis, in
margine superiore crasse dentatis, media fere ad partem cephalicam
pertinenti, geminata sed vix furcata; pedibus sordide fuscis, femori-
bus supra et in lateribus nigro-maculatis et -lineatis, tibiis quoque
supra nigricanti-lineatis, metatarsis vestigiis annulorum trinorum ;
abdomine sub-olivaceo-fusco, vitta antica media abbreviata, albicanti;
vulva ex fovea profunda sub-transversa, antice non angustata con-
stanti, que in lateribus fortiter rotundata est et septo angusto in
foveas duas rotundatas divisa, hoc septo postice fere in formam acu-
lei sagitte obtusi dilatato.— 2, ad. Long. corp. 9 millim.
Female.— Cephalothorax slightly shorter than tibia and patella of
the fourth pair, with the back straight, not depressed behind the eyes,
and the sides of the pars cephalica, seen from in front, evidently
sloping; brownish black, with three longitudinal pale bands, the mid-
dle one short, reaching the pars cephalica only, and geminated by
the fine, black, central furrow, about as broad as the anterior tibie,
tapering behind; the lateral bands of about the same breadth, supra-
marginal, continuous (or perhaps slightly interrupted once or twice ?)
coarsely dentated in the upper margin. Sternum black. The front
row of eyes nearly straight, scarcely perceptibly curved forwards ; its
eyes of equal size, the centrals somewhat more distant from each
other than from the laterals. The eyes of the second series are sep-
arated by an interval much greater than (nearly double as great as)
their diameter. Mandibles dark brown, their back rather strongly
convex longitudinally ; rather longer than patellee of the first pair.
Maxille brownish. Palpi of a dull brown color, the femoral joint
with black spots. Legs of a dull brownish color, the thighs some-
Thorell.] 502 [April 21,
“
what darker at the base, with black spots and streaks above, and on |
the sides; the tibize have also distinct blackish lines above, and the
metatarsi show traces of three dark rings. The anterior tibiz, seen
from the under side, show four pairs of spines, the third pair being
inserted on the sides of the joint. Abdomen of a dark olive, or
perhaps blackish brown, with traces of a whitish longitudinal middle
band in front; belly paler. The vulva consists of a large, deep,
rather transverse fovea, strongly rounded in the sides, truncate, or
slightly rounded in front, its edges being behind incrassated into a
rounded tubercle on each side; the margin is in the middle, in front,
drawn out somewhat triangularly backwards, and continued into a
short narrow septum, which towards its posterior end is rapidly
dilated into an oblong lamina, narrowing towards the obtuse apex,
and having the form of a narrow, elongated rhomboid, or an arrow-
head; this lamina fills with its hind part the open space between the
incrassated and incurved margins of the vulva. By the septum the
vulva is divided into two large rounded fovee, showing each in its
bottom a paler lamina, rounded in front. Mamille black.
Length of body, 9 millim.; of cephalothorax, 4 millim.; breadth
of cephalothorax, 3 millim.; legs of the first pair, 10.75 millim.;
second and third pairs, 10.5 millim.; fourth pair, 16 millim.; patella
and tibia of fourth pair, 4.5 millim.; tibia alone, 3 millim.
The female here described was captured at Strawberry Harbor,
July 28th. It will probably be difficult to distinguish this species
from other closely allied forms, e. gr. L. glacialis Thor., and L. aquilo-
naris L. Koch. (both from Greenland), by any other characteristics
than the rather peculiar form of the vulva. The specimen is very
much damaged, and appears to have been left to dry for some time ;
this is also the case with the female of the next following species,
L. labradorensis.
10. Lycosa labradorensis n. cephalothorace nigricanti, vit-
tis tribus satis angustis pallidis albicanti-pilosis, lateralibus supra-
marginalibus, continuis, in margine superiore paullo inzqualibus,
media ad partem cephalicam tantum pertinenti, in medio geminata,
antice sub-truncata, posteriora versus angustata; palpis pedibusque
obscure testaceo-fuscis, femoribus supra et in lateribus nigro-lineatis-
maculatisque, patellis et tibiis quoque supra nigricanti-lineatis, ab-
domine fusco, vitta media antica abbreviata albicanti; area vulve
elevata, antice angusta, postice dilatata, impressione media in duas
partes divisa, parte anteriore sulcis duobus longitudinalibus notata,
parte posteriore foveis duabus lunatis obliquis, aream triangulam,
1875.] 503 [Thorell.
sulco longitudinali profundo notatam amplectentibus.— ¢, ad. Long.
corp. 6 millim.
Female Cephalothorax shorter than tibia and patella of the
fourth pair, rather long and narrow, with the sides of the pars
cephalica almost perpendicular; brownish black, with three rather
narrow longitudinal bands covered with whitish hair, the middle one
reaching to the pars cephalica, truncated and geminated anteriorly,
narrowing backwards, the lateral bands supra-marginal, continuous,
rather uneven in the upper margin. Sternum black, labium also
blackish, with pale, slightly rounded apex. The anterior row of eyes
but very slightly, scarcely perceptibly, curved forwards, its central
eyes of the same size as (at least not greater than) the laterals, and
somewhat more distant from each other than from the lateral eyes;
eyes of the second series separated by an interval not much (about
one-fourth) greater than their diameter. Mandibles narrow, but
slightly convex Icngitudinally; their length is greater than the height
of the face and the length of the patellee, their color a dull yellowish,
or ferruginous brown. Maxille dark yellowish brown. Palpi of the
same color, the femoral joint with blackish longitudinal streaks and
spots. Legs of a dark and dull yellowish brown, the thighs with
dark streaks and spots above and on the sides, limiting above two
large, oblong, pale spots, divided longitudinally by a fine black line;
the patelle and tibie have each three blackish longitudinal lines.
Seen from the under side, the anterior tibis show four pairs of
spines, the third pair belonging to the sides of the joint. Abdomen
brownish, with traces of a short white band at the anterior margin of
the back. The vulva forms no deep fovea, as in L. fuscula, ex. gr. 5
the elevated ferruginous area vulve shows, when the hair is rubbed
off, a system of short furrows and impressions rather difficult to de-
scribe, and forming a large, oblong figure, rather narrow in its ante-
rior half, then dilated gradually with rounded sides, and truncated
behind; the anterior part, which is divided from the posterior by a
large, but not deep, transverse depression, shows two longitudinal
parallel furrows, the anterior apices of which are rounded; the nar-
row interval between these furrows is pointed anteriorly, and has in
the middle a very fine longitudinal furrow. ‘The posterior broad
part of the area vulvz shows on each side a deep, oblique, incurved,
crescent-formed fovea; the space between these fovee is triangular,
with the apex directed backward, and divided by a deep middle lon-
gitudinal furrow. Mamille blackish.
A male, which I think belongs to this species, differs by the cephalo-
Thorell.] 504 [April 21,
thorax being of a purer black, with the lateral bands less distinct ;
the legs, which have the same markings as in the female, are of a
clearer yellowish brown color than in that sex, but darker at the
base; the coxe are black above and blackish beneath, the thighs also
blackish on the under side towards the base; the tarsi are yellowish
brown, scarcely black at the extreme apex (as in the male). The
palpi are very dark yellowish brown (the tibial joint almost black)
with black lines, and the tarsal joint quite black; the tibial joint
is thickly clothed with black hair; also the other joints are black
haired. The patellar joint is somewhat longer than broad, cylindri-
cal, the tibial joint scarcely longer than the tibial, but broader, being
slightly and gradually dilated towards the apex; the tarsal joint is
as long as the two preceding joints together, almost pear-shaped.
The genital bulb is very high at the base on the under side, this ele-
vated part being obliquely truncated and emarginate on the outer
side; it shows in front a large fovea, from which issues a very short
and coarse obtuse tooth directed obliquely forward and outward, and
bearing at its base a longer and narrower pointed black tooth directed
outwards and curved backward and downward; this latter tooth lies
almost concealed in the fovea. In the middle of the outer margin of
the bulb a strong, pointed, downwardly directed black tooth is visible;
close to the anterior side of its posterior elevated portion is a trans-
verse spine-like costa. The anterior lower part of the bulb shows
on the outer side two pale appendages or narrow lobes. The abdo-
men has avery distinct narrow band covered with whitish hair on
the anterior part of the back; the belly is blackish.
?. Length of the body, 6 millim.; of cephalothorax, 3.5 millim.;
breadth of cephalothorax, 2.25 millim.; first pair of legs, 9.5 millim.;
second, 8.5 millim.; fourth, 13 millim.; patella and tibia of fourth
pair, 3.75 millim. ; tibia, 2.75 millim.
3. Length of body, 6.5 millim.; of cephalothorax, 3.25 millim. ;
breadth, 2.25 millim.; first pair of legs, 8.75 millim.; second, 8 mil-
lim.; fourth, 11.75 millim.; patella and tibia of the fourth pair, 3.25
millim.; tibia, 2.5 millim. .
The female here described was eaptured at Strawberry Harbor,
July 28th; the male on Square Island, also in July. This species
greatly resembles the next preceding, L. fuscula; but it is smaller,
with the sides of the head more perpendicuiar, the interval between
the two largest eyes is smaller, and the form of the vulva quite differ-
ent. JL. labradorensis is a Pardosa C. Koch, while L. fuseula (and
L. furcifera) appear to belong to Leimonia C. Koch.
1875.] 505 [Emerton.
ON THE STRUCTURE OF THE PALPAL ORGANS OF MALE SPIDERS.
By J. H. EmMeErron.
It has long been known that the copulation of spiders is performed
by the introduction of peculiar organs on the ends of the palpi of the
male into openings near the outlet of the ovaries in the abdomen of
the female.
Treviranus, who discovered the testes of Aranea domestica in
1812, thought that the palpal organs were used to excite the female,
or to open the passage to the ovaries, and that the true copulation
took place afterward, by the contact of the openings in the abdomens
of the two sexes. |
Lyonet, in Memoires du Museum d’Histoire Naturelle, 1829, de-
scribed and ficured the palpal organs of three species of spiders, and
showed clearly that they were furnished with a tubular process,
which he called the penis, with an opening at the end. In the pal-
pal organ of Aranea domestica, he showed that a fine duct passed
from this orifice toward the base of the organ.
Menge, in 1843, in his memoir on the habits of spiders, Schriften
der Naturforschenden Gesell. Danzig, gave the first account of the
whole process of copulation. He saw the male drop the semen from
the opening in his abdomen, on the web, and then take it up by his
palpi, and afterward copulate in the usual way. Menge considered
the essential parts of the palpal organs to be a hard process (Hin-
dringer), the tubular structure of which he does not mention, and a
rough membranous appendage (Samentriger), which wipes up the
semen from the web and carries it to the female opening. ‘This view
of the structure of the palpal organ he repeats in the introduction to
his monograph of the spiders of Prussia, in 1866.
In 1851, Dr. W. 1. Burnett examined the palpal organ of Agelena
nevia Hentz, and found a duct leading from an opening at the end
of the penis to a capsule at the base of the palpal organ. This he
describes in the Proceedings of the Boston Society of Natural His-
tory, Vol. IV, and in a note in his translation of Siebold’s Anatomy
of the Invertebrata.
In 1868, C. O. Hermann published in the Proceedings of the
Zoological-Botanical Society of Vienna, a paper on the sexual
organs of Epeira quadrata, in which he asserts that the palpal organ
not only has a hollow penis, but that a tube passes from it through
the thorax to the testes in the abdomen of the spider.
Emerton.] 506 [April 21,
The true structure of the palpal organ is best seen in some large
species of Mygale, where it consists simply of a hard bulb, prolonged
Fig. 1.
into a hollow penis, Fig. 1. Within the bulb is a sac, attached by its
base to the side of the bulb at a, and narrowed at the other end into
a tube b, which leads to the orifice of the penis c. In other spiders
the essential structure of the palpal
organ is the same, though often ob-
scured by the spines and appendages
of the bulb, and modifications of the
shape of the tarsal and tibial joints of
the palpus. In almost all species the
tarsal joint is flattened and hollowed
on the ,under side, to receive the
shortened and twisted bulb. The
simplest case of this is seen in Aitus
tripunctatus, and several other species
of Attus, where the penis is a short,
blunt tube, and the bulb flat, smooth,
and without appendages. Where the
penis is long it is almost always ac-
companied and supported by a thin,
flat process of the bulb, called, by
Lyonet, the conductor, as in the palpi
of Dictyna, figured by Lyonet, in the
American species of the same genus,
in Tegenaria medicinalis, Clubiona pal-
lens, and many others. In most Epeire the penis is short, and
accompanied by several large processes, as in Epeira vulgaris Hentz,
Fig. 2. This latter figure represents a palpal organ made transpar-
Fig. 2.
1875.] 507 | Niles.
ent by potash, and shows the sac attached by its base at a, as in Fig.
1, and the tube 6 much lengthened, passing twice round the inside
of the bulb, and opening in the penis atc. In the various species
of Linyphia and Erigone the complication of the palpal organ is still
greater, but the internal structure is the same. The only variation
I have seen is in Linyphia autumnalis, and an allied undescribed
species, where the duct has a spherical enlargement midway between
the sac and the penis.
THE PuHysicAL FEATURES OF THE STATE OF MASSACHUSETTS.
By W. H. NILgs.
The geographical position of the State of Massachusetts insepar-
ably unites her territory to the Appalachian mountain system, and
-gives rise to the most conspicuous features of her hills and moun-
tains. Massachusetts presents four distinct physical regions, in two
belts of highlands and two of lowlands, which cross her territory
from the northern boundary to the southern. The western region is
that part of the Green Mountain chain which is within the State,
and it embraces a large portion of the Taconic and Hoosac ranges.
East of this lies the Connecticut Valley region. This is succeeded
by a broad belt of uplands, forming a central region of distinct phys-
ical features, but which has no recognized name by which it may be
designated. The fourth is that extent of relatively low land adjoin-
ing the coast, which is a part of what has been called the “Atlantic
Plain.”
The laws of elevation discernible in a comparative study of these
regions are but a part of the system embodied in the structure of the
Appalachians. Throughout that portion of this mountain system,
which lies east of the valley of the Hudson and south of the highest
of the Green and of the White Mountains, the ranges increase in
height as they succeed each other toward the west, and both high-
lands and lowlands gradually rise towards the north. As Massachu-
setts is a part of this region, her surface is elevated in accordance with
both of these more general laws. Thus the western belt of highlands
exceeds the eastern in elevation, and the Taconic Mountains average
higher than the Hoosac range; and hence the northern part of each
of the four physical regions is higher than its southern part. Thus
the mountain-forming forces, increasing the elevations toward the
west and likewise towards the north, have resulted in establishing the
Hunt. ] 508 [April 21,
highest mountains of Massachusetts in the northwesterly portion of
her territory, and in leaving the broadest extent of lowlands in the
southeastern part.
The parallelism of feature lines, which is so characteristic of the
Appalachians, is so decidedly marked in the general course of the
physical regions and of the ranges of hills, as to show an intimate
correspondence with and dependence upon the structure and plan of
this mountain system. Even in the eastern region, the one most re-
moved from the axis of the system, the range of low hills which
skirts the tide-water region from the Charles River to Salem and con-
tinues to the extremity of Cape Ann, is, throughout, parallel to the
more central mountainous regions west and north of it. There are
ranges, however, which are not strictly conformable, in their courses,
to the principal ones. We have an example of these in the east and
west ridges of the vicinity of Boston, and in the hills of Quincey and
Milton. The trend of these so closely corresponds with the strike of
the rocks, as to show that their courses are determined by proceses
of elevation rather than by erosion.
From these, and other similar data, it is argued that the general
character of the most conspicuous features, seen in the configuration
of the State, is derived from their inseparable dependence upon the
structural plan of the Appalachian mountain system; that other
features of secondary importance have arisen from minor systems of
elevation, which, although associated with, do not appear to have
been essential parts of the more general one, and that the different
meteoric agents have modified these without obliterating them, and
have added others, which, without wholly obscuring the plan, have
increased the diversity and complication of the topography of Mas-
sachusetts.
A discussion of some points touched upon in the commu-
nication of Prof. Niles followed, being carried on principally
by Dr, Hunt, Prof. Hitchcock and Prof. Shaler. Prof. Shaler
alluded to the granitoid character of the rocks at Braintree,
to which Prof. Niles referred. Dr. Sterry Hunt spoke still
further on the same subject.
The crystalline rock, said Dr. Hunt, seen in contact with the fossil-
iferous Lower Cambrian (Menevian) strata of Braintree, Mass., is
clearly a variety of the feldspar-porphyry or orthophyre, which is so
1875.] 509 {Hunt.
abundant along the eastern coast of Massachusetts, Maine and New
Brunswick, and which passes on the one hand into a jaspery petro-
silex, and on the other, into a finely granular, almost granitoid rock.
In its typical and most common form, it is a fine-grained impalpable
mixture of orthoclase and quartz, generally colored some shade of
red, brown, or purple, and porphyritic from the presence of feldspar
crystals, chiefly orthoclase, often with grains of crystalline quartz.
The porphyries of Lynn, Marblehead and Salem, and the so-called
jaspers of Saugus and Newbury, belong to it. This rock is identical
with the porphyry which accompanies the crystalline iron ores of
southeastern Missouri, and is also well displayed on the north shore
of Lake Superior. It is, in all of these localities, distinctly stratified,
and has been by the speaker referred to the Huronian series of rocks.
[See the Proceedings of this Society for October, 1870, pp. 45, 46,
and also the late descriptions of Pumpelly and Schmidt, in the geo-
logical report of Missouri for 1873.] This porphyry, in the form of
pebbles, often forms conglomerate beds in the Keweenaw or copper-
bearing series of Lake Superior, as is well seen in the Calumet and
Hecla, and the Boston and Albany mines.
As regards the relations of the eruptive granites of our Eastern
coast to the Braintree fossiliferous slates, Dr. Hunt remarked that
granites on Marblehead Neck, which resemble those of Cape Ann, are
seen to cut the still older porphyries, as he had pointed out in the
Proceedings of the Society, cited above.
In reply to another question, Dr. Hunt said that the relation of
the similar fossiliferous slates in the vicinity of St. John, N. B., to
the Huronian or Green Mountain series, was very apparent. The
unchanged fossiliferous strata are seen to rest on the crystalline
Huronian strata, and include, in some cases, fragments derived from
these. He also remarked that in this region there is a series of
granular limestones interstratified with micaceous quartzites, which
pass into micaceous gneisses, containing veins of endogenous granite.
These strata, which are like some portions of what he has called the
White Mountain, or Montalban series, are likewise seen to be older
than the Menevian, which, at St. John, includes material derived
therefrom. ‘These ancient rocks are also largely represented in
Hastings County, Ont., where they occupy a position between the
Laurentian and the fossiliferous limestones of the Trenton group, and
are the equivalents of similar limestones and micaceous quartzites in
Berkshire County, Mass., and elsewhere in New England, which
Seudder.] 510 [April 28,
have been by some assumed to be paleozoic strata in an altered con-
dition, and the stratigraphical equivalents of the fossiliferous Lower
Cambrian rocks of Vermont. There has long existed a notion
among many of our geologists, that there is nothing in New England
below the mesozoic which is not included in the categories of the
New York system, and that our great and varied series of crystalline
stratified rocks, if not of the Laurentian gneiss of the Adirondacks,
can be nothing else than members of the New York system altered
in some mysterious manner. He had, for many years, endeavored
to teach what he conceived to be correct views on this point, and had
shown the existence between the proper Laurentian and the Lower
Cambrian of several series of crystalline stratified rocks, which play
a conspicuous part in the geology of eastern North America, and in
various parts of this and other continents. He referred for further
details to a paper on “ The Geology of New England,” in the Amer-
ican Journal of Science for July, 1870.
Section of Entomology. April 28, 1875.
Mr. H. L. Moody in the chair. Seven persons present.
The following paper was presented: —
A CENTURY OF ORTHOPTERA. DecapEeE IVY.— Acrypi. By
SAMUEL H. ScUDDER.
31. Chloealtis brunnea. Brown, sometimes tinged with yel-
lowish, sometimes brownish-green. Head and prothorax rather
abundantly but obscurely flecked with brownish atoms, the sides of
the face above and the upper limit of the lateral lobes of the prono-
tum blackish. It differs from C. viridis Scudd., to which it is closely
allied, in the greater tumidity of the summit of the head, the broader
vertex between the eyes, which is less hollowed but slightly more
declivant, and the less prominent veins upon the dorsal area of the
closed tegmina; it seems never to be of so vivid a green.
Length of body, ¢, 19.5 mm.; ¢, 29 mm.; of tegmina, ¢, 9 mm.;
?, 17.5 mm.; of hind femora,;:d, 12 mm; 2°, 16 mmin ii oars
taken October 1, at Dallas, Texas, by J. Boll.
1875.] Dit [Scudder.
32. Amblytropidia subhyalina. Dark brownish-fuscous,
the head and pronotum obscurely clouded with black, and obscurely,
longitudinally vittate above with dull yellowish; antennee infuscated
toward the tip; frontal costa shallowly punctulate, the summit of the
head faintly rugulose. Pronotum sometimes dotted with black next
the posterior border both of disc and lateral lobes, punctate through-
out, both median and lateral carinz distinct; tegmina much longer
than the abdomen, obscurely dotted throughout with fuscous spots;
wings rather sordid hyaline, slightly fuliginous next the apex, the
veins blackish; hind femora blackish on the fuller parts externally,
deepest above; hind tibiz dull yellowish-brown, merging into black-
ish on the apical half, especially beneath, the extreme apex pallid and
the tips of all the spines black.
Length of body, 7, 20 mm.; 2, 28 mm.; of antennae, 3, 7.25 mm.;
2, 6.5 mm.; of tegmina, J, 18.5 mm.; ?, 23 mm.; of hind femora, 3,
14mm.; ?,18.5mm. 3 ¢,1 ¢, collected March 10 and 12, at Dal-
las, Texas, by J. Boll.
33. Gomphocerus virgatus. Pretty uniform brown; a
broad, straight, blackish stripe, darkest on the pronotum, extends from
above each eye to the outer posterior edge of the pronotum, bordered
rather faintly and narrowly with yellowish on the inner side through-
out its entire length, and distinctly with yellowish-white externally
on the pronotum; this latter whitish line marks the slightly raised,
nearly straight lateral carine and is minutely edged on either side
with black; the inner border of the broad stripe is marked by an
intermediate carina, nearly as high as the median carina, and extend-
ing from above the front edge of the eyes to the posterior border of
the pronotum;1 antenne brownish, infuscated on the apical half,
scarcely longer than the pronotum, the joints depressed. ‘T’egmina
brown with a narrow green stripe just below the costal margin, fol-
lowed by a longitudinal, scarcely disconnected series of fuscous spots,
causing in the middle of the tegmina a mottled appearance; wings
pellucid; legs brownish, the outer surface of all the femora infus-
cated along the middle, or, in the case of the hind femora, the upper
portion of the thickest parts; spines black tipped, the outer of the
inner, apical, aduncate spines of the hind tibie of great length.
1The same is true of G. carinatus Scudd., a species from the Middle States,
scarcely differing from this excepting in having decidedly fuliginous wings, becom-
ing infuscated on the apical half of the costal area.
Scudder.] ai? [April 28,
Length of body, 20 mm.; of antenne, 5.5 mm.; of tegmina, 15 mm;
of hind tibia, 14.5 mm. 2 2, taken March 26 and May 1, in Dallas,
Texas, by J. Boll.
Psoloessa (¢dio¢) nov. gen.
Allied to Tragocephala. Head but slightly tumid above; front reg-
ularly arcuate and slightly declivant, the frontal costa broadening
constantly in width toward. the labrum, acuminate above; vertex nar-
row, the eyes being separated by a space less than equal to the diam-
eter of one of the eyes, the fastigium scarcely declivant; eyes pretty
large, sub-acuminate above; antenne equal to or shorter than the
combined head and pronotum, the joints flattened, on the apical half
punctate. Dise of pronotum nearly flat; the median carina distinct
but slight, broken once in the middle ; lateral carine distinct through-
out, sinuate, at first approximating a little and then diverging
greatly in passing backward ; posterior margin bent at more than a
right angle; tegmina slender but not extending much beyond the
body; wings with the principal cells of the front area longer than
broad, pellucid with a more or less fuscous tip ; lower interior apical
spine of the hind tibie nearly, quite, or more than half as long again
as the upper one.
34. Psoloessa texana. Summit of the head with a very slight
medio-dorsal carina reaching as far as the base of the fastigium of the
vertex; this is about as broad as one of the eyes in the female,
slightly narrower in the male, having much the form of that of P.
ferruginea. Head blackish on the upper half, below paler, livid, with
olivaceous tinges on the sides, heavily mottled with yellowish and
blackish in front (excepting the frontal costa) and about the mouth
parts; extreme basal joints of antenne yellowish, beyond dusky,
darkening toward the tip, joints 4-5 minute, but the sixth longer than
broad. Pronotum blackish above, faintly and inconspicuously flecked
with dull yellowish, the sides mostly dull yellowish with a blackish,
longitudinal, irregular band below the middle; tegmina blackish
fuscous, the veins blackish, a few pale dots indistinctly seen in a row
near the costal margin beyond the middle; wings faint bluish hya-
line, distinctly fuliginous on the apical fourth, fading interiorly; all
the veins black; legs brownish-yellow, dashed and dotted with black;
the apex of the hind femora blackish, and the spines of hind tibie
black excepting at base. Abdomen bright reddish, or roseate above,
duller beneath and on sides.
1875.] 513 [Scudder.
Length of body, ¢, 15.5 mm.; %, 19.25 mm.; of antenna, @,
6 mm.; of tegmina, ¢, 13 mm.; 2, 17 mm.; of hind femora, 3, 10
mm.; 2,12mm. 24,1 ¢, taken March 24 and June 6, at Dallas,
Texas, by J. Boll.
35. Psoloessa ferruginea. Summit of the head with a slight
medio-dorsal carina extending nearly or quite to the tip of the vertex;
the latter about as broad as one of the eyes on a top view, the sides
raised and parallel for a short distance beyond the eyes, then meet-
ing at less than a right angle, the edges still raised. Head dark
brown with light brown mottlings and a broad, equal, medio-dorsal
stripe, of the width of the vertex, extending from its tip backward,
edged laterally with blackish; antenne dusky, joints 4-6 about as
long as broad. Pronotum generally light yellowish brown above, the
lateral carinz slightly paler, the latter edged rather broadly on the
outer side anteriorly, on the inner side posteriorly with black; middle
of sides of pronotum with some obscure dark markings, the lower
border flecked with ashen; tegmina variable, the portion forming
the superior field, when closed, of the color of the dorsum of the pro-
notum; the remainder generally much darker, occasionally with dark
dots along the middle field and darker veins; wings hyaline, the
veins along the costal area broadly, the rest delicately, black; the
extreme apex of the wing dark fuliginous; legs brownish gray mot-
tled with dark brown, the hind femora dotted externally with black-
ish and the spines black tipped. Abdomen ferruginous above, the
sides flecked with brown; beneath paler.
Length of body, ¢, 14 mm.; 2, 21.5 mm.; of antennae, 3, 6.2 mm.;
?, 6.5 mm.; of tegmina, J, 13 mm.; 2, 17 mm.; of hind femora, 2,
10 mm.; ?,12.2mm. 1 ¢,3 2, taken March 24 and April 25 and .
29 at Dallas, Texas, by J. Boll.
86. Psoloessa maculipennis. Summit of the head with a
slight medio-dorsal carina extending to the middle of the fastigium
of the vertex; the latter about as broad as one of the eyes, short,
longitudinally obovate, a little angulated in front, pretty deeply
depressed, with sharp sides and a median transverse furrow. Head
dark reddish brown, much and irregularly mottled with darker
brown; antenne fuscous growing darker toward the tip, joints 4-6
about half as long as broad. Pronotum uniformly brown above,
excepting a pair of small oblique black dashes situated just behind
the middle of either side; the sides of the pronotum as in P. ferru-
ginea; tegmina ash-brown, sprinkled rather profusely, excepting in
PROCEEDINGS B. S. N. H.— VOL. XVII. 33 AUGUST, 1875.
Scudder.] 514 [April 28,
the middle area, with blackish and whitish fleckings, generally dis-
posed longitudinally; wings hyaline, the veins black, with the slight-
est possible cloudiness at the extreme tip; legs brown, flecked, and
the fore and middle pair delicately subannulate with blackish; hind .
tibiz dull yellowish, edged beneath with blackish, the apical half
of the spines black. Abdomen dull ferruginous, slightly paler be-
neath, marked on the sides next the incisures with blackish.
Length of body, 19 mm.; of. antenne, 6.5 mm.; of tegmina,
16.5 mm.; of hind femora, 12.2. 2 9, taken March 23 at Dallas,
Texas, by J. Boll.
37. Arphia simplex. Brownish fuscous. The general color
is very uniform, but the lower half of the head, and especially of
the face, passes to ashen; lateral foveole of the head scarcely distin-
guishable from the parts below, the lower limits being very obscurely
marked. ‘The edges of the lateral lobes of the pronotum are some-
times dotted irregularly with yellowish; pronotum somewhat sca-
brous ; pronotal crest not high nor arched, uniform; tegmina flecked
with fuscous dots pretty uniformly distributed over the whole, except-
ing in being a little crowded in the basal half of the middle area;
wings at base red, with a slight orange tinge, bounded by a moderately
broad, nearly equal, arcuate, dark fuscous band, passing from the mid-
dle of the outer half of the costal border nearly at right angles to
the same, until it reaches the opposite border, when it curves inward,
following the border more than half way to the anal angle; it sends
inward fully half way to the base of the wing, a broad, generally
‘tapering shoot just below the costal margin; beyond the arcuate
band the wing is fuligino-pellucid, and at the tip fuliginous, all the
veins dusky; hind femora very indistinctly transversely trifasciate,
with an indistinct pale annulus just before the tip, the hind tibiz
obscure glauco-plumbeous, with a pale annulus next the base.
Length of body, 3, 24.5 mm., 2, 32 mm.; of antenne, d, 9 mm.,
?, 9.5 mm. ; of tegmina, 7, 26 mm., 2, 31 mm.; of hind femora, ¢,
16 mm., ?,18.5 mm. 2, taken June 3 and 6,1 2 taken April 26,
in Dallas, Texas, by J. Boll.
38. Arphia conspersa. Greyish cinereous or blackish fus-
cous, the whole head rugulose and punctate with blackish fuscous;
antennz greyish-cinereous more or less dusky at base, beyond
blackish. Pronotum somewhat rugose, the median carina rather ele-
vated, gently arched, subincised in the middle; whole of pronotum
mottled or sprinkled with dusky dots, noticeable only in the lighter
1875.] 515 [Scudder.
specimens, in the darker indicated as pale dots along the borders;
tegmina light cinereous or brownish fuscous, more or less sprinkled
with small dark fuscous spots throughout, generally absent from the
inner field and infrequent near the apex; wings coral-red at base
with an arcuate, extra mesial, not very broad band of blackish fuscous
crossing the wing and emitting baseward a broad shoot, two thirds
at least of the distance to the base in the upper area of the wing,
separated from the costal margin only by a narrow streak of coral-
red; below, the arcuate band follows the border nearly to the anal
angle, diminishing only a little in width as it passes; apex of wing
pellucid, very slightly fuliginous outwardly, all the veins coarsely
black; hind legs brownish yellow quadrifasciate with blackish; hind
tibize dark plumbeo-fuscous, with a whitish annulation next the base.
Leneth of body ¢, 21 mm.; ¢, 34 mm.; of antenne, 7, 8 mm.; °?,
8 mm.; of tegmina, d, 23.5 mm.; 2, 28 mm.; of hind femora, ¢,
138 mm.; 2,15 mm. 14,3 2, taken March 19 and 26, in Dallas,
Texas, by J. Boll.
39. Arphia luteola. Head dark brown, sometimes blackish
above, the sides and face more frequently brownish yellow, not in-
frequently with a broad, more or less obscure band of this color,
extending obliquely on either side, from the middle of the upper
edge of the labrum to the middle of either side of the posterior bor-
der of the head; above this the front is often much mottled ; antenne
yellowish at base, beyond dusky. Pronotum rugose, pinched on either
side of the middle of the dorsal carina, the latter moderately ele-
vated, scarcely arched, with the slightest possible indication of a
central incision; pronotum very variable in color, but usually dark
brownish fuscous, sometimes pale yellowish cinereous, the median
carina marked by a small \/-shaped black spot in the middle, and
at the anterior extremity and the posterior extremity of the disc
by oblique black dashes broadest next to the border, which they do
not generally reach; lateral lobes of pronotum generally marked
in the middle by a rather large, quadrate, dusky spot; tegmina
dark brownish fuscous, sprinkled profusely with small dark spots,
generally larger and more conspicuous in the female, the base of
the veins, and generally, at least the basal half of the radial vein,
yellowish; wings unusually broad, pale citron yellow, sometimes
faintly tinged with orange, with an arcuate, not very broad band of
fuscous or blackish fuscous, commencing above in the middle of the
outer half of the costal margin and crossing the wing at right angles
Scudder. ] 516 [April 28,
to that margin, and then following down the outer margin to its
broadest portion; along the border the band is fully half the width
of the tegmina; but above this it narrows, and is not half so wide
as that in the upper area of the wing, along the lower edge of which
it sends a slender acuminate shoot much more than half way
toward the base; the apical half of the remaining outer portion of
the wing is fuscous, and the part between fuligino-hyaline, with
black veins; hind femora brownish yellow or cinereous, broadly
bivittate with blackish, the base above and the apex also blackish;
hind. tibize blackish fuliginous at base, followed by a broad con-
spicuous pallid belt; the rest of the tibie dark glaucous, merging
at either end into blackish fuliyinous, the spines tipped with black.
Length of body, 3, 28 mm., ?, 36 mm.; of antennz, ¢, 10.5 mm.;
2, 10.25 mm.; of tegmina, J, 31.5 mm., 2, 34 mm.; of hind femora,
3, 18.75 mm., 2, 21.6 mm.; of wings, 7, 29 mm., breadth of same,
3,19mm. 8 3,5 2; the males taken April 22, 28, June 3, 6, and
July 15; the females June 1, 6, and July 15, 16, at Dallas, Texas, by
J. Boll. Mr. Belfrage found it common the last of June, in Bosque
Co., Texas, in sandy or dry prairies.
Phlibostroma (gi‘Sw, otp@pa) nov. gen.
Somewhat closely allied to Psinidia Stal, but with less angular ver-
tex, as seen from the side, and without any intersections of the ante-
rior half of the median carina of the pronotum. Head rather tumid,
a little elevated, the summit arched, higher than the pronotum, the
eyes separated by a space at least double the width of the first joint
of the antenne; vertex pretty strongly declivant, shallowly sulcate
toward the angular apex; lateral foveole broad, transverse, some-
times scarcely separable from the parts below; ocelli touching the
eye at the extremity of its upper third; front but slightly declivant,
frontal costa rather narrow, narrowed above the antenne, suleate
only below; eyes separated by fully their own length from the base
of the mandibles; antennz linear, in the female much longer than
the head and pronotum combined (those of male not seen). Pronotum
strongly contracted in the middle above, the lateral carinz, which
are slight though sufficiently distinct, having a clepsydral outline;
disc nearly flat, the median carina very slight, distinct, equal, divided
once in the middle; hind border roundly and rather obtusely angu-
lated; tegmina surpassing the abdomen a litle, rather slender,
1875.] 517 [Scudder.
equal, broadly rounded apically, the cross veins rather distant; wings
moderately broad, hyaline in the species seen, the cells large, in no
part exceptional.
40. Phlibostroma pictum. Livid brown, with an oliva-
ceous tinge above; upper interior edge of eyes margined with black,
and the summit of the head with a more or less distinct dark median
stripe; antenne yellow, a little rufous toward the tip. " = >
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