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PROCEEDINGS

OF THE

AMERICAN

POMOLOGICAL

SOCIETY

TOLEDO, OHIO

1921

L

UNIVERSITY OF MASSACHUSETTS
LIBRARY

SB

354

A47

V.38

1921

PROCEEDINGS

OF THE

Thirty-Eighth Convention

OF THE

American
Pomolo^ical Society

ORGANIZED 1848

TOLEDO, OHIO

December 7, 8 and 9, 1921

Columbus, Ohio:

The F. J. Heer Printing Co.

1922

201029

JLIBRARY

UNIVERSITY OF

MAasACHifsnrS

riJAPE

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PROCLAMATION "

(IF THE THIRTN -KICHTII CONVENTION OF THE AMERICAN POMO-
LOGICAL SOCIETY.

VVe hereby proclaim that the American Pomological Society
is to hold its thirty-eighth convention in the city' of Toledo, Ohio,
on the days and evenings of December 7th, 8th and 9th, being
Wednesday, Thursday and Friday, in connection with the Na-
tional Farmers' Exposition. In pursuance of the time-honored
declaration of the constitution, the conclave is called for "the ad-
vancement of the science of pomology." To this end we cordial-
ly invite all friends of fruit-growing to attend the convention
and to take part in the discussions, and request that horticultural
societies, organizations and firms send delegates.

VVe solicit specimens of good fruits, fresh and preserved,
for the exhibition tables, as also manufactured fruit products,
machines, devices, apparatus, materials, nursery stock, and
whatever else may contribute to the attractiveness and educa-
tional value of the general display. It is the desire to make the
convention, both in its speaking program and its exhibition, a
worthy expression of the best development of pomology in the
United States and Canada.

It is expected that the program will outline the large for-
ward movements in organization, transportation, marketing,
governmental oversight, and the prospects of the fruit industry,
as well as to consider problems of production and the valuable
knowledge of species and varieties. It is purposed not to dupli-
cate the work of state and provincial horticultural societies, but
to give the meetings a national and international character. The
convention should be a clearing-house for the problems of both
the commercial grower and the amateur.

The student fruit-judging contests and the participation of
collegiate members from the colleges of agriculture should be
attractive features.

The American Pomological Society stands for an educa-
tional ])olicy and program, and we ask the cordial cooperation of

(3)

the fruit-loving public as a renewal of fellowship and a con-
tribution to the public good.

L. H. Bailey, President.

R. B. Cruickshank, Secretary-Treasurer.

October 25, 1921.

THIRTY-EIGHTH CONVENTION AMERICAN POMO-
LOGICAL SOCIETY

Toledo, Ohio, December 7, 8, 9, 1921.

The Thirty-eighth session of the American Pomological
Society was held in Toledo, Ohio, December 7, 8, and 9, 192 1.
The first meeting was called to order at eleven-twenty a. m.,
December 7. in the Moose Hall, by the President, Dr. L. H.
Bailey.

The President: Ladies and Gentlemen: The meeting
will come to order. I presume at subsequent sessions we shall
have a larger attendance as persons begin to come in.

You have the program before you. You know that the pro-
ceedings this morning are largely formal, having to do with the
report of the Secretary-Treasurer and the Address of the Presi-
dent. The first in order is the Presidential Address.

PRESIDENT'S ADDRESS

Dr. L. H. Bailey,
Ithaca, N. Y.

Ladies and Gentlemen, I welcome you to the thirty-eighth
convention of the American Pomological Society. This I do with
reverence for the past and confidence in the future. The Society
is in its seventy-fourth year. The conventions have been bien-
nial, until this one and its predecessor. Movements are now too
rapid to await a biennium.

The program is before you. Some of you are surprised that
the first business session opens with reports from the different
States. This is in some sense a reversion to the older plan of
the Society, whereby the convention developed at once into an
experience meeting. In the early years, the convention consisted
of two parts, — the reports of the fruit committees and the open
discussions. In those days, pomologists did not come together

(5)

"to hear papers." They told each other what they had learned
in the two years, for the custom had not then developed of ask-
ing government for aid, of demanding redress of grievances, and
of laying great plans for the securing of rights and the further-
ance of trade.

For more than half a century this Society occupied a dis-
tinct field quite its own, concerned largely with amateur interests
and the varieties of fruits because, at first, there were practically
no other interests. Its work was associated with production.
But the great State horticultural societies came into existence ;
large commercial interests developed ; distribution and marketing
took precedence, in public discussions, over production ; the scien-
tific undertakings received great stimulus and the investigators
made an association of their own. The old Society came into
difficulty, and almost before anyone was aware it found itself
without a field of effective operation. There have now been
some years of prospecting. We think we now have a program,
and we know the field is clear. There is nothing in the genius
or even in the history of the Society to prevent it from occupy-
ing a large ])lace in the stirring processes of the twentieth cen-
tury.

YESTERDAY

In a peculiar sense the Society now stands between yesterday
and tomorrow. It emerges from its long and honorable past into
a future of a somswhat diflferent direction. First, then, may we
take a retrospect. Let us sit calmly for a few moments and
try to reconstruct in our minds the temper of one of the early
conventions. By the time of the fifth meeting, held in Boston
in 1854, the Society had gained its headway and its character
was known. It .was a delegate convention. The proceedings
of this convention are in my hand. Be attentive while I read.

"The morning session was opened, at ten o'clock, by the
President, Hon. Marshall P. Wilder, of Massachusetts, who
.took the chair, and called the Society to order. The Secre-
tary, H. W. S. Cleveland, of New Jersey, was present, and
took his seat. The delegates were then requested to hand
in their credentials to the Secretary for examination.

"Col. Henry Little, of Maine, moved that when the dele-
gations from the dift'erent States, should have presented their

credentials, the President proceed to appoint a committee,
consisting of one gentleman from each State, to nominate a
list of officers for the next biennial term; and the motion
was unanimously adopted. The President said there were
other delegates in the city ; but as the time was passing, it
might be expedient to proceed at once to business. He then
requested those present to answer to their names, as the list
of delegates was called in congressional order. The gentle-
men present responded."

The delegates were : seven from Maine ; thirty-nine from
Massachusetts; nineteen from Connecticut; twenty-six .'rom New
York ; twelve from Pennsylvania ; eight from New j ersey ; two
from Maryland ; one from Ohio ; two from Illinois ; one from
Iowa; one from Missouri; three from Florida; and one from
District of Columbia, — 122. It is a mistake to suppose that in
the old days the attendance at the conventions was large. I
think the attendance was fair to good, but it was of superior
quality and influence. The memberships in 1854-6 were 114.
of which 26 were from Massachusetts, 23 New York, 23 Penn--
sylvania, 10 New Jersey, 15 Connecticut. 5 Ohio. 4 Maryland,
3 Maine, 2 each from Virginia, Florida and Illinois, one from
each of several States including one member as far west as
Davenport, Iowa. There was none from Canada. In 1867 the
membership, as published in the proceedings, was 308; in 1885 it
was 322; in 1895 the number was 347;~these figures include both
life and biennial members.

"After the calling of the list of delegates, an invitation
was extended to all persons present, and feeling an interest
in the objects of the association, to take part in its delibera-
tions.

"Hon. Marshall P. Wilder, the President, gave notice
that he should hold a Levee, on the evening of the next day,
Thursday, at eight o'clock, at the Revere House ; and ex-
tended a hearty invitation to all the memlrers and delegates
of the Society, to be present on that occasion.

"The President then rose and delivered the following
address."

8

The President's address was the dignified, hopeful and ar-
tistic statement that was always received from Marshall P.
Wilder. In this day we should call him "a gentleman of the old
school." We now speak of our fellows as men, persons, dele-
gates and associates. The particular points emphasized in that
address were the methods to be invoked for "the production
from seed of new varieties of fruits adapted to particular local-
ities, or to general cultivation"; the "arts of cultivation"; a dis-
cussion of "appropriate fertilizers for fruit-trees"; mention of
the difficult subject of "summer pruning" ; the necessity of re-
garding "the affinities between different varieties in the arts of
multiplication" ; the maladies of trees ; "the preservation and
ripening of fruit." He admonished the delegates that "eternal
vigilance is an indispensable condition of success." The conclu-
sion of this worthy address was the following paragraph :

"Gentlemen, Go on. Prosecute the work you have so
honorably commenced. Sow the seeds of your best fruits, —
raise new varieties, — ply the arts of judicious cultivation, —
study the laws of nature, and extend your researches and
labors, till our beloved land shall be adorned with orchards,
vineyards and gardens; and man shall realize the poet's idea
of Paradise regained !"

The President's address was received "with enthusiastic ap-
plause." The President appointed twelve persons to serve as the
nominating committee. A committee was then appointed by the
President "to report business for the convention." Then "The
President invited all editors and reporters of papers to take seats
at the board, and requested gentlemen having list of fruits, which
they might have contributed, to pass them into the Secretary's
hands, and they would then be disposed of by the Committee on
Fruits."

The convention then proceeded to hear and discuss the re-
ports of delegates representing the different states as to the con-
dition of pomology, particularly in respect to the varieties of
fruits. About one-half of the report of 258 pages is made up
of a record of this part of the proceedings. The second half
of the report comprises a miscellaneous discussion, which turned
to a considerable extent on the kinds -and varieties of fruits.

It will be seen that this convention turned mostly on the
subject of the production of fruits. Judging- from the character
of the experience which is recorded, it must have been a fraternal
and entertaining series of meetings. The reason why production
was the theme of the convention was because the commercial side
of fruit-growing had not then come into existence. The market-
ing of fruit was a local and personal practice, and did not need
to be discussed before a convention. Remember that in that
time there was no great fruit-growing West and practically no
subtropical pomology. Railroads were few. If there had been
marketing problems at that time, the Society undoubtedly would
have attacked them.

In the proceedings of the nth session held at St. Louis in
September, 1867, the Society was addressed by M. L. Dunlap of
Champaign, Illinois, on the subject of "Packing and marketing
fruit." In subsequent reports the commercial subjects associated
with pomology are given increasing attention.

TOMORROW

We now come to a time, nearing the end of the first quarter
of the twentieth century, when the delightful subjects associated
with the kinds and varieties of fruit are readily and effectively
handled by State, Provincial and local societies. The produc-
tion of fruit is largely a series of geographical questions, and the
methods employed in one part of the country may not be ap-
plicable to remoter parts. The national fruit-growing subjects
are rather those that have to do with policies and programs.
How to organize and to effectualize the forces of society for the
furtherance and protection of fruit-growing are problems for a
national and international society to consider. The different
State and Provincial societies represent political divisions of the
continent. All of them, however, must consider large questions
of policy associated with transportation, distribution, selling, mar-
keting, storage, quarantine, packages, and many legislative mat-
ters that touch the fruit-growing industry. It would add much
to their effectiveness without detracting anything from their in-
itiative and integrity if they could act through a body of con-
tinental scope, including both the United States and Canada.
This is the large field of the American Pomological Society.

10

Some of its friends have felt that the Society should not be
"commercialized." We need, however, to understand what we
mean by this word. I would not have the Society commercialized
in the sense of becoming a trade organization ; it should not en-
gage in buying and selling nor become an agency of distribution;
it should not be a pooling company or a fruit-growers' exchange.
However, it may very properly cover all the educational and in-
formational subjects associated with the commerce in fruits as
well as those associated with the breeding and production of
fruits. The Secretary's office should be prepared to give in-
formation on the fruit crops of other countries, and of North
America, the prospects of the export trade, the laws and regula-
tions touching the handling and the movement of fruits, and all
other subjects that will aid the fruit-grower in the better con-
duct of his business. At the same time, the Secretary's office
may give any information it is able to collect that will help per-
sons better to understand and to grow fruits, whether these
growers are commercial men or amateurs on village lots. All
new findings of experiment stations, conclusions as to new
varieties, new apparatus, methods and practices, opinions of per-
sons competent to advise, may be distributed freely to the mem-
bership. Although the Society may cover commercial fruit-
growing in this wa}', it must never lose sight of the amateur
and the small planter, for it is on this body of non-occupational
fruit-lovers that a successful and growing commercial fruit-
growing must rest. The American Pomological Society, there-
fore, may stimulate all planting of fruits independently of the
size of those plantings. Tt must encourage the growing of single
trees and plants as well as of large orchards, for the interest of
fruit-growing holds together from one end to the other.

If these statements are sound, then it follows that the cen-
tral service of the American Pomological Society is not in its
conventions and exhibitions, however important they may be, but
in the Secretary's office. I am convinced that the Society may
exercise a very large usefulness and make a great impression on
the country without any conventions whatever. Such a frequent
periodical issuance of helpful information from the Secretary's,
office as I have in mind, aided by supporting officers and by the
membership, is competent to interest a vast number of people.
The return for the membership will lie in a useful, attractive.

II

well-bound annual report promptly delivered, in circular letters
frequently issued, in the member's privilege of being able to write
a central ofRce for information, in the exchange of sample fruits
and of cions, and in the support that a good organized body may
give to all worthy needs and purposes of fruit-growers. The
Society should be prepared to exert its influence promptly when
questions of public policy touching fruit-growing are pending.

To this end, the Socfety invites membership from all per-
sons who are interested in fruits, whether they grow the fruit-
trees in suburban lots or whether they have large commercial
areas, and also those who grow the trees, who manufacture ap-
pliances and supplies used by fruit-growers, from traders in
fruits, and all others interested in the subject. Local ?'.nd state
horticultural societies are invited to affiliate and to take part by
means of delegates, as are also institutions and business organiza-
tions.

The active personal membership is in two parts, --the regu-
lar adult members, and the collegiate members. Tb; collegiate
membership is a departure, and the organization of it is not yet
perfected. I trust that we may now complete the plans for it.
These members in the colleges should have full standing, receiv-
ing the annual reports and all the literature. They should hold
chapter meetings, with suggestions, so far as possible, from the
secretary's office. They should be led to expect a talk or lecture
once each year by some officer or member of the parent society
if their local organization is active and effectual.

The Society should cover the field ; and as the field is in-
creasingly commercial and legislative, so must the Society attack
these economical and legal questions if it is to represent North
American pomology. It shall represent and cover this field by
means of education and stimulation rather than by buying and
selling. What. then, are its agencies?

1. A sustained Secretary's office, giving its entire time to
the wo-rk of the Society.

2. Conventions and exhibitions, held annually in dififerent
parts of the country.

3 . The annual report and yearbook, containing the proceed-
ings of the conventions and also much collected matter
of timely interest to fruit-growers.

12

4- Monthly or twice-monthly letter or bulletin from the
Secretary's office to the membership, keeping the mem-
bership informed on new fruits, new methods, insects
and diseases, new movements, the state of the fruit
crops, the projected and pending legislation, the markets,
and whatever else the Secretary may be able to assemble
that may be of current value.

5. The re-issue each year of the fruit catalogue.

6. The giving of medals and awards for meritorious fruits,
worthy inventions, and notable contributions to the
science and practice of pomology.

7. The distribution, under proper safeguards, of cions, cut-
tings, and samples of fruits to the membership.

8. Eventually, a permanent home for the Society, with
land, buildings and library.

THE PROGRAM

This is a day of programs. You have a schedule for three
days. This includes the careful inspection of the exhibitions.
These three days will set many things in motion for the coming
year. I have a few other propositions to recommend for your
consideration.

1. That you commend the untiring labors of the Secretary
and ask for a continuation of these efforts in making the Society
known and in obtaining memberships.

2. That you set forth a regular activity to increase the con-
sumption of fruits and their products. This shall be accom-
plished by all proper means of publicity, including regular adver-
tising when we have the funds. In particular, ask every college
of agriculture and experiment station to issue at least one bulletin
in 1922 on the food and health value of fruits. The many de-
partments of home economics can help greatly. Ask, also, all
public health and sanitation and welfare bodies to issue such
publications or leaflets.

3. That a definite program be set afoot to encourage the
home planting of fruits. The fruit-garden seems now to be
little known in the old sense ; or if it exists, it is likely to be no
more than a plantation of berries. But to collect and to grow
varieties of the different fruits is as joyful an enterprise as to
grow a collection of roses, peonies or irises. It is said that the

13

home orchard is going out. This may not be a misfortune if
the home orchard is merely a small commercial plantation, form-
ing an unimportant and uneconomical adjunct to a farm enter-
prise, and competing with what may be called professional or-
chards. But it is a tremendous misfortune if it means that
fruit-growing is to be in the hands of only a few large area
growers and that the people are to be deprived of the vast spir-
itual resource of growing choice fruits and to be divorced from
personal knowledge of them. Our concern, as public men and
women, is quite as much to multiply the resources and satisfac-
tions of the lives of the people as to swell the volume of trade.
Home-making is the major concern of society. A fruit-garden
as a part of every home, in which it is possible to rear one. should
be a cardinal objective of this Society.

Publications to this end may be prepared ; and definite co-
operation with State and local societies should be undertaken
with the view to have this subject entered on all the programs
of 1922.

4. That the Secretary's office issue a printed or mimeo-
graph letter or bulletin at least six times a year, devoted to the
purposes of the Society and distributed to the membership.

5. That the first bulletin be a record of the resolutions and
programs adopted by this Convention for the furtherance of the
activities of the Societ}^

6. That the code of nomenclature be published as another
bulletin, having been edited for the purpose, together with the
names of current varieties made to conform to it.

I recommend that two new principles be incorporated in the
code, — the principle of alternative names, and the principle of
fifty years of accepted usage.

By the principle of alternatives the Society makes legal the
use of two names for the same variety, when these names are
thoroughly established in popular usage. Thus, both Newtown
and Albemarle may be allowed and perhaps also both Duchess
and Oldenburgh. This is only making the rules practical, for
the Society cannot expect the people in the Albemarle region to
say "Newtown." This means that the name Albermarle may be
raised from synonomy and given good standing.

By the principle of a half-century established usage in times
past, a name remains standard, even though it does not conform

14

to the code. Thus, Rhode Island Greening and Esopus Spitzen-
burgh and Roxbury Russet, are untouched. Again we are only
making the rules practical, for the Society cannot expect the
people to forget childhood and Downing and say Rhode Island,
Esopus and Roxbury.

To carry out these recommendations I suggest a committee
of three to prepare the nomenclature bulletin.

7. That the Society establish a regular official size of page
and style of binding for the Report and Annual.

There has never been an official size and format. :\t one
time the proceedings were published in quarto. Hereafter the
volume should be bound and a regular design of cover should
be adopted. For this result a small committee should be con-
stituted.

8. That we now make up our minds just what we want to
do with the collegiate membership idea, and that we issue a bul-
letin on the subject.

9. That the Society delegate certain of its members to act
as advisors to the Secretary in the working out of the activities
entrusted to his care. There should be one advisor, for example,
in the publicity-for-consumption enterprise, one in publicity-for-
planting, one in marketing, one in co-operation, one in affiliation
and so on. These advisors should not constitute a committee or
organized body.

10. That we here -and now raise a supplementary fund,
above the usual income of the Society, to put through the new
work. Are there twenty persons and firms ready to contribute
fifty dollars each? The contribution could be charged to the
advertising appropriation oi the firm. Or are there ten persons
and firms who will contribute fifty dollars and twenty who will
contribute twenty-five dollars? Or are there one hundred who
will give ten dollars?

Aside from these suggestions let me call attention to certain
resolutions adopted at the Columbus meeting, on the recom-
mendation of the Lake Committee, and which have not yet been
carried out so far as I know. They are printed on page 112 of
the last Report. There are five of these resolutions needing at-
tention : on the conduct of fruit shows ; statement on condition
of commercial fruit-growing in United States and Canada ; en-
couraging of students' judging competitions ; the offering of prizes

i'5

in plate apples; inquiry into cost of producing apples. Atten-
tion should also be called to the excellent suggestions contained
in the Report of Professor Lake, retiring Secretary, printed on
page 115.

The Convention is now before you. I trust it will be satis-
factory to you, and inspiring. I hope we shall set our faces
toward the future, taking a long look. We cannot stand still.
To make no progress is to admit defeat. The officers cannot
carry the work alone. There must be a large and helpful mem-
bership. The members must give as well as receive. We must
be a working company.

Let us keep constantly before us the three larger purposes
of the Society. These purposes are : to encourage the produc-
tion of more and better fruit; to increase the consumption of
fruit ; to enable everyone to have greater joy and reward in the
knowledge and the growing of fruits.

Charles E. Greening (Monroe, Michigan): 1 move that
we adopt the recommendations of the President's Address..

The President: May I make a suggestion — that inas-
much as you want to take these recommendations up in detail,
the motion be changed and that a committee be appointed to
consider them, the motion being that a committee be appointed
to dissect the President's Address.

(This change was accepted, the motion seconded and
unanimously carried).

Charles E. Greening : I move that the President appoint
a committee of three for this purpose.

The President : It would be better to have them named
from the floor.

H. P. Gould ( Department of Agriculture, Washington, D.
C.) : I move to amend the motion and that the Secretary appoint
this committee.

(The amendment was accepted, the amended motion sec-
onded and unanimously carried.)

The President: The appointments will be made later in
the session.

I do not know how many of the people here are members
of the American Pomological Societv, but at all of these sessions

i6

we want those who are not to make themselves known to the
secretary — the handsome young man sitting over there. His
name is Cruickshank — and he will take everything you have for
the American Pomological Society.

We shall now have the report of the Secretary-Treasurer,
Mr. R. B. Cruickshank.

REPORT OF THE SECRETARY-TREASURER

This report is presented in full realization that the secretary
has not been able to accomplish during the year any great part
of the program laid out for his office at the last meeting. Cir-
cumstances explained below and the impossibility of devoting to
the work of the Society more than a small fraction of the time
which it requires have interfered and kept tangible results below
expectations.

Finances — One of the purposes of the partial reorganiza-
tion at the last meeting, was to interest financially in the So-
ciety those industries allied to the business of fruit growing.
The report in this connection is not as satisfactory as was hoped
a year ago. A meeting of the executive committee was called in
Chicago in January. At this time, plans were laid to approach
members of these industries through the several persons on the
executive committee, to begin a widespread campaign for mem-
bership through the farm papers and through the literature
issued by such allied interests as were in sympathy by means of
membership application coupons. The business men on the
committee were confident that a large sum for underwriting the
expense of an extensive program could be raised and that a
greatly increased membership of national distribution and pro-
l)ortions could be ol^tained.

However, before this work could be gotten underway, a
conference of fruitgrowers was called for April in Chicago by
the American Farm Bureau Federation. There immediately
arose a question as to what this gathering would decide to do.
and for fear there might be a conflict of action, it was felt ad-
visable and necessary to allow our plans to rest until after that
conference.

17

The executive committee met again the evening before and
on the (lay of the fruitgrowers' conference. It appeared then
that the new program of the American Pomological Society
might in large measure be a duplication of v/hat was proposed
in the resohitions adopted by the conference, and to show its
interest in the movement, one of our members seconded the mo-
tion for the appointment of a general fruit committee of 21 by
the American Farm Bureau Federation. Efiforts to raise money
through large subscriptions were again postponed.

Meanwhile President Bailey had returned to the United
States and another executive committee meeting was called and
held in Toledo, July 26. Dr. Bailey was of the opinion that re-
gardless of the probable program which might evolve from the
American Farm Bureau Fruit Committee of 21. there was still
a large field of useful endeavor for the American Pomological
Society and that it could be placed in a position to give generous
service to the fruit industry without interfering with or duplicat-
ing the work of any other organization.

With the loss then of eight months of valuable time, definite
work began. Firms were written by both Mr. Stark and the sec-
retary, asking not for actual donations, but for subscriptions
which would be repaid if desired whenever the Society found
itself in position to do so. The responses w-ere sympathetic, but
in almost every case we were reminded of the present business
depression, of the necessity for complete financial retrenchment
and of the utter impossibility at the present time to help out.

The exact results of the canvass are these. Stark Brothers
Nurseries and Orchards Company of Louisiana, Mo., and The
Hardie Manufacturing Company of Hudson, Mich., each gave
$100.00, The Niagara Sprayer Company of Middleport, New
York, gave $50.00 and the Package Sales Corporation of South
Bend, Indiana, gave $200.00. None indicating a desire for re-
turn of same. Many other concerns left themselves open to be
approached again later, upon return of better business condi-
tions. In addition, $1700.00 have been promised as a contribu-
tion to a given working fund. Representatives of two business
enterprises thought their firms would be willino^ to donate a small
percentage of their profits towards the maintenance of a going
9

organization. The American Fruitgrower offered a full page in
each issue for items concerning the Society.

It appears that there are many allied businesses in the coun-
try which see value in a strong, constantly functioning national
or international organization to the fruitgrower and of course in-
directly to themselves, and that they are ready under improved
business circumstances and upon a reasonable state of readiness
on the part of the American Pomological Society to underwrite
it sufficiently to establish and equip a permanent office, without
dictation by themselves. If but a little money has been collected,
the past four months' effort seems to show that there is good
promise of necessary funds.

The complete financial report is herewith appended. The
money received has been spent. It was spent with the idea of
making it do the most to put the Society in position to progress.

Membership — The roll of the Society now consists of 131
Life members, 297 Annual members, 36 Collegiate members, 2
Society members and 64 Institutional members, a total of 527.
This is approximately what it was last year and, therefore, no
increase is shown.

The same circumstances which necessitated postponement
of the financial campaign acted similarly against a big member-
ship effort until late in the year. However, during the past few
months, many of the State Horticultural Society members have
been canvassed with the result that since August i, 200 of the
297 annual memberships have been received. This would seem
to mean that members can be obtained if they are insistently
followed through a whole year and with a program of service
to the individual and to the industry.

During the past year, approximately 12,000 pieces of mail
have gone out from the office of the secretary. Much of this
has been an attempt to acquaint growers with the work and
proposed work of the Society. In addition, news items have ap-
peared in agricultural and horticultural papers to the extent of
over a million copies.

This widespread advertising is certain to exert a pulling
force and gradually to increase the membership if properly fol-
lowed up. The circulation manager of a national fruit paper
estimated that 100,000 members could be obtained at a cost of
$T.oo each.

19

Once begun with sufficient financial foundation, tliere is
every reason to believe that the Society could l)e developed into
a strong factor in the pomological world.

Publications — During the year, the Proceedings of the
Thirty-sixth meeting at St. Louis and the Thirty-seventh meet-
ing at Columbus were printed and distributed. Together with
this, was issued the first Pomological Annual, most of the ma-
terial for which was gathered bv former Secretary Lake. It
comprised ninety pages of the volume. This feature has pos-
sibilities of great value and interest to members of the Society.

Late in the year, in an attempt to keep the members more
frec^uently and more completely in touch with the policies and
activities of the Society and to give them more definite service,
your secretary began sending out monthly mimeographed letters.
Three were issued. While far below their possibilities, judging
from the responses received, they appeared to be welcome. At
least, they served to put the Society in mind more or less regu-
larly. Such letters, though not so attractive as a printed page,
have the advantages of being less costly, of consuming less time
in the secretary's office and of possessing a more personal at-
mosphere. A sufficiently organized secretarial oftice could make
of these a source of real pleasure and worth to members. They
like to hear from headquartei s.

The President's Proclamation, calling this convention into
session, was printed and mailed to meml:)ers. to horticultural
societies and to agricultural magazines.

Obituary — The following deaths have been reported to me
during the year : Mrs. Helen V. Austin, Richmond, Indiana,
and Prince E. L. Odescalchi, Purser, Hungary, both life mem-
Ijers; Mr. George W. Trowbridge, Glendale, Ohio, and Mr.
George B. Thomas, West Chester, Pa., annual members.

Awards — Silver Wilder Medals were sent to the Central
Experimental Farm, Ottawa, Canada, and to the Buckeye Nurs-
eries, Tampa, Florida, the latter for the Temple Orange.

Bronze Wilder Medals were sent to the New York x\gri-
cultural Experiment Station, Ohio Agricultural Experiment Sta-
tion, Experiment Station, Kentville, Nova Scotia, Wisconsin
State Horticultural Society, New England Fruit Show and Miss
Elizabeth C. White, New Lisbon, New lersev.

20

A silver cup was given to the successful judging team of
the Department of Horticulture of the Ohio State University.

Silver medals were sent to Mr. A. L. Laisy and Mr. H. L.
Geer, of Ohio and Massachusetts, respectively, as awards for
their high scores in the judging contest at Columbus last year.

In conclusion, your secretary is of the opinion that the
American Pomological Society is in better position than it was
a year ago. Its new policies are better defined, it has introduced
itself to many thousands of fruitgrowers who previously had not
heard of it, it has had widespread publicity which can be capi-
talized, it has been promised the financial support of many busi-
nesses allied to the fruit industry, it has had correspondence with
all state horticultural societies and with a large number of fruit-
growers cooperative associations, it has kept in close touch with
its membership and has given considerable personal service to
them, it has been stirring and has attracted attention to itself.

Columbus, Ohio,

December G, 1!)-21.

R. B. Cruickshank, Secretary-Treasurer

In account with the American Pomological Society.

J92I

March 1.

To Cash.

Received from L. R. Taft. .

$608 Ml

Dec. H.

"

297 Annual Memberships...

rm 00

"

1 Life Membership

m 00

301 Collegiate Memberships

30 .V)

"

State Memberships

20 00

" "

Institutional Membership...

.-)0 00

n «

Subscriptions

448 00

"

Reports sold

53 10

" "

Interest on Bonds

200 00

.12,054 51

Feb. 23. By Cash.

Nov. 21.

April

F. E. Dillon. Stenographic Service,

Columbus meeting |152 90

R. B. Cruickshank, Expense Office and

Ex. Com. meeting, Chicago 19 10

Madge Guyton, Stenographic Service. 40 00

F. J. Heer Printing Co., Letterheads.. 25 00

9.
21.

22.

May

4

June

1

20

July

1.

30

Augus

4

9.

12.

Sept. 1.

23.

26.

80.

Oct. 8.

20.

31.

Nov. 3.
5.

11.
30

21

Mary E. Brown, Merchandise

R. B. Cruickshank, Expense Office and

Ex. Com. meeting, Chicago

F. Cranefield, Expense Ex. Com.

meeting, Chicago

Madge Guyton, Stenographic Service
Madge Guyton, Stenographic Service.

H. M. Aldrich, Legal Opinion

Madge Guyton. Stenographic Service
Madge Guyton, Stenographic Service
F. J. Heer Printing Co., Letter Heads
Trafford Talmadge Agency Co.,

Premium on $10,000 Bond

L. Roesch, Return on Overpayment

of Dues

Weinland, Kahle & Doud, Legal

Service

E. S. Welch, Return on Overpayment
of Dues

Frances Carlisle, Stenographic Service

F. J. Heer Printing Co., Envelopes,
Letter Heads, Paper

F. J. Heer Printing Co., Envelopes
for Report

F. J. Heer Printing Co., Bill Heads..

Frances Carlisle, Stenographic Service

Xantha Day, Stenographic Service...

Simons Bros., Philadelphia, Wilder
Medals and Cases

Xantha Day, Stenographic Service...

F. J. Heer Printing Co., Stamped
Envelopes, Folder, Paper

Frances Carlisle, Stenographic Service

F. J. Heer Printing Co., Envelopes...

Xantha Day, Stenographic Service...

R. B. Cruickshank, Office Expense...

Frances Carlisle, Stenographic Service

F. J. Heer Printing Co., Annual Re-
ports

R. B. Powers , Ribbons

(30

48 24

28

16

40 00

40

00

25

00

40 00

40 00

10

00

35

00

1

(M)

2 50

1 00

40 00

41 50

15 00

3 50
40 00
20 00

79 00
24 00

141 20
40 00
10 00
24 00
88 65
40 00

758 80
9 00

11,925 15

Cash to balance.

$2,054 51

$1,925 15
129 36

$2,054 51 $2,054 51

22

Ex-treasurer Taft reported that his books showed a balance
of $730.00 credited to the Life Membership fund, and that the
receipts from the Wilder Medal fund had exceeded the outlay
for medals by the sum of $499.20, but that it had been neces-
sary to draw upon these funds to pay current bills. One new
life membership has been added, making the total fund now
$780.00. There were expended for Wilder Medals $79.00; re-
ceipts were $40.00. This fund therefore stands reduced to
$460.00.

Res])ect fully submitted,

R. B. Ckujckshank.
Secretary-Treasurer.
Columbus, ()., Dec. i, 192 1.

The President: You have heard this report. It is in two
parts as the office is now a secretaryship and treasurership.
Whether you wish to do anything with the secretary's report
more than to receive it, is for you to say. It is the usual custom
to have an auditing committee appointed to go over the Treas-
urer's books, and a motion to that effect would be in order.

H. P. Gould: I move that an auditing committee of three
he named by the Chair to go over the Treasurer's report.

( Motion seconded and carried. ) The president named :
Charles E. Greening,
Fred Johnson,
J. E. Cochran.

The President: We are now ready to adjourn this ses-
sion. We are to be back here at two-thirty ready for a trip to
the plant of the Rex Spray Company, and before that time we
will have our afternoon session. The program calls for one
o'clock, l)ut it has been suggested that this be made one-thirty,
which will leave us an hour for our program. If there is no
action to the contrary we will now adjourn to meet at one-thirty
hy this clock.

Any further business to come before this session? If not
we will stand adjourned.

W KDNESDAY AFTERNOON SESSION

The Wednesday afternoon session was called to order at
one- forty by the President, Dr. L. H. Bailey.

The Prksidknt : Wc have one or two things left over from
the morning session. One is the appointment of the committee
to dissect the President's Address. This committee was to be
appointed by Mr. Criiickshank.

The Secretary: That committee will be:
H. P. (jould. Washington, D. C.
Frederic Cranefield, Madison. Wis.
M. B. Davis, Ontario, Canada.

The President: A committee was appointed this morning
to audit the Treasurer's Report. No action was taken, however,
in reference to the re]Kirt of the Secretary. Do you wish to ac-
cept it ?

Cl.\rk Allis (New York) : I move that the report of the
Secretary be accepted.

(Motion seconded and carried).

The President : We have two numbers on the program
this afternoon. Mr. H. C. Taylor of Washington is not able to
be here, but his paper is in our hands. I think we ought to
give Mr. Allis whatever time he wants, and I propose therefore
to call on him first. Then if we have time before going to the
plant of the Spra}' Company we shall have the other paper read.

Mr. Clark Allis of New York will now read a paper on
"Pure Fruit Juices."

PURE FRUIT JUICES

Clark Allis,

Neiv York

Mr. President and Fellow Members : I think perhaps in
fairness to the victims I have before me that I should announce
that I am a manufacturer of cider; I am also a fruit grower. I

(23)

24

am very much interested in growing fruit, apples principally,
and I think there is no field in the fruit industry that offers the
chance that does the manufacture of the by-products of the
apple. Perhaps I am a crank on that subject. I never drank
cider until I began to make it myself.

This short title does not sound like the biggest thing and the
greatest opportunity that has ever come to any class of ordinary
business. Very few, if any, realize that this one, demand, if
catered to and encouraged, with a publicity campaign carried on
in keeping with the magnitude of the fruit business, would take
all the fruit juice we could make. A billion dollars does not
make a loud noise any more, but a billion spent by Americans
last year for so-called "soft" drinks would boom the fruit busi-
ness so all the world would hear.

Much of the soft drink business is but a left-over from the
brewing and whiskey-making days and is the most prolific source
of bootlegging and drink with over one-half of one per cent,
that the prohibition officers have to handle. Most of the near-
beers, pops, Bunco-Bunco and drinks with similar compound
names that have such immense sales are absolutely worthless and
dangerous. Dye stuffs, chemicals and drugs, with the addition
of a small amount of saccharine and canal water, make a con-
coction that is beautiful to look at, that sells readily, and is al-
most all profit. Some of the most widely advertised drinks con-
tain certain drugs that are Avorse than beer. Part of the brewers
and makers of soft drinks are as unscrupulous as ever and are
making a big drive against the largest manufacturer of grape
juice because this manufacturer worked hard to make America
dry. As a part of their contract with retailers they have this
clause — that the retailer of pop, etc., shall not handle this brand
of grape juice — and incidentally, any kind of fruit juice made
from fruit.

A noted doctor who is a manufacturer of lemon, orange and
other bottled fruit juices, gave me to drink at his laboratory
several brands of fruit juices, none of which had a particle of
fruit juice in them. In many cases of children's diseases where
doctors have advised fruit juices, parents have bought commer-
cial fruit juice without knowing that it was made entirely of
chemicals.

25

The bottlers of America in their annual convention passed
resolutions against certain editors of farm papers who were
urging that school children should be furnished free, or at cost,
milk to drink. They boom their hellish business even at the ex-
pense of children's health, and America will stand or fall on
the health or illness of its children. Milk and fruit juices are
Nature's complete foods. Constipation is called an American
disease, but with the proper use of milk, fruit and fruit juices,
the use of drugs and dope is not necessary. A vast amount of
pop and dangerous drinks are always on sale where school chil-
dren can get them and many parents do not know the harm such
drinks do to the children.

Ikey went home one day to find his wife ill and wanting a
doctor. Ikey hurried to get one, and his wife liked the doctor
so well that she had him every day. Ikey objected, but his wife
could not exist without the doctor's daily visit. Finally Ikey sent
home a barrel of apples. When he came home his wife said,
"Ikey, some one, I guess the doctor, sent us a barrel of apples."
"Oh, no," said Ikey, "I sent them. I read in a paper that 'An
apple a day keeps the doctor away.' "

Loganberry juice, with its exquisite aroma and taste is dis-
tinctly a product of our great Northwest and one of which she
may well be proud.

Grape juice had long been a favorite with many people, but
it took Bryan, the Boy Orator of the Platte and our perpetual
candidate for President, to give it a deserved boom at Washing-
ton. Practically all fruits furnish juice that makes drinks that
are refreshing and valuable as aids to health - — currants and
berries of all kinds.

Orange juice has sprung into great popularity and all the
citrus fruits are valuable for their juices. No home or table is
furnished as it should be without some citrus fruits always on
hand, and lemonade — say boy ! This would be a desert place
indeed without lemonade, both hot and cold. I can remember
in the olden days that I often faked a cold just to get a quart or
two of hot lemonade, and we use lots of it the year around.

I am a great lover of citrus fruits and never read any of
the wonderful ads. their associations put out but what I say,
"Go to it ! You have the goods."

26

In a recent campaign three thousand doctors have been writ-
ten to as to the value of orange juice. I think so far all who
have answered endorse it unreservedly. From Washington our
Government is sending out floods of bulletins encouraging the
use of citrus fruits. All this shows what a wonderful organiza-
tion the citrut fruit growers have. I congratulate them and hope
they continue to prosper. Up to the present time it has been im-
possible to pasteurize any of the citrus juices and retain a good
flavor and color. Many have tried, ]:)Ut the results have been dis-
appointing.

All that has gone before is but an introduction to the one
fruit and its juice, whose glory shines so brightly and whose true
merit and worth are so wonderful. Xo fruit can compare with
it. Adam and Eve left Paradise and all its pleasures for a poor
specimen of an apple, but what would they say now if they could
but see and eat some of our luscious apples or have a drink of
cider made from ripe, picked, sound apples — apples that are
fresh from the trees with no rot, specks or dirt I

Do you know how Queen Victoria took her pills? In side'er
( cider).

The apple is the king of all fruit, and cider is the queen of
all drinks. The nectar that the gods of old were so fond of was
poor stufif compared with cider. For ages cider has been of such
poor quality and usually hard, that it has been quite properly
classed with the outlaws. But made as it should be, from good
apples, bottled, capped and pasteurized at 140" to 145° long
enough to destroy all the ferment germs, it is truly a drink fit
for the best people on earth, the Americans, and my ambition is
to make cider America's royal drink.

Any process that will keep cider from working is all that is
required, and pasteurization is the one usually followed. But
one recipe is to get an 1. W. W'. to oversee the job — and the
cider will never work — it is guaranteed never to work.

(jrades and grading are drawbacks to apple growers, but
with cider made as it should be, and all but the best grades of
fruit made mto cider, apples would have a boom that would
benefit the grower, the 'dealer and the consumer alike. The
grower would not have so many barrels or boxes to sell and
would receive more money. The dealer could say the packages

27

contained nothing but No. i fruit, and the consumer would al-
ways be able to get high-class fruit.

Until recently the United States Department of Agriculture
has advised pasteurizing cider at 1/5°. This is entirely too high
a temperature to use. as some kinds of apples have juice that
changes flavor at 140''"'. All manufacturers of Ijottled cider that
I know have been after a clear cider that deposits no sediment
after standing. They have produced a clear liquid almost like
water. They have refined cider to death. A filter should be used
that leaves a cloudy, natural-colored cider. The sediment, which
is pectin, easily shakes into suspension again and is what gives
the cider its fine flavor.

■'Liquid apple" should be a standard product and everyone
should ask for cider or apple juice instead of pop, Coca-Cola,
etc. The International Apple Dealers' Association and other as-
sociations are readv to help in a campaign of this sort. Coopera-
tive packing associations everywhere should back this movement
to dispose of many of the apples now shipped in barrels and
boxes. Cider can be made in vears when apples are cheap, and
held over until the following year or years. Cider sells well in
the summert-me, and this would help the apple business the year
around. Publicity, a nation.-wide campaign, and every grower a
booster, would do this.

Doctor Bates, the great Indian expert at Cornell University.
attended church on the Cattaraugus Indian Reservation. He
and Hen Hawk, an Indian Ijrave, were asked how the}^ liked the
sermon — an eloquent sermon on Adam and Eve — the sin of
eating the apple, what might have been, etc., etc.. etc. Doctor
Bates of course praised the sermon, but when the minister tried
to get praise from Hen Hawk he only grunted. Finally the min-
ister urged Hen Hawk so hard that he said, "Adam damn fool."
The minister wa^ horrified to hear Hen Hawk swear, l^ut asked
him what he would have done with the apple, to which Hen
Hawk replied, "Made cider.'"

Legislation is necessary to check the flood of soft drinks
now being sold. Every bottle should l)e branded as to its con-
tents and as to the [)urity of the water it contains. The Pure
Food law covers ]:)art of this, but it is not strict enough. ^lany

28

of the brands now being sold should be prohibited entirely.
Nothing will help the sale of fruit juices as much as making
public the "dope" that soft drinks are made from. It is some
job, but each and everyone should do his part. "Up, men, and
at 'em!"

The President : This interesting paper is l^efore you for
consideration and discussion, presented by one of the substantial
fruit growers of western New York who is well known to all oi
us. Are there any questions?

A Member: I want to ask about the length of time to
hold it.

Clark Allis : When you get it to 140° hold it for one
hour. But never let it get beyond 140° or 145°

C. A. Bingham (Cleveland, Ohio) : I would like to ex-
press my appreciation of this paper. I realize thoroughly the
great business that can be done in bottling good fruit juices, be-
cause I know a gentleman who had made himself an income of
over $100 a day from the drink they call "Whistle." And he
made a very small initial investment. His brother-in-law told
me that when he died, at the age of about forty-five, he had an
income of $100 a day.

The President : You may not all know it, but the person
who just sat down is Dr. C. A. Bingham, President of the Ohio
State Horticultural Society, one of the members of the Executive
Committee of this Society, and a practicing physician of many
years' standing.

We have time enough to hear the other paper on the pro-
gram, by Dr. H. C. Taylor. Unfortunately, Dr. Taylor cannot
be with us, but Mr. H. P. Gould, of the Department of Agri-
culture at Washington, is here and will read the paper, on
"Economic Work of the United States Department of Agricul-
ture in Connection with Pomology."

Lest there be confusion, let me say that this is Dr. H. C.
Taylor, not Dr. William A. Taylor, Chief of .the Bureau of Plant
Industry, who was for some years the Secretary of this Society.

29

ECONOMIC WORK OF THE UNITED STATES DE-
PARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE IN CONNEC-
TION WITH POMOLOGY

Dr. H. C. Taylor,

Chief, Bureau of Markets and Crop Estimates, U. S. D. A.

The work of the Department of Agriculture having a vital
relation to the economic advancement of pomology has many
phases and is scattered through many offices in several bureaus
of the Department. The field of pomological research is of
major importance in such bureaus as Plant Industry, Markets,
Chemistry and Entomology. Even the W^eather Bureau and
Bureau of Forestry are concerned with problems that contribute
in some vital respect to the well-being and progress of pomology.
But ina-much as members of this Society are already well ac-
quainted with much of the work conducted by the Bureau of
Plant Industry, always ably represented at your meetings, and
probably to a certain extent with the other lines in the other
ofifices, it seems safe to assume that you expected in this paper
special consideration of the economic work of a marketing
nature.

Standardization. — Fundamental to all of our economic
marketing work with fruits is the work relating to standardiza-
tion. In the process of developing each of our other lines we
have come squarely up against the necessity for more general
and just recognition of standards now in use, for further de-
\elopment of standards and education regarding their purposes
and use, to the end that we may have a generally recognized
basis for buying and selling, a common language understood by
contracting parties, a definite standard of quality upon which
values may be tixed and quotations and determinations made.

Experience has shown that products which are sold by grade
more readily find a market, bring better prices, and are marketed
at less expense than those which are not so graded. The ship-
ment of poor quality and ungraded commodities causes great
losses and has a depressing eflfect upon prices of the good as well
as the poor products. A great many fruits and vegetables are
shipped to market whose value does not warrant the payment of
the freight charges. This poor fruit occupies valuable space in

30

cars and not only results in a loss upon arrival at destination, but
lowers the value of the good fruit with which it is often mixed.

Chiefly as a result of the work of the Department of Agri-
culture mandatory standards have been promulgated for several
staples and ])erniissive and tentative standards have been de-
velo})ccl for various vegetables and fruits. The Department was
able to be of considerable service to Congress in preparing the
Standard Container Act and other standardization legislation
now pending, and has had sole cliarge of the administration of
the Standard Container Act. the enforcement of which is largely
a matter of education. A Farmers' Bulletin dealing chiefly with
much of our work of standardization has been issued. An
article in the last Yearbook of the Department gives a popular
review of the progress of standardization to date.

Crop and Market News Scr7'icc. — The Department of
Agriculture is making vigorous efforts to place the market news
and trade information in its possession within the reach of all
sellers and buyers whether they be farmers, dealers or ultimate
consumers. The development of a nation-wide market news
service, especially on vegetables and fruits, was one of the most
insistent demands of the public when the Bureau of Markets
was organized in 19 13. Naturally the people at large were en-
tirely uninformed regarding • the complexity and magnitude of
such an undertaking and had little idea of the expense involved
in such a service. One of the first lines of work drafted and-
pursued by the Bureau of Markets was the investigation of the
practicability, methods and costs of a general market news
service on perishables, and by 191 5 an experimental market news
service on specified perishable commodities was in active opera-
tion. During the war this service reached large proportions and
was trvdy nation-wide in a very real sense. Curtailed appropria-
tions have necessarily meant a curtailment of the work but in all
reductions of the service the national aspect has l)een kept in
mind and the essentials for such a framework have been retained
in so far as possible.

Whenever serious consideration is given to the complex
and intricate prol^lems of marketing and distributing farm
products, the need for prompt and accurate market information
at every stage in the process is quickly manifested. This is
especially true in tlie marketing of such highly perishable

31

products as fruits and vt-getables. If all parties to a commercial
transaction are correctl}- informed with reference to the main
conditions and circumstances surrounding the transaction, the
possibilities for misunderstandings, misrepresentations, and un-
fair practices are greatly minimized. This is particularly ap-
plicable in the merchandizing of goods when the seller is hun-
dreds of miles away from the buyer. If the buyer does not have
dependable information regarding supply, movement, demand,
and price, he is at a disadvantage. If the seller — the farmer or
his agent — does not know the prices in the big markets ; if he
does not have reliable information regarding supplies, movement,
demand and weather conditions in the markets and other ship-
ping districts competing with him he is at a disadvantage. When
these conditions prevail, suspicion arises, confidence is destroyed,
and unfair practices are indulged in by the unscrupulous.

The circulation and dissemination of market information
will not correct all these things, but it will go far toward allaying
suspicion, establishing confidence, and in l)ringing about a better
basis for common understanding. Its educational advantages to
the farmer in particular are obvious. It demonstrates to him that
he must know liis markets ; that he must be able to sell as well
as to produce.

A market report must be more than a report of prices. It
must descrilie weather conditions for the weather is an important
factor in marketing fruits and vegetables. It must show sup-
plies moving to market, supported by production data. It must
indicate the trend of demand and movement. It should describe
the products sold or shipped according to definite grade and con-
tainer so that a common language will be used by both buyer and
seller. It is difficult to report market conditions when the
products are not standardized as to grade and container. Com-
prehensive market reporting has given an impetus to standardiza-
tion work. There is now an unprecedented interest in standardi-
zation activities by State and Federal agencies.

The methods followed in collecting, compiling and dis-
seminating this information are too detailed to be described here.
Sufficient to say that earnest efiforts are made to make the service
of the greatest practical benefit.

Important reports on certain fruit crops showing condition
during growing seasons, the prospective production, and later the

32

total production, are made available periodically by the Depart-
ment. Perishables are so susceptible to the weather that these
reports of conditions often show decided change in crop pros-
pects from week to week and are awaited with much interest by
the trade. Special reports on the commercial fruit crops were
rendered for several years prior to 1920 but are temporarily sus-
pended for lack of funds.

Through our foreign information service we are able to
keep in touch to a considerable extent with export conditions as
they relate to fruits as well as other commodities. Press ma-
terial and Department circulars have been issued intended to
carry to the public the results of some of our studies regarding
foreign outlets for fruits.

As a result of the crop and news service work in the De-
partment, many valuable statistics have been gathered day by
day, week by week, month by month, and year by year. Many
of these statistics have recently been compiled, tabulated and
averaged and made available through a Department l)ulletin en-
titled Market Statistics.

Cost. — Cost and accounting studies under way in the De-
partment have included fruits. Cost of production studies have
included apples in New York and in the West and citrus fruits
in Florida. Accounting systems for fruit associations have been
worked out and are now in process of revision after being tried
out under actual conditions. Accounting records for sampling
apples by weight have been worked out for the packing houses
of the Northwest that needed the system.

Hcmdling, Transportation and Storage. — Much progress
has been made in the prevention of waste in the handling, trans-
portation and storage of fruits and vegetables. All the effort and
expense that go into the production of a fruit crop .for market
may be largely wasted unless it can be transported to the mar-
ket in sound, edible condition. The investigations of the factors
influencing the keeping qualities of fruits and vegetables in
transit and storage have pointed out why careful handling and
refrigeration in transit reduce the losses from deterioration and
decay of these products during their transportation and distribu-
tion in the markets. Careful studies of the precooling of fruits
and vegetables have led to the installation of many precooling
plants in producing districts whfch have contributed to the elimi-

33

nation of waste in transportation. During the last five years
extensive investigations iiave been made by the Department to
determine the factors influencing the efficiency of refrigerator
cars. Verv definite improvements in the type of this equipment
have been worked out with the cooperation of the fruit growers,
shipper and the carriers. Many of these improved cars are being
built by the railroads of this country to replace old and obsolete
equipment. The refrigerator cars of this type are capable of
transporting fresh fruits and vegetables to distant markets with
a minimum of loss from spoilage and deterioration in transit.
Better methods of applying refrigeration and ventilation for the
safe and economical transportation of these products are being
studied and improved methods worked out and widely demon-
strated.

The causes of poor keeping quality of fruits and vegetables
in storage are being studied and many of the destructive diseases
and other troubles affecting these products in storage are being
brought under control through proper methods of handling, and
by determining the most favoral)!e temperature, humidity and air
conditions which effect the storage life of perishable products.
The Department is called upon to assist fruit growers and ship-
pers in the building of efficient storage houses, based on the find-
ings of its investigations. Assistance has beeen given in the
building of several thousand storage houses for apples, pears,
sweet potatoes, Irish potatoes and other fruits and vegetables.

Market Inspection of Perishable Products. — Inspection of
perishables at the market is sought l:)y the shipper that he may
know the condition of the goods if they arrive unsold. It is
sought by the city buyer or receiver when he feels that the goods
received are for any reason less valuable than he had a right to
expect.

Market inspection is not sanitary inspection, nor c[uarantine
inspection nor regulatory inspection. Market inspection is a
service rendered to aid in merchandizing the goods inspected.

If this service is to be of real value it must be technically
efficient and thoroughly impartial. Public sentiment in America
will credit none but an official agency with a combination of these
qualities. Therefore, Congress authorizes the Department of
Agriculture to sell the services of men trained for this purpose.

34

in the principal terminal markets of the country. With the
service thus instituted private enterprise has made no effort to
compete.

Inspection under the Food Products Inspection Law, first
effective in 191 7, may involve any fact, condition, or cjuaHty
which affects value. It may be invoked by any party interested
in or having custody of the products. It is forced upon no one.
A fee is charged which approximately covers the cost of the
service and a certificate is issued setting forth in detail all the
facts discovered which affect the value of the goods. Congress
has made this certificate prima facie evidence in all United States
courts as to the true grade, quality or condition of the products
when inspected. As a result the certificate is usually made the
basis of settlement out of court.

Market inspection may be desired to determine grade,
quantity, quality or condition, or twO' or more of them. Larger
and larger volumes of fruits and vegetables are offered or con-
tracted for on the basis of grade. When deliveries are made
the receiver, if the market is declining, is anxious to secure a
concession from the contract price and will often challenge the
grade of the goods on the slightest pretext. The boxed apple
crop of the Northwest and a large part of the potato crop are
sold on grade. The volume of these products is enormous and
the number of honest controversies over the question in grade
is large.

The question of quantity may be raised on account of
breakage, slack or improperly filled packages, excessive shrink-
age caused by evaporation or decay, or caused by pilfering en
route to market.

Inspections for quality usually involve grade but are often
requested on products for which no grades are established. The
controversy or complaint may involve maturity, color, freshness,
flavor, odor, texture, freezing or any factor which by injuring
the character of the product tends to reduce its market value.

Inspection for condition is likely to be asked when perish-
ables arrive with many packages broken and the contents of the
car disarranged and injured by rough handling on the road. Im-
proper loading and the use of frail containers are frequent
reasons for arrivals in bad mechanical condition. General
deterioration, however, may result from deficient refrigeration.

35

improper ventilation, delays in transit, freezing, general disease
infection and many other causes.

The economic value of the inspection service is seen in the
fact that it expedites and renders safe transactions based upon
standard grades and also provides expeditious machinery for
the impartial determination of the facts tipon which prompt set-
tlement can be based in cases where the goods delivered are not
exactly what the purchaser had a right to expect. In many cases
also fault may lie with the common carrier, and many of the
railroad companies are making the inspection reports the basis
of judgment in cases where loss and damage claims are filed by
the shippers of perishables.

The Office of Fruit-Disease Investigations in the Bureau of
Plant Industry cooperates closely with the Bureau of Markets
and Crop Estimates in this inspection service, by identifying the
fruit diseases on the market, investigating the cause and spoilage
of fruits on the market and giving advice and instruction to the
inspectors on matters, pertaining to fruit pathology. Other im-
l)ortant lines of work conducted by that office are probably al-
ready known to you, as it has contintied for years the investiga-
tions relating to the diseases of fruits and fruit trees, including
citrus and subtropical fruit diseases, the diseases of cultivated
nuts and the grape, cranberry, and small-fruit diseases.

In the fruit utilization investigations of the Department,
better methods are being developed for the caniiing, preserving
and dehydration of fruits that products which would otherwise
be wasted may be utilized for food purposes. The discovery of
new and promising fruits, the improvement of varieties by selec-
tion and breeding and the introduction and propagation of the
most valuable fruits of other lands, has been an interesting and
highly productive work of the Department.

In fact, much more has been attempted and accomplished in
the study of production problems than in the equally important
field of distribution and. marketing. As you are aware, scientific
study of marketing may be said to have had its beginning in
1900 when the U. S. Industrial Commission called attention to
the need for intelligent analysis of the marketing problem. Even
with this impetus to study, scientific investigations in this field
were slow to develop even among agricultural research workers

36

until the Federal Government took action in 191 3, resulting in
the organization of the Bureau of Markets.

Economic conditions today, however, force the Nation to an
acute consciousness of the necessity for pushing such work with
vigor and determination. We have been laying the foundations
for safe building; we must press on with practical and construc-
tive work, accompanied by close study of economic forces and of
changing economic conditions. >

Dr. L. H. BAILl-:^• : I am sure you will all agree that this is
a very valuable paper, setting forth as it^does this particular work
of the United States Department of Agriculture. This subject
takes on a particular interest just now in view of certain state-
ments in the address by President Harding before Congress yes-
terday. He said he was shocked to learn — as it is shocking to
all of us — that it is more profitable to raise nine billion bales of
cotton than to raise thirteen billion bales (my denominations may
not be exact) ; that it is more profitable to raise seven hundred
million bushels of wheat than to raise one billion bushels ; and yet
there are persons everywhere greatly in need of fabrics and also
in need of bread. He brings out the fact very strongly that there
are great deficiencies in our distributing and marketing systems
whereby these goods must be sold. But to me the significance
of these statements has another very important bearing — it
constantly suggests to a man that three-fourths of his produc-
tion is at the expense of four-fourths of his elTort.

It is important that every man and every woman in a re-
public put forth the best effort of which they are capable. It is
the only way whereby we can become the best type of citizen,
and certainly there must he something radically wrong in any
situation that does not give to a man the projjer reward for the
expenditure of all his efforts. Every statement, therefore, that
has any bearing upon this general question of marketing and
distribution and selling is of great importance to us, not only
as fruit-growers and those interested in getting a return on our
investment, Init also to bring to us as citizens that we must de-
velop that type of effort that will allow a person to put forth
the best effort of which lie is capable and receive a return for
the Avhole of it.

37

Is there any further discussion of this paper?

F. P. Downing (South Bend, Indiana) : I am particularly
interested in this paper by Doctor Taylor, probably because I
was formerly associated with that Department. While we are
in the employ of the Department we cannot have anything to
say, but now that I am out I want to say just a word to the fruit
growers here.

The work of the Bureau of Markets is something in which
you as individuals and through your Society should be very much
interested. This paper has very briefly told the various lines of
activity of the Bureau of Markets — the work in reference to
the marketing of surplus, the work in reference to the standardi-
zation of fruits and vegetables, and that referring to the inspec-
tion of fruits and vegetables. These three lines of activity should
receive the undivided support of every fruit grower. It is ab-
solutely to your interest to read these market reports yourself and
to make use of this inspection service, because by it you can re-
ceive protection in the large markets of the country. There are
of course certain interests that are opposed to inspection, and
they are lobbying against this work. When the Committee on
Agriculture holds its meetings there are very few fruit growers
there to take a stand for the things they want — but the other
fellows are there.

Let us hope that this Limitations Conference now meeting
in Washington will be successful, and that when they accom-
plish their purpose we may get at least a portion of that money
saved for the development of these activities that are being car-
ried on by the Department of Agriculture — things that ar^
worth while.

Gentlemen, I think there is one place where this Society,
through its efforts in a national way, and through good legisla-
tion, can do a decidedly good work. That is one place where by
oro-anizing you can get together and send someone down there,
or even through your own State Associations, you can voice
your desires in this matter. It seems to me that this matter
should receive careful consideration.

The President: There is one phase of this question
brought out by the last speaker that seems to me very significant
— that if we are to save vast sums in the expenditure for arma-
ments, not all that money should be saved ultimately to the tax-

38

payer, but should be put into constructive lines of effort. When
you come to consider what a small proportion of public expendi-
ture really does represent constructive effort, it is almost alarm-
ing, and if we can deflect a good part of the expenditure for
armament mto constructive channels it will make vastly for the
happiness and health of the country.

Is there anything further to be said on this paper? The
time has about come to adjourn. There is no regular program
for this evening, but tomorrow evening there will be a program
in the form of a get-together supper. Full arrangements for
this have not been made, but they will be announced. T hope you
are all planning to be free tomorrow evening so that we may
get together in an informal social way.

This evening at seven-thirty I should like to have a meeting
of the Executive Committee at the Hotel Secor. This Committee
is not desirous of holding secret sessions, and if any persons
connected with the Society desire to drop in and take part in any
of the discussions of plans and policies which may be there
suggested, we should be very glad to have them come. Bear in
mind that you are welcome to come if you desire to do so, for
the Executive Committee is your committee.

I hope you will be here promptly tomorrow morning when
we will discuss the situation and the policies which obtain in the
different parts of the country. This meeting is not large — al-
though I can say frankly that it is larger than I at first expected.
But I am particularly impressed with the number of young per-
sons in the room. There was a time — many of the older mem-
l)ers will remember it — fifteen or twenty years ago, when at
the farmers' meetings you saw only graybeards ; the young men
were not going into the agricultural enterprises to any extent.
Now in the meetings of stock growers, farmers, fruit growers,
you see the young men coming forward. It augurs well for the
future. The larger numl^er of persons before me are young men,
and as one of the older men I wish to say that we are especially
pleased to have them, and we hope they will not feel that be-
cause some of us are older in years, they are therefore debarred
from getting on their feet and saying what they think. I re-
member when as a lad I met with the American Pomological
Society and had the privilege of the floor. I trust it will seem the
same honor to these young men that it did to me. It is a great

39

privilege to inherit the traditions of the old Society, to know-
something of the men who have iDeen at its head — Wilder.
Berckman, Hale, Watrous. Goodman, Hutt- — I have known them
all — and the continuing welfare of the Society will depend upon
these young people who will carry forward these traditions. I
think I am the only one in the room who participated in these
old traditions. I am sorry for it, but glad I had the privilege.

Before we adjourn I wish to say that we should have a
Nominating Committee. Other committees will be appointed to-
morrow, but I think the Nominating Committee should be ap-
pointed today. The election will not take place until the close
of the program, but this committee should be at work.

H. P. Gould: I move that a Nominating Committee of
three be named by the Chair.

(Motion seconded and carrried).

The President : I will name on that committee : Clark
Allis, New York; \\\ C. Reed, Indiana; M. B. Davis. Ontario.

We will now stand adjourned until nine o'clock tomorrow
morning.

TRIP TO PLANT OF THE TOLEDO REX SPRAY CO.

The fruit growers attending the meeting were especially in-
terested in the privilege extended for a trip to and through the
plant of The Toledo Rex Spray Company.

First they were shown through the plant where they were
producing Spraydried Lime-Stilphur Powder and which was a
very interesting experience. In this Plant, the full strength solu-
tion is sprayed into a closed, heated room, the temperature in
that room being maintained at uniform heat, the solution being
sprayed in at different points near the top of the room, and by
the time that fine mist gets down to the bottom, the moisture
has all been taken away from it and the powdered material falls
into hoppers in the bottom of which there is a conveyor which
carries it directly to the packages without further exposure to air.

After being shown all through that plant they were taken
through the Lime-Sulphur Solution plant, then all through the
Arsenate of Lead Plant, and finally into the Laboratory, which is
located on the second floor of the Arsenate of Lead Plant, and

40

there the fruit growers listened to a very interesting address by
Dr. O. F. Hedenburg of the Mellon Institute of Industrial Re-
search, Pittsburgh, Pa.

His talk was on the subject: "Importance of Quality," is
summarized as follows :

Argentine Republic recently bought 85 locomotives for $6,-
500,000.00 from a United States concern disregarding a 25%
lower price by a German concern. Butter and apples, of high
quality, are more desirable, demand a higher price, and find a
ready market. Pure bred stock in being developed more each
year because of the quality. Desirable features in anything mean
higher quality.

High quality in Lead Arsenate has been sought for by many
manufacturers and others. The REX Spray Companies founded
a Research Bureau, five years ago at the Mellon Institute of In-
dustrial Research, Pittsburgh, Pa., to develop new products for
them and to improve all products to a high degree of quality.

Apart from total and soluble Arsenic in Lead Arsenate,
covering power and adhesion, are qualities that are highly de-
sirable. Ordinary Lead Arsenate does not cover nor adhere so
well as desired.

A product has been developed for the REX people, at the
Mellon Institute, which has all the desirable features required
for spraying and this product is now being used in all parts of
the United States and Canada. It is prepared by combining with
the Dry Powdered Lead Arsenate a small quantity of a special
colloid which gives the Lead Arsenate improved covering,
spreading and adhesive qualities. This colloid is not an im-
purity but a component part of an improved product. Carbon,
vanadium, chromium and molybdenum are not impurities in the
steels to which they impart new qualities but are necessary com-
ponents to produce a desired result. Starch in baking powder
is not an impurity but a necessary component. This colloid im-
proves the suspension of the Lead Arsenate in water by causing
the aggregations of particles to be deflocculatecl into separate
particles. As a result, the Lead Arsenate is given greater cover-
ing, spreading and adhesive properties. The surface of foliage
will be covered with a more uniform covering of single minute
particles instead of a deposit of aggregations of particles with
uncovered spaces between the aggregations. The colloid causes

41

the particles of Lead Arsenate to adhere to a surface so that they
are not washed off by flowing water. When the deposit of Lead
Arsenate is dried on foHage and fruit it remains there after
heavy rains have fallen. Ordinary Lead Arsenate would not re-
main under these conditions. Whereas, ordinary Lead Arsenate
when combined with Lime-sulphur for summer spray is black-
ened and coagulated, the Lead Arsenate in this product contain-
ing this special colloid is not coagulated by Lime-Sulphur, but re-
mains finely divided and is colored only a light grayish brown.
The Lead Arsenate in this product will, therefore, also have im-
proved covering power when used with Lime-Sulphur.

Many spraying experiments have proved the superiority of
this product when compared with ordinary Lead Arsenate. Of-
ficial tests made under direct supervision of State Experiment
Station men during the past year have shown that this product
gave a considerable percentage more of sound fruit. Li Illinois,
an experiment was carried on, without the REX people knowing
anything about it, and in their experimental orchard at Plain-
view, results as taken from the printed annual report of the
Illinois Horticultural Society, (1920, Page 174), show as
follows :

Standard

Arsenate

NuREXform of Lead

Number of apples 624 687

Number sound 81% 70%

Codling Moth 3% 6%

Stings 3% 8%

Curculio 4% 6%

Scab 10% Ibfo

Other diseases 1% 1%

This table shows that NuREXform gave 11% better control than
the old form Arsenates of Lead.

Fruit growers in order to protect and advance their own
best interests from a dollar and cent or profit-paying standpoint
must hereafter give more consideration to quality and less
consideration to a little difference in price. For instance, the test
above referred to shows 11% better control from using the im-
proved quality product.

42

Figuring apples at $i.oo per bushel, the matter figures out
as follows :

1% better control makes the improved product
worth 30c more per pound to the user.

2% better control makes the improved product
worth 60c more per pound to the user.

3% better control makes the improved product
worth 90c more per pound to the user.

10% better control makes the improved product
worth $3.00 more per pound to the user.

THURSDAY MORNING SESSION

The Thursday morning session was called to order at nine
forty-five by the President, Dr. L. H. Bailey.

The President: This morning is to be devoted, as you will
see, to regional reports on conditions and outlook — etc. Not
all of these persons are here, but their reports are in the hands
of the Secretary, and we have enough for a full session this
morning.

I will call first for the report of Mr. H. P. Gould, of the
United States Department of Agriculture.

AN ANALYSIS OF SOME OF THE CENSUS FIGURES
ON FRUIT TREES

H. P. Gould,
U. S. D. A.

For the past week or ten days I have been spending con-
siderable time trying to find out something about what the census
figures on fruits really mean. While census figures are not of
themselves untrue, one can prove almost anything by them if he
only goes at it in the right w^ay. There are certain outstanding
facts which I think may not be without interest to those of you
who have not been following the census summaries as they have
come out from time to time.

There are some surprises — to me at least — as well as
some things which on their face, if taken as they stand, are de-
cidedly striking. One of these striking things, taken as a bare
statement, is that, as oi January i, 1920, there were in round
numbers 65,670,000 fewer apple trees in the United States than
ten years before. Xow a loss of sixty-five million apple trees
and more, in ten years is no small thing ! That loss is divided
between bearing and non-bearing trees approximately as follows :
36,000,000 bearing trees, and 29,620,000 non-bearing trees. The
census of 1910 showed 65,790,000 trees of non-bearing age, while

(43)

44

the census of 1920 shows only about 36,000,000 trees not of
bearing age. Bearing and* non-bearing trees taken together were
in 1 9 10: 217,000,000; in 1920, 151,000,000.

Referring to bearing trees, there are eighteen states which
show an increase in the number of trees as compared with 1910.
These instances range in number from 8,000 in Arizona and i'),-
000 in North Dakota, to ahnost 5,000,000 in Washington. Other
States show, of course, some heavy losses. I was interested in
trying to discover where these gains and losses were, because
after all, the gains and losses are relative in importance, those in
some States making very little difference. For instance, losses
in such States as Florida and Louisiana, Nevada and Wyoming,
and some others, would have no real significance so far as the
apple industry is concerned, and I think I can show you that even
large losses in certain apple-producing States do not have the
commercial significance that the bare statement of the fact might
suggest.

So far as gains are concerned, in trees of non-bearing age, T
was interested to notice that there has been slight increases in
all of the New England States except Maine, and in Massa-
chusetts the gain was something like four millions. In Maine
there was a loss of a half million trees, but that still leaves more
than a half million not of bearing age in that State. There are
gains also in non-bearing trees in New Jersey, Pennsylvania,
Delaware and Maryland, as compared with 19 10.

Then there have been quite appreciable losses in non-bearing
trees, as compared with 1910, in Illinois, Idaho, Montana, Ore-
gon, Washington, Texas, and some other States. Now let us
see what these losses mean. For instance, in Texas, which is not
a heavy apple-producing State, there were in 1910, 1,100,000
apple trees not of bearing age. In 1920, that number was re-,
duced to 236.000. Montana in 1910 had 1,300.000; in 1920 that
number was reduced to 69,000. The census figures do not tell
all of the story by a long ways as to what has happened in that
state. It was during the census decade that the great promotion
development in the planting of apple trees occurred in western
Montana. It reached its peak and was well started on its decline
within this period. The decline is suggested by the relatively
small number of non-bearing trees in 1910 but the maximum

45

number was undoubtedly much greater about 191 3 or 1914 than
is suggested even by the large number reported in 1910.

In Oregon, in 1910, there were 2,240,000 trees not of bear-
ing age; in 1920, a half million. You will notice there have been
some very decided reductions in some of these apple-producing
States. In that number would he Washington, Oregon, Ar-
kansas, Iowa and Illinois. Of course the trees reported as of
non-bearing age in 19 10 were included in the number bearing in
1920. That the number of non-bearing age should be apprecia-
bly smaller in 1920 as compared with 1910 is but natural; it re-
flects the influence of World War conditions, high prices, scarcity
of labor, etc.

I will run over hastily a part of the figures in some of the
important apple producing States, because even there heavy
losses in the important commercial producing sections may not
mean, from a commercial standpoint, just what the bare figures
might suggest: In Arkansas, in 1920, there were 3,575,000 few-
er trees of bearing age than ten years before. About 2,970,000.
or all except some 600,000 of this number (3,575,000) were in
Benton and Washington counties. These are the two largest
apple producing counties in Arkansas. But even such losses as
these do not necessarily mean very much in terms of actual ap-
ple production. In both Arkansas and Missouri the census
figures, as in the case of Montana, do not tell all the story by a
long ways, \^^lat was going on between the years in which the
census figures were compiled, is not shown. This is true
especially of the Ozark region. The crest of the wave of ex-
tensive planting was reached early in the census decade. Every-
body, nearly planted an orchard. Many without previous ex-
perience planted 40, 60 or perhaps 120 acres to apples. Under
such circumstances, fatal mistakes in the selection of sites, in the
care of the trees and in other ways, was inevitable and failure
was certain from the beginning. As a result of these conditions,
hundreds of acres, once in trees, were never included in a census
enumerator's record of trees in bearing, because they were
planted and in turn dug up before the enumerator got around in
his decennial visits. But thousands of the trees included in the
decreases shown in the census figures represented trees planted
on impossible sites or which for other reasons never possessed
any potential value in terms of commercial production. In other

46

words, the decrease shown does not necessarily represent any
decrease in the actual apple producing capacity of the States.
This applies elsewhere as well as it does in the Ozark region.

In California there was a gain in the number of bearing
trees during the decade in question of 645,000, not a great num-
ber for so large a State, but yet these figures have quite a lot of
significance, because they include, among other things, the de-
velopment of at least one new and rather promising apple area
— the Yucaipa district in San Bernardino county. There was
a gain in Sonoma county of 270,000, in San Bernardino county
of 208,000, and in Riverside county of 97,000 trees.

In Colorado the gain is 89,000 in bearing trees, but in non-
bearing trees, a loss of nearly 1,800,000 trees, compared with
the number in 19 10. Relatively speaking, the gain in bearing
trees in Colorado is small, but on referring to the report of the
census by counties some rather striking facts appear. In the
three most important apple-producing counties of the state there
were increases as follows : In Fremont County, 65,000 ; in Delta
County, 117,000, and in Mesa County, 130,000, — a total of 312,-
000 trees for these counties. Note that for the state the net in-
crease was only 89,000. There were appreciable gains in the
three most important apple-producing counties, but there were
evidently losses in the relatively small apple-producing counties
which largely offset these gains. It may be questioned whether
these losses affect the commercial crop in any appreciable degree.

In Delaware there is a gain of 386,000 in bearing trees and
that gain means relatively quite a lot, the increase being from
430,000 in 1910 to 816,000 in 1920. By counties, 289,000 in
Kent; 91,000 in Sussex; 5,000 in New Castle, all in round
numbers.

In Idaho the gain in bearing trees was 1,375,000 trees. I
was surprised at this. In some sections of Idaho where the early
plantings represented promotion developments, the orchards have
ceased to be, and the land has been planted to potatoes, alfalfa
and other crops. These figures (1,375,000) show a gain in
actual numbers from 1,005,000 in 1910, to 2,380,000 in 1920. It
is not possible to make a comparison by counties in Idaho, be-
cause during the last ten years the county lines have been much
changed and a number of new counties have been created. The

47

gains, however, are mostly in the Fayette and Snake River
Valleys.

In Illinois we have to talk al^out losses, because that State
shows in the decade, not gains, but losses of 4,800,000 trees of
liearing age, and some of this heavy loss has occurred in some
of the heavy apple-producing counties. Just what that means in
potential production I do not know, but there are many counties
in the State which show losses of from 50,000 to 75,000 trees.

I might digress here to say that a loss of 75,000 or 100,000
or even 200,000 bearing trees in a county does not necessarily
mean that there is a loss in commercial production, as I had oc-
casion to realize a number of years ago when I was sent into a
county in northeast Indiana. I knew nothing about the county,
but looking at the census figures it seemed as though there ought
to be quite a lot of apple-growing there. If I remember correct-
ly about 150,000 trees of bearing age were reported by the last
census then made, but when I got into the county and tried to
find the orchards and the people who operated them, not a com-
mercial planting could be located. The number of trees reported
was made up of ?mall home orchards that were without commer-
cial significance.

In Kansas the loss is 5,400,000, or a reduction from 6,900.-
000 in 19 10 to 1,500,000 in 1920. I have no county figures at
this time for Kansas, but I think that must mean some heavy
losses in the commercial counties as well as in some that do not
figure very much in the commercial estimates.

In Maryland there was a gain of 363,000, the gains being
mostly in the Blue Ridge region and in the western part of the
State. The largest county gain ( 161,000) was by Washington
County.

In New Jersey the gain was 96,000. The situation there is
not unlike Colorado with reference to the meaning of the figures.
Burlington County has lost 94,000, while the net gain for the
State is only 96,000. Burlington County has also 228,000 trees
not of bearing age. Gloucester County has a gain of 41,000 trees
of bearing age. This means of course heavy losses in other
counties.

Missouri, so far as census figures go. shows by far the
heaviest loss in trees of bearing age — something over 9,000,000
trees, the reduction being from 14,397,000 in 1910 to 5,160,000 in

48

1920. I have no county figures — at least I did not undertake to
work out the county comparisons ; but these losses occur quite
largely in the (Jzark region, and as I said in the beginning, the
census figures do not tell all the story, because I have no doubt
there was a considerably larger number of trees of bearing age
subsequent to 1910 when the Thirteenth Census was compiled
than was shown in that year. In other words, I do not think the
14,397,000 trees reported in 1910 represents the largest number
of bearing trees that there were in Missouri at one time. During
the last decade many orchards have been taken out in the Ozark
region. They were planted during the boom period when farm-
ers without any experience in orcharding frequently wanted at
least 160 acres in apples. Many of these orchards were planted
without regard to suitability of location or ability of the grower
and the result in the final day of reckoning has been what these
figures show. That, substantially, is the situation. I suspect
the 5,000,000 trees of bearing age now in Missouri are worth
more from the standpoint of production than the 14,000,000
of igio.

I was interested to see what the crop estimates for Missouri
showed in view of this production. Beginning with 1910, the
estimated total (not restricted tO' the commercial) crop for each
year in hundreds of thousands of l)arrels, using the first two
figures only, was as follows: 1910. 25; 191 1, 38; 1912, 64; 1913,
26; 1914, 41; 1915, 62; 1916, 27; 1917, 26; 1918, 14; 1919, 19:
1920, 16. These figures suggest a decrease in production, but
the estimates are for the total or farm crop. They do not in-
dicate how the commercial crop — that part of the total actually
marketed — has been affected.

In 1921, Missouri was one of the States that was in the
l)ath of the spring freeze, and the estimated crop was only about
10 per cent of that for 1920.

New York shows some interesting figures. The reduction
was i,6cG,ooo l:earing trees — (juite a sizable loss — yet some of
the counties show an increase. Columbia County, the most im-
];ortant Hudson River county, shows a gain of 55,000 trees;
Ulster County, a gain of 30,000; Orleans County, 107,000, and
Wayne County, 107,000. These same counties have trees not of
bearing age — Columbia, 199,000; Ulster, 203,000; Orleans, 205,-
coc, and Wayne, 374,000. Of some of the relatively less impor

49

tant counties, Erie shows a loss of 133,000 bearing trees;
Genesee, 60, coo and Oswego, 60.000. The S.tate shows a total
loss of 1,600,000 trees of bearing age, while four important
apple-producing counties show a gain compared with 1910 of
299,00c. These figures, in spite of the losses, make it looks as
though New York State was in pretty good shape — still on the
map.

Rvmning over the apple crop estimates in New York, these
figures may not be without interest. Using the first two figiires.
or three as the case may be, as I did for Missouri, the crop in
1910 would be represented by 56; (5,600.000 barrels) ; 191 1,
130; 1912, 146; 1913, 65; 1914, 165; 1915, 85; 1916, 126; 1917.
33'^ 1918. 136; 1919. 56: 1920. 157; 1921. 47.

These figures would make it look as if apple production in
New York, even with the losses, has been maintained on a pretty
good basis.

I think this sort of thing grows rather monotonous, and the
only thing I hope to accomplish is to show that figures in man\-
cases, whether indicating gain or loss, need interpretation on the
basis of known facts in order not to be misleading.

I have here the estimated commercial apple crop since 1916.
You may be interested to run over these figures with me in the
same way we did for New York and Missouri. Using "millions""
of barrels as the unit, the commercial crop for 1916 wotild be
represented by 25; for 1917. by 22; 1918. by 24; 1919. by 26;
1920. by 7,"/: and 1921, by 19. The average for these six years
is nearly 26,000,000 barrels.

There is another thing I want to mention in this connection.
Not infrequently we get crop comparisons, in the press and else-
where, of different ^'ears. Such comparisons -are likely to be mis-
leading, unless the crop conditions in those years are known.
For instance, suppose the year 1922 was the census vear instead
of 192c, and the census enumerators used the crop of the pre-
ceding year, which would be for 1921. What sort of a showing
would the apple crop figures suggest if interpreted without re-
spect to crop conditions for such states as Virginia, West Vir-
ginia, Missouri, Kansas, and so on for fifteen States in which
the apple crop for that year was nearly wiped out by spring frosts
and freezes? If the croj) for 1921 in these States went into the

4

50

census hgiires there would be some pretty sad comparisons be-
tween that year and the one preceding. It would look as if they
had gone out of the apple business ! And yet that sort of inter-
pretation of census figures and crop estimates is going on in some
([uarters all the time — facts so far as figures are concerned ; but
mere figtires. even though they tell the truth, can be made very
misleading.

I will not say more about apples, but will pass quickly over
peaches. Substantially the same thing is presented in the peach
data that appears in apple figures. One of my office associates
commented to me a while ago to the effect that it had been shown
by Government figures that in the course of twenty-five or thirty
years peach growing in the United States would cease. I won-
dered for a moment what there was back of such a report. It
happened, however, that just before this a summary of the census
figures on the peach had been released for publication. I looked
them up and sure enough, some interpretation as that just in-
dicated might be possible. For instance, in 1910 there were in
the United States 94.500.000 bearing peach trees. In 1920 there
were 65.600,000, a reduction of nearly 29.000,000 trees. On that
basis, a continued reduction at the same rate, during the next
25 years, would, for a fact, leave but a very small showmg in the
way of commercial peach growing in the United States. Such
is the misuse of figures ! In this case no account had been taken
of the number of trees not of bearing age, nor of the fact that
during the decade between the two Census reports the world
had been turned up-side-down by war, and that the planting of
peach trees had not gone on "as usual."

In non-bearing peach trees there was a decrease of nearly
21,000,000 trees as compared with 1910 (1910, 42,266.000; 1920.
21,623.000). The total decrease in both bearing and non-bearing
trees for the same period was about 49.000,000.

But here again one gets into difficulties if one compares
merely figvires, since in si)ite of the loss of nearly 29,000,000
bearing trees between the two census years, the peach crop
figures for 1919 show an increase of 16,000,000 bushels over the
corresponding census figures of ten years previous. The gains
and losses are significant — the States in which they occur — the
came as with apples. Take, for instance, the gains in the number
of bearing trees. I was quite a good deal surprised when I found

51

that all over the New England States there has been gains in the
number of peach trees of bearing age. Maine has gained 564,
Massachusetts, 190,000. The production of peaches in New
England is of course a minor factor except in Connecticut and
Massachusetts, and in Massachusetts the fruit is mostly marketed
locally. There are sixteen States which show a gain in the number
of bearing peach trees : These include New Jersey. Pennsylvania.
West Virginia. Washington. Oregon, and California. The others
I am not stopping to mention.

The States in which the heavy losses have occurred in bear-
ing peach trees are significant, as I have already said. I did not
have time to consider these figures from the county basis, but
simply collected them from the State basis, and as I run over
them it will come to your mind at once whether the State is a
large or small peach producer.

In Indiana the decrease as compared with 19 10 was 1,270.-
000; Illinois. 1.800.000; Iowa, 960,000; Missouri. 4,230,000;
Nebraska. 1.093.000; Kansas, 3,550.000; Delaware. 700.000;
Maryland. 500.000 ; Georgia, 2.000,000 ; Tennessee. 800.000 ;
Alabama. 1,600.000; Mississippi, 870,000; Arkansas, 3,500,000;
Oklahoma, 1,900,000; Texas. 5.200,000, and several others with
smaller interests.

So you will see that some of these heavy losses have oc-
curred in what we have come to think of as important com-
mercial peach producing States, but judging from the yields it
would look as if the production had been maintained on a pretty
good parallel.

The gains in trees of bearing age were made in four States,
compared with 1910: Illinois, 100,000; X^irginia. 3.000; North
Carolina. 233.000; Georgia, 1,800,000.

To suggest to you how the crops have run, let me go over
the crop estimates very briefly. These figures are given in mil-
lions of bushels using the first two figures. 1919, 35; 1910, 48;
1911, 34; 1912, 52; 1913, 39; 1914, 54; 1915, 64; 1916, 37; 1917.
48; 1918, 34; 1919, 50; 1920, 43; 1921. 33. A five years' aver-
age, 191 5-19, is 46,608,000 bushels.

Just a passing mention should be made of citrus fruits to
show the trend of things. Because of the restricted distribution,
geographically, of citrus fruit growing and from the nature of

52

the case, the statistics are prett}- dehnitely commercial in their
bearing. Of course only a few states are concerned with citrus
fruit growing.

In California there were, in 1920, in round numbers 2,600,-
000 orange trees not of bearing age ; over 10,000,000 in bearing.
In 1910 there were 6,600,000 orange trees of bearing age. Lem-
ons,— number of trees in 1920 not in bearing, 780,000; in bear-
ing, 2,880,000. In 1 910, there were 940,000 trees in bearing.

In Florida, orange trees in 1920 not of l^earing age, 2,300,-
000; in 1920, in bearing, 3,600,000; in 1910. in bearing, 2,766,000.
Grapefruit in 1920 not bearing, 960,000; in l:)earing 1,680,000.
In 1910, in bearing 656,000 trees.

In Alabama, oranges principally of the Satsuma group,
1920, not in bearing, 165,000; in bearing, 260,000. In 1910 there
were only 2,600 orange trees in bearing in this state.

In Texas, mostly in the Lower Rio Grande A'alley, there has
been considerable planting of oranges and grapefruit during the
past few years. During the past decade also, in the Gulf Coast
region, great numbers of orange trees of the Satsuma varieties
have been destroyed. It is therefore, rather difficult to tell just
what statistical reports actually signify.

The figures for Arizona are not available at this time.

One might go on studying census figures almost to the end
of time, making minute comparisons, but in order to really know
just what the difi^erences mean in the net total one has to know
])retty nearly what the local conditions are. In other words, fruit
statistics, taken by themselves, do not always mean just what
they appear to mean, any more than do averages. I heard the
other day of a man who tried to shoot a rabbit with* a double-
barreled shotgun. The first time he fired he shot a foot too far
to one side ; the next time he shot a foot too far to the other
side. Now, according to the law of averages, the rabbit ought
to have been dead, — but he wasn't. So figures when averaged
and adjusted without due regard to what is, are likely to show,
what in fact is iwi.

The President : You have heard these very interesting
figures. I have come to feel that I will not read reports of
census figures unless I see the name of the person who makes

53

the report. (Jne must understand cr(jp conditions, and all that.
Census figures are exceedingly valuable when interpreted by per-
sons who understand what they mean ; otherwise, they are not.
Are there any suggestions in connection with these figures?

There are some exhibits that ne&d to be gone over with
reference to the Wilder medals for this year, and there should be
a committee appointed for that purpose. 1 shall appoint on that
committee Professors Taft of Michigan, and Gourley of Ohio.

The Nominating Committee named yesterday had for its
Chairman Mr. Clark Allis of New York. Mr. Allis was obliged
to leave last night, and we must appoint someone else in his
place. I will ap]:)oint Professor F. H. Beach of Ohio. The com-
mittee will now be, W. C. Reed, Chairman; M. V>. Davis of On-
tario, and F. H. Beach of Ohio.

I understand Mr. Drain is here from Massachusetts and
will present the report of F. C. Sears.

FRUIT CONDITIONS IN NFW ENGLAND

F. C. Sears,
MassacliHseffs

As a general statement I think it would be safe to say that
the condition of the fruit in lustry in New England is excellent.

Certainly it is excellent when one considers the fact that our
countr\- is in the midst of 'one of the worst financial depressions
ever known ; and when he adds to that the fact that the crop of
1921 in our section was one of the poorest for many years. It is
surely a sign of great vitality of the industr_\' that fruit men are
as cheerful and oj^timistic as the^• are.

As to the problems which face our fruit growers, we have,
of course, those which face fruit growers everywhere, — the secur-
ing of an adequate and satisfactory labor supply ; the choice of a
market package which shall meet the requirements of our trade;
the question of the extent to which dusting ought to supersede
s]M-aying ; the attempt to formulate and have passed such laws as
will benefit the industry ; better control of ]>ests ; better fertilizing
and cultivation and marketing.

54

In addition to these. New England may fairly lay claim to a
few problems of its own, just as most other sections probably
can. Some of these are the following:

1. We suiTered more than probably any other section from
the severe winter of 1917-18. The authorities in Maine estimated
that that state alone lost over a million bearing apple trees. Other
New England states lost very heavily. What is to be done about
replacing these damaged or ruined orchards? Shall we reset our
crchards or shall we grow potatoes or cabbages or cows? If we
do reset shall we set out Baldwins, the variety which suffered
more tl:an any other, or shall we resort to some of the cast-iron
varieties like Ben Davis and Stark and Mcintosh and Fameuse?
Mcintosh is, of course, one of our best varieties but there is a
limit to the extent to which this variety can be handled by any one
grower. It will be seen that this one question of winter trouble
involves all the ])roblems that most men would care to shoulder.

2. A second problem which has just come upon us within
the last fortnight is the damage from the most severe ice-storm
in a centur}'. It is too early to say what the damage has been
but is it certainly tremendous. It will certainly lead to more care
in the formation of the heads of trees, to greater interest in bolts
and braces to support trees ; and it is more than probable that it
will modify the popularit\' of varieties since some have suffered
much more than others.

3. A third problem which is as yet a New England specialty
is the Gypsy-Browntail-Moth menace. It fluctuates somewhat as
t(j severity Ijut is alwa\s a serious added handicap to our
growers.

Yet withi all these handicaj^s. general and special, our growers
are most of them conhdent of the future of the fruit business
in New England.

Turning now to some of the more recent developments in
the fruit business in New JMigland perhaps nothing is of more im-
])ortance in those sections where it has come than the roadside
stand or market. The conditions in many parts of New England
are ideal for the development of such markets, combining a maxi-
mum of traffic by a public which is almost wholly non-producing.
And we might add, largely fairly well-to-do and with a distinct
preference for country buying.

55

Naturally these roadside markets are of every conceivable
variety, from the simplest sort of stand (or even no stand at all)
to fairly good sized buildings. In many cases what started as a
mere stand, has gradually developed into a fair sized market and
finally into a combination of market and "tea room."

Of course the great advantage of these roadside markets is
the fact that the farmers get the retail price and without any ex-
pense for transportation. There is also the added advantage that
there is a sale, in fact an urgent call, for the riper and softer
grades which perhaps would not stand transportation to market.
This is especiall}' important in handling fairly large crops of such
fruits as peaches.

Moreover there is a sale for any and everything that is, or
can be, produced on the farm, — home made sausage, bread,
pastry, candies and the like ; wild flowers of all kinds, guinea
pigs, chickens, hickory nuts, butternuts, elderberries and rabbits ;
all sorts of maple products, fresh eggs, saner kraut, vegetables
and fruits of every description.

Another development which has gone hand in hand with
the roadside market and yet which is only now in its infancy, is
the manufacture of fruit products. Customers who bought apples
asked for apple jelly and the housewife made some. People who
bought a basket of fresh peaches asked for canned peaches and
they were forthcoming. In some cases this making of fruit
products became the principal line of endeavor and the output was
so large that some of it had to be marketed in the city ; but in most
cases it was sold right on the spot, no matter how large the output.
And the beauty of this work is that it requires such a small capi-
tal. In one case a woman with an investment of not over $ioo
for equipment makes a labor income of about $2000. In an-
other case a woman with certainly less than $1000 for equip-
ment makes a labor income of close to $10,000. Of course in
neither of these cases is the building included but in both cases
the home has been utilized and only slight additions made to it.

This development has been greatly stimulated by the estab-
lishment some four years ago of a Department of Horticultural
Manufactures at the Agricultural College at Amherst. Prof. W.
W. Chenoweth is at the head of this work and the department
now numbers four men with a registration last year of about
200 students

56

Another very important factor in the present situation of
the fruit industry is the adoption by some of the New England
states, notably Massachusetts, of a lo-year program for the de-
velopment of the fruit industry. Space will not permit more
than a mere mention of it here but it is a very definite and con-
crete plan to improve the industry along certain lines. Some of
the more important of these lines are as follows —

1. Better methods of planning, equipping and growing
orchards.

2. Improvement in nursery stock.

3. A better selection of varieties ; fewer in number, red in
color and better in equality.

4. Management of orchards to secure better color.

5. Management to reduce the percentage of low grade
fruits.

6. Better equipment and more efficient management of
labor.

7. Better crop reporting.

8. Better advertising and publicity.

9. Better transportation.

10. More cooperation.

11. Better storage facilities.

12. Development of fruit manufactures.

13. Standardizing grades and packages.

Just a word in closing as to the outlook for the future. A
glance at the accompanying table, which gives the percentage of
increase or decrease in New England of the various fruits for
the past ten years, will show that while New England has not
kept up in production and acreage as was expected, yet it has
made a better showing than many other parts of the United States
and a decidedly better one than the country as a whole. And a
very encouraging feature of the situation is the fact that while
the number of bearing apple trees has decreased 22%, the produc-
tion has increased 14%. showing that our growers are taking
much better care of their orchards.

Moreover to the man who is now in the fruit business, or
who is contemplating going into it, there is certainly every as-
surance that the market of the future will at least equal that of

57

the past and prol^ably be vei')- much better. The bogie of over-
production which ha.? been constantly exhibited by some people
in an attempt to alarm the fruit grower, ought certainly to be laid
to rest for a time at least. If the trees of bearing age in the
United States have decreased 22^^'/r and those not in bearing 45%,
one would certainly seem to be safe in sticking to the fruit busi-
ness and in enlarging somewhat his plantings.

At least that is the view of our New England growers. We
are facing the future wtih contidence ! We believe in the fruit
business and in New England ! And to any man who tries to
discourage us and to dampen our ardor we will say, with our
brothers from Missouri. "You'll have to show meT'

Division and
State

Small Fruits

Strawberries

Rasp-
berries

Black-
berries

3 P

-50

New England....! 6.15+ 13.98— : 24.35-

Maine 24.84+ 31.67— I 20.49—

N. H I 73.30+ 24.47— ' 18.06+

Vt. i 47.98+ i 9.33— | 0.36—

Mass I 0.81+ I 7.39— I 28.98—

R. I I 12.46— I 22.51— ] 35.71—

Conn i 11.52— ! 50.21— I 35.95—

46.19—
45.04—
23.24—
30.44—
42.90—
64.28-T
58.90—

22.84+
81.194-
51.51-1-
108.75+
24 .61+
44.03+
29.59—

1.80—
57.64+
19.43+
101.25+
18.19—
64.04—
55 . 71 —

Apples

Peaches

Division and
State

be

c

'u

CO
u

0

1)

u

0 ™

- fct

.2~

0 —

1

CO

V

a

V

New England

14.86+ \ -12. 1-2—
3". 81+ 1 18.50—

1.39-1-
51 99—

17.22+
8.C9+

37.19+
11.05+
41.19-1-
46.92—
123.98+
55.36+
7.37-1-

43.36—
22.59—

N. H

■''3.06+ 1 41.8.5- 1 9.95+

34.12—

\"t

34.22- ' 39.79— 15.55+ 59.30-^

24.97+ 1 10.86— 122.48+ 132.29+

57.02+ i 13.88+ 30.82+ | 62.51+

9.46 — 1 1.^.99— 1 9.=s.76-l- 1 97_7,S—

45.02—

16.46—

R. I

17.63—

60.55—

58

Pears

T'lunis and Prunes

Division ^nd
State

bc

a

o

o

Production
(bushels)

1

Trees not of
bearing age

Xew England

Maine .'

;

16.92— 1 25.75—
63.32— i 51.75—
lS.60— 1 41.59^
1 50.11— 1 45.45-
12.06— 1 21.82—
14.30— 20.54—
38. .33+ 1 5.6.^? 1-

18.71+ 23.74—
45.29— 36.93+
17.49— 11.76+
9.81+ 71.38—
37.43+ 1 26.17—
47.17+ 1 75.16—
34.28+ 1 73.01-

18.43—
13.8&-
20.81—
40.32—
20.7.5—
59.39—
47.87-

40.81—
58.23—

N. H

48.62—

Vt

32. CO—

30.66—

R. I

47.30—

31.43—

Ur. L. H. Bailey: I think this is an exceedingly suggestive
paper, as showing the tendencies in the development of a country
which is old, and which has long since gon-e through its formative
and exploitive stage, which has passed its period of miscellaneous
planting of a great number of crops for the purpose of maintain-
ing the home family, and which has outlived the epoch of dis-
couragement that comes with the development of a new section.
And now you find in New Rngland a well organized, thoughtful,
constructive movement in agriculture, perhaps one of the best
movements in the United States, wherein persons are concerned
with the careful study of the whole situation and with the homo-
genous development of it^ enter]>rises and of its country life, as
tl:is i;aper very clearly rex'eals.

Another suggestion from the paper is the fact that with the
coming of the automobile, the motor-truck and good roads in
parts of the country largely filled with a city population, the
buyers are coming to the farmer, and home manufacture is again
develci>ing. Perhaps we should not look for the mill along the
creek any more, but the making of fabrics of home manufacture
is beginning to find itself again and the return to the country
is marked. Every agitation that exposes the deficiencies of our
marketing system makes persons all the more anxious to do their
own marketing at the source and to get away from the city markets
as far as they can. Those who have automobiles go to the country
to buy ; and so you will find in the more thickly settled parts these
wayside markets developing, and, as this paper suggests, they are
coming to be of great importance. This probably means in the

• 59

future a diiferent conception of market statistics for the dilierent
parts of the country, and any records which are to be made as to
tl;e output of the farms. must take into consideration this question
of home sales.

1 wish to call for tlie report of the committee on the Presi-
dent's Address. Inasmuch as certain recommendations were
made in that address which may need some discussion it seems
not to be wise to hold it until tomorrow afternoon if the com-
mittee is ready to report at this time.

REPORT OF THF. COMMITTEE ON PRESIDENT'S

ADDRESS

This committee has been somewhat handicapped by not hav-
ing actually befoie it the record of the precedent to guide it in
its action. We lacked assurance as to just what was expected of
us. We have assumed, however, that our course should result in
the Society's giving positive, detailed consideration to the program
];resented in the President's Address. The Committee therefore
comments an I recommends as follows:

We commend without reservation the ftjrward-looking pro-
gram outlined by our President, and congratulate the Society on
the opi^ortunit'es for serving the fruit industry of America that
arc befoie it. We feel that the Address should mark a new start-
ing point in the work of the Society, and that it will be the docu-
ment to which the officers of the Society in future years will refer
to determine progress.

We recommend the adoption b\' the Societv of the Presi-
dent's .Vc'dress and the taking of such ])ositive steps as will best
insure the accomplishment of ihe program. These steps should
include activities along several lines.

I . .\ full-time paid Secretary. The Society should commit
itself to this idea and should consider every possible means to
attain it. We believe the Executive Committee is at present in
the best position of an\' group in the Society to deal with this
matter. Our recommendation is that the Executive Committee
be especially charged with the matter of securing funds by which
a full-time Secretar\- ma\- be em])loye(l,

6o •

2. It is too much to ask of a Secretary who serves without
pay and with active duties that require practically all his time, to
do all the work that is proposed for the Secretary's office. We
recommend that a committee be provided to assist the Secretary,
as he might direct, in the preparation of material for the monthly
or bi-monthly letter to members, and in other ways. This recom-
mendation in part anticipates one in the latter part of the
President's Address where he suggests the appointment by the
Society of advisors to the Secretary on publicity, consumption,
planting, marketing, co-operation, affiliation, etc. These two fea-
tures— advisors and special assistants — may well be considered
together.

3. Membership — regular and collegiate. At present any
campaign for new members rests with the Secretary. That of it-
self is a heavy burden, if the work be effective. A committee of
really interested members could doubtless accomplish much: The
work of such a committee should be directed by the Secretary.
We recommend that a committee be appointed, with the Secre-
tary as chairman, and that this committee be in two parts, one to
cover the regular, the other the collegiate membership.

4. Medals, aw^ards, etc. Our recommendation is that a
standing committee on awards he appointed and that this com-
mittee be charged with the awarding of the Wilder medal and
all others that may from time to time be given by the Society ;
further, that this committee be charged with the canvassing of
the entire situation to determine what other awards, medals, etc.,
ought to be given by the Society, if any, in addition to those that
are now given from time to time.

5. Increase in consumption of fruits. Our President re-
commends the issuing of bulletins by all the experiment stations,
colleges, departments of home economics, etc., in which are set
forth the value of fruit in the diet. We heartily endorse such a
program, but this committee would place special emphasis on the
work of the home economics departments in the colleges and
also on the work of home demonstration and other home ex-
tension agencies. These are the people who are reaching those
who put the food on the table. We recommend especially that,
whatever else be done, the Secretary's office address a special
letter to these agencies asking them to stress as much as possible

6i

the use of fruil in the home and perhaps referring them to the
Hterature ah-eady available.

6. Cooperation and affiliation with State societies. We
cannot over-emphasize the importance of our President's refer-
ences to such activities. The American Pomological Society
ought to be the central clearinghouse for all the State and
Provincial fruit-growers" organizations, and each one should be
somehow linked up with it. We recommend that every Provin-
cial, State and county organization or society be urged to desig-
nate a member who shall be its representative in the American
Pomological Society and whose annual dues shall be paid by each
society or organization so represented. It is believed also that
as far as our funds permit the monthly or bi-monthly letters
from the Secretary's office should be sent to all horticultural
society secretaries and other officers as a means of interesting
them in the American Pomological Society and its work. A
committee on affiliation and cooperation l:)etween the American
Pomological Society and other societies might well l)e designated.
We recommend it.

7. The desirability of establishing a regular-sized page
and style of binding for the annual report needs no discussion.
It is self-evident. We believe this is a matter that the Execu-
tive Committee, in consultation with those familiar with print-
ing, binding, etc.. can best handle. We recommend that the
Executive Committee be charged with this duty and that it be
given power to act. That is, that the action of the committee
shall be the action of the Society.

8. The raising of supplementary funds. The whole work
of this Society seems to hang on funds, and our financial limita-
tions mark the limitation of the , Society's activities. The com-
mittee recommends that this Society give its earnest considera-
tion to all possible sources of securing funds. The President
had made certain suggestions with several alternatives. They
merit consideration and action. This committee, however, feels
that this is a matter on which it should withhold at this time any
particular recommendation of its own.

9. The matter of nomenclature. We feel that the im-
portance of this matter is very inadequately appreciated.
Throughout its entire life this Society has stood as the one
bodv in America that had had a directing: influence on fruit

62

\ ariety names. That influence has had more or less general
recognition, lint it has no comi)e11ing power. Its influence in
this direction has sometimes waned, and many times has been
ignored. The whole question needs careful, constructive, scien-
tific consideration. This committee recognizes the fact that
nomenclature work is very definitely research work. The re-
sults are not merely matters of opinion, where one man's is as
good as another's ; hut rather, the results are matters of fact, and
the problem is to establish the fact or facts which are involved.
Not every one is so situated that he can do lesearch work in fruit
nomenclature. The placing of this work where it can best be
done is a matter that calls for earnest consideration. Our Presi-
dent has said as much in his Address. He recommends the pub-
lishing of the Code, after proper editing as a bulletin. This
committee emphasizes the need of action and recommends giving
the widest publicity possible to the Code, after it has received
the editing our President speaks of and consideration with re-
spect to revision along the lines suggested in the President's Ad-
dress, and in any other respects that are essential to make it
scientific and workable. A committee to consider these matters
should be appointed with power to act. The latter feature is
necessary if the recommendations of the President for the pub-
lication of the Code as a l:)ulletin are adopted.

We have not tried to include in our recommendations for
action every detail presented in the Address, but we have en-
deavored in this way to suggest to you what we believe should
be done to put the President's program, which becomes our pro-
gram if ap])roved, into real action.

H. P. Gould, Chairman,
Frederic Cranefield,
M. P.. Davis.

H. P. Gould: It may seem that in the execution of the
President's recommendations we have recommended the appoint-
ment of an unduly large number of committees. We realize that
if you want to kill a thing the best way to do it is to appoint
a committee to handle it and then have that committee inopera-
tive. A dead committee means dead activity. Possibly some very
worthv things promulgated by this Society have died in just that

63

way. We believe, on the other hand, that there are enough men
vitally interested in the things we wish to accomplish in this
Society so that these committees may be very valuable.

Another thing. I think one of the difficulties experienced by
many committees is that they have been large and scattered over
the country so that it was practically impossible to have a meeting
of the committee. It seemed to this committee as we talked over
this feature that very much smaller committees could accomplish
everything that larger committees could accomplish, and nuich
more in most respects, because of the situation I have just men-
tioned.

Then. too. there is one other feature with reference to com-
mittees. There has been* an effort made in the past to have the
committees represent the Society regionally, and that is theoreti-
cally a most excellent and essential point because of the nation-
wide scope of the Society, extending into international aspects - —
the American Pomological Society being Canadian as well as
American. It has seemed to us that certain committees, as for
instance the committees to advise the Secretary and assist in some
of his work ; the membership committee, too. should perhaps be
regional because there are regional problems to work out and the
work is necessarily regional. But the committee on nomenclature
does not have regional problems. The giving of a name to a
variety is the same whether it is in Manitoba, Florida, or Alaska,
and the committee therefore does not. it seems to us. require
regional representation.

The President : What will you do with the report of this
committee? Do you wish to consider it as a whole, or adopt it
recommendation by recommendation?

J. E. Smith: (Muncie, Indiana) I move that we accept the
report of the committee.

( Motion seconded ) .

Dr. L. H. Bailey : There are some questions in regard to
nomenclature on which I should like to express myself briefly.
Nomenclature is exceedingly important, not merely academically,
not alone in the finding of a set of names which will be usable
and in all ways commendable in itself, but because the time is not
far distant when some action may be expected by Congress that
will require a standardized set of names of fruits. For example,
a bill is now before Congress which seeks to regulate the sale of

64

nursery stock with respect to misnaming. Whether there is any
chance of this bih passing Congress or not, legislation along this
line is bound to arise. Whenever such legislation shall arise, the
whole question of the proper naming of varieties, whether we
are considering fruits or nursery stock, becomes very important
and there must be a standard practice. The Government, prob-
ably in its own interest and in self-defense, must before long begin
to compile a list of standard varieties which carries with it the
determination of the j^roper nomenclature. As many of you
know, this Society once had affiliations with the United States
Department of Agriculture whereby the work in nomenclature
was conducted by its members, some of whom were connected
with the Department, and the fruit catalog was published by the
Department.

It is one thing to make a set of standard names ; it is an-
other thing to find a means of publication and of distribution.
The question is whether this Society should memorialize the
Secretary of Agriculture looking toward the renewal of such co-
operation. Very important questions arise at once in the con-
sideration of nomenclature, particularly in view of the fact that
the American Joint Committee on Horticultural Nomenclature
is putting into type its second list or report. This committee,
representing nurserymen, florists, landscape gardners, the Amer-
ican Pomological Society and practically all the national societies
that deal with plants, is now waiting to publish something from
the American Pomological Society.

I do not know that the committee has definitely passed on
the two recommendations I made as to new principles to be con-
sidered.

H. P. Gould : The committee recommended that a committee
on nomenclature be appointed to consider this and other things,
with power to act.

Dr. L. H. Bailey : The American Joint Committee on
Horticultural Nomenclature is a going organization. It started
in the nurserymen's organization for the purpose of determining
a uniform practice in the naming of plants. This Society has
taken action whereby it is to co-operate with the committee. It is
very important, therefore, that this nomenclature question be con-
sidered at once and that this committee have power.

65

Mr. Frederic. Cranefield (Madison, Wisconsin) : It
seems to me that the reason there is so little response to your re-
quest for discussion of this subject is that it is such a tremen-
dously big subject — so many things involved. The success or
failure of the work of the American Pomological Society is in-
volved, and yet we pass it lightly off, extend our thanks to the
Secretary^ hope that by some means we may be able to employ
a permanent secretary, and so on, and lo and behold, there is no
discussion of the subject. These subjects are vital to the in-
terests of the Society and its life in the future. Unless ways and
means are found for carrying out these recommendations we
might as well stop where we are.

Perhaps this is not the best time and place to discuss these
things. It occurred to me while Mr. Gould was reading the report
that perhaps at the informal supper this evening we may feel like
taking these subjects up in detail. But we should not leave this
convention without a fuller discussion of the points involved in
the President's Address. I shall feel that my trip here is wholly
in vain, wath due respect to the other subjects on the program.
1 merelv rise to invite fuller discussion, either now or at a later
time. To my mind there is nothing else as important before the
convention as the employment of a full-time Secretary and how
we are to accomplish this end.

Charles E. Greening (Monroe, Michigan) : I feel some-
one should comment on the splendid, thorough, carefully worked
out report that has been submitted by the committee. It is a
difficult task to handle the subjects presented by the President,
and I feel this report will help us a great deal in our discussion.
I want to express my commendation of the work of the com-
mittee.

The President : I may indicate to you what we have be-
fore us this morning. We have on our program for this afternoon
Mr. Charles Brand, formerly with the Department of Agricul-
ture, who cannot be here this afternoon. I propose therefore
to call on him this forenoon. Before I do that, what do you
wish to do in regard to this report which is before us? Shall
you take action on the motion, or have further discussion of it
tonight as to ways and means, and defer action now?

5

6S

W. C. Reed (Indiana) : I think it would be better to dis-
cuss it tonight more thoroughly.

H. P. Gould: We have this matter before us now, ready to
speak or keep silent, as you see fit, and my fear is that if it is
not settled now it will go by default — or some other road — and
this motion that is before us be left hanging in the air.

Paul Thayer (Ohio) : I think the idea just expressed is
the idea of all of us. I think we all agree with the suggestions
of the committee, and the way to work them out it seems to me
would be a fit subject for discussion now, not tonight. I there-
fore call for discussion.

(Vote on the motion of Mr. Smith. Carried).

The Secretary : The Toledo Chamber of Commerce has
arranged for a supper to be given in the Chamber of Commerce
dining room on the top floor of the Nicholas Building corner
Madison and Huron, tonight at six-thirty. The price is $1.50 a
plate. This will not be a banquet, but just a good supper, and
I would like to have a show of hands now of those who will
attend this supper.

The President: Then we can discuss this subject which
we have before us. I will now call on Mr. Charles Brand, whom
we will be very glad to hear.

FRUIT FOR THE FUTURE

A BRIEF review OF ECONOMIC CONDITIONS AFFECTING FRUIT

MARKETING AND OF THE STATISTICAL POSITION OF

THE DECIDUOUS FRUIT INDUSTRY

Charles J. Brand,
Vice President and General Manager of American Fruit Grow-
ers, Incorporated, Pittsburgh, Pa.

Economic conditions in the United States and in the world
at large are such that we have far more than the usual interest
in the future of the fruit industry. Our interest and concern
most generally contemplate two phases of the problem; namely:

^7

I. — The relatively immediate future, 1922 and 1923, and
2. — The longer pull of the census decade ending in 1929,
but including as well the past year and the years im-
mediately before us.

An intelligent consideration of the probable future involves
not only a consideration of the present statistical position of the
industry itself and a comparison with the past but also a study
of economic events in past times under relatively similar condi-
tions and the present trend of things commercially and in-
dustrially.

Every form of agricultural industry feels thoroughly de-
flated, and so it is, relatively, in greater measure than any other
great industry that comes to my mind. As the editor of the
Wall Street Journal recently put it — "not only has the water
been squeezed out of farm prices but a lot of the blood." Prices
of many manufactured products, particularly, are still on too
high a plane compared with a five year average of pre-war prices.
Retail prices of foodstuffs and particularly of fruits and veg-
etables are too commonly wholly out of line with wholesale
prices. Within a week I have seen boxed Spitzenburgs, 96 size,
selling on fruit stands at ten cents a piece or $9.60 per box when
the wholesale price was ranging between $3.25 and $3.75.

On the whole, fruit prices to the grower are ranging higher
in comparison than live stock, grain and cotton prices. I heard
the Chairman of the Congressional Joint Commission of Agri-
cultural Inquiry, Mr. Sydney Anderson, of Minnesota, at the
American Farm Bureau Federation Meeting at Atlanta give some
decidedly shocking figures resulting from the Commission's in-
vestigations. The following implements are a necessity to the
great bulk of our farmers; a wagon; a gang plow; a corn binder
and a grain binder.

It was found that when the farmer buys these four im-
plements paying for them in corn shipped to Chicago from
Springfield, Illinois, and Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, the total
freight in money is as follows : — •

At Springfield, Illinois : —

1913 .^1

1920 474

1921 700

68

At Oklahoma City, Oklahoma : —

1913 $484

1920 934

1921 751

Expressed in terms of corn the cost of the four implements
is as follows : —

At Springfield, Illinois : —

1913 716 bushels

1920 583 bushels

1921 2,027 bushels

At Oklahoma City, Oklahoma : —

1913 932 bushels

1920 702 bushels

1921 4,191 bushels

The freight on the implements alone expressed in terms of
corn was : —

To Springfield, Illinois : — .

1913 71 bushels

1920 132 bushels

1921 265 bushels

To Oklahoma City, Oklahoma : —

1913 197 bushels

1920 308 bushels

1921 1,238 bushels

The freight on the corn plus the freight on the implements
in 1921 was fifty percent greater than the cost of the implements.
The blighting efifect upon agriculture that the continuance of
such a condition will produce needs no comment.

GENERAL BUSINESS CONDITIONS

While American business is enjoying a great deal of grief
these days, conditions are by no means as bad in some ways as
they have been, even in the relatively recent past.

Most of us find no difficulty in recalling the depression in
1900 followed by two years of recovery, and then by the com-

69

mercial and financial crash of 1903 and 1904. 1905 and 1906 and
the first few months of 1907 represent a period of unusual pros-
perity which was followed by the panic of 1907 and 1908. In
fact, a curve showing conditions shows with slight fluctuations a
normal period to 1912, 1913 and 1914, followed first, by prostra-
tion at the outbreak of the war, with subsequent inflation, specu-
lation, waste, extravagance, over expansion and uneconomic pro-
duction that culminated in 1920, and from which we have been
recovering or deflating since that time.

In a recent statement showing fifty different commodities,
in which there has been a recession to practically pre-war levels,
I noted that thirty-one were farm crop or farm crop derivatives.
In any period of sharp price movements, particularly downward,
farm and wholesale prices move first and farthest; retail prices
move more slowly; wages change even less rapidly; and manu-
factured articles, having a high labor content, change more slow-
ly than any of the foregoing; while salaries and rents change
slowest of all. Farm and wholesale prices have receded to a
considerable extent except in certain lines, but retail prices have
not reacted satisfactorily and are at a serious disparity. This is
especially true as to farm and food products.

Wages in other industries than agriculture are still exceed-
ingly abnormal. While farm wages average now in the neigh-
borhood of twenty cents an hour, common labor on railroads is
still in many cases as high as sixty-one cents an hour. The wage
scale of the United States has been increasing constantly for
more than a hundred years. In 1820 the average weekly wage of
an artisan was about $7.00; by i860 it was $10.00 a week; dur-
ing the Civil War it rose to a level of about $15.00, where it re-
mained relatively stationary until 1900. By 191 5 it has risen
to over $21.00; while in 1920 it was $42.00. Needless to say,
with this fixed rise in costs deflation along many lines has pro-
ceeded necessarily slowly. Conditions are improving. In Pitts-
burgh a number of additional furnaces have been blown in. We
hear the same news from Chicago, Cleveland and other points.
There is a firmer undertone not only in business in general, but
in the security and commodity markets. While unemployment
is abroad in the land, improved conditions with constructive ef-
forts at relief promise better conditions. This is of great im-

1o

portance to the farmers and fruit growers of the United States,
as purchasing power of the pubHc will be one of the important
determining factors in their operations during the next year.

There is ample evidence that the general trend of prices for
a 1 eriod of years will fluctuate irregularly downward, on the
whole. Prices of farm products are more nearly normal than
01 bet commodities, and will, therefore, in the future recede less.
The index numbers of wholesale prices, using 1913 as 100,
show the following situation : —

October, October,
J920 1921

Farm Products 182 119

Clothes and Clothing 257 190

Fuel and Lighting 282 182

House Furnishing Goods 371 218

From this it appears reasonable that agriculture on the
v.'hole will suffer less from further deflation than other industries.
T am sure we are all thankful for this hope. Nevertheless, as
perishable growers, we must remember that certain of our
products are still above normal. This is particularly true of
apples and potatoes.

After our war of 1812, which was a mere incident in the
Napoleonic world war; and after 1864 the culmination year of
Civil war high prices, there were periods of nearly thirty years of
generally receding wholesale prices followed by twenty years in
each case of ascending prices.

How long we will be in completing the cycle of receding and
ascending prices under existing world conditions, it is of course,
impossible to foretell. This much is certain, the elasticity of the
modern financial structure with its marvelously increased facility
to accommodate itself to changed conditions gives good reason to
hope that the readjustment which we are now carrying on after
the orgy of the past six years will be accomplished at a rate
hitherto impossible, nevertheless we are in a period of genuine
depression. Consuming power of great bodies of consumers ha=;
been impaired by unemployment. Continued high prices along
many lines have decreased consumption. High costs of produc-
tion seem in many cases to make profitable operations impossible.
On the other hand, we have the statistical position :

71

First — Of population and hence of possible consump-
tive demand.
Second — Of acreage, both bearing and non-bearing rep-
resenting available and prospective supply to
consider.

By census periods our population has grown as follows :

1890 62,947,000

1900 75,994,000

1910 91,972,000

1920 105,683,000

These figures mean that in tlip last forty years our population
has increased about 43.000,000 persons. This increase is more
significant than the mere figures indicate. In 1890 the United
States was still preponderantly an agricultural nation, so that the
consumptive force of the population for commercially produced
and commercially shipped products was not what it is in 192 1.
More than fifty per cent of our population has ceased to be rural,
within the census meaning of the word, and being largely in-
dustrial and urban is dependent upon commercial production of
fruit for supplying its needs. The other side of the picture,
considering for purposes of illustration a comparison only peaches
and apples, we find the following situation as to production as
disclosed by the census figures :

APPLES

1889 143,105,000 bushels

1899 175,397,000 bushels

1909 146,122,000 bushels

1919 136,746,000 bushels

1920* 244,022,000 bushels

1921* 102,290,000 bushels

During more recent years the Bureau reports have presented
commercial production as distinguished from total production.
The commercial crop is expressed in barrels and by the term
is meant that portion of the total crop which is sold for con-
sumption as fresh fruit. The commercial production for the last
five years according to the Bureau has been as follows :

* Bureau of Markets and Crop Estimates figures for November 1st.

72

1916 26,747,000 barrels

1917 22,341,000 barrels

1918 24,743,000 barrels

1919 26,174,000 barrels

1920 37,239,000 barrels

1921* 18,563,000 barrels

The average commercial crop for the five years from 1916 to
1920 was 27,848,000 barrels. Compared with this, the present
commercial crop is approximately 9,285,000 barrels short, but
compared with the year 1920 it totals only about one-half the
quantity of commercial fruit that was put into consumption from
the 1920 crop.

It will be noted by comparing total crop figures with com-
mercial crop figures that the latter do not show the fluctuation
the former show.

The unattended farm or garden orchard, left largely to
nature's care, swells the total crop in years of favorable con-
ditions, no doubt exercising a profound influence on the prices
of the commercial crop.

From Colonial time until about thirty to forty years ago
specialized commercial orchards were practically unknown. Now
a constantly growing proportion of plantings is in commercial
orchards, well cared for by trained and successful orchardists.
This fact must be borne in mind in considering the subsequent
census figures:

BEARING AND NON-BEARING TREES

Trees of Bearing Age :

1910 , 151,322,000

1920 115,265,000

a decrease of slightly more than 36,000,000 trees or 23.8 per
cent, as shown by the Bureau of the Census release furnished by
Mr. Cruickshank. It is to be remembered that within the same
period the population of the United States increased about 14,-
000,000; namely, from 91,000,000 in 1909 to 105,000,000 m 1919.
The short crop of the present year is, of course, merely a
temporary phase in the situation, due to unprecedented Spring

* Bureau of Markets and Crop Estimates figure for November 1st.

n

frosts, particularly the one that occurred on Easter day. Never-
theless, it is of interest to know that the 1921 crop is the small-
est but one in the last thirty-two years, the only one that was
smaller being the crop of 1890, which amounted to 80,142,000
barrels.

As long ago as 1889, when the population of the United
States was only about 60,000,000 souls, we had a total crop, ac-
cording to the census, of over 143,000,000 bushels, compared
with a total estimated crop of 102,000,000 bushels for the present
year, when our population stands in excess of 105,000,000.

From the foregoing it is most obvious that the fundamental
conditions, in so far as apple production is concerned, must be
sound. We must, of course, bear in mind the greater efficiency
of commercial production together with the fact that a very large
percentage of our bearing trees are of an age that will lead to
increased production without any necessary increase in plantings.
The situation with respect to trees of non-bearing age is of the
same kind.

There were trees of non-bearing age : —

1910 65,791,000

1920 36,171,000

a decrease of 29,620,000 or 45 percent of trees not of bearing age.
As it requires from 6 to 12 years for different varieties or
different sections of the country to bring apple trees to bearing
age, it is quite apparent both from an economic and a practical
nursery standpoint that with the continued inevitable growth of
our country, the fundamental outlook for the apple grower is
good.

PEACHES

I have devoted so much time to apples, which are no doubt a
premier crop both in quantity, value and importance as a food,
that there is little time to devote to other fruit crops.

In the case of peaches ; there has been a fluctuating but
nevertheless on the whole a progressive increase in production
during the 22 years from 1899 to 1921. The normal total crop
amounts to about 46.000,000 bushels. x\s long ago as 1900 a
crop of greater size was produced. The largest crop in our his-

74

tory was that of 191 5, totalling 64,000,000 bushels. Its dis-
astrous effect on the market is still recent enough in the minds
of many of us so that no description of it is necesasry.

The position with respect to trees of bearing age is as
follows : —

1910 94,506,657

1920 65,654,219

The effective life of the peach tree is relatively so short that
this decrease of 28,851,438 in the number of trees of bearing age
is more significant than are the figures given for apples. Peach
trees are so susceptible to bacterial and insect enemies that the
mortality per year is extraordinarily heavy.

However, viewing the figures as they stand, the present
plantings being more largely in commercial orchards have a
greater potential productive capacity than a great number of
trees had in earlier years.

The number of trees not of bearing age were as follows : —

1910 42,266,243

1920 21,623,657

a decrease of more than 20,000,000 or 48.8 percent.

It is evident from the foregoing that production possibilities
both present and prospective do not point to any grave dangers
through over expansion and wild exploitations in the near future.

It is so commonly said that figures lie that we are forced
to hesitate, but we do know the stupendous decreases both of
bearing and non-bearing apple and peach trees. The census
figures, however, are certainly to be relied upon implicitly, with-
in the limits of probable error in any task so enormous.

PROSPECTS FOR THE REMAINDER OF THE I92I CROP.

The crop in the barrel states shows a decrease of almost 71
per cent from 1920, while the crop from the box states shows an
increase of over 39 percent, indicating one of the largest, if not,
the largest box crop on record. The average decrease for the
whole United States, compared with last year is approximately
one-third. The movement of the crop to the first of December
was as follows : —

75

Box Sections :

Total this season to November 26th 40,311 cars

Total last season to November 26th 24,357 cars

Total last season — 1920 36,293 cars

Barrel Sections :

Total this season to November 26th 21,614 cars

Total last season to November 26th 50,999 cars

Total last season — 1920 72,417 cars

As the total barrel crop for this year is about 29 per cent of
last year it would appear that the movement has proceeded more
rapidly in 192 1 than in 1920, in relation to the probable total
crop. Similarly the box crop seems to have moved more rapidly
into consumption or storage or both, in relation to the size of
the crop, than last year.

The December ist cold storage report is not available but
the November ist holdings were: —

Barrel Apples :

November 1, 1920 3,516,000 barrels

November 1, 1921 1,815,000 barrels

Box Apples :

November 1, 1920 2,878,000 barrels

November 1, 1921 5,-348,000 barrels

It will be seen from the above that, while the deficiency in
barrel apples is very great, the quantity of box apples in storage
is such as to leave the total deficiency only 231,000 barrels in
192 1 as compared w^ith 1920.

As usual, when the supply and demand operate with relative
freedom, the barrel deal, with its short supply, will show higher
returns per package but very low returns per acre.

The conclusion of the box deal depend on skillful sales-
m_anship and the general character and quality of the stock in
storage.

In closing, may I say that the situation in the fruit industry
as a whole is unquestionably good. That does not mean that
efficient work, elimination of waste, the application of sound
economy and a most careful cutting of all the corners will not be
necessary. In fact, judged from previous economic history, as

76

very briefly outlined above, economy, thrift and efficiency will be
absolutely essential.

A Member: What about the probability of exporting ap-
ples in the future?

Charles Brand: I feel that the export problem will be de-
termined largely by a reasonable system of parity of exchange,
and as the pound Sterling has gotten above $4.07 in the past
ten days I think the outlook in that respect is very favorable.

The President : We will now have the report of the
Auditing Committee.

REPORT OF COMMITTEE TO AUDIT TREASURER'S

BOOKS

Toledo,, Ohio, December 8, 1921.
The Auditing Committee wishes to report that they have
gone over the books, vouchers, receipts and bank balance of the
Treasurer and find them correct. We therefore move the ac-
ceptance and adoption of the treasurer's report.

Charles E. Greening,
Fred Johnson,
J. E, Cochran.

(Motion seconded and carried.)

THURSDAY AFTERNOON SESSION

The Thursday afternoon session was called to order at one-
thirty by the Secretary, Prof. R. B. Cruickshank.

The Secretary : Doctor Bailey has been detained, but will
be here shortly, and he asks that the program go forward even
though he is absent.

One of the men on the program this morning who was not
here was Prof. Laurenz Greene of Indiana. We would like to
hear from him at the present time.

17

FRUIT GROWING IN THE EAST NORTH CENTRAL
GROUP OF STATES

Laurenz Greene,
Purdue University, Lafayette, Ind,

This group of states is a general farming country with few
well developed orchard districts. It contains the agricultural
states of Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Wisconsin and Michigan. Door
County, Wisconsin, with its cherries and western Michigan with
its general fruit plantings mark the most highly developed horti-
cultural industries. Southern Illinois is distinctly an early apple
district but the orchards are not so thickly planted as in the dis-
tricts named.

In addition to the general farming this region is noted for
its industrial development insuring markets close at home. The
great "Calumet Region" with its hundreds of thousands of work-
ers and the automobile industries of Michigan are the most
famous. Of equal importance from the marketing standpoint
are the numerous large towns, small cities and great industrial
centers over the central part of this group of states.

Because the bearing apple trees — found in the farm or-
chards comprise a relatively large percentage of the total the
mortality during the decade covered by the recent census has
been rather high. This region lost one third of its bearing apple
trees during that period. During that same time there was a,
loss of 35% in the number of bearing peach trees, 30% of its
bearing pear trees, 50% of its bearing plum trees, while the small
fruit acreage was increased less than one per cent.

Non-bearing fruit trees tell about the same story. This
region had 70% as many-non bearing apple trees in 1920 as it had
in 1910. Only 48% as many non-bearing pear trees were found
in the last census as were found in its predecessor but this crop
is unimportant as only about three million pear trees of all ages
were found in 1920. Only half as many non-bearing plum trees
were found in 1920 as were reported in 1910.

It was noted that there was a slight increase in the small
fruit acreage but there are few cars of this fruit shipped out of
the counties where it is produced as compared with the better de-
veloped small fruit sections. With a few exceptions, labor con-

^

78

ditions remaining- on either the present or a pre-war basis, no
large development of this industry may be looked for and the op-
portunities where labor can be secured are excellent.

Approximately 20% of the total population of the United
lives in this group of states. They produce but 17% of the total
apple crop of the United States during the period 191 1 to 1920,
inclusive. A large percentage of that was produced on the farms
and was not marketed nor marketable. The commercial crop of
the United States is 45% of the total farm crop while in this
section only 35% is called commercial, according to Bureau of
Markets figures. Such conditions make for excellent markets
within the district.

As a further illustration of these markets and their supply
it is interesting to note that in 1918 this group of states supplied
their large markets of Cleveland, Detroit, Cincinnati, Indianap-
olis and Chicago with less than one third of the cars of apples
consumed by those markets.

The east north central group of states produced less than
10% of the cars of apples that were unloaded on the 14 larger
markets of the country. Of the fruit marketed in these cities
that was produced in this group of states practically 90% was
marketed within the border of the group. Either New York
state or Washington supplied more apples for the markets in
these five states in 1918 than came from their orchards. During
that year New York supplied Indianapolis with six times as many
cars of apples as were received from either Indiana or Illinois.
Indianapolis in that season received less than seven percent of
its apple supply from the state of which it is the capital.

Because of this shortage of supply and the apparent demand
at home the average farm price is higher in this section than in
the United States as a whole. It was 13 cents per bushel higher
for the ten year period just past. In 1919 it was 54 cents per
bushel higher in these five states than the average for the United
States and in Indiana that year it was 81 c per bushel higher.

The automobile trade is developing rapidly and many or-
chardists are finding they do not need to provide packages, storage
and marketing facilities beyond the limits of their own farms.
Isolated orchards can not supply the demand at the orchard while
the elimination of the farm orchard crops is adding to the joys
of the commercial man in increasing- his orchard trade. One In-

79

diana berry grower with fifteen acres sells his berries on the
vines and the customers pay for the privilege of picking them.

The loss of the large numbers of trees and the increasing
city populations with smaller and smaller crops of fruit coming
from the farm orchards makes a very bright outlook for the real
commercial fruit grower in these great lakes states. There have
been no boom plantings since the nineties and the neglected or-
chards put out at that time are nearly gone. There are no young
plantings coming on to supply the demand ten, fifteen, or twenty
years in the future. It is undoubtedly a most opportune time to
plant fruit in this region. Good care has produced some splendid
orchards that have proven highly productive and profitable to
their owners. Personally I believe that it is not only a most op-
portune time to plant orchards in the east north central group of
states but I also believe that this region is the most promising
place to plant fruit that can be found in this or any other country.

The Secretary: Is there any discussion of this paper?
There seems to be no question but what, so far as Ohio is con-
cerned, a great many men are beginning to develop markets such
as Professor Greene has indicated.

I will now call on Mr. H. G. Ingerson to tell us something
about the census figures from the standpoint of a man interested
in the manufacture of spraying machines.

UNITED STATES APPLE PRODUCTION IN 1930

H. G. Ingerson,
Ohio

1 have taken for my topic, "United States Apple Production
in 1930." I think we like to look forward, but perhaps not for
more than a ten-year period. We can only arrive at that ap-
proximation by what has happened in the past ten years, so I
will present in a brief way my personal opinions on this matter,
and then just briefly state what I feel, as a manufacturer of spray
machinery, should be the trend of orchard planting from the
standpoint of orchard economics.

8o

A study of the United States census figures on apple pro-
duction in 1909 and 1919, and the relative number of bearing and
non-bearing trees in 1910 and 1920, shows clearly the following
condition: That of a total of 216,000,000 bearing and non-bear-
ing apple trees in 1910, but 115,000,000 were in bearing in 1920;
a loss of 47 per cent. With this same ratio of loss prevailing
(and we have no reason to doubt that it will prevail), from the
total of 151,000,000 bearing and non-bearing trees in 1920 we
will have but 80,000,000 bearing apple trees in 1930, or but
slightly more than half as many bearing trees as in 1910.

The production figures for 1909 and 1919 show an increase
from one bushel per tree to 1.2 bushel, or 20 per cent, increase.
With an additional increase per tree of another 20 per cent.,
which I think we may expect from our improved methods of
pruning, fertilizing and spraying, we shall still be short 33,000,-
000 bushels, or 23 per cent, of the 1909 crop.

So far we have not considered any increased consumption
of apples. I think we all realize that consumption could be
greatly increased if high quality apples could be furnished to
our people at reasonable cost. How much this increase may be
we will leave to our advertising friends to estimate, but surely
enough to care for the increase per tree that we are securing.

With these facts before us I believe we must agree that a
period of apple tree planting is just ahead of us, and I feel that
it is for an organization such as the American Pomological So-
ciety to point out the course that such planting should take.

I submit that the most successful and profitable orchard in
the future will be the two-man commercial orchard, probably
thirty to fifty acres of mixed fruits, within trucking distance of
several small towns, or a city of some size. I see the advantages
of such a location as follows :

I'. Production :

1 . A constant supply of labor, the owner and son, or
owner and one good tenant.

2. Economical use of labor throughout the season in
production and marketing work.

3. Economical use of orchard equipment.

4. Low overhead.

8i

II. Quality fruit:

1 . Because relatively small acreage of each kind and
variety can be harvested and marketed in best con-
dition.

2. Because storage varieties can be placed in home
storage immediately following harvest and mar-
keted when in best condition.

III. Most important of all, the marketing of fruit at lowest
possible cost effecting the following savings over
the grower who must pick and ship to distant
markets :

1 . Packing expense oc to 10c bushel

2. Shipping expense over local market

package 5c to 10c package

3 . Season storage 10c to 20c bushel

4. Commission 10c to 20c bushel

5. Drayage to freight car and to storage

or commission house 10c to 15c bushel

Total saving per bushel 40c to 75c

I am assuming that the total cost of trucking to local mar-
kets will not exceed the cost of freight on distance shipments.

I believe we must recognize that the unusual development of
automobiles, trucks and roads, and the growth of our urban
population is calling for a rapid change in our marketing methods
and that the future orchard plantings should be made with these
things well in mind.

Now just a word as to the attitude of the sprayer manu-
facturers on these things. We believe we had better have less
fruit on the market and have it of higher quality. A lot of this
home farm orchard fruit on the market serves no good purpose
and should not be there, and we feel that rather than encourage
the general planting of farm orchards we should rather discour-
age them and encourage the commercial orchard on an economic
basis.

The Secretary : Is there any discussion of this paper ? He
has brought out some figures which you may or may not agree
with, and we would be glad to have the subject discussed.

6

82

Prof. Laurenz Greene (Indiana) : Mr. Ingerson brought
out a thought that I am wondering about. That is that apple
planting occurs in cycles. If that is the case, the last cycle has
been a long period. If I remember history right, the last general
planting in most of the orchards through the country west of
us, including the Missouri River country and the Ozarks, was
from about 1883 to 1893. Aside from the planting in the Pacific
Northwest we have not had in the eastern or central west ex-
tensive commercial planting since that time. I wonder if he has
the facts as to the general planting that we had at that time ?

H. G. Ingerson : No, I do not. Personally, I do not feel
that we will see the extensive planting that we have had in other
periods of inflation of the orchard industry. I beheve the fruit
growers will avoid planting exceedingly large orchards, such as
the big plantings of the Ozarks and other places. The smaller
tracts can be handled well and sold to advantage. I feel the fruit
grower of the future will be the man who puts out thirty to
forty acres and cares for them well without a big investment. In
other words, a substantial commercial orchard.

T. B. West (Perry, Ohio) : I think the passing of the farm
orchard is much to be regretted, if it is true. I think an organiza-
tion such as this, and organizations such as the state horticultural
societies, should encourage the planting of small farm orchards.
I think in the passing of the farm orchard you are hitting hard-
est at farm life. I think everything should be grown on the
farm for the comfort and enjoyment of the people who live on
the farm, and they should be encouraged to produce them. If
the farm orchard is a thing of the past, as the talks here would
seem to indicate, it is very much to be regretted. Children on
the farm should have apples where they can get them. You know
the average farmer's attitude towards buying fruit for the fam-
ily— if he does not grow it he will not buy it, I think as men
who stand for and represent this industry we should encourage
the planting of the small farm orchard for the benefit of the
farmer's children. The farmer should be encouraged to take
care of a few trees so he can have the fruit for his family. I
think it is very much to be regretted that we are losing that great
asset to our American farms.

Prof. Laurenz Greene: I may be guilty of starting this
discussion. I think every one of us is absolutely with the last

83

speaker, with one proviso — that the farmer will take care of
the planting, that he will plant fifteen or twenty trees in place
of three or four hundred, as Mr. Ingerson mentioned. I believe
it is the place of the fruit industry to encourage an orchard
on each farm, but this fruit should be taken care of.

Frederick Cranefield : I agree with all these gentlemen.
When you get down to the bottom there is no difference of
opinion. I think perhaps we might use another term that would
help in this matter. Why not say "home orchard"? That is
what we mean — enough fruit trees to produce sufficient fruit
for the home needs, for the family, and as Professor Greene says,
with the proviso that these trees be taken care of. If you can do
that you will have done a great thing. We have been working
at this in Wisconsin for years, through the Horticultural Society,
the Farmers' Institutes, etc., trying tO' induce the farmers to care
for their farm orchards, and we have helped some. Further
than that I would not have the farmer go. We say up in Wis-
consin that no farmer has brains enough to be a successful stock
grower, dairyman and fruit grower at the same time. He is
not able to do it even if he has the equipment. He is com-
pelled to provide the equipment necessary to take care of his
overhead, and then the question arises of marketing the fruit. It
is no problem for the farmer to market his stock, or his dairy
products ; that is comparatively easy. Sometimes he asks wheth-
er he is getting the price he should be entitled to, but the matter
of disposing of his product is pretty well settled. There are cer-
tain definite channels through which these products go. But
not so with fruit. He must seek his market. Can the average
farmer do that? Experience shows he cannot, and I doubt if it
will ever be done successfully. In years of over-production there
is a glut and it is not reasonable to expect the average farmer to
produce the good quality of fruit, so let us burn out every farm
orchard in the United States except what will supply the farmer's
needs, but let us at the same time encourage the farmer to plant
trees enough to supply the needs of his family.

R. A. Simpson (Vincennes, Indiana) : I would like to em-
phasize the importance of selling from the orchard. You can
develop a home orchard trade and supply the wants of the family
and children by advertising, because the people from the city
will come out to the farms and buy fruit at half the price charged

84

by the stores, and therefore they will use a great deal more fruit.
For instance, at our place, we find if we sell our fruit to the
stores, which we do, the price immediately goes up loo per
cent, it keeps down the consumption, and there are not as many
apples used. If we sell direct to the customers they come to the
farm for the fruit and a great many more apples go to the chil-
dren. The farmers want apples, but they are not willing to pay
the price and take care of their orchards. They say they want to
take care of the orchard, but the corn has to be cultivated, or
something else must be done, and they cannot take proper care
of the orchard. I do not believe it will hurt the consumption; I
believe it will increase it.

The Secretary: In that connection I might say that our
Ohio farm bureaus are buying apples by the car-load in the Fall
for those members who do not raise fruit. It seems to be a work
that is developing very rapidly.

W. S. Perrine (Centralia, Illinois) : Either the farmer
should take care of his orchard, or cut it down and this will be
necessary if the commercial man is to take care of his orchard.
The farmer who has had a commercial orchard should either
care for it or take it out. In Illinois, especially in the southern
part, we have thousands of acres of uncared-for orchards,
and they ought to come oUt. I believe it is in the province
oi this Society and others like it to lend their influence along that
line and get these orchards taken out ot cleaned up. It is a
great handicap to the healthful development of the fruit industry
to have these orchards standing there uncared for. These census
figures undoubtedly are true, but it is a fact that we have more
trees in the United States at the present time than we need to
produce the fruit that is being produced. It is a question of care,
not the number of trees. Not more trees, but better care, not
only on the part of the commercial growers, but everyone who
has trees. I want to emphasize the need of either caring for the
farm orchards, or the commercial orchards, or cutting them down
and cleaning them out.

The Secretary : I think this Society is committed to the
proposition of better home as well as commercial orchards, and
certain publicity ought to be carried on in that connection.

The President : Some of these numbers on the program
are represented only by papers. Inasmuch as the program is full

S5

the probability is that we shall not have these papers read, but of
course they will be available in the Annual Report. Others have
not even sent in their papers. The program will therefore be
more or less mixed for the remainder of the afternoon, but we
hope to get. through with the persons who are here without hold-
ing any over until tomorrow. We are now on the general subject
of the analyses of the census figures for fruit trees. Mr. Pratt
of New York is here. We will hear from him.

SOME LESSONS FROM THE 1920 CENSUS REPORT

B. G, Pratt,
New York

During the past ten years the general opinion as expressed
by many of our fruit growers has been that the fruit business is
being overdone ; that when the young orchards being planted had
come into bearing, the price of fruit would go so far below the
cost of production that fruit growing would cease to be profitable
and orchards would be cut out to make way for more profitable
farm products. The late Mr. J. H. Hale stated in my presence,
several years before his death, that he believed that fancy grade
apples would reach as low a price as $1.00 per barrel, which
would mean the destruction of many of our orchards, especially
those uncared for.

And while I am not a prophet, nor the son of a prophet, my
observation in visiting orchards throughout the country was, that
despite the heavy planting of young trees, too many orchards,
both young and old, were receiving but indifferent care and that
it would be a case of the survival of the fittest.

With these facts clearly before me, I have set out over 30,-
000 fruit trees in the past ten years and expect to plant as many
more in the next five years. I am an optimist but I have been
long enough in the game to appreciate the difficulties and disap-
pointments, as well as the possibilities of profit.

This reminds me of Fisher Ames' description of the differ-
ence between a monarchy and a democracy. "A monarchy," he
said, "is like a merchantman ; you get on board and ride the wind
and tide in safety and elation, but by and by you strike a reef and

86

go down. But democracy is like a raft; you never sink, but,
damn it, your feet are always wet." You seldom hear of a fruit
grower (not a fruit company) failing, but his feet are always
in the water. After he has done his part, there are frosts in the
spring, hail in the summer, winds in the fall, railroad freights
and commission men after picking. He even questions the valid-
ity of the check when he receives it, especially if it is a large one.

But what is the actual condition of the fruit industry as
shown by the U. S. census report, released June, 1921? It was
a surprise to me, although I was more or less prepared for it.
Mr. D. E. Lewis of the Central States Orchards Company, Kan-
sas City, Missouri, in an address before the Horticultural So-
ciety at Topeka, Kansas, last winter gave a summary of reports
received throughout the country on the lack of care of the apple
orchards during the past five years and the small plantings of
young trees. This he had gathered to convince his board of di-
rectors of the advisability of planting more orchards at once. I
am sorry that I could not get a report of this address, for it was
the first word of encouragement for planting young orchards I
had heard in five years. This year's census report confirms all
he said, but dwarfs it by comparison.

What does it say? That in 191 o there were 151,000,000
apple trees in the United States of bearing age, while in 1920
there were only 115,000,000, a reduction of 23.8%. It also says
that in 1910 there were 65,000,000 apple trees under bearing age,
all of which would be of bearing age or dead in 1920, so that
the figures show an actual loss of 101,000,000 trees, or 47% in
the past ten years.

But unfortunately, this does not represent the total loss.
The planting of apple trees after the census was taken in 1910,
191 1 and 1912 was very heavy, amounting to millions of trees
more, rnost of which are included as bearing trees in the 1920
census. So you see that it is safe to say that one-half of all the
apple trees in the United States ten years ago are today dead ;
and there are only 36,000,000 apple trees under bearing age today
against 65,000,000 ten years ago, — a decrease of 45%.

With all the trees planted out in the past thirty years, we
have today 5,000,000 less bearing apple trees than we had in
1890, thirty years ago ; 86,000,000 less than 20 years ago, and
36,000,000 less than ten years ago. I am sorry that the census

87

does not give the number of apple trees under bearing age in the
census of 1890 and 1900, but from the figures we have, it is
reasonable to calculate that we are losing apple trees today faster
than in the palmiest days of the San Jose Scale.

The length of life of an apple tree is almost comparable
with that of a human being. Twenty years ago there were more
than two bearing apple trees for every man, woman and child in
the United States. Ten years ago there were i^ bearing apple
trees per capita. Today there are not much more than one.
If the present mortality continues, we will have to plant 20,000,-
000 apple trees every year for the next ten years, or about five
times as many as we are today planting, to place the apple in-
dustry on the same plane as it was only ten years ago, with a
reasonable expectation that the population will be 20% greater
than it was at that time.

1 assume that the census figures are as near- correct as
similar figures can be and represent a true condition of the apple
industry today.

But there is a cause or causes that dominate every effect,
and with your permission I will try briefly to point out some of
the causes for this tremendous economic waste. It is a tre-
mendous waste when 50% of our apple trees do not reach bear-
ing age or die prematurely, for an apple tree of bearing age
represents a value of at least $10.00 and pays a handsome divi-
dend on a much larger amount, so that the loss of 100,000,000
trees in ten years represents an economic loss of at least $1,000,-
000,000 or $100,000,000 each and every year. Can we afford it?

What are some of the causes? There has been no general
alarm such as that experienced by the fruit growers fifteen or
twenty years ago when the San Jose Scale threatened the de-
struction of the orchard, yet the danger is evidently as great.
Only once in a while a voice is raised and then none too strongly.

Naturally we would expect 10, 15 or possibly 20% of our
bearing trees to go out in ten years from old age, yet I know
of orchards in New York State a hundred to a hundred and
twenty-five years of age still in profitable bearing.

Then again, large tracts of land have been planted to apples
during the past twenty years by orchard companies for specula-
tive purposes that have been neglected and finally passed away,
but in the states where these speculative orchards have been

88

largely planted, the mortality in the past ten years has reached
as high as 8i%.

While there are a number of other minor causes for the
death of our apple trees, there is one other cause that I believe
dominates them all, and that is the blight organism, Bacillus
amylvorous, either as a primary or secondary cause. Its ap-
pearance as twig blight is alarming because it is so noticeable, yet
it is the least dangerous form and only the beginning of the
trouble, — the flower, so to speak. It is the blight canker or
hold-over canker as it appears on the branches, the larger limbs,
the crotch, the collar and the root that is to be most feared, and
the danger increases in the order named.

It would be presumption on my part to attempt to describe
so common a trouble before the American Pomological Society,
but I do not think that as a rule we, as apple growers, appreciate
how serious our losses are from this trouble alone, or if we do,
do nothing to combat it.

The Pennsylvania Experiment Station Bulletin, No. 136, of
August, 1915, by Professors Orton and Adams, on page 6 says:
— "The loss from collar blight alone in Pennsylvania is conserva-
tively estimated at 2% annually". If this is conservative it will
account for 20% of the loss in Pennsylvania, where the total
loss for the past ten years is only 34%, — very much lower than
the average.

Please do not say that it is useless to combat it ; that it can-
not be done. In an orchard, not over 25 miles from the Pennsyl-
vania State Line, of 3,000 apple trees ranging from twenty-eight
to forty years of age where collar blight had been taking its
usual toll, we have not lost a single tree from collar blight or
rot in ten years. What has been done and is being done can be
done again.

But that is not the question. What does the census report
mean to the fruit grower? To my mind it means the dawn of a
new era in the apple industry ; that there is no over-planting and
no over-production; that there will be a good demand and good
prices for all the good apples we can raise for a good many years
to come, and the man who neglects his orchard today is blind
to his opportunity. The great danger, as I see it, is that apples
will be put in the luxury class, cutting down the demand. If we

89

would prevent this, we must stop wasting trees and wasting fruit
and put business methods and business organization behind the
industry; give personal attention to the details of the orchard
and organization for distribution and sales.

An old stage driver was showing his dexterity with a whip
to a young city chap who was driving beside him on the box-.

"You see that fly on the right ear of the off lead horse?"
He flipped it off without even cracking his whip.

"See that yellow leaf, the first sign of frost?" Again he
nipped it off neatly.

Then it was the city chap's turn. "See that gray ball hang-
ing on that birch tree by the side of the road? Let me see you
hit that."

The old driver gave a grunt. "Look here, young man, a
fly is a fly; a yellow leaf is a yellow leaf, but a hornet's nest is
an organization."

I thank you.

The President : I certainly am impressed with the changes
that are coming to pass in the fruit growing business. As I have
stood here today, coming after an absence of two years, I am im-
pressed with the remarkable optimism. It would seem from the
census figures, as they appear on the face, that the opposite would
be the result. But the vigor and energy manifested in these
papers is really inspiring.

Mr. D. C. Babcock of Ohio is here and will present a paper
in this symposium.

ANALYSIS OF CENSUS FIGURES FOR FRUIT TREES

D. C. Babcock,
Ohio

The Department of Census at Washington has published
from year to year figures on the growing apple industry. I say
growing in spite of the fact that the total number of bearing
trees for 1920 is given as 115,265,029, or a decrease of over 36,-
000,000 bearing trees as compared with 19 10. We must first

90

bear in mind that these figures do not differentiate between the
farm orchard and the commercial orchards that are now coming
into existence and have helped materially to bring apples up to
the ninth place among farm crops. The production of apples
both commercial and non-commercial for 1919 is given as 136,-
746,154 bushels, or a decrease of over 8,666,164 bushels. A de-
crease of 36,000,000 bearing trees with only a decrease of 8,666,-
164 bushels goes to prove the statement made by one of the
liorticultural investigators a few years ago that a great many
apple trees in this country bore no more relation to commercial
production than so many shade trees.

The number of bearing trees that can be reported in 1930
will show a decrease over the number reported for 1920, as
there are 29,000,000 less trees not of bearing age than there were
in 19 10. The combined total of bearing and non-bearing trees in
1920 is just 100,000 more than the total number of bearing trees
in 1910 (151,322,840). There has been very little planting since
1 910 and this with the passing out of some of our old com-
mercial orchards like those in western New York will have a
pronounced effect within the next ten years, or before 1930.

Now how are we to interpret these figures for the fertilizer
industry and what conclusions can we draw from them. In the
first place the average yield per tree in 1910 was less than one
bushel, while in 1920 the average yield was i 1-3 bushels. This
increase has been brought about by the paying of more careful
attention to the production of apples by the commercial orchard-
ists who realize the importance of fertilization. This group of
commercial orchardists are practically the only fruit growers
that are buying nitrogenous fertilizers, as the home orchards are
being sadly neglected. The commercial crop of the United States
amounts to about 75,000,000 bushels per year. The trees in the
commercial orchards will average more bushels per tree than
the average given for the whole United States. We will say
that they average two' bushels per tree. This would give us 37,-
500,000 trees in commercial orchards. That would leave about
75,000,000 trees of bearing age that are located in the home
orchards and are producing only about 4-5 of a bushel per tree.
Practically all of the fruit produced in these home orchards is

91

consumed by the owner's family, or disposed of locally to buyers
whose purchases do not influence the market either way. The
farmers will eat apples and use them in various ways when they
have them in their own orchards, but they will not buy to any
extent the apples offered on the market. The fertilizing of these
home orchards which are in a deplorable condition will bring
about an increased production that will be consumed largely at
home and put apple sauce, apple pie, apple dumplings, etc., on
the American farmer's table. The Pomological Society can do
no better piece of work than to urge that more attention be paid
to the farm orchard and make it possible for every American man,
woman and child to "eat an apple a day and keep the doctor
away."

Bearing apple trees that need to be rejuvenated should be
fertilized with approximately four pounds of sulphate of
ammonia, or five pounds of nitrate of soda. These home
orchards would require 150,000 tons of sulphate of ammonia.
The majority of commercial orchards that respond to fertilization
are being fertilized at the present time. Therefore, the additional
150,000 tons can be profitably used by the apple growers of the
United States.

Something must be done to help make up the big shortage
in apple production and which is not going to be any better
owing to the big decrease in bearing trees.

If we turn our attention to the peach industry we find a
decrease of 28,852,000 bearing trees or one third less trees than
in 1910 and with only one half as many trees not of bearing age
as in 1910. Here a gain is a big field for the use of nitrogenous
fertilizer and so it is all along the line in the fruit industry. Re-
ports on pears, plums, strawberries, raspberries, etc., show a de-
cided decrease in the source of supply. With the present de-
velopments in the use of nitrogenous fertilizers on fruit and the
increased yields obtained from the use of these materials, I pre-
dict a big consumption of both sulphate of ammonia and nitrate
of soda by this industry within the next ten years.

The home orchard with its neglected trees is the great field
to be developed by the various forces.

92

REPORT ON FRUIT CONDITIONS FOR NEW JERSEY,
NEW YORK, PENNSYLVANIA, VIRGINIA,
MARYLAND AND DELAWARE

NEW JERSEY
Prepared by A. Freeman Mason and Arthur J. Farley.

The Census Statistics for 1910 and 1920 are a little hard to
understand in face of present day conditions. There has been a
steady increase in plantings of apple trees, with no reductions of
any importance, and, yet the Census figures only show a 400,000
tree increase for the 10 year period, while in peach plantings
there has been a corresponding increase, and the reductions in
the past 10 years have not been anywhere nearly commensurate
with the reductions of the preceding 10 years, and surely not
enough to account for the small increase indicated in the Census
figures. Either the Census figures for 1910 were high, or else
the Census figures for 1920 are not entirely reliable in our
estimation.

peaches

There has been a steady planting of peaches for the last 10
years, culminating in a boom during the past 2 seasons, during
which time we believe 300,000 trees have been set out, which are
not accounted for in the 1920 Census. During the past few
years, fewer old orchards have gone out than formerly, due to
the greater care and the renovation work carried on. The high
prices of nursery stock, and the cost of bringing an orchard into
bearing caused the growers to take better care of their old or-
chards. There has also been a corresponding increase in per tree
production, due to the improved cultural methods during the last
10 years.

The outlook is for increased plantings in the peach sections
of Burlington, Gloucester and Cumberland Counties. The Vine-
land and Hammonton sections are reducing their acreage, due
principally to "yellows" and "little peach." The varieties being
planted are principally the later peaches coming after Carman,
with Elberta leading. There are very few of the early varieties
being set out. New Jersey has not approached the former high
mark reached in 1900, when it had five or six million trees in the
state, but which were destroyed by scale, "yellows" and neglect.

93

The prospects for the industry are bright. The marketing
question is a paramount issue. Until recently all of the New-
Jersey crop was marketed in Philadelphia, New York and nearby
points, but with the rapid increase in bearing trees these markets
are not absorbing the crop in a satisfactory manner and a wider
market is being sought. Along this line, steps were taken re-
cently to organize the New Jersey Fruit Growers' Cooperative
Association, with the intention of marketing the peach crop
alone. No steps other than to vote for the formation of such an
organization have been taken.

APPLES

During the past lo years there has been a steady, heavy
planting of apples, which is believed to be much heavier than in-
dicated by the Census figures. This reached a maximum prob-
ably in 1915 and 1916 and 1917, but slowed down in 1918 and
1919, due to the high prices of nursery stock and scarcity of
labor, while now a normal planting is taking place, principally by
old growers who are extending their present holdings. One firm
alone, however, during the last 2 years has set out 50,000 apple
trees. Stayman, Delicious, Rome Beauty and Old Winesap form
the bulk of the late varieties, while Starr and Wealthy are the
principal early varieties being planted, — equal quantities of early
and late varieties being set out. The outlook is unusually bright
for the apple industry, and without doubt the marketing work
now being undertaken on peaches will be extended to apples in
the near future.

PEARS

There has been a steady decrease in pear acreage during the
past 10 years. Kieffer is the only variety now being grown ex-
tensively, and many Kiefifer orchards are being pulled out due to
the uncertainty of setting a crop, and the expense of spraying
and other cultural methods, and to prevailing low prices for
the product.

CHERRIES

Only sour cherries are being grown commercially in New
Jersey, principally in Burlington and Camden Counties. There
has been a slight increase in the last year or so, but there is a
big decrease from the 1910 figures.

94

RASPBERRIES AND STRAWBERRIES

Raspberries and strawberries have both decreased, the
strawberry probably having dropped more noticeably. Formerly
there were large acreages of these small fruits near Hammonton,
but the growers went out of srnall fruits to go into peaches.
There has been a general decline in interest in strawberries in
all sections of New Jersey.

GRAPES

There is only a small "acreage of grapes planted commercial-
ly in New Jersey, but there have been large extensions of plant-
ings by growers formerly having small blocks. Concord is the
principal variety planted, followed by a few Niagara and other
varieties,

PLUMS

No commercial interest, due to uncertainties of market and
lack of facilities for drying.

NEW YORK
Report Prepared by Ralph W. Rees

In New York State there has been a decrease in the number
of peach trees due to their having been very few profitable
seasons on peaches during the past lo to 12 years; also, the
freeze of 1917 and 1918 made a very marked decrease in the
number of trees throughout our peach belt. Nurserymen tell me
there is an increased interest in peach planting this year, and that
the spring of 1922 will see the largest peach planting in New
York since about 1913 or 1914.

In apple planting there has not been a marked decrease or
increase since 1914. During the war the scarcity of labor, high
price of trees and only a moderate return on fruit, tended" to
make a gradual decrease from 1914 to the present time. There
has been some planting going on primarily in the old established
apple sections, particularly in the lake counties from the Niagara
River east along the southern shore of Lake Ontario. Planting
has been done very largely by present fruit growers who have ex-
tended their plantings. There has been very little speculative

95

planting in this state. Apples lead among the fruits ; the varieties
have shifted to a smaller percentage of Baldwin, Greening, Spy
and Kings which are at present the leading varieties, to a higher
percentage of Mcintosh, Wealthy, Twenty Ounce and Wagener.
The present outlook seems to be for a commercial planting
about equal to the decreasing commercial acreage. There is
practically no planting of home orchards and there has been a
very high mortality among home orchards during the past lo
years. The whole tendency is to drift from the home orchard to
commercial plantings.

MARYLAND
Report Prepared by E. C. Auchter

The reason for the decrease in the number of trees may be
due to the fact that growers have realized that large plantings
have been made and they probably felt that there may be an over-
production of fruit and have stopped their planting somewhat.
The other reason is, that fruit trees have been so high in price
during the last five years, that orchardists have felt that they
could not afford to plant until prices came down.

During the past year with lower prices, we have had large
plantings all through the western part of Maryland. Apples and
peaches in equal number are being planted.

Varieties being planted are Stayman, Winesap, Yellow
Transparent, Williams Early Red, Northwestern Greening,
Delicious, Duchess and Jonathan.

Of peaches, the varieties being planted are Carman, Hiley,
Elberta, Belle and some Salway.

The outlook appears to me to be excellent at the present
time.

Very few pears and plums are planted in this state. The
pears blight so badly that our growers do not want them around,
because of the danger of getting blight in the apple orchard. The
crop from plum trees appears to be lost from early frosts so
much, and they are so subject to brown rot, that our growers
are not planting them. Then, too, with no drying plants, they
are compelled to market the fruit in a fresh state and this had not
been worked out very well in this region.

96

Grapes should be very profitable in Maryland, and we are
recommending that more of them be planted.

PENNSYLVANIA
Report by Dr. S. W. Fletcher and A. Freeman Mason

The decrease in the number of trees in Pennsylvania during
the last lo years has been due principally to the dying out of the
old farm orchards in the Northwestern central portions of the
state. This is not at all indicative, however, of the real status of
the fruit industry ; there being at the same time a tremendous in-
crease in commercial plantings which has been reflected in a
tremendous increase in the commercial crops. However, there
has been a steady increase in the peach industry, due to plantings
in the southeastern part of the state, and this industry will prob-
ably hold its own in the future.

The principal plantings are in Adams and Franklin Counties,
although there have been extensive plantings over the entire
southeastern portion of the state.

Peaches and apples are the principal fruits planted.

The main varieties are Stayman and York Imperial ; York
Imperial furnishing almost a third of the entire plantings of the
region and Stayman about a fifth. Rome Beauty and Delicious
are also planted heavily.

The outlook appears to be excellent, due to the natural
climatic advantages, and the adjacence to the market, providing
that proper steps are taken to improve their marketing system.

There are practically no pears grown in the state in a com-
mercial way. The plum and grape section is in Erie County
along Lake Erie, and should be classed with the New York
counties in this industry.

DELAWARE

Report Prepared by Prof. C. A. McCue

At the present time Delaware has about 816,000 apple trees
in bearing and about 308, 000 not in bearing or only 28% non-
bearing trees. This indicates a very steady increase in apple

97

planting. In 1910 there were only a total of 430,000 trees in the
state while in 1920 the total is considerably above a million.

In the case of peaches there has been a decrease in planting.
In 19 10 there were 1,177,000 peach trees in Delaware while in
1920 there are only 557,000, and of these only a little over
90,000 were below bearing age. Only about 16% below bearing
age. This indicated that the industry is on the decline because
any district should have from 25 to 33% of its trees non-bearing
in order to stabilize the industry. The peach industry is still un-
dergoing an evolution whereby peach growing is becoming cen-
tralized in the hands of specialists. I look for an increase in
planting among specialists, but for a general decline by the farm-
er and the ordinary fruit grower. A great deal of the decrease
is due to the fact that most of our peaches are interplanted with
apples and most of these trees have to be taken or have been
taken out. It will only be in the new plantings of apples that
very many new peach trees will be set out. The new plantings
are largely centered for both peaches and apples in Kent and
Sussex counties.

For peaches the varieties commonly used are Belle and
Elberta. For apples, Yellow Transparent, Williams Early Red,
some Duchess, Jonathan, Grimes and Stayman. Rome Beauty
is slightly on the increase. I believe the outlook to be good for
both peaches and apples.

The pear industry is on the decline and will become largely
a thing of the past as is the plum industry. The grape industry
is on the increase.

VIRGINIA

Report by Dr. S. W. Fletcher

There has been a steady increase in planting during the past
10 years, which has placed the Shenandoah district among the
foremost fruit growing districts in the United States. This has
been due to unusualy advantageous growing conditions, and near-
ness to markets, and the prevailing high prices during this period.
During the past 2 years, however, there has been a serious slump
in the orchard outlook, due to an ice storm in November 2 years

98

ago, followed by the low prices the following season, and again
by the freeze this past spring.

Planting has been going on principally in the Cumberland-
Shenandoah region, apples leading with some planting of peaches.

York and Stayman are the principal varieties being planted,
with Old Winesap and Rome Beauty following closely.

The outlook appears to be good, providing the growers take
the logical steps in organization and marketing.

There is very little interest in the grape, berry and plum in-
dustry.

FRUIT CONDITIONS IN THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST

C. I. Lewis,
Salem, Oregon

The season of 192 1 will go down in the annals of the Pacific
Northwest Horticulture, as a freak year. Seemingly the unex-
pected has always happened. Very satisfactory returns have
been realized from many fruits, and very disappointing results
from others.

The season of 1920 proved disastrous to the cannerymen.
They paid high prices for the raw products, boxes, sugar, labor,
— only to find such commodities subsequently dropping very
rapidly in price. A buyers' market, which bought from hand to
mouth, cancellations galore, with the result that the cannerymen
found themselves holding huge stocks in the middle of the winter,
on which they finally had to take heavy discounts.

This condition forced some into bankruptcy, others into re-
ceiverships, and made it difficult for others to operate. The con-
dition which resulted from the collapse of the canning industry
was that there was very little demand for canning fruits. The
California growers were offered early in the season, about 3c a
pound for strawberrries. They started a newspaper campaign,
sold them in the fresh state, netting the growers about eight
cents a pound.

When the cherry season came on, most of the canneries
would not offer more than five cents, many less, for a limited
tonnage. California boxed most of their cherries, shipped them
east, and netted the growers returns of probably an average of

99

not far from sixteen to seventeen cents a pound. The Pacific
Northwest grows berries that cannot be shipped great distances,
like the Loganberry and blackberry and many of the strawberries,
of the softer types. So that the strawberry season on the whole
proved to be rather disastrous. Right in the beginning of the
season, high water in the rivers put some of the manufacturers
of hallocks out of business, and there was a great shortage of
crates and hallocks. Berries which were barreled and sold fresh,
brought much better money than berries which were canned or
made into juices.

The cherry price offered to the northwest growers was three
to five cents. However most of the larger associations were so
equipped that they began to ship cherries east immediately. The
Oregon Growers' Cooperative Association alone shipped sixty
three cars of cherries to eastern markets, including about twenty
five cars of Napoleons, known locally as Royal Annes. This
variety is not considered a shipping variety but the cars arrived
seemingly in good shape, and undoubtedly the foundation has
been laid for a splendid business with this variety of cherry in
years to come, as it arrived on the Atlantic sea-board in such ex-
cellent condition. The growers will net several times as much
for these cherries as they would have obtained had they been
forced to sell them to the canneries.

When the Bartlett pear season arrived the California grow-
ers sold very little to the canneries, believing they could repeat
their experience on cherries and berrries, and the northwest fol-
lowed suit. However, there was a decided slump in eastern mar-
kets, these markets were over loaded, at the same time with
melons, grapes, green prunes, Barlett pears, and peaches. The
buying powers of the public were decidedly curtailed, and as a
result, there was a terrific collapse in the Bartlett pear market.
Those canneries which were able to can strawberries. Logan-
berries, Bartlett pears and similar fruits soon found a ready de-
mand for their products, the result has been that the canneries
have sold out practically their entire pack, and there is every in-
dication that grocery shelves will be clear of canned goods this
next spring, meaning that a new start can be made and the season
of 1922 should be a profitable one for both growers and cannery-
men.

100

APPLE GROWERS

The apple crop in the Pacific Northwest is the largest in its
history and also the finest quality. There was an indcation in
June and July that the prices for our crop would beat all records.
However the slump in the Barlett pear market was used by buy-
ers as an index for prices on apples.

The growers in the northwest made the mistake of not being
so organized that they could obtain a very wide distribution of
their fruit. Independent growers sold to many cash buyers, who
dumped much of the fruit in large centers like New York and
Chicago. An attempt was made by the big cooperatives to launch
an advertising campaign and develop new markets. The in-
dependent buyers and growers, however, would not join in this
movement. The lack of joining in the movement has caused
probably an average of a loss of fifty cents a box on the crop
this year. However on the whole, the apple growers of the
Pacific Coast this year are going to make money.

The high quality of the fruit and the fact that a large per-
centage of it ran to pretty good size and high color, has brought
a very fair return. Small apples, even this year, have brought
poor returns, and there is an indication that the small apple, ex-
cept with a few varieties like Jonathan, and Grimes, is doomed.
The program of the western grower will be in the future to at-
tempt to grow a larger percentage of the larger sizes. This he
will accomplish by more feeding of trees, intensive irrigation and
tillage and heavier pruning.

DRIED PRUNES

Owing to the combined efforts of the Oregon Growers'
Cooperative Association of Oregon, and the Washington Grow-
ers' Packing Corporation of Vancouver, Washington, the huge
crop of 1920 was moved. If this crop had not been moved out,
the result for the crop of 192 1 would have been disastrous. As
it is a large percentage of the 192 1 crop of dried prunes was sold
at a very satisfactory price, and the indication is that the season
will be a very profitable one to the growers.

The fall of 1922 will show probably wholesale houses and
grocery shelves cleaned up of dried prunes. This will be a
splendid condition, because it is anticipated now, that the crop of

lOI

1922 will be the largest in the history of the northwest, and will
mean much to the industry to have the supplies at the lowest
possible point.

All in all the outlook for the Pacific Coast Horticulture is
very bright. With the canneries getting back on their feet, the
supplies of fruits being exhausted, with new channels and new
outlets being developed, with a greater tendency on the part of
all concerned on the coast, to cooperate, the problems of the
future should be solved.

MONTANA HORTICULTURE

F. M. Harrington,
Boseman, Mont.

An examination of census figures does not appeal to me as
giving the exact situation of the fruit industry of a state or
region. The census figures for Montana for the years 1909 and
19 19 would indicate that Montana is decidedly going back, or at
least not making any progress along the various lines of fruit
pioduction. In part, the figures show the correct situation; in
other ways they do not.

The census figures released June 27th show the following:

Apples —

Production in 1909 — 567,054 bushels
Production in 1919 — 673,716 bushels
Trees of bearing age in 1909—696,753
Trees of bearing age in 1920—1,059,198

Pears —

Production in 1909 — 7,543 bushels
Production in 1919 — 3,960 bushels
Trees of bearing age in 1910 — 10,297
Trees of bearing age in 1920 — 10,278

Plums and Prunes —

Production in 1909 — 8,777 bushels
Production in 1919 — 9,575 bushels
Bearing trees in 1910 — 21,140
Bearing trees in 1920 — 24,501

102

Small Fruits —

Production in 1909 — 766,791 quarts
Production in 1919 — 338,087 quarts
Acreage in 1909 — 562
Acreage in 1919 — 886

Apple Situation.

A talk with various fruit growers in the Bitter Root Valley
for example, leads a person to believe that the situation there is
better just now than has ever been the case in that valley previ-
ously. The Bitter Root Valley is one of those sections which
was strongly boomed by orchard development companies a num-
ber of years ago. In the course of this boom development, it is
very noticeable that orchards were planted and an endeavor made
to develop orchards in places absolutely unfavorable. An in-
spection trip which I made through the valley this fall revealed
orchards planted on unsuitable soils. Other orchards were
pointed out to me which are being caught practically every year
by late spring frosts. Other orchards were found which had
been put out above the irrigation ditch, inaccessive to water
which is an absolute necessary in that region. As a result, a
person will find many orchards in the Bitter Root Valley which
are being allowed to go back. Many of them have already been
pulled out and the land has gone back to the use for which it is
fitted. In addition to the poor locations, one finds some of these
orchards filled with any and all varieties of fruit. As a result of
this some varieties are being produced in a quantity which has
not warranted their being handled in a commercial way. Other
varieties as grown are not equal to the same variety grown in
other localities and as a result are not in commercial demand.

The Bitter Root Valley, we might say, is just beginning to
get back to normal. The orchards in undesirable localities are
becoming a thing of the past and the varieties in turn weeded
out. This past two years, the fruit of the district has been
handled mainly through a cooperative growers' organization.
This organization has established central packing and grading
houses equipped with modern machinery. The fruit of the mem-
bers of this organization has all been graded and packed in these
central packnig plants and as a result the packing has been
standardized to a greater extent than ever before. The state de-

I03

partment has maintained inspectors in these houses to insure
proper grading and packing. This organization alone is already
beginning to show its effects and an improved situation is be-
ginning to develop.

The Bitter Root Valley has not, and that is still the case,
been bothered to any great extent with insects and diseases. The
codling moth is almost unknown in the valley and scab shows
up but rarely. Many orchards are producing good clean fruit
without ever having had a spraying outfit working within their
boundaries. This situation is changing somewhat. The blister
mite and leaf rollers are comparatively new pests in the valley
and have raised havoc in some orchards. Their presence is going
to mean the equipping of orchards with spray outfits and the
starting of a fairly general spray program in the valley.

The handling of the soil is a matter in which the Bitter Root
growers are not keeping up-to-date. In other words, they are
depleting their orchard soils and so far are doing very little to
bring them back or to keep up the present fertility. Clean culti-
vation seems to be the general practice. Marked results have
been obtained in a few orchards by the application of commercial
fertilizers. Other orchards have shown marked benefit as the
result of growing a legume such as clover. This question of
fertility is one which the growers must meet if their orchards
are to continue to do well.

Apple production as far as Montana is concerned, is the
only line of fruit raising which is possible on a commercial scale.
With the elimination of undesirable situations and unsuitable
varieties and by meeting the soil fertility situation and the spray-
ing question halfway, western Montana, with its many young
trees just coming into bearing should make a material advance
in apple production during the coming years.

Cherry Production.

During the boom period, sweet cherries were planted pretty
generally in parts of Montana. These trees have, to a great ex-
tent, been killed out, showing that the state is not suited to the
production of sweet cherries, at least. Varieties of cherries, such
as the Early Richmond are being grown in a number of localities
to good advantage but the demand within a reasonable distance
does not warrant their being produced on any extensive com-

104

mercial scale. The total production of cherries should increase
but mainly as a result of planting in home orchards with small
commercial plantings in the vicinity of certain larger cities.

Plums and Primes.

Montana cannot produce a drying prune. The Bitter Root
Valley can, however, produce such plums as Lombard, Green
Gage and the Pond Seedling Prune. As a fresh fruit, there is a
limited demand for such material. The part of the state east of
the Continental Divide is only suited for the growing of Ameri-
cana varieties. The Yellowstone Valley can produce such plums
to very good advantage and throughout the Great Plains area of
Montana varieties of the native plums are found doing very well.

Pear and Peach Production.

Pears and peaches might be said to be absolutely out of
place in Montana. On such peach trees as are found, a crop is
obtained once in a while. With the pears, the blight is such a
factor that none of the desirable commercial pears can be grown
to any advantage. An increase in pear production cannot be ex-
pected.

Small Fruit Production.

The census figures show a decided falling away in the pro-
duction of small fruits throughout the state. As a matter of
fact it would seem to me one line of fruit growing that should
become more general. Small fruits generally throughout the
state will need to be given winter protection. By giving such
winter protection the small fruits are being found doing fairly
well in all parts of the state. Inasmuch as it can be so grown
while other fruits cannot in all sections, a person acquainted
with the growing conditions would have expected a decided in-
crease rather than a decrease.

Montana can never hope to be one of the leading fruit states
of the union. It can, however, increase its total production of
apples and small fruits in part by a good percentage. Extension
work is needed along small fruit lines in order to acquaint the
people with the proper methods of handling small fruits under
the varying conditions. Such extension service has not been
available to date but is likely to be inaugurated this coming year.

los

CONDITIONS IN THE SOUTHEASTERN STATES
N. D. Peacock,

Knoxville, Tenn.

In the report which follows I have included statements from
prominent men in many of the Southeastern States and in that
way I have attempted to give a reasonable impression of the con-
ditions as they are seen by prominent workers. I have, during
the past few years been connected with the horticultural work in
Georgia and more recently in Tennessee, and, therefore, base my
report of these States, especially the latter, on my own observa-
tions and investigations.

All of the economic conditions in the United States now are
so unsettled and during the past few years they have been so
abnormal that it is rather difficult to distinguish the superficial
expresssion of these abnormal conditions from the underlying
forces which tend to stimulate or retard progress.

Statistics show that the production of apples in Tennessee in
1909 was 4,640,444 bushels while in 1919 the production was but
1,258,878 bushels. However, production varies so greatly in dif-
ferent years because of climatic conditions, that averages are more
representative. The average production in Tennessee in 191 1,
1912 and 1913 was 5,233,333 bushels, while the average produc-
tion in 1915, 1916 and 1917 was 5,325,333 bushels which is an
increase of approximately 2%. The average production in Ten-
nessee during 1918, 1919 and 1920 was considerably less than
this but exact figures are not at hand. A study of the statistics
on the number of trees shows that in 1920 there were 34% fewer
trees of bearing age and 51% fewer not of bearing age than there
were in 1910. The greater decrease in the number of trees than
in the production is largely explained by the fact that a much
larger percent of the trees in the State in 1920 were in com-
mercial orchards which received better care, and, therefore,
yielded more per tree.

Several factors may be mentioned which have had an in-
fluence in bringing about these conditions. First : It is during
this period that many of our orchard pests which are so serious
now were introduced. These pests rapidly destroyed the small
home orchards which were given no care and they made the cost

io6

of growing good fruit in well cared for orchards so much greater
that many of these were abandoned. Second : The scarcity and
extremely high cost of labor made it difficult to care for large
plantings and prevented the setting of new orchards. Third :
The abnormally high prices offered for other farm products
which could be produced in a short time discouraged the setting
of trees which would produce nothing for several years. The last
two of these were temporary, and methods of controlling the or-
chard pests have developed so that they are no longer so greatly
feared. This, together with the high price which hias been secured ,
for fruits during the past two years as compared with the price
of other farm products, has wonderfully renewed interest in or-
charding. Growers who have stayed in the business and cared
for their trees are optimistic. Their fruit has helped them over
the slump in business and made the descent less abrupt. Com-
munities where fruit is produced have passed through the hard
times thus far much better than the average community.

At present there is a very decided tendency to increase
plantings and to set new orchards. I have been told by the large
nurserymen of Tennessee that their sales are surprisingly large
this season. All of those to whom I have talked are having no
trouble to dispose of their entire production. During the season
of 1920 there were 2,750,000 June bud peach trees sold from one
county in Tennessee. In another county in Tennessee there were
200,000 peach trees set last year and the year before and 150,000
have been ordered for this year. There are several large com-
panies being organized in this State which anticipate the setting
of large acreages in the near future. As I see the conditions in
this State, therefore, they are very promising for the man who
will care for his trees and I anticipate a material increase both in
the number of trees and in the production during the next few
years.

J. A. McCHntock, Physiologist of the Georgia Experiment
Station, calls attention to the fact that there has been a large
tendency to plant peaches in the Piedmont section of Georgia
during the past few years, but that there has been less planting
in Fort Valley and the other older sections. He states that many
old orchards are being reduced in size because of disease.

Mr. R. H. Black, a prominent apple grower of Georgia,
reports a general optimistic feeling among the careful orchardists

I07

and states that the careless grower must go out of business. Ac-
cording to Mr. Black there was heavy planting of apples from
1908 to 1 91 4, but there has not been a general planting since.

H. W. Harvey, Extension worker of Georgia, attributes the
reduction in number of trees to the distruction of home orchards
by insects and diseases.

Dr. T. H. McHatton's, Horticulturist of Georgia, letter is
enclosed and it gives a good idea of the present condition in
Georgia. The opinions of these men cover the conditions very
much as I have observed them myself.

H. Garman, Entomologist of Kentucky, says that during the
war, planting was at a standstill in that State, but that his im-
pression is that now there is a renewed tendency to plant. He
said that no definite figures were available at present in that
State.

W. W. McGill. Extension Horticulturist of North Carolina,
could give no statistics, but reported a very large increase in the
planting of peaches due to the past crop which was very success-
ful. He also reports an increase in the planting of app'es at the
present time.

G. C. Starcher, Horticulturist of Alabama, attributes the re-
duction in the number of trees to the ravages of insects and
diseases. He reports a slight increase in the strawberry planting
but no great movement. He says further, "Apples in Alabama
have good bearing records and statistics show that the first class
fruit in Alabama brings a higher price than in any State in the
United States."

George P. HofTman, Extension Horticulturist of South
Carolina, couldn't give statistics but reported an increase in the
planting of peaches. Much of South Carolina is not adapted to
the growing of apples.

W. P. James, State Fruit Specialist of Mississippi, was very
enthusiastic over the conditions in that State. I am enclosing a
copy of his letter to me.

As is clearly shown in this report the prospects for the horti-
cultural development of this section of the United States in the
near future is very bright. The growers who are caring for their
orchards are optimistic and they are the only ones who have a
right to be. Every state and every section has its advantages but

io8

in many ways it seems to me that Tennessee offers as great op-
portunities for development as any other state and I beheve that
during the next few years we will see much of this progress.

Agricultural College, Mississippi,
November 28, 192 1.

Mr. N. D. Peacock, Field Agent,
Tennessee State Horticultural Society^
Knoxville, Tennessee.

Dear Mr. Peacock:

Mr. H. E. Kimball referred your letter of November 16 to
me and it is with pleasure I offer the following facts :

There are absolutely no climatic, soil or geographical reasons
why Mississippi should have suffered the decrease of 50% in her
horticultural industry in the last ten years. In fact the three
phases mentioned above are so favorable to commercial apple,
peach, pear, grape, satsuma and strawberry growing that Missis-
sippi bids fair to wonderful strides in commercial fruit growing
in the future.

One year ago only 50 acres of commercial peaches were in
Mississippi. During the planting season of 1920-21, 425 acres
were added. One county alone put out 250 acres. There will be
approximately 500 acres of commercial peaches planted in De-
cember and a large setting in February.

The Plant Board has issued 10,000 more nursery tags than
last year and new capital and large land owners are beginning to
investigate the commercial fruit possibilities. Four companies
for growing peaches were incorporated in the state last year.
The southern part of the state along G. & S. I. R. R. territory is
especially adapted to fruit growing with rich clay subsoil land,
and splendid drainage with good elevation.

The satsuma or kid glove industry is being developed along
the coast and one individual now has out 5,000 2 year old trees,
is setting 6,000 more and installing power spray outfits and a
power grader in his new packing house.

109

The Mississippi Gulf region is in the small territory peculiar-
ly adapted to satsuma growing.

The State Horticultural Society which was allowed to divide
and disappear in the past ten years, has been revived and the
Annual Convention is to be held in December and is meeting with
enthusiastic support throughout the State.

Home orchards are being planted extensively throughout
the State with over 7,000 nursery orders having been sold in
Mississippi last year. The strawberry acreage has been tripled
for the coming season and two new points organized and placed
on a stable basis.

Commercial fruit growing in Mississippi is fast approaching
volume enough to insure its becoming one of the State's leadmg
industries in the near future.

Very truly yours,

(Signed) W. P. James, State Fruit Specialist.

November 21, 1921.
Mr. N. D. Peacock, Field Agent,
Tcnn. State Horticultural Society,
Knoxville, Tenn.

Dear Peacock : —

Yours of the i6th. received.

I am glad that you are going to be able to go to the American
Pomological Society meeting in Toledo, and if you are going to
be there, there is no necessity for me to write a report for that
Association as my report was only to be presented in case you
did not appear, or so I understood, and I would be only too glad
for you to incorporate in your report anything that you might
from this section.

I do not think that I have anything beyond what you al-
ready know concerning conditions in this state. Of course you
know we lost the apple crop, shipping somewhere around 200
car loads from Cornelia. The movement of the peaches was the
greatest in the history of the state, being 11,000 car loads. The

no

producers made some money out of this crop. The speculators
and buyers, however, claim that they, themselves, made little or
nothing. As a matter of fact, they lost due to high freight rates.
We have an exceptionally good pecan crop. The estimates,
however, are not now available. Some varieties have been very
seriously affected by scab in certain localities, but, in general, the
crop is a good one and should move at a good profit. The water-
melon crop was exceptionally big, there being about 12,000 cars
shipped from the state. This was a very opportune crop, as it
furnished 'considerable ready money just at a time when the
farmer needed it and, as a matter of fact, the watermelon crop
tided over the section which produced them and they are not
suffering as seriously from the depression as the other sections
of our state.

As a matter of fact, the horticultural industries of Georgia
have been those that have seemed to help the farmers out in this
present terrific cotton situation, and the horticulture of this local-
ity is certain to be on the increase for the next few years. It
will be the work of those interested along these lines to so direct
those taking up the various horticultural ventures that they may
be turned into profitable investments rather than into sink holes,
out of which returns may never be expected.

For your own information, I would suggest that you also
include the report on Florida, which at this time has one of the
largest citrus crops in its history. It is to be hoped that this crop
will greatly help the financial conditions in that state. I also
further understand that there is a good satsuma crop around
Mobile. Generally speaking, the other southern states are not
as successful, horticulturally, as Georgia, due to the fact that a
frost last year practically wiped out their peach prospects.

You can take this letter with you if you care to, or put it in
as part of your report.

Trusting that this will help you and that you will have a
good trip as I will not be able to be there, I beg to remain

Yours very truly,

T. H. McHatton, Horticulturist.

Ill

MISSOURI

V. R. Gardner^ Columbia, Mo.

Columbia, Mo.,
December 6, 192 1.

In answer to your request for a report on conditions and
outlook in the fruit industry in Missouri I may make the follow-
ing brief statement. For a period of ten years there has been a
gradual decrease in tree numbers in Missouri. Some new plant-
ings have been and are being made, but I do not expect that they
will make up for the losses for a number of years to come. In
other words I expect a still further decrease in the number of
bearing trees in this State, particularly apples. On the other
hand I expect our average annual production to stay stationary
because better care will probably be given to the orchards that
remain. I doubt if Missouri is raising as many apples on the
average as it consumes. Of course each year there is a crop
of apples shipped out, and others are shipped in.

With other fruits the supply does not meet the demand, the
small fruits particularly being very high priced. There is every
reason to believe that this conditions will prevail at least for an-
other decade, and probably very much longer. The only section
of the State in which there is a boom to the fruit business is in
Southwestern Missouri where they are making extensive plant-
ings of the grape, especially the Concord which will be grown
rather largely for grape juice purposes.

FRUIT IN NEW MEXICO

Fabian Garcia

The fruit situation in New Mexico has been more or less
at a standstill since the war. That is, there has been no addi-
tional planting of large plantations. However, just now there
is a marked interest taken in the planting of grapes, and I look
for a good many vineyards to be put in this coming spring. The
vinefera grape is the one that is planted in this section of New
Mexico. The grape is one of the surest bearers of any fruits

112

under our conditions, because it begins to grow later than any
of the other fruits ; and thus it escapes considerable frost injury
from the late spring frosts that frequently destroy the crops of
other fruits.

In some of our fruit growing sections there has been a
great deal of neglect in caring for old orchards, and as a result
of this they decline very fast. On the other hand some of the
young orchards that were planted five or six years ago are now
coming into bearing, and in a general way, I am safe in saying
that at present we have about the same number of bearing trees
that we had a few years ago.

Due to the low prices for farm products I begin to see some
new interest being taken in orcharding; and if niirsery stock was
not so high, I believe there would be considerable planting of
small plantations at this time. I am inclined tO' believe that the
old idea of planting large plantations is a thing of the past in
this country, as it takes too much time and money to manage
them. I feel that the future fruit business in New Mexico will
develop along small, but more numerous, plantations, so that the
individual growers cah take care of them, instead of having to
hire everything done as has often been the case in past years.

In New Mexico fruit growing can only be carried on suc-
cessfully in the irrigated sections. On account of the high price
of land and water our land owners are beginning to realize that
they must grow more intensive crops than wheat, corn, or even
alfalfa. So I feel that there are some chances of development
along fruit growing.

FRUIT PRODUCTION IN PORTO RICO

By T. B. McClelland, Horticidturist,
Porto Rico Agricultural Experiment Station

Twenty years ago the fruit exported from Porto Rico was
of little economic importance. Then its total value amounted to
but slightly more than a hundred thousand dollars whereas today
it does not fall far short of four million dollars. The fruits in-
volved in this great change are grapefruit, oranges, pineapples,
and cocoanuts.

113

The grapefruit groves are located principally in the vicinity
of San Juan and along the north coast from San Juan to Arecibo
and for the most part are in the hands of Americans. They
have been planted and tended in systematic fashion and many of
them are served by large community packing houses.

Duncan is the variety generally preferred. The quality of the
Porto Rican grapefruit is high. The cost of production ranges
anywhere from $i to $2 per box. The department of farm man-
agement of the Federal Agricultural Experiment Station has esti-
mated that in 1919 it cost from $1.40 to $1.70 to pick a box of
grapefruit and place it in the auction room in New York. This
means that the total cost to the grower may range anywhere from
$2.40 to $3.70 a box plus a 6 per cent selling commission. Dur-
ing September and October prices are always high and the grow-
ers ship at that time all fruit which is available, a quantity how-
ever not very great. More than $13 a box has been paid for
extra fancy fruit. Due to heavy shipments from Florida and
Cuba which compete with Porto Rico, prices are much lower
thru the winter but rise again in the spring.

The Experiment Station is actively engaged in a study of
citrus storage and of decay in transit. Other problems which
confront the growers are the control of scab which makes much
excellent fruit unsightly, and the profitable utilization of good
but unattractive fruit.

In the past, the fruit growers have felt greatly handicapped
thru lack of properly equipped steamers. This autumn a new
line has entered the Porto Rican trade offering both ventilation
and refrigeration for fruit shipments.

Most of the Porto Rican oranges are grown under very
different conditions from the grapefruit as they are chiefly what
is known as "wild fruit", that is, the produce of scattered trees
found growing wild here and there through the country, princi-
pally in the coffee-producing sections. They are frequently care-
lessly picked and handled and often must be brought over long
stretches of rough road. The owner receives relatively little for
them, the crop being bought up by a few packers in the larger
ports. These oranges are of delicious flavor when properly
mature but many are shipped long before they are palatable.

114

Numerous sections of the interior are too inaccessible to permit
exportation of the orange crop which proves nevertheless of
economic importance in adding to the peon's food supply. The
value of oranges exported has exceeded a million dollars in the
years of heaviest shipments.

The pineapple growers have been this past year perhaps the
most prosperous agriculturists on the island. Pineapples have
sold at good prices thruout the season, the very fanciest fruit
bringing more than $13 a crate. Pineapple exportations show a
decreasing production for the past few years. From 1906 to
191 5 the increase was constant at which time the value of pine-
apples exported reached nearly i^ million dollars. Since then
there has been a steady decline with an insignificent rise in 1920.

The pineapple growers are confronted with the difificulty of
producing sufficient slips to maintain their plantings, the produc-
tion of fruit of sufficient size for profitable shipment, and the
necessity of a change of location as the same field does not pro-
duce profitable crops indefinitely.

The value of cocoanuts exported has increased steadily from
$8,334 in 1 90 1 to $1,142,412 in 1920 and the many young planta-
tions along the coast point to a continued increase for some
years. This is generally regarded as one of the safest of tropical
investments and the cocoanut grower has fewer problems to meet
than almost any other agriculturist.

Other fruits such as bananas, mangoes and avocadoes play
an important role in the local food supply, but up to the present
have been of little significance otherwise. All are abundant and
better shipping facilities may mean their future transportation to
the mainland. The Guatemalan avocado, more suitable for ship-
ping than the West Indian type, is being tested at the Experi-
ment Station where also many seelcted varieties of mangoes from
other tropical regions have been extensively planted. To some of
these choice mango importations the new environment has
proved admirably adapted.

115

ALASKA

C. C. Georgeson,
Sitka

The only fruits we can produce in Alaska are berries.
Strawberries, raspberries, currants and gooseberries in all
varieties do remarkably well, also about five or six species of
native Vaccineum, but we are too far north to mature apples or
any other tree fruit except when we happen to have an occasional
very favorable season. In 191 5 the season was of this character.
We then matured early summer apples at the Sitka Station and
also sour cherries in several varieties. The sweet cherries have
never matured at Sitka nor have we succeeded in growing any
variety of plums. We have a native crab apple that bears fruit
every year. It is Pyrus rivularis (diversifolia). This year the
crab apples have had a fine crop. These wild crab apples make
excellent jelly. The Yellow Transparent has been our most suc-
cessful apple and it matures only in favorable years.

The Presdent : So far as I know these are all the papers
under these two headings — that is, all the persons who are here
with their papers. If that is the case we will go on with our
program.

Many years ago I was asked to discuss before a horticul-
tural society the question whether there is likely to be an over-
production of fruit. Not knowing the facts, I engaged in specu-
lation, and I remember starting with the premise that a certain
percentage of failure follows human effort and that a certain
percentage of accidents always occur, so that we could not ex-
pect anywhere near all the plantings to mature to bearing trees,
and I gave at that time some figures. I am glad to say they were
borne out by the census of the United States a third of a century
later.

Now we are up with our program, and we are to begin with a
discussion of "The Relationship Between the American Pomo-
logical Society and Allied Industries."

Before I call on the next speaker I wish to inject another
statement in regard to the supper this evening. It is not merely

ii6

the coming together of a few persons here, it is a regular meeting
of the American Pomological Society, and in order to save time
and have a little pleasure we are to sit around the tables and
have some discussion. There is no regular subject on the pro-
gram for discussion, but this morning, as you will recall, the
suggestion was made that certain of the questions raised in the
President's Address, and also in the report of the committee who
reported on that address, be discussed this evening. This dis-
cussion will be perfectly harmless, because the Society has
adopted the recommendations.

We will now hear the paper of Mr. F. P. Downing of In-
diana on the subject mentioned before.

THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE AMERICAN"
POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY AND ALLIED INDUSTRIES

F. P. Downing,
South Bendj Ind.

I wish to preface my paper by saying that I have not a single
figure from the 1920 Census Report. (Applause).

It will be impossible in the short time allotted to the dis-
cussion of the relationship between the American Pomological
Society and Allied Industries, to* do more than outline in a very
brief manner a few of the more important existing relations and
I shall confine my remarks to two phases of the problem that I
believe are of fundamental and of prime importance. Briefly,
these two phases, can be boiled down so that they can be ex-
pressed by the twO' words — Interdependence and Cooperation.

It shall be my purpose, therefore, to show on the one hand
the dependence of Allied Industries upon the fruit grower and
on the other hand I wish to show that the prosperity of the fruit
grower depends in a very large measure upon the prosperity of
these Allied Industries.

First, what industries are so closely related to the growing
of fruit that they can be called Allied Industries? Among the
chief industries of this nature may be mentioned the Spray Com-
panies that furnish chemicals and appliances for spraying
orchards, the Fertilizer Industry, Farm Implement Manufactur-

117

ers, Orchard Supply Companies and Fruit Package Manufactur-
ers. As I am more familiar with the Fruit Package Industry
than with the other lines of work referred to, my remarks, while
perhaps applicable in many ways to conditions existing in all
these industries, will be particularly applicable to the industry
with which I am directly connected, that is, the manufacture and
sale of fruit packages.

The factory that manufactures fruit packages, and fruit
packages only, is absolutely dependent upon the fruit growers of
the country for its market. When there is a large crop of fruit
there is a big demand for fruit packages. When the fruit crop
is a failure the factory has no outlet for it's product. The fruit
package manufacturer is, therefore, vitally interested in the dis-
semination of information that wil be helpful to the fruit grower,
for he realizes such information will be helpful in his business.
The publishing of market and crop reports ; the dissemination of
information of an educational nature that will help fruit growers
in increasing production or improving grades are of great value
to the fruit package manufacturer as well.

This interdependence of grower and package manufacturer
can, be illustrated in no better way than by referring to the dis-
astrous frosts of last spring that swept over the country from
New Jersey to Oklahoma destroying all prospects of a bumper
fruit crop in some thirteen or fourteen states. This shortage in
fruit was reflected in our business this past season in these
thirteen states to the extent of some 700 carloads of baskets. I
simply mention this to show how dependent the fruit package
manufacturer is upon the size of the fruit crop for a successful
business. With no fruit to market there is no demand for fruit
packages. The factory must close its doors and there is no re-
turn to the stockholders on the capital invested.

Now, let us look at this matter from another viewpoint.
Just as the factory is dependent upon the grower so is the grower
dependent upon the factory for his financial success. He must
have fruit packages in order to get his fruit to market in proper
condition. Let us suppose, for example, that one half of the
fruit package factories in the country were to be destroyed with-
in the next three or four months by fire. You can readily see
what a disastrous effect this would have upon the fruit grower.
Unable to obtain a sufficient number of packages he would be

ii8

unable to place all of his fruit upon the market and the returns
for his year's labor would be very materially reduced. Now, of
course, it is not at all likely that half of the factories in this
country will be destroyed within the next few months, but right
now there are many serious problems confronting the fruit pack-
age industry that may have most disastrous results.

Like the fruit grower the manufacturer is in business to
make money ; like the fruit grower he is satisfied with a fair
profit; like the fruit grower he can take his losses for one or
probably two years as he has done during the past disastrous
season, but he cannot keep this up indefinitely. I do not believe
that there is a fruit package manufacturer that has made any
money the past season, but I do know that most of them have
sustained serious losses. They have been taking their liquida-
tion. It has cost our New York factories more than $2.00 a
dozen to turn out baskets this past season without taking into
consideration the selling overhead or the payment of freight. If
this condition continues for any great length of time fruit pack-
age manufacturers will be obliged to shut down. In fact, a num-
ber of manufacturers have madd it known to me this season that
unless they can get a fair return for their packages they will turn
their capital into other lines of industry. The shutting down of
a considerable number of factories would, of course, be dis-
astrous to the fruit grower.

Now, this brings me to the second phase of my discussion,
namely that of Cooperation. The fruit grower of today should
be vitally interested in the success of the package manufacturer.
Where are the factories going to obtain their raw material ?
Timber is getting scarce. The big problems of reforestration
should be of as much interest to the fruit grower as they are to
the package manufacturer. Yet, very few growers see it in this
light.

It is true that the grower has problems in which the package
manufacturer is not interested just as package manufacturers
have problems that do not concern fruit growers, but there are
many important matters in which both are vitally interested and
which can only be handled by an organization such as the Amer-
ican Pomological Society in which both fruit growers and Allied
Industries are represented and where it is possible to get to-

119

gether and talk over problems that are of equal concern to both.
This is true Cooperation.

I know that you will pardon me if I take just a moment to
show you the feeling of cooperation toward the fruit grower that
exists in the minds of the officers and directors of the corpora-
tion with which I am connected. I am going to take you back a
few years and refresh your memory regarding the conditions
existing in the fruit package industry at that time.

In the fight for business between manufacturers price cut-
ting was rampant and quality of output forgotton. Conditions
became so bad that il finally became necessary for the fruit
package manufacturers either to organize or go out of business.
Some twenty fruit package manufacturers set aside their per-
sonal grievances and incorporated as the Package Sales Corpora-
tion of South Bend, Indiana. Aftei the organization of this new
company conditions improved somewhat but not as fast as the
officers of the corporation desired. Something was wrong.
The bushel basket had a bad name in many of the leading mar-
kets of the country. It failed to satisfy the fruit grower, the
carrier and the receiver. The directors of our organization de-
cided that there must be a change in the attitude of these parties
towards the basket. They felt that this could only be accom-
plished by rendering the fruit grower a real service and thru
him the other interested parties would likewise be benefited.

To do this a Service Department was established. About
two years ago I was put in charge of this newly created depart-
ment. Instead of selecting field men from the ranks of the
package industry I informed our directors that we must obtain
men who were conversant with the problems of the fruit grower.
One of our men was an extension horticulturist in one of the
leading fruit states, another was in charge of the spray work
conducted by a State University, another was taken from the
Bureau of Crop Estimates, a fourth was a trained marketing
man taken from the Market News Service of the Federal Bureau
of Markets, and the fifth a man who has made a record for him-
self as a County Agent in a fruit county. These men were
brought together, the condition of the basket industry was made
known to them ; they were sent out into their respective fields
and were told to make a careful study of the situation. After

120

doing this they were brought together and we began to formulate
our plans.

It was found that the fault stood in part at the door of the
fruit package manufacturer and in part at the door of the grow-
er. First, it was decided that the quality of baskets must be im-
proved. Our field forces noticed that enormous losses were
sustained through the manufacture of defective baskets. This
matter was very carefully studied. A series of tests were con-
ducted at the Forest Products Laboratory, Madison, Wis., with
the object in view of determining the proper design and correct
strength specifications for a good basket.

Experimental shipments of fruits packed in baskets con-
structed in accordance with the new specifications were made
both by freight and by express and the weak points discovered.
Finally the present wide bottom basket with star hoop cover
was settled upon a satisfactory to the needs of the shipper.

The field investigators emphasized the fact that the basket
was given a black eye largely because of the poor quality of fruit
marketed in that container. Because of this general condition
basket apples, regardless of quality, were often penalized on the
markets. A campaign for better packing in baskets was then in-
situted. By means of addresses, publication of service literature
and proper advertising, we are getting growers to see the need
of careful packing in the basket, and for the first time this year
apples in baskets brought better returns than apples packed in
barrels.

Our Field Department reported that oftentimes baskets of
proper construction and carefully packed did not arrive at desti-
nation in good condition because of the ignorance or lack of
knowledge of many shippers in correct methods of loading. A
careful study of proper methods of loading was instituted and
as a result a Loading Booklet was prepared and distributed. The
loss and damage claims against the railroads have been materially
reduced this past season due in part at least to this booklet.

Our Service Department is now getting ready to demon-
strate to the apple grower that he can pack and store his apples
in bushel baskets with even better results than he can in barrels.
We expect within the next few months to get out a booklet
showing proper methods of storing apples in baskets but we do

121

not intend to stop here. We intend to go on and work out a
package that will be suitable for export trade.

In our study of marketing conditions we know that the
tendency is towards the use of a smaller container than the
barrel. The barrel people already recognized this demand and
at their last meeting in Atlantic City adopted the half barrel as
a shipping container for apples. In doing the above lines of
work we are not guided entirely by alruistic motives. We know
that by making the basket popular we are increasing our output
and developing the basket industry.

Service work of the type just mentioned can only be carried
on at considerable expense. It will not pay our organization to
carry on this line of work indefinitely unless we receive the back-
ing and cooperation of the progressive fruit grower. We know
that the fruit grower who makes use of our Service Department
will be amply repaid in net returns on the fruit grown and mar-
keted. I wish to emphasize the fact that our Corporation is do-
ing more than selling the grower fruit packages. We are selling
him a service that he cannot obtain through any other source.
That service should be worth money to him. He should be will-
ing to share at least a portion of the expense. The success of
our Service Department depends upon a true cooperation, there-
fore, between the fruit grower and the package manufacturer.

There is need of education, or publicity, of a knowledge of
actual conditions. Many growers are of the opinion that all fruit
baskets are of the same grade or quality. It is true that baskets
look alike but there is as big a difference between a good basket
and a poor one as there is between daylight and dark.

I believe that an organization like the American Pomological
Society could render both grower and package manufacturer a
real service by making an unbiased study of this question. I do
not ask you to take my word for anything but I do ask you to
investigate. If our service is not worth anything to the grower
it is a needless expense and it will be to the interest of both
parties to have it discontinued at once. If it has a real value that
fact should be given due publicity. Is this not a true function of
the American Pomological Society?

A grower may be able to obtain packages from manufac-
turers not maintaining a Service Department at a price of from
ten to twenty-five cents a dozen less than the container that we

122

manufacture but if in so doing he gets an inferior package, no
service, no promise of prompt delivery, no surety that he will be
able to obtain this package at all, the chances are that his net
profit will be less than had he paid a few cents more for his
container.

The successful business man of today realizes that the sell-
ing game is dififerent from what it was a number of years ago.
There is a changed attitude. To be successful in business today
you must render a real service to your customers. You must not
only sell them a manufactured article but you must guarantee
quality, delivery, and above all, you must give them an article
that is suitable to their needs. This is a practical problem and it
deserves a practical answer. An organization like the American
Pomological Society can be of great value to its members by
combining theory with practice. The colleges of today, through
Extension Departments, and close association with the various
farm movements are trying out many different theories, finding
which are practical and which are impractical. Their work can
be supplemented by such an organization as the American Pomo-
logical Society.

Until quite recently most colleges and government activi-
ties were directed towards increasing the production of farm
products, by studying processes of plant growth, spraying, culti-
vation, fertilizing and so on. But we are beginning to realize
today, that the problems of finding a market for our fruits, of
getting our fruits to market in proper condition are of equal im-
portance, and I believe that this association should make a care-
ful study and analysis of marketing conditions. Its fields of
activities are much broader than the activities of the Service De-
partment of the Package Sales Corporation, which is confining
itself to the development or improvement of marketing condi-
tions with one container.

The fruit grower of today must organize. It is only through
organization that we can get anywhere. Working as individuals,
it is true, we may accomplish something but by combining our
strength through an organization such as this, through lending it
our undivided support, we can obtain a much greater return than
we can by working independently. Think of the national prob-
lems that an organization like this might handle. One needs
but mention such problems as crop reporting, market demands,

123

improved methods of production, proper methods of distribution,
traffic problems and legislative matters. Combine with these the
dissemination of information relative to proper methods of pack-
ing, loading, storing, shipping and marketing and you will see
that the field is unlimited, that it cannot be carried on except
through a National organization with sufficient funds to maintain
the right kind of an office, the right kind of help and the proper
machinery for getting the information to the members.

At this very moment there is an important piece of legisla-
tion pending that should receive the undivided support of every
member present. I refer to H. R. 7102, known as the Hamper
and Basket Bill. This bill was introduced in the last session of
Congress, was reported on the floor of the house favorably, but
it has failed to pass thus far because the industries that are vital-
ly affected have not shown a sufficient amount of interest to
make the passage of the bill possible. As I stated this bill is of
vital importance to every fruit grower. It provides for standard
packages, standard bushel baskets, standard hampers and stand-
ard market baskets. It gives the Secretary of Agriculture power
to prescribe regulations, it provides for the marking of the
capacity on these packages, it provides that these baskets be
made in accordance with certain strength specifications. It will
improve the quality and cut down the number of packages and in
that way will have a tendency to simplify factory operations and
that, of course, will result in lower prices.

If the American Pomological Society has a Legislative Com-
mittee, I am going to ask that committee to investigate the pro-
visions of this bill and if they find the same satisfactory that they
instruct the Secretary to get busy and use his influence to see that
the bill is passed at the coming session of Congress. I have
copies of the bill with me and would be glad to give the same to
individual members and I know that after reading the same it
will be a pleasure tO' you to write your Congressman urging him
to get back of the legislation.

In conclusion let me say that I believe the two main factors
— Interdependence and Cooperation upon which I have briefly
dwelt furnish the basis upon which the fruit grower will find it
to his best interest to establish intimate and friendly relationship
with Allied Industries. Your problems are our problems and

124

our problems should be your problems. Let us hope that this
will be the ultimate outcome of your deliberations.

The President : You have heard this very valuable paper
which certainly opens up a new line of thought. Mr. Downing
has mentioned Bill H. R. 7102, the Hamper and Basket Bill.
This Society certainly must inform itself upon the movement in
regard to packages, for this will take on international scope be-
fore long.

Is there any discussion? If not, we will pass to the next
number, under this same heading of the relation of this Society
to allied industries.

I was interested in the remarks of Mr. Gould, the chairman
of the committee on the President's Address, when he said that
we had heretofore made a mistake in thinking that our commit-
tees should have a large geographical spread, as a result of which
they could not get together. I think that is true, and in appoint-
ing the Committee on Nomenclature I will name :

H. P. Gould, Washington, D. C.,
U. P. Hedrick, New York,
W. H. Chandler, New York.

We will now hear the paper of Mr. Gail T. Abbott of Ohio.

HOW CAN THE AMERICAN POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY
BE OF INTEREST AND BENEFIT TO THE FER-
TILIZER INDUSTRY SO FAR AS IT IS
CONCERNED WITH ORCHARDS?

Gail T. Abbott,
Medina, Ohio

When the American Pomological Society adopted its new
expanded program at its Annual Meeting in 1920 the allied com-
mercial interests which are vitally interested in the production of
good fruit and more of it were given representation in the
organization.

125

As one of the representatives of the fertihzer industry we
gladly avail ourselves of the opportunity to make suggestions
which we believe the Society might adopt to our mutual profit.

Since funds are provided for our Experiment Stations to be
used in obtaining needed information along horticultural lines, I
believe that we may well ask them for more information along
the following lines. When Mr. Ballou started his pioneer work
with fertilizers in the old orchards of southeastern Ohio, he
arbitrarily assumed 5 lbs. of nitrate of soda, 5 lbs. of acid phos-
phate and 2^ lbs. of potash to be the correct amount to apply
to each tree. His work confirmed by that of many other experi-
menters has pretty well established the fact that nitrogen is the
only element of the three commonly purchased in fertilizer, which
will greatly increase the fruit crop. The majority of experi-
menters have made about the same application per tree as Mr.
Ballou. Some of our best apple growers are coming to believe
that 5 lbs. of nitrate of soda or sulphate of ammonia per tree
is not enough and that twice that amount is frequently highly
profitable. We know of two of the best apple growers in the
state of Ohio each of whom is making a second application in
June on the trees which are carrying a heavy set of fruit. Each
of these men feels satisfied that he is not using any more
nitrogen than is profitable.

We need a large number of experiments conducted on the
different types of soil to determine more nearly the advisable
amounts to use.

Truckers have found it profitable to make two or more ap-
plications of nitrate of soda to their crops, because of the ex-
treme ease with which nitrate of soda may be leached from the
soil. Because this is true in the case of truck crops some have
thought that better results might be secured on fruit if several
applications were made instead of one. Professor Roberts of
the Wisconsin Station and many other authorities are now ad-
vising that we apply soluble nitrogen two to four weeks before
the buds open, yet we need more work so that the question may
be answered with authority by the experiment station in each
state where fruit growing is of any importance.

Another question which arises frequently is the relative
speed with which nitrtae of soda and sulphate of ammonia will
produce results when applied to tree fruits. The small amount

126

of work already done seems to indicate that no difference can be
noted. In a few cases experimenters thought they observed a
change in color of foliage sooner where sulphate of ammonia
was applied than when nitrate of soda was used. The majority
report that no difference could be detected. We need many
more experiments to enable us to speak with assurance on this
point.

When we discuss fertilizers for peaches we are more at sea
than in the case of apples. While Alderman and a number of
others have done some excellent work on peaches, the large per-
cent of work on tree fruits has been done with apples and con-
clusions and recommendations for other tree fruits are largely
based on the results of experiments with the former.

Peaches grow and produce fruit in an entirely different way
from apples and we need much more work before we can say
whether soluble nitrates should be applied to peaches at the same
time we fertilize apples, or later in the season. We know that a
peach tree will profitably use much larger quantities of nitrogen
than an apple tree of the same age, because it comes into bearing
and is gone and forgotten before the apple tree begins to bear,
in many cases. How much nitrogen can it use? Should it be
applied early, or later in the season? Should there be two ap-
plications, or only one, and should the same rule be followed
when using sulphate of ammonia as when nitrate of soda is the
carrier ? Who can tell ?

If our information on these points regarding apples and
peaches is limited, what shall we say regarding pears, plums and
cherries?

Pear growers have always had a great deal of trouble witb
pear blight, which has apparently been worse where there was
a large amount of new wood. For this reason the opinion has
been prevalent among growers that nitrogen should be used with
a good deal of caution, yet the Oregon Station in an experiment
with Winter Nelis pears .used 5 lbs. of sulphate of amonia and
10 lbs. of nitrate of soda per tree with very satisfactory results.

On plums and cherries we have practically no information
regarding all these questions.

There is very meager data for guidance in applying fertiliz-
ers on the bush fruits and vines such as raspberries, black ber-

127

ries, currants and gooseberries. The best we can do at present
is to reason from limited information we have on apples.

The Geneva Station in New York has done some good work
on grapes, but only a beginning has been made.

Many of the results obtained by experimenters on apples are
so absolutely at variance that the reader is tempted to inquire
whether we know anything at all. In some of the older work
some of the orchards were in sod while others were cultivated
and cover crops sown. In some cases the nitrogen was ap-
plied in ]\Iay or June and in others early in the spring. One ex-
perimenter may have applied nitrate of soda in a cultivated or-
chard very early and heavy rains leached it all away before the
trees could make use of it. Another applied sulphate of am-
monia on sod at the same time and had fine returns. The next
man used sulphate of ammonia on sod in Alay and got nothing
for his investment, while still another used nitrate of soda in two
applications on sod, one early and the other the fore part of
June with splendid results.

Can the amateur who reads these conflicting reports reach
any safe conclusions? It seems to me as a Society- we might
recommend work along some of these lines which in time would
give us information which we could follow in planting a com-
mercial orchard with a reasonable expectation of getting results.

Could not we appoint a committee whose duty it would be
to go carefully over the experiments already made and recom-
mend to the experiment stations a program which we would like
to see followed out?

I realize that it is a difficult problem, because the life of an
apple orchard from setting to the end of its usefulness may cover
a period of fifty or sixty years. The soil where it is located must
be uniform in type and fertility. The varieties of apples on the
different plots must be the same. The plots must be of consid-
erable size. Experiment station workers hesitate to start such
work, fearing they will be dead and gone before results will be
obtained which will be of value. Experiment station regimes
change and workers are removed by death or otherwise. New
men are inclined to wish to start new work of their own instead
of carrying on work started bv someone else.

The advice and backing of this Society could do much to

128

encourage the starting and continuation of some such work as
we have outHned.

I believe I voice the best thought in the great fertilizer in-
dustry when I say that we are willing and anxious to supply the
fruit grower with the plant food which will give him the most
satisfactory returns, not for one or a half dozen years, but for
the entire life of his orchard.

In order to do this we must know what is needed.

We look to the experiment stations to svipply this in-
formation.

The President : This is a very interesting subject and
probably in the older days would have aroused a great deal of
discussion. Have you anything to propose in regard to these
various suggestions?

Mr. Cashman of Minnesota is not here, but I understand
that Mr. Paul Stark has his paper, and we will have him read
it now.

Paul C. Stark (Missouri) : Mr. Cashman wrote me that
he greatly regretted his inability to attend the meeting, but he had
already accepted another appointment so the best he could do was
to write his message and send it to the members of the American
Pomological Society.

COOPERATION BETWEEN THE AMERICAN POMO-
LOGICAL SOCIETY AND THE NURSERYMEN

M. R. Cashman^
President, Americani Association of Nurserymen

The American Association of Nurserymen greet you and
extend to you their hearty congratulations and best wishes for a
successful and profitable conclusion of this, your annual meeting.

We nurserymen appreciate, perhaps more than anyone else,
the noble impulses which prompted the birth of the American
Pomological Society, and we look upon it as an instrument and
means through which many providential blessings are bestowed
upon mankind.

129

The ambition and desire to know nature and to search her
marvelous treasury for new fruits and new flowers is indeed
most laudable, and we can look upon the American Pomological
Society as a congregation of men and women, prompted by lofty
ideals unselfishly laboring in the garden of nature in order that
this old world may be a better place in which to live.

The nurserymen are keenly interested in the work that this
Society is doing for are we not following the same line of en-
deavor in our propagating fields that you are in your experi-
mental plots. You may be working to originate or improve a
variety of fruit while we are engaged in disseminating those of
recognized merit. Without the pomologist the country would be
destitute of many of the valuable varieties we now enjoy, and
without the nurserymen our orchardists would be unable to ob-
tain these valuable varieties even after they were originatd.

Your success is our success for our business is affected di-
rectly when something new is brought out that the American
planter finds more profitable to grow than that he already has.
Progress has always been a watchword of the American people;
our forefathers laid the foundation of prosperity and left us a
heritage of wealth and abundance, and our own generation has
carried forward the banner of progress with no slackening of
speed. The American business man as well as the American
fruit grower never hesitates to replace the old with the new, if,
by so doing, he can increase his returns. American genius has
led the world in working out improved methods to increase pro-
duction, and in the horticultural field we are not behind in the
origination of new and valuable fruits for the fruit growers
orchard.

This latter field indeed offers great and interesting oppor-
tunities to the nature-loving genius of the horticulturist, and it
is not at all surprising to find in the ranks of the A. P. S. the
names of men whose contributions to science and big business
have made them internationally famous. The farmer, the or-
chardist, the nurseryman, the merchant, the doctor, the lawyer,
the educator, the statesman, the author, and the naturalist, all find
common ground in the pomological garden and therein commune
with nature in the study of her charming mysteries.

9

I30

Your Society, embracing, as it does, men and women en-
dowed with such noble impulses and coming from all walks of
life, can not fail to attract national attention to its work. The
fruit grower is eager to adopt the new and improved methods of
orcharding which you have worked out ; he is eager to put out a
new orchard of some new or improved variety which your or-
ganization recomrnends.

The fruit grovver looks to you as a guiding hand in the con-
duct of his business. The nurseryman does not neglect to note
the results of each year's experiments which your members are
carrying on in all parts of the United States. Every improve-
ment made either in the bringing out of a new variety of fruit or
by improved orchard methods, vitally effects the nurseryman for
when you assist the fruit grower to make his plantings more
profitable, you also assist the nurseryman to sell more trees. The
commission merchants, the transportation companies, the fruit
dealers, and many other avenues through which fruit trade passes
have been benefited by the work that this society has done and
will continue to benefit just so long as your efiforts are directed in
the channels they now are. Your field of endeavor is not only ex-
tensive but very fertile.

You have achieved success, for the bounteous harvest of
new luscious fruits speaks eloquently of your endeavors. Your
labors, however, are just beginning for I feel sure that you recog-
nize the tremendous possibilities that lie before you.

Let me urge upon you that you give no less attention to the
essentials of fruit growing and fruit marketing that today seem
to be very much neglected in so many sections of this country.
The fruit grower needs your supporting hand and advice in
order to make his business more profitable. The fruit industry
does not afTord the profit that it should because of the fact that
scientific and practical methods are lacking.

Our state agricultural colleges and the U. S. Department of
Agriculture have done and are doing great good throughout the
country, but one central organization such as yours is highly de-
sirable and necessary for the successful development of the
fruit growing industry.

My heart is with you today and may God continue to bless
your work. I would very much like to have met with you, but
the distance and other vital matters make it necessary for me to

131

send my message. I trust that you will appreciate the fact that
the American Association of Nurserymen is with you in all that
you do. We feel a part of you and hope to assist in making the
A. P. S. the dominant factor in promoting the fruit industry of
American by urging every nurseryman in the U. S. to join your
Society. Again I say, your success is our success.

The President: We are now ahead of our program, and
I propose we take an intermission before we go on with the
program.

INTERMISSION

The American Pomological Society aims to be what its name
indicates, really American, that is, international. The First Vice
President is Profesosr Macoun of Ottawa, who has served this
Society for many years with ability and devotion. We are very
sorry that he is not here to help us this year. As far as I know
only two people from Canada are in attendance at this convention,
and fortunately they are both to present us with papers.

The first one will be on "Commercial Fruit Growing in
Canada," by Mr. C. W. Baxter of Ontario. Mr. Baxter, is con-
nected with the Department of Agriculture and has had charge
of the fruit growing statistics and similar work.

I am obliged now to go to a meeting of the Executive Com-
mittee and I will ask Mr. Gould to take the Chair.

COMMERCIAL FRUIT GROWING IN CANADA

C. W. Baxter,
Ontario, Canada.

I deem it a privilege to attend the i\nnual Convention of
your Society and discussion with you for a short time some of
the problems of the fruit industry. I am glad to have the op-
portunity of publicly expressing my great appreciation, also the
appreciation of the fruit growers of Canada, of the generous co-
operation and assistance we have received from the fruit growers
in the United States and from your Federal and State Depart-
ments of Agriculture in our efforts to promote the fruit industry

132

of our Country. You are very generous in giving us the results
of your many experiments along various lines and in forwarding
direct crops and market information which we include in our
Crop and Telegraph Market Reports. These reports are sup-
plied free of charge to our fruit growers, shippers and dealers,
thus enabling them to determine values and to find the most
profitable market.

The production of fruit in Canada as compared to the
United States is very small and it is of great importance to our
industry that we keep very closely in touch with fruit growing on
this side of the line. It is also desirable that the fruit growers
on this side of the line should keep in touch with activities in
Canada. Therefore, we have a great deal in common and meet-
ings of this kind afiford an excellent opportunity to get together
and talk over the whole situation to our mutual advantage.

I have been requested by your President to speak to you on
the outlook for commercial fruit growing in Canada and I shall
be glad to refer briefly to conditions during the past few years,
present conditions and our outlook for the future. As you know,
we do not grow as many kinds of fruit in Canada as you do on
this side. Our colder climate will not permit it and, in order to
make what I wish to say as clear as possible, I will divide the
fruit grown commercially into three classes: first apples, second
tender fruits and third small fruit which includes strawberries,
raspberries, currants and gooseberries.

Apples — As the distance between our Eastern Coast and
the Pacific Coast apple producing provinces is approximately
3,000 miles it is quite natural that there should be considerable
variation in growing conditions and in the fruit. When the ex-
tensive plantings in your North Western States and in British
Columbia came into commercial bearing and the fruit was placed
on the Eastern markets, not a few of our growers and dealers
in the Eastern Provinces would refer to them as "nice looking
apples but having little or no flavour." However, this is now
history and it is generally recognized that there is no one state
or province which can produce the best fruit. The variation
in soil and climatic conditions makes' it possible to grow varieties
especially adapted to certain conditions better in one particular
district than the same variety grown under less favorable condi-
tions. Thus is one state or province the conditions in one section

133

will vary from those in another not many miles distant. Because
of the very great distance which separates our commercial apple
growing districts and the variation in growing conditions, I think
our situation will be better understood if we deal with each
province separately.

Commencing at the Atlantic Coast we have in the Province
of Nova Scotia, the Annapolis and Cornwallis Valleys, which are
perhaps better known as "The Land of Evangeline," where ap-
ple growing is carried on to a greater extent than any other
branch of agriculture. These valleys are especially adapted to
the growing of this fruit and the close proximity to seaboard
ofifers special advantages to the export markets of the United
Kingdom and the Continent. In 191 1, as the result of increased
efforts on the part of the growers and exceptionally favorable
weather conditions. Nova Scotia produced a crop of approxi-
mately 2,000,000 barrels — a record which has not since been
reached.

During the Great War, as we know, there were many things
afifecting the fruit industry which were very discouraging to fruit
growers. Fruit was considered a luxury and a non-essential and,
while other Branches of Agriculture were being encouraged by
increased demand and correspondingly increased prices, the dif-
ficulties to fruit growers were increased and the export markets
were closed to fruit. As Nova Scotia had for many years ex-
ported the greater part of her crop to the United Kingdom and
did not have a home trade connection with other provinces in
Canada, these discouragements were felt more in that Province
than in any other. The placing of an embargo on the importa-
tion of fruit into the United Kingdom resulted in an almost total
neglect of orchards in some provinces but the growers in Nova
Scotia notwithstanding the discouraging outlook continued to
care for their orchards with the result that they have had good
crops for several years.

Each year we find a greater number of growers practicing
the best known methods of pruning, grafting and spraying, and
the result has been very good average crops during the past three
years of approximately 1,300,000 barrels of commercial fruit.
A large percentage of the crop is marketed co-operatively. In
one co-operative association there are between 1700 and 1800
members, representing about 40% of the growers of the Prov-

134

ince. I will not take up your time to explain the workings of
this organization but we are always glad to point to it as one of
the best examples of what can be done by organized efforts.
This I think is one of the most efficient and most economical dis-
tributing organizations on this continent.

The St. John River Valley in the adjoining province of New
Brunswick is especially adapted to the growing of some of the
best hardy varieties, including Mcintosh Red and Fameuse.
This Province, at the Imperial Fruit Show held about a month
ago in London, England, was awarded first prize in the "All
Canadian" competitive section for both these varieties. The
quantity has not yet been sufficient to supply the needs of the
Province but as a railway has recently been constructed, formerly
known as the St. John Valley Railway but now owned and
operated by the Canadian National Railway System, we are con-
fidently looking forward to this valley becoming one of the best
apple producing districts in the Maritime Provinces. The com-
mercial apple crop of New Brunswick in 1919 was 40,000 barrels
and in 1920 was 30,000 barrels. The 192 1 crop has been esti-
mated at 33,000 barrels.

The Province of Prince Edward Island which, as you know,
is situated in the Gulf of St. Lawrence and separated from the
Mainland by the Northumberland Straits, is not a great factor
in the commercial apple crop and a large portion of the fruit
consumed is brought in from the adjoining provinces. It has,
however, been demonstrated that the hardier varieties can be
successfully grown there. This province is specially adapted to
the growing of small fruits but on account of the difficulties of
transportation fruit growing has not made any great progress
during the past thirty years. The railway system of the Island
is of the narrow gauge type, however, the more thickly popu-
lated section approximating 40 miles, served by this railway has
recently been changed to the standard gauge and it is expected
that in the course of a few years the whole system will be stand-
ardized. So that with improved transportation service which in-
cludes the excellent ferry system, now in operation and which
is operated the year round it is expected that fruit growing in
that province will be greatly increased in a few years.

Leaving the Maritime Province and traveling west about
800 miles, we come to the principal apple producing districts of

135

the Province of Quebec, where the Fameuse and the Mcintosh
Red varieties are grown to perfection. This province was un-
fortunate in losing a large portion of the Fameuse trees and
many trees of the other varieties as the result of the unusually
severe winter of 1917-18, but, notwithstanding this severe loss,
the growers are not discouraged and these orchards are being
re-established. The demand for the Quebec grown Fameuse and
Mcintosh Red in the Province of Quebec is such that the highest
price paid for any variety has been obtained and it has not yet
been necessary for the growers to look outside their Province
for a market.

The Province of Ontario, which is one of the oldest apple
growing provinces in Canada and which up to a few years ago
produced the greatest quantity, also suffered from the severe
winter of 1917-18 and a number of the trees were killed. Had
the fruit growers of Ontario followed the practice of the grow-
ers in Nova Scotia and continued to care for their orchards dur-
in the war years, prior to 191 7, the loss from the severe weather
would undoubtedly have been less. This province during the
past three years has produced the following commercial crops :
in 1919, 879,000 barrels; 1920, 1,600,000 barrels, and the esti-
mate for 1921 is 960,000 barrels.

Unlike the Provinces of Nova Scotia and British Columbia,
where apple growing is a specialized industry, the bulk of the
apples in Ontario are grown on mixed farms and, on account of
the higher prices which have been paid of late for other farm
products, the farmer-fruit grower has not been giving much at-
tention to orcharding. However, now that prices of these
products have been greatly reduced in contrast to the slight re-
duction in the price of apples, there is a greater interest being
taken in orcharding and, while the process may be slow, never-
theless we expect that apple growing will in the near future be
carried on as a specialized industry in Ontario as it is in the other
provinces referred to.

In the Prairie Provinces apple growing is not carried on in
a commercial way and our next and last commercial apple grow-
ing province is British Columbia on the Pacific Coast. This
province has produced this year 4,000 cars of apples or ap-
proximately 3,000,000 boxes. This is about 100% more than in
1920. The increase is largely the result of the increased growth

136

of the trees recently come into commercial bearing. The grow-
ers in British Columbia like the growers in the North Western
States have been compelled to adopt co-operative marketing.
This province has now one of the most efficient co-operative
marketing organizations in Canada and has established an ex-
cellent reputation for reliable grading and packing in both the
home and export markets. During the past year the distribution
has been greatly widened.

This will give you . some idea as to the conditions in the
commercial apple growing provinces in Canada at the present
time but in order to form a definite opinion as to the outlook it
is necessary that we review the marketing conditions during the
past few years. It will be remembered that in 1912 the United
States and Canada had one of the biggest apple crops on record
and the returns to the growers, generally speaking, were very
discouraging. The conclusion reached by many was that there
had been over-planting and this conclusion was strengthened by
the fact that there had been extensive planting in the North
Western States and in British Columbia and when these plant-
ings came into bearing the price of apples would be so low that
it would not pay to care for the orchards. Planting, therefore,
practically ceased in 191 1. In 1914 we had another big crop
and when the fruit was ready to harvest the markets were com-
pletely disorganized as the result of war conditions. Later an
embargo was placed against the export of apples to the United
Kingdom. Our growers were very much discouraged and, as
already stated, in some of the provinces the orchards were total-
ly neglected. Therefore, having regard to the fact that planting
practically ceased in 191 1 and many orchards since 1912 have
been neglected, also the great loss of trees from the unusually
long and severe cold during the winter of 191 7- 18 we are of the
opinion that even under the most favorable growing conditions
our maximum commercial apple production cannot exceed our
greatest production of twenty-five years ago.

The supply of some agricultural products may be increased
or decreased in one or two years, but with apples this cannot be
done as the plantings of today represent the crop of several years
hence and the law of averages is again asserting itself. Today
although the prices of many agricultural products have materially
declined the price of the best varieties and grades of fruit are

137

being substantially maintained. We, therefore, feel that the out-
look for commercial apple growing in Canada was never better,
providing that we profit by our past experience and plant only
varieties which the market requires and which succeed best in
the particular district. We are not convinced that we have at
any time reached the stage of over-production but that our dis-
couragements, especially in 191 2, were due to lack of organized
marketing facilities. The large cities and towns were over-sup-
plied, while the smaller consuming centres, and we have many
of them in Canada, were receiving a very small proportion of
what they might consume. We are at the same time convinced
that if we are to avoid a repetition of the unsatisfactory condi-
tions met with in 191 2 and preceding years we must develop an
efficient co-operative marketing organization in proportion to our
increased production. Unless this is done our industry will be
unbalanced. In fact we are so firmly convinced that our future
success is 'dependent on centralized co-operative marketing that
we hesitate to organize more independent fruit growers' associa-
tions in Ontario until the independent associations now in ex-
istence have established a Central co-operative marketing or-
ganization. We fully expect that we will accomplish this before
another crop is ready to market.

Tender Fruit. In regard to- the growing of tender fruit in
Canada, I may say that while pears and plums are grown in all
the commercial apple producing provinces a very large per-
centage of the total crop is produced in the Province of Ontario
and in the Okanagan Valley in British Columbia. With regard
to peaches the history of commercial peach growing in Canada
has convinced us that the area in which these can be grown with
any degree of safety from winter killing is confined to the
Niagara Peninsula in Ontario and the Southern parts of the
Okanagan Valley in British Columbia. There are a few more
districts in Ontario where peaches are grown, but the quantity
can have very little effect on the market. Therefore, with ef-
ficient marketing facilities provided peach growing in both
Niagara district in Ontario and the Southern part of the
Okanagan Valley in British Columbia should be a very profitable
branch of fruit growing. The same conditions would apply to
the commercial growing of grapes although British Columbia has
not yet produced any great quantity of these.

138

Small Fruits. Small fruits, such as strawberries, rasp-
berries, currants and gooseberries, like pears and plums, are
grown in all commercial apple producing provinces but the larger
portion of the total crop is grown in Ontario. In the Eastern
Provinces of Quebec, New Brunswick, Nova Scotia and Prince
Edward Island strawberries form the major portion of the small
fruit crop, the bulk of which is, as a rule, sold within the
province. For several years prior to 1910, the prices received
by growers were not satisfactory and it was difficult at that time
to obtain sufficient help to harvest the crop, due principally to
the exodus of our people to the Prairie Provinces. The result
was that the acreage in 191 1 was considerably reduced and as
labor difficulties continued and were increased during the war
years there was a further reduction in acreage. The demand,
however, continued firm and there was a steady advance in prices
which probably reached the peak in 1919 and 1920. Notwith-
standing the advance in prices it was not until the labor situation
improved in 1919 that our growers were able to increase the
acreage to any extent. In 1919 and 1920 the acreage was greatly
increased, especially on the Lower Mainland and on Vancouver
Island, B. C, where a number of our ex-service men have taken
up small fruit growing with considerable success under Govern-
ment assistance. During the past season the price of straw-
berries and some other small fruit declined but the decline would
not have been so pronounced had the jam and canning factories
been able to handle even a small portion of their annual pur-
chases. There has been a decided improvement in the marketing
facilities for handling the small fruits during the past season and
we are confidently expecting that this branch of the industry can,
with profit, be considerably extended.

THE FRUIT MARKS ACT

The Canadian Fruit Marks Act applies to all fruit grown
commercially in Canada, but was in its inception designed
primarily to remedy certain evils which threatened the existence
of the export apple trade. This trade was particularly important
to Canadian growers as, especially in the early days owing to the
comparatively limited local demand, it was necessary to look to
distant markets to dispose profitably of the apples grown in the

139

large producing districts. But while the Federal Law was passed
originally with the markets of the United Kingdom particularly
in mind, it is recognized that the Regulations have strengthened
the industry in all markets, local, inter-provincial and export, al-
though the benefits have been particularly noticeable in long dis-
tance trading when a reliable system of grading is more im-
portant than in the case of local shipments where differences of
opinion between shipper and consignee can be more easily ad-
justed.

A brief resume of our experience with Federal grading
regulations may be of interest. Twenty-five years ago Canada
was in danger of losing her export apple trade owing to the high
percentage of consignments which were received on the British
markets showing large quantities of over-faced and improperly
packed and graded fruit. It was felt that the unsatisfactory con-
ditions governing the industry were due largely to the absence of
any regulations governing the packing, grading and marking, thus
making it impossible to place any reliance upon the grade marks
which appeared upon the barrels.

As the returns to exporters were reflecting the lack of con-
fidence felt by buyers in the United Kingdom and, as it was
realized by those interested in the welfare of the industry that
the trade could not be saved from retrogression without stand-
ardization, the more progressive growers and shippers requested
legislation providing for compulsory grading and marking, and
in 1901 the Fruit Marks Act was passed. The object of the Act
was to raise the standard of the commercial pack of fruit in
Canada, the improvement of the export trade as noted before,
being particularly in the minds of those framing its provisions.

The administration of the Act was placed with the Depart-
ment of Agriculture and a stafif of eight inspectors were charged
with its enforcement. During the first few years of the operation
of the Act the inspection was confined almost entirely to the
ports of export, and almost immediately a marked improvement
in the grading and packing of the apples offered for export was
noticeable. Even as early as the second season the satisfactory
results of its enforcement were being commented upon in the
United Kingdom, one large fruit broker writing under date,
January 10, 1903 : "In reference to the packing of apples in
barrels, there can be no doubt that the passing of the Fruit

140

Marks Act (1901) has had a most beneficial effect in improving
the grading and marking of fruit." References were also made
to the Act in the British press, an article in the Glasgow "Herald"
of December 29, 1902, reading in part: "Recent legislation in
Canada has done much to remove complaints as to the marking of
packages and of the quality of the fruit."

As the advantages of the inspection service became ap-
parent, growers, shippers and dealers urged upon the Depart-
ment the necessity for an extension of the work to include the
principal distributing and consuming points in Canada, and also
to cover many other kinds of fruit grown commercially in this
country.

The definitions of grade in the original Fruits Marks Act
were not very specific, and many points were not considered that
have since had to be regulated. Amendments have been made
from time to time therefore, but I would point out that these
amendments have been made, in practically every case, only
upon the recommendation of the fruit industry as the need for
further regulation along any particular line became apparent.
Thus grade designations, grade definitions, packing regulations,
standardization of packages, etc., have followed in natural se-
quence. This, together with the fact that the administration has
been carried on in a business-like spirit, has meant that every
forward step in our regulations has had public opinion behind it ;
consequently the Act has never been one of those pieces of legis-
lation, some of which we have even in Canada, that have been
put on the Statute Book but are practically "dead-letters" so far
as enforcement is concerned.

From 1901 to 1912 the work of inspection was confined
practically to the docks at Montreal, St. John and Halifax, and
to the large consuming centres such as Toronto, Winnipeg,
Regina, Calgary and Vancouver. The manner of inspection was
to open and examine a number of packages from each lot, and
if the fruit was not packed in accordance with the Act, a report
was made to that effect and the packer prosecuted if, after thor-
ough investigation, the facts warranted such action. While this
method, which was the only practical one with the few in-
spectors on the staff, undoubtedly had a deterrent effect on pack-
ers and shippers who were anxious to avoid prosecution, it did
not prevent the improperly packed and marked fruit reaching

141

the market. Also in the case of the less reputable packers and
shippers, there was a tendency to run the risk of prosecution as
the chances of detection were fairly remote, particularly in the
case of export fruit, it being possible to inspect only a small per-
centage of the apples for export, owing to the speed with which
these are loaded from the cars into the steamer's hold — the in-
spection being made on the dock as the loading was in process.

In 191 3, therefore, some additional inspectors were ap-
pointed, and the work extended in certain sections to the ship-
ping centres in the producing districts. This change soon showed
a material improvement, and by 19 14 this system of "inspection
at point of shipment" had been adopted in all commercial fruit
growing districts, and has been continued to date, so that this
season practically the whole staff of over sixty inspectors are
working among the growers and packers, not only inspecting the
fruit after it has been packed, but giving instructions in the
orchards and packing houses in the proper methods of picking,
grading, packing and shipping fruit. Instead of waiting to detect
false packing or grading after it has been done, the inspectors
today are spending their time and energy in preventing the evil,
thereby protecting the grower from commercial and financial loss
in marketing his fruit and, in addition, protecting the consumer,
and establishing greater confidence in the trade. This is particu-
larly valuable in the case of export and inter-provincial ship-
ments, as the inspectors endeavor to give special attention to all
requests for the inspection of long distance shipments.

As the packing season is short, it is impossible for the in-
spectors to visit every orchard, and consequently a great many
lots are inspected at the shipping station. If fruit is found not
up to grade the inspector at once communicates with the packer
and requests him to examine the shipment, giving him a practical
demonstration in grading; the packer, if circumstances warrant
it, is then given an opportunity to reduce the grade before his
fruit is shipped. If the grade is not lowered in accordance with
the quality by the packer the inspector may mark the words "Be-
low Grade" on the package or he may efface the false mark and
place the proper grade mark thereon.

Of special value in the case of inter-provincial shipments,
particularly to the Prairie markets, is an arrangement made the
past few years by which officers of the Branch are authorized to

142

give any shipper desiring it a copy of the report referring to his
fruit, which is often attached to the bill of lading by request of
the consignee. Such a report does not vouch for the contents
of the car, but for those packages only which have been actually
inspected and marked with the inspector's stamp, but dealers
have demonstrated their willingness to purchase cars on the
strength of these reports.

Since 1918 the inspectors at such points as Vancouver, Win-
nipeg, Toronto and Montreal have also been authorized to in-
spect rejected cars, and give a report to the consignee or con-
signor as to the condition. In the past serious loss and waste
of fruit and vegetables have been incurred through consignees
refusing to accept cars, necessitating the re-consignment and pos-
sibly a second rejection or a forced acceptance at a greatly re-
duced price. The principal reason for undertaking the inspection
of such cars, which was started during the war years, was to
facilitate prompt delivery, thus avoiding unnecessary waste of
food. This service has also assisted materially in insuring
prompt settlement of disputes between shippers and consignees,
and has proved particularly valuable in inter-provincial trade
where, the disputing parties being a great distance apart, one or
other was very often at a disadvantage. The report of an im-
partial inspector has frequently been the means of effecting a
prompt settlement.

In the early fruit inspection days apples were the principal
fruit dealt with, but during the past few years all kinds of fruits
grown commercially in Canada, and also some vegetables, have
been inspected and as noted, special attention is given to long
distance shipments. Special work in connection with our inspec-
tion service is also done by the Transportation Division of the
Fruit Branch of the Federal Department of Agriculture. This
Division was organized a little over four years ago in response
to the request of growers and shippers throughout the Dominion,
transportation problems going hand in hand with long distance
trading in perishable products such as fruit and vegetables.

While it is recognized that the Fruit Marks Act has been an
important factor in improving the Canadian fruit industry, and
particularly the export apple trade, we realize that there is still
room for improvement in the Act, and I may say that a strong
feeling has been growing in regard to the need for more definite

143

grade definitions, particularly with respect to the size and colour
of apples. It has also been suggested from certain districts that
grades should be defined specifically for some of the tender fruits.
Further amendments are to be expected, therefore, but this is
quite in order as it was never intended that the Fruit Marks Act
should be stationary, but it is expected to evolve with the grow-
ing needs of the fruit industry.

The President : We look to Canada for so many elements
of leadership because they have men who know^ and who can
answer your questions authoritatively.

I may say that by arrangement we have transposed the
papers of Mr. Davis and Dr. Chandler. Mr. Davis' paper will
come tomorrow, and Dr. Chandler will read his this afternoon.

After we have had Doctor Chandler's paper there will be
some rather important departures to be brought to your attention
by the Executive Committee.

Are there any questions you wish to ask Mr. Baxter on the
Canadian question?

H. P. Gould: Is there any charge or fee for inspection?

C. W. Baxter: No, we make no charge. We cannot in-
spect all the fruit that we are asked to inspect, but on the whole
it is ver)^ satisfactory. If a man wishes to have a copy of the re-
port to attach to the bill of lading, and if he will make request
•twenty- four hours in advance we are usually able to accommo-
date him ; but during the great rush we have not been able to
do this because it would require a small army. But on the whole
our shippers have been entirely satisfied with the service, for
which there is no charge.

F. P. Downing (Indiana) : Is there any conflict between
the standard package laws of this country and Canada?

C. W. Baxter: Mr. Downing very kindly sent me a copy
of this Bill he referred to. I received it just before I left home
and looked it over on the train. I see it is proposed to prohibit
the selling of fruit in the United States unless it is packed in
packages described in that Bill. We have not gone so far as that.
We say that all fruit packed in Canada for sale in Canada must
be packed in specified packages of certain capacities and dimen-
sions. I w^ould not say that at the present time there is any con-

144-

flict there because we do not put any restriction on packages com-
ing into Canada. How long that will last I do not know. Last
year when we had a surplus of strawberries and you needed them
we were deprived of shipping twenty-five car-loads from one
Province because our standard box is four-fifths of a quart and
your markets demand a full quart box. I believe that our grow-
ers are coming to the point where they want to adopt the same
box you have and I think before another season comes around
they will do it.

Two years ago we adopted a standard barrel. We were
just waiting for the United States to adopt a standard barrel,
and. as soon as you did, we did. We have adopted standard
boxes. I do not believe that you have locally adopted standard
boxes, but we have what is known as the Oregon box. That is
our standard and it is the standard in Great Britain, known as
the British standard. We hope you will not be long following
suit. At the present time there is nothing to prohibit the im-
portation of fruit in your packages except with regard to the
marking. If apples, peaches or pears are imported in closed
packages bearing grade marks inconsistent with our grade marks,
they must be completely erased and the importer must put his
name on the box in order that we may fix the responsibility for
the grading. That is the only restriction at the present time on
import business. Prior to 191 8 we required that only for pears
coming into Canada in any other boxes than our standard, and
these boxes had to be marked "short." But this was not satis-
factory and was discontinued.

A Member: What does a bushel of apples weigh in
Canada ?

C. W. Baxter: I have never yet been able to determine
what a bushel of apples should weigh, because a bushel of small
Baldwins compared with a bushel of large ones would show a
difference. I should say a barrel of Ben Davis or Snow apples
would weigh about 150 pounds, while Baldwins or Russets would
weigh about 180 pounds. But we have not attempted to fix the
weights for fruit. What we have done in standardizing pack-
ages is to fix the capacity of our packages, and to secure the price
that package must be full. We have found the fixing of weights
for fruits and vegetables is unsound.

145

We have a bill started at the last session for the compulsory
grading of potatoes and' onions, and that bill was prepared as a
result of a Dominion conference representing the potato and
onion industry of Canada. They adopted a resolution and re-
quested that the resolution be enacted. They made provision for
the repeal of our present law which says that a bushel of turnips
must weigh so much, and a bushel of carrots so much, and in-
stead of that adopted a unit of one pound as the basis of all sales.

F. P. Downing : I think Mr. Baxter is absolutely right as
to the stand they are taking in Canada — standardizing the pack-
ages on the basis of volume, not weight. We have in this country
a volume bushel and a weight bushel, and confusion is the result.
I think the members of this Association should ask our legis-
lators to repeal a lot of these foolish weight laws. In some
States they say 44 pounds of apples to the bushel, and in some
States 45, and you know there is a wide variation in apples ac-
cording to the variety and according to the season of the year.
It is impossible to standardize capacity in terms of weight. That
is why I think every member of this Society should get back
of the proposed bill to standardize packages.

V. H. Davis (Port Clinton, Ohio) : I want to emphasize
what was said in regard to weight and capacity because I do not
believe there is a fruit grower in Ohio or any other State that
does not appreciate the utter absurdity of trying to put the same
number of pounds of these different varieties of fruit into the
same size packages. It does not work out. I do not know just
how to better it. but when you see how inconsistent the State and
National governments have been in regard to this matter it does
seem that it is time an organization of this kind took some stand.
The western box people appreciate the fact that they cannot get
48 pounds of apples into a bushel box, and they only guarantee
40 pounds. When it comes to peaches we can get 48 to 55
pounds, and we can guarantee 48 pounds and be safe. Why have
it 48 pounds in this State and 44 in adjoining States?

C. W. Baxter: Just to illustrate the point made by the
last speaker. For some time we had a law which required that
a barrel of potatoes shall weigh 165 pounds. If a barrel is made
big enough to hold 165 pounds of large potatoes, that same bar-
rel, when containing small potatoes would not be filled by some

10

146

eight inches, which meant that in expressing that barrel (most
of our potatoes are handled that way) the potatoes would be
bruised. It is not practical. I think that is the best illustration
of the unsoundness of defining capacity by weight.

V. H. Davis : In southern Ohio a few years ago we hap-
pened to find most of the buyers buying Rambo apples by the
barrel. They bought Ben Davis and Ganos by the hundred
pounds, but they sold them by the barrel. You can readily see
why if you know the difiference in weight of the two varieties.

The President : Tomorrow morning we will take up some
papers dealing with college work in research and teaching as it
bears upon this pomological situation. The first paper is by Dr.
W. H. Chandler, who cannot be here in the morning but who is
here this afternoon. He is Vice Dean of Research in the College
of Agriculture at Cornell, and we will be glad to hear his paper-
on "The Prospect for Research in Pomology."

THE TREND OF RESEARCH ON POMOLOGY.

W. H. Chandler,

Cornell University

The earlier teachers of horticulture in the agricultural col-
leges were generally rather well trained in Botany and were in-
clined to form opinions concerning best practices by reasoning
from the botanical or physiological nature of the trees. They
were also inclined to lean rather heavily upon the agricultural
chemist, particularly in their research. The number of publica-
tions suggesting cultural practices, such as fertilizer treatments
based upon the result of analysis of tree tissues, is considerable.
It is needless to say that conclusions based upon such studies
were not always correct. Even with the present great increase
of our knowledge of plant physiology it is not always safe to
base recommendations as to orchard practices upon physiological
knowledge alone. In fact, it will certainly be very long before
physiological knowledge is sufficiently complete that one can
know all of the principles involved in an orchard practice. It
should be said for those workers that at that time few, if any, of

147

the colleges had facilities for extensive experimentation with
orchard problems.

Somewhat later a rather large number of field experi-
ments upon orchard problems, particularly in orchard soil man-
agement were begun. The results of these have been appearing
in print during the past fifteen years. It is fair to say that they
have not fully satisfied the hopes of workers in the subject. That
the results of different experiments should be conflicting was to
be expected since soil and climatic conditions were not the same.
One result of these field experiments probably no one had an-
ticipated, that is the very large experimental error involved. In
very few, if any, of the experiments are conclusions justified
where the differences are no larger than 25 percent, in fact, in a
majority of cases a difference of 50 per cent would hardly justify
conclusions, and with some a difference of 100 percent is not
significant. In other words, with some experiments where a
given treatment has seemed to double the yield, it is not at all
certain that the difference in the yield of the two plots is due
to the difference in treatment.

On account of these difficulties with field experiments there
is among workers now a tendency to give them little value and to
attempt answering practical problems by means of physiological
studies, that is studies in the nature and response of the trees. In
spite of earlier failures it seems certain that such studies are very
valuable, and no doubt in many cases trustworthy answers to cul-
tural problems may be secured in that way without resort to field
experiments. For example, we often find it safe to assume that
if a certain treatment will control a disease or insect the treat-
ment will be profitable. At least, with many diseases and in-
sects careful experiments to determine whether or not the cost
of control is equal to the return from such control is not neces-
sary, because the cost and returns can be estimated with sufficient
accuracy. This, of course, could be true only where the returns
were much greater than the cost. In the same way, if it should
be found that less pruning when the tree is young would increase
the yield it would hardly be necessary to conduct an experiment
to determine whether or not such a practice is profitable for the
cost in that case is reduced, while the returns are increased. No
doubt there are many opportunities to secure results of practical

148

importance by merely learning more about the nature of the tree,
and without the use of field experiments.

The conclusion, however, that field experiments are of little
value seems hardly justified. In fact, a careful survey of the re-
sults of the experiments that have been done will, I think, con-
vince any one that the contribution has been large. Thus, we have
rather conclusive proof that in the American orchard potassium
and phosphorus are so seldom present in the soil in insufficient
quantities for the best production of fruit trees that, the prob-
lem as to these elements is, at least, a minor one. On the other
hand, while we formerly applied nitrogen with some fear that it
might stimulate vegetative growth to an injurious extent and thus
reduce f ruitfulness, we have found that this very seldom happens
and, as a matter of fact, nitrogen is the element that can most
often be applied with profit. Further, we have learned that while
the soil must be low in available nitrates before apple or pear
trees, or blackberry or currant plants in cultivated orchards will
show response to applications of nitrogen, peach, cherry, and plum
trees, and raspberry and gooseberry plants are much more likely
to show a response. By field experiments we have learned, not
only the injurious effect of sod on trees, but that by the use of
nitrogen that injurious' effect can be largely overcome. We have
further learned that nearly all orchardists have been pruning all
young trees too severely and thus delaying the time when the
trees should be expected to bear profitable crops, and that sum-
mer pruning does not stimulate f ruitfulness, but the reverse. We
have also learned, with reasonable certainty, from experiments
that alternate bearing of fruit trees cannot be prevented by thin-
ning, and that thinning can be expected tO' be profitable only
through the influence on the crop thinned, or through its effect
on tlie growth of the tree. No reference is made to valuable con-
tributions of field experiments in spraying because those have
been made largely by plant pathologist or botanists and en-
tomologists.

We can be certain, however, that in the future field experi-
ments will be of a different type. First the problems investigated
will almost certainly be of a more limited nature. We shall
hardly expect reports of experiments concerning such general
problems as the relative value of tillage and the sod mulch. In
tillage we should expect to see problems investigated as to the

149

value of continuous tillage through the summer, let us say until
September, as compared with ceasing tillage as early as July first
or even earlier. In fact, a study might very profitably be made
as to whether or not any tillage after the spring plowing and
leveling of the soil is profitable. Even more specific problems as
to whether or not ceasing tillage in June or earlier in order to
permit the growth of a heavy cover crop actually reduces the
moisture supply in late summer, that is whether the increased
humus supply may not, by increasing the water holding capacity
of the soil, increase the water supply more than late cultivation
would. We should also learn by field experiments whether, when
for unavoidable reasons the spring plowing has been delayed until
after the fruit has set, or failed to set, and the season's growth
has nearly been made, it is better to plow it then or wait until
the following spring.

Similar, in the study of pruning, the relative value of specific
types of pruning will probably be studied rather than such gen-
eral problems as the relative value of much or little pruning, or
summer and dormant pruning, though this last question can hard-
ly be considered settled. Of even greater importance and re-
quiring more detailed study is the problem as to the age of each
kind and variety of fruit when for a given climate renewal prun-
ing will begin to be profitable.

Experiments in the field will also be done with very much
more care than was thought necessary at the time the earlier field
experiments were planned. These earlier field experiments have
given us valuable results only because in the problems studied the
differences were very large. As we narrow the problems down
to questions involving more minute details of orchard practices we
must so refine our experimental methods that smaller differences
will be significant. Several methods of reducing experimental
error suggest themselves. First, there should be several plots re-
ceiving each treatment ; these plots being distributed evenly over
the experimental area. Thus, Batchelor and Reed found that the
probable error on i6 trees was but half as great when each treat-
ment was given to 4 plots of 4 trees each (these plots being dis-
tributed evenly over the experimental area) instead of to one plot
of 16 trees. These authors found that there is little reduction in
the experimental error by having more than 8 trees in the plot;
the better plan is to have many small plots receiving each treat-

150

ment. Second, where trees of bearing age can be used in an ex-
periment, perhaps the most important improvement in our ex-
perimental method would be to give all of the experimental area
uniform treatment for a period of two to four years, after which
the different plots would receive the treatments called for in the
plan of the experiment. The plots could then be so arranged
that the average yield for each plot during this preliminary period
would be nearly the same, or if the experiment should be one
requiring symmetrical arrangement of the plots the average yield
of each tree during this period may be used in estimating the
probable yield afterward, if the treatment had not been varied,
and therefore in estimating the increase or decrease in yield due
to the treatment. Third, where the problem concerns young
trees the error due to the variations in the soil could be greatly
reduced by planting the trees closely so that the experimental plot
could be smaller' and the possibility of introducing soil variations
therefore smaller. By this method, too, the young trees could be
dug up or cut off and weighted, or at least a part of them could
be. It is not necessary to emphasize the fact that the weight of
a tree is a much more accurate measurement of growth during a
period of years than either trunk girth or twig measurements,
this last being nearly worthless.

It is highly probable, however, that an increasing proportion
of the research with fruit trees in the future will be physiological
studies, that is studies pursued in the hope of learning more about
the fundamental nature of the tree itself, or of the fruit. The
phase of pomology in which our knowledge is now growing most
rapidly concerns the storage of fruits and these problems are now
being solved largely by physiological methods. Thus, studies in
the respiration of fruits and the chemical substances formed by
respiration at different temperatures is of the greatest importance
concerning the influence of storage temperatures on flavor. You
may expect to see very few bulletins reporting simply results of
various storage temperatures of fruits with no effort to explain
how the temperature influenced the keeping. More fundamental
details will be studied in order that the results may be more safely
applied to different conditions.

Such fundamental studies of the trees seem as necessary for
safe conclusions as to cultural problems. The emphasis that
Kraus and Kraybill give to the relation of carbo-hydrates and

151

nitrogen in the tissue is certain to interest many workers. We
are interested to know what eiTect on fruit bud formation a high
proportion of nitrogen with a low proportion of carbo-hydrates
may have, and we shall want to know this for every portion of the
growing period. Thus, we are learning that increasing the
nitrogen content of the soil very seldom, or under practical condi-
tion.s almost never, results in reducing fruitfulness when a period
of several years is considered. It seems possible, however, that
the proportion of nitrogen might be injuriously increased for a
short period by indirect influences. Thus, let us say, the spring
plowing of the orchard has been delayed until late in the period
of rapid growth. The nitrogen supply being low until the plow-
ing is done growth will be checked. The leaf surface of the trees
will be reduced and, therefore, the possible carbo-hydrate supply.
Then if the plowing is done and the nitrate and water supply
increased, the available carbo-hydrate supply might tend to be ex-
hausted or greatly reduced just at the time when seasonal con-
ditions are most favorable for fruit bud formation. I do not
say that this would happen, but it seems to be a possibility and I
think that workers will continue to be interested in the carbo-
hydrate nitrogen ratio until its possible influence through all
cultural treatments upon all varieties is known. Probably many
other physiological problems of the trees will have much atten-
tion. Thus the rest period of the trees will have much more ex-
tensive study. We want to know, not only its nature and the
factors that influence it during the dormant season but, perhaps
even more, its nature during the period after the terminal buds
are formed and while the leaves are still active. We shall want
to know just how difficult it is to take the plant out of the rest
period during the late summer and what effect various treat-
ments during that time may have. Thus, if nitrogen is applied
after the tree has gone into the rest period, (that is into a condi-
tion in which new top growth will not be stimulated by a favor-
able water and nitrogen supply) what effect does that have upon
the carbo-hydrate supply in the tree? If an increased nitrogen
supply during the summer portion of the rest period does not
stimulate top growth does it cause an increased root growth dur-
ing the summer in which it is applied ? What effect does an in-
creased nitrogen and water supply during that period have on
the ripening of the wood? Is the rest period as fixed for cam-

152

bium as for the buds? These are specific examples out of many
physiological problems that will engage the attention of the
scientist in pomology'.

It seems certain that the pomologist will come to view his
problems more nearly from the point of view of the fundamental
scientist and to attack them in that way. Both because of his
need for a broader fund of knowledge to present to his students
and because of his own inclination, he will be anxious to have
as complete knowledge as possible concerning the nature and be-
havior of his trees regardless of whether or not that knowledge
may be of practical value. The fruit grower need not fear, how-
ever, that such a change will mean less interest in his problems
or less beneficial results. It is not possible to know what in-
formation may prove to be of greatest practical value. Certainly,
practical field experiments can be the more wisely planned, and
more wisely interpreted, the greater the available supply of
knowledge concerning the fundamental nature of the trees or
plants. "The greatest contribution to the fruit grower, and prob-
ably to the farmer generally, that has been made by the scientist,
has been in the control of diseases and insects and this has been
done by the botanist or the entomologist whose point of view
was generally that of the scientist seeking the truth for sake of
truth. It is becoming increasingly clear that only the highly
trained scientist, who has come to seek the truth because truth
to him is more worth seeking than anything else in the world,
possesses the patience or the insight necessary to solve the dif-
ficult and complicated problems of the fruit grower and the
farmer.

The President : This is a very stimulating paper looking
to the future. Are there any questions ?

W. C. Baird (Ashtabula, Ohio) : Speaking of the forma-
tion of the bud, is it not formed early in the spring?

Dr. W. H. Chandler: The bud may begin as early as
June, but that same thing may not begin until September. There
is a period from June to September in which the fruit bud forma-
tion is beginning in the young buds.

Dr. L. H. Bailey: I have a question of the Constitution
and By-laws now to bring to your attention. You must remem-

153 .,

ber that the Constitution of the American Pomological Society-
runs back into the beginning of things so far as this organization
is concerned, and we are now in our seventy-fourth year. With
the changing standards it is only right that we should modify our
Constitution and By-laws. Certain changes have been made the
last two sessions and certain others, it seems to me, now need to
be made.

In Article VII of the Constitution as it now stands — Of-
ficers and Executive Committee — the first paragraph reads as
follows :

"The officers of this organization shall consist of a
President, first and second Vice-Presidents, one of
which shall be from Canada ; Secretary-Treasurer and
Executive Committee consisting of the President, first
and second Vice-Presidents and seven additional mem-
bers, six of whom shall constitute a quorum."

You will notice that the four officers mentioned are not ex-
officio members, they are real members of the Executive Com-
mittee. The seven elected members are in addition to these four,
so that there is an executive body of eleven members, and a ma-
jority of six constitutes a quorum. This is too large a body to
constitute a quorum. I do not think any national society could
operate and work effectively on a basis of having to secure a
quorum of six. You cannot get them together, particularly if the
Executive Committee represents many parts of the country, as
the present Executive Committee of this Society does. On the
other hand, it is important that the Executive Committee should
be large and representative. It does not follow, however, that
the ad interim business of the Society should be handled by the
full Executive Committee. The question is, shall the Executive
Committee be reduced in numbers, or shall it increase its repre-
sentative character, and shall the quorum be reduced to three or
four? The members of the Executive Committee here present
have discussed this question and they have a recommendation to
make.

They would like to make the Executive Committee some-
what more representative by increasing its size. Instead of hav-

154

Ing seven members to be elected by the Society, there should be
eleven, and the four officers — President, two Vice-Presidents,
and Secretary-Treasurer — shall be members of the Executive
Committee ex-officio, having a vote ; it shall be incumbent upon
the Executive Committee to select a body of three from its
number who shall carry the business incumbent on the Executive
Committee, subject to the approval of the Committee. Probably
it will not be difficult always tO' find three persons near enough to-
gether so that the Secretary, sometimes the President, could meet
with them.

H. P. Gould : I move that Article VII of the Constitution
be amended to read : The officers of this organization shall con-
sist of a president ; first and second vice-president, one of whom
shall be from Canada; a secretary-treasurer; and an executive
committee which shall consist of eleven members and the officers
ex-officio. The executive committee as soon as possible after
election shall choose from among themselves a board of man-
agers of three who shall conduct in the absence of the executive
committee the ad interim business of the Society. Six shall con-
stitute a quorum of the executive committee and two of the board
of managers.

(Motion seconded and carried)

Dr. L. H. Bailey : There are one or two other matters in
the By-laws that I should like to bring up. By-laws No. 5 reads :

"A Chairman of Fruit Committees for each State,
Territory and Province, and a General Chairman over
all, shall be appointed annually. It shall be the duty of
such Chairman to appoint four additional members of
his committee, and with their aid and such information
as he can procure, to forward to the General Chairman
one month before each annual meeting, State Pomo-
logical reports, to be condensed by him for publication."

This goes back to the time when there was no reporting
service, when there were no great State societies gathering in-
formation, and no experiment stations or public service depart-
ments for agriculture. At present, this method is antiquated.
If we operated under it we would now have forty-eight State
chairmen, the District of Columbia would make forty-nine, nine

155

Canadian provinces would make fifty-eight, to which four would
be added. This is practically the same as the By-laws of 1854.
It does not work ; so I would like to have this By-law stricken
from the list.

Prof. J. C. Bl.\ir (Illinois) : I move that the said By-law
be stricken from the list.

(Motion seconded and carried).

Dr. L. H. Bailey: By-law No. 6 reads:

"A Standing Committee on New Fruits of Ameri-
can origin, consisting of eleven members, shall be ap-
pointed by the President immediately after his election.
It shall be the duty of this Committee to report annually
on new fruits of American Origin, and also to examine,
and before the close of the session to report on, all new
seedling varieties that may be exhibited and to make
an ad interim report on those that were exhibited in an
unripe condition at the meeting of the Society, but had
subsequently attained a state of maturity ; and on such
other seedlings as may have been submitted to their
inspection during the Society's vacation."

Let me read you the Constitution of 1854. (Reads). We
ought to have a Fruit Committee, but we are not doing business
in the old way now, we do not have biennial sessions, and we
are not concerned primarily with exhibiting varieties. What I
should like to see here is the first line of this By-laws retained
with a change in the number — the committee to consist of five, or
three if you wish.

C. H. Waid (Ohio) : I move that the change be made and
that this committee be three instead of eleven.
(Motion seconded and carried)

Dr. L. H. Bailey: The seventh By-law reads:

"A Standing Committee on Foreign Fruits, consist-
ing of eleven members, shall be appointed, whose duties
shall be similar to those of the committee in By-law
six."

156

I will also read the Constitution of 1854. (Reads). The
argument is the same here, and I think the same change should
be made — the committee reduced to three. A committee of
twelve members is likely to have four times the inertia of a com-
mittee of three. This would also apply to By-law No. 8, and I
think the Standing Committee on Tropical and Sub-tropical
Fruits should consist of three members.

Prof. J. C. Blair: I move that these By-laws be modified
according to your statement.

(Motion seconded and carried).

Dr. L. H. Bailey : By-law No. 9 provides for "A Standing
Committee on Nomenclature consisting of seven members." Inas-
much as about an hour ago a committee of three was appointed,
I would like to have this changed.

Dr. C. a. Bingham : I so move.

(Motion seconded and carried).

Dr. L. H. Bailey: We are through with our program and
are now ready to adjourn until six-thirty, when we will get to-
gether for a feed at the Nicholas Building. That will be a meeting
of the American Pomological Society and it will legally transact
business.

Adjournment until six-thirty.

THURSDAY EVENING SESSION

Following the supper in the dining room of the Chamber of
Commerce, there was informal discussion. Dr. L. H. Bailey pre-
siding.

Dr. L. H. Bailey : You will remember the committee re-
ported on the President's Address, and I think this evening would
be a good time to discuss it. Of course I do not know what part
of the report you wish to discuss, but let us start in an informal
way with whatever comment you wish to make.

H. H. Hardie (Hudson, Michigan) : I think Mr. Crane-
field has something of interest to tell us.

157

Mr. Frederic Cranefield: I felt in talking with some of
the committee yesterday that the membership really ought to
know what the Executive Committee had accomplished, or at-
tempted to accomplish, during the past year. I hope you will
pardon me if I go farther back tTian that.

My mind goes back to the meeting of the American Pomo-
logical Society held in St. Louis three or four years ago, at which
time the Society was as near dead as could be. There was just a
breath of life left in it, that was all. At that time the Society for
Horticultural Science saved the day. A number of professional
horticulturists were there in connection with the larger meeting
— this is ancient history, but it leads up to the point I want to
make. A meeting was called one evening and a number of these
horticulturists were present — about fifty. Whether they were
all members of the American Pomological Society I do not know ;
but there was a re-organization, and some life breathed into
this ancient and honorable American Pomological Society with
tradition and history back of it, but not much life. The consti-
tution was revised at that time, and later, as I recall it, Dr. Bailey
was elected President and other officers and committees ap-
pointed, one a committee to revise the constitution, and they re-
vised that constitution to a f are-ye-well — did a lot of things to
it, but as it transpires today, not quite enough, so we finished the
job today and eliminated dead matter, etc. But the Society,
through its Executive Committee, functioned fairly well the fol-
lowing year. The committee met at least threei times in Colum-
bus to discuss ways and means of making a bigger and better
Pomological Society and we finally arrived at some conclusion
about the things we w^anted to do — the things that should be
done and could well be done by a Society of this kind. We were
progressing step by step.

Then came the meeting of the American Pomological Society
at Columbus last year when we adopted the revised constitution
as you have it today, providing for a working body and eliminat-
ing the old Vice-President idea.

But there was one thing always in the way, one stumbling
block to our further progress. We could talk, and did talk, and
then talked some more about things we wanted to do, that ought
to be done, but we found no money with which to do these things
and that was the greatest need of all.

158

Then followed the meeting in Chicago of the Executive
Committee, and at that time it was thought to discuss the matter
with the American Farm Bureau Federation to see what could
be done in that regard, and it resulted in the calling of a con-
ference of fruit growers from different parts of the whole coun-
try to meet in Chicago under the auspices of the Farm Bureau
Federation and financed by the Federation. At that time the
American Pomological Society saw that through its Executive
Committee it should pool its interests, as it were, with this new
conference. That conference resulted in a committee of twenty-
one being appointed by the Farm Bureau Federation to study and
consider means and methods of marketing fruits, and it seems
to me at this point that we should know rather definitely, if pos-
sible, the scope of that committee's work — what the- committee
intends to do, how far they expect to go in this question of col-
lecting data and information concerning the marketing of fruit,
before the American Pomological Society undertakes any work
of that kind.

That is as clear an outline as I can give of the things that
have been done, or I might better say, the things that have been
attempted in the past year by the officers and Executive Com-
mittee of the American Pomological Society.

H. H. Hardie (Michigan) : I would like to supplement
what Mr. Cranefield has said by saying that at the time of this
meeting in Chicago we had almost decided to take up this ques-
tion of marketing American fruits ourselves ; but the farther we
got into it the more we saw that it was too big a proposition and
we were afraid of starting something that we could not finish,
so when the Farm Bureau came along and took the matter out
of our hands we were very glad because we felt it was too much
of a job for us.

As I understand it, the American Pomological Society, up
to the time Mr. Cranefield mentions, was largely a society of ex-
perimenters, who no doubt did a very good work in this way ;
but I have come to the belief that unless this Society can make
itself of real value to the fruit growers of the country we will
have missed our opportunity. In other words, this American
Pomological Society is handed over to us with a very good
reputation, but it is liable to be like the girl coming over from
Ireland if we don't watch out.

159

This girl was coming over, and on the same steamer was art
old man from her home town. He asked her if she expected
anybody to meet her, and she said she did not, but that she had
a good recommendation, only she had lost it — could not find it
anywhere. This man said, "Don't let that worry you, I'll write
you another," and this is what he wrote. "Mary Hogan when
she left Ireland had a good reputation, but she lost it on the
way over."

We do not want to lose our reputation "on the way over,"
and I do not think it will be necessary. I think we can make this
American Pomological Society of real worth. But I am more of
a business man than a fruit grower. I play with fruit and suflfer
with my business. But there is one thing that we all know —
that the first thing you must have is money. You figure how
much you want, how much you might need, then multiply it by
ten — and then you will not have enough.

The next thing we must have is organization. That is al-
most as necessary as money.

The next thing is business, and then you have a successful
going concern. These are the three things we must have. This
is a business organization. We must have capital, organization
and business. The capital is pretty hard to get. If everybody is
as poor as I am it will be very hard to get. However, the money
can be raised in some way. The Rex Spray Company has been
very generous to do what they have just done. No doubt the
spray pump manufacturers will do what they can ; no doubt the
package men and nurseries will do something; but suppose they
did ofifer to pay all the expenses of the American Pomological
Society — a paid secretary and all that — it would not be a suc-
cess. It will never be a success until you get a membership.

We were talking a minute ago about how many fruit grow-
ers there are in the United States. One man said 100,000, an-
other said 500,000, and another 800,000. Suppose there were
500.000, do you know how many members we have? We have
less than a thousand. That is not enough. My idea of the
business is that you first of all must have money, and still you
must have something that will sell, you must be able to give a
man his money's worth, and if I know anything about fruit grow-
ing I know that you have to give him about ten dollars' worth
for two dollars. And I think we can do it. I think this Ameri-

i6o

can Pomological Society can gather statistics and information
that the fruit grower needs «and which will be worth ten dollars
to him, and sell it for two dollars. Of course you have to have
money to start with, but I think you can get these allied indus-
tries to furnish enough money to put on a campaign to get mem-
bership; but the fruit growers must be the fellows to support
this organization, and not the allied industries. What we need is
not so much the fruit grower's money, as his membership and his
interest. That is my plan to make the American Pomological
Society worth while to the fruit growers.

Dr. L. H. Bailey: Are there any further discussions? Do
you wish to say anything about this report of the committee?
Of course that is not particularly before you, except that it was
suggested on the floor today that we might discuss it tonight.

Prof. Laurenz Greene: I believe Mr. Gould, the chair-
man of that committee, had about ten points in the report, and
I am wondering if it would not be a good thing to have him state
what these ten points are that the committee recommended in
connection with the President's Address.

H. P. Gould: In the first place, the report was adopted as
<-' whole. The first thing that was presented and which might
call for discussion had already been touched upon — that of a
full-time paid secretary. The committee commented on this as
an essential feature and its recommendation was that the Execu-
tive Committee be especially charged with the matter of securing
funds so that a full-time paid secretary may be employed.
Whether you desire to discuss that further or not is of course
the point to be decided.

May I say, however, in this connection, that the reason why
the committee suggested that it be left to the Executive Commit-
tee was because of the fact that we knew the Executive Commit-
tee had given quite a little attention to this very thing during the
past year, at least to the matter of raising funds, and a full-time
paid secretary can be easily arranged for if we have the funds.
Feeling that the Executive Committee had that matter in hand
and that they knew the situation better than any special com-
mittee could know it, and also that they appreciate the need prob-
ably more keenly than the average member of the Society, and
further that they had given some attention to this matter of se-
curing funds, we felt it would be wise to have this matter remain

i6i

in the hands of the Executive Committee as their job, or a part
of their job. Perhaps some of you have a hundred thousand
dollars that you wish to endow the Society with, or you may
know someone who is making his will and would like to do that
sort of thing.

This is the recommendation of the committee.

Dr. L. H. Bailey : That has been the trend of the Execu-
tive Committee meetings for the past two years, and while direct
progress does not seem to have been made, as a matter of fact
many plans have been investigated and we know some of the
things that will not succeed. It requires some years to get these
things started. I am not discouraged, although I had hoped we
would have an endowment before this. But of course we want
the opinion of the audience just the same.

H. P. Gould : The second point had to do with the work
of the Secretary as that office is now constituted, the suggestions
being based on the President's reference in his address to our
appreciation of the work of the Secretary. We know the Secre-
tary is busy with his work, the work of Secretary being simply
an added burden. With the issue of the monthly or bi-monthly
letter, which I think has been definitely adopted as a part of the
regular work of the Secretary, it seems to the committee that the
Secretary'-s office is being pretty well loaded up with work which
has to be done as a voluntary contribution to the Society, so our
recommendation was "that a committee be provided to assist the
Secretary, as he may direct, in the preparation of material for
the monthly or bi-monthly letter to members, and in other ways.
This recommendation in part anticipates one in the latter part
of the President's Address where he suggests the appointment by
the Society of advisors to the Secretary on publicity, consumption,
planting, marketing, cooperation, affiliation, etc. These two
features — advisors and special assistants — may well be con-
sidered together."

It is a question of providing a committee, or some other con-
stituted body, as a means of assisting and advising the Secretary
in carrying on the work of which he has charge.

Dr. L. H. Bailey: May I say a word in this connection?
Of course we want the Secretary to be paid a sufficient salary to
make it attractive, and so that it will be a permanent matter.

11

i6^

Just now we have not the funds for that. We are fortunate to
have a Secretary who is wilHng to carry on this work for a year
without remuneration . on his part, and I think if we had a
thousand dollars extra the Secretary could carry on his work and
the other work fairly effectively, because a young woman has
been trained this year who can take care of part of this corre-
spondence. The Secretary reported that they sent out 12,000
pieces of mail this last year, and that is no small matter. The
young woman who has been helping in this work would be avail-
able and a good part of this routine work could be put directly
into her hands, under the general supervision of the Secretary,
so that it would not be so much of a burden to the Secretary as
you might think at first hand. Of course the management of all
this does add to his work, but he is willing to assume it if it
means that this Society is a going concern. If we had about one
thousand dollars in addition to what we had last year it would
enable us to employ the necessary help.

The other suggestion is that we have a series of advisors,
and inasmuch as there has been some question as to the status of
these advisors, let me explain what was in my mind when making
the suggestion in the first place. I did not think of having an
ofifiicial body in any way competing with the Executive Commit-
tee. These were not to be officers of the Society, but my idea was
that certain members would be designated as advisors to the
Secretary. Suppose he is getting information on markets, some
particular person in the Society "who is skilled in that direction
he would feel free to call upon for help and advice ; and on the
other hand, that person would feel free to offer his advice with-
out being asked directly. The Secretary may follow the advice
or he may not. In putting on a publicity campaign as to the con-
sumption of fruit there would be some person who has had
special training in that direction, who may be publicity agent for
some concern, or advertising man, who knows the way to reach
the people, and the Secretary would call on him for advice ; but
that man could freely offer advice without being called on.

And so on the question of relationships, I had in mind to
help the Secretary, not to burden him. It would safeguard him
also against mistakes which might be made in the office, and he
would not feel that all the responsibility is on him. There could
be as many advisors as there are subjects to be considered, and

i63

certainly in every field there would be someone who could offer
his advice to the Secretary with great benefit.

H. P. Gould : In this connection I would like to call atten-
tion to the fact that we adopted the President's recommendations
as our program, so we are simply commending this sort of thing.

Dr. L. H. Bailey: We commended this when we adopted
the report of the committee, but no procedure has been taken
whereby these advisors are to be appointed or elected. For my-
self, I should prefer that they be chosen from the membership
by the members from the floor. If there are any suggestions to
the contrary it might be well to think upon the matter over night
and tomorrow take it up and call for names. This is not su com-
mittee — they are simply advisors to the Secretary on whom he
can call.

C. W. Baxter: It might be interesting to the members to
know that we in Canada have been seriously considering some-
thing along similar lines. As I mentioned this afternoon, we
have periodically called a Dominion conference of fruit growers.
They are invited as guests of the Government, and we term it a
Fruit Growers' Parliament. They are free to criticize the action
of the Department, and to adopt resolutions having to do with
the various activities, and I think I am safe in saying that every
resolution adopted at any of these conferences has been acted
upon by our Government. We have felt that there is need for a
national organization. At the conference in December the matter
was considered, but no definite action taken beyond electing a
provisional Board of Directors, and many difficulties were over-
come at that time, but evidently this Board of Directors did not
feel it necessary to proceed. We have made great advance since
that time and we believe that there is great power in numbers.
If we have something we wish to present to the House of Com-
mons in the way of legislation we like to have behind that all
the force of the industry in Canada.

I happen to have in my pocket just a rough draft — this
thing has not been presented to our people — but I put this in my
pocket with the hope of being able to discuss it with some of my
confreres in the Provincial Government. We have put down as
the name, the Canadian Fruit Council.

I was interested in what Mr. Hardie said as a business man
— that you must have something to sell. This is what our pro-

i64

posed Fruit Council would have to sell and the things they hope
to attain.

"The object of the Fruit Council shall be the advancement
of all matters tending to the improvement of the fruit industry
in Canada, including production, grading, packing, transportation,
storage, marketing, etc., (a) by initiating, fostering and assist-
ing in obtaining such legislation and regulations as will be bene-
ficial to the industry; (b) by emphasizing through inter-provin-
cial cooperation the importance of the fruit industry and ob-
taining for it the position it deserves as an important branch of
agriculture."

We feel that we have not had in the past the recognition
that the industry deserves. The product has been considered a
luxury, a highly specialized industry, and we feel that it is es-
sential to the welfare of the nation and the people. We also feel
that the few deaths during the Great War was due largely to the
fact that fruit was plenty at all times. We hope to have greater
recognition.

"By encouraging the greater distribution of fruit and by
systematic advertising to educate the general public as to the food
value of fruit.

"By encouraging the adoption of uniform grading and pack-
ing regulations.

"By cooperating with the railroad, express and steamship
companies in securing the best possible facilities for transporta-
tion and a just equalization of charges.

"By cooperating with any agency working in a national way
for the improvement of marketing methods and for a most equit-
able distribution of the fruit crop.

"By carrying on any undertaking which may seem to the
Council should be carried on in the furtherance of this business."

These are our ideas, in rough form. As to the members of
the Council we feel that a big committee would be burdensome
and less effective than a smaller one, and we propose that this
Canadian Fruit Council shall consist of thirteen representatives.
Eight of these shall be producers of fruit; two dealers in fruit;
one representing the Provinces of Manitoba, Saskatchewan and
Alberta ; one the remaining provinces ; one a manufacturer of
fruit packages, one a nurseryman, and one a representative of
the canning and jam industry. Of the eight producers two shall

i65

be from the Province of British Columbia, two from Ontario, one
from Quebec, one from New Brunswick and Prince Edward's
Island, and two from Nova Scotia.

Then we have our constitution and by-laws, which are much
the same as any commercial organization.

The question of finances was taken up and we have this out-
lined. In order that the Canadian Fruit Council shall secure
funds sufficient to carry on its work each association or interest
represented shall pay to the treasurer of the Council on February
1st of each year the sum of $ioo for each representative so ap-
pointed, and each interest such as package manufacturers, nurs-
erymen, etc., shall be assessed one-tenth of one per cent, of its
annual turn-over, such assessment to be paid to the treasurer of
the Council.

These were our ideas as to how we might promote an or-
ganization of this kind. It is not new. We have our dairy in-
dustry working along similar lines. We do not know yet how
we will succeed, but we are hopeful.

H. H. Hardie: How much do you figure your program will
cost you a year?

C. W. Baxter : We have not figured that yet, but not less
than $10,000. W^e figure we cannot hope to make the organiza-
tion successful without an active and efficient secretary, and we
would have to pay him $4,000 to $5,000 a year.

M. B. David (Ontario) : The Dairy Council has $12,000
to $14,000. The first year they had their meeting someone guar-
anteed $10,000, but that was not enough.

H. H. Hardie : I do not know how the fruit production in
Canada compares with the United States, but it certainly is less
than one-fourth. They over there are starting out with a proposi-
tion that costs them $10,000, and we are trying to handle the
United States for $1,000 or some such small sum. You cannot
do it. This organization ought to have five thousand members,
say at $2.00 a year, that would be $10,000. That is a conserva-
tive mark. I believe we can do it. I believe we can get five
thousand members, and we ought to have them. We must have
a sufficient proportion of the fruit growers of America to cut
some figure and give us a voice in matters of legislation if we
expect to accomplish anything.

i66

M. B. Davis: Last night while we were discussing the re-
port of the committee we discussed the question which you
handed over to your Farm Bureau, the question of fruit packages,
and it seemed to me that that was one place where this Society
should be functioning. We should act as a national mouthpiece
for every fruit growers' organization in the United States. It
struck me that that was what this Society should do — get all the
fruit growers' associations together and have the Society become
partically a delegate Society, a national Society to act on matters
of national import for all the fruit growers in the United States,
and certainly the subject of packages is not only of national, but
international, importance, as Doctor Bailey pointed out this after-
noon. I think that work which has been handed over to the
twenty-one members of the Farm Federation is something that
ought to come back to this Society as soon as we can get under
way. If you can function on that then you will have some reason
for existence, but unless you can function as a national or an in-
ternational organization representing' the interests of all the fruit
growers, I do not see any line of endeavor that this organization
can really take unto itself. I think when you let that one thing
slip through your hands you missed an opportunity.

C. H. Waid (Toledo, Ohio) : No doubt this matter will
come up tomorrow in connection with Mr. Farnsworth's report,
but I think perhaps a word here might be in place. As I under-
stand, the relationship that will exist between the American Farm
Bureau and this organization will be something like this — that
this organization will recommend things they want to see put
through, such as certain rules covering packages, etc., to the
American Farm Bureau because it can be of greater service, hav-
ing such a large membership back of it, in securing Congressional
action. I believe the two organizations can work together in that
capacity, but I agree with Mr. Davis that it is well for this or-
ganization tO' be the mouthpiece for the fruit growers and indicate
their wishes along such lines.

T. B. West (Perry, Ohio) : It is just suggested to me that
the nurserymen should get into this game. Our hearts are with
you and we wish you well — even if you do intimate that we
charged you too much for trees the last year or two. Our in-
terests are identical with those of the fruit growers in this coun-
try. I think an appeal to the nurserymen of the country to give

i67

a little publicity in their literature, in catalogs that are sent out,
appealing to their customers and patrons to become members of
this Society, would be a good thing, and I believe the nurserymen
would respond heartily to the suggestion. I think it would be a
practical way of getting in touch with a great many fruit growers
of the country.

Paul C. Stark : I do not know whether Mr. West was at
the meeting in Chicago of the American Association of Nursery-
men, but they went on record last year at that meeting as being
in favor of boosting the American Pomological Society in every
way possible, trying to get all their members to become members
of the American Pomological Society, because they realized what
it meant to the nursery industry indirectly. Anyone who heard
the paper I read for President Cashman will realize that this
association is receiving help from them.

There is one thing that Mr. Hardie mentioned, and some-
thing similar came up in one of the executive meetings, and that
is the fact that you must show your prospective members that
they are going to get some real benefit out of this organization — ■-
far more than two dollars' worth. I am a nurseryman, and also
an orchardist. I have a young orchard coming on, and I am
vitally interested in everything that shows new development in
the orchard field. We have forty-eight States and there are ex-
periment stations in every State, more in the agricultural colleges,
and besides that we have our big departments of agriculture that
are continually putting out bulletins ; but of the 500,000 fruit
growers there are very few who really have an opportunity to
see what is coming out of these experiment stations, colleges and
departments of agriculture. They are busy men and it is hard to
get these bulletins, and they are too busy to read the bulletins when
they do get them. That will bring up a point we discussed this
afternoon. We should, as a national organization, be the mouth-
piece of the fruit growers of America, and if these bulletins and
articles giving the experiments that are being carried on through
the country could be condensed in this monthly bulletin, maybe
just a summary of the different articles and bulletins, it would be
invaluable to the orchardist and he would have time to read it —
and would read it. That is one of the things we can sell to the
fruit growers and show them they cannot get along without this
information. There are a good many more similar activities, but

i68

that is one thing that would interest me very much as an or-
chardist and it would take more than ten dollars a year to keep
that away from me. I think the more publicity we can get from
nurserymen and spray manufacturers and other manufacturers
sending out little pamphlets giving the advantages of the Ameri-
can Pomological Society, the more members we will get. Speak-
ing for the nurserymen, I think they will be glad to do everything
in their power to get this information to the fruit growers and
get more members. I think there is a fertile field.

H. H. Hardie: It goes without saying that the manufac-
turers of sprayers, of packages, the nurserymen and all the allied
industries would be very glad to send out circulars of the Ameri-
can Pomological Society and do all they can to promote the inter-
ests of the Society, and we can do a lot, because there are
thousands of pieces of mail sent out every day by the allied in-
dustries. But the question that strikes me is. What are we going
to do with this Society. Are we going to be satisfied with 500
members paying $2.00 a year, getting along with a Secretary
who is over-worked and getting nothing, or are we going to try
to make a healthy, useful organization? It seems to me we ought
to set a mark and work to it.

F. P. Downing (Indiana) : If you are going to make a
campaign for membership you must do as the manufacturer does
when he goes after business — you must use a follow-up system.
You must get right out and dig for these members. They will
not come to you. It seems to me if we could have the proper
machinery for distributing these letters and making a direct ap-
peal to the fruit growers and the allied industries, there is no
doubt but what we could get a membership of five thousand, or
even ten thousand.

Speaking for the package manufacturers, this is^the first time
I ever had an opportunity to attend a meeting of this organiza-
tion, and I doubt whether there are a half dozen of the fruit
package men in this country who know of this organization. We
have a national organization, we have a paid secretary and a paid
traffic manager. Our secretary gets out a bi-weekly letter, and I
know he would be glad to call attention to the objects of this
Society — I know that will be done. When I go back I intend to
make a report and I know something of what this Society stands
for. We have in the neighborhood of 1,200 members in our or-

169

ganization — there are probably 400 or 500 package manufac-
turers in this country, and if they knew what this Society stands
for I have no doubt they would be glad to join and lend you
their moral and financial support.

Dr. L. H. Bailey : These expressions are certainly very en-
couraging. These matters have been discussed by the Executive
Committee and at least one man has been sending out literature.
Let me call your attention to the Secretary's report, showing that
something has been done in this direction, although it is very
small compared with what ought to be done — twelve thousand
pieces of mail last year. The Secretary did not take his office
until after the meeting last year, so some work has been done
along this line. Biit just such ofifers as have been made here will
be of immense help.

V. H. Davis (Ohio) : It seems to me that Mr. Hardie has
well stated the case. We must have something to sell people
before we can start with a program, and after that it is largely a
matter of financing. It has occurred to me. however, that if we
go before the fruit growers with a two-dollar program we will
get a two-dollar response. It would seem to me, too, that we
ought to be able to learn something from the experience of the
Farm Bureau people during the last year or to^ and also from
the commercial clubs of the various cities during the last ten or
fifteen years — that when the membership dues have been made
worth while and a program that is worth while attempted,
the result has been that the membership has rapidly increased in
spite of the increased dues and something worth while has been
done. We all know that the Farm Bureau has gotten immeasur-
ably farther with the $10.00 program than they could ever have
gotten with the $1.00 program, as they started out. As we all
know, it is a powerful organization, and it is because it is properly
financed. It would seem to me that if the fruit growers of this
country are not sufficiently interested to put $5.00 into this or-
ganization, then I do not think it will ever be successful on a
$2.00 basis. I do not care whether we have one hundred mem-
bers or ten thousand, the principle will be the same. I believe we
will be much more likely to get ten thousand members at $5.00,
or even $10.00, than on the $2.00 basis.

Dr. L. H. Bailey : It is to be remembered that we lose
money on every membership if we are to put on the program we

170

have outlined. The annual report, these monthly or bi-monthly
letters, the fruit catalog — the mere cost of printing and compil-
ing costs more than $2.00, and the more members you have the
more money you lose from that point of view but of course it
enables you to get money elsewhere, and we want all the mem-
bers we can get. But from the financial point of view we cannot
make it work out, so tliere must be other funds aside from the
membership dues, which are not very high.

B. G. Pratt (New York) : May I ask whether a regular
prospectus has ever been gotten out for the Pomological Society?
As Mr. Hardie says, we must have something to sell and we must
tell people what we have to sell. So many people have said they
do not know anything about the American Pomological Society.
When we start in a new business we lay out a prospectus of
what we expect to give for value received. If we ask $2.00, or
$5.00, or even ^10.00, we should be able to tell the general public,
intelligently and as briefly as possible, what the American Pomo-
logical Society proposes to give them.

I want to second what has been said by other manufacturers,
that we will take pleasure in circulating any amount of literature
in regard to the American Pomological Society that they will
furnish. We will see that it gets into the hands of the fruit grow-
ers, for we believe there is a wide field of usefulness for this
society.

Another thing occurs to me — would it not be proper to have
a member of the American Pomological Society present at every
one of our horticultural society meetings once a year to let them
know what the American Pomological Society is and what it
stands for. In that way we might be able to get the cooperation
of every horticultural society in the country, which we should
have.

Dr. L. H. Bailey : Mr. Pratt asks about a prospectus. We
have a prospectus this year setting forth the aims and objects of
the Society and the basis of membership. The Secretary sent out
8,000 this year and I sent out several thousand myself last year.
That was a beginning.

With respect to the appeal to the different societies, we had
last year one man who was to look after that phase of the work,
Prof. Shaw of Maryland, and in the report of Secretary Lake
you will find an account of his activities and the result thereof.

171

We have had the American Pomological Society presented at a
number of these meetings. The difficulty is to find means to pay
the expenses of the man sent there, and persons who have been
members of the American Pomological Society in times past, un-
less they have been in touch with the meetings recently, are really
not able to represent the Society. Correspondence has been had
this year between the Secretary and the President's office as to
the persons who would represent the Society at subsequent meet-
ings, but we could not find those persons, and we have not the
funds. Mr. Cruickshank has represented us this year at the
Michigan meeting, so the work has already been begun, but the
importance of it has been well emphasized by Mr. Pratt and I
wish we had a membership on which we could call and the money
to pay their expenses. We cannot send anyone to California, but
if there was someone in active association with that society he
could speak for us. But if we had a member who was in touch
with the Society ten or fifteen years ago he would not be thor-
oughly acquainted with the progress we have made up to the
present time.

Paul C. Stark : Mr. Davis brought out the point of in-
creasing the dues. I wonder if it would not be a good idea to
hear from some of the members present as to what they think of
that proposition. Of course some times it is inadvisable to in-
crease dues, but it might be well to discuss that, for if we could
get as many members at $5.00 as we have at $2.00 it would give
us a whole lot more money. I do not know but what he is right,
that we might get more members if we put out a good strong
prospectus as to what we will give the people.

H. H. Hardie: I think what the President said is germane
to this matter. He says we will lose money by going on with
what we have been giving for $2.00. If we are selling something
for $2.00 and losing money, we must first find if we cannot cut
our cost, and if not, then raise the price.

Prof. J. C. Blair (Illinois) : I have been a member of the
American Pomological Society for twenty-nine years. I think
I attended the first meeting in December, 1892, and at that meet-
ing and at subsequent meetings we have had some of the finest
people on the North American continent to speak to us ; but
throughout all these years we have run the institution on a cheap
plan. It has been said here that it is a $10.00 program, then why

172

do we go along on a cheap scale. Why do we not, as business
men, put the American Pomological Society on a steady, working,
going basis, financing it in the way it should be. Let us make it
at least a $5.00 proposition.

Dr. L. H. Bailey: The membership fee was only $1.00 for
about seventy years, and two years ago when it was raised to
$2.00 many persons questioned whether that could be carried. If
you want to make it $5.00 I will support it, but there are some
fruit growers who are not interested in the sale of commodities
and therefore might not receive any greater benefit. Of course
there are many fruit growers who will pay $5.00.

W. S. Perrine (Illinois) : It seems to me we ought to pay
$10.00 rather than $5.00. I belong to an organization in Illinois
where the annual membership is $20.00, and if we can pay $20.00
to a State organization we ought to pay $10.00 to an international
organization like the American Pomological Society. So I am
strongly in favor of putting it up to $5.00, and more in favor of
making it $10.00.

R. A. Simpson (Indiana) : I am like Mr. Perrine and Pro-
fessor Blair — I would rather see it a $10.00 proposition than
$2.00. I would feel I was more likely to get my money's worth
than at $2.00. We would not spend so much time on how to
finance the Society, and have more time to put on the best pro-
gram we could get.

Prof. W. S. Brock (Urbana, Illinois) : I am a fruit grower
and belong to the same association Mr. Perrine speaks of, and we
pay $20.00 for the privilege of sitting in the meeting each year,
and I believe I have an opportunity to get more information than
nine-tenths of the men who belong to the association, because
of the fact that I belong to the experiment station and college.
But I think between now and January ist I can deliver 100 mem-
bers into the American Pomological Society at anything under
$20.00. I will guarantee to deliver that many.

Dr. L. H. Bailey : Who will agree to deliver another
hundred ?

W. C. Reed (Indiana) : I have been a member of the
American Pomological Society for over thirty years and possibly
I have missed two or three years in that time. I really never felt
I got a great deal out of it except the meetings I attended. But
if you are going to put on anything like the program mentioned

I

173

I think you will get a great many more members at $10.00 than
at $2.00. I would glady give $10.00 a year if you carry out the
program outlined.

Gail T. Abbott (Medina, Ohio) : I am not a fruit grower
and anything I would do or say would be representing the fer-
tilizer interests, but I do not think there is any question as far as
they are concerned that they would back any program that has
been mentioned so far. I think if we stick anywhere it will be
with the individual growers. I do not 'think there is any question
about the allied interests.

Dr. L. H. Bailfa- : Of course we do want this to be a grow-
ers' society and those who are interested in the production and
sale of fruit, not all the others who are accessory thereto. Are
there any growers here who wish to say anything?

Mr. Landfear (Ashtabula, Ohio) : While I may appear to
be one of the older members of the Society, I am one of the
youngest, for I have just paid my two dollars, and when I did
so I wondered how in the world they could afiford to run an or-
ganization of this kind for two dollars. The first thought was
that they could not give much for $2.00. But I feel, while I am
the youngest member, that the dues should not be less than $5.00.
or even $10.00.

C. H. Waid (Ohio) : I am a grower, as well as interested
in other activities. I have watched the movements of the Ameri-
can State Farm Bureaus very closely and have been much im-
pressed by the fact that the men who refused to give one dollar
for membership in that organization gladly gave ten dollars. I
have also watched the development of other organizations of a
national character such as this, and I find the most of them have
more difficulty on the small fee basis. In view of the fact that
this organization has not been able to get a membership on a small
fee it seems to me it would be wise to attempt a larger fee. I
do not know whether it is in order or not, but I like to see action,
and I am ready to move that it is the sense of this gathering that
the fee of this organization be placed at $10.00. I am willing to
increase mine up to that amount.

(Motion second.)

Dr. L. H. Bailey : That is a radical change, one that it
would be well to consider with care. This body here represents

174

a rather selected group. What about the other five hundred that
are elsewhere ? What effect will it have on them, not feeling the
impulse of the meeting here? I am not opposed to this, but you
must consider it on all sides. The Society has agreed that this
shall not be a trade organization, and the higher fees are those
that are particularly applicable to trade organizations which are
engaged particularly in buying and selling and in combating other
enterprises which have direct relation thereto.

This motion is before you now — a motion to increase the
membership fee from $2.00 to $10.00.

W. H. Lloyd (Cleveland, Ohio) : I believe if we could even
find the money to finance a permanent secretary for six months,
he would be able to show results such that there would be no
question as to where the money is coming from.

H. G. Ingerson (Ohio) : I have been using my pencil, and
I figure that we have at least thirty State organizations and if we
had thirty-five men out of each of these organizations it would
give us one thousand members, which at $10.00 each would give
us some money to start on. I believe that in Ohio we can get
thirty-five men, and if Michigan would do the same, and the other
States, we would have something as a start.

H. H. Hardie : I think I can guarantee to get one hundred
men in Michigan at $10.00 each.

B. G. Pratt: I am a life member of the American Pomo-
logical Society, and I think there are enough right here to put up
$100 for life memberships to guarantee that this will go through.
I will be one of those.

Prof. W. Paddock (Ohio State University) : It strikes me
that the people who are doing most of the talking in favor of
$10.00 are either manufacturers or nurserymen — they are not
fruit growers or college men. Of course the college men could
pay $10.00, for they get wonderful salaries, but I have been won-
dering whether a ten-dollar fee would not be pretty severe on the
great bulk of fruit growers who are in moderate circumstance
and have moderate incomes. Rather than have a limited mem-
bership would it not l)e better to have an organization that would
appeal to the whole fruit growing fraternity of the continent? It
strikes me that way.

Then again, the American Pomological Society, to tell the
naked truth, has not amounted to a whole lot in the last fifteen

175

years. I do not feel that we have gotten a great deal out of it.
Perhaps I am behind the times, but I did not get here until late
this afternoon and I have not heard any declaration of principles
as to what you are going to give these people for their ten dollars.
If I am too late it might be a good thing to hash that over.

I can imagine where this Society might be worth a whole lot
more than ten dollars, but if we are going to interest a lot of Ohio
growers that I would like to see interested in this scheme, friends
of mine, I can tell you that to the man who had a big crop a year
ago and did not get anything out of it and did not have any crop
this year, ten dollars is a pretty good-sized lump of money to put
into something that they are not sure will benefit them. I do
not like to throw cold water, but it strikes me that ten dollars is
pretty steep.

Prof. L. H. Taft (Michigan) : I hardly know how we can
handle this question. I have had the experience of taking in the
memberships for a number of years, and I recall that at St. Louis
a few years ago some ten men there pledged one hundred members
from their States at $2.00. We have not received one hundred
members altogether, even at two dollars. It is a question of what
we can furnish the members in return for their fees. If we can
make it worth while to become a member at $10.00, we can bring
it up to that fee. Many of our members are paying $10.00 a
year for Farm Bureau membership and I think they would feel it
pretty heavy to be asked to pay ten dollars here. If, however, we
can show them another year that it is worth ten dollars, I think
we can get it.

Paul C. Stark: When I asked for discussion of Mr. Davis'
discussion I had in mind that it would be a good thing to have a
larger fee — as large a one as we could get by with and get in a
good many members. Mr. Pratt has said he would take a life
membership at $100, and speaking for our company I will make
it another $100, and I think quite a number of the allied industries
will do the same things That will help to finance the thing for a
while, but I believe it would be a mistake to make the dues $10.00
right now, although I am in favor of $10.00 next year. I believe
$5.00 would come nearer to holding the orchardists, and then let
as many of the allied industries and larger orchard men take out
life memberships. That will give us quite a little money to begin
with.

176

Dr. L. H. Bailey: Will you read the concluding recom-
mendation of the ten made in my address yesterday morning?

H. P. Gould : The tenth recommendations is : "That we
here and now raise a supplementary fund, above the usual income
of the Society, to put through the new work. > Are there twenty
persons and firms ready to contribute fifty dollars each? The
contribution would be charged to the advertising appropriation of
the firm. Or are there ten persons and firms who will contribute
fifty dollars, and twenty who will contribute twenty-five dollars?
Or are there one hundred who will give ten dollars."

The President : I want to call your attention to a phase of
this situation which has not been mentioned. We are here as com-
mercial fruit growers, but we have taken action already in this
convention to interest the amateur by trying to increase the plant-
ing of fruit in all areas where it is possible for the purpose of
increasing the home-making value of growing fruits. If we are
to do that it means appealing to the amateur as well as to the
commercial man. Will he pay ten dollars ?

C. H. Waid: In view of the fact that I made the motion I
would like to say that I had in mind that it was a radical step. I
also had this in mind, that there would be certain ones who would
pay this fee and perhaps get the organization on a good financial
basis. However, I can see plainly that it might have a tendency
to keep some of the smaller men out, although the one dollar
and two dollar fees have kept out ninety-nine out of one hundred
so far. So if this Society thinks it better to have this $10.00
membership made a little donation, leaving the present fee as it is,
that would be perfectly satisfactory. I will be willing tO' with-
draw my motion. My idea was that if we could get enough
money to put the Society on a good financial basis we could show
the small growers that it isl worth while to come in.

H. H. Hardie : We have a resolution, duly passed, leaving
the financing of this organization to the Executive Committee, It
seems to me the Executive Committee can get after these allied
industries and get the money. I think it is up to the members
here to fix the fee, but the plan of raising money as I understand
it is left to the Executive Committee.

Dr. L. H. Bailey: That was the action of the convention.

177

H. H. Hardie: If Mr. Waid has withdrawn his motion I
move that the annual fee be five dollars.

(Motion seconded.)

- Dr. L. H. Bailey : The Secretary has whispered in my ear

i — suppose the fee was ten dollars and the Secretary was not able
to deliver ten dollars worth? But the larger question is as to the
purposes of this Society. I think the fee ought to be raised, if
not this year another year. I am not sure about this year. The
question is, shall we make the fee so large as to make this purely
a professional and commercial organization, missing the larger
aims of the Society? We must not be misled by certain other or-
ganizations who are able to pay high fees. I belong to a society
in which the fee is $25.00 a year and I am glad to pay it ; but this
is quite another proposition.

W. W. Farnsworth (Ohio) : I realize the force of Mr.
Waid's statements, and I realize also the truth of what the Chair-
man has said — ^that this is a different proposition. My at-
tendance at this Society dates back thirty years and I realize that
a great many men who have loved and labored for this Society
are men of moderate means but high ideals. I realize also that
the force of this Society is not altogether a full treasury, and
while I have no objection to the commercial interests taking as
much of the financial burden as they care to, I would be very
sorry, indeed, to see any fee placed upon the membership which
would keep anyone out. I feel that two dollars is too small, but
I do not believe we ought to make any further upward movement,
especially now when the average fruit grower does not boast of a
very full pocketboak.

Mr. Gourley (Ohio) : I have taken it upon myself on sev-
eral occasions to talk to fruit growers' associations and ask for
memberships in the American Pomological Society, and perhaps
one or two would do so, but there was no general response. It
seems to me that we must have this pretty clearly worked out, do
something that is concrete, and give something for this money.
Unless we can do that it is a question whether we are justified in
adopting anything very radical in the way of raising our dues.
Of course the thing to do would seem to be to make the Associa-
tion worth while. Various things have been suggested. If we

12

178

could go before Congress with something tangible, if we could do
something as to package standardization, or a uniform law for
grading and packing of fruit, something of that sort would draw
considerable attention, and perhaps considerable fire, to the So-
ciety and it thereby would gain strength. When the Farm
Bureau raised its fee to ten dollars they had an organization by
which they could do considerable work which they could not have
done before. But there seem to be one or two here who do not
have very clearly in mind the exact things the Society is going to
do. They all should know bcause there are only a few of us
here and when we go from here there will be a great many
questions asked — how did the meeting come out, is it a going
concern ? Personally, I feel very much encouraged in comparison
with last year, when there seemed to be a lack of purpose and
policy. Now these things have been outlined more clearly and
we know better what the Society is attempting to do. But I
think a moderate course would be better and that perhaps five
dollars is best for the present.

T. B. West: When does this become effective, this year or
next?

Dr. L. H. Bailey : That depends on the action.

T. B. West : I did not understand whether it would take ef-
fect this year or* next. I think without question the fee ought to
be five dollars. All of us ought to be willing to pay five dollars
to belong to this Society whether we get anything out of it or not.
A society of national scope with a fee of only two dollars looks
cheap to me. If you make a fee that they are willing to pay and
then show the members you are doing something for them you
will build up the strength of the Society. I think nearly every
fruit grower in' Ohio can pay five dollars and is willing to do
it and I hope in the future we can raise it to ten dollars.

Dr. L. H. Bailey : The Secretary has a suggestion to make.

The Secretary : I have certainly been interested in this
discussion. It is necessary to have money in order to do anything,
but I suggested to Doctor Bailey a short time ago that at the
present time the Secretary, whether myself or someone else, has
to do something else as his own business and do the work of the
American Pomological Society when he can get a few hours,
which means that he will not be able to give to the membership
as much as he would like to and as much as they ought to have.

179

I would therefore make a motion that the fee be two dollars for
1922, or until the next meeting, with the recommendation that
at that time it be increased to five dollars. I make this as an
amendment to the other motion.

(Amendment seconded.)

Vote on the amendment; lost. (Vote on the original motion,
that the fee be five dollars; carried.)

W. C. Reed (Indiana) : What do you want to do about life
memberships. Do you want to change that, or do you want to see
how many life memberships you can get here at one hundred
dollars?

H. H. Hardie (Michigan) : I move that the life membership
fee be left at fifty dollars.

(Taken by consent.)

W. C. Reed: In order to finance the Society I would like
to join nineteen others in taking out life memberships at fifty
dollars each.

(The final subscriptions were) :

B. G. Pratt $50 00

W. C. Reed 50 00

Paul C. Stark 50 00

H. H. Hardie 50 00

L. H. Bailey 50 00

J. E. Smith 50 00

Toledo Rex Spray Co 100 00

W. Paddock 10 00

J. H. Gourley 10 00

W. H. Lloyd 10 00

W. S. Brock 10 00

C. H. Waid 10 00

R. B. Cruickshank 10 00

L. V. Doud 10 00

L. H. Bailey: If there is nothing further in this line we
will take up the next item of thi^ report.

H. P. Gould : The matter is still undecided about advisors
to the Secretary. I do not know whether this matter should be
discussed and carried through tonight or handled in some other
way.

i8o

Dr. L. H. Bailey : I should think those persons should be
named from the floor.

J. H. Gourley: I move that the President appoint these
men.

(Motion seconded, then an amendment offered that the
President and Secretary make the appointments. Amendment
accepted and amended motion carried.)

H. P. Gould: The next item is membership.

"3. Membership — regular and collegiate. At
present any campaign for new members rests with the
Secretary. That of itself is a heavy burden, if the work
be effective. A committee of really interested members
could doubtless accomplish much. The work of such a
committee should be directed by the Secretary. We
recommend that a committee be appointed, with the Sec-
retary as chairman, and that this committee be in two
parts, one to cover regular, the other collegiate member-
ship."

"4. Medals, awards, etc. Our recommendation is
that a standing committee on awards be appointed and
that this committee be charged with the awarding" of the
Wilder medal and- all others that may from time to time
be given by the Society ; further, that this committee be
charged with the canvassing of the entire situation to de-
termine what other awards, medals, etc., ought to be
given by the Society, if any, in addition to those that are
now given from time to time."

Dr. L. H. Bailey : We now have a committee consisting of
F. G. Charles, J. W. Crow, and B. D. Drain, and two of them are
working on this very problem, working out the details of the judg-
ing contest tomorrow. It would be perfectly agreeable to us, as
long as the members of this committee are not here, to ask them
to get memBbrships in the collegiate branch.

H. P. Gould: The matter of medals and awards has been
handled and a committee appointed, so we can go to the next item.

"5. Increase in consumption of fruits. Our Presi-
dent recommends the issuing of bulletins by all the ex-
perimental stations, colleges, departments of home eco-

i8i

nomics, etc., in which are set forth the value of fruit in
the diet. We heartily endorse such a program, but this
committee would place special emphasis on the work of
the home economics departments in the colleges, and also
on the work of home demonstration and other home ex-
tension agencies. These are the people who are reaching
those who put food on the table. We recommend especi-
ally that, whatever else be done, the Secretary's office ad-
dress a special letter to these agencies asking them to
stress as much as possible the use of fruit in the home
and perhaps referring them to the literature already
available."

The President's recommendation was that all the experiment
stations and colleges be requested to issue one bulletin'each during
1922 setting forth the value of fruit in the diet, and allied matters.

Dr. L. H. Bailey : I made that suggestion for the purpose
of getting publicity on the use of fruit and fruit products. I do
not know that any action is necessary as this is the program out-
lined by the Society. It is up to the Secretary's office — we want
him to earn his salary — to correspond with these different
agencies and see if they will take on such publication activities.

H. P. Gould: If the committee had known when it made
these recommendations what it knows now, it would not have
made the next recommendation.

"6. Cooperation and affiliation with State societies.
We cannot over-emphasize the importance of our Presi-
dent's references to such activities. The American Pomo-
logical Society ought to be the central clearing house for
all the State and Provincial fruit growers' organizations,
and each one should be, somehow, linked up with it. We
recommend that every Provincial, State and county or-
ganization or Society be urged to designate a member
who shall be its representative in the American Pomo-
logical Society and whose annual dues shall be paid by
each Society or organization so represented. It is be-
lieved also that as far as our funds permit, the monthly
or bi-monthly letters from the Secretary's office should
be sent to all horticultural society secretaries and other

lg2

officers, as a means of interesting them in the American
Pomological Society and its work. A committee on af-
filiation and cooperation between the American Pomo-
logical Society and other societies might well be desig-
nated. We recommend it.

In regard to the binding of the report the committee we
thought this was administrative and belonged to the Executive
Committee, and we have so recommended.

"7. The desirability of establishing a regular-sized
page and style of binding for the annual report needs no
discussion. It is self-evident. We believe this is a mat-
ter that the Executive Committee, in consultation with
those -familiar with printing, binding, etc., can best
handle. We recommend that the Executive Committee
be charged with this duty and that it be given power to
act. That is, that the action of the committee shall be
the action of the Society.

Dr. L. H. Bailey: There is no place in the annual report
this year in which a statement is clearly made as to the status of
society memberships. There is a regulation of this Society to the
effect that other societies may take out memberships and pay a
fee of $10.00, and they have certain privileges. We have a printed
slip which gives the official action of the Society taken some time
ago in this respect and that has been sent to every State and
regional society on the continent asking for their affiliation. Then
as I told you. Prof. Shaw was last year designated as the person
to attempt to procure these affiliated society memberships, the re-
sults of which is in the report this year. I think the fact that he
did not get as many memberships as expected is no reason why
this should be dropped. This should be taken up every year with
these organizations. I think as soon as the Society is thoroughly
on its feet there will be no question about the affiliations.

About the standardization of the report. Here is the report
of 1854 — you can see the way it is bound. Of course the bind-
ing is an additional ex])ense — about fifty cents for good cloth
binding. But the question is as to the size of these reports. For
some years they were published as quartos, and the suggestion is

i83

that we adopt a size of page, a format, and a general method of
compiling the report. I do not like the reports. They have good
matter in them, but I think the arrangement might be changed so
they would be more attractive and put up in the form of a book.
But what kind of binding shall we have ; what color shall we
have? It has been recommended that this be referred to the
Executive Committee with power to act. This means that some-
one who is familiar with editing and getting material ready for
the press will look into it with a good deal of care.

H. P. Gould : No. 8, which has to do with the raising of
funds, has been discussed.

The last item is that of nomenclature.

"9. The matter of nomenclature. We feel that the
importance of this matter is very inadequately appre-
ciated. Throughout its entire life this Society has stood
as the one body in America that has hadj a directing in-
fluence on fruit variety names. That influence has had
more or less general recognition, but it has nO' compelling
power. Its influence in this direction has sometimes
waned, and many times has been ignored. The whole
question needs careful, constructive, scientific considera-
tion. This committee recognizes the fact that nomencla-
ture work is very definitely research, work. The results
are not merely matters of opinion, where one man's is as
good as another's ; but rather, the results are matters of
fact, and the problem is to establish the fact or facts
which are involved. Not every one is so situated that
he can do research work in fruit nomenclature. The
placing of this work where it can best be done is a
matter that calls for earnest consideration. Our Presi-
dent has said as much in his address. He recommends
the publishing of the Code, after proper editing, as a
bulletin. This committee emphasizes the need of action
and recommends giving the widest publicity possible to
the Code, after it has received the editing our President
speaks of, and consideration with respect to revision
along lines suggested in the President's address, and in
any other respects that are essential to make it scientific
and workable. A committee to consider these matters

i84

should be appointed with power to act. The latter fea-
ture is necessary if the recommendation of the President
for the publication of the Code as a bulletin is adopted."

Perhaps in this connection I might call attention to the fact
that the committee on nomenclature of the American Society of
Nurserymen is also interested in this matter, and two members,
including the chairman, of that committee are here. They called
my attention to the list of fruit varieties prepared in 1920 by Prof.
Lake, a list which was, I think, prepared for the Nurserymen's
Association. I am sorry to say that there are some things in that
list which need correcting. Mr. Kelsey, member of the horticul-
tural committee on nomenclature, is also a member of the com-
mittee on nomenclature of the Nurserymen's Association, and
he has referred the matter to Mr. Simpson, who is chairman of
that committee in the Nurserymen's Association, and with a little
work I thing we can bring that list to a higher degree of com-
pletion than at the present time. The question might be whether
that list, brought up to date and with some corrections, should be
the list that we turn over to this committee to print, or whether
we should request that they print the list in the last issue of the
American Pomological Association, the list which was published
as Bureau of Plant Industry Bulletin 151.

Dr. L. H. Bailey: Could you go over the list for 1920 in a
week or two and make it conform to the Code?

H. P. Gould: I think so, putting in some new ones that
ought to go in and making some omissions.

Dr. L. H. Bailey: If in a week or so you could make this
list conform to the Code it could be given to this committee to
print. Mr. Gould has been appointed the chairman of the com-
mittee on nomenclature, with power. Now go to it !

H. P. Gould: Even though that list may not be the official
list of the nurserymen it could be the foundation of a list of the
Society and I am inclined to think such a list would be more
satisfactory to the nurserymen than this list.

Dr. L. H. Bailey: It will be the official list for us — you
are our committee.

W. C. Reed : As a member of the Executive Committee of
the American Association of Nurserymen I would urge upon you

i85

that this be gotten back to Mr. Kelsey as soon as possible, as it is
partly in type now, and as the Executive Committee of the
Nurser}'men's Association sent Mr. Kelsey a check for $1000 to
help get this out, I am sure that any corrections you wish will be
all right with the Association.

Dr. L. H. Bailey: In connection with the matter of nomen-
clature it was suggested today that we might desire to re-establish
the relationship between the American Pomological Society and
the United States Department of Agriculture. An appropriation
was made by Congress for nomenclature work and I believe three
bulletins were published.

H. P. Gould : There was no special appropriation made by
Congress for that, but the Secretary, Mr. Morton, ordered the
bulletins printed, and for several years after the death of Dr.
Lyon, Prof. Ragan was chairman of the committee on nomen-
clature and a member of our staff, so that it amounted virtually
to a paid chairman who devoted all his time to nomenclature
work.

Dr. L. H. Bailey: These bulletins were very valuable and
ought to be revived. In the early days it was published not only
in die list of fruits but also in our Proceedings, the last of these
being in 1891. The fruit catalog began about fifty years ago. We
have now a definite action to revive the fruit catalog. Mr. Gould
is chairman of the Nomenclature Committee connected with the
Department of Agriculture and I think it would be a good plan
to memorialize Congress asking that this be re-established. Of
course the chances are that it will be regarded as a publication of
the United States Department, and the danger is that the Society
might lose something of its identity, although I think it was a
perfectly satisfactory arrangement in Prof. Pagan's time. For
myself, I should like to see a cooperative movement of that kind
resumed. If we are to do that it is necessary to have a motion.

Prof. J. C. Blair: I move that this Society memorialize
Congress looking toward the resumption of cooperative work in
the preparation of a fruit catalog and the publication thereof.

(Motion seconded and carried.)

B. G. Pratt: I want to suggest this for the Executive Com-
mittee. I am a member of almost every horticultural society and
I try to attend as many meetings as possible. Is there not some
way in which the American Pomological Society through the Sec-

i86

retary's office, can be a clearing house for the meetings of the
different horticultural societies where this will not conflict with
some constitutional requirement as to the holding of these meet-
ings. As it is, a number of the meetings are held simultaneously.
We cannot be in two places at the same time and I think where
it is possible arrangements should be made to hold, say one meet-
ing at the first of the week and another at the last of the week,
and if the office of the Secretary could be a clearing house it would
be a tremendous help.

Dr. L. H. Bailey : Personally, I feel the time for the meeting
of this Society is September, as in the old days.

Prof. L. R. Taft (Michigan): I would like to make a
partial report for the Committee on Awards of the Wilder Medals.
The will of Mr. Wilder left this Society $5,000 to be used for this
work, $1,000 for Wilder medals. The Society has for a num-
ber of years given silver and bronze medals, sometimes in con-
nection with the work in horticulture, other times for new fruits.
The Committee wishes now to recommend, that the silver Wilder
medal for notable contributions to horticulture and to the work
of the Society be given to our President, Dr. L. H. Bailey. (Ap-
plause.)

Prof. J. C. Blair: I move that this be done. (Motion sec-
onded and carried.)

Dr. L. H. Bailey : I wish tO' say that I appreciate this very
much. It so happens that I have been the recipient of certain
medals and dij^lomas both from this country and abroad, and the
one I prize most is the Wilder Medal which I received in 1885
for an exhibit of native nuts and fruits, and with this medal,
coming at the last of my work, it is difficult to say which I will
prize the more. I very much appreciate this action. (Applause.)

H. P. Gould: There was a matter mentioned a little while
ago which if it is possible to bring to a head now would be de-
sirable. We have all seen the little medal which the Secretary has
secured for work in connection with the judging contests. If I
understood the suggestion it was tliat the design of this medal
might be adopted as the official seal of the Society. It seems to
me it is a very fitting and attractive design and I would like to
move that the design of that small medal be adopted as the official
seal of the American Pomological Society.

(Motion seconded and carried.)

i87

(Dr. Baile)^ then read a telegram from the International Fruit
Exchange of Chicago, inviting the American Pomological Society
to hold its next annual meeting and students judging contest in
connection with the International Fruit Exchange.)

Prof. J. C. Blair : I am sure I express the sentiments of
everyone here tonight, and of all members of the Society whether
present or not, when I say that we all appreciate the fact that
after a term of years our grand old organization has had breathed
into it the breath of life. The American Pomological Society it
seems to me reached its lowest ebb in 1916-17, for I remember
very well the meeting that was held in Boston in 1917 in con-
nection with the Massachusetts Horticultural Society, at which
time I think there were less then a dozen members of this or-
ganization present. I recall, too. the air of discouragement no-
ticeable on all sides. A group of six or seven of the old guard
met at the Copley Square Hotel on the second evening, in my
room, to discuss wa}'s and means, and the discouragement mani-
fest at that meeting was great. I remember one member said,
"Let's bury the d — d thing." Another said, "Yes, but let us have
a rosewood- casket and cover it with flowers and bury it with
honor, for this is an honored organization we are laying away."
And then later in the discussion there was one man who said that
in the entire membership of this organization there was but one
man who could save the institution, and was it not worth while
to enlist his sympathy and help. Another man said, "Who is
it?" and the reply was "Liberty Hyde Bailey." (Applause.) So
it was decided to wire him and find out if he would take the job
of putting new life into the Society. I am glad, Mr. President,
that I was one of the five or six who signed that telegram which
went to you asking if you would step into the gap and save the
American Pomological Society.

Word came back the next morning that if it was the wish of
those who had this matter in charge he would step in and do the
best he could. That day at the meeting Doctor Bailey was elected
President of this organization and from that day to this there has
been a steady growth. He has put into it not only the breath of
life, he has given it not only the inspiration such as seen today,
but he has given it a stabilizing equality, he has put into us a faith
in the organization which we have long wanted to have and now
we see that again this institution is a real live, going concern.

i88

Will you not rise with me in further expression to our honor-
able President of our appreciation of the service he has rendered.
(Applause.)

Prof. Laurenz Greene: I think Professor Blair should
tell us exactly who were at that meeting. From some of the quota-
tions, I would judge that Frederic Cranefield was one of the
number.

Mr. Frederic Cranfield : I was at that meeting, and I op-
posed the election of Doctor Bailey, because I said there were too
d — d many professors in the Society now. But I want to say
that tonight I agree with every word Professor Blair has said,
and it has been one of the greatest delights of my life to have been
associated in this work with President Bailey.

Dr. L. H. Bailey : I think I must say a few words in respect
to this matter. It was before the time of the Boston meeting that
I retired from university and educational work, so I was not at
that time a professor nor connected in any way with any institu-
tion. I expected and hoped never again to be connected in an of-
ficial way with any society, not because I did not like the work,
but because I had other work to do. I have consistently escaped
such connection except in the case of the American Pomological
Society. I want you to know the situation in which I now find
myself. I am devoting the remainder of my life to other lines of
work. I took the presidency with the distinct understanding that
I should not stop my work and my travel for its conventions. I
have stayed in the country this year for the purpose of attending
this meeting when I should otherwise have been somewhere else.
I am glad that I did. I may be nowhere near when you meet
again. It is not fair to the Society that the president should be
absent from the conventions. You ought to have someone as
President who not only knows this Society and is in touch with it,
but who can be present at its meetings.

I have been asked whether I would be willing to retain some
connection with the Society. I say yes, but what that connection
shall be I do not know ; that is for you to decide. I am interested
in it, and if I can do anything to help it along and still not neglect
the work in which I am engaged, I shall be glad; but you ought
to have someone who can be actively present and take part, at-
tend Executive Committee meetings. Whether he is an acting
Vice-President or an actual President, or whether he has some

i89

other official capacity in connection with the Society — I leave
that for you to work out. But I must not have the details of the
American Pomological on my mind for the next few years.

Now you see my situation. I want you to take action. I do
not say that I want you to disassociate me from the Society, but
take some action whereby the President's work can be passed to
someone else; within the limits of my power and of the oppor-
tunities I have and the leisure from other work, if I can be of any
service I shall be* only too glad to render it.

FRIDAY MORNING SESSION

The Friday morning session was called to order at nine-fifty
bv the President.

The President : There was a time when the people attend-
ing a horticultural meeting got to the meeting at eight in the morn-
ing; but in these later days it is difficult to get them out.

We will now begin the last session of this meeting of the
American Pomological Society. The first number on the pro-
gram is a paper by Dr Chandler, which was given yesterday in
the place of the paper of Mr. Davis of Ontario, so I will call on
Mr. Davis now to give us his paper on "Canadian Efforts to Im-
prove the Apple for the More Severe Districts." This will be par-
ticularly interesting to us on this side of the line — the develop-
ment of fruit on our northern border.

CANADIAN EFFORTS TO IMPROVE THE APPLE FOR
THE MORE SEVERE DISTRICTS

M. B. Davis,
Ontario

As the climatic conditions of the Dominion cover a wide
range, from where practically all varieties of tender fruits may be
grown to where only the hardiest of hardy fruits may be even at-
tempted, there enters in the field a great number of possibilities
and opportunities for the apple breeder. It remained for the Ex-
perimental Farms System, therefore, to decide upon some line of
endeavor with regard to its projects for the improvement of the
apple for Canadian conditions.

Three distinct phases or opportunities offered : First, to at-
tempt to originate newer and better commercial varieties for the
larger fruit districts where hardiness was of secondary considera-
tion; second, to undertake the origination of varieties for the
more severe districts which were limited to a few of the hardiest
varieties for the more severe districts, which were limited to a few

(190)

191

(if the hardiest varieties of our dessert apples; or third, to attempt
to create a list of varieties for the prairies where it was impossible
to grow edible varieties of the apple. The two latter phases were
decided upon as being the most urgent.

The first attempt at improving the list of varieties for the
severer districts was made in 1890, when 3,000 trees, grown from
seed imported from Russia, were planted. From this lot a few
apples were considered worth propagating, but after years of test-
ing only one can be considered a valuable addition to the ex-
isting list of hardy varieties. This one is Rupert, an apple
similar to Yellow Transparent, but hardier and earlier in
season. From this attempt it became evident that improvement
must be sought by introducing a greater amount of quality into
the seedlings than could be obtained by merely selecting within
the Russian varieties, ail of which are medium in that respect.
In 1918, therefore, seed was taken from such varieties as
Northern Spy, Mcintosh, Fameuse, St. Lawerence and Wealthy,
which were growing in the orchard at the Central Experimental
Farm, along with four or five hundred other sorts. From
this seed about 2,000 seedlings have been raised, and the actual
results have been most encouraging indeed, even though there
is much yet to be achieved. To date well over 1,200 of these
seedlings have fruited and the remarkable feature is that only
4. per cent of these produced fruit of crab-like nature. Another
remarkable point was the influence of the female parent on
colour, quality and keeping quality. Of the above lot about
luo were considered worthy of naming and holding for further
trial, but gradually, through the process of elimination, this num-
ber is being reduced, although to date five named varieties have
Deen selected for propagation and general introduction.

The list of really important commercial varieties which may
be grown in the severe districts, at present may roughly be classed
IS Duchess, Wealthy. Mcintosh and Fameuse, giving as one will
see a rather short season for edible apples. The Duchess at best
is only of medium quality and Wealthy can hardly be termed a
his:h-class dessert fruit, so one might really say that these districts
are limited lo two high-class varieties whose season exteri^s only
to Christmas, as there are really no winter varieties of sufficiently
high quality to compete with such apples as Spy and Delicious.

192

The object to be attained then resolves itself into obtaining
varieties earlier and later than Mcintosh, but approaching it in
quality, and at the same time possessing the factor of hardiness
developed to the highest degree, and here is the rub, especially in
the origination of the winter sorts. The first part of the program,
namely the obtaining of earlier varieties, is practically accom-
plished by the introduction of the five sorts mentioned a few mo-
ments ago. These are all seedlings of Mcintosh Red. Melba,
the first of these in season, is ready for use about August ist and
is a highly colored apple of excellent quality and should prove a
distinct acquisition to the fruit lists of any fruit growing centre
desiring a high-class apple earlier than Duchess. To replace the
Duchess variety, Joyce, of about the same season, may be men-
tioned. Practically as good as Mcintosh, of high color and bear-
ing at an early age, this apple would seem to merit considerable
attention. The next in season is Pedro, somewhat earlier than
Wealthy, midway in quality between it and Mcintosh, and a regu-
larly heavy yielder of high color. The next, Patricia, is a beauti-
ful apple in appearance and quality, just after Wealthy in season.
Lobo, the last of these, is looked upon in some districts as being a
possible successor to Wealthy, being of about the same season,
of better quality and a better keeper, of as high color, with a better
shaped tree to recommend it.

In addition to these five apples there are several winter
varieties which are decidedly better than any we now have, but
which require further testing to determine their hardiness. These
are all seedlings of Northern Spy and are as follows : Spiotta,
Emilia, Spiro, Bingo, Donald and Niobe. The last named is the
best in quality, being excellent in that respect, but lacking in color
Of the others, probably Emilia is the best in quality, with a con-
siderable amount of color.

Not all the work has been confined to growing seedlings where
only one parent was known. Considerable cross breeding has been
done, and it is of interest to note the crosses between Lawver and
Mcintosh and its reciprocal. This combination was made in the
hope that a variety combining the high quality of Mcintosh with
the keeping quality of Lawver and the color of both parents would
be obtained. Apples of high color and good keeping quality re-
sulted, but were a keen disappointment when it came to the test
tor dessert purposes. Another series of hybrids between such

193

varieties as Antonovka, Duchess, Winter Rose, Wealthy, Mc-
intosh, etc.. has given little of promise. These hybrids were
made after the test winter of 1903, when the majority of our
best sorts were killed out and it was then thought that hardiness
was the only consideration and that it would be wise to limit
endeavors to the crossing of varieties which contained this factor
highly developed, so with the exception of the quality from Mc-
intosh little of that factor was introduced.

There are now coming into bearing a series of most in-
teresting and promising cross-breds, made up of combinations
between such excellent sorts as Cox Orange, Grimes, Graven-
stein, Delicious, King and Bellefleur, with Mcintosh, Wealthy,
Fameuse, Duchess and Yellow Transparent as hardy varieties.
Here we have combinations which should give us color, quality,
hardiness and keeping quality, and it is hoped that from these
series the latter part of our program will be completed, namely
the obtaining of a number of high class winter varieties for the
northern districts.

Reference must now be made to the efforts to create a list
of hardy edible varieties for the Northwest plains. This work
was inaugurated by the late Dr. Wm. Saunders, then Director of
the Dominion Experimental Farms. He crossed the Russian
species, Pyrus baccata, with such sorts as Northern Spy and
Mcintosh and obtained a number of first crosses, all crab-like but
several times larger than the Pyrus baccata, which is about the
size of a small cherry. Of these first crosses two, namely Osman
and Columbia, seem able to resist the rigorous climate of the
Northwest plains and appear to mark an advance in the desired
direction. Dr. Saunders introduced a second infusion of true
Malus blood into his first crosses and several varieties have re-
sulted bearing fruit as large as 2^" in diameter and quite edible,
while apparently hardy, although this latter point requires further
testing in the Prairits. The best of these second crosses are
( I ) Rosilda, a cross between Pioneer and Mcintosh, Pioneer
being a cross between P. baccata and Tetofsky, a hardy Russian
sort; and (2) Wapella, a cross between Pioneer and Northern
Spy. If these two sorts prove hardy for the Northwest they
will prove distinct acquisitions to the horticulture of that area
and will mark a permanent step in the progress of the develop-

13

194

ment of satisfactory apples for that country. This work is still
being prosecuted by adding another infusion of pure Malus
blood to the best of these second crosses, by selfing for segrega-
tion where a variety is self fertile and by inter-crossing the best
of the second crosses where the process of selfing is impossible.

It might here be mentioned that in the work of Dr. Saunders,
Pyrus baccata was used as the female in every instance. Re-
cently hybrids have been made where Pyrus baccata has been
used as the male, using such varieties as Mcintosh, Wealthy, etc.,
as the female parent, so that if there is any difference in the in-
fluence of sex in the transmission of characters, benefit should
be derived from it in this latter series of crosses.

From all this wealth of material, by careful selection and
testing, surely there is no reason to doubt but that ultimately we
shall be able to offer the settler of the northern great plains a
number of varieties of apples of good quality and sufficiently
hardy to withstand his trying conditions. It is the work of many
life times, but if each generation can but add its quota of
progress, what appeared impossible forty or fifty years ago will
become an accomplished fact.

The President: Through some oversight there has not
been a committee on resolutions appointed. I will ask Prof. Pad-
dock and Mr. Cranefield to act on that committee. Is there any
discussion of Mr. Davis' paper?

Prof. Laurenz Greene: I was very much interested in
what Mr. Davis had to say regarding the early Mcintosh with
which they are trying to replace the Duchess and Wealthy. A
number of growers in our southern territory, especially in Ar-
kansas, have been anxious to find a red variety that would come
at the season of the Yellow Transparent and would not be sub-
ject to blight. I am interested to know whether these Mcintosh
seedlings withstand fire blight.

M. B. Davis : We have very little of that in our orchards
and consequently any information I would give in that respect
would hardly indicate whether it was so or not. With us there
are very few varieties that are ever touched with blight. These

195

seedlings with us are free. I think they have been tested at
Ames. The earliest apple we have in Canada is the Crimson
Beauty, but it is of poor quality and there is a great demand for
a dessert apple at that season of the year. Of course the Duchess
will always be used for that purpose, but at that time of the year
the people are begging for apples and will even take the Crim-
son Beauty. There is a great opportunity for early apples and
we think we have them now.

Prof. J. C. Blair: I would like to ask if in the breeding
work in Canada they have found any satisfactory seedling variety
which would do well in the great prairie region south and east
of Calgary in the Albertas?

M. B. Davis: No; the only thing that approaches a variety
that will do for them are some of this second list I mentioned.
They are very crab-like in nature, the largest size is about 2^",
and the flesh is crab-like, but they are the only varieties that
will grow in that part of the country. We hope eventually to
get them some of these other varieties. We tested out thousands
and thousands of the Russian varieties on our farms and they
are living, but the only one that has been any good is the Pyrus
baccata. In Manitoba they can grow the Duchess and Wealthy,
but they cannot grow anything more, and that is limited to
southern Manitoba.

The President : Will the native crabs grow on the plains ?

M. B. Davis: No; they wil not stand the winters. The
Red Siberian will come through most winters pretty well, but
che native crabs are not hardy enough for the great plains. Even
some of the hardy ones are killed back to the snow line. The
V^ellow Siberian is a hardy crab, but even that is killed back to
the snow line on the prairies.

W. S. Perrine : Southern Illinois is interested in a red
variety about as early as the Transparent, and if there is any-
thing anywhere we would like to know it. I would like to ask
Professor Greene if he knows about the Carson. It is supposed
to be a red apple about as early as the Transparent.

Prof. Laurenz Greene: I cannot answer that. I have
seen the apple this year for the first time.

F. H. Beach : I was talking to Mr. R. A. Simpson yester-
day regarding this variety and his experience was this — that

196

it followed the Transparent, but owing to certain deficiencies in
tree characteristics he is now top-working the trees planted. I
am unable to give a detailed report, but evidently he was not
pleased with this variety under his conditions at Vincennes.

Prof. J. C. Blair : I would like to ask Mr. Davis if he
thinks it is the continuous low temperature in those regions that
damages the fruit, or is it the variable temperature? Even
when you get the temperature down to 30° below zero you will
sometimes get considerable fluctuation. Is it the variable tem-
perature or the low temperature ?

M. B. Davis : I think it is due to the fluctuating tempera-
ture, say a sudden drop down 25°. The temperature does not
go much below zero in Ottawa, but on the prairies it drops from
a few degrees above to 25° or 30° below in thirty-six hours, and
in the spring of the year it will rise, the trees will start growth,
and then the temperature will drop below again. It is the sud-
den changes coupled with the fact that the trees do not ripen
properly. The ground will sometimes be covered with snow,
then the snow will go and the ground will be bare. It is not root
injury, but top injury, and they attribute it to the dropping from
above zero to 25° or 30° below, and then back again.

H. P. Gould : I would like to ask Mr. Davis if he does
not think the very dry condition of the atmosphere, the aridity, is
also an important factor in the killing of these trees on the
prairies and the great plains? I have had a litle experience on
the great plains and with some collections of fruit trees at some
of the stations through the great plains area, and we always felt
that the dryness of the atmosphere was a very important factor
'in the killing of the trees, as well as the low and the variable
temperatures.

The President: The next event on the program is "The
Prospect for Teaching in Pomology," and we are glad to have
this presented by Professor Blair, who has been responsible for
the remarkable development along this line in Illinois. Pro-
fessor Blair now has the floor.

197

THE PROSPECT FOR TEACHING IN POMOLOGY

Professor J. C. Blair,
Illinois

Mr. President and Members of the American Povnological

Society:

After nearly thirty years of helping to teach the subject of
Pomology I have reached the conviction that after all the most
difficult of all of our college subjects to teach is that of Pomol-
ogy. I am equally convinced that in the entire range of educa-
tional work there is probably no subject so poorly taught as the
subject of Pomology. This statement may challenge a good
deal of discussion in one place or another, but I make the state-
ment deliberately and after having visited and examined the
laboratory equipment in some thirty-four of our educational in-
stitutions in this country and in Canada during the last three
years.

Pomology is the most difficult subject to teach because in
academic work we have nowhere the wide range of varieties or
the variable nature that we have in this field. And when I speak
of the teaching of Pomology I do not mean only the teaching
of apple culture in its various phases, but also the teaching of
the other forms of tree fruits, vine fruits and small fruits.

This subject is the most poorly taught, on the other hand,
for the simple reason that the equipment for the teaching of this
subject is the most expensive to procure and the material the
most difficult to present to the live, expectant student. It is a
fine thing to have, as Professor Paddock and I had some twenty-
six or twenty-eight years ago, the untiring leadership of a great
man like Doctor Bailey in the classroom — even though he had
to teach horticulture at Cornell University with inadequate la-
boratory facilities and without land on which to grow the plants
he was talking about as only a great and inspired teacher can
talk. Indeed it was that conviction borne in those early days
that led me to answer the significant question which comes some-
times to the boy in the early years of his life when in school,
the question which varies in one way or another but which came
to me in this particular form from Dr. T. J. Burrill of the Uni-
versity of Illinois, in May, 1892, when he wrote to the school

198

boy in Ithaca and among other things put this question. He said,
"What are your wishes and tastes with reference to your life
work?" He had been led to write to me because there was a
minor job in the State of Illinois that needed to be done and
my teacher, Professor Bailey, said I was the man to do it. My
answer to that was simply this, "That my ambitions and my
tastes with reference to my life work were to make a contri-
bution to the pomological and horticultural development of this
country, especially in the way of so co-ordinating the work of
a department of horticulture that the boys and girls could have
better material with which to work than had been given them
heretofore." Now you may think that such a program, starting
so long ago, should have accompHshed something tremendously
significant; and yet as I. stand here today I feel very humble in-
deed, for I look back over twenty-five years and it seems to me
incredible that the amount of time and energy spent should have
produced such small results. Nevertheless, some rather im-
portant results have been attained, especially in the matter of
equipment and this is what I want to tell you about today.

Let me take you, by means of lantern slides, step by step
through this evolution or growth which has taken place at Illi-
nois, in the Department of Horticulture. Let me add here also,
that Pomology is being better taught in all our institutions today
because of the fact that the pomological and horticultural in-
terests throughout the States as well as the instructors and stu-
dents had reached the point where they were demanding and ex-
pecting the institutions to provide laboratory equipment for the
proper presentation of their subjects, and which is so essential
to the development of research as well as instruction.

I was told in those early days that Illinois was not a horti-
cultural State ; that it was in the great Mississippi valley where
corn and hogs and cattle were to be raised, and not an apple
growing or peach growing State ; that these things did not be-
long to the prairie country. I did not believe that, and today I
am sure we have reason to feel that Illinois occupies a rather
enviable position from the standpoint of horticultural develop-
ment, and no little part of it is due to the organized efifort of the
horticultural people of the State. I mean not only the great
Horticultural Society under the leadership of such men as Mr.

199

Perrine, who is here today, and who was for a number of years
President of that Society, but also the floricultural interests of
Chicago and Cook County. That organization was just as im-
portant in estabHshing pomological laboratories at the University
as the Horticultural Society, because of their influence with the
legislators at Chicago, and in that way secured their interest.
But, that was not all — the State Nurserymen's Association came
into being as the direct result of the necessity for some one to
look after the nurserymen's interests.

And so throughout the years there has been a gradual prog-
ress, yet with so many discouragements, so many breakdowns,
as it were, that it seemed many times as though our efforts
would be entirely nullified and lost. And on three different oc-
casions the Department of Horticulture of our University was
completely legislated, not only off the face of the campus, but
so far as we could see, off the face of the earth. By patiently
bringing together organized efforts over the State the situation
has improved and now we have a fairly good working start in
the matter of developing the horticultural and pomological labora-
tories. The land that we had in the early days was close in,
and it is necessary, in order to teach pomology and horticulture
to have our laboratories close at hand so the students can get
to the plants. And that was the difficulty with our situation,
for it seemed impossible to get the executive heads of the insti-
'tution to the point where they would spend thousands of dollars
for land upon which to plant trees when it was so sorely needed
for military purposes and for buildings for the liberal arts, en-
gineering, etc. There was the rub. We met that situation, how-
ever, by finally stepping outside the campus proper and making
our campaign for a half section of land, 320 acres. We got
two appropriations, and finally a third, for that- enterprise. Now,
we are at work developing plant laboratories to suit the needs
for material for the teaching of the different courses of study.
It is in these out-door working laboratories, and the indoor
laboratories now being built, that students can get first-hand ac-
quaintance with different plants, their characteristics and re-
quirements.

Let me now take you, by means of lantern slides, rapidly
over the program of development at Illinois, and show you in

200

concrete fashion some of the equipment we have brought to-
gether for teaching and for the research work of our Depart-
ment of Horticulture.
(SHdes shown.)

Dr. L. H. Bailey : I am wondering whether the persons
here understand the epoch in which we Hve so far as the teach-
ing of rural subjects is concerned. The teacher of literature, his-
tory and general science has his routine provided for him to a cer-
tain extent. He is set to teach a certain definite line of subjects
and the results to be attained are projected and fairly well known.
Then comes a series of subjects of this kind in which there are no
standardized results to be secured, in which there is very little ex-
perience as to the methods to be pursued ; and these persons are
not only to teach the subject, but often they must convince the
people that the subjects ought to be taught, and legislators that
they ought to have facilities. It is a most remarkable state of af-
fairs, and the very opposition, the inertia, the contention, have
stimulated these men to greater effort and have made it possible
for them to produce such developments as this of which we hear
from Professor Blair. And if they had not had this opposition
perhaps they would not have made such remarkable development
in the teaching of rural subjects.

Those who have taught in thes'e institutions have often had
to spend the major part of their time and energy in merely find-
ing the facilities with which to work. When we come to another
generation with a more standardized effort we shall then un-
derstand what has been the contribution of men like Professor
Blair and many others who have convinced the public mind that
there should be facilities and opportunities for the rural-minded
college youth of the land. Yet I sometimes fear that with the
expenditure of less energy, with possibly the necessity for less
public leadership, the teacher may lose some of the spirit of
enthusiasm.

We are practically up to our schedule, and we will now
have a paper by Mr. W. G. Farnsworth, "A Report from the
American Farm Bureau Federation Fruit Committee."

201

REPORT FROM AMERICAN FARM BUREAU FEDERA-
TION FRUIT COMMITTEE

W. G. Farnsworth,
Ohio.

Mr. President and Gentlemen:

The Fruit Growers' Marketing Committee of Twenty-one
appointed by President Howard of the American Farm Bureau
Federation for the purpose of determining' market conditions and
creating a better feeHng between the consumer and producer and
also the distributor, met at Atlanta, Georgia, on November 19th
and I am glad to say there was almost one hundred per cent, at-
tendance. In fact, out of the twenty-one members there were
nineteen present, representing the various fruit interests from the
grower, including the packer and shipper, to the marketing end
of it, and representing nearly all sections of the country and all
fruit interests, citrus fruits as well as the fruits grown in the
east. I believe every member of that committee fully realized
the position he was in, as well as the immensity of the problem
that had been handed to them for solution, and I think nearly
all of them came with the idea that they had but very little to
offer. They were in the dark as to just what could be done,
realizing there were so many problems and so many conflicting
interests to be considered that it would be a difficult matter to
form plans whereby they could all unite to accomplish the results
they were hoping for.

I was very much pleased with the spirit in which the men
went into the work. There was a gentleman there, Mr. Edwards,
from Redlands, California, who has been in California for thirty-
five or forty years. In fact, he made the statement that he had
been with the orange industry from the time when oranges were
packed in the orchard and hauled to the railroad station and
shipped that way, up to the present time. He is one of the of-
ficers of the California Citrus Association who are handling
oranges in a perfect way, not only owning their own packing
plants, but manufacturing their own packages and looking after
the selling. So he was well qualified to bring experience to that
meeting. They were all broad-minded men, not looking for their
own selfish interests entirely, realizing that this committee was

202

to work not only for the good of one branch of the industry, but
for the fruit industry of the United States. They were all there
in a spirit of hearty cooperation. We had a man by the name
of Stewart from Florida, manager of the Florida Citrus As-
sociation. He came as a doubting Thomas, the same as most of
them, doubting the possibility of what could be accomplished,
but I am glad to say this morning that while he came as a doubt-
ing Thomas he went away a converted Paul. And this could be
said of the rest of the committee. They saw a vision of what
could be accomplished in time. I believe you realize as well as I
do that this project cannot be put across in a week, or a month,
or a year, but we must grow to it as we gain information and
knowledge along these lines.

Your committee met on November 19th, called to order by
the temporary chairman, Mr. Nicols of Michigan, who was
elected permanent chairman. Mr. Durst of Chicago acted as
secretary of the meeting. We discussed the viarious problems
confronting us and each member was called upon to give his
views. But no one had any definite plan in view. They were
there with open minds to study the problem from all angles and
to decide carefully. You can realize that a mistake could easily be
made when so many interests are considered. After discussing
the various problems the committee dissolved into small sub-com-
mittees appointed by the chair and went into separate sessions to
take up the problems assigned to each individual committee. At
last something tentative was decided upon and I will read you
the plans, which are not completed as yet.

They elected an executive committee for the purpose of
looking after the executive work of the entire committee. This
committee was James Nicols, Samuel Adams, of the American
Fruit Grower of Chicago, and J. S. Edwards of Redlands, Cali-
fornia, a man of deep thought and very careful in his state-
ments; a man of few words, but what he did say counted. I
think this would apply to the other members, and I know it will
to Professor Greene from Purdue, a very strong man on the
committee, who did his work and is still doing it, heart and soul,
for the good of the public in general.

Then there was a committee on inter-relations, which will
work out lines of relationship between the fruit growers' as-
sociations and submit plans for the organization of a new as-

203

sociation. This committee will have a difficult problem. Some
of the strong organizations are almost perfected in the South
and they will have to form some plan that these large associa-
tions can adopt with profit to themselves ; also a plan that will
appeal to the associations that are weaker and smaller, possibly
to the local units that have no State Federation as yet. Then
they will have to appeal to the individual growers in different
localities, or to the local units, showing the advantage to be
gained by State and Federal organization. So you see the im-
mensity of the problem this committee has on their hands.

Then we have a publicity committee which will investigate
the advertising of fruit and ways and means of increasing the
consumption of the products. This committee will look after
what to my mind is the educational part of the work — seeing
that fruit is advertised so that its value as an article of diet will
be recognized.

Then we have a committee on transportation. This com-
mittee will investigate the car supply, the character of equip-
ment, and study the freight rates.

Then we have a committee on the standardization of pack-
ages, which will stud}' and recommend containers which will in-
sure the honest packing and grading of fruit. This will redound
to the benefit of all parties concerned. That is one point where
the entire committee agreed perfectly — • that anything that was
done along this line should be done for the benefit not alone of
the manufacturer, not alone of the consumer, but for the general
good of the entire public, realizing that the only way we can
accomplish anything and get anywhere is when we lay aside all
selfishness and unite for the common good. That is what this
committee has in charge — ■ the standardization of packages, and
Professor Greene is the chairman of that committee.

The legislative committee will study legislation affecting the
fruit industry, particularly as related to the manufacture of
fruit juices, and the grading laws. We have on that committee
Mr. Gray Silver. You know of his work in connection with the
American Farm Bureau Federation, which I must say is some-
thing out of the ordinary, the work he has accomplished along
legislative lines for that association.

Then we have also a finance committee which looks after
the financing of this work.

204

In closing I want to say a word or two as to the future
plans of this committee. The plan is that the various commit-
tees appointed are to hold separate meetings and take up the
special problems assigned to them. They are to get all the data
possible from all sources, and after studying this data and look-
ing it over and digesting it, then the Committee of Twenty-one
is to be called together, possibly along in January, if we can get
the preliminary work done before that, and then take up the
entire problem and see if we can work out a plan that will take
in all this association should do and get the plan working in
entire continuity.

I would like to ask you this morning for the hearty co-
operation of this Society. We know this Society can be of vast
help in solving these problems and I believe it is the duty of the
American Pomological Society. I know the committee will wel-
come any suggestions or assistance you may give them, and I
hope you will take some action before you close this session
whereby something can be done — some one person appointed,
or a committee, as you see fit, to act with us and meet with the
entire committee when we meet in January. I believe it is the
intention of President Nicols to call for a representative from
the different associations to give suggestions and assist in formu-
lating these plans, and I hope some action will be taken here this
morning before you close.

The President: This report is now before you for at-
tention. This is the last paper on the program. The other
papers, not being represented by their authors, will of course
be published in the report. The remaining business will be the
discussion of this report, the reports of one or two committees,
and the election of officers. This report of Mr. Farnsworth is
before you.

Prof. Laurenz Greene : Last year some of us who were
working on the Executive Committee of the American Pomologi-
cal Society tried to devise ways and means whereby this organiza-
tion could be of better service, knowing that only through that
method could it live and prosper as it has done in the past. A lot
of the things which Mr. Farnsworth has told you this morning as
to the plans of the marketing committee were in the mind of Dean

205

Bailey and the Executive Committee as the program of work
for the American Pomological Society. The matter of the af-
fihation with the American Farm Bureau in some form through
its Chicago office was discussed ; the possibihty of the estabhsh-
ment of the office of the American Pomological Society there was
discussed. It was my dream that the American Pomological
Society should be a national organization of the fruit growers
of America and Canada, through which they could speak in legis-
lative matters, transportation matter and other things ; where-
by the strawberry growers of the Ozarks, which is not a strong
organization could get the active cooperation and support of the
apple growers' organization, a strong, going concern ; whereby
the individual grower who had some problem which he was not
able to handle alone, could get the active cooperation and help
of the fruit growers of the country. That looks like the thing
that the American Pomological Society should do and I believe
that today it is the biggest service it can render.

With that idea in mind, some of us felt that a national sec-
retaryship should be established with well eciuipped offices that
could supply information on markets, on our own crops and the
possibility of their being marketed profitably, and in other ways
act as a bureau of information which would be of real service
to the individual grower, and where you could sell him ten dol-
lars' worth for two dollars. I believe that the Executive Com-
mittee last year had this vision, but at their Chicago meeting
after discussing the problem the American Farm Bureau Federa-
tion representatives were called in. The result was the confer-
ence of fruit growers held in Chicago on April 5th which re-
c|uested the American Farm Bureau to appoint this Committee
of Twenty-one.

It was a matter of deep regret to me that the American
Pomological Society, through its Officers and Executive Com-
mittee, did not absolutely handle that conference, did not super-
vise the appointment of the Committee of Twenty-one, did not
actively cooperate with President Howard in this movement. It
seems to me that it is not too late for the American Pomological
Society to be the centre of the organized fruit interests of the
United States. If the plans which Mr. Farnsworth has just told
you about crystallize, two things are going to become facts within
the next decade, and possibly sooner than that : First of all, a

206

fruit marketing department will be established by the American
Farm Bureau. I do not want to say anything here that will be
misunderstood, but I am confident that a paid secretary will be
established in the office of the Farm Bureau to look after the
fruit interests of the country — the thing which we have been
talking about in the American Pomological Society. . What will
be his duties? To send out the marketing information to mem-
bers of the American Farm Bureau and cooperative associations,
to State and county units ; transportation problems, legislative
problems, everything that we have been talking about will be
the duties of that official.

The second thing that I believe is coming to the pomological
interests of America is an organization — I do not know what
form it will take — where the California citrus exchange, the
Florida citrus exchange, the members of the federated associa-
tions of the Northwest, the apple growers, the packing associa-
tion of New York, the strawberry association of Louisiana, the
cherry growers of Wisconsin, are going to have a central or-
ganization through which their problems will be considered, and
the force, not only of all these large organizations which I have
mentioned, but of the smaller ones, and of the Farm Bureau
Federation, will be brought to bear upon legislation, transporta-
tion and other matters.

Here is the problem which I want to put to the American
Pomological Society membership. Will a duplication of effort
on our part as members of the American Pomological Society get
us very far? I do not want to criticize. The thing I have in
mind in bringing this to your attention is this — is there not
some way by which the American Pomological Society, with its
long standing, can become that central organization, can direct
the work of the secretary in charge of the marketing department
of the American Farm Bureau ? I do not know that there is. I
make that suggestion for your consideration. It seems to me
that it will be very difficult to get the fruit growers in Indiana,
Ohio and Iowa — these central states where the Farm Bureau is
strong — ^California with its central organization — to pay five
dollars into the American Pomological Society for the same
service they get for the ten dollars they pay for membership in
the State Farm Bureau, and other service in addition. This is
a practical problem. I do not want to throw cold water ; I simply

207

want to bring this to your attention to see if it is not possible
before it is too late for the American Pomological Society to be-
come that central organization of the fruit growers of this coun-
try. I should like to have Professor Paddock, Professor
Blair and other members in the Central West tell us whether or
not, on the program I have tentatively outlined, we can go out
and get a five dollar membership fee for the American Pomo-
logical Society. Is there not some way that we can combine our
efforts along this line?

The President : We have a very fundamental problem
before us, one that should have very careful attention.

Mr. Frederic Cranefield: With Professor Greene, it was
a matter of keen regret to me that the American Pomological
Society, through its Executive Committee at least, seemed unable
or unwilling to dominate that conference, and for a considerable
time thereafter I regretted it. I felt that this Society through
its Executive Committee had done the pioneer work, if you
please, and then when the time came we seemed to slip back and
let somebody else do this work. But after considering it for
several months I have lost this regret. I am well satisfied with
the outcome. Especially am I well satisfied since hearing this
report which we have looked forward to for some time. I wish
we could have had it last evening when we were discussing the
President's report. I understand now more clearly than before
just what this committee intends to do. That is purely a com-
mercial proposition. The Committee of Twenty-one will use
their utmost efl:'orts to advance the fruit interests of the country
in the marketing and sale of fruit and in finding the outlet for
fruit. It is very largely a dollars and cents proposition, affecting,
as Mr. Farnsworth has said, both the producer and distributor
as well as the consumer. Such work belongs properly in the
hands of such a committee and has the further advantage of
having the backing of a tremendous organization with almost
unlimited funds. That has been one drawback in the American
Pomological Society. We could do everything but raise money.
But immediately this committee was appointed there was any
amount of money at its disposal. Therefore is it not better that
we lay aside all our regrets and any little petty feeling we may
have had at any time and offer to cooperate with that as-
sociation ?

208

When it comes to the matter of duplication, that has been a
puzzle to me — how we were to offer our good will and all that
sort of thing to this Committee of Twenty-one, and then do the
things which Mr. Farnsworth has outlined in his report — then
what is left for the American Pomological Society to do? But
frankly, Mr. President and members, I am not worrying about
that. I used to worry a great deal years ago, when I was third
assistant to the janitor of the horticultural department of the
agricultural college of the State of Wisconsin, about work. I
was afraid somebody else was going to do the work that I was
to do. But after a great many years I saw that there is so much
to do that with all our efforts we can only make a litle dent
in it. There is still much work for the American Pomological
Society to do. We have just scratched the surface, and there
is. more work than this Committee of Twenty-one can do in the
lifetime of its members. In the meantime let us give to the
Committee of Twenty-one the right hand of fellowship and lend
to it all the support possible.

H. H. Hardie : When this problem came to us it came in
the form of a marketing proposition, and when this Committee
of Twenty-one was formed by the Farm Bureau Federation it
was, as I understood it, a marketing division. When we first
took up the problem that was what we called it — the marketing
division of the American Pomological Society. When we got
into it further and analyzed it, considered what it meant to market
fruit over the United States, the problem looked so big that it
frightened us. I do not suppose anybody would dream of try-
ing to raise a million dollars this year for the American Pomo-
logical Society ; you would think it out of reason if I were to say
a million dollars was a small sum to put behind the marketing
division of the American Pomological Society. It is such a big
undertaking that there is only one concern that can handle it,
which is the American Farm Bureau Federation and nobody
else. There are only two fruits grown in this country that are
properly marketed ; one is the banana and the other is the cran-
berry. The marketing of the banana is remarkable, for they
have it down to such a science that it is almost true that you can
buy bananas any place at any time at about the same\ price. But
you find out what it costs — I venture to say it has cost over a

209

million dollars for the marketing division of the United Fruit
Company to market the banana alone.

This American Pomological Society started out to be a
scientific organization. We felt if we could get the Federation
of Farm Bureaus to take up this proposition of marketing Ameri-
can fruits, there were still plenty of things the American Pomo-
logical Society could do. It seems to me what it should be more
than anything else is a clearing house for information pertaining
to matters connected with the fruit industry, and I do think
there should be very clear lines established. We ought to have
a clear program of what we are going to do and what we can do,
and I am very much against trying to start something we do not
think we can finish. But I do think we ought to have a clear
program as to what we are going to do, and also a clear program
as to what the Farm Bureau is going to do. I do not think it is
necessary for them to clash. There is so much to do that both
organizations can be kept busy and can use all the brains and
money at their command, and still leave a lot of things undone.

It seems to me the most important thing to do at this time is
to have a clear understanding of the program, of what the
American Pomological Society is going to do, and then cooperate
with the Farm Bureau Federation, so we are not trying to do the
same thing. I think that could be worked out very easily and the
two jobs divided. They would naturally interlock to a certain
extent, but we can have a definite program for both organi-
zations

The President : This goes to the root of things with re-
spect to this Society and we ought to discuss it pretty thoroughly.

Prof. Laurenz Greene : I would like to hear from Mr.
Simpson. He is a Farm Bureau man and was a delegate to the
conference in Chicago. If the American Pomological Society
deletes from its program all that pertains to marketing, will it be
easy to go out and sell memberships in the American Pomologi-
cal Society in the corn belt?

R. A. Simpson : I believe after this work is started and the
farmers and fruit men understand the possibilities of what is
being done by the Committee of Twenty-one, that they have
something that is feasible, that the Pomological Society will
naturally develop and get a great many more members through

14

210

the farmers' organization. And since we cannot finance this
thing first-hand from this end the thing for us to do is to have
this executive committee of this Committee of Twenty-one, who
are probably all members of the American Pomological Society,
represent us, appoint them as our representatives, and in that
way cooperate with them. We could then get a good member-
ship and really be the ones who are at the head of this marketing
organization.

The President : Mr. Simpson makes the same suggestion
as Mr. Farnsworth did — to have a committee to stand be-
tween the two which will represent this Society in the Committee
of Twenty-one.

Prof. Laurenz Greene : There is one impression that I
want to correct. Someone, I believe it was Mr. Cranefield, said
that there was an unlimited fund immediately available for the
Committee of Twenty-one. Mr. Farnsworth will tell you that
the Committee of Twenty-one had no funds. The members paid
their way to the first meeting. Whether they will ever be re-
imbursed is a question. So far as I know of the Farm Bureau
Federation, not one cent from their treasury will go to this Com-
mittee. It will be financed entirely by the fruit growers and
fruit growers' organizations.

R. A. Simpson : I think the American Pomological Society
might do some good work by throwing out the precaution that
the Committee of Twenty-one do not undertake more than they
can put over ; to go step by step, not attempting too much. It
would be a mistake for this committee to try something and fall
down. I believe in that way we might be able to do something
that is worth while. There is no use undertaking something
that we are not pretty sure we can put over. Better take it step
by step.

W. G. Farnsworth : I see that Mr. Simpson has the same
idea that the Committee of Twenty-one had. They wanted to go
carefully. They realized the size of the problem they had to
solve, and that is why these various committees were appointed,
to meet again in a general committee meeting later on. As Pro-
fessor Greene said, the committee financed itself. A good many
of the larger organizations in California and Florida are taking
care of the expenses of their delegates, and they have an un-
limited fund to fall back upon.

211

Mr. Cranefield: I stand corrected, Mr. President. I was
under the impression that this work was to be financed wholly
by the American Farm Bureau Federation.

W. G. Farnsworth : Not the preliminary work.

Mr. Cranefield: Will it later?

W. G. Farnsworth : Yes.

Mr. Cranefield: If the Committee does not derive sup-
port from the Farm Bureau Federation, from what source is.
it expected that the support will be derived? I am asking this
question, not to inquire into the work of the Committee, but I
am trying to arrive at something.

W. G. Farnsworth : The American Farm Bureau has of-
fered us help in the way of furnishing a secretary to take care
of this work of collecting data and information, but they have
not offered us financial aid to take care of the expenses of this
Committee of Twenty-one. A number of the members of the
Committee said they believed their State associations would take
care of the expense for the preliminary work until something
definite comes out of the work, and then that it will be taken
care of by the American Farm Bureau Federation, we hope.

Frederic Cranefield: I am trying to fix this thing clearly.
The expenses of the Committee of Twenty-one is an insignificant
matter ; it will not amount to much one way or another. But the
field of work you have outlined is not insignificant ; it will cover
years and years and will take hundreds of thousands of dollars
to complete it. It is quite likely that the Committee has already
looked ahead to see the sources from which that money is com-
ing, just as the American Pomological Society is looking ahead.
I want to repeat that it is quite within the province of this Com-
mittee to do this work, and the thing for us to do is to cooperate,
unless they try to cover the whole field of horticulture, market-
ing, distribution, and everything else in the whole wide world,
and if they attempt to do that then there is nothing left for the
American Pomological Society to do. That seems to be pretty
nearly the way it has been outlined — marketing, transportation,
publicity. I am anxious at this rhoment to know what the
American Pomological Society is going to do and what is the
work of the Committee of Twenty-one.

Professor Laurenz Greene : I would like to say one word
in regard to financing the Committee. The Committee of Seven-

212

teen on grains was financed by donations from various State
farm bureaus, I think about six or seven states, not from the
treasury of the American Farm Bureau Federation. The live-
stock committee was financed by about five states, and the dairy
committee is being financed by the dairy people, not from col-
lections made from State farm bureaus. But it was the feeling
of the Committee of Twenty-one that this work, if sufficiently
important, ought to appeal to the fruit interests for their support
and would go over in a much better way than if it were sup-
ported by donations from farmers who had no fruit interests.
Therefore it is the intention that whatever financing is done shall
be done by collections from fruit growers, either individually or
through associations.

H. H. Hardie : I want to give you some light on this
financing proposition. Possibly I was misunderstood in my re-
marks. I did not want to convey the idea that it was my opinion
that there were a million dollars back of the Federation of Farm
Bureaus for this particular proposition. But there is back of this'
Committee the biggest farm organization in the world, with all its
resources. For instance, they have an attorney who looks after
their legal affairs who gets a salary of $15,000 a year. They
liave other salaried men looking after legislation, they have other
men looking after transportation. Now this fruit division of
the Farm Bureau Federation will be financed by the fruit grow-
ers themselves, but they will have free access to all of the exist-
ing organizations of the Farm Bureau Federation. They will
have the assistance and help of the Washington office, the New
York office, and the other general offices. They have an or-
ganization. We call a meeting of the American Pomological
Society and get fifty members from nearby territory. The Farm
Bureau Federation calls a meeting and they get members from
California to Maine. We all hope to see the time when the
American Pomological Society can have as much influence or
more than the Federation of Farm Bureaus, but you must look
the thing in the face. At the time this thing was started we were
getting $2.00 each from five hundred people and saw no way of
getting any more, and it did look to the executive committee
that we could not see our way to take up this bigger proposition,
and we thought if the American Federation of Farm Bureaus
could accomplish it quicker than we, it would be all right. We

213

did not care who did it so long as it was done ; the important
thing was to have the work done. At the same time we did not
think there was any necessity for there being a clash of activities
between the Farm Bureau Federation and the American Pomo-
logical Society. There is plenty of work for both organizations
if we use both of them in the best way.

R. A. Simpson": I would like to suggest that we make a
special effort to get all the members of the committee of Twenty-
one to belong to the American Pomological Society. Most of
liiem do, but I think that is important.

The President: I think the Secretary will look after that.
Mr. Farnsworth and Mr. Simpson suggested that there should
be some sort of a committee appointed to represent the Ameri-
can Pomological Society with the Committee of Twenty-one.
Will you take up that suggestion for action?

W. G. Farnsworth: Might I offer this suggestion? At
our meeting it was decided that our Chairman should call for
representatives from the various associations throughout the
United States, and we would like to know who to call. We want
some responsible official appointed so we will know who repre-
sents the American Pomological Society. Mr. Nicols will then
notify him to come to the meeting of the Committee in January.

W. S. Perrine : I would suggest that this committee as
far as possible be made a committee that already exists so there
will not be a duplication.

The President: That was the idea, that there should be
some person delegated by this Society as representative in case
the Committee of Twenty-one wishes to confer with the Ameri-
can Pomological Society and have it represented at this .meeting.

Prof. J. C. Blair : It would seem a good idea to have one
representative that could be called upon as our representative,
and I would suggest that Mr. Farnsworth would be the proper
man.

W. G. Farnsworth : I want to be clearly understood. I
would be willing to serve, but I believe it would be advisable to
have some person who is a member of the American Pomological
Society but not; now a member of the Committee of Twenty-one
appointed to confer with this Committee.

Prof. Laurenz Greene : I would like to move that the

214

presiding" officer, whoever he may be, should be that representa-
tive.

(Motion seconded.)

The President : Do you mean the President ?

Prof. Greene: If he is in this country; if not, the active
presiding officer.

(Motion carried.)

Paul C. Stark : I have Ijeen Hstening to what has been
said on this subject and I beHeve that everybody here who is in-
terested, directly or indirectly, in the good of the fruit growers
wishes well for the Committee of Twenty-one, because it is fund-
amental. It means that the fruit growers' position will be
strengthened and improved, and if that is true it affects us all.
I believe anyone who goes around the country and sees the lack
of interest among a lot of fruit growers, in spite of the work
of colleges and experiment stations, will realize that probably
here is a way to handle the situation. The country is mighty big,
and if there are 500,000 fruit growers in this country this Com-
mittee of Twenty-one has a big job on its hands. I am a mem-
ber of the Farm Bureau Federation and am deeply interested in
the work they are doing. It will affect me directly and indirectly.
But there is so much to be done that in spite of all their other
agencies I believe the American Pomological Society has a big
place to fill. I would like to see this Society get five thousand
members in this coming year. We have this work laid out be-
fore us and I think we should cooperate to the fullest extent
with the Committee of Twenty-one. because their success will be
our success, and I believe there^ is more than enough work for
both organizations. I would like to see the fullest cooperation
and the best results for the good of the fruit growers.

C. H. Waid : Bringing it closer home, we have the same
situation within the States that we have been discussing here.
We have in Ohio a fine Horticultural Society, and we have a
Farm Bureau. At the last annual meeting of the State Horti-
cultural Society we appointed a committee to consider the re-
lationship between the Farm Bureau and the State Horticultural
Society, and that committee has announced that there has been
an additional committee or council appointed representing the
important fruit-growing counties, and that committee is work-
ing very closely in cooperation both with the State Horticultural

215

Society and the State Farm Bureau. There is no clash what-
ever; they are working hand in hand. We feel there is a field
for both and both working together they can accomplish more
than can be accomplished independently. I believe the same
thing is true so far as the national movement is concerned. The
men who are working on this problem are men of experience,
men who are thinking deeply, and it seems to me the time will
come when this problem will be in much better shape than at the
present. I do not see any reason why there should not be the
closest co-operation between the State farm bureaus and the
State horticultural societies, and between the American Pomo-
logical Society and the American Farm Bureau Federation.

Prof. Laurenz Greene : I do not believe there is any pos-
sibility of a clash ; that is the farthest from my thought. I wish
to ask this body, if the fruit growers of America (forgetting the
Farm Bureau) through their local and State associations organize
a national association, will the American Pomological Society be
interested in having any official connection with it? An associa-
tion of fruit growers only.

Mr. Frederic Cranefield: I do not quite understand Pro-
fessor Greene's division. I am not at all afraid of a clash. It is
duplication I am afraid of. There is no use in two organizations
attempting to do the same thing at the same time. But your idea
of a fruit growers' organization is not quite clear. You ask if
the American Pomological Society would affiliate. That is some-
thing in the future. But my thought is that there would be
duplication of eft'ort. I do not believe there is a place for an-
other national fruit growers' association.

WATER TRANSPORTATION FOR APPLES

M. L. Dean,
Washington

In taking up the discussion of Water Transportation of Ap-
ples there is a factor which enters into the subject tending strong-
ly toward the educational side of the question. The education
of the matter or rather a clear understanding of the problem
enters into the distribution of the product really more than it

2l6

does into the transportation. It is not a difficult matter to as-
semble the fruit on the western coast and embark it by water for
the foreign or eastern U. S. ports. But it is' difficult to make the
dealers and jobbers of the East see that it is of equal advantage
to him to have fruit transported to him as it is to have it de-
livered across the country through all kinds of weather, subject
to all degrees of damage over the steel rails. There are of course
some questions in connection with the diversions of what we
might call "tramp cars" which might be difficult to solve but in
my judgment that practice should be eliminated as much as pos-
sible and for that reason I believe the water transportation might
solve some of those objections.

Previous to the recent war there was much agitation of this
subject and several ships were in the process of construction for
the refrigerator transportation of fruit but conditions of course
immediately changed and the matter has not again come promi-
nently before the people until within the past two years. Last
season some shipments were made and the delivery was made in
A. I condition. This has encouraged this method of transporta-
tion until this season there have been a number of boats equipped
which have been moving large quantities of fruit. Some of the
larger organizations in the west are contemplating the establish-
ment of independent boat lines for the delivery of their product
to the outside markets. As the fruit industry increases in the
west, ample rail transportation almost seems impossible and this
is one avenue whereby relief can be secured.

It is a fact that the availability of refrigerator ships for the
carrying of apples into foreign ports has been a long established
service, and the features of that manner of movement need not
be discussed, but as the movement of apples from the West to
the East Coast by water is new and not thoroughly understood,
the details of such movement will bear explanation. Of course
there is no radical difference between the movement of apples
by water from Coast to Coast than the movement of apples to
foreign ports, with the exception that the intercoastal movement
comes into competition with the rail carriers and for that reason
the advantages of both means of shipment should be compared.

Since the opening of the Panama Canal, steamships with
common storage facilities have been available to apple shippers
out of the Port of Seattle, but as yet apple shippers seem loath to

217

trust their apples to these ships, in view of the uncertain factor of
ventilation. Ventilation in these ships is accomplished in several
manners. The first is by the simple draft created by the motion
of the ship. This current of air passes thru ventilators and is dis-
tributed into the hodes, passes up, and goes out, after circulating
through the fruit, into the open air again. Of course the tem-
perature -of fruit, under this system, follows closely the different
temperatures of the air through which the ship passes. Under
this system, the record of one ship showed an average temperature
of 69 degrees for the entire voyage thru the Canal. The highest
recorded temperature was 74 degrees at which time the tempera-
ture of the air in the shade was 88 degrees, F., and the tempera-
ture of the water 85 degrees F.

The second manner of ventilation is by forced air — the
electric fans being so arranged that the air is sucked in, or ex-
pelled thru the ventilators. This system is uniformly successful
on North Atlantic shipments.

A third plan has been tried which has the merit of main-
taining several degrees lower temperature than the air thru which
the ship passes. This method consists of placing fans down low
in the ship's hold, under the water line, next to the skin of the
ship. The temperature of the air at this point is always that
of the water thru which the vessel passes, and is considerably
lower than summer temperatures of the air and also considerably
warmer than freezing temperatures of the outside air:

It is only very recently that refrigerator steamships have
been available for carrying apples from Coast to Coast. The
first ship in this service left Seattle November 12th. At the time
of her loading in Seattle, she was inspected by a representative of
the Wenatchee Valley Traffic Association, and by a Government
Fruit Transportation and Storage specialist. They inspected the
ship in regard to her insulation, refrigerating machinery and man-
ner of stowing of apples. During her voyage from Coast to
Coast she will have on board a representative apple grower who
will watch the temperatures from day to day. The result of this
trial shipment should be available by the first of the year.

To show the elaborate equipment for refrigerating purposes,
the following data of the SS Deerfield is given. The Deerfield
has a gross tonnage of 7,551 tons and a net tonnage of 4,644 tons.
Her length is 435 feet; breadth 58 feet; depth 27 feet. Her

2l8

refrigerating plant consists of three single York type 80 ton unit
engines. These engines were constructed by the York Manufac-
turing Company, in 1919. Her general system is CO2 Brine Cir-
culating. Insulation consists of Mineral Wool and Slab Cork.
Her entire system has been tested by Lloyds and found to be
more than ample for the needs of the ship. Under working condi-
tions she maintained 13 degrees F. below zero for the entire
ship for a period of two weeks. The refrigerated space is divided
into fourteen separate compartments in any one of which any
degree of temperature may be maintained independently of any
of the others. Her total refrigerated space is 413, 673 cubic feet.
It might be added that the general figure for the stowage factor
of apples may be placed at two cubic feet per box which would
mean this ship's total carrying capacity was about 207,000 boxes
of apples.

Other ships of like capacity may be furnished as the de-
mand requires. At the present time, there are nine intercoastal
steamship lines into the Port of Seattle, the majority of which
would be capable of use for ventilated space. Their carrying
capacity of course far exceeds any demand that the apple ship-
pers would put upon them.

The following is the manner in which a shipment of apples
will move from Yakima or Wenatchee to any East Coast port
and all the incidents of the shipment are given. When space has
been secured in advance aboard any steamer from Seattle, the
interior shippers are notified of the date of loading of the ship,
in sufficient time for them to load and dispatch cars to Seattle.
The cars used for this purpose may be ordinary box cars with-
out the equipment of heaters or other paraphernalia. For this
reason, shipments may be gotten off promptly, even during ex-
treme car shortages, for the equipment used in bringing apples
to this Coast may be of such a character as would not be suitable
for a trans-continental rail haul.

The only freezing temperatures to be encountered on the
westward haul, would be on the eastern side of the Cascade
Mountains and these would not be over a few hours in duration.
Once consignments passed the summit, the mild Puget Sound
climate will not endanger them. Upon arrival at Seattle, the
apples may go into suitable storage facilities on a number of the

219

piers. Many piers may furnish ample frost proof storage facili-
ties, and other piers can furnish cold storage room.

Special attention is called to the Spokane Street Pier, which
was constructed primarily for the apple trade and has unexcelled
equipment. The apples being unloaded on the wharf, and the
ship having arrived, the next feature is loading from wharf to
ship. This is usually accomplished by loading by hand on to
small flat cars, holding about forty boxes per car, drawn by
electric tractors in trains of five or six. These trains move from
the storage pile on the dock to the ship's side. The ship's tackle
then grabs the entire platform, from the small car, which is usual-
ly called an aeroplane and the forty boxes are hoisted without
further touching up and over the ship's side and lowered into
her hold. From place of rest in the ship's hold, they are conveyed
by the roller conveyors used in apple packing houses to the place
in the ship's hold where they are finally stowed.

As each tier of apples is placed, dunnage in the form of
1-3 strips is laid along the ends of the boxes, so that the super-
imposed tier rests on the dunnage and not at all on the thin box
boards. This dunnage extending laterally thru piles of boxes
binds the whole cargo into a solid unit so that it cannot shift.
The entire weight of the cargo is carried on the extreme ends of
the boxes. Unloading is just the reverse of the method just -de-
scribed, with the exception that this being perishable refrigerated
cargo, it is either discharged upon a heated pier or any cold
storage warehouse, or directly to the receiver's conveyance, so
that the cargo is not exposed for any appreciable length of time
to either heat or cold.

The present rates for this class of service are slightly less
than the thru rail rate. The rates on ventilated ships are even
less. Advocates of shipment by railway contend that the diversion
feature of cars upon route makes their marketing sure. How-
ever, there should be in the Eastern ports a market for fruit that
would be actually consumed in such ports, wherein the perfect
condition of the fruit should be a primary consideration. The
receiver shall be the actual consumer of the fruit and not merely
a speculative broker. Upon the regular establishment of the re-
frigerator service, the rates on apples should be lowered to such
a point as to permit of a back haul from Atlantic Coast ports.
Rates on ventilated ships now permit of this feature.

220

The time of transit from Yakima or Wenatchee to New
York may be roughly set at thirty 4ays. This may be relatively
certain in view of the fact that a ship which is a large unit, is
very costly to operate and equally costly in the matter of de-
murrage per day varies with the size of the ship, from several
hundred to several thousand dollars per day; hence ships must
move rapidly to be profitable.

This is not so imperative with the smaller unit of a railway
car, which may be side-tracked, become in bad order, run into a
snowbank, may be derailed or suffer numerous other delays for
which there is no appreciable loss, in the nature of demurrage, to
the operator.

At the present time, apples may be received with equal facility
by rail or water in any port save that of New York. In the Port
of New York, apples are received over the Erie Pier upon which
is located the fruit auction. This pier is not available because
of depth of water to ocean going ships, but other piers close by
are convenient.

It is the present intention of the Port Authority of New
York to construct, and construction has commenced, on a $2,-
000,000 terminal, intended expressly for the receivers of perish-
able produce. This terminal should be available by next season.
Other cold storage plants in New York, Brooklyn and Jersey
City are at present available for apple shipments, but owing to
the custom of selling across the Erie Pier, New York receivers
are slow to accept shipments in any other manner than over the
Erie Pier. However, this objection would have no valid weight
with those receivers who are not ordering apples for speculative
purposes, or who do not expect to divert cars in transit.

A railroad car at best is too small a unit to demand personal
supervision in transit. In the summer, cars are iced. In winter,
they are heated, but there is no record kept of variation of tem-
peratures of melting of ice or of overheating by lamps, or freez-
ing because the same have been extinguished. In contrast to this,
consider the costly and extensive equipment of a refrigerator ship,
which at all times, day and night, is in charge of a certified engi-
neer, whose duty is to maintain within a degree any temperature
shippers may indicate. For apples, shippers have designated 35
degrees P., and this temperature shippers may be absolutely
certain will be maintained without variance during the entire

221

voyage. So this opportunity is open for shippers to place on the
Eastern Seaboard their fruit in perfect condition.

Shipments by water carry Marine Insurance, and in case of
loss thereunder it is the pride of insurance companies to adjust
such losses within a period of thi_rty days. Claims for loss on
railway are at the tender mercies of the claim department.

Consider the ship as a cold storage plant. Apple shippers
may actually personally see their fruit go into such cold storage
plant, in Seattle, and absolutely know that such fruit will arrive
at destination in exactly the same condition in which they last
saw it, hence avoiding any argument with receivers as to condi-
tion of the fruit.

Such a method of shipment warrants apple men in sending
their very best and costliest fruit by water route as soon as con-
ditions in the east are adjusted so that present objections by ill
advised dealers are removed.

REPORT OF COMMITTEE TO AWARD WILDER
MEDALS

Your Committee recommend the following awards :

SILVER MEDALS

1. To Doctor Liberty Hyde Bailey, President of the Ameri-
can Pomological Society, for his notable contributions to horti-
culture and his work for the Society.

2. To the Arizona Agricultural Experiment Station, Tus-
con, Arizona, for an exhibit of leaves, fruit clusters, photographs
and dried fruit of 2"] varieties of dates, in baskets and boxes.

3. To J. L. Dumas and R. T. Reid, Washington, for a col-
lection of 20 varieties of apples of unusual excellence.

BROXZE MEDALS

1. To E. A. Riehl. Alton, Illinois, for a collection of i
variety of walnut, i almond, and 19 varieties of chestnuts, the
result of cross-breeding.

2. To the Fruit Products Department of Massachusetts
Agricultural College, Amherst, for an interesting and instructive
exhibit, showing 7 jars of jam and 5 glasses of jelly made from
10 pounds of grapes ; 1 1 glasses of jelly and 4 jars of butter from
5 pounds of plums. An exhibit showing food value of fruit and
fruit products expressed in sugar, and various uses of fruit
peelings.

HONORABLE MENTION

Central Experimental Farms. Ottawa, Canada, for a col-
lection of 53 seedling varieties of apples, mostly crosses with Mc-
intosh or Northern Spy, developed for the purpose of securing
varieties that will be of good quality and cover a long season, or
show extreme hardiness.

Ohio Experiment Station, Wooster, for an exhibit of 31
flats showing 20 of the more valuable commercial sorts for Ohio ;
also plates of 93 other varieties of apples.

(222)

223

Yakima Valley, Washington, for a commercial exhibit of
30 boxes showing 6 varieties, the fruit exceptionally well grown
and handled.

The California Prune and Apricot Growers, Inc., San Jose,
California, for an exhibit of Sunsweet prunes in boxes, including
two cases of prunes put up in 5-cent retail packages ; also photo-
graphs showing the growing and dr\'ing of prunes.

O. F. E. Wlnberg, Silverhill, Alabama, an exhibit of kum-
quats, tangerines and prape fruits.

Georgia Experiment Station. Experiment, Georgia, a col-
lection of 27 plates of pecans, including several of much ex-
cellence.

Department of Horticulture, Alabama Polytechnic Institute,
Auburn, 11 varieties of pecans of considerable merit.

Clark Alhs, Medina, New York, an exhibit of bottled cider
of excellent flavor and neat appearance.

Food Products Laboratory, College of Agriculture. Berkeley,
California, a collection of 10 fruit drinks and 5 cans of jam and
fruit juices.

Certo Sales Company. Rochester, New York, samples of
Certo and 62 containers of Certo jelly of various fruit flavors.

Yuma ]\Iesa Orange Ranch. Yuma, Arizona, exhibit of navel
oranges and grape fruit. ^ ^ Gourley,

L. R. Taft,

Committee.

Prof. L. R. Taft : I move the adoption of this report.
(Motion seconded and carried.)

The President : We will now have the report of the Com-
mittee on Resolutions.

REPORT OF CO^vIMITTEE ON RESOLUTIONS

The thanks of the American Pomological Society are due
the Chamber of Commerce of Toledo for courtesies extended;
also to Mr. H. V. Buelow for contributions so generously given ;
also to the Order of Moose for the use of this hall. We are also
indebted to the Rex Spray Company for a visit to their plant.

It is also suggested that the Secretary of the American

224

Pomological Society take up the matter of legislation regarding
the standardization of packages in connection with this proposed
bill.

Finally, we wish to record in appropriate terms our regret
at the death of Mr. C. G. Patton of Charles City, Iowa, and we
hope that an adequate obituary may be published in our annual

W. Paddock, Chainnan.

(Moved that this report be adopted. Motion seconded and
carried).

The President: Is there anything to come before this
meeting except the election of offiicers? Any person feel moved
to express himself on any subject? If not, I will call for the re-
port of the Nominating Committee.

REPORT OF NOMINATING COMMITTEE

Your committee after going over the membership quite care-
fully beg to report as follows :

President, L. H. Bailey, New York.
First Vicc-P resident, Paul C. Stark, Missouri.
Second Vice-President, W. T. Macoun, Ottawa.
Sec'y-Treas., R. B. Cruickshank, Ohio.

ExecU'tiz^e Committee: —
J. C. B'lair, Illinois.
F. P. Downing, Indiana.
Frederic Cranefield, Wisconsm.
H. H. Hume, Florida.

F. C. Sears, Massachusetts.
W. P. Massey, Virginia.

G. Harold Powell, California.
C. I. Lewis, Oregon.

H. H. Hardie, Michigan.
W. W. Farnsworth, Ohio.
W. S. Perrine, Illinois.

W. C. Reed, "
Signed ^ M. B. Davis,

F, H. Beach.

225

J. H. GouRLEY : I move that the report be adopted and that
the Secretary be instructed to cast the ballot of the Society for
these officers.

(Motion seconded and carried and ballot cast.)

The following committees for the year were appointed :

CollegiU'te Membership — F. G. Charles, Ohio ; B. D. Drain,
Massachusetts; J. W. Crow, Ontario.

Exhibits and Fairs — R. S. Herrick, Iowa.

Nezv Fruits — C. P. Close, Washington, D. C. ; N. E. Han-
sen, South Dakota ; R. A. Simpson, Indiana.

Foreign Fruits — David Fairchild, Washington, D. C. ;
George Roeding, California; M. B. Davis, Ontario.

Tropical and Sub-tropical Fruits — Wilson Popenoe, Wash-
ington, D. C. ; H. H. Hume, Florida; J. Eliot Coit, California.

The President: Is there anything else to come before the
American Pomological Society at its 38th convention?

I wish before adjourning to express my very great apprecia-
tion of the helpfulness of all the members and the promptness
with which you tried to get together. I have also appreciated
the spirit of good fellowship that has run throughout the con-
vention and the desire to put the Society in a position where it can
do useful work for all the people.

The Society now stands adjourned s^ine die.

SECOND
POMOLOGICAL ANNUAL

1921

(227)

CODE OF FRUIT NOMENCLATURE,
AMERICAN POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY

This code aims to establish a simple and clear system of
pomological nomenclature that shall be appropriate and stable.
Accordingly it is urged that all persons naming new varieties of
fruits choose simple one-word names that are fittingly expressive
of some character, quality, place, person, or event associated .with
the source, time or place of origin of the variety.

The paramount right of the originator, discoverer, or in-
troducer of a new variety to name it, within the limitations of
this code, is recognized and established.

The term "kind" as herein used shall be understood to apply
to those general classes of fruits which are grouped together in
common usage without regard to their exact botanical relation-
ship, as apple, cherry, grape, peach, plum, raspberry, etc.

I. FORM OF NAMES.

1. Names of new varieties shall be of one word preferably,
but two words may be accepted. Names of existing varieties
shall not be changed in such way as to lead to confusion or loss
of identity.

2. The spelling and pronunciation of a variety name shall
be the same as that of the person, place, substance, circumstance,
or quality from which it is derived.

3. A possessive noun shall not be used.

4. Initials should not be used as a part of a variety name.

5. A name shall not be formed by the compounding or
hyphenating of two or more existing names, but this does not
prohibit the formation of a one-word name by the use of parts
of two or more existing names. The hyphen shall not be used
between the words of a name. Thus, neither Bartlett-Seckel nor
Bar Seek may be used, but Barseck is admissible.

6. Such general terms as seedling, hybrid, beurre, damson,
pippin, rareripe, bigarreau, should not be used.

(229)

230

7- A variety imported from a foreign country should retain
its foreign name, subject only to such modification as is necessary
to conform it to this code, and provided that names having a
recognized English equivalent may be, but are not necessarily, so
rendered.

8. The name of a person shall not be applied to a variety
in his lifetime without his consent.

9. The name of a deceased person shall not be applied to a
variety except through formal action by some competent pomo-
logical body, preferably that with which the deceased was most
closely associated.

II. PRIORITY, USAGE AND DUPLICATION.

ID. The name first published for a variety shall be the ac-
cepted and recognized name except when contrary to the pro-
visions of this code ; but names established by usage in American
pomological literature may be retained even though they do not
conform to these rules.

I. A name once used shall not be used again for a variety
of the same kind except that a name once established through
long usage for two or more American varieties shall not be dis-
placed for either or radically modified only when a well-known
synonym can be used in its place ; or when no such synonym is
available, the varieties bearing identical names may be distin-
guished by the addition of the name of the author whO' first de-
scribed each, or by some other suitable distinguishing term.

III. PUBLICATIONS AND DESCRIPTION.

12. Publication consists in: (i) The public distribution of
a printed name and description or characterization of the fruit ;
(2) the publication of a new name for a variety described else-
where under a dififerent name, number, or other untenable desig-
nation, the synonym being given.

13. Publication of a name may be made in any book,
bulletin, report, trade catalog or periodical of public distribution
and bearing date of issue.

14. But a varietal name may be established by current
usage in the locality of its origin, when well known, and shall be

231

considered as published and have precedence over a later printed
name for the same variety.

15. Complete description of a variety consists of a detailed
account of the characteristics of the plant, foliage, flowers, fruit,
and habit of growth, so as to distinguish it from other varieties
of similar appearance.

fc'' 16. The type of a variety is the fruit of the original plant;
and type descriptions or illustrations shall be made from material
produced by the original plant, or when this is not available, from
a plant as near as possible to the original in asexual reproduction,
and preferably grown in the same pomological region.
As revised December 21, 1921. by

H. P. Gould,
U. P. Hedrick,
W. H. Chandler,

Comimittee on Fruit Variety Nomenclature.

REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON NEW FRUITS FOR 1921

C. P. Close,
Chairman

The chairman of this committee was appointed early in 1921,
but it seems that no other members were appointed. Miss Mag-
dalene R; Newman of the United States Department of Agri-
culture has given most valuable aid in assembling the informa-
tion in this report and her help is most gratefully acknowledged
by the chairman.

This committee report is really developing into a check list
of all varieties of fruits ever introduced into the United States
and Canada, rather than consisting of only the really new or
little known varieties. This will be of immense value in the nam-
ing of new fruits and is a history of varieties.

To those who do not have the report of 1920 it is necessary
to explain that these lists supplement earlier lists published in
certain books or bulletins. Hedrick's "Peaches of New York",
the committee report of 1920, and this report, contain all the
names and information we can find on peach varieties. The same
is true of cherries and plums using Hedrick's books on these
fruits as standard guide lists. With grapes, Hedrick's "Grapes
of New York" is used as a guide, but the hundreds of vinifera
varieties introduced into California have not yet been listed in
the committee reports. Pagan's "Nomenclature of the Apple",
Beach's "Apples of Ntew York", the report of 1920 and this re-
port, contain all the apple varieties we have found. Pagan's
"Nomenclature of the Pear" and these reports contain our in-
formation on pears. In the same way Card's Bush Fruits and
Fletcher's Technical Strawberry Bulletin No. 11 of the Virginia
Experiment Station, together with this committee's reports, in-
clude all names of bush fruits and strawberries we can locate.

With the other fruits and the various nuts there are no
guide lists but the hope is to complete the lists in time.

It is understood that the committee simply reports the in-
formation it gathers and passes it along without vouching for its

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233

accuracy or changing names which do not conform to the So-
ciety's code of nomenclature.

ERRORS IN THE REPORT FOR I92O.

A few errors crept into the 1920 report and are corrected as
follows : —

Dtmcan apple should be Duncan (of Washington) as there
was an earlier Duncan.

Ice Cream apple should be Icq Cream (of Oregon) as there
are two other varieties by this name.

Sasha is not a crabapp'le, it should be listed with the apples.

Come Johnson peach should be Cone Johnson.

Longhina peach should be Toughina.

Mealing peach — In the notes the address of Fruitland
Nurseries is given as Atlanta, it should be Augusta instead.

Silver Cross peach should be Silver Press.

Wharton's C. of R. D. peach should be Wharton's C. of R.

Dick Damson plum should be Deck Damson,

Ogibzm plum should be Ojibwa.

Primlew plum should be Prinlew.

Riibol blueberry should be Rubel.

Earliest Ripe strawberry is the same as Earliest.

Grand Marie, Maryland, Peerless, and World Wonder
strawberries are listed by Fletcher and should not have been in-
cluded.

Warren strawberry may be the Warren given by Fletcher
who lists Lady Corneille as Corneille, John H. Cook as John
Cook, Joe Crampton as Crampton, and Greensboro Favorite as
Greensboro.

The present chairman of this committee is being continued
for 1922 and he would appreciate hearing from any one who
has knowledge of any new variety of fruit.

APPLE

>

Ada Red: Originated by A. G. Philpott near Springtown, Washington
^ County, Ark. Fruit medium or above, roundish ; color yellow nearly

i covered with red and broken stripes of purplish crimson; flesh

whitish, tender, fine grained, mild subacid, good. August. U. S.

Dept. Agr., B. P. I., Bull. 275

234

Adno: (Provisional name), N. E. Hansen, Brookings, S. D. Received
from Russia. "Very handsome, large, red, subacid, productive, late
fall apple."

Alberta: Pyrus baccata x Haas, originated by the Central Experimental
Farm, Ottawa, Canada. Fruit 1 6/10 inches across by Ij/^ inches
deep, round, somewhat flattened, slightly ribbed; stem Yz inch long;
color greenish yellow with bright red cheek; flesh nearly white,
juicy, slightly astringent, fair to good. September and October.
Tree vigorous, productive.

Allgold: Seedling of Wagener, originated by Albert F. Etter, Ettersburg,
Cal. Fruit of fine size, clear golden color; flesh non-fibrous, crisp,
juicy, tree productive, bears a full crop every season; a good keeper.

Angus: Seedling of Dean x Ontario, originated by the Central Experi-
mental Farm, Ottawa, Canada. Fruit medium or below, roundish,
slightly ribbed ; cavity narrow, medium depth, wrinkled ; color yel-
low, washed with pinkish red ; flesh yellow, crisp, breaking, mod-
erately juicy, briskly subacid, fair. October and November.

Anson: Seedling of Winter St. Lawrence, originated at the Central Ex-
perimental Farm, Ottawa, Canada. Reported in 191(>; fruit medium
size, roundish, slightly ribbed, pale yellow, almost white, thinly
splashed and streaked with carmine ; flesh white, fine grained, tender,
juicy, subacid, pleasant, flavor like Fameuse, quality good to very
good. October and November.

Aroostook: Originated on the farm of S. S. Stiles, Mapleton, Aroostook
County, Maine, about 1870. Fruit small, roundish-conical, light
golden russet ; flesh fine grained, sweet, good. Season to July in
Aroostook County. Tree vigorous, hardy, productive. Bull. 143,
Maine Exp. Sta.

August Greening: Originated with General Nowell, Bangor, Maine, about
1850. Fruit large, roundish-conical, dark green with reddish
blotches ; flesh rich, tender, juicy, sprightly acid, good. August.
Tree hardy, spreading, productive. Bull. 143, Maine Exp. Sta.

Autumn Russet: Luther Burbank, Santa Rosa, Cal., "Medium size, fine
quality, crimson."

Barbarie: Fruit roundish-oblate; basin wide, deeply ribbed; dull yel-
lowish green, splashed with dark red ; flesh firm, flavor somewhat
puckery and not very pleasant. A cider apple but not very promising.
October. Spec. Bull. 48, Mich. Exp. Sta.

Battle: Seedling of Wealthy, originated by the Central Experiment Farm,
Ottawa, Canada ; reported in 1910. Fruit above medium to large,.!
roundish-conic ; cavity deep, medium width ; stem short to medium,
stout; basin medium width, medium depth, color pale greenish yel-
low, splashed and washed with bright purplish red ; dots few, yel-
low, distinct; flesh white, tinged red, firm, crisp, breaking, tender,
rather coarse, juicy, briskly subacid, aromatic, raspberry-like flavor.

235 '

quality good. Resembles Wealthy. August to early September,
just before Oldenburg.

Bayfield: Clinton Falls Nursery Company, Ottawa, Minn. Originated
by T. E. Perkms, Redwing, Minn. Seedling of Malinda. "Tree
is a very rapid grower bearing large red apples of splendid quality
that will keep well up to May lo'th." Introduced by Clinton Falls
Nursery Company and Wedge Nursery Company, Albert Lea, Minn.,
in 1912.

Bcda: Seedling of Langford Beauty. Originated by the Central Experi-
mental Farm, Ottawa, Canada; reported in 1916. Fruit medium
size, oblate to roundish, cavity medium depth and width; stem
medium length, stout ; basin deep, open, wrinkled, calyx open ; color
pale yellow, thinly splashed and washed with bright carmine ; flesh
yellowish, crisp, tender, juicy, subacid, pleasant, quality good; Sep-
tember and October.

Ben Hur: Fruit large, roundish-oblate; cavity and basin both wide and
deep ; color similar to a highly colored Ben Davis ; flesh white,
very firm, juicy, sprightly subacid, good, a better keeper than Ben
Davis. Bull. 290, Ohio Exp. Sta.

Bennett: A chance seedling originating about 1883 with S. L. Bennett,
Medford, Oregon, and belongs in the Winesap Group. Fruit
roundish-conical, sides often unequal, large to very large; cavity
large, deep, russeted ; stem short to medium; basin medium size;
color deep yellow, washed with mixed red and striped with crim-
son; flesh yellow, moderately fine grained, juicy, rich, subacid, good
to very good. November to June in Oregon. From 1908 Year-
book of the U. S. Dept. of Agr.

Benzonia: Originated in Benzonia, Mich., on the farm of E. B. Judson
about 30 years ago. Fruit roundish-oblate to round-conic, large to
ver)^ large ; skin light yellow, faintly washed with coppery-red on
one side; cavity very shallow, small; stem very short, very stout;
basin medium size; flesh pure white, crisp, moderately juicy, sharp
subacid, good. Tree productive, top spreading. Late summer and
late fall. Special Bull. 44, Mich. Exp. Sta.

Bilhneyer: Originated about 40 years ago with the late J. H. Billmeyer,
Hollway, Mich. Fruit large, oblate to roundish-oblate; cavity
medium size, russeted; stem short, moderately stout; basin medium
size; skin thick, tenacious, yellow washed with mixed crimson,
splashed and striped with darker crimson ; flesh yellowish, fine
grained, tender, juicy, pleasant subacid, good to very good. Same
season as Tompkins King. Special Bull. 44, Mich. Exp. Sta.

Blanc Mollett: A small unpromising cider apple, oblate-conic; yellow
mostly covered with red and indistinctly striped ; flesh very firm,
dry, tough, bitter and puckery, very poor. Spec. Bull. 48, Mich.
Exp. Sta.

236

Blankenship Sweet: Rose Hill Nursery, Annamoriah, West Virginia.
Originated by George Blankenship, Anna Maria Flats, W. Va. ;
said to be a chance seedling. Fruited first in 1912; fruit very large,
greenish yellow, striped and splashed with red; September and
October. Introduced by Rose Hill Nursery in 1913.

Blurt on' s luce Core: Planter's Nurseries, Humboldt, Tenn. "Large fine,
one of the best fall."

Bohlman: Humphrey Nurseries, Humphrey, Nebr. Originated by Mr.
Bohlman, 9 miles southwest of Yankton, S. D. Fruit of good size
and finest quality; a good keeper; tree an early and annual bearer.

Boiv: Pyrus baccata x Pewaukee. Originated by the Central Experi-
mental Farm, Ottawa, Canada. Fruit small, nearly round, yellow
with faint tinge of red; flesh yellowish white, crisp, juicy, mildly
subacid, good, not astringent. September and October. Tree vigor-
ous, fairly productive.

Braxton: Roanoke Nursery, Roanoke, W. Va. A chance seedling
originating with J. D. Smyth, Sutton, W. Va. Tree first fruited in
1910. Introduced by M. M. Havener and Sons, Roanoke, W. Va.
Fruit of yellowish color, flesh juicy, subacid; very late keeper.

Brock: Seedling of Mcintosh, originated . by the Central Experimental
Farm, Ottawa, Canada. Fruit large, roundish; cavity medium size,
slightly russeted; stem short, stout; basin medium size; color yel-
low, splashed and washed with orange red ; flesh yellowish, tender,
moderately juicy, subacid, vinous, good. September and October.
Fruited first in 1908.

Broome: Parentage unknown. Originated at the Agricultural Experi-
ment Station, Geneva, N. Y. Fruit medium or above in size,
roundish to oblate-conic, usually completely overspread with dark
red; flesh yellowish, firm, moderately juicy, mild, subacid, aromatic,
good ; tree vigorous, upright spreading, rather late to come into
bearing, medium productive. January and later.

Bruno: Seedling of Scott Winter, originated by the Central Experi-
mental Farm, Ottawa, Canada. Fruit medium size, oblate; cavity
medium size; stem short, rather stout; basin deep, medium width,
wrinkled ; skin greenish yellow, washed with dark orange and
purplish red; flesh white, crisp, tender, juicy subacid, quality above
medium. November to January. Resembles Scott Winter.

Burton: From M. Sharpe, Vacaville, Calif. Fruit large, roundish-
angular, pale green splashed with red, fairly good. October and
November.

Burton (of New Brunswick) : Originated in New Brunswick, Canada.
Fruit above medium, roundish to oblate ; cavity narrow, medium
depth; russeted; stem short; basin open, medium depth; color
yellow, washed with attractive crimson ; flesh dull white, rather
coarse, firm, moderately juicy, subacid, sprightly, pleasant, fair
to good.

237

Carlton: Pyrus baccata x Wealthy. Originated by the Central Experi-
mental Farm, Ottawa, Canada. Fruit very small ; stem more than
one inch long; color red tinged orange or deep red; flesh firm,
crisp, juicy, rather acid, quite astringent, fair. September and
October. Tree vigorous, productive, very ornamental when in
bloom.

Cascade: From W. A. Robinson, Lake Side, Wash. Fruit medium to
large, oblate-conic, rich yellow covered with dark red; flesh sub-
acid, vinous, pleasant, good. Winter.

Charles: Pyrus baccata x Tekofsky. Originated by the Central Experi-
mental Farm, Ottawa, Canada. Fruit small, nearly round, slightly
ribbed; stem rather long; color yellow; flesh yellowish, solid,
crisp, juicy, pleasant, mildly acid, slightly astringent. Tree upright,
vigorous, medium productive. September.

Chelsea: Said to have originated in Washtenaw County, Mich. Fruit
same size and shape as Swaar, yellow with red dots, a long keeper.
Special Bull. 44, Mich. Exp. Sta.

Cherry field: Originated with the late Wyman B. Collins, Cherryfield,
Maine, about 1857. Fruit large, roundish-conical, yellowish-green,
washed and splashed on the side with crimson ; stem medium length,
stout; cavity moderately deep; flaring; basin small, irregular; flesh
greenish white, crisp, tender, fine grained, mild acid, good. Novem-
ber to February. Tree vigorous, hardy, spreading, productive. Bull.
143, Maine Exp. Sta.

Cliesebro-Spy: Originated as a bud sport on a Northern Spy tree about
50 years ago on the farm of C. C. Chesebro, South Haven, Mich.
Fruit large, 33^ inches in diameter, roundish ; cavity broad, deep ;
stem medium long, stout; basin broad, shallow; skin thick, tough,
solid deep bright crimson except a little greenish russet at calyx
end; flesh yellowish, tender, juicy, mild subacid; quality very good.
Season same as Northern Spy. Special Bull. 44, Mich. Exp. Sta.

demons: A rather attractive red apple of good size and good quality.
In season from late fall to mid-winter. Tree hardy and productive.
Originated by L. A. demons, Storm Lake, Iowa. Bull. 108, Iowa
Exp. Sta.

Clivc: Seedling of Wealthy originated by the Central Experimental
Farm, Ottawa, Canada. Fruit large, roundish, cavity medium size,
deep ; stem short, stout ; basin deep, open ; color greenish yellow,
washed with rich crimson ; flesh dull white, rather coarse, firm,
crisp, moderately juicy, subacid, good, pleasant. October to
November.

Coluinbia (of Macoun) : Originated by the Central Experimental Farm,
Ottawa, Canada. Pyrus baccata x Broad Green. Fruit small,
nearly conical, distinctly ribbed; stem medium long; color red with
stripes and dots of a deeper red, juicy, subacid, pleasant, slightly
astringent, fairly good. September and October. Tree vigorous,
fairly productive.

238

Cook Szveet: Depot Road Nurseries, Salem, Ohio. "Very large, bright
yellow, sweet, a good bearer."

Coolcy Sweet: Originated with J. F. Cooley near Lansing, Mich. Fruit
small to medium, roundish conical ; cavity medium size, abrupt and
irregular, inclined to Romanstem ; stem very short, stout, fleshy ;
basin medium, abrupt, leather-cracked ; skin thin and tender, rich
yellow, washed and striped with dull red; flesh yellowish, juicy,
sweet, good. Special Bull. 44, Mich. Exp. Sta.

Conn: Corinth Nurseries, Corinth, Miss. Originated in Northeastern
Mississippi more than 20 years ago. Said to be a very fine winter
apple.

Coppleton: A sweet apple, originating at Coppleton, Mich. Not de-'
scribed. Special Bull. 44, Mich. Exp. Sta.

Crimson: Luther Burbank, Santa Rosa, Calif. "Seedling of Garden
Royal. Deepest almost black crimson, slightly striped yellow,
delicious, mild, rich, tender, fragrant, productive. October."

Cromer: A seedling of Swazie. Fruit above medium, roundish, angular;
cavity medium size ; stem short, stout ; basin medium size ; flesh
yellow, firm, crisp, moderately juicy, subacid, pleasant, good to
very good. Late winter apple of the Ribston type. Color green
thinly washed with pinkish red.

Dale View Dessert: Fruit medium or below; roundish or oblong-conical;
color yellow, flecked and patched with russet, sometimes blushed
with brownish red; cavity small; stem short, slender; basin very
small; flesh yellow, juicy, subacid, sprightly, rich, good. Tree
vigorous, upright. Late fall and early winter. Cir. No. 94, Ohio
Agr. Sta.

Dan (of Kinne) : Originated with P. F. Kinne. Storm Lake, Iowa. "A
greenish subacid apple of fair quality." Bull. 108, Iowa Exp. Sta.

Danville: Seedling of Lawver. Fruit above medium, conical to oblong-
conical; cavity medium size, russeted ; stem short, rather stout;
basin open, deep ; color greenish-yellow, washed with deep crimson ;
flesh yellowish, tender, juicy, subacid, sprightly pleasant, good.
Winter.

Dawn: Pyrus prunifolia x Simbirsk No. 9. Originated by the Central
Experimental Farm, Ottawa, Canada. Fruit small, bright red ;
flesh white, juicy, crisp, subacid, pleasant, good. September.

Day: A chance seedling originating with J. W. Day, Crystal Spring,
Miss. Fruit medium to large, red striped; flesh juicy, crisp, nearly
sweet, good quality. July and August in Mississippi.

Deacon Jones: Originated in Pennsylvania. Fruit large to very large,
roundish-conic to oblong-conic, ribbed; stem short, thick; cavity
shallow, narrow, prominently lipped ; basin moderately deep, narrow,
furrowed and wrinkled ; skin thick, tough, slightly rough, waxen
yellow mottled and washed with red, splashed with carmine ; dots
conspicuous, whitish large or small; flesh yellowish-white, firm,

239

coarse, crisp, tender, juicy, mild subacid, good; core very large,
open. Tree vigorous, upright spreading. November to March.
Bull. 364, N. Y. Exp. Sta., Geneva.

Dean (of Macoun) : Pyrus baccata x Wealthy. Originated by the Cen-
tral Experimental Farm, Ottawa, Canada. Fruit too small to be
of value.

Dclevan: Originated in Wisconsin. Fruit medium size or below; attrac-
tive red color ; flesh mild subacid, very good quality. Tree hardy
and productive. Bull. 108, Iowa Exp. Sta.

Dcliah: Albert F. Etter, Ettersburg, Calif., says this is a very beautiful,
showy, rather large, almost white apple, briskly acid, making a
jelly that is exceedingly clear and well flavored.

Derby (of Macoun) : Pyrus baccata x Transcendent. Originated by the
Central Experimental Farm, Ottawa, Canada. Fruit small ; stem
lJ/2 inch long; color bright red; flesh firm, crisp, juicy, rather acid,
slightly astringent, fair. September to December. Tree vigorous,
productive.

Diana: Seedling of Langford Beauty, originated by the Central Experi-
mental Farm, Ottawa, Canada. Fruit medium or above, roundish ;
cavity medium size; stem medium length, moderately stout; basin
medium size, wrinkled ; color yellow, washed and splashed with at-
tractive crimson; flesh white, tinged red, crisp, tender, juicy, briskly
subacid, aromatic, good. September to November.

Dixon (of Burge) : "Originated with Airs. Emiline Burge of Ector, Texas,
in 1898. Tree vigorous and upright. The fruit is clear yellow,
round, subacid, excellent. July. Introduced by Jno. S. Kerr."
Texas Dept. Agr., Bull. 32.

Doctor Becker: Thompson Nurseries, Waco, Texas. Originated in
Colorado County, Texas. "Fine quality, sure bearer."

Dodd: Fruit above medium, oblong; cavity shallow, medium width; stem
short, stout, sometimes fleshy; basin medium size; color yellow,
splashed and streaked with bright yellow ; flesh white, crisp, tender,
juicy, subacid, pleasant, good. Winter. This is of the Gravenstein
type and is grown on Prince Edward Island.

Donald: Seedling of Northern Spy, originated by the Central Experi-
mental Farm, Ottawa, Canada. Fruit medium to large, oblate to
roundish; cavity deep, medium width, russeted ; stem short, stout;
basin medium size, deep, wrinkled ; color yellow, washed and
splashed with crimson ; flesh yellowish, crisp, tender, rather coarse,
juicy, subacid; good. October to March.

Drumbo: Seedling of Winter St. Lawrence originated by the Central
Experimental Farm, Ottawa, Canada. Fruit above medium to large,
conical ; cavity deep, russeted ; stem short, stout ; basin deep ; color
pale yellow, washed and splashed with dark crimson ; dots few,
gray, conspicuous ; flesh white, rather coarse, tender, juicy, subacid,
pleasant, good. November to February. Resembles its parent but
is a better keeper.

24C

Early Goodwin: The Milton Nurseries, Milton, Oregon. Originated near
Milton, Oregon, on the farm of William Goodwin. Fruit large,
roundish-oblong, whitish-yellow, striped and splashed with bright
red; flesh white, tender, juicy, subacid, excellent. Tree vigorous,
upright-spreading, productive. July and August.

Eastman: Seedling of Fameuse, originated by the late Charles G. Patten,
Charles City, Iowa. Fruit large, roundish ; cavity large, deep, some-
what russeted ; stem rather slender, medium length ; basin very
large and deep, furrowed; skin pale yellow, heavily washed with
bright red and splashed with carmine ; flesh whitish, tender, rather
coarse, moderately juicy, mild subacid, pleasant, good. Tree vigor-
ous, spreading, hardy. Season just after Wealthy. U. S. Dept.
Agr. Yearbook, 1912.

Elmer: Seedling of Northern Spy originated by the Central Experi-
mental Farm, Ottawa, Canada. Fruit medium or above, roundish,
slightly ribbed ; cavity deep, narrow, russeted at base ; stem slender,
medium length ; basin deep, medium width ; color greenish-yellow,
washed and splashed with deep crimson, covered with pinkish
bloom; flesh yellowish, juicy, crisp, tender, subacid, pleasant, good.
December to late winter.

Elsa: Pyrus baccata x Yellow Transparent. Originated by the Central
Experimental Farm, Ottawa, Canada. Fruit small, nearly round,
slightly ribbed; stem 1 inch long, slender; color bright yellow;'
flesh fine grained, tender, juicy, rather acid, pleasant, good. August
and September. Tree vigorous, productive.

Emery: Fruit medium size, globular, russet washed and streaked with
red ; stem slender ; cavity moderately deep ; flesh white, fine grained,
rich, sweet, keeps until May. Bull 143, Maine Exp. Sta.

Emilia: Seedling of Northern Spy, originated by Central Experimental
Farm, Ottawa, Canada. Fruit medium size, roundish-conical,
greenish-yellow washed and splashed with crimson ; cavity medium,
deep; stem short, stout; basin medium, deep; dots white, distinct;
flesh dull white, crisp, juicy, tender, briskly subacid, pleasant, good
to very good. Resembles Northern Spy in color, shape, flesh and
flavor. December to April.

Ensee: Originated on the farm of the late Nelson Cox, Proctorville,
Ohio. Fruit large, roundish to roundish-oblate, irregular; skin
pale yellow washed with mixed red and splashed with bright crim-
son, sometimes overspread with gray; cavity irregular, large, deep,
russeted, often lipped; stem short, moderately stout; basin deep,
abrupt, furrowed, downy; flesh yellowish, juicy, subacid, very good.
Early winter. U. S. Dept. Agr. Yearbook, 1907.

Epochal: Arthur F. Etter, Ettersburg, Calif. "It is clear golden yellow,
well flavored, has a slight suggestion of grapefruit in its flavor."

Eric: A Russian seedling originated by the Central Experimental Farm,
Ottawa, Canada. Fruit above medium, conical, slightly angular;
cavity medium size; stem medium length, stout; basin medium size;

241

skin yellow, splashed and streaked with crimson ; flesh white,
tender, tinged with red, moderately juicy, briskly subacid, pleasant,
good. October.

Eurisko: Albert F. Etter, Ettersburg, Calif. Not described.

Eve: Pyrus baccata x Simbirsk No. 9. Originated by the Central Ex-
perimental Farm, Ottawa, Canada. Fruit small, ribbed ; color
bright red; stem short; flesh yellowish, fairly juicy, pleasant, good.
September. Tree slow grow and fair bearer.

Fairfield (of Macoun) : Hyslop x Oldenburg. Originated by the Cen-
tral Experimental Farm, Ottawa, Canada. Fruit medium, oblong;
color yellow splashed and streaked with bright red ; flesh nearly
white, juicy, tender, pleasant, very mild subacid, fair to good.
September.

Finch: Originated with E. J. Finch, Albion, Mich. Fruit medium size,
oblate ; cavity shallow, flaring, green and russet ; stem short, stout ;
basin shallow ; color golden yellow, mostly covered with splashes
and dots of bright crimson; flesh yellowish white, somewhat coarse,
firm, crisp, juicy, sprightly subacid, very good to best. Season late
summer and early fall. Special Bull. 44, Mich. Exp. Sta.

Folwell (Minnesota 237) : Originated by Minnesota Fruit Breeding Farm,
Zumbra Heights, Minn. Seedling of Malinda. Tree very vigorous,
hardy at Zumbra Heights, annual bearer. Fruit slightly irregular,
very large, roundish, greenish yellow, blushed red or nearly red ;
flesh tender, moderately fine grained, pleasant subacid, very good.
Mid-winter — a httle later than Wealthy.

Forerunner: Seedling of Mcintosh, originated by the Central Experi-
mental Farm, Ottawa, Canada. Fruit medium size, roundish,
ribbed ; yellow well washed with rich orange-red and crimson ;
cavity medium, deep ; stem medium to long, stout ; basin medium,
shallow ; flesh yellowish with red near basin, tender, moderately
juicy, subacid, little flavor, quality above medium. Mid-August to
late September.

Forest: Originated in Wisconsin. Fruit above medium, oblong to
roundish-conical ; cavity medium size, sometimes lipped, russeted ;
stem short, stout ; basin medium size, wrinkled ; color greenish
yellow, washed with dull red; flesh yellow, crisp, juicy, subacid,
good, pleasant. Winter. Bull. 86, Dominion Exp. Farms, Canada.

Frank: Pyrus prunifolia x McMahon. Originated by the Central Ex-
perimental Farm, Ottawa, Canada. Fruit nearly medium in size,
nearly round, slightly pyramidal ; skin yellowish white, sometimes
faintly blushed; flesh white, juicy, crisp, fine grained, subacid,
slightly astringent.

Frankford: Originated about 30 years ago with the late Paul Rose, South
Frankford, Mich. Fruit medium size, roundish, pale yellow, mostly
covered with bright crimson, somewhat striped with dark crimson;

16

242

cavity narrow, medium depth; stem medium length, fleshy; basin
very small ; flesh white, very fine grained, melting, juicy, very mild
subacid, very good. Tree vigorous, spreading. Season late fall and
early winter. Special Bull. 4-1, Mich. Exp. Sta.

Galatta: Seedling of Wealthy. Originated by the Central Experimental
Farm, Ottawa, Canada. Fruit above medium size, roundish, flat-
tened at both ends ; cavity deep, open, slightly russeted ; stem short,
stout; basin deep, open, wrinkled; skin thick, pale yellow, washed
and splashed with red; flesh white, crisp, tender, juicy, subacid,
pleasant, good. Resembles Wealthy somewhat. Late August and
early September.

Gallon-: Seedling of Northern Spy. Originated by the Central Experi-
mental Farm, Ottawa, Canada. Fruit medium size or above,
roundish, slightly ribbed ; yellow, washed with deep orange red ap-
proaching crimson ; cavity medium ; deep ; stem medium length,
slender; basin medium, deep; flesh yellowish with traces of red
near basin, crisp, tender, juicy, subacid, spicy, pleasant, good. Flavor
like Sops of Wine. Season late. September to November.

Garner: Seedling of Langford Beauty, originated by the Central Experi-
mental Farm, Ottawa, Canada. Fruit above medium, oblate ; cavity
deep, russeted; stem medium long, slender; basin deep, wrinkled;
pale greenish-yellow, washed and splashed with dark crimson ; flesh
white, firm, juicy; subacid, pleasant, good. October.

Gvlgcr: Fruit large, oblong, yellow washed with mixed red ; dots numer-
ous; stem slender; flesh yellowish, subacid, rather rich, good to
very good, winter. Notes on new fruits U. S. Dept. Agr.

Gerald: Seedling of Langford Beauty, originated with the Central Ex-
perimental Farm, Ottawa, Canada. Fruit above medium, roundish
to oblate ; cavity medium size ; stem short to medium, stout ; basin
deep, medium width ; color yellow, washed with crimson ; flesh
'white, crisp, tender, juicy, subacid, pleasant, good. November to
February. First fruited in 191 L

Giant Winesap or Keep Late: Continental Plant Company, Kittrell, N. C.
"Originated by a Mr. Dillard of Virginia. Similar to the famous
Winesap in color and flavor, but much larger and a much better
keeper. In fact one of the very best keepers of all apples."

Giffin: Originated in the orchard of Joseph Giffin, near St. Clairsville,
Belmont County, Ohio, about 1872. Fruit medium to large,
roundish-oblate, inclined to conic; stem short to medium, rather
slender ; cavity wide and deep, russeted ; basin wide and somewhat
shallow; skin thick, very smooth and glossy, rich bright crimson,
sometimes showing greenish-yellow under color ; flesh creamy yel-
low, rather firm, crisp, fine grained, moderately juicy, mild sub-
acid, fair to good. Bull. 290, Ohio Exp. Sta.

Girton: Seedling of Wealthy. Originated by the Central Experimental
Farm, Ottawa, Canada. Fruit medium or above, roundish-conical,
slightly ribbed, greenish-yellow or yellow, thinly washed with crim-

243

son ; dots white, indistinct ; cavity narrow, deep, russeted ; stem
short, slender to moderately stout; basin medium, deep; flesh dull
white or yellowish, crisp, tender, subacid, pleasant, spicy, good.
Resembles Wealthy somewhat in appearance and flesh. November
to March.

Golden (of Macoun) ; Pyrus prunifolia x Golden Russet. Originated by
the Central Experimental Farm, Ottawa, Canada. Fruit small,
round, flattened at ends; color bright yellow; flesh fairly juicy,
rather sweet, slightly astringent, good. Last of August and Sep-
tember.

Golden Aiken: Reed Nursery Company, Hanover, Indiana. Not de-
scribed.

Golden Croivn: Originated by Adonijah Marks, Clifton, P. E. I. Fruit
above medium size, roundish-oblong, slightly angular; cavity medium
size; stem short; stout; basin deep, open; skin yellow with traces
of pinkish red; flesh white, tender breaking, juicy, subacid, pleasant,
good. Winter. Resembles Grimes Golden. Report of the Hor-
ticulturist, Ottawa, Canada, 1908.

Goldo : Seedling of Grimes Golden probably by Oldenburg. Originated
by N. E. Hansen, Brookings, S. D. Fruit much like Grimes Golden
in appearance and flavor. Tree a vigorous grower.

Gordon (of Macoun) : Pyrus prunifolia x Golden Russet. Originated
by the Central Experimental Farm, Ottawa, Canada. Fruit small,
color russety-yellow ; skin rather thick; flesh yellowish-white, fine
grained, juicy, pleasant subacid, good. September.

Granhy: Seedling of McMahon x Scott Winter, originated by the Cen-
tral Experiment Farm, Ottawa, Canada. Fruit above medium, oblate
to roundish-conic ; cavity narrow, deep, russeted ; stem short, rather
stout ; basin medium size, deep, wrinkled ; skin yellow, washed and
splashed with attractive orange red ; flesh dull white with traces of
red, tender, moderately juicy, briskly subacid, fair quality. Winter.

Grant: Originated with H. N. Grant, Newtonbrook, Ontario. Fruit above
medium, roundish-conic ; cavity open, medium depth ; stem short,
stout ; basin medium width, shallow, wrinkled ; color yellow with
trace of pink blush; flesh yellowish, tender, juicy, subacid, pleasant,
good. November to January.

Hanko: Fruit large, oblate, deeply furrowed and ridged; color greenish-
yellow shaded with bright red, marked with broad stripes of crim-
son ; stem short ; cavity medium size, abrupt, furrowed ; basin
medium deep, abrupt, furrowed ; flesh greenish-white tinged red,
moderately coarse, crisp, subacid, good to very good. October to
April. Tree low, spreading. Bull. 10, Wis. State Hort. Soc.

Harmon (of Maine) : Originated with J. H. Harmon, Buxton, Maine,
about 1887. Fruit medium size, oblate, washed and overlaid with
red, splashed with deep crimson, numerous large grey dots ; cavity
medium size; stem very short; basin wide, shallow; flesh yellowish,
crisp, tender, sharp acid, good. December to February. Bull. 143,
Maine Exp. Sta.

244

Hayden's Favorite: Tucker-Mosby Seed Co., Memphis, Tenn. "Hardy
tree, sure bearer."

Hayjord Sweet: Originated with C. Hayford, Maysville, Maine, about
1872. Fruit small to medium, oblate-conical, washed and splashed
with crimson] stem short; cavity narrow, rather deep; basin deep,
abrupt ; flesh fine grained, rich, sweet but rather dry, good. October
to January or later. Tree hardy, vigorous, spreading. Bull. 143,
Maine Exp. Sta.

Heacock Sivcet: Rogers Nurseries, Rogers, Ohio. Not described.

Helen: Fruit medium size, irregular-oblate or roundish-oblate, lemon
yellow, washed with bright or dull rich red; flesh mild subacid, of
fair quality. July. No. 30229 of Seed and Plant Introduction, U. S.
Dept. of Agr.

Hibkee: Graft-hybrid of Hibernal and Milwaukee by N. E. Hansen,
Brookings, South Dakota. "The fruits so far show the flesh and
core of Milwaukee and the surface coloring of Hibernal."

Hickman: J. Van Lindley Nursery Co., Pomona, N. C. Seedling of
Shockley, originated with D. W. Dickinson, Hickman, Ky. "Valuable
for the cotton belt; color yellow, covered with light red; flesh yel-
low, of good quality; a good keeper.

Hitchcock: Originated by J. P. Hitchcock, Massawippi, Quebec. Fruit
large, roundish; cavity deep, medium width, russeted; stem short,
stout; basin deep, medium width; color yellow; flesh white, tender,
crisp, juicy, subacid, pleasant, good. Winter.

Hollow Log: Valdesian Nurseries, Bostic, N. C. Originated in Ruther-
ford County, North Carolina, as a chance seedling. Tree a strong
grower, upright, blooms late, productive. Fruit large, deep yellow,
flesh tender, crisp, juicy, spicy, aromatic. June to September.

Hah: Lawver x Mcintosh, originated by the Central Experimental Farm,
Ottawa, Canada. Fruit medium size, roundish, pale greenish-yel-
low, well washed with crimson ; cavity medium, open, russeted ;
stem medium, stout; basin deep; flesh dull white, firm, crisp, juicy,
subacid, pleasant but not high flavor, medium to good. Resembles
Lawver very much. January to late winter.

Honora: Seedling of Mcintosh. Originated by the Central Experimental
Farm, Ottawa, Canada. Fruit medium size, roundish to oblate-
conic, yellow, well washed with crimson ; cavity medium depth,
russeted; stem short, stout; basin medium size, wrinkled; flesh
white, tinged with red, tender, melting, moderately juicy, mildly
subacid, pleasant, good. Resembles Mcintosh very much. Late
September and October.

Horace: From L. C. H. Ayers, Midway, Tenn. Fruit medium large,
roundish-oblate, lemon yellow. August.

Hoyt (of Mich.) : Originated with Jas. E. Hoyt, Roeland, Mich. Fruit
below medium ; greenish yellow with dark purple blush ; flesh nearly
white, firm, breaking, buttery, juicy, vinous, subacid, rich. Season
until May. Special Bull. 44, Mich. Exp. Sta.

245

Hume: Seedling of Mcintosh, originated by the Central Experimental
Farm, Ottawa, Canada. Fruit medium size, roundish to oblate,
slightly ribbed; suggests Mcintosh in color, flesh, perfume and
flavor.

Hunter (of Macoun) : Pyrus baccata x Red Anis. Originated by the
Central Experimental Farm, Ottawa, Canada. Fruit small, good
for jelly.

Husband: Seedling of Grimes Golden, originated by Jos. Husband,
Chester, 111. Fruit large, roundish, yellow washed with mixed red;
dots prominent, russet; stem medium; basin and cavity regular;
flesh yellow, subacid, good to very good. December to April. Notes
on new fruits U. S. Dept. Agr.

Jakway: Originated with J. J. Jakway, Benton Harbor, Mich. Fruit as
large as Tompkins King, very good quality, ripens with Maiden
Blush; yellow with red stripes. Special Bull. 44, Mich. Exp. Sta.

James: Pyrus prunifolia x Mcintosh. Originated by the Central Experi-
mental Farm, Ottawa, Canada. Fruit small, nearly round, deep
red with streaks of dull yellowish ; flesh nearly white, fine grained,
rather acid, pleasant, slightly astringent.

Jean Hardy: Bobbink and Atkins, Rutherford, N. J. "Very large fruit,
juicy and sweet, very fine."

Jethro: Seedling of Wealthy. Originated by the Central Experimental
Farm, Ottawa, Canada. Fruit above medium, oblate to roundish-
conic, pale yellow washed and splashed with orange-red and car-
mine; cavity "medium size, green; stem short, stout, basin medium,
deep; flesh yellowish, crisp, tender, juicy, briskly subacid, pleasant,
good. Resembles Wealthy in flesh and flavor. Late September to
December.

Jewel: Pyrus baccata x Yellow Transparent. Originated by the Cen-
tral Experimental Farm, Ottawa, Canada. Fruit small, nearly
round; stem longer than one inch; color yellowish with pale red
cheek; flesh moderately firm, crisp, juicy, subacid, good, slightly
astringent. August and September. Tree vigorous, productive.

Josie: Pyrus prunifolia x Simbirsk No. 9. Originated 'by the Central
Experimental Farm, Ottawa, Canada. Fruit nearly medium size,
greenish-yellow, washed and striped with bright red ; flesh white,
fairly juicy, pleasant, slight astringency, good. September and
October.

Junco: Seedling of Wealthy, originated by the Central Experimental
Farm, Ottawa, Canada. Fruit medium, oblate, angular; cavity nar-
row, medium deep, russeted ; stem short, moderately stout ; basin
deep, open, wrinkled ; skin pale yellow, washed with crimson ; flesh
yellowish, firm, juicy, subacid, pleasant, good. December and later.

Kelso: McMahon x Scott Winter. Originated by the Central Experi-
mental Farm, Ottawa, Canada. Fruit medium, oblate ; cavity deep,
medium width, russeted ; stem medium to short ; basin open, deep ;

246

skin yellow, washed with bright crimson ; flesh dull white, tender,
moderately juicy, acid, pleasant, quality fair, fair to good flavor.
Mid-winter.

Kent (of Macoun) : Pyrus baccata x Mcintosh. Originated by the
Central Experimental Farm, Ottawa, Canada. Fruit small, nearly
round, ribbed at calyx; stem one inch long; color dark red shaded
with orange, deepest on sunny side; flesh yellowish-white, juicy,
crisp, mildly subacid, slightly astringent, fairly good. September to
November. Tree vigorous, productive.

Kildare: Seedling of Langford Beauty, originated by the Central Ex-
perimental Farm, Ottawa, Canada. Fruit medium or above, oblate
to roundish-conic ; cavity medium size ; stem medium to long, slender
or rather stout ; basin narrow, medium depth ; color pale yellow,
washed and splashed with crimson ; flesh white tinged yellow, crisp,
very tender, juicy, sprightly, subacid, pleasant, good. August to
October.

Kim: Seedling of Langford Beauty, originated by the Central Experi-
mental Farm, Ottawa, Canada. Fruit medium or above, roundish ;
cavity medium size, russeted ; stem short, slender to stout ; basin
deep, open ; color yellow, washed and splashed with crimson,
covered with pinkish bloom ; flesh dull white, tinged red, crisp,
juicy, subacid, pleasant, good. November to late winter.

King of Titus: Originated in Titus County, Texas. Fruit large ; flesh
yellow, subacid; tree vigorous, productive. September and October.
Texas Dept. Agr., Bull. 32.

Lcgace : Originated with Jules Legace, Van Buren, Aroostook County,
Maine. Fruit medium size, roundish oblate, washed with red and
splashed with crimson ; cavity rather deep, russeted ; stem medium
short; basin rather shallow; flesh white, tender, juicy, pleasant sub-
acid, good. September and October. Tree vigorous, spreading,
very productive. Bull. H3, Maine Exp. Sta.

Linda: Seedling of Langford Beauty. Originated by Central Experi-
mental Farm, Ottawa, Canada. Fruit above medium, large, roundish
to oblate, pale yellow washed and splashed with crimson ; cavity
medium, shallow; stem short, stout; basin medium; flesh juicy,
briskly subacid, aromatic, good. November probably to February.

Linton: Seedling of Winter St. Lawrence. Originated by the Central
Experimental Farm, Ottawa, Canada. Fruit medium size, roundish ;
cavity medium size ; stem slender, medium length ; basin medium
size; color pale yellow, thinly splashed with bright red; flesh white,
tender, juicy, mildly subacid, pleasant, good. September.

Linville: Fruit medium size, roundish-oblate; color yellow or greenish-
yellow almost entirely covered with rich dark red ; cavity medium
size, russeted ; stem short, strong ; basin rather wide and deep ; flesh
yellowish, firm, crisp, juicy, subacid, pleasant, refreshing. December
to March. Tree vigorous, spreading. Cir. No. 94, Ohio Agr.
Exp. Sta.

247

Lipion: Seedling of Northern Spy. Originated by the Central Experi-
mental Farm, Ottawa, Canada. Fruit medium size, roundish-
conical, ribbed, yellow splashed and washed with crimson ; dots
yellow, distinct ; cavity deep, open ; stem short, stout ; basin medium,
deep, wrinkled ; flesh yellow with traces of red, crisp, tender, juicy,
subacid, pleasant, good. Much like Northern Spy. November prob-
'ably to February.

Lisgar: Pyrus prunifolia x McMahon. Originated by the Central Experi-
mental Farm, Ottawa, Canada. Fruit nearly medium size, yellow
covered with bright red; flesh yellowish-white, juicy, pleasant,
rather astringent, rather inferior in quality. October.

Lb:;ic: Pyrus baccata x Hcrren. Originated by the Central Experimental
Farm, Ottawa, Canada. Fruit small; stem one inch long; color
deep red; quality medium. September. Too small to be of value.

Lowry: Originated on the farm of John Lowry, Afton, Va., about 70
years ago. Has also been known as Dixie and Mosby's Best. Fruit
medium size, roundish or roundish-oblate ; cavity medium size and
depth, russeted ; stem fairly long and stout; basin medium size;
skin yellow washed with mixed red and splashed with rich crim-
son; flesh yellowish, rather fine grained, moderately juicy, mild
subacid, pleasant, good to very good. December to February. U. S.
Dept. Agr. Yearbook, 1910.

Luke (of Canada Experimental Farm) : Seedling of Wealthy. Orig-
inated by the Central Experimental Farm, Ottawa, Canada. Fruit
above medium to large, oblate to roundish-conic; pale greenish
yellow washed with red ; cavity narrow, russeted ; stem short,
moderately stout; basin open, medium depth; flesh dull white or
yellowish, rather coarse, tender, moderately juicy, subacid, pleasant,
good. Resembles Wealthy but is a better keeper. October and
November.

MacSu'cct: Seedling of Mcintosh, originated by the Central Experi-
mental Farm, Ottawa, Canada. A good sweet apple, resembling
Mcintosh.

AlcSiveeny: Seedling of Sweet Bough, originated by a Mr. McSweeny,
Kalamazoo, Mich. Fruit large, truncate-conical or slightly
roundish: clear waxen white; texture and flavor very similar to
Red Astrachan, same season as Red Astrachan. Tree strong
grower, exceedingly productive. Special Bull. 44, Mich. Exp. Sta.

Madge (of Macoun) : Pyrus prunifolia x Golden Russet. Originated
by the Central Experimental Farm, Ottawa, Canada. Fruit small,
deep red ; flavor mildly acid, pleasant, sfightly astringent, quality
above medium. September.

Magnate: A seedling of Winesap, originated by the late Dr. J. Stayman,
Leavenworth, Katisas, about 1866. Fruit medium to large, round
or roundish-conical, rich yellow washed with crimson and indis-
tinctly striped with dark purple ; cavity regular, large, deep, fur-
rowed, faintly russeted ; stem short, slender, curved ; basin medium

248

size and depth, furrowed; flesh yellowish stained with red, fine
grained, juicy, rich subacid, very good. Season same as Jonathan.
U. S. Dept. Agr. Yearbook, 1906.

Magnus: Pyrus prunifolia x Simbirsk No. 9. Originated by the Central
Experimental Farm, Ottawa, Canada. Fruit small, nearly round ;
color orange and scarlet; flesh firm, rather juicy, subacid, aromatic,
slightly astringent, very good. September.

Manitou: Pyrus baccata x McMahon. Originated by the Central Ex-
perimental Farm, Ottawa, Canada. Fruit small, nearly round,
ribbed; stem one inch or more long; color yellow, striped with red,
deep red on exposed side; flesh nearly white, juicy, sprightly, fair
quality. September and October. Tree vigorous, productive.

Margery: Pioneer x Northern Spy. Originated by the Central Experi-
mental Farm, Ottawa, Canada. Fruit small, yellow, sometimes
tinged with red; flesh greenish-white, fine grained, juicy, pleasant,
subacid, sprightly. October to February.

Marlboro (of Maine) : Originated with S. H. Remick, Marlboro, Maine.
Fruit medium, roundish-oblate ; yellowish-green, overlaid with deep
crimson on sunny side ; cavity medium, flaring, slightly russeted ;
stem slender, ver}' short ; basin very wide, shallow, plaited ; flesh
white, crisp, juicy, fine grained, very firm, pleasant acid, good.
January to Alay. Bull, 143, Maine Exp. Sta.

Marnc: Seedling of Northern Spy. Originated by the Central Experi-
mental Farm, Ottawa, Canada. Fruit above medium to large, oblate,
slightly red, yellow thinly washed and splashed with crimson; dots
white, distinct ; cavity deep, open, russeted ; stem short, stout ; basin
deep, open; flesh 5'ellowish, crisp, tender, juicy, subacid, good.
November probably to February.

Martin (of Macoun) : Pioneer x Ontario. Originated by the Central
Experimental Farm, Ottawa, Canada. Fruit medium size, nearly
round ; color warm orange yellow, with an orange red cheek ; flesh
white, fine grained, pleasant subacid, sprightly. October to
February.

Mason: Fruit medium size; in color and form it somewhat resembles
Striped June. One of the best South Texas varieties. July. Texas
Dept. Agr., Bull. 32.

Mavis: Mcintosh by Lawver. Originated by the Central Experimental
Farm, Ottawa, Canada. Fruit medium or above, roundish, slightly
ribbed ; cavity medium depth to shallow ; stem moderately stout ;
basin deep, mediu^n width, wrinkled ; skin thick, tough, yellow,
washed and splashed with crimson ; flesh yellowish, crisp, tender,
juicy, subacid, pleasant, good. Mid-November to March. Does not
resemble either parent.

Maxon: Said to be a delicious summer dessert apple which originated
with the Central Michigan Nursery, Kalamazoo, Mich. Tree hardy
and productive. Special Bull. 44, Mich. Exp. Sta,

249

Maxson's Early: Storrs & Harrison Co., Painesville, Ohio. Fruit large,
pale yellow ; flesh tender, tart, well flavored. Tree productive. A
summer cooking apple. August.

May field (Gibbs No. 2) : A seedling of Northern Spy, originated by E. B.
Gibbs, Summit City, Mich., about 40 years ago. Fruit large to
very large, round-oblate; color pale yellow with reddish-brown
blush; cavity medium size, deep, russeted; stem short, stout; basin
broad, rather deep; flesh white, fine grained, very tender, juicy,
sweet, very good. Mid-winter to late winter. Tree vigorous,
spreading. Special Bull. 44, Mich. Exp. Sta.

Mecca: Pyrus baccata x Simbirsk No. 9. Originated by the Central
Experimental Farm, Ottawa, Canada. Fruit small, nearly round;
color orange, streaked red and with crimson cheek, flesh mildly sub-
acid, rather astringent, good. Tree fairly vigorous, productive.

Medford: Seedling of Wealthy. Originated by the Central Experimental
Farm, Ottawa, Canada. Fruit medium size, oblate, cavity open,
medium depths, stem short; basin open, deep, wrinkled; color
pale yellow, splashed and washed with crimson; flesh white tinged
with red, crisp, tender; juicy, subacid, sprightly, pleasant, good.
September.

Melvin (of Macoun) : Seedling of Wealthy. Originated by the Central
Experimental Farm, Ottawa, Canada. Fruit medium size, roundish;
cavity deep, medium width, sometimes lipped, slightly russeted;
stem medium to long, slender to stout; basin medium depth and
width; skin rather dull red, attractive; flesh yellow, slightly stained
red, very tender, melting briskly subacid, spicy, good. Middle to
end of August.

Merlin: Seedling of Shiawassee. Originated by the Central Experi-
mental Farm, Ottawa, Canada. Fruit medium size, oblate; re-
sembles Shiawassee in shape, flesh and flavor.

Mexico: Cibolo Nursery, Cibolo, Texas. "A wild apple found in the
Mexican mountains; a strong healthy grower, and heavy bearer
of good size, fine flavored, red apples; stands our hot sun better
than any other apple on our grounds."

Meyer: Originated on the farm of Wm. Meyer, Mears, Mich., about 40
years ago. Fruit medium size, oblong-conic to round-conic ; color
rich yellow, striped with bright crimson; skin waxy; cavity nar-
row, deep; stem short, stout; basin narrow, shallow; flesh yellowish-
white, very fine grained, tender, juicy, brisk subacid, very good.
Autumn. Tree medium strong, upright. Special Bull. 44, Mich.
Exp. Sta.

Miles: L. C. H. Ayers, Midway, Tennessee. A medium large, roundish-
conic, yellowish, mild subacid, summer apple of fair quality.

Miller's Sweet: Farmer Seed and Nursery Co., Faribault, Minn. Seedling
of Oldenburg. Fruit conical, medium large, greenish-white with
red cheek; flesh firm and sweet. Tree strong, vigorous with spread-

250

ing top, very hardy, early and heavy bearer ; September to
November.

Monocacy: Originated with Wm. Baumgardner, Carroll County, Md.
Fruit roundish or slightly oblate-conic, sometimes slightly ribbed,
medium to large ; cavity medium to large,, rather deep, sometimes
slightly russeted ; stem short, rather slender; basin medium width
and depth, slightly furrowed; skin yellowish green, mostly covered
with dark crimson or purplish crimson, striped and splashed with
darker crimson, often overspread with mottled gray; flesh yellowish
white, sometimes tinted red, moderately fine grained, juicy, mild
subacid, moderately rich, good to very good. Winter. Yearbook
U. S. Dept. Agr., 1912.

Montgomery: Originated by the New York Agricultural Experiment
Station at Geneva. Fruit large, roundish to oblate-conic, almost
entirely overspread with bright red and faintly striped with darker
red, resembling Red Astrachan ; flesh white, fine grained, tender,
juicy, brisk subacid, good. Tree vigorous, upright spreading.
September,

Moore's Blight Proof: Citronelle Nursery and Orchard Co., Citronelle,
Alabama. Chance seedling. Originated at Enterprise, Miss., 40 or
more years ago. Fruit large, round, slightly flattened, striped red,
fair quality, very acid, good keeper. May be good for home use in
the South.

Morton (of Mich.) : Originated at Benton Harbor, Mich. Fruit medium
size, roundish-oblate, pale yellow, striped and splashed with light
and dark red; cavity medium size; stem rather short; basin narrow,
abrupt; flesh crisp, tender, moderately juicy, rich subacid, very
good ; as beautiful as the finest Red Astrachan and a far better
juicy, subacid, good. September. Bull. 143, Maine Exp. Sta.

Mottinger: Washington Nursery Co., Toppenish, Wash. Chance seedling,
found on an island in the Columbia River near Umatilla, Oregon.
Fruit very large, greenish-yellow, striped with red ; follows Yellow
Transparent in season ; tree is a strong grower.

Mrs. Richardson: Thompson's Nurseries, Waco, Texas. "Fruit large,
yellow."

Narragansett: Originated with Jacob H. Harmon, Buxton, Maine, in
1873. Fruit medium to large, conical, pale yellow washed and
splashed with crimson, heavily overlaid with deeper crimson ; cavity
deep, flaring; stem short, stout; basin medium, slightly corrugated;
flesh white, tender, rather dry, mild subacid, good. November and
December. Resembles Mother in size and shape, but is almost as
dark colored as Black Oxford. Tree very hardy and a shy bearer.
Bull. 143, Maine Exp. Sta.

Nelson (of Wood) : Originated with Elihu Wood, Winthrop, Maine.
Fruit medium, oblong-conical, pale yellow with small gray dots;
stem short; cavity narrow, deep; basin medium size; flesh tender;
juicy, subacid, good. September. Bull. 143, Maine Exp. Sta.

251

Niobe: Seedling of Northern Spy. Originated by the Central Experi-
mental Farm, Ottawa, Canada. Fruit above medium, roundish-
conical; cavity deep, medium width; stem medium to long, slender
to rather stout; basin deep, medium width; color greenish-yellow,
washed and splashed with dull crimson, thin pinkish bloom ; flesh
yellowish, crisp, tender, rather coarse, moderately juicy, mildly sub-
acid, pleasant, good to very good. December and later.

Nome: Seedling of Swaj^zie. Originated by the Central Experimental
Farm, Ottawa, Canada. Fruit medium, oblate to roundish ; cavity
deep, russeted; stem short, stout; basin medium depth or shallow;
skin yellow washed with orange-red ; flesh yellow, tender, mod-
erately juicj% breaking, buttery, subacid, pleasant, spic}^ good to
very good. Resembles Blenheim somewhat. October and November.
2_ Norman: Pyrus baccata x Mcintosh. Originated by the Central Ex-
perimental Farm, Ottawa, Canada. Fruit small, round, bright red ;
flesh yellowish-white, crisp, juicy, sprightly, pleasant, trace of
astringency, good. October. Tree fairly vigorous, productive.

Northern Queen: Pyrus baccata x Hyslop. Originated by the Central
Experimental Farm, Ottawa, Canada. Fruit small, fairly good but
rather astringent, too small to be of value. Late August and
September.

Novelty: Seedling of Pyrus baccata by Wealthy. Originated by the Cen-
tral Experimental Farm, Ottawa, Canada. Fruit IJ^ inches across,
nearl}' round, flattened at ends; stem long, slender; skin deep red;
flesh pale yellowish-pink, firm, crisp, juicy, subacid, fair quality.
September. Tree vigorous, fairly productive.

Nutting: Seedling of Oldenburg. Originated by the late James Nutting,
Perham, Aroostook County, Maine. Fruit large, roundish-conical,
yellowish-green, faintly washed or striped with dull red ; stem
long, slender; cavity deep; basin rather large; flesh greenish- white,
tender, juicy, mild acid, good. September to December. Tree
hardy, vigorous, very productive. Bull. 14.3, Maine Exp. Sta.

Okohogi: "A rather attractive, striped red winter apple, above medium
to below ; subacid, fair to good quality. Introduced by H. M.
Antisdel, Milford, Iowa." Bull. 108, Iowa Exp. Sta.

Omesel: Seedling of Salome. Originated by the Central Experimental
Farm, Ottawa, Canada. Fruit large, resembling Salome in appear-
ance, flesh and flavor ; a good keeper.

Onslour: J. Van Lindley Nursery Co., Pomona, N. C. Originated in
Onslow County, N. C. Fruit above medium, roundish-oblate, en-
tirely covered with dark red, faintly striped ; flesh yellow, fine
quality ; good keeper. Winter.

Orsino: Seedling of Shiawassee. Originated by the Central Experi-
mental Farm, Ottawa, Canada. Fruit large, resembling Shiawassee
in flesh and flavor, attractive and a good dessert apple.

Oscar: A Russian seedling. ' Originated b}^ the Central Experimental
Farm, Ottawa, Canada. Fruit above medium, conical almost oblong ;
cavity narrow, medium depth, russeted near base ; stem medium

252

length ; basin shallow, medium width ; color pale yellow, washed
and splashed with bright crimson ; flesh white, tinged red, tender,
juicy, briskly subacid, fair to good. October.

Osman: Pyrus baccata x Osimoe. Originated by the Central Experi-
mental Farm, Ottawa, Canada. Fruit medium size, pale yellow,
washed with crimson ; flesh tender, breaking, pleasant acid, slightly
astringent. August. Tree a fair grower, productive.

Otto: Pyrus baccata x McMahon. Originated by the Central Experi-
mental Farm, Ottawa, Canada. Fruit small, yellow, washed and
faintly streaked with red, becoming entirely red; flesh juicy,
sprightly, fair, astringent. October. Tree vigorous, fairly pro-
ductive.

Oivatonna: Clinton Falls Nursery Co., Owatonna, Minn. Originated at
Medford, Minn. "A rapid grower, very prolific and hardy as an
oak. Fruit large, dark red ; flesh tender, crisp, subacid. Good
keeper, season late." Resembles Wealthy in size and color.

Oxbo: A seedling of Roxbury probably by Oldenburg. Originated by
N. E. Hansen, Brookings, S. D. Fruit medium size; flesh white,
juicy, subacid. Season probably late fall.

Peace: Seedling of Langford Beauty. Originated by the Central Experi-
mental Farm, Ottawa, Canada. A handsome apple, resembling its
parent in appearance, flesh and flavor.

Pearl: From S. Billingsley, Greenwood, Indiana. A large sized,
roundish-oblate, rich, clear yellow, subacid apple of fair quality.
September and October.

Perfect: Supposed to be a seedling of Baldwin, originating with W. F.
Cobb, South Turner, Me. Fruit large, roundish-conic, somewhat
ribbed ; stem medium length, thick ; cavity acute, moderately deep,
broad, often russeted, sometimes lipped; basin medium size, rather
abrupt, furrowed ; skin moderately thick, smooth, dull, oily, dull
greenish-yellow, much overspread with dark, dull red, almost solid
on well colored specimens, indistinctly splashed with carmine; flesh
yellow, firm, somewhat coarse, crisp, moderately tender, juicy, sub-
acid, good. January to May. Introduced by Rice Bros. Co., Geneva,
N. Y. Tree vigorous, hardy, upright-spreading, productive.

Perkins Late: Clinton Falls Nursery Co., Owatonna, Minn. "The fruit
is of good size, round, red, firm and juicy and will keep until May
or June."

Pensaukee Russet: Fruit above medium, oblate-conical, slightly angular;
cavity open, medium depth; stem medium length, stout; basin
medium size ; color greenish-yellow with red blush, heavily russeted ;
flesh yellow, firm, juicy, briskly subacid, pleasant, good. Winter.

Pink Russet: Originated in the nursery of R. B. C. Newcomb, Blissfield,
Mich. Said to keep as late as Roxbury and to be much superior in
flavor and juiciness to Roxbury. Special Bull. 44, Mich. Exp. Sta.

253

Pinto: Seedling of Wealthy. Fruit above medium, oblate; cavity deep,
medium wide; stem short, slender; basin deep, medium width,
wrinkled, color pale greenish yellow, washed and splashed with dull
orange red; flesh yellowish, tender, juicy, briskly subacid, pleasant,
aromatic, good. October and November.

Pioneer: Pyrus baccata x Tetofsky. Originated by the Central Experi-
mental Farm, Ottawa, Canada. Fruit small, nearly round, slightly
ribbed ; stem rather long ; color yellow yith pink cheek ; flesh white,
fine grained, firm, crisp, subacid, slightly astringent, moderately
juicy, pleasant. September and October. Tree strong, productive.

Pitton: A seedling of Wagener, originating with G. W. Pitton, Stanton,
Mich., about 30 years ago. Fruit medium size, oblate, distinctly five
ribbed; light yellow, almost entirely covered with broad stripes of
bright crimson ; cavity medium size, deep ; stem short, stout ; basin
medium size, shallow ; flesh white, fine grained, crisp, tender, very
juicy, mild subacid, very good to best. Season late fall and early
winter. Special Bull. 44, Mich. Exp. Sta.

Prince (of Macoun) : Seedling of Pyrus baccata x Tetofsky, originated
by the Central Experimental Farm, Ottawa, Canada. Fruit 1^
inches in diameter, nearly round; calyx sometimes deciduous; stem
an inch or more long; color bright red with a few pale dots and
streaks; flesh nearly white, juicy subacid, somewhat astringent,
pleasant flavor. ^ Early September. Tree vigorous, very productive.

Queen of Albemarle: Old Dominion Nurseries, Richmond, Va. Not
described.

Rabun: Yearbook of U. S. Dept. Agr., 1906. A chance seedling found
by Mr. Andy Hamby, 13 miles northeast of Clayton, Georgia, about
1890. Fruit large, oblate, slightly ribbed; cavity large, deep, rus-
seted; stem short, stout; basin large, deep; skin moderately thick,
yellow washed with mixed red, splashed and striped with bright
crimson ; flesh yellowish, fine grained, breaking, juicy, subacid, good
to very good; core large, oblate, open. Tree vigorous, spreading.
November to March in Northern Georgia.

Radnor: Seedling of Swazie. Fruit medium to large, roundish-conic,
slightly angular ; cavity medium size, russeted ; stem short, stout ;
basin deep, medium width, wrinkled ; color greenish yellow or yel-
low with faint bronzy pink blush; flesh dull white or yellowish,
crisp, juicy, a little coarse, subacid, spicy, good. November and
later.

Rainier: The origin of Rainier is not definitely known, but it has been
grown under various names for perhaps 35 years near North
Yakima, Washington. Fruit medium size or above, usually oblong-
conical and irregular, rich, yellow mottled and washed with red and
striped with dark red; flesh yellowish, juicy, mild subacid, good.
Tree vigorous, spreading. October to May or later, sometimes to
September.

254

Ramona: Seedling of Shiawassee, originated by Central Experimental
Farm, Ottawa, Canada. Fruit medium to above, oblate; cavity deep,
open, slightly russeted ; stem short, stout ; basin medium ; color pale
yellow, washed and splashed with carmine; flesh white, fine grained,
tender, juicy, subacid, pleasant, good. August and September.

Red Broadivell: Stark Bros. Nurseries and Orchards Co., Louisiana,
Missouri. Not described.

Red Maiden's Blush: Same as Bonita.

Red Rome: Stark Bros. Centennial Fruits. "Red Rome Beauty is deep,
dark red, indistinctly striped; large, tender, juicy; good quality
and a favorite for cooking." (Solid red sports of Rome Beauty
have appeared in various parts of the country. C- P- C.)

Reese: From C. W. Ewing, Mountainboro, Ala. A medium sized, ir-
regular, roundish-conical, greenish-yellow splashed red, mild sub-
acid apple of fairly good quality. September in Alabama.

Rideau: Wealthy x Oldenburg. Originated by the Central Experimental
Farm, Ottawa, Canada. Fruit medium to large, roundish-angular ;
cavity deep, open ; color pale yellow, splashed and washed with
bright crimson; flesh juicy, yellowish, firm, pleasant, sprightly, sub-
acid, good. Late September to February.

Robin (of ]\Iacoun) : Pyrus baccata x Simbirsk No. 9. Originated by
the Central Experimental Farm, Ottawa, Canada. Fruit small,
nearly round, much ribbed ; stem an inch long ; color yellow shaded
with red; flesh very firm, juicy, subacid, slightly astringent, pleasant,
good. August and September. Tree vigorous, medium productive.

Rocket: Seedling of Northern Spy, originated by the Central Experi-
mental Farm, Ottawa, Canada. Fruit medium or above, roundish-
conical ; cavity deep, medium width, russeted ; stem short, medium
stout; basin deep, narrow; color yellow, washed and splashed with
crimson, covered with pinkish bloom ; flesh yellowish, crisp, tender,
juicy, subacid, pleasant, good. October to January.

Roniney: Pyrus baccata x Broad Green. Originated by the Central Ex-
perimental Farm, Ottawa, Canada. Fruit small ; stem one inch
long; color dull, deep red; flesh moderately firm, fairly juicy, fairly
good. August and September. Tree medium vigorous, fairly
productive.

Ruby: Pyrus baccata x Wealthy. Originated by the Central Experi-
mental Farm, Ottawa, Canada. Fruit small and of poor quality.
September.

Rufus: Fruit medium, roundish-conical; cavity narrow, shallow, russeted;
stem short, slender ; basin narrow, medium depth, wrinkled ; color
yellow, washed with crimson ; flesh white with traces of red, tender,
juicy, subacid, pleasant, good. Winter. An attractive apple of the
Fameuse type, promising for Ontario.

255

Rupert: A Russian seedling. Originated by the Central Experimental
Farm, Ottawa, Canada. Fruit above medium, oblate; cavity medium
size, russeted; stem short, stout; basin medium size, wrinkled;
skin thick, tough, pale greenish yellow, sometimes with a faint pink
blush; flesh white, tender, juicy, briskly subacid, medium to good.
Earlier than Tetofsky and better in quality than Tetofsky and Yel-
low Transparent. August.

Rustler: Mcintosh x Lawver. Originated by the Central Experimental
Farm, Ottawa, Canada. Fruit above medium, roundish, slightly
ribbed ; cavity open, medium depth ; stem medium length, stout ; basin
deep, medium width, smooth ; skin thick, tough, yellow almost en-
tirely covered with crimson ; flesh yellowish tinted red, moderately
juicy, firm but tender, subacid, pleasant, above medium to good.
December to March or later.

Ruth: Pyrus prunifolia x Pewaukee. Originated by the Central Experi-
mental Farm, Ottawa, Canada. Fruit small, nearly round, deep
crimson with white dots; flesh fine grained, yellow stained red,
breaking, pleasant subacid. October to November.

Samson (of Macoun); Oldenburg x Anis. Originated by the Central
Experimental Farm, Ottawa, Canada. Fruit medium to large; flesh
crisp, moderately juicy, subacid, sprightly, pleasant. September.

Schoolcraft: Originated 25 years ago with Ralph Beebee, Gulliver, Mich.
Fruit medium to large, round-oblate, ribbed, resembles Wagener ;
greenish yellow, mostly covered with broken stripes and splashes of
crimson or solid red ; cavity broad, shallow ; stem short, stout ;
basin broad, shallow; flesh greenish-white, fine grained, juicy, sweet,
very good. Winter. Special Bull. 44, Mich. Exp. Sta.

Seedless: Alpha Nursery, Alpha, Illinois. Originated in New Mexico in
1908. "The fruit is red, striped slightly with yellow. There are no
seeds and many of the apples have no core. Good keeper. Tree
hardy and good grower. December to March."

Sereda: Seedling of Harry Kaump. Originated by N. E. Hansen, Brook-
ings, S. D. Resembles Yellow Transparent but is more regular in
form and of the same season. Fruit yellow, juicy, sprightly subacid.

Severn: Seedling of Swayzie. Originated by the Central Experimental
Farm, Ottawa, Canada. Fruit medium size, roundish, angular, flat-
tened at ends; cavity deep, open, russeted; stem short, slender;
basin deep, open, smooth; yellow, washed with orange-red and
splashed with crimson; flesh moderately juicy, tender, pleasant,
good. October.

Shishee: Seedling of Shiawassee, originated by the Central Experimental
Farm, Ottawa, Canada. Fruit above medium size, resembles
Shiawassee in color, flesh and flavor.

Shock: From L. L. Moore, Taylorsville, N. C. Fruit medium size,
roundish, somewhat flattened, whitish-yellow, subacid, fair quality.
August.

Silvia: Pyrus baccata x Yellow Transparent. Originated by the Central
Experimental Farm, Ottawa, Canada. Fruit small, somewhat

256

pointed and ribbed; stem very short, color pale yellow; flesh sub-
acid, not astringent, pleasant, good, early August. Tree strong, up-
right, fairly productive.

Smith Pippin: Fruit medium size, roundish ; cavity medium size, russeted ;
stem short ; basin open, deep, sometimes lipped ; color yellowish
green with red blush; flesh yellowish, crisp, tender, juicy, pleasant,
mildly subacid, good. Winter.

Sonora: Seedling of Langford Beauty. Originated by the Central Ex-
perimental Farm, Ottawa, Canada. Fruit medium size, roundish ;
cavity medium size; stem slender, medium length; basin open,
medium depth ; color pale yellow washed with crimson ; flesh dull
white, rather coarse, tender, moderately juicy, subacid, pleasant,
good. Early September.

Sorel: McMahon x Scott Winter. Originated by the Central Experi-
mental Farm, Ottawa, Canada. Fruit above medium, oblate-conic;
cavity deep, medium width, russeted; stem short to medium, stout;
basin deep, open, wrinkled ; color yellow, washed with bright attrac-
tive red; flesh white, tinged j'ellow, crisp, moderately juicy, sub-
acid, pleasant, good. Winter.

Southern Beauty: Corinth Nurseries, Corinth, Miss. Originated in Al-
corn County, Miss. Very much like Yates but twice as large.
Winter.

Spates: Originated by a Mr. Spates, Excelsior, Minn. Resembles Jewell's
Winter. Very hardy.

Spiotta: Seedling of Shiawassee, originated by the Central Experimental
Farm, Ottawa, Canada. Fruit above medium size to large, re-
sembling Northern Spy in color, flesh and flavor.

Spiro: Seedling of Northern Spy, originated by the Central Experimental
Farm, Ottawa, Canada. Fruit medium size, resembling Northern
Spy in flesh and flavor.

Star (of Burbank) : Seedling of Baldwin, originated by Luther Burbank,
Santa Rosa, Calif. "Large and even better quality than Baldwin.
Yellow ground nearly all covered with deep crimson stripes and
flakes. Beautiful regular form; flesh white. Same season as
Baldwin, September to December 20 at Santa Rosa."

Stearns (name used previously) : From C. L. Stearns, Clay, New York.
Fruit medium large, roundish to roundish-oblate, greenish-yellow
with red stripes, pleasant subacid, good quality.

Stickle Sweet: Depot Road Nurseries, Salem, Ohio. Flesh tender and
good; good bearer; fine for apple butter.

Stork: Pyrus baccata x Oldenburg. Originated by the Central Experi-
mental Farm, Ottawa, Canada. Fruit small; stem one inch long,
slender; color red; flesh yellowish, firm, not very juicy, rather
astringent, fair quality. Late August and September.

Stringston: Thompson Nurseries, Waco, Texas. Very successful in
Texas; fine size and quality and bears young.

257

Suawnee: Jackson County Nurseries, Winder, Ga. Fruit large, roundish
oblique, pale yellowish green with russet dots ; flesh yellowish, mod-
erately juicy, mild subacid, very good; good keeper. Tree vigor-
ous, productive.

Summer Champion: Originated near Lincoln, Washington County, Ark.,
about 34 years ago. Fruit large ; yellowish-white, washed over en-
tire surface with crimson or dark purplish stripes ; flesh whitish,
satiny, subacid, good. Tree strong grower with upright open head.
August. U. S. Dept. Agr., B. P. I., Bull. 275.

Sununer Greening: Supposed to have originated in Michigan. Fruit
medium size, round, green and yellow, very good quality. Sep-
tember. Tree upright and productive. Special Bull. 44., Mich. Exp.
Sta.

Summit (Gibbs No. 1, Great Northern) : Seedling of Northern Spy,
originated by E. B. Gibbs, Summit City, Mich., about 40 years ago.
Fruit large, round-oblate, somewhat angular ; color light yellow,
overspread with bright crimson and striped with dark crimson,
sometimes with solid red cheek ; cavity wide, deep, russeted ; stem
short, stout ; basin broad, deep, plaited ; flesh white, fine grained,
tender, juicy, brisk subacid, good. Late winter. Special Bull. 44,
Mich. Exp. Sta.

Szveet Evalina: Fruit Grower and Farmer, Sept. 1, 1913. Seedling of
White Pearmain and resembles this variety. Flesh creamy yellow,
rich sweet.

Szvect Orange: Vaughan's Seed Store, Chicago, 111. Seedling of the old
Orange Crab. Resembles Orange Crab somewhat but is flatter in
shape and lighter in color ; flavor fine, delicious.

Siveetosh: Seedling of Mcintosh. Originated by the Central Experi-
mental Farm, Ottawa, Canada. Fruit medium to large, rather dull
in color but is attractive and a good sweet apple.

Sivan: Frank J. Schwan & Son, Dansville, N. Y. A large size, irregular,
roundish, greenish-red, pleasant subacid, late fall apple of good
quality.

Tabor: Originated with S. W. Tabor, Washburn, Maine. Fruit medium,
oblate, yellowish-green, washed and splashed with crimson; stem
slender ; cavity wide, flaring, furrowed ; basin medium size, abrupt ;
flesh greenish white, fine grained, tender, rather dry, sweet, good.
October to January. Bull. 143, Maine Exp. Sta.

Teddy: Pyrus prunifolia x Golden Russet. Originated by the Central
Experimental Farm, Ottawa, Canada. Fruit nearly medium, dull
red with streaks and spots of a brighter shade; flesh yellowish, crisp,
fairly juicy, pleasant. September and October.

Texas King: Fruit large, yellow splashed with red; flesh juicj', crisp,
subacid ; tree vigorous, productive. Originated in East Texas. July
and August. Texas Dept. Agr., Bull. 32.

17

258

Thackers: Originated with W. H. Thacker, Benzonia, Mich. Fruit -
medium size, roundish-conic, yellow with dark crimson splashes;'
cavity medium size, russeted ; stem medium length, rather slender ;
basin narrow, shallow; flesh whitish, fine grained, crisp, juicy, brisk
subacid, good to very good. Winter. Special Bull. 44, Mich.
Exp. Sta.

Thurso: Seedling of Northern Spy, originated by the Central Experi-
mental Farm, Ottawa, Canada. Fruit medium or above, roundish
to oblate, slightly angular ; cavity medium, sometimes russeted ;
stem medium length, slender to rather stout; basin medium size;
color pale greenish yellow, washed and splashed with attractive red
or crimson; flesh yellowish with traces of red, firm, crisp, juicy,
subacid, pleasant, good. September and October or later.

Tony: Pyrus baccata x McMahon. Originated by the Central Experi-
mental Farm, Ottawa, Canada. Fruit small, round, somewhat flat-
tened ; stem nearly two inches long ; color greenish yellow, streaked
and splashed with bright red; flesh yellowish-white, juicy, sprightly,
subacid, slightly astringent, pleasant, medium quality. Late Sep-
tember and October. Tree strong, spreading, very productive.

Traverse (Gibbs No. 4) : Seedling of Northern Spy, originated by E. B.
Gibbs, Summit City, Mich., about 40 years ago. Fruit medium
size, roundish, dull dark red, considerably russeted ; cavity narrow,
deep, russeted ; stem medium long, rather slender ; basin very broad,
shallow; flesh yellowish, crisp, fine grained, moderately juicy, brisk
subacid, very good to best. Winter. Special Bull. 44, Mich. Exp.
Sta.

Ttdl: Originated by the late Abraham Tull near Tull, Grant County,
Ark., about 1840. Fruit medium size ; yellow washed with red, few
broken stripes of crimson, sometimes -with a "coppery" finish; flesh
yellow with green veins, tender, juicy, fine texture, subacid, pleasant,
good to very good. Tree very thrifty. Winter. U. S. Dept. Agr.,
B. P. I., Bull. 275

Ulster: Originated by the New York Agr. Exp. Sta., Geneva, N. Y. Fruit
medium to above in size, roundish-oblate, green or greenish-yellow,
sometimes with faint bronze blush ; flesh tinged yellow, fine grained,
crisp, tender, juicy, pleasant subacid, aromatic, good to very good.
Tree medium vigorous, upright spreading. Winter.

Unnard's Choice: Tucker-Mosby Seed Co., Memphis, Tenn. Same as
Kinnard.

Venable's Seedling: Jackson County Nurseries, Windser, Georgia. "Tree
"erect, vigorous and very productive. Fruit medium size; flesh
tender, juicy, subacid, fine flavor. In flavor and keeping qualities it
is unexcelled."

Vermac: Lawver x Mcintosh. Originated by the Central Experimental
Farm, Ottawa, Canada. Fruit below medium size, roundish; cavity
medium depth and width; stem medium length, moderately stout;
basin shallow, medium width, wrinkled; skin thick, tough, yellow

259

almost entirely covered with rich deep crimson ; flesh white tinged
red with bright red core line, tender, juicy, subacid, pleasant, good
with aroma of Mcintosh. Early to mid-winter.

Wapella: Seedling of Dean x Ontario. Originated by the Central Experi-
mental Farm, Ottawa, Canada. Fruit below medium, roundish to
oblong, ribbed ; cavity medium size ; stem medium length, slender to
rather stout ; basin open, deep, wrinkled ; color yellow, washed with
red; flesh yellowish with traces of red, crisp, breaking, juicy,
quality above medium. November to mid-winter.

Wedge, (Minn. No. 207) : Seedling of Ben Davis. Originated by the
Minnesota Fruit Breeding Farm. Especially promising because of
its large well colored and high quality fruit which keeps in common
storage until spring. A strong grower, an early bearer and hardy
at least as far north as St. Paul.

Western Wealthy: Originated with Chas. Bilger, Clyde, Callahan County,
Texas, from seed brought from Germany. Fruit large, rich car-
mine. Tree vigorous and productive. Early fall. Texas Dept. Agr.,
Bull. 32.

Wilgar: Seedling of Northern Spy. Originated by the Central Experi-
mental Farm, Ottawa, Canada. Resembles Northern Spy in ap-
pearance, color, shape, flesh, and somewhat in flavor but'not as good
as Northern Spy.

Winton: Seedling of Mcintosh. Originated by the Central Experimental
Farm, Ottawa, Canada. Fruit medium, roundish-conical ; cavity
narrow, medium depth, russeted ; stem medium to long, moderately
stout ; basin medium size ; skin thick, tough,- pale yellOw, washed
with crimson and orange ; flesh white, sometimes tinged red, tender,
juicy, subacid, good; flavor much like Mcintosh. Late September
and October.

Wisconsin Golden: Capital City Nurseries, Des Moines, Iowa. "Russet,
high quality, long keeper. December to June."

Wolverine: Said to be an early winter variety of good size, rich color,
exceedingly agreeable flavor, but lacking in juiciness. Subject to
scab. Special Bull. 44, Mich. Exp. Sta.

Womack's Choice: Pleasant Valley Nursery, McMinnville, Tenn. Fruit
large, yellow, ripens 10 days earlier than Early Harvest ; tree
strong grower and productive. In 1861, Mr. Monro Womack
brought the tree from the Cum.berland Mountains to Warren
County, Tenn.

Woodring's Favorite: Originated as a chance seedling with James Wood-
ring on Little Creek, Calhoun Co., W. Va., about 1902. Fruit
medium to large, yellow almost covered with bright red and darker
red stripes. Quality extra good. Tree productive. December to
March. Introduced by the Rose Hill Nursery, Annamoriah, W. Va.

Xantho: From J. A. Cox, Wheeling, W. Va. Fruit medium to large,
roundish-oblong, rich yellow ; flesh sprightly subacid, fairly good.
August.

26o

Zeleha: Imported from Russia as Krimakaja Zeleba by N. E. Hansen,
Brookings, S. D. Fruit very large, about 3^ inches in diameter,
globular, red ; very attractive ; flesh white, pleasant subacid, good
cooker; season December and later.

CRAB APPLE

Alberta: Pyrus baccata x Haas. Originated by the Central Experimental
Farm, Ottawa, Canada. Fruit 1.6 inches wide, 1.4 inches long,
round somewhat flattened and slightly ribbed ; stem short ; calyx
persistent; color greenish yellow with bright red cheek; flesh nearly
white, juicy, slightly astringent, fair to good. Tree vigorous and
productive. Last of September to middle of October.

Baird Winter: Originated with Wm. Baird, Lincoln, Kansas. Supposed
to be a cross between Ralls and Whitney. Fruit above medium
size, uniform; dark red; flesh juicy, crisp, subacid, good. October
to last of May. Introduced by the Wichita Nurseries, Wichita,
Kans., in 1916.

Canadian: Texas Seed and Floral Co., Dallas, Texas. "Green striped
with carmine. Flesh firm, juicy and rich. Very hardy."

Elkhorn: Seedling of Jewell x Gideon, originated by the Central Experi-
mental Farms, Ottawa, Canada. Fruit large, oblate to roundish ;
cavity open, medium depth ; stem long, slender ; basin open,
wrinkled; skin yellow, washed with crimson; flesh yellowish, crisp,
breaking, juicy acid, good. September and October.

Freeman: Freeman Nursery Co., Freeman, S. D. Not described.

Gretna: Seedling of Pioneer x Northern Spy, originated by the Central
Experimental Farm, Ottawa, Canada. Fruit large up to 2^^ inches
in diameter, oblate ; cavity deep, open ; stem medium to long, stout ;
basin open, medium depth ; color yellow, washed and splashed with
crimson; flesh yellowish, crisp, breaking, juicy, briskly subacid,
good. November to January.

Huges Virginia: Planters' Nurseries, Humboldt, Tennessee. "Good
keeper and cider apple."

Jenkin's Crab: Gurney Seed and Nursery Co., Yankton, S. D. Fruit of
size and shape of Transcendent but said to be of better quality when
fully ripe being a delicious little dessert apple. Tree large and pro-
ductive; blossoms said to be semi-double, two inches in diameter
and very fragrant.

King: P. J. Berckmans Co., Augusta, Ga. Fruit medium size, roundish
oblate, greenish yellow, acid.

Mammoth Wild Crab: Hopedale Nursery, Hopedale, 111. In appearance
the fruit is like the wild crab, even to the odor and greasy skin. It
is fully as large as Ralls. Identical with Pyrus coronaria but many
times as large.

Piotosh: Pioneer x Mcintosh, originated by the Central Experimental
Farm, Ottawa, Canada. Fruit above medium, roundish; cavity

26 1

medium size and depth ; stem long, moderately stout ; basin open,
medium depth, wrinkled ; calyx closed ; skin yellow well washed
with bright crimson ; bloom pinkish ; flesh yellow tinged red near
skin, subacid, pleasant, no astringency, good. September. Re-
sembles Transcendent.

Prince: Pyrus baccata x Tetofsky. Originated by the Central Experi-
mental Farm, Ottawa, Canada. Fruit nearly round, 1.6 inches
across and 1.3 inches deep; stem medium length; skin bright red
with a few paler dots and streaks ; flesh nearly white, subacid, some-
what astringent, pleasant; calyx often deciduous. September. Tree
vigorous, upright and productive.

Success: Strand's Nursery, Taylors Falls, Minn. "Very thrifty, upright
grower; fruit of good color and size, mild, acid; a very promising
marketing sort."

Syli'a: Fruit Grower and Farmer, Sept. 1, 1913. Seedling of Stark
Florence. Originated with R. E. L. Flowers, Quitman, Ark. Said
to be almost three times the size of Florence, more tender and juicy
and very mild subacid. Ripens entire crop within 10 days.

Tony: Pyrus baccata x McMahon. Originated by the Central Experi-
mental Farm, Ottawa, Canada. Fruit round somewhat flattened,
1.6 inches across and 1.4 inches deep; stem medium; skin greenish-
yellow, streaked and splashed with bright red; calyx persistent;
flesh yellowish white, juicy, sprightly subacid, slightly astringent,
pleasant, quality fair; tree vigorous, spreading, productive. Late
September and October.

Trail: Seedling of Northern Queen x Rideau, originated by the Central
Experimental Farm, Ottawa, Canada. Fruit larger than Martha,
oblate to roundish ; cavity medium size ; stem very long, slender ;
basin open, deep ; color pale yellow, splashed and washed with
orange red and crimson ; flesh yellowish, crisp, breaking, subacid,
good to very good. August.

PEAR

Bailey (of Mich.) : Originated with L. H. Bailey, South Haven, Mich.,
about 1870. Is said to be of fine flavor, ripening October 1. Special
Bull. 44, Mich. Exp. Sta.

Big Productive: Luther Burbank, Santa Rosa, Calif. Not described.

Chamness: Clingman Nursery Company, Keithville, La. Fruit medium,
roundish-obovate, greenish yellow ; flesh sweet, quality fair. Sep-
tember in Louisiana.

Clairmont: From Wm. J. Corsa, Baltimore, Md. Fruit small, globular-
obtuse-pyriform, greenish yellow; flesh sweet, rich, buttery, pleasant,
very good. August.

Demorest: Washington Nursery Co., Toppenish, Wash. Chance seedling
originated with Mrs. Libbie J. Demorest, Tacoma, Wash. "Luscious,
larger and better keeper than Bartlett."

262

Douglas: Said to be a cross between. Kieffer and Angouleme, originating

in Douglas County, Kansas. Fruit large, beautiful yellow color;

flesh juicy, sprightly, good. Same season as Kieffer.
Effie Holt: J. Van Lindley Nursery Co., Pomona, N. C. Originated in

Alamance County, N. C, and was introduced by Mr. L. W. Holt.

Fruit large, pyriform, greenish-yellow; flesh light yellow, rich, juicy,

fine quality. Season late fall. Tree vigorous, very productive. Said

to succeed well in the South.
Ely: Originated in Sherman, Texas. Fruit small, deep yellow, good

quality. Texas Dept. Agr., Bull. 32.
Eureka (of Dickinson) : Augustine & Company, Normal, 111. Supposed

to be Seckel x Kieff^er, originating with E. W. Dickinson, Eureka,
, 111. Fruit medium, bright yellow with russet and bright red cheek,

shape of Seckel, but 4 or 5 times as large; flesh delicious, sweet,

flavor of Seckel.
Hassler: Originated in California, with J. E. Hassler at Placerville. Fruit

large, obtuse pyriform; skin very smooth, greenish yellow with

russet dots ; basin large, deep, irregular ; stem short, stout ; cavity

quite deep with stem inserted at angle; flesh, juicy, very buttery,

sweet, pleasant. Season very late-winter or early spring. Cir. No.

94, Ohio Agr. Exp. Sta.
Hosli: Biloxi Nursery, Biloxi, Miss. Originated with Joseph Hosli,

Biloxi, Miss. Supposed to be a cross between Kiefifer and LeConte.

Fruit resembles Kiefifer, does not mellow; flesh sweet and juicy.

Season about with LeConte. Tree resembles LeConte.
Joan of Arc: Fruit medium to large ; oblong-pyriform to obtuse-pyri-

form; color lemon yellow with russet netting; basin broad, deep,

regular; stem short, stout, inserted at angle; flesh medium fine

grained, melting, juicy, rich, sweet, musky, very good. Originated

in France. Cir. No. 94, Ohio Agr. Exp. Sta.
Katy: Seedling of LeConte, originated with the late J. T. Leyendecker,

New Ulm, Texas.' Texas Dept. Agr., Bull. 32.
Lyman: Benjamin Buckman, Farmingdale, 111. Fruit medium size,

ovate-pyriform, smooth, russeted yellow; flesh sprightly subacid,

fair to good quality. September.
Mammoth Bartlett: American Fruit Grower, March, 1922. Originated

with J. W. Robinson, Sebastopol, Calif. "They ripen at the same

time, have the same flavor and are apparently the same pear as the

Bartlett except for size."
Miller: J. Van Lindley Nursery Company, Pomona, N. C. Seedling of

Kiefifer, originated with D. J. Miller, Millersburg, Ohio. Fruit said

to be sweet, buttery, melting, good quality, much superior to Kiefifer

and has russet skin. Winter.
Morman Late: Fruit of Kiefifer type but more pyriform; dull yellowish

with waxy appearance; stem very long; flavor much like Kiefifer;

not as handsome as Kiefifer. Spec. Bull. 48, Mich. Exp. Sta.

263

Parrish Favorite: Porter-Walton Co., Salt Lake City, Utah. "Beautiful
large winter pear, ripening in November and December; will keep
until late spring in fine condition, retaining its deliciously captivating
flavor. Always vigorous, never blights."

Pride: Originated with F. M. Johnson, San Marcus, Texas; introduced
by Otto Locke, New Braunfels, Texas. Fruit juicy, highly flavored,
ripens two weeks earlier than LeConte of which it is supposed to
be a seedling. Texas Dept. Agr., Bull. 32.

Rankin: J. Van Lindley Nursery Co., Pomona, N. C. Originated with
Col. W. H. Rankin, Guilford Count}', N. C. "Tree a strong
grower, hardy, blights but little. Similar to Duchess and two weeks
earlier."

Ruby IVells: Thompson Nurseries, Waco, Texas. "Of LeConte type,
mellows on tree, fine table fruit." Originated in Waco, Texas.

Theodore Williams: Stark Bros., Louisiana, Mo. Seedling of Kieflfer.
Originated with Theodore Williams, Benson, Neb. "A large beau-
tiful pear of excellent quality ; tree healthy, vigorous, a prolific
bearer — has stood 40 degrees below zero without injury." Flesh
very sweet, juicy and fine flavored. A fall variety of green color.

Touraine: Fruit medium size, oblong-pyriform; color greenish-yellow
without blush ; basin medium size ; stem long, inserted at angle ;
quality medium; season late. Bull. Vol. VII, No. 5, May, 1918,
Calif. State Com. of Hort.

Vanille: Fruit small, roundish, obtuse-obovate; color yellow, with beau-
tiful blush ; basin wide ; stem short, cavity very small ; quality
medium; season late. Cir. No. 94, Ohio Agr. Exp. Sta.

Voorhies: A seedling of Seckel, originated by W. G. Voorhies, South
Frankford, Mich. Fruit larger than Seckel, obovate-turbinate, ir-
regular ; light yellow almost entirely overlaid with dull reddish
brown, somewhat striped near cavity; cavity narrow, very shallow;
stem medium long, stonJt, clubbed; basin broad, rather shallow;
flesh whitish, somewhat coarse, juicy, mild subacid, good to very
good. Tree like Seckel but more vigorous and spreading. Late
fall and early winter. Special Bull. 44, Mich. Exp. Sta.

QUINCE

Alpha: Luther Burbank, Santa Rosa, Calif. "Produces large, handsome,
light crimson blossom and extremely large orange-like, waxy, yel-
low fruits in the greatest profusion. It is one of the handsomest
of all fruits, and always attracts attention by its large size, peculiar
form, golden color and exquisite fragrance. Useful everywhere
owing to its hardy vigor, productiveness and value for jelly making."

Childs: Originated by Luther Burbank and sold to John Lewis Childs,
Floral Park, N. Y. Burbank-s description : "It is the earliest
quince to ripen, earliest to bear, productive, smooth, handsome,
lemon-yellow, very large and cooks in five minutes." Childs' de-

264

scription : "Fruit larger than the largest apples, nearly round ; skin
smooth; flesh tender, very mild pleasant flavor, delicious to eat raw
or cooked. Tree large, rank grower, bears enormously."
Elephant: Luther Burbank, Santa Rosa, Calif. "Fruit produced in the
greatest abundance ; good specimens a foot and a half around each
way; smooth bright orange, flesh yellow, turning to a deep pink
when cooked; of superior quality."
Muck: Keystone Nurseries, Lancaster, Pa. "Large and prolific."
Santa Rosa: Seedling of Rea Mammoth. Originated by Luther Burbank,
Santa Rosa, Calif. "Remarkable for its great size, exquisite beauty
of form, polished light lemon yellow almost white skin, productive-
ness, tenderness of flesh, delicious flavor and diminutive core. The
fruit is fine grained and so free from the harsh acid of the old
quinces that it is as good as some of the popular apples for eating
raw, fully equal to the best of apples or pears when baked, stewed
or canned and makes a superior light colored dried fruit. Tree
unusually vigorous. September."

PEACH

Abilene: A cross between Mamie Ross and Elberta. Originated with
J. M. Howell, Weatherf ord, Texas. Fruit large, yellow ; flesh firm,
good flavor, good shipper, freestone. Ripens July 15. Texas Dept.
Agr., Bull. 32.

Argyle Elberta: Franklin Davis Nursery Co., Baltimore, Md. Said to
be a strain of Elberta, but the fruit is of finer color, redder, of
better flavor, and keeps better than Elberta, ripens iour to six days
later than Elberta.

Alice (of Emery) : Fruit good size, freestone, Spanish type. Originated
with a Mr. Emery at Arkansas Pass, Texas. Texas Dept. Agr.,
Bull. 32.

Anabell: A small white cling introduced by F. T. Ramsey on account of
its heavy bearing habits. Texas Dept. Agr., Bull. 32.

Annabel: Austin Nursery, Austin, Texas. Originated in Texas. "One
of the largest peaches we have ever seen. The color is most
gorgeous red and yellow. July 10 to 20 in Texas." Said to be
larger and more brilliant in color than Elberta, but is not a sure
bearer in Texas.

Annie Willia^iis: Originated in Smith County, Texas. Fruit white with
red cheek resembling Mamie Ross, but is earlier in season; flesh
yellow, flavor excellent. Texas Dept. Agr., Bull. 32.

A tame: From G. Onderdonk Nursery, Texas. Fruit small to medium
size, roundish, greenish-yellow to rich yellow, very mild subacid,
fair quality, clingstone. End of July.

Atoyac: Fruit large, yellow. Texas Dept. Agr., Bull. 32.

Beall Late White: Fruit large, roundish, 'pale greenish-yellow, mottled
and blushed with thin bright red; skin thick, tough, downy; flesh

265

creamy- white stained red, red at stone, moderately juicy, fibrous,
very meaty, mild subacid, good ; stone free. Tree erect, vigorous,
leaf glands orbicular. October. Maryland Exp. Sta., Bull. 159.
Berks' Favorite: Originated with O. G. Berks, Swedesboro, N. J. Re-
sembles Stevens Rareripe. Tree hardy and productive. Season
same as Iron Mountain.

Black's October: Fruit large, white with red cheek, highly flavored,
clingstone. October. Texas Dept. Agr., Bull. 32.

Black's September: Fruit large, yellow, juicy, delicious. September.
Texas Dept. Agr., Bull. 32.

Blanche: From R. Bates, Jackson, S. C. Fruit medium size, roundish,
rich yellow, nearly sweet, fairly good quality, clingstone. August.

BlooDiuigton: From Ray Smith, St. George, Utah. Fruit large, roundish,
dull yellow, nearly sweet, clingstone. Last of September and first
of October.

Bolivian Cling : Fruit medium to large, irregularly roundish, rich golden
yellow, nearly sweet, poor to fair quality, clingstone. August.

Bolivian Free: Fruit medium size, roundish-oval, greenish-yellow, mild
subacid, poor to fair quality, freestone. August.

Boyett's Extra Cling: Planters' Nurseries, Humboldt, Tenn. Not de-
scribed.

Briner: Same as Briner's Favorite. See report for 1920.

Buckhorn: Armstrong Nurseries, Ontario, Calif. Fruit medium to large,
roundish to oval, creamy white to pale yellow, mild subacid, good
quality, freestone. July.

Burk: Fruit medium size, roundish, sides often unequal^ suture to apex;
apex rounded ; color creamy white, mottled with rich red ; skin
thick, tough with considerable down ; flesh creamy, tinted red, red at
stone, moderately juicy, nearly sweet, fair; stone free. Tree erect,
vigorous; leaf glands orbicular. Maryland Exp. Sta., Bull. 159.
September.

Butler: Fruit round, sometimes lopsided, medium large ; suture to apex ;
color rich yellow, mottled and blushed red ; flesh rich yellow, tinged
red, red at stone, juicy, nearly sweet, fair; stone cling. Tree vigor-
ous, spreading; leaf glands reniform. September. Md. Exp. Sta.,
Bull. 159.

Cauthcn : Seedling of Elberta. Originated by Mrs. Thomas Cauthen,
Lampasas, Texas, in 1901. Fruit large, deep yellow ; flesh firm,
fine flavor; pit small, freestone, follows Elberta in season, and is as
good as Elberta. Texas Dept. Agr., Bull. 32.

Chas. Evans: Thompson Nurseries, Waco, Texas. Originated with Chas.
Evans, Waco, Texas. "Large, oblong, rich yellow with red cheek.
Follows Elberta and is a clingstone of unusually fine quality."

Clara (of Onderdonk) ; Originated with Gilbert Onderdonk in 1906. Fruit
small, sweet with slight tinge of bitterness, ripens last of May. Of
Peen-To parentage. Texas Dept. Agr., Bull. 32.

266

Cole: Originated with J. R. Cole, Dallas County, Texas. Indian type.

Skin dark with streaks of red. Flesh firm, juicy; clingstone.
Ripens August 1. Texas Dept. Agr., Bull. 32.

Coleman (of Mississippi) : J. Van Lindley Nursery Co., Pomona, N. C.
Originated near Utica, Miss. Fruit large, yellow, freestone, ripen-
ing ten days after Smock; said to be similar to Smock.

Columbine : Drum Seed and Floral Co., Ft. Worth, Texas. "Very large;
skin downy; dingy yellow; juicy and rich; ripe about June 20 and
continues for a month."

Connet's Latest: Greensboro Nurseries, Greensboro, N. C. Fruit large,
yellow, freestone ; flavor rich, season November.

Denvy: Fruit roundish, sides unequal, medium or above; suture beyond
apex; skin thick, tough, downy, creamy color with faint blush; flesh
white, moderately juicy, meaty, pleasant, nearly sweet, fair; stone
large, cling. Tree erect, vigorous, leaf glands orbicular. September.
Md. Exp. Sta., Bull. 159.

DeWitt: Fruit medium size; flesh creamy-white, firm, fine flavor, ripens
August 5 to 10. Originated in Kaufman County, Texas. Texas
Dept. Agr., Bull. 32.

Dixie (Not Dixie of Hedrick) : Seedling of Elberta. Originated at San
Marcos, Texas. Fruit yellow with pink cheek, two weeks earlier
than Elberta. Texas Dept. Agr., Bull. 32.

Dixon: Originated with C. P. Orr, Arp, Texas. Fruit large, creamy-
white; flesh firm, juicy, fine flavor, clingstone. Tree vigorous,
' prolific. July 15 to 25. Texas Dept. Agr., Bull. 32.

Dock Harris: Planters' Nurseries, Humboldt, Tenn. Not described.

Double Crop: Fruit medium, roundish, sides unequal; suture beyond
apex ; pale yellow mottled with heavy red almost black, very attrac-
tive; flesh cream-colored, stained red, red at stone, juicy, fibrous,
meaty, sweet, spicy, good ; stone cling. Tree erect, vigorous ; leaf
glands orbicular. August. Md. Exp. Sta., Bull. 159.

Early (of Burbank) : Luther Burbank, Santa Rosa, Calif. "Productive
home peach of surpassing beauty and excellent for home use."

Early Smock: Fruit medium, roundish, sides often unequal; suture to
apex ; rich yellow with bright and dark red mottling ; flesh yellow,
red at stone, melting, moderately juicy, fibrous, mild subacid, fair;
stone free. Tree erect, vigorous, very productive; leaf glands reni-
form. September. Md. Exp. Sta., Bull. 159.

Ellington: Greensboro Nurseries, Greensboro, N. C. Originated with
Captain Ellington, Greensboro, N. C. Said to be a peach of first
class quality, ripening in November in North Carolina.

Ensley: Planters' Nursery, Humboldt, Tenn. "Very large, yellow, 12
peaches fill peck."

Eva: Willow Lake Nursery, Marshallville, Ga. Originated by Judge
J. A. Edwards, Marshallville, Ga. Fruit very large, yellow with red
cheek; flesh yellow, firm, rather 'dry texture, excellent flavor; free-
stone; later than Salway.

2^^

Eva (of Stubenrauch) ; Seedling of Mamie Ross by Elberta. Originated
by J. W. Stubenrauch, Mexia, Texas. Fruit nearly round, mostly
covered with red, size of Elberta and of similar quality but ripens
several days earlier. Freestone.

Fcmmonsi: From M. Sharp, Vacaville, Calif. Fruit very large, roundish-
oval, smooth, greenish yellow, mild subacid flavor, fair quality,
clingstone. July.

Fiiiley Cling: Thompson Nursery, Waco, Texas. "White cling; better
than Gen. Lee or Chinese Cling. Ripens last of July." Originated
at Waco, Texas.

Prcdcrica: Fruit large, roundish, lopsided; suture to apex; light yellow,
washed with heavy dark red and mottled with light red; flesh rich
yellow, red at stone, juicy, fibrous, melting, rich, spicy, good;
stone very large, free. Tree somewhat spreading, vigorous ; leaf
glands orbicular. September. Md. Exp. Sta., Bull. 159.

Fruitland Cling: Utah Nursery Co., Salt Lake City, Utah. Originated
in Salt Lake Valley, Utah. Fruit nearly as large as Elberta ; flesh
firm and of excellent flavor and quality; color red; flesh dark orange
color ; a good shipper.

Fulton: Adams County Nursery and Fruit Farms, Aspers, Pa. Fruit
large, creamy-white covered with red, fine market peach. Tree
heavy bearer. August.

Gardi)ia: Fruit medium size, white, freestone. Originated with Peler
Jecker, Victoria, Texas in 1908. Texas Dept. Agr., Bull. 32.

Georgia Cling: Fruit medium to large, roundish, somewhat elongated,
somewhat lopsided ; suture to apex ; white with bright mottling
over most of the surface, dark blush; flesh white, juicy, spicy,
meaty, mild subacid, good ; stone large, cling. Tree spreading,
vigorous ; leaf glands orbicular or wanting. August. Md. Exp.
Sta., Bull. 159.

Gilbert: Xewton Nurseries, Newton, Miss. A seedling grown by S. B.
Gilbert, Newton, Miss. Fruit large, oblong, white with red cheek.
August.

Gold Medal: Gardiner's Nurseries, Kennewick, Wash. Not described.

Gold Miller: Fruit medium, roundish, lopsided ; suture to apex, color
rich yellow, with rich dull blush, very attractive ; flesh yellow,
tinged with green, red at stone, juicy, fibrous, meaty, pleasant, good;
stone large, free. Tree vigorous, erect. August. Md. Exp. Sta.
Bull. 159. Leaf glands orbicular.

Golden Acme: Utah Nursery Company, Salt Lake City, Utah. Origi-
nated near Olathe, Johnson County, Kansas. Fruit large, highly
colored, beautiful ; flesh rich, sweet, delicious. Tree vigorous, very
productive. Season early, 10 days after Amsden. Freestone.

Gordon (of Tucker-Mosby Seed Co.) : Tucker-Mosby Seed Co., Mem-
phis, Tenn. Originated near Byron, Ga., has been disseminated
under several other names. Fruit nearly as large as Carman;
season first half of June.

268

Grace: Greensboro Nurseries, Greensboro, N. C. Originated by Paul
Edmundson, Gilford College, N. C. Fruit creamy-white with blush;
flavor delicious ; freestone.

Hardison Seedling: Planters' Nurseries, Humboldt, Tennessee. Not de-
scribed.

Harris: Originated with J. T. Harris, Lampasas, Texas. Fruit large,
white with delicate pink blush; flesh juicy, sweet. Prolific bearer.
'Ripens Sept. 1 to 15. Texas Dept. Agr., Bull. 32.

Harfs Cling: Originated with D. M. Hart, Jr., Weatherford, Texas.
Fruit pinkish white, flesh creamy white, red at pit. August. Texas
Dept. Agr., Bull. 32.

Heard: Fruit medium, roundish with sides compressed; suture three-
fourths around fruit ; color pale yellow with small blush or mottling
of bright red; flesh white tinged with yellow, moderately juicy,
very firm, meaty, nearly sweet, fair; stone large, cling. Tree vigor-
ous, spreading; leaf glands reniform. September. Md. Agr. Exp.,
Bull. 159.

Heidelberg : Fruit medium large, round, lopsided; suture to apex; color
rich yellow almost entirely blushed with red, attractive; flesh rich
yellow, red at stone; juicy, fibrous, meaty, spicy, nearly sweet,
excellent; stone large, free. Tree erect, vigorous. August. Md.
Exp. Sta., Bull. 159. Leaf glands orbicular.

Henderson: Fruit medium or above, roundish, often lopsided; suture
beyond apex ; color yellow, mottled with bright and dark red with
dull purplish stripes and patches; flesh yellow, red at stone, juicy,
fibrous, meaty, mild pleasant subacid, fair to good ; stone large,
free. Tree erect, vigorous ; leaf glands orbicular. August. Md.
Exp. Sta., Bull. 159.

Hess Seedling: Planters' Nurseries, Humboldt, Tennessee. Not de-
scribed.

Hodgin: E. B. Hodgin, Spout Springs, N. C. Fruit medium to large,
roundish, sides compressed, smooth, pale yellow mottled with rich
red, mild subacid, good to best quality, stone nearly free. July.

Holcombe: "A yellow freestone of medium size, has a very rich pleasant
flavor." Rep. N. J. State Hort. Soc, 1915.

Hoovers' October: Planters' Nurseries, Humboldt, Tennessee. Not de-
scribed.

Horton: Fruit large, roundish, lopsided; suture to apex; color pale
yellow with rich deep blush, rather attractive; flesh rich yellow,
juicy, meaty, nearly sweet, fair; stone large, semi-cling. Tree
vigorous, spreading ; leaf glands orbicular. September. Md. Exp.
Sta., Bull. 159.

Hoy: Originated with Miss Jessie Hoy, Bonham, Texas. Fruit large,
handsome, yellow, exquisite flavor, freestone, ripens with Elberta
but is a better peach. Texas Dept. Agr., Bull. 32.

Improved Muir: American Fruit Grower, March 1922. Said to be a
cross between Muir and Strawberry. Much juicier and better than

269

Muir and more pointed and redder. Originated by J. W. Robinson,
Sebastopol, Calif.

Jack Beall: Waxahachie Nursery Co., Waxahachie, Texas. A chance
seedling originating in Ellis County, Texas. "Large yellow cling-
stone, quality first class.

Jarrell: Fruit large, roundish, sometimes oblong, sides unequal ; suture
nearly or entirely around fruit; color creamy white with small
dull blush; flesh creamy white, red at stone, juicy, fibrous, flavor
rather bitter, poor. Tree erect, vigorous ; leaf glands orbicular.
September. Md. Exp. Sta. Bull. 159. Stone large, free.

John Adams: Planters' Nurseries, Humboldt, Tennessee. Not described.

Junebcrta: Seedling of Elberta. Originated with J. F. Sneed, Tyler,
Texas. Fruit large, yellow, resembles Elberta except it is a cling-
stone. June. Texas Dept. Agr. Bull. 32.

Kathryn: Chance seedling found by J. W. Heal, Beverly, N. J., in 1915.
Supposed to be a cross between Belle and 'Greensboro. Fruit of
good size; flesh white, quality high; flavor similar to Belle; free-
stone. Tree vigorous and productive. Ripens with Carman.

Kcyport Red Cling: J. Van Lindley Nursery Co., Pomona, N. C. Fruit
large, red, clingstone, much like old Mixon cling but higher colored.

Kirk: Originated by J. W. Stubenrauch, Mexia, Texas. Fruit light lemon
yellow with red cheek, good size, good quality, good shipper, cling-
stone.

Late Admirable : Fruit medium, roundish, little lopsided; suture short;
color pale yellow with a little heavy red and bright mottling, dull
colored; flesh greenish yellow, red at stone, juicy, fibrous, meaty,
mild subacid slightly bitter, fair to good ; stone very large, free.
Tree vigorous, spreading. Leaf glands orbicular. August. Md.
Exp. Sta. Bull. 159.

iMury's Choice: Seems to be identical with Late Crawford. Rep. N. J.
State Hort. Soc, 1915.

Linfhicum : Fruit roundish pointed, sides unequal, medium; color pale
yellow with heavy blush ; flesh light yellow, red at stone, moderately
juicy, fibrous, pleasant, mild subacid, nearly sweet, good. Stone
large, free. Tree erect, vigorous ; leaf glands orbicular or wanting.
August. Md. Exp. Sta. Bull. 159.

Llewellyn: Fruit small, roundish; suture to apex; color dull greenish,
mottled with dark red and streaked with carmine overcast with
grey, dull colored; flesh white, deep carmine next to skin, juicy,
fibrous, meaty, mild subacid, fair ; stone large, cling. Tree spread-
ing, vigorous ; leaf glands orbicular. August. Md. Exp. Sta. Bull.
159.

Lyndon Cling: J. Van Lindley Nursery Co., Pomona, N. C. Originated
by Dr. L. Lyndon Hobbs, President of Guilford College, N. C. Fruit
very large, handsome, yellow with red cheek; flesh brittle, juicy,
very good, clingstone. Season last half of August, in Georgia.

270

McKee: Austin Nursery, Austin, Texas. "Wonderful for its striking
color. July 15 to 25." Indian type inside and out, prolific.

Mason Orange: From B. F. Mason, Martinsville, Ind. Fruit very large,
irregular, roundish; rich orange yellovir, splashed red and carmine;
pleasant mild subacid flavor, fairly good quality. September.

Mays' October: Planters' Nurseries, Humboldt, Tennessee. Not de-
scribed.

Michigan Beauty: The Monroe Nursery, Monroe, Michigan. Fruit
large, highly colored ; flesh yellow, rich, quality like Crawford
Late, freestone. Tree vigorous, productive. First part of October.

Midland: Originated with J. M. Howell, Weatherford, Texas. Fruit
large, yellow, flesh yellow, freestone, ripens July 20. Texas Dept.
Agr., Bull. 32.

Mikado (Not Mikado of Hedrick) : Originated with E. W. Kirkpatrick,
McKinney, Texas. Fruit bright yellow, firm, good shipper, semi-
cling. Tree prolific. June. Texas Dept. Agr., Bull. 32.

Minter: Originated with Morgan Minter near Como, Texas. Fruit
large, white with red cheek, semi-cling; tree vigorous, productive,
June. Texas Dept. Agr., Bull. 32.

Mosty's Cling: Originated with L. A. Mosty, Kerrville, Texas. Fruit
medium, deep orange covered with crimson ; flesh firm, fine quality.
September. Texas Dept. Agr., Bull. 32.

Mosty's Free: Originated with L. A. Mosty, Kerrville, Texas. Fruit
medium, deep orange covered with crimson ; flesh firm, quality
fine, freestone ; September. Texas Dept. Agr., Bull. 32.

Motlow: J. C. Hale Nursery Co., Winchester, Tenn. Fruit yellow,
freestone, as large as Elberta but ripens two weeks later. Quality
fine ; tree very vigorous and productive. Originated in Winchester,
Tenn.

M. T. Cox: Planters' Nurseries, Humboldt, Tennessee. Not described,

Munford: Austin Nursery, Austin, Texas. Originated by S. B. Mun-
ford, San Marcos, Texas. "A large round Honey type freestone,
of high quality, almost as smooth as a nectarine; sure bearer."

Neal ''Stuart October: Planters' Nurseries, Humboldt, Tennessee. Not
described.

Newcombe: W. E. Collins Company, Fennville, Michigan. Originated
near Fennville, Mich. Fruit large, round, yellow overspread with
carmine; high quality, freestone; ripens just ahead of Elberta.

Nii'Ui: J. Van Lindley Nursery Co., Pomona, N. C. Originated with
J. C. McNeill, Hinds County, Miss. Fruit large, yellow shaded
with red ; flesh yellow, quality fine, freestone. Season middle of
August. Between Elberta and Matthews Beauty.

October Elberta: Fruit medium size, oblong-pointed; suture to apex;
skin thick, tough, somewhat downy, pale yellow with bright blush;
flesh creamy, red at stone, juicy, meaty, pleasant mild subacid, fair;
stone large, cling. Tree erect, vigorous ; leaf glands reniform,
September. Md. Exp. Sta., Bull. 159.

271

Oklahoma: Chipola Nursery, Apalachicola, Fla. "Tree a good grower,
fruit large, juicy, fine flavor, beautiful appearance, freestone."

Oklahoma Beauty: Greensboro Nurseries, Greensboro, N. C. "Nearly
round and is more highly colored than the Greensboro, three days
earlier, and equals it in every other respect. Some specimens
measure 8 inches in circumference, semi-cling."

Oklahoma Queen: Greensboro Nurseries, Greensboro, N. C. "Ripens
one week after Greensboro ; very large ; white creamy ground with
beautiful blush, semi-cling."

Patison: Crow's Nurseries, Gilroy, Gal. Originated with J. C. Patison,
Gilroy, Cal., about 1900. Fruit extra large for its season which is
immediately following Alexander. Flesh clear golden yellow par-
tially clinging to the seed, fine grained, highly flavored, very good
quality for an early variety.

Persia: Fruit large, roundish, lopsided; suture to apex; color light
yellow shaded and mottled with bright and dull red, attractive ;
flesh rich yellow, red at stone, juicy, fibrous, meaty, rich mild
subacid, very good; stone large, free. Tree vigorous, spreading;
leaf glands reniform. Last of August and first of September.
Md. Exp. Sta., Bull. 159.

Philip Horton: Originated with Philip Horton, Smith County, Texas.
Fruit very large, 3'ellow, fine flavor, cling, ripens after Elberta.
Tree prolific. Texas Dept. Agr., Bull. 32.

Pomcroy: Originated with Pomeroy Page of Titus County, Texas.
Fruit large, firm, yellow, good flavor. Tree vigorous. August.
Texas Dept. Agr., Bull. 3-2.

Quality (of Burbank) : Originated by Luther Burbank who says: "The
best flavored of all my Crawford-Muir hybrids."

Ranes Seedling: Planters' Nurseries, Humboldt, Tennessee. Not de-
scribed.

Red Georgia: Bunting's Nurseries, Selbyville, Del. Fruit medium to
large ; skin deep blood red ; flesh red ; clingstone. Tree vigorous,
abundant cropper. Last of September.

Ribroco: Rice Bros. Co., Geneva, N. Y. "A large, handsome freestone
with golden skin, covered with a bright crimson blush. Flesh yel-
low, juicy. Valuable for market, a good shipper. Ripens after
Crawford Early."

Richards: C. W. Stuart & Company, Newark, N. Y. Originated in
Central New York. Fruit very large, yellow with red cheek; flesh
light yellow, quality excellent. Tree a heavy bearer. Middle of
September.

Robert G. Nectar: Fruit medium size, roundish to oblong, often lopsided;
suture beyond apex ; skin thick, tough, considerably downy, creamy
white with indication of blush; flesh creamy white, juicy, tender,
fibrous, mild subacid, bitterish, poor ; stone large, free. Tree erect,
vigorous ; leaf glands reniform. September. Md, Exp. Sta., Bull.
159. n

272

San Antonio: A yellow freestone of good quality which originated in
the U. S. Exp. Farm, San Antonio, Texas, where it ripens July 1.
Texas Dept. Agr., Bull. 32.
Scarborough: J. Van Lindley Nursery Co., Pomona, N. C. Originated
near Greensboro, N. C. Fruit resembles Old Mixon Free but ripens
three weeks later.
Seafon's Golden Cling: J. Van Lindley Nursery Co., Pomona, N. C.
Originated in Hinds County, Miss. Fruit medium to large, golden
yellow, fine quality, very prolific, clingstone. Season middle of July
in Miss.
Smith Yellow: Fruit medium large, shaped like Crawford Late but more
pointed ; suture to apex ; color rich yellow shaded and mottled with
bright and dark red; flesh rich yellow, juicy, red at stone, rich, spicy,
nearly sweet, excellent ; stone medium, free. Tree erect, vigorous ;
leaf glands orbicular. Last of August and first of September.
Md. Exp. Sta., Bull. 159.
South Ha7/cn: Originated by A. G. Spencer, South Haven, Mich., about
1908. Fruit large, roundish, thick-skinned, highly colored; flesh
yellow. Freestone ; ripens with St. John, about the middle of
August. Hoosier Horticulture, Oct. 1921.
Stonewall Jackson Free: J. Van Lindley Nursery Co., Pomona, N. C.
Fruit very large, sometimes weighing twenty ounces ; orange yel-
low ; flesh yellow, firm, fine for canning or market. Seedling of
Crawford Late and originated in Union County, N. C. Middle
of August.
Tarbell (Not Tarbell of Hedrick) : Fruit yellow; flesh very tender;
freestone. Originated in Smith County, Texas, and was intro-
duced by J. T. Whitaker, Tyler, Texas. Texas Dept. Agr., Bull.
32.
Thorn: Originated with J. S. Thorn, Canton, Texas. Fruit large, light
yellow, firm, cling, good shipper, one of the best keepers of all
of the Texas peaches. Texas Dept. Agr., Bull. 32.
Togo: Originated with E. W. Kirkpatrick, McKinney, Texas. Fruit
medium size, red cheek, white flesh, good quality, extra early,
ripening Mav 10 in Texas. Tree prolific. Texas Dept. Agr., Bull.
82.
Tom Davis: J. Van Lindley Nursery Co., Pomona, N. C. Originated
in South Carolina ; said to be a large yellow clingstone of very
fine quality. Late August.
Tryon: Greensboro Nurseries, Greensboro, N. C. Fruit large, red blush
on creamy skin ; flavor delicious, season last of July and first of
August.
Uneeda: Fruit medium or above, square in outline but flattened on
suture side and on sides at apex; suture entirely around fruit;
skin thick, pale yellow with thin bright blush ; flesh white, rather
dry, meaty, mild subacid, flat, fair; stone cling. Tree vigorous,
spreading, leaf glands orbicular. August. Md. Exp. Sta., Bui. 159.

273

Utah Orange: Utah Nursery Co., Salt Lake City, Utah. Originated
near Salt Lake City about 189L Fruit resembles Foster; quality
rich ; freestone ; tree thrifty, productive. Follows Elberta in season
and is an excellent shipper.

Weatherford: Originated with J. M. Howell, Weatherford, Texas. Fruit
large, white with red cheek, fine flavor, freestone. Ripens Sept.
L Texas Dept. Agr., Bull. 32.

Winnie Davis: Fruit medium to above, nearly round, sides often unequal;
suture beyond apex ; color greenish-white with purplish blush ; flesh
greenish-white, red at stone, melting, juicy, modferately tender,
subacid, good ; stone large, semi-cling. Tree vigorous, spreading,
not productive; leaf glands orbicular. October. Md. Exp. Sta.,
Bull. L59.

Winstone: Same as Winstone Seedling. See report for 1920.

Wright Nebraska: Fruit very large, roundish or slightly flattened; suture
to apex; color rich yellow, somewhat mottled and blushed with
bright red; flesh rich yellow, tinged with red, red at stone, juicy,
fibrous, meaty, pleasant mild subacid, very good ; stone large, free.
Tree erect, vigorous ; leaf glands reniform. Last half of August
and first half of September. Md. Exp. Sta., Bull. 159.

Yellozv Dazis: J. Van Lindley Nursery Co., Pomona, N. C. "A large
yellow freestone of excellent quality; very prolific; ripens middle of
August in North Carolina.

Yellow Sandy River Seedling Cling: Valdesian Nurseries, Bostic, N. C.
Fruit large, yellow; flesh juicy, acid, valuable for home use or
market. Clingstone. Said to come true from seed.

PLUM

Advance (Not Advance of Hedrick) : A cross between the Japanese and
native types. "It is the largest early plum and the earliest large
plum." Ripens last of May. Texas Dept. Agr., Bull. 32.

Alma: Seedling of Caro, fruit large, oval; cavity narrow, abrupt; stem
short, slender; suture a distinct line; skin thick, tough, yellow,
thinly washed with bright red ; dots few, small, yellow ; bloom thin,
bluish; flesh yellow, juicy, sweet, rich, good; stone cling. Americana
group. Bull. No. 43, Exp. Farms, Ottawa, Canada.

Anoka: Alinnesota Horticulturist, September 1921. Burbank x DeSoto ;
originated by the Minnesota Fruit Breeding Farm. "Hardy, strong
growing nursery tree making a moderate sized tree in the orchard.
Fruit large, dark red, medium size; flesh very firm; pit clinging;
quality fair. Ripens first week in September." Promising as a
market variety.

Austrian Prune: Scions imported from the Imperial gardens, Vienna,
Austria, in 1893, by Geo. Aprill, Ann Arbor, Mich. Fruit larger
than any American or Japanese variety; specimens weighing 4 to 5

18

274

ounces ; flesh delicious. Tree hardy and productive. September in
Michigan.

Beauty Junior: Seedling of Beauty. Luther Burbank, Santa Rosa, Calif.
"Very large, round, deepest crimson, superior quality, long keeper.
September and October."

Bodabrad: Same as Austrian Prune.

C alloc: Luther Burbank, Santa Rosa, Calif. "Very large, deep purple
plum. Flesh yellow, sweet, rich, freestone. Good grower and
productive. Ripe August 10."

CasiqUrc: Luther Burbank, Santa Rosa, Calif. "Ripens here June 20
with the earliest plums. Large, round, purple; flesh shaded yellow
and crimson like Santa Rosa, sweet, rich, delicious. About one
week earlier than Santa Rosa. Productive."

Churry: Fruit medium size, very dark red ; flesh meaty ; stone almost
free. Americana type. Not worth propagating except possibly for
breeding purposes. Bull. 114, Iowa Exp. Sta.

Corona: Seedling of Caro originated at the Central Experimental Farm,
Ottawa, Canada. Fruit large, oval, lopsided ; cavity medium size,
shallow ; suture slightly depressed ; apex knobbed ; skin thick,
tough, greenish-yellow, overspread with bright red ; flesh greenish-
yellow, firm, juicy, meaty, sweet, good; stone large, cling. Septem-
ber.

Cranberry: Luther Burbank, Santa Rosa, Calif. "Fruit small, one inch
in diameter, brilliant rosy crimson color ; flesh white, exquisitely
delicious, freestone. Very productive. October 10 to November
10."

Cremo: Cross between Botan and Chickasaw, originating on the farm
of Sam H. Dixon, in Montgomery County, Texas. Fruit large,
yellow, ripens June 1 to 10. Tree vigorous, upright, prolific.
Texas Dept. Agr., Bull. 32.

Creosoto: Originated by N. E. Hansen, Brookings, S. D. Cross be-
tween the sand cherry and DeSoto. Tree an early and abundant
cropper.

Crimson Beauty (of Burbank) .• Luther Burbank, Santa Rosa, Calif.
"Medium size, finest quality for home use."

Crimson Cluster: Luther Burbank, Santa Rosa, Calif. "Latest of all;
ripening in November ; enormously productive ; beautiful, superior."

Dara: Seedling of Caro, originated at the Central Experimental Farm,
Ottawa, Can. Fruit large, roundish to oval ; cavity medium size ;
suture a distinct line ; skin thick, yellow, mottled and thinly washed
with red; flesh yellow, juicy, sweet, pleasant, good; stone medium
size, almost free. Season late.

Discovery: Luther Burbank, Santa Rosa, Calif. Earlier than Climax
and of same size but infinitely better in quality; deep crimson.
Flesh sweet, rich, firm, rosy crimson. Productive. July.

Douglas: Fruit rather large, conical, yellow with purple tinge; flesh
firm, flavor good. Tree upright, vigorous, hardy and productive.
Texas Dept. Agr., Bull. 32.

275

Easton: Aye Brothers, Blair, Nebr. Japanese type, not described.
Eldorado (of Burbank) ; Luther Burbank, Santa Rosa, Calif. Fruit

black and flat like an apple ; flesh firm, pale salmon color, rich,

sweet, delicious, freestone. Season early.
Ettor: A cross of Norman with Chabot originated by A. L. Bruce,

Clarendon, Texas. Resembles both parents. Fine flavor Tree

large, productive. Texas Dept. Agr., Bull. 32.
Firmina: Seedling of Consul, originated by the Central Experimental

Farm, Ottawa, Canada. Fruit large, oval, wedge, slightly lopsided ;

cavity medium size ; suture indistinct ; skin medium thick, yellow,

mottled and washed with carmine red ; flesh yellow, firm, not juicy,

sweet or insipid, medium quality; stone large, free. September.
Frances: Originated with the Texas Nursery Company, Sherman, Texas.

Fruit large, yellow, handsome, ripens late in June. Texas Dept.

Agr., Bull. 32.
Gigantic: (Provisional name) Luther Burbank, Santa Rosa, Calif. Fruit

extra large, clear lemon yellow ; flesh lemon yellow, sweet, and fine ;

nearly freestone. August 20 to September 15.
Gill: Fruit medium size, round, blue covered with light bloom; flesh

firm sweet, rich, good. Tree strong, vigorous, spreading. Cir. No.

94, Ohio Agr. Exp. Sta.
Hazel: Seedling of Gloria, originated at Central Experimental Farm,

Ottawa, Canada. Fruit large, roundish-ovate ; cavity medium size ;

suture indistinct ; skin thick, tough, yellow overspread with dull rich

red; flesh golden yellow, juicy, moderately firm, sweet, good; stone

large, flattened. September.
Hogg: Originated with Sam H. Dixon, Houston, Texas. A seedling

of Kelsey. Fruit large, mottled, delicious flavor, semi-cling, ripens

June 10. Texas Dept. Agr., Bull. 32.
Home (Provisional name) : Luther Burbank, Santa Rosa, Calif. Fruit

salmon color, half covered with pale crimson, pale thin bloom.

Flesh lemon yellow, firm, juicy, sweet, very fragrant, delicious,

cling. Tree a very strong upright grower, productive.
Home Chestnut: Luther Burbank, Santa Rosa, Calif. "Salmon skin,

covered with pale crimson with numerous yellow dots. Flesh lemon

yellow, firm but juicy. Good grower and regular bearer." (This

may be the same as Home of an earlier catalogue.)
Honey Prune: Luther Burbank, Santa Rosa, Calif. Seedling of French

prune. Larger than the French prune, white, semi-transparent with

a heavy white bloom ; flesh honey sweet, "excels -all other prunes

or plums".
Hubert: Originated with A. L. Bruce, Clarendon, Texas. Fruit large,

purple ; flesh coarse grained, fine flavor. Texas Dept. Agr., Bull.

32.
Imperial Blue: Originated by Israel Pennington, Mason, Mich. Fruit

under medium size, nearly round, purplish black with bluish bloom ;
stem short; cavity shallow, flesh greenish-yellow, soft, delicate,

276

juicy, rich, sweet; pit small. Season September. Special Bull. 44,
Mich. Exp. Sta.

Inca: Luther Burbank, Santa Rosa, Calif. Fruit large, oval, greenish-
yellow tinged crimson; flesh firm, yellow, sweet, delicious. Very
productive, September.

Joseph: Originated with Joseph Rowley, Sr., Cummings Bridge, Ontario.
Fruit very large, oval, flattened ; cavity shallow, medium width ;
suture a distinct line; skin rather thick, yellow, mottled and washed
with attractive red; flesh yellow, juicy, sweet, rich, good, quality very
good for an American plum. September. Bull. No. 43, Exp. Farm,
Ottawa, Canada.

Julia May: Originated and introduced by W. H. Perkins, McKinney,
Texas. Fruit large, deep red, quality good. Ripens last half of
May. Texas Dept. Agr.,- Bull. 32.

Kaw: N. E. Hansen, Brookings, S. D. Prunus watsoni x Wolf. Fruit
bright dark red with fine white dots and white bloom. Flesh yellow,
crisp, pleasing quality.

Kilmorc: Seedling of Yosemite purple. Originated by Central Experi-
mental Farm, Ottawa, Canada. Fruit large, roundish, slightly
flattened ; cavity medium size ; suture a distinct line ; skin rather
thick, bright purplish red ; dots numerous, yellow. Flesh deep
yellow, juicy, sweet, rich, good; stone above medium, almost free.
Season medium late.

Kingston Sugar: Fruit above medium size, heart shaped; cavity shallow;
stem medium length, rather stout ; suture a distinct line ; skin
rather thick and tough, green with traces of yellow ; flesh yellowish-
green, juicy, sweet, very good; stone medium size, cling; belongs
to Reine Claude group. Bull. No. 43, Exp. Farm. Ottawa, Canada.

Lester: Seedling of DeSoto, originated by the Central Experimental
Farm, Ottawa, Canada. Fruit medium or above, roundish ; cavity
narrow, shallow ; suture a distinct line ; skin rather thick, yellow,
mostly covered with bright red, bloom moderate, bluish ; dots small,
yellow; flesh deep yellow, juicy, sweet, good; stone medium size,
semi-cling. September. Tree very productive.

I^oring : Minnesota Horticulturist, December 1917. Originated at Lons-
dale, Rice County, Minn. Fruit over 2 inches in diameter, well
colored; flesh firm, free from bitterness with a slight peach flavor;
clingstone. Tree hardy productive.

Major: Seedling of the wild plum of Manitoba, originated at the
Experimental Farm, Brandon, Manitoba. Fruit rather small, quality
good, season very early.

Mancheno: Seedling of Cheney x Manitoba, originated by the Central
Experimental Farm, Ottawa, Canada. Fruit medium size, oval ;
cavity narrow, rather deep; stem medium length, slender; suture
indistinct ; skin moderately thick, yellow, nearly covered with
deep red; dots obscure; flesh yellow, juicy, briskly subacid, some-
what astringent, medium quality ; stone large, cling.

277 .

Marler: Seedling of Caro, originated at the Central Experimental Farm,
Ottawa, Canada. Fruit large, roundish to oval; cavity medium
size ; stem medium length, rather stout ; suture a distinct line ; skin
thick, yellow covered with bright crimson ; dots numerous, yellow,
conspicuous; bloom pinkish; flesh yellow, firm, juicy, sweet, rich,
good; stone medium size, cling. Belongs to Americana group.

May Beauty: Munson Nurseries, Denison, Texas. Abundance X an
early Chickasaw variety. Originated by J. M. Funk, Denison,
Texas, about 1898. Fruit large, red, same shape as Wild Goose;
juicy, of best quality. Season early.

Mound (Minn. No. 50).- Burbank x Wolf. Originated by the Minne-
sota Fruit Breeding Station, Zumbra Heights, Minn. Fruit large,
oval, yellowish-red; flesh firm, quality fair; pit small, semi-cling;
promising as a market variety. Tree hardy and a heavy regular
cropper. September.

Red Magnate — -error for Red Nagnate : Tucker-Mosby Seed Company,
Memphis, Tenn.

Rhoda: Seedling of Cheney. Originated at the Central Experimental
Farm, Ottawa, Canada. Fruit large, oval ; cavity broad, moderately
deep; suture slightly depressed; skin rather thin, dark red; flesh
rich, orange-yellow, firm, juicy, sweet, rich, pleasant, good; stone
semi-free. September.

Sachem: iuther Burbank, Santa Rosa, Calif. Fruit large, egg-shaped,
purple ; flesh rich magenta, firm, sweet, freestone. Tree vigorous
and productive. An early hybrid plum.

Sam Dixon: Seedling of Wild Goose x Botan, originated by J. M.
Howell. Fruit large, red, flavor fine, good shipper. Tree vigorous,
prolific. Ripens June 10. Texas Dept. Agr., Bull. 32.

Sehe Thomas: Originated with A. L. Bruce', Clarendon, Texas. Fruit
very large, fine flavor, resembles Six Weeks. Texas Dept. Agr.,
Bull. 32.

Sumono: Luther Burbank, Santa Rosa, Calif. Not described.

"Swcetesf Prune: Luther Burbank, Santa Rosa, Calif. Not described.

Thunder Cloud: Luther Burbank, Santa Rosa, Calif. "Foliage has a
wonderful metallic-crimson lustre. Fruit good."

Toto: Seedling of Wild Goose, originated with Sam H. Dixon, Houston,
Texas. Fruit medium size, purple red, firm, good flavor, good
shipper, makes fine jelly; tree productive. Texas Dept. Agr., Bull.
32.

Troy: Seedling of Cheney, originated at the Central Experimental Farm,
Ottawa, Canada. Fruit large, roundish ; suture fairly distinct ; skin
rather thick, yellowish, washed with deep red ; dots numerous,
small, yellow; flesh deep yellow, juicy, sweet, good to very good;
stone rather large, flattened, September.

Valleda: Luther Burbank, Santa Rosa, Calif. Fruit large, oval, deepest
crimson ; flesh crimson, sweet, rich, extra fine quality, freestone.
Tree vigorous, productive. August.

278

White Japan: Austin Nursery, Austin, Texas. "Roundish, transparent
cream colored, finest quality, June."

Winona (Minn. No. 30) : Triflora x Americana. Originated by the Min-
nesota Fruit Breeding Station. Fruit large, yellow turning red
when ripe, roundish; flesh juicy, sweet, very good; semi-cling.
Tree vigorous, regular and productive bearer.

Yellow May: Baker Bros., Forth Worth, Texas. Not described.

PLUMCOT

Silver: Luther Burbank, Santa Rosa, Calif. Fruit long, oval-flattened,
deep silvery purple; flesh firm, deep yellow, -juicy, sub-acid, flavor
of finest cranberries either fresh or cooked, juice like that of straw-
berries. Tree vigorous, productive.

APRICOT

Coc's Hemskirk: Utah Nursery Co., Salt Lake City, Utah. "In size

fully as large as any other variety and of better quality, a regular

bearer." Said to have originated in California.
Gold Dust: J. Van Lindley Nursery Co., Pomona, N. C. "From Japan.

Very large; deep, golden yellow and fine in quality."
Jones: Utah Nursery Co., Salt Lake City, Utah. "Medium, yellow with

red cheek, prolific, early."
Key: Austin Nursery Co., Austin, Texas. Chance seedling* originated

with J. R. Key, Lampasas, Texas. Fruit medium size, good quality.

Tree a regular bearer. May in Texas.
Knobel: Crow's Nurseries, Gilroy, Cal. Originated with M. D. Knobel,

San Jose, Cal. "A greatly improved Blenheim. Tree a strong

thrifty grower. A better all round commercial fruit than Blenheim."
Smyr)ia: Leonard Coates Nursery Co., Morganhill, Cal. "New, kernel is

sweet like the almond."

NECTARINE

Breck: Originated with Jos. Breck, Travis County, Texas. Said to be

of the shape, size and qualit\' of the Honey peach. Texas Dept.

Agr.. Bull. 32.
Griffith: Austin Nursery Co., Austin, Texas. Original tree on grounds

of Mr. Griffith, East Austin, Texas. "Large fine yellow and red

fruit ; prolific, regular bearer."
J. C. Wees: Kavan Nurseries, San Bernardino, Calif. A chance seedling,

originated by J. C. Wees, San Bernardino, Calif., aI)out 1915. Not

described.
Red Cling: Originated with John Burkhardt, Fayette County, Texas.

Spanish type, good flavor, cling. Texas Dept. Agr., Bull. 32.
Tough: Originated by J. W. Stubenrauch, Mexia, Texas. Fruit nearly

round, smaller than Elberta peach ; skin tough, nearly covered with

red; flesh quite juicy and of highest quplity. Freestone.

279

Wilkinson: Austin Nursery, Austin, Texas. Looks and tastes like a
Honey Peach; fair size; valuable on account of succeeding so far
south. Fine and productive at Austin.

Ycllozi': Luther Burbank, Santa Rosa, Calif. '"Large, crimson, rich
yellow flesh. Enormous and constant bearer."

CHERRY

Black Orb : Utah Nursery Co., Salt Lake City, Utah. 'Tree vigorous
grower. Fruit large, round, purplish black. Flesh high colored and
excellent quality. Pit small and free. An excellent variety for
canning or shipping."

Cirucla: Luther Burbank, Santa Rosa, Calif. "Evergreen Patagonian
Cherry, most rapid growing of all cherries. Lumber greatly prized
for furniture. Very ornamental, symmetrical, upright grower; long
clusters of fruits in profusion like that of Prunus serotina, but
larger and sweeter."

Dai's Early Red: Porter-Walton Company, Salt Lake City, Utah. "Very
large ; deep red. Delicious sweet flavor. Ripens here the last of
May or first part of June."

Early Dychousc: Probably same as Dyehouse.

Guilford Seedling: Dubuque Nursery, Dubuque, Iowa. Not described.

Honey Dew: (Of Plumfield Nursery). Originated with J. H. Walters,
Wahoo, Nebraska, as a chance seedling about 1903. Fruit large,
yellow and light red; flesh firm, meaty, sweet, rich and of highest
quality.

Koontz Mannnoth : The Monroe Nursery. Monroe, Michigan. Origi-
nated in Northern Indiana. Fruit large, nearly twice the size
of Early Richmond and about the same shape ; flesh melting, firm
acid ; seeds small. Last of June.

Pennington : Originated by Israel Pennington, Mason, Mich., about 1858.
Fruit large, roundish, heart-shaped, dark red ; flesh pale, yellowish-
white, sweet, vinous, rich, firm. Tree upright, very productive.
Special Bull. 44, Mich. Exp. Sta.

Porter Tartarian: Max J. Crow & Son. Gilroy, Cal. Said to be a strain
of Black Tartarian originated with Robert Porter, Santa Clara, Cal.
Fruit is a little larger, firmer, and better shipper than Black Tar-
tarian and does not crack with rain, nor sunburn like its parent.
Tree strong, vigorous, exceedingly prolific, ripens later than Black
Tartarian.

i6 to i: Utah Nursery Co., Salt Lake C\ty, Utah. Fruit large, red;
flesh rich sub-acid ; tree very hardy. August.

Warren's May: Planters' Nurseries, Humboldt, Tennessee. "Early, large,
succeeds well here, of Morella type."

Young's Large Black: Utah Nursery Co., Salt Lake City. Utah. "Very
large ; liver color ; flesh very firm, fine flavor. Ripens early in July.
An excellent market variety,"

28o

MULBERRY

Everbearing : Tucker-Mosby Seed Co., Memphis, Tenn. Not described
but supposed to be either Hicks or Black English.

PERSIMMON

American Honey : The Munson Nurseries, Denison, Texas. "A tree
of the native persimmon found wild, bearing profusely of large,
clear honey colored fruit of finest quality preferred by all to even
the finest Japanese kinds. It has few small seeds."

Garretson: J. F. Jones, Lancaster, Pa. A native from Adams County,
Pa. Fruit small, delicious, seedless, productive.

Hyakrniiic: Same as Hyakume.

Lambert: J. F. Jones, Lancaster, Pa. A native from Hiawatha, Kansas.
Fruit very large, bright yellow, very showy, very good quality, few
seeds.

Oalcame: Same as Okame.

Saburoza: Fruit small to medium, four prominent lobes beyond calyx;
very dark tomato red, surface glossy, very attractive ; flesh very dark
cinnamon when seeded, sweet, rich, excellent. Bull. 316, Calif. Exp.
Sta.

Yemoan: Same as Yemon.

HAWTHORN

Chinese Fruiting. Luther Burbank, Santa Rosa, Calif. "A very beau-
tiful small tree bearing great quantities of bright crimson fruit as
large as large olives, which is excellent for jam, jellies, etc.
The foliage also is very beautiful during the fall."

GRAPE

Australis (of Burbank) : Seedling of Pierce, originated by Luther Bur-
bank, Santa Rosa, Calif. Berry very large, blue-black, quality very
best, very early in season.

Beula: Originated about 50' years ago with the late Benj. F. Meekins,
Manteo, N. C. Vine vigorous, productive, leaves medium size, dark
green, cordate. Cluster of fair size, round; berry large, brownish
black, pulp meaty but juicy, medium flavor and quality; skin thick,
tough; suited only for wine. U. S. Dept. Agr. B. P. I., Bull. 273.

Broivn (Rotundifolia) : (Not Brown of Hedrick.) Originated near
Kinston, N. C. and was named by Mr. J. I. Brown of that place.
Both vine and fruit are similar to the Scuppernong, but the fruit
is sweeter and of better quality; the berry is also smaller. U. S.
Dept. Agr. B. P. I., Bull. 273.

Carolina Belle: Originated with Elisha Lamb, Dwight, N. C, about 30
years ago. Cluster medium size ; berry medium size ; oblong, almost
black with small specks; pulp fairly juicy, medium quality; skin

28l

thin, tough ; seeds small. Vine very vigorous ; leaf cordate, sharp
pointed at tip ; glabrous, leathery. U. S. Depft. Agr. B. P. I.,
Bull. 273.

Christmas: Seedling of Pierce. Originated by Luther Burbank, Santa
Rosa, Calif. "Enormously productive of blue-black fruit of the
very best quality, the vines appearing as a mass of very large,
long full clusters which retain their superior quality during cool
dry weather, or if protected by rain on the vines until nearly or
quite Christmas. Bunches six to eight inches long."

Clayton: Discovered by the late Col. Clayton Griffin, Swans Point, N. C.
Not described. Is said to be a good variety. U. S. Dept. Agr.
B. P. I., Bull. 273.

Floii'crs Improved: Discovered about 1869 by J. M. Shipman, near Red
Hill Swamp, N. C. Compared with Flowers the vine is more
vigorous and productive, the clusters larger, the berries more
oblong and cling tenaciously to~ the stem. Season late. Bull. 201,
N. C. Exp. Sta.

Hopkins (Rotundifolia) : (Not Hopkins of Munson.) Clusters resemble
those of Scuppernong; berry large, slightly oblong, black; flesh
pulpy but soft, sweet, pleasant; skin medium thick, tough; seeds
2 to 4, large. Vine vigorous, productive ; leaves large, dark green,
thick, broadly cordate, irregular, dentate. Last of August at Wil-
mington, N. C. U. S. Dept. Agr., B. P. I. Bull. 273.

Howard: Seedling of San Jacinto. Originated by the late T. V. Munson,
Denison, Texas. Not described. U. S. Agr. Dept., B. P. I. Bull. 23.

Hunt: Cross between prepotent white male x Flowers. Vine vigorous,
productive, berry large, black, hangs on well ; skin medium to
thin ; pulp medium, flavor excellent ; cluster stems long. August
Bull. 133, Ga. Exp. Sta.

Irene: Cross between black male and Thomas. Vine vigorous, produc-
tive ; berry large, lustrous black ; skin medium, quality good ; season
two weeks after Scuppernong and lasts until frost. Bull. 133, Ga.
Exp. Sta.

Island Belle: Jacob Kaufman Co., Seattle, Wash. Originated with
Isador Bush, Bushberg, Mo. Berry and cluster larger than Con-
cord ; color black, some bloom ; skin tough, a good shipper, does not
crack or shatter on the vine ; productive, better quality than Con-
cord ; vine fairly vigorous ; same season as Moore Early.

Klickitat: A European variety, earlier than Sweetwater. Bunches large;
berry round, white, large, sweet. Vine vigorous, heavy producer,
hardy at Kennewick, Washington. Is also called Opal Rose.

Lahama: Seedling of San Jacinto. Originated by the late T. V. Munson,
Denison, Texas. Not described. U. S. Dept. Agr., B. P. I. Bull.
273.

Lady James : Discovered near Grindool, Pitt County, N. C, by B. M. W.
James about 35 years ago. Cluster medium size, very compact with
a short stem ; berry medium size, round, reddish wine color ; skin

282

thin, moderately tough with many small pimples dotting the surface ;
pulp juicy, sweet, with sprightly flavor. For home use only.
U. S. Dept. Agr., B. P. I. Bull. 273.

Latham: Discovered by F. P. Latham near Newbern, N. C, before the
Civil War. Resembles Thomas and Lady James. Cluster compact,
medium size with very short stem ; berry medium size, round with
prominent markings, wine color ; skin thin, moderately tough, cov-
ered with pin head dots; pulp juicy, exceedingly sweet with
sprightly flavor. U. S. Department Agr., B. P. L Bull. 273.

LuoJa: Originated near Boardman, N. C, 30 or more years ago. Clusters
medium size, rather loose; berries round, dark purplish black; pulp
melting, juicy, fruity, vineless. Ripens just before frost. U. S.
Dept. Agr., B. P. L Bull. 273.

Manuel: Seedling of San Jacinto. Originated by the late T. V. Munson,
Denison, Texas. Not described. U. S. Dept. Agr., B. P. L Bull.
273.

McTaznsh: Bunch below medium to small, broad, compact, slightly
shouldered ; berry medium size, roundish, pale green, slightly tinged
with purple ; skin thick, tough ; pulp tender, does not separate
readily from seeds, juicy, sweet, slightly foxy, good to very good.
Season early.

Muscatella Gordo Blanco: Utah Nursery Company, Salt Lake City,
Utah. A grape much resembling the Muscat of Alexandria, but
with smaller and fewer seeds, and thinner skin. A valuable raisin
grape.

November: Cross between black male and Scuppernong. Vine vigorous
prolific; berry medium size, lighter color than Scuppernong; quality
fair; season late just before frost. Bull. 133, Ga. Exp. Sta.

Old English: Valdesian Nurseries, Bostic, N. C. Bunch medium large,
well shouldered ; berry light pink to red ; very delicious, ripens in
September in North Carolina after all other bunch grapes are gone.
Vine a strong grower with large healthy leaves.

Paw Paw: Originated in the vineyard of O. W. Rowland, Paw Paw,
Mich. Bunch large, compact; berry very large resembling Concord
but more acid. Flavor excellent. Special Bull. 44, Mich. Exp. Sta.

Philippi: Seedling of purple Damascus x Flame Tokay. Originated by
J. W. Philippi, Acampo, Cal. Bunch very large ; berry very large,
skin tough, quality very fine, color deep red. Fruited first in 1905.

Qualitas: Cross between black male and Thomas. Vine medium strong,
very prolific ; clusters medium size ; berry medium to large, dull
black; skin thin, pulp and seeds medium in size, very sweet, ex-
cellent quality. Season 10 days after Scuppernong. Bull. 133,
Ga. Exp. Sta.

Sanbrilasco: Seedling of San Jacinto. Originated by the late T. V.
Munson, Denison, Texas. Not described. U. S. Dept. Agr., B. P. I.
Bull. 275.

283

San Gabriel: Seedling of San Jacinto. Originated by the late T. V.
Munson, Denison. Texas. Not described. U. S. Dept. Agr., B. P. I.
Bull. 273.

Sanherbo:- Seedling of San Jacinto. Originated by the late T. V. Mun-
son, Denison. Texas. Not described. U. S. Dept. Agr., B. P. I.
Bull. 273.

Smith: Originated near Albertson, Duplin County, North Carolina, about
30 years ago. Cluster medium size and roundish ; berry large,
oblong, bluish or deep purplish black with "guinea speck" markings ;
vine vigorous, productive ; leaves cordate, rather thick, not much
pointed. Ripens early and hangs on vine until frost. U. S. Dept.
Agr.. B. P. I. Bull. 273.

Spalding: Cross between prepotent white male and Flowers. Vine vigor-
ous, very prolific; berry black, slightly smaller than Hunt; skin
medium to thin ; pulp medium to small, quality excellent. Season
two weeks after Hunt. Bull. 133, Ga. Exp. Sta.

Stuckcy: Cross between black male and Scuppernong. Vine medium
vigorous, productive ; berry medium to large, color of Scuppernong,
not attractive, size of pulp and seeds medium, juicy, very sweet, very
good quality. Season 10 days after Scuppernong. Bull. 133, Ga.
Exp. Sta.

Texas Queen: Originated in Texas and was introduced by J. W. Tacket,
Weatherford. Texas. Bunch large, compact, ripens evenly; berry
almost seedless. Texas Dept. Agr., Bull. 32.

JVcsfbrook: Originated with the late J. S. Westbrook, Paison, N. C.
Not described. U. S. Dept. Agr., B. P. I. Bull. 273.

White Ruby: Pilot Point Dewberry Farm, Pilot Point, Texas. Fruit
resembles Niagara, very juicy and sweet; bunch medium to large.
Vine a strong grower, hardy, productive.

BLACKBERRY

Autumn King: Luther Burbank, Santa Rosa, Calif. "A rampant grower
and quite thorny, with curious, handsome, palmate foliage and pink
blossoms. The berries which ripen late in the fall, are of the
largest size, and have a superior, aromatic sweet quality never found
in any of the common summer varieties." Second generation cross
of Lawton and Oregon Everbearing.

Burbank Thornless Blackberry: Originated by Luther Burbank, Santa
Rosa, Calif. Fruit firm and quite uniform in size, plump, good
quality; plant thornless, exceedingly vigorous and very productive.

Cox: Found in Erath County, Texas, introduced by F. T. Ramsey,
Austin, Texas. Texas Dept. Agr., Bull. 32.

Early Wonder: Fitzgerald's Nursery, Stevenville, Texas. Nearly as
large as Austin dewberry, very productive, sometimes fruiting in the
fall.

284

English: Discovered 20 miles north of Bonham, Fammin County, Texas.
Berry large, good quality; plant hardy, prolific. Texas Dept. Agr.,
Bull. 32.

Erskine Park Seedless: Said to be a sport of Kittatinny, very hardy with
long fruiting season ; berry very large, fine flavor, no core and no
seeds.

German: Lennox Nursery and Fruit Farm, Lennox, S. D. Root cuttings
were brought from Germany about 1909. Fruit very large, juicy,
very firm, dark glossy colored ; plant very vigorous, must be pro-
tected during the winter in South Dakota.

Gray's Perfection: Gray's Nursery, Salem, Ind. Fruit jet black and
glossy, very large, oblong, very firm, flavor excellent. Plants
very hardy having withstood 35° F. below zero. This may be the
same as Perfection.

Lux: W. L. Lux, Topeka, Kansas. "Very large, late. Finest quality,
never winterkills."

Perfection : Stark Bros., Louisiana, Mo. "Large jet black, highest qual-
ity. Productive, very hardy."

Sensatio)i: L. G. Rathbun & Son, Orland, Indiana. Berry very large;
plant hardy, bears full crop in summer and half crop in fall on new
canes.

Spalding: Originated with a Mr. Spalding of Gonzales County, Texas,
introduced by F. T. Ramsey, Austin, Texas. Not described. Texas
Dept. Agr., Bull. 32.

Superb: Luther Burbank, Santa Rosa, Calif. "Highly flavored, sweet,
and delicious. Larger and more productive than the Himalaya."

Thornlcss Mammoth: Kavan Nurseries, San Bernardino, Calif. "Vines
are thornless, making picking easy ; the berry is as large as Mam-
moth, but better flavor."

RASPBERRY

Early King: "The plants are not good growers nor vigorous. Berries of

medium size, red, medium quality. Not productive. Not promising

as a commercial variety. Season early."
Everbearing Black Raspberry: F. W. Brow Nursery Co., Inc., Rosehill,

N. Y. "Will actually bear fruit from June until killed by frost.

The plants grow upright, very strong and are literally loaded with

fruit in all stages, from bloom to ripe fruit."
Fillbasket: "An English variety which has done well in British Columbia

at the Agassiz Farm. Not grown in Eastern Canada." Bull. No.

94, Dominion Exp. Farms, Ottawa.
Freseman's Black Cap: Lennox Nursery & Fruit Farm, Lennox, S. D.

Originated with A. A. Freseman, Lennox, S. D. "A large black

shiny fruit of excellent flavor. The vine appears to be much hardier

than any other black raspberry tested out. Great bearer."

285

Henry: Originated by Wm. Saunders, London, Ont. Berry above
medium to large, roundish to slightly conical, bright to deep red ;
, flesh moderately firm, juicy, briskly sub-acid, above medium in
quality; mwfeeason.

Jumbo (of Canada) : Berry large, conic, deep crimson, firm, mildly sub-
acid, lacking in flavor, quality medium ; mid-season. Bull. No. 94,
Dominion Exp. Farms, Ottawa.

Kei'itt's Hybrid: Wm. H. Hunt & Co., New York, N. Y. "Planted out
this fall will yield next year one pint of extra large berries to each
cane. Grows ten feet first season. Hardy and almost free from
seeds."

King of the Market: Wm. Henry Maule, Inc., Philadelphia, Pa. Origin-
ated by Geo. W. Elliott, Mankanda, 111. Introduced by Bradley
Bros., Mankanda, 111., in 1915. Plant upright, stalky and very
productive. Berry beautiful light crimson, very meaty, rich, de-
licious. Everbearing. Fruit said to be twice as large as Ranere and
a week later in ripening in both spring and fall.

Leyerle: John Lewis Childs, Inc., Floral Park, N. Y. Originated by
Jake Leyerle of Jackson County, Illinois. Fruit bright crimson,
meaty, rich in sugar, delicious flavor, very large, firm. Everbearing.
Plants very stocky, upright, healthy. Not quite as early as St.
Regis.

Louboro: Seedling of Loudon x Marlboro originated by the Experiment
Station. Geneva, N. Y. Berry large, roundish-conic, light bright
crimson, attractive ; mildly sub-acid, rather flat in flavor, quality
above medium, flesh rather soft; midseason. Plant vigorous and
productive. Bull. No. 94, Dominion Exp. Farms, Ottawa.

October Giant: Seedling of Eureka originated by Luther Burbank, Santa
Rosa, Calif. "Remarkable for its habit of bearing in October,
as well as for its unusual size, measuring nearly 4 inches in cir-
cumference ; bright red color ; rather soft except for home use."

Oro Noca: Same as Oronoco. See 1920 report.

Perfection: King Bros. Nurseries, Danville, N. Y. Said to be a new
extra early variety of great merit, hardy and very productive; a
strong grower.

Redpath: J. V. Bailey, St. Paul, Minn. Berry a bright red, very large,
firm. Plant hardy, prolific.

Rex: Fruit Belt (Grand Rapids, Mich.) Feb. 1920. "Everbearing; red.
A picking every week from June to October. The new canes
bear fruit 90 days after planting. Berries large, firm, sweet, and
of delightful flavor.

Sugar Hybrid: Luther Burbank, Santa Rosa, Calif. Berry quite large
about the size of Marlboro, dark red color, said to be the sweetest
of all red raspberries. Plants tall and slender, almost thornless,
productive. Hybrid of a second generation Shafifer and Souhegan.

Thornber: A chance seedling originating with W. S. Thornber, Oark-
ston. Wash. Berry very large, attractive dark red, rich flavor;
plant very vigorous and hardy.

286

White Queen: Wm. N. Hunt & Co., New York, N. Y. Originated with
Jonathan Thorne, Black Rock, Conn. Plant very vigorous with
large canes and heavy foliage. Berry very attractive, very large,
creamy white, exquisite flavor and aroma, sometMies very soft, not
a good shipper. Season August to middle of November.

BLACKBERRY — RASPBERRY HYBRID

Humbolt (of Burbank) : Seedling of an improved California wild dew-
berry X Cuthbert raspberry originated by Luther Burbank, Santa
Rosa, Calif. Berry very large, dark crimson or dark purple
covered with a silvery sheen, very acid, delicious for canning or
drying, said to have both raspberry and blackberry flavor. Plants
extremely vigorous. Ripens in June.

Paradox: Fourth generation from a cross of Christal White blackberry
X Shaffer raspberry. Originated by Luther Burbank, Santa Rosa,
Calif. "Produces an abundance of oval light red berries of good
size, larger than either progenitor and of superior quality. The
plant is in every respect a most perfect balance between the two
species."

DEWBERRY

Chestnut: Originated with L J. Chestnut, Keene, Texas. Berry large,
sweet, firm, good shipper, ripens last of April in Texas. Texas
Dept. Agr., Bull. 32.

Monroe: Austin Nursery, Austin, Texas. "A very large, long dewberry
of pure southern type. Rank grower. May."

Noten: Found wild by Pierson Noten in Hornsby's Bend 10 miles east
of Austin, Texas, about 1896. Not as large as Rogers. Not de-
scribed.

Rogers: Said to have been discovered near Alvin, Texas, by a Mr.
Rogers. Introduced by C. Falkner, Waco, Texas. Not described.
Texas Dept. Agr., Bull. 32.

GOOSEBERRY

Berkeley: "Bush is a fairly vigorous grower and good bearer. Berries

are very large and ripen early. An old English variety and subject

to mildew." Circular 164, Calif. Exp. Sta.
Charles: Seedling of Houghton x Roaring Lion, originated by Wm.

Saunders, London, Ont. Berry larger than Downing, roundish to

oval, green tinged red; quality good, slightly sub-acid; season

medium.
Como (Minn. No. 43) : A seedling of Pearl x Columbus. Originated

by the Minnesota Fruit Breeding Farm, Sumbra Heights, Minn.

Berry large, roundish or slightly oblong, green, fair quality. Plant

vigorous, moderately thorny, productive.
Indian Chief: Alneer Bros., Rockford, III. "Large, color bright red, of

superior quality."

287

Oregon: Originated by O. Dickinson, Salem, Oregon. Berry larger than
Downing, pale green with whitish bloom, translucent; skin tender;
season rather late. Bull. No. 94, Dominion Exp. Farm, Ottawa.

Pride of Michigan: Peach Belt Nurseries, Bangor, Mich. Berry re-
sembles Downing in size, color and quality, but the bush is more
vigorous, healthier, hardier and more productive. Introduced by
Hurlbut and Cross, Bangor, Mich., about 1916. Plants were found
near South Haven, Mich., but whether they were a seedling or an old
variety is not known.

Queen Anne: Berry medium size, roundish to oval, yellowish-green;
skin thick ; quality medium to good, briskly sub-acid. Bull. No. 94,
Dominion Exp. Farm, Ottawa.

Syh'ia: Originated by Wm. Saunders, London, Ont. Berry above
medium, roundish, greenish more or less covered with dull red ;
quality good, sub-acid ; season medium. Bull. No. 94, Dominion
Exp. Farm, Ottawa.

CURRANT

Boskoop Giant (of Wilk) : John Wilk, New York, N. Y. "The largest
and sweetest white currant."

Buddenborg : Berry large to very large in medium size bunches, skin
thick, black; flavor good, quality good, pleasant sub-acid, season
late. Bull. No. 94, Dominion Exp. Farm, Ottawa.

Clipper: Seedling of Black Naples Seedling originated by Wm. Saunders,
London, Ont. Berry medium to large in large bunches ; skin
moderately thick, black, tender ; flavor good, quality good, briskly
sub-acid; season medium to late; bush a strong grower and pro-
ductive.

Collins Prolific: Fruit mostly in large bunches; skin thick, acid; quality
medium ; season late. Bull. 94^ Dominion Exp. Farm, Ottawa.

Cumberland Red: Originated by C. L. Stevens, Orillia, Ont. Bunch
medium in size and length ; berry medium to above in size, bright
scarlet ; quality medium, acid ; season medium. Bush strong rather
spreading grower. Bull. No. 94, Dominion Exp. Farm, Ottawa.

Eagle: Seedling of Black Naples seedling, originated by Wm. Saunders,
London, Ont. Berry medium to large in medium bunches ; skin
black, moderately thick ; flavor briskly sub-acid ; quality medium.
Season medium. Bush a strong grower and productive.

Eclipse: Seedling of Black Naples Seedling, originated by Wm. Saunders,
London, Ont. Berry medium to large in large bunches ; skin black,
moderately thick, fairly tender ; quality good, flavor sub-acid ; season
early. Bush a medium to strong grower and productive.

Giant Red: "The bush is a more vigorous grower than Perfection;
also holds its foliage better." Report Wis. State Hort. Soc, 1913.

Greenfield: Originated by S. Greenfield, Ottawa East, Ont. Bunch well-
filled ; berry medium to above in size, bright scarlet ; quality above

288

medium, pleasantly acid. Season medium. Bush a strong moder-
ately spreading grower. Bull. No. 94, Dominion Exp. Farm,
Ottawa.

Kerry: Seedling of Black Naples Seedling, originated by Wm. Saunders,
London, Ont. Berry above medium to large; skin black, thick but
tender ; quality above medium, flavor briskly sub-acid. Bush a
strong grower and very productive.
La Condc: Bunch well-filled; berry medium or above in size, bright
scarlet ; quality medium, acid. Bush a strong moderately spreading

grower. Bull. No. 94, Dominion Exp. Farm, Ottawa.
Lcvrgc White: Bunch long, usually about half filled; berry medium to

large, pale yellow ; quality above medium, briskly sub-acid ; season

early. Bush a strong upright grower and productive. Bull. No. 94,

Dominion Exp. Farm, Ottawa.
Late Victoria: Gill Bros. Seed Co., Portland, Oregon. "Large long

bunches, red fruit."
Magnus: Seedling of Black Naples Seedling originated by Wm. Saunders,

London, Ont. Berry large; skin black, rather thick; quality good;

flavor sub-acid ; season medium. Bush a strong grower and very

productive.
Merccille de la Gironde: Berry medium in size or below, bunch large;

skin black, moderately thick, tender ; flavor good, quality good,

briskly sub-acid ; season medium to late. Bull. No. 94, Dominion

Exp. Farm, Ottawa.
Newark: C. W. Stuart & Company, Newark, N. Y. Bunch of good

length, berry above medium size, red sub-acid. Bush a very vigor-,

ous grower and a great producer.
Pack: Utah Nursery Company, Salt Lake City, Utah. "An improvement

upon Fay's Prolific, which it resembles; more prolific, however;

berry larger, better flavor. Fruit does not fall ofif as in other

varieties."
Rankins Red: Bunch medium to long, well-filled; berry small to medium,

bright scarlet ; quality medium, acid ; season medium. Bush a

strong upright grower and very productive. Bull. No. 94, Dominion

Exp. Farm, Ottawa.
Success: Seedling of Black Naples Seedling, originated by Wm. Saunders,

London, Ont. Berry large, skin black, moderately thick, tender;

quality good to very good, sub-acid ; season very early. Bush a

rather weak grower, and not very productive.
Topsy: Dempsey black currant x (Houghton x Broom Girl Goose-
berry). Originated by Wm. Saunders, London, Ont. Berry above

medium to large; skin black, rather thick; quality good, briskly

sub-acid ; season medium. This black currant-gooseberry hybrid

has foliage and fruit like a black currant. Bush a strong grower

and productive.
White Kaiser: Bunch medium to large about three-fourths filled; berries

medium to large, pale yellow ; quality good, flavor pleasant, sub-

289

acid ; season medium. Bush a strong upright grower. Bull. No. 94,
Dominion Exp. Farm, Ottawa.

ELDERBERRY

Superb: Luther Burbank, Santa Rosa, Calif. "A large white flowering
elder which blooms and bears fruit abundantly all summer until
December. The berries are especially fine for cooking, not having
the usual bitter taste of ordinary elderberries, and can be dried in
two or three days, when they taste like raisins."

JUNEBERRY

Dzmrf: Arlington Nurseries, Arlington, Nebr. "Grows 4 to 6 feet high;
branches out from the ground like currants ; resembles the common

(Service or Juneberry in leaf and fruit, but the fruit is larger, and in
color almost black; commences to bear the second year after trans-
planting, and bears profusely."
' Dwarf Juneberry, Large Fruited: Farmer Seed and Nursery Co., Fair-
bault, Minn. "Very hardy, enduring the coldest winters as well
as the hottest summers without injury. It forms dense bushes and
begins bearing fruit when quite young, often producing several
quarts of fruit from one bush. The fruit is very sweet, of ex-
cellent flavor, and of a reddish purple color, changing to bluish
black when fully ripe." Grows wild in the Rocky Mountains.
Dimrf Mountain Juneberry (Jefferson Strain) : Gurney Seed & Nursery
Co., Yankton, S. D. Said to be very hardy and enormously pro-
ductive ; plants grow 3 to 4 feet high.

HUCKLEBERRY

Large Blue: West Hill Nurseries, Fredonia, N. Y. Not described.

Ozark: Arkansas Nursery Company, Fayetteville, Ark. "Remarkable
for its fine flavor. Luxuriant, very hardy, a prolific bearer and
when given a small amount of attention produces regular annual
crops. Will grow on most any kind of soil, and when once set, is
there permanently."

STRAWBERRY

A-i: Armstrong Nurseries, Ontario, Calif. "Ripens from early to late;
a sure and continuous bearer ; large, dark red when ripe ; exceed-
ingly prolific."

Alaska (of Kevitt) (Per.): Seedling of Climax x Glen Mary. Origin-
ated by T. C. Kevitt, Athenia, N. J. Berry medium to large,
irregular, long-conic to long-wedge shape, necked, glossy, medium to
dark red; flesh rather dark red, firm, medium, juicy, mild, sweet,
fair quality. Unattractive in shape and color, undesirable. Mid-
season. Bull. 447 N. Y. Agr. Exp. Sta., Geneva, N. Y.

19

290

Anna (Imper.) : Berry medium size, roundish-conical, dark red; flesh
dark red, acid to sub-acid, moderately firm, fair quality, core dark
red, spongy, seeds medium, sunken, midseason. Bull. 200, Purdue
Univ. Exp. Sta.

Atkins Continuity (Per.) : Berry above medium, roundish-conic to wedge,
medium red, glossy; flesh whitish toward center, firm, mild sub-
acid, fair quality. Plants unproductive, fruit stems short; erect.
Season early. Bull. 401, N. Y. Exp. Sta., Geneva.

Baldwin's Pride (Per) : Berry medium size, conical, irregular, dark red;
seeds large, raised ; flesh light red, subacid, medium firm, quality
fair to good, core light red, solid. Midseason. Plants of medium
vigor. Bull. 200, Purdue Univ. Exp. Sta.

Baldwin's Pride of Michigan: Plant vigorous, healthy; berry of same
color, quality and size as Dunlap. Everbearing. Trans. Wis. State
Hort. Soc, 1913.

Big Early (Imper.) : Berry medium to large, roundish-conical, often
double, fairly uniform, medium red; flesh light red, rather soft,
sub-acid to nearly sweet; quality fair; core light red, spongy.
Season early. Plant very vigorous. Bull. 200, Purdue Univ. Exp.
Sta.

Bridgeton Beauty (Per.) : Young's Seed Store, St. Louis, Mo. Orig-
inated with a 'Mr. Aleyer, Bridgeton, Mo. Berry rich dark color,
firm, quality excellent. Plant a strong grower, productive.

British Queen (of Brand) : James Brand & Co., Vancouver, B. C.
"Large fruits of bright color; fine flavor; main crop."

Buckhee (Imp.) : Wm. M. Hunt & Co., New York, N. Y. Seedling of
Chesapeake, originated by Tice C. Kevitt, Athenia, N. J. Berry
very large, round, bright glossy red, same flavor as Chesapeake,
firm and good shipper. Plant drought resistant.

Bun Special: O. D. Baldwin, Bridman, Mich. A chance seedling origin-
ating with E. M. Buechly, Greenville, Ohio. Berry very large,
bright red, globular-oval, glossy red, good flavor and quality.

California (Per.) : William M. Hunt & Co., New York, N. Y. Orig-
inated by Tice C. Kevitt, Athenia, N. J. Fruit large, firm, rich
flavor; plants robust, very erect, very productive; mid-season.

Chaska (per.) (Minn. 801) : (Dunlap x Pocomoke) x Brandywine.
Originated by the Minnesota Fruit Breeding Farm, Zumbra Heights,
Minn. Fruit large, conic, medium red, glossy; flesh dark red, firm,
juicy, sub-acid, aromatic, quality best. Season moderately early.

Colborn's Early: E. W. Johnson & Co., Salisbury, Md. "It is as early
or a few days earlier than any other variety we have ever seen.
Very productive of medium sized berries that color all over; very
firm, and of good quality."

Cream: Seedling of No. 330 x Trebla. Originated by Albert F. Etter,
Ettersburg, Calif. Berry medium size, yellow, sometimes taking on
light blush ; flesh yellow, flavor peculiar, not an improvement on
red varieties.

291

Deephaven (Per.) (Minn. 41) : Dunlap x Progressive. Originated by the
Minnesota Fruit Breeding Farm, Zumbra Heights, Minn. Fruit
large roundish-conic, medium red, glossy, flesh light red, juicy,
mild sub-acid, good. Everbearing.

Early Elisabeth: Michael Seed Store, Sioux City, Iowa. "Very hardy
and prolific. Ten days earlier than Warfield or Dunlap ; excellent
quality."

Ea^ypicker (Imper.) (Minn. 775) : Dunlap x Crescent. Originated by
the Minnesota Fruit Breeding Farm, Zumbra Heights, Minn. Fruit
large, nearly round, medium red ; flesh dark red, moderately firm,
sweet, mild, very good, good market berry. Midseason.

Elate: E. W. Johnson & Bro., Salisbury, Md. Berry large to very large,
well colored, uniform in shape, firm. Plant medium size, strong
grower. Season late, a few days later than Gandy.

Eldorado (Per or semi-Per.) : Fruit large, irregular, roundish to blunt-
conic or wedge-shape, broad at base, apex obtuse and indented ;
mediurq to light red, somewhat glossy; flesh whitish toward center,
juicy, firm, mild sub-acid, pleasant, good. Plant vigorous, very
productive. Season early. Bull. 447, N. Y. Agr. Exp. Sta., Geneva.

Elwell's Early: King Bros. Nurseries, Danville, N. Y. Said to be very
early, a heavy yielder, good shipper with exceptionally fine flavor.

Evergreen White: Luther Burbank, Santa Rosa, Calif. Berry very
large, pure white, very good ; plant large and strong, fruit stems
strong, very productive.

Famous Gibson: Same as Gibson.

Ecndalcino (Imp.) : Seedling of Feudal x Ettersburg No. 121. Origin-
ated by Albert F. Etter, Ettersburg, Calif. Berry extra large, bright
red, moderately firm, fine flavor. Season extra early and supposed
to be an everbearer.

Fern Dell: Plant strong, healthy, very productive; berry medium to
large; color and quality fair to good. Trans. Wis. State Hort. Soc,
1913.

Ford (Per.) (of Townsend) : A chance seedling found by Grandville
Brewington. Wicomico County, Md. Fruit very large, blunt-wedge
to blunt-conic, attractive, glossy, medium to dark red ; flesh red,
firm, very juicy, mild, sweet, good. Plant vigorous, very productive.
One of the best late varieties. Bull. 447, N. Y. Agr. Exp. Sta.,
Geneva.

Four Seasons (Per.) : Berry very small, conic, whitish, unattractive; flesh
tart, flat, poor; plants small, weak, unproductive, midseason. Bull
401, N. Y. Exp. Sta., Geneva.

Fred Crampton: W. E. Collins Company, Fennville, Mich. Not de-
scribed.

General Pershing (Per.) : Seedling of McKinley, originated by W. J.
Moyle, Union Grove, Wis. Fruited first in 1912. Berry large;
plants strong, productive.

292

Giant (of Burbank) : Luther Burbank, Santa Rosa, Calif. "The largest
bush and largest berries of this class. Medium early, very large
bright red berries of excellent sub-acid quality."

Horsey (Per.) : John W. Hall, Marion Station, Md. Originated with
J. C. Horsey, Somerset Co., Md. Berries larger than Klondike or
Missionary, as good shipper as Klondike, beautiful bright red flesh.
Plant a strong grower. Earlier than Klondike and also bears a fall
crop.

Improved Nich Ohmer: E. W. Townsend & Son, Salisbury, Md. Seedling
of Nich Ohmer. Fruit and plant similar to Nic Ohmer, but season a
few days later.

hbell's Pride of Michigan (Per.) : S. M. Isbell & Co., Jackson, Mich.
Fruit large, smooth, glossy, rich deep red, aromatic flavor. Very
productive. Everbearing.

/. B. (Imper.) : Seedling of Nettie x Aroma. Originated by Louis Hu-
bach, Judsonia, Ark. Fruit above medium, irregular, wedge to
conic, furrowed, usually necked, attractive medium red ; flesh red to
center, juiCy, medium firm, pleasantly sprightly, good to very good.
Very late in season. Bull. 447, N. Y. Agr. Exp. Sta., Geneva.

Judith (Per.) : Mass. Hort. Soc, Trans. 1915, p. 176. Originated by
Dr. F. S. DeLue, Neadham, Mass. Berry large, irregularly conic,
shiny; flesh deep red and without core, firm, sweet, juicy. Very
good. Season early.

Kalicene (Per.) : Seedling of Ettersburg No. 216 x Trebla. Originated
by Albert F. Etter, Ettersburg, Calif. Berry good size, heart
shaped, very firm, blood red to the center, spicy and highly flavored,
belongs to the canning type.

Kellogg' s Big Wonder (Per.) : R. M. Kellogg Co., Three Rivers, Mich.
Berry large, very dark glossy red, flavor delicious. Plant vigorous,
productive.

Kellogg' s Hercules (Per.) : R. M. Kellogg Co., Three Rivers, Mich.
Said to be an extra early vigorous growing variety, producing large
fruit. Has been discontinued.

Kellogg' s Perfection: R. M. Kellogg Co., Three Rivers, Mich. Origin-
ated in 1914 by E. H. Riehl, Alton, 111. Seedling of Rockhills No. 6
probably by Dunlap. Berry large, well formed, rich color, delicate
flavor, high quality. Plant vigorous, unusually productive. Ever-
bearing. This variety won the $1,000 cash prize ofifered for the
everbearer which proved nearest perfection.

Kevitfs Jubilee (Per.) : Originated by T. C. Kevitt, Athenia, N. J.
Plant very vigorous, fruit stems strong, very productive. Berry
dark lustrous red.

Kilcko:' J. B. Wagner, Pasadena, Calif. Not described.

Komoka: John Connon Co., Hamilton, Ontario. "Early and heavy
yielder. Fine flavor, large berries."

Laurel Leaf: Said to be a mild, delicious, light colored berry with white
flesh, desirable for home use only.

293

Laxton's Latest: Berry medium size, wedge to long conic, glossy, light
to dark red ; flesh whitish toward center, juicy, subacid, poor. Plant
unproductive, season late. Bull. 401, N. Y. Exp. Sta., Geneva.

Lucky Boy: E. W. Townsend & Co., Salisbury, Md. Fruit extra large,
&. round, firm, sweet. Plant deep rooted, medium size, very drought
ar' resistant. Originated by Samuel Cooper, Delevan, N. Y.

Lucky Cross: Evergreen Plantation, New Meadows, Idaho. Seedling
of Productive, originating with W. M. Freeman, New Meadows,
Idaho. Fruit large, brilliant red, white center, very firm, good
quality, productive. Everbearing.

Luge: Originated by Albert F. Etter, Ettersburg, Calif. "The most
perfect canning berry I have yet produced. Almost as solid and
firm as a potato, brilliant red that never fades, and will pick
without the husk as readily as a blackberry." Season early.

Montmorency: Augustine & Co., Normal, 111. Berry very large, deep
red ; flesh deep red, rich, good quality. Very productive. Season of
Dunlap.

Nokomis (of Minn.) (Minn. 489) (Per.) : Seedling of Dunlap x Abing-
ton. Originated by the Minnesota Fruit Breeding Farm, Zumbra

' Height, Minn. Berry very large, conic, slightly necked, medium

red, somewhat glossy; flesh light red, fine texture, slightly stringy,
sweet, good, probably not firm enough for good shipper. Mid-
season.

Old Glory (Per.) : R. M. Kellogg Co., Three Rivers, Mich. Berry extra
large, round, somewhat resembling Chesapeake ; plant vigorous,
productive, season late. Has been discontinued.

Pasadena: Originated by Tice C. Kevitt, Athenia, N. J. Florists Ex-
change June, 1921. "Imperfect flowered.''

Pa.i-ton: Jas. Brand & Co., Vancouver, B. C. "About 10 days later
than Magoon ; large, fine flavor."

Perpetual (of Burbank) : Luther Burbank, Santa Rosa, Calif. "Ever-
bearing. The most delicious and constantly productive of this new
class. Medium sized berry, oval, light crimson. The plants are
multiplied mostly by division as they make few runners."

President Harding (Per.) : E. W. Townsend & Son, Salisbury, Md.
Berry extra large ; flesh extra firm, deep red to center, good, medium
to very late in season. A chance seedling, originating with Geo.
Williams, Wicomico Co., Md.

Red Cross (Per.) (Of Etter): Seedling of Ettersburg No. 216 x Trebla.
Originated by Albert F. Etter, Ettersburg, Calif. Berry globular,
glossy bright red, firm, mild, sweet, rich and delicate, not of the
canning type. Plant moderately vigorous, fruit-stems long, upright,
very productive. Season very early.

Rena (of Etter) : Originated by Albert F. Etter, Ettersburg, Calif.

■ "A type of Beach strawberry with very beautiful foliage, and an

imperfect blossom that always makes a berry. The fruit is of fine

294

size and shape, light pink in color with white flesh. The flavor is
characteristically that of the Beach strawberry."
Richmond (of Thompson) (Per. to semi-Per.) : Berry small to above
medium, oblong-conic, necked, light red, not very glossy; flesh red,
juicy, firm, fair quality; plant medium vigorous, very productive.
Bull. 447, N. Y. Agr. Exp. Sta., Geneva.

Robusta : Luther Burbank, Santa Rosa, Calif. "Everbearing. Makes
numerous strong runners while bearing continuously all the season
large, scarlet, oval berries of the most exquisite quality, well above
the foliage."

Scrieher (Per.) : "Of the Uncle Jim type and does not show any im-
provement on that variety." Spec. Bull. 48, Mich. Exp. Sta.
Sir William: S. W. Call, Perry, Ohio. Said to be of poor quality and
a poor shipper. Has been discontinued.

Todd's Late: H. L. McConnell & Son, Port Burwell, Ontario. "An
extra good plant maker and bears an abundant crop of large, per-
fectly formed, glossy red, firm berries of high quality."

Trebla (Per.) : Originated by Albert F. Etter, Ettersburg, Calif. Fruit
one inch in diameter, very red, very firm, pleasant flavor. Plant
very productive. Everbearing.

Uitlandcr : A cross between Heart Flush x Stridewaj^ originated by
Arthur T. Goldsborough, Washington, D. C, in 1906. Berry large,
roundish, crimson; stem medium stout, hairy; flesh pink, very light
color at core, medium tender, meaty, moderately juicy, sub-acid,
rich, good to very good. Notes on new fruits U. S. Dept. Agr.

Unique: Evergreen Plantation, New Meadows, Idaho. Seedling of Pro-
ductive, originated by W. M. Freeman, New Meadows, Idaho, in
1919. Berry very large, firm, highly colored, plant vigorous. Ever-
bearing.

Venia: Mass. Hort. Soc. Trans. 1917, p. 143. "This strawberry is medium
early, very prolific, having a long season and holding its size to the
last." Originated by Dr. F. S. DeLue, Needham, Mass. This
variety was awarded a silver medal by the Mass. Hort. Soc.

Walnut Stump (Per.) : Seedling of Bubach x Minor's Great Prolific,
originated by Silvanus Gordon, Sergeantsville, N. J., about 1900.
Berry medium size, roundish-conic, glossy, light red; flesh well
colored to center, tart, fair quality. Plant large, vigorous, pro-
ductive, season late. Bull. 401, N. Y. Exp. Sta., Geneva.

White Sugar: Originated by Albert F. Etter, Ettersburg, Calif. Berry
extra large, firm, very sweet, white, occasionally blushed. This is a
novelty.

Wilbert: J. W. Jones & Son, Allen, Md. Berry resembles Aroma, very
uniform in size and shape, lively red color. Plant vigorous, pro-
ductive. Early midseason.

Williams Improved: H. L. McConnell & Son, Port Burwell, Ontario.
Berry large, dark red, firm, good shipper, good canner. Plant strong
grower, healthy.

I

295

ORANGE

Drake: A bud variation appearing in the grove of Tustin P. Drake,
Drake Point, Yalaha, Fla. Fruit large, surface undulating, pitted,
dark orange yellow, oil cells numerous, peel tenacious, aromatic;
flesh yellowish, translucent, medium tender, pleasant, no bitterness ;
seeds medium size, plump. Notes on new fruits U. S. Dept. Agr.

Eureka: Teas Nurseries, Houston, Texas. "Fruit very large, as large as
the largest California or Florida orange; finest quality, thin skinned,
almost seedless, splendid keeper. Tree very hardy, vigorous grower,
and immensely productive."

Golden Ring: Lake Garfield Nurseries Co., Bartow, Fla. Fruit medium

tsize, globular, has a distinctive ring around the blossom end, deep
red; flesh rich colored, juicy, sweet, very good, long keeper and
good shipper.
New Satsuma: Fancher Creek Nurseries, Fresno, Calif. Fruit is of the
true Alandarin t>T)e, but with more seeds and a month earlier.
The flavor is of the best. Tree not as vigorous as Mandarin or
Satsuma and has willow-like foliage making it very ornamental.
Tree very prolific. Buds were obtained from the French Govern-
ment Experiment Station in Algeria about 1913.
Westmoreland: Teas Nursery Company, Houston, Texas. This variety
was formerly called Eureka and is in the report of 1920.

LEMON

Kenedy: Originated with John G. Kenedy, Sarita, Texas. Fruit large,
highly colored, thin skin, superior acid flavor. Texas Dept. Agr.,
Bull. 32.

POMELO

Ellen: Originated with E. N. Reasoner, Oneco, Fla. Fruit large, oblate,
surface smooth, lemon yellow, peel tenacious, aromatic, tissue thin,
flavor tart ; seeds numerous, plump, bitter. Notes on new fruits
U. S. Dept. Agr.

Patardia: Originated with C. E. Davis, Dade County, Fla., as a sport of
the Davis Seedless. Fruit medium size, round, uniform, skin
smooth, waxy, very thin, bright lemon color; texture of flesh fine
and tender with little rag; juice very abundant, fine flavor, slight
bitterness, spicy ; almost seedless. December to March.
. Pink Marsh: This was discovered in the grove of W. B. Thompson near
Oneco, Fla., in 1913, one branch only of the Marsh tree bearing
pink fruit. The flesh is a beautiful pink in January and February,
but later fades to an amber shade in March and April. A pink
strain of the Marsh.

TANGERINE
Trimble: Seedling of Dancey Tangerine x Parson Brown orange. Fruit
roundish, compressed, large; color deep orange red, surface some-
what rough, sometimes like King orange; oil glands small; rind

296

loose, thin; flesh deep orange yellow, tender, juicy, sprightly acid,
excellent with pronounced bouquet. Tree vigorous, prolific. U. S.
Dept. Agr., Yearbook 1904.
Weshart: Fruit roundish, compressed, about 3 inches in diameter, sur-
face smooth, glossy, very attractive ; deep orange red, rind loose,
thin, oil glands medium size ; texture tender, flavor sweet, very
juicy, very pleasant bouquet; flesh buff orange. Tree vigorous and
prolific. U. S. Dept. Agr., Yearbook 1904.

AVOCADO

Butter: Fruit large, oblong-oblique-roundish, smooth, greenish yellow;
flavor mild and pleasant, quality very good. U. S. Dept. Agr. Seed
and Plant Introduction No. 36,270. September.

Capac: Brought from northern Ecuador by Wilson Popenoe. Not de-
scribed.

Carchi: Brought from northern Ecuador by Wilson Popenoe. Not de-
scribed.

Chota Brought from northern Ecuador by Wilson Popenoe. Not de-
scribed.

Collinson: Geo. B. Cellon, Miami, Fla. Fruit weighs 1 to IJ pounds,
broadly pear shaped to nearly round, skin smooth, green. December
and February. Guatemala-West Indian hybrid.

Delicious : Orchard and Farm, July, 1921. Seedling originated by Geo.
Schrader, Altadena, Calif. Fruit rather small, weighing 12 ounces,
pear shaped, dark purple ; seed small ; flesh very smooth and
buttery ; flavor unusually fine. March and April.

Eagle Rock: Geo. B. Cellon, Miami, Fla. Fruit large, IJ to 2 pounds,
nearly round, green, Guatemala type. February to April.

Egos: Brought from northern Ecuador by Wilson Popenoe. Not de-
scribed.

Hawaii: Geo. B. Cellon, Miami, Fla. Fruit large, 1^^ to 2 pounds, oblong
oval, greenish purple ; season June and July.

Huira: Brought from northern Ecuador by Wilson Popenoe. Not de-
scribed.

Imbabura: Brought from northern Ecuador by Wilson Popenoe. Not
described.

Irumtina: Brought from northern Ecuador by Wilson Popenoe. Not
scribed.

Kist: Imported from Guatemala in 1914 by E. E. Knight. Not a good
variety for commercial planting, the seed is too large for the
amount of flesh. California Cultivator, April 2, 1921.

Lulu: Geo. B. Cellon, Miami, Fla. A Guatemala-Mexican hybrid; fruit

1 to IJ pounds in weight, pear shaped, green ; November and De-
cember. Quite resistant to frost.

Simmonds: Geo. B. Cellon, Miami, Fla. Fruit large, weighing IJ to

2 pounds each, broadly pear shaped, green ; West Indian type.
August and September.

297

Tamayo: Brought from northern Ecuador by WJilson Popenoe. Not

described.
Thompson: California Cultivator, July 16, 1921. Original tree from a

seed brought from-Atlixco Puebla, Mexico, in 1912. Fruit medium

^ large, weighing from 16 to 24 ounces, rich chocolate brown, shading

to purplish tints ; flesh fine grained, flavor very good ; seeds small.
February and March.
Winslowsow: Geo. B. Cellon, Miami, Fla. Fruit weighs 1 to 1^ pounds,
nearly round, skin smooth, green ; seed rather large, fitting tightly in
cavity. October to December. Guatemala-West Indian hybrid.

CACTUS

Bijou: Luther Burbank, Santa Rosa, Calif. "Smaller than Elegant. In
flavor and form of fruit fully as good as Elegant. Hardy."

Elegant: Luther Burbank, Santa Rosa, Calif. A seedling of the New
England hardy Opuntia vulgaris x Opuntia rafinesquii of the west-
ern plains. In the summer the plants are covered with deep yellow
flowers which are followed by brilliant scarlet fruits H inches long,
f inches thick, and are very good to eat. The leaves are deep
green 4 to 6 inches long, 3 inches wide and ^ inch thick, almost
spineless. Season spring. Plants hardy.

Quisco: Luther Burbank, Santa Rosa, Calif. Not described.

Saffrano: Luther Burbank, Santa Rosa, Calif. "Produces a large yield
of superior orange yellow fruits."

Superb: Seedling of Smith x Anacantha. Originated by Luther Burbank,
Santa Rosa, Calif. "Extra vigorous plant with long, thick oval
slabs which almost cover themselves with loads of very large, oval
fruit, pale yellow, shaded olive green and crimson. Extremely
thin skin which is readily removed from the pale amber, rich, sweet,
delicious flesh. Almost seedless. Ripens first of October and re-
mains in good condition for 4 months or more."

VVhitcfniit: Luther Burbank, Santa Rosa, Calif. "Produces great oval
white fruits. The most delicious of all."

CERATONIA SILIQUA

Anaheim: Armstrong Nurseries, Ontario, Calif. Originated with Mr.
Langenberger, Anaheim, Calif. "Tree a very strong grower, the
original tree being of immense size, bears about 400 pounds of
pods annually. The pods are large and rich in sugar."

FEIJOA SELLOWIANA

Andre: Pomona College Journal of Economic Botany. Fruit large,
oblong to oval, sometimes slightly flattened ; skin thin, rather
rough, green ; flesh whitish, very thick, granular, pulp fairly abun-
dant, juicy, spicy and aromatic resembling pineapple and strawberry,
strongly perfumed, very good.

298

Besson: Pomona College Journal of Economic Botany. Fruit small to
medium, oval; skin smooth, green with red or maroon on one side;
flesh whitish, medium thick, soft, fine grained, pulp abundant, very
juic\", spicy, aromatic very good; seeds large, rather numerous.

Choiccana: Armstrong Nurseries, Ontario, Calif. Fruit oblong, 3 inches
long by '2\ thick, has a banana and pineapple flavor, delicious for
jelly, jam and sauce, as well as to eat fresh.

Hehre: Pomona College Journal of Economic Botany. Originated by
H. Hehre. Los Angeles. Calif., from a seed imported from Argen-
tina. Fruit slender pyriform, sometimes curved, large, base tapering,
yellowish green : flesh whitish, finely granular ; pulp abundant, verj'
juicy, melting, sweet, lacking in aroma, quality fairh" good; seeds
large, rather numerous. September at Los Angeles.

Superba: Armstrong Nurseries. Ontario. Calif. Originated by Wm.
Boyes. Torrance. Calif. Fruit large, weighing 2 to 5 ounces, round,
green ; flavor like pineapple-raspberry-banana. October and No-
vember.

FIG

Cotter's Choice: Commercial Nurserj- Co.. Winchester. Tenn. "It is the

largest and finest fig we ever saw. Large, white with yellow '

bloom, ver>- hard}- and prolific."
Everhearing : Same as New Hiller.
Martin: Ellwood Nurseries, Midlothian, \'a. ''A hea^■y- bearer of medium

to large figs. Requires some protection during winter." Originated

near Midlothian, \"a.
Mission Blue: Same as Mission.

PASSION VINE

Australian Fruiting Passion Vim: Luther Burbank. Santa Rosa, Calif.
"Hardy in the larger part of California and produces quantities
of fruit the size of duck eggs, with a hard shell. Exquisite flavor."

SAPOTA

Anaheim: Armstrong Nurseries, Ontario, Calif. Seedling plant was
brought from the state of Galisco, Mexico, and planted in Anaheim,
Calif., by Mr. Langenberger of that citj*. Fruit large, shape of a
mango, white, very sweet, excellent flavor. Tree good grower of
weeping willow habit, verj' ornamental.

Gillespie: Pomona College Journal of Economic Botany. Fruit round,
3 inches in diameter ; basin deep and narrow, abrupt, deeply five
folded ; cavity shallow, rovmded or flaring ; skin rather rough,
pale green, much overspread with russet; flesh white, tinged pale
green near skin, very- good; seeds 5 or 6 short and broad, blunt,
surface reticulated. Tree upright open headed, verj' prolific. Oc-
tober to November, at Montecito, Calif.

299

Maechtlen : Armstrong Nurseries, Ontario, Calif. "Fruit 3'ellow, smooth
skin, of delicious peach-life flavor; very prolific."

Parroquia: Pomona College Journal of Economic Botany. Originated
from Mexican seed planted by Dr. Franceschi, Santa Barbara, Calif.,
in 1896. Fruit oval. 3 inches long, 2\ inches wide, yellowish green,
smooth; skin thin, tender; flesh creamy white, very good; fruits
usually contain 3 seeds not all of which are well developed. Tree
upright, open-headed, fairly prolific. October to April, at Santa
Barbara, Calif.

San Diego: Armstrong Nurseries, Ontario, Calif. Chance seedling of
San Diego Co.. Calif. "Round, good size ; flesh yellow, firm, and
of high quality. Ripens from spring to fall.

ALMOND

Dayton: Milton Nursery Co., Milton. Oregon. This may be an old
variety- renamed, since several trees of it were found in bearing
several years ago at Dayton, Columbia Co., \\'ashington. Where
the trees came from is not known. Nut large; shell soft; kernel
rich, sweet ; tree vigorous, upright, hardy and very prolific.

CHESTNUT

Euphresia: Tree is very prolific, growing in the Santa Cruz Mountains
of California. Not described.

Merrinian : Maple Bend Nursery, Perrj', Ohio. Cross between Paragon
and the American sweet chestnut. Nuts very large, sometimes 3
inches in circumference. Tree very hardy, vigorous, ver\' pro-
ductive. Originated near Perry, Ohio.

Miracle: Luther Burbank, Santa Rosa, Calif. Introduced in 1915. "Will
bear the first season every time just like corn or beans. The nuts
which are of great size and superior qualitj' are produced in
greatest abundance right from the start."

FILBERT

English White: Crow's Nurseries. Gilroj". Calif. "Young and heavy

bearing strain ; nut oblong, finest qualitj-."
Manitoba Hasclnut: N. E. Hanson. Brookings, S. D. Third generation

from the native hazel of Manitoba. Plants very productive.
Xocc Lunghe: Imported by the U. S. Dept. Agr. from Istria, Austria,

about 1901, or earlier. Has been grown in California. Nut very

large, nearly round, good qualit}', productive.
Pearson's Prolific: Armstrong Nurseries, Ontario, Calif. Said to be an

extremely fertile variety used as a poUenizer.
True Kentish: Leonard Coates, Morgan Hill, Calif. "Finest and best

flavored but lighter bearer."

300

HICKORY NUT

Billau: The Linn County Nurseries, Center Point, Iowa. "A thin shelled
nut with a very full plump meat of best quality. Nut of good
size and a free cracker. Native of Linn County, Iowa."

Dennis: The Linn County Nurseries, Center Point, Iowa. Originated in
Linn County, Iowa. Nut of good size, a very free cracker, with
meat of good flavor.

Edaburn: The Linn County Nurseries, Center Point, Iowa. "A fine,
smooth nut with a very thin shell. Meats crack out very freely
and are of good flavor. Native of Benton County, Iowa."

Grupe: The Linn County Nurseries, Center Point, Iowa. Originated in
Linn County, Iowa. Said to be a superior variety.

Kelsey: The Linn County Nurseries, Center Point, Iowa. Nut large,
thin shell; full, plump meat of high quality, which cracks out freely.
Originated in Linn County, Iowa.

Kentucky (Shellbark) : McCoy Nut Nurseries, Evansville, Ind. "Kernel
very rich and sweet, nut above average in size, very white and good
cracker."

Zoni: American Nut Journal, Feb. 1921. Supposed to be a hybrid
between the Mockernut (Carya alba) and the Arkansas hickory,
(Carya Buckleyi Arkansana). Nut like Mockernut in shape and
color but much smaller ; shell has small, distinctive, vertical furrows
and ridges of the Arkansas hickory but is larger in size. Nut very
large weighing 31 grams.

PECAN

Burlington (hybrid) : The Linn County Nurseries, Center Point, Iowa.
Originated in Burlington, Iowa, original tree very old but still
productive. "Nuts of same shape as pecan, shells a little thicker,
very free cracker and unsurpassed flavor. They are nearly as large
as the largest Southern pecan, color of shell" between that of
pecan and hickory."

Campbell: The Linn County Nurseries, Center Point, Iowa. Original
tree stands near the original tree of Witte. Said to be as good
as Witte but smaller.

Greenbay (hybrid) : The Linn County Nurseries, Center Point, Iowa.

"Original tree stands along the Mississippi River and is of great

age, nearly five feet in diameter, 65 feet to the first limb and

, over 100 feet high." Nuts resemble the Burlington but are much

larger.

Liberty Bond : West Texas Pecan Nurseries, San Saba, Texas. Origin-
ated with this nursery company, not described.

Luce: Vincennes Nurseries, Vincennes, Ind. Originated in Luce Town-
ship, Spencer County, Ind. Nut medium size with moderately thin
shell, very good quality. Tree productive.

301

Obennan: The Linn County Nurseries, Center Point, Iowa. About the
same size as Campbell, eating quality of the best.

Oklahoma: Originated with L. I. Wilkinson, near Ardmore, Oklahoma.
This was originally named Darden. Nut fully as large as Stuart
and similar in shape with thinner shell ; kernel plump, fine quality.
Tree vigorous, productive.

Sabine: Originated in Newton County, Texas. A very large nut.

Shcrard: Originated with John H. Sherard, Sherard, Coahoma County,
Miss. Nut is good in size, color, cracking quality and ilavor. Tree
very prolific, first fruited in 1916.

Twelve: The Eagle Pecan Co., Pittsview, Ala. "A new and very prom-
ising variety of highest ;nerit originating in Alabama. Nuts are
bright and handsome, very large, full meated and of fine flavor."

Williams (Capt Williams) : Originated by Capt. W. H. Williams,
Shreveport, La., about 1898. Nut medium to large with four well
defined ridges, abruptly tapered at both ends, grayish brown with
few black markings near apex ; shell medium thick cracking easily
and separating readily from the" kernel; kernel light brown; par-
titions medium! thick; texture fine grained; flavor sweet, nutty,
quality very good.

JJ'illiuius (Dr. W. W. Williams) : Originated with Dr. W. P. Williams at
Waycross, Ware County, Ga., about 1903. Nut oblong, shell thin,
a good cracker, quality of kernel ranks high. Tree vigorous, very
productive.

IVitte: The Linn County Nurseries, Center Point, la. Originated in
Iowa, along the Mississippi River, 200 miles further north than
other pecans of its size. "The nut is a real paper shell and a
very free cracker." Said to be as large as any of the Indiana
varieties. Quality and plumpness of meat not surpassed by any.

PERSIAN WALNUT

Bar)ies: Vincennes Nurseries, Vincennes, Ind. Originated in Wash-
ington, D. C. Nut of average size, quality very good.

Ehrhart: Seedling of Santa Barbara. Originated by D. C. Disher. and
introduced by V. E. Ehrhart, Santa Rosa, California. Tree vigor-
ous, early to begin fruiting. Nut larger than Santa Barbara, oval
with round base, good cracker, kernel medium light brown, plump,
pleasant and mild.

Lady Edith : Originated in Leroy, New York. Glenwood Nursery,
Rochester, N. Y. "Bears good crops regularly. The nut of more
than medium size with smooth, handsome, paper shell thickness,
full meated, and of remarkable fine flavor."

Meyers: Introduced by F. N. Meyers from the mountains of Northern
China in 1909. Fruited by Tribble Bros.. Elk Grove, Calif., in 1917.
Tree very hardy and productive, foliage thick and leathery. Nut
very large, roundish flattened at ends, shell thin, cracking quality

302

excellent ; kernel large, almost white, fairly plump, crisp texture,
nutty and sweet, quality splendid.

Potomac: The McCoy Nut Nurseries, Evansville, Ind. "A fine nut of
excellent fiavor."

Solano: Originated with Mr. Hawkins, Vacaville, Calif. Introduced by
Chas. Riechers in 1910. Tree very hardy and productive. Nut
medium size, oval ; kernel white, sweet, high quality. September.

Sorento: Introduced from Sicily in 1915. Fruited by Tribble Bros.,
Elk Grove, Calif., in 1917. Tree thrifty and a rapid grower, very
productive. Nut medium, elongated, shell medium thin, cracking
quality good ; kernel light color, quite plump, sweet and nutty,
very good.

Utah English Walnut: Porter-Walton Co., Salt Lake City, Utah. "Ex-
perience with this hardy type has proved that it can be grown in
every section of the West suitable to apricots, cherries or peaches."
Said to make a beautiful ornamental tree and to bear 6 or 8 years
after planting. Nuts of good size and superior quality.

Wilson's Wonder: Bijou type. Originated by F. C. Wilson, Sunnyvale,
Calif., and introduced by him in 1910. Tree very thrifty, early to
begin fruiting, very productive annually. Nut extra large, slightly
pyrifo'rm, being smallest at stem end, shell thin, cracking good ;
kernel plump, large, light color, flavor mild and extra sweet, quality
extra good.

THE AVOCADO INDUSTRY IN SOUTHERN
CALIFORNIA

Dr. W. L. Hardin,

President of the California Avocado Association,

Los Angeles, Cal.

The rapid growth of the avocado industry in Southern CaH-
fornia forms a new and important chapter in the horticultural
industries of the United States. From a few scattered trees seven
years ago. the number has been increased to about 60,000 trees
in orchard form. Many of these trees, however, are not of the
best varieties and will require topworking. The industry is show-
ing a healthy growth, and the number of trees is increasing rap-
idly. It is doubtful if any horticultural industry anywhere has
ever received so much competent scientific investigation and as-
sistance during its early stages of development as has the avocado
industry in Southern California.

The State University has carried on extensive research on
the composition and nutritive value of the avocado. It has pub-
lished instructive bulletins, and introduced a correspondence
course covering various problems involved in the growing of
avocadoes. The United States government has performed a
valuable work in determining the chemical composition of the
better varieties of avocadoes at different degrees of maturity. It
has sent an expert horticultural explorer to all parts of the world
where the avocado grows to secure budwood of the better
varieties for propagation in this country and is offering every
possible assistance to encourage the growing of avocadoes in the
United States wherever climatic conditions will permit.

The reason for this great activity and interest is to be found
in the remarkable character of the fruit itself, — a fruit rich in
fat, protein and mineral salts, obtainable every month in the year
and requiring no cooking. The avocado has been truly called the
"aristocrat of the whole fruit and vegetable world". The high
food value and other excellent qualities of this fruit put it in a
class by itself. The avocado replaces meat to a very large extent

(303)

304

in countries where it is extensively grown. It is evidently one
of the great undeveloped sources of food in this country.

The avocado has been incorrectly called "alligator pear" in
many places in the United States. It bears no relation whatever
to the ordinary pear. The avocado belongs to the laurel family
(Lauraceae), and is related to such trees as the cinnamon, bay,
camphor and sassafras. The varieties of the West Indian and
Guatemalan races belong to the species Persea americana, whi'le
the varieties of the Mexican race belong to Persea drymifoUa.
The avocado is a native of tropical America and grows wild in
large numbers in Mexico, Central America and parts of South
America. The varieties grown in Southern California belong to
the Mexican and Guatemalan races. Most of the plantings at
present are being limited to the Guatemalan varieties, but an ef-
fort is being made to introduce larger and more satisfactory
varieties of the Mexican race. The leaves of the Mexican
varieties have an anise odor, and the fruit has a very thin skin.
The Guatemalan varieties have thick, leathery or woody skins.

Avocadoes grow on beautiful evergreen trees which re-
semble somewhat the magnolia tree, and which are 'larger, in
many instances, than large apple trees. Trees of the Mexican
varieties will probably stand more cold than citrus trees, while
the Guatemalan varieties are somewhat less hardy than citrus
trees. The size of the fruit varies from a few ounces to several
pounds, the better varieties varying from one half pound to
three pounds. The shape varies from round to oval or pear
shaped. The color varies from light green to dark purple, some-
times black. The avocado has one large seed. The trees do not
come true from seeds. Desirable varieties are propagated by bud-
ding onto the young stock of the hardy Mexican varieties, or by
top working older trees by means of buds or grafts. The varieties
which are being propagated in large numbers in Southern Cali-
fornia at present are Fuerte, Spinks, Puebla, Sharpless, Queen.
Lyon, Dickinson, Taft, Linda and a few others. The govern-
ment is introducing a number of promising varieties from Central
and South America, but these have not been grown long enough
in this country to fully establish their desirability as varieties for
propagation. The hardier varieties in the tropics are selected by
taking buds from trees growing on the highlands where the tem-
perature goes down at times to 25° Fahrenheit or* lower.

305

20

3o6

The avocado when properly matured and ripened is a very
delicious fruit, differing from most other fruits in that it is not
juicy, being neither acid nor sweet. It is smooth and buttery in
consistency, and has a rich nutty flavor which characterizes it
from all other fruits. The better varieties of avocadoes contain
from 15% to 30% of fat and from 2% to 4% of protein, which
are easily digested. They contain much less water than ordinary
fruits. Mineral matter, which has been found in recent years to
be so essential to a healthful diet, is found in the avocado in much
larger quanities than in other fruits. Avocadoes should not be
removed from the trees until mature. They are softened off the
trees within one to two weeks after picking. When ready to eat
they should be soft enough to spread on bread like butter. They
may be eaten on bread or crackers with a little salt as the main
part of a meal, or they may be eaten as a salad with a little salt
or French dressing. They make an excellent cocktail and are fine
frozen in ice cream. Avocadoes have a high food value and should
be used a sa substitute for meats or other heavy foods. Wherever
grown in quantity they are a staple article of diet.

It is unfortunate that the high prices which have prevailed
in the United States have caused considerable prejudice against
the avocado. The high prices have been due to the fact that the
demand has been much greater than the supply. Those who
can afford it and who know something of the high food value and
other excellent qualities of the avocado have been willing to pay
almost any price for it. As production increases, the price, of
course, will decrease. On account of the high food value, how-
ever, no one should expect the prices of avocadoes to go down
to the prices of apples, peaches, pears and similar fruits. As the
supply increases avocadoes will be sold by the pound on the basis
of the prices of butter or a good quality of meat. On that basis
the consumer will get full value for the prices paid.

It is only natural that so remarkable a fruit as the avocado
and so promising an industry as the avocado industry should call
forth such an organization as the California Avocado Association.
This organization, which began seven years ago with a few
charter members, now has nearly 500 enthusiastic and energetic
members. The short history of this association shows a spirit of
harmony and cooperation seldom equalled. The association has
cooperated with the state and national governments in carrying

307

on scientific investigations on the avocado. Its members have
brought in budwood from some of the best varieties in Mexico
and Guatemala. The organization is making a careful study of
the climatic and soil conditions best adapted to the growing of
this fruit; it is making a study of the avocado industry in various
other countries ; it has eliminated many of the less desirable
varieties ; it has recently started a cooperative marketing depart-
ment. In general, the work of this association covers every
phase of the avocado industry. The members meet twice a year
for the reading of papers and the discussion of matters pertaining
to the development of the industry, and the annual reports of the
California Avocado ^Association, in which these papers and dis-
cussions are published, are veritable storehouses of information
on the avocado and the avocado industry. So important has this
work been that the association has among its members repre-
sentative horticulturists from all parts of the world where the
avocado can be grown.

THE FACTS CONCERNING CALCIUM ARSENATE*
By J. H. Reedy

At the outset of this discussion, it should be stated that this
subject will be considered wholly from the stand point of the
chemist, rather than that of the practical- horticulturist. No pre-
tensions as to expertness are made as to the strictly biological
aspects of the problem. This paper is based on a study of cal-
cium arsenate in a chemical laboratory, and is intended to be sup-
plementary to the field experience of those who have used this in-
secticide ; to this end, it is offered with the hope that it will give
a satisfactory explanation of the results that have been obtained
by the use of this material.

Capricious Behavior — During the past few years, calcium
arsenate has been tried more or less extensively as a substitute
for the more expensive arsenical, lead arsenate. Reports of its
success have been, to say the least, conflicting. In some cases it
seems to have worked satisfactorily and its users have recom-

* Presented at meeting of Illinois State Horticultural Society, Decem-
ber, 1921.

3o8

mended it strongly ; to others, it has played havoc, "burning" the
foliage, or even killing the plant itself.

This decidedly capricious behavior was found to be due to
varying amounts of water soluble arsenate, which ranged all the
way from i per cent to 8 per cent, or even lo per cent. This
water soluble arsenate seems to be the active toxic ingredient of
the insecticide, and the injury to plants was traced to its presence
in excess. As a result, .75 per cent of As^Oj was fixed as the
upper limit of soluble arsenate that might be present in the ma-
terial if it is to be used without injury to the plant. As a result
of the enforcement of this ruling, carload after carload of re-
jected calcium arsenate was returned to the manufacturer, upon
whose hands it is a dead loss, since there is no way of reworking
the inferior product. Since the records of the manufacturer
show that the material was up to specifications at the time it was
shipped, the first surmise was that the decomposition of the cal-
cium arsenate in transit was due to the action of the moisture
and carbon dioxide of the air. This led to the use of air-tight
containers, which seemed to improve the situation to a certain
degree. However, this was not sufficient to prevent the deterior-
ation of the material.

At the same time the manufacturers were having troubles at
home, in that they were not able to "control" their methods so
as to give uniform products. . Using the same procedure and
technique, the products of different "runs" might differ widely
in soluble arsenate content. One batch might be of excellent
grade, while the next one, made from the same materials and
using practically identical technique, would have to- be rejected.

In order to understand this phenomenon, it is well to review
some of the chemical relationships of the calcium arsenate indus-
try. In the first place, calcium forms at least three well-defined
arsenates, viz. :

Ca3(As04)2 CaHAsOi CaCH.AsO*)^

Tertiary (or Tri-) Secondary Primary

Calcium Arsenate Calcium Arsenate Calcium Arsenate

The most noteworthy dift'erence between these three salts is their
solubility. The first one, while frequently called "insoluble", is
not absolutely. It has a certain low solubility, which gives a
concentration of soluble arsenate which seems sufficient to be kill-

309

ing for insects, but not enough to "burn" the foHage. The sec-
ondary calcium arsenate is much more soluble, and its use would
cause serious damage to the plant to which it is applied. The
primary arsenate is still more soluble, its solubility being of the
same order as its analogue 0(H2P04)2, commonly called "super-
phosphate of lime". Furthermore, this last material appears —
at least, at high temperature — to be decidedly unstable, breaking
down into one of the other arsenates and free arsenic acid. That
if used as a spray material for plants would be disastrous, is
easily seen.

Preparation — Two general reactions suggest themselves as
suitable for the preparation of tricalcium arsenate :

3CaCl2 + 2 Na3As04Ca3(As04), + 6 NaCl (1)

3Ca(0H)H 2 H3As04Ca3(As04), + 6 H^O (2)

Equation ( i ) , however, gives a product whose soluble arsenate
content is considerably in excess of .75 per cent, and evidently
does not represent the total reaction. Analysis shows that the
product approximates the secondary arsenate, CaHAs04. Futher-
more, filter-pressing or washing is not sufticcient to reduce the
soluble arsenate content so as to even approach that of tertiary
calcium arsenate. This leads to the conclusion that, even if it is
assumed that Ca3(As4)2 is the primary product, secondary re-
action occurs, converting the product into CaHAs04 with practical
completeness. This secondary reaction is represented thus :

Ca3(As04). + 2 H,0 2 CaHAsO* + CaCOH)^ (3)

Reactions of this type chemists call "hydrolysis". Equation (2)
gives, under proper control, the best grade of product and repre-
sents the method generally used The Ca(OH)2 is in the form of
"milk of lime", and is made by thoroughly slaking pure lime, and
then adding water in excess until a smooth thin paste is obtained.
The arsenic acid. H3ASO4, is prepared by the action of nitric acid,
HNO3. on arsenic trioxide, AS2O3, (the "white arsenic" of the
druggist) ; the resulting solution is then evaporated until the ex-
cess of nitric acid is expelled. The arsenic acid solution is in-
troduced intoi the lime paste very slowly, the mixture being thor-
oughly stirred during the process. The amount of lime used is
always in slight excess of the theoretical amount. This not only

310

prevents the possibility of an excess of arsenic acid, but the ex-
cess Hme also tends to inhibit the hydrolysis of the calcium
arsenate, which, as mentioned above, results in an increased solu-
ble arsenate content. The calcium arsenate is formed as a white
precipitate, and is separated by filtration and careful drying.

Besides low solubility, another quality required for tricalcium
arsenate, if it is to be used as a spray material, is fluffiness. This
is necessary for the formation of slow-settling suspensions. This
flufifiness is due, to be sure, to fineness of the particles, since
suspensibility depends directly upon the size of the particle. This
fluffiness may be of importance in another way. Physicians are
familiar with the fact that finely-divided substances are much
more reactive than the same substances in coarser grain, largely
due to increased surface, though doubtless the increased solubil-
ity of fine particles has something to do with it. In a similar
way, fine calcium arsenate is probably much more reactive than
the ordinary form, and not only goes further, but has greater
"killing" power. Experiment has led to the conclusion that fluffi-
ness is best obtained by allowing the action between the lime and
the arsenic acid to take place at high temperatures — • say, 8o°
— 90° C. Chemists recognize the fact that this preparation from
hot solutions favors a certain amount of hydrolysis, but it seems
that the requisite degree of fluffiness cannot be obtained in any
other way.

Instability — We now come to consider how tricalcium
arsenate, with a soluble arsenate content well within the limit of
safety, can so change its nature as to cause all of the havoc that
planters and orchard growers have attributed to it ; furthermore,
why one batch of the material should behave in one way and one
in another.

Our explanation is that tricalcium arsenate is a metastable
substance. We use the term "metastable" in the sense of in-
stable, only the peculiar conditions favoring the change are lack-
ing. What is meant may become clearer by an illustration. A
stick of dynamite is an example of a metastable substance. It
may persist as such for an indefinite length of time, until the
proper agency — the explosion of a cap — affords or provides
the requisite condition for the materials that go to make up this
dynamite to change into more stable forms. Chemists call these
agents which initiate or facilitate the change of a substance from

311

a metastable state to a stable state "catalytic agents", or "cata-
lysts". In the case of the explosion of the nitroglycerin of the
dynamite, the shock of the cap is the catalyst, though other sub-
stances are known which ^\"ill effect the same changes. Tricalcium
arsenate appears to be instable in just the same sense, though its
change to the more stable form is by no means so rapid and noisy
and destructive.

Our first cine as to what miglu cause the decomposition of
tricalcium arsenate came from consideration of equations (i)
and (2) above. It will be noticed in the first equation that salt,
NaCl is formed, and it occurred to us that this might catalyze
the decomposition of our product. In the second reaction, how-
ever, water is the by-product, and this is a substance that, as a
rule, is not regarded as a catalyst for such reactions as this.
Actual experiments showed that the surmise was correct. The
presence of very small amounts ( e. g., .02 per cent) of such salts
as NaCl. FeSO, and so forth, were found to increase the amount
of soluble arsenate 20 to 100 fold. This salt effect explains many
points : First, why tricalcium arsenate cannot be prepared by
equation (i) ; second, why pure lime and arsenic acid must be
used in its preparation; third, why the use of impure waters in
making up the spray solutions have caused such marked cases of
burning of foliage.

Since the decomposition of tricalcium arsenate requires
water as a factor in the reaction (see equation (3) above), it
is readily seen that moisture may exert a marked effect in this
change. W'e are led to believe that one condition for the per-
m.anence of our insecticide is that it must be kept dry. On the
other hand, the presence of any deliquescent substance m the
calcium arsenate will keep the material moist, and may also be-
have as an active catalyst in its decomposition. This suggests one
reason why manufacturers have had trouble. Their arsenic acid
as we have seen, is made by the action of nitric acid on arsenic
trioxide, and it is not easy to remove all of the excess nitric acid.
Upon mixing this impure arsenic acid with the lime, some calcium
nitrate, Ca(N03)2. is formed. This substance is very de-
liquescent, and at the same time catalyzes the decomposition of
the calcium arsenate.

It is a general rule that heat will favor hydrolytic reactions
such as this one. This would lead us to the conjecture that cal-

312

cium arsenate would prove less satisfactory in the hot, moist
climates of the southern states, than in the colder climates of the
middle west.

Stabili^aation — A great many people have suggested that
materials might be admixed with calcium arsenate that would in-
hibit its hydrolysis, or, in other words, stabilize this metastable
substance. Such catalysts are called by chemists "negative
catalysts".

It has been reported by certain investigators that calcium
arsenate might be stabilized by the presence of a small excess of
lime. If equation (3) is a "reversible" reaction, that is just what
chemists would expect. It can only be said that by using lime in
excess and neglecting the other influences that may condition
stability, the injurious effects upon crops have not been averted.
This may be due to the combination of the free Ca(OH)o with
the COo of the air, or with impurities present in the water used
in making up the spray. At any rate, the removal of the Ca(OH).,
by any means whatsoever would "displace equilibrium to the
right" and Ijring about the formation of the fairly soluble second-
ary arsenate, CaHAsO^.

y\nother device for stabilizing this material is the admixture
of cane sugar or other so-called "inert" substances. We under-
stand that experiments along this line are in progress, though no
reports are yet available. The effect of such substances might
affect the arsenical sprays in several ways : it might lower their
surface tension, or it might increase their viscosity ; it might pre-
vent the excessive evaporation of the water, and improve their
adhesiveness to the plant surface; or it might repress the re-
activity of the impurities that tend to promote hydrolysis. An
attemjit at a])praisement of such practice would be premature at
this time.

An Italian, according to a recent report, has succeeded in
preparing calcium phosphate in what is known as the "colloidal"
condition, by precipitation methods in such media as gelatine, gum
arable, starch, and so forth. Judging from the close analogy be-
tween arsenates and phosphates, it would be expected that cal-
cium arsenate would assume this colloidal condition also. These
colloids appear to be dissolved in the water of the solution, though
it is now known that the phenomenon is not one of solution, but

313

of suspension, the particles being too small to be visible to the
eye. Biologists have found these "colloidal solutions" to have
marked physiological activity, and very probably that will be true
in the case of calcium arsenate. One of our students has taken
up the problem of preparing this active form of calcium arsenate,
and its fungicidal properties will be investigated in the botanical
laboratories of the University of Illinois. The prime question in
this work is the stability of the colloidal material. If the toxicity
of a given mixture does not increase upon standing, there is good
reason to hope that by the use of small amounts just the correct
toxic value can be obtained to kill insects without injury to the
plants. The whole problem, however, depends upon stability.

Mixing ztnth Other Spray Materials — There is one other
point that should be mentioned in this connection, and that is the
efifect of mixing this insecticide with such other materials as lead
arsenate, lime-sulfur mixture, and the like. In a bulletin from
the Michigan Agricultural College, Patten and Bergen state that
lead arsenate will reduce the solubility of calcium arsenate to
practically mil. Others have compounded calcium arsenate with
lime-sulfur mixture (i. e., calcium polysulfides). At the present
it is not advisable to take a stand on either side of propositions like
these, for the very reason that the behavior of calcium arsenate
itself is too indeterminate for the influence of the admixed sub-
stance to be isolated. Theoretical considerations may be said to
indicate that the soluble arsenate content would be diminished or
repressed, owing to what is called the "mass effect" ; on the other
hand, we have just pointed out that the presence of salts promote
the decomposition of calcium arsenate. These two' influences op-
pose each other, and the correct answer to the problem can be
known only by means of very careful analytical work with the
purest materials obtainable. In the Chemical Laboratories of
the University of Illinois there has just been started some work
which looks to the determination of the soluble arsenate content
of a solution by a very quick and accurate electrical method. It
is hoped that this will throw some light on these problems.

By the way of summary, I might say :

Calcium arsenate is a metastable substance, and whether or
not it will meet the needs of the practical horticulturists is a mat-
ter that they will have to decide for themselves. It is a gamble,

314

for a certain risk will always be involved in its use. It may turn
out that the collective experience of the horticulturists of the
country will vindicate its use. It will be, strictly speaking, a mat-
ter of averages. As a chemist, I would make the following sug-
gestions as to its use if the best results are to be obtained:

( 1 ) The material should be as fresh as possible.

(2) It should have been kept dry at all times previous to its
immediate use.

(3) -'^s pure water as possible should be used in making up"
sprays.

(4) In all cases, analysis for soluble arsenates should be
run at the time of delivery to the consumer.

(5) Its use will probably be more satisfactory in the milder
climates, rather than the south.

(6) The effect of combining it with other insecticides is
not yet definitely known, since the action of the latter may be
masked by the indefinite behavior of calcium arsenate itself.

PRODUCTION OF APPLE AND PEAR SEEDLINGS*

I. M. Orner

The growing of apple seedlings is an important industry in
the Kaw River valley. It is estimated that 90 per cent of all the
seedlings grown in the United States are grown within a radius
of twenty-five miles of Topeka. The commercial crop consists
mainly of apple and pear seedlings. Practically all of the seed
for the apple and pear seedlings is imported from France and
Japan. The apple seed is supposed to be from a variety of French
crab. The preparation of this seed for the market is an important
industry in France and the process of extracting the seed from
the pomace without crushing it is unknown to the American
people. The apple seed received by growers in this vicinity is
shipped from a distributing centef on the Atlantic coast, and this
distribution point is nearly always the city of New York. The
seed arrives in large barrels packed in charcoal and is separated

* Read at the 55th meeting of the Kansas State Horticultural Society.

3^5

from the charcoal by using a fanning mill. The seed is then
soaked in clear water for forty-eight hours, after which it is
packed in ice until time of planting, when it is dried sufficiently to
readily pass through the seeder which is used in planting the seed.
An ordinary wheat drill arranged to plant rows twenty-four
inches apart is quite satisfactory for planting the seed. The plant-
ing is done during March and April. The seed is covered to a
greater depth than other seed of this size. This is for the
purpose of keeping the seed bed moist which aids germination.
As soon as the seed is sprouted the extra covering of earth is
removed by a stroke of an ordinary garden rake and cultivation
starts immediately.

The first cultivation is given by using a wheel hoe. Care
must be taken to prevent the forming of a crust, which, when dis-
turbed is apt to break the tap-root which prevents the growth of
the young seedlings. A man will wheel-hoe about one acre a day
the first time the seedlings are cultivated. A specially prepared
horse cultivator is made that will cultivate half as many rows at a
time as there were planted at a time with the seeder. Small mules
about the size of cotton mules are perhaps the best power that
can be used for drawing this cultivator. When the weeds start
after the cultivation begins, weeding must also be started. Seed-
lings are one of the crops that will not tolerate weeds at all. Boys
from the age of ten years to those of fifteen or sixteen years of
age have proven to be the best weeders obtainable. The work is
not very difficult if the weeding is begun at the proper time. The
crop is cultivated about ten times during the season. Cultivation
must be given just as soon as the condition of the soil will permit,
after each rain. The crop must be weeded as often as the weeds
begin to show in the rows, about three times during the growing
season.

Apple and pear seedlings are usually grown on the ground
which is generally prepared the previous fall by extremely deep
plowing — twelve to fifteen inches. This enables the seedlings to
make a long straight root, ordinarily growing down as deep as the
ground is plowed. The seedlings make a part of their growth
during the late fall and continue to grow up to the time of severe
freezing. When the weather is favorable, the harvesting of the
seedling crop begins, about the first of November. The seedling

3i6

growers have a very ingenious digger which consists of a blade
of steel about ten inches wide at the bottom and bent in the shape
of the letter V to which are fitted a plow beam and handles. At
the bottom of the V there is welded a riser which pushes the seed-
lings up two or three inches in the loosened ground, this enables
them to be quite easily pulled. As the seedlings are pulled they
are placed in bundles of about lOO each, these bundles are tied
with tarred string and lightly buried in the soil and remain there
until gathered by the haulers. The bundles are taken to a cave
or cellar where the seedlings have a part of the top removed,
heeled in and then covered with a mixture of straw and manure to
prevent freezing and are left there until they are graded. The
seedlings are graded into several classes ; one-fourth inch, three-
sixteenth inch, two-sixteenth inch and one and one-half six-
teenth inch.

The great advantage of the Kaw river soil is that there can
be grown seedlings which are capable of being cut into several
grafts, which form the piece root grafts for the great majority
of the apple and pear grafts that are planted in the United States.
Apple seedlings and pear seedlings grown in this territory are
shipped to all parts of the United States and Canada where
grafting is practiced. The greatest growers of seedlings in the
United States have their headquarters in Topeka. Although the
soil in this territory is especially adapted to the production of
seedlings, it is not profitable to raise more than two successive
crops of seedlings on the same ground. Several years must elapse
before that piece of ground is again planted to seedlings. Land
must have sufificient fertility to produce a large growth of wood
for this crop. It is not unusual to dig one hundred thousand
apple seedlings from an acre of ground.

The producing of apple and pear seedlings is not very com-
plicated or difificult, and if one requires only a few thousand it
will be better to have the professional grower produce them.
Seeds from native apples will produce good seedlings. The great
trouble is in preparing the seed so that a crop may be produced
from them, and until there is some improved method for separat-
ing the seed from the pomace, we will be compelled to import our
apple and pear seed.

317

COMMERCIAL PEACH GROWING*

J. E. Khlore, District Manager,
The Anicrican Fruit Grozcers, Inc., Hancock, Md.

What is commercial peach growing? I sometimes think thac
secretaries and program committees use the word "commercial"
to inform the audience that the speaker is a farmer instead of a
professor, but having been duly informed that the speaker is a
farmer, I believe that we should inquire a little further as to the
meaning of the word "commercial.'' Commercial peach growing
to me means growing peaches for profit. I feel sure that most
of you present will agree that if this definition is not correct, per-
haps a better definition would be - — trying to grow peaches for a
profit.

Since we are engaged in growing peaches for profit, we are
vitally interested in the factors which influence the amount or
extent of that profit. Fundamentally, profit is the margin be-
tween cost and selling price. I do not intend to discuss the factors
influencing the cost of production, but shall confine my discussion
to the factors influencing the selling price. You will agree, I am
sure, that the most important single factor influencing the selling
price of peaches is quality, and that the amount of your profit is
likely to be determined by the quantity of high quality fruit at
your disposal. This would be true if it were not for the existence
of another factor which seems to have a more far-reaching effect
in many cases than either quality or quantity. That factor is
supply and demand.

Since we wish to attack this problem of securing profits in a
logical manner, we must know just what we can do to grow fruit
of better quality, how to increase the yield of high quality fruit,
and finally having satisfied ourselves that we have done all in our
power to increase our profits in this manner, we want to dispose
of our crop to the best advantage.

Quality is dependent on a number of factors, but practically
all of them, fortunately, are more or less under our control.
Elevation for instance influences the color and snap of the fruit.

* Read at meeting of Pennsylvania Horticultural Association, Harris-
burg, January, 1922.

3i8

gives it the life which it would otherwise not have. The soil in-
fluences the growth of the tree, and by its depth, tilth -and fertility
has an important efifect on the quality of the fruit Both of these
factors can be determined or regulated by the owner. The grow-
er is likewise responsible for the quality of the fruit as it is af-
fected by what we may properly term cultural practices. A well
proportioned pruning program, followed by the application of the
necessary fertilising elements in the correct proportions, and sup-
plemented by thorough cultivation to insure sufficient moisture to
mature the crop, all these things add to the quality of the fruit.
SjDraying and dusting protect the crop from the insects and
fungous diseases which tend to make peach growing such a
hazardous undertaking, while careful packing presents the
product to the consumer in the most attractive shape. Each of
these operations, you will observe, is influenced to a greater or
less extent by the desires of the grower.

Subject always to weather conditions, the quantity of fruit
is almost as readily determined as the quality, and we are able to
a certain extent to insure ourselves from the loss attending a
frost by selecting orchard sites with sufftcient elevation and air
drainage to minimize the hazard in that respect.

What then is the limiting factor which determines the profits
from commercial peach growing? H. P. Gould, who has written
a very good book on peach growing, says "That the profitableness
of peach growing in any location depends in no small measure on
the sequence in which the Elberta peach ripens there in compari-
son with its ripening period in other localities with which it comes
in contact on the markets." In other words, in so far as we are
concerned, the limiting factor is supply and demand which may
properly be translated the "geography of peach growing."

Let us examine the peach growing areas in the eastern
and southern sections of the country, and ascertain if pos-
sible what effect they have on the profits from our ventures
here in the north. "With the Elberta only in mind, the peach
season commences about July ist in northeastern Texas. Over
a series of years, the section which comes in next is usually south-
western Arkansas, where the Elberta season lasts from July lo
to the 15th. While the Fort Valley section usually ships Elbertas
from July 15th to 20th, it sometimes happens that the growers in
Georgia are shipping Elbertas prior to Arkansas. The Elberta

319

season in North Carolina follows close on the heels of the Georgia
and Arkansas season, and is over by the 5th of August. With
the exception of minor shipments from southern Virginia and
West Virginia the next section of importance in order of ripening
of the Elberta is northern West Virginia and Maryland, where
the season normally starts about August 20th and continues to
the first of September. New Jersey and Delaware usually start
shipping Elbertas about the 25th of August and continue until
the 5th of September. The usual date of ripening of the Elbertas
in southern and southeastern Pennsylvania is September ist to
loth, although certain sections, notably that region north of
Hagerstown, is somewhat earlier.

What does this mean to you as a grower of peaches in Penn-
sylvania? It means that from about July loth until you start
shipping Elbertas in late August, or early September, there is an
almost constant supply of Elbertas from districts south of you.
That in itself is a statement without much meaning, unless further
analyzed. But let me show you how vital this fact is to you,
even though you are not shipping peaches in carlots to the larger
markets. — Although I have not had access to the government
records, it has been reported that the Georgia crop last year was
in excess of 6,000 cars. Most of this fruit is consumed in eastern
and northern markets, and is not all confined to the large cities.
I know one firm who canvassed thoroughly every town of 2,000
or more inhabitants between Johnstown and Harrisburg, and sev-
eral towns east of Harrisburg in an endeavor to dispose of
Georgia peaches in carloads if possible, but in less than carloads
if necessary. Under normal conditions the early peaches would
have been ripening in Pennsylvania at that time, and you would
certainly have felt the efifect of the southern competition.

But there are other ways in which your profits are in-
fluenced by your southern neighbors. All of you know that the
peach market is extremely fickle, and that it fluctuates violently
when there is no reason apparent to the grower. There are sev-
eral reasons for this fact. The peach market is usually estab-
lished during the Georgia shipping season. The appearance of
worms or brown rot in Georgia peaches has had, and probably
will continue to have a very far-reaching influence. Buyers who
appreciate the fear of brown rot on the part of the wholesaler

320

and retailer are quite likely to use this fact in securing fruit at
considerably lower prices from the grower.

During the past season I happened to be engaged in packing
Elbertas in southwestern Arkansas. Because of the fact that the
Texas crop of Elbertas was a failure in so far as carrying qualities
were concerned, I knew of several buyers to remain in our pack-
ing house almost a week before buying a car load of peaches.
They were afraid to buy on surface indications, preferring to
wait until some of our fruit arrived on the market, in order to
assure themselves that Arkansas Elbertas had no brown rot. If
we had been depending on local buyers our profits certainly would
have sufifered.

The readiness with which the public absorbs the shipments
from the south certainly has a marked effect on the price paid
for the same variety from later sections. Due to the perishable
nature of the fruit, the disposal of a crop of peaches, particularly
where that crop is largely Elbertas, is usually a matter of days
rather than weeks. Dealers are not slow to take advantage of
that fact, and relying on the information gained in the crops from
southern districts, use every means in their power to recoup losses
and increase gains by manipulation of the crops from northern
sections.

But the most marked effect of the southern grown peach, and
by that I mean the peach grown in any section earlier than our
own, is the residual effect on. the market. Following each other
so closely as the shipping seasons of the different sections in-
variably do, there is a sluggish period on the market almost every
year. The effect is so marked, and so far-reaching as to merit
our closest attention. Let me cite an example. As I have men-
tioned before, Georgia had an exceptionally large crop of peaches
last year. The ripening period was several weeks earlier than
usual, throwing the peak of the Elberta season about July loth,
on which date the first cars were moving from southwestern
Arkansas. What was the effect on the f. o. b. price of the
Arkansas Elbertas ? The best quotation for the first two days of
the season was $2.25, but in about three days, when the bulk of
the southern crop had disappeared from the midwest markets,
the price began, to jump about $.25 each day, until at the end of
the twelve-day season the f. o. b. price for the same quality peach
was $4.50 per bushel, while two days later on my return through

321

North Carolina, I learned that choice Elbertas were being quoted
at $2.50 per bushel on board the car. This difference in price in
the case of the North Carolina peaches was primarily due to the
fact that they were being shipped to New York, Philadelphia
and Boston, at which points there were about eight hundred cars
of Georgia Elbertas in storage, and the influence of the Georgia
peach crop was felt as far north as New York State, because not
all of them had been removed from storage when New York
Carmens were being shipped.

I think you will see from what I have said that the price you
will receive for your peaches is quite likely to be influenced quite
markedly by concurrent shipments from districts earlier than that
in which you happen to be located. How can you overcome the
disadvantage arising from your location? This is not an easy
question to answer, but there are certain ways in which this effect
can be minimized.

Those of you who are contemplating planting new orchards
or replanting old orchards, will, I am sure, pay much more at-
tention in the future than you have in the past to the varieties
which you plant. This is of vital importance.

Those of you who have large bearing orchards of varieties
which conflict with Elbertas, or other more salable varieties, will
take advantage of all of the information sent out by your experi-
ment station concerning the methods of regulating the ripening
period of those varieties by means of varied applications of
fertilizers.

And all of you, whether you have just planted your orchard
or whether it is in full bearing at this time, will, I am sure, pay
a great deal more attention to your neighbors on the south and the
east. You will know his varieties, his expected crop, and when
that crop is to be marketed. Furthermore, you will have a daily
acquaintance with the market conditions, not only of your local
market, but in the large city markets as well.

You have seen how your profits are vitally affected not only
by what kind of a peach 3'ou grow, and how many of them you
sell but by what your southern neighbor is growing and selling.
Your local cooperative association, your state bureau of markets,
and all of the government agencies, as well as the State College
and Experiment Station annually publish an immense amount of

21

322

valuable information dealing with this subject, but it remains for
you to reap full advantages from these faciHties.

The profit from commercial peach growing is two-thirds
under your control, and a greater part of the remaining third can
be secured by facilities already provided, presuming of course
that you are on the alert.

MODERN PRUNING METHODS*

Dr. J. K. Shaw,
Massachusetts Agricultural College

I am not going to give you any system of pruning trees, be-
cause I do not believe there is any definite procedure which may
be set forth that is not subject to criticism. No one system will
work for all varieties under all conditions better than any other
system.

Before talking about pruning methods, I want to call your at-
tention to the way the tree grows. You are all familiar with
trees. You know that the growth in length of the trees is entirely
near the growing tip. It follows that the head of the tree and
the branches will never be any further from the ground than they
are when they come out in the young tree. The growth in diam-
eter takes place always between the bark and wood. Sometimes
we get two rings, but usually only one ring during the summer.

Now the new growth that grows out of the terminal buds
each year has on it single leaves arranged in regular fashion, and
in the axil of every one of these leaves is a bud. I want to show
what becomes of these buds. They will do one of four things.
They may fail to develop at all, but die and drop off. They may
make a little rosette of leaves, not growing very much, but make
a rosette for a year or possibly two, and then die. Some of the
buds will develop into short or long shoots, according to condi-
tions, and these leafy shoots repeat this same history. Eourth,
they may develop into fruit spurs. These make a short growth,
amounting to a rosette of leaves the first year, and after that they
form a fruit bud and a spur.

* Delivered at 30th Annual Meeting Connecticut Pomological So-
ciety, December 13, 1921.

- 323

The buds that fall off are of no use. Those that make leaves
are of a great deal of use. The presence of these rosettes of
leaves on the trees help to make the tree stocky. They fatten the
trunk of the tree. You will find if you cut the rosettes off you
get a very slender growth. We tried a scheme for getting just
the kind of tree we wanted by taking a one-year whip, and re-
moving the buds we did not want to grow, and leaving those we
did want. When we did that the trunk of the tree was too
slender. We must have these rosettes to give strength to the stock.

We certainly would want a few of these buds to develop into
leafy shoots. I can't see the use for a great many of these
shoots, — just enough to produce new bearing wood in the future
years. Of course we want to have all the spur buds we can get
when the tree comes to bearing age. We want all the buds the
tree can develop into mature fruits.

Just a word more about the fruit buds. Not all the fruit
buds on trees are spur buds. On the Northern Spy only a small
percentage are spur buds. There are two other kinds of buds.
One, the terminal shoot bud, from four to six inches long, as on
the Ben Davis and Mcintosh. A young tree produces more of
these than old bearing trees. Then on some kinds, as Wealthy
and Wagener, we have lateral buds. These are where the one-
year bud instead of developing into a leafy shoot may develop a
fruit bud, so that the second year after a shoot is produced we
have lateral buds, particularly in young trees. Our Wealthy crop
last year in Amherst was due to lateral buds. The spur buds were
killed, but the lateral buds came out later and escaped the freeze.

Now with these fundamental facts as to growth and fruit
bud production, let us proceed to discuss systems of pruning. In
the first place, I think we have sufffcient evidence to say that
pruning is always a dwarfing process. The tree that is pruned
will never be as large in the future as if no branch had been re-
moved. The diffierence in size is not great. We have an experi-
mental pruning orchard of 600 trees in Amherst, and there was
a difference in trunk increase a year ago this summer of .18
millimeter between the smallest and largest trees, and these trees
received quite different amounts of pruning. If the practice is
continued it will make quite a difference in the size of the trees.
The dwarfing process in itself is not necessarily harmful.

324

There are two ways of pruning a tree. One is by heading
back, — by cutting off a one-year shoot, or by cutting back into
two or three or four-year wood. The terminal buds have a strong
tendency to start out when you head back in one-year wood.

The resuU is that next year you have two or three branches
instead of one. They shade each other and shoot up for air and
light. So the process of heading back in one-year wood is liable
to be unsuccessful in keeping the top low, because this process
causes them to shoot up perhaps as high as before.

Another effect of heading back young trees which is quite
serious is the effect it has on the branch angle, that is the angle at
which the branch comes out from the trunk. If you cut back a
main branch, the branches will come out at a sharp angle, which
will be weaker than a broader angle. This is important with the
Baldwin and with the Wealthy, and not so important with the Mc-
intosh, because it is hard to spoil a Mcintosh tree by pruning, but
you can spoil the Baldwin or Wealthy quite easily.

The effect of cutting back trees about to come into bearing is
that it promotes a tendency for the buds either to fall into this
first class, making litle or no growth, or to grow out into leafy
shoots ; few of them seem to make fruit spurs. That is apparent-
ly the reason why heading back delays bearing. Some of the
buds grow more than they ought to, and others fail to grow at
all. When you thin out the top of a tree it does not have this
tendency to make the tree shoot up in the air and make a dense
top. The branches will be more evenly balanced, and the leaves
which you have on the trees are better exposed to the light.

I do not absolutely condemn heading back young trees. I
think with certain varieties it may be desirable, but I feel that
there has been a great deal of damage done by too severe heading
back of young trees by getting weak angles, and we are now reap-
ing the results by having some breakage in Baldwin trees ten
years old. We shall have to spend some time and money wiring
up these trees this winter.

There are five more or less well recognized types toward
which a fruit grower may prune a tree. One is the vase form,
where we try to have the head of the tree in the form of an in-
verted cone. This ideal has not often been realized because the
center of the tree tends to fill up. Then we have the globular
tree, which is what one is likely to get when he starts out for a

325

vase-form tree. The strong primary branches come out all at
about the same point on the trunk, and form a round or globular
head on the tree. Then we have the modified leader which is
very much like the globular form except that we try to separate
the main branches on the trunk and keep the main leader growing
straight up to perhaps six or eight feet from the ground, the
branches coming out at intervals. A modification of this is the
two-story tree. In this we try to get about three branches coming
out and diverging, each occupying about one-third of the space
around the tree, and then a foot or two above that three other
branches coming out. In Virginia I saw an orchard like this,
the best pruned orchard I ever saw. It had been pruned by the
hand of an artist. There is also the central leader tree. The
central leader extends indefinitely into the air, and has a con-
siderable number of branches coming out at the sides. Eventually
these side branches will be few.

I don't like the first two, the vase form and the globular tree,
very well, because of the danger of breaking down. I presume
the majority of the best growers will prefer the modified leader,
which is similar to the globular tree, except that the branches are
separated more. Not many men advocate a central leader tree,
and those who do are apt to be rabid about it. I should choose
one of the last three types, and whichever one I chose I would
aim to keep the branches well separated and well balanced around
the tree, and above all try to visualize what that tree will look like
in ten or fifteen years, — what these little branches will look like
when they are six inches in diameter. The objection to the cen-
tral leader tree is that it is said to make a high-headed tree. As a
matter of fact it will be high-headed for the first ten years, but as
nearly as I can ascertain, by the time they get to be fifteen or
twenty years old, a central leader tree is no higher than the vase
formed tree. Of course when the tree has grown out horizontally
until it reaches its neighbors it goes up in the air more. We hear
arguments about the height of head. When you look ahead fif-
teen or twenty years what difference does it make whether you
start the branches of your tree at eighteen or twenty-four inches
from the ground. If I had a high-headed tree like Spy, I would
head it near the ground. The height of the head of the mature
tree will depend more upon the variety and later pruning than on
the height at which the end is started.

326

Just a few words about pruning bearing trees. Of course
everybody could cut out all "dead and diseased wood, and every-
body would cut out water sprouts. These ought to be cut out as
soon as they come. Once in a- while you will get a visitation of
blight, and when it comes it will attack these water sprouts and
may cause a canker on the tree. After the dead and diseased
wood is cut out, most any bearing tree will need a certain amount
of thinning, letting in the light to the top of the tree. Then if
the trees are getting old I think it is even desirable to do a certain
amount of spur thinning. Of course you do not want to cut out
fruit spurs generally. But with old trees do not prune too severe-
ly at one time. Take out not more than five or ten per cent of
the top. It is important that you prune trees every year. A light
pruning every year is a great deal better than letting it go two
or three years. Many times a man is moved by the spirit, and
goes out into the orchard and does a thorough job, and does noth-
ing more for two or three years, when they are just as bad or
worse than before. If you prune old trees severely, you must
follow it up the next few years. Keep the head open so that it
won't shoot out into excessive and high growth.

We sometimes hear arguments as to the time of year that
pruning should be done. Usually it is done in the spring. Prob-
ably that is as good a time as any, but I see no reason why we
should not prune any time during the winter if we want to.

Some experiments in Missouri seem to show that a tree wih
dry out less from the cut of a removed branch than it would from
the branch itself, that is, pruning, the tree in the fall in these ex-
periments reduced the loss of moisture in the tree. We think that
loss of moisture goes with winter-killing. This would seem to in-
dicate thaf it does not do any harm to prune any time in the fall
when the wind does not blow to hard. I believe the time for sum-
mer pruning is in the spring, pinching off the new shoots that
start out. I am not prepared to advocate any special method of
doing this. I hope in a few years I may be able to.

We hear a great deal about wound protection. In sections
where there is much blister canker this is desirable, but in most
cases I am inclined to question whether the application of pro-
tective material over wounds is worth the trouble. I don't know,
but I am inclined to doubt it. I would rely more on thorough
spraying to keep the wounds free from disease. At the same time,

327

if any one wants to cover the wounds with paint. I would not
say he should not do it. For that purpose there is nothing better
than white lead and linseed oil, with color in if you want to make
it less conspicuous. Beware of ready mixed paints.

I firmly believe it is important to get good tools. You can
buy good pruning shears now for $2.00 tO' $2.50. Get them
heavy, so that they will stand heavy work without bending. Get
them with a shape of blade that will cut readily, and with the
least effort. There are two types of pruning saws, the light saw
and the meat saw type. The meat saw is fine for a lazy man, and
none of us want to work harder than we have to. They do a good
job, and I don't know why we shouldn't use them. I don't like
the two-edged saw. It is almost impossible to keep from raking
the bark and making a bad wound.

INTERCOLLEGIATE APPLE JUDGING CONTEST

The Intercollegiate Apple Judging Contest was won by the
team from the Massachusetts Agricultural College. But two
teams were entered. A cup was given the winning team and
medals were awarded the two highest men, Mr. Wood and Mr.
Warren. The scores were as follows :

MASSACHUSETTS.

C. M. Wood 3260

E. H. Warren 3180

W. H. Peck 2906S

OHIO.

Earl Prather 27934

F. F. Smith 2696§

Dale Stoltz 2693

8183
(328)

THE AIRPLANE IN FOREST INSECT CONTROL*

J. S. HOUSER,

Ohio Agricultural Experiment Station

In its final analysis, the Agricultural Experiment Station
must be a practical institution, for its mission is the solving of
problems of the land which contribute to more efficient produc-
tion, and its workers must in most essentials be practical men
in order to enjoy the confidence of those whom they attempt to
serve.

The present speaker hopes that, he may have merited in
the past a little of the good opinion, in this respect, of the mem-
bers of the State Horticultural Society and it is with some
hesitation that he stands before you today, scheduled to discuss
a topic which from its very nature is more or less ethereal in
character — spraying by aeroplane. He hopes that when he
will have finished he will not be an outcast, for what is to be
presented is a record of achievement and not a dissertation on
untried theories.

In the prehistoric ages in the science of spraying a quarter
of a century ago many members of this Society still clung to the
inherited tendencies of their ancestral progenitors and spent the
spraying season clambering about through the tops of their trees.
At that time, if one of the members had appeared on the annual
program of the Society and suggested that we abandon the
clambering method of spraying and substitute for it the use of a
thousand dollar power plant, whose fuel was an extract from
the bowels of the earth and utilizing volts and amperes from
goodness knows where to give it kick, he surely would have been
branded as impractical. Or had he asserted that two men might
apply 5,000 gallons of liquid day after day he would have been
termed a waster and dreamer. What would we have said if in
the discussion that followed the reading of such a paper if friend
Schmitkons had arisen in his characteristically modest way and
stated that he planned to use a little different method the fol-
lowing summer ; that he was thinking some of treating his or-

*Read at meeting of the Ohio State Horticultural Society, Columbus,
iJan. 31, 1922.

(329)

330

chard at night by blowing a new kind of dust on it ; that he
would probably be able to do thirty acres or so in one evening,
and that he would use powerful searchlights to show the way?
I will answer my own question. We would have looked solemn,
and tapped our foreheads and said : "Too bad, too bad, hej
always seemed all right until today."

The idea of spraying by airplane may seem just as far'
fetched now as the $i,ooo power plant sprayer or the Schmit-
kons blow-dust-searchlight-thirty-acre-by-night-business would]
have seemed at that time.

The hopper for carrying and distributing the powder. When the gate
below was opened and the cranio above was turned the powder was re-
leased as is grain from a grain drill. The violent air current of the
propeller was sufficient to thoroughly disperse the dust.

— Photo Ohio Agr. Exp. Sta.

To Mr. C. R. Neillie of the Cleveland Park Department is
due the credit for having first conceived the idea of using an
airplane in insect control. Upon invitation by Mr. Neillie the
writer assumed the responsibility of giving the theory a practical
test. A cooperative project was arranged between the Ohio
Agric.ultural Experiment Station and the Federal Aviation Ex-
periment Station at McCook Field, Dayton, Ohio, and the field
chosen for experiment was a six-acre grove of catalpas severely
infested with the catalpa sphinx near Troy, Ohio.

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332

The catalpa sphinx in the larval stage is a caterpillar be-
longing to the group of horn worms, of which the common
tomato or tobacco horn worm is a familiar example. People
acquainted with either of these insects will recall that they are
voracious in their feeding habits, each caterpillar being capable
of destroying a vast amount of foliage in a single day. The
trees become infested by the gray mother moths flying to the
tops and depositing their eggs in pearly white masses on the
leaves, sometimes as many as 300 eggs being deposited by a
single individual insect. Hundreds of thousands of the nearly
full-grown larvae were present in the grove treated and at the
time the work was done nearly 75% of the foliage had been
destroyed.

The trees, 4,815 in number, were from 25 to 30 feet tall and
had been planted for growing posts and poles.

The poison used was undiluted arsenate of lead dust.

The plane was a Curtiss J-N-6 with a hopper, which had
been made at McCook Field, attached to the side of the fuselage
for carrying and distributing the powder. It was an irregularly
shaped flat box with a carrying capacity of a little over 100
pounds of arsenate of lead. A sliding gate was arranged at the
bottom operated by a push and pull rod from the observer's seat
in the plane. A revolving vane was installed in the bottom and
was geared by means of sprockets and a chain to a crank above,
also convenient to the observer in the plane. When the gate
was opened and the vane revolved, the dust was fed out of the
bottom of the hopper as grain is fed from a grain drill. Upon
leaving the hopper the dust fell into the "slip stream," the violent
air current set up by the propeller, and instead of dropping
to the earth, was throv/n into violent agitation and floated out
behind the moving plane in a dense white cloud.

On the day of the trial, the plane flew to Troy and landed
in a field of wheat stubble a little distance from the grove to be
treated. Here the hopper was filled and the work of spraying
began.

The plane flew at an altitude of from 20 to 35 feet in a
path parallel to the grove and 53 yards to the windward, liberat-
ing the dust as it passed. In all, six passages were made past
the grove and about 175 pounds of arsenate of lead liberated.
At no time did the machine fly over the trees. As the dust was

333

liberated it was thrown out behind the machine in a dense
whirhng mass for two or three seconds, then its course was
changed graduahy by the wind and it was floated toward the
grove. Upon reaching the edge of the grove the dust cloud
continued its passage, floating through and above the ti;ees cover-
ing every leaf as it made its leisurely progress.

After the work of dusting was completed many trees were
examined and not a leaf could be found which did not bear traces
of the dust which it was possible to detect with the unaided eye.

The morning following the application of the dust some
dead caterpillars could be found but their wholesale destruction
was not apparent until some 46 hours after the work of dust-
ing was completed. By that time literally millions of the dead
insects were to be seen in every conceivable position and place
in the grove. Many were still hanging to the foliage, branches
and trunks of the trees and the forest floor was so polluted with
their dead bodies that not a step could be taken without crushing
numbers of them. Still others of the caterpillars were to be seen
writhing in their death agonies.

The most careful observations possible were taken and to
the best of our judgment at least 99% of the worms were killed
by the treatment.

The outstanding features of this pioneer test of the use
of the airplane in dusting tall trees were : First, it was demon-
strated that by properly utilizing wind currents the dust could
be controlled with remarkable precision and thus deposited
where desired; second, the great saving of time by the use of
the process is an important item and, third, the effects on the
caterpillars were most gratifying since they were fully as good
as could have been expected from the use of liquid sprays.

HORTICULTURAL MANUFACTURES*
W. W. Chenoweth,
Massachusetts Agricultural College
The slogan of the manufacturing world for the past decade or
more has been "Eliminate the waste." So thoroughly is this prac-
ticed that today many large concerns find their chief profits in
what was formerly waste material. Efficiency is the watchword
* Read at meeting of the Ohio State Horticultural Society, Columbus,
Jan. 31, 1922.

334

today and large business concerns are bending every energy to
raise their standards through the conservation of time, energy and
materials.

For ahnost a half century our experiment stations, our agri-
cultural colleges, our boards of agriculture and many other organ-
izations have been spending time, energy and money in a concerted
effort to increase the production of fruits and vegetables. Larger
acreage and heavier yields have been the goals toward which all
these agencies have worked. And they have succeeded remarkably
well. More fruit plantations have been planted during the last two
decades than in any three or four preceding. Many hitherto
worthless hillsides and rundown farms of the east have been con-
verted into flourishing young orchards. Improvement in soil man-
agement and the care given to growing plants have advanced also
so that today we are producing fairly large crops of fruits and
vegetables adapted to our soils and climate. Not only have we
made these wonderful strides toward greater production but due
to better methods of pruning, thinning and spraying the quality of
our fruit is better than ever before. But with all this energy de-
voted to the greater production there has been a lamentable lack
of a corresponding advance in methods of marketing and con-
servation, especially in the latter.

The farmer and fruit grower have not modeled their business
after that of the so-called big business. They have been striving
through greater production and through better cultural methods
to off-set their losses. This is particularly true of the fruit grower.
No charge of wanton waste is to be made against the farmer and
fruit grower although their methods have laid them open to such
a charge They have not until recent years felt the great need of
conservation. They have been content to market the best and to
take their loss on the worst. But the increase of our non-produc-
ing population with their insistent demands for food is to change
all this.

The growing and marketing of perishable foods is always
attended with some loss. This must of necessity result under the
common methods of growing and marketing crops of this nature.
Fruits are highly perishable and must be used when ripe otherwise
loss results. Because of the ravages of insect and disease pests
and because of weather conditions and methods of handling, there
is always a per cent, varying of course with seasons and growers,

335

which cannot because of its grade be marketed And this in most
cases is a loss. In the case of apples and some other fruits there
is another grade just above the culls which under many, perhaps
most, conditions would better be left off the ultimate retail mar-
ket; since any considerable quantity of poor fruit on the market
seriously affects the selling price of the really good fruit. Also as
a rule it is an imposition to ask the consumer to buy this grade for
family use.

It must not be forgotten that it costs the good orchardist as
much to grow his culls and "B" grades as it does the "A" grade
and fancy fruit; since in his case at least they all come from the
same trees, have had the same care and they were just as expen-
sive to harvest and handle as the fancy or "A" grade stock.

While it is practically impossible to eliminate all the waste in
the fruit growing industry much of it can and will be in years to
come. And just as the manufacturer has learned to convert his
piles of waste materials into profit making by-products, so too the
progressive fruit grower of the future is going to set about con-
verting his culls, poor grades and surplus fruits into by-products
which will then represent profits instead of losses and which will
eventually wipe out the mortgage on the farm or enable him to buy
the long coveted adjoining farm.

A few years ago all this was a dream, a beautiful theory
which a few enthusiasts were urging upon the fruit growers and
which they received with much doubt and skepticism. But today
it is an established fact and fruit growers and others are seeking
information along lines of conservation.

The home or farm factory as an adjunct to fruit and veg-
etable growing has been given sufficient trial to demonstrate very
forcibly that in proper hands it is a good money maker at least
under New England conditions. These factories as now operated
are of two distinct types, that is they may function purely as
a salvage proposition to utilize the producers low grades and ex-
cess crops or they may be operated as a pure business venture by
those who produce little or none of the raw materials required
depending upon their neighbors or upon the open market for their
supplies.

The experiences of those who have engaged in this work
show conclusively that the farm factory has some decided ad-
vantages among which the following are outstanding:

336

1 . The best possible market for culls.

2. A larger return for the low grades.

3 . Prevents waste and consequent loss to the grower.

4. That there is a substantial increase in the supply of good
wholesome food.

5 . The tendency is to increase consumption of fruit because
of the increased supply of high grade products.

6. That it offers a good business with unlimited possibili-
ties for development. The initial investment is small,
the turn over comes quickly and that the season of work
is short running generally six to eight months.

The development of farm factories in New England has
practically all been made within the last half dozen years. And
the greater number of factories in operation are less than five
years old. During this brief period of development there has
been established some twenty-five or thirty plants of various
kinds and descriptions ranging from the housewife in her kitchen
selling a few hundred dollars' worth of products each year to the
real specialized factories having an investment in equipment
alone of six to eight thousand dollars. All of these are going
concerns and their business is growing. Even with an unusually
short fruit crop the past season not one factory suspended opera-
tion and a half dozen or more new ones were established.

These factories represent two types viz. : general and special.
In the general factories both fruits and vegetables are handled
and a wide range of products is manufactured. These factories
as a rule cater to the special market, many having the bulk of
their orders in before the season opens. This is a good business,
for once the reputation of the product is established each cus-
tomer becomes a most excellent advertising medium and business
develops rapidly because the demand always exceeds the supply
of good "home-made" goods. A few of these factories sell through
the local retail stores or through chain stores. The great bulk
of products, however, manufactured in the general farm factory
is sold direct to the consumer. Some have developed a special
clientele who look to the factory to supply them with all the
canned fruits and vegetables . and manufactured products which
their respective families will consume during the year. A few
which modern methods of travel have made so popular through-

337

of our factories are conducted in connection with tea houses
out the east. The traveller is refreshed with the tea he drinks,
and the delicious fruit or vegetable products served him, and he
is served in a room that is tastefully decorated with such attrac-
tive packages of canned foods and manufactured products that
seldom does one escape without leaving an order or carrying a
few packages away with him.

Most of our general farm factories are located on well
traveled highways. These find their market at their door. The
motoring class are as a rule looking for good things to eat and
there is nothing that makes a stronger appeal than "home-made"
foods This is not a theory; it has worked out that way too.
often. One of our fruit growers sold from his roadside stand
more than $2,000 worth of home made* fruit products during
his first year. Another man operating a tea house and factory
at the roadside sold $7,000 worth of fruit and vegetable products
during his third season. Others of these general home factories
located in rather out of the way places have been able to build up
a reputation for their products through the advertisement given
by their first few customers so that today the consumers find
their way to these factories and the business continues to grow.

Factories of this general type perform a distinct function and
there is room for them in all our closely settled sections. Where-
ever there are people with a longing for home-made foods there
is also a place for a small farm factory. These factories supply
a large amount of high quality food to a class of trade that is
willing to pay the price if the quality is right. They offer pleas-
ant and profitable employment to those who are temperamentally
adapted to this type of work. They tend to increase the price
of perishable fruits and vegetables since less of these reach the
local market.

The initial investment is small and may be increased as the
business grows. I know one man who sold twelve thousand
dollars' worth of products last year and his equipment exclusive
of the basement room in which he did his work was not worth
one hundred dollars. I visited a factory this fall and the operator
told me that the labor income from the business this season
would be a little above two thousand dollars. Exclusive of the
regular kitchen utensils the investment in equipment was less

338

than fifty dollars. The labor income for this factory was greater
than for the average New England farm with a cash investment
of twenty thousand dollars according to the United States Cen-
sus reports for the labor income on farms of that investment
was given as being about nineteen hundred dollars.

I know of no business requiring so little capital nor such a
small amount of training in which one may engage with greater
certainty of success than in the business of converting fruits and
vegetables into good palatable, wholesome foods. The great
stress and strain comes during the first two years while the repu-
tation is being established and during this time the operator of
the factory must have an anchor to windward in order to pull
through this trying time. The financial strain comes, not through
purchase of equipment but in securing supplies and containers.
However, the turn-over is rapid since under average conditions
sales begin almost as soon as the manufacturing season opens
and as most factories are operated the season is closed in late
autumn or early winter, giving an operating season of approxi-
mately six months. Most of our factories have cleaned out their
stock before the holidays. This leaves a long period of inactivity
which is bridged over in various ways by different operators.

A new development has begun this past season which prom-
ises great things in the future. In one county about twenty-five
women formed a cooperative society through which they ex-
pected to market products of home manufacture. Some made
fancy articles but many devoted their time and energy to the
manufacture of fruit and vegetable products. All products of-
fered for sale must meet requirements set up by the standards'
committee so that when goods went on sale there was a fairly
uniform grade. These women had no precedent to guide them,
they blazed a trail through unknown conditions and as a result
they demonstrated that fundamentally the scheme was a good
one. While these women sold only about twenty-five hundred
dollars' worth of foods this year they have convinced themselves
that cooperation in work of this kind has great possibilities.
They have reorganized for next season's work basing their re-
organization on the experiences of the past season.

Already this idea of cooperation among farm women is
spreading to other sections and plans are now underway to or-
ganize three other groups in various parts of the state.

339

The results from this movement cannot be estimated in
amount of food conserved, the amount of money earned nor in
its socialogical value. With respect to future development one
of two things seems inevitable ; either there will be a number of
large cooperative organizations doing a relatively large business
in food conservation or else if the spirit of cooperation fails
these will be a large number of farm factories each doing a
business sufficient to yield a good living for the entire family.

The special type of by-products factory limits its activities
to a special crop or to a few products from that crop. Those de-
veloped so far are concerned with the apple crop. We hope,
however, to see within a few years many of these factories as-
sociated with our market gardening industry. The most im-
portant products manufactured so far from the apple crop are
vinegar, cider, cider jelly, apple butter, canned apples and apple
jelly.

More capital is required to equip a factory of this type than
in general type since the manufacture of many of these products
calls for special machinery. Also the products are as a rule pro-
duced in such quantities that some system of indirect marketing
must be used.

New England has always had her customs' or neighborhood
cider mill where everyone who could secure the fruit or anything
closely approximating fruit could have it made into cider or ex-
changed for cider in various stages of fermentation. The modern
development of the apple by-products business coupled with the
Volstead enactment are doing much to put such concerns out of
business and there is slowly but surely being developed to re-
place them farm factories that seek to place on the market good,
clean, wholesome apple products.

For example —

A small plant in southern Vermont manufactured and sold
at the factory more than ten tons of cider jelly last year. A
cooperative association of apple growers has canned more than
2,000 barrels of its poor grade fruit this season. Another co-
operative association marketed its culls from last year's crops as
bottled cider while another sold its cider to a vinegar plant. An-
other very significant development is that of the apple butter in-
dustry. For the first time perhaps in the history of New Eng-

340

land real honest to goodness apple butter is being- manufactured
and sold in Massachusetts elsewhere than on the campus of the
Agricultural College. Of course we have always had our cider
apple sauce and shaker apple sauce but these are not apple butter.

Two of our progressive fruit growers have installed small
apple butter plants on their farms. These are going to be watched
with much interest and their success will mark a long step in
advance for the development of the farm factory in New Eng-
land To my mind there comes no doubt of the success of this
venture provided the operators keep their product up to a high
standard. For although practically unknown through New Eng-
land, apple butter is appreciated and liked wherever it has been
introduced.

It has required several years of patient, persistent argu-
ments and demonstrations to convince our fruit growers that
there are great possibilities in the farm factory. The Yankee
farmer is proverbially conservative, but enthusiasm and argu-
ments finally prevailed and the theory has become an established
fact.

It might not be out of place in a meeting such as this to
call attention briefly to some of the fruits as materials for man-
ufacturing purposes.

All the small fruits offer great possibilities in the way of
by-products. The experiences of our home manufacturers show
that next after a few of the cheaper vegetables the small fruits
yield largest profits. Jams, jellies, preserves, conserves and mar-
malades are all standard and well-known products and when
made in a home factory by one who knows and appreciates high
quality in fruit products they have a market value considerably
above the commercial factory products. Also most of the fruits
when canned in glass jars sell readily on the special market and
the profits are such as to offer satisfactory inducement for doing
this work.

Just about the time the small fruits are in the height of
their season the progressive apple grower is thinning his apples.
These thinnings are generally considered as so much waste. By
a judicious use of this waste material the cost of many of the
small fruits products may be reduced twenty-five per cent or
more. This is of course an adulteration and must be so labeled

341

when offered for sale. But the consumer who once eats rasp-
berry jam containing three parts raspberries and one part apple
thinnings is not going to worry any about adulterants. I have
yet to find any one who having eaten pure raspberry jelly and
jelly made by using as much juice from apple thinning as from
raspberrries who did not prefer the compound to the pure rasp-
berry. The texture, taste and quality are all improved while the
food value remains practically unchanged. Apple thinnings may
be used profitably as a base for all small fruit jellies, improving
their quality and very materially reducing their cost.

Peaches, plums, pears and grapes offer abundant oppor-
tunities for the manufacture of by-products. Butter, jams,
jellies, preserves, pickles and juices will care for tons of these
fruits at prices which investigation will insure a greater return
than is generally had from these fruits as fresh stocks.

No fruit crop entails such heavy annual loss as the apple
crop. Reports from the Bureau of Markets show that in many
seasons approximately 25% of the crop makes no impression on
the market because it is not offered for sale. Ten per cent of
this amount is either a total loss or fed to stock while the other
15% is made into cider and vinegar. Our experts have shown
that apples are worth around 15-20C per bushel for stock feed
with grain and hay at present prices. Not a very profitable way
of disposing of the apple crop since Doctor Lindsey has shown
that the pomace alone represents a little less than half the feed-
ing value of the whole apple. Judging from this the stock feed-
ing value of a gallon of cider is less than five cents. It is worth
far more than this for human food either as a soft drink or in
some one of its manufactured products. There are few if any
of the soft drinks that compare favorably with good clean sweet
cider either fresh or bottled. It is not only refreshing and
nourishing but also (according to popular belief and not dis-
credited by the medical fraternity) healthful. Sweet cider has
many things to recommend it over the artificially colored,
flavored and sweetened drinks sold today in such enormous
quantities.

Sweet cider may be profitably converted into jelly. There
are thousands of people who have never tasted this delicious
relish. It is not manufactured in any great quantities because

34^

people say there is no great demand for it. Wherever known it
is appreciated and is used in considerable cjuantities. I have al-
ready mentioned the A'ermont man who manufactured ten tons
of this jelly last year. This output represented approximately
three thousand bushels of culls. There are scores of communi-
ties where this business might be duplicated if only some one in
the community had the vision and the energy necessary to put
that vision into execution.

I must not encroach upon your time to enter into any lengthy
discussion upon the relative values of the long list of apple
products which might be profitably manufactured in the farm or
cooperative factory from the surplus and cull apples. Suffice it
to say that cider vinegar, boiled cider, apple butter, dried apples,
canned apples and apple jelly are all standard products and ex-
cepting vinegar and boiled cider are valuable foods. All of these
are easily and cheaply manufactured and the market possibili-
ties have scarcely been touched.

We are going to develop methods of manufacturing and
marketing within the next decade or two that will go far toward
eliminating this waste of thousands of barrels of apples that
occur every year. Economic conditions are going to demand of
the fruit grower that he market his entire crop at a profit over
and above the legitimate cost of production and marketing. He
is no longer going to be satisfied to sell a part of the crop at a
profit and the balance at a loss. He is going to model his busi-
ness along lines of the industrial world and like them he is go-
ing to convert his waste materials into profit returning by-
products.

If the far west can ship its train loads of fruit by-products
into the east and middle west and continue in business year after
year then the eastern fruit grower and the middle west fruit
grower can so organize his business that the bulk of fruit
products can be and will be manufactured at home. It is
economically wrong for us to allow our own raw materials to
waste and to ship their manufactured products across the conti-
nent. I have no complaint nor criticism to lodge against our
far western fruit growers. I admire their skill and ability to
accept conditions as they find them and because of those condi-
tions devise ways and means to market the crops they grow.

343

It was the western boxed apple that made a by word of the
New Eng-land deaconed apple barrel and it was this western
boxed apple that virtually took the New England fruit growers'
market away from him and later caused our legislatures to enact
such stringent packing laws that for the past few years we have
been able to compete successfully with this energetic fellow in
the west. And when our large plantations of young trees grown
by progressive fruit growers come into bearing we are going to
make him look elsewhere for a large part of the market he has
enjoyed in our section during the past ten years.

Also as the farm factory becomes better known and as its
possibilities are more fully realized by our fruit growers we are
going to supply our own markets with tons and tons of fruit
products and our enterprising by-products manufacturers of the
far west are going to find competition so keen that they will be
constrained to divert much of their output to Ohio and other
middle western states.

\\'e are not going to be satisfied to manufacture our culls
and occasional surplus we are going to develop plantations of the
fruits which w^e can most economically grow for the sole pur-
pose of manufacturing the bulk of it into food to supply the
cities' teeming millions with good wholesome foods. You call
this visionary? So did the Massachusetts fruit growers eight
years ago. But today they are standing solidly back of a ten-
year program that plans to develop the l^y-products industry as a
legitimate and essential part of economic fruit growing.

I do not know to just what extent the farm factory idea
will apply to the Ohio fruit grower because I do not know your
conditions well enough ; but I feel sure that there are places for
scores of small factories within the reach of your larger cities
where there are hundreds of families that would be glad to buy
their year's supply of canned fruits and vegetables and fruit and
vegetable products from a home factory if the price and quality
were right and being a native born Missourian I have yet to be
shown that practically every fruit producing section is not a
suitable location for the establishment of a by-products industry
of some sort. farm, cooperative or commercial, which will take
care of the culls, the low grades and the excess crops.

344

PROGRESS IN CONTROL OF RASPBERRY DISEASES *

R. B. Wilcox,
Bureau of Plant Industry, U. S. Department of Agriculture

Raspberries are grown for home use over the entire State of
Ohio, so are of some interest to nearly everyone, but they are
produced on a large scale in only a few localities. Near the cities
many acres are grown to supply local markets ; in Cleveland this
fresh-fruit market is supplemented by commercial use of the fruit
for jams and preserves; and in a few districts raspberries are
grown largely for the production of nursery stock. The total
acreage of this fruit has been gradually reduced during recent
years, not because of the failure of markets — the demand for
raspberries is strong and the price has been high — but because
yields have diminished, crop prospects have become uncertain,
and the average costs of production have risen until, in many
places, black raspberries cannot be grown and sold profitably at
even the high prices prevailing.

Especially in those sections of the State where the industry
is- still extensive, diseases have made inroads on production and
profits, reducing the crops, weakening or killing plants, and short-
ening the life of plantations, making it necessary to renew the
fields after a very few years. The more common and serious
fungus and bacterial diseases are probably familiar to you.

Anthracnose, which causes small spots on the shoots and
branches, weakening the canes or tips and reducing the crop, is
much more serious in some parts of Ohio than in others, and also
does more damage in certain seasons. In many places it is prob-
ably not of sufficient importance to make control-spraying profit-
able. Experiments carried on in Michigan and Wisconsin indi-
cate that where this disease is severe it can be controlled by spray-
ing. Late reports from Wisconsin show good results from two
applications, the first when two or three leaves have unfolded in
the spring, using lime-sulphur, i :io, or Bordeaux mixture, 6 :6 150,
to which has been added glue or gelatin as a sticker; the second
application about a week before the first blossoms open, using
lime-sulphur, 1 140, or 3 13 150 Bordeaux, with a sticker.

* Published by permission of the Secretaray of Agriculture. Read at
meeting of the Ohio State Horticultural Society, Feb. 1, 1922.

345

Raspberry cane-blight occurs to some extent in most fields
but this disease, too, is erratic in its occurrence from season to
season and is much more serious in some parts of the State than
in others. Along Lake Erie during the last three seasons the
cane-blight has not been abundant, but is reported to have caused
large losses in the southern part of the State. No satisfactory
means of control for this disease has yet been worked out, but it
is strongly recommended that plants be secured from sources as
free as possible from the trouble, and thorough sanitary measures,
which will be spoken of later, are very helpful in holding it in
check.

Crown-gall, a bacterial disease which causes galls or swellings
on roots, crown and sometimes on the canes, is widely prevalent,
especially on red raspberries. It gradually multiplies and spreads
in a plantation but it has seldom been observed to be a limiting
factor on black raspberries in any part of the State. Here, again,
no remedy or satisfactory control measure is known once the
disease has made a start, but it is very important to obtam un-
infected stock for planting and to set this stock on land which has
not grown raspberries for a few years. The grains and grasses
are, in general, less susceptible to crown-gall infection than many
other crops, and should be included as largely as possible in the
rotation practiced between crops of raspberries.

There are other fungus diseases which occur widely and
which may, under certain conditions, cause considerable damage.
With most of the troubles mentioned, it is much cheaper to keep
them out of a young plantation than it is to eradicate them after
they have once become established. The whole problem may be
stated in a word : Get good, clean plants to start with, and then
give those plants a chance.

It is extremely important that young plants be secured which
are as free as possible from the diseases which can be carried in
this way. This applies to the home garden as well as to the ten-
acre field, for in the small patch the plants will ordinarily receive
more attention and intensive care, will have a better chance for
growth and high yield than in the larger field, but if they start
under the handicap of serious disease they may never be produc-
tive. It is easier to recommend that clean plants be secured, how-

346

ever, than to actually get them. In some sections of the country
these diseases are less abundant than in others. In certain
nurseries more care is paid to cleanliness and control than in
others. From the standpoint of sanitation and disease control
there seem to be distinct advantages in the method practiced in
some nurseries of cutting off all canes at the ground each winter,
sacrificing the fruit crop in favor of plant production, as com-
pared with the practice of contracting with growers who are
primarily interested in fruit production. Your county agents,
your experiment station, and your college of agriculture can un-
doubtedly give you information on these points. In the larger
raspberry-growing centers the search for clean plants can be
carried further by cooperation than is practicable by individual
growers. It is quite possible that in some cases associations of
growers may find it to their advantage to develop their own source
of plants, as vegetable growers in some instances already control
the production of seeds for their own use.

After plants have been secured it is equally important that they
be given a chance to develop nonnally, to make vigorous growth
in preparation for fruiting, without interference through starva-
tion, improper moisture relations, or serious disease. They should
be set in soil of suitable kind and fertility; well drained, since
raspberries are intolerant of excess moisture; and which has not
been planted to raspberries for at least three or four years past.
They should not be set close to old, badly diseased fields, or it will
be very difficult to keep them healthy. They should be cultivated
and fertilized as necessary to keep them growing vigorously ; it is
unfortunate that we have so little accurate information on the
food requirements of raspberries, but a number of fertilizing
system are in use which seem to be giving satisfactory results
under their particular conditions. Finally, dead or badly diseased
bushes, which might serve as centers for infection of surrounding
plants, should be removed. Mature canes should be cut out as
soon as they have borne their crop of fruit, and removed and de-
stroyed. There is nothing new about these recommendations for
sanitation, or cleaning up, but it is felt that they cannot be re-
peated too often or their importance over-emphasized. They are
necessary particularly in districts where raspberry growing as-
sumes large proportions.

347

It was mentioned before that one handicap under which black
raspberry growers, especially the larger producers, work is the
short life of their bushes and plantations. In many cases fields
are cultivated for four seasons : the second summer they produce
a few berries of good quality; the third season a large crop is
picked ; the fourth summer, diseases have made such inroads that
the crop is cut, perhaps one-half, and after this harvest the bushes
are destroyed. Obviously, such a program makes necessary a very
high price for the few bushels which are picked from the field,
and makes future prospects uncertain. Associated closely with
this short productive life of the fields is a disease of quite another
type from those described, one for which no fungus or bacterial
cause has been found, one which is often not recognized as a
disease because its symptoms are different from those previ-
ously looked for. It belongs to the group spoken of as "mosaic"

You are familiar with the "yellows" or "leaf-curl" of red
raspberries, in which the bushes are stunted, fruit small and dry,
and leaves curled, margins turned downward and veins of the
leaves sunken. This trouble also occurs on purple-canes and on
at least two varieties of blackcaps, where it is occasionally very
destructive, but it is primarily a disease of the reds. However,
the blackcaps have a disease of the same general type, yet dis-
tinguished without difficulty, which is widespread and causes
large losses in many sections. It has sometimes beeen called by
the growers "leaf-curl", but this name is more commonly applied
to the "yellows", which also occurs at times on blackcaps, so it is
not suitable. In northern Ohio the term "bluestem" has been ap-
plied most often to this trouble; but this name is not descriptive
of the disease as it occurs in all places; and, furthermore, it has
already been applied to another, different disease of the black
raspberry which occurs in the State of Washington. Since the
disease which we are discussing afifects mainly black raspberries
it may well be called simply "black raspberry mosaic", or if de-
sired, for greater clearness, "bluestem mosaic".

On entering in midsummer a field where this mosaic is
abundant the first observation will be that some plants or groups
of plants are shorter than the others in the field. One of the ef-
fects of the mosaic is to stunt the bushes, to check their growth.
Closer examination of the diseased plants will show that their

348

leaves are curled, not by a rolling down of the margins and de-
pression of the veins, but by a hooking or curling downward of
the midribs. This character, noticed particularly on the younger
leaves, is the most common and often the earliest symptom of the
disease, and when once learned can be distinguished readily from
the shape of healthy leaves, or from the curling characteristic of
other diseases. At a later stage, or later in the season, the leaves
are often mottled with patches of lighter green, from which we
get the name of mosaic. This mottling is not always pronounced.
There is another symptom which occurs very constantly in cer-
tain sections ; in the district just west of Cleveland it can be used
as a means of identifying the trouble; it is a discoloration of the
stems of shoots which has given rise to the name of bluestem.
The color, a very dark shade of blue, appears in the form of dots,
or short streaks like broad pencil marks, running lengthwise on
the shoots, near the ground or upward to the bases of the lateral
branches; these spots may be very few and scattered, or in later
stages they may be numerous and crowded, occasionally giving
the entire stem a dark blue color. This color will be found to be
only skin-deep, the wood underneath seeming not to be injured.
Unfortunately, this discoloration of the stems does not always ac-
company other symptoms of the disease in all sections of the
country, or even in all parts of Ohio, so in some places it is with-
out value in detecting the malady. On laterals of the fruiting
canes very narrow, purplish-brown streaks can often be found.
Investigation has shown that the mosaic is a systemic dis-
ease ; that is, is not confined to the curled leaves, or to the spots
in the stems, but is spread generally throughout the plant as soon
as these symptoms can be seen. In some cases where slightly
curled leaves could be found on the tip of only one shoot, this
shoot has been removed at once; nevertheless, during the next
season the whole plant has developed symptoms of the disease. It
has been the practice among certain growers to cut off at the
ground all diseased plants when pruning the bushes just after
harvest ; but before winter these crowns would throw up a num-
ber of shoots with curly, mottled leaves. And, as would be ex-
pected, the rooted tips of plants affected with mosaic always
produce similarly diseased bushes, so that the trouble can be
carried in nursery stock. When a tip affected with mosaic is

349

planted it makes little growth and by August or September can
nearly always be detected as "sickly", and the characteristic
symptoms can be found.

An affected raspberry bush does not recover. The disease
develops slowly, requiring from two to three years to kill a plant
which has become infected in the field. It weakens the entire
bush and consequently reduces the quality and quantity of the
fruit. A plant in the early stages of mosaic will often ripen
practically a full crop, but the berries will usually be slightly
smaller and more inclined to crumble. The shoots may be normal
in number but will be shorter, lacking in strength, and less food
will be stored for the next spring's growth, so that the second
season the plant will be smaller, the crop much reduced both in
quantity and quality, and the shoots produced will be few and
weak. These shoots may die during the following winter, having
been apparently winter-killed, or they may put out leaves in the
spring and make a feeble growth, but the end will soon come.
Meanwhile, the disease will have been carried to healthy plants
in this or nearby fields ; insects are strongly suspected of being
the carriers, but their guilt has not been proved.

Several consecutive plants in a row are often found showing
mosaic symptoms. This seems to be due not so much to the
disease having been carried from one plant to the next in the
field as to the manner of planting: the man who set or dropped
the plants picked up a handful of tips, several of which came
from one diseased mother-plant, and he dropped or planted these
one after the other in the row.

The blackraspberry mosaic is not confined to any one local-
ity, but covers a wide territory. We know that it is very general
throughout three counties in the State, and it has been reported
this year from three other counties. Since much infected nursery
stock has been distributed it is probably scattered generally
throughout the State. It is very desirable to get more complete
information as to its occurrence. Frequently a statement some-
thing like this is heard: 'T can't grow black raspberries any
more. I have planted them several times but they will not live
more than two or three years. Of course, I only set a few
bushes, but I took good care of them. We always used to grow

350

them without any trouble. I bought plants from the

nursery; do you think anything could have been wrong with
them?" And, of course, no one knows what the trouble was in
any particular ease ; it may have been one of a dozen things ; but
the plaint is becoming so frequent that it is significant.

As to the damage caused by the disease, it may be said that
in one district, comprising about four townships, west of Cleve-
land, the annual loss through reduction of crop alone is probably
$15,000 or $20,000. The loss through shortening of the life of
plantations, necessitating frequent replanting, is evidently much
greater than this. The failure of new plantations because of the
distribution and planting of diseased stock is another source of
loss. Large fields have been seen in which three-fourths of the
plants showed signs of mosaic. The total damage throughout
the State cannot be estimated, but it must be very large. Some
districts have quite abandoned the commercial culture of black-
caps.

The question is frequently asked as to whether we cannot
grow varieties of berries which are resistant or immune to the
mosaic. There are not many varieties of black raspberries in
commercial use. Not all of these have been seen. But no variety
has yet been found which shows any great degree of resistance
to mosaic. Of those tested, the Hoosier, of rather recent origin,
appears to be the most susceptible, and Kansas, a standard in some
sections for many years, to show the greatest resistance, although
exceptional field of Kansas have been found in which the infec-
tion was as hio-li as twenty v^r cent. Cumberland, Gregg,
Munger, Ohio and Plum Farmer are all subject to the disease;
until extensive tests have been made it cannot be said that any
other variety is highly resistant. There are practical objections to
a general change of varieties, or to growing only one or two sorts,
because no one variety is adapted to all conditions of soil, mois-
ture and market. Often two sorts, an early and a late fruiting,
are grown on the same farm in order to extend the harvest season
and to use labor to greater advantage. A fresh-fruit market is
more exacting in its demands for quality of fruit than a canning
or preserving factory. It is well to have a number of varieties
from which to select. It would be a very great advantage if one
could obtain resistant strains of these diflferent varieties. A small

351

number of selections have already been made with this end in
view. The results of some of these selections at present are en-
couraging, but they have not gone far enough to be definite. This
work is important but it necessarily requires a long time, and
whatever its future results may be it cannot give immediate re-
lief in districts where the mosaic has already become established.

If we cannot buy plants resistant to the disease, is it possible
to get stock not infected — that comes from districts, or at least
from fields, where mosaic does not occur? Here, again, as with
the other diseases, the need for clean plants is emphasized. And
here, again, it has been very difficult to find a satisfactory source.
It was finally decided to develop our own stock if possible. Fairly
clean fields were selected; the tips produced in these fields and
set out in the spring were watched, and any specimens of mosaic
were removed. It was found possible to keep the disease out of
new fields which were distant from old, diseased patches, but when
the latter were very close the mosaic would appear repeatedly in
the young fields, and could not be kept out. This brought up the
necessity, for the production of clean plants, of eradicating the
disease over a considerable area, enlisting the cooperation of a
number of farmers. During the summer of 192 1 a territory, ap-
proximately square and containing about four square miles, was
selected in the village of Avon Lake, Lorain County. A survey
showed nearly 150 acres of black raspberries in this territory,
with a relatively low percentage of mosaic infection. All fields
were examined carefully just after the pruning which followed
harvest, and all cases of mosaic and yellows (curly-leaf) found
were marked. In most instances these affected plants were dug
out immediately. In a few isolated fields, which were to be de-
stroyed after the next crop, the diseased plants were left stand-
ing. In a few other fields, unfortunately, the affected plants were
not removed until some weeks after the inspection. In some,
though not all of the fields, second inspections and roguings were
made. Other diseases were not controlled, although their severity
or prevalence was noted ; and it may be said that most fields in
the territory showed only slight infections of cane-blight, an-
thracnose or crown gall in 1921.

The results of the experiment at present are that on more
than 130 acres of blackcaps the mosaic is, for all practical pur-

352

poses of fruit production, under control ; and that, if all past ob-
servations and experiments are an indication, a large proportion
of the fields will produce plants this coming spring which will be
free from the disease. This has not been in the past an intensive
plant-producing district, and only a small proportion of the pos-
sible crop of plants was provided for. Several hundred thousand
tips are in the ground, however, many of which will be reset in
the same area or in adjoining townships. The varieties included
are the Cumberland, Hoosier, Kansas and particularly the Plum
Farmer. This experiment is neither complete nor perfect; but
it is felt that, everything considered, the inspected territory offers
a source of plants with greater probability of freedom from
mosaic than had been available, or at least than any that had been
located, during the two preceding years Active cooperation of
the growers has now been secured, and it is hoped that the work
will be carried on more thoroughly and completely during the
coming year.

Experiments have indicated, as mentioned before, that if
mosaic-free tips are set in a field which is not near any infected
patch they will remain clean ; also that if infected tips are planted
under similar conditions the disease can be detected by the fol-
lowing fall, by one familiar with it, and by two or three careful
roguings it can be eliminated. Where old, infected fields are
close the problem is more difficult. Apparently, under these cir-
cumstances, careful and repeated inspection and roguingof the old
fields will keep the disease under such close control there that the
young fields can still be kept clean. With proper care, therefore,
new fields can be developed in which the mosaic will be under
control, or will be eliminated altogether.

Where the percentage of infection of old fields i's very low,
little difficulty has been experienced in getting rid of it entirely by
roguing. But, though all indications thus far are encouraging,
the method has not yet been tested out under conditions of such
severe and general infection as to establish whether or not
mature, very badly diseased fields can be attacked and, by thor-
ough inspection and roguing, be rid of the mosaic. The town-
ships near Avon Lake ofifer the possibility of such a test under
severe conditions, for the fields are not widely separated, prac-
tically all fields in one particular district contain more or less

353

mosaic, while in some patches more than two-thirds of the plants
are diseased. The growers of this district wish to attempt during
1922 to control the mosaic disease by inspection and roguing, but
because of the size of the undertaking and the expense involved,
no decision has yet been made. The success of the work would
require the cooperation of all growers; the prompt removal of all
diseased plants as soon as found ! and would depend upon the
ability to recognize the disease at a very early stage. Two or
more inspections during the summer would be necessary. The
method also needs thorough trial in a section where discoloration
of the stems does not occur, and where early detection of the
disease must be based upon curling of the leaves.

It is important to know the time of year at which roguing
can best be done. Present experience indicates that "creepers",
or plants in their first year of growth, can be rogued most ef-
fectively during August and September, following this with an
inspection early in the following year — probably about June.
During this second year of growth the work can best be done be-
fore harvest time because later in the season the plants make
such rank growth that inspection is very difficult. In fields of
mature plants the inspection is much easier and more rapid (at
least in districts where the stems are discolored) just after the
old wood has been removed after picking, for the symptoms of
mosaic appear most prominently on the young shoots. A roguing
soon after picking, followed by another a month or so later, is
desirable. In all cases, of course, the work should be followed up
later as necessary. After a grower learns to recognize the disease
he can detect and remove affected plants with little loss of time
whenever he is working in the field.

Experiments thus far have not shown any bad effects from
setting a healthy tip in the place from which a plant affected with
mosaic has been removed, and at present this practice is being
followed by many growers, bringing back the capacity of their
fields toward normal. Nothing has indicated that anything lives
over in the soil that can cause the disease in a healthy raspberry.

Since the mosaic disease can be distributed by means of
nursery stock it is particularly important that the nurseries rid
themselves of all infection. The State Department of Agricul-

23

354

ture, through its force of nursery inspectors, is undertaking this
work. The task, however, is very difficult, particularly in the
many cases where nurseries do not grow their own plants, but
buy them from numerous scattered growers who are equally in-
terested in the production of fruit. Under these conditions, al-
though those men growing plants for the nursery may clean up
their fields, their neighbors may not be so careful, and sources
of infection are left in the neighborhood. As has been said be-
fore, this is a problem requiring united community action.

The study of the bluestem-mosaic disease and of measures
for its control is still very incomplete. This paper is merely
a report of progress. And this disease is only one of the factors
which have united to make raspberry growing so often unprofit-
able. Other troubles, including anthracnose, cane-blight, crown-
gall and yellows (leaf-curl), as well as methods of culture, are
receiving attention at various experiment stations. It is to be
hoped that the final result will be to take away from the rasp-
berry industry some of its present dangers and uncertainties and
to place it on a more secure and profitable basis.

A Member : What strength of lime sulphur would you use
for dormant spray for anthracnose?

R. B. Wilcox : One to ten, adding one pound of glue.

A Member: What is the insect that makes the stems break
off?

R. B. Wilcox : That is the tree cricket. It does a certain
amount of damage, but in most cases they do nothing for them.
I believe you should cut ofif these branches showing the rows of
holes in the latter part of May.

355

Monument to Johnny Appleseed at Ashland, Ohio

PRODUCTION OF APPLES AND PEACHES IN THE
UNITED STATES, AND NUMBER OF TREES

The Bureau of the Census of the Department of Commerce
announces, subject to correction, the following preliminary-
figures from the 1920 census of agriculture for the United States,
with comparative figures for 1910:

APPLES AND PEACHES PRODUCTION AND NUMBER OF TREES IN

THE UNITED STATES: I919 AND I909

Apples :

Production (bushels) —

1919 136,746,154

1909 145,412,318

Decrease (bushels) 8,666,164

Per cent of decrease 6.0

Trees of bearing age —

1920 115,265,029

1910 151,822,840

Decrease 36,057,811

Per cent of decrease 23.8

Trees not of bearing age —

195fO 36,171,604

1910 65,791,848

Decrease 29,620,244

Per cent of decrease 45.0

Peaches :
Production (bushels) —

1919 ^ 51,551,251

1909 35,470,276

Increase (bushels) 16,080,975

Per cent of increase 45-3

Trees of bearing age —

1920 65,654,921

1910 94,506,657

Decrease 28,851,736

Per cent of decrease 30.5

Trees not of bearing age —

1920 21,623,657

1910 42,266,243

Decrease 20,642,586

Per cent of decrease 4^-8

(356)

2S7

APPLES — PRODUCTION

The production of apples in the United States in 1919, ac-
cording to the Fourteenth Census, was 136,746,154 bushels, as
compared with 145,412,318 bushels in 1909, representing a de-
crease of 8,666,164 bushels, or 6 per cent. The average produc-
tion per tree was 1.2 bushels in 1919, as compared with i bushel
in 1909. The states reporting the largest production of apples
in 1919 were Washington, with 21,568,691 bushels; New York,
with 14.350,317 bushels; Virginia, with 8,942,520 bushels; Cali-
fornia, with 7,842,017 bushels; Arkansas, with 7,163,619 bushels;
and Oregon, with 6,921,284 bushels.

APPLE TREES

The number of trees which have reached bearing age indi-
cates the present status of any orchard fruit. The number of
such apple trees in 1920 (including all trees which were old
enough to bear fruit at the time of the enumeration, even though
they may not have borne any fruit in 1919) was 115,265,029, as
compared with 151,322,840 in 1910, representing a decrease of
36,057,811 trees, or 23.8 per cent.

One of the most significant indications of the progress or
tendency in the growing of any orchard crop is the number of
young trees in the orchards which have not yet reached bearing
age. The number of apple trees not of bearing age (excluding
nursery stock, not yet set out in orchard locations) reported for
1920 was 36,171,604, as compared with 65,791,848 in 1910. These
figures indicate a decrease of 29,620,244 trees, or 45 per cent.
This decrease in the number of young trees results partly from
the fact that the years just preceding 19 10 were years of especial
activity in the planting of orchards in several states. Thus in
most of the states of the Mountain Division the number of apple
trees of bearing age has increased substantially, while the number
of young trees shows an enormous decrease.

PEACHES PRODUCTION,

The production of peaches in 1919 was 51,551,251 bushels,
as against 35,470,276 bushels in 1909. The increase in produc-
tion between 1909 and 1919 amounted to 16,080,975 bushels, or
45.3 per cent. The average production per tree in 1919 was

358

0.8 bushel, as compared with 0.4 bushel in 1909, The states re-
porting the largest production of peaches in 1919 were Cali-
fornia, with 15, 969,073 bushels; Texas, with 4,842,129 bushels;
Georgia, with 4,788,718 bushels; Arkansas, with 3,340,823
bushels; and Oklahoma, with 2,947,973 bushels.

PEACH TREES

The number of peach trees of bearing age in 1920 was 65,-
654,921, as compared with 94,506,657 in 19 10, representing a de-
crease of 28,851,736 trees, or 30.5 per cent.

The number of peach trees not of bearing age in 1920 was
21,623,657, as compared with 42,266,243 in 1910, a decrease of 20,
642,586 trees, or 48.8 per cent.

36o

PRODUCTION OF APPLES AND PEACHES IN THE UNITED

STATES, AND NUMBER OF TREES, BY GEOGRAPHIC

DIVISIONS AND STATES: 1919 AND 1909

Division or State

Apples

Production (bushels)

1919

1909

Trees of bearing age

1920

1910

UNITED STATES

GEOGRAPHIC DIVISIONS

New England

Middle Atlantic

East North Central

West North Central

South Atlantic

East South Central

West South Central

Mountain

Pacific

NEW ENGLAND:

Maine

New Hampshire

Vermont ,

Massachusetts

Rhode Island

Connecticut

MIDDLE ATLANTIC:

New York

New Jersey

Pennsylvania ,

EAST NORTH CENTRAL:

Ohio

Indiana

Illinois

Michigan ,

Wisconsin

WEST NORTH CENTRAL:

Minnesota

Iowa

Missouri

North Dakota

South Dakota

Nebraska

Kansas

SOUTH ATLANTIC:

Delaware

Maryland

District of Columbia

Virginia

West Virginia

North Carolina

South Carolina

Georgia

Florida

EAST SOUTH CENTRAL:

Kentucky

Tennessee

Alabama

Mississippi

WEST SOUTH CENTRAL:

Arkansas

Louisiana

Oklahoma

Texas ^ ,

136,746,154

145,412,318

115,265,029

151,322,840

12,070,259
21,572,855
15,829,484
10,821,075
17,829,422
3,334,668
9,317,180
9,639,219
36,331,992

10,508,457
37,864,532
25,080,615
21,923,470
18,375,485
13,163,180
3,240,108
5,718,372
9,638,099

6,351,577
17,767,602
22,416,278
12,502,542
20,777,405
8,238,854
6,008,390
6,794,675
14,407,646

4,829,346
1,364,001

960,252
3,187,211

334,308
1,395,141

14,350,317
1,666,400
5,556,138

2,976,436
925,624
4,787,373
5,834,067
1,305,984

1,028,478

1,810,443

5,132,109

14,358

169,170

917,224

1,749,293

606,286

1,518,884

1,832

8,942,520

4,189,162

1,938,038

215,659

416,902

139

1,280,549

1,258,878

577,356

217,885

7,163,619

43,910

1,616,933

492,718

3,636,181
1,108,424
1,459,689
2,550,259
212,908
1,540,996

25,409,324
1,406,778
11,048,430

4,663,752
2,759,134
3,093,321
12,332,296
2,232,112

1,044,156
6,746,668
9,258,977
4,374
191,784
3,321,073
1,356,438

183,094

1,822,824

2,952

6,103,941

4,225,163

4,775,693

362,800

895,613

3,405

7,368,499

4,640,444

888,396

265,^1

2,296,043

33,875

742,182

168,008

2,833,304
721,130
712,594

1,218,870
173,110
692,569

9,636,698
1,149,776
6,981,128

5,970,410
3, '427, 816
5,112,866
5,583,326
2,321,860

1,596,2M

2,996,469

5,162,859

26,157

255,638

957,113

1,508,042

816,109

1,651,936

1,036

7,385,277

5,554,731

3,474,821

377,557

1,515,505

493

3,742,936

3,181,659

1,044,397

269,862

4,074,870

47,037

1,417.741

468,742

8,219,152
20,302,285
31,134,909
31,744,757
20,673,712
12,273,277
11,838,069
4,614,667
7,522,012

3,476,616
1,240,885
1,183,529
1,367,379
152,009
798,734

11,248,203
1,053,626
8,000,456

8,504,886
5,764,821
9,900,627
7,534,343
2,430,232

1,380,396

5,847,034
14,359,673
15,941
274,862
2,937,178
6,929,673

429,753

1,288,482

1,654

7,004,548

4,570,948

4,910,171

681,767

1,878,209

8,180

5,538,267

4,838,922

1,468,436

427,652

7,650,103

93,304

2,955,810

1,138,852

36 1

PRODUCTION OF APPLES AND PEACHES IN THE UNITED

STATE, AND NUMBER OF TREES, BY GEOGRAPHIC

DIVISIONS AND STATES: 1919 AND 1909

Apples

Peaches

Trees not o
age

f bearing

Production (bushels)

Trees of bearing age

Trees not of bearing
age

1920

1910

1919

1909

1920

1910

1920

1910

36,171,6(M

65,791,848

51,551,251

35,470,276

65,654,921

94,506,657

21,623,657

42,266,243

2,123,730

2,094,512

479,000

406,903

993,003 723,810

324,117

572,237

6,347,053

5,819,449

4,165,302

3,201,493

8,531,072

6,056,690

2,774,568

5,759,925

7,679,120

10,610,319

2,068,604

5,120,841

6,822,476

11,035,119

3,152,383

6,972,375

4,166,067

9,724,993

1,490,078

1,643,257

3,430,106

13,265,526

1,097,175

2,582,028

8,051,972

10.06-4,819

7,985,330

5,571,028

16,800,861

20,583,445

6,752,891

6,137,901

3,093,230

5,386,555

3,604,149

5,775,799

6,420,558

10,312,768

2,420,517

3,865,232

1,586,694

7,224,590

11,512,788

3,279,545

11,092,849

22,284,966

3,499,730

8,734,552

723,571

6,679,166

2,227,627

940,168

1,444,215

1,605,285

155,170

1,696,111

2,400,167

8,157,445

18,018,373

9,530,642

10,119,781

8,639,048

1,447,106

5,945,882

512,217

1,045,123

2.177

2,014

5,666

5,102

2,570

3,320

227,933

207,289

39,019

23,218

81,287

57,571

23,200

35,213

254,029

219,833

904

2,221

2,915

5,492

3,978

2,187

791,771

355,868

213,139

91 ,756

346,260

154,592

135,426

162,114

71,375

54,560

28,771

17,704

61,125

39,342

25,366

30,795

266,405

211,839

2,828,515

194,990

269,990

495,750

461,711

133,577

338,608

2,932,281

1,262,480

1,736,483

3,038,023

2,457,187

658,868

2,216,907

811,256

519,749

1,653,223

441,440

1,936,632

1,216,476

884,067

1,363,632

2,603,516

2,501,185

1,249,599

1,023,570

3,556,417

2,383,027

1,231,633

2,179,386

2,047,687

2,438,246

617,53''

1,036,340

2,924,177

3,133,368

970,183

2,092,300

929,160

1,961,974

82,266

1,174,389

860,024

2,130,298

568,046

1,145,479

1,825,886

2,548,301

456,651

1,222,570

1,006,914

2,860,120

840,900

739,358

2,051,129

2,253,072

911,798

1,686,586

2,029,839

2,907,170

772,101

991,090

825,258

1,408,726

352

956

1,522

4,163

1,153

4,148

637,187

1,571,816

370

599

890

1,571

427

3,837

767,351

1,914,325

1,891

23,180

129,939

1,090,749

61,043

283,308

1,585,823

3,624,833

1,252,723

1,484,548

2,358,925

6,588,034

716,325

1,404,429

19,694

70,023

3

35

38

90

32

604

136,082

460,547

56

148

187

1,815

316

5,259

401,788

967,133

11,471

110,180

95,629

1,188,373

40,118

263,882

618,142

1,116,316

213,564

24,567

844,498

4,394,894

278,914

620,709

308,487

263,813

227,375

16,722

464,514

1,177,402

93,336

212,117

766,264

660,685

564,111

324,609

997,086

1,497,724

285,486

805,068

1,178

29

229

3

1,208

330

238

1

2,857,007

3,435,591

681,528

243,446

1,578,253

1,585,505

783,733

780,551

1,735,126

2,772,025

706,411

328,901

2,049,862

1,424,582

651,742

1,441,188

1,394,588

1,835,337

479,218

1,344,410 1 1,976,756

2,661,791

1,093,993

861,042

181,101

269,044

389,734

643,040

871,976

1,336,142

335,599

349,790

806,731

822,327

4,788,718

2,555,499

8,655,051

10,609,119

3,391,851

1,531,367

1,490

5,968

148,006
1

459,681

114,998

206,155

290,850

116,913

156,782

1,427,408

2,106,297

1,623,379

1,671,044

2,245,402

690,483

1,110,744

1,032,490

2,117,246

1,285,441

1,579,019

2,349,656

3,163,737

690,359

1,190,727

422,646

737,689

1,083,142

1,416,584

1,544,700

3,177,331

546,024

838,866

210,686

425,323

775,885
3,340,823

1,156,817

855,158

1,726,298

493,651

724,895

877,376

3,940,089

1,901,647

3,342,387

6,859,962

988,966

2,884,927

44,175

96,544

381,863

290,623

408,178

903,352

231,909

316,132

428,497

2,060,384

2,947,973

357,644

2,881,073

4,783,825

637,664

2,574,680

236,646

1,127,573

4,842,129

729,631

( 4,461,211

9,737,827

1,641,191

2,958,813

362

PRODUCTION OF APPLES AND PEACHES IN THE UNITED

STATES, AND NUMBER OF TREES, BY GEOGRAPHIC

DIVISIONS AND STATES : 1919 AND 1909— Concluded

Division or State

Apples

Production (bushels)

1919

1909

Trees of bearing age

1920

1910

MOUNTAIN:
Montana ...

Idaho _

Wyoming . .
Colorado ...
New Mexico

Arizona

Utah

Nevada

PACIFIC:

Washington

Oregon

California . .

673,716

3,645,640

29,999

3,417,682

939,102

120,766

759,696

52,619

21,568,691
6,921,284
7,842,017

567,054
659,959

17,836

3,559,094

417,143

72,814
350,023

74,449

2,672,100
1,930,926
4,935,073

1,059,198

2,380,523

50,062

1,777,737

687,799

70,273

726,471

42,612

7,964,167
3,315,093
3,128,386

696,753

1,005,668

27,773

1,688,425

542,528

62,027

517,039

74,454

3,009,337
2,029,913
2,482,762

363

PRODUCTION OF APPLES AND PEACHES IN THE UNITED

STATE, AND NUMBER OF TREES, BY GEOGRAPHIC

DIVISIONS AD STATES : 1919 AND 1909— Concluded

Apples

Peaches

Trees not of bearing
age

Production (bushels)

Trees of bearing age

Trees not of bearing
age

1920

1910

1919

1909

1920

1910

1920

1910

69,328

1,308,066

509

128

1,831

538

420

3,386

144,088

1,539,896

279,101

18,734

178,434

73,080

26,648

212,995

34,197

84,024

12

5

42

46

68

419

183,315

1,972,914

721,480

692,258

446,943

793,372

32,158

606,001

167,097

914,254

198,346

32,533

154,968

136,191

36,923

184,466

35,977

53,884

138,361

50,102

101,855

51,415

26,681

32,562

80,304

789,260

883,950

143,237

554,202

544,314

28,551

651,233

9,265

16,868

5,868

3,171

5,940

6,329

3,721

5,049

755,898

4,862,702

1,544,859

84,494

649,085

536,875

50,254

1,028,141

500,322

2,240,636

504,441

179,030

412,936

273,162

29,911

508,179

1,143,947

1,054,107

15,969,073

9,267,118

9,057,760

7,829,011

1,366,941

4,409,562

PRODUCTION OF PEARS AND .PLUMS AND PRUNES

IN THE UNITED STATES, AND NUMBER OF TREES

The Bureau of the Census, of the Department of Commerce,
announces, subject to correction, the following preliminary figures
from the 1920 census of agriculture for the United States, with
comparative figures for the preceding census.

PEARS AND PLUMS AND PRUNES PRODUCTION AND NUMBER OF

TREES IN THE UNITED STATES: I919 AND I9O9

Pears :
Production (bushels) — •

1919 14,204,265

1909 8,840,733

Increase (bushels) 5,363,532

Per cent of increase 60.7

Trees of bearing age —

1920 14,647,412

1910 15,171,524

Decrease 524,112

Per cent of decrease 3.5

Trees not of bearing age —

1920 6,052,247

1910 8,803,885

Decrease 2,751,638

Per cent of decrease J/.J

Plums and Prunes :

Production (bushels) —

1919 19,083,942

1909 15,480,170

Increase (bushels) 3,603,772

Per cent of increase 23.3

Trees of bearing age —

1920 20,452,293

1910" 23,445,009

Decrease 2,992,716

Per cent of decrease 12.8

Trees not of bearing age —

1920 9,375,268

1910 6,923,581

Increase 2,451,687

Per cent of increase 35.4

(364)

365

PEARS PRODUCTION

The production of pears in the United States in 1919, accord-
ing to the Fourteenth Census, was 14,204,265 bushels, as com-
pared with 8,840,733 bushels in 1909, representing an increase of
5,363,532 bushels, or 60.7 per cent.

The states reporting the largest production of pears in 1919
were California, with 3,952,923 bushels; New York, with 1,830,-
237 bushels; Washington with 1,728,759 bushels; Oregon, with
761,063 bushels; and Texas, with 637,400 bushels.

PEAR TREES

The number of trees which have reached bearing age indi-
cates the present status of any orchard fruit. The number of
such pear trees in 1920 (including all trees which werfe old enough
to bear fruit at the time of the enumeration, even though they
may not have borne any fruit in 1919) was 14,647,412, as com-
pared with 15,171,524 in 1910, representing a decrease of 524,112
trees, or 3.5 per cent.

The states which showed increases between 1910 and 1920
in the number of pear trees of bearing age were California, New
York, Washington, Oregon, Colorado, Oklahoma, New Mexico,
Idaho, Connecticut, and North Dakota.

One of the most significant indications of the progress or
tendency in the growing of any orchard crop is the number of
young trees in the orchards which have not yet reached bearing
age. The number of pear trees not of bearing age (excluding
nursery stock, not yet set out in orchard locations) reported for
1920 was 6,052.247, as compared with 8,803,885 in 1910. These
figures represent a decrease of 2,751,638 trees, or 31.3 per cent.

PLUMS AND PRUNES PRODUCTION

The production of plums and prunes in 1919 was 19,083,942
bushels, as against 15,480,170 bushels in 1909. The increase in
production between 1909 and 1919 amounted to 3,603,772
bushels, or 23.3 per cent.

The states reporting the largest production of plums and
prunes in 1919 were California, with 13,200,805 bushels; Oregon,
with 2,151,864 bushels; Washington, with 785,920 bushels; and
Idaho, with 485,325 bushel<;. These four states produced nearly

366

seven-eighths (87.1 per cent) of the total production of plums
and prunes in the United States in 1919.

No separate figures can be given for plums and prunes, but
the commercial production of prunes is practically confined to
the four states just mentioned.

PLUM AND PRUNE TREES

The number of plum and prune trees of bearing age in 1920
was 20,452,293, as compared with 23,z^45,oo9 in 1910, represent-
ing a decrease of 2,992,716 trees, or 12.8 per cent.

The number of plum and prune trees not of bearing age in
1920 was 9,375,268, as compared with 6,923,581 in 1910, an in-
crease of 2,451,687 trees, o-r 35.4 per cent.

368

PRODUCTION OF PEARS AND PLUMS AND PRUNES IN
UNITED STATES, AND NUMBER OF TREES, BY
GEOGRAPHIC DIVISIONS AND STATES:
1919 AND 1909

THE

Division and State

Pears

Production (bushels)

1919

1909

Trees of bearing age

1920

1910

UNITED STATES 14,204,265

8,840,733

14,647,412

15,171,524

GEOGRAPHIC DIVISIONS:

New England

Middle Atlantic

East North Central

West North Central

South Atlantic

East South Central

West South Central

Mountain

Pacific

NEW ENGLAND:

Maine

New Hampshire

Vermont

Massachusetts

Rhode Island

Connecticut

MIDDLE ATLANTIC:

New York

New Jersey '

Pennsylvania

EAST NORTH CENTRAL:

Ohio

Indiana

Illinois

Michigan ,

Wisconsin ,

WEST NORTH CENTRAL:

Minnesota

Iowa

Missouri

North Dakota

South Dakota

Nebraska

Kansas

SOUTH ATLANTIC:

Delaware

Maryland •_

Dist. of Columbia

Virginia

West Virginia

North Carolina

South Carolina

■ Georgia

Florida

EAST SOUTH CENTRAL:

Kentucky

Tennessee

AI abam.a _.

Mississippi

WEST SOUTH CENTRAL:

Arkansas

Louisiana

Oklahoma

Texas

194,286
2,652,903
1,060,522

707,359
1,139,048

452,980
1,069,231

485,191
6,442,745

233,845

2,185,204

1,623,176

213,678

975,162

536,422

191,518

268,205

2,613,523

14,291
17,274
10,360
84,486
10,713
57,162

1,830,237
401,706
420,960

157,492
109,463
374,925
405,189
13,453

265

30,036

430,828

83

43

24,617

221,487

97,703

287,199

919

287,927

33,364
111,548

98,975
178,181

43,232

54,764
114,963
162,509
120,744

123,605

58,640

249,586

637,400

38,964
24,224
20,763
96,071
12,501
41,322

1,343,089
463,290
378,825

374,871
319,925
249,365
666,023
12,992

40O

44,449

142,547

8

162

6,700

19,412

105,357

367,359

455

74,486

29,916

84,019

65,680

149,667

98,223

251,536

83,557

100,041

101,288

37,547

35,554

7,450

110,967

220,433

4,012,994

2,443,010

724,393

1,506,279

651,824

849,737

339,018

3,899,724

22,525
21,506
14,352
88,630
13,435
59,985

2,778,761
480,601
753,632

616,416

337,515

435,707

1,029,735

23,637

1,626

100,582

376,208

486

711

36,926

207,854

249,375
305,510
517
311,199
116,685
219,725

78,999
178,070

46,199

238,007

223,556

115,082

75,179

145,789

38,796

229,468

435,684

296,874
3,670,094
3,560,083
1,154,426
2,325,714

831,618
1,045,143

312,449
1,975,123

46,683
36,816
26,315
113,365
16,907
56,788

2,141,596
731,616
796,882

899,019

708,723

786,349

1,136,151

29,841

2,792

191,125

606,973

24

1,844

59,285

292,383

449,692
540,583
1,045
457,177
154,908
243,367
105,251
262,982
110,709

337,355
233,407
142,300
118,556

221,764

57,630

207,271

658,478

369

PRODUCTION OF PEARS AND PLUMS AND PRUNES IN THE

UNITED STATES, AND NUMBER OF TREES BY

GEOGRAPHIC DIVISIONS AND STATES:

1919 AND 1909 — Continued

Pears

Plums and Prunes

Trees not of bearing
age

Production (bushels)

Trees of bearing age

Trees not of bearing
age

1920

1910

1919

1909

1920

1910

1920

1910

6,052,247

8,803,885

19,083,942

15,480,170

20,452,293

23,445,009

9,375,268

6,923,581

115,924

97,650

1 47,838

62,733

125,988

176,038

53,570

90,498

1,282,242

2,123,212

337,274

858,274

1,543,663

1,709,712

450,858

845,001

676,117

1,441,505

425,600

568,383

1,441,988

2,739,635

466,989

976,854

249,021

589,140

316,695

499,784

1,424,673

3,570,012

553,807

1,114,862

4&1,903

880,461

274,560

257,912

674,440

1,152,080

209,401

363,099

252,689

506,959

235,188

442,125

735,670

1,324,616

152,787

372,010

333,086

936,230

626,335

327,260

1,066,706

2,337,965

453,582

744,987

101,870

417,182

651,863

366,056

795,886

678,268

156,293

265,810

2,576,395

1,811.516

16,138,589

12,097,643

12,643,279

9,756,683

6,877,981

2,150,460

7,120

13,013

20,043

14,637

37,529

43,576

9,395

22,491

7,753

9,397

8,429

7,542

18,335

23,152

6,454

12,562

8,484

7,726

2,062

7,205

19,647

32,920

10,756

15,818

52,745

38,378

13,152

17,814

32,764

41,345

16,553

23,871

7,955

5,405

465

1,872

1,964

4,836

1,347

2,556

31,867

23,731
1,502,661

3,687

13,663

15,749

30,209

9,065

13,200

967,573

244,294

553,522

745,889

919,017

205,702

328,329

77,026

238,401

8,526

9,594

30,128

46,547

11,772

23,071

237,643

382,180

84,454

295,158

767,616

744,148

233,384

493,601

147,892

333,739

84,602

215,667

459,265

1,001,734

129,713

332,811

68,150

229,548

33,536

77,065

214,202

566,988

53,178

177,931

148,810

234,037

83,017

78,566

273,554

600,087

79,615

141,480

302,734

623,931

203,091

181-,188

377.123

464,917

142,657

253,479

8,531

20,250

21,354

15,907

117,844

105,909

61,826

71,153

882

4,135

24,337

19,920

193,668

233,736

102,929

167,926

34,985

123,262

27,929

158,036

313,769

1,155,041

95,356

245,281

101,994

272,213

232,025

234,872

528,649

917,851

144,651

183,828

148

327

5,660

1,048

41,254

19,147

19,852

35,459

2,044

5,087

11,861

31,748

117,677

268,268

59,793

172,186

29,011

51,443

11,537

41,910

86,183

351,321

62,786

184,066

79,957

132,673

53,346

12,250

143,473

624,648

68,440

126,116

26,575

90,917

1,613

657

5,100

27,115

1,595

3,872

48,918

138,152

18,540

13,526

41,435

69,996

11,479

29,478

152

32

72

10

128

104

100

8

79,561

255,083

59,561

22,597

118,938

171,667

35,189

59,127

43,357

102,826

37,099

32,948

180,758

234,859

58,547

125,078

129,104

150,368

37,415

61,406

110,577

168,883

35,820

45,503

33,188

5i,732

35,891

48,754

49,736

82,212

15,488

21,657

83,474

69,534

64,053

60,845

135,453

357,323

38,198

62,126

20,574

18,817
131,905

20,316

17,169

32,315

39,921

12,985

16,250

76,505

68,317

139,346

282,831

355,858

57,470

128,367

73,679

174,675

70,103

139,093

281,127

499,627

47,930

108,510

51,411

99,170

54,073

61,712

96,922

211,991

23,654

51,979

51,094

101,209
196.753

42,695

101,974

74,790

257,140

23,733

83,154

49,412

161,906

194,649

292,323

731,276

70,264

179,967

27,336

38,242

41,683

31,473

87,471

149,929

36,10$

41,419

73,944

252,336

127, 8U

25,916

200,102

436.421

104,416

195,836

182,394

448,899

294,935

1B.22Z

480, Sid

1,020,^9

242,800

82r,765

24

370

PRODUCTION OF PEARS AND PLUMS AND PRUNES IN THE

UNITED STATES, AND NUMBER OF TREES BY

GEOGRAPHIC DIVISIONS AND STATES:

1919 AND 1909 — Continued

Pears

Division and State

Production (bushels)

Trees of bearing age

1919

1909

1920

1910

MOUNTAIN:

3,960

47,847

64

269,465

65,542

18,201

76,008

4,104

1,728,759

761,063

3,952,923

7,543

42,649

16

132,536

29,435

13,289

38,654

4,083

310,804

374,622

1,928,097

10,278

75,452

116

136,117

49,315

12,359

51,812

3,569

866,634

727,444

2,305,646

10,297

65,113

178

99,989

37,220

16,351

Utah

79,355

3,946

PACIFIC:

290,676

273,542

1,410,905

2>7^

PRODUCTION OF PEARS AND PLUMS AND PRUNES IN THE

UNITED STATES, AND NUMBER OF TREES, BY

GEOGRAPHIC DIVISIONS AND STATES:

1919 AND 1909 — Concluded

Pears

Plums and Prunes

Trees not of bearing
age

Production (busiiels)

Trees of b

earing age

Trees not of bearing
age

1920

1910

1919

1909

1920

1910

1920

1910

1,386

12,806

9,575

8,777

24,501

21,140

4,598

15,001

20,539

76,939

485,325

179,027

552,595

302,855

80,485

98,017

239

901

3,091

659

6,827

4,564

9,091

7,475

39,979

171,367

44,944

81,539

80,027

143,921

28,055

68,525

19,423

100,201

30,047

15,528

43,766

51,257

18,042

42,351

7,716

12,852

23,786

8,420

15,713

12,196

6,795

7,898

8,479

39,901

50,677

68,249

66,914

135,619

7,508

23,388

4,109

2,215
617,754

4,418

3,857

5,543

6,716

1,719

3,155

183,346

785,920

1,032,077

875,363

823,082

309,230

122,912

214,523

795,669

2,151,864

1,747,587

2,999,480

1,764,896

1,331,606

427,609

2,178,526

398,093

1

13,200,805

9,317,979

8,768,436

7,168,705

5,237,145

1,599,924

ACREAGE AND PRODUCTION OF SMALL FRUITS IN
THE UNITED STATES

The Bureau of the Census, of the Department of Commerce,
announces, subject to correction, the following preliminary
figures from the 1920 census of agriculture for the United States,
with comparative figures for the preceding census.

ACREAGE AND PRODUCTION OF SMALL FRUITS IN THE UNITED
STATES : I919 AND I909

(Acres).

Production
(quarts).

Total 1919..

1909. .

Strawberries 1919. .

1909..

Raspberries 1919 . .

Loganberries 1919 . .

Raspberries and loganberries 1909 . .

Blackberries and dewberries 1919. .

1909..

Cranberries 1919 . .

1909. .

Currants 1919..

1909..

Other berries 1919. .

1909..

249,084
272,460

325,096,968
426,565,863

119,395
143.045

50,278

8,978

48,668

46,165
49,004

16,804
18,431

7,379

7,862

5,085
5,450

176,931,550
255,702.035

49,210.447
12,123,062
60,918,196

39,945,078
55,343,570

35,260,291
38,243,060

7.722,817
10,448,532

3,903.723
5.910,470

The total acreage of small fruits harvested in the United
States in 1919, according to the Fourteenth Census, was 249,084,
as compared with 272,460 in 1909, representing a decrease of 23,-
376 acres, or 8.6 per cent.

The states reporting the largest acreage in small fruits in
1919 were Michigan, with 21,021 acres; Sew York, with 20,412
acres; Missouri, with 16,768 acres; and New Jersey, with 15,374
acres.

(372)

373

The production of small fruits in 1919 was 325,096,968
quarts, as compared with 426,565,863 quarts in 1909, a decrease
of 101,468,895 quarts, or 23.8 per cent.

STRAWBERRIES

The acreage of strawberries harvested in 1919 was 119,395,
as compared with 143,045 in 1909, representing a decrease of
23,650 acres, or 16.5 per cent. The states reporting the largest
acreage in strawberries in 1919 were as follows: Tennessee, 10,-
876 acres ; Missouri, 8,645 acres ; Arkansas, 8,324 acres ; and
Michigan, 8.048 acres.

The production of strawberries in 1919 was 176,931,550
quarts, as against 255,702,035 quarts in 1909. These figures
represent a decrease of 78,770,485 quarts, or 30.8 per cent.

RASPBERRIES AND LOGANBERRIES

The acreage in raspberries and loganberries in 1919 was 54,-
256, as compared with 48,668 in 1909. The production of rasp-
berries and loganberrries in 1919 was 61,333,509 quarts, as com-
pared with a production of 60,918,196 quarts in 1909.

Raspberries and loganberries were not reported separately in
1909. The acreage of raspberries harvested in 1919 was 50,278
and the production was 49,210,447 quarts. The acreage of logan-
berries harvested in 1919 was 3,978 and the production was 12,-
123,062 quarts.

The leading states in the production of raspberries in 1919
were New York, Michigan, and Washington. Practically all of
the loganberries produced in the United States in 1919 were re-
ported from three states, as follows: Oregon, 10,198,011 quarts;
Washington, 1,157,778 quarts; and Cahfornia, 655,592 quarts.

BLACKBERRIES AND DEWBERRIES

There were 46,165 acres in blackberries and dewberries in
1919, as compared with 49,004 acres in 1909. The production
was 39,945,078 quarts in 1919 and 55,343,570 quarts in 1909.

The states reporting the largest production of blackberries
and dewberries in 1919 were as follows : Texas, 6,287,333
quarts; Washington, 3,691,065 quarts; Missouri, 2,958,006
quarts; Cahfornia, 2,549,082 quarts; Michigan, 2,452,909 quarts;
and Oregon, 2,139,110 quarts.

374

CRANBERRIES, CURRANTS, AND OTHER BERRIES

The total acreage in cranberries in 1919 was 16,804, as com-
pared with 18,431 in 1909. The production in 1919 was 35,260,-
291 quarts, while the production in 1909 was 38,243,060 quarts.
The states reporting the largest acreage in cranberries in 1919
were Massachusetts, with 7,096 acres; New Jersey, with 6,583
acres; and Wisconsin, with 1,805 acres. These three states pro-
duced 33,852,310 quarts of cranberries in 1919.

There were 7,379 acres in currants in 1919, as against 7,862
acres in 1909. The production in 1919 was 7,722,817 quarts,
while the production in 1909 was 10,448,532 quarts. The state
of New York in 1919 produced 3,321,583 quarts of currants.

The acreage in "other berries" (mostly gooseberries) in
1919 was 5,085, as compared with 5,450 acres in 1909. The pro-
duction in 1919 was 3.903, 723 quarts, as against 5,910,470 quarts
in 1909.

376

ACREAGE AND PRODUCTION OF SMALL FRUITS IN THE

UNITED STATES, BY GEOGRAPHIC DIVISIONS AND

STATES : 1919 AND 1909

Division and State

Total 1

Acres

1919

1909

Production (quarts)

1919

1909

UNITED STATES

GEOGRAPHIC DIVISIONS:

New England

Middle Atlantic

East North Central

West North Central

South Atlantic

East South Central

West South Central

Mountain

Pacific

NEW ENGLAND:

Maine

New Hampshire

Vermont

Massachusetts

Rhode Island

Connecticut

MIDDLE ATLANTIC:

New York

New Jersey

Pennsylvania

EAST NOlRTH CENTRAL:

Ohio

Indiana

Illinois

Michigan

Wisconsin

WEST NORTH CENTRAL:

Minnesota

Iowa

Missouri

North Dakota

South Dakota ; . .

Nebraska

Kansas

SOUTH ATLANTIC:

Delaware

Maryland

'District of Columbia

Virginia

West Virginia

North Carolina

South Carolina

Georgia

Florida

EAST SOUTH CENTRAL:

Kentucky

Tennessee

Alabama

Mississippi

^ Includes strawberries, raspberries
cranberries, currants, and other berries.

249,084

14,6-25
44,466
57,239
35,322
25,319
20,943
22,713
4,624
23,833

1,573

1,071
694

9,628
246

1,413

20,412

15,374

8,680

9,447

7,565

11,215

21,021

7,991

5,008

7,885

16,768

524

412

1,147

3,578

3,915

8,360

21

3,518

3,162

4,099

498

842

904

6,163

12,544

1,477

759

272,460

325,096,968

426,565,863

13,777
55,243
56,957

35,587
45,403
18,994
19,417
6,765
20,317

32,406,719

56,924,436
63,702,944
37,368,041
28,198,785
23,457,806
26,666,084
5,050,860
51,321,293

1,260
618
469

9,552
281

1,597

22,496
24,069

11,591
5,919
11,723
21,419
6,305

3,738

7,211

17,009

399

419

1,411

5,400

8,687

16,595

12

7,295

2,913

6,701

856

988

1,356

4,387

12,539

1,232

836

1,561,647

753,969

749,032

27,099,119

339,064

1,903,888

25,713,901
20,148,717
11,061,818

11,963,128
6,812,972
10,591,818
23,946,801
10,388,225

6,165,120

8,837,293

17,769,936

170,771

224,398

647,321

3,553,202

4,362,473

10,278,972

25,789

4,439,964

2,092,376

4,776,710

269,248

625,783

1,327,470

5,323,010

14,620,175

2,125,418

1,389,203

37,631,006
90,300,863
73,745,968
46,275,534
72,300,168
22,182,689
23,878,888
10,587,207
49,663,540

2,285,415

998,244

836,122

29,260,143

437,560

3,823,522

37,857,829
38,822,987
13,620,047

15,721,023
7,424,831
13,602,676
27,214,659
9,782,779

4,476,575

10,344,052

23,696,221

285,696

401,295

1,594,421

5,477,274

14,425,209

26,277,054
24,109

11,342,980
2,336,562

12,827,427
1,408,099
1,262,155
2,396,573

4,972,702
13,895,498
1,907,193
1,407,301

loganberries, black berries, dewberries,

377

ACREAGE AND PRODUCTION OF SMALL FRUITS IN THE

UNITED STATES, BY GEOGRAPHIC DIVISIONS AND

STATES: 1919 AND 1909— Continued

Raspberries and

Blackberries and

StrawDernes

loganberries

dewb

erries

Acres

Production (quarts)

Production (quarts)

Production (quarts)

1919

1909

1919

1909

1919

1909

1919

1909

119,395

143,045

176,931,550

255,702,035

61,333,509

60,918,196

39,946,078

66,343,570

3,353

4,432

6,319,419

11,741,829

1,374,601

1,119,007

790,102

804,595

13,909

19,202

24,065,552

43,747,240

16,328,692 |19,802,119

4,608,673

9,029,897

24,258

23,604

36,133,472

39,698,906

14,714,507

16,895,570

6,721,886

10,437,862

18,147

16,433

26,048,603

26.308,539

5,616,192

5,634,788

4,422,115

12,311,930

18,058

37,280

23,497,227

63,124,937

1,694,922

2,218,296

2,829,944

6,463,811

16,038

14,253

]9, 673, 040

17,648,063

599,320

799,212

3,128,749

3,680,336

13,136

13,917

17,690,967

19,701,936

191,458

268,809

8,722,827

3,836,925

1,623

3,115

2,158,6.34

5,030,445

1,495,425

3,194,610

341,525

723,167

10,873

10,809

21,344,616

28,700,140

19,318,392

10,985,785

8,379,257

8,155,047

555

698

893,740

1,626,250

279,254

154,121

242,478

153,816

366

310

489,774

638,057

131,145

86,558

90,666

75,913

275

276

428,335

615,820

177,575

85,065

113,210

56,252

1,431

2,015

3,151,371

5,518,867

468,715

376,136

251,951

307,987

90

140

116,646

326,540

47,345

32,871

6,428

17,875

636

993

1,239,553

3,016,295

270,567

384,256

85,369

192,752

4,872

6,382

8,579,563

15,945,863

11,674,978

14,751,940

1,711,546

2,509,851

5,029

8,684

8,301,893

18,767,473

2,083,925

2,143,877

2,045,521

5,456,789

4,008

4,136

7,184,096

9,033,904

2,569,789

2,906,302

861,606

1,063,257

4,172

4,706

7,165,957

8,501,065

2,773,819

4,029,480

1,481,447

2,466,407

3,401

2,574

4,277,646

3.759,132

1,251,652

1,595,921

1,087,317

1,482,909

4,985

5,410

6,901,199

8,031,824

1,945,336

1,834,337

1,365,223

2,915,473

8,048

8,051

12,585,543

14,218,768

7,657,819

8,381,943

2,452,909

3,075,954

3,652

2,863

5,203,127

5,188,117

1,085,881

1,053,889

334,990

498,119

2,768

1,873

4,111,969

2,730,099

1,516,147

1,340,469

181,183

139,741

4,472

2,917

6,606,592

5,330,105

1,428,396

1,728,547

597,449

2,733,728

8,645

9,048

12,861,820

15,171,034

1,592,556

1,563,527

2,958,006

6,391,209

93

88

47,157

66,028

39,173

60,742

2,486

3,404

227

226

141,163

238,164

30,368

60,285

1,811

6,058

754

562

451,798

664,061

89,672

265,183

35,433

501,872

1,188

1,719

1,828,104

2,119,048

919,880

616,035

646,748

2,535,918

3,503

7,194

4,056,028

12,730,265

26,801

275,871

270,560

1,403,977

7,096

14,292

8,976,057

23,611,095

723,738

959,369

517,525

1,372,164

10

11

16,882

18,709

933

700

7,097

1,700

2,446

6,606

3,803,278

10,761,381

280,228

257,322

313,873

273,551

1,006

709

840,273

812,049

607,495

648,174

594,833

803,498

2,186

5,420

3,807,598

10,313,361

29,073

37,764

936,251

2,464,065

312

815

223,745

1,337,208

4,111

4,955

40,187

64,754

665

890

505,693

1,157,472

19,479

33,928

96,852

67,285

834

1,343

1,267,673

2,383,397

3,064

213

52,766

12,817

3,112

1,553

3,194,624

2,114,929

308,406

558,529

1.778,468

2,165,547

10,876

10,761

13,130,904

12,339,584

277,344

222,331

1,200,981

1,316,100

1,359

1,167

2,024,051

1,848,537

9,833

10,546

87,696

44,954

691

772

1,323,461

1,345,013

3,737

7,806

61,605

53,735

378

ACREAGE AND PRODUCTION OF SMALL FRUITS IN THE

UNITED STATES, BY GEOGRAPHIC DIVISIONS AND

STATES: 1919 AND 1909 — Continued

Division and State

Total 1

Acres

1909

Production (quarts)

1919

1909

WEST SOUTH CENTRAL

Arkansas

Louisiana ,

Oklahoma

MOUNTAIN:

Montana

Idaho

Wyoming ,

Colorado ,

New Mexico

Arizona ,

Utah

Nevada

PACIFIC:

Washington

Oregon ,

California

9,873
4,052
2,6i9
6,139

386

1,240

87

1,798

120

58

910

25

7,434
8,463
7,936

8,032
3,587
2,745
5,053

562
1,673

106
2,829
66
76
1,416
37

5,508
5,122
9,687

12,538,205
5,342,180
1,899,073

338,087
1,106,208

56,824
2,213,619

53,750

62,467
1,198,200

21,705

16,884,745
18,977,822
15,458,726

8,965,572
6,420,207
2,310,367
6,182,742

766,791

2,071,141

96,883

4,294,988

76,532

112,190

3,118,395

50,287

13,490,930

9,348,490

26,824,120

* Includes strawberries, raspberries,
cranberries, currants, and other berries.

loganberries, black berries, dewberries,

379

ACREAGE AND PRODUCTION OF SMALL FRUITS IN THE

UNITED STATES, BY GEOGRAPHIC DIVISIONS AND

STATES: 1919 AND 1909 — Concluded

Strawberries

Raspberries and
loganberries

Blackberries and
dewberries

Acres

Productic

n (quarts)

Production (quarts)

Production (quarts)

1919

1909

1919

1909

1919

1909

1919

1909

8,324

4,007

302

503

155

469

39

7,361

3,570

825

2,161

265

698

24

1,326

20

58

719

5

3,283
2,941
4,585

11,463,971

5,323,890

311,630

591,476

171,150

494,818
27,061

944,276
14,363
17,058

484,792
5,136

6,377,368
4,159,200
10,808,048

8,259,240

0,405,236

830,404

4,207,056

406,038

953,723

20,895

1,674,923

35,634

95,247

1,832,796

11,189

7,683,774
5,322,040
15,694,326

154,351

145

30,234

6,728

80,875

385,510

10,979

643,678

6,202

677

364,061

3,443

5,757,456

12,022,912

1,538,024

96,414

639

74,104

97,652

165,473

575,209

15,213

1,650,785

10,222

1,550

758,317

17,841

3,118,720
2,644,948
5,222,117

885,539

18,145

1,531,810

6,287,333

13,128
91,056

587,977

14,332

1,366,497

1,868,119

36,321

249,984
149

■ 653 1

28

20

254

5

3,087
2,812 1
4,974 1

76,234

8,233

37,040

115,437

397

3,691,065
2,139,110
2,549,082

227,598
10,089
13,808

184,140

1,078

2,340,779

915,744

4,898,524

FRUIT PRODUCTS OF FARMS IN THE UNITED

STATES

The Department of Commerce, through the Bureau of the
Census, announces the following figures from the 1920 census of
agriculture for the United States, with comparative figures for
the preceding census.

FRUIT PRODUCTS OF FARMS IN THE UNITED^STATES I I919 AND I909

Product

1919

1909

rider made on farms gallons.. 13,365,805 32,583,99?

Cider made, or to be made, into vinegar gallons.. 6,470,060 ^ 7,246,632

Grape juice made on farms gallons.. 2,202,848 ^jg 53^225

Dried fruits, total pounds.. 612,700,626 385,039,552

Raisins and dried grapes pounds..] 301,035,519 | 169,245,101

Other dried fruits pounds..) 311,665,107 1 215,794,451

1 Vinegar made on farms.

^ Wine and grape juice.

CIDER AND VINEGAR

The number of gallons of cider rnade on farms in the United
States in 1919, according to the Fourteenth Census, was 13,365,-
805, as compared with 32,583,998 in 1909, representing a decrease
of 19,218,193 gallons, or 59 per cent. The production of cider
reported for 1899 was 55,280,199 gallons, and the decrease be-
tween 1899 and 1909 amounted to 22,696,201 gallons, or 41. i
per cent.

The number of farms reporting cider produced in 1919 was
216,617, as compared with 332,810 in 1909.

The leading states in the production of cider on farms in
1919 were Pennsylvania, with 2,532,044 gallons; New York,
with 2,144,848 gallons; Maine, with 933,440 gallons; Connect-
icut, with 883,937 gallons; Virginia, with 804,405 gallons; and
Ohio, with 708,563 gallons.

The number of gallons of cider made into vinegar in 1919,
or to be made into vinegar, was 6,470,060, while the quantity of
vinegar made on farms in 1909 (including some vinegar other
than cider vinegar) was 7,246,632 gallons.

(380)

38i

The only states in 19 19 that reported over 500,000 gallons
of cider vinegar made on farms were New York, with 1,109,-
794 gallons; Pennsylvania, with 948,480. gallons; and Maine,
with 594.739 gallons.

GRAPE JUICE

The quantity of grape juice made on farms in 1919 was
2,202,848 gallons. There is no comparison between this quan-
tity and the quantity of wine and grape juice (18,636,225 gal-
lons) which was reported for 1909. The number of farms re-
porting grape juice made in 19 19 was 30,993.

California reported 1,820,895 gallons, or 82.7 per cent of
the grape juice produced on farms in 1919. Among the other
states, New York produced 45,320 gallons; Illinois, 38,746 gal-
lons; Ohio, 36,071 gallons; and Missouri, 33,671 gallons.

DRIED FRUITS

The total production of dried fruits in 1919 was 612,700,-
626 pounds, as compared with 385,039,552 pounds in 1909,
representing an increase of 227,661,074 pounds, or 59.1 per cent.
The total for 1919 included 301,035,519 pounds of raisins and
dried grapes.

The number of farms reporting dried fruits in 1919 was
252,289, as compared with 137,041 in 1909.

California produced 577,041,118 pounds, or 94.2 per cent
of the total production of dried fruits in 1919, and all except
35,288 pounds of the total production of raisins. Other states
reporting over 1,000,000 pounds of dried fruits in 1919 were as
follows: Oregon, 17,470,568; Washington, 5,378,989; Ar-
kansas, 3,724,743; Virginia, 1,818,481; and North Carolina,
1,065,302.

382

FRUIT PRODUCTS OF FARMS, BY DIVISIONS AND STATES:

1919 AND 1909

Division and State

UNITED STATES

GEOGRAPHIC DIVISIONS:

New England

Middle Atlantic

East North Central

West North Central

South Atlantic

East South Central

West South Central

Mountain

Pacific

NEW ENGLAND:

Maine

New Hampshire

Vermont

Massachusetts

Rhode Island

Connecticut

MIDDLE ATLANTIC:

New York

New Jersey

Pennsylvania

EAST NORTH CENTRAL:

Ohio

Indiana

Illinois

Michigan

Wisconsin

WEST NORTH CENTRAL:

Minnesota

Iowa

Missouri

North Dakota

South Dakota

Nebraska /

Kansas

SOUTH ATLANTIC:

Delaware

Maryland

District of Columbia

Virginia

West Virginia

North Carolina

South Carolina

Georgia

Florida

EAST SOUTH CENTRAL:

Kentucky

Tennessee

Alabama

Mississippi

WEST SOUTH CENTRAL:

Arkansas ,

Louisiana

Oklahoma ■

Texas

Cider

6,448,313

1.56,564

425,147

1,084,744

1,096.951

1.158,976

1,051,600

996,088

244,109

2.34,164

216,617

38,840

72,331

39,377

13,716

30,323

4,187

3,152

2,537

12,154

48,227
20,523
29,075
32,001
4,083
22,655

193,195

29,702
202,250

256,695
205,126
237,181
196,447
189,295

178,478
213,439
263,004
77,690
74,637
124,417
165,286

10,140

47,908

204

186,242

87,289
269,763
192,693
310,732

54,005

270,626
252,774
256,099
272,101

232,604
136,463
191,988
436,033

11,417
5,822
6,574
6,653
926
7,448

32,835
2,415
37,081

12,751
2,650
10,215
11,231
2,530

585
2,648
7,S56

73

979

1,575

1,178

5,960

4

12,680

3,500

6,616

123

262

2,311

1,525

330

21

1,590

6

1,408

148

Production (gallons)

1919

13,365,805

3,274,452

4,827,773

2,133,353

566,303

1,760,076

114,835

138,841

191,269

3.58,903

933,440
420,794
394,770
537,386
104,125
883,937

2,144,818

150,881

2,532,014

708,563

126,878

672,868

541,458

83,586

21,143

78,930
339,794

3,047
36,169

87,220

66,190

438,877

93

804,405

194,630

250,517

1,518

3,846

1909

32,583,998

4,705,949

13,510,722

8,614,873

2,053,882

2,394,776

692,131

72,145

203,095

306,425

939,085
671 ,684
651,159

1,004,392
147,645

1,291,984

5,191,221

288,587
8,060,914

2,889,237
1,491,911

678,437
3,386,138

169,150

9,044

590,352

1,065,881

4,103
255,886
128,616

36,145
970,705

72,068

38,954

3,539

274

50,394

81

82,449

5,917

469,651

248,543

647,152

6,692

14,970

918

464,321

213,916

12,557

1,337

36,825

436

30,081

4,803

383

FRUIT PRODUCTS OF FARMS, BY DIVISIONS AND STATES
1919 AND 1909 — Continued

ade Into

1

Grape J

uice, 1919

i &

Dried Fruits

r, 1919

ade on

W9

■3 ».7

C

s

Production (pounds)

c

0

a

c
0

c be i

0
a
u

o^^

■ ;3S° :

0.—,

«--' »

u

a in

•a.c

O O

Vineg
Fart
(gal

i

Pi

3 tn

T3 C

«>2

1919

1909

6,470,060

7,246,632

30,993

2,202,848

18,636,225

252,^

612,700,626

J8§.,0S9,552

1,583,157

710,412

1,622

27,638

50,738

1,250

1

36,815

23,644

2,131,261

1,994,295

4,448

74,271

687,609

13,591

760,021

4,677,598

957,461

1,741,506

8,783

115,441

875,955

10,343

351,696

312,976

334,215

821,849

6,377

63,887

410,867

24,126

939,242

1,217,194

845,574

836,450

4,640

42,677

323,801

54,085

3,429,824

3,106,883

67,646

526,311

1,889

9,813

82,520

47,734

1,674,085

2,705,816

83,527

89,217

1,400

33,380

135,310

66,228

5,066,575

1,268,210

105,324

158,820

201

4,344

26,783

3,038

552,693

273,828

361,895

367,772

1,633

1,831,397

16,042,642

31,894

599,890,675

371,453,403

594,739

197,996

31

250

328

649

16,347

15,034

260,214

115,894

137

368

2,846

118

3,295

1,768

180,533

96,520

80

217

1,199

348

8,406

5,828

210,496

133,653

627

5,591

12,937

51

5,59t

465

36,408
300,767

19,003

104

2,591

2,856

16

307

147', 346

613

18^621

30,572

68

1,866

549

1,109,794

703,384

1,524

45,320

346,973

971

374,317

4,385,978

72,987

48,665

444

17,148

233,880

54

2,132

6,323

948,480

1,242,246

2,480

11,803

106,756

12,566

383,572

285,297

279,603

483,908

2,268

36,071

264,213

2,156

46,319

65,432

54,576

431,187

1,167

9,778

130,976

894

24,409

62,196

314,592

207,242

3,025

38,746

247,951

5,030

236,830

128,376

278,752

602,697

2,117

29,205

199,030

1,098

22,250

48,328

29,938

16,472

206

1,641

33,785

1,166

21,888

8,644

11,835

5,778

40

214

4,567

566

11,675

2,853

49,270

244,473

2,757

23,334

76,092

1,652

35,189

87,421

200,321

402,518

44

2,823

2,968

33,671

245,656

128

10,096

20,793

861,912

1,102,274
106

i,m

5"

26'

29"

i',4i2"

1,247

23,343

109,593

224

2,449

47,703

262

5,910

17,793

48,107

56,620

383

4,199

26,625

824

23,144

5,500

37,531

9,481

37

120

1,379

74

2,088

370

177,083

226,460

885

4,869

20,783

2,395

60,152

39,292

5
1,799

59
10,455

1
22,966

5
1,818,481

'"395 ',755'

'"268',457"

49',609'

929 ',546

96,176

122,592

500

2,409

15,449

7,053

329,329

396,927

136,323

188,610

984

22,501

205,152

17,023

1,065,302

1,500,681

792

3,599

139

719

12,371

1,351

46,878

26,758

1,914

14,232

248

1,259

2,665

3,192

106,724

212,570

3,019

43

296

16,393

30

865

739

41,997

309,562

827

4,008

45,138

12,979

467,882

1,593,727

23,613

191,915

727

2,924

16,576

21,222

782,603

857,903

1,895

18,217

255

2,346

12,820

7,674

231,978

201,797

141

6,617

80

535

7,986

5,859

191,622

52,389

30,727

42,770

502

8,752

75,070

38,352

3,724,743

1,193,139

20

3,521

4

14

1,205

1,495

41,497

3,198

50,275

32,887

489

9,697

16,999

8,454

460,195

45,684

2,506

10,039

405

14,917

42,036

17,927

840,140

26,189

3^4

FRUIT PRODUCTS OF FARMS, BY DIVISIONS AND STATES;
1919 AND 1909 — Continued

Division and State

Cider

Eft
I.'-'

Production (gallons)

1919 1909

Cider M
Vinega

MOUNTAIN:

Montana ..,

-Idaho

Wyoming . .
Colorado
New Mexico
Arizona ....

Utah

Nevada

PACIFIC:

Washington

Oregon _

California .

57,677
42,106
15,748
59,934
29,844

9,975
25,662

3,163

66,288

50,206

117,670

376
714

26
862
271

39
192

57

5,771,
5,121
1,262

27,771
45,062
998
66,852
25,369

2,437
18,033

4,727

223,314

35,169

100,420

22,314

10,562

612

138,091

12,788

2,771

5,347

10,610

98,050
89,919
118,456

258
505

15
633
206

29

111

, 48

3,162

4,013

819

385

FRUIT PRODUCTS OF FARMS, BY DIVISIONS AND STATES:
1919 AND 1909— Concluded

ade Into

Grape J

uice, 1919

_o

Dried Fruits

r, 1919

ade on

909

'5

a in

i

Q.

u

Production (pounds)

o
a

C

13 oj
CM

o

G

u (« 5

0/-V

rt B°

Produ
Ions

Qj 2 ra
10,108

£

1

Produ
Ions

Si

eg

•-2

1919

1909

13,689

3

368

71

2,912

435

22,197

J 1,762

■ 53

421

3,452

460

256,010

21,280

683

239
121,428

197
1,116

16

282

755
11,444

110

43,96(J

60'

, 505

59,286

13,999

5,880

23

757

1,684

1,305

160,315

16,506

1,085

3,504

32

5,100

176

23,422

7,932

6,891

2,689

19

S71

12,173

663

78,830

103,743

2,820

3,210

S

1,755

2,693

65

19,005

64,536

112,264

62,446

235

1,777

5,891

2,225

5,378,989

1,842,306

201, 5i6

60,643

361

8,725

31,232

4,320

17,470,568

10,904,713

. 48,086

244,683

1,037

1,820,895

16,005,519

25,349

577,041,118

358,706,384

25

THE FIFTY LEADING AGRICULTURAL COUNTIES IN
THE UNITED STATES

The Department of Commerce, through the Bureau of the
Census, announces the following data from the 1920 census of
agriculture for the United States.

The Census Bureau has determined the rank of the 50
counties in the United States leading in the combined value of
farm crops and live-stock products in 1919. The live-stock
products include dairy products, chickens and eggs, honey and
wax, and wool and mohair, but not domestic animals sold and
slaughtered. There is some duplication, to be sure, when the
value of crops and the value of live-stock products are included
in the same total, by reason of the fact that a large part of the
live-stock products are derived from the feeding of farm crops
to farm live stock. This combined value, however, appears to
offer the best available index of the counties' agricultural pro-
duction.

The 50 leading agricultural counties were distributed among
the several states as follows: California, 13; New York, 7;
Illinois, 5; Texas, 4; Pennsylvania, 4; South Carolina, 4; North
Carolina, 3 ; Washington, 2 ; Wisconsin, 2 ; and i each for
Arizona, Colorado; Connecticut, Maine, Minnesota, and Missis-
sippi.

RANK OF SOME INDIVIDUAL COUNTIES

Los Angeles County, Calif., ranked first among all counties
in the United States in the combined value of crops and live-
stock products in 1919, the total value amounting to $71,579,899.
The value of crops in this country was $61,864,479, which was
greater than the combined value of crops and live-stock products
in any other county. Oranges contributed slightly more than
one-third of the combined value of crops and live-stock products
in this county. Other important items were lemons, walnuts,
and hay and forage.

Fresno County, Calif., ranked second among all counties,
with a value of $55,110,101 for crops and live-stock products,
and stood third in the value of crops alone, with $51,861,252.

(386)

387

Grapes made up a little more than one-half of the combined
value of crops and live-stock products, with peaches, and hay and
forage following- in order.

Aroostook County, Me., stood third in the combined value
of crops and live-stock products, with $54,376,256, and was
second in value of crops, with $52,541,205. Potatoes comprised
about four-fifths of. the combined value in this county, while hay
and forage was the next item in importance as regards value.

San Joaquin County, Calif, ranked fourth, with a combined
value of $41,191,240, for crops and live-stock products, and also
stood fourth in the value of crops, with $37,956,866. Potatoes,
grapes, barley, and hay and forage were the leading items from
the standpoint of value.

Lancaster County, Pa., was fifth in rank, with $40,776,212
representing the value of crops and live-stock products. To-
bacco, corn, hay and forage, and wheat were the most important
items, in the order named.

Yakima County, Wash., stood sixth in value of crop and
live-stock products, with $34,741,710. Apples, and hay and
forage were the leading items as regards value.

Other counties, with their rank according to the combined
value of crops and live-stock products in 1919, were as follows:
Tulare County, Calif., seventh, with $34,036,167; Sonoma
County. Calif., eighth, with $32,300,623 ; Whitman County,
Wash., ninth, with $31,921,047; and Dane County, Wis., tenth,
with $29,395,753.

The 50 counties whose rank in the combined value of crops
and live-stock products has been determined, are shown in the
following table :

388

<

in
Pm
O

u

o

w

>

Q

w

1—4

o

u

0^

It]

i:

j-H

t/J

:^

H

►—1

U

r-i

D

•P^

P

u

Q D:i

<

Dh

r/i

o

W

H

H

c/0

<

W

H

>

U)

H-1

Q

W

H

^;

^

C/5

w

1—1

H

O
'.J

"T; 1- >^ nJ *j

o !; n! >,5f

'*-' ° O rt n!

-n .-So

"! ?; « ^'-o

1^ •/ " " s

t- ;- o o o

nl i- .-

'i it ^C
"■^ gii o

4-1 n!T3 - bo

>>« -^ '^'^ rt
o 2 -o >>

M - 1)
rt 2 O t^
O S « u

u _, o &-"

.^ dj (U i^ o

60 ..—C -T-j f

^ P, rt n.y

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. 60 C .-60
C S ° C-
C t- O rt )-

UOUGO

o J-' o

o c
o o

uqhUUu u;.^ouu

le of Crops

Amount

$61,864,479
51,861,2.52
.'52,541.205
37,956,866.
32,191,536

32,458,658
30,547,341
17,477,370
30,824,407
20,978.957 '

26,938,018
26.517,455
24,054,416
13,582,476
25,572.032

20,9.33,838
23,792.084
23,604,661
23,800,535
22,199,150

■23,114,901
21,474,008
22,012,165
22,904.976
22,055,9.50

'a
>

Rank

,-1^5<M-!t.lO ^SOOMl-lO OJOC-lOOrH O-t<lHM03 » (N O 00 W

Value of Crops

and Live-Stock

Products

Amount

$71,579,899
55,110,101
54,376,256
41,191,240

40,776,212

34,741,710
34,036,167
32,300,623
31,921,047
29,395,753

29,161,454
27,957,448
26,819,662
26,809,540
26,635,748

26,600,746
26,135,980
25,828,420
25,619,290
24,153,905

23,703,571
23,627,284
23,528,158
23,427,879
23,389,828

a
re

r-l CI CO ■rt' lO COr^GOOSO i-H d CO -^ »0 CO t^ 00 05 O i-H(M CO -rf iC
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ee

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C^ (f>l OJ <M iM (M (M Ol OI (N 03 03 r- 1 rH r-l i— I i-^'r-i i— t i— I

C5 05 Oi Oi 05

COt^OOOsO rH(MCO--t<»0 ^ t>- <Xi Oi <C> rH(MC0-*iO COt-^COOiO
(MCNC^liMOO COCOCOCOCO OOCOCOW"^ ■<I1-^M'-«*-tP ■^-^sf-'T'-riO

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w ^ c.»— ■•- n ra 4-* flj o

''C c.;

" b ° E

THE TWENTY LEADING CROPS IN THE UNITED

STATES

The Department of Commerce, through the Bureau of the
Census, announces the following data from the 1920 census of
agriculture for the United States.

The 20 leading crops of the United States in 1919, arranged
in order of value, were corn, hay and forage, cotton, wheat, oats,
potatoes, tobacco, apples, barley, sweet potatoes, rye, rough rice,
grapes, peaches, kafir and milo, oranges, sugar beets, peanuts,
dry edible beans, and sugar cane. The total value of these 20
crops was $13,754,290,926, which represents more than nine-
tenths of the total value of crops shown by the Fourteenth
Census.

Corn heads the list, with a value of $3,507,797,102, or
almost $1,000,000 more than hay and forage, which stands
second on the list with a value of $2,523,050,224. Cotton ranked
third, with a value (including cottonseed) of $2,355,169,365, and
wheat ranked fourth, with a value of $2,074,078,801. These
four crops combined represented a value amounting to $10,-
460,095,492, or 70.9 per cent of the total value of all crops
harvested in 1919.

The next four crops in order were oats, with a value of
$855,255,468; potatoes (white), with a value of $639,440,521;
tobacco, with a value of $444,047,481 ; and apples, the leading
fruit crop, with a value of $241,573,577.

The following table shows for the 20 leading crops both the
value and the acreage — or in case of fruit crops the number of
trees or vines :

VALUE AND ACREAGE OF TWENTY LEADING CROPS IN THE
UNITED STATES, 1919

Crop Value Acreage

1. Corn 13,507,797,102 87,771,600

2. Hay and forage 2,523,050,224 96,121,228

3. Cotton and cottonseed 2,355,169,36-5 33,740,106

4. Wheat 2,074,078,801 73,099,421

5. Oats 855,255,468 37,991,002

(390)

391

6. Potatoes (white) 639,440,521 3,251,703

7. Tobacco 444,047,481 1,864,080

8. Apples 241,573,577 *115,309,165

9. Barley 160,427,255 6,472,888

10. Sweet potatoes 124,844,475 803,727

11. Rye 116,537,965 7,679,005

12. Rough rice 97,194,481 911,272

13. Grapes 95,586,021 *225,754,285

14. Peaches 95,569,868 *65,646,101

15. Kafir, milo, etc 90,221,046 3,619,034

16. Oranges 83,398,894 n4, 397, 836

17. Sugar beets 66,051,989 636,434

18. Peanuts 62,751,701 1,125,100

19. Dry edible beans 61,795,225 1,161,682

20. Sugar cane 59,499,467 372,938

* Number of trees or vines of bearing age.

392

FRUIT CROPS, NUMBER OF TREES AND VINES,

(U. S. Census)

1919

Counties

Allen

Defiance

Fulton

Hancock .
Henry
Lucas . . . .
Paulding .
Putnam
Van Wert
Williams .
Wood ....

Ashland
Crawford

Erie

Huron . .
Lorain . .
Ottawa . .
Richland
Sandusky
Seneca . .
Wyandot

Ashtabula .
Columbiana
Cuyahoga .
Geauga ...

Lake

Mahoning
Medina . . .
Portage ...

Stark

Summit
Trumbull
Wavne . . . .

Auglaize .
Champaign

aark

Darke

Hardin ...
Logan . . . .
Mercer

Miami

Shelby ...

Delaware

Fairfield

Fayette

Franklin

Knox

Licking .

Madison

Marion

Morrow .

Pickaway

Ross

LTnioTi .,

Apple Trees

Peach Trees

13,629
6,1.54

11,298
8.63+
7,127

23,09:3
2,716
6,692
5,S.52
8.420
6,779

8,811
10,836
27,704
10,185
37,887
41,937
10,613
20,200
10,380

6,197

52,654
70,590
44,487
41,716
47,541
28,606
21,567
22,ftJ5
32,454
29,439
15,104
22,421

20
3,386
4,174
10.225
4.919
7,9.59
8,923
4.527
5,774

19,808

31,3.38

1,782

21,661

13.084

29,209

4,383

0,3.34

7,181

3,456

.35,849

8,375

57

1

187 1

26

323

60

m-2.

40«

579

47

747

48

452

24

748 1

49

316

.59

790

44

019

53

136

44

291

51

1.38

60

327

48

304

75

867

63

70S

.57

2)0

49

737

52

842

31

021

93

125

137

393

83

297

52

2.55

53

573

75

550

62

553

80

482

101

346

59

501

94

204

98

560

44

553

31

963

37

51.3 !

66

803

39

303

42

633

.51

093

46

358

51

525

53

623

81

007

17

464

69

.528

57

922

87

344

11

363

25

464

43

454

26

082

104

8-12

23

720

3,458
4,065
6,545
2,196
3,163
19,942
669
2,071
1,626
2,07^
6,193

5.6S3

2,747

27,492

4,858

20,2.50

66,413

7,437

9,691

3,638

2,929

13,002
45,975
22,397
11,551
19,591 I
19,184
10,000
10,858
26,652
30,923
9,547
10,699

1,225
2,185
2,411
3,591
1,849
3,162
2,323
2,568
2,022

6,778

16,390

680

8,6-16

8,. 553

18,517

572

1.160

3,717

1,263

15,691

1,016

«-M

o

5,446
. 6,232

14,447
5,589
3,357

49,536

t)74

3,204

2,471

3,256

10,633

13,067
4,788

97,060
7,1.31

66.840
548,737

13,656

23,286
6,908
4,9S3

130,606
110,234
42,317
24,073
97,163
45,094
19,935
18,712
57,623
31,727
37,683
33,498

1,522
3,834

n ,715

3,904
2.686
6,267
3,407
2,346
1,952

5.320

25.700

2,748

6,688

14,465

44,070

1,131

1,917

4.295

3,067 I

35.306 I

1,280 I

Pear

Irees

he

T

-t;

n!

M

P

U-i

n!

bn

y.

0

1,112

4,218

641

2,782

1,173

43,016

783

3,939

726

3,924

4,789

10,672

236

1,637

600

3,097

342

2,697

944

4,455

1,356

6,445

759

3,069

979

4,295

3,M6

16,697

704

2,973

3,262

9,475

7,764

22,825

1,190

6,214

2,0.59

6,453

7.31

4,797

489

2,632

4,465

8,946

5,267

12,439

7,915

19,978

6,7(:9

21,057

8,006

26,641

3,795

8,920

1,919

6,456

2,322

7,131

3,938

9,733

5,259

6,644

1,484

7,456

1,596

7,890

611

3,3.53

640

3,469

894

5,624

1,1.38

6,234

487

3,146

761

4,104

675

3,535

625

7,868

659

4,997

798

3,6.58

1,869

5,1J9

284

2,977

1 ,998

6,678

1 ,9.35

7,322

1,368

5.670

643

1,095

471

2,803

6.52

4,&55

369

1,963

1,128

4,017

656

2,545

Grape Vines

2,591

946

1,361

1,926

1,236

9,233

596

1,132

907

1,175

1,660

538

1,160

20,696

676

54,602

23,731

1,707

850

953

533

128,203

4,562

64,159

13,708

93,388

3,823

12,425

4,393

2,096

6,323

1,330

3,338

647
670
473

1,095
559
900

2,631
917
402

566

1,574

245

2,120

963

1,142

2)5

503

009

418

403

395

393

FRUIT CROPS, NUMBER OF TREES AND VINES, 1919 — Concluded

<

►J

Counties

Belmont ..
Carroll
Coshocton
Harrison
Holmes . . .

I Jefferson . .

I Tuscarawas

Butler

Clermont . .
Clinton ....

Greene

Hamilton . .
Montgomery
Preble

Warren .

Adams . .
Brown . .
Gallia . . .
Highland
Jackson
Lawrence

Pike

Scioto ...

Apple Trees

33,697
19,7ST
17,639
10,126
9,663
25,214
29,242

5.453
31,337
12,330

8,451
24,397
10,639

6,283

15,666 I
11,612

109.228 I
11, .386 I
74,291 I

278,352 I
21,765 I
43,377

39,394 I
19,915 I
15,. 515 I
43,901 ]
8,987 (
10,828 I
35,399 I
10,489 I
12,698 I
24,662 I
62,194 I

Peach Trees

107,339 !
71,340 I
96,485 1
54,539 I
64,. 524 I 11,147
60,629 f 12,260
92,176 I 17,718

21,541
16,394
15,545
6,913

25,409
114,099
27,2.35
33,712
61,100
5] ,.561
39,861

4,976
15,937
4,487
3,384
26,786
4,782
3,741

6,631 I 27,924 3,460

68,973 9,428

55,933 I 6,468

175,953 I 12,401

46,895 I 5,584

Athens . . . .
Guernsey
Hocking ..

Meigs

Monroe . . .
Morgan . . .
Muskingum

Noble

Perry

\'inton . . . .
Washington

State 2,047,687 5,970,410 1970,183

2,113

377,654
71,980
72,719

126,050
94,786
51,557

U6,318
83,695
68,768

114,316
72,516
62,7.55
60,0.53

194,, 573

24,668
54,537
8,183
16,711

756
297
967
373
902
667
092
868
537
492
423

Pear Trees

Grape Vines

K
O

72,802
49,4-12
48,500
37,148
31,313
53,621
61,126 I

6,562 I
44,620 I
2,055 I
3,693 '
82,308 I
5,684 I
6,968
7,188 I

23,446

S,090
43,629
13,802
40,294
125,001
24,027
23,538

68,417
52,052
27,346
30,816
17,769
22,419
58,883
20,929
26,525
28.404
32,174

2,924,177

2,439
1,060
1,178
751
886
1,440
2,089

856

2,035

377

772

6,106

3,161

981

524

1,040

1,524
798
665
292

1,7«1
539

1,224

1,119
1.485

602
1.184

308

570
1,182

540
1,054

661
1,228

147,892

o

9,707
2,897
7,. 371
3,2Sr
4,237
2,9' :J
6,727

4,285
27,036
2,306
3,8.51
47,307
17,352
4,915
2,873

6,560
3,635
4,285
2,633
499
5,826
1,346
2,671

5,389
3,727
1,462
6,395
1,701
2,320
10,616
2,309
3,533
1,111
3,680

616,416

5,557
390
485
327
661
1,416
1,306

1,253
527
197
148
198
180

1,036
281

2,429
204
995

38,274
3,071
5,774
1,791
5,548
5,939
9,589

1,007

8,200

1,179

20,497

277

2,216

975

4,667

7,644

79,016

4,663

12,721

1,520

3,593

349

3,0f,9

400

3,499

492

6,658

603

2,156

302

4,472

105

1,537

366

1,867

393

3,957

1,111

5,770

5,811
3,984
4,041
3,765
8,542
2,479
10,973
4,156
4,710
l,58l
4,413

6,553,904

AMERICAN POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY

CONSTITUTION
ARTICLE I NAME

The name of this Association shall be the American Pomo-
logical Society.

ARTICLE II OBJECT

Its object shall be the advancement of the science and art
of Pomology.

ARTICLE III MEMBERSHIP

The regular membership of this Society shall consist of
Collegiate, Annual, Society, Life, and Institutional members.

The special membership shall consist of Honorary members,
Subscribers, Contributors, Junior and Senior Patrons.

ARTICLE IV MEETINGS

The regular meetings of this Society shall be held annually
at such time and place as the Executive Committee may decide.

Special meetings may be convened upon the call of the
President or by the Executive Committee on petition signed by
a majority of its members.

ARTICLE V ELECTION OF MEMBERS

Students shall be eligible for Collegiate membership on
recommendation of the professor of pomology in the faculty of
the institution whence the applicant registers.

' Any person shall be eligible for Annual membership on pay-
ment of membership fee.

Any society of established standing shall be eligible for
Society membership and may become such member on its own
election.

Libraries and educational institutions may become members
on their own election ; such memberships shall be limited to thirty
years.

(394)

395 .

Any person shall be eligible to Life membership on recom-
mendation of a special committee appointed by the president to
determine the applicant's qualifications ; and may be elected to
such membership on approval by two-thirds of the Executive
Committee.

Honorary membership, in recognition of eminent or dis-
tinguished services to pomology, may be conferred upon any
person nominated by not less than a two-thirds vote of the Ex-
ecutive Committee, and who receives not less than a two-thirds
vote of the membership present at a regular annual meeting.

The designation of Subscriber may be conferred by vote of
the Executive Committee upon any person, firm or corporation
that may have contributed valuable services toward the ac-
complishment of a definite periodical purpose.

The designation of Contributor may be conferred, as above,
upon any person, firm or corporation that may have contributed
means, material or special services of notable permanent value
for the advancement of the work being carried on by the Society.

The title of Junior Patron may be conferred in similar man-
ner upon any person — otherwise eligible to regular membership,
who may contribute at any one time to any of the permanent
funds of the Society the sum of $500.

The title of Senior Patron may likewise be conferred upon
any person similarly eligible, who has contributed, for a like
purpose, the sum of $1,000.

ARTICLE VI DUES AND FEES *

The dues for Collegiate membership shall be one dollar for
the calendar year ; for Annual membership shall be five dollars
for the calendar year ; for Society membership shall be ten dol-
lars, the calendar year; the fee for Institutional membership
shall be fifty dollars; the fee for Life membership shall be fifty
dollars.

ARTICLE VII OFFICERS AND EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE

The officers of this organization shall consist of a president ;
first and second vice-presidents, one of whom shall be from
Canada; a secretary-treasurer; and an executive committee
which shall consist of eleven members and the officers ex-officio.
The executive committee as soon as possible after election shall

396

choose from among themselves a Board of Managers of three
who shall conduct in the absence of the executive committee the
ad interim business of the Society. Six shall constitute a quorum
of the executive committee and two of the Board of Managers.

BY-LAWS

1. The President shall preside at all meetings of the So-
ciety ; he shall exercise a general supervision and control of the
business and affairs of the Society, and appoint all committees
unless otherwise directed.

2. In case of death, sickness or inability of the President,
his official duties shall devolve on the Vice-President.

3. The Secretary-Treasurer shall receive all moneys be-
longing to the Society, and pay over the same on the written
orders of the President ; he shall, with the assistance of a re-
porter appointed by him, keep a record of the transactions of
the Society for publication; he shall furnish such bond as may
be required by the Executive Committee.

4. There shall be an Auditing Committee of three members
appointed by the President at each annual meeting.

5. A Standing Committee on New Fruits of American
Origin consisting of three members, shall be appointed by the
President, immediately after his election. It shall be the duty of
this Committee to report annually on new fruits of American
origin, and also to examine, and before the close of the session
report on, all new seedling varieties that may be exhibited and
to make an ad interim report on those that wer-e exhibited in an
unripe condition at the meeting of the Society, but had subse-
quently attained a state of maturity; and on such other seedlings
as may have been submitted to their inspection during the
Society's vacation.

6. A Standing Committee on Foreign Fruits, consisting of
three members, shall be appointed, whose duties shall be similar
to those of the committee in By-Law Five.

7. A Standing Committee on Tropical and Sub-Tropical
Fruits, consisting of three members, shall be appointed, whose
duties shall be similar to those of the committee in By-Law Five.

8. A Standing Committee on Nomenclature, consisting of
three members, shall be appointed annually.

397

9- A'acancies occurring in committees shall be filled by the
chairman of each, and in case of his death or inability to serve,
his place shall be supplied by the President of the Society.

10. The order of business for each meetitig- shall be ar-
ranged by the Executive Committee.

11. The Constitution or By-Laws may be altered or amend-
ed, at any regular annual meeting, by a vote of two-thirds of the
members present.

12. That there be hereby established a membership in this
body to be known as Society Membership, which shall be open
to state. Provincial and district organizations. The fee for such
membership shall be, for a State or Provincial Society, ten dol-
lars, and for a district society five dollars, the year. This mem-
bership carries with it the right and duty to appoint delegates,
one for each hundred members, or major fraction thereof, and
one delegate-at-large, of the delegating body, to attend and par-
ticipate in the meetings of this Society.

Delegates from the above Society Members shall be en-
titled to all the privileges of other members of this Society ; but
in the case of the appointment of alternates, no alternate shall
have a right to vote except in the absence of his principal, or
in the event his principal elects to divide his privilege, thereby
casting a one-half vote for principal and alternate.

13. There is hereby established a membership in this So-
ciety known as the Collegiate Membership which shall be open
to students in Pomology in any agricultural school, college or
university.

14. The voting privilege of this organization shall be ex-
ercised by these annual, society and life members in good stand-
ing, and whose dues are paid for the current year.

MEMBERSHIP LIST OF THE AMERICAN POMOLOG-
ICAL SOCIETY .

LIFE

Allen, Alexander, M. D.
Alwood, Wm. B., Greenwood, Va.
Ash, John, Pomfret Center, Ct.
Atkins, Chas. G., Bucksport, Me.
Austin, C. F., Herradura, Cuba.

Babcock, J. L., Norfolk, Va.

Bailey, L. H., Ithaca, N. Y.

BerryhiU, J. G., 304 New Call Bldg.,
San Francisco, Calif.

Black, Chas., Hightstown, N. J.

Blackmore, John C, Christ Church,
Canterbury, New Zealand.

Blair, J. C, Urbana, 111.

Briggs, G. R., Plymouth, Mass.

Bunyard, E. A., AUington, Maid-
stone, Eng.

Chase, Howard A., Commonwealth
Bldg., Mount Pocono, Pa.

Cane, Mrs. Moses H., Blowing
Rock, N. C.

Cook, David C, Elgin, 111.

Crandall, C. S., Urbana, 111.

Coe, Asher M., North Olmstead,
Ohio.

Chase Bros. Co., The Rochester
Nurseries, Rochester, N. Y.

Cruickshank, R. B., O. S. U., Co-
lumbus, Ohio.

Darrow, Geo. M., U. S. D. A.,
Washington, D. C.

Dean, M. L., Wenatchee, Wash.

Dearing, Chas., U. S. D. A., Wash-
mgton, D. C.

Devitt, Wm., Georgetown, Del.

Devol, Wm. Stowe, Santa Monica,
Calif.

Dewey, Geo. W., Jerome, Idaho.

Dreer, W. F., 714 Chestnut St.,
Philadelphia, Pa.

Dumas, J. L., Pomona Ranch, Day-
ton, Wash.

Durell, E. H., Woodbury, N. J.

De Cou, Howard F., Moorestown,
N.J.

Egbert, Knott C, Rt. 7, Tiffin, Ohio.

Fay, Jesse B., 10"21 Society for Sav-
ings Bldg., Cleveland, O.
Fletcher, W. F., Woodward Okla.
Eraser, Samuel, Geneseo, N. Y.
Fugazzi, John F., Cincinnati. Ohio.

Gammon, C. W., 67 7th Ave., New

York City.
Gardiner, Robt. H.. Gardiner, Me.
Garfield, Chas. W., Grand Rapids,

Mich.
Gay, Leslie F., Sta. A, Los Angeles,

Calif.
Gerrish, O. K., Lakeville, Mass.
Gillett, M. E., Tampa, Fla.
Greening, Chas. E., Monroe, Mich.
Green, E. C, 1101 W. Green St.,

Urbana, 111.
Guilford, W. S., Orland, Calif.

Hansen, N. E.,- Brookings, S. D.

Harrison, Orlando, Berlin, Md.

Hart. W. S., Hawk's Park, Fla.

Hartevelt, A., Ryswiik, by den
Haag, Holland.

Hodge, C. F., Clark Univ., Wor-
cester, Mass.

Hume, H. Harold, Glen St. Mary,
Fla.

Hunnewell, Walter, 87 Milk St.,
Boston, Mass.

Husmann, Fred L., 2nd and Sem-
inary Sts., Napa, Calif.

Husmann, Geo. C, U. S. D. A.,
Washington, D. C.

Herf¥, B. Von, Berlin, Postlagernd,
Germany.

Ilgenfritz, Chas. A., Monroe, Mich.
Irish. H. C. R. 6, Webster Groves,
Mo.

Kains, M. G., Pomona, N. Y.
Kidder. N. T.. Milton, Mass.

(398)

399

Kirkpatrick, T. J., 1603 High St.,
Springfield, Ohio.

Lake, E. R., 2033 Park Rd., N. W.,

Washington, D. C.
Lauman, G. N., Ithaca, N. Y.
Lehenbauer, P. A., University of

Nevada, Reno, Nevada.
Leslie, W. R., Dominion Exp. Farm,

Morden, Manitoba, Can.
Lewis, K. B., Red Hook, N. Y.
Lovett, J. T., Little Silver, N. J.
Lysle, Addison, Fillmore, Calif.

McAfee, H. B., Indiana Ave. and

oOth St., Chicago, 111.
McLaughlin, Henry, Bangor, Me.

Magid, Louis B., Tallulah Park, Ga.

Mann, Chas. W., U. S. D. A.,
Washington, D. C.

Marshall, Geo. A., Arlington, Nebr.

Mayer, Dr. I. H., Willowstreet, Pa.

Meneray, F. W.. 71-5 1st St., Coun-
cil Bluffs, la.

Miller, H. W., Paw Paw, W. Va.

Minott, C. W., 964 Main St., Mel-
rose Highlands, Mass.

Morris, O. M., Pullman, Wash.

Munson, D. O., Falls Church, Va.

Myers, Wm. S., 25 Madison St.,
New York City.

Neame, F. Ivo, Macknade, Faver-

sham, Eng.
Niagara Sprayer Co., Gasport,

N. Y.

Perrine, W. S., Centralia, 111.
Phillips. J. L., Linden, Va.
Price, H. L., Blacksburg, Va.
Purington, E. F., East Wilton, Me.
Pershing, Thed., Pineville, Pa.
Pease, J. L., Apartado Postal No.

2843, Mexico City, Mexico.
Pratt, B. G. Co., 50 Church St.,

New York City.

Quaintance, A. L., U. S. D. A.,
Washington, D. C.

Reom, J. A., Paradise, Butte Co.,

Calif.
Richardson, Chas. E., Brookline,

Mass.
Roeding, Geo. C, Fresno, Calif.
Rogers, A. J., Beulah, Mich.
Rowe, George E., Grand Rapids,

Mich.

Rumph, Samuel H., Marshallville

Ga.
Rust, David, 606 Finance BIdg.

Philadelphia, Pa.
Riehl. E. A., Godfrey,^ III.
Reed, W. C. & Son, Vincennes, Ind

Sadler, Dr. O. W., Mount Dora

Fla.
Sampson, F. G., Quincy, Fla.
Schenck, A. A., Brookfield Centre

Conn.
Smith, Wm. Elliot, Alton, 111.
Smith, George W., Hartford, Conn
Smith, Erwin F., 1457 Stoughton

St., Washington, D.' C.
Smith, John D., Jr., Tipton, Ind.
Smjth, Wing. R., 226 Wieting Bldg.

Syracuse, N. Y.
Stark, Wm. H., 30 Wayne Ave.

White Plains, N. Y.
Starr, Robt. W., Wolfville, Nova

Scotia, Can.
Streator, Geo. J., 854 Seaside x\ve.,

Santa Cruz, Calif.
Swineford, Howard, 617 Mutual

Bldg., Richmond, Va.
Swingle, W. T., U. S. D. A., Wash-
ington, D. C.
Smith, J. E.. Wvsor Bldg., Muncie,

Ind.

Taber. G. L., Glen St., Mary, Fla.

Taylor, F. W., 3939 W. 7th St.,
Los Angeles, Calif.

Taylor, Wm. A., 55 Q. St., N. E.,
Washington, D. C.

Temple, W. C, Winter Park, Fla.

Thomas, Mrs. Anna V. G., King-
ston, R. I.

Thompson, J. B., Guam, Guam.

Trelease, Wm., Univ. of 111.,
Urbana. 111.

Templin, M. B.. Canfield, Ohio.

Toledo Rex Sprav Co., Toledo,
Ohio.

Underwood, J. M., Lake City, Minn.

Ward, C. W., Box 48, Eureka,
Calif.

Warren, J. R., Marathon. 23 Sey-
mour Gr., Camberwell, Victoria,
Australia.

Watson, B. M.. Plymouth, Mass.

Weber, Frank A., Nursery, St.
Louis, Mo.

Wester, P. J.. Manila, Philippine
Islands.

400

Whitworth, J. A., 527 Crescent
Ave., Grand Rapids, Mich.

Wickersham, R. A., Benderville,
Pa.

Wilder, Ed. B., Dorchester, Mass.

Wilder, H. J., U. S. D. A., Wash-
ington, D. C.
Williams, J. L., Kansas City, Kans.
Wilson, Silas, Nampa, Idaho.
Wister, J. C., Germantown, Pa.

ANNUAL

Abbott, Gail T., Medina, Ohio.

.\nderson, Robt., Covert, Mich.

Albyn, H. A., The Orchards, Ben-
nington, Vt.

Archbold & Co., Waterport, N. Y.

.Anderson, E. H., 54 Buena PI.,
Rochester, N. Y.

Adams, Chas. H., New Waterford,
Ohio.

Albertson, H. H., Burlington, N. J.

Bayer, Coony, 8'25 Edgewater Ave.,
Fort Wayne, Ind.

Barry, Frederic G.. T06 Mt. Hope
Ave., Rochester, N. Y.

Bentley, Arthur F., Paoli, Ind.

Buchanan, H. L., Rt. 10, Logans-
port, Ind.

Baker, Wm. A., Rt. 2, Wolcott,
N. Y.

Brennan, F. H., Fennville, Mich.

Bullard, T. E., Schuylerville, N. Y.

Bowker Insecticide Co., 49 Cham-
bers St., New York City.

Bailev, E. W.. Naches, Wash.

Burkholder, H., Clyde, Ohio.

Ballon, F. H., Newark, Ohio.

Bingham. C A., 404 Erie Bldg.,
Cleveland, Ohio.

Brock, W. S., Univ. of Illinois.
Urbana, 111.

Baird, W. C, Ashtabula, Ohio.

Bowman, M. L., North Baltimore,
Ohio.

Berckmans, L. A., Herald Bldg.,
Augusta, Ga.

Bureau of Plant Industry, Harris-
burg, Pa.

Blessing, David S., B. 1175, Harris-
burg, Pa.

Byers, E. E., Flora. 111.

Browne, Milton W., 3103 Coleman
Rd., Kansas City, Mo.

Brown, C. H., Swedesboro; N. J.

Blakeslee, E. B.. Medina. Ohio.

Babcock, E. B., College of Ayr..
Berkeley, Calif.

Bioletti. F. F._, Univ. of Calif.,
Berkeley, Calif.

Clarke, W. R., Milton, N. Y

Cross, T. E., Lagrangeville, N. Y.

Chandler, Dr. W. H., Ithaca, N. Y.

Crawford, Chas., Rt. 2, Sta. B,
Toledo, Ohio.

Cranefield, F., Madison, Wis.

Cofifing, J. D., Silverwood, Ind.

Coffing, Homer, Silverwood, Ind.

Cecil, M. A., 8018 Grace Ave.,
Cleveland, Ohio.

Cleveland Public Library, Cleve-
land, Ohio.

Conklin, R., Smithfield, Va.

Coit, J. Eliot, 1880 Linda Vista
Ave., Pasadena, Calif.

Cole, W. R., Mass. Agricultural
College, Amherst, Mass.

Clifton, L. J.. Clifton Fruit Farm,
Memphis, N. Y.

Chilcott, A. H., Vienna, Va.

Close, C. P., College Park, Md.

Caha, Wm., Wahoo, Nebr.

Cannadav. Dr. J. E., 407 Kanawha
Banking & Trust Bldg., Charles-
tori, W. Va.

Dav, L. O., Olney, 111.

Demorest, H. P., Warwick, N. Y.

De Cou. Benj. S., Rt. 1, Norris-

town. Pa.'
Downing, F. P., Package Sales

Corp.. South Bend, Ind.
Dickinson, Dr. B. M., 5711 Elgin

Ave., Pittsburgh, Pa.
Doud, L. v., Denver, Ind.
Davis, M. B., Central Experimental

Farms, Ottawa, Ont., Canada.
Davis, V. H., Port Clinton, Ohio.
Dominion Exp. Farms, c/o W. W.

Baird, Nappan, N. S., Canada.
Dow. Herbert H.. Midland, Mich.
Dickson, W. M., Woodside. Del.
Dencer, Ed., R. 3, Salem. Ore.
Dunlap. H. ^I., Savoy, III.

Eagles. Albert E., Wolcottville, Ind.
Everhart. G. W., York, Pa.
Emerson, Dr. J. B., 40 E. 40th St.,

New York City.
Evarts, R. L., 622 Pine St., Owasso,

Mich.
Etter, Albert F., Ettersburg, Calif.

401

Estes, J. L., Gay, Ga.

Inillerton, H. B., Medford, Long-
Island, N. Y.

I^'arnsworth, P". W., Waterville, O.

■ •"arnsworth, VY. G., Waterville, O.

I'arnsworth, Willard, Waterville,
Ohio.

l-arnsworth, \Y. W., Waterville, O.

Kaxon, Richard, Elyria, O.

Flonrnoy, W. T., Marionville, Mo.

Fiebing, J. H., 238 Reed St., Mil-
waukee. Wis.

Ferguson, T: L., Farms, Dyers-
burg, Tenn.

Finley, Milton A., R. 1, Portchester,
N. Y.

Forkert, C, Ocean Springs, Miss.

Graham, Gordon, Rochester. Ind.

Greene, Frank \L, Brockport, N. Y.

Green. Howard A., Walled Lake,
Mich.

Gill, John, VII, Haddon Farms,
Haddonfield, N. J. '

Graves, Henry B., 2134 Dime Bank
Bldg., Detroit, Mich.

Greene, Laurenz, Purdue Univ., La-
fayette. Ind.

Gould, H. P., U. S. D. A., Wash-
ington, D. C.

Garrett, F. B., Burns City, Ind.

Gourlev, J. H., Wooster, O.

Gill. R. A., Port Clinton, O.

Gall Co., B. L., Wilson, N. Y.

Gray, J. P., 721 5th St., Nampa.
Idaho.

Green's N^ursery Co., Rochester,
N. Y.

Gage, J. P., Vineland, N. J.

Gilmer, R. T. H.. 500 E. Burlington
St.. Fairfield, la.

Gordon, Silvanus, Sergeantsville,
N. J.

Hoffman. Max, Rt. 2, St. Joseph,

Mich.
Hayes, A. C, Muir, Mich,
liunter, D. W., Chattanooga, H. P.

Sta., Tenn.
Hill, Arthur W., Isle La Motte, Vt.
Holmes, H. B., Mitchell, Ind.
Haines, Robt. B., TIT. 130 E. Main

St., Moorestown, N. J.
Hull Bros., Wvmart. Pa.
Huey, H. E., Rt. 2. Shelby. Mich.
Havman, Guv L., Northbronk, Pa.
Hall, H. G., "Mitchell. Ind.
Henkle, S. G., Staunton. Va.

Harrington, Chas. O., Warsaw,
N. Y.

Hubbell, Julius, EUensburg, Wash.

Haines, Lafayette, 63 Thompson
St., Poughkeepsie, N. Y.

Harrington, F. M., Bozeman, Mont.

Hommel, R. S., 504 Randolph St.,
Knoxville. Tenn.

Huckins, F. O., c/o Rex Spray Co.,
Toledo, Ohio.

Holstein, Geo., Amherst, Ohio.

Hoddy, E. J., L. & N. R. R., Knox-
ville, Tenn.

Horticultural Exp. Station, Vine-
land Sta., Ontario, Canada.

Hatch, L. M., Alderton, Wash.

Harris, Walter B., Worton, Md.

Hines, W. F., Gilmore, Ohio.

Flay ward, Thos. B., Harmony
Grove, Md.

Higgins, Corwin W., 181P E. (ith
St.,'Duluth, Minn.

Hovt, E. C, Brentwood, Long
Island, N. Y.

Higgins, J. E., Los Banos College,
Laguma, Phil. Is.

Hutchinson, I. H., Jobstown, N. J.

ITubbard, T. S., Co., Fredonia,
N. Y.

Harris, W. B., Chestertown, Md.

Universitv of 111. Library, LIrbana,
111.

James, Carl B., Horticulturist, L. &

N. R. R., Athens, Ala.
Johnson, Fred, Westfield, N. Y.

Kirby, Clarence J., 914 East Front

St., Monroe. Mich.
Kuchler, Geo. W., Jr., Lagrange-

ville, N. Y.
Ketchum, C. S., Middlefield, O.
Kennish, V. W., 304 Dwight St.,

Kewanee. 111.
Kinsella, Arthur J., 2613 Ashland

St., Cincinnati, O.
Kelley, F. H., Albion, 111.

Ledoux, Wm. H., Grand Isle, Vt.
Lamoreux. Paul, Kettle Falls.

Wash.
Liddell, M. L.. Burt, X. Y.
Lavvlor. F. J.. Box F27, Pitts ford,

N. Y.
Lachman. John, 4100 Brownsville

Rd., Mt. Oliver Sta., Pittsburgh.

Pa.

402

Lewis, S. R., Mountainville, Orange

Co., N. Y.
Locklin, H. D., Grand Junction,

Colo., Box 637.
Lewis, L P., Fleming, Ohio.
Logan, Paul, Camden, O.
Launder, C. H. & Son, Wabash,

Ind., Box 393.
Lewis, C. B., Riverton, N. J.
LaMont, Geo. B., Maple Grove

Fruit and Stock Farm, Albion,

N. Y.
Longanecker, E. L., Canfield, O.
Livezey. A. J., Barnesville, O.
Latimer-Goodwin Chem. Co., Grand

Junction, Colo.
Leeson, J. P., 91 South St., Boston.

Mass.

McLane, F. W., Ann Arbor, Mich.
McFarland, J. Horace, Harrisburg,
Pa.

Myers, Hosea P., 30 North Dear-
born St., Chicago, 111.

Murray, H. D., Box 515, Staunton,
Va.

Morse, Geo. A., Williamson, N. Y.

Maney, T. J., Iowa Agricultural
College, Ames, la.

Meissner, Henry, Leighton, la.

Marsh, Herbert V., Kingston, R. I.

Massey, Wm. P., Winchester, Va.

Magid, L. B., New Orleans, La.

Mam, E. L., 126 W. Winter St.,
Delaware, O.

Mount Arbor Nurseries, Shenan-
doah, la.

Mason, A. F., Exp. Sta., New
Brunswick, N. J.

Maver, Guy S., Willow Street, Pa.

Meder, O. F.. B 8, R 1, Westwood,
N. J.

Newberry, W. F., 233 Broadway.

New York City.
Noble, S. G.. Peach, Wash.
Nichols, H. E., Iowa State College

of Agriculture, Ames, la.

O'Brien, P. J., Kettle Falls. Wash.

Odell & Weiderhold, Box 201.
Dobbs Ferry, N. Y.

Oldfield, E., P. O. Drawer 578, Vic-
toria, B. C, Canada.

Otis, Geo. T., 1213 Astor St.,
Chicago, 111.

Odell, F. I., Cannelton, Ind.

Ordway, C. D.. 207 S. Union St.,
Burlington, Vt.

Pickford, I. T., Hart, Mich.

Piatt, Norman S., 395 Whalley
Ave., New Haven, Conn.

Popenoe, Wilson, U. S. D. A.,
Washington, D. C.

Phillips, A. D., North East, Pa.

Pickett, Harold. Clyde, Ohio.

Paddock, W., O. S. U., Columbus.
Ohio.

Patton, W. Z., Catlettsburg, Ky.

Parker, H. B., Fiskdale, Mass.

Peters, R. B., Devore, Calif.

Patterson, C. F., Univ. of Sas-
katchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatch-
ewan.

Poff, Wilmer H., 333 N. Elliott St.,
Olney, 111.

Quak-Al-Nunk Orchards, Delta,
Pa., Rt. 3.

Ryan, John C, The Orchards, Ben-
nington, Vt.

Reist, John G., Mt. Joy, Pa.

Rick, John, 438-444 Penn St., Read-
ing, Pa.

Rittenhouse, Dr. J. S., Lorane, Pa.

Robertson, J. B., Box 165, Kettle
Falls, Wash.

Reasoner, J. R., Urbana, 111.

Reed, Noble, Rt. 1, Hanover, Ind.

Ring, M. A., Conneaut, Ohio.

Rubicon Realty Co., 221 S. Ludlow
St., Dayton, Ohio.

Repp, Chas. F., Glassboro, N. J.

Rodgers, R. W., Dockland, Ohio. '

Romans, W. P., Chamber of Com-
merce, Spokane, Wash.

Root, W. A., Easthampton, Mass.

Reasoner, E. N., Oneco, Fla.

Riggs, E. J., Raccoon Island, Ohio.

Reed. W. C. & Sons, Vincennes,
Ind.

Roesch, Lewis, Fredonia, N. Y.

Rich. Wm. P., Sec'y-, Mass. Hort.
Society. 300 Mass. Ave., Boston.
Mass.

Spargar Orchard Co., Mt. Airy, N.

Carolina.
Strohle, George, Clinton Corner,

Dutchess Co., N. Y.
Smith, Geo. E., Albion, N. Y.
Stafford, Irving B., 848 Ackerman

Ave., Syracuse, N. Y.
Stear, J. R., 431 Philadelphia Ave..

Chambersburg, Pa.
Smith Co., W. & T., Geneva, N. Y.
Shipert. Dr. H. L., Alpena, Mich.

403

Simpson Orchard Co., Vincennes,

Ind.
Scranton, A. V., 1334 Lakeview Rd.,

Cleveland, O.
Sweet, Wm., Chesterland, O.
Scott. F. W., 634 River St., Ypsi-

lanti, Mich.
Storrs-Harrison Co., Painesville, O.
Schroeder, Henry J., Barclay Hts.,

Saugerties, N. Y.
Shaw, P. J., Truro, N. S., Canada.
Shattuck, F. E., Princeton, Ky.
Schauber, Geo. R., Ballston Lake,

N. Y.
Simpson, F. H., Flora, 111.
Scarfif, H. F., New Carlisle, O.
Schultze, E. B., Laurel, Ind.
Stephens. E. F., Nampa, Ind.
Sharp, M., Vacaville, Calif.

Tyson, C. J., Flora Dale, Pa.
Trisler, G. E., c/o The Deming Co.,

Salem, Ohio.
Thayer, Paul, Wooster, O.
Taft, L. R., Lansing, Mich.
Tyler, W. D., Dante, Russell Co.,

W. Va.
Thatcher, C. W., Martinsburg, W.

Va.
Thornburg, Thos. E., Ashland, O.

Undershill Bros., Poughkeepsie,
N. Y.

Ueland, L. A., Roseburg, Oregon.

Underdown, W. E., Ann Arbor,
Mich.

United Paper Co., Box 888, At-
lanta, Ga.

Underwood, D. B., Harveysburg, O.

Vonnegut, Walter, Culver, Ind. ; 71
55th St., New York City (win-
ter).

Whitney, Granger, Williamsburg,

Mich.
Wine, V. W., R. F. D. 1, Cashmere,

Wash.
Warner, James H., Hampton

Farms. Poughkeepsie, N. Y.
Wood, Jay, Knowlesville, N. Y.
Waid, C. W., Ohio Farm Bureau

Federation, Columbus. O.
West, T. B., Perry, Ohio.
Whitney, O. F., Topeka, Kans.
Weed, Addison, North Rose, N. Y.
Wood, Allen L., 891 Garson Ave.,

Rochester, N. Y.
Washington Nursery Co., Top-

penish. Wash.
Wile-Adler Fruit Farms, 955 Har-
vard St., Rochester, N. Y.
Whitten, Ralph C, Bridgman,

Mich.
White, Elizabeth C., New Lisbon,

N.J.
Wight, J. B., Cairo, Ga.
Wood, E. M., North Madison, Ind.
Waite, J. W., Box 307, Normandy,

Tenn.
Willis, A. & Co., Ottawa, Kans.
Whisker, A. L., Grass Valley, Calif.
Westcourt, F. W., John Tarleton

Agr. College, Stephenville, Tex.

Zimmerman, F. S., Brewster. Wash.

COLLEGIATE

Cornell

Adams, Geo. O., Rt. -22, Ransom-

ville, N. Y.
Black, Clifford M.. 214 Thurston

Ave., Ithaca, N. Y.
Boyd, Stephen, 433 Park St., Ithaca,

N. Y.
Cubbon, M. H., 134 College Ave.,

Ithaca, N. Y.
Dikeman, R. C. 105 Dewitt Place,

Ithaca, N. Y.
Foster, S. M.. 233 Thurston Ave.,

Ithaca, N. Y.
Hewlett, F. S., Dept. of Pomologv,

Ithaca. N. Y.

Jenkins, E. W., Sidney Center,

N. Y.
Knapp, L. B., 214Thurston Ave.,

Ithaca, N. Y.
Perrine, S. A., Phi Delta Sigma.

The Knoll, Ithaca, N. Y.
Phelps, L. S.. 220 University Ave.,

Ithaca, N. Y.
Prentiss, Earl A., 134 College St.,

Ithaca, N. Y.
Rupert, P. v.. Phi Delta Sigma,

The Knoll, Ithaca, N. Y.
Smith, J. E., North Rose, N. Y.
Van Patten, E. F., Walcott, N. Y.

404

Van de Water, C, Hyde Park.

N. Y.
Wilkin. G. A.. 102 West Ave,

Ithaca, N. Y.
Wincliester, M. F., 300 Highland

Ave., Ithaca, N. Y.

MacGillivray, J. H., Dept. of Veg-
etable Gardening. N. Y. State
College of Agriculture, Ithaca,
N. Y.

Iowa

Simons. H. C, 216 Stanton Ave.,. Kahac, V. O., 125 Hyland Ave.,

Ames, la. Ames. Ta.

Klopp. R. I., 81 Stanton Ave., Tucker. D. A., 237 North Lincoln-
Ames, la. wav, Ames, la.

Reyschlag, F., ' 131 Hyland Ave.. Peterson. H. W., Y. M. C. A..

Ames, la. Pavette, la.

Porter, D. R., 2.^18 West St.. Ames, Hahn. H.A., Y. M. C. A.. Chicago,

Towa. III.

Simon. C. M., 515 6th St., Ames, la.

Ohio

French, A. P., M. A. C, Amherst.
Mass.

Gordon, E. W., Beech Bottom, W.
Va.

Scott. H. F., Cumberland. Ohio.

Stacy. D. D., Marietta, Ohio.

Ink, James, Campus, O. S. U., Co-
lumbus, Ohio.

Richardson, H. C, Campus, O. S.

U.. Columbus. Ohio.
Rofkar, W. F., Campus, O. S. U.,

Columbus. Ohio.
Wells, H. M., Campus, O. S. U.,

Columbus. Ohio.

Oregon

Bean, Bruce C. San Fernando,

Calif.

Baker, Rufus W., Oregon City,
Oregon.

Chapman, Paul J.. Santa Rosa.
Calif.

Chu. John S., Corvallis, Ore.

Cusack, Mary, 1005 Missouri Ave.,
Portland, Ore.

Davis, L. C, Corvallis. Ore.

De Macedo. Wm., Corvallis, Ore.

Fendall, Kenneth D.. Newberg, Ore.

Green, Ferris M., Hood River, Ore.

Garst, Clyde W., P. S. K., Corval-
lis, Ore.

Macpherson. D. F.

Moreland. H. M.. !)57 Jefferson St..

Corvallis, Ore.

Norris, R. K.. Modford. Ore.

Parker, J. R.

Patchett. W. C, Corvallis, Ore.

Palmer, D. F.. Upland, Calif.

Perkins. A. B., .Santa Anaa, Calif.

Pentzer, W. P., Poling Hall, Cor-
vallis, Ore.

Storz, C. W.. Theta Chi. Corvallis,
Ore.

Shade. Jack. Riveria. Calif.

Sawver, M. F., Whittier, Calif.

Scott, M.L.. Whittier. Calif.

Teevin, J. F., Corvallis, Ore.

Waldo, Geo. F., Dayton, Ore.

Wharton, M. F.. Garden City, Calif.

Waterman, E. Y., Corvallis, Ore.

Willuir, R. F., Poling Hall. Cor-
vallis, Ore.

Weller. J. B.. Mosier, Ore.

Piurtncr, J. C. Dufur, Ore.

Coe. Francis, 632 Rex Ave., San
Bernardino, Calif.

Dawson, F. W.. 220 N. 15tli St..
Corvallis, Ore.

Paddock. H. L.. 1944 Lincoln St.,
Eugene, Ore.

405

SOCIETY

Ohio State Horticultural Society, O. S. U., Columbus, Ohio.

New York State Horticultural Society, Leroy, N." Y.

Pomologic'al and Fruit Growing Society of Quebec, Chateauguay, Quebec,

Canada.
Fruit Growers' Association, Parliament Bldg., Toronto, Canada.
Illinois State Horticultural Society, Urbana, 111.

Northumberland & Durham Apple Association, Brighton, Ontario, Can.
Wisconsin State Hort. Society, Madison, Wis.
Michigan State Horticultural Society, East Lansing, Mich.
New Jersey State Horticultural Society, Burlington, N. J.

THIRTY YEAR INSTITUTIONAL

Alabama Polytechnic Institute, Auburn, Ala.

Arkansas Agricultural Experiment Station Library, Fayetteville, Arkansas.

Luther Burbank Press, Santa Rosa, Calif.

California State University Library, Berkeley, Calif.

Central Experiment Farms, Ottawa, Canada.

Citrus Experiment Station, Riverside, Calif.

Colorado State Agricultural Library, Fort Collins, Colo.

Cornell University Library, Ithaca, N. Y.

Crerar Library, The John, Chicago, III.

Detroit Public Library, Detroit, Mich.

Georgia State College of Agricultural Library, Athens, Ga.

Georgia State University Library, Athens, Ga.

Illinois State University Hort. Dept., Urbana, 111.

Iowa State College Library, Ames, la.

Iowa State Hort. Library, Des Moines, la.

Kansas State Hort. Society, Topeka, Kans.

Maine State Experiment Sta. Library, Orono, Me.

Maine State Univ. Library, Orono, Me.

Maryland Agricultural Experiment Station Library, College Park, Md.

Massachusetts Agricultural College Library, Amherst, Mass.

Massachusetts Fruit Growers' Ass'n., Library, Marlboro, Mass.

Michigan Agricultural College Library, East Lansing, Mich.

Minnesota Agricultural Experiment Sta. Library, St. Anthony Park, Minn.

Mississippi State Agriculttfral College Library, Agricultural College, Miss.

Missouri Fruit Experiment Station, Mountain Grove, Mo.

Missouri State Hort. Society, Columbia, Mo.

Missouri State University Library, Columbia, Mo.

Montana State Board of Horticulture, Missoula, Mont.

Montana Experiment Station Library, Bozeman, Mont.

Nebraska State University Library, Lincoln, Nebr.

New Hampshire State Agricultural Experiment Sta., Durham, N. H.

New Hampshire State Library, Concord, N. H.

New Mexico A. & M. College Library, Mesilla Park, N. M.

New York State Experiment Station Library, Geneva, N. Y.

New York State Library, Albany, N. Y.

North Carolina College of Agricultural, West Raleigh, N. C.

North Carolina Dept. of Agriculture, Raleigh, N. C.

Ohio State University Library, Columbus, Ohio.

Ohio Agricultural Experiment Sta., Wooster, Ohio.

Ontario Agricultural College Library, Guelph, Ontario, Can.

Oregon Agricultural Experiment Station, Corvallis, Ore.

Oregon State Agricultural Experiment Station, Talent, Oregon.

40b

Purdue University Library, Lafayette, Ind.

Purdue University Experiment Station, Lafayette, Ind.

Rhode Island Experiment Station Library, Kingston, R. I.

Riverside Public Library, Riverside, Calif.

Sapporo Agricultural College, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Y..Hoshino, Japan.

Texas Agricultural College Library, College Station, Texas.

University of California Agricultural Library, Berkeley, Calif.

Vermont Agricultural Experiment Station, Burlington, Vt.

Virginia Polytechnic Institute, Blacksburg, Va.

Washington Agricultural College Library, Pullman, Wash.

West Virginia Agricultural Experiment Station, Morgantown, W. Va.

West Virginia .University Library, Morgantown, W. Va.

Wild & Bros., James B., Sarcoxie, Mo.

Wisconsin State University Library, Madison, Wis.

Worcester County Horticultural Society, Worcester, Mass.

Wyoming State University Library, Laramie, Wyoming.

H. H. Hardie Co., Hudson, Mich.

Stark Bros. Orchards and Nursery Co., Louisiana, Mo.

Library, University of State of New York, Albany, N. Y.

Library, Kansas Agricultural College, Manhattan, Kans.

Package- Sales Corporation, South Bend, Ind.

Toledo Rex Spray Co., Toledo, Ohio.

PROCEEDINGS OF THE AMERICAN POMOLOGICAL

SOCIETY

PAGE

Proclamation 3

Addresses and Reports —

President's Address — Dr. L. H. Bailey 5

Report of the Secretary-Treasurer — R. B. Cruickshank 16

Pure Fruit Juices — Clark Allis 23

Economic Work of the United States Department of Agricul-
ture in Connection with Pomology — Dr. H. C. Taylor 2!)

Trip to Plant of the Toledo Rex Spray Company .3!)

An Analysis of Some of the Census Figures on Fruit Trees —

H. P. Gould 43

" Fruit Conditions in New England — F. C. Sears 53

Report of Committee on President's Address 59

Fruit for the Future — Chas. J. Brand 66'

Fruit Growing in the East North Central Group of States —

Laurenz Greene 77

United States Apple Production in 1930 — -H. G. Ingerson 79

Some Lessons From the 1920 Census Report — B. G. Pratt 85

Analysis of Census Figures for Fruit Trees — D. C. Babcock.. SO
Report on Fruit Conditions for New Jersey, New York, Penn-
sylvania, Virginia, Maryland and Delaware — A. Freeman

Mason and Arthur J. Farley 92

Fruit Conditions in the Pacific Northwest — C. T. Lewis 98

Montana Horticulture — F. M. Harrington 101

Conditions in the Southeastern States — N. D. Peacock. 105

Fruit in New Mexico — Fabian Garcia Ill

Fruit Production in Porto Rico — T. B. McClelland 112

Alaska — C. C. Georgeson 115

The Relationship Between the American Pomological Society

and Allied Industries — F. P. Downing IJfi

How Can the American Pomological Society be of Interest and
Benefit to the Fertilizer Industry so Far as it is Concerned

with Orchards ? — Gail T. Abbott 124

Cooperation Between the American Pomological Societ}- and the

Nurserymen — M. R. Cashman 128

Commercial Fruit Growing in Canada — C. W. Baxter 131

The Trend 'of Research on Pomology — W. H. Chandler 146

Informal Discussion — Dr. L. H. Bailey Presiding 156

Canadian Efforts to Improve the Apple for the More Severe

Districts — M. B. Davis 190

The Prospect for Teaching in Pomology — Prof. J. C. Blair... 197

(407)

4o8

PAGE

Report from American Farm Bureau Federation Fruit Commit-
tee — W. G. Farnsworth 201

Water Transportation for Apples — M. L. Dean 215

Report of Committee to Award Wilder Medals 222

Report of Committee on Resolutions 223

Report of Nominating Committee 224

SECOND POMOLOGICAL ANNUAL

1921

PAGE

Code of Fruit Nomenclature American Pomological Society 229

Report of Committee on New Fruits for 1921 - — C. P. Close 232

The Avocado Industr}^ in Southern California — Dr. W. L. Hardin.. 303

The Facts Concerning Calcium Arsenate — J. H. Reedy 307

Production of Apple and Pear Seedlings — I. M. Orner 314

Commercial Peach Growing — J. E. Khlore 317

Modern Pruning Methods — Dr. J. K. Shaw 322

Intercollegiate Apple Judging Contest — Massachusetts — Ohio 328

The Airplane in Forest Insect Control — J. S. Houser 329

Horticultural Manufactures — W. W. Chenoweth 333 1

Progress in Control of Raspberry Diseases — R. B. Wilcox 344

Production of Apples and Peaches in the United States, and Number

of Trees 356

Production of Apples and Peaches in the United States, and Number

of Trees, by Geographic Divisions and States: 1919 and 1909.... 36li
Production of Pears and Plums and Prunes in the United States, and

Number of Tre^s 364

Production of Pears and Plums and Prunes in the United States, and

Number of Trees, by Geographic Divisions and States : 1919 and

1909 368

Acreage and Production of Small Fruits in United States 372

Acreage and Production of Small Fruits in the United States by

Geographic Divisions and States : 1919 and 1909 376

Fruit Products of Farms in the United States 380

Fruit Products of Farms, by Divisions and States: 1919 and 1909. . . 382

The Fifty Leading Agricultural Counties in the United States 386 1

The Fifty Counties in U. S. Leading 'in the Combined Value of Crops

and Live-Stock Products : 1919 ' 3881

The Twenty Leading Crops in the United States 390|

Fruit Crops, Number of Trees and Vines: 1919 (U. S. Census) .... 392

Constitution and By-Laws of American Pomological Society 39^^

Membership 39f